Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. ' ■■■■Mi . ■ ■ —-- — . A VIEW OF THE CULTIVATION OF FRUIT TREES AMERICA. WILLIAH COXE Second Edition (Manuscript Copy) 14 9 7 0 8 COTT3KTS "The Pather of American Pomology", Extract from "Country Gentleman," April 2, 1857. Description of Coxe’s "Viev of the Cultivation of Pruit Trees of America," Extract from "3cienoe," July 14, 1916. Index J-v 7I-VII 1-10 Text 11-832 •—- jL 1 "The Father of American pomology* Coxe’s book on fruit trees - The Seckel pear - A volume of original fruit paintings* Messrs* Editors - The name of William Coxe is held in 9uch uni¬ versal respect by all lovers of horticulture in America, and his celebrated book upon Fruit Trees is so highly esteemed by all devo¬ tees of Pomona, that I am induced to believe that a few particulars relating to the author and to the book will prove not unacceptable to your readers* It is my intention, however, to prepare for your pagos a more elaborate notice of this earliest American author upon pomology than ray present communication proposes; and I shall be en¬ abled to use for that purpose the valuable materials to be furnished me by his son, my friend Richard S. Coxe, Bsq., of Washington, D. C., the eloquent advocate and profound Jurist* The title of the work by Ur. Coxe is, "A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees in America." It is now out of print and quite rare,as there was, I believe, but one edition, and that wae published in Phila delphia, 1817* The style of American publications at that date was greatly inferior to the elegant dress in which works in this country now make their appearance; and the wood-cuts in "Coxe f s View” are such as no publisher of the present day would consider half elegant enough for any book ushered from his establishment* Mr. Coxe lived near Burlington, New Jersey, and it was there that he collected, from all parts of the country, trees and specimens of the various fruits described in his book, and there this book was written. Two days ago, whilst in the office of Richard 3* Coxe, Esq., in Washington, I was shown the copy of the "Transactions of the Hort* Soc. of London," sent by that 3ooiety as a compliment to his father, in consequence of their receiving the "View" and the following letter from the late Dr* David Hosack* Dr. Hoaack was too well known to Kew-Yoncers, and his beautiful residence, Hyde Park, on the Hudson, was, and, under its present proprietor, still continues too much admired to need more than the mention of his name. The letter, as copied by me, may be found in the volume of the "Transactions*’ referred to, upon pages 256, 257, 250, and the article containing it is as follows: L. Some account of the Seckle Pear, a new seedling raised in the neighborhood of Philadelphia. In a letter to the Secretary from David Hosack, M. D., F. R. 3., Ac., Foreign Member of the Horticultural Society. [Read January 5, 1819] • (From the Country Gentleman, April 2, 1857.) II "Dear Sin- The Seckle Pear, eighteen plants of which I have forwarded to the Horticultural Society, is so named frnrn Mr. Seck- le of Philadelphia, who has the credit of having first cultivated it in the vicinity of that city. It is generally considered to be a native fruit of t ;is country, accidentally produced from seed sown by Mr, Seckle; and the original tree is said to be still standing on the estate of that gentleman. An account, however, essentially dif¬ ferent from this, has been lately communicated to me by ny friend Judge Wallace, of Burlington, to whom I recently paid a visit. He stated to me, on the authority of a correspondent in Philadelphia, that the pear was grown in that neighborhood sixty years ago, by a person named Jacob Weiss, who obtained that tree with many others at a settlement of Swedes, which was established near Philadelphia,where Mr, Weiss built a houpe. The judge suggested the probability of Mr, Weiss and the father or grandfather of Mr, Seckle having been inti¬ mate, as both families were Germans of that rank in society which might be likely to lead, to such an acquaintance. The conjecture, therefore, is, that under such circumstances, Mr. Seokle’s family obtained grafts from Mr* Weiss* tree, "Mr, Coxe, in his View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees in America, (an interesting volume which I have forwarded to the so¬ ciety,) after assigning the same origin, as I have stated in the beginning of this letter, describes the fruit thus: "The form and appearance vary with its aspect, age and cultivation; the size gen¬ erally i8 small, the form regular, round at the blossom end, dimin- inhing with a gentle swell towards the stem, which is rather short and thick; the skin is sometimes yellow, with a bright red cheek and amooth, at other times a perfect russet without any blush. The flesh is melting, juicy, and most exquisitely and delicately flavor¬ ed, The time of ripening is from the end of August to the middle of October, The tree is singularly vigorous and beautiful, of great regularity of growth, and richness of foliage, very hardy and possess¬ ing all the characteristics of a new variety. Neither Rosier or De La Quintinye among the French, nor Miller nor Forsyth among the English writers, describe such a pear as the Seckle; nor have I found one among the intelligent French Gentlemen in our country who has any knowledge of it in his own," I may add to the above, that the fruit is admitted by all to be one of the most exquisite¬ ly and highly flavored we posses. Its flavor is very peculiar, having a factitious, aromatic perfume, rather than the natural odor or taste of fruits. The late General Moreau informed me that he had never tasted this fruit in France, the country in which, of all others, the finest pears are cultivated. That I may make this description as complete as possible, I enclose a very correct drawing of the pear, which I have obtained from Mr. Coxe, executed Ill by his daughter, Mrs. McMurtrie. This you will also have the good¬ ness to present in nay name to the society, and I trust they will consider it worthy of a place in their Transactions. With the best wishes for the prosperity of your institution, I remain dear sir, Yours respectfully, New-York, Oct.28, 1818. David Hosack." The name of the pear mentioned in the foregoing letter, it may be well to remark, is not correctly spelled. The true spelling is Seckel, and such is the manner in which the family from whom the name of the pear is derived still spell their name, and your corre¬ spondent has seen it so spelled upon the large brass door plate of a residence in Philadelphia. The incorrect spelling of this name was introduced into English horticulture in consequence of the let¬ ter of Dr. Hosack by whom the pear was first made known to European pomologists, and the error has not even yet been entirely corrected, to judge by some very modern catalogues. The article from the 3d. vol. of the Trans, of the Hort. Soc. of London, is followed and ac¬ companied in compliance with the suggestion made in the letter from Dr. Hosack, by a very excellent colored engraving of the Seckel Pear, representing a cluster of four pears, together with the wood and leaves of the branch supporting them. The "Jacob Weiss," mentioned by Judge Wallace of Burlington, to Dr. Hosack, is without doubt the same party referred to by the late Bishop White of Philadelphia, under the name of "Dutch Jacob" in the account of the origin of the Seckel pear given by'that venerated pre¬ late,and which is quoted by Downing, in a note, in his "Fruits and Fruit Trees of America." Mr. William Goxe was for several years a member of Congress from Hew Jersey, but such was his fondness for pomology, that notwithstand¬ ing the many demands upon his time, in consequence of his political and other pursuits, he still found leisure to collect materials for an enlarged and elegant edition of his work on Fruit Trees. This, unfortunately, he did not live to bring to perfection. It had been his intention that the second edition should have contained beautiful colored engravings, to accompany the descriptions of each of the fuirts mentioned in his book. For this purpose, his daughter, Mrs. McMurtrie, (still living in Philadelphia,) and her accomplished sla¬ ters, had prepared numerous accurate drawings,of life size, upon Bristol-board, of the fruits to be represented, and then painted - * them in water colors with wonderful fidelity to nature, and with such delicacy to touch, and such genuine artisitc sense of color, that it is greatly to be regretted that these evidences of early American art have not seen the light in the form originally in¬ tended# It was my good fortune to be allowed to examine these representations of fruits, so interesting as a relic of the "Father of American Pomology,” as I think Mr, Goxe should ever be called. They are handsomely bound in book form, in red morocco. Each paint¬ ing has been cut out of the Bx*istol-board on which it had been orig¬ inally drawn, and was fastened upon the leaves of the book; and over each was printed, with the pen, in a delicate female hand, the name of the fruit portrayed. To show what a handsome and most valuable work Mr. 0o>:e would have published, had his designs been accomplished, I give below a list of the colored illustrations, in the order in which they are painted, that were prepared by his daughters for the proposed publication. The names of some of the apples, 1 think, will be new to many of your readers. I give the spelling of each fruit as I found them in manuscript, attached, as already mentioned, to each colored representation# The following are the apples represented; "Yellow Junating; Margaret or Red Junating; Red or Prince 1 s Junating; Woolm&n* s Harvest; Bough; Summer Rose; Summer Queen; Hag- loe Grab; Rambour d’Ete or Summer Rambour; Summer Pearmain or White’s Pearmain; Early Reinette or Yellow Harvest; l^iden’s Blush; Paradise Apple; Codling; Roseau d’Automne; Corlies’ Sweet; Mammoth Redstreak; American Honpareil; Catline; Holland or Pall Pippin; Siberian Grab; Poveshon; Fama Gusta; Rambo; Drap d’Or: Spice; Loan’s English Pear¬ main; Styre; Gloucester White; Ream’s Pippin; Wine Apple; Royal Pearmain; Red Doctor or Dewit; White Doctor; Morgan; English Red Streak; Winter Pearmain; Sheep Hose or Bullock’s Pippin; Newark King; Newark Pippin; Wetherill’s White Sweeting; Domine; Ribstone Pippin; Golden Reinette; Rhode Island Greening; English Nonesuch; Bellflower; Jersey Greening; Cider Apple; Black Apple; Dumpling; White Oalville; Pound; Seek-no-further; Kaighn’s Spitzemberg; Newtown Spitzemberg; Esopus Spitzemberg; Vandervere; Violet; Pennock; Fenouillet Jaune; Canfield; Gloria Mundi or Monstrous Pippin; Michael Henry Pippin; Aunt Apple; Shippen Russeting; Royal Ru3set; Ruokman*s or Golden Pearmain; Orange Apple; Hewes’ Grab; Roane’s White Grab; Pomrae d’Api or Lady Apple; Harrison; Greyhouse; Winesap; Swaar; Warren Apple; Irish Apple; Courpendu; Red Oalville; Cathead; Brownite; Oatsbury; Wood’s Greening; English Nonpareil; American Pippin; Olive Apple; Green Newtown Pippin; Yellow Newtown Pippin; Priestly; Quince Apple; Redling; Cooper’s Russeting; Reastreak of East Jersey; Haute Bonte; Reinette Grise; Everlasting Hanger; Carthouse; Woodcock; Roman Stem; .7 Lobb; Cann; Tewksbury Blush; Metoisae or French Crab#'* The following are the cherries; - "Carnation; White Heart; Honey Cherry; Amber Cherry." The plums are as follows; "Natural Drap d*or; Yellow Gage or Drap d*or; Cheriy Plum or Mirobolan; Gualsh Plum;, Cooper’s Plum; Heisler Plum; Purple Magnum Bonum; White Magnum Bonum; Elfrey»s Plum; Washington or Bolmer." The peaches are remarkably well colored, and are as follows; - "Morris* Hed Rareripe; ’White Rareripe or Morris* White; Oldmixon Clearstone; Red Cheek Halacotan; Oldmixon Clingstone; Early Anne, Mon¬ strous Pavie; Large Yellow Pine Apple; Cherokee Peach; Heath; Washing¬ ton Heath." fhe pears represented are the following;- "Early Catherine; Julienne; Petit Muscat; Skinless; Early sum¬ mer Bergamot; Hativeass; Red Bergamot; Fine Gold of Summer; Musk or Spice Pear; Musk Summer Bon Chretien or Large Sugar Pear; Seckel Pear; Washington Pear ; Brown Beurre; L*0range d*Hyver; Baurre Doree or Yellow Butter Pear; Orange Bergamot; Crassane; Holland; Virgouleuse; Muscat Allemand; Poire d*Auch; Winter Bergamot or Cape May Winter; Ambrette; St. Germain; Pound Pear." There are included in the above enumeration of fruits, 107 varieties of the Apple, 4 of the Cherry, 10 of the Plum, 12 of the Peach, and 27 of the Pear. These, however, formed but a small pro¬ portion of what, doubtless, Mr. Coxe designed should illustrate the valuable work he intended to publish. It must be manifest from what has already been stated, that the work of Mr. Coxe is entitled to stand in the front rank of books on Pomology, especially in America, and will always be quoted as authority for the accuracy of the infor¬ mation it professes to convey. E. L. R. Baltimore, Md. (From the Country Gentleman, vol.9, no.14, April 2, 1857. Pp. 225-226) V X Description of Goxe's "View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees of America** From "Science* 1 v.44 # np.1124, July 14, 1916. A VALUABLE UNPUBLISHED WORK ON POMOLOGY Most horticulturists are doubtless familiar with “A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees of America," published in 1817 by William Coxe, of Burlington, N. J., who has been called “ The Father of American Pomol¬ ogy/ 7 but probably few are aware of the exist¬ ence of an unpublished book of colored draw¬ ings of the fruits that were illustrated in this work by wood cuts. On pages 225-226 of the Country Gentleman , of Albany, FT. Y., for April 2, 1857, there was published by E[dmund] L[aw] R[ogers], Baltimore, Md., an account of the activities of Mr. Coxe, in which it is stated that he had intended pub¬ lishing a second edition of the work, accom¬ panied by colored engravings for which nat¬ ural-size water-color drawings had been pre¬ pared by his daughters. The publication of this second edition was prevented by Mr. Coxe’s death in 1831. About twenty years ago this article came to the attention of Mr. William A. Taylor, then assistant pomologist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and a number of letters were written in an effort to locate the colored drawings, but without success. The matter was then dropped until the spring of 1915 when, in a conversation re¬ garding some old horticultural catalogs, Mr. Taylor related these facts to the writer who suggested that it might still be possible to locate the unpublished colored plates through methods used by genealogical research workers. The search was begun by looking up at the Library of Congress historical and genealog¬ ical works which might give information re¬ garding the descendants of William Coxe, with the result that a list of his children was obtained, with some of their marriages. From this it was learned that Philadelphia and vicinity was at present the most likely local¬ ity to search for his descendants. Addresses were obtained of several of the Coxe family in that vicinity and a form letter sent to all of them giving the object of the inquiry, with the result that a chart of this branch of the family, only recently published, was secured by the writer. This gave the names of all descendants to date, but without addresses, although the places of births were usually given. With this clue several city and tele¬ phone directories were consulted and addresses of most of the descendants obtained. About twenty-five copies of the form letter were then sent to these addresses with the almost imme¬ diate result of six replies giving the address of the probable possessor of the work, followed the next day by a letter from one of the twenty- five addressed acknowledging the possession of the work. It is with great pleasure that announcement is made of the donation of the unpublished colored drawings of fruits to the Library of the U. S. Department of Agriculture by the grandchildren of Mrs. Elizabeth (Coxe) Mc- Murtrie, a daughter of William Coxe, by whom most of the paintings were made. The drawings are bound and in an excellent state of preservation. The character of the work shows a high degree of skill on the part of the artist in depicting fruits; and the positive identification of all the earlier descriptions and illustrations, some of which have long been in doubt, will now be possible. The work has been placed in a fireproof building and it is expected that the additional safeguard of a fireproof safe for this and similar books will be provided at an early date. The drawings are accompanied by the bound manuscript upon which the published work was based, to which have been added numerous notes intended for a second edition. Many of the notes bear dates ranging from 1810 to 1828 and it probable that the water-color work was largely done in the early part of this period, for several varieties are illustrated which accord¬ ing to the manuscript did not live long, or were destroyed as being of little value or particularly subject to disease. * VII In this connection it may be of interest to * pathologists to call attention to early records which the manuscript and drawings contain relating to plant diseases, some of which were not described or apparently were but little known at that time to botanists or mycol¬ ogists, and one of which at least was not recognized until fifty years later. There were few mycologists in this country or Europe at that early period and many diseases were not of sufficient economic importance to attract their attention. In fact most of the growers, if they paid any attention to fruit spots at all, considered them a part of the fruit. Many of the diseases now well known were doubtless of common occurrence even then, and perhaps much earlier. Microscopes of any decided magnification were then unknown, and scien¬ tists of those days can hardly be blamed for failing to make saicb, observations. In Coxe’s published work of 1817 but one disease is mentioned, the fire blight of the pear ( Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) De Toni) which evidently then as now was a serious dis¬ ease towards the eradication of which but little progress apparently has been made in the 100 years which have followed. In the season of 1915 which was unusually wet, this disease swept over a large part of the apple-producing section of the country, doing great damage to the trees. Stevens and Hall state 1 that this has been known over 100 years. It is probable that much earlier records could be found by the examination of older literature. The or¬ ganism that causes the blight was not de¬ scribed until 1888. In the unpublished colored drawings and the manuscript accompanying them are found descriptions or very accurate colored illustra¬ tions of the following fungous diseases: Leaf Blight {Fabrcea maculata {Lev.) Atk.). —The species was first issued in exsiccati by Reveille in 1843 as Entomosporium maculatum and described somewhat later. The character¬ istic fruit spots are well depicted on both the pear and apple. Pear Scab {Venturia pyrina Aderh.). —This was for many years confused with the apple scab and was not separately described until . 1896. i Stevens, P. L., and Hall, J. G., 11 Diseases of Economic Plants,’’ 101, 1910. Apple Scab (Venturia incequalis {Cooke) Winter). —This was first described under Sphcerella by Cooke in 1871. Flyspeck of Apple {Leptothyrium pomi {Mont. & Fr.) Sacc.). —This was first de¬ scribed under Labrella in 1834. The sooty blotch {Phyllachora pomigena (Schw.) Sacc.) according to Duggar is only one stage of the flyspeek, and was first described by Schweinitz under Dothidea in 1832. Both are well illus¬ trated on a number of varieties of apples. Bitter Pot {G-lomerella rufomaculans {Berk.) Spauld. & Von Schrenk). —This was first described by Berkeley under Septoria in 1854. Spaulding and Yon Schrenk did not discover an earlier reference to the disease. In the Coxe manuscript under date of May 30, 1829, the bitter rot is referred to as com¬ mon, with the statement that the author had been told by John Hoskins the elder that slaked lime was a good remedy for the dis¬ ease. In accordance with this suggestion he spread a peck of slaked lime around each of 21 apple trees and worked it into the soil. Ho notes were made as to results, owing to his early death. Fruit Spot {Cylindrosporium pomi Brooks). This disease is well illustrated on several vari¬ eties of apples and has been identified beyond question by Mr. Brooks. The disease was first discovered by Brooks in 1896. He states that it was first reported in Germany by Sorauer in 1879 and in this country by Jones in 1891. It was evidently not previously distinguished from the bitter rot. Peach Scab {Cladosporium carpophilum Thiim.). —This was first described by von . Thiimen in 1879. Probably other fungi are figured on the vari¬ ous fruits but none that can be identified with accuracy. A reference is also made in the manuscript to worms around the roots of peach trees which are said to cause an exudation of gum. This ^ probably refers to the larvae of some boring insect. An attempt was made to get rid of them by applying a handful of salt around the roots once or twice a season with the only re¬ sult, however, that the larvae were more nu¬ merous after the application than before. P. L. 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A*. sL sY& ^j£zZ* / f * ALdrt, * *yy* - /ft*****' ✓ - 2 <;. /fZV / ^ ^A.4 / h\- >J 5 . ✓ /r~S.. j -2 A/**r*i~~ /*■ -.„ 2yr.../ , YfwV /&27. 22/ tZ/t ^y, r^ 4""/^ 1 , / t rJ /V J2.. , frSf &**/£/* J jL~ 2***' 7r ~s*. jzJT/ZfS-. * *-**' * r - > 3>/*rdZX .2 ^ \yrnr 3s~ ft, c A"- 2 ?--- 'ffijr^. -' ix^ '• "^-" r - <2t a A. .-. .4S2T^/.^-~^"-^ ijr^fovcmber d • A V. «\V<2h* Grn pij y®j’ign'c4'|Se#vir pl JptftaroTmcpTy pracy^lE! i SUUBpj^n gi^ifieclmieal,-i fa J ^ gpP j; Qjlg^aKpi^^ they will e x c u sfjffi&rc.V y ©ccur. In as few 1 ^pldjjaanagemeot- of 'j {f0p*f;aWjfinatters not atSiatpeM. I bemfe!. begirts ripe»ea^v,$.f j| teener „ aMpontinues tiff theSo^JjSOc ■ : bsgi*, As the ga ajjjte s a^ 38 p ^™ np.i 1 15th of ^ctobSSSSfeta am^irow;i -asidfofor 'J : \^hM^Mea^^£chedAnt£t^vriQle!^^rtii,.: trimmed as clean an possible, in vvki&i a tat ia'-^yfeing 3Rpe ground 4,^ th w%eks; abodt tilie^astof Nomah^-^they la|d ®piwe at full lonph• tfndjfastei ®plg pinskfad edVered lightly wjh ea; * •M®Lis-4°^«bpdiggiog a shadow. ditch S^T^jMLJpyhrQ^vingground to middle, which forms a ridge over, the vines,; covers them,.aboik,ten or^wdffL im&e»; : .ffraw, any o.foher cjyering but | ^8ph ; in mm 3ti|e t|ff Iit|allWfnter. In Af a^ sop« a|She7vveal^p^ill'jjBrmit, they' itt»J^efe foi sbAveli'/*lairtd\v?tt Bpreira grape, Iiavifig receive ^ywJiiclrcjAne frfiin that islanc £ whdeh^e^i owing, anff s$m £■ y' Hie fb^d%rs en \\^ich ai,. |ire si^;4hef good pgjJ|: large*, gushes or well grown saplings-.- vine^^ p fe twisted artiund thefoffoVthf ffee^jessary, were tied 'with »basf4f lfod dp MfJ.uiie, the stakes were eritirelyOj by shoots of the vino, s^ud , Wldch was fully ripe in. ; f>epfcnii 1 rfof oni bunch blasted or mildew|d r ;i fh^ not ouefoluster within three or four,,^^ Ifreufiilv Since that tltee I ha^e cory^h sanaily^^Aj^b, and haye now viJts 2^r;S()'tfe6t long ^ome : of which run up t he fruit trees ad- p.-others being carried 8 ©K|||jp$4 foiled horizontally. Itki^nb to see ;^Mfor.ry? tree tree on ,|i|.e^lh.c;r, an'd ; a -eeMh off, all ornamenwd^with a Yetfohch is tliekease ..and ih or alMs I ^ow. ; ditCli on ‘ground to the the vi^es, and names; no ering but the te|| In April, rrnitf thdy ar.e nd for ten or now •:; r grow ia ris ’is cas^ -ft the wood of j h e p*seSfeat xt diifeienw is i^hngSl^hs h^^ll y^tdr. ih oaf<0S is aosblutef^. freeossary jliorbouth, Wt it is. wvhY'ifjj imH » fi^asJsr ^ *a>Ae ^ f/C*. (y^z-&c>e&J' gM/ s£jc^ CZ v y^Cy JC /AJf A fetter** to the chairman from Dr. Norton, of Richmond, Virginia, was read, on the origin of the well known grape cal!e3 the “ Bland grape,” which has been supposed by many to be a native. Dr. Norton gave satisfactory reasons for our believ¬ ing that it was introduced by Mr. Mazzei, who is known to have come to Virginia before the Ame¬ rican revolution, with the express object of culti¬ vating the vine on a large scale, and who mentions his successful experiments in his work entitled “ Recherches sur les Utats Unis: Colle, 1788 ” The grape in question was the only one of the many kinds which he brought over that resisted the climate, the effects of neglect or rude cultiva¬ tion, or that attracted the attention of the natives. Col. Bland brought a number of the cuttings of this vine to Philadelphia, in the year 1778, and distribut¬ ed them among h’s friends, and it hassince been es¬ tablished in Pennsylvania It is known to be a great bearer; that the grapes keep well, when pro¬ perly preserved in jars, until May, aud will even hang on the vines until near January. They, how¬ ever, do not ripen until the first week in Octo* I ber; but this circumstance is in its favor as a wine grape. ^ :• 0 <62/ /yZus l J /Z*/' ^ - //£*>ss r/S&yirf f/i-t /< /■ /^. ^+*s£e **+*&> - ' ^ , '/fits. fa^fau- ,, * c32 sU+U Sa , *//£*£ ./ • /. - <*«•*"*'* ***^s£~ t/fa/' <*S^ "** V-& y' sys^^/yur'f‘?U^Z S~ ~?CyL* ‘y ^ // a **fa*"'l7 i- U*U^ sfa/* fas fa^faufai) ^ Umsss r a^ Z'Asir-yju, efas UsS cassO-&sv “ ■pB|^«/. /° J/Cc^C^ - v , N / CZZC /-/Cc' ^ ztsu* tr^u'^sc^fri. y&Gsjt'"/* ZTt^Z^eZuZc^Sr^ Z^Ly AsrUZ> z^Zc /ct^c s>U+cuu> ^c<^ytz 1 s^s^y^ £c*e^^ 4^x^, ^ / t^c f^OsvsZ^y ^ zkusnZeZs cuf/ £ 2s*3&, S2Z ■ c £ j A^ SsrwZj, /ftf / iajZjttCa ^/ 6 s+,Z~_ i£r 4 * '**-*• f.13 > <^ks?-&i£r/£JL fr

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M . . / <** * , / *6<, ; / 7 ^ «/" /£d**v'**~ j ? j> ' -s- ^yy • dJd z *y" y 7 . 7 s - j ^ S^^**™?*^*^ £ ™Z.2S* /n // fi oia^Ma . qM£i b X~,- s- - '' -i zs-'t" 1 - &£ ^f?rr*> \. /? . . ■ , / Jfe£+^eiy. ^ ^ JAz^^yfhu^ ^C ~ ^ ^ yu 41 '7^*™ y S&, />iy»A - %£*./2 J Ar &r*4*> **■- ! SA^S^, *^?s s trf/jU &AC y^f ^ At* Ayty-^r/ciy *, ! /— *, ^ < 4 ~* *?5> /;£ /w^/^u-^^^T' m */7£±^U< ~a 4; ^ffr ^ ^Tty ‘ - *?*»»*»**/. f' r " s c. * - * ■ - % Culture of tue Vine. Valuable practical information on the culture of the Vine, from the author of “ Coxe on Fruit Trees.” BURLINGTON, July 22, 1828.' J. S. Skinner, esq.— Sir—The cultivation of the vine ha9 become so important to the health, morals, and prosperity of our country, that I cheerfully comply with the wishes of re¬ spectable friends, by communicating to you the result of numerous experiments, made under my own observation, in en grafting various kinds of delicate foreign 'grapes and superior varieties of our do¬ mestic grapes on the more vigorous stocks of cultivated vines, or on the native vines of our fields, or transplanted native vines, removed from our hedge rows into our gardens at the moment of engrafting. The process is extremely simple, and as far as I can learn from inspection of the most improved English and French writers, and from inquiry of intelligent foreign era, is not. practised in Europe. It is performed by inserting a scion, of the usual size for planting, in the root or stick, under the surface of the earth, cov ering it with the earth, raised round the Stock high enough to protect the scion which is about six inches long, with two eyes only, the upper one to be even with the top of the little hillock raised around the plant. No clay or composition is necessary. The stock must be at least one inch in diameter, at one or two inches above the crown of the plant, when bared to the first roots, It must be sawed off at that point. The stock is to be carefully split, after the loose ba*k is scraped »»ff. and if necessary, opened by a wedge ; the scion, when firmly fixed, will be retained in its place by the pressure of the stock, after the wedge has been withdrawn or cut oft’. The time for engrafting ; s the same as for the apple—sbout the 1st to the 10th of April in this state. In two or three weeks the buds will sprout. One only must be permitted to grow ; it must be trained to a stake, and kept pruned of latterai shoots. In a good soil, it will grow ten or twelve feet the first year; af¬ ter this, it may be cut down to two or three eyes, or trained at greater length to a trelliss, according to its strength. They invariably bear fruit the second year, and frequently will produce one or more bunches the first year. This, however, should not be permitted, except from a wish to ascertain the quality of the fruit. It is now about six years since the first attempt of an intelligent neighbor in th^s mode of engrafting was exhibited to me, after repeated failures of the ordinary mode of engrafting above the surface, with the aid of clay and composition. I had experienced similar failures in my own experiments, owing, l presume, to the greater flow of sap in our climate. I h ave now growths of at least ten feet fr.^/n grafts of this spring, exhibiting a luxuriant growth of a single bunch of grape> VVhen the stock i3 sufficiently laro-e, ^vvo scions may be inserted, and if successful, may fre reduced to a single stock, or oi>e of therte may be laid down by training, Tjbout six inches under the surface, to foria another vine, which in the second year mil be yearly equal in strength and productiveness to the, parent vine. From the facility with’ which this operation may be performed** and the short interruption it creates in v f he bear¬ ing, it will be easy to change any num ber of vines from unproductive and roferitN* kinds, to such as may be adapted to the soil, climate and object of the cultivator. Foreign and tender kinds may be speedi¬ ly acclimated, and an early diffusion of the finer kinds, .through our extensive couutry may be accomplished, wherever native stocks are to be found. 1 believe this mode of engrafting will be new to the greater portion of your readers, it certainly is unnoticed by the Abbe Rosier, by La Nuuveile, Quintinye, by Millervind Forsyth, all of whom I have consulted—and a highly intelligent friend, a native of France, possessing large estates in that country and in the United States, assured after careful I inspection ot my vines, that it; was pet-* ! fectly new to him, and would encourage him to introduce it in his extensive piaos of improvement, to which he is devoting much of his ample means, T am, respectfully and truly. Your friend and obed’t ser?^. w m. com Hydrophobia —I promised yesterday to resume to-day the subject of mad dogs, but if I had not, the case which I have just read from the Phila¬ delphia papers, and which we republish this evening, would render some remarks, at this time, ou this awlul and alarming topic, highly interesting and pertinent. This case is attested by two eminent physicians, and they add that hydrophobia « is without the hope of a relief from medicine”—“we know of no cure or hy¬ drophobia.” 1 h^s is a frank, confession, and I have scarcely a doubt accords with the truth— It is a disease, which, when once having arrived at that pass as to shew itself by the usual symp¬ toms in the system, bailies equally the skill of the most learned physician and the nostrums of the I i*>lde3t empyrick. But, fortunately, it is not so rapid in its progress, but that it may be arrested and entirely counteracted and prevented, if pro- means are seasonably resorted to, duly adminis- ; tered, and faithfully persisted in. These means 1 nature has provided, in the plant called the IScullcap , which grows almost every where in a- bundance in our country. It is not, however, every species of the plant bearing this name that will answer; but that particular one called in Latin scutella ia latijiora , or side-bearing flower, and not that ne called scut eHer ia gaiericuiata , or helmet-shaped. The former of these is effi¬ cacious in preventing this incurable disease, the latter is not. A mistake in taking one for the other has sometimes produced fatal effects, and brought the plant into discredit, at the eastward. Some time since, there was published, in the Medical Repository, [liexade 3, vol. 2, No. 3,] an account of this plant, with an engraving ; but there was an error, in the text, as to the spe¬ cies ; nor was tile engraving, which was after the right sort, sufficiently accurate to correct the mistake. Of the superior merits of this in¬ valuable plant in the bite of a mauLdog, as 1 evin¬ ced in particular instances, I have not room here to give any more than a general outline. Dr. Van- deveer left it on record, that in upwards of three 1 he scutellaria is perennial, of wV( h there are numerous species indigenous to ti * United states. I he plant is found in great attendance -on the banks and borders o i ponds : flowCing in * or August. The siem is square, bra&htJ^ and attains the height offom one to threehL I he leaves are opposite, narrow pointed or nar¬ row foqt stalks. The racemes are axillarv aud lateral, bearing small violet colored blossoms in¬ termixed with small leaves. The calix is hooded or helmet formed, from whefice originated the genera name of scull-rap or Scutellaria.” This, however, is a description of the genera not the • species. The eye will soon detect the material distinc¬ tions, while at the same time it will see a gene¬ ral resemblance. The following is the manner in which Dr. Vandeveer and Mr. Lewis prepared and admi¬ nistered the remedy, as we find in Thatcher’s Dispensary : “ The leaves should be gathered when in flower, (July or August,) carefully dried, and reduced to a fine powder, and put into bottles, well corked, for use. When a person has re¬ ceived a bite by a mad dog, be must take of a strong infusion of the leaves or powder, a gill four times a day, every other day. The day it is omitted, he must take a spoonful of the flower of sulphur, in the morning, fasting, and at bed¬ time, in new milk, and apply the pounded green herb to the wound e very two hours, continuing the prescription for three w eeks. For cattle or horses, three times the quantity of each.” Thus 1 have in the shortest and plainest man¬ ner I am able, treated of a subject, now parti¬ cularly, in the highest decree interesting to the- I community at large. And 1 have dpne so in the full and unshaken belief in the virtue of the plant here recommended to the public, and per¬ fectly aware of the deep responsibility I assume in thus trying to persuade the patient and the physician to put life itself upon the issue. With the late benevolent Robert Bowne, whose letters on this subject are published at length in the Medical Repository and in Thatcher’s Dispensa¬ ry, I can with great truth declare, that my con¬ fidence in the virtue of this herb is so great, that, if bitten myself, I would trust my life lo it, ra¬ ther than to the skill of all the physicians in this city. hundred cases in which he seajbnaldy adminis¬ tered it, the success was complete, without a failure. Lewis asserted that he had! met with the like success in upwards of one hundred cases, of three or four of which I was myself (happening to be in the county of \Yest-Chester at the time) an eye-witness. Dr. Thatcher, in his valuable Dispensary, speaking if it, says : “ Should this plant ultimately prove a successful remedy for a disease so truly deplofable in its nature and so destructive in its consequences, .no encomiums can surpass its merit, «ven if re¬ corded in letters of gold.” The following is his description of it : I m iDresscd with the deep importance it is of to the public, that these different species should not to be confounded, we have procured an en- gravh.ig to be made bv Anderson of each ol the plants Here follows an engraving of the true plant ▼ — EXPERIMENTS ON FOREIGN WINES, BY Da. REECE. [From the seventh number of the Gazette of Health.} j 2 ~j JitS* ~ ft-1 L ' 2. \iSTZ~L • • *£“ 3 - S Jj2L~~ 4~ .fV, _ ^ 'c Ju~ . ^ ^ . d« 7 j 0 rJaU* y • • • ■ ■ •■; ^jkt d/’odA s $» JJ Cf ,i *■"■ Wn&&6* —7 \\"----t ,1T%&»s / J d*{*r • ■ ■ *7* 7t f /22*«d- / Jtzrfe; 13 jiJL L _^ i^wmi, ml uch umv a t!liUUe%int Brandy *is preferable to Rum, on Ceowt of being entity free from sugar. 1 ^7~7 *4{a efjt4~A*> - cT/uM^y '*-' /?&/c*4f6& a ' ' * ‘ * ‘ c - ‘ ' t'/faa/A4<* ' ' * ' L'W£tJ&J>* * • ‘ * 6y * * * * ' *■• \/3t*i y /friyi. *•**•• {7*t-rf*- -&&*** C' T, -*' e ftty*. tdkachz+i * < - * ofeltay » * ‘ c ‘ /Za&tU, &&*%&- * /fitu/Ltd&i&*& * t * titt <- ipCf'- «• *- s^W 4^5% *•'*'**•' dftAS*+?y * * ^ * A**#* J/ fo v sVa/«t #{ fi^\/~/fu <*ZZyi^> y£y*u**£% ^ ^ ^ ffri/W//* Sfi&f*/ce. a*9 ^ « / A/i 'jzrf />-^v>» ji /a> /Z £"r v ’.<&* - _ TZrJZZ£.Zt7Z& 4^-V %£<* ***-%& x*f^t*-**; / + ^ /,-. y y/ fl#.. - V —>~—^ 1 // y _ ✓ .-^0~ y - ^ / /a >o yylji^# a £Ju*64**f ■*&?*** ttfjt/f.&r, M+i* n*uf r 4ftvvfl 4V*Ur //l& «*-*** J> 4 /ji 'jf&rvfo j/itAtdt"&'//iTz£ /At' **■&/* tf/^c**< ^ Aw^, &*{*{?.<&»£, A _ ■^L EXPERIMENTS ON FOREIGN WINES, BY DR. REECE. [From the seventh number of the Gazette of Health.] It is proper to obsel-ve, that all Wines natu¬ rally possess a proportion of alcohol/ (ardent spirit,) but to the Foreign Wines, a quantity is added to prevent their running into the acetous fermentation during their voyage to this country, and this is proportioned to the quality of the Wine. In order, therefore, to ascertain the quan¬ tity the different Wines contain on an average, the experiments have been made on Wines frdm diff erent venders. Brandy and Rum, are sold ^ different degrees of strength; indeed, some term* ed White Brandy and White Rum are highly rectified. The Brandy and Rum employed in the following Experiments, were obtained from a respectable Wine-Merchant, who was desired to send samples of the articles as generally sold to the public. A bottle of Port Wine, containing 26 ounces, , which had been in bottle seven years, produced 2 ounces and 7 drachms of alcohol, (ardent spirit) Ditto of Port Wine, containing 25 1-2 ounces, (one year in bottle and two years in wood,) 2 ounces, 6 drachms. Ditto of Pale Sherry, three years old, contain¬ ing 25 ounces, produced 3 ounces. Ditto of Madeira, two years old, containing 25 1-2 ounces, 2 ounces 5 drachms. Ditto Cape ditto, one year old, containing 25 ounces, 2 12 ounces. . Ditto Old Hock, containing 21 ounces, nearly an ounce. Ditto Brandy, containing 24 ounces, 10 ounces, j Ditto Rum, containing 24 1-2 ounces, 9 1*2 ounces. •, _• V xrFprrWtc-huiIsC Alt (not bottled) trwm the breweryof Mr. Wyatt, 1 ounce. From a quart of common draught Porter, from the brewery of Messrs. Elliot and Co. 5 1-2 drachms. From the foregoing results, it appears that four bottles, either of Port, Sherry, or Madeira, contain more ardent spirit than a bottle of Brandy. Three bottles of Sherry are equal to one bot¬ tle of Rum. That 10 bottles of Hock, or 10 quarts of Ale, or 14 1-2 quarts of Porter, are equal to a bottle of Brandy. The residuum of Port Wine contains an astrin¬ gent extract, and more tartaric acid than that of Madeira, and the Sherry less than Madeira. In one bottle of Port, a small portion of vitriolic acid was detected. The Hock also contains a con¬ siderable of tartaric acid. The residuum of the Rum contains raw sugar, and the Brandy burnt sugar, With a pungent aromatic, resembling cap¬ sicum. The residuum of the Ale and Porter was very bitter, and the spirit of the former was slightly flavored with the essential oil of the hop* Both contain saccharine matter. As a tonic medicine, the preference \s general¬ ly given to Port Wine, on account of its astringen- cy, but in cases of indigestion and irritability of the bowels, the tartaric acid is a very great ob¬ jection to it. When this wine is on (what the merchants term) the fret, it is a practice with some to add to it a little vitriolic acid, which more effectually checks it than brandy. Sherry Wine appears to be the best fermented, and more free from tartaric acid and saccharine matter than anv other. It is, however, at best only a dilute spirit. Brandy is preferable to Rurn, on account of being entirely free from sugar. ♦ ' • i ■ ■ **■■ " rf^ ^e^g . *z^*r ^c ■ ■-— - <7/1^6 tftji^ieyT^C&^f ,7^,^.<, -w^b 4 *®^ 6? - / y jy^,/ ^ ^JH- Xy^d +. fit €*tl y£. s d^.*- 7'*^74 y. J^H o-cy 7 7C& *v ^*~2 £d&*s-t«s c^> cTLd&n^/'l^or^ i^«/^Uo o*- cJ-f ^ 3 & ' m ; ^ s~ ..^ir-"-**•* /**■* ' *1 J gBgjggp ggtt > rw !,» . fjppffijjg “ {Wpg^ V r’ — ’*• .^ t buils, which is the case ten it moves vigorously, vood, or runs into shoots, i young trees ’fived at this discovery lsequence of trying the itii a different view, viz: 1 the size of the fruit, but ren branches, that were with leaf buds, to bear, cation being before quite ; l will, on'that account, e niyself out for the first s operation; but 1 was fleets fo be produced by only discovered them by lents of my own, which iromotion of Pomology, snee of the completest rmed the truth of my or do I think that this ally known; at least, to i I showed the experi- noduced appeared new ■I P — *..«« um> ftfK place where it is connected with the n; or, if it be a small branch or shoot, 0 »m«*w ■j.a^a^**' ^ J n rn ^ /// -^C /refopft X r^^5SF^ Si. Hi A/SfL dterf-ct** -U*^0 /tn-ee. ** * sS/£ £t^- %&f***' ■ yW 4/ 6t4/is 0 ha: , !' D r. -*w ^ £ atOrn' s/f/l*' ’ „ , y/ --^— yi 5 /- , 0^ / 0C-/, */t*nsS~£tZ> & A / rri&~p** *&* > &*£*&'ween the,two cuts. The bark between J 7 r -e two cuts*you {ake"cTeSFawav' wifli a knife, down to the wood, removing even the fine inner bark, which immediately lies upon the wood; so that no connexion whatever remains between the two of the bark, but the hare and naked wood appears white and smooth. But this bark¬ ring, vhich is to compel the tree to bear, must be made at the right time, that is, when in all.nature the buds are strongly swelling, or are breaking out into blos¬ som. In the same year, a callus is form I ed at the edges of the ring, on both sides, I and the connexion of the bark, that had I been interrupted, is restored again with¬ out any detriment to the tree or the branch operated upon, in which the arti¬ ficial wound soon again grows over. By this simp 4 *, though artificial means of forcing every fruit tree, with certainty i to bear, you obtain the following impor¬ tant advantages: 1st. You may compel every young tree of which you, do -not know the sort to show its fruit, ami decidesooner whether, being of a good qualify, it may remain in its fruit state, or requires to be graft¬ ed. 2d. You may thereby, with certainty, ^et fruit of every good sort of which you wish to see the produce in the next year. 3d. This method may probably serve to increase considerably the quantity of fruit in the country. The branches so operated upon are hung full ot fruit, while the others that are not ringed, often have nothing, or very little on them. This effect is easy to be explained from the theory of the motion ot the sap: for where the sap moves 9lowly in a tree. !* produces fruit buds, which is (he case ' (,ltl trees; wheu it moves vigorously, tie tree forms wood, or runs in To snoots, as happens with young trees Though l arfived at this discovery mysell, in consequence of trying the same process with a different view, viz: to increase only the size of the fruit, but not to lorce barren branches, that were only furnished with leaf buds, to bear, this latter application being before quite unknown to me; I will, on that account, by no means give myself out for the first inventor ol this operation; but I was ignorant of the effects f«> be produced by tins method, and only discovered them by repeated experiments of my own, which I made tor the promotion of Pomology, frequent experience of the completest success has confirmed the truth of my observations Nor do I think that this method is generally known; at least, to all those to whom I showed the experi¬ ment, the efiect produced appeared new and surprising.” CURED FISH. Dr. Culloch, of Edinburgh, has ascer¬ tained, that the antiseptic quality of Sugar is suf- p ficlent to preserve foil in the most excellent con- | { (iition. He states that this substance is so active, | j that fish may'be preserved in a dry state, and ?, ! perfectly fresh, by . means of sugar alone, and p ! even with a very small quantity of it. He has | thus kept salmon, whiting, and cod, for an inde- i | finite length of time; and by this simple means fresh fish may be kept in that state some days, so as to be 9 r good when boiled as when just | caught. j It is added, tin..., “if dried, and kept free [ from mouldiness, there seems to be no limit to I their preservation ; and they are much better in j this way than when salted. The sugar gives no disagreeable taste. This pnicess is particularly valuable in making a hat is kippered salmon and the fish preserved in this man ner are far su¬ perior in quality or flavour to those which salted or smoked. It desired, as ,mch sT be used as to give the taste that ul ' e requir¬ ed; but this substance does » [ conduce to ! their preservation. In the prep -, bon it is bare¬ ly necessary to open the fish, at t° apply the sugar to the muscular part, plain?* ll hi an ho- « rizontal position for two or three: da;, s, that this j Subs'ance may penetrate. After this* it may be j dried; and it is only necessary to wipe and ven¬ tilate it occasionally to prevent nvouldii less. A table spoonful of brown sugar is suffic ient, in j this manner, for a salmon o^ five or six pounds * weight; and if salt be desired, a tea spoonful or i more may be added. Saltpetre may be used j instead, in the same proportion, if it be desired j to make the kipper