The Pepysian Gospel harmony, edited by Margery Goates ...
London, Pub. for the Early English Text Society by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1922.
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(Jrigiwal £Sttits, No. 157. 1922 (for 1919).
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EDITED BY
MARGERY GOATES
m.a. ST. Andrews; carnegie research scholar
'in N
LONDON:
PUBLISHED FOR THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY
BY HUMPHREY MILFORD, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
AMEN CORNER, E.G. 4. 1922.
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©tiginal levies, 157.
Printed in Great Britain' by Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, bungay, sujtjtolk.
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PREFACE
I wish to express my thanks to the Master and Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge, for tlieir kindness in allowing me to prepare the text for the press; to the late Pepys* Librarian, Mr. Gaselee, and the Deputy Librarian, Mr. Vernon Jones, for giving me unlimited facilities for consulting the manuscript ; to Miss M. A. Whitelegge for allowing me to iise the transcript of the Harmony made by her some years ago ; above all to Miss A. C. Paues, at whose suggestion the work was undertaken, and without whose constant
in
help and encouragement it could never have been carried through. My thanks are also due to the Staff of the Cambridge University
i-H
Library, especially to Mr. Rogers and Mr, Thomas ; to the Staff of Edinburgh University Library, especially to Mr. Cuthbertson and Mr. Ballantyne ; to the Head Mistress and Governors of the Man- chester High School for granting me a half-term's leave of absence to enable the work to be completed; to Sir Israel Gollancz for his interest and advice, and to Miss Mabel Day and Miss Nora Kershaw for their help and criticism while the text was going through the press. Finally I would gratefully acknowledge the substantial financial assistance which, as Carnegie Scholar, I received from the Carnegie Trustees during the years 1915-1917. The Trustees have kindly undertaken to continue tlieir generous help by contributing towards the expenses involved in printing.
Margery Goates. March 1932.
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CONTENTS
J>AOK
PREFACE ...... vii
INTRODUCTION ;
Contents and Description op MS. . . xi
Evidence of a French Source . . . xv
Language ...... xix
Relation to the Canonical Gospels . . xlv
TEXT 1
ANALYTICAL SUMMARY . . . .114
NOTES 123
VOCABULARY . . . . . .136
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . .146
ix
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INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS AND DESCBIPTION.
This Middle English Harmony of the four Gospels is found on pp. la-43a of MS. Pepys 2498 in the library of Magdalene College, Cambridge. The MS. is erroneously catalogued1 and labelled as a collection of Wycliffe's sermons. The real contents were first dis- covered in 1902 by Miss A. C. Paues of Newnham College, Cambridge, and made known by her in Vol. XXX of the Englische Studien,2 and further in her A Fourteenth Century English Biblical Version? A more detailed description of the volume was given in 1907 by W. H. Hulme,4 and still more recently by J, Pahlsson.5
Contents.
The volume contains eight separate works :
1. pp. la-43a (No title). The Harmony of the Gospels now
printed for the first time.
2. pp. 45a-212b (No original title 6). a litel treti$ of diuinite
to turn man from romances and gestes, wherein he lese]> mychel of his tyme pat so settep his hert /ram god, and to give him instead ping pat is profitable hope to lyf 8f to soule.
3. pp. 212b-226b (Title in red). Here bigynnen good techinges
of wise men wip pe ten hestes afterward. distindelich expouned,
1 Cf. The Pepys Catalogue, Magdalene Coll. , Camb. This is in Pepys' own handwriting.
2
4
- pp. 344-346. 3 Upsala diss. , Camb. 1902, pp. Ixv-lxix.
The Middle English Harrotving of Hell and Gospel of Nicodemus, E.E. T.8., Extra Ser. 100, pp. xxxiv-xxxvi.
6 The. Heclnse, A fourteenth-century version of The Ancren Riwle, Znnds Universitets Arsskrift, Lund, 1911 and 1918. .Cf. Preface, pp. i-xi.
* But at the top of p. 45, in a sixteenth-century hand, is written : Mirror, or glasse to Looke in;
xi
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xii Introduction
4. pp. 226b-263b (Title in red). \)apocalips on englissh '. makep hers gynnyng After \>is synful lyf.' god gv&unt vs good wonyng 1
5. pp. 263b-370a (Title in red).
Of \e sautere on englisch '. here is j>e gynnynge, Wfy be latyn Id/ore .' fy Gregories expounynge
Tliere are two other MSS. of this Psalter 2 : British Museum, Addit. 17376, and Trinity College, Dublin, 69 (A. 4. 4.), edited by Professor Biilbring. 3
6. pp. 371a-449u (No title). The Recluse.4
7. pp. 449a-459b (Title in red).
Of oure lefdy marie f bigynnep now here pe pleynt ])&t of pe passion of hir son sche telde with liert feynt.
8. pp. 459b-463b (No original title).5
The Gospel of Nicodemus. This is the earliest of the nine known MSS. of the Middle English prose versions of this Gospel.6
Description.
Judging from the writing, Dr. Montague James considers that the MS. belongs to about the year 1400. This date also tallies with a note 7 on p. 370 of the volume :
Tlie age of this book, by conferring with an other coppy, was wretten when k henry the. If, had busines agayste the toelshmen. An° jlffllf. The MS. is a large folio on vellum, consisting of 232 leaves (fol. 22
1 For the relation of this version to the whole family of English Apocalypse MSS., see Paues, A. C, op. cit., pp. xxiv-xxx.
2 For a comparison of the three versions, and extracts from a possible French source, see Paues, A. C, op. cit-, pp. lvi-lxii.
8 Biilbring. K. D. , The Earliest Complete English Prose Psalter, together with
Eleven Canticles and a translation of the Athanasian Creed, edited from the only
two MSS. Part I. London, 1S91 {E.E.T.S. Orig. Ser., No. 97.) Cf. Paues,
A. C, op. cit., pp. lvi-lxii ; Hirst, T. O., The Phonology of the Earliest Complete
>, "g English Prose Psalter, Diss. Bonn, 1 907.
* Pahlsson, J., op. cit.
6 But in the same sixteenth-century hand above mentioned (p. xi, note 6) is written : Nicodemus Gospell ; For the probable identity of the writer, cf. below, note 7.
* Cf. Hnlme, W. H., op. cit., pp. xxxiv-lx.
7 Probably written by Stephen Batman, D.D., the well-known collector of the Parker MSS. {f 1584). Cf. Paues, A. C, op. cit., p. lviii.
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Introdwtion xiii
is only a half sheet), with 2 paper flyleaves at the beginning and 2 at the end. The volume is arranged in quires of 8 leaves each, as is indicated by catchwords, which occur regularly on every sixteenth page, except at the end of the third and the twenty-third quires, which contain 14 and 11 leaves respectively. The MS. is numbered by pages in a recent handwriting, and the first leaf of each quire also bears its number (in pencil). The folio has recently been re-backed and each page now measures 13|- x 9T9F inches. The MS. is written in double columns of 54 lines in a bold and clear 1 hand which is the same throughout. The ink varies from jet black to dark brown. In the Harmony it is wholly brown, though elsewhere generally black. But the titles, paragraph headings, Latin quotations, and, occasionally, English words and phrases together with the original 2 marginal notes are in red ink. In the Harmony the headings only are in red, and these are indicated in the printed text by the use of a larger type.
The ornamentation of the MS. is simple. Each separate work begins 3 with an ornamented capital, 4-12 MS.-lines deep,4 coloured blue, or blue and red, and standing out in bold relief against a back- ground of fine rod, or red and violet, pen-work ; while similar capitals, though smaller B and less ornate, mark the subdivisions of each work.
The MS. is bound in brown leather. Its front cover is adorned with one of Pepys' book-plates imprinted in gold, and showing by its decoration and inscription the connection of Pepys with the Admiralty, The decoration consists chiefly of two anchors entwined with ropes, and the inscription is :
SAM. PEPYS CAR. ET I AC ANGL. REGIB. A SECRETIS ADMIRALI^E.8
On the back cover, similarly imprinted, is his armorial book-plate, with the motto :
MENS CUJUSQUE IS EST QUISQUE
1 Except that e ; o, c ; t, and n : u, are often ambiguous.
8 For marginalia and other insertions not in the original handwriting, cf. Pahlsson, op. cit., pp. viii-xi.
s Except the fourth (incij?. p. 226b), and the fifth (incip. p. 263b), whose initial capitals are beautifully drawn, but not coloured.
4 The initial 0 of the Harmony occupies 12 MS.-lines.
* In the Harmony these smaller capitals are almost invariably 3 MS.-lines deep, with the exception of p and /: p varies botween 4 and 13 MS.-lines, and / between 5 and 9.
• Cf. Hardy, W. J., F.S.A., Book-plates, 2nd Ed. London, 1897, jj. 178.
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xiv Introduction
On the reverse side of the second flyleaf is pasted the "portrait" hook -plate of Pepys l with the inscription and motto mentioned ahove j while on the last page of the MS. — the lower half of the second column — is pasted his " little " plate with the initials S. P. decorated with ropes and anchors as before.2
In preparing the Harmony for publication, the manuscript readings have been retained as far as possible. Such emendations as were necessary have been enclosed in square brackets and the corresponding manuscript form given in the foot-notes. Erasures and uncertain letters have also been carefully noted. Expansions of manuscript abbreviations appear, as usual, in italics. Owing to their ambiguity the scribe's capital letters have had to be set aside ; also his arbitrary punctuation.
1 Cf. Hardy, op. cit.,pp. 216-218. 2 Cf. Hardy, op. ciL, p. 8.
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EVIDENCE OF A FRENCH SOURCE.
I have not yet been able to discover the immediate source of tlio Pepysian Harmony; but that it was French, and not Latin, is almost if not absolutely proved by the striking evidence of vocabulary and phraseology.
In the expression And bo Ugonnen hij []>]at helden Jesu forto cracchen lujm (93.33-34), the word cracchen1 (OF. crachier, 'to spit') is peculiarly interesting, since there is no other known example of its use in English.2 Again, in the phrase to yuen her chateux in to be temple (49.18-19), we have the only case on record in which the Anglo- French legal term chateux, ' goods,' ' chattels,' is used non-technically.3
There are also certain curious verbal errors which are most likely mistranslations of a French original. The most remarkable of these is oriole, which occurs in the expression, And Jesus was ]>o a slepe biltinde in be scliipp in an oriole (21.18-19). The corresponding Vulgate is supra cervical dormiens (Mc. iv, 38), which the Later Wycliffite Version* rightly renders 'sleeping on a pillow.' The word oriole, which means ' porch ' or ' passage,' is apparently due to a misreading of the Old French word for ' pillow,' which is oreille(e).6
A similar error occurs in the following : — And Jesus entred in to on of be schippes, \at was Simondes faders. Here Simondes faders, 17.25-26 (Vulg. Simonis, Lc. v, 3) is probably a mistranslation of the Anglo-French de or a simon pers — the MS. contraction for pent, ' Peter,' being misread as pere, ' father.'
Again, in the passage : — \)o com a man to Jesu and of rede Itym children, ]>at lie schulde touchen hem and blissen hem. And Jesus deciples recu[s]eden hem \at hem offreden (67.23-26), the contradiction between a man and hem pat . . . offreden is very likely due to a mistranslation of the French indefinite pronoun on, since in Old French many of the forms for on and homme were identical, e. g. OF. on, hon, omrne, horn.
At the marriage feast in Cana of Galilee, when the Virgin Mary
noticed the lack of wine, Jesus said, \>e man teas nou$t ^ut comen pat
scholde scheme his power, 12.9-10 (Vulg. nondum venit hora mea
. . . Joh. ii, 4). This translation man for hour is probably due to
the misreading of OF. (h)ore as (h)on. Cf. 76.29, where be wers ■
1 Cf. craccheden, 97.22. B cracchen not in N.E.D.
3 The only example of this form quoted in N.E.D. is: — 1389 Eng, Qilds (1870) 53, To certefyen jou of godes & chateux.
4 Edit. Forsnall and Madden, Oxford, 1850.
5 Communicated by Miss A. C. Pauos.
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xvi Introduction
(Vulg. lapidesl Lc. xix, 40) points to a similar confusion between F, pire and pierres.
No less than three times it would seem that OF. level' and laver have been confused. (1) ' Jch,' he setde, 'lyfte yrn of pe icatere for penaunce,' 9.32-33 {Vulg. Ego quidem vos baptizo in aqua in paenitevtiam, Mt. iii, 11). (2) for as mychel as Jesus ne aros nouyth tofore "pat he ete, 40. 1 0-1 1 (Vulg. quare non baptizatus esset ante prandiam, Lc. xi, 38). (3) And Jesus po to hem seide which of hem it were pat nolde no^th wasche his schepe vpon pe sabat $if it were fallen in a foule diche, 37.29-31 (Vulg. Ipse autem dixit Mis Quis erit ex vobis homo qui habeat ovem unam, et si ceciderit haec sabbatis in foveam, nonne tenebit et levabit earn ? Mt. xii, 11).
Another mistranslation of the same kind is apparently due to OF. foudre having been read as poudre, with the result that Satan is said to have fallen from heaven, not as lightning (Vulg. Videbam satanam sicut fulgur de caelo cadentem, Lc. x, 18), but as dust: — 'ich seij Sathan als dust falle fram heuene,' 34.20.
In a previous discourse Jesus is said to have bidden his disciples to be wyse as seint Petre and symple as a douue, 30.14-15 (Vulg. Estote ergo prudentes sicut serpentes, et simplices sicut columbae, Mt. x, 16). The curious mistranslation seint Petre is probably due to OF. serpentes, in its contracted MS. form, being mistaken for A-F. 8. Pers.
A further witness to a French source is the use of he, instead of it, with reference to pe temple ( F. le temple), 84.10, and pe wynde (F. le vent), 21.24; both obvious retentions of the French gender. The context is : (1) And als he went out of be temple, so comen his deciples and scheweden hym how he was riche tj- good 4' strong, 84.9-11. (2) And also suipe Jesus comaunded be wynde and pe see forto be stille and pat he ne blew nomore; and also sone it was stille, 21.23-25. Cf. 54.1, where the second hym refers to ]>e werlde.
The story of Hou pat JJiesus reised pe wedewes dou3tter from dep
to lyue, 30. § 29, is a curious case of persistent error.1 The passage
corresponds to the raising of the widow's son at Nain (Lc. vii, 11-18).
On the hypothesis that the substitution of doubter for the traditional
son is merely a scribal error,2 the case for a French as against a Latin
1 For an account of a similar error in a fourteenth-century translation of the liturgical gospels, see Deanesly, M , 17ie Loll-ard Bible, Camb. Univ. Press, 1920, p. 181.
3 But it is more likely to be a case of direct translation from French. Since the type for the above was set up, Miss Mabel Day has kindly drawn my atten- tion to an O.F. Gospel Harmony which resembles the Middle English one in the same striking divergence from canonical tradition : 'Et quewit il vint alentrce de le chite si encontra vne biere & se gisoit dedens le fille a vue veue femme qui morte estoit . . . et chele se drecha tantost & fu toute garie & saine.' — Brit. Mus. MS. Roy. 20, A. xiii, fol. 40 a.
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Introduction xvii
source is strengthened by the fact that while the Vulgate account employs six words indicative of gender : — -films, unicus, defuncius, mortuus, ilium and Hit, French translations of the Vulgate normally use only three, as in the following fifteenth-century account1 : — Quant il aprocha a la forte de la cite len portoit un cors qui estoit mors qui estoit fify dune fame qui nauoit plus denfans Sf ele estoit nueue et grant tourbe de la cite o lui. Quant nostres sires la mo il fu men de misericorde. Cest a dire il auoit pitie fy fu mew a f aire li misericorde 4' li dist ne ploure$ mie fy il aprocha $ atoucha la biere § ceus qui la portoient sarresterent. § ihesus li dist enfes ie te di lieue toi § al qui estoit mort sassist 4" print a parler § il Ie dona a sa mere. Here the only evidence of the widow's child being a son lies in the words fil^, al'1 and le. The English translator, working probably on a similar narrative, perhaps misread OF. ^3 as file (OF. fille, 'daughter'), and having begun the story in terms of doubter continued it consistently to the end, changing the gender of al and le to correspond.
Another illustration of close kinship with a French source is the following : — And \>ou, he seide, sum tyme turne ayein arid conforte \i bretheren, 88.6-7. This rendering is clearly much nearer to : — Sf tu auownefois tome vers Us freres 4' les conferme,3 or to : — § tu aucune fois tournes vers tes freres § les confermes* tlian to the Vulgate : — et tu aliquando conversus confirma fratres tuos (Lc. xxii, 32).
Further evidence of a French source is afforded by the following idiomatic phrases : —
And he reproued hem \>at wolden hym slee, and scheived hem ]>at hij hadden wrong, 54.11-13 (cf. F. avoir tort).
tj* ]>orou$ ]>at skyl went Joseph [$•] Marie his spouse . . . vnto Bed- leem forto make reconischannce in his owen cite, 4. 33-5. 2 (cf. Lc. ii, 4). The expression/orfo make reconischaunce is taken from OF. f aire recon- noissance. There is no other example of the phrase in Middle English.5
Uou Jhesus turned be heued to $acheus, 4' tolde hym an ensample of X besaunt^, 70, § 77, heading (cf. F. tourner la tete).
And vpon [at o\er day comen be preestes and ye Phariseus to Pilate . . . fy bisoutften hym \at he schulde do looke ]>e body in be sepulchre til be ~pridde day, 101.25-30 (cf. F. faire garder le corps).
1 Edin. Univ. Lib. D. b. I. 3, La Sainte Bible avec un commentaire, fob 390, recto, col. 1, 1. 39— col. 2, 1. 5.
2 al is a contracted form of a le.
8 British Museum, Roy. 20. B.v., fol. 45, recto, col. 2, 11. 39-41. Early four- teenth-century according to catalogue.
* British Museum, Btbl. Reg. 19. c. 11., fob 193, recto, col. 2, 11. 7-8.
* N.E.D. gives 1602 as the date of the earliest example. GOSPEL HARMONY 6
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xviii Introduction
llou Jesus dies hym sixty and twelue deciples, 33. § 32, heading. . . . After wardes \an ekes Jesus hym sexti & twelue disciples, ib. 11. 19-20. This rendering of the Vulg. sepluaginta duos (Lc. x, 1), is apparently due to OF, sexante do$e (also duse, doce, dose, douse, dotfe, dwfie), F, soixante-douze.
And bo com a womman and avised hir of seint Petre (92.28). This reflexive use of avised with of, meaning 'observed,' 'watched/ is evidently borrowed from the F. s'aviser de. The corresponding Vulgate is vidit eum alia, Mt. xxvi, 71.
The above evidence for a French source is further strengthened by the strong French element in the vocabulary, especially by the presence of certain somewhat uncommon loan-words, e.g. : —
sfte hadde done \at dede in ]>e honoura[n]ce of his buryinge, 75.20-21. (OF. honorance, onnourance).
Hou Jhesus heled a womman ]>at was bocched,1 42. § 44, heading. (ON-F. boche = OF. boce, 'ulcer').
hij scholden fei^e ]>e aprise of \e Phariseus, 52.2-1-25. aprise, ' learning ' = OF. aprise, the substantive use of the fern. sing, of apris, p. p. of aprendre, ' to learn.' (The corresponding Latin is doctrina Pharisaeorum, Mt. xvi, 12.)
Yblissed be be bonair, 26.30 (Vulg. Bead mites, 'Blessed be the meek,' Mt. v, 5).
\e feste of loges, 53.18. OF. loge means 'arbour' or 'hut.' (The corresponding Latin Avoid is scenopegia, ' feast of Tabernacles,' Joh. vii, 2.)
And \>o comen \e wymmen towardes be sepulchre in \at gardyne, and sei$en an aungel . . . ycladde in a white chesible, 103.3-6. A curious use of OF. chesible. (The Vulg. has stola Candida, lie. xvi, 5.) The Pharisees are described as being liche be graues \at ben daubed and made f aire mpouten and stunken wipinne (82.10-11) — an amplification of the Vulg. similes . . . sepulchris dealbatis (Mt. xxiii, 27). The OF. verb, is dauber.
In Jn's gentil womman, 42.27, we have OF. gentilfemme. (The corresponding Latin is Hanc auiemfiliam Abrahae, Lc. xiii, 16.)
Thus the cumulative evidence of vocabulary, phraseology, and especially of those curious divergences from the Vulgate which I have called mistranslations, all clearly indicates a French text as the immediate source of the Gospel Harmony.
1 N.E.D. quotes only one example of the use of the verb botch with the abovo meaning : 1699, Young Hylas, botch'd with Stains loo foul to name.
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I. VOWELS. A. O.E. Short Vowels.
§ 1. O.E. a except before nasals and shortened O.E. a.
O.E. a remains : (a) In closed syllables : hifallen (p. p.) 2.22, habbe (inf.) 5.5, wasshe (inf.) 17.25. Scand. loanwords : caste (pt. sg.) 13.1. Shortened O.E. a : askeden (pt. pi.) 5.35, schadde (pt. sg.) 13.1, yhalewed (p.p.) 77.16, wrappen (inf.) 39.11 (O.E. wrapian, wridpan).
(b) O.E. a in open syllables : quakeand (prs. p.) 24.25, baped (p. p.) 69.23, wakep (imp, pi.) 85.9, etc.
§ 2. O.E. a (o) before nasals.
(a) O.E. a before single nasal usually remains : bigan (pt. sg.) 3.29, many 1.10, schame 27.7, man 1.6, etc., but once mon in monnes (gen. sg.) 55.38, fram 17.19, etc. (5 X), /raw 2.13, etc. (59 X ), but from 27.23, etc. (25 X ) ; ci.fro 10.17, 57.8, twice only, whan usually (wan 22.34), but whennes 96.30; pan usually (panne 9.28, etc. (7 x )), but pennes 54.36.
(b) O.E. a > 5 before lengthening consonant groups : clombe (pt. sg.) 70.18, hmbe 11.19, but lambren 110.15, wombe 3.28, bonde (pt. sg.) 99.31, honde 25.7, etc., Iwnden 53.5, etc., hondes 76.24, etc. (3x), (also hende 21.11, O.N. Ae««Y) but handlen (inf.) 107.18 (for toforne hande, honde, see § 34), Zoncfe 18.12, wonde (pt. sg.) 5.6, amonge 8.12, euensong 21.14, stonge (pt. sg.) 108.19, pwong 9.5, wwwjr 9.20 (O.N. (v)rangr), but crimed (adj.) 19.4.
and 1.4, etc. ; andsered (pt. sg.) 3.12 once only, regularly ansuered 23.29, etc., answered 23.22, etc.
Before other than lengthening consonant groups : cf. ansuered, answered above; dronke (pt. sg.) 15.30,31, ponlced (pt. sg.) 3.31, etc., but panked (pt. sg.) 7.2, etc. (ponk — : pank — = 10 : 14).
§ 3. O.E. 03 (Merc. Kent, e) and earlier shortened O.E. a, (<?). (a) O.E. m >a both in closed and open syllables : salt (pt. sg.)
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15.13, oImwm 9.15, tobraste (pt. sg.) 100.6, w£a£ 3.20, etc., srmwes 21.28, Aawene 109.21. For quop (pt. sg.) 32.31, 65.10, quod (pt. sg.) 66.31, heruest 43.12 (<O.E. fcer/es£, hcerfest), wheper{e) 32.30, etc. (6 X), see Morsb. § 96. gresse 47.6 is probably from East Scand. grces (Bjorkman, p. 30, note).
O.E. gced{e)rian, gadrian appear with a- and e-forms, e-forms prevailing : gader (inf.) 47.12, gadreden (pt. pi.) 59.11, ygadred (p. p.) 81.22, gederen (inf.) 33.30, gedre (inf.) 85.2, gedred (p. p.) 82.21, gedereden (pt. pi.) 47.13, gedreden (pt. pi.) 52.4, etc. (3x ). {a:e =
3:7).
O.E. gaderung appears as gaderynge 23.18.
O.E. togced(e)re, * toged{e)re appear with e, i, y, ; e-forms pre- vailing: togeder 1.24, togider 5.23, togyder 33.21 (e:%)=8:6).
(b) The shortened O.E. m (e) gives double forms with e and a.
(a) O.E. (C <Gmc. ai. Forms with e prevail: (bi-)left(e) (pt. sg.) 8.9, etc. (10 x ), (U-)hfim (pt. pi.) 103.17, etc. (6 X ), lesse (comp.) 7.29, 55.9, spredde (p. p.) 110.26, flesche 48.30, etc. (3 X ), flesc(h)lich 62.§66, heading, 27, clensen (inf.) 88.4, Jiestes 96.7, neuer 1.13, etc., euer(-e, -y, -Mi, -ych(e)) 4.26, etc., ledd(e) (pt. sg.) 10.26, etc. (8 X ), ledden (pt. pi.) 97.15,24, ledde (p. p.) 6.15, etc. (3 X), ladde (pt. sg.) 11.29, etc. (3 X), ladden (pt. pi.) 56.4, etc. (5 X ), eladde (pt. sg.) 95.29, cladden (pt. pi.) 96. 14, eladde (p. p.) 96.21, ycladde (p. p.) 103.5, agast (p. p.) 107.15, er 25.26, erlich 78.5, 102.1,4, but ar 70.19, arst 28.5, etc. (6 X), laste{n) (inf.) 14.24, 64.9, lasted (pt. sg.) 18.33, etc. (3 x),schadde (pt. sg.) 13.1, yscJiadde (p. p.) 82.16, any 1.5, etc., wrappen (inf.) 39.11 (O.E. wrckpan, wrapian).
(p) W.S. ce, non. W.S. e = Gmc. e§. Forms with e prevail : neddre(s) 82.12, etc. (3 X ), redd(e) (pt. sg.) 18.18, 79.19, redden (pt. pi.) 98.12, redde (p. p.) 37.8, dredd(e) (pt. sg.) 4.4, etc. (3 X), dredden (pt. pi.) 15.1, dredde (sb.) 47.30, dradde (pt. sg.) 7.34, aaYatf" (p.p.) 3.6,. 73.8, admdd(e) (p. p.) 5.12, etc. (5 X ), wharfore 49.12, etc. (3 X), wharto 91.32, 94.13, whar-wip 51.25, badden (pt. pi.) 39.8. For baden (pt. pi.) 53.19, etc. (3 X ), see § 10, late ( ? p. p. <O.E. Zcetow) 101.18.
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§ 4. O.E. e, f and shortened O.E. e, eo. These e-sounds are usually written e : —
(a) Short O.E. e, e in closed syllables except before lengthening consonants : ne?npned (p. p.) 5.32, leggen (inf.) 17.30, etc. (3x ), seggen (inf.) 32.33, etc., seggep (imp. pi.) 31.19, sigge{n) (inf.) 29.9, etc., siggep (imp. pi.) 65.11, sugge(n) (inf.) 40.25, etc., (e : i : u = 5 : 13 : 3), see Morsb. § 109.4; pens 63.14, etc., but pans 75.15, penche (inf.) 59.4, etc., but pink(e) (inf.) 101.27, 103.13. For wormode 101.7, see § 33, togeder § 3 (a).
(b) Shortened O.E. e (eo) : mette (pt. sg.) 25.15, Jcepten (pt. pi.) 5.10, fellen (pt. pi.) 6.16, grette (pt. sg.) 104.6, yspedde (p.p.) 77.4, fedde (pt. sg.) 46. § 49, heading, fledde (pt. sg.) 92.11, wesshen (pt. pi.)
12.13.
(c) O.E. e, e before lengthening consonant-group : hended (pt. sg.) 28.6, berne 41.3, lenger (comp.) 91.4, felde 43.9, ysperde (p. p.) (<O.N. sperra) 107.10.
(d) O.E. e, e in open syllables : eten (inf.) 16.18, metes 31.27, tetes 39.37 (prob. O.F. tete. See N.E.D.), ybeden (p. p.) 62.7, etc.
§ 5. O.E. i and shortened O.E. I.
The O.E. i remains as a rule, written i, y. Rarely i > e.
(a) In closed syllables : ni^ttes 10.20, briddes 20.33, $iftes 82.8, %#e (inf.) 35.14. Shortened O.E. I: wisdam 8.26, bitidde (pt. sg.) 45.11, (p.p.) 3.31, etc. (3x), bitidden (pt.pl.) 105.27, bitydd(e) (pt.sg.) 24.12, 45.10, (p.p.) 25.13, etc. (3x); before lengthening consonants : pinges 8.25, wynde 21.23, chiUe 2.31. \ (6) In open syllables : dryuen (pt. pi.) 30.22, hider 34.5, abiden (pt. pi.) 2.24, toidewes 30.28.
M.E. i >e in the following instances only : penges 7.9, wedeives 30. § 29, heading.
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§ 6. O.E. o and shortened O.E. o.
Written o throughout ; before lengthening consonants o, oo.
(a) In closed syllables: goddes 1.14, folk 1.8; shortened O.E. o : sq/i!er 30.11 ; before lengthening consonants : pomes 43.6, vnderstonde (inf.) 33.28, ivoorde 27.34, boorde 64.19, hoorde 41.10.
(6) In open syllables : Aosew 33.23, rot(i)en (inf.) 42.5, 48.18. y&ore (p. p.) 5.36, lopen (pt. pi.) 21.33 (anal, formation).
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§ 7. O.E. u and shortened O.E. u.
Written u, o, occasionally ou, especially before the lengthening consonants mb, nd.
(a) In closed syllables : sonne 20.10, sunne 73.1, crommes 50.22, crummes 64.19, bigonnen (pt. pi.) 76.19, bigunnen {pt. pi.) 26.4, dronkelew 32.8, dronkennesse 85.8, drunken (pt.pl.) 48.25; with later shortening yonge 68.5, ^onger 110.22, congest 87.31, sungen (pt. pi.) 77.24. Shortened O.E. u : ludder (comp.) 70.9, pursday 75. § 81, heading, bot 7.6, etc. Before lengthening consonants mb, nd, rn : cloumben (pt.pl.) 22.31, doumb(e) 39.1, etc. (5 x) but dombe 20.11, etc. (5 X), tumbed (pt. sg.) 45.19, houndes 50.21,22, pounde 75.10, wounden (p. p.) 5.8, ywounded (p. p.) 31.15, ybounden (p, p.) 20.12, but bonden (pt. pi.) 94.15, founden (p. p., pt. pi.) 6.8, 16, etc., mournende (prs. p.) 68.18-19; with liquid or nasal in the following syllable : hunger 10.21, wonder 16.10, ponder 26.25, forper 24.31.
O.E. purh appears as porouj throughout, once only poroj 75. § 81, heading.
(&) In open syllables the writing o is the rule : sones 1.12, dore 102.16,18, hony 107.23, sonenday 77. § 82, heading, woned (p. p.) 36.4, loued (p. p.) 8.27, flowen (pt. pi. < O.E. flugon) 22.7. Once oo in bridegoome 85.16 (O.E. brydguma). See Morsb. § 122.3.
§ 8. O.E. y (e) and shortened O.E. y (e).
The old sound, written u, is sometimes retained, and a few e-forms occur, but the prevailing form is i (y).
(a) On late O.E. * for earlier y depend the following : kyng 1.19, etc., kyngedom 8.30, kynde 1.22, etc., kynred 1.16, mankynde 1.7. For O.E. bisij (later also bysij) occurs besy 36.11, etc. (3x); on O.E. bycjan, later bic^an, depend : bigge(n) (inf.) 46.28, etc. (6 X), bugge (inf.) 15.14, (3 sg. subj.) 88.18. The late O.E. forms hire, -a, hyre, -a, appear regularly as hire, but hure 3.4,35.
(b) O.E. y and shortened O.E. y in closed syllables.
(a) Always i (y) in synne 4.2, etc., first 5.6, etc., kirtels 30.1,
lyfte (1st sg. prs.) 9.32, kissed (pt. sg.) 32.18, wirchen
(inf.) 101.21, afyngred (p.p.) 37.2; before lengthening
consonants : kyrnels 37 .4, girdel 102.28, gyrden (inf.)
| | 110.25, gyrde (pt. sg.) 88.22, 110.22, birpe 45.18.
0) Parallel i (y) and w-forms, i-forms prevailing: nysten
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Introduction xxiii
(pt. pi.) 8.9, etc. (7 x), «#s< (pt. pi.) 16.18, nust^ (pt. sg.) 57.28, fulfilkn (inf.) 107.32, /uZ/iM (p. p.) 88.20, etc. (3 X ), fulfild{e) (p. p.) 69.13, 100.2, filden (pt. pi.) 47.13, fylleden (pt. pi.) 18.5, iffuUen (inf.) 12.14, "\fulden (pt. pi.) 12.15; shortened O.E. y : hidde (pt. sg.) 55.30, 84.8, hidden (pt. pi.) 93.34, yhidd (p. p.) 72.18, A«<Me (pt. sg.) 2.29, hudde (p. p.) 43.23, [»:«=4:2],
(y) Parallel u and e-forms, u- forms prevailing : Shortened O.E. y. O.E. ^jjt, J?! appear as 3^ 36.29, etc. (10 X), $ut 12.9, etc. (8 x ), ^ett 68.13, 107.21.
(5) wers (compar. adj.) 39.32, (eompar. adv.) 23.35, etc. (3 x), werst (superl. adj.) 42.2. See § 21.
(c) O.E. y in open syllables :
(a) Always i (y) in yuel 14.1, etc., styre (inf.) 17.30, stirep (3 sg. prs.) 31.25, stired (opt. sg.) 17.27, stired (p. p.) 44.26.
(p) Parallel i (y) and informs : buri^e (inf.) 21.6, buryen (inf.) 95.6, burieden (pt. pi.) 45.32, yburyed (p. p.) 73.37, buryinge 75.21, once only biri^en (inf.) 21.5; mychel 2.22, etc. (mykel 28.18), once only muche 6.31.
(y) Parallel u, e and i-forms, it-forms prevailing : d ude(n) (pt. sg. pi.) 32.23, 33,27, etc. (73 X), (mis-, vn-). dede(n) (pt. sg. pi.) 6.17, etc. (7 x ), dyden (opt. pi.) 28.1 once only. Cf. Morsb. § 130.6.
B. O.E. Long Vowels.
§ 9. O.E. a.
Written 0, 00 as a rule, exceptionally a, e : holy 2.11, etc., gost 2.11, etc., whom 7.14, 11.31, loo ! 96.22, 97.2, fro 10.17, 57.8, but holy 37.8, wham 5.26, etc. (7 X ), whas 80.16, etc. (3 X ).
O.E. (n)a-wiht appears generally as (n)ou$th 2.23, etc., (n)ow$t 38.17, etc. (7 x), no^t 42.27, etc. (4 x), no#h 37.30.
M.E. 6 ( < O.E. a) appears shortened in smott (pt. sg.) 91.37, etc. (4 X ), wott (3 prs. sg.) 85.6.
Double forms with 0 and e, depending on O.E. forms with or
j Possibly from O.E. fullian, not fyllan.
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xxiv Introduction
without mutation : most 33,7, etc. (3 x), moist 87.28 with Northern spelling; mest(e) 60.2,4.
§ 10. W.S. Angl. W Kent e (Gmc. ai) and W.S, <2 Angl. Kent e (Gmc. ce).
Written e, ee as a rule : se(e) 17.21, etc., er 5.33, etc., but shortened as or 70.19, arst 85.6, etc. (6x); per(e) 1.10, etc., but pare 51.13 (once only); Are 13.8, etc., but whare 11.19, wharfore 49.12, etc. (3X), wharwip 51.25, wJWfo 91.32, 94.13; fceim (pt.pl.) 46.23, etc. (7 X), for baden (pt.pl.) 53.19, etc. (3 X), badden (pt. pi.) 39.8, see § 3 (p) ; beren (pt. pi.) 18.22, etc. Analogically from the sing, bare (pt. opt. pi.) 77.15.
O.E. celc appears as (euer-)ihh(e) 8.7, etc. (13 X ), (euer-)ilchone H2.14, etc. (3 X ), ylch 38.12, eueriche 57.12, euerichon 95.16, euerych 31.26, etc. (8 X), vche 9.20, etc. (3 X ), vchon(e) 12.31, etc. (10 X). [i(y):u= 27: 13.]
O.E. w^(hwcB)per, ni(^(hwce)per, d^(hwce)per, nd^{hwos)per appear as oiper 16.1, etc. (28 X), noiper 16.4, etc. (4 X), neiper 29.34, etc. (3X).
ware (pt. opt. sg.) 30.3 is exceptional. The otherwise invariable pret. ind. and opt. form is were(n).
§ 11. O.E. e.
Written e : suete 1.1, mede 9.37, here 11.9, feete 22.11.
§ 12. O.E. I.
Written i, y : wif 2.7, wyf 1.22, likynges 2.14, swyne 22.3.
§ 13. O.E. o remains written o, oo :
done (inf.) 3.22, Ucom (pt. sg.) 1.6, #ooie 1.21. With O.E. lengthening woord(e) 27.34, 31.22.
§ 14. O.E. u.
Written ow as a rule, occasionally ow, u, o : hous 3.26, wipoute(n) 1.5, etc., tonnes 10.28, aloude 25.7, owe § 1. heading, etc., but ovre 1.1 ; ?iotv 7.3, etc., bowjeande (prs. p.) 21.27, 34.14.
O.E. neahbur appears as nei^boures 56.4, and shortened and weakened in -bur^ 35.10, -burs 55.40, -bor$(e) 35.8, etc. (3 X ), -bore 81.15, -bors 60.29.
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§ 15. O.E. £.
Written i, y throughout; whi 1.2, litel 17.27, bridale 23.32, /or % 3.13.
The form biclosen (inf.) 3.16 (O.E. beclysan) is probably due to the influence of the French p.p. clos, close (cf. N.EM,).
C. O.E. Short Diphthongs. I. Breaking. § 16. O.E. ea (a), before rr, r -+- cons.
Is a throughout : harme 54.24, stark 100.27, art 36.11, harde 21.32, to-, forp-, pider-wardes 3.9, 8.25, 29.5, to-, after-, pennes-ward 6.11, 7.18, 25.14.
§ 17. W.S. Kent, ea, Angl. a (a) before 11, I -f- cons.
(a) Before Zd regularly o, occasionally e, a : colde 92.23, holden (inf.) 28.20, etc.; tolde (pt. sg.) 11.29, etc., but telde (pt. sg.) 25.12 (once only) ; solden (pt. pi.) 12.28, but selden (pt. pi.) 13.2 [sold- : seld - = 3 : 2] ; olde 43.27, but eWe (adj.) 18.30 [old{e) :elde=G: 11] ; bolde 40.22, etc., but WM 19.9, 29.30; $olde (pt. sg.) 34.24, but jalde (pt. sg.) 47.8 [yold- : jald- = 2:6]. The forms with e may be scribal errors, the e and o in the MS. being difficult to differ- entiate; or they may represent O.E. sealde, tealde, etc.
(b) Before other ^-combinations a invariably : galle 98.6, halte (adj. as sb.) 77.22, half 2 A, also 3.23.
§ 18. W.S. Kent, ea, Angl. ce before h, hL
ei^tte 4.10, eijttene 42.18, sei$ (pt. sg.) 32.3, etc., but sagh^ (pt. sg.) 11.9, sau$e (pt. sg.) 22.34.
§ 19. O.E. eo before r, I + cons.
Written e, before lengthening consonants e, ee : sterre 6.12,
derkenesse 13.37, werkes 26.4, erpe 9.33, "f werld(e) 1-10, etc., but werlt 68.35, swerdes 88.17,21, sweerd 88.18, lerned (p.p.) 54.9.
§ 20. W.S. Kent, eo, Angl. e before A + cons. This breaking is supplanted by the later so-called palatal umlaut. Cf. Siev. Gr* § 108 : kni^tes 28.25, hi$th (p. p.) 1.21, brijthnesse 10.9,
f See also § 22.
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sixty 33. § 32, heading, but sex 42.23, etc., sexte 75.6, 87. § 95, heading, sexti 33.19, sextene 42.7.
For oitwixen 7.1, etc. (3 X), hituene 14.9 (2 X), see Siev. Gr.9 §§ 84.1, 329.1.
§ 21. The i-umlaut of O.E. ea, eo, io (W.S. ie, y, i, Angl. e, io, etc.), appears regularly as e, occasionally i : wers (compar. adj.) 39.32, (compar. adv.) 23.35, etc. (3 X ), werst (superl. adj.) 42.2, werned (pt. sg.) 61. § 64, heading, scheperdes 5.20, but schepehirdes 5.23, Mrdes 22.7 [-erd- : -Aire?- = 2:6]; ferrer (double compar. adv.) 106.27 may represent a new formation from the positive. See § 55.
II. u-, o-umlaut.
§ 22. O.E. eo as M-umlaut of e, i, is e : werld(e) 31.27, etc., werlt 68.35, heuene 34.23, seuene 32.10. For wodes ( < O.E. wudu, < *widu) 10.27, see § 33 w-influence.
§ 23. O.E. io, later ie, i, y, late W.S. eo as u-, o-umlaut of i is i, y, occasionally e, u : liuep (prs. sg.) 10.24, syluer 29.33; lened (pt. sg. < O.E. hleonian) 89.2, cleped (pt. sg.) 39.6, etc.; sippe(n) 30.12, etc. (15 x), sjppem 51.1, footnote, sipen 3.33, etc. (4 x), but suppe(n) (O.E. syppan) 3.19, etc. (7 x ), [sip- : s«J?- = 20 : 7].
III. Consonant Influence. § 24. Pal. + 03, a.
W.S. ea, Merc, e, ee (ea) > a throughout : $ate 30.26, 3a/ (pt. 'sg.) 13 .30, schame 21.7, schal 7.15.
§ 25. Pal. -f 0, u.
Written 0, u : jonge 68.5, monger 110.22, congest 87.31, schollen 7.13, schullen 7.12, etc. (28 X ), schullep 85.4, scholde{n) 4.5, etc., schulde(n) 2.13, etc. [scfoW- : schuld- :: 1 : 6.5]. In golden (pt. opt. pi.) 80.18 the 3 has come in from the forms where it is regular.
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§ 26. Pal. + e (W.S. ie, i, y ; Angl., K. e).
Before lengthening consonants e throughout : jerde 30.2 (but cf , Morsb. Urk. p. 56), ^elden (inf.) 9.37 ; in other cases e and * .• $eue (inf.) 70.27, (opt. sg.) 15.22, ^elhnde (prs. p.) 21.32, forjeten (pt. pi.) 52.15, (p. p.) 52. § 56, heading.
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In the following, the i may be due to W. Gmc. i : 51/ throughout ; (for-)^iue(n) (inf.) 9.15, etc., for^iuep (prs. sg.) 43.28, $iue (prs. pi.) 36.28, jiue (imp. sg.) 15.33, 59.21, for^iuenesse 60.16. Cf. Biilbring, Ekm., § 306.3.
The following forms are of doubtful origin : jutt (adv.) 36.29, etc. (10 X), $ut 10.13, etc. (7 x), $elt 68.13, 107.21. (Late W.S. jyt, non-W.S. jet.)
D. O.E. Long Diphthongs. § 27. O.E. ea and lengthened O.E. ea.
Written e, ee : deef 51.14, neer 33.28, lef (sb.) 4.16, dep (sb.) 7.15, dede (adj.) 7.33, ester 75.1, etc. (3 x), estren 12.26, esterne 82.24, esiwrne 8.5, sZe(n) (inf.) 7.23,34, telde (pt. sg.) 25.12 (other- wise tolde < Angl. talde) ; M.E. shortening : gretter 42.27, grettest 35. § 34, heading, /^p (sb.) 91.18, yreft (p. p.) 36.13.
In nerrer (compar. adv.) 69.19 the shortened root-vowel may go back on O.E. ea {near) or e (ner).
§ 28. O.E. eo.
Written e, ee as a rule; exceptionally ie : be (inf.) 2.12, pre 3.33, wex (pt. sg.) 4.24, ferping 82.29, dren/ 59.6, se&e 20.11, seeke 23.25, sene (inf.) 12.3, seene (inf.) 31.9, free 11.33, breestes 100.14, lepen (pt. pi.) 49.3, fierpe (O.E. /eorJ?a) 73.14, 85.18. In lopen (pt. pi.) 22.5, footnote, 46.15, the 0 is analogical, unless it is a scribal error, the MS. reading not being very clear.
§ 29. *-umlaut of O.E. ea, eo.
Written e : heren (inf.) 27.21, leue (prs. pi.) 16.26, nedes 8.21, tened (pt. sg.) 55.29, jeme (sb.) 57.9, betep (prs. sg.) 36.21, nexte 86.8 ; M.E. shortening : strepten (pt. pi.) 98.2. The form pifte (sb.) 96.5 is probably from O.W. Scand. pi/ft, pf/f&. Cf. Luick, Untersuchungen p. 248; Bjorkman, Loan-words p. 309. Chiefly found in Northern dialects and Scotch (N.E.D.).
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E. Consonant Influence.
§ 30 Vowel + pal. spirant.
1. O.E. cc + 3 > m, ay as a rule, but parallel forms in ei, ey are not infrequent : day 4.10, maiden 3.1, vpbraided (pt. sg.) 92.11,
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xxviii Introduction
naihs 108.18; /air 18.23 but feire 10.28, sfoyn (p. p.) 15.1 but sleyn (p. p.) 40.16, seide (pt. sg.) 2.6, etc., but ysaide (p. p.) 3.22. O.B. on^cejn, -je^n appears as ajein 3.34, etc.
2. O.E. e -f- 5 > ei, ey as a rule, occasionally at, ay : seist (2 prs. sg.) 48.37, seip (3 prs. sg.) 37.14, seileden (pt. pi.) 109.30, reynen (inf.) 41.20; yseye (p.p.) 5.27, etc. (3 X), but (y)sei^e(n) (p.p.) 2.27, etc. (5 X), weie 9.30, weye 31.29 but waye 19.7, away 19.30, etc. ; hide (p. p.) 64.23, hide (pt. sg.) 5.7 [Zei- : lai- = 7 : 3].
3. O.E. e+ht: hijth (pt. sg.) 1.21, etc. (9 X), ki^tte (pt. sg.) 2.33, etc. (3 X ), (p. p.) 6.4, behitfh (pt.sg.) 6.32, etc. (3 X ). Cf. heet(e) (pt. sg.) 87.18, 89.12, bihett (pt. sg.) 31.29, etc. (3 X), biheten (pt. pi.) 86.18.
4. O.E. i + ht : brityhnesse 10.9, mirthful 4.23, nijttes 10.20, myytten (pt. pi.) 34.31, wi^th 24.22, wi^tte 29.10, once weijtt 43.27.
5. O.E. ea (later also e) + A, ht : seij (pt. sg.) 1.14, ei^tte 5.31, e*3«ene 42.18, 28.
6. O.E. m (e) + 5 : teye» (pt. pi.) 44.16, 46.19, %e» (pt. pi.) 64.19, sei^en (pt. pi.) 5.25, etc. ; neiper 95.18, etc. (3 X ), otherwise (n)oiper 16.1, etc. throughout.
7. O.E. e + 5 : (by-)wryen (inf.) 37.23, 95.17 (O.E. wrig(e)an)t biwrieden (pt.pl.) 94.21, biwryeden (pt.pl.) 37.6; tome 21.31, etc. (4 X), tweye 21.28, iweye 17.23.
O.N. deyja has i-forms as a rule : rtyen (iuf.) 57.14, etc. (6 X), dye (inf.) 92.3, die (inf.) 61.24, dye (imp. sg.) 73.11, dyed (pt. sg.) 64.22, etc. (3 X ), but deye (inf.) 90.22.
8. O.E. i+ 3: for the analogical steije (inf.) 41.31, 104.1, see Bjorkman, Loan-words, p. 62.1.
9. O.E. y + 5 : <%e» (inf.) 78.12, oVyed (p. p.) 78.15.
10. O.E. ea (late W.S. Angl. e) + 5, A > eij : fleiz (pt. sg.) 20.2, ei$en 32.17, ^"5 36.27, etc., hei$ 19.5, foijer 31.31, Ae^es^ 6.2, hei^ed (p. p.) 13.28, nei^ 19.11, neij-(-burs) 55.40, etc., aneiyed (pt. pi.) 24.20.
11. O.E. eo, to (Angl. e) + 3, fa : fie%^e{n) (inf.) 64.30, etc., %& 1.6, etc.
§ 31. jSAorf wweZ + gutt. spirant.
1. O.E. a+3> aw, aw>5, once only ow : drawe (inf.) 15.25, dVau^eft (p. p.) 100. § 101, heading, yslaw^e 57.4, 74.28, lawe (O.E. laju) 6.25, etc., Zatt>3e 24.9, etc., lau^e 81.12, felawes (<Scand. felagi) 18.4, felawschipp 39.33, but/ekwered 3.14.
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2. O.E. ea (ce) + h, ht : manslaw$ttres (Scand. * slahtr) 50.4, sair$e (pt. sg.) 22.34, saghj{e) (pt. sg.) 11.9, 44.23.
3. O.E. u + 5 > ow, ow$ : flowen (pt. pi.) 22.7, mowe(ri) (inf. < late O.E. mw$e, mw$en) 89.19, etc. (4 X), mow^e (inf.) 65.2, 78.17, mow$e (prs. pi.) 46.28.
4. O.E. o -f- h. The loan-word O.N. *p5A appears only once : pouj 63.16.
5. O.E. o and shortened O.E. 6 -\- ht> ouj, once ou : dou^Uer(e) 30.28, etc. (3 X), sou^th (p. p.) 8.19, brou^th (pt. sg.) 11.24, pou^tten (pt. pi.) 4.22, but pouth (pt. sg.) 3.36.
§ 32. Long vowel or diphthong + w or guttural spirant.
1. O.E. a + #>, 5> ow, ou : knowe (inf.) 1.7, owep (prs.pl.) 65.12, sowen (p. p.) 83.10, ycrowe (p. p.) 90.20, soule 35.7, knoulechen (inf.) 9.2.
O.E. (n)dwiht, (n)aht, (n)owiht, (n)oht appear regularly as (n)ow$th 2.25, etc.; also {n)ow$t 38.17, etc. (9 X), noyLh 25.11, 37.30, no$ 42.27, etc. (3 X).
O.E. dag appears as doghje 43.17.
2. O.E. a-\-ht: autyte (pt. sg.) 2.23; ta^t (pt. sg.) 64.4, taujt(te) (pt. sg.) 36. §36, heading, 63.23, etc., tau^tten (opt.pl.) 109.11, tau%jLt (p. p.) 36.17.
3. O.E. o+3) w>ow$, 010(5): slows (pt- 8g-) 41.32, slow$en (pt.pl.) 79.29, etc. (3 X), drou^ (pt. sg.) 91.37, wipdrowje (pt. sg.) 38.1, ynowe 88.21, ynouj 91.15, plouj (late O.E. ploj, ploh < O.N. plogr) 21.12, louden (pt. pi.) 97.19, 99.2, low^en (pt. pi.) 64.6.
4. O.E. u + 5 : bow^e (inf.) 89.5, abowjen (prs. pi.) 72.2, bow- jeande (prs. p.) 21.27, 34.14.
5. O.E. ea-\-w>ew: schewen (inf.) 5.14, schewed (pt. sg.) 10.27, schewden (pt. pi.) 5.19, schewed(e) (p. p.) 5.22,30, fewe 26.13.
6. O.E. eo-\-w>ew as a rule, iw, ow occasionally: knewe (pt. sg.) 11.32, trewe 24.27, treupe 29.15, sew(e) (pt. sg.) 43.5,8, but siwe (pt. sg.) 43.10; krow (pt. sg.) 89.29, trowed (pt. sg.) 102.30.
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§ 33. ^-influence.
1. O.E. w -f i remains as a rule : will(e) (sb.) 36.19, etc., wiste (pt. sg.) 16.6, widewe(s) 30.28, etc. (5 X ), wydewes 82.8, but wedewes 30. § 29, heading.
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O.E. wlfman appears as womman 16.6, etc., plur. wymmen
26.7, etc. O.E. wudu, appears as wodes 10.27. O.E. swilc (swylc) appears as swich 23.22, etc. (8 X ), suich 9.36,
etc. (4 x ), schuich 63.3.
2. O.E. w -\- y and w -\- eo : wirchen (inf.) 101.21, wets 45.11, werkes 26.4, etc. (<O.E. je-weorc), werld(e) 11.10, etc., worschipeden (pt. pi.) 77.21, worp (adj.) 46.31, worJ>i (O.E. weotpi$) 12.21, etc.
O.E. sweostor appears as susler 36.8, etc. (5 X ), sustren 44.7, 72.23.
O.E. wer(e)mod appears as wormode 101.7.
§ 34. v-influence.
M.E. e > a before r -f- cons, in sarmoun 16.26, etc., sarmounnynge (vbl. sb.) 48.15-16.
Also in the following Fr. loan-words : parfette 3.23, marchaundes
77.8, matchaunden 71.5, marhandises 78.21.
F. Vowels in Unstressed Syllables.
§ 35. Suffixes.
O.E. -diow. Weakened to -dam only once : wisdam 8.26. Other- wise wisdom 39.25, Jcyng(e)dom 8.30, 71.10, horedom 67.14, Gristendom 27.34.
O.E. -fakJ, -heed : chiJdhode 8. § 6, heading, godhede 1.1.
O.E. -lie, -lice. With one exception -lich throughout : bodilich 1.14, gostlich 1.16, inderlich 18.22, but 6m% 47.1 (cf. N.E.D.).
O.E. -r&den : kynrede 9.9,felowered 3.14.
O.E. -scip : felawschipp 39.33, worschipeden (pt. pi.) 77.21.
M.E. 'er<O.F. -ier<L.L. -erws (~ O.E. -cere) forms the follow- ing nomina agentis : witnessers 112.10, lookers 102.11.
Also noteworthy are housbandes 80. § 87, heading, but hous(e)- bonde[-s) 80.24, etc. (6 X ) ; toforne hande 59.5, etc. (4 X ), but toforne honde 97.18, and nei^ honde 91.17, etc., throughout.
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§ 36. Prefixes.
O.E. on-. a-mong(e) 8.11,15, a-monges 9.33, amydde(s) 37.26, 92,21, a-boute(n) 40.19, 41.12, a-way H-10, a-tened (p.p.) 38.4, a-loude 25.7, a-nijth 6.19, «3ein 3.35.
O.E. je- frequently remains : ypou^th 4.3, yclepid 9.18, yetert
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110.12, ycladde 103.5, yordeined 41.9, yse«e 40.9, y/wwj 91.15; y- : — :: 203 : 572.
O.E. 6e-. biclosen (inf.) 3.16, bihijth (pt. sg.) 6.32, but bepouth (pt. sg.) 3.6.
O.E. o/-. aiowwe 10.30, afyngred (p.p.) 37.2.
O.E. /ore-, forchsed (p.p.) 85.17.
§ 37. Unstressed words.
(a) Prepositions are as a rule unchanged, but weakened forms occasionally occur: vpe 1.1, a-mydde(s) 37.26, 92.21, a morowen 105.19, anon 70.1, beside onon 69.28, onheij 10.34, vpon pe morowen, te for to 75.2.
(b) Pronouns, ich, jch, 9.32, etc., beside the unstressed form j 8.21, etc., ich, jch :j— 51 : 14. O.E. an appears as o 32.24, etc. before consonants; as on 92.31, one 90.5, before vowels and h.
(c) Adverbs and conjunctions. O.E. eal-swa is usually as 2.23, etc., less frequently also 2.22, etc., als 6.28, etc.; an ' and ' 8.21.
II. CONSONANTS.
§ 38. Inorganic p appears between m and n in nempned (p. p.) 4.17, dampne (inf.) 13.32.
§ 39. O.E. b. Medial -bb- is retained in libben (inf.) 83.2,29, and in forms of habban : for examples see § 71.
§ 40. O.E. w.
O.E. cw- is written qu- : quene 39.24, quakeden (pt. pi.) 47.31. O.E. initial hw is written wh : which 2.8, etc., who 24.16, etc., who so 13.34, etc., what 16.11, etc. O.E. initial sw remains generally in swich, see § 33, but is lost in suster 36.8, etc. (5 X), sustren 44.7, 72.23.
§ 41. O.E. t is assimilated to s in blissed (p. p.) 3.5, and inserted in biheste 26.28.
Samaritane 35.15, 65.19, but Samarithane(s) 15.16, etc. (6 x); Tyberye 17.21, etc. (3x), but Thybery 'Tiberias,' 48.11; Thahor ' Tabor ' 26.21 ; Sathan{as) ' Satan ' 10.31, 34.20. An aspirated pronunciation of t seems to be indicated by the spelling -th, especially in the combination jth : (n)ou^th 2.23, etc., arijth 1.13, alijth (pt. sg.) 2.3, mi$thten (pt. pi.) 18.26, wi^th 24.22, Uhiyth (pt. sg.) 41.30.
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§ 42. O.E. d.
O.E. d is lost in an ' and ' 8.21, ansuere (sb.) 8.11, etc.
Inorganic d appears in inderlich 18.22, 28.31, Simond(e) 11.23, etc., ponder 83.24.
O.E. d > p in burpe 2.8, byrpe 4. § 3, heading, birpe 45.18 (O.E. $ebyrd). The ]? in hundrep(es) 22.1, etc. (O.E. hundred), and in tiping(es) 20.3, etc. (O.E. tidung) is due to Scand. influence. See Bjorkman, Loan-words, p. 163.
§ 43. O.E. p remains as a rule. Written th in : wroth 14.25, suithe 3.23, /orf* 12.17, deth 35.13, /or % 3.13; d for 1? in quod (pt, sg.) 66.31 (otherwise quop 32.31, etc.), anufen (pt. pi.) 101.33 (otherwise cou]?en 106.3, etc.). p is frequently assimilated to t : pat ton 15.39-40, atte ende 28.1, hastou (2 prs. sg.) 18.18.
§ 44. O.E. n.
Inorganic n is introduced in : folowenden (pt. pi.) 44. § 47, head- ing, siwenden (pt. pi.) 69.8.
Final n is frequently lost in o (O.E. art) before consonants : o pmo 32.24, o day 66.8, o ston 84.13, etc., see § 37 (6).
O.E. on- is regularly weakened to a- : a-tnong(e) 8.11,12, a-mydde(s) 37.26, 92.21, a-loude 25.7, see § 36.
elhue 109. § 111, heading, 109.1, appears beside elleuene 111.26 (O.E. endleofan).
The absence of n in wymme 52.6 is most likely a scribal error.
§ 45. O.E. I. as, als, also (O.E. eal-swa) are all used frequently, as prevailing. Cf. § 37.
§ 46. O.E. pal. 5 is usually written 5 : a^eins 7.14, jiftes 82.8, jefcfert (inf.) 9.37, $eme 35.19, 3enZe (sb.) 90.25, 31/ 10.22, 3e c yea ' 25.19, je (pron.) 7.15, jellande (prs. p.) 21.32, forjeten (pt. pi.) 52.15, (p.p.) 52. § 56, heading, 3a/ (pt. sg.) 1.11, etc.; (for-)^iue(n) (inf.) 9.15, etc., for^iuep (prs. sg.) 43.28, 51'we (1 prs. sg.) 72.2, jiue (prs. pi.) 36.28, $iue (imp. sg.) 15.33, 59.21, for^iuenesse 60.16, see § 26; $eue (inf.) 70.27, jeue (2 pt. sg.) 32.35, jeue (pt. opt. sg.) 15.22, 40.26, jeue (pt. opt. pi.) 94.23, $euen (pt. pi.) 33.26, 47.10. Analo- gically for stop g : golden (pt. opt. pi.) 18.18.
Double forms with 3 and g : 3ate(s) 30.26,107.10, gate 64.18,21.
Forms with g : bigynnen (inf.) 85.4, bigynnep (3 prs. sg.) 75. § 81, heading; 87. § 95, heading.
O.E. pal. cj is not infrequently written gg : bigge(n) ■ to buy '
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(inf.) 6.26, etc. (5 X ), bugge (inf.) 15.14 ( 1 inf.), 88.18 ; ligge ' to lie, remain ' (inf.) 35.14. O.E. lec^(e)an appears as leye (inf.) 5.9 (once only), but legge(n) (inf.) 17.30, etc. (3x); O.E. sec^(e)a7i appears as seiep (imp. pi.) 79.2, seien (prs. pi. due to analogy) 79.4, seyen (inf.) 9.27, sate (inf.) 45.8, sayen (prs. pi. due to analogy) 79.6 [sei, sey- : sai-, say- :: 3 : 2], but seggen (inf.) 32.33, seggep (imp. pi.) 31.19, sigge(n) (inf.) 29.9, etc., siggep (imp. pi.) 65.11, sugge (inf.) 40.25; etc. [sigg- : segg- : sugg- :: 13 : 5 : 3]. Cf. Morsb. § 109.4.
O.E. strencp, strenjp (Siev. Gr.3 § 215) give strenkpe 47.23, strenkpen (inf.) 64.35, beside the regular strengpe 20.22.
§ 47. O.E. c.
O.E. micel, mycel is regularly mychel 2.22, etc., myhel 28.18, etc. (5 X), once mikel 50.23, muche 6.31.
O.E. ilea (dem. pron.) is regularly (p)ilk 17.3, etc. (19 x), once only ihh 41.7.
O.E. jelic (adj.) is liche 66.26, 82.10.
O.E. pencan : bipenken (inf.) 52.21, pinhe (inf.) 101.27, penchep (imp.) 54.29. [it : eh = 5 : 5].
Note. — Capharnaym 19.9, etc. (6 X), Chaphamaym 17.3, etc. (4 X ) ; Chana 17.1, Chananens (gen. sg.) 50. § 52, heading.
§ 48. O.E. x written 5, is lost in (be-)pouth (pt. sg.) 3.6,36.
§ 49. Inorganic h in hended (p. p.) 28.6. Loss of h in is ' his ' 14.16, 80.18,19, and regularly in it 1.24, etc.
§ 50. Metathesis : prust (O.E. purst) 15.30, etc. (3 X ), nelren (O.E. ellen, ellern) 95.1, tobraste (pt. sg.) 100.6, tobrusten (pt. pi.) lOOY
O.E. dscian appears in two forms : generally asked (pt. sg.) 35.1, but not infrequently axed(e) (pt. sg.) 21.21, etc.
For brenne (inf.) 61.8, brennande (prs. p.) 106.35. Scand. influence is assumed, see Bjorkman, Loan-words, p. 182.
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III. FLEXION.
A. Nouns.
§ 51. Genitive. No case-ending appears in : her fader comaunde- ment 63.19.. Abraham sones 55.29, Herodes stiward kokes wyf 33.16, J?e temple Salomon 79.23, nji/t AaZ/ (?od 94.11, and further in by
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ni^th time 13.20 (cf. by ny^ttes tyme 92.12, 101.6), wip goode hert wille 36.30-31 (cf. wip goode wille of kerte 49.28). Full ending in : sonenday 77. § 82, heading, tiwesday 86.8, wedenysday 86. § 94, head- ing, wedenesday 86.26, bride ale 23.30-31. Cf. bridale 23.32.
Note. — jeue hym haluendel pe heritage 40.26, pe haluendel hys kingdom 45.23.
§ 52. Plural. Several weak nouns retain the O.E. plural in -n : oxen 12.28, ei^en 32.17, etc., hosen 33.23, scheten 102.26,28, eren 51.5.
The -n plural has been adopted in culueren 12.28, lambren 110.15, schone 33.23, breperen 44.7, sustren 44.7, schuldren 97.24, children 1.24, etc. (once childer 97.14), treen (once only) 53.7, honden 20.8, etc. (8 x), but hondes 37.4, etc. (5 x), handes 97.9, hende 21.11 (O.N. hendr).
§ 53. Strong neuters without plural ending : swyn(e) 22.3,5,9, scheep 46.19, pritti winter 8.29, two jere 7.29-30.
B. Adjectives and Adverbs. § 54. The O.E. ending of the ace. sing, remains in haluendel (O.E. healfan dad) 40.26, 45.23.
§ 55. Comparatives and superlatives with i-mutation : elder 110.23, eldest 99.1, lenger (adv.) 91.4. Double comparative : nerrer (adv.) 69.19, ferrer (adv.) 106.27.
C. Numerals. § 56. The O.E. difference in gender between twejen and twa is not kept up : two blynde men 71.15-16, two opere deciples 109.18, tuo dayes 16.25, tueye schippes 17.23, tweie swerdes 88.21 ; used independently : two 11.17, 60.21, 76.2, tweie 33.20 (2 X ), 71.24, 81.6, 85.23.
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§ 57. Ordinals : first 12.22, secounde 75. § 81, heading, pridde 13.10, fierpe 73.14, 85.18, sexte 75.6, 87. § 95, heading, twelfpe 5.34, tueluepe 112.36, fourtipe ( < O.E. feowerteopa ' fourteenth ') 111.3, ei^ttenep 108.12, prittide ( < O.E. prit{t)i^opa) 10.13.
The cardinal is used for the ordinal in pe sex nionep 2.31-32, pe eiytte day 4.10, 5.31.
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D. Pronouns.
§ 58. Personal. O.E. ic appears as ich, (jch) 51 X , j 14 X . O.E. Mo is represented by sche throughout, O.E. hit by it. O.E. Mere (g. d. sing, fern., also used as possessive and reflexive), appears regularly as hir(e) 3.3, 2.31, etc. (70 x), once hyre 3.3, but hure 3.4, 3.35. The reflexive form is invariably hir(e) 2.29, 3.7, etc. (7 X ).
The 3 person nom. pi. is hij 15.11, etc., less frequently pai, pay 1.24, 4.30, etc., pei, pey 4.17, etc. [hij :pai, -ay, -ei, -ey : : 6-5 : 1],
The 3 person dat. ace. pi. is regularly hem 5.11, etc., but pern 11.21, etc. (11 X ). The 3 person dat. ace. sg. is regularly hym 2.5, etc., but hem 2.28, etc. (11 x).
§ 59. Possessive. O.E. min. Final -n occasionally remains before other consonants than h : myne feete 33.5, myne sones 89.19, myne deciples 89.22-23, myne wordes 112.10, myne dedes 112.10.
The 3 person sing. fern, is hir(e) 3.30, 33.12, etc. (30 X), her(e) 3.27,28, etc. (8 X), once hur 3.19.
The 3 person sing. masc. is regularly his 2.7, etc., but hise (plur.) 12.23, etc. (11 x ), and 85.32,34, used independently.
The 3 person pi. is regularly her 5.10, etc., but hir(e) 42.21, 97.14; used independently : hires 26.30, hiren 27.7, here 14.9, heren 30.10.
§ 60. Demonstrative. The def. article is regularly pe 2.6, etc., but pee 86, footnote, po 2.18.
O.E. pes, peos, pis appear in the sing, regularly as pis 7.11, etc., but pes 3.7. The pi. is pise 8.25, etc. (14 X ).
§ 61. Relative and interrogative.
Masc. sing. nom. : who 24. 18, etc. ; dat. ace. : wham 33.7, etc. (7 X), whom 7.14, 11.31; gen. : wlrns 80.16, etc. (3 X).
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Neut. sing. nom. ace. : what 26.5, etc. For swich, suich, schuich, see above, § 33.1.
§ 62. O.E. self. As adjective : pat day self 105.19, pylk selue tyme, 41.26, pe selue houre 17.18; preceded by a personal pronoun : him self 11.5, Mr self 24.14, hire self 5.6, hem self (pi.), 30.1, etc. (5 X), hem seluen (pi.) 22.6, etc. (4 X); preceded by a poss. pro- noun : my self 36.9, oure self 16.27.
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E. Verbs.
1. Strong Verbs. § 63. Class I.
abiden (inf.) 90.28, abiden (pt.pl.) 2,24; (a-)me(n) (inf.) 41.19, 43.17, 44.28, (a-)ros (pt. Bg.) 7.23, 45.2, arisen (pt. pi.) 90.10, risen (p. p.) 90.15; dryuen (inf.) 12.1, (fro/ (pt. sg.) 12.31, dryuen (pt. pi.) 30.22, dryuen (p.p.) 39.30; rode (pt. sg.) 77.7, riden (p.p.) 76.5; smyten (inf.) 91.36, swot (pt. sg.) 100.27, smott (pt. sg.) 91.37, etc. (4 X ), smyten (pt. pi.) 93.35, smyten (p. p.) 28.26 ; wrot (pt. sg.) 4.16, writen (p. p.) 4.30.
O.E. sti^an has steije (inf.) 41.31, stei^ (pt. sg.) 112.16, steijen (p.p.) 5.22, but ystowen 112.23. Cf. Bjorknian, Loan-words p. 62, note 1.
§ 64. Class II.
boden (p.p.) 79.28; bowje (inf.) 89.5, bowjeande (prs. p.) 21.27, 34.14, bowled (pt. sg.) 100.4; chesen (inf.) 62.7, ches (pt. sg.) 26.23, 33.19, chosen (pt. pi.) 96.8, chosen (p. p.) 26.26 ; fiei^e{n) (O.E. fleon, Heogan), (inf.) 27.17, 40. § 42, heading, fleij (pt. sg.) 20.2, flowen (pt. pi.) 22.7, otherwise weak forms : fledde (pt. sg.) 92.11, fledden (pt. pi.) 92.8, fledd (p. p.) 38.11 ; forlesen (inf.) 83.15, forhrn{e) (p. p.) 63.11,13; altoclef (pt. sg.) 95.2.
§ 65. Class III.
bigynnen (inf.) 85.4, bigan ^pt. sg.) 3.29, bigunnen (pt. pi.) 26.4, etc, (3X), (bi)gonnen (pt.pl.) 76.19, etc. (4 X); blonnen (pt.pl. < O.E. blinnan to cease) 96.12; vnbynde (inf.) 42.25,27, bonde (pt. sg.) 99.31, bounden (pt. pi.) 92.7, bonden (pt. pi.) 94.15, (y)bounden (p.p.) 20.12, 42.28; clombe (pt. sg.) 70.18, chumben (pt.pl.) 22.31; drinken (inf.) 15.29, dronke (pt. sg.) 15.30,31, dran& (pt. sg.) 87.18, drunken (pt. pi.) 48.25, 111.16, dronken (pt. opt. pi.) 30.6, dronken (p.p.) 12.18,20; fynde{n) (inf.) 5.17, 9.20, fonde (pt. sg.) 11.28, 12.27, founden (pt. pi.) 22.10, etc. (3 x),founden (p. p.) 6.8, yfounde (p. p.) 20.21 ; jelden (inf.) 9.37, 32.29, <$alde (pt. sg.) 47.8, etc. (6 X ), jolde (pt. sg.) 34.24, golden (pt. pi.) 80.18; ran (pt. sg.) 70.18, runnen (pt.pl.) 58.12, ronnen (pt.pl.) 22.7; syngen (inf.) 76.19, sungen (pt.pl.) 77.24; stank (pt. sg.) 74.7, stunken (pt.pl.) 82.11; stonge (pt. sg. < O.E. stingan) 108.19; tobraste (pt. sg.) 100,6, tobrusten (pt.pl.) 100.7; wonde (pt. sg.) 5.6, 101.10, wounden (p.p.) 102.26, ywounde 92.9 ; ywonnen (p. p. < O.E. winnan) 85.25.
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§ 66. Class IV.
lere(n) (inf.) 2.8, 44.28, bare (pt. sg.) 12. § 11, heading, bare (pt. opt. sg.) 42.14, 45.6, bere (pt. opt. sg.) 42.13, beren (pt. pi.) 12.17, 18.22, borne (p.p.) 3.18, etc. (9 X), yborne 60.13, 104.20, ybore 5.36, 13.26; fere^e(») (inf.) 41.3, 100.23, (to-)brake (pt. sg.) 18.2, 47.9, 106.31, 110.7, brak 107.5, &re/cera (pt.pl.) 100.25,26; come (inf.) 2.10, (bi-)com (pt. sg.) 1.6,9,14, comen (pt. pi.) 16.9, come(n) (p.p.) 2.20, 3.35, ycome(n) 5.37, 104.20; (by-)nymen (inf.) 60.14, 63.25, 67.16, &ym/me (inf.) .91.2, name (pt. sg.) 20.8, etc. (13 X), byname (pt. sg.) 112.18, vndernam(e) (pt. sg.) 40.13, etc. (5 X), wipname (pt. sg.) 61.9, but worn (pt. sg.) 31.1, nomen (pt. pi.) 12.17, 95.3, 97.15, wipnomen (pt. opt. pi.) 64.30-31, nomen (o. p.) 72.13, etc. (4 X); stale (pt. sg.) 75.18. stelen (pt.opt.pl.) 101.30, ystole (p. p.) 102.21.
§ 67. Class V.
bidde (inf.) 50.15, bad (pt. sg.) 4.4, etc., badd (pt. sg.) 46.4, etc., badde (pt. sg.) 47.32, etc., bede (pt. sg.) 48.2, once only, beden (pt. pi.) 46.23, etc., baden (pt. pi.) 76.28, 94.7, badden (pt. pi.) 39.8, 103.12, ybeden (p.p.) 62.7; ete(n) (inf.) 37.9, 48.30, ete (pt. sg.) 37.8, eten (pt. pi.) 48.25, yeten (p. p.) 48.19 ; {for-)^iue(n) (inf.) 23.8, 46.26, etc., 5^/ (inf.) 15.18, jeue (inf.) 70.27, once only, 5a/ (pt. sg.) 1.6, etc., ^euen (pt. pi.) 47.10, etc., jouen\ (pt.pl.) 62.5, etc. (3 X), jeue (pt. opt. sg.) 15.23, etc. (3x), jawe (pt. opt. sg.) 68.15, jeiie (pt. opt. pi.) 94.23, for-^ouen (pt. opt. pi.) 60.29, $ouen (p. p.) 4.18, etc. (10 X ), for-jiuen (p. p.) 23.1, etc. (4 x ) ; for^eten (pt. pi.) 52.15, (p. p.) 52. § 56, heading; ligge (inf.) 35.14, lay (pt. sg.) 72.21 ; seen(e) (inf.) 27.5, etc., sene (inf.) 12.3, see (inf.) 14.24, se (inf.) 12.3, sei^ (pt. sg.) 11.25, etc., sei^e (pt. sg.) 94.29, sayh^{e) (pt. sg.) 11.9, 44.23, sau^e (pt. sg.) 22.34, sei^en (pt. pi.) 5.25, etc., sei^en (p. p.) 1.15, etc. (4 X ), yseijen (p. p.) 25.26, etc. (3 X ), yseije 16.27, 104.15, yseye 5.27, 5.36, 105.4, {y)seen(e) 31.19, 101.19, etc. (10 X); sitten (inf.) 12.29, etc. (4 X), sytten (inf.) 51.29, 69.25, satt (pt. sg.) 15.13, 36.6, seten (pt. pi.) 22.25, etc. ; speke{n) (inf.) 2.25, 48.29, etc., spak(e) (pt. sg.) 8.17, 21.3, etc., speken (pt. pi.) 5.23, etc., (y)spoken (p. p.) 18.21, 54.9, etc., once yspeke (p. p.) 48.27.
§ 68. Class VI.
drawe (inf.) 15.25, 83.28, drawen (inf.) 62.3, draw$en (inf.) 109.26, t See Bjorkman, Loan-words, p. 86.
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drou$ (pt. sg.) 91.37, 110.4, drawjen ( ? pt. pi.) 82.8, drawjen (p. p.) 100. § 101, heading; laujen (inf.) 32.4, Zawje (inf.) 75.16, louden (pt.pl.) 97.19, 99.2, fcmwfew (pt.pl.) 64.6 ; /orsafce (inf.) 57.11, 89.29, forsaken (inf.) 90.1, etc. (4x), forsoolce (pt. sg.) 33.29, forsaken (pt. pi.) 62.20, forsaken (p. p.) 66.10, 68.30 ; schoken (pt. pi. <0.B. sc(e)acan) 98.32; sleen (inf.) 86.11, s?ee (inf.) 15.2, 54.11,18, slen (inf.) 7.22, etc. (3 X), sle (inf.) 7.28,34, shu$ (pt. sg.) 41.32, slow^en (pt. pi.) 67.8, slayn (p. p.) 15.1, etc. (4 X ), sleyn (p. p.) 40.16, yslaw$e (p.p.) 57.4, 74.28; vnder-stonde(n) (inf.) 43.21,22, stode (pt. sg.) 2.4, etc., stoden (pt. pi.) 5.12, etc. (12 X ), vnder-stoden (pt. pi.) 43.25, 44.16, stooden (pt.pl.) 21.30; swore (pt. sg. <0.E. swerian) 45.21; (bi-)take (inf.) 7.19, etc. (10 X ), taken (inf.) 12.16, etc. (6 X ), tok (pt. sg.) 10.26, toke (pt. sg.) 7.23, took (pt. sg.) 58.29, etc., tooke (pt. sg.) 99.30, token (pt. pi.) 64.20, etc. (5 X ), tooken (pt.pl.) 37.3, etc. (5 X), teken (opt. pi.) 27.32, {y-)taken 35.12, 70.29, etc.
O.E. weaxan, wascan appear as reduplicated verbs : wex (pt. sg.) 4.24, etc., vnwex (pt. sg.) 14.18, wexen (pt. pi.) 19.3; wasschen (inf.) 55.39, etc. (3 X ), wasche (inf.) 37.30, wasshe (inf.) 17.25, wesch(e) (pt. sg.) 35.16, 97.9, wessken (pt.pl.) 12.13, 49. § 51, heading, weschen (pt. pi.) 49.11, (vn-)was{s)chen (p. p.) 49.10, etc. (4 X).
§ 69. Class VII.— Reduplicated Verbs.
O.E. dntdan, rcedan appear only with weak forms : dredd(e) (pt. sg.) 15.4, etc. (4 x), dradde (pt. sg.) 7.34, dredden (pt. pi.) 15.1, a-dradd{e) (p. p.) 5.12, etc. (5 X ), a-drad (p. p.) 3.6, 73.8; a-rede (inf.) 93.36, redd(e) (pt. sg.) 18.18, 79.19, redden (pt. pi.) 98.12, redde (p. p.) 37.8.
Also O.E. sceadan : schadde (pt. sg.) 13.1, yschadde (p. p.) 82.16.
O.E. blawan : blew (pt. sg.) 21.24.
O.E. feallan : {M-)falte{n) (inf.) 7.12, 97.34, 98.31, (bi-)fel (pt. sg.) 7.16, 8.5,fellen (pt. pi.) 6.16, fallen (p. p.) 37.31.
O.E. healdan: holde(n) (inf.) 21.30, 40.30, (bi-), (by-), {wip-)held(e) (pt. sg.) 1.20, 5.29, 24.23, 55.16, bi-heeld (pt. sg.) 78. § 84, heading (once only), holde (pt. sg.) 8.24 (once only), (bi-)helden (pt. pi.) 18.22, 37.28, etc., heelden (pt. pi.) 91.35 (once only), holden (p. p.) 20.21, etc.
O.E. hatan: hote (inf.) 11.27, 13.6, (bi-)M^th (pt. sg.) 1.21, 6.32, etc., hiyte (pt. sg.) 2.33, bi-hett (pt. sg.) 31.29, etc. (3 x ), heet{e) (pt. sg.) 87.18, 89.12, hijthten (pt. pi.) 104.21, bi-heten (pt. pi.) 86.18, yhoien (p. p.) 111.20, bi-hoten (p. p.) 1.17.
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O.E. Aow : hengen (inf.) 100.20, &en#e (pt. sg.) 95.1, 100.6, kengen (pt. pi.) 98.8, 100.25.
O.E. heawan : hewe (pt. opt. sg.) 42.11.
O.E. hleapan : lep(e) (pt. sg.) 99.30, 102.20, lepen (pt. pi.) 22.5, 49.3, lopen (pt. pi.) 21.33, 46.15.
O.E. I'Man: lete(n) (inf.) 15.28, 51.22, etc., lete (pt. sg.) 35.13, etc. (6 X ), leten (pt. pi.) 22.33, etc. (5 X ), leten (p. p.) 4.1, etc., ylete 101.15.
O.E. sawan: sew(e) (pt. sg.) 43.5,8, ~\ siwe (pt. sg.) 43.10, so wen (p. p.) 83.10.
O.E. slcepan : slepe (inf.) 36.23, slepe (pt. sg.) 73.5, slepen (pt. pi.) 43.9, 104.21, a-slepe (p. p.) 21.18.
O.E. wepan : wepe{n) (inf.) 30.31, 32.4, wepe (pt. sg.) 103.24.30, weep (pt. sg.) 103.21.
2. Weak Verbs.
§ 70. The O.E. suffixal i{^) appears in all forms of O.E. byr{i)^an : buryen (inf.) 95.6, burieden (pt. pi.) 45.32, yburyed (p. p.) 73.37, yburied (p.p.) 101.20; it is further retained in for-weryed (p.p.) 91.7, heri^eden (pt. pi. < O.E. herian) 31.34, rotten (inf.) 42.5, warny (inf. < O.E. w(e)arnian) 42.7.
To O.E. clcepan belong cladde (pt. sg.) 95.29, cladden (pt. pi.) 96.14, 97.22, cladde (p. p.) 96.21, ycladde (p. p.) 22.11, 103.5. For'bistadde (p. p.) 47.25, see Bjdrkman, Loan-words, p. 21.
§ 71. O.E. habban usually appears with geminated forms : habbe(n) (inf.) S0.29, etc. (12 X), habbe (1 sg. prs.) 21.1, 72.7, habbep (prs.pl.) 27.7, etc. (6 X), habbep (imp.pl.) 57.33, habben (prs.pl.) 63.22, 81.1, 94.14.
O.E. libban appears as Ubben (inf.) 83.2, 83.29.
For geminated forms of O.E. secjan, bycjan, licjan, lecjan see § 46.
3. Flexional Endings. §72.
1 sg. ind. aske 32.30, 94.9, bileue 58.24, bitake 100.3, drink 32.7, habbe 21.1, 72.7, haue 23.7, etc. (6 x), honoure 83.22,23, lew 32.30, lyfte 9.32, rede 38.2, saie 89.20, seie 56.32, segge 11.16, sigge 29.16, see 15.39, sende 107.26, telle 33.5, etc. (4 X), yiue 72.2.
2 sg. ind. -(e)st(e) : affiest 99.6, ansuerest{ou) 96.32, bihotest 48.36,
•f ? Influenced by O.E. siw{i)an, to sew.
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bileeuest 58.23, greuest 57.8, Tiaste 3.22, etc. (6 X ), hast 41.9, hast(ou) 8.18, frewes* 108.22, leuest(ou) 12.1, letest{ou) 7.3, sees<(ow) 32.33, seisf 48.37, 72.9, seist(ou) 94.12, gfeert 82.19, stones* 82.19, to&esi 59.20.
3 sg. ind. -{e)p : betep 36.21, comep 14.2, cr&J? 36.21, despisep 34.3,4, (fop 14.3, etc. (3 X), dope 11.10, etc. (4 x), drynkep 32.6, etep S2.5,fallep 28.5, oep 11.19, Aap 3.18, etc. (9 x ), heijep 66.33, leuep 13.34, Zi^eJ? 23.38, makep 23.34, multipliep 83.11,12, resceyuep 34.2,3, sa*> 65.5, sei> 37.14, etc. (3 X ), semep 14.3, settep 12.20, wawep 31.25, pankep 65.8.
1, 2, 3 s<?. swfej. : icn co»i 47.34-35, pou leue 82.24, defende 11.3, prej]?e 65.7, Mpe 11.5, lohe (3 s#. t*np.) 68.8.
§ 73. Plural pres. ind. and subj.
The only examples of plur. pres. sicbj. are wrappe 59.18, ben 85.10.
The plur. pres. ind. ends -(e)n(e) : -ep : -e : — = 64 : 29 : 14 : 4.
-(e)n(e) : Sen 26.31, etc. {27 x), drynken 15.20, eten 15.20, $ro» 31.20, habben 63.22, etc. (3x), Aaw 27.4, etc. (5x), heren 31.20, louen 7.15, seen 31.20, seene 41.19, setten 12.21, siggen 41.22, wepen 26.31.
ep : bep 12.20, etc. (17 X ), habbep 27.7, ete. (6 X ), owe]? 65.12, secftep 91.29, seggep 94.13, staaep 32.6,7, 41.20, wynewep 88.5.
-e : (1) with pronoun preceding : ansuere 94.9, contrarie 36.29, haue 8.19, 9.38, knowe 9.34, Jeene 106.21, leue 94.8, swj^e
61.7, 5^e 36.28. (2) with pronoun following : jugge 41.22, leue 16.26, 92.3, nyme
36.8, see 77.4, vnderstonde 48.37.
§ 74. Imperative plural.
The ending is regularly -(e)p, but -e or no ending when the pers. pronoun follows : biddep 36.9, comaundep 47.34, gop 61.20, habbep 57.33, nauep 103.7, 107.15, Aerep 57.31, lelep 91.29, but toe 55.9, seggep 31.19, siggep 65.11, seiep 79.2, seip 61.21, iVe pencnep 54.29, wakep 85.9; do we so 57.25-26, goo we 73.10,11, ne haue $e 34.21-22, see 3e 7.10, 97.13, Ne ^iue $e 49.26-27.
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§ 75. Infinitive -(e)n{e) : -e : — =1.65 : 1 : '04.
[-en : bileuen 1.9, tecnen 1.15, beren 2.8; (e)n(e) -» -ne ; done 2.23, seene 31.9, sene 12.3;
l-n : &en 7.4, yon 4.27, sfen 7.22. -e : come 2.10, note 2.8, knowe 1.7.
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iVofe : gretyn 2.20, warny 42.7. iVo ending : 6e 2.12, do 9.14, dr*/n& 15.18, /yscA 18.11, <?o 17.9, 3*/ 15.18.
§76. Present participle. -(e)and(e) : -ende .' yn<7(e) = 65 : 7 : 13.
-(e)ani(e) : bowjeande 21.27, 34.14, wepeande 25.1, 30.30, cryeande
39.36, axande 8.16, herande 8.15, spekande 57.30, goande 105.§ 108,
heading, lokande 112.19, quakeand 24.25, phyn(e)and(e) 25.1,
30.30.
-ende : goende 19.13, houende 17.23, desputende 106.36, mournende
68.18-19. -yng(e) : chascynge 20.24, prechynge 20.24, disputing 58.10, wepyng 105.10, fo%n# 112.18. iVofe : (1) cryeng 96.12.
(2) obeisschaunt 60.18, a form borrowed from French.
§ 77. 2 sg. pret. ind.
(a) Weak : haddest 73.17,33, kissedest 33.2, seidest 99.7, soukedest 39.37.
(o) Strong : jeue 32.35.
§ 78. Plural preterite.
(a) Weak, -en : -e : - = 580 : 4 : 24. -en ,* ansuereden 4.13, duelleden 5.4, hodden 4.17, kepten 5.10,
schewden 5.19, ponkedm 5.20. -e; fotide 1.24, etc. (3 X ), wenie 56.28. iVo ending : asked 13.7, tewed 13.28, Aoid 5.26, senf 81.17, fanW 5,30.
(6) &«>«£. -en : -e : - = 343 : 2 : 1. -en : fceren 12.16, comen 5.19, eten 23.20, helden 38.25, nomen 12.17, stoden 30.33, smyten 93.35, sungen 77.24, hijthten 104.21.
iVo/e : comon 43.18, footnote, noman 72.5. -e : arise 106.37, come 48.11. No ending : com y>e J ewes 4.10-11.
§ 79. Past participle -en : n(e) = 16 : 11. -en : beden 2.6, bihoten 1.8, founden 94.22, yeomen 5.37, yseijen
25.26. -n(e) : ben 8.11, borne 3.17, ycfom? 55.11, ygon 25.23. -e : a-slepe 21.18, aknowe 24.17. 2Vo ending .• agroo 31.24, y&e 10.18, etc. (3 x), ydo 91.14, 101 20-
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The prefix y- (once written i in ileide 103.33) occnrs 204 x , but this represents only one-third of the cases where it might have occurred.
§ 80. Preterite Presents.
(a) Indie. 1 sg. wot 73.18, 3 sg. wott 85.6, plur. we witen 48.37, witen 5e 61.9, wite je 8.20; imp. sg. wite 3.18, plur. wite ^e 66.31, witep 103.8 ; inf. witen 16.15, etc. (4 X ), wite 5.17, 66.5, wyte 7.21 ; pret. sg. wiste 13.18, wist 13.21, wyst 110.20, plur. wisten 2.26, etc. (8 X),wysten 110.11, 112.25.
By fusion with the negative adverb ne, the pret. plur. becomes nysten 8.10, etc. (8 X ), once nyst 16.18.
(b) Indie, plur. owep 65.12; pret. sg. au^tte 2.23, etc. {3 X).
(c) Pret. sg. coupe 54.8, plur. coupen 81.9, 106.3, coupe 52.1 1 74.26, couden 101.33.
(d) Pret. sg. purte 6.2.
(e) Pret. sg. durst 23.1, plur. dursten 30.1, etc. (4 x). (/) Indie. 1 sg. schal 83.23, 2 sg. schalt 12.3, 3 sg. schal 3.15,
plur. schullen 7.12, etc. (28 x), schollen 7.13, schullep 85.4; pret. sg. schulde 3.10, etc. (13 X ), schold(e) 3.9,13, etc. (10 x ), plur. schulden 8.8, etc. (125 x), schulde 5.17, etc. (16 X), scholden 1.8, etc. (16 X), scholde 6.9, etc. (3 x), schuld 86.8, sulden 111.12.
(g) Indie. 3 sg. may 3.20, plur. mowen 67.16; inf. mowen 111.15, etc. (3 x), mowje 65.2, 78.17, mowe 89.19; pret. sg. mi^th 1.15, my^th 21.30, plur. my^tten 22.16, etc. (25 x), mi^tten 13.12, etc. (11 X), mi^th 8.13, etc. (3 x), mi^thten 9.14, 18.26, my^ten 95.34.
(h) Pret. sg. moste 8.21, etc. (7 x ), plur. mosten 27.10, etc. (3 x ).
§ 81. Anomala.
O.E. wesan, beon : Indie. 1 sg. am 10.12, 2 sg. art 10.11, twice arte 56.31, 3 sg. is 1.3, plur. ben 26.31, etc. (27 X ), hep 12.20, etc. (17 x.), be 26.29,30, aren 54.29, etc. (5 x); subj. sg. be 3.22, plur. ben 85.10; imp. plur. bep 85.4; inf. be 2.12, etc. (110 x ), ben 7.4, etc. (36 X); pret. sg. regularly was 1.1, etc., but were 55.14, etc. (5 x); opt. sg. regularly were 55.17, etc., but weren 29.26; pret. plur. regularly weren 5.12, etc., but were 5.37, etc. (17 X); opt. plur. regularly weren 41.14, but were 21.21.
By fusion with the negative adverb tie: nis 1.16, footnote, nys 11.31, nas 5.8, nere 16.16, neren 85.17.
O.E. willan ; Indie. 1 sg. wil 28.11, 2 sg. wilt 28.10, 3 sg. toil S3 $
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42.25, wyl 3.20, plur. wil %e 48.33, etc. (3 X); pret. sg. wolde 21.8, plur. regularly wolden 19.5, but wolde 20.21.
By fusion with ne the pret. plur. becomes nolden 32.4, etc. (5 X ), nolde 17.7.
O.E. don: Indie. 3 sg. dope 11.10, etc. (4 X), dop 13.38, etc. (3 x); imp. sg. do 113.5, vn-do 53.8, plur. do we so 57.25-26; inf. done 2.23, etc. (51 X ), don 8.6, 18.28, do 3.20, etc. (26 X ), mys-do 64.32, vn-do 12.3, 43.19; pret. sg. regularly dude 7.21, but vn-dede 43.19, plur. duden 18.31, etc. (18 X ), dude 76.27, dyden 28.1, (Men 40,5, vn-deden 6.17, mys-deden 60.15, 64.31.
O.E. gran; Indie. 3 sg. gep 11.19, plur, </ow 31.20; imp. sg. goo 10.31, etc. (4 X), #o 65.6, plur. goo we 73.10,11, gop 61.20; inf. gon 21.37, etc. (23 x), go 17.9, etc. (11 x), goo 33.22, 53.24; pret. sg. jede 6.13, plur. $eden 11.19.
§ 82. T/ie Dialect.
The dialect, though by no means pure, is in the main a Southern variety of East Midland. This is most clearly shown by the end- ings of the present indicative : 1, 2, 3 sing, indie, regularly end in -e, -(e)st(e), -(e)p § 72, while the plur. indie, has -{e)n(e) 64 x , -ep 29 X § 73. It is true that the pres. part. -(e)ande : ende : yng(e) = 65 : 7 : 13, § 76, points to a North Midland or West Midland origin, but though the ending -ande is chiefly found in the North and West, " it also occurs frequently in the Norfolk Gilds (Schultz, p. 36 ft.), in Cap- grave's works and occasionally in the Paston Letters and other Eastern documents (cf. Dibelius, Anglia, xxiv. p. 255 § 301a)." The pret. of weak verbs regularly retains personal endings both in the sing, and plur. §§ 77, 78. The prefix y- frequently appears in the past. part. § 79, and 9 different nouns have adopted the -n plur. § 52. The genitive ending is 5 times lacking, but on the other hand there are 5 cases in which the inflection is fully kept, e. g. sonenday, etc., § 51, and in haluendel § 54, the O.E. ending of the ace. sing, is retained. With regard to pronouns, though the Northern form sche ' she ' appears throughout the text § 58, the Southern forms ich, hij, hem, greatly predominate over the Northern j, pai, pern § 58. O.E. g is regularly written i (y), though the old sound, written u, is sometimes retained, and a few e- forms occur §§ 8, 15. O.E. So appears as e, ee §§ 19, 28. non-W.S. e, W.S. £ appear shortened as e, also a, § 69, dredde, dradde. Isolated examples of peculiarly South Midland forms are quop and quod § 3 (a), see Morsb. § 96.
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xliv Introduction
Characteristic Southern features appear in § 69 dradde (pt. sg.) 7.34, a-dradde{e) {p. p.) 5.12, etc. (5 X ), a-drad (p. p.) 3.6, 73.8, suppe(n) § 23, habben, libben, etc., § 71, seggep, siggep, sugge, etc., § 46, and in the retention of the O.E. suffixal 2(3) in all forms of O.E. byr(i)^an ; also in for-weryed, heri^eden, rotien and warny §70.
More Northerly are the plur. indie, aren 54.29, etc. (5 X ), the prep, fro 10.17, 57.8 (cf. fram 17.19, etc. (5 X ), the retention of the O.E. a in haly 37.8, wham 33.7, etc. (7 x ), whas 80.16, etc. (3 x ) and of Angl. lengthened a (W.S. Kent, ea) in baldlich 19.9, 29.30, $alde (pt. sg.) 47.8, etc. (6 x ). It is also shown in the spelling moist § 9 and in the use of the following loanwords : gresse § 3 (a) ; pifte § 29 ; felawes, mandatives pouj § 31 ; hundrep, tiping § 42 ; caste § 1 ; hende § 2 (b) ; bistadde § 70. The Scandinavian element is, however, inconsiderable compared with the rich store of borrowings from French. See pp. xv-xviii, Evidence of a French Source.
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RELATION OF THE HARMONY TO THE CANONICAL GOSPELS
In one kind of Gospel Harmony the several accounts of the four Evangelists are woven into a continuous narrative, while in the other the text of the Gospels is arranged in parallel columns, the corresponding sections being placed side by side.
The first kind is the more primitive. It dates back as far as c. 160 A.i)., when Tatian wrote his famous Diatessaron. The Pepysian Harmony is also a Sia reo-crdpiDv, the aim of its compiler — or compilers — being to present the life of Christ i*ecorded in the four Gospels as an organic whole, set forth in the simplest language possible. Little therefore is omitted, little is added, and the deviations from the text of the original are mostly verbal and always in the direction of greater simplicity.
Omissions. — The genealogies of Christ, for instance, are omitted as irrelevant ; also S. Luke's preface to Theophilus and most of S« Matthew's quotations from the Old Testament.
Deviations. — Deviations from the original have generally been made either for the sake of brevity or clearness.
Some of the discourses and parables are so briefly summarised as to be hardly recognisable. The whole of the discourse contained in Ioh. viii, 12-58, for example, is represented by these few words : — And po bigan Jesus to prone pat he was Goddes son, and pat hij weren pe deuels children, and nouyt Abraham sones (55.27-29).
The parable of the labourers in the vineyard (cf. Mt. xx, 1-16) is reduced to -.—And panne tolde Jesus hem an ensaumple of a man pat brouith werk men in to his vyner. And he paied hem pat comen late raper, Sf als mykel ^af hem as hem pat comen first (69.2-6).
Occasionally, as in the account of the marriage feast of the king's son (cf. Mt. xxii, 1-15), the summary is incomplete : — And sipen tolde hem Jesus pe pridde tale of a kyng pat helde his sones fest. And po pat he hadde bod-en to pe fest, chidden and slow^en his seruaunt$ whan hij comen after hem (79.26-29).
In the case of such well-known canticles as the Benedicttis and
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the Magnificat, eitliev the first few words .are given, or the canticle is merely referred to by name : — Benedict us Dominus Deus Israel (4.20) ; po ansuered Marie Sf ponked God and seide pe psalme of Magnificat al out (3.31-32) : similarly with the Pater noster — which Jesus bad his disciples say cntentifiich § u'ip goode wille (36.18-19).
Throughout his work, the Harmonist aims at presenting the Gospel story as clearly and simply as possible ; anything that might be unfamiliar is generally explained either by definition or homely parallel.
Explanation by definition, — The Pharisees are described as pe folk of religioun in pat tyme (9.6) ; the publicans as pe hepene bayliues seruauntj (9.17) ; the Samaritans as those pat in on half iceren Jewes §■ in anoper half hij weren pay ens (15.10-11); the centurion as conestuble ouer an hundrep kniyttes (100.9); and a legion as that which amounted sex pousande and sex hundrep and sexti and sex (22.1-2).
Explanation by homely jwraWeZs. — Even more characteristic than the tendency to define, is the habit of replacing Biblical words and phrases by more homely equivalents. S. John the Baptist did not eat 'locusts and wild honey ' (Mt. iii, 4), but 'garlic and bryony' — ramesones and wilde-nepes (9.4).
In the account of the marriage feast in Cana of Galilee, the stone water-pots which held 'two or three firkins apiece' (lob., ii, 6) are described as sexe boketcs pat pe gode man 4" al pe meigne loesshen of, euerilch of pe mesure of pre galouns (12.12-13). It is also curious to note that after pe gode man had tasted the water turned to wine, he Bummoned, not the 'bridegroom' (Job. ii, 9), but the 'butler' — he cleped pe bo tiler (12.19).
When Mary Magdalene recognised her newly-risen Lord in the garden on Easter morning, she did not say 'Kabboni' (lobs xx, 16), but she fel adoun to his feete and seide ' Ha ! Swete sir ' (103.36-37).
In another place we read that when Jesus, as He hung upon the cross, sei$ his moder and John, his deeiple pat Tie loued so mychel, stonde pere, Jhesus seide to his moder : ' Womman, loo ! pere pi son.' And sipen he seide to seint John : ' Loo ! pere pi moder' And from pat tyme fcn'pwardes seint John resceyued hire, and kepte Mr als his moder (98.25-30) — kepte hir als his moder corresponds to the Vulgate, 'accepit in sua' (lob, xix, 27).
A similar example is Christ's answer to the disciples' request that they might call down fire from heaven to burn certain Samaritans
who had refused to receive Him. Jesus turned to the disciples and
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Introduction xlvii
said, not f Ye knoAV not what manner of spirit ye are of (Lc. ix, 55), but ' Ne witen je nou^th hou je sclwlden here $ou swetelich fy soft ? ' (61.9-10).
It is evident that the Harmonist had a keen eye for the things of earth as well as of heaven. He was not content to say ' all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them' (Mt. iv, 8) : the glory at once shaped itself into wodes fy feldes fy tounes (10.27-28).
As for the Pharisees, hij weren liche \>e graues pat ben daubed and made fairs ivipouten, and stimken ivipinne (82.9-11) !
The Harmouist's habit of interpreting the past in terms of the life of his own day is also shown in his treatment of words connected with the Church.
The Jewish ' high priest ' (Vulgate ' pontifex,' ' priuceps sacerdotum') is invariably rendered lriss(c)hop(p) (93.11, 21, 28; 94.1-2), genit. bisscliopes (92.14); the Passover, though usually referred to as the fest of p>ask (13.16 etc.), is four times called the fest{e) of ester, or estren (12.26; 75.1; 86.3; 87.1): hei^e auter(e) is the name given both to the 'Holy of Holies' (100.6), and to the 'altar of incense' (2.1), while euensong(e) tyme (21.14; 46.22; 100.30, etc.) is the regular expression for 'evening.' It is interesting to note that the angel who, on the morning of the Resurrection, appeared syttande (105.5) on pe ri^th half of pe sepulchre (103.5) is described as being ycladde in a white chesible (103.5-6) — a white 'chasuble,' as if he were a priest. The Vulgate reading is : 'stola Candida' (Mc. xvi, 5).
Additions, — The Harmonist's additions to the Gospel story often take the form of short phrases introduced for the sake of emphasis, or explanation.
Additions for the sake of emphasis. — "We are told that Jesus turned wel suetelich (55.23) towards the woman accused of adultery, and that, after He had blessed His disciples, he kyssed hem alle by and by : and amonges hem seeande vchone, he stei^ vp to heuene, and tweie aungels on ilch syde of hym (11214-17).
The blind man whom Jesus had restored to sight on the Sabbatli, when questioned by the indignant Pharisees, answered so swetelich and so dignelich for Jesus sake, pat for pure jre hij dryuen hym away (56.7-9).
After the cock had crowed S. Peter went out and wept, not only wel sore (93,6), but also tenderlich1 (ib.).
1 Mandeville's Travels, Warner, G. F., Eoxburghe Club, 1889, p. 46, I. 33, 1 Et la est lo lieu (i. e. Mount Sion) ou seint Piere ploroit mult tendrement.'
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xlviii Introduction
When Jesus called ' Marie' she knew Him by his voice (103.36).
Martha is not allowed to fall behind her sister Mary in devotion to her Lord : she too fel to his feete (73.16) when she greeted Him outside Bethany (cf. 73.31-32).
At the simultaneous coining of the gret erpe dyne (102.8) and the angel with a visage ah rede as fyre (102.10), the keepers of the sepulchre weren alle abaischt & fellen adoune for drede, ri^th als pax Jiadden ben dede (102.12-13).
Another addition showing how vividly the Harmonist visualised the Gospel story occurs when Jesus gyrde hym wip a totcayle, and diide toatere in a bacyne, and sette hym on knees, $■ bigan to wasschen her feete (i. e. the disciples') $ forto wipen hem (88.22-25).
The beggar Lazarus is described as a mesel who was not only ful of sores (64.18), but also of vertnyne (ib.) . . . And noman ne xaf hym nou$th, bot token pe houndes and bayted hym from pe gate. And pe hon\ii\des conien and likheden his fete (64.19-22).
Explanatory additions. — Not infrequently the addition takes the form of a reason for something which the Gospels leave unexplained. In the parable of the talents, for instance, the lord who set off to a far country is said to go, as the Harmonist himself had probably gone, in pilgrymage (85.19).
The saying of S. Thomas : — ' Goo ice now and dye wip oure maister' (73.11) is explained by the words: — for why, he were his frende pat yede wip hym wip his owene good wille a$ein his enemyes (73.12-13).
Why did Herod clothe Jesus in a white clop when he and hia men wanted to show their scorn? The Harmonist's reason may not be the generally accepted one, but it is characteristically vigorous : And po despised Heroude Jesu, and al his meynee, and cladde hym in a white clop as he hadde ben a foole (95.28-30). Cf. Vulgate ' Sprevit autern ilium Herodes cum exercitu suo, et inlusit indutum veste alba' (Lc. xxiii, 11).
When Jesus had cast out the money-changers He forbad any vessel to be carried through the temple. The Vulgate reading is : ' et non siuebat lit quisquam transferret vas per templum ' (Mc. xi, 16) ; but the Harmonist at once modifies and explains this by adding, bot $if it toere yhalewed (77.16).
Before going up to Jerusalem for the last time Jesus tried to
prepare his disciples for His approaching Passion and Besurreetion.
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Introduction xlix
Cf. Vulgate (Et ipsi nihil horum intellexevunt, et erat verbuin istud absconditum ab eis, et non intellegebant quae dicebantur' (Lc. xviii, 34). The Harmonist suras this up quite simply — Ac hij ne vnderstoden it nou$th (69.15) — and then adds in his gentle way; — for pat he nolde noitjth make hem to sorouyful (69.15-16).
Additions due to tradition} — It is surprising that only one addition is derived -from the New Testament Apocrypha, namely that the infant Jesus was laid in a manger where an ox & an asse stoden (S.7-8).2 The earliest mention3 of this tradition is in the Gospel of pseudo-Matthew4 which probably belongs to the fifth6 century.
The other legendary addition refers to the * elder tree ' on which the traitor Judas was said to have hanged himself. And Judas . . . icent hym forp, and henge hym self on a nelren tree (94.35-95.1 ).6 I have not yet been able to trace this further back than ' Mandeville's Travels,' the first English reference to which probably belongs to the year 1356.7 The tradition is also alluded to in ' Piers the Plowman,' the earliest text of which was probably written about 1362.
Paragraph headings. — The paragraph headings are also additions to the Biblical text. They are brief and to the point, each of the hundred and thirteen paragraphs, or chapters, having a separate title. The headings of §§ 94-100, the seven paragraphs dealing with the Passion, do not, as the rest, primarily indicate events, but rather the time covered by events — the passioun being regarded, according to mediaeval usage, as the supreme and therefore almost separate8 portion of Christ's life. The paragraphs describe the successive events from Holy Wednesday to the evening of Good Friday.
The purpose of the Harmony. — The Harmony was probably intended as a guide to meditation on the Gospel story. The only specific evidence, however, of the compiler's purpose is extremely slight, though curious. It consists merely of the opening words of the headings of §§ 88, 95 : — ' Here bigynnep pe secounde meditacioun by pe pursday * ; * Here bigynnep pe sexte
1 I am greatly indebted to Professor Kennedy for supplying me with a list of historical rererences to these legendary elements. See Notes on same. — M.G. 1 Cf. Note. 3 Hennecke, E., Handbuch zu den Neutest. Apdk., Tubingen 1904, p. 104.
* Teschendorf, Evangelia Apocrypha, Lipsiae, 1876, p. 80.
8 Apocryphal Gospels, trans, by B. H. Cowper, Williams <& Norgate 1867, Introd. p. lvii.
6 Cf. Note.
7 Mandeville's Travels, "Warner, G. P., Boxburghe Club, 1889, Introd. p. x.
* Cf. Colophon, p, 113, and Note.
GOSPEL HARMONY d
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meditacioun vtpon pe friday. But the very fact that the work is a complete and chronologically arranged life of Christ, conveniently divided into short paragraphs, or chapters, of varying length, makes it eminently suitable for daily reading and meditation.1 This indeed is how similar modern Harmonies 2 are still used in the Roman Church.
In any case it is as a hook of devotion that the Pepysian Harmony makes its appeal. Regarded technically the work has considerable defects : for by paying too much heed to slight verbal discrepancies between the four Gospels, the Harmonist often fails to discern their essential unity ; and this not only with regard to details about facts, but occasionally also with regard to the facts themselves. Tims §§ 15, 17 are different versions of the same event, namely the call of Simon, Andrew, James and John. § 15 follows S. Luke,3 § 17 SS. Matthew4 and Mark.6 And so, according to the Harmony, Simon Peter, James and John were called twice — S. Luke does not mention Andrew. After the first call we are told that hij retourneden hem a$ein to her mystery ewer til Jesus hem cleped anoper tyme.
An even more ingenious example of this tendency merely to add together rather than to harmonise apparent contradictions, is the story of Hou pe leuedies scheweden pe resureccioun of Jesu Crist to his deciples (105. § 106, heading). Some of the ladies said hij sei^en an aungel syttande (105.5), in accordance with the Vulgate 4 angelus domini . . . sedebat,' Mt. xxviii, 2 ; others said hij sei^en tweie aungels stondande (105.6-7), following ' eece duo viri steterunt ... in veste fulgenti,' Lc. xxiv, 4. In this way the seeming contradiction between SS. Matthew and Luke becomes a natural reason for S. Luke's account of the incredulity of the disciples, who held the words of the ladies as for trufle (105.8). Cf. ' sicut deliramentum,' Lc. xxiv, 11.
This characteristically simple method of avoiding apparent discrepancies between the Evangelists, comes out sometimes very strikingly in details of description. Thus where S. Matthew6 says ' scarlet,' and SS. Mark 7 and John,8 ' purple,' the Harmonist says
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1 Cf. Note 87, § 95, heading.
2 Cf. Lt saint ivangile de nolre-seigncur Jdsus*Chrixt, ou Les quatrt dvangiles en un sml, translated by Alfred Weber, and sanctioned by Jean-Pierre, Eveque de Verdun, in a foreword of ' Approbation ' dated 1898. Zcch el Fils, Editeurs pontifieaux, Braine-le-Comte, Belgique.
3 Lc. v, 1-11. 4 Mt. iv, 18-22. 6 Mr. i, 16-20. « Mt. xxvii, 28. ' Mc, xv, 17. 8 Joh. xix, 2.
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both ' scarlet ' arad ' purple ' : — And his hnijttes (Pilate's) cladden hym inpurpre, and Iqppeden hym in a mantel of scarhtt (96.13-15).
Another interesting example is the description of Joseph of Arimathea as a noble rich baroun, goode fy riytkful, pat hadde x. kni^ttes to his banere (100.30-31). This is just a neat collection of epithets brought together from SS. Matthew, Mark and Luke : — 'homo dives' (Mt. xxvii, 57), 'nobilis decurio' (Mc. xv, 43), and ' vir bonus et iustus ' (Lc. xxiii, 50).
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MS. PEPYS 2498.
§ 1 Of be godhede of oure lorde suete Jesu
Crist God almi5th[y]. t
Vre suete lord Jhesu Crist vpe his godhede he was
. toforo all creatures, for whi he made alle creatures
P010U3 his owen suete mijth. Eor he is sfcrongeful
and mijtlieful P010113 God pe fader. Aud he
fwithouteu any chaungyinge porou3 his godhedo
hicom sopfast man, & }af lyf & lijth & grace to al
mawkynde forto knowe God. And he porouj pe
la we and prophecie was bihoten to pe folk pat hi] scholden
bileueu in God pe fader. Ac whan pat he com in to pis
10 worlde many pere weren pit nolde/i 110113th hym resceyuen.
Ac po pat hym resceiueden he 3af hem grace pat hij
were Goddes sones. For al pe fulle pai resceyued of
his grace po pat in hym bileued ari^tli. pere nas neuer
man pat sei'3 God bodilich, and perfore bicom Goddes son
15 man forto techen al mankynde hou he mijtli be seijen
gostlich. And he bicom a man of pe kynred of seint
Dauid and seint Abraham, for pat he was bihoten
spe[c]iallich to hem.
& 2 ■ Of be concepcioun of swete Jesu Crist.
Hou he was conceyued.
h J>e tyme of J>e kyng Heroudes pat was paen aud 20 I helde Goddes folk in seruage and regned in Jeru- salem, so was pere a goode man bat 1113th Jakarie, and his wyf hijth Eli3abeth of jje kynde of Aaron. And sche was barayne & passed age, and he ivas elde, & berfore hadde bai none children to geder. So it 25 bifel at a gret fest, also Jakarie offred ensence at pe
] almi)th[y] ; stain and small hole after almijlh. 8, 9. scholden biteueri] -den bi- almost obliterated. 16. he]
ni's he, 18. spe\c\iallicK\ fourth letter defaced.
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2 The Pcpysia?i Gospel Itarmonij
liei^o autere in pe temple and al pe folk weren wipouto in her disomies and he was alone in pe temple & bisoujtte God for pe sauacioun of pe poeplo, an aungel alijth and stode at pe rijth half of pe autere. & 3akarie was afenle & hadd gret drede. And pe aungel reconforted hym and 5 seide pat pe bisechyng pat he had beden for pe folk was herd tofore God, and pat his wif schulde conceyuen & beren a son pat schulde bote John, of which bnrpe lie & al pe folk schulde haue gret ioye. And he seide hym pat he schulde come toforne hym pat schulde saue pe 10 poeple in pe Holy Gost and in pe vertu of Helye pe prophete. For he schulde he ful of pe Holy Gost in his *[p.i,coi.2.i model's wombe and *hc schulde hym kepe fram pe likynges of pis werld. And gret partie of pe folk he schulde twme to God and to pe rijtli bileoe of patriarkes 15 .& of p/'ophetes, and aparaile to God [a] folk pat was couenahle. po asked 3akarie hou it mijth be, for he was olde & his wyf ek and barayne. And po [angejl hym ansuered & seide pat he was pe angel [pat] was bifore God & was come hym to gretyn & to bringe pat 20 gode tiping, and seid hym pat lie schulde be doumbe vntil pat it were so bif alien, for also mychel as he ne hadd noujth bileued as he aujtte forto done. & alle pe folko abiden ^akarie wipoute?i and hadde gret wonder pat he duelled so longe. And he coin out & mijth uoujth speke 25 to hem, porouj wha[t] pai wisten we[l] pat ho hadde seijen summe manere ping in pe t[e]/npple. And he made hem toknes & signes and we»t hem to his jn. After pat conceyued Elizabeth and hudde hire fyue monepes on til pat sclie were sjrker pat sche were wip 30 childe and pat God had hir pat honour don. pe sex monep after pat sche had conceyued saiiwt Jon so was pe
aungel Gabriel sent in to pe cite of Galilee pat hijtte
> "5
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The Pepysian Gospel Harmony 3
Najareth, to a maiden pat was treupplijth to a man p[at] hijth Joseph. & pe maidens name was Marie. And po angel entred to hire and gret hyre & seide pat sch[e] was fnl of grace <fe God wa[s] wipinn[e] hure, and pat sche 5 was more Missed pan any oper womman. And whan sche herd pe aungels word sche was adrad and bepouth hir hou pes [heylsinjge mijth come vn to hire. And pe angel hire confortede and seide pat sche hadd founden grace towardes God, and pat sche scholde conc[e]yue?J and
10 beren a son pat schulde hote Jesu, and he schulde be clepid Goddes son Ss he schulde regne i[u] pe regne of Israel wipouten ende. And lie[m] andsered Marie and seide : ' Hou schold pat [b]e for thy [j] no peuke neuer to haue fleschlich felowered wip man ] ' And po angel
15 ansuered and seide pat ' pe Holy Gost schal alijth wipinne pe, and God hym self schal pe al biclosen. And pe?\fore he pat schal be borne of pe schal be cleped Goddes sone. And wite pou wel pat Eli3abeth p[i] cosyn hap conceiued a son in hnv elde ag[e] — is suppe passed sex monepes.
20 [L]eue pan pat God may do what .pat he wyl.' po ansuered Marie and seide : • Lo me h[e]re Goddes honde mayde ; so be it done to me as pou haste ysaide.' And also suithe sche hadd conc[e]yued Goddes son, parfette man in body and in soule, and sopfast *God. & pe angel •[p.21coi.l.
25 J?o parted frani hire. & also suipe Marie went out of Galile in to Jude and entred in to ^akaries hous & gret Elizabeth. & also suipe as Elizabeth herd her vois, also suipe made pe childe gret ioie in here wombe. And sche was ful of pe Holy Gost, & bigan to crie and worschipe
30 Marie ouer alle oper wymmen and hire childe, & tolde . Marie hou it was bitidde. po ansuered Marie & ponked
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God and seide pe psalme of Magnificat al out. And sipcn bileft Marie wip Elizabeth aboute pre monepes. And after sche went ajein to Na3areth. And als pat 35 sche was comen ajein, er pat Joseph hure had spoused, so aperceyuod he pat sche was gret wip childe & pouth
7. [hcylsin]ge : eslymge ? filled in by a later hand. The emenda- tion suggested by A . 0, Panes, A Fourteenth Century Eng. Biblical Version, Introd. lxv., Camb. 1902. 13. [b]e : he. 18. !>[?'] : Jw. 20. [IAme : A eue. 21. k[e]re : hire,
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priuelicli to hauo leten hire, for pat he was ri^thful tie douted hym to haue part of pe synne. And also suipe as lie hadde pat ypoujth, so com Goddes angel to hym in a visioim & bad p«t he ne dredd hym noujth, for sche hadtl conceyued [by] pe Holy Gost & scholde haue a son pat 5 scholde be cleped Jhesus, for pat he scholde saue his folk fram synne. And Joseph awoke and dude as pe angel hym comaunded. & whan pe tyrne com pat Elizabeth trauailed of childe, sche hadd a son. And all pat it harden so hadden gret ioye. & pe eijtte day so com pe 10 Jewes for to circumcise pe childe, & named pe childe 5akarie after his fader. & his moder ansuered pat it scholde bote Jon. And hij ansuereden & seiden pat pe/'e ne hijth noman so of his kynde, & madcn signe to his fader 3akarie what name he wolde pe cliilde hadde. 15 And pai sente;* hym a lef of tables, & he wrot pere onne pat his name scholde be nempned Jon. & all pei hadden gret merueile. & also suipe hym was 30uen pat name. & he was fulfild of pe Iloli Gost & bigan to ponke God al mijtty & seide-; ' Bened.ictus Dominus Deus Israel.' 20 And alle pat herdew and seijen pat merueile porouj out - Jude poujtten p«t pe childe scholde be merueillous & mirthful tofore God wha[n] p«t he com in to elde. & pe childe wex & prof & was conforted of pe Holy Gost. And also suipe as he com to, age he went hym in to 25 deserte & woned pere euere til pe Holy Gost comaunded hym forto gon and preche pe comynge of Jesu Crist.
§3 Of J)e byrbe of Jesu Cn'st.
■ n pat tyme comaunded Cesar Augustus, pe enipe- m route of Rome, pat alle pe men of pe werlde schulde
be writen in ilch a schire pere pay woned, & pat 30
euery ma» scholde bringe a peny to pe stiward of pe
1 [p.2,col.a.] | *cuntre, & pat he made knowlechynge pot he was
_sogette to pe Emperoure of Rome. & porou^ pat
skyl went Joseph [&] Marie, his spouse pat was gret
23. %vha[n] i what. 30. pat] pat pat.
34. [tfc] : to.
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vt\p childe in Najareth, vnto Bedleem, forto make re- conischaunce in his owen cite, for pat lie was comen of pe kynde of pe kyng Dauid pat was of Bedleem, & his wif also. And so par whiles pat pai duelleden pere, so 5 com hire tyme forto hahbe childe, & was deliuered of hire first childe a son. And hire self wonde hym in elopes & laide hym in a cracche pere an ox & an asse stoden : for pere nas stede in al pat hous pat was so auenaunt to leye hym jnne as pat was. And po woken
10 pc schcpehirdes in pe cuntre, [pat] kepten her bestes, & pere com an angel frarn henene & stode biside hem. & hij weren so sore adradde pat hij stoden astoneide. & pe angel hem contorted & seide pat hem bihoned for to schewen pat Jesus Crist, pat schulde saue his folk,
15 was borne in Bedleem, porouj wham hij & alle folk scholde haue gret ioye perot And he seide hem what tokne hij schulde fynden, pat is to wite, a litel childe in clones wouradcn & laide in an asses cracche. And wip pat comen pe angels so dignelich fram henene & schewden
20 hem to pe schepevdes & ponkeden God & seiden : ' Gloria in excelsis Deo.' And also suipe as pe angels weren steijen in to heuene & hadden schewede hem [to] pe shepehirdes, pe schepehirdes speken to gider & wenten snipe in to Bedleem & founden Marie & Joseph & pe
25 childe laide in a cracche, & sei3en wel pat it was he of wham pe angels hadd hem tolde. And hij tolden to oper folk pe auentures pat pai hadden herd and yseye pat nijth, & hij hadden all gret wonder. And Marie wiphelde alle pise pinges in hire hert. & pe schepehirdes
30 retoameden hem, <k panked God pat he had schewed he?» pat gret merucile. And pe eijtte day was pat childe circivrocised, & his name ne?npned Jesus, as pe angel hadde seide tofore er he was conceyued. After, vpon pe twelfpe day, so comen pere pre kynges fram pe
35 est in to Jerusalem & askeden where was pe kyng of Jewes pat was ybore, whas sterre pay hadden yse3*e in pe est. And hij seiden hij were ycome?* hym to honoure. po pe kyng Heroudes herd pat, *he wex al ameued, & all pat •ir.a.cou
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weren in pat cite. And so sono assembleden alle pe heijest prestes and maistres of pe lawe, and askeden where Crist scholde be borne. & liij ansuereden, ' In Bedleem Jude,' for whi God liadd so Little porouj pe prophetes. Po cleped Heroudes pe pre kynges priuelicb & asked hern 5 whan hij sei^en first pe sterre, & sent bem in to Bedleem & bad hem pat hij schulde enqiceve ententiflich of po childe, and wban pat hij hadden liym founden pat bij scholde scnde hym bode, & he wolde come & bym honure. And wban pai hadden herd pe kyng speke hij 10 wenten hem forp toward Bedleem. And also snipe pe sterro pat hij hadden er yseye in pe est schewed hym, & jede ewer tofoien hem til pat pei comen pere pe childe was borne, and ouer hym wipstode. And hij pat were so ledde wip pe sterre hadden gret ioye, and entred in to 15 pe lious & fouwden pe childe & his moder & fellen to pe erpe and honoured pe childe, and vudeden her tresoure and offred hym gold & ensense and mirre. And als hij poujtten toume&$ein to Heroudes, ariijth so com pe angel to hem in a visioure & seido pat hij ne schulde no^th 20 wende a3ein by hym. & hij by oper weye retowned in to her cuntre.
§ 4 Hou ouxe lorde Jesus was offred to
J?e autere.
nd also Heroudes uuderstode pe comynge of pe kynges, so com pe day pat Marie schulde hire purine in pe temple after pe lawe of Moyses, and 25 f B offren her childe to God and biggen hym ajeiu i ■ of pe prestes. po com Marie wip Joseph in to * Jerusalem, & brou^th her son & offreden als pe
pouere scholden. And po was a man in Jerusalem pat was rijthful & meke and hijth Simeon, and he 30 desired muche pe comynge of Jesu Crist in his tyme. And pe Holy Gost pat was wipinne hym, bihi^th hym pat he ne schulde deye er pat he hadde sei^en Jesu Crist. And pilk tyme com pe Holy Gost in to pe temple, and also Josep & Marie comen forto offre Jesu in pe temple. 35
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The Pepysian Gospel Harmony 7
And pan com Symeon & name hym bitwixen his armes & Ranked God and seide : ' Nunc dimittis, Nomine, senium tuum in pace. Now letestou pi seruaunt, Lorde, vpe pi worde ben in pays.' po was pere anoper elde widue pat 5 hijth Anne, pat none houre ne passed from pe temple, bot serued God in fastynges & in brisounes nijth <fe day. And hij wisten wel pat he was Crist pilk tyme, & ponkc- den God apertelich. Now hadde Joseph & Marie gret wonder of *penges pat men seiden of pe childe. Symeon •,p.s,coi.2.]
10 blissed Item & seide to Marie : 'See $e, dame, pis childe is comen forto schewe pe wille of many of pis folk, & many schullen falle porou} penchesoun of hym, and many schollen risen porou3 him, and [b]e bis baner, ajeins wbom men schullen hym countrepleden ; & bis lif
15 pot 7^ louen as ^oure owen, schal suffre dep & passioun.' And whan Joseph badd don al pat hem fel to do in pe temple, hij retowrneden ajein to Najaretb.
§ 5 Hou bat suete Jesus was exiled.
fterward so com pe angel & apered to Joseph in
a visioim, & seide hym pat he scbulde take pe
childe & pe moder & ]?at he were m Egipte euere
tyl pat be dude hym to wyte ; for whi Heroudes
scholde seche pe childe for to slen hym. And he
aros also suipe by nijtli, and toke pe childe & pe
moder & went to Egipt, and dwelled pere til pat
25 Heroudes were ded. And whan Heroudes pe/'ceyued pat
pe kynges were retourned in to her cuntre, and pat pai
hadden so bigiled hym, pan wex he wel wrop, and sent
oneral his men & dude sle all po children in Bedleem and
of al pe cuntre abouto pat were of lesse age pan of two
30 jere vpe pe tyme pat lie hadde enquered of pe kynges pat
seijen pe sterre, Bot also suipe as Heroudes was ded, so
com pe angel to Joseph in Egipte and bad hym turne
ajein, and seide hym pat hij werera dede pat sou^tten pe
chi[l]de to sle. And Joseph dradde hym to turne ajein
35 in to Bedleem, for Heroudes son pat regned in Jude. Ac
for bis fader & for pe amonestynge of pe angel, he leddc
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pe childe & pe moder in to Galile and woned in Na3aveth. And pe cliilde wex & prof & was fill of pe grace of aln^tty God.
§ 6 Of J^c childeliode of Jhesu Crist.
And whan pat Jesus Crist was tuelue 3ere olde, so bifei at pe foste of csturne pat Joseph and Marie 5 wenten in to Jerusalem, as pai were woned to don ilch 3ere, and Jesus yedo wip hem. And whan pai sehulden rctowne f ram pe feste a3ein to Na3areth, pe cliilde hilef te bihynde in pe cite, pat pai nysten noujth, so pat hij wenten for)? a iourne & 10 wenden pat pe childe liadde ben in pe route amonge pe folk, and sou3tten pe childe amonge her aqueyntes & hij ne mijtli noujth fynde?t hym, and turned hem a3ein to Jerusalem for to seche pe childe. And pe pridd day pai founden \\ym among pe maistres of pe lawe, herande and 15 axande. And alle J^at hjm sei3en & her[d]o?i weren *lV *,<=oi 1 ] abayst of his wytt & of bis ansuere. *Aud pan spake his moder to hyw? & seide : ' Son, whi hastou done vs pis ? Wo pe haue sou3th wip myebel soroi^.' And Jesus ansuered : ' Wharf ore soi^th 36 mel Ne wite 3e nou3th 20 wel pat j moste be in my fader nodes ? ' An hij ne vnderstode noii3th what he seide, for he spake of his fader of beuene. And hij comen doune of pe temple and wenten wip hym to Na3areth. And his moder holde alle pise pinges in hire hert. And (ram pat tyme forpwardes 25 scbewed Jesus his wisdam & his curteisie day by day, and made hym to be loued of God & of pe folk.
§ 7 Hon bat Jhesus was bapti5ed.
ban seint John hym hadde bap^etl, he went in to desert tyl he wore of pritti winter elde. And pe kyngedom of Jerusalem was pan pm-ted 30 1/ II P010^ P° I»omayncs in foure parties. And po com pe Holy Gost & badde hym wendo forto precho to pe folk pat hij twnede hem forto resceyuen Crist, for he was nei3. A[nd] seint
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John went po al abonte pe flnm Jurda?i and preched pat folk schulde knoulechen her synnes, and hij were bap^ed in bis name pat scbolde com after bym. And Jones mete nas bot ramesones and wilde-nepes, & bis closing 5 of pe hero of a camayle, and a pwonge abonte bis myddol, po com pe folk of roligioura in patty me, pat weren ycleped Phariseus, forto bo baptised of hym. And seint Jon pem bad J>at pai schulden be digne to penaunce, & pat hij schulden nou^th tristen hem vpe her kynrcde pat weren
10 sumtyme so wel wip God : for whi God 11113th make also gode men of hem pat noman hadde hope jnne. And no more nolde God delaye it pat he it ne wolde done ilch man after pat he it deserued. And po askeden pe folk what hij schulden do, and hou hij n^thten be saued.
15 And seint John hem ansuered pat hij schnlden 3iue almes to pe pouere for Goddes lone. And also pai askeden hym, which were?i pe hepene baylines seruannt) pat weren yclepid publicanes, [what] pat hij schulde do. And he ansuered and seide pay ne schulde greuc noman ne fynde
20 non enchesoim to [noman] wip wrong, ac vche man holde hym to his owen dedes. And p[o] wenden al pe folk pat Jon hadde ben Crist, and senteu pe Jewes from Jerusa- lem & pe Phariseus and prestes and deknes to hym forto asken what pat he was. And he hem ansuered pat he
25 nas 110113th Crist, ne Helie, ne no propliete. And po hij bisoujtten hym pat he schulde 3iue hem sum ansuere pat hij mi3th seyen to hem pat hadden hem pider sent. And he seide hem panne pat *it was ho pat Ysaie pe propliete • [i>.4,coi.s. spak of pat schulde come tofore Crist forto make redy pe
30 weie. And po askened hij hym whi he bapti3ed pe folk sipen pat he nas 110113th Crist, ne Helie, ne no propliete. And he hem ansuered: ' Jcli,' he seide, 'lyfte 3011 of pe watere for penaunce. Ac anopcr ping is in erpe amonges 3011 pat 3e ne knowe noi^th, he pat ne hap no pere, & pat
35 is digner & more worpi pan icb am, pat schal 3011 bapti3e
in pe Holy Gost. And he schal iugge all men for suich
as he findep hem, and he schal hem 3elden mode after pat
pai haue deserued it.' And in pat tyme com Jesus fram I «
18. [what] \>at hij schuldi do]. Cf. infra, 1, 24, 21. >[o] : R 36. he] above the line.
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Nazareth to pe flura Jordan forto be baptised of Jon po Baptyst, Ac seint Jon defended bym & seide pat it bifel bettere hym to be baptised of bym, pan Jesus of bym. And Jesus ansuered & back! hym done it, for also mychel as it bifel to hem to done, to jiuen oper ensample of al 5 manere ping, & nameltch of lowenesse. And po baptised John Jesus. And whan he was baptised, and was in praiere for he?/i pat rcsceyucden baptijinge in his name, so com pe brijtlmeJsge of heuene & pe Holy Gost, & alijth wipinne hym. And pe vois com fram heuene of God his 10 fader & seide to bym : ' pou art my dere son, of wham ich am wel apayed.' And Jesws was po entred in bis prittide wyntere of elde, & juff wendeii men pat be hadde ben Josepbes son.
§ 8 Of be fastynge of oure lorde Jesu Crist.
I
lso suipe as Jesus had esceyued witnesse of al pe 15 Trinite at his baptijinge, so ledd hym pe Holy Gost, pat he was fro pe folk in desert forto be tempted of pe deuel. And wha?£ ho hadde ybe wip pe wilde sauage bestes in fastynge fourty daies & fourty nijttes, pan bigan he forto haue 20 hunger. And po cam pe deuel to hym & seide : ' $if pou art Goddes son, pan make bred of pe stones porou^ pine owen word.' And Jesus ansuered hym & seide pat man ne liuep no^th onelich in bred of bodilich sustenaunce, ac God may porouj his comauradement hole- 25 lich susteigne man. After pat toke pe fende hym & ledd hym to an heij momitayne, and schewed hym wodes & feldes & tonnes & alle pe feire pinges of pis werlde, & hijth bym pat he wolde ^iue liyin all pat he sei3 wip pat he fel adoune & honoured hym. po ansuered Jesus & 30 seide: 'Goo pou, Sathanas ; for it is writen pat man schal honoure & seme God onelich.' po tok pe fende hym ife brou^th hym to Jerusalem, & sette hym pe?-e vpon a pyler onheij in pe temple, & seide to bym 3if he were Goddes son pat he alijth adoune, for God hym hadde so 35
17. [|*]: to. 18. whan] in the margin. 29. pat] pat J>a<,
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bihoten by Dauid pe prophete pat his *aungel schulde •[p.s.coi.i.] hym bere ouer al, pat be ne hyrte hym not^th. And Jesiis ansuered hym and seide : ' God it defends pat man schulde hym assaye forto helpen jif he wolde be saued, ac helpe hym self.' po left pe fende hym pere, & pe aungela come?a doune fram heuene & serueden hym in al J?mge.
§ 9 Of be first disciples bat Jesus had wib hym.
jppen pat suete Jesus was pus in desert he com ajein to seint Jon pe Baptist, & Jon also swipe a[sj he saghj hym he seide : • Loo, here Goddes 10 ^lombe, pat dope away pe sywne of pe werlde. pis is he pat ich spak of, pat a man schulde come after me pat was tofore me. And forto schewen hym, so com ich forto baptijen hym, as pe folk & ich seijen pe Holi Gost alijth wipinne hym in liknesse of a white culuer; & pat 15 was tokne forto knowe Crist. And me he jaf pe Holy Gost whan he sent me to happen. & pe?-fore ich segge pat pis is Goddes son.' Anopei' tyme stode John & two of hise disciples & seijen whare Jesus 3ede, & he seide : ' Loo whare gep Goddes lombe ! ' And pe disciples jeden to 20 Jesu and asked hym where pat he woned. & Jesus ledde pern horn to his jn & herberewed pern pat m^ih ; for it was passed ouer none, pat on of pern two was Andrew, Simondes broper. And he went & soujth Simonde, his broper, & tolde hym pat he had foiuzden Crist, & broujth 25 hym to Jesu. And also suipe as he sei} hym, he seide hym pat he was Simond, Joharanes son, & pat he schulde hote. Peres. And on pe morne cleped Jesus Phelip, pat was her cosyn of Bethsayda, & sippen fonde Philipp Natanael & tolde hym pat he hadd fouwden Crist, & ladde 30 hym to Jesu. & whan Jesus hym seij he seide : ' pou art a ri^thful Jew in whom no treccherie nys.' And pan spak Natanael & asked Jesus hou pat he knewe hym. & Jesus seide hou pat he hadde sei^en hym vnder a fyge tree to- fore pat Phelip cleped hym. And pan seide Natanael : 35 ' Maister, pou art Goddes son, & pou art kyng of Jsrael.'
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12 The Pepysian Gospel Harmony
And Jesus hym ansuered & seide : ' Leucstou it for ich seide pe pat ich pe seij vnder pe fygere 1 More pan so mychel schaltou sene, for pou sehalt se pe heuene vndo & Goddes angels mou?2ten & alijtten vpon me.'
§ 10 Hon Jesws made wyne oft water.
"fl e pridde day com Jesws in to Galilee, & was ladde 5 B^\vnto a feste wip Lise disciples pere his moder was. 1 iAnd so bifel pat pere failed wyn. And his moder jl Fseide hym pat hij hadde no wyne. And Jesus Wr seido pat pe [hour] was noujt jut comen pat % scholde schewe his power. & po had his moder to pe 10 seniauntj pat hij scholden do al pot he badd hem • [p.5,coi.2.] do. Now were pere sexe *boketes pat pe gode man & al pe meigne wesshen of, euerilch of pe mesure of pre galouns. And Jesus bad hem pat hij schulde fallen hem ful of water. & hij fulden hem ful as suipo. & Jes?fs bad 15 hem taken hem vp and beren hem to hym pat was chief of pe fest. & hij nomen hem vp and beren hem forth. And as suipe as pe gode man hadde dronken pere of, he cleped pe botiler to hym and seide : ' Euerych wise man settep first pe best wyn, & whan pe men bep dronken pan 20 pai setten forp pat is lesse worpi. & pou haste kepte pe best wyne euer tyl now.' pis was pe first miracle pat Jesus dude. & for pat leueden hise disciples in hym.
§ 11 Hou J)at Jesus hym bare whan J>at he
schewed hym first*
S
/"^J jpen went Jesus wip his moder & wip his disciples
^ lin to Capharnaum & duelled pero a while. And 25 also swipe, ntte fest of estren, he went hym in to Jerusalem, & com wipinne pe temple and fonde pere hou men sold en oxen & schepe & culueren
J^ Jfor to offren. & he seij pere sitten pe chaungers of pe moneye forto maken her chaunge. And 30
Jes?fs made scourges of cordes & drof hem out vchon and
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her bestes, & schadde lier moneye & caste adouae lier boordes. And to hem pat selden pe culuereti lie badde hem done hem away, and pat hij inaden nomore his faders hous an hous of marchaundise. And his deciples rocorde- 5 den po pat it was writen pat pe solace of pa hous scholde bote Cristes flessh. And pe Jewes seijen hou pai demeden hym, and pan asked hij hym what tokne pat he shewed hem & where he lerned pat be badde power forto do so. And Jesus ansuered bem and seide pat ]?e[ij] hij destined
10 pa temple he wolde make it ajein in pe pridde day. And pe Jewes ansuereden hym ajein & seiden pat pe temple was in makytig sex & fourty ^ere, & pat hij mi^tten noujth leuen pat he mijth do so, ne so suipe make it a^ein. Ac hij vnderstoden of pa temple pat was made of
15 ston, ac he seide pat of pe temple of bis owen bodi. And also as he was pere at pe fest of pask many on leueden on hym for his memeiles pat ho dude. Ac he ne tristed noping in hem, for he wiste wel her hert and her pou3th. Now was pe?e po a prince of Jewes, a Pharisewe, pat men
20 cleped Nichodemus. & he com by nijth tyine to Jesu &
. seide hym pat he wist wel pat he was a Goddes halue, for
whi noman mijth do pe miracles pat he dude bot 3if God
were wip hym. And Jesws hym seide pat he more moste
bileuen, for whi no man mijth entren in to pe blis of
25 heuene bot ^if he were ybaptijed in water and porouj pe
*HoIy Gost ybore anoper tyme. And as Moyses arered pe ♦[p.6,coU. neddre in desert forto saue pe folk, also bihoued nedes pat he wore heijed on cros pat alle pat leued on hym schuldew. be saued. For so, he seide, loued God pe werlde pat he
30 jaf his son pat alle pat leued in hym schulden haue lyf wi}? outen ende. For whi God ne sent noujth his son in
to pe werlde forto dawipne it, bot he sent hym forto sauen
it. & who so leuep in hym ne schal neuer be dampned. And who so leuep in hym nou3th he schal sono ben 35 ydampned, for as myebel as he leuep nou3th iu Goddes son. And pis is pe skyl of the juggement, pat God hym sent 113th in to pe werld & pe folk loued more derkenesse pan li^tli, for her dedes weren wicked. & who so dop
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yuel he hap lener derkenesse pan bi^thnesse, pat he ne he wiptaken. And who so dof» wel, he comep boldelich to pe li3tli. & who so dop so, it seme]? wel ]?at hij he]? wip God.
§ 12 . Hou seint John bad Je$us Crist we?ide
a5ein.
After }?at com Jesus in to Jude vt'tp his deciples & 5 bap^ed ]?at folk, & John by pat oper half bap- tijed ]?e folk also. And alsone comen pe Jevves to Jones deciples & seiden }?at Jesiis bapti^iug was bettre J?an was here. And hij comen to John & tolden hym ptxt he ]?at he baptised in pe flu m 10 Jordan bap^ed in Jude, and al ]?e folk lef ten her happing and went to his. And John hem answered & seide ]?at hij wisten wel what he hem hadd tolde tofore hande oftesipes, pat he nas noi^th Crist ac he was sent toforne hym, & seide pat Jesus was as pe 15 spouse & he rijth as is frende, & J?at he had gret ioye pat Jesus was more alosed pan he. For it bihoued nedea pat Jesus wex & pat he vnwex. For whi as mychel as it is bituene heuene and erpe as mychel was bituene hem. For whi God his fader hadde jouen hym pe Holy Gost 20 wip outen mesure, & al ping he hadde iu his jiower. And perfore who so leued in hym he schulde haue pe lyf wipouten ende. And who so leued noujth in hym he ne schulde neuer see pe blis pat euer schal laste, ac God schulde euermoie be wroth wip hym wipouten ende. 25
§13
Hon Jesus left Jude & went in to Galilee.
f terward com John pe baptist & reproued Heroudes, pe kyng, of alle his wycked dedes pat he dude, & namelich of pat he hadde byreft Phelip, his | ^ broper, of his wyf & hadde hire spoused. And Heroudes hym name & dude hym bynde & kast 30 hym in prisoun. And alle pat weren in his court duden mychel aftej- John pe baptist, & hadden
28. byreft} changed to byrcfde by a later hand.
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slayn hym in haste hot pai dredden mychel pe folk. And namelich *his wyf waited hym euere forto slee, ac •[p.e.col. 2.] sche ne mijth 110113th com perto for as mychel as pat Heroudes hym kepte alway, for pat he dredde hym 5 mychel — for he wyste wel pat he was a goode holy man & a sop prophete. And as sone as Jesus herde pat John was enprisoned & pat pe Pliarisewes grachcheden pat lie baptised so mychel folk, po lefte Jesus Jude & wente in to Galilee. Xow bihoued hym passen porouj a manege
10 of folk pat was eloped Samarithanes, pat in on half weren Jewes <te in anoper lialf hij weren payens : so pat he com biside a cite pat hi^th Sykar, and he sette hym bisyde a welle. And as he satt biside pat welle, & his deciples weren wente in to pe tou?i forto bugge her mete
15 — for it was nei3 myd day of pe day — so com pej-e a womnian of pe Samarithanes forto fecche water, & Jesus bisoujt hire pat sche wolde jiue hym a drynk. & sche ansuered hym & seide, hou mijth sche ^if hym to drynk suppew pat he was a Jewe and sche a Samarithane 1 —
20 for pe Jewes ne eten nou3th ne drynken noujth wip hem. And Jesus hire ansuered and seide }if pat sche wyst what he were, sche wolde biseche hym pat he jeue hir water quyk. And pe wbmman hym ansuered pat pe welle was depe and sche uadde nou^th wliar wip pat
25 sche mijth drawe water. And sche asked hym where he scholde haue water quyk, for he nas 110113th more worpi pan was Jacob pe patriark pat made pat welle & liiijth do wip pat water what he wold, and lete his bestes drinken. And Jesus hire ansuered & seide pat who pat
30 dronke of pat watcre he scholde anope;- tyme haue prust; ac who so dronke of pat water pat he wolde ^iuen, he lie schulde neuer haue prust. .And pe womma?? hym ansuered on sconie & seide : ' Sir, jiue me of pat water.' po bad Jesus hire pat sche schuld fecche hire house-
35 bonde & comen ajein. & sche seide pat sche nadde none
housebonde. & Jesus hire ansuered & seide pat sche seide
sop, for sche had yhad fyue honsebondes & he pat helde
hire nas nouith hire housebonde. And sche retoztrned
J to oper wordes also suipe & seide : ' Sir, ich see wel pat
40 tou art a pj-ophete. Nou telle me whepe>' it is bettre
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forto honouren here, oipe;1 vpon pe mount Garajim, as deden oure auncestres, oiper in Jerusalem 1 ' Aud Jesws hire seide pat pe tyme was comen pat man purte neuer recche noiper of pat on ne of pat oper, hot put men honoure God & pe Holy Gost in alle stedes. po nnsuered 5 pe woHiman & seide sche wiste wel pat Crist scholde sone come» & scholde hem wissen & techen al pat hij scholden done. And Jesus seide pat it was hyin self. • [p.7,coi.i.] Wip pat *coinen his disciples fram pe citce, and hadden
gret wonder pat lie spak wip pe Samarithanc ; ac non of 10 hem ne asked what he asked of hir. And sche lefto pere hire boket & went hire to pe citee, & tolde to pe folk ]?at sche hadd founder a man p«t hadde hire tolde of all hire dedes pat sche had don in pryuete, & bi- fioujt[h] hem pat pei 3eden forto witen jif it were Crist 15 oiper it nere. And pat whiles his deciplos bisou^tten hym forto eten. And he ansuered hem pat lie hadde suich mete forto etera pat pay nyst noujth of. And pan asked ilch oper jif any man hadde broi^th hym any mete. And pan tolde he hem pat his mete was holelich 20 forto do pe wille of God pat hym sent in to erpe. And po comen pe Samarithanes to hym and leueden many in hym porouj pe segginge of pe womman & bisou^tten hym pat he wolde entren in to pe citee. And he entred and dwelled wip hem tuo dayes. & many leueden in hym 25 for his sarmowj & seideu to pe wo??fman : ' Nou no leue we it noujth for pi word, for we it haue yseije oure self & herde )?at he is sopfast pvophete and saueour of pe werld.' And pe pridde day went Jesus out of pe cite and com in to Galilee, & seide pat euerych prophete is werst 30 honoured in his owene cuntre pan in oper strange cuntrees. And for pan pat hij hadden seijen pe myracles pat he pere hadde don & at pe paskos in Jerusalem, so was he resceyued of pe folk of pe cuntre. 35
14-15. bisou}t[fi] ■. Hsoutftm, 32. for Jwm] hoityh for ]xm,
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§ 14 Hou bat Jesws heled ]?e prouostes son.
f terwardes com Jesus in to Cliana Galilee pere pat
he had made of pe water wyn. And pe prouostes
son was sek of Chapharnaym. And Jpilk prouost,
po he herd pat Jesus was comen in to Judee, he
com to Jem and bisoujth hym to wende in to
Cliapharnaym to helc his son. And Jesus re-
proued hym and seide pat hij nolde noujth leuen
in hym bot }if hij seljen hym do miracles. And pe
prouost bisoujth hym to haste hym suipe & go forp
10 wip hym er pat his son were ded. And Jesus hym
ansuered and seide pat his son was hole and fere. And
he loued pat Jesus hym told and jede hym forp. And as
pat ho com to Chapharnaym his sergeauntj comen ajeins
hym and tolden hym pat his son was hole and warisshed.
15 And he asked what day pat his son was Avarisched. &
bij ansuered hym and seide pat atto houre of myddayhad P
hym leteii pe maladye. And po vnderstoJe he wel pat
it was pe selue houre pat Jesus seide he was warisched.
And fram pat tyme forpwardes he bileued in Jesu, and al
20 his meynee.
§ 15 Hou ]>at Jesus preciied in be schippe to semt
Peter Jmpostle.
(jpen com Jesus to pe see of Tyberye, and mychel *Lp?,col.2. ! folk hym siwed forto here his sarmoure. And po were pere tneye scliippes liouende bisiile on po water, and pe fysshers weren went out forto jwasshe her nettes. And Jesus entred in to on (of pe schippes, pat was Simondes faders, and bisoujth hym pat he stired pe schip a litel fram pe londe. And so he sat in pe schipp and preched to pe folk. And whan pat he hadd fynyssched his sarmou??,, 30 ho bad hym styre pe schipp in to pe depe and leggen her nettes. And Simond hym ansuered and seide pat hij hadden al nijth trauailed & ne hadden ytake rijth 110113th, ac vpon hise wordes hij woldeu legge in her nettes. And . GOSPEL HARMONY C
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also suipe as h[e] hadde yleide jn his nette, lie toke so mychel fysch pat his nette to brake. And he clepid James & John, pat weren 3ebedees sones and weren Simondes felawes. And hij coniere forto helpen hym, and fylleden bope schippes so ful pat hij weren in poynt 5 forto drenchen. And whan Symond sei3 pat, he fel on knees to Jesu & bisoujth hym pat he ^ede out of pe bote for he it was pat was synful. And all hij weren agast of pe takynge of pat fysch. And Jesus ansuered to Simounde and seide : ' Haue no drede ' ; for he schulde 10 fysch after men fram pat tynie forpward. And hij also snipe broi^tten he[r] schippes to pe londe and leften al pat pai hadden & foloweden Jeswm awhile. And sipen hij retojmieden hem ajein to her myster, euer til Jesus hem cleped anoper tyme. 15
§ 16 Hon J)at Jesus com in to Na3areth.
5:
jpen com Jesus in to Nazareth pere he was
norissched. And lie aros vp on a paterday in pe
synagoge and redd a lessou?* of Ysaye pe p?-ophete,
]?at was of pe godenesse of Jesu Crist. And he
tolde hem pat it was of hym self pat pe prophetes 20
hadden oft yspoken. And hij grantedem wel and
beren hym gode witnesse, and bihelden indeilich
his fair beryrtge and hadden gret wonder of his suete
wordes, and seiden amongea hem : ' What ! Nys no^th
pis Josephes son 1 ' And Jesus hem ansuered and seide 25
pat hij mi3thten pan seggen pat he dude in pe cite pe
deuels craft as he hadde don in opere stedes; bot pat,
he seide, mijth he 110113th don : for whi no prophcte is
so mychel hono«?'ed in his owen cuntree as he is in
O g
straunge cuntrees. And for pi pe elde prophetes pan 30 maden hem straunges oiper wiser pan hij duden to her owen folk. For Elye pe prophete was noi^th sente to no widow of Jsrael whan pe hunger lasted pre 3er & an * [p.s.col.i.] * half, ac to a widewe pat woned amonge payenes in pe
cuntre of Syches, pat sche jniafcli be releued by hym ; ne 35
1. h\e\ hadde] hij hadden. 12. he[r] : h*3.
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2%e Pepysian Gospel Harmony 19
Eli3e pe prophete ne heled no mesel of Jsrael, bot Naanian pat was payene and Surryen. And whan pai herden pis, hij wexen all wrope and stirten up & caccheden hym out of pe tomi, and ladden hym upon pe anged side of pe 5 heij mounteyne and wolden haue done hym tumble adoune. And Jesus passed J?orouj hem and 3ede forpe his waye frani hem.
§ 1 7 Hou bat Jesus cleped seint Peter and his
felawes.
o bilefte Jesus Nazareth and went hym in to
iCapharnaym & bigan baldelieh for to prechen
| uid to techen men to do penauwce for her synnes,
^& seide pat pe blis of God was nei3 hem pat
wolden leue stedfastlich of pe comynge of Jesu
Crist. Aud sippe com Jesus goende by the see
of Tyberye, and sei3 Simondes fader and Andrew
15 his broper fyscha?;de in pe see. And Jesus hem cleped
to hym and seide hem pat hij comen & foloweden hym,
and he schulde make hem fysshers to fysshen after men.
And hij also suipe foloweden hym, and leften her botes
and her nettes. And as Jesus jede a litel forpermore,
20 he sei3 James & John his bropej" wip 5ebede, her fader,
dressande her uettes, & he cleped hem. And hij letten
also suipe her nettes and her fader wip her seruauut3,
and foloweden Jes?«n.
§ 1 8 Hou bat Jesus kast a fende out of a man.
fter f>at entred Jesus wip hem in to Chaphamayiii, & com in to her temple vpon a saterday. And he bygan to prechen pat al pe folk had gret wonder perof. Now was pere a man amonges hem. pat J | hadde a fende wipin hym. And pe fende bigan to crie, & asked Jesu ^if he were comen for to cacchen hym away and oper fendes out of pe londe er pat her tyme com, and seide pat he wyst wel pat he
30. hyni] hym out ; out deleted by a stroke.
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was Crist. And Jesus comaimded hy»i pat he helde bym stillc. And pe fende fleij out of pat man also suij?e, & alle po p&fc it seijen so weren abayst. And pis tiding went aboute al pe cuntree. And Jesus went bym po out of p& synagoge and com bym to Petres bous wip seint 5 James and seint John. And Petres Avyues moder was pere in a stronge feuer, & hij bisoujtten alle for hire. And Jesus hire name by pe bonden & made hire bole, & scbe aros vp also suipe & ^ede and serued hem. And also sone as pe sonne was gon to rest, so comen alle pa 10 seke & pe donibe & pe blynde & wode men pat were yboundon of pat citee to Jesus jn. And ho touched pern and hij were?* all hole. & pe fendes pat Jesus drof to- *lp,8,coi.2.] forne hym * so criden & seiden, certes pat he was Goddes
son. And Jesus hem comaunded to be stille and leteu 15 her criynge, & pat hij ne maden it noujth coup. And al on pe morne Jesus went p?-iuelich in to desert for to honouren and preye. And seint Petre went to sechen bym wip his oper felawes, and tolde hym pat al pe folk hym wayted. And po com Jesus a^ein to pe folk. And 20 whan pe folk hym badde yfoundo, hij wolde hauo holden hym wip Btrengpe pat he ne jcde efte fran hem. And Jesus hem seide pat hym bihoued to preche in oper citees as wel as pere, & went hym for]? prechynge & chascynge pe fendes toforne hym porouj out al Galile. 25
§ 19 Hon bat Jesus enchasced sex bousande & sex hundreb and sexti & sex fendes, and after passed hym ouer J>e se.
"^ o sei3 Jesus pat so gret pres of folk folowed hym, he comaunded his disciples pat hij scholden wende •& passen pe see of Tyberye toward pe cuntre of Galilee in Gerasa, And as he 3ede towardes pe
J,/ schipp, a maister seide he schulde folowe hym 30 winder so he 3ede. And Jesus hym ausuered & seide pat he nadde no stede proprelich his owen
forto wende to. 'For whi,' he seide, 'pe briddes habbep
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her nestes & pe foxes han her holes, and ich ne habbe noujtk where onne pat j may restc myne hede.' And po to anope?* maister Jesus spak & bad pat he schulde hym folowen. And ho ansuered & bisoi^th Jesum pat he 5 mijth go fyrst and birijen his fader. And Jesus hym ansuered & bad hym lete pe dede men buri^e pe dede bodyes, and pat he 3ede forto preche pe blis of God. Auoper maister pera was pat seide pat he wolde seme Jesu, bot he bisoujth hym pat he mijth wende horn &
10 ordeyne his pinges and his hous. And Jesus hym ansuered and seide pat noman schulde legge hende on plouj and loke byhynde hym ; for pat ne were no couen- able ping to pe blis of God. And whan Jesus com to pe schipp wip his disciples it was neij euensong tyme.
15 And Jesus schipp went forp wip oper schippes by pat water, and pere com a suipe stronge storme of weder pat alle pe schippes weren neiy ful of water and in pe poynt to adrenchen. And Jesus was po a slepe bihinde in pe schipp in an oriole. And his disciples comen to hym
20 and awoken hym, and bisou^tten hym pat he saued hem pat hij were noi^th perissched. And Jestus hem axede pan wbare was pan her bileue. And po were pai alle sore adradd. And also suipe Jesus comaunded pe wynde and pe see forto be stille and *pat he ne blew nomore; *[[>.9,coii]
25 and also sone it was stille. And alle pe folk hadden gret merueile pat pe wynde and pe see weren so stille and so bow3eande to his wille. And also swipe as he was ariued to pe londe, so comen tweye fendes out of pe graues, proude & wel stoute, so pat noman durste passen for hem,
30 ne no stede myjth holden hem. And alway stooden pilk tweie fendes in pe kreuesses of pe roche, criande and jellande and betande hem self ajayn pe harde roche. And also swipe as pai serpen Jesu, hij lopen ajeins hym and fellen adouw & honoureden hym, and chargeden hym a
35 Goddes halue pat he ne drof hem noujth out of pe cuntree. And also pe fendes bisoujtten hym pat he ne drof hem noujth in to helle — for he badd hem gon. And pe fendes bisoujtten hym pat he ne tourmented hem nomore. And Jesus hem asked hou many pai weren,
40 And pe fendes answereden and seidcn pat hij weren a
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legioura. (pat amounted sex pousande and sex hundred and sexti and sex.) And liij bisou^ttera hym pat lie wolde suffreft hem to entren in to swyne pat hij mi^tten passen pe* mouretaynes. And Jesus g? minted. And hij po entreden wipinne swyne, and also swi]?e Jjai lepen and 6 ronnen and adrencheden hem seluen in pe see wel in to two pousande. And po pe hirdes seijen pis hij flowen to pe citee and to pe toimnes ahoute, & tolden of pe aueynture J?at was bitydde of pe fendes and of pe swyn. And po comera pe folk alle lepande to Jesu and founden 10 a fende sittande att Jesus feete, ycladde and al hole. And hij weren all abayscht pereof, and alle hij bisoujtten hym pat he went his way fer out of pat cuntree, so mychel drede pai hadden of hym. And Jesus went hym in to pe schipp, and po J?at warisshed weren and al hole of her IS yuel, bisoujtten hym pat pai myjtten hym folowe. And Jesus badde hem dwelle and abide and tellen pe folk of pe cuntre hou pai weren delyuered of pe legioun of pe fendes. And hij wenten ouer al pe cuntree and tolden hou Jesus hem hackle warissched. And whan Jesus com 20 in to Galilee alle pe folk comen to hym, for pat hij hadden gret longyng to his comynge.
§ 20 Hon Jesus saued a man bat was paralityk, and cleped to hym seint Matliew. .
•[p.o.coU.] "fl o com Jesus in to Capharnaum and *preched in an
hous. And pere com so mychel folk and so many
maistres and so many Phariseus and seten aboute 25
hym pat noman myjth come to hym. And wp
■X pat comen foure men and brou^tten a seeke man
paralityk in a bedde, and wolden ban broujth hym
in and leiden hym tofore Jesu. And po pai seijen
pat pai mijth haue none entre for pe folk and for pe pres 30,
pat pere was, hij cloumben on J?at hovis and vnpakkeden
it and maden a gret gappe, and porouj pe couples of pe
hous hij leten pe paralityk adoune tofore Jesu. And
Jesus, wan he sauje her bileue, he seide to pe paralityk
6. lepen]'! lopen. 13. hym] above the line.
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pat his synnes were forjiuen. And pe maisters seiden pat he misdede, for whi he dude Jpat God ne fel nou^th to do, and pat was to foremen synue. And Jesus vnder- stoode also swipe what hij pou^tten and asked hem whi 5 hij pou^ttew yuel. For whi also lijthlich mi^th he for^iue his synnes as forto sauen hym of his yuel. ' And pat je witen wel pis,' he seide, ' pat ich haue power in erpe to forrjiue synnes, Arise yp,' he seide to pe paralityk, 'and take pi hedd and here it horn wip pe.' And also swipe
10 lie aros vp and tooke his bedde toforne hem alle and hare it horn. And he hym self and al pe folk ponkeden God pat he hadde 30uera Jesu swich power. And po went Jesus forp by pe coste of pe see, a[n]d al pe folk hym folowed, and he hem po bigan to preche. And as he
15 com ajein by pe toun he seij a man ioynen a fatte, pat hijtte Mathie Leui. And Jesus hym badde pat he it vndede. And he also swipe bilefte alto gyder and 3ede wip Jesu, and made hym a gret gaderynge of folk in his hous. And many puplicanes and oper synful men comen
20 & eten wip Jesu and wip his deciples. And pe maisters and pe Phariseus comen and axeden of Jes«s disciples whi pat he ete wip swich folk. And Jesus answered & seide pat he com forto clepe synful men to penaiwce & none rijthful men. For whi pe hole man ne hap no
25 nede of leche ac pe seeke man hap myster, and God hap leuer pyte and mercy pan vengeaiwce. po comen seint Jones disciples pe baptist, and pe Pli[a]riseus, pat fasteden, and axeden whi Jesus disciples fasteden noujth as pat hij duden. And Jesus ansuered hem and seide
30 pat it ne bifel noujth pat felawes pat weren at pe bride
ale schulden fast penvhile pat pe feste lasted , *ac it schulde • ri>. io> come pe tyme pat pe bridale schulde reste & pan schulden
hij fasten. And on oper half he hem seide pat no wise man makep none olde elopes of newe clope3, for whi pe 35 newe clop wolde tere pe elde & pan were it wers. Ne no wise man dope pe newe wyn to pe elde lyes, for hope hij scholde pevisschen. Ne noman pat hap goode elde wyn nyl dryuke of pe newe wyn, for pe elde likop hym bettre.
13. a[n}d : ad. 21 . axeden] axe- touched up over
rubbed surface, 27 • Ph[a]riseus : phiriseug.
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§ 21 llou Jesus reised a man fmm de]> to lyue & waiisshed a womman.
nd po Jesus hadde pern pus yseide so com pere a prince J>at hijth Jayrus, & fel on knees to Jesus feete & honoured liym & bisoi^th hym J?at lie scholde come & touclie his doi^tter pat was panne fnei3 dede] — & he ne hadde no childe bot on. 5 And Jesus aros vp also swipe and jede \rip hym, & his deciples hym foloweden and gret pres of oper folk wip hem, and a womman pat hadde pe flux bledande twelue yexe (pat vpe pe elde lawje non swich ne schulde come in no cite amonges no men). And so pm 10 hadd pat womman dispended in leches al pat sche hadd, and hir nas 110113th bot pe wcrs. So bitydd pat pis womman com in pe prees among pe folk & touched pe elopes of Jesu, for sche seide to hir self }if sche myjth touches pc skirtes of Jesus mantel pat sche schohle ben 15 hole. And Jesus wipstoode and asked who touched hym. & none of alio wolde ben aknowe. & seint Peter ansuered & seide J?at it was gret wonder pat he wolde asken who pat hym touched, for why al pe folk pan presed 011 hym & aliened hym. And Jesus seido he wiste wel pat summe 20 hym hadden touched, for whi he hadd a vert u J?at was gon fram hym forto helen sum wijth, And Jesws stoode stille & bihelde who it was. And pe womman, whan sche sei'3 pat sche ne myjth 110113th ascape, she com quakeand & fel on knes to Jesus feet and criede hym 25 mercy & tolde toforn al pe folk hou hir was bitydde. And Jesus badde hir wende in pays, for her trewe bileue hadde hire saued. And whan Jesus hadd pus yseide, so comen pe princes sergeauntes and tolden hym pat his dou3tter was ded, and pat he ne trauailed Jesu noi^tli for 30 hire forper. And Jesus, whan he herde pis, badde hym pat he ne dreddera hym nou3th, bot pat he leued sted" fastlich pat he rr^th hire helen, & he schulde hire sauen. And whan Jesus com in to pe prynces hous, pan fonde he
5. [wei'3 dede] : cf. Later IVycliJUe Version, Mk. v, 23, ny$ deed. 24. com] c nearly defaced.
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pe maydcn ded, & pe folic wepeande & pleyneande for Lire dep. And Jesus badde pat hij ne schulde nor^th wepen, for whi *sche nas 110113th ded. And po hij scorneden " Cp- **i hym alle. & Jesus drof hem alle out of pe hous, & took 5 pe fader & pe maydens model & seint Peter & seint Jame [&] his broper, & comen jn pere sche lay, & name hire by pe honde & seide alonde : ' Maiden, aryse vp.' & sche aros vp also swipe & 3ede for]?. And Jesus comaunded pat men schulden jiuere hire mete, for whi 10 sche was of tuehie jere olde. And Jesus defended hem gretlich pat pai ne scholden tellen it noman. And no3th for pan pe womman jede & telde al pe cuntre hou pat hir was bitydde.
22 Hon J)at Jhesus warisshed two
blynde men.
nd as Jesus went hym pennes ward, so com he
& melte tweie blynde men ; & hij criden mercy to
Crist. And whan Jhesus com horn to his jn, hij
comen toforne liym. And Jesus hem asked }if
pai leued pat he mijtli warisschen hem : & hij
seidcn, '^e.' And Jesus hem ansuered & seide,
rijth as pai leueden so were it don. & hij sei3en
also swipe. And Jesus po hem defended gretlich pat hij
3eden & tolden it noman : and hij 3eden forp & tolden
ouer al pe cuntre. And also swipe as hij weren ygon, so
was hym presented a doumbe man pat hadd a fende
25 wipinne hym. And pe folk hadden gret wonder, and
seiden pat pere nas neuere er yseijen non swich in Jsrael.
And pe Phariseus seiden pat he drof away pe fendes
porou3 pe power of Beljebnb, her prince.
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§ 23 Hou J)at Jhesus was despised in his
owen cuntree.
Sjppen went Jesus in to his owen cuntre, to Najareth, wip hise deciples, and preched in J>e tounnes aboute. And pe folk had gret wonder of his wytt and of his werkes, & bigunnen forto speken amonges hem & seiden : * What 1 Nys 5 pis nou3th Jose pes son, pe carpenter, & Maries* And J?e men & pe wymmen of his kynde, ne sitten hij nou3th alle here amonges vs 1 ' & alle pus hij seten & despisoden hym amonges hew. And Jesus hem ansuered & seiile pat prophetes weren ouer al honoured saue in her 10 owen cuntre, & namelich [hi] po pat scholde ben her frendes & her aqueyntes. And pus weren hij so mysbi- leuande pat he ne my 3th noi^th helen pere hot wel fewe, & J»at was porouj touchynge of honden. And Jesus hym schewed so pat hij hadden alle merueile pere of, 15
§ 24 Hou J>at Jesus ches hym his
twelue apostles.
fterward went Jesus precheande ouer al pe contre of Galilee. & so mychel folk hym folowed of co.'l. /■ a^e Pe londes abouten, * & so many seek weren
broujth, pat hij ne mijtten nou^th alle comen to hym. And po went Jesus Ype pe monnt of 20 Thabor forto honouren, and al ny^th he dwelled pere in disomies. And vpon pe morowe he cleped his deciples to hym & ches hym pere pe twelue apostles. And seint James & seint John he cleped his Boanerges (pat is also mychel as pe ponder sones). And whan he 25 hadde chosen pe tuelue apostles & hadde hem yne[mp]ned, ho deliuered hem pe ten comaundement3 of pe newe lawe — noujth porouj destresse, ac porou^ pe manere of biheste — & seide : 'Yblissed be pe gostful pouere : for pe blis of heuene so is hires. Yblissed be pe bonair : for hij schullen 30 haue pe londe. Yblissed ben [hij] pat wepen : for hij
25. sones] sounes. 26. yne[mp~\)W(l : yneipmned.
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schullen be conforted. Yblissed ben hij pat desiren rijthfulnesse as in mete & in drynk : for hij schullen he filde. Yblissed ben hij pat ben merciable : for hij schullen haue mercy. Yblissed ben hij pat ban clene hertes : for 5 hij schullen seen God. Yblissed ben hij pat louen pes: for hij schullen ben cleped Goddes sones. Yblissed ben hij pat habbep schame & anoy^e for rijth : for hiren is pe , blis of heuene.' And whan he hadde pus yseide, he turned his wordes to J?e apostles and gan hem teche, and
10 seide what hij sehidden be, & seide hem put hij mosten be wel profiter and sikerer pan any of pe maisters oiper pe P[h]ariseus of pe elde lawje : for win pei weren pe 113th of pe werld pat scholden techen alle oper, & gouernen, & wissen. And whan Jesus hadd hem ytau^th pe werkes
15 profitelich — what hij schulden do, & pe vnderstondywg pat hij scholden haue in her bileue, & hou hij schulden fleije pe fals prophetes pat wolden hem aspyen — po went Jesus doun wip hem to pe folk pat hem abiden in a faire pleyne.
§ 25 Hou bat Jesus warissched and heled alle
}>at comen toward es hym in be pleyne,
Than Jesus com amonges hem in pe pleyn, pe folk preceden alle vpon hym forto heren hym speke, & forto ben yheled & warissched of hym : for whi 0 vertu so com from hym pat heled all po pat hym toucheden. And po bigan Jesus to rehercen pe ten comaundementj & pe sarmoun pat he hadd preched to his apostles schortlich, and seide hem pat hem byhoued to be of more stedfast bileue pan hij pat weren of pe elde lawje, and pat hij mosten louen her enemyes, and ben deboneire and suffrande 30 in alle pinges, and done to eueryche man as hij wblden
pat men duden to hem. And he seide * pat hij mosten ben *[p. 11, swich in alle poyntj pat pe mysbileuande folk ne teken no wicked ensample of hem, & pat hij scheweden her Cristendow in dede, & nou^th in woorde al one. And
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atte ende he seide, pat po pat dyden pat pai herden of hym ne schulde pai neuer ben ouercomen, nomore pan pe hous pat hap goode foundemeut ne fallep for wynde ne for watre : bot pat pat hap fals foundement it ne may suffre no tempest arst it freschehe]? a»d fallep al adoune. 5
§ 26 Hou bat Jesus heled a mesel of
his raaladye.
ban Jesus hadde bended bis sarnioun be jedo adoun & com wip pe folk towardes Capharnaym, so com pere a mesel & honoured hym & fel adoun toforno bym on his knees and seide : ' Sir, jif )?ou wilt, pou my3tb make me hole.' & Jesus 10 hym touched & seide : ' J wil. Now be clene.' And also swipe he was al hole. And Jesus hym badde pat he ne schulde telle it soman )>at he hadde bym warisshed", ac pat he jede to offre» pe offrande pat he comaunded pat pei schulden offren pat wolden be 15 warissched and be clene. And he wente hym foip and tolde oucr al pe cunlre pat Jesus hadde hym warissched, and made so mykel folk comen to Jesu pat be ne myjth noujtb entren in to pe cite wip pat folk, and for pan nedes he nioste holden hym wip outen in deserte for pe gret 20 pres of pe folk : and jut com pe folk more & more in ilche a syde to hym, bot many tyme he jede fram hem in to desert forto honouren bis fader in heuene.
S 27 Hou J)at Jhesus heled centurions seruant.
I T"pon a tyme J>an entrede Jesus in to Capharnaym.
no ^
I J
& comep a gret cliyueteyn of an huudrep kuijttes, 25 pay ens, pat hadde pere a sergeaunt pat was smyten wip pe palesie, and bisoujtb pe most honourable Jewes of pe cite pat pai wolden bisecbe Jesu for hym pat he wolde helen his seruaunt, for he was hym wel leue and dere. And hij comen to Jesu 30 & bisoujtten hym inderlich J?at he wolde helen centurions
19. for \>ani] nou^thfor fyan.
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sergeaunt. And hij seiden hym pat it were wel worpi pat he dude it hym, for whi he loued mychel pe folk, & pat he hadde made a synagoge. And Jesus hem answered and scide pat he wolde done it gladlich, & jede hym 5 piderwardes. And whan Jesus com nei'3 pe hous pe conestable sent hise frendes to Jesu, and sent hym *hode *tP-11*' pat he ne schulde trauailen hym pider, for whi [h]e was noujth worpi pat Jesus come in his hous. Ac pat Jesus wolde sigge pat he were hole, & pan wist he wel pat he
10 schulde be wavissched : for oper wijtte it had ytolde hym & his sergeaunt also, aud lie leued wel ]?at pe ynel schulde passen away and he schulde ben hole, jif Jesus it conr aunded. And whan Jesus herde pis, he turned hym and scide to pcin pat hym foloweden : ' Jch ne liauo
15 noujth founden so mychel treupe in a Jew als in J»is payene. And ich jou sigge ]?at many paeues schullen comen from ferre to pe blisse of God & schullen ben wip pe patriarkes in rest, & pise wicked folk schullen be cast in to pe pyne wip outen ende.' And po scide Jesus of pe
20 conestable to hem pat weren sent to hym : ' Kijth also be it as he hap yleued.' & hij turneden horn & founden pe sergeaunt warissched.
28 Hou bat Jliesus sent his twelue
apostles forto prechen.
jjppen went Jesus porouj alle pe citees and porouj
1 alle pe castels, prechande and warisschande pe
25 ^ seek. And so mychel folk hym folowed pat hij
.comen as it weren wery schepe pat weren ouer-
Icomen by pe weye. And po cleped Jesus his
Jtuelue apostles, and jaf hem power & myjth for to
dryuen away pe fendes & for to warisshen alle pe
30 seeke, and sent hem oucr nl, and bad hem gon baldelich
among pe Jewes and prechen pat Crist was neij : and wip
outen any mede pat hij hcleden al pe folk. And he bad
hem pat hij ne bere wip hem gold ne syluer ne oper godes
by pe waye, ne pat pai ne bere neiper brede ne scrippe ne
7. [h]e: ne. 23. J«] above the line. 25. so] so so.
32. and wityuten] and wip outen and «'ij> oxUen.
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kirtels tweye ne staf, bofc onolich licm self vpon fete ami a jeide in her honde. And whan pai comen to cite oiper to castel, axen pan who ware worpi to resceyuen hem, & pan gon & offre pere pordoun, and pere to duellen til pat hem liked to wende pennes. And pat hij eten and 5 dronken swich as men setten toforn hem. And jif any man hem refused, pan badde he hem wende out of pe citee oiper out of pe castel, & pat [hij] schulden wypen pe dust vnder her feete vpon her heueden in witnessynge pat hij ne hadden noping of heren. And he seide hem pat 10 Sodom & Gomorie schulden haue softer juggement pan liij schulden haue pat resceyued hem noujth. And sippen * fy, 12, warned Jesus hem of pe pcynes & of pe tourmentyng * pat hij schulden suffre for his loue. And he badde liem he wyse as seint Petre and symple as a douue. And at pe 15 ende he counforted hem and seide who so hadde stedfast bileue he schulde be saf, and hij pat hem resceiueden schulden haue also goode mede as hij pat resceiueden hym sel[f], oiper God almy^tty, his fader. And po he hadde hem ytaujth what hij schulden done, & pus swetlich 20 hadde hem ycounforted, hij wenten oner al aboute pe cuntre, and precheden penaunce, and dryuen pe fendes away, and smereden alle pe seek and hem heleden.
§ 29 Hou bat Jhesus reised J»e wedewes
doU5tter from dej> to lyue.
K
o went Jesus in to a cite pat liijtli Naym, and his
deciples 3eden wip hym and mychel folk also. & als 25
he neijed pe jate of pe citee so com a ded body
I Jf vppon a here a3eins hym, and pe folk of pe cite
foloweden it. & it was a widewes doujttere, and
sche ne hadde nomo pan hire. And sche jede
wepeande and pleynand her doujttere. And Jesus, 30
whan he sei3 hire wepe, hadde gret pyte of hire, & badd
hire pat sche ne weped noujth. And he jede and touched
pe here, & hij pat beren it stoden stille. & Jesus seide
to pe ded, 'Aris.' And sche aros vp also swipe and
8. wypen] wyrpen. 19. sel[fj : seluen.
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bigan to speke. And Jesus hire nom by pe honde and bitooke hir her moder. & al pe folk po weren abayscht and ponkeden God. And pat dede went porouj out al Jude, and al aboute pe rewme. And Jones deciples, po 5 Baptist, coraen pere he was in prisouw, and seiden hym of pe merueile pat Jesus haddc done, forto witen of hym certeinlich }if pat he were Crist.
§ 30 Hou J?at seint John be Baptyst
sent to Jesu.
eint John hem ansuered & seide pat hij myjtten seenc hem seluen and heren pat ho was Crist,, and 10 ^ badd hem gon to Jesu on his halue & axe hym $if he schulde schewen hym self pat he was Crist, ,oiper vche man it schulde vnderstondo of oper. And whan hij comen to Jesu pai seiden hym as seint John hym sent bode. And Jesws po waiis- 15 sched and heled many pat weren seek and ywounded, & he jaf speche & sijth to many pat weren blynde & dombe, & he drof away fendes ; & seide to Jones mesageres pat hij wentcw ajein to Jon & tellcw hym pat pai hadden *herd * Li>- is, & seene. 'Seggep to hym,' seide Jesus, ' pat po blynde 20 seen, pe croked gon, pa mesels ben clene, pe def heren, pe dede risen and lyuew, & pe pouere ben chosen for to preche Goddes woord, and hij ben yblissed pat ne ben noujth myspaide wip me.' And whan pat Jones mes- sagers bep agoo, pan seide Jhesus to pe folk of seint Jolin, 25 J?at he nas noujth like a rede pat stirep and wawep wip cuerych wynde, 'ne he is 110113th norisched wip deliciouse metes and drynkes as oper men bep in pis werld, ne he nys no prophete ; ac he is more pan a prophete, for he is pe aungel pat God bihett pat schulde come & make pe woye 30 to fore Crist.' And atte ende he seide pat pere nas neuer 3ut non heijer man ybore of womraaa. And al pe folk pat weren happed of hym, po pai herden pat Jesus pus
pra[i]sed hym, pan herijedeu hij God & ponkeden hym. % §
17. mesagercs written on erasure : -set- almost defaced. 26. ivynde] ivyn written on erasure.
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Ac pe maistres and pe Phariseus pat weren noujtli bap- tised of hym, so had den scorne of pat Jesus seide. & whan pat Jesus seij pat, he seide it ferde also by hem as of pe children pat nolden noiper laujen ne wepen wip her felawes. ' John po baptist,' he seicle, ' etep no bred ne drynkep no wyn, and je siggep pat he is wode : and ich ete and drink, and 30 siggep pat ich am a glotouw and dronkelew, & pat ich am frende to pe publicanes and to pe syraful men,'
S 31 Hou Jliesus conuerted J>e Maudeleyne.
J J
o bisoujth a Pharisev Jcsu pat he schulde ete wip 1 0 hyra. And Jesus entred in to his hous & sette hym to pe mete. & a woinrnan pat hadde seuene fendes wip inne» hire, & was alosed for a synful womman in pat cite, herd telle pat Jesus etc pere. & sche nom a box of oynement & jede & stoode byhynden 15 hym, & smered Jesus feete, and wette al his feete Avip teres of her eijeu, and wiped hem wip here her, & kissed his feete & smered hem. & po pat pe Phariseu it seij pat Jesus hir suffred pus for to touchen hym & forto smeren his fete, he pou3th onon in his hert pat 3if he 20 were verray prophete he schulde wite what womman sche were, & pat sche was synful, and noujth suffren hire forto touchen hym so also sche dude. And po ansuered Jesus to pat Phariseu & seide, ' 0 ping j haue to telle pe. & he bisou^th hym & seide, ' Gode maister, telle onon,' 25 And pan seide Jesus, ' A creauncer hadd tweie dettours, & pat on ai^tte hym fyuo hundrep pens and pat oper aii3tte hym fyfty pens. Now ne hadde pai noiper where * [p. is, of forto 3elden * it, & he fotyif pat dette to hem bope.
Now,' aske ich, ' Wheper loued he most V ' Jch leue,' 30 quop pe Phariseu, 'pat he forjaf most.' And Jesus hym seide pat he hadde rijth iugged. And po Jesus biturned hym to pe womman & bigan to seggen : ' Simond, seestou pis womman 1 Jch entred in to pine hous aud pou ne 3eue no watere to my feete, & sche wette my feete wip 35
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hire teres & wiped my fete wip hire here. And pou ne kissedest nou^tli my mou]?, & sche ne letted noujth su]?J?e pat sche com in forto kisse my fete. And pou ne wessche nou^th myn heued ne myne eijen, and sche haj? smered 5 myne feete wip oynement — for which ping ich telle it pe pat many synnes hen hire forjiuew. And perfore ich loue hire mychel ; for win to wham pat most is foi^iueji, most is louecl.' And po seide Jesus to pe wommart pat hire synnes were forrjiuew. And hij pat seten atte mete
10 ^oujtten : ' "What is he pis pat may f o^inen synnes ] ' And Jesus hire seide : ' Goo, womman, and he in pes.' — For hir hileue hadde hire saued. And sche 3ede and dude hire wip oper men pat Jesus hadde heled of her sekenesses & pat hem seweden and founden hem, spendynge
15 of her owene propre goodes — Johan pat was Herodes stiward kokes wyf, & Susanne, & many oper — and sewe- den Jesu porouj pe citee & pe castels oner al pere he preched.
32 Hou Jesus ches hym sixty and
twelue deciples.
fter wardes pan ches Jesus hym sexti & twelue disciples, & sente hem toforne hym tweie & tweie to gyder oner all pe cuntrees pete he wolde come. And he badde hem goo swipe, & ]?at hij ne beren noiper hagge ne scrippe ne hosen ne schone : bot forto schewen & wytnesse pes ouer al where so hij comen, to eten oiper drynken what so men hem 3euen, and ]?at hij heleden pe seek ouere al where so J?ai founden hem, wip outen any mede, and pat hij duden pe folk to vnderstonde pat Crist was neer honde hem. And }if any cite forsooke hem, J>an had he hem pat hij 30 schulden gederen pe dust vnder her feete, and seyen hem pat hij ne wolden nomore of her dust resceyuen, sippen J?at hij ne wolden nou^th knowlechen her synnes & heren her* prechyng. And )?at pai schulden tellen pat Crist was nei} honde, & pat ]?ai wisten wel pat Sodom and Gomorre GOSPEL HARMONY B
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*li'\\' schulden haue softer *iuggement at pe day of dome pan hij schulden haue. 'For who so reseeyuep 3011, he reseeyuep me ; and who so despise}? jou, lie de^pisep me. & who so despisep mo, he ne despisep hot pe deciple of hym pat me sent hider.' And po bignn Jesus to blame 5 pe citeej pere he hadde preched and done many myracles, for pat hij wolden do no penaunce — Corajim, Bethsayda and Capharnaum ; & seide pi pat so many myracles hadden ben done among pe payenes hij wolden hau don penaunce, and perfore hij schulden haue harder iuggement 10 pan pe payenes.
§ 33 Hou bat Jesus resceyued his deciples whan hij comen a3ein to hym.
A;
rid also sone afterwardes retowrneden .Jesus deciples ajein to hym wip mychel ioye and tolden hym pat po fendes weren bowjeande to hem in his name. And Jesus hem seide pat hij 15 schulden haue power for to enchacen pe serpentes and pe scorpions and al manere fendes in his name, and noujth in her owene name : bot pot hij lokeden hem wel from reyn glorie. ' For whi,' he seide, ' ich seij Sathan als dust fade fram lieuene for his 20 pride. And 31'f pat pe fendes ben sogettes to jou ne haue 3e perfore no pn'de ne ioye, ac pere of bep fid ioyous pat je ben chosen to pe blis of heuene by name.' And in pat ilk tyme bigan Jesus to assaye pe Holy Gost and jolde graces, & panked God his fader pat he hadde chosen pe 25 symple and pe lowe of hert to echewe hem so gret pinges, and noujth pe wise ne po hei3e men. And pan seide he & badde pat alle po pat were trauailed & charged scholden come to hym & he scholde hem conforten. And after- wardes he seide to his deciples pat pai Averen blissed pat 30 myjtten seen hise werkes & heren his techynges. For whi many prophetes & kynges hadden desired it & nas it hem 110113th. ygraunted.
1 8. owene] above the line.
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34 Hou Jesus answered hem J?at hym aakeden which was be grettest comaundement of be law5e.
o aros vp a giet mayster of pe laAVO and asked of
t Jesu what he schuldo do pat he my^th haue pe lyf
Jwip outen ende. And Jesus hym asked what
comaunded pe law^e pat man schulde done. & he
ansuered and seide pat he[in] it comaunded pat man
schulde loue God craer al ping in his liert and in his
soule and wip al his power and his pou3th, and his
nei3bor3e as hym self. And Jesus hym badde so do *& Igf'^t'
he schulde liaue pe lyf wip outeu ende. & he asked who
10 was his nerjbui^. And Jesus hym seide euerychman, &
tolde hym a tale of a man pat 3ede from Jerusalem to
Jerico and was taken wip peues and despoiled and
wounded al to pe deth. And a preest pat sei3 hym lete
hym ligge, and a dekne pat com after wardes also. Ac a
15 Samiritane, pat was paene also, pan hadde pite of hy7?i
and sette hym on his beeste and ledde hym horn & wesche
his woundes wip oyle & wyne & serued hym pat ni3th.
And vpon pe moras he took tweie pens to pe ostler and
bisoi^th hym to take goode 3eme to hym til pat he com
20 ajein, and he schulde hym 3elden al pat he hadde more
yspended. And pan asked Jesus of pe maister which of
all pie was nei3bor3 to hyiii pat was wounded. & he
ansuered pat he pat hadde pite of hym. And Jesus
badde hym gon & done also, pat is to sigge, pat he
25 schal done to euerych man as to his nei3bor3«
10. Jesus] hym deleted between Jesus aud hym seide. 18. took] hym deleted between took and twtic pens.
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\ §35 Hou Martha herberewed Jesu Crist.
Afterwardes com Jesus in to a castel & entred in to Marthas hous (Maries suster Magdalene), and sche peyned hire to make Jesu wel att eise and for to semen hym to paye als sche was woned to done. Ac Marie lete hir al done hir will and jede hire 5 & satt att Jesus feete forto here his wordes. And pan com Martha and stoode tofore Jesu and seide : ' Sir, ne nyme 3e no jeme lion pat my suster letep nie seruen hy my self al one ? Biddep hire pat sche helpe . . me.' And Jesus hire ansuered & seide: 'Martha, Martha, 10 pou art wel hesy aboute many pinges & now nys myster bot of o }?iug. Marie hir hap chosen pe better part which ne schal nou3th hir be yreft.'
§ 36 Hou Jesus tau5tte his deciples to pray en.
ipen bifel pat Jesus was in a orisomi, and whan he
hadde don on of his deciples bisou3th hym pat he 15
schulde techen hem forto bisechen, as John pe
baptist hadde tan^tt hise deciples. And Jesus hem
Ibadde seggen her Pater noster ententiflich & wip
'goode wille. 'And rijth wip pat com on of his
goode frendes and bisou^th hym of a lof for pe 20
comynge of sum gest and betep at pe dore and criep,
and he ne wolde noujth lete hem bane rest ne hise
children slepe. $\f al ne dude he it nou3th for lone bot
forto deliueren hym [he wil] arise vp and 3if hym more
* [p- is, pa[n] he asked.' Also *seide Jesus : ' Who so bisechep 25
ententiflich wip opera hert his prayer schal ben herd
toforne God. For whi pilk men pat han children, pei3
pat pai ben wicked hem self, 3iue hem of her goode and
contrarie hem nou3th : and 3utt wel more schal pe fader
of heuene 3iuen to hem pat hym bisechen wip goode hert 30
wille.'
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37 Hou Jesus excused his deeiples of t>at
hij tooken pe spices vppon pe sabat.
"n pat tyme bifel pat Jesus went vpon a day porou3 pe corne. And his deciples weren afyngred and ^eden to fore Jesu and tooken hcni spyce8 and f rote- den pe kyrnels bitwixen her hondes and eten. And pan comen pe Jewes and pe Pliariseus and nomen hem and biwryeden hem to Jesu pat hij hadden so done vpon her sabat. And Jesus hem axed jif pai hadden [njoujth redde in book hou pat Dauid ete pe haly brede pat noman schulde ete hot pe preest whan he ne hadd nou 10 oper mete. And on anoper half he seide pat prestes pat semen in pe temple and honouren [110113th] pe sabat ben e[x]cused poroii3 pe dignite of pe temple, ' And here ben summe pat ben digneor & more worpi pan pe temple. And jif pat 3c vnderstoden what pe scripture seip, pat 15 God louep more mercy pan vengeaunee, 3e ne hadden noujth dampned pe jnnocem^. For win pe sabat is made for man, and man noi^th for pe sabat : and ich am lord of pe sabat.'
§ 38 Hou ]?at Jhesus heled pe paralitikes
honde.
pon a noper sabat Jhesus precbed in a synagoge, & so was pere a man toforne hym pat his ri^tli honde was paralityk. And pe maistres and pe Pliariseus so aspieden jif he wolde helen any man vpon pe sabat, for pai wold en by wrycn hym. And \^ / oper pere weren pat axeden ^if any man schulde helen oper on pe sabat. And Jesus comaunded pe man pat he 3ede and stoode aniyddes pe flore. And he 3ede and dude so. And Jesus hem axed 31'f me[n] scholden do goode oiper ynel vpon pe sabat. & hij helden hem stille & ne ansuereden nou3th. And Jesus po to hem seide which 30 of hem it were pat nolde 1103th wasche his schepe vpon pe sabat jif it were fallen in a foule diche. And 3utt we
11. [iwu^th] Cf. ML xii, 5. len] and ben,
12. e[x]cused : eneused. Cf. heading of § 37.
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raper scholde a man helen anoper pan he scholde done a schoep. And pan seide Jesus : • Jcli redo wel pat men *[r.i6, done good dedes vpon pe sabat.' And he bigan to *loken on hem rijfch wropelich for pat lie was atened of hem pat hij weren so blinde. And po he seide to pat man pat he 5 stretched forp his honde. And he putte for)? his honde and was as swipe hole.
§ 39 Hou ])at Jesus warissched hem alle bat hym
foloweden.
"fl o went pe Phariseus and pe publicanes and bis- B^^Ypeken hou pai mi^tten destruen and ouercomen I Ijesu. And Jesus went hym po wip his deciples 10 I »tovvard pe see, as he hadd fledd hem. And gret 1/ poeple of folk folowede hym on ylch a syde. And J pere he heled alle pe seek pat toforne hym weren. And po went Jesus in to schipp and sette bym pere jnne for pe pres of folk. And hij seten aboue« on 15 pe brynk. And Jesus bigan to prechen, and bisoujtt hem pat hij ne schulde noujt tellen where pat he were. & pe fendes per pey seijen hym comen, fellen on knees toforne hym and seiden pat he was Goddes son. And Jesus hem defended pat hij ne schulden noujth it schewen 20 & preted hem gretlich 3if hij it duden.
§ 40 Hou pat Jesus, warisshed ]?e wode blynde man bat had a fende wibinne hym and drof f hym out of hym.
jjppen com Jesus in to an hous, and pe folk hym I folowede and precede so mychel aboute hym pat he
ne his deciples mijtten nou^th eten. And his deciples khelden hem yuel bigiled & noujth ypaied pat Jesus 25 lwas so besy & so peynyble aboute pe folk for to [helen hem. And hij jeden out forto fecchen hym
ju. And Jesus nolde noujth lette perfore, ac name
6. puite] pulte. 22. hym] hyym.
t drof] dro- smeared.
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a woode blynde man to hym, pat was also doumbe, and drof a fende out of hym. And also swipe he bigan to speke. And alle pe folk seiden po pat it seined wel pat lie was Crist. And pe maistres & pe Phariseus pat weren 5 of Jerusalem, seiden pat he drof pe smale fendes away porouj pe power of Beljebub her prince. And he cleped hem alle po to gydre and ouercome hem wip fyue resouns pat hij seiden J?at mijth noujth be sop. And panbadden hij hym pat he schewede hem sum tokne vpe pe fir-
10 mameut and porouj pat schewen hem his power. And whan Jesus seij pe folk hem wrappen, Jesus hem ansueved & seide pat hij ne schalden naue non oper tokne pan of Jonas pe prophete. For whi, Ti^th as Jonas was pre nijltes & pre *dayes in pe whales wombe and sipen was *[p. 16,
15 [cast vpon pe loud], in tokne pat pe folk of Nynyue scholde ben ysaued jif pat hij wolden leuen in hym ; and als schulde Jesus hym self be grauen in erpe and afterwardes arise from dep to lyve, in tokenyng pat alle po pat leueden in hym schulden arise fram dep to lyue. And
20 po seide Jhesus pat pe folk of Nynyue schulden hem dampuen atte day of iuggement for pat hij leueden Jonas prechyng pat ne schewede none inerueiles, and hij nolden noujth leuen hem pat dude so many myracles ; and [also] schulde pe quene of Saba done, pat was paen, for pat
25 sche com fram so fer forto heren pe wisdom of Salomon ; and hij ne wolden noujth leuen in hym pat taujtte hem pe lawje of God in her owen cuntre wel bettere pan dude Salamon. And he tolde hem pat also schulde bitide hem as bitidd pat man pat hadde a fende wipinne hym and
30 was dryuen out of hym, and he ne wolde hym noujth amenden. And pan com pat fende ajein to pat man and broujth wip hym seuen wers fendes pan he was, and entrcden in to pat man wip al pat foule felawschipp. And whan he hadde seide pise wordes so swetelich and so
35 wyselich, so com a womman in a kyitel and al pe folk, cryeande wip heije voice : ' Yblissed be pe wombe pat pe bare, and pe tetcs pat pou soukedest.' And Jesus hir ansuered : ' Ac certes, blissed ben hij pat heren Goddes
6. 7ws] hij with ij deleted & e written above. 15. [cast vpon \e lend] cf. J<mas, ii, 11.
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worde and kepcn it.' And as Jons spak pus peyniblelich to pe folk, so com his modere wip bis cosynes and sente bym bode pat be schulde come and spoke wip hir. And Je^us ansuered to hem p.it hym clepeden, pat alle po pat herden his worde and deden it, he loued also wel as his 5 [moder] oiper his kynred.
§ 41 Hou Jesus ansuered to J>e Pharisew pat
hym blamed.
"M o bisoujth a Pharisew Jesu pat he com and ete ■^*\wip hym. And he graunted. And als he was 1 lysette to pe mete, pe Phariseu po^th in Ins hert 1 mP^ Jc^us trespassed, for as mychel as Jesus ne 10 M/ aros noujth tofore pat he ete, after pc vsage of her | lawje, als hij hem seluen duden. And Jesus hym vndernam of his wicked poujth & of h[is] ypoc- risie, and pe maisters of her wicked ensamples. And he seide hem pat wel harder itiggement and vengeaunce pan 15 eiiere jutt was taken sipen Abel was sleyn, schulde pan God take on hem for her mysbileue.
§ 42 Hou J>at Jesus tan^tte his deciples to flei5e?i auariee by ensaumple of tweie freres.
♦ [p. lo, * | f terwardes so bifel pat pere was to mychel pros co " ** A aboute Jesu of folk. And pan bigan he apertelich
forto warnen his deciples of ypocrisie, pat hij 20 kepten hem wel perfram. And he warned hem, and badde hem be bolde of pe persecuciouns and tourmentyng pat pe Phariseus schulden hem done for his loue. And so com on of pe folk and bisou3th Jesu pat he wolde sugge to his broper pat he 25 3eue hym haluendel pe heritage of his fader. And Jesus hym ansuered and seide pe man : ' ["Wbo] makep me juge and partener ouer jou V Jesus seide to hys deciples pat hij keped hem wel fram auariee. * For whi,' he seide, ' no plente ne may holde pe lyf of pe riche man.' And 30
13. h[is]: her. 27. [ Itlio] : \>at.
28. seide] hym seide.
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pan he seide hem a fair ensample of a man pat hadde richesse and mychel come vpon a jere. And lie bi^oujth hym pat he wolde breke his berne and make it move, and pereinne wolde he leggen his come alto-gedre and alio his 5 goodes. And perejnne he wolde resten hym and eten and drynken and niaken fest many jeres. And [God] hym seide pat ilk tyme : ' Fole, pis ilch nyjth schullcn fendes fechchen pi soule in to helle. And who sehal hahbe pan pat pou hast al y-ordeined? ' And al pus schal
10 bifalle, seide Jesus, to hym pat make)? lioorde to hym self and nys 110113th riche in God. And pan bigan Jesus to techen his decipleo pat hij weren noujth to besy abouten hep sustenaimce, ne abouten her mete, ne abouten her drynk, ne abouten her eloping : ac patpai weren almesful
15 and turneden hem ajeia pe iuggement. And aftemvardes he turned towardes pe folk and amonested liem pat hij schulden jugge pe tyme of pe comyng of Crist als as pai juggeden pe tyme pat was forto comen by pe walken and by pe skyes. 'For jif pat 33 seeno a cloude riseji fram
20 pe west, }e siggep pat it schal reynen : and so it bitidep. And jif je seene pe wynde turnen toward pe soup, 36 siggen pat it is hete : and so it is. And win ne jugge 30 nou3th pe merueiles pat 3e see noupe 1 — for swiche ne comen neuere 3iit er noupe. Nou leuep pan pat Crist is
25 comen, oiper vengeaimce schal be taken on 3011.'
§ 43 Hou J>at Jhesus amonested ]>e folk forto done penauttce for enckesomi of pe Galilens J?at [Pilate] t dude slen.
"% jlk selue tyme so comen folk to Jesu and tolden * *hym pat Pilate hadde done slee a gret noumbre of folk of pe Galilees pat hadden gon wip a fals prophets vpon pe mount of Gai^iin and offreden 30 J/^ to Jesu lier offrandes. And Jesus hem bihijth pat he schulde stei3e to heuene pat hij schulden it alle seene. And po com Pilate and slouj hem * 8
22. lie] repeated, t [Pilate] ; Heroudes. Cf. two lines below ; also Lc. xiii, 1.
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•[p. IT, alle. & pan seide Jesus *pat jrilk men of Galilee weien nou3th pe werst mew of pat cuntre pei^ pat pai hadden pat dep : ac God it hadde suffred of hem forto warne opere wip al pat hij amenden hem. And bot jif hij duden hij schuldew alle rotien to gedre ; and noujth hij 5 al onelicli, ac al pe folk of Jerusalem. For whi, also hem forto warny, God sutfred sextene men to ben ouerfallen in Syloa in Jerusalem of a tourett, for to amenden alio pe oper. And pan toke Jesus hem an ensample of a man pat hadde a fygeer among his vynes pat ne bare no fruyt. 10 • And he comaunded to pe \ynour pat he hewe it vp. And he bisoujth hym pat he lete it stonde stille pat jere