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23 MUR,
SACKLER LIBRARY
1, ST JOHN STREET A-OR.D
OX1 2LG
This book is due for return on or before the last date shown below.
07 ACT 2006
ope?
3C12219800P
A
HANDBOOK FOR TRAVELLERS
IN
EGYPT.
—o ——- ==
— — ee _
LONDON, YRINTK) BY W. CLOWKB AXD @ONS, STAMFORD PFRERT, ASD CHARIXNG CRO,
A
HANDBOOK FOR TRAVELLERS
EGYPT;
INCLUDING DESCRIPTIONS OF
THE COURSE OF THE NILE TO THE SECOND CATARACT,
ALEXANDRIA, CAIRO, THE PYRAMIDS, AND THEBES, THE OVERLAND TRANSIT TO INDIA, THE PENINSULA OF MOUNT SINAI, THE OASES, &c.
CONDENSED FROM ‘MODERN EGYPT AND THEBES,’
By SIR I. GARDNER WILKINSON, D.C.L., F.RS., MRSL, F.RGS, MRLBA,, &c,
CORR. M. THE R. IMP. ACAD, SCIEKCES OF VIENNA, AND THE XK. A. OF TURIN, &6.
A NEW EDITION, WITH CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS,
LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. PARIS: GALIGNANI; STASSIN & XAVIER, MALTA: MUIR. 1867.
’ The right of Darslation is reserved,
eg .
Tee a -
THE ENGLISH EDITIONS OF MURRAY'S HANDBOOKS MAY BE OBTAINED OF THB FOLLOWING AGENTS :—
Germany, Holland, and Belgium.
-LA- HEIDELBERG. MOHR, CHAPELLE f |. A. MATER. KISSINGEN . C. JUGEL. . J. MULLER.—W. KIRBERGER. LEIPZIG. . BROCKHAUS.—DURE, = . LUXEMBOURG RB A ERP . MAX. KORNICKER. MANNHEIM . ARTARIA & FONTAINE, BADEN-BADEN DB. x MARX. MAYENCE , VON ZARERN. ie BRUSSELS; MUQUARDT.— — KIESSLING eee TP ALaL CARLSRUHE . A. BIELEFELD. PopeRG . SCHRAG. COBLENTZ . Q@. HECKENAST. COLOGNE, « EISEN. PRAGUE . . CALVR DRESDEN . ARNOLD. ROTTERDAM . KRAMERS.—PETRI, FRANKFURT . C. JOUGEL. STUTTGART . P. NEFF. GRATE e DAMIAN & SORGE, TRIESTE . . MUNSTER. ome 4 e —RB LLER. HAMBURG . PERTHES, BESSER, VIENNA . + ©. GEROLD.— EBA r MAURE. WIESBADEN . UFRANY & HENDSCHEL. Switzerland. BASLE . . H. GEORG.—H. AMBERGER. LUCERNE. . FP. KAISER, BERNE . . WIRTEROH—GANDARD. NRUCHATEL . GERSTER. COIRE . . GRURENMANN. SCHAPPHAUSEN HURTER. CONSTANCE . M SOLEURE. . JENT. GENEVA. . IL GEORG.—_Deskooi— ST, GALLEN . HUBER. MONROE —GHISLETTY. ZURICH . + HL a SLI & CO-—MEVER LAUSANNE . MARTINIFER & CHAVANNES— H. ¥. LEUTHOLD, POST- T. ROUSSY. Ttaly. BOLOGNA . M. RUSCONI. PARMA . . J.ZANGHIERI. FLORENCE . GOODBAN. PISA. . NISTRI.—JOS, VANNOCCHI. GENOA . . GBANDONA & £0. ANTOINE PERUGIA. . VINCENZ. BARTELLI. LEGHORN . MAZZAJOLIL noug . pt tea leat LOA! 8 Ret h RON, SIENA . . ONORATO PORRI. TUA. 6 NEGHETTI. TURIN . , MAGGI.—GIANNINI FIORE..- MILAN . . ARTARIA &80N.—DUMOLARD MODENA. . VINCENZ!] & ROSSI. VENICE . e HERMAN F. MUNSTER.— NAPLES . DETKEN. — DUFRESNE— MEINERS, EK DONE. VERUNA . . H. ¥. MUNSTER. -MENIERS. PALERMO PEDONE. France. AMIENS , . CARON. MONTPELLIER LEVALLE ANGERS, « BARASSE’. MULHOUSE . RISLER. AVIGNON. CLE'MENT ST. JUST. NANCY. . GONET. AVRANCHES . ANFR NANTES . . GUE'RARD.—PETIPAS.— BAYONNE . TAY MEDON—LASTEREE. POIRIER LEGROS—AN — . Pin . BORDEAUX . CHADMAS.. =i OLLER—SAU- men ti VisCONT! ~GIRAUD.— Bhs: PERRET eco _cue. | SE: SATIMEAG TEtTTi. CAEN + + BOISARD. — LEGOST. —CLE- PAU. . « LAFON—AUG. BABSY. CALAIS . ¢ RIGAUX CAUX. PERPIGNAN . JULIA FRERES. CHERBOURG . Mute. LECOUFFLET. REIMS . . BRISSART BINET— DIEPPE . « MARAIS, GEOPFROY. DINANT . . COSTE ROCHEFORT . BOUCARD. NOUAL . JACQUART.—LEMALE, ROUEN . . LEBRUMENT.—RAULARD. OUNKERQUE . VANDENBUSSCHE SAUMUR. -. GAULTIER BRIERE. GRENOBLE , VELLOT ET COMP. : | 8ST. RTIENNE. DELARUE. HAVRE . . COCHARD.—BOURDIGNON.— . MALO. . HUE. POUCH ER.—Mus. BUYS. ST. QUENTIN . DOLOY. . LILLE . . BEIGHIN. STRASBOURG . TREUTTEL ET WURTZ— LYONS =. . AYNE: FIL8—SCHEURING.— GRUCKER. KOIN FR TOULOUSE =. GINET& COTELLE. CAMO! LE . MARSEILLES . MEUN 1 ee TOURS . . GEORGET. METZ . «. WARION. TROYES » | LALOY—DOUFEY ROBERT. . Spain and Portugal. GIBRALTAR . ROWSWELL. MADRID. . DURAN —BAILLIERE. LIS . , MATT. LEWTAS. MALAGA. , FR. DE MOYA Russia. ST. PETERS- MOSCOW. . W. GAUTIRR. BURG. ODESSA . . CAMOIN FRERES. Malta. Ionian Islands. Constantinople. Greece. (OTR. conru . J. W. TAYLOR. Wics. ATHENS . A. NAST.
Dp — TU ri rR rr _— -—s7~ iene. | oo - “e@ - —_ - el
CONTENTS.
“INTRODUCTION,
a, Journey from England to Egypt.— 5. Expenses to Egypt by France.— c. Steamers from Marseilles to Egypt.—d. Steamers from England, by Gibraltar and Malta, to Alexandria and India. —e. Arrival at Malta, and sights there.—/. Things that should be bought in » England for the Nile journey. —g. Steamers from Trieste .. .. .. -» «+ Page xi-xix
Sect. ].—EGYPT.
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION, Page a. Beason for visiting Egypt—Time required—Expenses of the journey (see Sect. IT. g).—». Things useful for the journey in Egypt.—c. Mode of living y in Egypt, and diseases of the country. — d. Dress.—¢. Presents, — f. Passport.—g. Money.— A. Weights and Messures.— s. Post Office. — k. Population and Revenue. —/. Family of Mohammed Ali.— m. Chro- nological Table. —n, List of Caliphs and Sultans of Egypt. —o. Certain points requiring examination. — p, English and Arabic Vocabulary .. 1!
RovuTrEe 1.—London to Alexandria @e ee ee ee oe ee ees ee ee 67
ALEXANDRIA.
1, Arrival at Alexandria.— 2. Hotels. — 3. Servants — 4. Boats, — 5. Things to be purchased at Alexandria for the journey to Cairo. — 6. History of Alexandria.— 7. Plan of Alexandria, and site and de- scription of the buildings. — 8. Monuments outside the Canopic gate. — 9. Present remains of ancient Alexandria.—10. Its size and importance. —l1. Inbabitants.—12. Climate—The Lake Mareotis — Canals.—13. The two Ports, Gates, Walls— The old Docks.—14. Mosks and other buildings within the walls.—15. Amusements and sights in modern Alexandrian 2.0 15 5k oe ue ee oe ee ete ee GF
Route 2.— Alexandria to Rosetta, by land .. 2. oe se ce ee 0 95 RouTe 8.—Rosetta to Atfeh and Cairo, by the Nile .. .. .. «2 «+ 98 RovursE 4.—Alexandria to Cairo, by land, through the Delta .. .. «.. 99
Route 5.— Alexandria to Cairo, by the western bank... .. .. «+ «+ 99 Roure 6.— Alexandria to Atfeh and Cairo, by the Canal and the Nile .. Roots 7.—Alexandris to Cairo, by the Railroad .. .. -- +: +
vi CONTENTS.
Sect. II.—CAIRO; with a Map.
a. Hotels. —6,. Houses. —c. Servants.—d. Horses, asses, ogrriages. — ec, Places of public resort, — f, Quickest mode of seeing Cairo and the neighbourhood. —g. Boats, —/. History of Cairo.—1i. The citadel. — j- Oriental character of the town. — k. Mosks — Early pointed arches — Morostén, or madhouse — Bab Zoodyleh. —i?. Tombs of the Caliphs of Egypt. —m. Tombs of the Baharite Memlook kings —n. Tombs of the Circassian Memlook kings — Tombs of the Memlooks. — o. Sibeels, or public fountains. —p. Palaces.—gq. Streets. —r. Cafés — Punch. — s. Baths. —¢. Slave-market.—u. Bazdars — Prices of goods at Cairo. — vp. Quarters of Cairo.—w. Walls and extent of Cairo — Canal. — ax. Gates. — y. Antiquities in Cairo. — z. Population — Dogs. — aa, Fes- tivals and sights at Cairo — Pilgrimage to Mecca — Opening the canal at Old Cairo — The Prophet’s birthday — Fetes. — 6b. The Magician. — cc. Institutions of Mohammed Ali— Schools. —dd. Internal administra- tion — Police — Courts of justice. — ce. The Mahkemeh, or Cadi’s court
Excursion 1.—a. Old Cairo.—6. Nilometer and Isle of Roda. —c. » Keer el Ainee and College of Derwishes — Kasr Dubarra eo as Excursion 2. -— a. Heliopolis (Matarééh) — Balsam plants. — 6. Lake of the
Pilgrims — Old Jewish towns — Red gritstone mountain. —c, Petrified wood se e ee @e¢ ee
ee e¢ e eo ee ee es @e
Excursion 8. — Gardens and palace of Shoobra
ae ee ee Se ee ee
Exoursion 4.— Pyramids of Geezeh, Sakkdéra, and Memphis—a. Things required in going to the Pyramids. — 6. Village of Geezeh — Egg ovens. —c. History of the Pyramids. —d. Great Pyramid. — e. Second Pyra-
mid. —f. Third Pyramid — Small Pyramids. — g. Sphinx. —. Tombs.— 5. Causeway. —j. Small Pyramids, near that of Cheops — Nature of the rock, —. Date of the Pyramids. — /. Pyramid of Aboorodsh. — m, The two Arab bridges, —n. Busiris. —o. Pyramids of Abooséer. —p. Pyra- mids of Sakkfra — Tombs. — q. Pyramids o of Dashdéor. —r. Memphis — Name of the hill of the Pyramids .. . oe ce oe
Route 7.— Cairo to Suez. — a. Various roads.— 6. Distances — Remarks on the road — Suez— Passage of the Red Sea by the Israelites — El Muktala— Kolzim — The ancient canal of Arsinoé — Herodpolis ..
Route 8.— Cairo to Mount Sinai — Charges for camels — Tricks of the Arabs — Names of the Arab tribes — Requisites for the journey — Distances — Manna — Remarks on the road — Sardbut el Khaé4dem — Names of ancient Pharaohs — Convent of St. Catherine — Burning Bush — Rock of Moses — Town of Tor — Primitive and other mountains
Route 9.— Mount Sinai to El Akdéba — Distances — Aila, or Eloth —
Journey to Petra, or Wadée Moosa — Distances to Petra, Hebron, and Jerusalem @e ees ee ee es
ee ae ee ee os ee
Route 10.— Cairo to Syria — Distances — Daphne, Pelusium — Tomb of Pompey — El Areesh — Gaza (Ghuzzeh) .. .. .«.
Route 11.— Cairo, by water, to Damietta — Distances — Bershoom — Benhe-el-Assal (Athribis) — Semenood — Bebayt-el-Hagar (seum) —
Page
109
-- 148
151 156
. 157
- 191
197
- 205
CONTENTS. vii Page
Mansoéra — Damietta — Other towns in the Delta — Fétes of Shekhs — Trilinguar stones — Divisions of the Delta oe oe ae ee oe we 208
Rovre 12.— Cairo, by water, to Menzaleh and Tanis — Distances — Mansodra to Menzaleh — Tel et-Mai (Thmuis) — Papyrus — Canal of Menzaleh — Land of the Delta— Menzaleh and the neighbourhood — Matarééh — Fish — Lake Menzaleh — Water-fowl — Ruins of Tanis .. 215
Rovure 13. — Cairo, by water, to Bubastis, Pharbethus, and Tanis — Dis- tances—Canal of Moéz— Ruins of of Bubestis, now Tel Basta — Zakazcek — Harbayt (Pharbethus) ee oe ae ee eae ° e . 220)
Rooure 14.— Cairo to the Natron Lakes — Distances — Natron springs — Convents — Productions — Animals — Petrified wood — The Bahr el Fargh, or Bahr-bela-ma .. .. 0 «2 0 «2 0s ce weve 223
Route 15.—Cairo to the Seewah, or Oasis of Ammon — Distances. — a. Routes to the Oasis. —5. Road from Alexandria.—c. From Teranch. —d. From the Fyoom — Ruins — Dates — Government and customs of Seewah — Language —Town of Seewah — Conquered by Mohammed Ali 230
Roore 16.— Cairo, by land, to the Fyoom.—a, Roads to the Fyoom, — d. Distances from Cairo to Medeeneh — Tomééh — Senooris — Bidhmoo (ruins) — Medeeneh — The Arsinoite nome.—c. Excursions from Me- deeneh — Obelisk at Biggig.—d. Lake Merris or Birket el Korn— Ruins at Kom Weseem — at El Hammam — at Dimay, or Nerba.—e. Kasr Kharoon — Temple and other ruins— Nezleh — — Large canal — Sites of old towns— EI Gherek .. .. 2. 0s oe oe oe oe oF ce oe 283
Rovure 17.— Medeeneh (in the Fyoom) to Benisooef (on the Nile) — Distances —- Pyramid of Hawara and site of the Labyrinth — ” Pyramid of Ilahoon— Bahr Yooref .. .. .. «2. «es oe . 240
Rovure 18.— Cairo to the Little Oasis, the Great Oasis, and the Oasis of Dakhleh, by the Fyoom.—a. Different roads to the Oasis.— 6. Re- quisites for the journey. —c. Distances.—d. Wadee Ryan, and Moileh. —e, Little Oasis — Ruins — Warm springs — Dates — Palm-wine — Gardens — Origin of the springs — Inhabitants — Distances in this Oasis. —f. Small Oasis of El Hayz.— 9. Oasis of Fardfreh. — A. Oasis of the Blacks. — i. Oasis of Dakhleh — Ruins — Population — Productions, — j- The Great Oasis, or Wah el Khargeh — Temple of Ain Amoor on the road to it —- Columbaria and other ruins in the Great Oasis — The great Temple, name of Darius, inscriptions — Christian inscriptions and tombs — Caravans from Dar-Foor — Population — Productions, —’, Distances in the Great Oasis, going to its southern extremity — Temples of Kasr el Godytah, and Kasr Ain e’ Zayan — Tomb of Emecr Khtled — Temple of Doosh. — /. Road to Abydus, — m. Roed to Esné oe oe ee ee QAI
Route 19.— Cairo to the Convents of St. Antony and St. Paul, in the Eastern Desert — Distances — The Arab tribes — Convents of St. Antony and St. Paul— Alabaster quarries — Primitive and secondary mountains —Gebel e’ Zayt — Porphyry quarries — Ruins of Myos Hormos — Granite quarries and ruins at Fateereh—Old Kossayr (Philoteras Portus) — Modern Kossayr — Wadee Jasoos .. .. «2 6s ce oe 252
(For the Desert south of Kossayr, sce Routes 26 and 27.)
Viti CONTENTS,
sect. I.—UPPER EGYPT, BETWEEN CAIRO AND THEBES.
Page Preliminary information. — a. The Saced, or Upper Egypt. —}. Denomi- nations of towns, &c.—c. Ancient divisions of Egypt — Ancient towns on the Nile, mentioned in the Itinerary of Antoninus. —d. Egyptian temples, their plans, and principal features Ss ee 2 - 256
Route 20.—Calro to Benisooef by water — Attar-e’Nebbee — Toora — El Masarah and ancient quarries—Helwén—Dyke of Menes—Pyramids of Lisht — False Pyramid — Atféeh — Boosh — Benisooef— Beggars .. 261
Rovure 21.— Benisooef to Minieh — Anasieh (Heracleopolis) — Bibbeh — El! Haybee, small ancient town — Gebel Shekh Embarak — Excursion to Behnesa, inland, from Aboo Girgeh — Gebel e’ Tayr, convent — Gisr el Agoos —- Téhneh (Acéris), inscriptions, quarries—-Minieh .. .. .. 267
RovuTreE 22.— Minieh to Sioot-—-Kom Ahmar, grottoes (Alabastron ?)—~ Curious sculptured grottoes of Beni Hassan— The Speos Artemidos — Shekh Abddeh (Antinoé)— Sculptured grottoes of E’ Dayr e’ Nakhl, Colossus on a sledge — Reramoon — Oshmoonayn (Hermopolis) — — Gebel ‘Toona — Mellawee — Sculptured grottoes and remains at Tel el Amarna — Dém-trees — Gebel Aboofayda — Crocodiles — Ruins at El Hareib — Crocodile mummy pits of El Madbdeh — Manfaloot — Mankabat — Sioot, sculptured grottoces .. .. .. .«- oe ee oe ee 297
Route 23.—Sioot to Girgeh—Abooteeg (Abutls)—Gow, or Kow el Keber (Anteeopolis) — Gebel Shekh Hereedee, Snake —Itfeo (Aphroditopolis) — Soohag— The White Monastery, Athribis, ruins — Ekhmim (Pano- polis), ruins — Menshéch (Ptolemais-Hermii) — Girgeh or Geergeh — Excursion from Girgeh to Abydus, ruins .. .. 2 oe ». 299
Route 24.— Girgeh to Keneh — Bellianeh — Samhood — Farshoot — The Howdra horsemen — Great bend of the Nile at How (Diospolis Parva), few ruins — Kasr e’ Sydd, old catacombs — Isle of Tabenna — Dendera ‘Tentyris), temples — The Tentyrites; crocodiles—-Keneh .. .. .. 311
Route 25.— Keneh to Thebes — Ballas — Koft (Coptos), few remains — Koos (Apollinopolis Parva), few remains — Shenhoor, a small Roman temple — Gamvla — Medamot, temple oe oe oe oe oe ee we BIS
Secr. IV.—THEBES.
Preliminary information.—a. Arrival at Thebes. —}. Quickest mode of seeing Thebes .. .. 2. «2 oe ce os os oe os «8 «+s 322
THEBES.
1. Temple-Palace at Old Koorneh.— 2. Memnonium, or Remeseum.— _ . 3. The two Colossi—The vocal Memnon.— 4, Riee of the land.— 5. Temples at Medeenet Haboo— The great temple; battle scenes. — 6. Other ruins — Lake of Haéboo.—7. Tombs of the Queens. —8. Other tombs — Small brick Pyramid. —9. Dayr el Medeéneh.— 10. Dayr el Baébree. — 11, Tombs of the Kings. — 12. Tombs in the western valley. 13. Tombs of priests and private individuals — Arched tombs — The vldest tombs— Large tombs of the Assaseéf— Tombs of Koornet Mur-
cg | eee
CONTENTS. 1x
Page trace — Tombs of Shekh Abd-el-Koorneh, the most interesting at Thebes — 14. Eastern bank—Luxor, temple. — 15. Karnak, temples. — 16. Com- parative antiquity of the buildings—Names of foreign kings. — 17. Hie torical sculptures .. .. . re er er er ee es 7
Route 26. —- Keneh to Kossayr, by the Modyleh, or Moileh, road .. .. 382 RouTE 27.— Keneh to Kossayr, by the Russafa road .. .. .. .. «.. 383
RouTE 28.— Thebes to Kossayr — Several roads from the Nile to Kossayr —The Russafa road— Ancient road and stations — Breccia quarries, small temple, and names of kings in Wadee Foakhéer — Arrival from India at Kossayr— Hints for those coming from India— The Ababdeh desert — Gold-mines— Ancient stations on the Coptos road to Berenice — Berenice — Basanite mountain — Nechesia — Leucos Portus — Eme- rald-mines — Ancient road from Contra-Apollinopolis to those mines, smal! temple — The Bishdree, or Bisharééh tribe of Arabs .. .. .. 383
Route 29. — Thebes to Asousn, the first Cataract, Elephantine, Sehayl, and Philee — Erment (Hermonthis), few remains — Tuot (Tuphium), small temple — Crocodilopolis — Tofuées — E’sné (Latopolis), fine portico, Zodiac — El! Helleh (Contra-Laton)— Pyramid of E! Koola — Kom el Ahmar (Hieraconpolis), few ruins — Sandstones —El Kab (Eilei- thyias), ruins; natron ; curious painted grottoes — Edfoo (Apollinopolis Magna), temples — Hagar Silsileh (Silsilis), sandstone quarries, grot- toes, and tablets; the god Nilus— Kom Ombo (Ombos), temples — Sandstones and granites— Asouan (Syene); supposed tropical well; Sa- racenic wall and tombs; granite quarries of Syene; Syenite— Island of Elephantine; nilometer — Island of Sehdyl — First Cataract — Isle of Phile, temples, and other ruins—JIsle of Biggeh .. .. «. «2 «+ 388
Sect. V.—NUBIA.
Preliminary observations. —a. Conquests of the Egyptians and Romans above Phile and the first Cataract.— 6, The modern Nubians, o Bardbras ee oe se ee ee o« es ee e ee ee ee 410
Route 80.— Asouan (hy Philwe) to Derr, by water —Dabéd (Parem- bole), temple — Old wall, column, remains of a temple — Gertassee, small ruin, quarry, stone enclosure-—— Wadee Tafa (Taphis), stone ruins — Kalébshee (Talmis), temple, inscription of King Silco, and others — Bayt el Wellee, temple — Dendoor, temple; sandstone pier — Gerf Hos- sdyn (Tutzis), temple—Kostamneh, doorway—Dakkeh (Peelcis), temple, Ergamenes king of Ethiopia— Moderp Amazons — The White and Blue (properly black) Nile— Inscriptions, God of Pselois— Contra-Pselcis, ruins — Korti, small ruin — Maharrake (Hierasycaminon), ruins — Saboéa, temple — Bend of the river — E}] Kharéb — A’mada, temple — Derr, the capital of Nubia, temple .. .. .. ss se ee ce oe 413
Rovre 31.— Derr to Aboo-Simbel and Wadee Halfa—Grotto on road to Ibreem— Tomb near Gattey —Ibreem (Primis Parva), citadel, few remains, Petronius and Candace, grottoes — Bostdén — Reefs at Tosko — Aboo-Simbel (Aboccis?), two fine temples —Ferayg, small temple — Faras—Serra—Wadee Halfa—Second Cataract—-Semneh, two temples 423
InpEx es os ee ee ee ee ee ee ee oe os oe ee oe ee 481
a3
INTRODUCTION.
-
. Journey from England to t — b. enses to t France. ~ c. Steamers from Mirreclles” to Eayge Seton en Es land by Gibraltar and Malta to Alezaadria and India,—e. Arrival at Malta, and sights there.— f. Things that should be bought in Eagland for the Nile journey. — g. Steamers from Trieste.
a. JOURNEY FROM ENGLAND TO Eaq@ypr.
The most usual route from England to Egypt is by Gibraltar and Malta, or through France by Paris and Marseilles, and thence to Malta and Alexandria. There is another roufe through Germany by the Danube to Constantinople, and thence by Syra to Alexandria, which has been described in the Handbooks of Southern Germany, and of the East ; and those who happen to be in the vicinity of the Adriatic, and do not wish to cross Italy to Naples or other ports in direct com- munication with Malta, may find their way by the Ionian Islands and Greece to Egypt; or by the Austrian steamer direct from Trieste to Alexandria. It is now quite unnecessary to be provided with letters to Egypt; and there are few things that need be taken from England except a gun, instruments, and those mentioned at the end of this Introduction. Many of these, too, will depend on the wants of the traveller, and he may really now gu to Egypt without taking anything more with him than if he were going upon the Continent. (See the end of the Introduction, under the head /.)
b. Expenses TO Eaypt By FRANCE.
The expenses of the journey to pt through France will of course depend on the arrangements made by the traveller; but though it is impossible to fix the exact sum that a traveller would be required to spend in going from England to Alexandria by Marseilles, the average expense may be reckoned at not less than 311. This will be increased if he stops, even for one night, as well as by living, &c., on the way. It is, of course, much cheaper to book through from London to Paris, by Havre or Dieppe. Tickets are also issued direct through from London Bridge to illes, vid Calais or Boulogne, with the privilege of spending 15 days on the road.
‘The journey on the Nile is certainly expensive for one person; but when the expenses of the boat and servants, the two great items, are
i”
xii INTRODUCTION.
shared by two or three, this makes a great difference; though few have sufficient knowledge of the country to arrange matters for themselves, and are therefore dependent on their dragoman (“‘interpreter”), who is their upper servant (see Section II. g). And to give some idea of the increase of expenses in Egypt, I may observe that a turkey which would have cost 9 piastres a few years ago, now Sells for 81; and other things have risen in a similar manner.
‘c. STEAMERS FROM MARSEILLES To Eayrt aNnp Syria.
French steamers leave Marseilles for Alexandria on the 9th, 19th, and 29th of every month ; fare now raised to 207. An Englishman, however, will generally prefer those of the Peninsular and Oriental Company.
The English steamer between Marseilles and Malta goes every week to (and from) Malta, where it meets the packet coming direct from England. The fare from Marseilles to Malta is 10/., including board, for a lst class enger ; but the whole fare from Marseilles to Alexan- dria is 20/., and a steward’s fee of 10s., and other items add about 135s. more. In leaving Marseilles it takes the London mail for India, by which means letters can be despatched from London three or four days later than by the packet that goes round by Gibraltar to Malta. (See below.)
There are also Austrian, French, and Russian steamers which run from Alexandria by the coast-line to Constantinople. The Austrian steamers leave Alexandria for Jaffa every Wednesday evening: fares from Alexandria to Jaffa, 1st class, 90 frs.; Beyroot, 132 frs.; Smyrna, 322 frs.; and Constantinople, 403 frs.
Austrian steamers direct to Smyrna and Constantinople every other Tuesday. Fares from Alexandria to Smyrna, 200 frs. ; Constantinople, 275 fra.
French Messageries steamers leave for Jaffa and Constantinople, touching at the above places, on the 8th, 18th, and 28th of each month, the fares being the same as the Austrian tndirect line.
These arrangements, however, may be changed at any time, and tra- vellers must inquire for themselves and consult the time-tables of each year.
dad. STREAMERS FROM EXGLAND BY GIBRALTAR AND MALTA TO ANDRIA.
Peninsular and Oriental steamers leave Southampton for Alexandria every week, calling at Gibraltar and Malta. They are connected with the overland journey to India; but the Company’s steamers no longer ks at ports in Spain and Portugal before reaching Gibraltar. (See p. xiii.
According to the latest information published by the Peninsular and Oriental Company :—
_ “Passengers leaving Southampton on the above dates arrive at Gibraltar in about 5 days; and after staying there from 6 to 12 houra, proceed to Malta, arriving there
doo tlt me
HANDBOOK
OF EGYPT.
NOTES AND CORRECTIONS, TO 1869.
INTRODUCTION.
a.—THERE is another route by rail to Brindisi, and thence by the Italian steamer to Alexandria.
ce—The Peninsular and Oriental Company’s steamer from Marseilles no longer touches at Malta, but goes direct to Alexandria through the Straits of Messina.
The Austrian steamers direct to Smyrna and Constantinople now leave
Alexandria every other Thursday. The quickest route to Alexandria, with the shortest sea- , is through
France and Italy, by Mt. Cenis; or Germany, by the Brenner, to Brin- disi. The Societa Adriatico-Orientale steamers leave Brindisi every Monday at 9.0 p.w., and reach Alexandria the following Thursday evening or Friday morning. The average time of the passage is 74 hrs. They leave Alex- andria, on the return voyage, about three hrs. after the arrival of the mail from India. Fares: 1st class, 275
The whole fare from Paris to Alex- andria, Ist class, is 409 franca, 85 cen- times. Brindisi can also be reached via’ Belgium and Germany over the Brenner Pass to Verona; perhaps most convenient of the two, there being a continuous line of the ordinary rly. throughout.
ad.— Marseilles, Malta,and Alexandria. —The Company’s steamers leave Mar- seilles every Sunday morning at 7.0 AM. They no longer go by Malta, but through the Straits of Messina to Alexandria direct.
Transit through Egypt.—Passengers are now taken by the direct line between Alexandria and Suez vid Zakazeek, without going to Cairo.
-— Books. Rawlinson a‘ Herodotus, vol, ii.; Sharpe’s ‘History of Egypt ;’ Smyth’s ‘Attractions of the ote, which contains useful notes on the Birds of Egypt; and Lady Duff Gordon’s ‘ Letters from Egypt’ should
franca, including board and table wine. ' be taken.
Section I.
Page 2.—It is impossible to reckon on going from Thebes to the 2nd Cataract and back in leas than 3 weeks, taking into consideration the necessary
es.
Page 3.—Stores of every kind can now be purchased at Alexandria and Cairo. At Alexandria they are cheaper, even with the cost of transit to Oairo included, and better.
Page 10.—At Alexandria England, France and Italy have separate post- offices; but at Cairo only the two
Egypt.
former. Letters coming by any other postal lines will be found at the Egyp- tian Post Office, a new and well- arranged establishment, forming pea of'a large block of houses at the 8.E. corner of the Esbekeyieh. The English Post Office is at the Consulate. The French at the office of the Messageries Impériales.
e Rly., which now extends to Minieh, and will soon reach Asyoot, has much facilitated the sending of letters to Upper Egypt.
Page 67.—The quickest way to Alexandria from England is vid Brin-
si.
Page 69.—Uotels at Alezandria.— The principal hoiels are— the Hotel d’ Europe, the Peninsular and Oriental Hovel, and the Hotel Abbat. The last two are quieter, and Icss infested by dragomen.
Page 70.—Boats. There are often nice Jarge boats to be found at Alex- andria, belonging to European resi- dents; and travellers who are not ina hurry can either go in them to Cairo, or have them sent up to meet them there.
Page 95.—Amusements and Sights in modern Alexandria.—In the theatre, situated in the road leading to the Rosetta Gate, Italian Opera and French Plays are performed from time to time. There is also a large Café Chantant in the great square; besides several smaller places of entertainment of a similur character.
A handsome new palace stands in the desert near the seashore, about a
CALRO: SERVANTS.
Sect. 1I.
mile or so to the 8.W. of the town. A few miles from Alexandria on the N.W. side is the small place called Ramleh, a sort of summer watering-place for the European residents. It is quite a litile oasis, beautifully laid out with tiecs and gardens. There is a very comfortable and well recommended hotel. It is reached by a horse rail-
way. Page 99.—At Embabeh is the start- ing point of the railway to Upper Egypt. This is already finished as fur as Minieh, and will soon be completed to Asyoot. There is one train a-day each way. It starts early in the morn- ing, and takes about ten or twelve hours to accomplish the distauce be- tween Cairo and Minieh. It isa in
contemplation to build a bridge across
the Nile at this point, to connect the
Cairo and Embibeh stations.
Page 106.—A now Museum ia in course of erection in the centre of the Esbekeyieh at Cairo, for the purpose of containing the collection of Egyptian antiquities now at Boulak.
Secrion II.
Page 109.—The principal hotels at Cairo are Shepheard’s Hotel (kept by Zech}; the New Hotel, belonging to the Oriental Hotel Company; the Hotel d’Orient; and the Hotel des Ambassa- deurs—all in the Esbekeyieh. The first two are the best, and the most suitable for English travellers, though the cuisine at both leaves much to
desi Among the second-class hotels may be mentioned the Hotel du Nil, and the Hétel d'Europe, as fre- quented by travellers.
Page 111.—(a). Great changes have been made in the Esbekeyieh, since 1866. The canal round it has been filled up, and the greater part of it levelled and laid out in building plota, on which it is the intention to erect blocks of handsome houses. Macadamised roads intersect them, bordered by foot - pavements, and lighted by gas. The houses on the 8. have been pulled down, and the road
continued round that side. A space in the centre of the Esbckeyieh has been enclosed by a high iron railing, and is intended be laid out as a public garden, with theatre, cafés, &o.
(b). There is no regular English chaplain now at Cairo: but an occa- sionul service is held in a room in the New Hotel, when any clergyman pass- ing through offers to officiate.
Page 111.—(c). Servants —The fol- lowing may be taken as a fair scale of toonthly payment for different kinds of servants :—
Good dragoman of any nationali- £ ty, speaking English, French, or Italian, with canteen . 15-20 The same, without canteen .. 8-12 Under servant, or waiter, speak- ing a little of some European language... =...) 6. ees Good man-cook of any nation- ality ws ue ee we we 10-12 Ordinary man-cook .. 6-8
Eoypt.
CAIRO: CARRIAGES; BOATS. 8
The traveller, however, who visits]sons consists in the fumiture and
gypt for the first time, will have little need to trouble himself about servants’ wages, as he will find it much more convenient and satisfactory to adopt what is now the usual plan, and pay a dragoman a fixed sum for providing him with boat, servanta, food,
There are dragomen of every sort and kind, good, bad, and indifferent; and the traveller, who has to choose from among the numbers that present themselves at Alexandria and Cairo, must take his chance. But it is seldom that the really good ones, who confes- sedly are at the head of their profes- sion, fail to give satisfuction. Their charges, however, are very extrava- gant; and travellers who are not s0 particular as to comfort and luxuries, may find a very fair dragoman who will do everything at a lower rate. They must not, however, expect, as some are apt to do, to “ride Ist Class with a 2nd Class ticket.”
All who can, should, before leaving England, get a dragoman recommended to them by friends who have had ex- perience of him: it will save them a great deal of trouble, and they will feel more sure of the sort of man they have to deal with.
Page 112.—(d). Carriages and Asses. —‘There is now a fixed tariff of fares for carriages and donkeys, according to which the former may be hired at 1ts., and the latter, with boy, at 2s.
r day; but it is practically a dead etter so far as European visitors to Cairo are concerned.
P 113.—(e). The Library men- tioned in this paragraph no longer exists. °
Page 114.—(g). Boats.—These may be hired at the following rate per month :—
A large, well fitted-up boat for 6 or 8 persons... .. ..
A medium sized boat for 4 or 6 persons .. -- swe 60-80
A small boat for 2 or 3 persons 40-50
The difference betweew those that will accommodate the same number of per-
0-110
fittings-ap.
The general average of the expense of a journey up the Nile to the 2nd Cataract and beck, including boat hire, for two persona, is from £350 to £400; for four, from £450 to £500.
Page 118.—Boatsa “taken by the trip.” A good dragoman will take a party of four people by the trip to Assuuan, or the Ist Cataract, and back, for from £400 to £450,-with an allow- ance of 10 or 15 days’ stoppages. To Wadce Halfa, or the 2nd Cataract, and back, with an allowance of 20 days’ stoppages, for from £450 to £500.
he relative advantages and disad- vantages of making a contract with a dragoman for doing the voyage by time, or by trip, are these:—It it is made by trip, it is then the dragoman’s interest, as it is also the captain’s and crew's (for when the man is hired by trip, he hires the t, and the owner of the buat the sailors, under the same conditions), to get along as fast as they can, and make the wile voy- age in the shortest possible time.
If, on the other hand, the engage- ment is by time, it is to a certain extent the interest of both dragoman and crew to prolong the voyage, and so increase their earnings. Those travellers, therefore, who are anxious to complete the voyage as far as possible within a certain time, and who prefer to know beforehand exactly the amount of money that it will cost them, will perhaps do well to make an agreement by the frip. Those, how- ever, to whom a week's or a fortnight’s delay beyond the anticipated time, and consequent increase in the calcu- lated expense, makes no difference, had certainly better choose the fime form of agreement, as it leaves them rnuch more independent and free to do as they like. Aclause too can always be added to time contracts, arranging for a lower rate of payment per day for every day beyond the time agreed on.
Page 119.— Steamers. The time oc- cupied by the steamer in making the voyage to Assouan and back is about three weeks. 421. is the sum charged ; but it is important to observe that
4
there is no 2nd-class fare, and a ser- vant is charged at the same rate as his master
Page 120.—There is no longer an such place as the “London Depét.” The best places for laying in stores at Cairo are Ablett’s, and Grima’s. Both these shops are in the Mouskee. The English tailor, Pay, has also left Cairo, and his shop is kept by a very civil and obliging Frenchman. There are now many other good shops in the Esbe- keyieh and the Mouskee, where articles of clothing, &c., can be procured.
Page 121.—(s). Sedan chairs are not now to be found.
Page 123.—(k). Mosks at Catro. Three of the principal mosks at Cairo can be entered without any formalities, viz., those of Tooloon, Sultan Hassan, an Mohammed Ali st the citadel. Ad- mittance can be obtained to any of the others, including those of the Hassaneen and El Azhar, by an order from the Consulate, which procures the attendance of a cawass from the Zaptieh, or police station, to accompany the traveller, and ensure his admittance, and freedom from insult. This cawass will expect a fee, and small sums must be given to the guardians of the mosks. It is always, however, open to the guardian of a mosk to refuse admittance if he so chooses; but it is seldom done now. It is convenient to take a large pair of woollen socks to draw over the shoes on entering the mosk, as it is much less trouble than changing the former for slippers. And ladies should certainly never neglect to wear a thin veil when they visit any of the mosks.
Page 127.—The lunatics are now lodged in a building at Boulak. They are not under European superintend- ence, and present a very dirty and un- cared-for appearance, being huddled
together in two open courtyards, one | 9
for each sex, with covered places to sleep in at night. Page 130.—(p). Palaces. The new pelace of Gezeereh, built by Ismail asha on the island immediately o site Boulak, is well worth a visit. The kiosk and gardens are remarkably pretty : an order is required.
(q.. Streets, Some new wide strocts |
CAIRO: MOSKS; BROAD TO PYRAMIDS.
Sect. IT.
are now being opened up.- One, a continuation of that meéntioned in- the text, is being carried straight on to the limit of the city in that direction; and anotber leads from the 8.W. corner of the Esbekeyieh in a straight line to the Palace of Abdeen; while a third is projected to run from this palace in an oblique direction across the Mooskee and the Jardins Rosetti to the Bab es Sharééh, joining there the present high road to Abbaseéh. Page131.—(€). Slave Market. Though there is now no slave-market, it is still possible to buy slaves in Cairo; but as the trade has to be carried on with secresy, at least in the capital, it is not easy for a traveller to get to know where they may be found. The mer-
djchants generally dispose of them at
places up the river, where the trade, though equally forbidden, is connived at by the local governors.
Page 135.—{z). The population of Cairo is now estimated at, about 400,000.
Page 150.—No derwish sikr is now to be seen at Old Cairo. A performance of derwishes, to which Europeans are admitted, takes place every Friday at a convent within the city.
Page 156.—Exzcursion 8. An order from the Oonsulate is necessary in order to obtain admission to the Shoobra Gardens.
Page 158.—Road to Pyramids. The Pyramids can now be reached direct from Geezeh-at any period of the year, as a straight broad road fit for carri has been made to them from the latter place, high above the reach of the inundation, and crossing the canals by good substantial bridges.
(b). Village of Geezeh.—At Geezeh is a station of the rly. to Upper Egypt. The line goes down the river a little further to Embtbeh. See Rte. 5, p.
9.
Page 186.—(r). Memphis. Memphis can now be reached ret . from Cairo. The station if at the village of Bedre- shayn close by.
age 192.—:b). The direct line of rly. through the desert from Cairo to Suez is done away with. Travellers must now go by the lime to Zakazeek, where they join the direct line between
Egypt.
Alexandria and Suez. The journey by this circuitous route occupies at present 10 to 12 hrs., but it is intended to accelerate the speed. For times and fares refer to local time tables.
Scez (Inn: The Suez Hotel, though not so good as it used to be, is fairly comfortable, and two or three days can very well be spent therein examin- ing the different objects of interest in the neighbourhood). construction of the docks and arsenal, and more espe- cially the works in connection with the Suez Canal, have greatly increased the size and im nee of this place. It has now a population of 17,000. To the S. of the town a large space has been recovered from the sea, and on it an arsenal and huge dry dock constructed. Vast landing quays are also being built, and a handsome rly. station; it being intended that the rly. should be pro- longed to this point, so that passengers an from the Indian steamers to the train. These preparations may prove to be somewhat wasted, if the Suez Canal turns out successful. This wonderful work enters the Red Sea not far from the roadstead. To the N. of the town are the storehouses of the Peninsular and Oriental Company; and a little beyond them is the Fresh-water Canal, which was continued from Tel el Wadee to Ismailia in the centre of the Isthmus of Suez, and thence to Suez, by the same Company that is making the Maritime Canal. It communicates with the Red Sea by a lock. Until the making of this canal Suez was partially supplied with water from Cairo, whence it arrived every morning in a special train of water-tanks. Some was also brought on camels’ backs from the brackish Wells of Moses on the other side of the Gulf. Now there is a large establishment close to the canal, from which an abundance of water is distributed by pipes all over the
town.
Page 194.—The modern Fresh-water Canal, which from Tel el Wadee to Jamailia and Suez, follows the direc- tion of the old Canal of Arsinoé, and in some places, notably near Chalouf between the Bitter Lakes and Suez,
may be transferred direct | tolls
BUEZ: CANAL —PORT SAID. 5
the old channel has been again made use of. This canal was constructed by the Maritime Canal Company in the first instance for the supply of water to the encampments of workmen along the great canal. In order to utilise it for purposes of transit, two locks were constructed at Ismailia, by which to connect it with the channel already cut to that point from the Mediter- ranean; other locks between Ismailia and Suez bring it to the level of the. Red Sea; and it is by the salt-water channel to Ismailia, and this Fresh- water Canal thence to Suez, that the water transit between the Mediter- ranean and Red Sea has hitherto been effected. This canal now belongs to the Egyptian Government ; the present Viceroy, Ismail Pasha, having paid the Company 16 million francs, as representing the cost of construction, and compensation for giving up the
Page 196.—THE Svez Canat.—This great work is now approaching com- letion. It was commenced in 1859 y a Company called the “ Compagnie niverselle du Canal Maritime de Suez,” created by M. Ferdinund de Lesseps, who in 1854 had obtained from the late Viceroy, Said Pasha, a concession, including the right of making the canal, and many other privileges, The first capital subscribed was 8 millions sterling. In 1864, in accordance with the terms of the de- cision of the Emperor of the French, to whose arbitration the matters in dispute had been referred by the Sul- tan, the Company, and the Viceroy, the latter engaged to pay the Company the sum of 98 million francs, or nearly 4 millions sterling, for the resumption of some of the rights and properties conceded by his predecessor, and for the purchase of the Fresh-water Canal. In 1867 a further sum of 4 millions was raised. The point of departure of the Canal from the Mediterranean is at Port Said. (Inn: The only one to be recommended is the Hotel Pagnon.) This town, which already numbers 10,000 inhabitants, is about 120 miles to the W. of Alexandria, and is built on the narrow strip of sand which,
Bb
a
6 . ISMAILIA: OOMMUNIOCATIONS.
extending from Damietta to the Gulf of Pelusium, se terranean from the Lake Menzaleh. The stuff dredged up in the making of the harbour and docks serves to increase the height and extent of the terra firma. The outer harbour is formed by two long piers constructed of huge concrete blocks, similar to those used for the same purpose at Marseilles. The West Pier is about a mile and a half, and the East one two miles long. The town is supplied with water pumped through two pipes along the whole length of the canal from Ismailia. The French and Russian steamers, on their way to and from the coast of Syria, now re- gularly call at Port Said. Post-boate run daily to Ismailia. The canal on leaving Port Said traverses the Lakes Menzaleh and Ballah, and then passes through the deep cutting of El Guisr to the Lake Timsah. This was for- merly a fresh-water lake, which received through the Canal of Arsinoé the overflowings of the Nile. It had, how- ever, been dried up for many hundred years, and was nothing but a depres- sion in the desert, till filled in 1867 with water from the Mediterranean, which ran in through the ri. already cut from Port Said. On the borders of this lake stands the charm-
ing town of
Iematlia. (Inn: There is but one hotel, the Hétel des Voyageurs, and that is bad. As it forms the centre
from which to visit the canal, it is to be regretted that there is not better accommodation.) Although inferior in size to Port Said and Suez, it may be considered as the chief town of the Isthmus. M. De Teaseps and all the chief employés of the Company have houses in it, and it is the residence of the Egyptian Governor of the Province of the Isthmus of Suez. With ita pic- turesque houses, prettily arranged gar- dens, and regular streets, it forms a fitting picture of French taste and neatness ; and when the visitor sees this beautiful little oasis, and feels the fresh breeze from the blue waters of the lake on which it stands, he can hardly be- lieve that five years ago there was neither lake nor town—the whole was
tes the Medi-|i
Sect. IT.
one glaring desert waste of sand. It is to be reached by railway from Alex- andria, Oairo, and Suez. Regular post boats run every day to Port Said. On leaving Lake Timsah, the Canal passes through the sandy height of Serapeum to ihe Bitter Lakes. These robably once formed the head of the Sea: they have long, however, been empty, but when filled with the waters of the Mediterranean and Red Seas,in the same way as Lake Timsah, will form large natural harbours. The larger one is about 16 miles long, and 5 to 6 broad at the widest part: the lesser about 10 miles long, and 24 to 3 broad. From the Bitter Lakes the Canal passes through the deep cutting of Chalouf, the only place where real rock was found, and’ then traversing the Plain of Suez, enters the Red Sea about a mile and a half below the town, and close to the roadstead. Its entire length is a fraction under a hundred miles. Its breadth, except where it passes through the deep cuttings, is 330 feet: it is narrowed in them to about 200 feet : and its uniform depth throughout the entire length is 26 feet.
Page 199 (Rte. 8,.—Cairo to Suez by
rigole|rly. (See above, under p. 192.)
Page 206 (Rte. 9)}.—The traveller who intends goin Syria by way of Mount Sinai, ‘Akeba, and Petra, must inquire at the Consulate at Cairo as to the possibility of his reaching, and being allowed to remain at, the latter place; and even should the answer be favourable, he must still be prepared, on arriving at Akaba, to find that fresh complications among the Arabs have arisen, which prevent the Ala- ween tribe from being able to under- take to escort him. It is essential to secure the services of an experienced dragoman. For 4 le—and, as a rule, no party should consist of lesa—a contract may be made with a dragoman at the rate of £7 or £8 a-day, including everything except baksheesh to the Sheykh of Petra, which, latterly, has reached an exorbi- tant sum, as much as £10 or £12 a-head being paid.
Page 209. Benha-el-Assal.—A_ sta- tionon the main line between Alex-
Egyph.
andria and Cairo. From it are branch lines to Mit-Bireh, 5 m.,and to Zakazeek (p, 223), 21m. From the latter place lines are continued to Mansoorah, and to Ismailia and Suez.
Page 213. Mansoora.—48 m. from Zakazeek by rly. On the W. bank of the river, opposite rah, is the small village of Talkha, from which there is a line to Tantah (p. 214), pass- ing by Semenood. A line is also pro- jected to Damietta.
Page 213. Other Towns tn the Delia —Tantah.—A station on the main line between Alexandria and Cairo. From it isa branch line to Semenood and Talkha, opposite Mansoorah, 32 m. The first fete is held at the end of April, and during it takes place the most im- portant cattle fair in Egypt. It was the great centre of the slave-trade, which, though forbidden, is still carried on to a small extent in secret. The
RODA—-ABYDUS. 7 minaret of the principal mosk, is &@ conspicuous object, and build-
ing i is worth a visit.
Page 223. Zakazeek.—This’ town has much increased in importance lately, owing to the increase in the culture of cotton, and its being a centre of railway communication. To it converge lines from Cairo vid Ca- lioub, Alexandria vid Benha, Mansoo- rah, and Suez via Ismailia.
Page 233.—Cairo to the Fyoom. The quickest way of reaching the Fyoom rom Cairo, is by rly. From a station called Washtee, about three parts of the way between Cairo and Benisooef, a branch line leads direct to El Me- deeneh, the principal town. Time from Cairo, station of Geezeh, 8 hours.
Page 243 (c).—Medeenet el Fyoom may be reached by rly. (see p. 233).
5 Fage 252.— Benisooef may bo reached y rly.
Section IIL
Page 261.—Cairo to Benisooef. Beni- sooef can be reached by rly. from Cairo, in 5or6 hours. The rly. follows the W. bank of the river, with stations at all the principal villages.
Page 267.— Benisooef to Minieh. The rly. continues on to Minieh, which is reached in 11 or 12 hours from Cairo. The line which is to conuect Cairo and Assouan, at present ends at Minieh, but it will soon be completed as far as
Asyoot.
Page 287.— At Roda isa large sugar and rum manufactory. Indeed, these establishments, and pumping-engines for irrigating the sugar-cane planta- tions, abound now along the banks of the river as far as Edfoo; and though they may represent o certain amount of ‘progress, and so be of interest to the traveller inquiring into the present state of Egypt, they can hardly be said to add to the beauty of the scene, or to be in accordance with the genius loci.
Dayr e’ Nakhl.—The river has left
the E. bank for the present, and large saudbanks intervene between it and Dayr e' Nakhi, so that the dahabeéh cannot approach that place. The best way of visiting the grotto of the Colossus on a sledge, for those who wish to economise time, is to leave the daha- beéh near El] Bersheh, walk to the tto, and then on to Dayr Abou onnes, to which place the dahabeéh should in the mean time have dropped down. But it is a long wearisome walk, and will repay none but the devoted antiquary. .
Page 310. Abydus. The Temple of Sethi I., is now completely cleared out, and many additional chambers have been discovered. In a covered ge leading out of the 8. end of the 2nd hall, is sculptured what may be called a second Tablet of Abydus. There are three rows of shields, of which the first two contain the names of kings pre- vious to Sethi I., and the last his name repeated.
FIRST OATARAOT—SEMNEB.
Sect. V.
Section IV.
Page 398. Kom Ombo.—The imme- diate neighbourhood of Kom Ombo, and the island opposite, are places for finding sand-grouse, and for quail in the season of the latter.
Page 404.— The 1st Cataract. — Sheykh Hassan is now dead, and his place taken by his son, Mohammed
ogat, who has equal authority with the other three sheykhs. This division of authority is productive of most un- fortunate results, and is a cause of constant quarrelling, the effects of which may not unfrequently be felt by the traveller. This year boats were delayed in a shameful manner, owing to the discussions among tlie sheykhs. The whole management of the ascent and descent of the cataract should be placed under one sheykh, who should
be nsible to the Government ; and the latter should determine on a fixed price for the entire business. All the present wrangling and discussion, and consequent annoyance to the traveller, would thus be avoided ; if, indeed, it is possible that anything can be done in
gypt without previous talk and wrangling.
Page 409.—Not far from Phil, on the E. bank, are the ruins of two large mosks; the southernmost one built in great part of stones from some temple, many of them being covered with hieroglyphics—the superstructure is chiefly of bricks, baked and crude. On the top of the hill above is a santon’s tomb, from which there is a fine view of Phils and Biggeh.
Szction V.
Page 421.— Sabéoa.— The interior cham of this temple, which are hewn out of the rock, were this year cleared out; but the rapid drifting of the sand will no doubt soon fill them up again. This is to be regretted, since they afford a curious evidence of having been used as a Christian church. Over the god, whose image was carved in the adytum, has been plastered a picture of 8. Peter; the other paintings, however, have not been altered, and the result is that Rameses II. is now seen presenting offerings to a Obristian saint.
Page 422.—The river between Ko- rosko and Derr is much intersected by sandbanks, on which orocodiles may frequently be seen. The district in which these animals chiefly abound
is between Korosko and Abou Simbel, the many sandbanks and rocks afford- ing them convenient resting-places in the daytime.
Page 428.—Semneh.— Camels for going to Semneh can be hired at Wadee Halfa at the rate of about two napoleons for each camel for the whole journey there and back. It will re- quire 4 or 5 days, according to the rate of going and the stoppages made. The E. bank is perhaps the best to follow—it is the more pict ue, and the most interesting remains at Semneh are on that side; and though the river may be crossed in the manner deacribed in the text, the transit is neither easy hor Pleasant, if the wind and waves are
igh.
INTRODUCTION, xiii
in about 9 days. The ordinary stay at the island is about 6 hours; and the voyage to Alezandria is usually completed in about 13 days from Southampton. “ The Company’s steamers leave the Mediterranean ports homewards, as follows :-—
“ Alexandria, about the 5th, 14th, 19th, and 30th of the month. s¢ Malta, ”» 9th, 18th, 23rd, and 4th “ Gibraltar, % 14th, 23rd, 28th, and 9th
39
“* Rates of Passage Money. To Children, 2nd Clase, and 3 years and under 10.| Passengers’ Servants. Gibraltar... Wl. 9f. Malta,. .. 10 12 Alexandria ww lk 15 19
‘One child under 3 years of age, if with the parent, free.
“An experienced surgeon is on board each vessel.
“ Marseilles, Malta, and Alexandria.—The Company’s steamers leave Marseilles tor Malta and Alexandria on the 5th, 12th, 20th, and 28th of the month, at 7 a.m.,- with Her Majesty’s mails. Passengers must be at Marseilles the afternoon of the day previous to sailing,
“N.B. When the 3rd, 10th, 18th, or 26th of the month falls on a Sunday, the Marseilles portion of the overland mails leave London on the following day, and the steamers are despatched from Marseilles at 7 a.M. on the 6th, 14th, 21st, and 29th of the month.
“ Rates of passage between Marseilics, Malta, and Alexandria.
“Children under 10 years of age, half the above rates. The fractional part of lJ. to be considered as 11, One child under 3 years of age, if with the parent, free.
‘‘ Passengers booking and paying their passage money at Marseilles must pay the amount in the currency of the place (Francs), at the Company's advertised rates,
“ Transit through Egypt.—Passengers booked through by the P. and O. Company, or their agents, are conveyed from ship to ship between Alexandria and Suez by the Transit Administration cf the Egyptian Government, as follows :—
“ By steam tender between Suez and there.
“ By omnibus or carriage conveyance between the hotels and railway stations.
** By sail between Alexandria and Suez,—first-class passengers, their children, and <ervants in charge of the latter, being conveyed in first-class ; and second-class pas- sengers and their children in second-class carriages.
‘The time occupied in transit will, under ordinary circumstances, be as follows :—
“trom Alexandria to Cairo, 162 miles, about 7 hours, ; «‘ From Cairo to Suez, 90 miles, 5 hours. ; « Passengers will be charged for the refreshments they receive during the journey.
Xiv INTRODUCTION.
** Regulations relative to Passengers arriving by sea at the port of Marseilles.— By decision of the Emperor of the French, the British, Belgian, Danish, Spanish, Dutch, and Swedish subjects are allowed to enter and travel in the territory of the empire without passport, on simply declaring their nationality.
“ Rates of hire, ¥c., for use of passage-boats and porteraye of bagguge at Malta,— When a vessel, having mails or passengers on board, is admitted to pratique, an officer from the Port Department shall go on board to prevent irregularities on the part of the boatmen, and to attend to the landing of the mails and passengers.
“‘The boats shall lie off at a convenient distance, and shall not come alongside unti) called or allowed by the officer of the Port Department on duty.
“No boat shall receive more than two of such passengers with their luggage, or five without,
“The hire of each boat for landing or embarking such passengers shall be 1s. from sunrise to sunset, and 1s. 6d. from sunset to sunrise.
‘‘ No porter shall take up luggage of such passengers until properly engaged.
“The pay of porters for the carriage of such luggage, not exceeding one cwt., English weight, shall be fixed as follows :—
‘‘From the landing-place of either harbour to any part of the city of Valetta, 1s. per cwt.
“To any place without the limits of Valetta, as far as Porte des Bonbes, 1s. 6d. per cwt,
‘« Sixpence additional for every extra fifty pounds,”
[For the conditions and rules respecting passengers by the P. and O, Co,’s steamer:, see the paiticulars published yearly by that Company. }
e. MALTA.
If on arriving at Malta you intend staying there for any time, either in
going to or returning from Egypt, and have to land any luggage, it 1s
eable to find there is no custom-house examination: all you have
to do is to hire a boat as soon as the officer from the Bodrd of Health has pronounced the steamer to be in pratique.
For the regulations respecting boats and porters, see above. There are also carts with one horse, which will take a load from the Marina to the main street for the same sum as that charged |, porters. With regard to a number of small packages, I recommend a traveller always to have as few as possible; it is better to put things into a single box, or case, than to have many little parecls, which are easily lost, and give an infinity of trouble in looking after ; and if it is thought necessary to have several of these encumbrances, they had better be put together into a bag when carried from placc to place. The less baggage you have the better. Have as manv comforts as possible in a small space, but no superfluities. No bette: name was ever applied to anything than “ smpedimenta” to “ baggage "" by the Romans; and an old traveller will always have all he require very compactly put away in a small compass.
Hotels at Malta.—There are several good hotels at Malta, among which I may mention lunsford’s, in Strada Reale, and the Imperial.
There are also lodging-houses, many of which are very comfortable, | 1s Morelli’s, in Strada Reale; and others, They are well adaptéd for
~_ LL
INTRODUCTION. xv
persons intending to make some stay in Malta; and then it is better
to come to an agreement, according to the time.
a nlish money is the current coin in Malta, from a sovereign to 4 ing.
In returning to Malta from Egypt there is no longer any quarantine, but when cholera happens to be in Eyypt travellers are subject to a quarantine of 15 days.
Sights at Malta.—There are few objects worthy of a visit at Malta. The principal in the town of Valetta are—the palace, the government library, the cathedral church of St. John, the fortifications, the view from the two Baraccas, and the palaces of the knights, called “ Auberges,” particularly those of Castille and Provence.
In the palace are the armoury, a few good pictures, and some curious tapestry. Many of the apartments are good, and not less so the ball-room.
The armoury is well arranged, but the specimens of armour are not so curious nor so varied as might be expected in the city of the Knights. The complete suit of Vignacourt is very elegant and simple. It is the same he wore when painted by Caravaggio in a picture in the dining- room, a copy of which is placed above it. There is a large suit near the other end of the room, that appears, from its immense weight, not to have been worn; and not far from this is a very primitive field- piece, made of copper bound round with ropes, over which a composi- tion of lime was put, cased in leather.
The Turkish and Moorish arms are few, and remarkable neither for beauty nor curiosity, which is singular in a place so long at war with the Osmanlis and the Moors. The library was founded in 1790 by the Bailli de ‘'encin, who presented the public with 9700 volumes. It contains many curious and old works, and is composed of the private collections of the knights, who were obliged to bequeath their books to this public institution. Here are deposited some antiques of various kinds found in Malta and Gozo ; among which are a parallel Greek and Punic inscription, several strange headless figures from Crendi, two curious coffins of terracotta, and a few other objects of various styles
and epochs.
Of Be ohn’s Church the most curious part is the floor, where the arms of all the grand masters are inlaid in various coloured marbles. They have been very useful in heraldry.
The tapestry of this church is also very fine. It is put up at the féte of St. John, and continues to be exposed to public view for several days before and after that ceremony. The silver railing in the chapel of the Madonna, at the east end, is curious. It is said to have owed its preservation, at the time of the French occupation of the island, to the paint that then concealed the valuable material of which it is made.
In one of the side chapels is a picture by Michael Angelo Cara- vaggio, representing the beheading of St. John: a good painting, but badly preserved. It is said that the artist made this a present to the order, on condition of being created a knight of Malta, in consequence of the following occurrence :—One of the knights havin offended the artist, the latter challenged him to single combat, an
xvi INTRODUCTION.
satisfaction being refused, on the plea of his not being worthy to meet his antazonist in a duel, Caravaggio sought to obtain a posi- tion which should entitle him to this right. He therefore applied to the grand master, in the hopes of obtaining the rank of knight; which was granted, on condition of his painting this picture. It was- done, he became a knight, and fought his vnel: but in order to diminish as much as possible the value of a work which the pride of a member of the order had condemned him to execute, he painted the picture on cotton instead of canvas, whence its decayed state, and the difficulty of its restoration. Such is the story at Malta, the truth of which may be doubted; though the most important point is true, that he painted the picture.
In the crypts below the cathedral are the tombs of some of the grand masters.
The principal objects in the vicinity of Valetta and in the country are the ruins near Crendi, or Casal Crendi ; the hollow called the Devil’s Punchbowl, or Makliba ; St. Paul’s Bay; Citta Vecchia and the Cata- combs ; the Garden of Boschetto; the Governor’s Villa of San Antonio; the Grotto of Calypso; and the Aqueduct built by the Grand Master Vignacourt in 1610.
ese have been so frequently described that I shall only mention the ruins near Casal Crendi, excavated by order of the governor, Sir Henry Bouverie, in 1839-40. They are about twenty minutes’ walk from that village, and are called Hagar Keem, “the upright stone :” —a name which has been very improperly written Khem, and has been erroneously supposed to bear some relation to Egypt, or the land of Ham (Khem). They consist of several apartments of various sizes, irregularly placed within one common enclosure, moatly con- nected with each other by passages or doorways. The rooms are. either oval, or have one end. of semicircular form ; and their walls are composed of Jarge stones placed upright in the und. The principal entrance is on the S.S.E. A short passage leads from it into a small court, in which, on the left-hand side, is a small altar ornamented with a rude attempt at sculpture, representing a plant growing from a flower-pot; and near it 1s a flat stone like a seat, above which are engraved on an upright block two volutes, protruding on either side of an oval body. ‘This as well as the altar may be of later date than the ortholithic masonry, and it is worthy of remark that the volute ornament is exactly the same as that placed beneath the feet of the Phonician Venus, Astarte, whose statue may, therefore, have stood on the slab above. That the Phenicians, a people so renowned as builders, should have erected these rude monuments is not probable; but there may have been sufficient connexion between the religion of their Punic * colonists and that of the founders of Hagar Keem to induce the Pheenicians, or the Carthaginians, to add this emblem of their goddess ; and the horizontal courses of masonry found occasionally here, and at similar ruins in Gozo, which are evidently later additions, may be attributed to the same people. There are no
* Poeni, Phanician, and Punic, have the same meaning, and sfgnify, like Adamic, Edomite, Hemyarite, Aamaric (Abyssinian), red; Carthaginian, like Sidonian and Tyrian, being from ty.
INTRODUCTION. xvii
other signs of sculpture; but a peculiar kind of ornament is common on these and all the principal members of the building, consisting of round holes ctured all over the face of the stones, extending little deeper than the surface.
n either side of this court is a semicircular chamber ; and after passing on through a door in a line with the main entrance, you come to a second court, at the upper end of which, to the right, is the prin- cipal sanctuary. It is of semicircular form, and the upper part of ita walls is built of stones placed in horizontal courses, put together with eare, ard breaking joint; evidently of a later period than the small original sanctuary which it encloses, and which is formed of rude blocks placed upright in a circle, with an entrance corresponding to that of the larger external sanctuary. All the stones have been puno- tured in the manner above mentioned. |
On the left of this second eourt are two large stone altars ; one on each side of a door leading to a small apartment, connected with which is another little chamber, also containing analtar. There are four more apartments at this (south-west) end of the ruins; and in the outer wall of circuit are some very large stones placed upright, about 15 ft. high above the ground. A stone of similar size stands near the sanc- tuary to the north-east, and another of still larger dimensions is placed horizontally a little to the east of the main entrance. Mr. Khind found, on the summit of one of these upright stones, a flat-bottomed basin 3 ft. 8 by 1 and 10 inches deep, hollowed out by the hand of
man. About 120 ft. to the north of these ruins are other semicircular enclosures, made with stones placed upright in the ground; and about a mile to the south, near the sea, are some ruins similar to the Hagar Keem, which are also deserving of examination. In the same excursion may be included a visit to Maklaba, and even to the cave called Ghar Hassan on the sea-coast to the south-east of
Other ruins, similar to, though much smaller than, those of Crendi, are found close to Valetta, at the Coradino, near Captain Spenser's monument and the new tank.
With regard to the date of these peculiar structures, and the people by whom they were built, I will not pretend to offer any opinion. In Britain they would be considered druidical, but there is nothing to guide us respecting their history, and the small headless figures dis- covered there (now preserved in the Government library at Valetta) in no way aid in solving the question.
In Gozo is another ruin called Torre dei Giganti, “the Giants’ Tower,” inland on the eastern side of the island, which is on a grander scale than the ruins of Crendi, though of similar construction, and evidently the work of the same people.
Rowing and sailing boata go over to Gozo from Valetta daily, and sometimes a small yacht may be hired for the occasion, which is cleaner and more comfortable.
Valetta has a small theatre, where Italian operas are performed during the season. Many public and private balls are also given, par- ticularly in the winter.
XVill
INTRODUCTION,
J. THINGS THAT SHOULD BE BOUGHT IN ENGLAND FOR THE NILE JOURNEY.
Before leaving England for Egypt it will be as well to purchase some things for the Nile journey which are better and cheaper in
Europe. These are :—
Tea. This is good and cheap at Malta.
Wine and ale, if thought necessary, They may be bought at Alexandria, or Cairo.
Saddle and bridle, for Syria or Greece (very necessary ),
Side-saddle. This may do for a donkey also, and be cheaper than the hire of one at Cairo for 1s, a-day.
Towels, a few in addition to those furnished by the dragoman.
Two or threé gauze-wire covers, to keep off flies from sweet dishes,
Umbrella.
Writing and drawing materials. elescope.
Thermometer and aneroid barometer, and any instruments.
Measuring-tape.
Gun, &c. [With regard to powder, this should be soldered in a tin case, and consigned to the care of the steward of P. and O. steamer. Ariangements to be previously made with him for this, or it may be declined ; all English powder at Cairo is very bad.—A, C. S.]
Light clothing.
Two macintosh sheets, about 7 ft. square, with loops sewn on here and there on the edges, to lay on the damp ground in Syria or the desert. They also serve to cover baggage from rain. American oilcloth is perhaps better still.
About fifty or more English sovereigns, or napoleons.
Books, The choice of these will of course depend on the choice or occupation of each person; I shall therefore only re- commend some useful works, as vols. ii. and iii. of Larcher’s Herodotus; Cham- pollion’s Phonetic System of Hiero- glyphics, Letters, and Grammar; Po- cocke; Denon; Hamilton’s “gyptiaca ; Savary’s Letters; Clot Bey’s Apercu Generale de l’Egypte; Gliddon on the Hieroglyphics; Mengin’s Egypte sous Mohammed Aly; Kobinson’s Palestine
and Mount Sinai; Stanley’s Sinai;
Lane’s Modern, and Wilkinson’s Ancient,
Egyptians; Hoskins's Ethiopia, and Visit
to the Great Oasis; Colonel Leake’s,
Lapie’s, or Wilkinson’s Map of Egypt ;
Captain Smyth’s Alexandria; Wilkin-
son’s Survey of Thebes ; Costa’s Delta ;
and Parke and Scoles’s Nubia: to which may be added Burckhardt, Laborde’s
Petra, Ptolemy, Strabo, and Pliny; but
of these three last, as well as Diodorus,
extracts will suffice, if considered too voluminous. For thoee who wish to study
Arabic, Lane’s Arabic and English Lexi-
con wil always be the standard work,
the three first parts of which are al- ready published. It is a lasting monu- ment of the greatest industry and learn- ing, and an honour to England, as well as to the author, and we have reason to rejoice that the liberality of the late
Duke of Northumberland has secured
its publication in this country, and that
a similar liberality on the part of his
widow, the Duchess Dowager, ensures
its qompletion. (Of the libraries in
Egypt see Sect. I.)
The flags, essential on the Nile, can be better purchased at Cairo than in England. The English tailor (Mr. Pay) will provide the Jong streamer, the distinguishing pen- nant (or burgee) of every boat, as well as the Union Jack ; and indeed supply the wants of most English travellers,
Medicines may be had in Cairo, though better in England.
These things may be sent by sea from Southampton, at 2s. the cubic foot. Most ° of them may be had at Malta, but it is better to make them all up and send them at once from England. Some may be thought Unnecessary’; and, as I said be- fore, a man may take nothing more with him than he does in travelling on the Continent.
(See also Sect. I. 6.)
INTRODUCTION, xix
g. Roore sy Trieste TO ALEXANDRIA.
“here is also @ communication between Trieste and Egypt by the ers of the Austrian Lloyd’s Company, which touch at Syra, from ‘ch place you can go on immediately to Alexandria, or to Smyrna aid Constantinople. But as there is a loss in changing napoleons for - payment of the numerous extras on board these steamers, tra- vellers should be provided with swanzigers to avoid it.
“The Pyramids, during the inandatlon, from near the fork of the Delta,
HANDBOOK
FOR
TRAVELLERS IN EGYPT.
SECTION I. EGYPT.
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION.
a. Season for visiting Egypt — Time required — Expenses of the Journey.—b. Things useful for the Journey in Egypt.—c. Mode of living in Egypt, and Diseases of the Country.—d. Dress.—e. Presents.—f. Passport. — g. Money. —h. Weights and Measures. —i. Post Office. —k.— Population — Revenue.— 1. Family of Mohammed Ali.—m. Chronological Table. —n. List of Caliphs and Sultans of Fgypt.—o. Certain Points requiring Examination. — p. English and Arabic Vocabulary.
ROUTE . PAGE | ROUTE PAGE 1. London to Alexandria .. .. 67 | 5. Alexandria to Cairo, by the 2. Alexandria to Rosetta, by Western Bank .. .. .. 99 land .. .. .. .- .. 95] 6. Alexandria to Atfeh and 3. Rosetta to Atfeh and Cairo, Cairo, by the Canal and by the Nile .... .. 98 the Nile .. .. .. .. 99 4. Alexandria to Cairo, by land, 7. Alexandria to Ca‘ro, by the through the Delta .. .. 99 Railroad .. .. ./ « 107
Route 1.—1. Arrival at Alexandria. 2. Hotcls. 3. Servants. 4. Boats. 5. Things to be purchased at Alexandria for the journey to Cairo. 6. History of Alexandria. 7. Plan of Alexandria, and Site and Description of the Buildings. 8. Monuments outside the Canopic Gate. 9. Present Remains of Ancient Alexandria. 10. Its Size and Importance. 11. Inhabitants, 12. Climate, Lake Mareotis, and Canals. 13. The two Ports, Gates, Walls, and Old Docks. 14. Mosks and other Buildings within the walls. 15. Amusements and Sights in modern Alexandria.
a. SEASON FOB VISITING EGYPT.
For those who fear the intense heat of its summer the carliest season for visiting Egypt is October, when the cool weather begins, and the northerly winds prevail; and boats muy then go up the Nile without the impediments of calms and contrary winds. At the beginning of that month the traveller may have an opportunity of witnessing the curious aspect of the inundation, which, when it rises very high, gives the villages of the Delta the appearanco described by Herodotus of islands in the sea.
Egypt.) B
rae
2 @. SEASON FOR VISITING EGYPT. Sect. I.
Almost every season may be considered favourable for seeing Egypt, but good winds from April to July are not to be expected, and the comparative preva- lence of southerly and other adverse winds in May makes it the worst month in the whole year. It is then, too, that the Khamsin winds blow; which begin about the 2nd of May. They prevail for fifty days, as the name implies—a period derived from the fifty days of Pentecost. It is not that they blow every day, but this period is more subject to them than any other. The worst are from the 8.E. The first day of the Khamsin is called Shemt e’ neseem, or “tho smelling of the zephyr,” when the people smell at an onion, and go into the gardens; frequently to be nearly suffocated by the sand and dust raised by these strong hot winds. Though the thermometer does not range as high as in the three following months, or the beginning of September, the heat is more oppressive and disagreeable during this season; and of all others it is the least advisable for a voyage up the Nile. The northerly winds are most prevalent during the high Nile; they continue through the two last months of the year, and even through February, though less regularly; and they are far more common throughout the year than any others.
In choosing « time for going to Egypt, much will depend on the destination of a traveller after leaving it. If he is going into Syria, it may be too long for him to remain in Egypt from October till April, before which it is too cold to travel comfortably in Syria.
All the winter months are good for going up the Nile, and if he intends making any stay in the country he may choose his own time; but in that case lhe had better arrive in October or November. Twenty days may be reckoned a fair average for the voyage from Cairo to Thebes; with fair winds, it is possible to go from Thebes to the second Cataract and back again in a fortnight, though this is rarely done; and the least time for seeing Egypt conveniently and satis- factorily is three months.
As a general rule, a traveller should always make it a point to see everything when he can, and not put it off-for a second visit, which may be prevented by some unforeseen impediment; but in ascending the Nile it is as well to go on direct as long as the wind is favourable, and only stop if it fails at a spot where there is anything to be seen. At Thebes, however, I should recommend his staying two or three days in going up, to look over the ruins: in order that, after having taken a general-view of them, he may know what to go and exa- mine in detail, on his return from Nubia or from the first Cataract. There is now a river steamer .[It runs every twenty days during the winter ; but little is seen by the traveller who stops only at the most important places for a few hours, there- by obtaining a mere glimpse of the antiquities which he cannot examine, and losing the interest of life ina Nile boat.—A.C.8.]* But a traveller who has plenty of time, and is interested in antiquities, should only take advantage of it for going up the river. He should quit it at Thebes, and order a dahabééh to be sent up_ for him to that place to bring him back to Cairo; when he can stop as he likes at the different ruins on his way down, without being hurried from one to the other. Besides, the speed and certainty of the steamer’s passage is only an object in going up the stream, as a rowing boat can always come flown in about eight or ten days from Thebes, and in it the traveller las all the comfort of a boat to himself, going or stopping at his own option, and the great advantage of being independent. The dahubééh may be either bespoken by him before leaving Cairo, and even sent off then, or be engaged afterwards by a friend, according to the time he intends staying at Thebes. (See Sect. II. 9, on Boats and Steamers . and Expenses in Upper Egypt.) Though Egypt is a hot climate, it must be remembered that the nights and mornings in wiuter are very cold; and provision tmaust te made against them by blankets and warm dresses. The thermometer
* The remarks placed within simila: brackets, throughout the book, have been furnished to Mr. Murray by another person.
0b, ‘THINGS USEFUL FOR THE JOURNEY. 3
does not range very low, it is trae but when below 60° the cold ia felt much more keenly than at the same point in our northern climates.
ut
b, Tunes UsEFUL For a Jounney i Eoyrr.
Certain things are more or less necessary in according to the wants of cock ‘naive I shall therefore give a list of most useful to a tra- vel g such as should bo taken from Europe with an E, thoeo which
BeOTY in the thong list. ‘But should the traveller be inclined to furnish his own
boat, he may obtain most of them during his stay at Cuiro, if not inclined to take them from Alexandria or from England.
Jug and basin, 0. Kitchen-cloths, C.
Mats at Towels and table-cloths, E or C. Carpets Bees c. Bheets, horee-hair mattrass, pillows, and Common #09] pillow-coses, &e., E., or cotton mnt- Lamp, or eloth fansoa, c. trass, divoans, cushions, sheeta, &c., C.
To those who wish to be entirely protected at night from intruders, I cannot dobetter than recommend contrivance of Mr. Le- vinge’s, which ho de- vised during his travels paeeeine
too et boue, or a tent, I consists of a pair of sheets (a), about six feet long, sewed together at the bottom and the two sides, except where the piece (0) is attached to them, and by which you get in. To the upper end (d) is added a thin piece of muslin, serv- ing as a mosquito-net (b), which is drawn tight at the end by a tape or string, serving to suspend it toa nail (f). A short yay fromthe end (ate)are fastened loops, through which a cane is threaded, to form a circle for dis- tending the net. This cane is in three pieces, about three feet long, fit- ting into each other by
ts. After getting in
by the opening of ¢ you Gzaw the tape Hight to close its mouth, and tuck it in under the mattrass, and you aro secure from
Be
ON
4 b. THINGS USEFUL FOR THE JOURNEY.
Sect. I.
intruders, whether sleeping at night, or sitting under it by day. Over the part a, the blankets, or coverlid, are put.
Two or three blankets, E., or buttanéeh at C., which will fold into four.
Mosquito net, C.
Iron bedstead to fold up, E., or a Cafass bedstead, C.
Gridiron, C. (if thought necessary.)
Potatoes, C.
Tobacco, C.
Pipes, C.
Wire for cleaning pipes, put into a reed, C,
Some tow for the same purpose, and for cleaning guns, C.
Mouth-piecesa and pipe-bowls, C.
A takkatooka, or a brass plate, called Sennéeh, and wire cover for pipe- bow], are useful, C.
Salt, pepper, &c., C.
Oil and distilled vinegar, C.
Butter, C.
Flour, C,
Rice, O.
Maccaroni, C.
Coffeo, C.
Portable soup, E.
Cheese, C., or English cheese, E.
Mishmish apricots, C.
Kumredeen apricots, C.
Tea, E. (at Malta.)
Wine, brandy, &c., E. or A. White wine I believe to be better in a hot climate than red.
Spermaceti candles, C.
Table with legs to fold up, and top to take off, E. or C.
Foot-tub (of tin or copper), &c., C.
Washing-tub, or portable sponge-bath,
Flag, C. (for boat on Nile), and a fancy pennant, to mark his own boat, C.
- Small pulley and rope for flag, E. or C. ' Coffee-pot, C.
Small bikrag, or Turkish coffee-pot, C.
Tea-kettle,
Plates knives and forks, spoons, glasses, tea-things, &c., in canteen, E. or C.
A large bukrag might serve as tea- kettle and for boiling BES, &c., C.
Copper saucepans, one to fit into the other (Hellel fee Kulbe-bad), C.; buy them not tinned, in order to see if they are sound.
Copper pan for stewing (Tdwa’, C.
ets for holding these and other things, C.
Candlesticks, C.
Bardaks (Goollel), or watcr-bottles, C.
Zeer, or, jar, for holding water, C.
A fine sieve, CO.
Almond-paste (roodg or terwéeg) for clarifying water, C.
Some tools, nails, and string, C. Kadoom may serve as hammer and hatchet, C.
Charcoal in mats, C.
Fireplaces (mungud', ©. In the boat going up the Nile have a set put to- gether in a large fireplace with a wooden back, C.
Small bellows or fan, CO.
Fez caps (tarboosh, tarabeesh), A or C.
Manasheh, fly-flap, C.
Cafass, or kafass, a coop for fowls, with moveable drawer at the bottom, in order that it may be kept clean, C.
White or light-coloured boots or shoes, being cooler, and requiring no black- ing, E. or C.
Biscuit, or bread twice baked,C. The bread in the villages in Upper Egypt will not please every one: but very good bread is to be had at Thebes (Koorneh), and that of Siodt and some other large towns is by no means bad.
Small tin cases for holding coffee, sugar, salt, pepper, &c., C
Balldsi, or carthen jars for flour, rice, butter, and other things which rats might eat, are useful, C.
Candles in boxes, or in tin cases, but if in the latter not to be exposed to the sun, C. In going to the Tombs, or caves, in Upper Egypt, it is well to remember always to have candles, and the means of lighting them.
Broom called makésheh, and a tin, for sweeping cabin, C.
Gun, revolver, and rifle, E,
Powder and shot, &c,
Ink, paper, pens, &c.,C. 7” -
Camp-stool and drawing table, E. or C.
Umbrella lined with a dark colour for .. the sun, E. or C,
7
Egypt.
Drawing paper, pencils, puhber, &ec., and colours, in tin box of Winsor and Newton, E.
A saddle and bridle for Syria and
Greece, E. . . Side-saddle, E. It will fit a donkey also.
A light Cuirene donkey-saddle, but no bridle, the asses of Upper Egypt not being accustomed to such a
luxury, C. .»Tent ct required) at Cairo better than
in
Curtains for. boat, of common or other cotton stuff, C.
A packing needle or two, and some string, thin ropes, needles, thread, buttons, &c., are useful, O.
A filterer is not necessary; Keneh jara and goollel, ur earthen water- bottles, supply its place.
A zemzemééh, or water-bottle of Rus- sian leather, for the desert, or even for excursions to the ruins; though for the latter goollel will answer very well, without any trouble, C. The seams must be first of all rubbed with a mixture of melted tallow and wax, and when this dries the zem- zemésh may be filled; but after- wards it must never be left without some water in it. Another precau- tion, when on an excursion, for pre-
With materials t an
answer better than glue.
c. MODE OF LIVING IN EGYPT.
5
sercing the water, is to insist on the servants not drinking it.
As many eatables, which will keep, as he likes, most of which may be had at Cairo. Portable soups, or meat, &c., preserved in tins, may be brought from England as occasional luxuries.
An iron rat-trap for the boat, C.
Two sheets of Mackintosh, about 7 feet - square, or American oil-cloth, with loops here and there, against damp ground and rain, are very useful, especially in the desert and in Syria.
A ladder (if required) may be made at C.
A small boat should also be taken from Cairo, if there be not one belonging to the dahabeéh ; or rather, it should
be part of the agreement that the
dahabééh should be furnished with one. It is uscful for landing, for shooting purposes, and for sending a servant ashore to make purchases on the way in Upper Egypt.
Telescope, E.
Thermometer, aneroid barometer, if re- quired, E.
Measuring-tape and foot-ruler, E.
For observations, a sextant and arti- ficial horizon; or rather, Captain Kater's Repeating Circle; chrono- meter, &., E.
rd to instruments, they should, when it is possible, be of the samu ughout, wood and metal combined ill according with the heat of tian climate; and in the top and bottum of the cases nails or screws
In his medicine-chest the most necessary things for a traveller are, scales and Jiquid-measure, lancet, diachylon and blistering plaster, lint, salts, rhubarb, cream of tartar, ipecacuanha, sulphate of bark or quinine, James’s and Dover's powders, calomel, laudanum or morphine, chlorodine, sugur of lead, sulphate ot zine, nitrate of silver, and sulphate of copper (these 4 being of great use in oph- thalmia), nitre, oil of peppermint, and other common medicines. Powders and other medicines should be put into bottles, well closed with glass stoppers.
Nearly all the above-mentioned things may, indeed, be found in Kgypt; many, too, will be thought unnecessary by many travellers; it must therefore be left tu them to decide if any, or what, can be dispensed with.
c. Move or Lrivino In Ecyrt, AND Diseases oF THE CoUNTRY.
In winter it is unnecessary to make any change in the mode of living from
that usually adopted in Europe; and most persons may
eat whatever they arc
6 Cc. DISEASES. Sect, L
accustomed to in other countries. In the summer months it is, however, better to avoid much wine or spirits. as they tend to heat the blood, and cause the hot weather to be more sensibly felt; and some (though, I may eay, very few) will find that fish (chiefly those without scales), eggs, and unboiled milk, do not always agree with them. Bathing in the Nile is by no means prejudicial in the morning and evening; and, except in the neighbourhood of sandbanks, there is no fear of crocodiles. Fruit and vegetables are whole- some and cooling, ani mutton is better than beef. The fish of the Nile are not very good; the booltee and kisher are perhaps the beat.
The diseases of Egypt are few. Fevers are very rare, except about Alex- andria, Damietta, and other places on the coast ; and almost the only complaints to which strangers are subject in the interior are diarrhosa, dysentery, and oph- thalmia. The following is a good mode of treatment for diarrhaa, or even for the beginning of suspected dysentery. First take an emetic of ipecacuanha, and in the morning a mild aperient, as 15 grs. of rhubarb with 2 grs. of calomel ; on the following day, 2 grs, of ipecacuanha, with } gr. of opium morning and even- ing, nothing being eaten but boiled rice, sweetened with white sugar. But if this does not stop the complaint, and tenesmus gives the well-known sign of decided dysentery, a dose of 20 grs. of calomel with } gr. of opium should be taken, which must be followed next morning by a dose of castor-oil. This generally cuts the matter short; but it is as well to follow it up with 2 gras. of ipecacuanha and j gr. of opium three or four times within the 12 or 24 hours, fur two or three days after. In severe cases an injection of nitrate of silver (caustic) has been employed with great euccess; but this can only be done under medical advice, which can be obtained at Cairo and Alexandria, Chlorodine is also of great service, |
For ophthalmia, in the first stage, mix 10 grs. of sulphate of zinc in 1 oz. of distilled or rose-water, and put one or two drops into the eye, reducing the strength for succeeding applications. In the purulent , mix 7 grs. of sulphate of copper, or blue vitriul, in 1 02z. of rose-water, and drop it into the cye once a-day. Fifteen grs. of sulphate of zinc may even be put into 1 oz. of ruse-water, and one or two drops be put into the eye; and I have been recom- mended by an eminent practitioner to use 7 gra. of nitrate of silver to 1 oz. of rose-water in the same manner.
In slight inflammation, a wash of 2 grs. of sulphate of copper to I oz. of rose- water may be frequently used. Warm water will often remove an irritation which if neglected often ends in ophthalmia ; and it is always preferable to cold in affections of the eye in Egypt. Steaming the eye over boiling water is also highly beneficial; or bathing it with a decuction of poppy-heads,
The cause of ophthalmia has frequently been assigned to the sand of the desert; but, in order to show the error of this conjecture, I need only observe that ophthalmia is unknown there, unless taken from the Nile; and I have always cured myself and others in two or three days, by a visit to the interior of this dry tract. I do not, however, mean to affirm that sand blown into the eye, or a great glare from the sand, will not produce it; dust and the glare of snow will cause it in other countries; but still they are not the causes of ophthalmia, generally speaking. There are, in fact, both direct and accidental causes, Among the latter are a blow, dust or sand, glare of the sun, a draught of wind, and other things; but the former must be looked for in a fixed and specific agent, peculiar to Egypt. This, I am persuaded, after many years’ experience, and frequent attacks of ophthalmia, arises in the transition from excessive dry- ness to damp; and though Egypt is, perhaps, the driest climate in the world, the difference between the generally dry atmosphere and the damp exhalations on the river, or in the streets of Cairo and other towns (which are not only narrow, but are watered to keep them cool), is so great, that the eye is readily affected by it; particularly when in that susceptible state, caused by the sensible
Egypt. d, DRESS.—€. PRESENTS. 7
and insensible perspiration, to which the skin is there subject. Hence it is, that during the inundation, when the exhalations are the greatest, ophthalmia is most prevalent. The facts of its non-existence in, and its speedy cure if a patient goes into, the desert, sufficiently substantiate this opinion ; and this is further confirmed by the comparatively comfortable sensation there imparted to the eye by the dryness of the air.
It is always advisable to avoid sitting in a draught, particularly of damp air; and if obliged to go out at night from a warm room, or the cabin of a boat, it is pradent, when the eyes are weak, to wash them and the forehead with a little cold water, by which means the perspiration is not checked on guing out, and the eye is prepared for the change toa cooler temperature. They must, how- ever, be wiped dry before leaving the room.
It is unnecessary to say much respecting the plague, which seldom now visits Egypt; and if it should appear, any one may escape it by leaving the country on the first alarm. If he cannot do the last, he may avoid it by re- maining in Upper Egypt, where it never goes above Siodt; or he may keep quarantine like other Europeans in the country. In Alexandria cases rarely occur from September to the end of January, and at Cairo from the end of Jane to the end of March; and that only in certain years. A violent plague used formerly to occur about once in 10 or 12 years. It was always less fre-
uent at Cairo than at Alexandria, and the worst plagues ceased at Cairo by the end of June. It is no longer dreaded as of old: great precautions are taken by the board of health; and the treatment is better understood. The first remedy shvuld be an emetic, which will often stop it if taken in time; but bleeding is injurious.
d. Dress.
If the traveller inquires whether the Oriental dresa be necessary, I answer, it is by no means so; and a person wearing it, who is ignorant of the language, becomes ridiculous. One remark, however, I must be allowed to make on dress in that conntry—that a person is never respected who is badly dressed, of whatever kind the costume may be, and nowhere is exterior appearance su much thought of as in the East.
e. PRESENTS.
With regard to presents in Egypt, it may be laid down as a general rule that they are quite unnecessary; which was not the case in former times. But it will sometimes happen that the civilities of a Shekh Bélled, or even of a Turkish governor, require some return; in which case some English gunpowder, a watch, or a telescope for the latter, and a white shawl and tarboosh, or an amber mouth-piece for the former, are, generally speaking, more than they have any reason to expect. And although, on those occasions when their politeness arises from the hope of reward, they may be disappointed in their expectations, yet they would only consider greater presents proofs of greater ignorance in the person who made them. But in all cases the nature of a present must depend on the service performed, and also upon the rank of both
parties. a
8 J. PASSPORTS.—g. MONEY. Sect. I.
j. Passport.
[Though no passport is really needed in Egypt, it is demanded on landing at Alexandria; and it is therefore advisable, in going to Egypt as to every country, to be provided with a Foreign-Office pnssport.] It will be well to have it visé at the Consulate and by the police, for Upper Egypt, and especially if the traveller intends going any distance from the Nile into the interior; for the governor of a town might refuse protection to a traveller when applied to for it, on the excuse of his having no passport; and the want of one might, in some cases, be a very serious inconvenience.
g. Monzy mn Ecypt.
The most common foreign coins current in Egypt are the dollar, the sove- reign, the napoleon, Venetian sequin, and 5-franc piece. The shillin at Cuiro and Alexandria among the Europeans; but in the Turkish quarter there is a loss upon it. The value of all foreign coins is frequently changing in Egypt, in consequence of the constant deterioration of the piastre. The Con- stantinople coins pass at Cairo and as far as Asouan; but in Nubia only E tian money. Large sums are reckoned by purses, as throughout the Turkiah empire. ‘The purse is always 500 piastres; there is also the khdzneh, which is 1000 purses. It is as well to take about 50l., or more, in sovereigns from Eng- land, as they always have their full value, and sometimes pass for more.
Many Turkish and foreign coins are current in Egypt, but as their value fiuo- tuates it is difficult to fix their exact value. Their value in commerce differs also from that established by the Government tariff, and thus the English sovereign, which was rated by the Government some years ago at 974 piastres, passed in commerce for 100, and has now risen to 175; the napoleon, which was rated at 77, now passes for 135; and other coins have risen in asimilar ratio ; so that their actual valuc, at various times, can only be ascertained in the country.
The best money to take to Egypt is English sovereigns, Spanish and Aus- trian dollars, or 5-franc pieces. It is also necessary to have circular notes, or bills on London, They may be drawn either at Alexandria or Cairo; but it must be remembered that no money is to be obtained in Upper Egypt, and the traveller must take all he wants for his journey before he leaves Cairo; an order may, however, be had on Mustapha Agha, our agent at Luxor (Thebes), by application to the Consul at Cairo. He should also provide himself with a sufficient quantity of small change, called KAdrdeh, in piustres, and 20, 10, and 5 para pieces for small purchases, as the peasants seldom have any means of giving change.
When everything is supplied by the dragoman it will be necessary for the traveller to take sufficient gold to pay him the first month in advance be- fore he leaves Cairo, and a fied sum at Asouan (which is the general agree- ment—see Contract); and he will really require very little money until his return to Cairo, where circular notes or letters of credit can readily be cashed. A very few sovereigns in addition will be all that the traveller can spend on the Nile; but it is not advisable to leave all small private purchases to be paid for by the dragoman.
The piastre and the smaller ian coins now pass throughout Ethiopia ; though, in the southern parts, the old prejudice in favour of the Spani pillar dollar of Charles IV. (once common throughout Ethiopia as low as the
rat Cataract) may perhaps still remain. That dollar was preferred, and had a greater value, partly from its having four lines in the number, and, partly, as they affirmed, from the superior quality of the silver.
Egypt. h. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 9
h. WEIGHTS AND MEAsURes.
8 Mitkil make 1 Okéea (wokéea) or Arab oz. 12 Okéca — 1 Rotl or pound (about 1 Ib. 2 oz. 8 dwt. Troy).
23 — 1 Oka or Wukka. 100 to 110 Rotl 1 Kantir (about 983 avoirdupois). 108 Rot! — | tir for coffee. 102 Rotl — 1 Kantir for pepper, &c. 120 Rofl — 1 Kantér for cotton. 150 Rotl — 1 tér for gums, &c.
For Gold, Gums, ce. 4 Kumbh (Grains) make 1 Keerdét (Carat) or Khardobeh.
64 Grains or 16 Keerft — 1 Derhm (47§ to 49 grains English).
14 Derhm, or 24 Keerét — { 1 a Teelish) about 1 drachm to 72 grs. 12 Derhm _ { 1 Osea or oz. (from 571} to 576 grs. Eng- 12 Okéea — 1 Rotl or pound.
150 Rotl — 1 Kantér. Measures of Length.
Fitr, or span with forefinger and thumb. Shibr, longest span with little finger and thumb. ubdeh, human fist, with the thumb erect. 1 Drah beledee, or cubit, equal to 22 to 22] inches English. 1 Drah Stamboolee equal to 26 to 263 inches English. 1 Drah Hindézee (for cloth, &c.) equal to about 25 inches English. 2 Bah (braces) equul to 1 Kassobeh or 11} feet.
Land Measures.
1 Kassobch, equal to 92 (formerly 24) Khardobeh or Kibdeh make .. from 11 ft. i in.
English. 133 Kassobeh or rods — 1 Keerat. 24 Keerét, or 333 Kassobeh — 1 Feddan or acre.
Corn Measure. In Lower Egypt. In Upper Egypt. 9 Kuddah make 1 Melweh. 4 Roftow make 1 Mid, 4 Kuddah — _ 1 Roob. 3 Roob — 1 Mid, 2 Roob — 1 Kayleh. 8 Mid or 1 Ardeb, or 4 Roob — 1 Wayheh. 6 Waybeh — ¢ nearly 5 Eng. 24 Roob — 1 Ardeb. y bushels B
10 1. POST-OFFIOE.—k, POPULATION—REVENUE, &C, Sect. I.
t. Post-OFFIceE.
Besides the inland. post, there is a Forei,n post-office at Cairo as well as at Alexandria, and letters sent by it to Malta, France, and other parts of the Continent, must be prepaid. Letters from Upper Egypt for England had better be sent to the Consul; or to the landlord of some hotel at Cairo, as they can be forwarded rather later than those sent to the consulate. They need not be prepaid, if sent by the overland mail. There is also a post throughout Egypt, and letters may be sent from any place to Cairo, paying 50 paras for every drachm weight. From Cairo to Alexandria by railroad, a single letter pays = 1 piastre; of # oz. = lh p.; of loz. = 2p.; of 2 oz. = 33 P- & The Fertrottice of Upper Egypt is in the hands of the Govern- ment, but beyond Cairo the post-office is most unsatisfactory. From and to Thebes alone, letters can be forwarded by means of the clumsy and expensive method of running Arabs, who relieve one another from village to village: the arrival, however, of the letters at their destination is most precarious, and many never reach Cairo. Beyond Thebes it is useless to attempt to forward or receive letters; and the (so-called) English Consul at Thebes (Mustapha Agha) advises travellers not to make the attempt.
k. PorpuLATION.—REVENUE.
The population of Egypt is estimated at about 4,500,000. Alexandria, owing to its thriving condition and extensive commerce, contains nearly ten times the number of inhabitants it had before the time of Mohammed Ali, and its population, which is rapidly augmenting, is now about 170,000.
The revenue of Egypt is said to be about 4;500,0001, to 5,000,0002. sterling.
l, Famity of MowAMMED ALI.
The family left by Mohammed Ali were Ibrahim Pasha; Said Pasha; Hos- sayn Bey ; Halzem Bey; and Mohammed Ali Bey ; Nuzleh Hanem, his eldest daughter, the widow of Mohammed Bey Defterdar; and other daughters,
Toossoom and Ismail Pusha died many years before him; and the former left n son, the late Abbas Pasha, who was succeeded in the pashalic by his uncle Said; the succession going, according to custom, to the oldest member of the family, and not direct y from father to son. But this custom, so injuri- ous to the country, has now been abolished (1866); and the succession is to continue in the direct line from father to son.
Ibrahim Pasha left some children, one of whom, Ismail Pasha, is the pre- sent Viceroy.
m. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF Krinas or Eayrt.
In order to assist those who are interested in Egyptian antiquities, I shall introduce a list of kings, which may be useful in examining the monuments, particularly at Thebes. It must however be understood that the dates are merely approximative. The chronology of Egypt is as yet very uncertain ; and the date of Menes has been variously conjectured at from 3024 B.c. to 2700. Ido not think it necessary to arrange, or even to mention the names of all the early kings, but those only who are connected in some particular manner with the monuments, or with history; and as I consider Mr. Stuart Poole’s arrangement of the 19 first dynasties the most satisfactory that has been suggested, I shall here introduce it :—
Egypt. im. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 11
| Xu. Memphites. | tv. | vi. | vi. ; | vin. |
| IX. Heracleopolites. | X.? Diospolites. | x. | xu | XIII, | XVII. | xix. | | | XIV. Xottes.
| Evi. }Sberber | | XVII. Shepherds, |
From this it will be at once seen how and which of the early dynasties were contemporaneous, and that the whole of Egypt was not governed by one king after the death of Menes, until the (time of Amosis, the first king of the) 18th
dynasty. Ascend Letter in Plate; and the Name; Throne. with the order of the Dynasties; and the most noted Kings, BO. I. Dynasty. 8 Thiniles. 2700 ?] A. Menes, Menai, First King. According to Josephus, he lived
1300 years before Solomon.
Athothis, his son. : , Ill, Dynasty. 6 other Kings. 9 Memphites.
Among them are Shofo (Soyphis) and others, 2450 V. Dynasty, IV. Dynasry. 9? Elephantines # 8 Memphites. (probably of Middle Shofo (Suphis or or Lower Egypt.) Cheops). Usercheres, Nu-shofo, Shafre (Sephres), Menkere, and and others. others,
2240 IX. Dynasty. XI. Dynasty. VI. Dynasty. 4? Heracleopolites? | 16 Diospolites, or 6 Memphites. (Hermonthites ?) ebans. Tata. Ementefs, Senofrkere, Papa, Papi, or : Apappus. Mantoftep I. or Man- Merenre, dothp, eeevene Enentef, and others. : AM to @X. : ‘“‘after whom : Mantoftep II. Ammenemes,” or Nitocris. . Amun-mn-he L., per- 2031 haps Amun-timeus.
ow
m. CHRONOLOGIOAL TABLE. Sect. I.
the Letter in Plate; and the Name; ‘hrone with the order of the Dynasties; and the most noted Kings. B.C. 2020 XII. Dynasty. XIV.Dyn}] XV. 7 Diospolites or Thebans. | Xoites. | XVI.) Dvn. said by Ma- XVII. netho to be Shepherds. : son of Am- Who came in A. B. epirtasen menemes, the time of (Sesonchosis.) Date of his Amun-timeeus, ‘’ | 43rd year or on the Amun-fii-he? Monuments C.D. Amun-wh-he II. Was the XVII. ‘| Date of his 35th year. Dyn. giv “Shep. E.F. Osirtasen II. herds, while it Date of his 3rd year. really belonged G.H. Osirtasen III. to the" Srranger Date of his 14th year. were their names (Meris) introduced by His 44th mistake into the e ° ence f.J. Amun-m-he III.¢ yr. on too the mention the of Amunoph at Monts, that time. (See K, L. Amun-m-he IV. p. 20.)
Sebeknofr (Skemiophris.)
X. XII. Dynasry. Dyn. ? . -,..{ who were in 860 60? Diospol ites| Ethiopia.
Many of these were called Sabaco, and were pro- bably Ethiopians.
Then followed the XVIII. Dynasty of Diospolites, who ruled all Egypt; wing expelled the Shepherds, who had held the country from 2031 B.c.
Letter { Accend
tter in e
Plate. Kinga. Throne Events. B.C.
XVI. Dynasty oF DIOSPOLITES (FROM THEBES). MN Amosis, or Ames _.. | 1520 ' Date of his 22nd year on the monuments.
1498 , Crude brick arches used in Egypt.
OP Amunoph I. oe QR Thothmes I. . .- ' 1478 | Date of his 14th year. Qa Ra | Amun-nou-het .. | 1464 | Reigned with Thothmes II. & IT. ST Thothmes II. .. .. | 1464 UV Thothmes III. .. .. | 1468 , A great architect. His 47th yerr | | on the monuments.
Egypt. m. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. . 18
Kings. Throne Events,
WX | Amunophil. .. .. | 1414 His son. Came to the throne
young. YZ ThothmesIV. .. .. | 1410 | His son. His 7th year on the
monuments. ab Amunoph III, (while a { 1403 | His son. The supposed Memnon minor, his mother to of the vocal statue at Thebes. Maut-mh-shoi was pro- | 1367 His 86th year on the monu- bably Regent.) ments.
[Some “Stranger kings ’ ruled in Egypt about this time (1367 to about 1337 ?), three of whom were Eesa, Amun-Todénkh, and Atin-re-Bakhan. }
ed Horus .. .. «2 a | 1837 Rathotis ; Resetat .. | 1325
XIX. Dynasry or Diospoirrszs.
ef ‘RemesesI... .. «.. | 1324 | Or Remesso. His 2nd year on | the monuments.
gh Sethi, Osirei, or Siri Il. 1322 | A great conqueror. His 9th year on the monuments.
ii, 2, | Amun-mai Remeses ..} 1311 , Or Remeses the Great. The j 3, 4, | or Remeses IT, a supposed Sesostris, son of Osi- 5,6, (Hts two Queens)... .«.}, rei or Se-Osirei: hence, perhaps,
confounded with Sesostris. His | 62nd year on the monuments. Manctho gives him 66,
ki Pthahmen .. .. .. | 1245 | His son. His Srd year on the monuments,
k2,12 Pthahmen-Se-Pthah .. | 1237 | Not admitted into the Theban
lists, perhaps from being a
Memphite, or from having
only married the Princess
Taosiri. His 3rd year on the monuments.
XX. Dynagsry or Diosporrres.
mn Sethi, Osirei, or Siri IT. | 1232
op Sethi, Osirei, or Siri III. | 1224
qr Remeses IJ. e- .- | 1219 | His son, called also Miamun, and Amun-mai. His 26th year on
. the monuments,
st Remeses IV. .. .«- | 1189 | Hiason. His 3rd year on the monuments.
uv Remeses V. oe oe | 1185 mrt of Remeses III. Troy taken
wx Remeses VI. .. -- | 1180 1184?
yz Remeses VII. .. .. | 1176
af Remeses VIII. .. «- {| 1171
m. OHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Seot. I.
Remeses IX. .. .. | 1161 | His 12th and 17th years on the monuments. Remeses X. -. «+ | 1142 | His Srd year on the monuments. Bemeses XI.? .. .. | 1138 Amunmeses? .. .. | 1185 (Other kings.)
XXI. Dynasty oF TANITES.
Smendes and other | 1085 kings.
Amunse-Pehor .. .. | 1019 Piénkh os ee) ee «|«21078 Pisham his son .. .. | 1004
XXII. Dynasty or Bosasrires,
Sheshonk I. »- «oe | 990 | Shishak of SS. (t.Solomon). His 22nd year on the monuments.
Osorkon I., hisson .. | 968 | His 11th year on the monuments.
Her-sha-seb, hisson .. | 953
Osorkon II. oe as 952 | His 23rd year (?) on the monu- ments. Married Keromama,
daughter of Her-sha-seb.
Sheshonk II. .. .. | 929 Tiklat, Tiglat or Take- | 914 | His 15th year on the monuments. loth I. (Tacelothis). Probably a son of Sheshonk II. He married Keromame, daughter of Nimrod, son of Osorkon II. Osorkon III., his son His 28th year on the monuments, Sheshonk III., his son His 28th year on the monuments. Tiglat, Takeloth II., his 26th years between 28th of son. Sheshonk III. and the 2nd year of Pisham.
XXIO. Dynasty or TANITES.
Pishai, or Pikhai 7 818 | Descended from Takeloth I. A new line. His 2nd year on the monuments.
Sheshonk IV., his son 815 | His 37th year on the monuments.
Petubastes .. .. .. 777 | Olympiads began in his reign, 776.
(Other kings.) (Era of Nabonassar, 741 3.c.)
XXIV. Dywnasry or 1 Sairs.
Bocchoris .. .. .. 784 | Called “the Wise.” Son of Tnephachthus, the Technatis of Plutarch.
Egypt. m. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 15
Ascend
Letter ! e
Plate. Kings. Throne Events, B.C.
XXV. Dynasry or ETHOPIANS.
1,2 Sabaco I. or Shebek I. | 714?| So or Sava of SS, Madea treaty with Hosea about7108B.c. His 12th year on the monuments. Herodotus gives him 50; Ma- netho 12. The 50 years of Herodotus probably comprised the rule of the whole of the 25th Dynasty.
3, 4 Sabechon, Sevechus, | 702 | Manetho gives him 14 or 12
SabacolI., or Shebek IT. years. Shalmanezer besieges Samaria in 4th year of Heze- kiah, and after 3 years takes it. Captivity of Israel (2 Kings xviii. 9).
Tehrak, Tirhaka, or | 690 | His 26th year on the monuments.
Tarcus. Manetho gives him 18 or 20
years. Sennacheribtakescities
of Judah in 14th of Hezekiah,
in the time of “ Tirhakah.”
' Sethos, a priest-king, said by Herodotus to have ruled at |
Memphis at this time. An
Apis, born in the 26th year
of Tirhaka, died in the 21st
| of Psammetichus, aged 21
years.
XXVI. Dywasry or Saires.
7,8 (Uncertain.) Psamatik, or Psam- metichus I., son of Neco.
664 | Ifthe 12 kings or monarchs ruled at all, their reign is included in that of Psammetichus, who is shown by the Apis stele to be the immediate successor of Tirhaka. Herodotus gives 1454 years from the acces- sion of Psammetichus to the invasion by Cambyses. 145} +- 525 = 670 — 671. Hero- dotus and Manetho give Psam- metichus 54 years, and his 54th year is on the monu- ments, Fall of Nineveh 625?
6 ®m. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Sect. I.
Letter { a
tter in the
Plate. Kings. Throne Events, . B.C,
¢ ————
9,10 | Neco, the son of Psam- 610 | His 16th year on the monuments. metichus I. Herodotus gives him 16 years. Neco begins to re-open canal to Red Sea. Josiah de- feated by Neco and killed. Carchemish taken by Neco. Jehoiakim b. to r. and reigned 11 years. Army of Neco de- feated and Carchemish taken by Nebuchadnezzar in 4th year of Jehoiakim, in lst of Nebuchadnezzar, and 19th of his father, Nabopolassar (Ptol. Can.), who reigned 21 years, f.e. apparently 2 years with his son. (Berosus.)
11,12 | PsammetichusII.,Psam-| 594 | His lst year on the monuments. mis, or Psamuthis.
13, 14 | Apries, Vaphres, Hai- | 588 | His 12th year on the monuments. phra-het, Hophra. Manetho gives him 19 years ; Herodotus 25. Alliance of Ze- dekiah with Egypt. The 10th ; of Zedekiah was the 18th of Nebuchadnezzar (Jer. xxii. 1). ! Zedekiah deposed and taken to Babylon, Pharaoh Hophra being then living (Jer. xliv. 30).
13a, 14a| Psammetichus III... - His reign probably included in that of Apries, which was appa- rently reckoned at 19 years.
Av Apis born ia 16th of Neco, consecrated in Ist of Psam- metichus II.; died in 12th of Apries, aged 17 yrs. 6 m. 5d.
15,16 | Amasis, Ames .. .. | 569 | His 44th year on the monuments. Herodotus and Manetho give
| him 44. Hemarried a daughter of Psammetichus III. Cyrus in
17th year of Nabonadus took
Babylon (Jos. Eus, Beros.).
A Stela mentions a man born
in the 3rd year of Neco, who | died in 85th of Amasis, aged
71 years 7 months, An Apis
| Stela mentions a daughter
of Amasis, called Psametic ;
15,16
19
20, 21
22
23
m. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
Kinga.
Amasis, Ames
Psammenitus, or Psam- micherites.
17
Eventa,
Se} a |
aud he appears to have had two other wives besides the daugh- ter of Peammetichus III. 525 | After 6 months Egypt conquered by Cambyses,
569
XXVIII. Dywasry or PERSIANS.
Darius Hystaspes’.. i
| merxes (son of Darius) Artabanes (brother of
Darius). Artaxerxes (or Art- ksheshes) Longimanus.
Xerxes II. .. Sogdianus ... Darius Nothus .. ..
525 | Canbat, and Canbosh? in hiero- glyphics. Ruled 6 years till 519 (others say 522),
(Or 521.) Ruled 36 years, Per- sians expelled from Egypt at the close of his reign till 2nd year of Xerxes.
(Or 485.) Ruled 21 years.
Killed Xerxes, and Darius, son of Xerxes; and was put to death by Artaxerxes. Ruled 7 months.
(Some give 465.) In his 5th year revolt of Jnarus King of Libya, and Amyrteus, 458, Persians retake Egygt 4 years (or some say 6 years) later, 452-451; Amyrtzus flies to the isle of Elbo, and Inarus is crucified. Sarsamas is made Satrap of Egypt. In the 15th year of Artaxerxes 60 ships are sent to Egypt by the Athenians, Amyr- teeus being still in the marsh- country, 438 g.c. It is possible that about 448 Pausiris, son of Amyrtzus, was made Viceroy of Egypt by the Persians; and if then aged 18, he was born 466 B.c.; and Amyrtseus would be at least 18 in 466, and born in 484, being 26 years old at the first revolt in 458, If Pau- siris was made viceroy sooner, the birth of Amyrteus would be later than 484. Artaxerxes reigned 40 years, or 41, and died 421 Bc.
421 | Reigned 2 months.
421 7 months,
420 | —-——— 19 _ years,
519
483 462
462
Illegitimate
18 m. OHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, Sect. I.
Ascend
Letter in the Plate. Kinga. Throne Events. ; RC. Darius Nothus .. .. | 420 son of Artaxerxes Longimanus.
Inhis 10th year, 411 B.c., Egypt revolted (some say in his 2nd year, 419-418 s.c.), and Amyr- teus became king.
XXVIII. Dynasty or one Salfre.
24,25* | Amyrtaus .. .. .. | 411 | Amyrteeus reigned 6 years till $05 n.c. If born 414, he died aged 79; but if the revolt was in 2nd year of Darius or 419, he died in 413, aged 71; and if Pausiris was made viceroy before 448, the age of Amyr- teeus would be much less.
XXIX. Dynasty oF MENDESIANS.
26,27 | Nepherites .. .. .- | 405 | Nefaorot. Long vowels first used in Greek, 403. Death of Cyrus the younger. Re- treat of the 10,000, 401.
28, 29 | Achoris, or Acéris .. | 399 | Hakori. 80, 31 | Psammontis, or Pse- | 386 | Nepherotes and Muthis not on Maut. the monuments.
XXX. Dynasty or SEBENNYTE K1n@s.
$2,33 | Nectanebo!I. .. .. { 381 | Nakhtnebo, Nectabis of Pliny. Teos or Tachos .. .. | 363 | Artaxerxes Mnemon sent a large force under Pharnabazus and Iphicrates into Egypt about 374 B.c., which was defeated . by Nectanebo. Nectanebo II... .. 361 | Defeated by the Persians, 343.
XXXI. Dynasty or Persians.
Ochus .. .. .. .. | 348 | In his 20th year. Arges .. «see 341 Darius... .. .. 338 | Alexander conquers Egypt, 332,
MACEDONIANS. PTOLEMY BEING GOVERNOS OF Eaypr, 322.
Philip Arideus .. 323 |; Ptolemy made governor of Egypt Alexander, son of Alex- | 317 { in their name, 322. ander the Great,
ProLEeMIEs, OR LAGIDZ.
1 Lagus, or Soter .. .. , 305 | Married, 1 Eurydice, 2 Berenice.
2 Philadelphus .. .. | 284 | (The Ethiopian king Ergamenes lived at this time.) far. Ar- sinoé,
* This name, Nos, 24, 25, is now supposed to be of Bocchorie.
m. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
Euergetes I. -
3 246 | Mar. Berenice. 4 Philopator .. 221 | Mar. Arsinoé. 5 Epiphanes .. 204 | Mar, Cleopatra. 6 Philometor .. 180 | Mur. Cleopatra. -Antiochus in- vades Egypt, 170. 7 Euergetes IJ. or | 145 | Mar. 1 Cleopatra, 2 Cleopatra Physcon. Cocce. Also called Philometor. 8 Soter I., or Lathyrus. 116 | Mar, 1 Cleopatra, 2 Selene. Called also Philometor, expelled 106. 9 Alexander I, 106 | With his Mother. Mar.Cleopatra Lathyrus restored, 88. 10 Berenice .. .. .. 81 | Daughter of Lathyrus. 1) Alexander IT. .. .. 80 | Bequeaths his kingdom to the Romans. 12 Neus Dionysus, or 65 | Mar. Cleopatra. Expelled 58, re- Auletes. stored 55. 13 Ptolemy, the only son 51 | With Cleopatra, his sister and of Auletes. wife. 14 Ptolemy, the younger. 47 | Mar, Cleopatra also. 15 Cleopatra... .. 44 | Alone, and then with Cesarion or Neocesar, her son by J. Cesar. 30 | Egypt became a Roman province. A.D. Events.
Visit of Adrian to Egypt ; and again a.p. 130. Taking of Alexandria by Diocletian.
Council of Nicza in reign of Constantine.
Athanasius and Arius.
Edict of Theodosius. Destruction of the Temple of Sarapis,
Conquest of Egypt by Amer (miscalled Amrou).
Caliphs.)
(See Table of
Conquest of Egypt by the Turks under Sultan Selim.
Rebellion of Ali Bey.
Invasion of Egypt by the French.
Expelled by the English.
Mohammed Ali made Pasha of Egypt.
Mohammed Ali died; August 2nd.
LIST OF KINGS.—PHARAOHS.
«) lease)
cst
Osirtasen L Anvun-tb-be I, Amun-th-he II. Osirtasen II.
! , Menes, Senofrkere. Mantc
(Manmof ?)
Menai.
m. LIST OF KINGS.
Pynasty XVIII.
ty XII.
Amun-now-het. Thothmes I.
eal 3 | | ° <4 e
Sect. I.
ara] od eZ) titese | une aii
Horus,
Amunoph III.
SAGE) * jared
ACES) “hGH
Dynasty X VIII.—continued.
Thothmes LV.
Amunoph IT.
Thothmes I}I.
Egypt. m, LIST OF KINGS.
Dynasty XX.
LIST OF KINGS.— PHARAOHS— continued.
Dynasty XIX.
Sra)» uC) E
Dynasty XXII.
Pthahmen-se-pthah. Sethi, or Osirei II.
Pthahmen.
2 a (P) | x FORCE =| )lciae)
WZ
Dynasty XX.—conlinued. 5
Dynasty XXI.
4
Remeases V.
Dynasty X X.—continued.
KENS) Neel
Sethi, or Osiret 11]. Remeses III, Remeses 1V.
\ Remesas XII, Amun-meses.
shonk I. (Shisbak).
She
Pehor.
Sect. I.
m. LIST OF KINGS.
92
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®. THR CALIPHS AND SULTANS. ° 25
Egypt. n.—LmuT OF THE CALIPHS AND SunitTarNs or Eqyrpt.
The frequent mention of these Kings, particularly in describing the monu- ments of Cairo, and the necessity of knowing at least when they reigned, induced me to give this Chronological Table.
Ommisdes, or
Ammawésh. Events during their Reign.
Aboo Bukr, or Aboo Bekr (e’ Sadéek).
O’mar (ebn el Khut- téb, or Khattab).
Invasion of Syria commenced.
Conquest of Persia, Syria, and Egypt.
A'mer, or Amr (ebn el As) enters Egypt in June, 638.
Conquest of Africa begun.
Ali in Arabia reigns till 661; and El Hassan, his son, nominally succeeds him, and having reigned six months abdicated, a.p. 661. Deatb of Hassan,. 670. Modwieh in Egypt and Syria.
House of Ammavé?h (Ommiades).
Alone. Fruitless attack on Constanti- nople by the Saracens.
His son. Hossayn killed at Kerbela,
His son.
[Abdallah, son of Zobayr, reigned nine years in the Hegdz (Arabis), from 64 to 73 A.B, or 684 to 693 a.p.*]
Othman. A'li (or Alee), and Modwieh I.
Moéwieb I.
Yezéed I. Modwieh II.
Merawén I. Abd el Mélek.
His son. Conquest of Africa completed. Abd el Azéez, his brother, made a Nilo-
meter at Helwin. In 76 a.H. first Arab coinage. The oldest coin found is of 79 az. (699 a.D.); it is a silver Der'hem. The oldest gold deendrs are
. of the years 91 and 92 a.H.
His son. Conquest of Spain, 710. First invasion of India by the Moslems,
His brother. Second failure before Con- stantinople. Was the first who founded a Nilometer at the Isle of Roda.
El Weledd [. Soolaymdn,
Omar II. Yested i.
El Weledd II. Yeséed ITI. Ibrahim. Merawén IT.
Son of Abd el Azéez.
Son of Abd el Mélek.
His brother. Defeat of Abd e’ Rahmén in France, by Charles Martel, 732.
Son of Zezéed.
His son. ;
His brother.
Grandson of Merawan I., killed at Aboosder, a town belonging to the Fyoém in
Egypt.
* The Hégira, or Moslem era, begins 622 a.v., dating from the “‘ fight” of the prophet from Mecca. To reduce any year of the Hégira to our own, we have only to add 622 to the given year, and deduct 3 for every hundred, or 1 for every 33; eg. 1233-4 622==1855 ; then for the 1200 deduct 26, and 1 for the 33-37, leaves 1818 aD 0
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Egypt. 0. POINTS REQUIRING EXAMINATION. 41
o. Centain Points REQUIRING EXAMINATION,
The attention of those who are induced to make researches might be usefully directed to the following points :—
1. Alerandria.—Ascertain the sites of the buildings of the old city.
2. Canopic branch.—Ascertain the site of Naucratis, Anthylls, and Archandrs, and the course of the Canopic branch.
3. Sais. Excavate, and make a plan of Sais: at least look for the temple of
eith.
4, Deita.—Examine the sites of the ruined towns in the Delta, Look for their name in the hieroglyphics, and for Greek inscriptions; but particularly for duplicates of the Rosetta Stone. Look at Fort Julian below Rosetta for the upper part of that stone. A trilingular stone is said to be at Menouf, and others at Tanta and Cairo.
5. Heliopolis.—Excavate (if possible) the site of the temple of Hellopolis; and look for the tombs of Heliopolis.
6. Pyramids.—Look for the hietoglyphic record mentioned in the Greek in- scription in honour of Balbillus, found before the Sphinx.
7. Memphis.— Make a plan of Memphis. Excavate about the Colossus for the temple. Examine the mounds. Those at the nitre-works are modern.
8. Look for new names of Memphite kings, about the pyramids, Sakkara, and the site of Memphis.
9. Look for trilingular stones in the mosks of Cairo.
. 10. Onice.—Excavate the mounds of Onice, and look for the temple built by Onias.
11. Ahnasich.—Ascertain the hieroglyphic name of Ahnasieh (Heracleopolis).
12. At Dayr Aboo Honnes, 8. of Autino#, examine the Convent in the village, which is said to be of early time.
18. Metdhara—Copy kings’ names at the tombs of Metdhara, and columns with full-blown lotus capitals.
14. Hermopolitana and Thebaica Phylace.—Look for tombs in the neighbour- hood
15. Zkkmim.—Look for its tombs. Ascertain the hieroglyphic name of the goddess Thriphis. [See Ekhmin. ]
16. Thebes—Copy all the astronomical ceilings in the tomb of Memnon, and other tombs of the kings; also the whole series of the sculptures and hieroglyphics of one entire tomb.
17, Esné—Look for inner chambers of the temple behind the portico, Ex- amine the old Convent.
18, Ascertain what town stood near El Ken4n, and the pyramid of Koola,
19. Edfoo.—Copy the great hieroglyphic inscription of 79 columns.
20. Asouan.—Look for early Saracenic buildings, and the oldest pointed arches.
21. Oasis.—Ascertain the date of the crude brick pointed.arch given by Mr. Hoskins at Doosh.
22. Ethiopia.—Copy the names and sculptures of Upper Ethiopia, and make a list of Ethiopian kings according to their succession, and ascertain their dates.
23. Mount Sinai.—Make a plan of the temple at SarAbut el Khadem.
There ie a monument in Asia Minor, which is said to be Egyptian. If so, it is probably one of the stelz of Sesostris mentioned by Herodotus; and similar to those on the Lycus, near Beyroot, in Syria, which I saw and copied, in spite of idea of M. De Saulcy that they are not there. It is the figure of s man, cut on the rock, near Nymphio, the ancient Nympheum, about 15 feet from the ground, with a javelin in his hand; and was seen by the Rev. G.
42 (pP. ENGLISH AND ARABIO VOCABULARY. Sect. I.
Renousrd some years ago, who observes that one of the ancient roads from Mypia to Lydia passed that way.
‘The Norek (or Noreg), a machine used by the modern Egyptians for threshing coro.
p. Exouisa ano Arasic Vocanutarr.
In introducing this imperfect: Vocabulary, I must observe that it is only intended for a person travelling in Egypt, to which the dialect I have followed particularly belongs. I have kept in view, as much as possible, the English pronunciation, guiding my mode of spelling by the sound of a word, rather than by its Arabic orthography, and have consequently so far transgressed, that I have now and then introduced a p, which letter does not exist in Arabio, but which nevertheless comes near to the pronunciation in certain words, I have also thought it better to double some of the consonants, in order to point out more clearly that greater. stress is to be put on those letters, rather than follow the orthography of the Arabic, where one only was used. He, his, him, at the end of words, should properly be written with an A; but I have merely cxpromed it, as pronounced, with 00. For the verbs I have preferred the second singular of the imperative, which in an Arabic vocabulary for general use is better than the third person singular of the perfect tense (though this gives the root), or than the infinitive (misder). Those in Italics are elther derived from, have been the origin of, or bear analogy to, an European or other foreign word.
I may also observe, that I have sometimes introduced words used only by the Arabs (of the desert), and some of the common expressions of the people, in order that these (when of frequent occurrence) might not be unknown to a traveller; but in general the first and second words are the most used. The four kinds of Arabic are the ammee, e valger or jargon; dérig, common parlance ; Uoghawee, Uiteral; and ndhvces, grammatical
Proxunciation.
Tho aaa in father; oy, a8 in may; 4 or dy vory browd, and frequently nasal E, as in end; 4, as in seek; cdf, nearly as in the Italian mic.
Egypt. fp. ENGLISH AND ARABIO VOCABULARY. 48
Ai and ¢i, as in German, or as y in my; but ai rather broader. A single ¢, at the end of words, as in Doge, stroke, &c.
f,asinis. J, as in English, but for it I have almost always used g. Indeed in Lower Egypt the g (gim), which should be soft, like our j, is made hard, and pronounced as if followed by a short i, like the Italian word Ghiaccto; but whatever letter it precedes or follows, it should properly be pronounced soft. For the ghain, however, I use gh, a Aard guttural sound. Dj as.
Hf, as our h; and 4 with a dot, a very hard aspirate.
XK, as in kill.
For the kaf, or gef, I have used & with a dot, or line, below it. Its sound ig very nearly that of a hard g, almost guttural, and much harder than our c, in cough. Indeed it is frequently pronounced so like a g that I have sometimes used that letter for it.
Kh, as the German ch and Greek x, but much more guttural.
O, as in on, unless followed by w.
O asin go; 6 and 6, rather broader; 00 as in moon; ov, as in cow.
£ is always to be distinctly pronounced, as well as the 4 in ah; this 4 is fre- quently as hard as ch in loch.
S, and sh, as in English ; but ¢, a hard and rather guttural sound.
T, as in English ; and with a dot, /, very hard, almost as if preceded by u. Dth is like our th in that.
U, as in bud: qu, as in English, when followed by another vowel: as quiyis, or quetis, ‘‘ pretty.”
Y, as in yes at the commencement, and as in my in the middle of syllables. Before words beginning with t, th, g, d, dth, r, s, 8, sh, and n, the / of the article ei is ellipsed, and the e alone pronounced; thus el shemdi reads ¢’ shemdil, the left, or with the consonant doubled, esh-shemdi; «’ ras, or er-rds, the head. The doubled consonant, indeed, js nearer the pronunciation.
Words within a parenthesis are either uncommonly used, as khobs, késra, for ‘* bread,” or are intended, when similar to the one before, to show the pronun- ciation, as makasheh (magasheh), a“ broom;” though the two words are often only separated by or, and a comma. Some give another meaning.
I ought to observe that the difference of letters, as the two A's, t's, and others, is not always marked, but those only which I have thought of most importance, and in some words only here and there, to show their orthography.
ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.
‘Able kdder. I am afraid ana kheif, a-khéf. e About howalayn. After bad. ® Above fok, or foke. Afterwards ba'dén, bad-zélik. Absardity mus'khera, Again kummum, kummum Abundance zeeddeh. Age om'r, [ndba, tdnee, Abuse, oc. ish'tem. His age om’roo. Abuse, 8. sheteémeh. Agent wekeél. Abusive lan- id, Long ago seman. guage Agree, v. ittef’fuk. By accident; see ghusbindnee (i. ¢. in | A pledge, earnest, arbodn. By force spite of myself). in an agree- , Accounts, or _heséb. ment reckoning We agreed to- itteffuk'na wéeabad. Add ap eg'mia. gether Adore Air how'a, or how’eh.
$bed. Advantage, pro- f¥da, or fdjdeh, Alabaster mar-mor, boorfeér. fit nef fa. Alive hei, séheh (awake). Afraid kheif (khyf). All, collectively gimleh, gemméean.
Alter, v. Altitude Alum Always Amber America
Amuse, v. Anchor Ancient
The ancients And
Et cetera Angel Anger
To be angry
Angle Animal Ankle Annoy, ?. Annoyed Another
Answer Answer, 0.
You are answe
able for Ant Antimony
Ape Apostle Apperel
It appears Appetite Apple
p. ENGLISH AND ARABIO VOCABULARY.
kool, koolloo, pi. kool-loohom.
koolloo weeabad, kolloohom sow’'a.
wisel.
khal'lee.
ldz, or loze.
sheb. déiman, or dyman. kahrimén.
Yénkee dodneea (Turk- ish, i.e. the New
World). itwun'nes., mur seh, hélb. kadeém, antécka, e’ nas el kadeém. oo. oo ghayr zdlika.
maldk, p/. maléiikeh.
kahr, ghudb, zemk, homk.
ez'muk, ugh’dub, inbam'mek.,
zow yeh.
hywan.
kholkhdl.
iz'al,
zalin, wahed ténee, wéhed
ghayroo. gowab (jowéb). , or roodd. emak.
nem ‘el, or neml.
kohi (for the the ory
Eze
lips (libs), hedodm, h
bain, or byin. nefs, teffah.
Sect. I.
Love apple (to bedingén-kéta. mata)
Custard apple _kish'teh. Apricot (fresh mishmish.": or dry) —— dried sheet kumredéen Cum of, eddéen). Arabic A'rabee. In Arabic bil A‘rabee, | Arab (t.¢. of the Beddowee, pl. Arab * desert) (Shekh - el - Arab, an Arab chief). Arch, bridge kdntara. Architect mehéndez. Theark of Nosh sefeénet saydna Nodeh. Arm (ofman) drah. Arms (weapons) silléb, soolléb. ge, v. sullah, sul-lah. Arrangement __ tusidéh. Art, skill sun'na. Artichoke khar-shdof. As zay. Be, or I am, _astayhee, akhtishee. ashamed. Ashes roomad. Ass hémér, Ask, v. essal, saal. Ask for, v. étloob. Assist, v sad, saad. At fee, and. Avaricious tummi’, Awake, ov. a. séheh. —,, 1. Nn, as'her. Awl mukh'rug. Awning (of a esh'eh, tenda ( /tal.). boat, &o.) Axe, or hatchet bal'ta. Pickaxe fais, todree ( Copli:). Back déhr, kuffa’. Back stream, shdymeh, sheémeh eddy Bad (see Good) rddee, § wdhesh, moosh- ty'eb. A bag kees, or keese. Bald ak'ra. Ball ko'ra. Balsam belisén. Banana mdz (moze). Bank of a river gerf, shut. Barber mezayin, mesayn. Bark, v. badbbab.
® Bed lowee and Arab have the same meaning; one
merally singuiar, the other plaral thus, “that is an Arab,’ “da Bedd wee; thon ot Acabe: «d6i Arab,” et
Egypt. p- ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY, 45
Bark, s. kishr (gishr), @| Below (see tah-t. @ Barley shayéer. Under) Barre} burmeél. A bench mus'taba. Basket muk’'taf, kéffah. Bend, v. et'nee, inten’nee. —- (of palm kAffass. Bent (crooked) métnee (madog),
sticks) Berry ab. Wicker —— me-shénneh. Besides ghayr, kheléf. e Basin tusht, or tisht. @|——, except _illa, il’. ° Bat (bird) watwit, pl. watawéet | The best el ah'san. Bath hamméam. Better ab’san, a-khd Bathe, v, istahimma. You had better sh'san tdmel keddee. Battle harb, shemmata. do so Bead kharras, hab, A bet. réhaneh, Beads, string of, sib‘ha. Betray, v. khoon.
carried by the ~° Between ayn.
Moslems e| Beyond bad, warra (i.¢. be- « Beans fool. hind), Bear, support, v. is'ned; (raise) er'fa | Bible towrat.
(see Carry). Big kebéer, $
Bear, put up = istah'mel. Bill, account _—hesfb. ad
with, v. Bird, small asfdor.
The bearer rafa, The bearer of -rdfa hdéza e’gowdb.
es | large tayr. Bit, piece het'teh.
this letter ——ofahorse legém A bear dib'-h. Bite, ». _ odd, or iéd. Beard dagn, dakn. Bitter morr. His beard daknoo. Black as'wed, f. sdda or Beat, v. id'rob (drub). 8d deh ; as rek A beating derb, hal’ka, kut'leh. mote or jet black). Beau, dandy _shellebee, fun’garee. | Blade lldh. Beauty queidsa, koucidsa. Blanket herd, buttan¢ééh. Beaatiful quéi-is, quiyis, Blind amidn "(see Eye). Because seb'bub, beseb’bub, | Blood dum, Become ib’ka (ib’ga). Blow, v. um'fookh. Bed fersh, fursh. A blow derb; on the face, Bedstead sereér, huff (English, cuff). Bee . dabdor (dabboér). Blue (see Co- = az'rek, kdh'lee. Hive-bee néhl, néh-l. Jours) Beef lahm bukkar, lahm | Light blue genefree, scander- khishn. [fus. nee. Beetle gordn, or jorén, khdn- | Sky-blue semmiwee Before (time) kub’'lee. Blunt bard (i. ¢. cold). Before (place) kod-ddém., A wild boar e haldof. Beg, v. ish’-hat. A board 15h. shahdt. Boat seféeneh, kydseh, The beginning el owel, el as‘sel, assl, felodkah, san'dai. el ebtidéh. Boat, ship mérkeb. Behind warra, min kufféh. Boatman ndotee, mardékebee, Believe, v. sed'dek. tyfeh. I do not believe ana ma aseddek'shee | Body gessed, bed‘dan. or lem aseddek, Boil, v. ighlee. Bell gilgil, nakdos. Boiled (water) mugh‘lee. Belly batn, or botn. —— (meat) maslodék.
Bone adm, adthm, athm. Book ketdb, pi. kodttub.
me tatee (betabteo «i . Boot gez ma.
46 p. ENGLISH AND ARABIO YOOABULARY. Sect. I. Border harf, terf (turf). Broom me-kdsheh (pro- of cloth, keendr. nounced magdsheh ). selvage Brother akh. Born mowlodéd. His brother akhéo; my—akhédoia Borne, raised merfoda. (akhdéoya). Borrow sellef. Brother-in-law neséeb. Both el ethnéen, wéhed oo} Brush foor'sheh, e’tdnee, dee 00 dee| Buckle ebzéem, bezeém. (i. e. this and that). | Buffalo gaméos (jaméos). Bottle kezds, gezdéz (i. ¢.| Buffoon Sdotaree. glass). Bug buk (Engl. bug). —, square morub’ba. Build eb'nee. ——, earthen, koolleh, ddérak, bar-| A building bendi, bindieh. for water dak (Turkish). Bull tor or tore (taurus). Bottom, of a kar (gar). Burden, or load hem'leh. box, &c of camels Bow kds (k6z). Buried madfoén. Bow and arrows kis 00 nishdb. Burn, v. ah'rek, keed. Bowl kus’ sah. Burnt mahrook. Box sendéok, pi. sena-| Bury, v id'fen, déek. Business shoghl. Small box el'beh, as elbet| Busy mashghosl, e’neshok, a snuff-@ But, ade. Idken, Idkin, likdn. box. Butter semn, més-lee. Boy wellet, or wwullud| ——, fr zib’deh. (whence valet); Sd-| Buy, v. ish'teree, bee (f.¢. chubby) By, pr. be (by kindness, bil Brain mokh, demégh. mirdéof). Brandy er 'rakay (drakee). , Brass néhdss-defer, esped-| Cabbage kroém réyg. Cabin mak (rung at). Brave gedda. ——-, inner khaz'neh Bread esh (khobs, ki‘sra). | Cable, rope babi (cable). Roll of bread rakéef esh. Cairo Musr, Misr, Mugr el Breadth ord. . Kédherah. ——, extent wiissd. Cake kéhk (cake), Break, v. ek'ser. Calamity dur'rer, azéth. Broken maksdor; cut (as a| Calculate, v. ah'seb. rope), muktodé. Calico (from buf'teh. Breakfast fotodr. Calicut) Breast sddr (sidr). Caliph Khaléefeh. Breath neffes (nef fess). Call, v. en'da, kellem, nfdem. Bribe berteél. It is called es'moo, ikéolahoo. Brick kdleb, toob éh’mar. | What is it es'moo fy? esh es’- Crude brick toob/ny. called ? moo ? Bride arodseh, What is his es'moo fy? esh es'- Bridge kan'tara. ‘ name ? moo ? Bridle soor’ ra. A calm ghaléenee. —— ofa camel rus'n (russen) Camel (see Ship) gem'mel, pi. geméal. Bright mendwer. » female néka (ndkeh). — shining lém&—it ts, yilmi. ——, young kadot (gaéot). > light co- © maftéoh. male lour ——, young fe- buk'kara. Bring, v ait, geéb. male Broad aréed. Camp or'dee (whence — extensive wédsa.
p. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOUABULARY,
Egypt. Camphor kafdor. I ean ana ak'der. I cannot ma-ak dér-shee. Candle shem'ma. —, wax shemma skander- dnee. Candlestick shemmadén. Cannon mad'feh. Cap, red tarbdosh. ——, white takéea (takééh). Capacious wisa. Captain (cf a ryis, reis. boat) Caravan kaf leh. Care igtehdad. Take care 3'-a, ah'seb Take care of ab'fus, istah'rus. I don’t care ana mAélee. —— about it ana milee oo maloo. (or him) Carefal whee Carpenter negér (nujjér). Carpet segideh (fr. seged, ‘to pray.’’) ——, large keléem, booss&t. Carrion fateés, fatéese. Carry, lift,v. heel, ayn; érfa. ——, raise Carry away, v. sheel, wod'dee. Cart, carriage arabéeh, déraba. Cartridge rem'ieh, taméereh. Case (tut) serf, bayt, élbeh, hok, bolt (gott, £ gotta); | bissdys ; diss. Catch, e. el’ hak, —— in the hand el'koof. Cattle bahéem, bookér. Caulifiower karnabeét. The cause e’sebbub. « A cave maghéra, Ceiling sukf. The centre el woost (middle). Cerastes snake héi bil kordon. g Certainly maloém, malodémak, helbét we labodb. Chain sil'sileh, p/. seldsil. Chair, stool koor’see, pi. karésee. Chamber O’da, pl. d’ad. Chance, good bukht, nueéeb, risk fortune (risk, risque). Charcoal fab’m. Charity hadench, sow-&b, lil- A charm hegdb
47
Chase, v. istdd.
Chase, s. sayd,
Cheap ra-kheés.
Cheat, v. ghushm, ghush’-im, ghish.
Cheek ihe
Cheese
Cherrystick pipe e dbook kerdys.
Child, boy wulled
Children weléd.
Choke, strangle, v. itkhinnik. ©
Choose, v. nuk'kee {ongieee gee)
Christian séra nere (Nasarene)
Church kenéeseh.
Cinnamon keer’feh (i. ¢. bark).
Circle déira, dyreh.
Cistern héd, hdde.
Citadel kala.
City, capital § medéeneh.
Civet zubbet, zubbedéh.
Civility minréof,
Clean, v. nadduf.
asa pipe sel lik.
Clean, adj. nadeéf.
Clear réi-ik, ryek
Clever dter.
Cleverness shutdra,
Cloak bérnoos.
Close, near garél ib (gary-ib).
Close, v erie
Closet thas’ neh.
Cloth gooh (see Linen).
Clouds ghaym, sabab.
Clover bersim’ (burséem ).
Coals fahm hag’gar (i “stone charcoal’’).
A live coal bus’sa, bussa-t-nar, gumr.
Coarse, rough khishn.
Coast bar, shet.
Cobweb ankabdot.
Cock deek (Engl. dicky bird).
Cock-roach sursér.
Coffee kah’-weh.
Raw coffee bonn, bon
Coffee-pot arn amen
Coins gid'dat, or giddud.
Cold
The cold al o berd, e’ suk’ka (sug’a).
CoHect, v. .
® «Ho shall be called a Nazarene.”
48
College Colour
purple-blue purple primrose peach
— of ashes
green dark blue light blue
sky-blue brown
light brown yellow orange spotted
dark colour light Comb Come, v. - Come up, v. I am (he is) coming Come here I came Common, low Compass Compasses Complain, o. of, v. Composed of Consequently Consulate Consult, v. Constantinople
Continent, land,
shore Continue, v. By contract
Convent Conversation Cook
Cook, o. Cooked meat
Pp. ENGLISH AND ARABIO VOOABULARY.
mad’resee.
1én (lone), pi. elwan. shikl, p?. ashk4l.
elwin, ashkdl.
as'wed, azrek; /f. soda, zer’ka.
ab’ iad, f. hayde.
ah'mar, f. ham’ra.
wer dee.
ah’mar ddéodé¢h.
ee.
men'oweésh.
bum’ba.
khoékh-ee.
roomadee.
ékhder, f. khadra.
asrek, f. xzer’ka, ko’blee.
gensféree, skanderé- nee.
semméawee. as’mar, f. sam’ra. kamméonee. as'fer, f. saf’fra. kanee. menuk’rush (menug’- rush), munkodsh. ghamuk. muftéob. misht.
ig’ gee. et'la fok (foke). dna (hooa) géi. F.
taal hennee, taal gei, Gna gayt.
watee.
boos'leh, bayt-ébree., bee-kdr,
ish’-kee,
ishtek’ee.
mitruk’kib min, behay’s in (since). bayt el Kénsol. show’er (show'wer). Stambéol, Istambdéol. bur (burr).
istam{ir, ber’dak. “ (megéw- h).
tabbékh e et’bookh. tabeékh.
Sect, I.
Cooked, drest mestow’ee. The cool e’ tarow’eh, taraw’eh. Coop, far poultry kaf'fass.
Copper
nahass A copy (of book) noos’kha, nooskheh. Cord (sce Rope) habl, hab’bel. Cork, of abottle ghutté kezdss.
Corn
ghulleh.
Indian corn, or doodra Shdmee.
mays Corn, or wheat kumh (gumh).
Cornelian haggar-hak Corner ro6k-n. Corner, project- koor’neh (goorna). ing, of a moun- tain It costs es'-wa. Cotton kéton. Cotton stuff kotnééh. Cover, v ghuttee Cover hutta. A kohh, sebl. Count, v. ed, dh-seb. A country belled, ekleem. The country el khulla, el khala. A couple goz, ethnéen (two). A couple and a godz oo ferd. half Cousin ebn am, f. bint am. —— on mother’s ebn khal. side ; Cow bukkar, bukkara, pi. bookar, boogér (Lat. Vacca). Coward khowsf (khoww4f) Cream kish'teh. Creator e] khdluk Creation khulk. A crack, fgsure shuck (shug.) Cracked miashkéok. Crocodile temséh, pi. temaséeb. Crooked miidog. Cross seléeb. Cross, out of § semkdn, zaldn. humour w ghordb. Cruel moh’zee, hasee. Cruel azééh, azab. Cultivate, v ez'ra, i. ¢. sow. Cunning, artful sfhab hay'leh, sd- hab dubar’ra. Cup soltanééh. — glass hoba, koobéi, koo- Coffee-cup fingsn. [baieh. Coffee-cup stand zerf. Cure, tv. téi eb (ty-eb).
Egypt. Becoming cured itéeb. It is cured tab. Curious, won- agéeb, gharéeb derful (strange). Curtain setarah. Custom-house diwdn (douane]. on mekhud'deh. Cut, o. ek’ta. Cut with scis- koo's. sors, 0. Cut, part. p. muk-toda, mekutta. Cut out, as fuseel. clothes, v. The cutting out e’ tufséel. Dagger sekéen, Ahdnger. — large gembééh, yatagdn, or yatukan (Turk.). Damp, 2. tdree. ——, 3. taréwa, rotéobeh. Dance, v. us. Dandy (v. Beau) Danger khéf (i. ¢. fear). He dares not ma isteggeréesh. ; ] yet him dare . histeg’geree ! Dark ghaémuk. Dates bel'lah. Date-tree, palm nakhl. Daughter bint. Day yém, pl. iydm, néhr. to-day el yém, e nabr dee. every day kool-yém, kooll-yé’m.
in days of old diam e’zem4n, zeman.
a day's jour safer yém min ney from _hen’nee. hence
from the day min néhr ma giyt, (or time) I min yém in gayt. came
p. ENGLISH AND ARABIO VOCABULARY,
49
A great deal keteér kow’ee.
Dear ghdlee, azéez.
Dear, in price ghalee.
My dear ya habéebee.
toawoman ya _ habéebtee, ya aynee, ya aynay, ya aydones, 1. ¢. my eye, my two eyes; ya réhee, my soul.
Death médt.
Debt dayn.
Deceitful mukkér.
Deep ghareek, ghowéet.
The Deluge é" too
Deny, v. in'kin, akéor.
Derived from mooshtdk min.
Descend, v. in’zel.
Descent nezéol.
The desert el burréth, e’gebdl, (i.e. the moun- tains).
Destiny neaéeb.
The Devil e’ Shaytdn, el Eblées.
ew nedda.
Diamond fuss, almds (Turk.).
Dictionary kamoos.
Die, v. moot.
He is dying beméot.
He died mat, itwuf’fa.
Different beshka, beshkeh.
Difficult saab, war, tekéel,
e
Dig faat, efat.
Diligence eg’ tehdd.
Dinner ghiudda.
Directly kawdém ;—in answer to a call, béder |!
Dirt wus sukh.
y Disgust (to sight kur’ruf (gurruf).
in those days (fee or) fil aiam ddl. or taste) now, in these el-yém, fee haza el | I am disgusted ana ékruf min oo. days wskt. with it Sunday el had, nahr el had. | Disposition tubba. Monday el ethnéen. Dispute, v. banuk, it-hanuk. Tuesday e’theldt. A great distance méshwdér _keeber, Wednesday el e’rba. bayit. Thursday el khamées. Divide, v. ek'sum. Friday e’ godma. Divided maksoom. Saturday e’ sebt (see Morning). | Do dmel (efaal, sow’- Dead, s. myit, méi-it, pl. ee). . myetéen. 1 have nothing ans * radleesh déwa Dead, died, a. mat. to do with it. boo. Deaf at'trush. I cannot do maak ae Soe (as- Deal plank ldh - béndookes (4. ¢. without it nash) an‘oo. P Venetian). . Doctor bakim (hakéem).
[ Egypt.)
50
Dog Dollar (coin) A dome
Door
Dot Double, v. Dove Ringdove Draw, t.
Draw out (as teeth) | Drawing
Drawers
, chest of
Dress
Dress. t.
Drink, r.
Drive, v.
Dromedarist, courier
Dromedary
Drop, t.
A drop
Drown, t.
A druggist
Dry
Dry, v. a.
— tn.
Duck, goose
Dumb
Dust
Duty
it is my (his)
Dye, v. Dye, dyer
Zach
Eagle
Ear
Early
Earth
East
Easy
Fat, v.
Edge
of a sword,
&c.
Egg Egyptian
pp. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.
Sect. I.
kelb. Egypt Musr, ard Musr, Mier. réeal-frainza. Upper Egypt e’ Sa’ced. koobbeh (al koodbeh, | Elbow k6oa. alcoba, alcove). Elephant feel. bab (see Gate). Nothing else, ma _ feesh hdgee nook’teh, there is no- ghdyroo; lem fée et’nee. thing else ha shay ghdyrha. yemim. Emerald zudmodorrud. kim’ree. Empty fargh. sower; ik’tub, ¢.¢. | Empty, ¢. fer’regh. write. The end el dékher. ek'la (eg’la), The end,itsend e’ terf, terfoo, 4- kheroo. tassowéer, sdora, ' The enemy el ddoo, addoo. ketabch. | English Inglévz, Inkiéez. lebass. Enough bess, bizeeddeh. beshtukh'ta (Turk.). . It is enough ik'feh, yikfeh, ikef*- libs (dips). | Enquire, ct. istuk’see. [fee. el’bes. Enter, v. id’khol, khosh. ish’rob. Entering dakhil. sook (soog). | Entire koolloo, kimel. haggan. Entrails mussaréen. Envy ghéereh. heg’gin. < Fqual to kud, fla kud. nukked. ' Equaltoeach kud-e-bad, zaybdd. nookteh. other, alike egh’-ruk, ghérrek. Escape, v. et’fush, yetfush. attdr. he escaped _tuffush. n&-shef. he has escaped omroo_ towéel,_nef- in’-shef. with his life fed be émroo. nésh-ef. Anestate, rented ard (or belled) elti- wiz. property, milk. [zém. ekh’-rus. possession trob, trab. Europe Europa, béled (bel- wageb. led) el Frangq. wageb-aldy. | European kings cl koronat el Frany. European people Frung, Afrang. is koon English Inglécs, Inkleés. es'boogh. French Frunseeés. sabigh, sabbagh. A Frenchman __ Fransofee. Germans Nemsoncech. kdol-e-wdhed a German Nemsowee. (every one). | Russians Mosko, Moskowééh. akdb, ok4b. a Russian Moskow’ee. widn. | ‘Italians Ttalidni. bed’ree, bed’ree. Poland Lekh, ard. Hungary Muggar. sherk. , Greeks Erooam'. séhil, sah'leh. ' 8 Greek Réomee. kool, dkool. Spain Beled el An'daloos. harf. Even, level, mesow’wee (mesé- had, harf. equal wee). Even, also hat’ta. bayd. Good evening messekoom bi! khayr
Mugs’ree, belledee, i. ¢.. of the country. |
(see Morning)
eal khayr, sad mes- sakoom.
Egypt.
The evening el messa, el ashééh.
Every kool.
On every side fee kool-e’ néhia.
Every one kool-e-wahed, kool- lohom (all).
Every where fee kool -e-matrah,
; fee kool-e-dodneea.
Every moment kool-e-saa.
Evident bein (bain, byin).
Evil rédee.
Exaction bal'sa.
Exactly temam, f.e. perfect.
Exactly so bizdtoo.
Exactly like it zayoo sow’-a, mitloo
sow’-a, bizétoo.
For example mus salen.
To excavate efat, faat.
Excavation fat, fuat.
Excellent azeém.
Your excellency gendbak, hfddretak (your Presence) sidtak aa high- ness), pl. gendb- koom, hddratkoom, sidetkoom.
» Except, adv. illa.
Exchange bed-del, ghéier.
Excuse heg’ geb, pl. heg’geg, 6z'r
Excuse me, I ma takhozndsh, el
beg pardon afoo.
Execute, deca- dya, deia, dei-ya.
pitate
Expend, v. defa (def-ya, dy-ya).
Expense kool'feh.
Expenses (ofa masrdof.
house )
Explain, ex- fusser.
pound
An extraordi- shay aigeéb, agéiib,
nary thing shay gharéeb. The eye el ayn, pl. el aldon. Eyeball habbet el ayn. ‘Eyebrow hd-geb, pi. hew&gib. Eyelash rimsh. Eyelid kobbet | el ayn. One-eyed aWr, ower. The face el wish (el wid)). Faded,shrivelled dublin. Faint, v. dookh. A fair price temn halld!, temn
mendseb.
Very fair, toler- mendseb. . able A fairy gin.
p. ENGLISH AND ARABIO VOCABULARY.
61
Faith (creed), shah&da.
testimony of
Fall, v
False
His family
Fan
Far
How far from this ?
A farce, or ab-
surdity Farrier Farther Fat, a. Fat, s. Father Fatigue Fault It is not my fault
_ uka, yodka.
keddab.
Shi bdytoo, abloo. mérwaha.
bay-it.
kud-ay min hénnee.
mus-khera.
beetar.
abbad, dbad.
seméen, ghale¢t.
semn, shahm, dehn.
ab, abdo, abée.
tab.
zemb.
ma leesh semb, mé’- leesh daw’a.
Do me the fa- amel marédof,
vour, kindness
amelni el mardof.
Favorisca ( Ital.) tefod'thel, tefod'del.
Fear khdf, khédfe.
A feast azoémeh.
Feather reesh.
Feel, v. hassus.
Female netdi, netdieh, nety, oonseh.
Ferry-boat madééh.
Field el ghayt.
Fig tin.
Fight, v. kétel, hareb.
A fight ketal, harb, shém-
mata.
File mub’red.
Fill, v. em’la.
Find, »v. el'kah (elga).
Finger suba (soobé4).
Fore finger . e& shéhed.
Middle — suba el woostdnee.
Fourth — bayn el asdba.
Little — khansur, khun’ser.
It is finished khalds, khé¢-les, khul'les, kholset, ;.
Fire nar.
Fire, live coal Fire a gun
The first
When first I came
At first
Fish
Fisherman
bus’sa, bus’set-nfr, mr, jum’ra. id'rob (or syeb), ber. dookééh. el ow’-el, el oweldnee. ow’el ma gayt.
ow’elen.
semmuk.
sy-dd, semmé&k. D2
p. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.
beyrek, band sy'ra, san ‘gak
mebuttut.
kettan.
berghoot.
lahm.,
sowdn.
dakeek.
zahr, nowdh,
deban (debbdén).
menash’eh.
teer.
shaboér.
magnoon.
kuddum (gudm).
at'ter (attar).
me-shin, ali-shan.
Force ghusb (ghusp) By force, inspite ghusbindnoo, ghus of him a'ldy. Forehead koéreh. , lower gebeén. part of Foreign barrdnee, ghareéb. To speak in a értun; subst. rotdn. foreign language Forget, v. in'sa, I forgot ana nesect, Do not forget ma tinsdsh. Forgive me sud, milésh. Forgive, v. se-mah. Fork shok (shoke), Formerly zeman. Good fortune. bukht, neséeb, risk. Fountain feskéth. A fowl fur'-kher, fardog. Fox abool-hossayn, tdleb. Free horr. Frenchman Franzéwee, pl. Fran- zées. Fran'gee is a corruption of Francais; it is fre- quently used as a term of reproach, but never as free- man, Fresh, new gedéet.
Fresh (fruit) Fresh water
(sweet) Friend
From Fruit Fuel
tar‘ree; f. tareth. moie hélweh.
siheb, hahéeb, féek, f. 4, panion. min.
fowdkee wekéed.
re- com-
Full Fur Further
Gain (profit) Gallop, v. Game (caccia) Garden
Gardener
gates) Garlic Gate (door)
Gather up, v. Gazelle
A general Generosity
He is generous
Gentlemanly
Gilt
Gimlet Gold Ginger Gipsy Gird, ». Girl Give, 0. Glad To be giad, »v. Glass Globe Glove Glue Gnat Go, v.
Go, get away, v.
Go in, ©. Gone Going Going in, p. Going in, s. Tam going He is gone I went
Go out, 2.
(who irri-
Sect. I.
melan, melidn. furweh.
dbdd.
muk’'seb,
er'mah,
sayd.
ginnayneh, _bostdn, pl. ginnein, bus- sateén. genayndtee.
kholee.
tém. bab, pl. abodb. lim. ghazdl, dubbee. sdree-asker (sarasker ), kar'rem. éedoo maftodh, ft. ¢. his hand is open.
biban, or
ragel lateéf, rdgel sereéf, be-shwo'-esh, dla mahlak.
‘oom.
hadéth, bak-shéesh, (bakshish)
medéhab, muitlee be ddhab.
bereémeh.
déhab, dthdhab.
genzabeél.
ghug'ger.
haz'zem, it-haz'zem.
bint.
id’dee, a'tee.
ferbdn.
éfrah, or effrah. ezdss.
kéra.
shuréb (i. ¢. stocking),
im’ shee, foot. id'khool, hoeh’. rab. ryeh. da‘khel. dokhédol. ana rye, hooa rab. ana roht, ekh’roog,
[ber‘ra. étla, étla
Egypt.
Pp. ENGLISH AND ARABIO VOOABULARY.
Do not go out le-tétls, ma tetlash | Hair bar'rs, Half Goat may-zeh, In halves She goat an’zeh. Halt, v. Kid giddee. Hammer, axe God (our Lord) Alléh (e’ rob’boona). | A hand A god or deity Illah, as la illah il’ | Handful Allsh, ** there is no | Handkerchief deity but God.”’ Hand, v. Good teieb, tyeb, melééh. | Happen Good, excellent mddan (%.¢.a mine). | Happened Good for no- battél, ma es'wash;| Happy thing hageh. Harbour Pretty good, fair mendseb. Hard Goose wiz. tare, rabbit Gossip, v. dur'dish. Harm
Governor,-ment hdkem, hdkmeh.
The government el bayléek, el wesetéh.
Gradaal, little shwd’ya be shwd'ya. by little
A grain hab.
— weight kumh.
Grand azeém. (nite). Granite haggar aswan (ic. sye- Grass hashish.
Gratis bellésh.
Gratitade mi refet e’ gemeél.
A grave todrbeh, pi. todrob. Grease siffr.
Great kebéer, pl. koobdr. Greek Rodmee, borrowed
from Romanus. Ancient Greek Yoondnee, i.e. Jonian.
Grieved (it has) hazéén (sib aldy).
Grind, ». is-han.
A mortar miis-han, bin (hone).
Grind’ (in a {ft-han.
mill), v.
Groom sy-is, sefis.
Grotto ma-ghéra.
The ground el ard.
A guard ghufféer, pi. ghiiffara.
Guard of a bur’shuk.
sword
Guard, t. istab‘rus.
By guess be tekhmeén.
A guide khebeéree.
He is not guilty m4 lodsh semb.
Gum sumgh.
Gun bendookééh (being ori- ginally § brought from Venice by the Arabs), barodt.
Gunpowder baroét.
Gast of wind = shurd (pi. shoroéd).
Gypsum gips (gibs).
To do harm, v.
There is no harm (see Never mind)
In haste
A hat
Hatchet
Hate, v.
I have
Have you?
Hawk
H Heat, v. Heat, s.
Heaven
—, paradise Heavy Hebrew
The heel Height
High ground Hell
Herbs
Here
Here it (he) is Come here Hereafter
Hide, v. Hidden High Hill
53
shar.
noos, noosf,
noosayn.
wuk kuf (wugguf).
kadodm.
eed, yed.
keb’sheh.
mandéel, mdbrama.
now el.
eg'ra, yig’ra, yeréer.
gerra, sar.
fer-hin, mabsoét.
mer'seh, scdia.
gamed, ‘yabes.
er’neb.
durrer, dordora, sure rer.
door, iddor.
ma feesh durrer.
kawim, beldggel.
bornayta (from Ital.).
bal'ta, kadoém.
ek'rah, yek’rah.
an’dee. ,
an'dak ?
sukr.
drees.
hoda, (she—) héea.
ras, demagh.
itéeb.
kém (kéme).
es'-ma.
kulb.
sa‘ khen, ham'mee.
bar, sdkhneéh, bam’: moo.
semma.
gen’neh.
tekeel.
Hebrdnee, Yahdodee.
el kiib.
él-oo, elloo, ertiféh.
elwdieh.
gehen'nem.
ha-shéesh, khddér.
hennee, hen'i i.
a-h6, a-hé hennee.
taal hennee.
min de’lw4kt, min el- yom, min-oo-rye.
khub’bee.
mistakhub’bee.
aélee k6ém, ‘gibel (gebbel).
y
54 p. ENGLISH AND ARABIO VOCABULARY. Sect. I. Hinder, v. (stop) hésh. z ana. Hire, s. kerree, ar'ruk, Ogers ; Jackal tdleb. v. ek'ree. Jar jar’ra, kiddrch. His betA-o0 ; betahtoo, | Javelin har'beh, khisht. Ice telg. Hoard up, v. howish. Identical bizdtoo.
Hold, v. im'‘sek. Idle tum’bal, battal. Hole kherk. Idol sdora, mas-khdéota, Bored, pierced makhrook. sun’num (su‘nm).
Hollow fargh. Jealousy gheéreh. His home baéytoo. Jerusalem el Kotts, el Koda, At home © fil bayt. ‘the. Holy”? (Ca- Honest man régel mazboét. dytts). Honey (“white,” assal ab’iad, assal e’ | Jessamine yesméen. or “of bees’). nahi. In jest bil dehek; see Joke. Hook (fish) sunnéra. Jew Yahdodee. Hooks (and eyes) khobshéat. Ancient Jews Béni Jzraéel. Hooka sheésheh, arkilch ,| If in-kin, izakdn, izza, ( Turk.). lo-kfin, mut’tama. —— snake ly, lei. Ignorant, novice gha-shéem. Thope, or please Inshillah. Ill, a. meshow’esh, aidn, God ai-ydn, daeéf. Horn gorn ; pl. koréon. Ti!ness tashowéesh. Horse hossén. I imagine, ». tekhméenee, ava Horses khay]. az6on. Mare farras. It is impossible ma yoomkin’sh, la Colt moh’r. yoomkin ébeden. Horseman khy-dl, faé-res. @| In, within goda; at, fee. Hot hdmee, sdkhn. Incense bokhdr. —--weather har. [kun. Income erdd. House bayt, men’zel, mes‘- | Indeed hatta. Hour Indigo néeleh. How kayf. Infidel kdfer, pi. koofér, ka- How do youdo? kayfak, zayak, kayf- feréen. el-kayf, t¥ebéen. Ingratitude khussééh, khusséseh. Human insanéeh. Tok hebd’r, hebber. Humbug, pre- sheklebén (sheg-le- | Inkstand dowéi, dowdieh. varicator ban), khab’bés. Inquire, v. saal, es‘saal. Hamidity rotéobeh, tardweh. nside goéoa, fee kulb. — (dew) (neddeh). —, s. el kulb. Hundred méea, maia. Insolence (of toolt e’ lissin, kootr Two hundred meetdyn. language ) el kaldm. Three hundred todlte-meéa. For instance mus salen. Hungry gaya pn, jaydn. Instead bedal. Hunt, v. secd, istéd, ét-rood | Instrument dool&b, f.¢. machine. e’sdyd. tools ed'deh. Hunter sydd, ghunnds, bodr- | Interpret, r. ter’gem (translate). . dee, with gun. Interpreter tergimaén, toorgimin. In order that leg’/leh ma_ teksér- | Intestines mussaréen. you may not shee khatroo. Intoxicated sakran. hurt his feel- Intrigue, plot _fit'neh, khabs. ings, or dis- Intriguer fettén, khabbds. appoint him Joke layb, mus-khera, day- Eusbandman __fel-léh; p/. fellabéen. hek, mézh. Husband Zz, zOge. Journey saffer. Hyena dob’h, dobbh. Joy ferrah.
Egypt.
Joyful Tron Irrigate, v.
Is there? there is fee.
There is not Island Judge
Its juice Just
Just now
Meep, take care istah’rus, ah’fod, ah’- | 0 Keep, hold, r.
Kettle Key Kick, v. Kidney Kill, ev. Killed Kind, s. Kind, a. Kindle, v. King Kingdom Kise Kitchen Kite, miluus Knee Knave Knife Penknife Knot Know, v.
IT do not know
Knowledge
Labour Ladder Lady
Lake, pond, pool
Lame
Last, v.
It is late Laugh, v. Laughter Law, justice Lay, v.
p. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY. 55 fer’hén, mabsdot. | Lay, v. a. rukket. hadéet. | Lazy tum’ bal. is'kee. | Lead, s. rossass,
| Leaf (of book) wdarakeh, war'rak.
ma feésh. | Leap, v. noot (nut). gezéereh. ' Learn, v. itadlem, diem. kddee. Lease (ofa house) d’gera, kérree. mdietoo. . Leather gild matbodk (mat- hakeek, sedeek. bodg), ‘ tanned tow, tou. skin.”’
Leather,common gild horr. morocco’ sakhti‘n.
fuz. | Russia thelateénee. im’sek, hdsh (stop). | Leave, s. ez'n, egiizeh. buk’rag. Without leave min ghayr egdzeh. muftéh. , Leave, v. khal'lee, foot. er’ fus. Leaven khummeéer. kaylweh, kilweh. Ledge soffa. mow’et, mow’ wet. Leech éluk. mat, myit. ; Leek kOrat. gens. | Left, a. shemdél, yesér. sdhab mar6of, hindiin. | Leg rigl. keed (geed). Lemon luymoon, laymoon mélek (mellek), soltdn. malh. mem'lekeh. (European laymoon Adflia. bos’sa. kind) mud’bakh. Lend, v. iddee-sellef, éslif. hedy (hedéi). Length tool. rook’beh. Lengthen, v.n. it'wel. ebn harém. , 0. a. tow’el, towwel. sekéen ; p/. sekakéen. | Lentils atz, ads, addus. matweh. Leopard nimr. 6k’deh. Less as’gher, akull. ref. Let go, or sy-eb, khallee. | ma ardfshee,ma mdish| alone, v.
khabber. Letter harf, pl. hardof. mayrefeh, mayrefeh. | ——, epistle | maktdob, gow’db,
warrakeh.
taab. Level mesow wee. sil'lem. Level, v. sow wee. sit, sit’teh (mistress). | Liar keddab. beer’keh. Lie kidb. a rug. Liberate, en- dtuk. kandéel, mus’rag. | franchise, v. hdrbeh. Liberated matook. ard, bur (opp. to sea). | Life om’r, hya. fandos. Lift, v. sheel, er’fa, ayn. kebéer, aréed, wisa. | Light, a. khaféef. koomba. — colour maftdoh. el d-kher, el akhrdénee. | Light, s. noor. o'kut ketéer, istéhmel. | Light the candle wiilla e’ shem’ma. el wakt rah. Give light to, v. now’er, nowwer. it’-hak. Lightning berk. déhek. As you like ala kayfak, ala me- shurri. zdgak, ala = kuir- er’koot. radak.
56 Like, a.
In like manner
I like (it pleases
me I should like Lime
Lime (fruit) Line, or mark
Linen-cloth Linseed Lion
Lip
Listen, v. Listen, hear
Listen to, take
advice Little, small
Little, not much _ Live, v.
Liver
Lizard
Load
Load, v.
Loaf of bread Lock
Loosen, 2.
Lose, v.
Female
Make, pv. Made
p. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY,
gay, mittel, mitl, kayf. | Mallet gazSlik el omr, ga- | Man
thdlik. Mankind yagébnee. Manufactory fee knétree, biddee. | Many gee Marble laymoén hélw (hel’oo). | Mark, v. khot, suttr (of a 1 8 book). Market kdmésh kettén. Marrow bizr kettan. Marry, v. as’sad, siba Mast shiffeh. Master sen’ned Mat, s. es’mii. tow’ wa. What’s the matter ? sogheer, zwyer. —— with you? shwoya. Matters aésh, esh. —, things kib’deh. Mattrass boorse, sahléeh. Measure hem'leh. —— of length ham‘mel. Meat rakeéf esh. Meet, v. kayldon. Medicine dob’beh. Memory kufi. Merchant ék-fel. dlee. Mercury towéel. Messenger shoof, boss, dndoer. | Metals, mine wasa. Middle sy-eb, hell (see Undo). | Middle-sized
mesyeb, me-séieb. dy-ah, defah. hob.
heb.
w&tee
tirmes, tur’mis (Copt.).
doolab.
magnoén.
sittee.
hésel, shén, shdona, makhzen.
doot. )
sayher (sayhr
athubker”
nety-ch, “nety, oon’- seh.
aimel,
maméol.
Mighty, able Milk
A mill Press mill Minaret Never mind A mine Mine, of me Minute, s.
Mirror, s. Mix, v. Mixed Modest Moist Monastery Money Monkey
Sect. I.
dokmék.
régel; pl. regal.
insén, beni ddan (sons of Adam).
wer’sheh.
ketéer.
ro-khdim.
dlem.
alim (see Line).
sook, bazar.
mékh.
gow’-es, zow’-eg.
sdree.
sid, seed.
hasséereh (hasséera); pl. hossor.
khabbar - dy, gerra rt
y:
malak.
omoor.
ashee&t.
mar'taba.
meezan.
keeds.
lahm.
kabel.
dow’-a, dow’eh.
fikr, bal.
tiger, hawigee,* mesébbub.
woost (Eng. waist).
woostanee.
kader.
lub’ben (lub’bun), haléeb.
tahéon.
mf'sarah.
madneh.
See Never and Harm.
médan ; pi. madgdin.
betⅇ f. betéhtee.
dakéekeh ; pl. da- ky-ik, dagdiik.
miraéh, mordi.
ekh’let.
makhloot.
mestayhee.
téree (see Humidity).
dayr.
floos (from obolus ?).
nesnas.
* Hawagee. a Christian; Khowagee, a Moslem.
Egypt. Monk réhib; pl. robbdn. Month shabr; pi. shdbdor, ésh-boor. Names of the Arabic Months. 1. Mobarrem. 8. Shaban. 2. Saffer. 9. Ramadan.
3. Rebééh ’I-6wel. 10. Showal.
4. Rebééh ‘l-f- 11. El Kédeh, or kher. Zul-kddeh. 5. Godmad-owel 12. El Hd'g-h, 6. Goémad-akher or Zul-Heg 7. Reg’eb. (Tag). Moon kumr (masc.). Moral, a, mazboét. Morning soobh, sab&h. wn feg’r (fegger). Sunrise télat e’shems. Forenoon dé-hah. Midday dohr. Afternoon daser. Sunset mughreb. 14 hour after esh’s, ash’s. sunset Evening measa, ashééh., Good morning sabdl khayr, sabé- koom bel-khayr. Morrow boékra, béker. the day after bad bodkra. A mortar hine, hén, mius-han, Mosk gémab, mésged (from séged, “to bow down ’’).
At most, at the nahditoo. utmost Moth (ofclothes) kitteh.
Mother om. ——of pearl sudduf. My (his) mother ommee (ommoo). Move, v. n. haz.
» 0. a, kow’wum. Mountain geb’el (gebbel), pi.
gebaL Mount, ascend,v. et’'la foke (f5k). ——, ride, v. érkub.
Mouth fom, hannak (han’ak).
Much keteér (sce Quantity, and What).
Mad teen, wab-l, wahal.
Mug kooz.
Musk misk.
Musquito naméos,
—— net namoos¢éh.
You must ldzem.
Mustard kher'del.
Pp. ENGLISH AND ARABIO VOOABULARY.:
57
Mutton lahm danee.
My betdee ;_ _ betdhtee, Sem., as, farras be- tdhtee, my mare,
My son ebnee.
Wail mesmér.
Nail, v. sum‘mer,
Naked aridn.
Name esm.
Napkin mah rerna, vulgarly
Narrow dyik, dthéiik. ©
Nature, the el khdluk,.
Creator Near kary-ib (garei-ib). Neat, elegant fer ef. t is necessary em, élzem.
Neck ruk’abeh (rifkkabch),
Needle eb'ree, pl. d'bar.
—— packing mesélleh, mayber.
Negro abd a «" slave’), rigel
wed,
Neigh (' ‘Wnny) v. hen! Chinnsre, aa)
Neighbours geerdn, sing. gar
Neither (one wulla wdhed walls
nor the other) _e’tdnee.
Net shébbekeh.
Never eb’eden, ebbeden.
Never mind, v. malésh, ma annoosh.
New edéet, gedéed.
News, to tell, Ehebber (khabbar).
Next e’tdnee (ettdnee), alagemboo (at its side).
Nick-name nukb, lakb.
Night Jayl, pl. laydl.
Nitre sub'bukh,
—— refined bardot abiad.
No, nor wulla.
Noble, prince eméer, améer, pi. Omara.
North shemadl, béhree.
Nose monokhéer, unf.
Not moosh.
Not so moosh kéddee, mdosh kéza.
Nothing, none ma feesh hdégeh.
For nothing belésh.
Now: de’lwikt [see Day].
Agreat number ketéer kowee.
Number, 0. &bseb, edd.
The Numbers, El Eddud. 1, whhed. $, theldta. 2, ethnéen. 4, er’ ba. D
58
5, khdmsa.
6, sitteh, sitt.
7, s&ba.
8, themanieh.
9, tésd (tes'sa). 10, 4sherah. 1], heddsher. 12, ethndsher. 18, thelatasher.
30, thelatéen. 40, erbaéen. 50, khamséen. 60, sittéen.
70, sabaéen. 80, themanéen. 90, tesiéen.
Nurse Nat Oar
Oath The ocean
The Mediterra- nean
An odd one
A pair and an odd one.
Do not be of- fended (hurt)
Often, many times
Oil of olives Sweet oil
Lamp oil Train oil Lettuce oil Old, ancient Old in age On, upon One
The very one Once
Onion Open, v. Open, p. p.
Pp. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOOABULARY.
14, erbatdsher.
15, khamstdsher.
16, sittdsher.
17, sabatdsher.
18, themantasher.
19, tesatdsher.
20, asheréen.
21, wéhed oo ashe- réen, etc.
100, méea (see Hun- dred),
101, mecaoo wéhed.
120 meea oo ashe- réen.
1000, elf.
1100, elf oo meea.
dade AC Purk.). mor- ben dock. muldéé, pl. maka-
helsie, yaméen. el bébr el malh, el
eb. el bahr el ab'iad, 3. ¢. the white sea. ferd, furd. goz oo ferd.
ma takhodshee dla khatrak. ketéer ndéba, kam nd'ba! (i.e. Aow many times!) aayt-zaytéon. aayt-ty-eb,”* hélwa. séerig t aayt-hér.t zayt-khifss. kadéem, min seman. agdos
fok. wahed ; see Numbers. bizdtoo.
zayt-
noba wéhed, marra bus’sal. "Twhhed. ef tab.
maftéoh.
Opening Or
Orange
Order, com- mand, t.
Order, s.
Set in order, v.
In order that
Origin |
Ostrich
The other
Another
Oven
Over
Overplus
Over and above Overturn, », Overturned
Out Outside Owl
Owner Oxen
Padlock
Pail
Pain
Paint, ¢.
Paint, dye, v. A pair
Pale
Palm, date tree Pane (of glass) Paper
A para (coin) Parsley
Part, piece Partridge Partner Party
Pass, v. ". Paste
Patch, 8.
Sect. I.
fdt-hah, applied als to the Ist chapte: of the Koran.
wulla, ya, ow; ¢.9 either this or none ya dée ya belésh.
portékan,
aomodor, omédor,
am'r.
woddub.
leg'leh.
as'sel, ass.
naam.
e’ténee, el d-kher.
wéhed dkher, whhe ghayr, wiéhed td. nee, ghayroo,
bérra.
teerdn; see Bull
kufl,
sutl, dilweh.
wgh' ga.
bodia.
es’boogh, low’ wen.
goz, ethnéen.
ab’iad, as’fer.
nakhl, nékh-el.
loh—kezfs.
warak; (leaf of) warrakeh, ferkh.
fodda, ¢. e. silver.
bakdéonis.
hetteh.
hag’gel.
sheréek.
gemma.
foot; v. a. fow' wet.
aséedeh, aigeen.
roka, roga.
* From the kortum, or Carthamus tincturius. + From the simsim, or Sesamum Orientale. t
From the flax.
Egypt. p- ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY. 59
Patience téol-t-el-bdl, sabbr. Patient saber. Be patient tow’el bélak, Gsboor. He is patient rdhoo towéel. Pay money, v. ed'fa floos. Peace, pardon cessation soolh. of war We have made istullah'na bad, or
peace with —weea bad. each other. Pear koomittree. —, prickly, tin shék, tin serafén- or Cactus. . dee. Peas bisilleh. Peasant fell&h. Peel gild, kishr. Pen kdlam (kullum). Lead pencil kalam, rd rosise. People nas, gem’'méi, regal. Our people gemmé-ctna. Perfect temim. entire sahéh, kdémel Perfidy khyfna. Perhaps yoomkin, dpear (db- Persia igen Persian dgemee, Farsee. Person, self nefs.
A piastre (coin) kirsh, plur. kroosh, Pickaxe; see Axe.
Pickles toorshee. Picture sdora, tassowéer. A piece het’teh, kottah. Piece, v. fuse'el. khanzéer. Pigeon hamdm. Pilgrim hag, hag'gee. Pill hab. Pin dabdos, Pinch, v. ek'roos, égrus. Pinch, s. goorse, koors.
Pinchbeck (me- tombds (Fr.). tal)
pe shébook. ood. Pipe, mouth- fom, mub’sem (mup-- piece sem), terkéebeh. Pistol taban’gia. A pair of pistols goz tabangi&t. A single pistol ferd. A pit beer. What a pity! ya khoséra. A place mat’rah, modda, ma- kan, mahal
The plague
Plough Ploughing Pluck a fowl, v. Pluck, pull out,
Plunder, v.
Plural
Poetry
Poison
Point, end
Pole, stick
Pomegranate
A poor man
Potatoes
Pottery
A pound
Pour out, 2.
—— throw away, v.
Powder
Power
Pray
I pray you
Prescribe, ».
Press, v,
——,, squeeze, 0.
Pretty
Prevaricator
Price (see What, and Worth)
Agree about price of
Pride
Prison
‘ft is probable
Produce of the land
Profit (v. gain)
Property, pos- sessions
Prophet
Prose
Prosper, v.
Provisions
Pull, v.
el kdobbeh, e’tadon.
Plank, pane (of lth. lass)
séhan, tub’buk, han- gar.
leb (layb).
illéb.
fit‘neh.
mahrat.
hart. en’tif el far-kher. en’'tish.
tnhab, nd-hab (to nab). gemma.
gayb.
shafr, nusm. sim.
turf.
middree, nebdot. roomdan. meskéen, fekeér. kolkds frangee. fokhér.
rotl.
soob, koob. koob.
trob; (gun—) bardot. kodr (kudr). sellee, sullee. fee ard'ak.* wuseuf. dooss. sdser (ager). kouei'is (qui’yis). a reblebea tem’n (temmen), sayr.
uf‘sel, fussél.
kébr e’ néfs. habs, hasel. ghdleben. khyrat el ard.
sowdd, fkul oo sherb. shid.
* “On your honour.” Used to deprecate punishment, and on other preasing oceasions.
60 Pull out, v.; pullek'la; eg’la; see off (clothes) Pluck. Punishment azAb. Pure téaher. On purpose bildniech; (in @ bad sense) bilamed. Push, v. liz. Puss! puss ! biss ! biss ! Put, v. hot. Put away, hide. v. diss. Put away, port. madsods. Putrify, v affen. Pyramid héram, abram. A quail soomaén (much. What quantity? kud-ddy, ¢. ¢. how Quarrel, v. hdnuk, ame] kalim. Stone quarry muk'ta-hag’gar. A quarter roob. Quench (fire), 0. itfee. Quince safer’gel. Quickly kawdm, belaggel (i. e. on wheels), yaila. Quiet ket. Race gens (gense). Raft ramodse (ramods). Rag sharméota, khdllaka. Rage zemk, kudb. Rain mattar, nuttur. It rains be-un’tur. Raise, v érfa, sheel, ayn. Raised merféoi. . Ramrod harbee, kabbds. Rank makdém. Rare, strange gharéeb. A rascal ebn haram Rat far. Raw ny (nye) Razor 0068. Reach, 2. tool, élhak Read, ». ek’ra. Ready héder. Real eah¢éh, sdduk. Really, truly min h&k, hdkéeketen, hak’ks. The reason e’ sebbub. | Rebellious adsee, pl dasii’n. : Receive money ek'bud floos. Reckon, v. ah‘seb. Recollect, v. iftek'r. . (—ion) (fikr). A reed boos. A relation karéeb, dhl. Relate, tell, v. ab'kee. Remember, v. khallee fee balak.
|
p. ENGLISH AND ARABIC VOCABULARY.
I remember, v.
Sect. I.
fee balee,
Remove it from un'guloo min hénnee.
hence
It is removed itnug'gel min métrah
from place to
Reside, v. Return, 0 .
ala matrah.
rood (roodd). gawab. is’koon.
er'ga.
—, give back,v. reg'ga. Rhinoceros horn korn khartéet.
Ribs dullooa.
Rich sheban, ghtinnee.
Riches ghunna (ghena).
Rid, ». khal‘lus.
Ride, v. er‘kub.
Riding, s. rokoob. [khaneh.,
A rifle bendookééh shesh-
Right, a. doghrec.
Right, s. hak (el hak)
Right (hand) yeméen.
Rim harf, soor.
Ring (annulus) hallakah, hallak.
Finger ring dib'leh; see Seal.
Rinse, v. miismus.
Rinse it ‘out musmusoo.
Rise, v. koom (goom)
River nébar; babr, ¢. ¢. ocean (applied to the Nile).
Road derb, sikkah, tareék.
Roast meat kebab.
Robber haramee
It rocks berdok.
It rolls (as a itmérga.
boat)
Roof sukf.
A room oda.
Root gidr, gidder.
Rope habbel, habl.
Hemp rope habl teel.
Palm —— habl leef.
Rose werd.
Rose water moie- werd.
—— otto of hetter el werd.
Round, a medow'-er, mekub- bub.
Around howaldyn, deir ma iddor
Rouse, v kow’em, kowwem.
Royal soltdnee.
Rudder duf‘feh.
Ruins, remains; bendi kadeém, kha-
see'Temple _ry-ib, kharébeh.
Ran, »v. ig’ geree.
Egypt. Run, asa liquid khor. Rushes soomdr (sumar). Russia leather gild thelateénee. Rust suddch. A Sack sekeébeh. Saddle (of horse) serg. (donkey) bérda. dromedary )ghabéet. ——(camel) witter, howééh, shd- ker, r. —_— khorg. Sail, s. killa, komdsh, 1. ¢. cloth. Sailor mardkebee. Sailor (ofa boat) néotee, ty fa. For his sake leg’leh khf&troo. Salad sdlata. for Sale lel-bdyi. Salt, a. mileh. Salt, s. melh. Salts melh Ingléez. The same bur'doo, bizdtoo, pl. btirdohém. Sand rumi. Sandal nal. Sandstone hdgar hettdn Sash, girdle hezém. Saucer tés1. A saw minshér. I saw, v. dna shdéoft; he saw, hooa shaf. Say, v. kool.
What do you betkdol ay. say? Scabbard (of bayt (e’sayf).
sword)
Scales (large —) meezén, Qrubbéneh). muk’tu
School
Scissors akties.
Scold, v. hénuk, it-hdénuk.
Scorpion sk-rabe (ag’raba).
Scribe
Sea babe, ‘babr el malhb, el mdleb.