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ee

BULLETIN

OF THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL
HISTORY.

Volume V, 1893.

NEW YORK:

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1893.

COMMITTEE
RP. Wuirriei, —

_ Henry Fairrierp O

CONTENTS OF VOLUME V.

PAGE
ArT. Il.—Artionyx, a New Genus of Ancylopoda. By Henry Farr-
FIELD OSBORN and JAcoB L. WoRTMAN.................- I

II.—Notes on some North American Moths, with Descriptions of
New Species. By WILLIAM BEUTENMOLLER.... .......... 19

III.—List of Mammals and Birds collected in Northeastern Sonora and
Northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, on the Lumholtz Archzo-

logical Expedition, 1890-92. By J. A. ALLEN.............. 27

IV.—Description of a New Subspecies of Oryzomys from the Gulf
memes. De PANE MM. CHAPMAN. 2. ice oso ene ve 43

V.—Descriptions of Four New Species of 7omomys, with Remarks
on other Species of the Genus. By J. A. ALLEN............ 47

VI.—List of Mammals collected by Mr. Charles P. Rowley in the San
Juan Region of Colorado, New Mexico and Utah, with Descrip-
tions of New Species. By J. A. ALLEN..........5......... 69

VIl.—Aceratherium tridactylum from the Lower Miocene of Dakota.
Mee Pee ST PAIRPINL TD): OGRORI ou ook Sacicse dis peu seecewees 85

VIII.—Notes on Transformations of some North American Moths.
DP WILLIAM BEUTEMMOLLER. | 60S Sci de accuse 5 gees -¥

IX.—On the Divisions of the White River or Lower Miocene of
Dakota. By J. L. Worrman, M.D...... .. See ab eeneee 95

2
a
;
La
,
4

"

Iv. Contents.

Art. X.—On a Collection of Birds from Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil,
made by Mr. H. H. Smith. Part III, Pipridz to Rheide. By

XI.—Ancestors of the Tapir from the Lower Miocene of Dakota.
By J. L. WorRTMAN and CHARLES EARLE............- - 159

XII.—On a Collection of Mammals from the San Pedro Martir
Region of Lower California, with Notes on other Species,
particularly of the Genus Sitomys. By J. A. ALLEN....... 181

XIII.—On a Collection of Mammals from the Island of Trinidad,
with Descriptions of New Species. By J. A. ALLEN and
FRANK M.. CHAPMAN: 0.3520 05.0 oad oe x ele ee 203

XIV.—Description of a New Species of Opossum from the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec, Mexico. By J. A. ALLEN........ .. «.. 235

XV.—Further Notes on Costa Rica Mammals, with Description of a
New Species of Oryzomys. By J. A. ALLEN.... .. ....-. 237

XVI.—Descriptive Catalogue of the Butterflies found within fifty
miles of New York City, together with a Brief Account of
their Life Histories and Habits. By WILLIAM BrEUTEN-
MULLER ooie0oS 5 cae cbse ee Se eae ae) we an ae 241

XVII.—Fossil Mammals of the Upper Cretaceous Beds. By HENRY
FAIRFIELD OSBORN. 000.5. a5 sae wes ook 6 alee ee ere 311

XVIII.—Description of a New Mouse from Southern New Mexico and
Arizona. By GERRIT S. MILLER, Jt. 0.5 05 see. cee 331

XIX.—Description of a New Mouse from Lake County, California.
By J. A; ALLEN. 000. ue ce ced eee te et vecsces® «nen 335

XX.—Description of a New Species of Geomys from Costa Rica.
By J. A. ALLEN. < occ ccwsns vesessseesees 5s otpes eae 337

X XI.—Description of Two New Races of Mammals from Florida, with
Remarks on Sitomys nivetventris Chapm. By FRANK M.
CHAPMAN, . oa55 5 0s Ub be Sa ese Sate ae eR ee ere ee 339

JTilustrations. V.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Cuts.

PAGE
Right pes of Artionyx vaudryi, front view. ........-.- -sseee eee cree 2
Right pes of Chalicotherium magnum .....+.-.0+..005 52sec reece ees 3
Right pes of or Pitidr yi, Mamet WOW sc rh oie ies oak ces 9 Nk 7
= = ie ORIET VIEW ecco eae ae 10

Median digits of Chalicotherium sansaniense, Artionyx gaudryi, Hoplopho-
neus occidentalis, and Megalonyx jeffersoni ...... .-.+-.-++++00+++- II
Variation of bill in Galbula rufoviridis. ©... 02... cece cece ce ete ee eee ee 133
Evolution of molars in Protapirus and Tapirus........- rere eee igves SO
Protapirus obliguidens, crown view of lower dentition .....-........-.-- 165
= = Side view Of lowe? jaW eso = oes ne eens 166
sik cy anterior view of left manus ....... ..........-. 167
Crown view of second superior molar of Colodom sp?.... -...-.+-+-+-+++- 175
Colodon occidentalis, crown view of inferior dentition .. ..-.......--.--. 175
oe anterior view of right manus....... Pee ee 177
Type of Ptilodus trovesartianus..........- +--+ 20ers eee e teens eee ee
Fourth inferior premolar of species of Ptilodus......... Baas ahr Site eh 315
Relations of typical Tritubercular molars............ .--.-+-+---+-++---- 321

Type specimens of Didelphops vorax, Cimolestes incisus, Pediomys elegans,
Platacodon nanus, — nitor, Telacodon levis, and Batodon

Plates.

Plate I.—Top view of skulls of various species of Thomomys.

Plates II-VI.—Butterflies of the vicinity of New York.

Plates VII, VIII.—Cretaceous Mammals (PI. VII, Laramie Multitubercu-
lates ; Pl. VIII, Laramie Trituberculates).

DATES OF PUBLICATION OF AUTHOR’S
SEPARATES.

Art. I, February, 1893. Art. II, February, 1893. Art. III, March 16, 1893.
Art. IV, March 17, 1893. Art. V, April 28, 1893. Art. VI, April 28,
1893. Art. VII, April 29, 1893. Art. VIII, May 1g, 1893. Art.
IX, June 27, 1893. Art. X, July 19, 1893. Art. XI, August 18, 1893.
Art. XII, Aug. 18, 1893. Art. XIII, Sept. 21, 1893. Art. XIV, Sept.
22, 1893. Art. XV, Sept. 22, 1893. Art. XVI, Nov. 29, 1893. Art.
XVII, Dec. 15, 1893. Art. XVIII, Dec. 16, 1893. Art. XIX, Dec. 16,
1893. Art. XX, Dec. 16, 1893. Art. XXI, Dec. 22, 1893.

Besides the author's separates, and in addition to the regular edition of the
Bulletin, 100 as god were issued in signatures as printed, each signature bearing
at the bottom of the first page the date of publication.

ee

st

BULLETIN

OF THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

Volume V, 1898.

Article I—ARTIONYX, A NEW GENUS OF ANCYLO-
PODA.

By Henry FAIRFIELD OsporNn and Jacosp L. WorTMAN.

In the last volume of this Bulletin (1V, pp. 351-371) we
described a new Artiodactyl, Protoceras, and in the present paper
we record the discovery of remains of a mammal of even greater
interest. It is, so far as can be judged from the foot structure
alone, a Chalicotherioid with an Artiodactyl type of foot; that is,
with the astragalus, calcaneum, cuboid, all modified as in the
Artiodactyla, with toes in pairs on either side of the median line,
and with phalanges like those in the Carnivora. Besides these
four functional toes in the hind foot there are portions of the
hallux, indicating that this digit, although much smaller than the
others, was still of considerable size, and provided with phalanges.
Another distinctive feature is that none of the phalanges are cleft,
whereas in Cha/icotherium they are all deeply cleft.

We had anticipated finding skeletal remains of Chalicotherium
| in the Lower Miocene of America, because the teeth have recently
3 been found both in the Lower and Upper Miocene, indicating
) that this form was distributed over this continent, and this foot
was at first supposed to belong to Chalicotherium. But a closer
examination showed that while Chalicotherium may be described
as a clawed Perissodactyl, this new form, which we have named
Artionyx, may with equal fitness be termed a clawed Artiodactyl.

[February, 1893.] [1] 1

ny ee hae

2 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

Thus the group Ancylopoda must be enlarged to embrace two
distinct subdivisions: the Perissonychia—animals resembling the
odd-toed Ungulates in foot structure; and the Artionychia—
animals resembling the even-toed Ungulates in foot structure.

It will be remembered that the species of Chalicotherium have
long been known under two sets of names; one set, under the ~
genus Chalicotherium, being applied to its teeth, and the other,
under the genera Schizotherium, Macrotherium, Ancylotherium and
Moropus, being applied to its feet. Filhol, in 1888, first conject-
ured that these two forms might really be one. We recall also
that Filhol confirmed this conjecture by his discoveries in Sansan,
and that Forsyth Major arrived at the same conclusions in his

explorations of Pikermi beds. Quite re-
cently Depéret has described parts of a
skeleton and skull found together at Grive
St. Alban, in beds nearly contemporaneous
with Sansan. It is probable that a similar

1877 Marsh described three species of
Moropus (distans, senex and elatus) from the
Middle and Upper Miocene of Oregon and
Nebraska, considering them as large Eden-
. tates. The types consisted of a number of
' loose phalanges, and the author compared
them with those of Ancylotherium (now —
known to be identical with Chalicotherium)
rather than with any true Edentates; AZoro- —
pus being considered distinct because of.
the coalescence of its first two phalanges. —
page STS ee Undoubted remains of Chalicotherium in —
front view of right pes. this country were found later by Garman

confusion has arisen in this country. In

in the Loup Fork (Upper Miocene), and described by Scott and

Osborn. Cope has also described the teeth of a Lower Miocene ©
species (C. di/obatum) from the White River beds (Swift Current —
Creek) of Canada. It is probable that all these species belonged —
to the order Ancylopoda, and as the distribution of members of
this order in America and Europe is known to have been extended
at least to the Siwaliks in Asia, we reach the conclusion that this
order, which has become very recently known, was widely dis-

1893.] Osborn and Wortman on the Genus Artionyx. 3

tributed in the Miocene, and, as proved by the differences between
the Sansan and Pikermi forms, and still more by the differences
between Chalicotherium and Artionyx, was highly differentiated.
The remains known to us at present indicate, therefore, that we
have mere glimpses of a very important order, the remains of
which have for some reason been rarely preserved fossil.

In a recent number of the ‘Revue Scientifique,” Ameghino has re-
peated the opinion expressed in 1891* that the Homalodontotheridz
are the ancestors of the Chalicotheriidz. This ancestry is impossi-
ble because Homalodontotherium has a typical lophodont dentition
while Chalicotherium is buno-selenodont; it is by no means im-
possible, however, that this Patagonian genus is a member of the
Ancylopoda. Ameghino has pointed out many features of the
skeleton in which it strikingly resembles Chalicotherium. ‘The
carpals and tarsals are alternating or diplarthrous ; there are five
_ digits upon the robust fore and hind feet, and the ungual phalanges
are shaped as in Chalicotherium with deep median clefts. The
humerus has an epitrochlear perforation, and in general the limbs
are modified as in the Edentates. The calcaneum is described
as of the Litopterna type, with a very convex facet for the fibula.
The head of the astragalus is extended and convex, with a nearly

plane tibial trochlea. If Ameghino’s supposition is correct this
still further widens the distribution of the Ancylopoda.

The structure of the limbs of Cha/icotherium, which has been
mainly made known by Gervais, Filhol and Depéret, indicates
that it was a digitigrade, not a plantigrade, as restored by Filhol.
Osborn pointed out the
perissodactyl character of
the carpus and _ tarsus.
The limbs are now com-
pletely known, and indi-
cate that there was little
or no prehensile power.
It is a peculiarity of both
fore and hind feet that

Fic. 2. Chalicotherium magnum, outer view of hey are turned somewha
eet one rae. agn they are ed ewhat

1 Mammiiferes Fossiles de la Patagonie Australe. <Revue Scientifique, Jan. 7th, 1893, p. 14.
2 Nuevos Restos de Mammiferos Fosiles, August, 1891, p. 9-

4 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. V,

upon the inner side, and that the outer toes are somewhat enlarged.
When Chalicotherium was known only by its teeth it was consid-
ered unquestionably an Ungulate; later, when the feet were con-
nected with it, it has been considered by Filhol as bridging the
gap between the Ungulates and Edentates; by Depéret as
closely related to the Ungulates, and even constituting a family
of the Perissodactyla; by Cope as an Unguiculate. The discovery
of Artionyx has important bearings upon these different opin-
ions, as well as upon the hypothesis that Mentscotherium is an
ancestor of this group. These bearings will be discussed later.

In the present Bulletin we will give (1) a systematic description
of the type, comparing it with other forms; (2) a table of the
double parallelism of the Artionychia and Perissonychia; (3) a
discussion of the affinities of the Ancylopoda.

I. SysTeMaATIC DESCRIPTION.

The foot of Artionyx seems to establish the validity of the
order Ancylopoda Cope. The differences between the hind
feet of this genus and of Chalicotherium are so fundamental that
we have placed them in separate suborders, indicating by the.
terms proposed the double parallelism with the two great sub-
divisions of the Dif/arthra. When the skeletons of these two
genera become more fully known it may appear that these
genera were more closely related than we now suppose, and
represented merely two distinct families: the Chalicotheriidze and
Artionychide.

Order ANCYLOPODA Cofe.

Phalanges of the Unguiculate type, terminating in clawed ungues. ‘Teeth,
skull, carpus and tarsus, and skeleton, so far as known, of Ungulate type.

I,—PERISSONYCHIA. ! | II.—ARTIONYCHIA, !

Mesaxonic. Odd number of toes Paraxonic. Even number of toes
and claws. Tarsus, including astra- | and claws. ‘Tarsus, including astra-
galus, calcaneum, cuboid and navicu- | galus, calcaneum, cuboid, navicular
lar, of Perissodactyl type. Ungues | and cuneiforms, of Artiodactyl type.

cleft. Ungues not cleft.

' These subdivisions are new. The Perissonychia is not equivalent to the Chalicotherioidea
of Gill, because Gill proposed this term as a aig oom of the Artiodactyla, equivalent to
the Giraffidee, Camelidaw, Merycopotamida, ete, Arrang. Fam. Mamm., Smith. Misc, Coll.,
1872, p. 71.

1893. | Osborn and Wortman on the Genus Artionyx. 5

Suborder ARTIONYCHIA.

Artionyx, gen. nov.
Five complete digits, hallux reduced. Ecto- and meso-cuneiforms coalesced.

Artionyx gaudryi,' spec. nov.

The specific distinctions are contained in the following descrip-
‘tion and measurements of the type.

Materials Described —The materials upon which this genus
is proposed consist of the following pieces, viz.: the heads of
both femora, broken away at the neck so as not to display either
of the trochanters, the distal end of the left femur, including the
lower half of the shaft, the patella of the left side complete, and
the distal half of the right tibia and fibula, to which is articulated
the pes in an almost perfect state of preservation. The only parts
of the pes lacking appear to be the internal cuneiform, the meta-
tarsal and terminal phalanx of the hallux, together with the claw
of the second digit.

The specimen was obtained from the Protoceras beds or the
uppermost member of the White River Miocene of South Dakota,
in practically the same stratum in which our specimens of Profo-
ceras were found. It was imbedded in a sandy matrix, the distal
ends of the tibia and fibula and the pes being found in position
almost normally articulated, so that there can be little or no
doubt of the proper association of the bones herein described.

The remains pertain to a young adult in which traces of the
epiphyses are still visible, and indicate an animal of the size of a
full-grown pig, or perhaps a trifle smaller.

The Femur and Patella.—The head of the femur is quite
remarkable for its extreme globular form. It represents some-
what more than the half of a sphere, and is marked by a deep pit
for the insertion of the ligamentum teres. The shaft of the distal
half of the bone is somewhat crushed, but its form is sufficiently
well preserved to enable us to state that it is considerably flat-

1 This species is named in honor of the celebrated French palxontologist Professor Albert

6 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

tened from before backwards, especially in its lower portion. In
this respect it differs from both the Artiodactyle and Perissodac-
tyle Ungulates, in which the shaft is almost circular in section,
with a marked tendency to become more or less quadrangular in
sections in its extreme distal portion.

The femoral condyles, and in fact the whole distal extremity
of the bone, partake of the nature of the shaft, and are relatively
much flattened from before backwards, in marked contrast with

the backwardly projecting condyles of both the Artio- and Peris-

sodactyla. The rotular groove is placed upon the anterior face
of the bone rather than under the extremity of the shaft, as in the
two orders above mentioned. Its direction is somewhat oblique

to the outer side of the shaft, as in the tapir, differing in this

respect from the pig, in which it is almost straight.

The condyles have comparatively little backward extension,
the extremity of the inner one occupying a slightly lower plane
than the outer. The intercondylar notch is correspondingly wide
and shallow, and it is not overhung by the internal condyle as ‘in
hoofed orders.

The patella is relatively small and more elongated than in

either the pig or the tapir, but does not otherwise present any

points of especial interest. The whole structure of this part of
the knee-joint would seem to indicate that the femur was little
bent upon the crus, and that the limb was more like that of the
elephant in the matter of its straightness than of either the pig or
the tapir. |

The Tibia and Fibula.—Unfortunately the proximal ends of

these two bones are not preserved, so that their description
cannot be given at the present writing. In the lower half of its

extent the shaft of the tibia may be said to be more or less tri-
hedral in form, expanding distally somewhat to support the —

articular extremity which it offers to the astragalus.

The internal malleolus is remarkable for. its development and
the manner in which it articulates with the astragalus. It is
long, stout, and slightly hook-shaped, reaching at least half-way
down the inner side of the astragalus when the bones are placed
in position. The hook is directed to the outer side of the ankle,
and is received into a deep excavation upon the inner face of the

eg
Meee 8 iy, tee ne

1893.| Osborn and Wortman on the Genus Artionyx. 7

ankle bone. In the pig the internal malleolus is small and over-
laps the inner side of the astragalus but slightly, but in Oreodon
it is much larger and overlaps the astragalus considerably. It
also has a tendency to become hook-shaped in this form. The
remainder of the articular surface is shaped very much as in the
pig, being deeply grooved to receive the condyles of the astra-
galus, with a median tongue or ridge which fits accurately into
the intercondylar groove of this latter bone.

The shaft of the fibula, so far as it is preserved, is slender and
much flattened. Its distal extremity is expanded to a greater
extent than in the pig, and, as in all the Artiodactyla, it articu-
fates with both the astragalus and calcaneum. The articular
) surface, by means of which

it joins the astragalus, con-

sists of a beveled edge upon
the upper outer surface of
the external condyle of this
bone, anteriorly. In_ the
Artiodactyla, owing to the
vertical dimensions of the
astragalus, the fibula over-
laps it considerably, so that
the articulation between
- these two bones is confined ™ a é Ss
entirely to the outer side of Fic. 3. Artionyx gaudryi, inner view of right
pes (2 nat. size).
_ the astragalus.

_ Tarsus.—The tarsus presents so many striking resemblances to

_ that of the Artiodactyle Ungulates that its description is perhaps

best accomplished by instituting a comparison between it and

- some generalized members of this order, of which the pig is a
good example.

The astragalus is relatively broader and of less vertical depth
than that of the boar. This results from the shortness of the
neck and the inward extension of the navicular portion of the
head. Its superior or trochlear surface presents two unequal
condyles, strongly convex from before backward, and separated
by a deep groove. The external condyle, the larger of the two,
‘is limited in front by a deep transverse notch which separates it

8 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

sharply from the cuboidal facet, in front or below. This notch
is much more pronounced than in the astragalus of the pig. The
inner condyle is smaller and presents a somewhat sharper crest,
owing to the excavation of its inner side for articulation with the
internal malleolus. In its lower or anterior extremity it is well
rounded, and of a somewhat scroll-like pattern, terminating
abruptly in a distinct overhanging ledge, which separates it from
the navicular facet: This ledge is absent from the astragalus of
the boar, as is also the scroll-like appearance of the lower part of
the condyle, but traces of it are to be seen in Oreodon. ‘The distal
extremity or head of the astragalus is occupied by two facets for
articulation with the cuboid and navicular. It joins the trochlear
portion by a short neck, and is placed quite as obliquely upon this
part of the bone as in that of the suillines. The cuboid and
navicular facets are strongly convex from before backwards, and
in their articulation with these bones form as perfect a ginglymus
as is to be seen in any of the Artiodactyla. They are sharply
separated from each other by a prominent fore and aft ridge,
which passes backwards to form the inner boundary of the
sustentacular facet behind. The cuboid facet is the smaller of
the two and can be said to have but a limited extension back-
wards. It narrows greatly at the middle of the under or anterior
surface, and becomes continuous with the sustentacular facet
behind. In the pig, and to a somewhat less extent in Oreodon, it
is continued well around to the posterior surface, but it is
separated from the sustentacular facet by a well-marked ridge.
This facet, while it is strongly convex from before backwards, is
little or not at all concave from side to side. The navicular facet
on the other hand is not only very convex fore and aft, but
presents first a convexity and then a marked concavity laterally
from within outwards, as in the pig. One feature in which it
differs markedly from the astragalus of the pig, and for that
matter, of all the Artiodactyla, is its great backward extension,
reaching as far as the middle of the posterior surface of the bone.
By reason of this backward extension of the navicular facet, the
facet for the sustentaculum tali is very oblique and beveled con-
siderably externally. It covers the larger part of the posterior
surface of the bone,

1893. | Osborn and Wortman on the Genus Artionyx. 9

The calcaneum resembles the corresponding bone of the pig
very closely. This is especially noticeable in the small susten-
taculum, the narrow distal extremity where it articulates with
the cuboid, together with the prominent articular face by which
it articulates with the fibula. As compared with that of the pig,
the tuber is relatively shorter, the distal end is somewhat nar-
rower, and the fibular facet has a greater antero-posterior extent.
Upon the outer side just below the fibular facet is a prominent
bony ridge for the attachment of the external lateral ligament,
beneath which is a shallow fossa which is scarcely indicated in
the calcaneum of the boar. Upon the end of the tuber is seen a
well-marked groove, located somewhat to the inner side, which
serves for the passage of the tendon of the p/anfaris muscle.

The cuboid, as compared with that of the pig, is much depressed.
Posteriorly it bears a process of moderate dimensions as in the
Artiodactyla in general. Upon its upper surface are the two
facets for the calcaneum and astragalus, that for the calca-
neum being almost flat and inclined downwards and forwards,
while the astragalar facet is strongly concave. Distally two
facets can ‘be distinguished for articulation with the fourth
and fifth metapodials respectively. They are relatively broad
and flat. At the posterior edge of these articular surfaces,
immediately beneath the backwardly projecting bony process, is
to be seen a slight groove for the passage of the long peroneal
tendon as it crosses the plantar surface of the foot. This groove
is especially well developed in the pig, being almost completely
converted into a foramen. In Orecodon it is less developed.

The zavicular is also much flattened from above downwards,
resembling in this respect the corresponding bone of the Perisso-
dactyla, rather than that of the Artiodactyla. It is strongly cup-
shaped above to receive the convex navicular portion of the head
of the astragalus, and much flattened below where it articulates
with the codssified ecto- and meso-cuneiforms. Upon its inner
face is seen a moderately weak /udercu/um, to which the tendon
of the anterior tibial muscle (¢dia/is anticus) is attached. Its
chief peculiarity is found however in the enormous hook which
is developed upon its posterior surface. This hook is broad,
much flattened from behind, and completely overhangs the ecto-

meso-cuneiform, as well as the proximal ends of the neighboring
metapodials. Although less prominent it appears to be univer-
sally present in the Artiodactyla and as universally absent in the
Perissodactyla.

Features of the Double Ginglymus.—I\t is interesting to note
in this connection, and a matter of no slight significance, that a
similar hook is developed upon the navicular of the lagomorph
rodents. In this widely separated group we also find that the
foot is of the paraxonic type, that the fibula articulates with the
calcaneum, and that there is a distal ginglymus present (astragalo-
navicular). It would thus appear that these characters, arising
as they have independently, in at least three distinct and widely
separated orders, are necessary concomitants, and dependent upon
the same or similar causes for their production. (See Appendix.)

The ecto- and meso-cuneiforms are completely codssified, there
being no trace of the suture visible. This compound bone is
broad and flat, and rests upon the second and third metapodials.
The articulation with these bones is by a broad flattened surface,
which is also true of the articular surface by which it supports
the navicular. When the cuneiform and navicular are articulated
there is seen a somewhat cup-shaped facet upon the inner side of
these two bones, which undoubtedly indicates the existence of an
internal cuneiform, although this bone is not preserved.

The Metatarsus—The metatarsus consists of five elements,

axis. ‘The metatarsal of the
hallux is not preserved, but
the presence of the first
phalanx of this digit, together
with a facet for a distinct
and well-developed internal
cuneiform, already mention-
ed, renders it quite certain
that the hallux was present,
though small. In the draw-
ing its length has been esti-
mated from the length of the

phalanx. Fic. 4. Artionyx gaudryi, outer view of right
pes (# nat, size),

1893. | Osborn and Wortman on the Genus Artionyx. Il

_ Of the remaining metatarsals, the two median ones, mts. III
and IV, are almost if not quite equal in size and length. The
lateral ones, mts. II and V, are practically so, the disparity in
their length being slightly greater than that found in the pig.
While the outer one (mt. V) is a little the longer of the two, the
inner one (mt. II) is the stronger. This appears also to be true
of all the more generalized Artiodactyla in which four toes are
present. In the rabbit, on the other hand, mt. II, is both longer
and stronger than mt. V, and this is also true of the median pair,
the inner one slightly exceeding its fellow in size and length.
The two outer metatarsals (IV and V) are supported wholly by

_the cuboid, while the two inner ones (II and III) are supported
_ by the compound cuneiform. Just as in the lower Artiodactyla

and in the rabbit there is no tendency to displacement of any of the
metapodials. The distal ends of the metapodials have prominent
well-rounded articular heads, very similar to those of the digiti-
grade Carnivora. These facets are continued well backward upon
the dorsal surface, and are constricted off from the shafts by deep
grooves, indicating that the main flexure of the foot took place at
this point, as figured by Gaudry in Chalicotherium, and that the
animal was truly digitigrade. Distal
keels are present, but are confined to
the plantar surface.

The Phalanges. — The proximal
phalanges are quite remarkable for
the character of the articular surfaces
by which they join the metapodials.
When looked at from the side these
surfaces are seen to be directed more
upwards than backwards, almost to
the same extent as represented by
Gaudry in Chalicotherium (Fig. 5, A).
This indicates two things, viz.: that
the proximal ends of the metapodials CLRKKED®
were raised from the ground, and that ‘ Ps
the distal end of the phalanx was Fic. 5. Median digits of, 4 Chali-
carried slightly upwards when the ‘trtionyx gaudryt, C: Hoplophonens

* . idental. D, Mi
bones were placed in their natural Soni (after Leidy), egulonys jelfer-

12 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

position. This view is further carried out by the character of the
articular surface at the distal end of the phalanx. It is directed
more downwards than forwards, which would give the succeeding
phalanx a downward trend again, so that the first two phalanges

would describe a gentle curve. This is well exemplified in the cat —

(Fig. 5, C). The second or median phalanges are shorter than the
proximal, and are more compressed from side to side. Distally
they exhibit a grooved articular surface almost equally divided
between the upper and lower moieties of the bone, for articulation
with the large compressed claws or ungues. There is nothing to
indicate that the ungues were strongly bent down upon the middle

phalanx, as represented by Gaudry. If one can imagine a digiti-

grade bear it would come very near representing the manner in
which the phalanges were articulated in Artionyx.

The ungues are large, strongly compressed, and considerably
arched upon the dorsal surface. They are a little hook-shaped.
The proximal ends are deeply excavated (representing almost a

semicircle), to receive the distal ends of the median phalanges.

There is no trace of a bony sheath or a median cleft developed.

SumMARY.—The principal characters of the genus described
above may be summarized as follows: (1) Extreme globular form
of the caput femoris. (2) The slight backward extension of the
femoral condyles. (3) The great development of the internal
malleolus, and the excavation upon the inner side of the astra-
galus. (4) The articulation of fibula with caleaneum. (5) The
articulation of astragalus with cuboid and navicular, and the
formation of a distal ginglymus. (6) The slight extension back-
wards of the cuboidal facet on the astragalus and its continuity
with the sustentacular facet. (7) The great backward extension
of the navicular facet, and the obliquity of the sustentacular
facet. (8) The weak development of sustentaculum tali. (9) The
marked depression of the cuboid, navicular, and cuneiforms.
(10) The presence of a tuberculum upon the inner border of
navicular, (11) The presence of a prominent navicular hook.
(12) Codssification of ecto- and meso-cuneiform. (13) Presence
of internal cuneiform and hallux. (14) The foot of the paraxonic
type. (15) The metatarsals are not displaced upon the tarsals.

Pe ee ee ee See ee ee a

1893. | Osborn and Wortman on the Genus Artionyx. 13

(16) The distal keels of metapodials confined to plantar surface.
(17) The ungues large, much compressed, and little hooked. (18)
Presence of a groove upon the end of the tuber of the calcaneum.

In the table on page 14 we give a list of the principal characters
exhibiting the double parallelism of the Ancylopoda to the
Diplarthra.

III.—ArrFinities oF Chalicotherium AND Artionyx.

Prior to this discovery, four views were advanced as to the
affinities of the Chalicotheride. First, that the Chalicotheride
were a specially modified family of Perissodactyla; first based
upon the teeth, then upon the teeth and podials by Osborn
(5'); then upon the entire structure by Depéret (2). Second,
that this group bridges the gap between the Ungulates and
Edentates, suggested by Filhol, at the time of his discovery (3).
Third, that the family belonged to a distant order (Ancylopoda)
of the Unguiculata, suggested by Cope (1). Fourth, that it was
derived from the Condylarthra (Meniscotheriidz) or primitive
Ungulata, as suggested by Osborn (5).

Edentate Hypothesis—The main points advanced by Filhol
in favor of his hypothesis are the loss of the cutting teeth and
the peculiar modifications of the limbs. But the molar type
is fundamentally different from that in the Edentata, and the loss
of the cutting teeth is not significant. Gaudry and Gervais have
shown that the modification of the phalanges is fundamentally
unlike that in the Edentates. And Depéret in his thorough
discussion of the entire skeleton has finally disposed of this
hypothesis by proving first that the skeleton is mainly Ungulate
in type, and second that the modifications of the arm and leg are
independent parallel adaptations, the Edentate likeness being
merely superficial. ‘The cleft terminal claw, which suggested to
Cuvier the term “ Pangolin gigantesque,” we may add, is not
exhibited in Artionyx.

Unguiculate Hypothesis (Cope).—In a purely descriptive sense
both Chalicotherium and Artionyx are “ unguiculate,” but in a
phyletic sense the problem is whether in their entire structure
these animals stood near the Unguiculata. The truth is, the

1 The numbers in this paragraph refer to the Bibliography at the end of the paper.

erican

14 Bulletin Am

Mi useum of Natural.

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1893 | Osborn and Wortman on the Genus Artionyx. 15

unguiculate characters, so far as we know at present, are confined
to the phalanges. All the other characters are Ungulate. This is
as true of the foot of Artionyx as it is of the limbs, skull and teeth
of Chalicotherium. Is it not more probable that the phalanges
secondarily acquired an unguiculate structure, rather than that all
the remainder of the skeleton passed from an Unguiculate into a
pronounced Ungulate type?

Perissodactyl Hypothesis —Depéret’s view that the Chalicothe-
ride are modified Perissodactyla is not supported by a detailed
comparison of the skull of Chalicothertum with that of the older
Perissodactyls, for this skull is of a much less modified type, and
is distinctly non-perissodactyl in the several features enumerated
below, in which it does resemble the skulls of the ancient
Condylarthra. Moreover the discovery of Artionyx indirectly
strengthens Cope’s view that Chalicothertum belongs to a distinct
order. Let us therefore look at the broader question of its rela-
tionships to the primitive Ungulata.

Primitive Ungulate Hypothesis —Exhibiting the affinity of
Chalicotherium to the Ungulates in general are many features in
the limbs, specified by Depéret in support of his Perissodactyl
view. The dentition especially bears a most detailed resemblance
to that of Meniscotherium, which we know to be a Condylarth.
The skull is very suggestive of the type seen in Periptychus,
Phenacodus and Meniscotherium, in its low, broad occiput, small
cranium, well-arched sagittal crest, high maxillary bones, widely
open external auditory meatus. It has also the Ungulate con-

_ formation of the posterior region of the jaw, the elevated condyle

and deep angles, also seen in the oldest Condylarthra.

Mingled with these ancient characters we see many secondary
modifications adapted to the peculiar semi-arboreal habits of the
animal, probably associated with a long tongue and highly flexible
upper lip. Such are the loss of the upper incisors, semi-procum-
bent position of the lower incisors, the deep recession of the an-
terior nares, the reduction of the premaxillaries and of the anterior
portion of the lower jaw, paralleled by similar modifications
among the sloths. One secondary feature of the skull is, so far
as we know, unique, that is the large curved cylindrical tympanic
bulle.

16 = Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. Vol. V,

Artionyx strengthens the Ungulate hypothesis by its foot
structure, but raises a fresh difficulty in the wide differences
which it exhibits from Chalicotherium. 1s it possible, as Scott
has suggested to us, that Ar#onyx represents a primitive offshoot
of the Artiodactyla, as Chalicotherium may be of the Perissodactyla?
In such a case we must suppose that these two series independ-
ently acquired claws. The main difficulty, of course, with the
Ungulate hypothesis is the retrogression from hoofs to claws
which it at first sight requires. But we may suppose that the
divergence took place before the ungues were hoofed, while they
were still subungulate or nailed as in Meniscotherium.

Affinities of Meniscotherium.—We have already spoken of the
likeness between the Meniscotherium and Chalicotherium denti-
tion. This question is fully discussed by Osborn in another
paper. Aeniscotherium, like Chalicotherium, has the central digit
enlarged; this would remove it from the ancestry of Artionyx.
On the other hand, A/eniscotherium has the fibulo-calcaneal facet, —
and deep pit upon the astragalus for the internal malleolus of
the tibia which we observe in Artionyx. The terminal phalanges —
of Meniscotherium are subungulate, as in the Primates. Thus the
feet of Weniscotherium bear resemblances to those of both Chadlico-
therium and Artionyx, but not of sufficient closeness to enable us
to consider it at present as an ancestral type.

Conc.Lusions.—The general conclusion is that the suggested
affinity of the Chalicotheride to the Meniscotheriide is in some
degree supported by the discovery of Ar#onyx, although it is
somewhat hazardous to place too much reliance upon this
hypothesis until we procure the teeth and other portions of the
skeleton of this genus. ‘Taking together the condylarthrous
character of the skull and the predominant ungulate facies of the
skeleton, and our knowledge of these affinities to Meniscotherium,
we have a presumption in favor of the idea that the Ancylopoda
issued from the Ungulata after the ungulate direction had been
given to their evolution, but before they had fully acquired the
distinctively ungulate phalanges. The double parallelism, so
marked in each case, between the Artionychia and Perissonychia
and the respective divisions of the Diplarthra is still a very difficult
fact to account for, and we trust that additional remains of both
these types may soon be discovered.

1893.| Osborn and Wortman on the Genus Artionyx. 17

Appendix.
THE MECHANICS OF THE ARTIODACTYL TARSUS.

A careful study of the anatomy and movements of the ankle
joint in a dissection of the hind foot of a deer, in comparison
with the pig and hippopotamus, reveals the following important
facts, viz: (1) the movement of the tibia and fibula upon the
astragalus is comparatively limited, the proximal ends of these
bones passing through an arc of only go in extreme flexion and
extension. An additional go° of arc is secured by the movement
of the astragalus upon the calcaneum and navicular, so that by
these combined movements the complete flexion of 180° of the
pes upon the crus is possible. Now the articular facet upon the
posterior facet of the astragalus is quite oblique, so that its move-
ment upon the calcaneum causes a decided torsion or lateral
movement of the calcaneum. (2) This torsion is from within
outwards, and in order to prevent displacement of the calcaneum,
a strong ligament is developed, stretching from the entire under
or plantar surface of the calcaneum to the posterior border or
hook of the navicular. Powerful extension of the pes upon the
crus, as must necessarily occur in the act of leaping, causes this
ligament to become very tense. Both the torsion and the navicular
hook are absent in the Perissodactyla. (3) Another marked
feature of the Artiodactyle calcaneum is the groove developed
upon the top of the tuber, through which the tendon of the
| plantaris glides, as it passes into the sole of the foot to become
the perforated tendon. This groove is present in all the Artio-
dactyla, in Artionyx, and the Lagomorpha, but is absent in the
Perissodactyla. Its presence seems to indicate a more specialized
condition of the f/antaris in these forms than in the Perissodactyla,
but it is difficult to see in what manner it is associated with the
foot structure. It is merely mentioned in this connection because
of its constant occurrence. (4) In the Perissodactyla there is
little or no movement between calcaneum and astragalus, and the
strong calcaneo-navicular ligament is wanting. In the Lago-
morpha, on the other hand, there is extensive movement between
the calcaneum and astragalus, and both the navicular hook and
the ligament are present. The marked resemblances of the pes
of the rabbit to that of the Artiodactyla have been noted elsewhere.
It would thus appear, if we attempt to explain the presence of the
navicular hook upon a mechanical basis, that in proportion as
there was greater and greater mobility developed between astra-
galus and calcaneum, increasing torsion of the calcaneum followed
as a result of the oblique facets between these bones. This in
turn gave rise to special stress or strain upon that portion of the
plantar fascia which invests this region of the foot, resulting in

| [March, 1893.] Q2

18 . Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V.]

the production of the specialized calcaneo-navicular ligament.
The hook or process of the navicular has been developed to give
greater surface of attachment for this important ligament.

(5) Another interesting fact connected with the mechanics of
the tarsal joint is found in the peculiar rotation which the foot
makes when the calcaneum is fixed and the tibia is flexed or
extended upon the pes. In this case the torsion movement of
the calcaneum is transferred to the foot, and it is seen to be dis-
tinctly rotated outwards when the metatarsals are approximated
to the anterior surface of the tibia as in extreme flexion. Now
it is in this outwardly rotated position that the foot strikes the
ground in the act of running, so that there would be, therefore, a
constant tendency to throw a considerable part of the weight
upon the fourth digit. It is conceivable that it is to this cause
that we can attribute the shifting of the median axis of the pes
from the’ center of the third digit (mesaxonic) to a line between
the third and fourth digits (paraxonic), as well as the selection of
the fourth to pair with the third in the cloven foot. This, of
course, is assuming that the mesaxonic type of foot is the primi-
tive one for the Ungulate series.

We are as yet unacquainted with a five-toed Artiodactyle pes,
but so far as the number of digits is concerned, we have in Artionyx
a primitive condition. It is thus especially interesting to note
the great advance in the perfection of the tarsal articulations over
the digital reduction. It would appear therefore, and it will
doubtless eventually be found, that the first important step, and
as I am inclined to believe the primary cause, in the modifications ~
which have led up to the production of the Artiodactyle pattern
of foot, has been the increased mobility of the astragalus upon
the calcaneum, cuboid and navicular, associated with the obliquity
of the astragalo-calcaneal joint.—J. L. W.

RECENT BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Copr.—The Vertebrata of the Swift Current River, Il. <American
Naturalist, March, 1889, p. 151 (species C. di/obatum, order Ancylopoda).
2. Derpéret.—La Faune de Mammiféres Miocénes de la Grive-St, Alban.
<Arch. Mus, d’ Hist. Nat. d’Lyon, 1892.
3. FinnoL.—Assoc, Frang. Congrés Toulouse, 1888, p. 265.
Mammiféres de Sansan, <Ann. Sc. Géol., 1891, pp. 294-300, pll. 43-46.
4. GAaupRy.—Journ. de Zool., 1875, pl. 18 (Schisotherium priscum).
Les Enchainments du Monde Animal, 1878, pp. 194-198.
Fauna Attica, pp. — —. :
§. OsBorn,—Chalicotherium and Macrotherium. <American Naturalist, 1889,
Pp. 729.
Meniscotheriide and Chalicotherioidea. <American Naturalist, Oct., 1891,
pp., Ort.
Is Meniscotherium a Member of the Chalicotherioidea. <American Natur-
alist, June, 1892, p. 507.
The Ancylopoda, Chalicotherium and Artionyx, American Naturalist,
Feb,, 1893. (In press.)

Article II—NOTES ON SOME NORTH AMERICAN
MOTHS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

By WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER.

The following studies of some North American moths are
chiefly based upon material in the collection of the Museum, and
upon some unpublished notes made by the late Henry Edwards
on types in the collection of the British Museum.

BOMBYCIDE.

Euhyparpax, n. gen.

Primaries twice as long as broad; costa almost straight, very slightly
concave about the middle; apex pointed; outer margin slightly rounded; inner
angle obliquely rounded. Secondaries reaching to the inner angle of the
primaries, apex acutely rounded, outer margin almost oblique, hind angle
rounded. Body (4) slender, extending beyond the secondaries; anal tuft
obsolete. Legs pilose, femora and tibize covered with long ciliated hairs, tarsi
covered only with very short scales. Head depressed, palpi very short and
barely visible owing to the scales covering the same and the thorax. Antennz
half as long as the primaries, stalk stout, with the pectinations to about the
middle of equal length, when they very gradually decrease in length to about
two mm. before the apex, which portion is without pectinations. The genus is
allied to Hyparpax.

Euhyparpax rosea, n. sp.

Head, thorax and body pale ochreous, slightly tinged with pink. Primaries
pinkish ochreous, inclined to be rose-colored, with a very narrow undulated
transverse line of a deeper color beyond the middle of the wing. . This line is
somewhat curved before reaching the costa. Beyond this line before the outer
margin is a row of very indistinct spots of the same color. At the end of the
discal area is a faint indication of an ochreous spot. Secondaries rose-colored,
with the cilia paler. Undersides of all the wings wholly rose color, without
any markings. The legs and body are also tinged with pinkish. Stalk of
antennz, above, whitish with the pectinations deep ochreous, of which color
are also the antennx beneath. Expanse of wings, 40 mm.

One male, West Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado (T. D, A. Cockerell). Coll. Hy.
Edwards, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

[19]

20 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

Arctia radians (Wa/dker).

Apantesis radians WALKER, Cat. Lepid. Br. Mus. pt. III, 1855, p. 632.
Arctia radians SmitH, Can. Ent. Vol. XXIV, 1892, p. 134.

The late Hy. Edwards’s note on the type of this insect is as
follows: “Is the black form of zazs with red base to secondaries,
and a dash of pale ochre on base of primaries.”

Arctia rhoda Auter.

Arctia rhoda BUTLER, Ent. Mo. Mag. Vol. XVIII, p. 135; SmirH, Can. Ent.
Vol. XXIV, 1892, p. 134.

This is the common form of A. zazs with pink under, wings,
according to Edwards’s unpublished note on the type in the
British Museum. Prof. Smith, who also examined the type of
A. rhoda, likewise refers it to the common form of A. nats.

Arctia simplicior Auter.
Arctia simplicior BUTLER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. VIII, 1881, p. 311.

According to Mr. Edwards’s unpublished note on the type of
this species, it is the female of Arctia achaia.

Antarctia walsinghamii Au/er.

Antarctia walsinghamii BUTLER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. VIII, 1881,
p. 311; Smiru, Can. Ent. Vol. XXIV, 1892, p. 135.

Prof. Smith says this is a strongly marked, deeply tinted 4.
rubra, Mr. Edwards’s note on the type is as follows: “Is the
very red female of 4. punctata,”

Phragmatobia dubia (Wa/ker).

Cynia dubia WALKER, Cat. Lepid. Br. Mus. pt. III, 1855, p. 682.
Phragmatobia dubia GRoTE & ROBINSON, Trans, Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. II, 1868,
p. 72; SmMiru, Can, Ent. Vol. XXIV, 1890, p. 120.

Described as Cynia dubia by Walker, but placed in the genus
Phragmatobia by Grote and Robinson. Mr. Edwards saw the
type in the British Museum, and his note on the insect says “A
good species. But the genus is near Anfarctta, Habitat: Hud-
son’s Bay.”

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Notes on North American Moths. 21

Halisidota strigosa Walker.

Halisidota strigosa WALKER, Cat. Lepid. Br. Mus. pt. IIT, 1855, p. 736.
Halisidota lagueata Uy. Epwarps, Ent. Am. Vol. II, 1886, p. 166.

Mr. Edwards examined the type of H. strigosa, and refers this
species to his H. /agueata. | have compared Walker’s description
with the type of H. dagueata, and cannot find any differences.

Habitat: St. Domingo (Walker); Texas (Edwards).

Orgyia leucostigma var. obliviosa Hy. Edwards.
Orgyia leucostigma var. obliviosa Hy. Epwarps, Ent. Am. Vol. II, 1886, p. 13.

This variety is nothing more than the spring form of the com-
mon Orgyia leucostigma. The late S. Lowell Elliot bred od/iviosa
from larve which he collected in June, and /eucostigma from
identical larve collected in September.

The form odéiviosa differs from the fall brood by being smaller
and much paler in color, with the markings less distinct. The
female is said by Hy. Edwards to be also considerably smaller,
but the specimens bred by Mr. Elliot are the same size as those
bred from the autumn larve.

Twenty males, five females, from June larve; six males, nine
females, from September larve. Coll. S. L. Elliot. Types of
obliviosa: three males and two females, New Jersey. Coll. Hy.
Edwards, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Cossus populi Wa/ker.
Cossus populi WALKER, Cat. Lepid. Br. Mus. pt. VII, 1856, p. 1515.

“Unknown to me. It has no black band, but diffused waved
striz over the wings.” (Edwards, unpublished notes.) Habitat:
St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay (Walker).

Cossus plagiatus Walker.
Cossus plagiatus WALKER, Cat. Lepid. Br. Mus. pt. VII, 1856, p. 1515.

Mr. Edwards’s unpublished note on the type says, “ Rather
small. Have no doubt but that the type specimen is the same as
the female of C. robinia.”

22 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

/EGERIID/E.

Tarsa denudata (/arvis).

Trochilium denudatum Harris, Am. Journ, Sc. and Art, Vol. XXXVI,
p. 310, 1839; Ins. Inj. Veget. 1st Edit. 1841, p. 231; did. 2d Edit. 1852,
p. 252; ibid. 3d Edit. 1862, p. 330; Morris, Syn. Lepid. N. Am. 1862,
p. 138 (quotes Harris); KeLticorr, Can, Ent. Vol. XIII, 1881, p. 8.

Aégeria denudatum PACKARD, Ins. Inj. For. and Sh. Trees, 1881, p. 138.

Fatua denudata Hy. Epwarps, Papilio, Vol, II, 1882, p. 97; BEUTENMULLER,
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc. Vol. V, 1890, p. 204; SMITH, Cat. Ins. N. J. 1890,
p. 288; PACKARD, 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Com. 1890, p. 540.

Tarsa bombyci forms WALKER, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. pt. VIII, 1856, p. 61.

Mr. Edwards’s note says, ‘‘ Walker’s species is the male of
Fatua denudata Harr.” Mr. Edwards was acquainted with the
types of both these species, consequently there can be no ques-
tion as to their identity. The generic name Fafua, proposed by
Mr. Edwards, has been previously employed in the Coleoptera,
and therefore cannot stand. Walker’s genus Zarsa would, how-
ever, have precedence over the name Fatwa, having been estab-
lished many years previous.

Bembecia marginata (//arris).

Trochilium marginatum Harris, Am, Journ, Sc. and Arts, Vol. XXXVI, 1839,
p. 309; Morris, Syn. Lepid. N. Am, 1862, p. 137.

Sphecia? marginata WALKER, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. pt. VIII, 1856, p. 12.

Bembecia marginata Hy. EDWARDS, Ins. Inj. Forest and Sh. Trees, 1881, p-
261; Papilio, Vol. II, 1882, p.. 52; SAUNDERS, Ins, Inj. Fruit, 2d Edit.
1889, p. 303; KELLICcoTT, Journ. Columbus Hort. Soc. Vol. V, 1890, p.
27; BEUTENMULLER, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc. Vol. V, 1890, p. 204; SMITH,
Insect Life, Yol. IV, 1891, p. 29; Bull. N. N. J. Agricul. Exp. Station
1891, p. 9; Rep. Ent. N. J. 1891, p. 378; Ke.ticorr, Can. Ent. Vol.
XXIV, 1892, p. 44.

JEgeria odyneripennis WALKER, Cat. Lepid. Br. Mus. pt. VIII, 1856, p. 42;
Hy. Epwarps, Papilio, Vol. I, 1881, p. 206.

Aegeria rubi RiLkyY, Sixth Rep. Nox. Ins. Missouri, 1874, p. 111; MARTIN,
Fifth Rep. Nox. Ins. Illinois, 1881, p. 108; SAUNDERS, Ins. Inj. Fruit, 1st
Edit. 1883, p. 313. :

Sesia flavipes HULST, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Vol. III, 1881, p. 76.

The type of Zgeria odyneripennis Walker was examined by the
late Henry Edwards, and his note upon this species says: “Bem-
becia odyneripennis Walk, is the same as B. marginata Harris,” I
have carefully compared specimens of B. marginata with Walker's
description and Edwards’s figure of the type of 2. odyneripennis
(Papilio, Vol. I, pl. i, fig. 3), and find that these do not differ.

1893.| Beutenmiiller, Notes on North American Moths. 23

Bembecia marginata var. albicoma Hulst.

Bembecia marginata var. albicoma Hust, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. Vol. VI,
1883, p. 8.

Differs from the type form by having the bands on the abdom-
inal segment whitish instead of yellow, and by being somewhat
darker in color. For some reason this variety was omitted from
our lists.

Type: One male, Long Island, N. Y. Coll. Hy. Edwards,
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Bembecia plecizformis (/Va/ker).

Aigeria pleciaformis WALKER, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. pt. VIII, 1856, p. 40; Hy.
Epwakrps, Papilio, Vol. I, 1881, p. 206.

According to Mr. Edwards’s notes, this is a good species. The
figure of 2B. plecteformis (Papilio, Vol. I, pl. i) does not agree with
Walker’s description. It lacks the yellow bands on the abdominal
segments, and also the yellow stripes on each side of the thorax.

Habitat: Nova Scotia (Walker).

Bembecia emphytiformis (/Va/ker).

igeria emphytiformis WALKER, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. Vol. VIII, 1856; Hy.
Epwakrps, Papilio, Vol. I, 1881, p. 206.

Mr. Edwards’s note says: “Unknown to me. It is a good
species.” A figure of the insect was published by Mr. Edwards
in ‘ Papilio,’ Vol. I, pl. i, fig. 1. It is totally unlike any A°gerian
known to me. The habitat given by Walker for the insect is
“ United States.”

Albuna hylotomiformis (/V/a/ker).

AE geria hylotomiformis Wacker, Cat. Lepid. Br. Mus. pt. VIII, 1856, p. 43;
Hy. Epwakps, Papilio, Vol. I, 1881, p. 206.
Albuna hylotomiformis Hy. Evwaxps, Papilio, Vol. I, 1881, p. 186.

On the type of this species in the British Museum, Mr. Edwards
made the following note, “Is a good species and is unknown to
me.”

Habitat: Nova Scotia (Walker).

24 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

Sciapteron denotata (Hy. Edwards).
Albuna denotata Hy. Epwarps, Papilio, Vol. II, 1882, p. 55.

Was described by Mr. Edwards as an A/buna, but the strongly
pectinated antennz and other characters place it in the genus
Sciapteron, and the type was so labeled by Mr. Edwards. A
single female was taken by Mrs. Slosson, at Franconia, New
Hampshire. Previously it was only known from Montana.

Sannina uroceriformis Wadker.
Sannina uroceriformis WALKER, Cat. Lep, Br. Mus. pt. VIII, 1856, p. 64.

Mr. Edwards at one time considered this species to be identi-
cal with Sannina exitiosa, and it is so placed in our lists. His
unpublished note on the type of this insect, which was examined
by him, in the British Museum, says: “ Neither the male or
female of .S. extiosa. An entirely new species, with a red band
on the abdomen, and looking like the female of Phemonoé
guinguecaudata in general appearance.”’

Habitat: United States (Walker).

fEgeria bassiformis Walker.
Aegeria bassiformis WALKER, Cat. Lepid. Br. Mus. pt. VIII, 1856, p. 39.

“This is a good species and not Podosesia syringe Harr. as |
thought. It is very like 4geria lustrans Gr., but blacker. This
may be from imperfect condition, It has four narrow bands on
the abdomen, and one a little wider at base.” (Edwards's
unpublished notes.)

Habitat: United States (Walker).

f&geria lupini Hy. Zdwards.
‘Egeria lupini Hy. Epwarps, Papilio, Vol. I, 1881, p. 192.
Ageria madarie Uy, Epwarps, Papilio, Vol. I, 1882, p. 201.

I am unable to find any differences whatever between the
types of Atgeria lupint and Aigeria madarie to warrant their
separation as distinct species.

Types: 4. dupini, three males and three females from Califor-
nia; 4. madaria, one male and one female from California, Coll.
Hy. Edwards, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Notes on North American Moths. 25

f£geria pictipes G.& RX.
JEgeria pictipes GROTE & RoBINsON, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. II, 1868, p.
182; BaiLey, N. Am. Ent. Vol. I, 1879, p. 17, pl. iii.

Aégeria inusitata Hy. Epwarps, Papilio, Vol. I, 1881, p. 201.

The type of @. inusitata, which is before me, is nothing more
than a worn and faded example of -@. fictipes.

Types: @. inusttata, one male from Andover, Mass.; 4. pictipes,
three specimens from New York. Coll. Hy. Edwards, Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist.

©geria lustrans (Gro/e).

Trochilium lustrans Grote, Can. Ent. Vol. XII, 1880, p. 213.

la sexfasciata Hv. Epwarops, Papilio, Vol. I, 1881, p- 193.
consimilis Hy. Epwaxps, Papilio, Vol. I, 1881, p. 194.

eupatort HY. Epwarps, Papilio, Vol. I, 1881, p- 195.
A rec Hy. Epwarps, Papilio, Vol. L 1881, p. 195.

There are no differences between the types of 4. sexfasciata,

A. consimilis, and 4. eupatori, which will separate these from
the large series of 4. /ustrans, including the type which I have
before me, nor are there any varital differences. 2. infirma is
also the same.
Types: 4. sexfasciata, one male, Texas; 4. consimilis, one
male, Dorchester, Mass.; 4. eupatori, one male, New York; -@.
lustrans, four males and seven females, New York, West Virginia,
Ohio, Kansas, and Texas. Coll. Hy. Edwards, Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist.

Pyrrhotznia coloradensis, sp. nov.

Primaries reddish-orange, with the costa narrowly margined
with fuscous, which is also the color of the median vein, the cilia
and the rather large spot at the end of the discal area. Second-
aries reddish-orange, with the cilia and discal spot fuscous.
Wings beneath, same color as above. Head, thorax and legs
black. The thorax has a few silvery-white hairs on the posterior
portion (the scales on the anterior portion are abraded). Body
black, with a silvery-white scale-like band on the posterior end of
each segment. Caudal tuft black. Underside of body wholly
sooty black. Expanse, 22 mm.

One female, Custer County, Colorado (Cockerell), Sept. Coll.
Hy. Edwards, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

26 Bulletin American Museum we Natural — ie V.|

Pyrrhotenia texana Hy. Edwards.

yr rhotanta texana Hy. Epwarps, Papilio. Vol. I, 1881, p. 204.
Pyrrhotenia wittfeldii Hy. EDWARDS, Papilio, Vol. III, 1883, p. 156.

I am unable to find any differences whatever that will separate
P. wittfeldii from P. texana. The latter name has precedence,
and was described from Texas.

Types: P. wittfeldit, two males, Indian River, Florida; P.
texana, two authentic males, Indian River, Florida. Coll. Hy.
Edwards, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Pyrrhotenia behrensii 1). Ldwards.

Pyrrhotenia behrensii Hy. Epwarps, Papilio, Vol. II, 1882, p- 423.
Pyrrhotenia elda Hy, EDWARDS, Ent. Am. Vol. I, 1885, p- 49.

Mr. Edwards’s unpublished note on these species is as follows:
“P. elda is the female of P. dehrensit.”

Types: P. dehrensii, three males; P. edda, two females, Soda —
Springs, Siskiyou County, California.

Pyrrhotznia fragarie Hy. Edwards.

Pyrrhotenia fragarie Hy. Epwarps, Papilio, Vol. I, 1881, p. 202.
Pyrrhotenia helianthi Hy. Epwarps, Papilio, Vol. I, 1881, p. 203.

A single type female, labeled P. Aelianthi, from Soda Springs,
California, in the Edwards Collection, is the same as ?. dehrensi?.
Mr. Edwards certainly made a mistake in so labeling this speci-
men. JP. helianthi was described by him from a single male and
female from Virginia City, Nevada; it is therefore hardly possible
that the specimen is one of the types; moreover, Mr. Edwards’s
unpublished note says: “P. Aelianthi is the female of P. frag-
aria,”

Article III.—LIST OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS COL-
3 LECTED IN NORTHEASTERN SONORA AND
NORTHWESTERN CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO, ON
THE LUMHOLTZ ARCHAOLOGICAL EXPEDI-
TION, 1890-92.

By J. A. ALLEN.

The expedition of Dr. Carl Lumholtz, under the auspices of the
American Museum of Natural History, was primarily undertaken
for research in the line of archeology. During the first two
years of its work, however, some attention was given to genera!
natural history, collections being made in zodlogy and botany. .
While only about fifty-five mammals were collected, they possess
considerable interest. About one thousand birds were obtained,
representing one hundred and sixty-two species. Unfortunately,
however, most of the ornithological work appears to have been
done during fall and winter, and thus the results are less
satisfactory than would have been the case had collecting been
more actively carried on during summer. The bulk of the
collection consists of North American species, but the record of
localities given below often affords definite information of much
interest respecting their winter distribution.

The expedition set out from Bisbee, in southeastern Arizona,
early in September, 1890, proceeding southward about two hundred
and twenty-five miles to Bacadehuachy and Nacory, on the Rio
Yaqui, passing the following places in the order named: San
Pedro (32 miles south of Bisbee), Los Trincheras, Santa Barbara,
Fronteras, Cachuta (102 miles south of Bisbee), Los Trinitas
(129 miles south of Bisbee), Los Pinitos, Los Cuevas alt.
1750-2300 feet), Oputo, Granados, Bacadehuachy (the last three
on the Rio Yaqui). Thence turning eastward toward and
across the Sierra Madre the following were passed: Nacory
(alt. 3400 feet), Heurachi (alt. 4000 feet), Napolera, El Puerto
(alt. 6300 feet), Bavispee River (on its extreme upper course),
Rancheria de los Apaches (alt. 6620 feet), Chuhuachupa, Tachico
(alt. 2000 feet), to San Diego (alt. 4000 feet) on the eastern

[27]

28 = Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,
slope. San Diego was for some time (Feb. 16 to May 6) the
base of operations, from which trips were made to Guanopa, Rio
Chico and Tatuara (Feb. 15—March 1).

The specimens of birds and mammals were collected principally
by Mr. F. Robinette, of Washington, D.C. A few were collected
by Mr. A. D. Meeds, of Minneapolis, Minn, Unfortunately no
notes accompany the specimens, beyond the locality and date
of collecting, and many of the localities are not on published
maps.

MAMMALS.

1. Lepus alleni J/carns.—'Two specimens, Oputo, Oct. 27.

2. Lepus arizonz A//en.—One specimen, San Diego, north-
’ ern Chihuahua, Nov. 5.

3. Thomomys umbrinus (? 2/ch.).-—Seven specimens, Juarez,
northern Sonora. Referred provisionally to this species, and
doubtless the same as 7. umbrinus of Baird, based in part on
Sonoran specimens.

4. Perodipus sp.?—One specimen, imperfect, and without
label.

5. Mus musculus Zinn.—Three specimens, Juarez, northern
Sonora.

6. Neotoma mexicana Aaird—One specimen, Cachuta,
northern Sonora, Oct. 3.

7. Sigmodon hispidus arizonz M/carns.—One specimen,
Granados, Nov. 16.

8. Onychomys sp.?—One specimen (in poor condition),
Jaurez, northern Sonora.

9g. Cynomys arizonensis 4/carns.—Three skins, San Diego,
Chihuahua, Nov. 14, 1891, A. D. Meeds.

10. Sciurus aberti Woodh.—One skin, in the gray phase,
and an additional skull and skeleton. Without labels, but prob-
ably taken in December, on the upper Bavispee River.

1893.] Allen on Mexican Mammals and Birds. 29

11. Sciurus apache, sp. nov.

Upper premolars }. Size large ; tail long, full and bushy, the vertebrz alone
nearly equal to head and body. Above pale yellowish gray, varied with black,
darkest on the head ; dorsal pelage at base pale plumbeous, the coarser hairs
pale buff, with a broad subterminal ring of black and a whitish tip; below uni-
form pale orange yellow, as are also the limbs and feet; tail above black,
broadly fringed with yellowish white, below with a broad central band of dull
ferrugineous orange, bordered on either side with a broad band of black, and a
broad fringe of yellowish white, the basal half of the hairs being dull orange,
the next fourth black, and the apical fourth yellowish white. A pale yellow
eye-ring. Ears moderate, rounded, yellowish, mixed with gray, both externally

Measurements.—{Approximate, from skin.) Head and body, 320 mm. ;
tail vertebrze, 265; tail to end of hairs, 360; hind foot, 72; ear, from
crown, 20.

Skuil.—Rostral portion short and broad, the nasals but little narrowed pos-
teriorly. Total length, 64; basilar length, 58; greatest breadth, 36; least
interorbital breadth, 22; length of nasals, 20; width of nasals at posterior
border, 12.

Type, No. $$3$, Northern Chihuahua, Lumholtz Expedition.

This species is based on two skins and skull taken in Northern
Chihuahua by the Lumholtz Expedition, probably in November
or December, the specimens being evidently in late fall or winter
pelage. They were unfortunately without labels when received.

The skull presents a general resemblance in size and form to
skulls of other species of the subgenus Parasciurus, or the group
with the premolars }. It appears to most resemble the skull of
S. arizonensis Coues, but has the rostral portion shorter and
broader than in average specimens of this species. The skull
differs in a similar way from that of S. mayaritensis Allen.

In coloration S. afache, as the above description shows, pre-
sents no suggestion of close affinity with either S. arizonensis or
S. nayaritensis, but strongly recalls that of pale examples 5S. niger
ludovicianus ; and it is undoubtedly related to the S. miger group.
At first it seemed probable that the specimens above described
would prove referable to Sciurus /imitis Baird, based on a speci-
men from “ Devil’s River, or the San Pedro of the Rio Grande,
Texas,” but reference to Baird’s description of S. /imitis shows
the latter to be very different from the form here described as
S. apache.

30 = Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

Notre on Sciurus arizonensis Covres.—A large series of
skulls of this species, recently presented ‘to the American
Museum of Natural History by Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, by whom
they were collected at various localities in Arizona, shows that
this species belongs to the Parasciurus group, the upper premolars
being } instead of 7, as formerly supposed. When treating of this
species in 1877,’ no skulls were available for examination, and
from its general resemblance in coloration to Sciurus carolinensis
it was referred, erroneously as it now appears, to the same section
of the genus. Parasciurus thus proves to have a nearly transconti-
nental range, instead of being an exclusively ‘ Eastern’ genus,
as recently assumed by the present writer.” It also has a wide
range in Mexico, occurring in the Sierra Madre region southward
into the States of Zacatecas and Vera Cruz, where it is repre-
sented respectively by S. zayaritensis Allen and S. niger melano-
notus Thomas.

12. Cariacus virginianus (subsp.?).—Several imperfect flat
skins, including two with skulls and feet, and two separate skulls
of does. The skins include one that is pure white (albino).
Bavispee River, October, 1890,

A full-grown male has antlers of the usual style of C. virginianus,
but another specimen shows that old bucks sometimes develop
antlers of large size, with very numerous tines, the left antler in
this specimen having eight points and the right one six points;
they are, however, unsymmetrical in the two antlers and represent
an abnormal development. This head strongly suggests the
remarkable growth of points seen in some specimens of C. g,
/eucurus. The length of the left antler measured along the con-
vexity of the beam is sixteen and one-half inches; the length of
the principal tine is six inches,

In coloration these specimens closely resemble C. v. /eucurus,
but are rather lighter, with a whiter tail. They apparently repre-
sent a much larger form than Baird and some other authors
have recognized under the name Cariacus mexicanus.

13. Mephitis estor Merriam.—Two specimens, San Diego,
northern Chihuahua, Oct. 28.

' Monographs of N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 738-741.
* This Bulletin, IV, p. ar8.

1893.] Allen on Mexican Mammals and Birds. 31

These specimens agree with Dr. Merriam’s description of his
M. estor from San Francisco Mountain, Arizona, to which species
they are here provisionally referred.

14. Procyon lotor hernandezii ( /Wag/er).—Represented by
a single skin without label.

15. Urocyon virginianus scottii M4/carns.—Several skins,
‘separate skulls, and a skeleton.

16. Canis latrans Say.—Two skins with skulls, from north-
western Chihuahua, in winter coat. These compared with speci-
mens in summer pelage from Arizona (Mearns Coll.) show that
_ the seasonal change in the coloration and texture of the pelage is
very great. In winter specimens the coat is long, fine and soft,
above yellowish gray varied with black; in summer examples it is
thin, coarse and harsh, above yellowish brown, with very little
mixture of black.

Specimens in winter coat from Montana are very different in
coloration from those from northern Mexico taken at the same
season, the southern specimens being much more yellowish
throughout, with the posterior surface of the ears, occiput, and
the outer surface of the limbs golden brown, much brighter and
more golden than in the northern specimens. Doubtless a proper
amount of material for comparison would demonstrate the desira-
bility of recognizing several subspecies among the Coyotes,
which range from Central America northward to beyond the
northern boundary of the United States.

17. Lynx rufus maculatus (//ors/. & Vig.).

Felis maculata Horsr. & Vic. Zool. Journ. IV, 1829, p. 381, pl. xiii. (Mexico.)

Lynx rufus var. maculatus BARD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, p. 93-

? Lynx baileyi Merriam, N. Am. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 79. (Southern
Arizona.)

Two specimens, in winter pelage, without labels, but probably
from Camp 21, on the Bavispee River, 15 miles from Chuchuichupa,
December, 1891. One is adult, the other about half grown. The
adult specimen agrees very well with the description of Fe/is
maculata Horsfield & Vigors, to which these specimens are pro-
visionally referred. Whether or not it is the same as Lynx baileyi

32 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

Merriam, from Arizona, is not easy to determine, since Dr. Mer-
riam’s comparisons are exclusively with specimens of Z. rufus
from Connecticut.

A series of 15 specimens from Arizona (Mearns Collection)
presents a wide range of variation in color, summer specimens
being more tawny than winter specimens, with the black spots of
the lower parts more vividly contrasted, with the purer white
ground color. There is also much individual variation, especially
in respect to the distinctness of the face and head markings.

Two specimens from Florida (Tarpon Springs) are, as com-
pared with northern rufus, very dark in general coloration,
especially over the hinder portion of the dorsal surface, and the
head markings are stronger. These represent a fairly recogniz-
able Florida form, provisionally termed “Lynx rufus var. florida-
nus Rafinesque” by Baird in 1857 (1. c., p. 91, in text). A single
specimen from Brownsville, Texas, is strikingly similar in general
coloration. ‘Two specimens from the formerly so-called ‘ Neutral
Strip,’ Indian Territory, are much more like the northern Z.
rufus. Two winter specimens from Montana have, in comparison
with all of the other specimens, a much longer, thicker, softer
pelage, as would be expected from the season and locality, but
they are also grayer and less strongly spotted.

Doubtless the Lynxes of the widely distributed Z. rufus group
will be found separable into a number of more or less well-marked
geographical forms, when sufficient material for comparison is
brought together.

BIRDS. '
1. Mergus americanus.— Two specimens (labels lost),
2. Anas strepera.—San Diego, Feb. 2.
3. Anas americana.—Cachuta, Oct. 2.
4. Anas carolinensis.—Nacory, Nov. 30; San Diego, Feb. 2.

5. Anas discors.—Cachuta, Oct. 2.

' As nearly all of the species here mentioned occur in the American Ornithologists’ Union
*Check-List of North American Birds,’ authorities for the scientific names are omitted,
except where the species is extralimital to the A. O. U. Check-List.

eee ay ee ee ee

1893.] Allen on Mexican Mammats and Birds. 33

6. Anas cyanopterus.—San Diego, Nov. ro.

7. Dafila acuta.—Cachuta, Oct. 3.

8. Spatula clypeata.—San Diego, March 14.

9g. Erismatura rubida.—Pachico, June 22.

10. Plegadis guarauna.—Cachuta, Oct. 5.

tr. Ardea herodias.—San Diego, Feb. ro.

12. Ardea candidissima.—Three specimens (labels lost).

13. Fulica americana.—Pachico, June 22; Cachuta, Sept.
28-30.

14. Recurvirostra americana.—Oputo, Oct. 22.
15. Himantopus mexicanus.—Cachuta, Oct. ro.

16. Gallinago delicata.—Pachico, Jan. 25; Chuhuichupa,
Jan. 2-14; San Diego, Oct. 23.

17. Tringa bairdii.—One specimen (without label).

18. Tringa minutilla.—San Pedro, Sept. 15; San Diego,
April 1.

19. Ereunetes occidentalis.—Cachuta, Oct. 2.
20. Totanus melanoleucus.—One specimen (without label).
21. Totanus solitarius.—San Diego, April 13.
22. Totanus solitarius cinnamomeus.-——Cachuta, Oct. 8.

23. Aégialitis vocifera. — Bisbee and Greenbush Ranch,
Sept. 6-10; Pachico, June 22.

24. Cyrtonyx montezumz.— Los Pinitos, Los Vengos,
Nacory, and Huerachi, Oct. 12—Dec. 6.

25. Callipepla gambeli.—Santa Barbara, Sept. 21.

26. Callipepla elegans (Zcess.).—Nacory, Nov. 27.
[April, 1893.) 3

34 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

27. Callipepla squamata.—San Pedro and Bisbee, Aug. 15—
Sept. 26; San Diego, Feb. 16.

28. Zenaidura macroura.—Near Bisbee, August; Huerachi,
Dec. 6.

29. Melopelia leucoptera.—Bisbee, July.

30. Scardafella inca.—Granados, Noy. 12-15.

31. Cathartes aura.—Fronteras, Sept. 23.

32. Circus hudsonius.—Rancheria de los Apaches, Jan. fo.
33. Accipiter velox.—Granados, Nov. 11; Pachico, June 22.
34. Buteo borealis calurus.—Chuhuichupa, Jan. 14.

35. Buteo swainsoni.—Fronteras, Sept. 23:

36. Urubitinga anthracina.—San Diego, March 31.

37. Asturina plagiata.—Fronteras, September; Oputo, Oct.
26.

38. Falco columbarius.—San Diego, Oct. 23.

39. Falco sparverius deserticolus.—Pachico, June 28 and
Jan. 25; Granados, Sept. 27 and Noy. 11; Nacory, Nov. 29;
Bavispee River, Dec. 30.

40. Asio wilsonianus.—San Diego, March 14.

41. Bubo virginianus subarcticus.—San Diego, Feb. 19-
23.
42. Speotyto cunicularia hypogz#a.—San Pedro, Sept. 15.

43. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swains.). — Three

specimens, Pachico, June 20.
44. Geococcyx californianus.—Near Bisbee, August.

45. Euptilotis neoxenus (Gou/d).—One specimen, sexed as
a male, but if so it is immature, taken at El Pinita, Dec. 16, 1890.

46. Ceryle alcyon.—San Diego, Feb. 24; Chuhuichupa, Jan.
14.

1893.] Allen on Mexican Mammals and Birds. 35

47. Campephilus imperialis (Gou/d)—Seven specimens,
taken as follows: Chuhuichupa, fan. 25-29, 1892; Bavispee River,
Dec. 24, !890; Rancheria de los Apaches, Jan. 10, 1891.
Dr. Lumholtz informs me that the species is common at the
localities last named.

48. Dryobates villosus hyloscopus.—El Puerto, Dec. 7;
Rancheria de los Apaches, Jan. 14-25.

49. Dryobates arizonz.—Rancheria de los Apaches, Jan.
14 and 15.

50. Dryobates scalaris.—Oputo and Bacadehuachy, Sept.
25—-Nov. 29; San Diego, Feb. 24.

51. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis.—El Pinita and Los
Cuevos, Oct. 12-15; E] Puerto, Dec. 16; Bavispee River, Dec.
_ 30; Rancheria de los Apaches, Jan. 15. One of the El Puerto
specimens (No. 56,498, 4), shows an excessive tendency to
erythrism, the usual red throat patch extending posteriorly over
the whole breast, where the feathers are merely black at the base
and red apically, the usual broad black breast patch being con-
cealed by the broad red tips of the feathers. The posterior half
of the superciliary and subocular white stripes is also strongly
washed with red —a feature occasionally developed in specimens
from other localities. The El Puerto specimen thus has very
much the appearance of a small S. ruder.

52. Sphyrapicus thyroideus.— Female, Bavispee River,
Dec. 12; male, Rancheria de los Apaches, Jan. 15. This last
example (No. 56,494, ¢ ad.) also shows an abnormal develop-
ment of red on the breast, the usual red gular stripe broadening
posteriorly and continuing over the breast, where it occupies the
middle third of the pectoral area. The feathers of the whole top
of the head are also broadly tipped with bright red. It thus at
first sight, through the red crown and extension of the red throat
spot over the breast, has the appearance of being a very different
species from S. ¢hyroideus. In the absence of other specimens,
however, it seems best to treat it as merely an abnormal example

of S. thyroideus.

36 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

53. Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi.—Cachuta and El
Pinita, Oct. 9-14; Pachica, June 22; San Diego, Oct. 3o.

54. Melanerpes uropygialis. — Fronteras, Sept. 20-27;
Bacadehuachy, Nov. 20.

55. Colaptes cafer.—Los Trincheras, Sept. 20; El Pinita,
Oct. 12; Rancheria de los Apacheés, Jan. 10; San Diego, Nov. 5.

56. Phalznoptilus nuttalli nitidus.—San Diego, Nov. 12.

57. Chordeiles acutipennis texensis.—San Diego, April
21-24.

58. Aéronautes melanoleucus.—Granados, Nov. 16.
59. Trochilus alexandri.—Bisbee, Arizona, July and August.
60. Calypte costz.—El Pinita, Oct. 14.

61. Selasphorus alleni.—Bisbee, August and September;
Santa Barbara, Sept. 21.

62. Tyrannus vociferans.—Leoncita and Fronteras, Sept.
21-27.

63. Tyrannus verticalis.—San Diego, April 13-21.
64. Myiarchus cinerascens.—San Diego, April 21-23.

65. Myiarchus inquietus (.Sa/v. & Godm.).—Oputa, Sept. 9;
Bacadehuachy, Dec. 20.

The two specimens above recorded seem unquestionably refer-
able to Mr. Salvin’s recently described A/yiarchus inguietus,’ from
the State of Guerrero, Mexico, although from localities so much
further north. We have, however, a specimen from Zapotlan,
Jalisco (collected by Dr. A. C. Butler), a much more southern
but still an intermediate point. Doubtless it will prove to range
throughout the mountainous parts of Mexico, as AZyiarchus
cinerascens nuttingi has recently been found to do.

66. Sayornis pheebe.—San Diego, Feb. 24.

1 Biolog. Cent. Am. Aves, II, p. 88, March, 1892.

i i a i a i

1893.] Allen on Mexican Mammals and Birds. 37

67. Sayornis saya.—San Pedro, Sept. 9; San Diego, April 5.

68. Sayornis nigricans.—San Diego, May 15 and Nov. 5;
Granados, September and November.

69. Contopus richardsoni.—San Diego.
70. Empidonax difficilis —Los Cuevos, Oct. 15.

71. Empidonax wrightii.— Oputo, Nov. 9-25; San Diego,
Apmil 3-22.
72. Empidonax hammondi.—Los Cuervos, Oct. 15.

73. Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus.—San Pedro, Sept.
15; Granados and Nacory, November; San Diego, March 1o and
April 15; Pachico, June 22.

74. Otocoris alpestris adusta.—San Diego, Feb. 16 and
Nov. 5.

75. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha.—E] Pinita, Oct. 12;
also four specimens without labels.

76. Aphelocoma woodhousei.— Bisbee, July 14.

77. Aphelocoma sieberi arizonz.—Cachuta, Oct. 9; Bavis-
pee River, Dec. 16; San Diego, April 8.

78. Corvus corax sinuatus.—Chuhuichupa, Jan. 14.
79. Corvus cryptoleucus.—San Pedro, Sept. 16.
80. Molothrus ater obscurus.—Bisbee, July 30.

81. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus.—Pachico, June 22;
San Pedro, Sept. 12.

82. Agelaius pheeniceus sonoriensis.—Nacory, Nov. 26;
San Diego, March 13; Pachico, June 22.

83. Sturnella magna mexicana.—San Diego, Oct. 20 and
Feb. 26; San Pedro and Cachuta, Sept. 15-30; Nacory, Nov. 24.

84. Icterus parisorum.—Bisbee, July 21.
85. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni.—Bisbee, July 17.

38 = Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

86. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus.—San Pedro and Ca-
chuta, Sept. 15-30.

87. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis.—Oputo, Oct. 25-27;
Granados and Nacory, November.

88. Spinus psaltria.—Los Cuevos, Oct. 15.

89. Spinus pinus.—San Diego, March and April; Rio Chico,
Feb. 9.

go. Calcarius ornatus.—San Diego, Feb. 18-24.
gi. Rhynchophanes mccowni.—San Diego, Feb. 16. -

92. Poocetes gramineus confinis.—San Diego, Feb. 16-
18.

93. Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus.—San Diego,
Feb. 18.

94. Ammodramus bairdi.—Nuevencha Plain, Feb. 15.

95. Chondestes grammacus strigatus.—Bisbee, Aug. 12—-
14; Nacory, Nov. 27.

96. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia.—Fronteras, Sept.
27; Oputo, Oct. 30; Granados, Nov. 15; San Diego, Oct. 30 and
April 3-13.

97. Spizella socialis arizonz.— Puerto de los Pinitos,
Bacadehuachy, and Nacory, Nov. 13-24; San Diego, April and
October.

98. Spizella pallida.—Oputo, Oct. 27; San Diego, Feb. 18
and April 13.

99. Spizella breweri.—Granados, Noy. 15.
100. Junco hyemalis shufeldti.—Chuhuichupa, Jan. 11.

101. Junco annectens.—Rancheria de los Apaches, Jan.
10-17.

1893.] Allen on Mexican Mammals and Birds. 39

102. Junco caniceps.— Napolera, Dec. 12; Bavispee River,
Dec. 22; Rancheria de los Apaches, Jan. 10; Chuhuichupa, Jan.
ee:

103. Junco cinereus palliatus.—Chuhuichupa, Jan. 19.
104. Junco cinereus dorsalis.—San Diego, Nov. 11.

105. Amphispiza bilineata.—Bisbee, July 9-Sept. 9; Oputo,
Oct. 30.

106. Aimophila superciliosa (.Swain.).—Bavispee River,
Dec. 21-26; Pachico, Jan. 27.

107. Aimophila mcleodi ( 4rewster) —Puerto de los Pinitos,
Oct. 14.

108. Peucza ruficeps boucardi.— Bisbee, July 10; Bavispee
River, Dec. 26.

109. Peucza notosticta (Sc/. & Salv.)—Bavispee River,
Dec. 26; Guanopa, Feb. 2.

110. Peucza carpalis.—Granados, Nov. 16.
111. Peucza cassini.—Cochise Co., Arizona, Aug. 24—Sept. 4.

112. Melospiza fasciata montana.—Bavispee River, Dec.
12-26.

113. Melospiza fasciata mexicana.—Bavispee River, Dec.
21-26.

114. Melospiza lincolni.—Fronteras, Sept. 27; Nacory, Nov.
27; Napolera, Dec. 9-10; Bavispee River, Dec. 26.

115. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx.—Los Pinitos, Oct. 9-
13.

116. Pipilo chlorurus.—Fronteras, Sept. 26, 27; Bacadel-
huachy, Nov. 21.

117. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus.—Granados, Nov. 12; Na-
cory, Nov. 24; San Diego, Oct. 27; Neuvencha Plain, Feb. 14.

118, Cardinalis cardinalis superbus,—Oputo, Oct. 27.

40 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

119. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata beckhami.—Granados, Nov. 14.
120. Calamospiza melanocorys.—Oputo, Oct. 27-30.

121. Piranga rubra cooperi. — Fronteras, Aug. 25; San
Diego, April 21-May 6.

122. Piranga hepatica.—E1 Pinita, Oct. 12-14.
123. Tachycineta bicolor.—San Diego, Feb. 24-26.

124. Tachycineta thalassina.—Bisbee, July 7; San Pedro,
Aug. 12; San Diego, Feb. 26.

125. Phainopepla nitens.—Oputo, Sept. 15-27; Nacory,
Nov. 26.

126. Lanius ludovicianus excubitoroides. — Cachuta,
Sept. 2; San Pedro, Sept. 15; San Diego, Feb. 16.

127. Vireo solitarius cassini.—Cachuta, Sept. 2.

128. Vireo solitarius plumbeus.—San Diego, April 28;
Pachico, June 22.

129. Vireo huttoni stephensi.—Bacadehuachy, Nov. 20.
-130. Helminthophila luciz.—Bisbee, July 30.

131. Dendroica zstiva sonorana.—Bisbee, Aug. 13; San
Diego, March 3, April 1 and 13.

132. Dendroica auduboni.—Los Cuevas, Sept. 3; Oputo,
Sept. 15-27; San Diego, March 13 and April 15.

133. Dendroica nigrescens.—San Diego, April 21.

134. Geothlypis trichas melanops (Zaird).—San Diego,
May 6.

135. Icteria virens longicauda.—San Diego, May 6; Lan-
sito, Aug. 9.

136. Sylvania pusilla pileolata.—San Diego, April 15-21.

137. Setophaga picta.—Guanopa, Feb. 2; Huerachi, Dee. 6.

1893.] Allien on Mexican Mammals and Birds. 41

138. Basileuterus rufifrons (.Swaen.)—Napolera, Dec. 8.
139. Cinclus mexicanus.—Chuhuichupa, Jan. 22.

140. Mimus polyglottos.—Oputo, Sept. 23; northern Chi-
huahua (without labels), mostly young birds in spotted plumage.

141. Harporhynchus curvirostris.—Oputo, Sept. 23 and
Nov. 9; Nacory, Nov. 24.

142. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus.—Oputo, Sept. 21.

143. Salpinctes obsoletus.—Fronteras, Sept. 27; Bavispee
River, Dec. 12.

144. Catherpes mexicanus.—Pachica, Feb. 3.

145. Thryothorus bewickii bairdi.—Chihuahua, Jan. 15
and March ro; San Diego, April 3.

146. Troglodytes aedon aztecus.—Bavispee River, Dec.
22; San Diego, April 15; E] Puerto, Dec. 16.

147. Certhia familiaris mexicana.—Napolera, Dec. 12;
Chuchuichupa, Jan. 22.

148. Sitta pygmza.—Bavispee River, Jan. 15; Totuaco,
Feb. 29.

149. Sitta carolinensis aculeata.—El Pinita, Sept. 10;

_ Napolera, Nov. 17; Bavispee River, Dec. 22-30.

150. Parus wollweberi.—Puerto de los Pinitos, Sept. 14;
Napolera, Dec. 12.

151. Parus meridionalis.—Chihuahua, Jan. 14,15; Tatuaca,
Feb. 13-29.

152. Psaltriparus lloydi.—Bavispee River, Dec. 28.

153. Auriparus flaviceps. — Granados, Noy. 13; Bacade-
huachy, Nov. 20.

154. Regulus calendula.—Los Cuevas, Sept. 15; Bacade-

huachy, Nov. 11; Nacory, Nov. 24; Napolera, Dec. 10; Guanopa,
Feb. 3; Tatuaca, Feb. 29.

42 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V.}

155. Polioptila plumbea.—Oputo, Sept. 10-23.

156. Polioptila cerulea obscura.—Oputo, Sept. 10; Baca-
dehuachy, Nov. 20.

157. Turdus aonalaschkz.—Bacadehuachy, Nov. 11.

158. Turdus aonalaschkz auduboni.—Rio Chico, Feb. 8;
Bavispee River, Jan. 1.

159. Merula migratoria propinqua.—San Diego, March
15.

160. Sialia sialis.—Bavispee River, Dec. 30; Red Bank,
Feb. 27.

161. Sialia mexicana.—Nacory, Noy. 24.
162. Sialia arctica.—Nacory, Nov. 24; Pachico, Jan. 5.
The foregoing list of birds shows that the following Mexican

species occur, probably as resident birds, within about 150 miles
of the southern border of the United States.

Callipepla elegans. Aimophila supercilosa.
Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha. Aimophila meleodi.
Euptilotis neoxenus. Peuczea notosticta.
Campephilus imperialis. Geothlypis trichas melanops.

Myiarchus inquietus. Basileuterus rufifrons.

Se ee ae a eee ee ee

SS Te ee ee ee a ee ee ee Ree ee ER ee Ee a ee ee Pe a

?

Article IV.—DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES
OF ORYZOMYS FROM THE GULF STATES.

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN.

The type of the genus Oryszomys was discovered by Bachman
in 1816 in the marshes of South Carolina. Twenty years later he
sent a specimen with a description to Drs. Pickering and Harlan
of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. Bachman
named this new rodent Arvicola oryzivera, and requested that a
comparison be made between his specimen and the Arvicola
riparia of Ord, with which he was not familiar. The comparison
was made by Dr. Harlan, who incidentally found a specimen of
Bachman’s new species in the Academy collection. This speci-
men was labeled as being taken near Fastland, near Salem, New
Jersey, and Dr. Harlan, who was apparently unable to withstand
the temptation of affixing his name to a new species, pigeon-holed
Bachman’s manuscript and himself described the New Jersey
specimen under the name J/us palustris.’

Dr. Harlan said of the habitat of this species: “ Found in the
fresh-water swamps of New Jersey and South Carolina. The
present specimen was taken near Fastland, in the vicinity of
Salem.” And adds: “A similar specimen was sent me by Dr.
Bachman, of Charleston, S. C.;” this being the only credit Bach-
man received for his discovery.

In commenting on this obviously unfair treatment, Bachman
states’ that Dr. Harlan made use of the head of the South Carolina
specimen for an examination of the teeth. Harlan, however,
makes no mention of Bachman’s specimen beyond the brief
remark just quoted, and the type locality of Oryzomys palustris is
therefore New Jersey. It is true that the type is the only speci-
men known to have been taken in the State, but in view of the
recent discovery by Messrs. Rhoads and Stone of Synaptomys
and Zvotomys in Southern New Jersey, we may conclude that

1 Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, XXX1, 1837, p. 385.
2 Quad. N. Am., III, 1853, p. 216.

[43]

44 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

our knowledge of the mammalogy of the region may receive su
further additions.

Several years ago I collected eight specimens of Oryzomys in
Florida, and since then the Museum has received six apparently
similar specimens from New Orleans (Gustav Kohn), one from
Wharton County, Texas (Geo. B. Sennett), and one from Rock-
port, Texas (H. P. Attwater). Later the Museum received six
specimens from Raleigh, N. C. (Brimley), and one from Frogmore,
S. C. (Hoxie). Comparison of the Gulf States specimens with
those from the Carolinas show that they belong to two well-marked
races. ata

It is of course impossibe to say whether the Carolina specimens
would agree with an as yet uncollected series from southern New
Jersey, but until such a series is forthcoming the name palustris
is evidently applicable to the northern form, from which I propose
to separate the Gulf States race under the name

Oryzomys palustris natator, subsp. nov.

Char. Subsp. (Type, No. 4848, 6, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., collected by
F. M. Chapman at Gainesville, Florida, Jan. 31, 1889).—Larger than North
Carolina specimens, the pelage averaging heavier and always much darker. In
Raleigh specimens the general color of the dorsal surface is not unlike that of
Mus decumanus ; in adults of the new race the dorsal surface more nearly
resembles that of Fiber aibethicus in color, though it is by no means so dark as
in that animal. The difference in size illustrates the law of increase in size
toward the centre of distribution, and is shown by the following measurements

taken in the flesh :
Length. Tail. Hind Foot,
Five males from Raleigh, N. C...... 2.37 1.20 30 mm.
Five males from Gainesville, Florida.. 2.86 1,36 >, 33: mm,

There are apparently no diagnostic cranial characters.

ReMARKS.—There are two interesting points developed by the
range of this new form. First, it is somewhat unexpected to find
Texas specimens resembling those from Florida. For example,
the Seaside Finches of Florida (Ammodramus nigrescens and A.
maritimus peninsula) are the darkest of the genus, while the race
from Texas (A. m. sennetti) is the palest. Still Orvsemys inhabits
the same marshes in which these Finches abound, and is apparently
subjected to the same environmental influences, I say apparently,
for a field experience in both Florida and Texas marshes gives

1893.] Chapman, Description of a New Oryzomys. 45

me reason to believe that while these localities are separated by a
thousand miles, and are included in different faunz, in the case
of these Rats at least, the character of their haunts in Florida is
in effect so like that in Texas that no real difference exists in their
immediate surroundings. The Finches before mentioned, which
show in their respective plumages the effects of climates char-
acterized respectively by heavy and comparatively light rainfall, are
diurnal inhabitants of the air, where they are exposed to the full
force of climatic influences. The Rats, on the contrary, are noc-
turnal, and almost subterranean. That is, their runways are made
beneath the dense mat of grasses which cover the marshes border-
ing the gulf. In these half-flooded situations there can be little
difference in the humidity of their habitats ; existing thus, under
similar conditions, they exhibit similar phases of coloration.

To illustrate further the effect of environment I may instance a
series of Sigmodon collected by myself at Corpus Christi, Texas,
the same locality in which Oryzomys was observed. Sigmodon is
very abundant there, inhabiting in large numbers both the dry,
scrubby chapparal and swampy marshes. In the former case its
runways were easily observable as well-worn paths ; in the latter
they led beneath the dense mat of marsh grass, indeed were the
same as those used by Oryzomys. Series of Sigmodon were col-
lected in both the chapparal and marsh, each specimen being
labeled with its exact locality. On comparison these series are
easily distinguishable from each other, the specimens from the
marsh being darker, and thus showing the result of their more
humid home and protection from the sun’s rays afforded by their
covered run ways.

Both this instance and the preceding show the importance of
field-study.

The second point of interest in the range of O. f. natator is the
near approach of its habitat to that of the very distinct Oryzomys
aquaticus Allen.

Although I have but one specimen from the known southern
limit of the range of natator (Rockport, Texas), I have examined
several specimens caught at Corpus Christi, but which unfortu-
nately were too decayed to preserve. They showed, however, no
approach to Orysomys aguaticus. This species is known only from

from its Mexican ancestors, whether zs e
at some point between Corpus Christi and J

i aa A lO a i am

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be cl

Tae Pe re

Article V.—DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES
OF THOMOMYS, WITH REMARKS ON OTHER
SPECIES OF THE GENUS. 3

By J. A. ALLEN.

In working up a collection of mammals from the San Juan
region of Colorado, New Mexico and Utah (see next paper),
two apparently very distinct new species of Zhomomys were
recognized. In attempting to define their status and relationships
it became necessary to take into account the previously described
species, which further involved the consideration of many vexed
questions of synonymy. From this investigation has resulted the
present paper, which consists essentially of four parts : 1, Descrip-
tions of New Species; II, Discussion of various questions of
Nomenclature ; III, Remarks on Cranial Characters in the genus
Thomomys ; 1V, List of Species and Subspecies.

In this connection I wish to express my hearty acknowledg-
ments for the invaluable assistance kindly rendered me by various
institutions and persons, through the loan of types and other
material to facilitate my investigation. To the authorities of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, through the kind
intervention of Mr. Witmer Stone, Curator of Birds and Mammals,
for the loan of the historic Townsend specimens which served as
the basis of Dr. Bachman’s descriptions of his Geomys borealis
and G. townsendit. To Mr. F. W. True, Curator of Mammals at
the United States National Museum, for the type of Prof. Baird’s
Thomomys laticeps,and for many of the specimens on which Baird
based his revision of the genus in 1857, and which later formed
part of the material used by Dr. Coues in his monograph of the
genus, including the type of his Zomomys c/usius—in other words,
for authentic specimens of the various forms recognized by these
two authors. To Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of the Division of
Ornithology and Mammalogy, United States Department of Agri-
culture, for specimens identified by him as 7. clusius, and for
authentic specimens of his 7. c/usius fuscus. To Prof. C. H.

[47]

48 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

Gilbert, of the Leland Stanford Junior University, of California,
for the series of specimens described below as a new species,
under the name Zhomomy monticolus. And finally to Mr. Gerrit
S. Miller, Jr., of Cambridge, Mass., for specimens of Richardson’s
“Diplostoma? bulbivorum,” from the type locality of the species,
and for permission to publish as inedited matter extracts from an
unpublished paper of his on this important discovery.

I.—DeEscCRIPTIONS OF NEw SPECIES.

Thomomys monticolus, sp. nov.

Size medium. Skull long and narrow. A strong ridge on the inner edge of
the outer face of the upper incisors. Claws long and rather slender. Ears —
prominent. Pelage very long and soft. Above dull pale reddish brown, strongly —
tinged with gray ; below ashy white, sometimes with a faint tinge of buff ; feet
and tail whitish ; mouth parts and entrance to pouches blackish ; no white throat
spot ; ears in a large blackish area, of more than the usual extent.

Measurements.—Total length (from skin), 210 mm.; tail, 55 ; hind foot, 28;
fore foot, 20; middle fore claw (arc), Id. ,

Skull,—The skull (Pl. I, Figs. 3 and 4) is narrow and elongated, the anteorbital
portion especially narrow and slender. Interparietal bone very broad, about half
the width of the skull, rounded in front, twice as broad as long. The nasals
terminate a little in front of the fronto-intermaxillary suture. Upper incisors
with a strong ridge on the inner margin of the outer face.

Total length of skull, 37 mm.; basilar length, 34; greatest breadth, 22;
least interorbital breadth, 6; length of nasals, 14; width of nasals at posterior
border, 2; length of interparietal bone, 4; its greatest width, 11.

Type, é ad., No. 59, Mus. Leland Stanford Junior University, W. W.
Price, coll., Mt. Tallac, El Dorado Co., Cal., Aug. 8, 1892 (altitude, 7500 feet).

This species most resembles in coloration specimens of 7.—
douglasii from Ducks, B. C., but is grayer and of a dull pale chest-
nut instead of yellowish brown above, and purer gray below. The
claws are longer and much weaker. ‘The size and form of the
interparietal bone is somewhat similar in the two, as are the
general form and proportions of the skull. The sulcus at the
inner border of the upper incisors is rather more developed, being
readily distinguishable without the use of a lens, It is, however,
apparently a much larger animal.

1893.] Allen, New Species of Thomomys. 49

T. monticolus differs from Nicasio (Cal.) specimens of Thomomys
botte (=bulbivorus Baird, nec Richardson—see beyond, pp. 56-58)
very markedly in the color and texture of the pelage throughout,
lacking entirely the yellowish cast in that species, both above and
below. The claws are longer and more curved. It-also differs
from the Nicasio species in the general form and proportions of
the skull, in the latter the skull being short and broad, especially
the anteorbital portion, while in 7. monticolus the whole skull is
attenuated, and hence much narrower and longer, giving a slender,
lengthened nose, instead of a short broad nose. In Nicasio speci-
mens also the sulcus near the inner border of the incisors is usually

_ obsolete and often wholly wanting. In Plate I are represented

skulls of 7. monticolus, T. douglasii and T. botte, showing the
differences in the cranial characters above noted.

This species is based on four specimens, kindly loaned for
identification and description by Prof. Charles H. Gilbert, of the
Leland Stanford Junior University, at Palo Alto, California.
Two are adult and two young, one of the latter being about half
grown and the other apparently only a few weeks old. The half-
grown one differs but little in color from the adults, being rather

_ paler and grayer. The very young one is dull brownish gray

above, passing into clear grayish white below.

Respecting these specimens the collector, Mr. W. W. Price, has
kindly furnished me with the following memoranda :

“The specimens of Zhomomys were taken on Mt. Tallac, at
altitudes varying from 6500 feet to g500 feet. The specimens
were abundant in grassy glades and during the day were often

seen throwing up earth about their burrows.

“The smallest specimen was taken in level meadow land at the

___ base of Mt. Tallac at about 6500 feet. The largest specimen was

taken on the slope of Tallac at about 7500 feet elevation. The
other two skins were taken near the summit, at over gooo feet
altitude.”

Thomomys aureus, sp. nov.

Size large. Claws strongly developed. Skull, as seen from above, much as
in Nicasio (California) specimens of 7. Joffe, but with many differences in
details of structure. Coloration very different from that of any form hitherto
described

(April, 1893.) 4

5° Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

Post-breeding Pelage.—Fur short, thin and soft. Above uniform strong
sandy yellow or golden with a few dusky-tipped hairs on the crown, and in some
specimens along the back ; below entirely white to the base of the hairs ; muzzle
blackish, the dusky tint extending on to the edge of the pouches, there passing
into white. A small blackish area below and behind the ear ; upper surface of
feet white ; basal half of tail yellowish, passing into whitish apleatiie

Breeding Pelage.—Above dull yellowish with a dusky shade due to the plum-
beous base of the fur showing through the slight surface wash of yellowish buff ;
below grayish white, due to the dusky plumbeous basal portion showing ——
the clear grayish white surface tint. ;

Measurements.—Average of 12 specimens, from collector’s measurements
taken in the flesh: Total length, 296 mm.; tail, 66; hind foot, 35.

Skull.—(Pl. 1, Figs. 6 and 7.) Similar in size and general outlines to that of
7. botte, but broader in proportion to its length, with the interorbital and rostral
portions especially broadened, and the whole skull much more heavily ossified
throughout. In respect to the size and form of the interparietal bone, and the
posterior extension of the nasal bones, the two forms present much similarity.
The auditory bulle in 7. aureus are larger and somewhat different in outline ;
the crown surfaces of the teeth are broader in proportion to their length; the
position of both palatine and the infraorbital foramina are more posterior than
in 7. dotte ; and there are minor but very appreciable differences in other parts.
In general details the skull of 7. aureus perhaps more closely approaches that
of 7. perpallidus, but the two are readily separable, aside from the great differ-
ence in size. No comparison is necessary with the skull of 7. /s/vus, as shown
by a comparison of the figures in Plate I.

An average full-grown skull measures as follows: Total length, 41 mm.;
basilar length, 37; greatest breadth, 24; least interorbital breadth, 6; length
of nasals, 14.

Type, No. $243, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bluff City, Utah, May 12, 1892,
Charles P. Rowley, collector.

Thomomys aureus needs no comparison with any of its allies.
It is nearly twice the size of 7. fudvus, and differs from all the
other species of the genus in its peculiar deep yellow coloration.

The 12 specimens on which 7. aureus is based were collected
by Mr. Charles P. Rowley, at Bluff City, Utah (altitude 4500 feet),
May 10-24, 1892. ‘Two are young adults (probably young of the
previous year), the others middle aged or old. Most of the speci-
mens are in molt, and hence in the patchy, transition stage. Two
or three have nearly completed the new dress, described above
as the post-breeding pelage ; several others retain for the most
part the preceding pelage, or that of winter (described above as’

1893.] Allen, New Species of Thomomys. 51

the breeding pelage) ; the others are in mixed dress. They thus
present a wide range of color variation, those in old worn pelage
being yellowish gray, with the dusky under fur showing through
the surface, while those in the new dress are deep golden with the

_ pelage of the lower surface entirely clear white to the roots of the

hair; others combine both colorations, arranged more or less in

_ patches.

Several females which probably had young show the number
of mammz to be 6, two pairs being pectoral and one pair inguinal,
the two axillary pairs found in some of the other species of the
genus (as 7. c/usius) being absent.

Thomomys fossor, sp. nov.
Size large. Claws strongly developed. Interparietal large, strongly convex

in front ; nasals terminating posteriorly on a line with the intermaxillaries.

Above dusky brown, the hairs slightly tinged with gray, the middle of the

dorsal region, from the front of the head posteriorly, with a strong wash of very

dark chocolate brown; sides grayer with less brown; under surface grayish

plumbeous, the hairs slightly tipped with pale buff or whitish (in different speci-
mens). Muzzle plumbeous black, extending laterally into the cheek pouches ;

chin and middle of throat pure white ; the usual blackish aural area, extending
posteriorly as a sharply defined black streak ; feet whitish ; basal two-thirds of

_ tail blackish, passing into clear white at the tip.

Measurements.—Total length, 293 mm.; tail, 64; hind foot, 30. (Average

- of two adult specimens, male and female, measured by the collector before

k LAS . .)
Skull.—The skull (P1. I, Figs. 10 and 11) is of about the size and general form
of the skull of 7. 4udbivorus, except that the interorbital portion is much broader,

< and the rostral portion much stouter. The interparietal is large, subtriangular,
and the nasals and intermaxillaries terminate posteriorly on the same line.

A large full-grown skull (No. 4120, ¢ ad.) measures as follows: Total

i length, 40 mm.; basilar length, 37; greatest breadth, 23; least interorbital

breadth, 6; length of nasals, 15; interparietal, breadth transversely, 7,
anteroposteriorly, 6.

Type, No. $44, 4 ad., Florida, La Plata Co., Colorado (altitude 7200 feet),
June 25, 1892, Charles P. Rowley, collector.

This species, in its dark chocolate brown color, and in the
posterior termination of the nasals and intermaxillaries on the
same line, and in the large size and subtriangular form of the
interparietal, is very distinct from any other known to me. It

52 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

certainly needs no comparison with any of the species whose

habitats immediately adjoin its own.
Thomomys fossor is based on five specimens, two old adults and

three nearly adult, collected at Florida, La Plata Co., Colorado

(altitude 7200 feet), June 21-26, 1892, by Mr. Charles P. Rowley. -

Thomomys toltecus, sp. nov.
Thomomys umbrinus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus., V., p. 28, March, 1893.

Above grayish pale rufescent brown, the middle of the back strongly varied
with blackish ; below pale grayish buff. Feet and tail like the lower surface ;
tail scantily haired ; nose and sides of face blackish ; chin and throat nearly
concolor with the lower surface ; inner edge of cheek-pouches broadly pure
white.

Measurements (approximate from unfilled skins).—Total length, 230 mm. ;
tail vertebrze, 60; hind foot, 27; middle claw of fore foot, 12.

Skull.—(Plate I, Fig. 13.) Total length, 43; basilar length, 40; greatest
zygomatic breadth, 27; least interorbital breadth, 7; length of nasals, 14.

Type, No. 8449, Juarez, northern Chihauhau ; Lumholtz Collection, ea ‘Dz
Meed, collector.

This species is based on six specimens, collected at the
Mormon settlement of Juarez, northern Chihuahua (not Sonora
as first stated, anfea, p. 28). They are unfilled, much shrunken
skins, with the skulls inside, a part of which have been removed
for study, but they prove to be more or less defective, from muti-
lation of the occipital portion. The best one is that figured in
Plate I (Fig. 13). The skulls are heavily ossified, and indicate an
animal of about the size of 7. do¢te@. The coloration above is a
peculiar pale grayish brown, lighter on the sides and nearly black
along the median line of the back. The upper incisors have a
slight sulcus at the inner margin of their anterior face.

T. toltecus needs no comparison with 7. /u/vus, its nearest
geographical ally, which it exceeds greatly in size, and from
‘which it differs widely in coloration, and radically in cranial
characters.

The specimens above described were at first (1. c.) referred to
Thomomys umbrinus, as defined by Baird, but subsequent study of
the group (as detailed below), has shown that at least a portion of

Soe

a ee

Cl aa ts ete
4

pM Nata ke Ni i ate

1893.] Allen, New Species of Thomomys. 53

Baird’s specimens thus indentified by him were really 7. fudous ;
and also that the 7. umérinus of Richardson is probably hope-
lessly unidentifiable, and thus must be ignored.

Il.—QUESTIONS OF NOMENCLATURE.

As is well known, the genus Z/omomys has an unfortunate
history, as regards especially the type localities of the six species
named by Richardson during the years 1828 to 1839, very few of
them being definitely known to even Richardson himself. This,
together with the faulty descriptions and lack of proper figures,
laid the foundation for endless complications of nomenclature
and doubt as to the real nature of Richardson’s species. Of the
twelve names given to members of this group prior to 1885, six
were contributed by Richardson, one by Schinz (who simply re-
named arbitrarily one of Richardson’s species), one by Eydoux
and Gervais, one by Woodhouse, one by Wied, one by Baird, and
one by Coues. Two of Richardson’s species, however, were
simultaneously published by Bachman under Richardson’s manu-
script names. As shown by Dr. Coues, in his review of the group
in 1875, “the literature of the whole subject, so far as original
work in determination of species is concerned, focuses only in

_ two authors—Richardson, 1829, and Baird, 1857 ;” to which of

course must now be added a third—Coues, 1875. Various com-
pilers had, in the time between Richardson and Baird, gone over
the ground, without of course contributing anything of im-
portance to the subject.

In 1857 the late Professor Baird (Mam. N. Amer., pp. 388-404)
recognized eight species of Z/omomys, as follows :

“1. Thomomys bulbivorus——Coast of California, from Tejon
Pass to some distance north of San Francisco.

“2. Thomomys laticeps.—Coast of northern California (Hum-
boldt Bay).

“3. Thomomys douglassii—Lower valley of the Columbia
River, and Puget Sound.

“4. 2? Thomomys borealis—Upper valleys of the Columbia,
towards Rocky Mountains; probably at higher elevations than
T. douglassit.

54 Bulletin American Museum of Natural pci Bhi: Vv,

“5. Thomomys rufescens.—Upper Missouri and Saskatchewan.
“6. Thomomys talpoides—Shores of Hudson’s Bay.

“4. Thomomys umbrinus.—Western ‘Texas and New Mexico,
along eastern slope of Rocky Mountains, and along the mountains
into Sonora.

“8. Thomomys fulvus.—V alley of the Colorado and tributaries,
from the San Francisco Mountains to Fort Yuma, and across to
San Diego.”

“Of these,” he adds, ‘I am inclined to believe that 7omomys
borealis may hereafter be referred either to Z. douglassit or to 7.
rufescens. What other combinations may be required can only
be ascertained hereafter.”

Dr. Coues, in 1875 (Powell’s Explor. of the Colorado River,
1875, pp. 243-265), reduced the preceding list to one species with
three subspecies, and described an additional species, presenting
the following tabular combination (I. C., p. 247) :

Sw AONE n sn

BAIRD, 1857. COUES, 187s.
Thomomys bulbivorus. ) ) 8 2 A
Thomomys laticeps.. Pacific coast region. . BULBIVORUS.. be ©
Thomomys dune S 3 ss
Thomomys ? borealis... q gs j
Thomomys rufescens .. 7 Northeren Interior . . TALPOIDES... { © © si
Thomomys talpoides.. 33 eg
Thomomys umbrinus.. \ Southern Interior and . 3
dicta fulvus..... Lower California. . epiesagitt ets j 2g

Within recent years Dr. Merriam has revived (N. Am. Fauna,
No. 3, 1890, p. 71) as a full species the Zhomomys fulvus of
Woodhouse, and described as new Zhomomys perpallidus (Science,
VIII, p. 588, Dec. 24, 1886), from the Colorado Desert, and
Thomomys clusius fuscus (N. Am. Fauna, No. 5, 1891, p. 69), from
the mountains of central Idaho, apparently with good reason.
From the material now in hand it is evident that the group as a
whole needs careful revision, as regards both the nomenclature
and the number and the status of the forms. While it is not pro-
posed to attempt such a revision in the present connection, I
venture to offer a few comments on the general subject.

Richardson, in the years 1828 and 1829, described four species
referable to the genus Zhomomys, namely, (1) Cricetus talpotdes,

1893.] Allen, New Species of Thomomys. 55

(2) Geomys douglasti (not “ douglassii,” as usually written, (3)
Geomys umbrinus, (4) Diplostoma ? bulbivorum.

The first (Cricetus talpoides) was based on a skin (apparently
without skull) “from Hudson’s Bay” (Zoél. Jour. III, 1828, p.
118), “but it was not accompanied by any notice of its precise
habitat,” though Richardson was “inclined to identify it with a
small animal inhabiting the banks of the Saskatchewan” (Faun.
Bor.-Am., I, p.204). Coues in 1875 identified Richardson’s animal,
satisfactorily to himself, with the Saskatchewan species ; and in
view of what is at present known of the distribution of the genus
in the region north of the United States, the Saskatchewan region
may be assumed as the habitat of 7. ¢alpoides.’

The second (Geomys douglasii) was based on a skin and skull
(an old female) obtained, “by Mr. Douglas, near the mouth of
the Columbia” (F. B.-A., I, p. 200, pl. xviii c, fig. 1-6, skull). It
is added, “ These little sand rats are numerous in the neighbor-
hood of Fort Vancouver,” situated on the north side of the
Columbia River, opposite the mouth of the Willamette, about
half-way between the Cascade Mountains and the Pacific Coast.
Hence the vicinity of Portland, Oregon, may be taken as the
type locality of 7. douglasit. The figures of the skull are un-
fortunately too crude to afford decisive characters; yet from
these and from the account of the external characters I have
little hesitation in accepting Baird’s identification of the species,
and of refering to it specimens from Fort Steilacoom and north-
ward into British Columbia. (See Plate I, Fig. 1, for an outline
drawing of a skull from Ducks, B. C.)

The third (Geomys umbrinus) was based on a specimen (a skin
with apparently the skull in place) “from Cadadaguios, a town in
_ the southwestern part of Louisiana” (F. B.-A., I, p. 202)—at pres-
ent,and for many years past, an unknown locality. As Dr. Coues
has: suggested, “more likely Texas,” the probability of this, he
adds, being “ heightened by the Spanish appearance of the name,
as if a corruption of Cuidad de Aguas, City of Waters” (I. c., p.
261). Baird referred to it specimens from southern New Mexico
and Sonora. Of what Baird’s series as a whole may have con-

enya

1 Very strangely, Richardson in ae gave the habitat of his G. talfoides as ** Florida,’ and
eB the Saskatchewan animal G. dorea/is. C/. Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1836 (1837) p. 156.

56 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

sisted I cannot at present state, but two of them (No. 45, Sand
Creek, on Cimarron River, N. Mex., and No. 74%, Santa Cruz,
Sonora), are unquestionably referable to 7. fulvus (Woodh.).
Before seeing these specimens I had referred to 7. umbrinus (see
antea, pp. 28 and 52) a series of specimens from Juarez, northern
Chihuahua, representing a species very different from 7. fulvus.
(See outline figure of skull, Plate I; Fig 13, in comparison with Fig.
5 of same plate, representing skull of Z. fulvus.) In the
absence of a definite locality, and owing to the difficulty of
recognizing species in this group from a description of merely
the external characters, it would seem better to allow the name
umbrinus to lapse as undeterminable.

The fourth (Diplosioma ? bulbivorum) was based on the skin of |
a “Camas-rat,” from the “banks of the Columbia,” an animal
said to be very common on the plains of the Multnomah River”
(F. B.-A., I, p. 206, pl. xviilid, wrongly lettered ‘“ Diplostoma
douglasit”’). The large size of this animal, as shown by Richard-
son’s measurements, caused it to prove a stumbling block to —
Prof. Baird, who assumed that the specimen must have been
greatly overstuffed, and that the locality was really somewhere in
California. He therefore adopted this name for the “California
Gopher,” named by Eydoux and Gervais, in 1836, Oryetomys
(Saccophorus) botte, and this determination was accepted by
Coues and generally adopted by subsequent writers. It turns
out, however, that neither Baird nor Coues ever saw a specimen
of true 7. dulbivorus, which has strangely escaped collectors till a
recent date, and proves to be much the largest species of the genus
thus far known, fully equaling in size large specimens of Geomys
bursarius (see Pl. I, Fig. 14). The discovery of this long lost
species is due entirely to my friend, Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., of
Cambridge, Mass., who, in response to my request for specimens
of Zhomomys from the lower Columbia River region has kindly
transmitted for examination two fine adult specimens (male and
female), collected at Beaverton, Oregon, in May, 1890, identified
by him as the true Diplostoma bulbiverum of Richardson, In
order to give him full credit for this important discovery I re-
quested him to furnish me with something for publication on the
subject. He has accordingly done me the great favor to forward

1893] Allen, New Species of Thomomys. 57

the following extracts from an unpublished paper of his, which I
take great pleasure in here introducing :

“Three examples of a Zhomomys collected at Beaverton,
Washington Co., Oregon, in the spring of 1890, by Mr. A. W.
Anthony, differ greatly from the California animal commonly
called Thomomys bulbiverus (Rich.). The Oregon specimens are
larger and much darker colored than any California examples
that I have seen; they differ also in the extent of white markings
_ about the mouth and anus, and in certain cranial characters.
Most noticeable of the latter is the peculiar form of the ptery-
goyds, which are larger and strongly concave internally, with
_ hamulars converging at the tips, thus very different from the
form usually found in the genus.

“ Richardson (F. B.-A., I, 1829, p. 206) based his ‘Diplostoma ?
bulbivorum’ on a specimen said to have come from the Columbia
River, which circumstance, in connection with the minute de-
scription given, leaves no room for doubt that the Anthony
_ specimens represent this long lost species. . . . The first name based
on an animal from California is the Oryctomys (Saccophorus) botte
of Eydoux and Gervais (Mag. de Zool. VI, 1836, p. 23, pl. xxi)
.--.The specific name Joffe will, as.first determined by Baird
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1855, p. 335), have to stand for the
_ animal later identified by this author and by subsequent writers in
general, with Richardson’s du/biverus.” (Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., MS.)

As already intimated, I agree emphatically with Mr. Miller’s
above-given determinations. The Anthony specimens are. per-
haps a little darker (dusky, almost blackish, with a strong tinge
_of chestnut) than Richardson’s description would lead one to
expect ; but the agreement in all other particulars is so complete
djhat, taking into account the color variability of the group in
general, there seems to be no room for reasonable doubt in the
case; and that the species which has so long been recognized as
T. bulbivorus will have to pass in future under the hitherto little
known name Jéoftz, based on specimens from the vicinity of
Monterey, Cal.

This completes our survey of the first batch of Richardson's
species. In 1837 he mentioned a “Geomys borealis Rich., sp. nov.”
(Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836, V, 1837, p. 156) as inhabiting “the

58 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

plains of the Saskatchewan.”’ Geomys borealis Rich. has generally
been considered to have been a nomen nudum except as de-
scribed by Bachman in 1839. This, however, seems not to have
been strictly the case, as Dr. Richardson further referred to it
casually in the Zodlogy of Beechey’s Voyage (Zoélogy of the
Voyage of the Blossom, 1839, p. 12) under the head of Geomys
townsendit, where he says: “ Townsendii differs [from G. Doug-
Jasii | in having the wood-brown colored back of doreadis, and is
distinguished from the latter by its longer tail. Total length of
head and body of G. Townsendii, 7% inches, of tail, 234 inches.
An individual of G. borealis of equal size of body, has the tail a
very little exceeding an inch in length, and just equal to that of
a young specimen of Zowmsendii, whose head and body measures
only 5% inches.’’ These remarks relate, as Richardson states,
to “specimens of two kinds of sand-rat taken by Mr. Townsend
on the plains of Columbia,” which, he says, “Dr. Bachman
kindly submitted to my [his] inspection.”” Nothing, however, is
here said about the habitat of G. dorea/is ; and the natural infer-
ence is that “the two kinds of sand-rat taken by Mr. Townsend
on the plains of the Columbia” were his G. douglasii and G.
townsendit,

In the same year (1839) Dr. Bachman published descriptions
of two species of Geomys based on specimens obtained by
Townsend (the same specimens above referred to in the quota-
tion from Dr. Richardson), under “ manuscript names” given them
sometime previously by Richardson, namely, Geomys borealis and
Geomys townsendit (Journ, Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, 1839,
pp. 103 and 105). Bachman’s Geomys borealis was based on two
Townsend specimens “ procured on the Columbia River,” one of
which, says Dr. Bachman, “I fined identical with one which had
been procured by Mr. Douglass, and which was in the possession
of Dr. Richardson.” As shown by the remarks of Dr. Richard-
son under Geomys townsendit, a part of which have been quoted
above (l. c.), Dr. Bachman had submitted these specimens to
Richardson, who, as above stated, referred one of them to his G.
douglasti, for he says: “‘ One, the G. dougdasit, has a rusty-brown
colored fur above, hair brown on the abdomen, and blackish head.
Tail, feet and pouches, white. ‘Townsendii differs....” ete,

1893.] Allen, New Species of Thomomys. 59

The inference is that Richardson identified one of these speci-
mens as G. douglasii and the others as G. townsendit. The G.
douglasit specimen is certainly one of the two specimens on which
Bachman based his G. dorea/is, as will appear more fully later
when we come to consider Bachman’s types. The third Town-

send specimen formed the basis of Bachman’s “‘ Geomys town-

sendii (Richardson’s Manuscripts),” respecting which he says :
“Tam obliged to confess that I should not have ventured to pub-
lish this species as distinct from the preceding on my own
responsibility ;"" but he modestly defers to “the discriminating
eye of Dr. Richardson,” who was then preparing a monograph
(which appears never to have been published) “of this perplex-
ing genus.” “As the species, however,” he continues, “will be
given under the above name, I have found it necessary to indi-
cate it here.” Later, however, in Audubon and Bachman’s
“Quadrupeds of North America’ (III, 1853, p. 198, pl. exlii),
“ Geomys townsendiit Rich.” is synonymized under “ Pseudostoma
borealis.” The same disposition of Geomys townsendit was also
made by Baird in 1857 (Mam. N. Am., p. 396), and practically
also by Le Conte in 1852, after an examination of the Townsend
specimens.
_ Fortunately these historic specimens are still extant, and
through the kind intervention of Mr. Witmer Stone, Curator of
Birds and Mammals at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences, and the courtesy of the Council of the Society, they
have been forwarded to me for examination. They each béar
two labels, one of which is of recent origin, the other of very
early date (at least prior to 1852, as will be shown later). The
specimens have been mounted, and were for many years on exhi-
tion, but not recently, as they were later dismounted and placed
in drawers. They have unquestionably faded somewhat from
exposure to light, but still can be distinguished on comparison
with Bachman’s descriptions of them published half a century
ago. The skulls are still in the skins and thus are unavailable
for examination. The earlier (original ?) set of labels reads as
follows, the numbers, however, being taken from the newer set :
[146.] “ Pseudostoma Townsendit (Rich.). Rocky Mts. J. K.
Townsend.”

60 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

[147.| “ Pseudostoma Richardsonit. Rocky Mts. J. K. Town-
send.” The name “ Richardsonit” has been cancelled and the
name “ Zownsendii” written below in pencil in what appears to
be Prof. Baird’s handwriting. Apparently ‘‘ Richardsonii” was
a dapsus penne for Townsendii.’ ie

[144.] ‘‘ Pseudostoma borealis. Columbia River. J. K. Town-
send.” (This specimen is now without its tail, which has appar-
ently become quite recently detached.) ;

This last is a small specimen, less than half the size of the
others, and yet does not show any special marks of immaturity.
It has a “‘ deep yellow wash” over the dorsal surface, and is thus
evidently “the young specimen ” in which “‘ the back had a deep
yellow wash,’’ mentioned by Bachman under Geomys borealis
(I. c., p. 104). It is also beyond doubt the specimen referred to
by Richardson (as cited above) to his Geomys douglasit.

A careful comparison of the other specimens with Bachman’s
paper shows that No. 147 is the type of his G. éownsendiz, and that
No. 146 is the type of his G. borealis, Although No. 147 is rather
darker, or more dingy gray, and less washed with yellowish than
No. 146, there is nothing to suggest that they are not conspecific,
in accordance with the decisions of Bachman, Le Conte, and
Baird.

Now a word as to questions of synonymy and type localities
involved in the case of Geomys borealis Rich. versus Geomys
borealis Bach. The names are practically of even date, as we
must accept G. dorealis Rich. at 1839 instead of 1837, when it
was first named but not described. The only clue to the type
locality of G. borealis Rich. is that given in his first reference to
the species, where it is stated that it “inhabits the plains of the
Saskatchewan ” (Rep. Br. Ass. Adv. Sci. for 1836, p.156). There-
fore until it is shown that two species of Z/omomys inhabit the
Saskatchewan region, one of which is a short-tailed animal (tail an
inch long with a head and body of 7™% inches), agreeing with
Richardson’s later reference to his G. doreadis, this name may be

1 That these early labels were written many years ago is evident from the fact that in a
paper on the genus Geomeys, pubaenes in 1852 Oy Dr. John L. Le Conte (Proc, Acad. Nat,
Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 161), Dr. Le Conte says: ‘* There is a third specimen in the Museum of
the Academy labeled ‘ Pseudostoma Richardsonii, Columbia River, J, K. Townsend,’ which
only differs,...’’ etc., the reference being obviously to this specimen.

1893. ] Allen, New Species of Thomomys. 61

dismissed as a synonym of Zhomomys talpoides. In fact, it seems
evident that Richardson here merely renamed the Saskatchewan
animal which he had previously referred to his “Geomys? talpoides,”
based on a specimen received from “ Mr. Leadbeater, who obtained
it from Hudson’s Bay” (F. B.-A., I, p. 204); at the same time, for
some unexplained reason, changing the habitat of sa/poides from
“Hudson’s Bay” to “ Florida.”’'

Bachman’s Geomys borealis was based on two specimens, a large
and a small one, the first from the “ Rocky Mountains,” the other
from the “‘ Columbia River,” taking the localities as entered on
labels still attached to them and written at least prior to 1852.
_ The smaller specimen is evidently referable to 7. douglasii, as
determined long since by Richardson, who may be presumed to
haye known his own species. The larger one, on which the de-
scription is based, came presumably from near Bridger’s Pass in
the Rocky Mountains. It is not therefore identical with G.
borealis of Richardson, though so supposed by Bachman. The
name is therefore practically preoccupied and must fall; but as
Bachman’s G. townsendii, which is also Richardson's G. townsendii,
was based on another specimen of the same species, as admitted
by Bachman and later claimed by Le Conte and Baird, from an
examination of the same specimens, the name Zhomomys town-
sendit (Rich.) may stand for the large, rather pale form of
Thomomys, known to occur in the Bridger country in common with
the smaller 7. c/usius.

Among the specimens kindly loaned me by Mr. True from the
National Museum is a specimen (No. 43485, labeled Zhomomys
clusius) from Fort D. A. Russell, Wyoming, collected in June,
1886, which so closely resembles the larger Townsend specimens
that it seems unquestionably referable to the same species. This
would seem to support the locality, namely, “ Rocky Mountains,”
given on the labels of the larger Townsend specimens, and lead
to the inference that they were collected somewhere in what is
now southwestern Wyoming.

SS alae als Richardson's Sella hs hc atolls 0 Gosteips s, in his celebrated * R: on North
Douglactt and Enc is as follows: “* Geomys borealis in bits the plains of the tchewan,
Poe ulbivorus those of the Columbia, ta/poides from Florida, umérinus from
mondii from Texas, and mexicanus, as the name imports, from Mexico”
gy Br. Ass. owate Sci. for 1836, “183). p- 156).

62 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

Prof. Baird doubtfully referred a specimen from Canoe Creek,
Cal. (No. 4382), to Zhomomys borealis. Only the skull is now
extant, which is before me. It is that of a quite young animal,
and I have little doubt is referable to 7. cownsendii, as Baird’s
account of the external characters favors this reference. The
skull shows that it is not my 7. monticolus from the mountains of
Central California.

Through the kindness of Mr. True I have also before me the
type of Zhomomys clusius Coues (No, 3051, skin with the skull
inside), from Bridger’s Pass, collected July 28, 1857. As stated
by Dr. Coues it is a female, which from the appearance of the
teats may have suckled young, and hence is to be regarded as a
full-grown animal, though so very small. It is in thin, worn
pelage, with patches of the newer coat appearing along the median
line of the back, especially anteriorly. I am also indebted to Dr.
Merriam for a specimen (No. 33482) he has identified as 7homomys
clustus (N. Am, Fauna, No. 5, 1891, p. 69), from Birch Creek,
Idaho, and also for others from Bridger’s Pass. ‘They differ a
little in color from the type of c/usius, and also among themselves,
even irrespective of season. The skull of the type of clusius is
unfortunately not available for examination.

In 1839 (a memorable year in the history of the genus 7omomys),
Prince Maximilian zu Wied described his Thomomys rufescens,
gen. et spec. nov. What may be considered as the type specimen
is still extant in this Museum (No. 637), bearing the following on
the original label: “Zhomomys rufescens Wied, Mas. Missouri.
Machtohpka indigen.”’ The exact locality is not indicated. In
his original account of the species he says: “ Diese Wiihlmaus
ist zalreich in den Prairies des oberen Missouri bis zu den Rocky-
Mountains; ich kann aber nicht sagen, wie weit sie siidlich und
nordlich verbreitet ist’? (Nov. Act. Acad. Czs.-Leop., XIX, pt. i,
1839, p. 382). After over fifty years of exposure as a mounted
specimen the color has evidently greatly changed, it in fact closely
resembling that of the type of Geomys townsendit Bach. (No. 146,
Coll. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila.) ! Both have the same faded yellowish
gray tint, with the dorsal region strongly washed with yellowish
brown, quite unlike the color of unfaded Upper Missouri speci-
mens of Zhomomys. It has, however, the heavy claws of 7.

1893.] Allen, New Species of Thomomys. 63

talpoides as distinguished from the thinner smaller claws of the
Townsend specimens. The original description calls for an
animal not unlike the specimens collected by Dr. Coues (and
now before me) at Pembina, Dakota, namely, with the upper parts
uniform gray-brown, somewhat mixed with reddish brown and
dark gray brown. The dark tint of the gray brown has dis-
appeared, leaving only the reddish brown, which has faded to
rather bright yellowish brown. Whether 7. rufescens is separable,
even as a subspecies, from true /fa/poides of the Saskatchewan
region I am unable at present to even consider, owing to lack of
material.

The type of Prof. Baird’s Thomomys /aticeps, from Humboldt
Bay (No. #23%,), of which I am able to examine both skin and
skull, is evidently closely related to 7. dotte, and hence has
nothing to do with true 7. dudbiverus. The skull indicates a very
old individual ; it is somewhat broken, but enough remains to
show the essential characters. It differs from 7. dotte (Baird’s
T. bulbivorus) in the much greater breadth and shortness of the
rostral portion of the skull, resulting in very short and very
broad nasal bones, as pointed out by Baird. I find no skull very,
nearly approaching it in a large series from Marin Co., California,
and from southern California.

T. laticeps also differs from 4e¢fz in coloration, as well stated
by Baird. For the present it seems proper to recognize 7. laticeps
as a full species, although the comparison of further material may
show that it intergrades with 7. Joffe, as seems not improbable.
I refer to it also a series of five specimens from. Fort Crook, Cal.,
collected after the publication of Prof. Baird’s ‘ Mammals of North
America,’ as they agree essentially in cranial characters and in
coloration with the type of 7. daticeps.

Thomomys clusius fuscus Merriam is apparently more closely
related to 7. doug/asti than to 7. c/usius, the points through which
it differs from c/usius—darker coloration, larger size, and thicker,
stronger claws—being in the direction of doug/asit. Judging from
Dr. Merriam’s description of c/usius and the two specimens he has
kindly sent me for examination, it seems likely to prove a sub-
species of doug/asii rather than of c/usius, and will be found
thus entered in the subjoined list of the species of the genus.

64 Bulletin American Museum as Natural History. [Vol. V.

One of the /uscus specimens seems quite indistinguishable from
examples of douglasii from Fort Steilacoom, and Ducks, B. C,
The cranial characters, and especially the relative size and the
form of the interparietal bone, are very similar in douglasit, clusius
and fuscus, and not very different in /a/poides. ‘The coloration
and the size of the claws, however, appear to readily separate
clusius from the others, which is also the smallest known form of
the genus.

III].—CRANIAL CHARACTERS.

It is worthy of note that the cranial characters in the genus

Thomomys are very important, even when the coloration and -

external characters may fail to be satisfactorily diagnostic. Prof.
Baird had very few skulls for examination at the time he wrote of
the group in 1857, and appears to have made very little use of
those he did have as a basis for classification. Dr. Coues must
have been much better provided in this respect, but his distine-

tions and generalizations appear to have been based entirely on

external features, there being no reference to the skull in his long
discussion of the relationships of the various species of previous
authors. The importance of the cranial characters for the
discrimination of the species of 7Zomomys is evident from a glance
at the figures given in the accompanying plate (PI. I).

The skull varies not only greatly in size and proportions in the
different species, but in various important details of structure, as
in the shape and relative size of the interparietal bone ; in the
posterior extension of the nasals as compared with the inter-

maxillaries ; and in the relative development of the muzzle in

comparison with the rest of the skull.

In fact, the case is quite parallel to that of the genera Dipedion,

Perodipus and Perognathus, where, especially in the latter genus,
Dr. Merriam has found such excellent cranial characters. It is
hence evident that the group embraces not one or two species,
as believed by Dr. Coues, or eight, as recognized by Prof. Baird,
but a considerably larger number, easily characterized by
cranial differences, and generally by more or less obvious external
features,

4
;
7
:
,
4

_ 1893.] Allen, New Species of Thomomys. 65

The interparietal varies from nearly complete obsolescence, as
in 7. dulbiverus (Fig. 14) to a large subquadrate bone, having a
transverse breadth nearly equal to half of the intermastoid breadth
of the skull, as in G. monticolus (Fig. 3) and G. doug/asii (Fig. 1).
It may form a narrow triangle, with the base formed by the occip-
ital border, and twice as long as broad, as in G. dotte (Fig. 8),
or triangular with a broad base (the two extreme diameters about
equal), as in 7. fossor (Fig. 10) ; or much smaller, but of the same
general form, as in G. perpallidus (Fig. 12) ; or rather large and
quadrate, as in 7. fu/vus (Fig. 5), or smaller and of the same
form, as in 7. aureus (Fig. 6) and G. éoltecus (Fig. 13) ; with, of
course, intermediate stages in other species, beween these leading
types.

The nasal bones may terminate far in advance of the nasal
branch of the intermaxillaries, as in 7. dofte and 7. aureus, or on
the same line with them, as in 7. fossor, or, in other species, at
various intermediate points. They may be long and narrow, as
in 7. monticolus and 7. douglasit, or short and narrow, as in 7.
fulous, or short and broad, as in 7. /aticeps.

‘The form and position of the various foramina also vary more
or less in different species, as do also the size and shape of the
hamular processes of the pterygoids, and the outline of the crowns
of the molar teeth. The slight sulcus at the inner edge of the
anterior surface of the incisors may be nearly or quite obsolete or
- well developed.

The general size of the skull varies between wide extremes, as
_ shown by a comparison of the skull of 7. /w/ous (Fig. 5) or 7.

__elusius (Fig. 2) with the skull of 7. bulbivorus (Fig. 14).

There is of course more or less individual variation in all of
these features, and much variation in size due to age, even after
the individual has reached the breeding age; but an effort has
been made to eliminate this in selecting skulls for illustration by
taking average specimens of the particular species in question.
In several instances two skulls of the same species have been
figured, for the purpose of showing variations in size, etc., due
to age.

[April, 1893.] 6

66 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol.V,

I1V.—SPpECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE Genus
THOMOMYS.

The views reached in the preparation of the present paper may
be summarized somewhat as follows, as regards the status of
forms and questions of nomenclature. The sequence of the
species here adopted is not intended to represent their genetic
relationships ; it is essentially that of Prof. Baird’s list, with
interpolations.

1. Thomomys bulbivorus (Rich.). — Lower Columbia River.
(Beaverton, Washington Co., Oregon, Mi//er ; Multnomah Co., —
Oregon, Richardson.) ks,

2. Thomomys laticeps Baird.—Northern California. (Humboldt
Bay, Baird ; Fort Crook, Shasta Co., /ei/ner.) =a

3. Thomomys botte (E. & G.).—Central and Southern California.
(=T. bulbivorus Baird, nec Rich.) an

4. Thomomys townsendii (Rich.).— Southwestern Wyoming?
(=Geomys townsendii Bach. and G. borealis Bach., nec Rich., ne
latter in part only.)

5. Zhomomys monticolus A\len.—Mt. Tallac, El Dorado Ge Cal. .

6. Thomomys douglastii (Rich.).—Lower Columbia River, and
thence northward into British Columbia.

7. Thomomys douglasit fuscus (Merriam).—Mountains of Cen- f
tral Idaho,

8. Thomomys clusius Coues. — Southwestern Wyoming and
Southern and Central Idaho. (Fort Bridger, Cowes ; Snake Plains,
Merriam.) —

9. Thomomys talpoides (Rich.).—Saskatchewan region, south to
upper Missouri region, (= Geomys borealis Rich.; =? 7. rufescens
Wied.)

10. Thomomys fulvus (Woodh.).—Southern New Mexico and
northern Sonora westward to southern California. (= 7. fulous
Baird and 7. umbrinus Baird, the latter at least in part.)

. 1893. | Allen, New Species of Thomomys. 67

11. Thomomys perpallidus Merriam. — Colorado Desert in
_ southern California, and northeastward to the Painted Desert in
_ Arizona (Merriam).

hay. Ae Thomomys aureus Allen.—San Juan region of southeastern
Utah.
| 13. Thomomys fossor Allen.—La Plata Co., Colorado (upper
_ San Juan region).

- 14. Thomomys toltecus Allen.—Northern Chihuahua (Juarez).

As already stated, 7. /aticeps may prove to be only a subspecies
of 7. botte. On the other hand, 7. rufescens Wied may prove
_ subspecifically separable from 7. ‘a/poides, as it is quite unlikely
that the Z/omomys occurring as far south as Fort Randall, in
- South Dakota, will prove strictly identical with the form found
_ over the Saskatchewan Plains. Again, a form of Tomomys occurs
: in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and San .Diego Counties, Cali-
fornia, which is quite different from either 7. 4ofte or 7. fulvus,
_and apparently intermediate, in both cranial and external char-
acters, between them. Also the form occurring in southeastern
New Mexico and western Texas may not be identical with either

_T. fossor, T. toltecus or T. fulvus. These are left as open ques-
tions, to be solved by some future investigator who may chance
to have the requisite material.

68 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V.]

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

(All the Figures are natural size.)

Fig. 1. Thomomys douglasii, No. $43%,' A. M. N. H., Ducks, B. C., Aug. 8,

1889.
Fig. 2. Thomomys clusius, No. $929, U.S. Dept. Agl., 6 ad., Birch Creek,
Idaho.

Fig. 3. Zhomomys monticolus, No. 86, Leland Stanford University, 4 ad.,
Mt. Tallac, El] Dorado Co., Cal., Aug. 8, 1892. 7 %#e.

Fig. 4. Thomomys monticolus, N 0. 59, Leland Stanford University, Mt. Tallac,
Aug., 1892. (A younger specimen than No. 86.)

Fig. 5. Zhomomys fulvus, No. 735, A. M. N. H., 9 ad., San Francisco
Mountain, Arizona, July 22, 1887.

Fig. 6. Thomomys aureus, No. $433, A. M. N. H., 2 ad., Bluff City, Utah,
May 12, 1892. Ze.

Fig. 7. Zhomomys aureus, No. $3373, A. M. N. H., ¢ ad. (very old), Bluff
City, Utah, May 18, 1892.

Fig. 8. Thomomys botte, #Ads, A. M. N. H., 6 ad., Nicasio, Cal., Feb. 26,
1889.

Fig. 9. ZThomomys botte, No. #;, 2 juv., Nicasio, Cal., Feb. 26, 1889.

Fig. 10. Zhomomys fossor, No. 43%, A. M. N. H., é ad., Florida, La Plata
Co., Colorado, June 25, 1892. 7vpe.

Fig. 11. ZThomomys fossor, No. 4448, 2 juv., Florida, La Plata Co., Colorado,
June 22, 1892.

Fig. 12. Zhomomys perpallidus, No. }§44, A. M. N. H., ¢ ad., Baregas
Springs, Colorado Desert, California, Dec. 21, 1889.

Fig. 13. 7homomys toltecus, No. $}9%, A. M. N. H., adult, Juarez, northern
Chihuahua, Autumn, 1890. 7'vpe.

Fig. 14. Thomomys bulbivorus, No. 3%§, Coll. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., 4 ad.,
Beaverton, Oregon, May 12, 1890, :

1 The number above the line denotes the skull, and that below the line the skin of the same
specimen,

Vor. V., Pirate 1.

ys douglasii.
— clusius.
nt monticolus.

5- Thomomys fulvus.
6, 7- se aureus.
8, 9. = bottz.
th fossor.

Article VI—LIST OF MAMMALS COLLECTED BY
MR. CHARLES P. ROWLEY IN THE SAN JUAN
REGION OF COLORADO, NEW MEXICO AND
UTAH, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

By J. A. ALLEN.

The collection of mammals forming the basis of the present
paper was made in a triangular area at the junction of Colorado,
New Mexico and Utah, in the valley of the San Juan River, by
Mr. Charles P. Rowley, from March 12 to July 11, 1892, in connec-
tion with the ‘Illustrated American’ Exploring Expedition. The
thanks of the Museum are due in this connection to the proprie-
tors of the ‘Illustrated American’ magazine for inviting the
Museum to send a representative to accompany its expedition,
and for facilities afforded Mr. Rowley in prosecuting his work.

Mr. Rowley began work at Durango, Colorado (altitude, 6500
feet), March 12, and after spending a few days here moved south
twenty miles to Aztec, New Mexico (altitude, 5900 feet), where
he remained from March 17 to March 27. He reached La Plata,
New Mexico (altitude, 6100 feet), twenty miles south of Aztec,
March 30, and remained there two weeks. A few days (April
20-23) were spent at Nolan’s Ranch, Utah (altitude, 5025 feet),
sixty miles northwest of La Plata. Riverview, fifty miles further
down the river, was reached April 25, where ten days were
passed, when the party moved forty miles further down the San
Juan to Bluff City (altitude, 4500 feet), Utah; here collecting
was prosecuted till May 26. The expedition then returned to
Durango, Colorado, the starting point, and disbanded. Mr.
Rowley, however, remained in the field for another month, select-
ing Florida, La Plata Co., Colorado, eighteen miles east of
Durango, and at an altitude of 7200 feet, as his field of opera-
tions.

Durango and Florida, in Colorado, and Aztec and La Plata, in
New Mexico, are at about the lower border of the pine region in
the mountains, while Nolan’s Ranch, Riverview and Bluff City,
in Utah, are in the open arid cafion country, with a very different

[69]

79 ~=—s- Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol.V,

fauna from that met with at the points named in Colorado and
New Mexico. In Utah the underlying rock is a light-colored
soft sandstone, much cut by denudation into gorges, giving a
whitish sandy soil, which supports the usual scanty semi-desert
vegetation of cactuses, sage-brush and greasewood, and associated
characteristic plants; in the more mountainous country to the
eastward the soil is dark, and the vegetation is much more
abundant, with pines and aspens on the higher slopes and cotton-
woods and willows along the river bottoms. The Mice, Ground
Squirrels and Pocket Gophers of the mountains are replaced in
the open cafion country by not only very different species, but
by species characterized by yellowish or bright tawny colors
instead of the darker and more rufous tints of their representa-
tives in the mountains to the eastward.

The collection obtained by Mr. Rowley numbers nearly 4oo
specimens, representing thirty species, while his note books refer
definitely to a number of others not obtained. ‘The collection
includes two new and very distinct species of Thomomys (see
antea, pp. 49-52), two new species of Sz/omys, one of Arvicola, one
of Retthrodontomys, and one of Zapus. The collection helps to
determine the eastern limit of a number of Great Basin species,
and the western limit of several of the mountain forms.

1. Lepus sylvaticus, subsp.?—Represented by a skull found
at Aztec, N. Mex.

Mr. Rowley states that ‘Cotton-tails’ were not abundant, and that
he saw but one, and that only two ‘Jack Rabbits’ were seen. The
latter do not occur in the mountains, but are found lower down
in the open country to the westward.

2. Cariacus macrotis (Szy)—‘‘Common at Florida in
spring ; pass lower down to winter’’ (Rowley, MS. notes). No
specimens were obtained.

He also states that a few Elk (Cervus canadensis) still occur
about Florida, and that Mountain Sheep (Quvis canadensis Shaw)
are still taken at long intervals. ‘“‘ None seen or killed this year
so far (July, 1892).”

3. Erethizon epizanthus Zrandt.—La Plata, N. Mex., April
8, one specimen, Locally common,

1893. | Allen, Mammals of the San Juan Region: 71

4. Thomomys fossor <4//en. — Florida, La Plata Co.,
Colorado, 5 specimens, June 21-26. (See anfea, p. 51.)

5. Thomomys aureus 4//en.—Bluff City, Utah, 14 speci-
mens, May 10-24. (See avtea, p. 49.)

6. Perognathus apache J/erriam—The series of 35 speci-
mens of this species was all taken at Riverview, Utah, April 25
to May 4, where it was a common species, but apparently it was
not met with at other points.

The identification has been made by direct comparison of some
of the specimens with Dr. Merriam’s type, which “came from
the high mesa on the east side of the Painted Desert,” Arizona,
about 125 miles southwest of Riverview. The series presents
considerable variation in color, even among the adults, the ful-
vous of the upper parts varying from pale to strong bright fulvous,
generally much varied with black above the lateral line, but in
one specimen bright fulvous predominates over the black, while
generally the black greatly predominates over the fulvous. In
very young specimens the fulvous is pale and limited mainly to
the post-auricular patch, and the broad lateral line, the dorsal
surface approaching an olivaceous gray finely and slightly varied
with black. This coloration is seen in some nearly full-grown
examples.

7. Perodipus ordii ( /V00dhouse)—Two specimens, male and
female, Bluff City, Utah, May 16 and 17. Not common, and not
met with elsewhere.

8. Zapus princeps, sp. nov.

Of the size of Z. insignis Miller, but with the dental formula of Z. hudsonius ;
quite different from either in coloration.

Above with the middle of the dorsal region pale yellowish brown, profusely
mixed with blackish, so that sometimes the blackish color, sometimes the pale
yellowish brown. predominates ; sides of the body, forming a band on either
side about equal to the dark dorsal band, yellowish brown slightly varied with
blackish, except over a narrow lateral line adjoining the white of the lower parts
which is clear strong yellowish brown ; lower parts pure white to the base of the
hairs, varying in some specimens to strong ochraceous ; tail indistinctly bicolor—
grayish white below and pale brown above, and very thinly haired ; hind feet
grayish white above, like the lower surface of the tail ; ears narrowly edged with
yellowish white.

72 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

Measurements.—Total length (from collector’s measurements taken before
skinning), 238 mm. ; tail, 144 ; hind foot, 36 ; ear from crown (measured from
skin), 12. (Average of 12 adult specimens, 7 4, 5 2.)

Skull, total length, 24.5 ; basilar length, 20.3 ; greatest cranial breadth, 11.5 ;
least interorbital breadth, 5 ; length of nasals, Io.

Type, No. $348, 2 ad., Florida, La Plata Co., Colorado, June 27, 1892 ; coll.
Charles P. Rowley. :

This species about equals in size Z. imsignis, 10 specimens of
which average in total length 240 mm.; tail, 148; hind foot,
31.5; ear, 17.5. Z. hudsonius averages in length about 2z1o, tail
about 128, hind foot about 29.5, and ear about 14." Z. princeps
differs from both these species in its much paler coloration, and
from Z. hudsonius in its much larger size, and from Z. insignis in
the presence of a small upper premolar. Although this tooth,
both absolutely as well as relatively, is smaller than in Z. hud-
sonius, it is uniformly present, while in Z. ézs¢gnuis, as shown by a
large series of specimens, it is uniformly absent. ‘This latter
species also differs from both the others in its white-tipped tail,
and the very large size of the ears.

Z. princeps is based on a series of 12 specimens, all adult, col-
lected at Florida, La Plata Co., Colorado, June 22 to July 3,
1892, by Mr. Rowley.

The series is very uniform in coloration ; some, however, are
a little paler, or grayer in general effect, above than others, while
one is strongly marked below with ochraceus, as is frequently
the case in Z. hudsonius, in fresh pelage. As regards size, one
(No. £434, 2 ad.) is much above the average, having a total
length of 262 and the tail 168, the total length of the skull being
25.5 and the basilar length 21.

9. Arvicola (Mynomes) alticolus Merriam.—This species
is represented by 11 specimens taken at Florida, La Plata Co.,
Colorado, June 17—July 4. They are nearly all adult, most of
the six females being in breeding condition.

Nine adults give the following averages, based on measure-
ments taken from the fresh specimens by the collector: Total
length, 170 mm.; tail, 60; hind foot, 23.

' Tam indebted to Mr, Gerrit S, Miller, Jr., of Cambridge, Mass., for the opportunity to
examine not only the type of Z. éxsignzs but also a large series of this species from Essex
County, N. Y., and also a large series of 2. Audsonéus from Massachusetts and New York, on
which the preceding generalizations are mainly based.

1893.] Allen, Mammals of the San Juan Region. 73

¢. texture of pelage and coloration these specimens agree with
two examples of 4. alticolus, from San Francisco Mountain,
: Arizona, kindly loaned me for examination by Dr. Merriam,
. except in the color of the feet and tail, which in the Colorado
specimens are slaty gray instead of brownish gray, as in the
Arizona examples. The Colorado series apparently averages
larger in general size, and may perhaps be subspecifically separable _
from A. alticolus.

to. Arvicola (Mynomes) aztecus, sp. nov.

Size large ; pelage very full and soft ; tail short ; skull very narrow.

Above grayish brown with a tinge of pale buff ; fur blackish plumbeous
beneath the surface, tipped with pale yellowish brown, and varied with longer,
projecting, black-tipped hairs ; below grayish white, the fur plumbeous beneath
the surface and tipped with white, giving a whitish gray effect. Feet dusky ;
tail dusky brown above, dull white below.

Measurements.—Total length (average of 5 specimens, from collector's
measurements taken before skinning), 162 mm. ; tail, 42; hind foot, 18 ; ear
from crown (measured from skin), 7. The largest measurements are as follows :°
total length, 170 ; tail, 44; hind foot, 21.5 ; the smallest are respectively, 146,
35, 17.3. All the specimens are apparently fully adult.

Skull, total length, 28 ; basilar length, 27 ; greatest zygomatic breadth, 16 ;
least interorbital breadth, 4 ; nasals, 8.2.

Type, No. $4i§, éad., Aztec, New Mexico, April 23, 1892 ; coll. Charles P.
Rowley.

This species is not only a member of the subgenus M/ynomes,
but belongs to the rifarius section, the middle upper molar having
. the postero-internal loop characteristic of the rifarius group. It
4 is, however, somewhat larger, very different in coloration, and
presents slight but obvious differences is details of cranial structure.

Arvicola astecus is based on two specimens from Aztec, New
4 Mexico, and three specimens from La Plata, New Mexico, collected
4 April 20-May 9, 1892. 1 also refer to it a large Asvicola from
Estes Park, Colorado, which I have before been unable to allocate.
I am unable to find that it differs in any particular from the
specimens from New Mexico.

The type and only positively identified specimen of Baird’s
Arvicola modesta, from Sawatch Pass, Colorado, is a very young
specimen in poor condition. An examination of a series of adult

74 ‘Bulletin American Museum = Natural thi [ Vol. V,
secokee pee a eee —_

and young examples from the type locality will be necessary in
order to determine its relationships to A. alticolus and A. aztecus.
I am indebted to Mr. True for the opportunity of —
what remains of the type of A. modesta.

11. Onychomys leucogaster, subsp.?—One specimen, La
Plata, N. Mex., April 4.

12. Sitomys' sonoriensis (Ze Conte)—The Rowley Collec-
tion contains 186 specimens of Sztomys, 130 of which I refer to
what is commonly recognized as Sééomys sonoriensis. These speci-
mens were collected as follows: Durango, New Mexico, March
12 and 13, 4 specimens, all adults; Aztec, N. M., March 17-27,
14 specimens, all adults; La Plata, N. M., March 30-April 13,
52 specimens, 44 of which are adults and 8 young; Nolan’s
Ranch, Utah, April 20-22, 6 adults and 1 young; Riverview,
Utah, April 25-May 4, 16 adults and 18 young; Florida, La Plata
Co., Colorado, June 11—July 11, 9 adults and 10 young.

Aside fram the young specimens, which show every phase of |

immaturity from half-grown individuals to those which have
nearly lost the ‘ blue’ coat characteristic of immaturity, the adults
vary widely in color and considerably in size, even in series taken

at practically the same date. Thus in the La Plata (N. Mex.) |

series, the white-rimmed ears and the sharply-bicolored tail are
about the only color features that are constant ; there is, however,
usually a more or less prominent mixture of pure white hairs at
the anterior base of the ears, but they are frequently absent. An
average specimen may be described as pale grayish fulvous, much
varied with black along the middle of the back, with less black
and more strongly fulvous on the sides. In some specimens
there is a conspicuous bright golden brown lateral line at the
junction of the dark dorsal pelage with the pure white of the
lower parts; while in other specimens, taken at the same place and
on the same day, this bright fulvous lateral line is entirely wanting.
In still other specimens a bright fulvous tint suffuses the whole
dorsal surface, but is stronger and less obscured by blackish along
the sides of the body than along the middle of the back. In other

'Dr. Merriam has recently shown that the name Vesperimus Coues, with which 1 pe
to replace //esferomys (see this Bulletin, I11, PP sormandh is antedated by Séfomys Fitainger
(Proc, Biol. Soc, Washington, VII, p. 27, April, 1892).

1893] Allen, Mammals of the San Juan Region. 75

cases the fulvous tint is almost entirely lacking, the whole upper
surface being pale grayish buff varied with black, giving almost
an olivaceous effect. In other cases the general effect is more
blackish ; in others there is a pale chestnut or russet effect.
Taking the series as a whole, it is evident that some of these
effects are due to season—to wear and bleaching ; but there is
still left a wide range of color variation which has no very evident
relation to sex, season, or locality, though possibly dependent to
some extent upon age.

The collector’s measurements of 40 adults, taken in the field —
before skinning, give the average total length (from the nose to
end of the tail-hairs) as 6.15 in. (156 mm.), and of the tail alone
(including hairs), as 2.65 in.(67 mm.). Few specimens fall below
6 inches in total length, and very few below 5.85, ranging from
this up to 6.62, though rarely exceeding 6.50. The tail rarely
falls below 2.40, and as rarely reaches 3.00, averaging 2.65. The
average for head and body is about 90 mm., and for tail vertebrz
alone, 63 mm. ‘

Two breeding females preserved in alcohol have the teats }—$
=6, 2 of which are pectoral and 4 inguinal.

‘This species was very common at the points visited in Colorado
and New Mexico, in the partially wooded districts, but not found
in the desert country about Bluff City.

13. Sitomys auripectus, sp. nov.

About the size of Sitomys sonoriensis, with larger and more naked ears, much
longer, more heavily clothed and less sharply bicolor tail, which is conspicu-
ously tufted at the end ; general color above paler or more yellowish, and less
varied with black.

Above pale yellowish brown, or golden brown, slightly varied with blackish-
tipped hairs along the middle of the dorsal region ; sides of the body, from the
cheeks to the rump, clear strong golden brown, this color extending to the car-
pal and tarsal joints ; below pure white, with a broad roundish pectoral patch of
yellowish brown, like that of the flanks ; basal half of all the hairs plumbeous ;
tail white below, pale brown above, darkening to blackish apically, thickly haired
throughout, the hairs above very long towards the tip of the tail and terminating
in a conspicuous brush or heavy pencil of blackish hairs, fully half an inch in
length ; ears pale brown, with a narrow whitish rim, nearly naked, being very
thinly covered with very short hairs on both surfaces ; a very narrow, indistinct
blackish eye-ring. Proximal third of soles clothed, but less heavily than in 5S.

76 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

Measurements.—Total length (collector's measurements taken before skin-
ning), 172 mm. ; tail, 93 ; hind foot, 22 ; ear from crown (taken from skin) 16,
(Average of 10 specimens.)

The skull is similar in size and general form to that of S. sonoriensis, and
apparently affords no diagnostic characters. Total length, 24.5 ; basilar length,
21 ; greatest cranial breadth, 12.5 ; least interorbital breadth, 5 ; length of nasals,
10.5.

Type, No. $444, 2 ad., Bluff City, Utah, May 14; coll. Charles P. Rowley.

This species is represented by 13 adult and 5 immature speci-
mens, collected at Bluff City, May 8-17. The adults are very
uniform in size and coloration, except that the bright yellowish
breast patch is indistinct in one of the specimens, apparently
quite absent in two others, and strongly developed in eleven.
The young specimens are similar to the young of S. sonortensis
in corresponding stages except that they are somewhat grayer
and paler. Two breeding females in alcohol have the teats §, all
inguinal,

This species is not closely related to any other previously de-
scribed. Its large ears, bushy tail, yellow breast spot and pale
golden brown color are distinctive features. It does not, how-
ever, belong to the big-eared section of the genus, containing
S. truet, S. megalotis, S. nasutus, etc. The proximal third or half
of the soles is well clothed with short, silky, yellowish white hairs,
the covered portion extending in some specimens as far as the
first tubercle; in others it is less extended.

14. Sitomys rowleyi, sp. nov.

Somewhat similar to S. auripectus in general characters, but much larger, less
yellowish above, and without the pectoral spot ; soles wholly naked as in S.
eremicus,

Above dull pale grayish cinnamon brown, varied slightly with blackish-tipped
hairs, passing into a band of yellowish cinnamon along the sides of the body ;
beneath white, the basal portion of the hairs plumbeous ; tail indistinctly bicolor—
dull pale brown above and whitish below—well haired and with a conspicuous
terminal pencil. The earsare large, naked, and not obviously edged with white,
Teats 3, inguinal.

Measurements.—Total length (collector’s measurements taken before skin-
ning), 201 mm. ; tail, 106 ; hind foot, 23; ear from crown (taken from skin),
15-18. (Average of 12 adults, 64, 62.)

1893.] Allen, Mammals of the San Juan Region. 77

Skuil, total length, 27 ; basilar length, 23 ; greatest cranial breadth, 13 ; least
interorbital breadth, 11 ; length of nasals, 5.5. The skull is much larger than
in either Sifomys sonoriensis or S. auripectus, and differs from them in slight
details of structure.

Type, No. $338, $ad., Nolan’s Ranch, Utah, April 20, 1892; coll. Charles
P. Rowley.

This species is based on a series of 25 specimens, of which 5
were collected at Nolan’s Ranch, April 20-21, and 20 at Bluff
City, May 8-24. Of this number 18 are fully adult and present
little variation. A full-grown young specimen is nearly uniform
mouse gray above, with an indistinct narrow lateral line of yel-
lowish brown. Very young specimens are grayish plumbeous,
lighter and more silvery than young of corresponding ages of
either S. sonoriensis or S. aurtpectus. None of the series shows
any trace of the fulvous pectoral spot of S. auripectus.

S. rowleyi is very distinct from any other member of the genus
known to me. It has a superficial resemblance to S. auripectus,
but it is a much larger animal and very differently colored, at all
ages. It is less yellow above and wholly lacks the pectoral spot ;
the tail and soles are rather less hairy.

In their large naked ears, partly naked soles, and long tails
both S. rowleyi and S. auripectus would seem to belong near S.
eremicus, which they resemble in proportions, rather than with
S. sonoriensis, but neither is in any way very closely allied to S.
eremicus.

Some years since a series of 14 mice was received at the
Museum from Mr. W. E. D. Scott, collected in October, Novem-
ber and December, 1885, in Pinal County, Arizona, which
were provisionally referred to S. eremicus. They presented,
however, a wide range of variation in color, hairiness of tails
and soles, and in size, which rendered them very puzzling. A
re-examination of the series in the light of present material shows
that only ten of them are to be referred to S. eremicus, the other
four being apparently referable to the present species, which thus
has probably quite a range to the southward.

Since the above was written the Museum has received a series
of 12 specimens of Sitomys, collected at Bradshaw City, Arizona,

78 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

in January and February, 1890, by Mr. H. H. Keays, which are
also referable to this species.

This species is named for Mr. Charles P. Rowley, whose col-
lection here under notice has proved so rich in new forms and
other valuable material.

15. Sitomys truei (.S/ufe/dt).

Hesperomys truet SHUFELDT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII, p. 407, pl. xxi,
Sept. 1885. (Fort Wingate, N. Mex.)

? Hesperomys megalotis MERRIAM, N, Am, Fauna, No. 3, p. 64, pll. iii and iv,

Sept. 11, 1890. (Black Tank, Little Colorado Desert, Arizona.)

Eight specimens collected as follows: 2, Aztec, New Mexico,
March 20; 6, La Plata, N. Mex., April 2-8.

Aztec is only a few miles south of the northern boundary of
New Mexico ; La Plata is about thirty miles south of Aztec, and
both are near the Arizona line. Fort Wingate is about one
hundred miles (probably a little less) south of La Plata, and
about one hundred miles or so east of the type locality of /.
megalotis Merriam, who refers to “specimens of the same or a
closely-related form” from Moccasin Springs, Arizona, near the
boundary line of Utah and Arizona.

Through Dr. Merriam’s kindness I have two of his original
specimens (Nat. Mus. Nos. $3223 and $4244) for comparison
with the Rowley series, which I am unable to distinguish as in
any way different. The Rowley series is from near the type
locality of H. ¢rue?, and is practically identical with the type,
with which, through the kindness of Mr. True, I have been able
to compare them.

Vesperimus nasutus Allen, from Estes Park, Colorado, is evi-
dently nearly related to S. ¢rwez, as already pointed out (this
Bulletin, III, p. 300).

Hesperomys crinitus Merriam, from Shoshone Falls, Idaho,
proves to be apparently the same as .S. wasutus, the latter name,
however, having a few weeks priority, the two names being pub-
lished nearly simultaneously. This shows that the big-eared
truet group of Sitomys has a wide geographical range, although
everywhere apparently affecting similar situations—cafions or
rocky gorges.

— 1893.] Allen, Mammals of the San Juan Region. 79

16. Reithrodontomys' megalotis (air).

Reithrodon megalotis BairpD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, p. 451 ; Zodl. Mex. Bound.
Sur., Mam. 1859, p. 43, pl. vii, fig. 4, feet and ear, pl. xxiv, fig. 4, skull.
(Between Janos, Sonora, and San Luis Springs, N. Mex.)

I refer provisionally 13 specimens to this species, taken as
follows: La Plata, N. Mex., 7 specimens (including three in
alcohol), March 30—April 11; Aztec, N. Mex., 2 specimens,
March 19 and 20; Riverview, Utah, 1 specimen, April 25 ; Bluff
City, Utah, 1 specimen, May 18.

Through the kindness of Mr. True I have the skull of Baird’s
type for comparison with the present series, and I am unable to
perceive any differences other than smaller size. Unfortunately
the skin of the type, Mr. True writes me, has been mislaid, and
thus is not available in this connection. ‘The series of specimens
mentioned above seems to agree closely with Baird’s descrip-
tion of his &. mega/otis, so far as proportions and coloration is
concerned, but the measurements taken by the collector from the
fresh specimens considerably exceed those given by Baird. ‘The
subjoined description was drawn up some time since, under the
impression that 2. mega/otis would prove more different from the
Rowley specimens that seems to be the case.

As the type locality of 2. mega/otis is near Janos, not far from
the boundary line between Sonora and New Mexico, some four
hundred miles south of La Plata and Aztec, and in a zéologically
quite different region, I have thought best to append the follow-
ing, in view of the probability that the two forms will prove at
least subspecifically separable.

Reithrodontomys aztecus A//en MS.

Color above almost exactly like that of an average fully adult house mouse
(Mus musculus), but with the pelage softer and fuller, and rather more yellowish
on the flanks ; below clear grayish white, the fur plumbeous at base and white
apically ; tail indistinctly bicolor, pale brown above, grayish white below ; ears
concolor with the general tint of the dorsal surface, very scantily haired exter-
nally, nearly naked within. Feet dull whitish ; hind feet with the soles well
clothed posteriorly, naked anteriorly.

As pointed out by Dr. Merriam Xeithrodontomys Gi : (187) 3 antedates Ochetodon
aa (ora) (C/. Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VIL, p. 26( Poctnate); April, 1892.)

80 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol.V,

Measurements (average of 7 adults, from collector’s measurements taken before
skinning).—Total length, 135 mm. ; tail, 65 ; hind foot, 18 ; ear from crown
(average from skin), 12.

Skull, total length, 21 ; basilar length, 19 ; greatest cranial breadth, 11 ; least
interorbital breadth, 4 ; length of nasals, 8.

Type, No. 4498, 6 ad., La Plata, N. Mex., April 11, 1892; coll. C, P.
Rowley.

From Dr. Coues’s scanty material he was led to assume (Mon.
N. Am. Roden., 1877, pp. 125, 126) that “the ezthrodon
megalotis is the same as O. humilis,” and on this account appar-
ently gave the habitat of the latter as extending from the “ Gulf
States.into Sonora.” ‘They prove, however, to be as unlike in
both size and coloration as two congeneric species can well be
expected to be; and I have seen no evidence that 2. Aumilis
extends even into Texas.

Norte on Reithrodontomys montanus (Bairp).—Through
the kindness of Mr. True, I have the skin of the type specimen
of Baird’s Retthrodon montanus; the skull, however, is at present
unavailable for examination. Although probably not fully
mature, it is evident that it represents a species quite unlike
either 2. humilis of the East or 2. megalotis. Dr. Coues was led
to suspect (Mon. N. Am. Roden., p. 130) that the specimen had
been immersed in alcohol, and it certainly has that appearance,
though not so stated by Baird. The underparts, described
originally as ‘‘ dull whitish,” are now yellowish, as though stained
either by alcohol or insect powder. ‘The specimen was taken on
Capt. Beckwith’s Expedition, from what is now eastern Kansas
up the Arkansas River and across the divide between the head-
waters of the Arkansas and the Grand Rivers, and thence
westward. ‘The locality given for the type of 2. montanus is
simply “Rocky Mountains, Lat. 38°.” Evidently the type
locality was not known, even to Baird, and may have been east
of the Rocky Mountains. This seems not improbable from the
fact that a species of Reithrodontomys, entirely different from
either 2. humilis or R. megalotis, occurs in both Kansas and
Colorado; it greatly resembles Baird’s &. montanus, as shown

ae a eae ee

ess Le ee ee ee eee rm

1893.| Allen, Mammals of the San Juan Region. 81

by actual comparison of specimens. In comparison with all of
the other known species of the genus, the ears are small and
thickly covered with short coarse hair, and the anterior third of
the outer surface is occupied by a well-defined blackish spot,
conspicuously in contrast with the rest of the outer surface of
the ear, which is yellowish brown. This spot is less strongly
marked in Baird’s type than in other specimens from both
Kansas and Colorado, and is not mentioned in Baird’s descrip-
tion. I have therefore no hesitation in recognizing Reithrodon-
tomys montanus (Baird) as a well-marked, valid species, which will
probably be found to range from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains eastward to middle Kansas.

17. Neotoma mexicana Aaird—One specimen, La Plata,
N. Mex., April 4.

18. Mus musculus Zinn.—Florida, La Plata Co., Col., 13
specimens, June 11—July r.

19. Castor canadensis Xuw//.—No specimens taken, but Mr.
Rowley reports them (MS. notes) as occurring in numbers along
the Florida, Animas, Mancos, and San Juan Rivers.

20. Arctomys flaviventer Aud. & Bachm.—An adult female,
Florida, La Plata Co., Col., June 16, is provisionally referred to
this species. It is, however, very unlike Sierra Nevada specimens
commonly referred to this species. ‘Woodchucks scarce, the
only one found was up near timber line. They keep very high
up.” (Rowley, MS. notes.)

21. Cynomys gunnisoni Zaird—Two specimens, Cortez,
Col., and Aztec, N. Mex. Also a weathered skull from Aztec.
These were the only specimens seen, no villages being met with
throughout the journey of nearly 400 miles.

22. Spermophilus grammurus (.Say).—The six specimens
in the collection ali belong to one family, consisting of an adult
male and female and four young, collected at Florida, La Plata
Co., Col., June 25-29. No others were seen, and the species was
unknown to the ranchmen of the region.

[/une, 1893.] 6

82 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

23. Tamias lateralis (.Say).—A series of 36 specimens from
Florida, La Plata Co., Colorado, collected June 11 to July rr,
including all sizes and‘conditions from quarter-grown young to
adults, in pre- and post-breeding pelage. The pre-breeding
pelage is shown by a female, taken while still nursing young,
which is in faded, much worn coat, with no traces of the new coat.
It is very pale throughout, in strong contrast with the freshly-
molted examples, in which the whole upper parts are much
darker—blackish, finely varied with rusty gray, especially ante-
riorly ; the lateral stripes and sides of the belly are grayish white
instead of yellowish white ; the sides of the shoulders are only
slightly washed with yellowish instead of being deep reddish
orange, resulting in a very different and strongly contrasting gen-
eral effect. Others present a patchy condition, in which the new
coat is more or less irregularly displacing the old. Most of the
July specimens have fully acquired the new coat. The young in
first pelage have a much thinner, softer, paler coat than the post-
breeding adults.

Very common about Florida, but less numerous than 7.
guadrivitiatus.

24. Tamias leucurus cinnamomeus JMZerriam.—A series
of 14 specimens from Bluff City, Utah, May 9-25. They are
mostly in worn, patchy, transition pelage, and show both the pre-
and post-breeding pelages. One has nearly completed the molt,
and one is a quarter-grown young one.

Compared with a series of true 7. Zeucurus from San Diego
Co., Cal., the difference in color between the two forms is very
striking, as pointed out by Dr. Merriam in his description of
T. Ll. cinnamomeus. (Cf. N. Am. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 52.)

Reported as met with only in the open cafion country about
Bluff City.

25. Tamias quadrivittatus gracilis A//en—Bluff City,
Utah, 9 specimens, May 9-21. They are mostly in worn, transi-
tion pelage, showing a mixture of both pre- and post-breeding
coats, One has nearly completed the new coat.

ek ee ee Nt oy teed

le i a i |

ih 8b ea on, seh) os

1893.] Allen, Mammais of the San Juan Region. 83

These specimens agree very closely with the San Pedro, N.
Mex., series on which this very striking form was originally based
(this Bull., III, pp. 99-101).

26. Tamias quadrivittatus (Szy)—A series of 49 speci-
mens, collected at Florida, La Plata Co., Colorado, seem to be
typically referable to true 7. guadrivittatus. It consists of both
young and adults, the latter in molt.

Very common in the pine belt about Florida, among rocks and
in the ground, but readily took to trees when pursued. (Rowley,
MS. notes.)

27. Sciurus aberti Woodhouse —One specimen, 9 ad., Florida,
La Plata Co., Colorado, June 2:. Veryrare. This was the only
specimen seen, and the species was not known to the residents of
the region.

28. Antrozous pallidus (Ze Conte).—Two specimens, Bluff
City, May 18 and 25.

29. Vesperus fuscus (Aeauvois)—Two specimens, Bluff
City, Utah ; one specimen, Florida, La Plata Co., Col.

30. Vesperugo hesperus (7. 4A//en).—Three specimens,
Riverview, Utah, May 25.

31. Vesperugo (Lasionycteris) noctivagans Ze Conte.—
Two specimens, Florida, La Plata Co., Col., June 30.

32. Vespertilio lucifugus Ze Conte. — Three specimens,
provisionally referred to this species, Bluff City, May 11 and 16.

33. Lutreola vison (Schreber).—One specimen, La Plata,
N. Mex. ‘ Minks are quite plentiful on all the streams of this
region, but I was only lucky enough to catch one, on the La
Plata River” (Rowley, MS. notes).

34. Felis concolor Zinn.—“ Scarce about here (Florida) ;
one was killed at the head of Florida Creek in February, 1892”
(Rowley, MS. notes).

84 Bulletin American Museum of Natu

In addition to the foregoing Mr. poor in

Article VII—ACERATHERIUM TRIDACTYLUM FROM
THE LOWER MIOCENE OF DAKOTA.

By Henry FatrFiELD Osborn.

Aceratherium tridactylum, sp. nov.

General Characters.—1 §?, C$, P 4, M%. Digits, 3-3. Vertebre, D Io,
L 5, S 3, C 21. Occiput elevated. Postglenoid and post-tympanic enclose
auditory meatus inferiorly. Superior molars with strong ‘ antecrochet’ and
‘crochet’ feeble or absent. First upper premolar well developed. Incomplete
cingulum upon inner face of true molars. Occiput high and narrow.

The very thorough search of the Lower Miocene (White River)
exposures of South Dakota by the Museum Expedition of 1892
has resulted in the discovery of a complete series of Aceratheria
in an horizon which has hitherto yielded but two well-determined
species. The smallest of the series was found immediately over-
lying the ‘ Titanotherium Beds,’ and the largest in the ‘ Protoceras
Beds,’ which mark the top of the White River formation in this
locality. These forms will be figured and described in a forth-
coming bulletin. The present paper is a preliminary description
of the largest type, 4. tridactylum.

The type of this new species is a complete skeleton in excellent
preservation, which was discovered by Mr. Peterson of the Museum
party, and has now been mounted for exhibition by Mr. Hermann.
The only parts lacking are the left forelimb, a few of the ribs, and
the sternal bones. All the other parts are complete, the vertebral
column being perfect to the tip of the tail.

The skeleton measures seven feet nine inches in length, and
four feet in height to the top of the lumbar vertebral spines.
There are nineteen dorsal, five lumbar and three sacral vertebre.
The pelvis is long and rather slender, and the limbs are of an
intermediate type, heavier than in A. occidentale and much longer
than in the Upper Miocene 4. /fossiger. There are only three
digits in the manus, hence the name /ridactylum, there being no
trace of the fifth digit, which is so characteristic of the lower
Miocene Rhinoceroses of America and Europe, with the possible
exception of A. mite Cope.

[85]

86 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V.]

The total length of the skull is 51 centimeters, while in 4.
occidentale it measures 44. The occiput is high and rather narrow,
whereas in A. occidentale it is low and broad; the upper line of
the skull thus curves upwards, and the sagittal crest is considerably
shortened. Another progressive feature is that the molars show,
besides the strong ‘antecrochet,’ a beginning of the ‘crochet,’
which is wholly undeveloped in A. occidentale. The median
upper incisors are much larger than the outer pair, and the lower
canines are correspondingly enlarged. The first lower premolar
(Px) is rudimentary or wanting.

Another distinctive feature of the skull is the union of the
postglenoid and post-tympanic processes to enclose the external
auditory meatus inferiorly.

The upper view of the skull, especially in the great elongation
of the nasals, which overhang the premaxillaries, suggests a close
affinity to A. megalodus' Cope of the Upper Miocene or Loup
Fork ; the molars are in a similar stage of evolution ; the occiput
of A. tridactylum is constricted below and spreads above, while
that of A. megalodus is broad at the base and narrows regularly
to the top ; a partial cingulum is present upon the inner side of the
true molars, and is said to be wanting in A. megalodus ; the first
upper premolar is well developed in A. ¢ridactylum, and is variable
or wanting in A. megalodus. ‘These features are such as usually
separate Lower from Upper Miocene types.

1 Pal. Bulletin, No. 14, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., July, 1873.

ee et ee i a a
<9 : i ai el

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Article VIII—NOTES ON TRANSFORMATIONS OF

SOME NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS.
By Wittiam BEUTENMULLER.

The following are a few notes on the earlier stages of some
Lepidoptera, made by me during the summer of 1891, to which
are added the descriptions of several cocoons from Mexico, which
are in the Hy. Edwards Collection, and as far as I am aware have
not yet been described.

Chionobus semidea Say.

fgg.—Received from Dr. S. H. Scudder. Laid about July 15.
Larva emerged July 26. Oblong oval, with numerous longitudinal
wavy ridges. On the top is a small nipple. The base is nearly
smooth and is somewhat flattened. The egg becomes somewhat
narrower towards the top, and is of a pale yellow color, assuming
a slaty gray as the young larva within develops. Height, 1 mm. ;
width, .75 mm.

Young Larva.—Head dirty greenish white. Body above mouse
colored. Last segment with a fork-like process. Underside dull
greenish gray. Length, 2 mm.

I did not succeed in rearing this insect beyond this stage.

Apatelodes torrefacta 4. & S.

£gg.—Smooth, lenticular, semitransluscent, shining, rounded
in outline and very much flattened above and below. Width, 2
mm.; height,.5; mm. Laid June 24. Larva emerged July 5.
Received from Miss Emily Morton.

Young Larva.—Yellowish white, with long flossy, white hairs
covering the body. Head white, with a black spot on the ante-
rior part of each side. Length, 3mm. Moulted July 1o.

After First Moult—tLittle difference from the previous stage,
except that the underside is now somewhat greenish, and the hairs
are distinctly longer, with a single black pencil or tuft on the
eleventh segment. Length,7 mm. Moulted July 14,

[87]

88 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

After Second Moult.—In this stage the hairs are considerably
longer, clearer white and more flossy. Mouth parts pitchy black.
Along the dorsum is now a faint black longitudinal stripe, and a
few black hairs of the same color are on the second and third
segments. Length,1z1 mm. Moulted July 18.

After Third Moult.—The hairs are still longer than in the
previous moult, and the black pencil on the eleventh segment
more distinct. The hair on the three anterior segments are longer
than those of the posterior segments. ‘The black dorsal line is
also more distinct and is broken. ‘lhe underside of the body is
semitransluscent, showing the greenish contents. Length, zo mm.
Moulted July 23.

After Fourth Moult.—The hairs in this stage are pure white
and are directed backwards. On the dorsum of each of the
second and third segments is a long black pencil, and one on the
eleventh segment. Along the dorsum is a narrow black line as
in the previous stage, and a bunch of short hairs of the same
color on each segment, dorsally. The body color is now of a
bluish-white, and the spiracles are black. Body on the underside
with a short transverse black patch on each segment. Some
individuals of the brood are now yellowish in color. Length,
30mm. Moulted July 27.

After Fifth Moult.—Head dirty white. A row of rather large
spots on each side of the body, one spot on each segment. The
dorsal stripe is much broader and more prominent than in the
previous moult, and the three dorsal pencils are mouse color
instead of black, and are tipped with white at the extreme ends.
The abdominal legs are black, with their extremities pinkish.
The thoracic feet are also black. The hairs are all directed
backwards, except those on the anterior segment, which are direct-
ed forwards. Mouth parts pitchy black. The short tufts of black
hairs along the dorsum are also present. When fully grown the
body is creamy white or pale yellow, with the black spots along
the sides and dorsum quite conspicuous. The hairs in the yellow-
bodied larvee are pale yellow, and in the whitish-bodied ones the
hairs are pure white. In some yellow-bodied larve which I found
outdoors the hairs were bright sulphur yellow. When fully grown

Sere Res ee

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Transformations of Moths. 89

the extremities of the abdominal legs are much redder than im-
mediately after moulting. Length, about 45 mm.
Entered the ground August 2,at 10 A.M. Pupated August 4,

-at4 P.M. Emerged August 27, 28 and 29.

My brood of larve were raised on Wild Cherry (Prunus sero-
tina). It also feeds on Willow, Alder, Blackberry, Bayberry
(Myrica cerifera), Azalea, Sassafras and Hazel.

Sisyrosea inornata G. & &.

Full-grown Larva.—Bright yellowish green ; the body much
flattened at the sides, the segments there being ornamented with
flattened processes armed with spines and looking like the anten-
nz of a Bombyx. These spinuous processes are nine on each
side. The head is quite hidden by the overlapping of the other
segment. It is smooth, pitchy. The second segment is darker
green than the rest of the body. The third and fourth have
shorter spines on the sides, and these are edged with orange
speckled with black. The dorsum is elevated into a double ridge,
pale cream color. On the eighth and tenth segments is a small
orange mark in form of a maltese cross. The ridges over the
head are produced into a short spine, orange, flecked with black.
The spiracles are pale yellow, and on each segment there are six
small fovea, which on the sides are continued by pale green waved
lines, those on the dorsum the smallest. Underside pale green.
Length, about 15 mm.; width, ro mm. (including spines).

Food-plants—Oak, Cherry, Hickory.
'

Anisota stigma 444. & Sm. (var. or nov. sp.).

Before Last Moult-—The ground color is jet black and shining,
becoming greenish or tea colored as it is more advanced towards
the last moult. The whole of the tubercular spots, as well as the
spines and longer processes, are also jet black. The white irrora-
tions, so well marked in 4. s/igma, is entirely wanting, and there
are no marks on the obsolete, double, broken, subdorsal sordid
white line. Length, 30 mm.

Full-grown Larva —TVhe head is now brick red. The obsolete
broken subdorsal line is a little more distinct, and is treble instead

99 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

of double. The body has lost its shiny appearance, and is now
dull black. The irrorations are jet black, shiny, save that on each
segment is a double row of tubercular irrorations, sordid white.
There is a dull claret-stained ventral line, broken at the junction
of each segment, and the interior surface of the abdominal legs
is also stained with a claret shade. They are black outwardly,
as are also the thoracic feet. The broken line on the underside
is really reduced to three lozenge-shaped dashes on each segment.
Laterally the larve are stained with red. Length, about 60 mm.

I have been unable to rear this singular larva to maturity. A
number of them were taken by me last season at Scarsdale, N. Y.
The late Henry Edwards and S. L. Elliot were also acquainted
with this larva, and likewise did not succeed in raising it. Mr.
Edwards considered it the larva of a new species of Anisota. It
is certainly very different from all other Amisofa larva found in
the vicinity of New York City.

Hyperip BETWEEN Actias luna Mater, anp Actias selene
FEMALE.

Lgg.—Received from Miss Emily Morton. Ovate, smooth, not
shining, covered with a brown substance, much the same as that
of A. duna, in fact I cannot see any difference.

Young Larva.—Pinkish brown, with two rows of deep brown
spots on each side, and one row on the dorsum, which are quite
indistinct ; on the third segment the spots are largest and deeper
in color. The spots along the sides are two in number on each
segment, while in the subdorsal row there is only one spot on
each segment. The juncture of the segments are greenish in
color, as is also the head, which has two transverse, black bands.
On each side of the body are three rows of tubercles, bearing a
number of long spine-like hairs. The first segment is yellowish,
and without spots. Underside of body wholly greenish. Length,
6mm, Moulted July 2.

After First Moult.—The larve are now greenish in color, with
the three rows of tubercles on each side yellow, tipped with red-
dish orange ; the two pairs of dorsal tubercles on the third and
fourth segments are decidedly larger than the rest, and are tipped

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Transformations of Moths. g!

with black. The rows of spots are also less distinct than in the
previous stage, and the head lacks the transverse bands, and is of
the same color as the body, with a small black dot on the anterior
part of each side. Each of the tubercles has a few, rather long,
brown hairs. Underside greenish. Thoracic feet jet black.
Abdominal and anal legs tipped with black. One individual of
the brood is flesh colored, and has the extremities of the tubercles
black, and the lateral row of spots more distinct than the two
other rows. Length, 15 mm. Moulted July 6.

After Second Moult.—The body is now bright green, with a
narrow, paler green line below the spiracles, which are orange.
The spots are absent in this stage, and the tubercles more promi-
nent with a few black hairs, and tipped with orange. The anal
plates are half brown and half black, and are narrowly bordered
with green. Head pale green, mouth parts pitchy. Thoracic
feet black. Abdominal legs green, with a black patch on the
outer side of each. Underside wholly green. Length, 25 mm.
Moulted July rr.

After Third Moult—No difference from the previous stage,
except in size, and in the tubercles being somewhat brighter in
color. Length, 35 mm. Moulted July 15.

After Fourth Moult—The head in some individuals is now
purplish green instead of wholly green, as in the foregoing stage.
The tubercles are also more prominent. Length, 40 mm.
Moulted July 19.

After Fifth Moult-—The head in this stage is pale chestnut
brown, as are also the thoracic feet, with a yellow ring at their
bases. The anterior edge of the first segment is yellow. The
_ anal plates are brown with a yellow margin. The spiracles are
large and orange in color. The abdominal legs have a black band
on the outerside of each. The two rows of tubercles along the
sides are smaller than those on the dorsal region, as is the case
throughout all the previous stages. The segments are much
swollen, and deeply incised at junctures. The yellow line below
the spiracles runs from the beginning of the fourth segment to
the end of the eleventh. The hairs on the yellow tubercles are

92 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

pale brown, while those on the row of tubercles below the spiracles
are black. One example has the bases of the tubercles on the
third and fourth segments blackish. Fully grown July 31. Length,
65 mm.

Euchromia bella Guer.

Cocoon.—Oval, bright lemon yellow in color; very thin and
composed of finely woven silk, which is intermixed with the larval |
hairs, also of lemon-yellow color. These hairs penetrate through
the cocoon, thus giving it a decidedly wooly appearance. Length,
15 mm.; width, 8 mm.

One example, collected by Mr. Wm. Schaus, in Jalapa, Mexico.
Coll. Hy. Edwards, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Euchetes fumidus Ay. Edwards.

Cocoon.—Oval, very frail in structure, and composed of dark
brown threads amongst which are mingled the larval hairs. Very
much like that of Huchetes egle Dr., and hardly distinguishable
from it. Length, about 18 mm.; width, about 8 mm.

One specimen, collected by Wm. Schaus, in Jalapa, Mexico.
Coll. Hy. Edwards, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Pericopis leucophza Wadker.

Pupa.—Color, bronzy brown, with a slight bluish reflection on
the thorax, if held in certain light. Thorax and anterior portions
' of the abdominal segments above, opaque. The posterior por-
tions of the segments beneath, as well as the wing-cases, are shiny.
A few very short reddish brown hairs are also scattered over the
segments above. The first to fourth segments are decidedly
elevated dorsally, and the remaining segments gradually decreas-
ing in size toward the posterior end of the body, which is bluntly
rounded. Length, 22 mm. ; width, about 7 mm.

‘Two examples, collected by Wm. Schaus, in Jalapa, Mexico.
Coll. Hy. Edwards, Am. Mus, Nat. Hist.

Callosoma calleta Westwood.

Cocoon. —Ovate, base abruptly rounded and gradually becoming
narrower towards the end from which the imago makes its escape.

ee eee es Oe

kine
=

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i ie

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Transformations of Moths. 93

The outer cocoon is finely woven, very compact and cemented
together with a glutinous substance, which makes the texture very
tough and hard, giving the cocoon a rather smooth appearance.
Inside the cocoon is entirely covered with the glutinous substance,
except about one-third from the orifice, from where it consists of
a coarse brown silk loosely woven and drawn together, so that
the imago can readily escape. At one side at this end of the
cocoon is a short band, by means of which it hangs to the twig.
Length, about 45 mm. ; width near base, about 18 mm.; width
near top, about ro mm.

Four specimens, collected by Wm. Schaus, in Jalapa, Mexico.
Coll. Hy. Edwards, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Platysamia orizaba Westwood.

Cocoon.—Similar to that of Callosoma calleta, but may be dis-
tinguished from it by being more regular in outline, and the lower
end of cocoon bluntly rounded, but not so abruptly as in C. ca//eta.
The sides are almost parallel, being only slightly rounded. The
meshes of the outer coating are more loosely woven, and are not
cemented together with the glutinous substance. In color the
cocoon is dirty silvery white or pale golden brown. It is also
fastened to the twig by a short band. Length, 45 mm.; width,
20 mm.

Four examples, collected by Mr. Wm. Schaus, in Jalapa, Mexico.
Coll. Hy. Edwards, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Gortyna nitela Guen.

£gg.—Bluish or greenish white, changing to cream color before
exclusion ; deposited in the axil of upper leaves. The young
larva on being hatched, bores into the stalk, and eats upwards.
On reaching the top of the stalk, it feeds upon the young and
tender leaves ; when these are destroyed it descends again into
the stalk and eats downwards. Sometimes the stalk swells from
the disorder of its juices, through the punctation, and the young
larva is often killed.

Larva before Last Moult—Head, shining, very pale chestnut
color, with the second segment of the same shade, and a black

94 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V.|

lateral stripe which is common to both. On the side of the second
segment, below the black line, is a broad streak of clear white,
which encloses the black spiracles. The third segment is purplish
brown. One dorsal and two subdorsal stripes of clear white.
The fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh segments are wholly purplish
black, and are elevated by the caterpillar when walking. The
remainder of the segments are purplish brown, with the dorsal
and subdorsal white stripes as before. Beneath, the posterior and
anterior segments are sordid white. The middle ones purplish
brown. Feet blackish. Abdominal legs sordid white.

Full-grown Larva.—The posterior segment is now a little paler
in ground color, and the head and anal segment yellowish.
Length, 30 mm. Bores in the stalks of Burdock and a variety of
other plants.

Gortyna cataphracta Grote.

Full-grown Larva.—Head and second segment pale testaceous.
Mouth parts pitchy. Body color purplish brown with dorsal
whitish stripes continued throughout the whole length. On side
of head and second segment is a black shining line. On the third
and fourth segments are three warty black tubercles on each side,
six smaller ones on the third, and four on the fourth, dorsally.
The other segments have two large and two small tubercles dor-
sally, and three smaller ones laterally. All the tubercles look
like points of tar or pitch. Anal segment pale testaceous, black
at sides. Thoracic feet black. Abdominal legs whitish. There

are also a few sordid white hairs scattered over the whole of the ©

body. Length, 30 mm. Bores in the stalks of Lily (Zélium
superbum).

wf ee Oe, nee ee Te ae ere Ree Ete tg

ee rer ee
ie Piseg

Article IX.—ON THE DIVISIONS OF THE WHITE
RIVER OR LOWER MIOCENE OF DAKOTA.

By J. L. Wortman, M.D.

The paleontological expedition from the American Museum
of Natural History into the Miocene deposits of Dakota during

the past summer was exceedingly fortunate in bringing to light a

comparatively new fauna for this horizon. Notwithstanding the
fact that these localities have been collected over for the past
fifty years, and have yielded perhaps a greater number of indi-
vidual specimens of fossil mammals than almost any other in
North America, it has never apparently been suspected that the
uppermost strata of this deposit contain a fauna, in many respects
different from those of the middle and lower divisions,

Fossils have undoubtedly been collected in these upper beds
and are not unknown in the rich collections from this horizon in
our various museums, but no systematic attempt has to my
knowledge ever been made to point out their more exact faunal
characters. Especial attention was given to this part of the sub-
ject during our exploration of these bad-lands, and each specimen
was carefully marked with reference to its exact position in the
sedimentary mass. .From these data I have found it possible to
construct a catalogue of our collections showing the more im-
portant facts relating to the succession of genera and species
during the time that this sediment was being laid down. The
very considerable thickness of the deposit indicates of itself a
long period of time, and it is not at all unnatural to suppose that
important changes in the evolution of genera and species should
have taken place, and be indicated by the fossils from the dif-
ferent levels of the sediment. That such is the case I will attempt
to show in this present communication. Before passing to a
discussion of this important problem, however, I will notice
briefly the physical characters of the sediments themselves to-
gether with their divisions.

That part of the White River deposits to which our attention
was especially directed is that which forms the main divide

[9s]

96 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [{Vol. V,

between the White and Cheyenne Rivers in South Dakota in the
vicinity of the Black Hills. This is the thickest portion of the
White River sediment with which I am acquainted, and it is
probable that it represents somewhere near the entire thickness
of the accumulation which took place in the Miocene lake.
Although no accurate measurements were taken its vertical depth
was estimated to be about 800 feet. In this region it rests upon
the black shale (Cretaceous No. 4), and in many places has been
cut through by the streams, so that a complete section is
exposed.

I.—DESCRIPTION OF THE SEDIMENT AND ITS
Martin DIvISIoNns.

Heretofore there have been two main divisions recognized in
the classification of the White River sediments, viz.: a lower

division, under the name of the Z%tanotherium Beds, and an -

upper division, known as the Oreodon Beds. ‘This latter division
was made to include all those strata lying above the Titano-
therium Beds, and was estimated at somewhere in the vicinity of
600 feet in thickness. I now propose a third primary division,
which will include the uppermost strata of the Oreodon Beds of
other authors. ‘This division may be called the Protoceras Beds,
from the relative abundance of this characteristic fossil. As in
the other two divisions, the separation is made largely upon the
faunal characters which will be discussed later on.

THE TITANOTHERIUM BEDs.

This division of the Miocene has recently formed the subject
of a very exhaustive and excellent article by Mr. J. B. Hatcher,’
and what is here said upon this topic is drawn largely from his
statements. The beds are composed of clays, sandstones and
conglomerates ; the clays greatly predominate. Near the bottom
of the beds the color is often red or variegated, but the prevailing
color is a very characteristic and delicate greenish white. The
sandstones are never entirely continuous, and never more than a

! The Titanotherium Beds. American Naturalist, March, 1893.

1893.] Wortman on the Lower Miocene of Dakota. 97

few feet in thickness. They present every degree of compact-
ness, from beds of loose sand to the most solid sandstones. The
conglomerates are very similar in character, with the exception
that they are usually harder.

By actual measurements, Mr. Hatcher found the Titanothe-
rium Beds in this locality to present a total thickness of 180 feet.
Of this the first 50 feet constitutes the lower division, the next
100 feet the middle division, and the remaining 30 feet the upper
division. These divisions are made upon the characteristic
forms of Titanotheriide found in each layer. This is well shown
in the accompanying table which is taken from Mr. Hatcher’s
article.

The fauna of the Titanotherium Beds is very limited, so far as
the variety of forms is concerned. While the remains of the
Titanotheriide are relatively very numerous other genera are but
very sparsely represented by the merest fragments. The only
remains other than Z?/anotherium which | could identify with
any degree of certainty were those of a small Aceratherium, a
species of Hyopotamus, and probably of Elotherium mortoni and
: Mesohippus. With the exception of the Hyopotamus none of these
E remains were found in place, but I am inclined to the opinion
;

,

that these genera will yet be found well down in the Titano-
therium Beds. At the point where the Titanotherium Beds pass
into the overlying Oreodon Beds, mingled remains of 7Zitano-
therium, Aceratherium, Mesohippus, and Elotherium mortont occur ;
and it is a matter of the greatest interest to note that the Acera-
therium here found is not only the oldest but the most primitive
member of the true rhinoceroses which has been found in this
| country. Our collection contains two fairly good specimens
from this layer, and they are sufficiently well preserved to fully
make out the characters of the dentition. I will again refer to
this subject later on.

| Tue Oreopon BeEps.

The changes which led up to and caused the extinction of the
gigantic Titanotheriide also witnessed a remarkable transforma-
tion in the fauna on the shores of the White River lake, for no
sooner do we pass from the Titanotherium Beds into the Oreodon

| June, 7893.) 7

[Vol. V,

Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.

98

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99

Wortman on the Lower Miocene of Dakota.

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100 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

Beds than we find the remains of a fauna remarkable alike for its"
richness and variety. Just what caused this change I am ata
loss to even conjecture. The dividing line between these two
primary divisions of the White River sediment is sharply indi-
cated, not only by the extinction of the Titanotheriidz, but by
the introduction of the variety of forms which followed with
little or no previous announcement in the underlying strata.

Like the Titanotherium division the Oreodon Beds are com-
posed of sandstones and clays, of which the latter largely pre-
dominate. These strata are seldom continuous over a wide area.
They change not only in color but in the materials of which the
sediment is composed sometimes with considerable abruptness.
In some places the Titanotherium Beds are overlaid by a reddish
gritty clay, while in others it is light or buff-colored clay, which
may be interrupted by layers of sandstone. There is one layer
found in the Oreodon Beds which is highly characteristic and is
perhaps more constant and widely distributed than any other
single stratum in the whole White River formation, This is a
buff-colored clay carrying numerous calcareous nodules in which
are imbedded remains of turtles and oreodons. ‘The fossils are
almost invariably covered with a scale of ferruginous oxide when
first removed from the matrix, and are of a decidedly reddish cast.
Upon this account this stratum is known to the collector as the
‘red layer.’ It is situated somewhere between 4o and 50 feet
above the top of the Titanotherium Beds and can almost always
be easily identified. It varies in thickness from 10 to 20 feet, and
in some rare instances it is replaced by sandstone. I have also
found it without the nodules in places, but this is also quite a
rare occurrence.

In the particular region examined. by us there is a very con-
siderable belt of sandstone found just below the Oreodon or red
layer just described. It has an average thickness of about 20
feet, and as nearly as could be determined covers an area of 12
miles in length by a mile or a mile and a half in width. I men-
tion this belt of sandstone in particular for the reason that it has
with a single exception produced the only remains of AZe¢amy-
nodon so far known. Upon either side it is replaced by a bluish
or light-colored clay which appears to be entirely barren of

» Sais Sahm

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i,

1893.] Wortman on the Lower Miocene of Dakota. Iol

vertebrate remains. Between this Metamynodon layer and the
top of the Titanotherium Beds is found the reddish-colored
gritty clay already mentioned. It has a thickness of about 25
feet and contains numerous remains of Aceratherium, Mesohippus,
Elotherium, Oreodon, Hyopotamus, and in fact nearly all the
genera which are found in the Oreodon Beds proper.

The character of the strata overlying the typical nodule-bearing
Oreodon layer is very various in different parts of the bed.
Sometimes it is a moderately thick bluish-colored standstone
containing numerous remains of Aceratherium, but more fre-
quently it is a light-colored clay containing few fossils. In one
stratum of this sandstone we obtained the remains of a Me‘amy-
nodon at the highest point in which it has been known to occur.
Ata distance of from 75 to 100 feet above the Oreodon layer
there is a second distinct and tolerably constant nodule-bearing
layer from which we obtained Oreodon, Poébrotherium and
Hyenodon crucians. This appears to be the uppermost limit of
the fossil-bearing Oreodon Beds, so far at least as this region is
concerned, and it is at this point, therefore, that I draw the line
between the middle primary division (Oreodon Beds) and the
uppermost division, Protoceras Beds. If it is desirable to sub-
divide the Oreodon Beds I would suggest that all those strata
between the top of the Titanotherium Beds and the typical
Oreodon layer would constitute the first division, the Oreodon
layer itself would form a second division, and all those strata
above the Oreodon layer, between it and the Protoceras Beds,
would constitute the third division.

PrROTOCERAS BEDs.

Between what I have taken to represent the uppermost limit of
the Oreodon Beds and the Protoceras Beds there is a very con-
siderable thickness of light-colored clay in which very few fossils
occur. ‘These strata reach a thickness of 1oo feet or more, and
upon this account it is easy to distinguish, in this region at least,
between the Oreodon and Protoceras Beds. In other localities,
however, these clays may yet be found to be fossiliferous, in
which event the line of demarkation between these two divisions
will be found to be much less distinct, and their separation

102 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

accomplished with much more difficulty. They are in many
places capped by isolated patches of coarse sandstone which
occupy different levels. They are almost always highly fossil-
iferous, and it was mostly in them that our collections from this
horizon were obtained. These sandstone ledges are seldom
continuous for any great distance, and often change abruptly into
a fine-grained clay, which, according to our experience, is almost
always barren. Immediately overlying the sandstones comes a
tolerably constant, pinkish-colored, nodule-bearing clay, in which
numerous remains of Lporeodon (Lucrotaphus) and Leptauchenia
occur. The thickness of sediment above this is somewhat diffi-
cult to determine, but judging from the highest points in the
Vicinity it cannot be less than 75 or 100 feet. ‘The strata, there-
fore, which constitute the Protoceras Beds are the sandstones,
the nodule-bearing layer and its capping. The entire thickness
of these beds is estimated at 150 feet.

IIl.—FAuUNAL DISTRIBUTION AND SUCCESSION OF
TYPES.

FAUNAL DISTRIBUTION.

1. Zitanotherium Beds——The ‘Titanotherium Beds contain
Titanotherium with its several forms, Aceratherium, Hyopotamus,
Elotherium (?), Mesohippus (?). We also discovered fragmentary
remains of turtles of the genera Amys and Trionyx. ‘his latter
genus is apparently new to this formation, since it has been sup-
posed that they disappeared from the interior lakes at the close
of the Eocene.

2. Oreodon Beds.—The Oreodon Beds contain the following
genera: Oreodon, Agriocherus, Poébrotherium, Leptomeryx, Hyopota-
mus, Elotherium, Thinohyus, Aceratherium, Hyracodon, Mesohippus,
Colodon, Protapirus, Metamynodon, Hyenodon, Dinictis, Hoplo-
phoneus, Daphenus, Leplictis, Ictops, Mesodectis, Ischyromys,
Paleolagus.

3. Protoceras Beds—In the Protoceras Beds are Protoceras,
Eporeodon (Eucrotaphus), Leptauchenia, Cameloids, Hyopotamus,

1893.] Wortman on the Lower Miocene of Dakota. 103

Elotherium, Peccaries, <Aceratherium, Hyracodon, Protapirus,
Pogonodon (?), Artionyx, Rodents, Primates.

SUCCESSION OF TYPES.

I will now take up the question of the change in form and
structure, to be noted among the more characteristic genera as
we pass from the lower to the upper beds. With reference to
the Titanotheriidz, Mr. Hatcher has shown that important modi-
fications took place, amounting in some instances to changes of

. true generic significance, between the first appearance in the

lowermost beds and the time of the extinction of these forms.
The rhinoceros line furnishes equally striking examples of these
modifications. From the very lowermost part of the Oreodon
Beds we obtained two specimens of Aceratherium (Nos. 523, 528), -
which are the smallest and most primitive in structure of any
members of the genus. This is especially noticeable in the
character of the fourth superior premolar, which is essentially
tritubercular. With both specimens there is also associated a
tooth which I take to be a rudimental superior canine. The
front of the skull in both instances is so damaged, however, that
this is not certain. From the succeeding layer, within a vertical
range of twenty-five feet, we have three other specimens of skulls,
two of which are in a good state of preservation. In one of these
specimens the milk dentition is preserved, and it is a matter of
the greatest interest to note that in this specimen we find a well
developed and functional superior canine present. In the other
skull the dentition shows the animal to have been adult and only
the remains of the alveoli of the canines are to be seen. In the
third specimen the last molar was just coming into place, and the
canine is present. I think, therefore, that it can be safely
assumed that these small forms of Aceratherium, which are found
below the typical nodular layer of the Oreodon Beds, possessed a
more or less persistent superior canine. In the fourth upper pre-
molar of the three last-mentioned specimens the hypocone or
posterior internal tubercle is in the first stages of development,
and shows a considerable advance over the two specimens from
the lowermost strata, in which it is entirely absent. The foot
structure of these small forms from this horizon is unknown, but

104 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {|Vol. V,

some light is thrown upon this question by two specimens from
the typical nodular layer. In these specimens the manus is pro-
vided with four digits,’ and I am strongly inclined to the opinion
that all the species of Aceratherium in the Oreodon Beds
possessed four well-developed toes upon the front feet.

The next important change in this genus is met with in the
specimens from the strata of the Oreodon Beds lying above the
typical nodular layer. In them we note that the superior canine
has completely disappeared from the milk dentition, as is shown by

a very perfect and well-preserved skull in this stage. Itis also .

to be remarked that the fourth superior premolar is now fully
quadritubercular and that there is a tendency, especially in those
from the uppermost of these strata, for the post-glenoid and post-
. tympanic processes to become approximated below so as to
enclose the external auditory meatus. The species have also
become considerably larger, and there is some evidence that the
superior lateral incisors were becoming somewhat reduced in
size,

The final stage in this development of Aceratherium is met with
in the large species from the Protoceras Beds. Fortunately we

have an unusually perfect skeleton of this form.’ Its size is’

almost double that of the small species from the base of the
Oreodon Beds. The manus is provided with only three digits,
the lateral incisors of the upper jaw are much reduced, almost
rudimental it may be said, the external auditory meatus is com-
pletely enclosed by the post-tympanic and post-glenoid processes,
and the fourth superior premolar is fully molariform.

In the horse series we have AZesohippus from the lower Oreodon
Beds, but when the Protoceras Beds are reached Anchitherium
appears. Now the most important generic distinction between
these two genera is to be found in the circumstance that Mesohip-
pus has a rudiment of digit V in the manus while Anchitherium
is without it. ‘This character is associated with other important
modifications of the teeth. It can thus be plainly demonstrated

' In the Princeton collection there is a carpus of Aceratherium mite which both Professors
Osborn and Scott believe had only three toes. In the absence of the metacarpals this is very
difficult to decide, as one can readily appreciate by reference to the tapir ot any four-toed form,
In both the tapir and the foot of our specimen just referred to there is but a a distal facet
“pee the unciform, and with only this bone to guide us it would be very difficult if not impos-
sible to tell whether the specimen under consideration was a three or four-toed form,

——

1893.] Wortman on the Lower Miocene of Dakota. 105

that one is the outgrowth of the other. Again in a species of
Protapirus from the Oreodon Beds the superior premolars are all
tritubercular, while in the Protoceras Beds a species is met with
in which there is a marked tendency for the fourth tubercle to
appear. —

Among the Oreodons all the skulls from the typical nodular
layer are without an inflated tympanic bulla. In the uppermost
strata of the Oreodon Beds there is one skull in the collection
which has a very small bulla, while in the nodular layer of the
Protoceras Beds all the skulls show a well-developed bulla.

These instances could undoubtedly be multiplied if collections
were made with this object in view, but I deem the examples
already given sufficient to establish the main proposition ad-
vanced, namely, that the Lower Miocene or White River of
America represents a great period of time in which the Titano-

theriida, Rhinocerotide, Equide and Oreodontide underwent a

very marked series of changes. The topmost, or Protoceras
Beds, may very possible prove to overlap the John Day or Middle
Miocene of Oregon.

Bae

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Article X.— ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM
CHAPADA, MATTO GROSSO, BRAZIL, MADE BY
Mr. H. H. SMITH.

By Jort AsaPH ALLEN,

Part III.—Pieprip To RHEIDA.
(Concluded from Vol. LV, p. 350.)
133. Metopia galeata (Zicht.)—This species is evidently
abundant and resident at Chapada throughout the year. It is

_ represented in the collection by a series of 127 specimens, taken

as follows: January, 4; February, 8; March, 6; April, 11; May,
8; June, 13; July, 15 ; August, 9 ; September, 31 ; October, 11;
November, 6; December, 5. The adult males number 45, and
some were taken in each month; the young males in transition
dress number 24, some of which were taken in each month except
March and July; 15 are young males nearly in the dress of the
female, of which none were taken from October to January,
inclusive; the remaining 43 are females, and include specimens
taken in every month except January.

The September and October specimens may be considered as
representing the dress of the breeding season, and as such will
be made the standard of comparison for those of other seasons.
The aduit males are everywhere deep lustrous velvety black with
a bluish tinge, except on the interscapulars, back of the neck, cap
and frontal crest, which parts are intense lustrous scarlet. The
scarlet feathers, however, are pure white at base, and the white
basal portion is separated from the scarlet apical portion by a
narrow band of deep yellow. ‘The adult females are nearly every-
where deep green, somewhat lighter, or more yellowish green,
below. A few specimens, sexed by the collector as females, have
a faint reddish shade over the portion colored scarlet in the adult
male, and are of a brighter or more golden green below. These
occur at all seasons, and are, I suspect, really young males of the
year, since they pass into a stage in which this phase of plumage
is more or less mixed with scattered red feathers on the head and
back and with black feathers on the throat and breast,

[107]

108 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

Young males present every transition between these last and
males in which the black of the body is more or less mixed
with green, while the red is perfectly developed. A. large pro-
portion of the young males, however, are in a patchy, transition
stage, in which the red of the upper parts varies from nearly the
full amount to merely a few perfect glossy scarlet feathers (differ-
ing in structure from the green feathers), scattered among the
interscapulars and over the nape and cap, with more or less black
over the basal portion of the quills and greater wing-coverts, and
numerous black feathers scattered through the green clothing
plumage of the body. Some show considerable admixture of
black with little or no red; others more red and less black.

This patchy condition seems to have no relation to season, as
every stage is found throughout the year ; it is, however, evidently
due to age, as doubtless the male does not acquire perfect dress
till at least the third year. The only specimens which give clear
evidence of being in molt when taken are afew collected in
November, December, January and February.

It is of interest to observe that the amount of black at the base
of the quills of the tail and wings, and on the greater wing-coverts
and on the upper tail-coverts, varies with the amount of black
and red in the body plumage. In what seems to be the second
stage, or second year, the wing quills and rectrices are green, or
blackish merely at the base; in the next stage the tail-feathers
are all black for their basal half, and some of them black or
blackish for their whole length on the inner vane, and some of
the middle lateral ones almost wholly so on both vanes. At this
stage the peculiar glossy red feathers have become usually more
or less prevalent. With the increase in the amount of black on
the remiges and rectrices the greater coverts come out black, either
all or in part ; sometimes only one or two are black and the rest
green, or the greater part may be black and the others green,

The appearance of some of the parti-colored black and green
rectrices is suggestive of a gradual change of green to black with-
out molt;' but that this is not so is shown in molting birds

1 That such a change of color does occur, in cases perfectly parallel with the present, has
been stated of late in several quarters, to be either a fact or a highly probable su ition ;
it is hence desirable to call special attention to the matter in this connection, (oy Keeler,
Evol. of Colors in N. Am. Birds, 1893, p. 134. Dr, L. B. Bishop advocated the same theory in
eetessnce oe me European Kestrel before the Linnwan Society of New York at its meeting of

pril 5, 1893.

1893.] Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brasil. 109

where the partially grown rectrices (the basal portions still in their
sheaths) are green apically and black basally, or all black, as the
case may be in different feathers, just as in specimens taken months
after the completion of the molt.

In birds that require several years for the acquisition of the
adult breeding dress, the various transition stages present usually
various degrees of combination of adult and juvenile tints, result-
ing in many singular effects, not only as regards the plumage as

-a whole, but as regards the appearance of individual feathers.
Sometimes individual feathers present intermediate phases of
coloration between the earlier and the final stages ; or at one, or
even two molts before the final stage is reached, feathers like
those of the adult dress become prematurely developed, as in the
case of the present species.

134. Pipra fasciata @’Ord. & Lafr.— The series of 51
specimens consists of 28 adult males, tg adult females, and 4
young males, nearly in the dress of the female, with slight traces
of red feathers coming in. Each month of the year is repre-
sented except September and December, as follows: January,
1; February, 5; March, 11, of which ro are adult males ; April,
7, of which 4 are adult females ; May, 4; June, 3, all females ;
July, 4; August, 4, of which 3 are males ; September, o ; October,
2; November, 10, of which 8 are males ; December, o.

135. Heteropelma flavicapillum c/—The series of 65
specimens represents every month of the year, and the two sexes
are about equally represented. :

The coloration is remarkably constant at all seasons, the only
very appreciable difference being in respect to the crest, which
is much more developed and much brighter in color in the males
than in the females. It doubtless varies somewhat with age, as
many specimens sexed as males have the crest scantily developed
and dull greenish yellow instead of deep lustrous golden as in the
adult males.

This series should represent the Heteropelma chrysocephalum
Pelzeln, in which case | am unable to distinguish it from 7.
flavicapillum of the Brazilian coast. I have, however, for com-

_ parison only two Bahia specimens, and a larger series might show
slight average differences at present inappreciable.

110 8ulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V, -

136. Tityra cayana brasiliensis (Sw.)—A single female,
taken at Chapada in September, 1882.

137. Tityra personata semifasciata (.Spix).— Chapada,
8 specimens, Sept.-Nov., 1882, and Jan.-Feb., 1883.

138. Tityra inquisitor (Z7cht.).—Corumba, Feb. 26, 1886,
6 ad.; Chapada, ¢ad., May 16, 1885, and ¢ juv., Sept. 1, 1885.

139. Hadrostomus atricapillus (V/ei//.)—The 13 speci-
mens of this species were collected as follows ; January, 2 females ;
February, 2 males; July, 1 male; September, 1 male; October,
t female; November, 3 males and 2 females; December, 1 female.
This shows that the species is present at Chapada from Septem-
ber till February, and that it may occur in other months.

140. Pachyrhamphus viridis (V7e///.). — Represented by
a single specimen, ¢ ad., taken at Corumba, March 18, 1886.

141. Pachyrhamphus polychropterus (V7e///.). — Cha-
pada, 4 specimens, as follows: ¢4ad., Aug. 16; 4 juv., May 4;
2 females, March 14 and April 17.

142. Pachyrhamphus atricapillus (Gm.).—Chapada, one
specimen, 3ad., May 23.

143. Attila validus /e/ze/n.—One specimen, 4 ad., Nov.
11, 1882. Marked “ Rare”’ on the label.

This seems to agree very well with the description of A.
validus by Pelzeln (Orn. Bras., p. 95) and Sclater (Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., XIV, p. 364), except that the cap is apparently of a darker,
more dusky gray—a feature, however, which is variable in other
gray-capped species of the group.

144. Geobates peecilopterus (/Ved).—Five specimens,
January, July and September.

145. Casiornis rubra (Ve7//.).—The series of 23 specimens
indicates that the species is present, but probably not abundant,
at Chapada throughout the year. Each month is represented by
from one to four specimens, except March, June and October.

There is apparently no very appreciable amount of sexual varia-
tion in color. There is, however, some seasonal variation,
through fading, as the season advances. In fresh plumage the

1893.) | Allen on Birds from Matte Grosso, Brazil. III

chestnut color above is a little brighter and more rufous, and the
belly is more strongly tinged with yellowish than towards the
close of the breeding season.

146. Furnarius albogularis (Spx) —The 8 specimens were
taken: 1 in March, 2 in April, t in May, 1 in June, 1 in July,
and 2 in October.

147. Furnarius leucopus Swain.—One specimen, @ ad.,
Corumba, April 8, 1882.

148. Lochmias nematura (Zicht.).—Twelve specimens,
: taken as follows: January, 1; February,o; March,1; April,
% o; May, 1; June, 2; July, 1 ; August, o; September, 2; Octo-
ber, 1 ; November, 2; December, 1. It is therefore probably
resident throughout the year. The whole series is very uniform
in coloration.

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149. Synallaxis azarz Ord.

Synallaxis azar@e D'ORBIGNY, Ois. 1833-44, p. 246. (Types examined.)—
ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. II, 1889, p. 243.
is cinereus WiED, Beitrag. Naturg. Bras. III, ii, 1831, p. 685 (in part.
Cf. this Bull. II, 1889, p. 243).
a $ frontalis PELZELN, Sitz. d. k. Ak. Wien, XXXIV, 1859, p. 117 ;
id. Orn. Bras. i, 1868, p. 35.—ScLarer, Cat. Bds. Br. Mus. XV, 18go,
p. 39. And of most recent writers.

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| In the present series of 36 specimens every month of the year

ise is represented except November, although December and March
have each but one. There are several young specimens, partly
or wholly in first plumage, the youngest being little more than
half-fledged, taken April 20, 1885.

There is apparently no sexual variation in size or coloration
among adults. The seasonal variation consists mainly in the
amount of silvery white tipping the feathers of the blackish throat
patch; in fresh plumage the black is nearly concealed, but
becomes prominent as the silvery tips of the feathers wear away.
In the same way the frontal band is more or less concealed in
fresh plumage by a slight tipping of ferruginous.

The frontal band is ordinarily broad and well defined, but in
quite a proportion of the specimens it is much narrowed by the
extension forward of the ferruginous cap, which in a number of
examples nearly reaches the base of the bill, while in one (No.

112 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. V,

33,725, @ ad., July 3) it extends entirely to the bill, as in S. rufi-
capilla. That it is not this species is shown by its small size, and
especially by the very small size of the bill, and the absence of a
yellowish superciliary border to the cap behind the eyes.

There is also considerable variation in the color of the tail
among adult birds, there being quite generally a dusky shade on
the inner vanes of the middle pair of rectrices, extending some-
times for nearly an inch and covering nearly the whole width of
the vane apically ; in others there is merely a trace of dusky, or
it may be wholly absent.

Young birds in first plumage are very unlike the adults. There
is no rufous cap, the whole upper surface being uniform, and of
a shade closely approaching that of the back in the adult. The
wings and tail are of a dull, somewhat olivaceous brown, and the
lower surface is more silky, and a little paler buff on the flanks.
The dusky throat patch is clearly traceable below the surface.
With the first molt rufous feathers begin to appear on the crown
and among the wing-coverts, and the dull brown quills are re-
placed by the rufous quills of the adult. The buffy white cover-
ing of the edge and inside of the wing gives place to the more
rusty tint of the mature plumage.

Nests and eggs were taken in October, December and January,
and young birds hardly able to fly in April, implying a long
breeding period.

150. Synallaxis scutata Sc/—Seven specimens, as follows :
May, 3 ; June, September, October and November, each 1.

151. Synallaxis cinnamomea Pe/ze/n.—Corumba two speci-
mens— 4 ad., March 1, @ad., April 1, 1886,

152. Synallaxis torquata /ied—One specimen, 4 ad.,
Dec. 5, 1882.

153. Phacellodomus ruber (¢’Oré. & Lafr.).—Corumba,
one specimen, ¢ ad., April 7, 1886.—Compared with the type of
the species in the Lafresnaye Coll. in the Museum of the Boston
Society of Natural History.

154. Phacellodomus rufifrons (/V’ed).—Three specimens,
Dec. 5, 1883—two adult males and one three-fourths grown

1893.] Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brasil. 243

young. The young bird, still in first plumage, does not differ
appreciably in coloration from the adults.

Mr. Sclater (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, p. 83) credits a .
specimen of P. rufipennis to the Smith Collection. If there is
no mistake as to the source, it was apparently the only specimen
of this species in the Chapada Collection—at least none came
into the possession of this Museum."

155. Homorus cristatus (.Spix).—Corumba, 2 specimens,
Feb. 27 and April 8, 1886.

156. Philydor rufus (V7e‘//.)—Each month of the year is
represented by a series of 18 specimens, of which 4 were taken
in February, 2 in May, and 3 in November, each of the other
months being represented by a single specimen.

157. Xenops rutilus Zicht—A series of 15 specimens re-
presents every month of the year except March and October.
Apparently not numerous at any season, the largest number of
specimens for any one month being 3, in January. The series
is very uniform in coloration.

158. Sclerurus umbretta (Zic/t.).—Abrilongo, 1 specimen,
2ad., Feb. 8, 1885.

159. Sittasomus chapadensis Aidgw.

Sittasomus chapadensis RipGw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XIV, 1891, p. 509.
Sittasomus olivaceus SCLATER, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XV, 1890, p. 119, in part;
not S. olivaceus WiED=S. erithacus (LICHT.).

Represented by 18 specimens, taken as follows: January, 2
February, 0; March, 2; April, 2; May, 1; June, 6; July, 2;
August, 1; September, 1; October, 2. February, November and
December are unrepresented ; one third of the whole number
were taken in June. The series is very uniform in coloration.

This species is very distinct from S. erythacus (Licht.), as
pointed out by Mr. Ridgway (I. c.).

160. Dendrornis d’orbignyanus Puch. & Lafr.—Two
specimens, ¢ ad., ay 26, 1883, and ee oe ee

1 It may be here stated that Mr. Smith sold to Messrs. Salvin and Godman a considerable
pace sullen § 03 duplicates before the "eagle Collection’ (or the principal part of it)
was the Museum.

[ June, 1893.) 8

114° Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. Vol. V,

Identified as this species by Mr. D. G. Elliot (Auk, VII, 1890,
p. 183). I had previously determined them to be J. guttata.
The two specimens differ a little in size, and especially in the
color of the bill, which is much yellower in the July specimen
than in the other. The plumage is also a little brighter and
fresher in this example, as would be expected from the season.
While I provisionally adopt this identification, it seems not un-
likely that it may be found necessary to refer both D. d’orbig-
nyanus and D. rostripallens to D. guttata. Only a large increase
of material will enable one to reach satisfactory conclusions in
respect to these difficult birds.

161. Xiphicolaptes major castaneus A/dew.

Xiphicolaptes major castaneus RipGw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XII, 1889,
p. 16. ; s

Piedra Blanca, Bolivia, 6, April 20, 1886, in freshly-molted
plumage. Type of the subspecies (I. c.).

162. Picolaptes bivittatus (Z7c/¢.).—Piedra Blanca, Bolivia,
3, April 21, 1886 ; Corumba, Matto Grosso, Feb. 4 and 26, 1886 ;
Chapada, January, April, May and December ; in all, 12 speci-
mens.

Several of the specimens are stained beneath, apparently from
contact with burnt wood. In other respects the coloration is
quite uniform, although some of the January and February
specimens are in molt. They vary, however, considerably in
size, and especially in the length of the bill, as shown by the
following measurements of the 12 specimens :

Wing, 3.52-4.00 in., averaging 3.70; tail, 3.20 to 3.63, averag-
ing 3.40; exposed culmen, 1.03 to 1.30, averaging 1.15. There
is apparently no sexual variation in size.

163. Xiphorhynchus rufodorsalis Chapman.

NXiphorhynchus rufodorsalis CHAPMAN, Bull. Am, Mus, Nat. Hist. II, 1889,
p. 160.

Corumba, one specimen, Feb, 26, 1886, type of the species

Ug

164. Dendrocolaptes picumnus Zici/—Three specimens,
July, September and October.

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1893. | Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brazil. Its

165. Dendrocolaptes pallescens /e/z.—Two specimens,
Piedra Blanca, Bolivia, April 20 and 23, 1886.

166. Thamnophilus major Viei//—-Corumba, Abrilonga,
and Chapada—tg specimens, 12 adult males, 1 young male, and

6 adult females, taken as follows: January, 2; February, 5;

March, 1; April, 1; August, 2; September, 3; November, 3 ;
December, 2. :

167. Thamnophilus ambiguus Swa/n.—This species is
represented by 27 adult males and 34 adult females, the number
taken during each month ranging from about four to seven, ex-
cept that only one was taken in December.

The males are very uniform in coloration, the chief variation
being obviously due to age, a few of the younger males being
slightly tinged, both above and below, with buffy olive, and lack-
ing the white edging on the middle of the central pair of tail
feathers—both evidently features of immaturity.

The females are more variable, but the differences appear to
be more individual than seasonal. The color below varies from
pale buff to strong cinnamon. ‘the cap varies from strong
cinnamon to deep chestnut, with a corresponding variation in the
depth of color in the brown of the back.

The only other specimen of this species available for compari-
son is a single male from Bahia, which is very much darker, both
above and below, and with less white on the wings and tail, than
any of the males in the Chapada series. Should this difference
prove constant it would be quite proper to separate the coast and
interior forms as well-marked geographical races.

Doubtless Thamnophilus sticturus Pelzeln (Orn. Bras., pp. 76
and 144) is referable to 7. ambiguus, the alleged differences
being quite within the range of individual variation shown by
the present series.

168. Thamnophilus radiatus (/7ei//.).— This species is
represented by 68 specimens, of which 37 are adult males, 3 young
males in transition plumage, and 28 adult females. They were
collected as follows: January, 4; February, 3; March, 3; April,
7; May, 2; June, 6; July, 11; August, 13; September, 6;

116 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

October, 9; November, 4; December, 0, A set of eggs was
taken Oct. 26. :

The males in transition plumage were taken Feb. 20, Aug. 17, and
Oct. 20. Another somewhat immature male was taken June 28.

The adult males present a wide range of what appears to be
purely individual variation, especially in respect to the relative
width of the light and dark cross-bars, both above and below.
In the darkest specimens the white cross-bars above are about
one-fourth to one-third the width of the black interspaces ;
below the black bars are rather more than half the width of the
white interspaces. From this there is an insensible gradation to
the other extreme, in which the white and black cross-bars above
are about equal, while below the black bars form very narrow
black cross-lines, which are more or less obsolete or discontinu-
ous across the middle of the belly. These are winter (June and
July) specimens. They grade insensibly into the darker phase.
The width of the white tail markings varies coincidently with
the varying width of the cross-bars of the general plumage.
Several specimens show more or less wife at the dase of the
central crest feathers—suggesting a close alliance with the 7.
doliatus group.

The females also vary greatly in intensity of coloration, both
above and below, the palest females being many shades lighter
than the darkest ones.

There is also a considerable range of variation in size, but it
does not appear to be distinctly correlated with the variation in
coloration, the light birds being sometimes large and sometimes
small, and conversely.

The Zhamnophilus radiatus group has a wide distribution,
ranging from Central America to Paraguay. In connection with
the large Chapada series I have taken occasion to examine
somewhat into the status of its various components, and having
had access to the types of 7. a/bicans Lafresnaye and 7. nigri-
cristatus ‘Lawrence, I venture to add a few. remarks on the
general subject. Iam, however, unacquainted with 7. radiatus
Vieill., as restricted by Berlepsch (J. f. O., 1887, p. 17), unless it
is represented by the very light specimens in the Chapada series.

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1893.] | Ad/en on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brasil. 117

Thamnophilus nigricristatus Lawrence is the large, very dark,
northern form occurring at Panama; it constitutes one extreme
of the series, of which the restricted 7. radiatus forms the other.
T. nigricristatus appears to become somewhat lighter and smaller
in Colombia, constituting the 7. a/dicans of Latfresnaye, the
types of which I am unable to distinguish from many of the
specimens in the Chapada series. Just how 7. subradiatus Ber-
lepsch differs from 7. a/dicans 1 am unable to decide, as the name
was merely given “for the species from the Upper Amazon,” as
distinguished from “ 7. albicans from Bogota.” Mr. Sclater
makes 7. subradiatus a subspecies of 7. nigricristatus, but refers
to the latter not only Panama specimens but others from Sta.
Marta and Bogota; while to his 7. a/dicans are referred other
Bogota skins. Under 7. swéradiatus are placed not only his
Peruvian series, but a pair of birds that originally formed a part
of the present Chapada series! 7. capistratus Lesson (not “ La-
fresnaye "’—c/. Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 226), based on a specimen
from “ Brazil,’ is kept also apart as a southeast Brazil species.
Two Lafresnaye specimens of 7. cafis/ratus (in Coll. Boston Soc.

Nat. Hist.) appear scarcely to differ subspecifically from a/bicans.

There is a little less white on the forehead, and there is rather
less than the usual amount of white on the tail, yet not less than
in many of the Chapada specimens.

In view of the wide range of variation shown by the Chapada
series of nearly “Arty adult males, 1 may be unduly conserva-
tive in estimating the value of the slight differences shown by
individual specimens from distantly separated localities. I
must, however, for the present refer all of the Chapada series to
7. radiatus. Part probably represent ‘ suéradiatus, and part
‘ albicans,’ with many ‘ intermediates.’

In the absence of satisfactory material from other localities
for comparison with the Chapada series, it is impossible to reach
other than tentative conclusions regarding the forms entitled to
recognition in the 7. radiatus group. The following arrange-
ment expresses my present views in the case :

1. Thamnophilus radiatus (typicus).—Paraguay and southern

Bolivia, and probably the extreme southeastern portion
of Brazil,

118 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

2. Thamnophilus radiatus capistratus. — Eastern and central
parts of Brazil.

3. Thamnophilus radiatus albicans—Northern South America,
from Peru and northern Bolivia northward.

4. Thamnophilus radiatus nigricristatus.—Panama.

I am unable to see how 7. subradiatus can well be different
from 7. albicans.

At any locality a wide range of variation in coloration will
doubtless be found to obtain, so that none of the forms can be
sharply defined.

169. Thamnophilus ruficapillus V7e‘//--One specimen,
female, Oct. 13, 1885. :

170. Dysithamnus mentalis (7emm.).

Myiothera mentalis TEMM. Pl. Col. 179, fig. 3.

Dysithamnus' mentalis BURMEISTER, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras. III, 1856, p. 82.
—ScLATER, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XV, 1890, p. 221. Also of most recent
authors.

Myiothera poliocephala WiED, Beitr, Naturg. Bras. III, ii, 1831, p. 1098.
(Types examined.)

Thamnophilus olivaceus TscuHupI, Faun. Per. p. 174, pl. xi, fig. 1 (4 juv.).

Dysithamnus olivaceus CABANIS, Wiegm. Arch. 1847, i, p. 278; and of sub-
sequent writers. ;

Dysithamnus semicinereus SCLATER, P. Z. S. 1855, pp. 90, 147, pl. xevii; and
of later writers.

Dysithamnus affinis PELZELN, Orn. Bras. 1869, pp. 80, 149.

Dysithamnus tambillanus Tacz, Orn. Pér, II], 1884, p. 30.

This species is represented by 68 specimens, of which 25 are
adult males, 6 young males in transition plumage, and 37 females.
They were taken as follows, each month of the year being repre-
sented : January, 1; February, 13; March, 5 ; April,6; May, 7;
June, 9; July, 6; August, 8 ; September, 5 ; October, 3; Novem-
ber, 4; December, 1.

The adult males vary considerably in general coloration, partic-
ularly above, but mainly in respect to the depth or intensity of the
slaty tints; those in fresh plumage are generally more olive than
those taken later in the season, ‘The amount of white on the throat
and breast is somewhat variable; in some specimens the throat
is mottled white and gray, lightest medially ; in others white

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prevails, in others gray ; and the same is true in a general way
for the breast. Generally the gray and white produce a clouded
effect, without forming any clearly defined markings. The -
middle of the belly is more or less clearly whitish, shading latter-
ally into gray, and posteriorly into olivaceous; flanks more or less
strong olivaceous. At the lower posterior corner of the auriculars

is usually:a narrow line of silvery white feathers, readily distin-

guished, however, only in specimens which have the plumage
smooth and in good condition. There is a tendency to the same
mark in some of the females. The amount of white tipping the
wing-coverts also varies, the greatest amount of white being some-
times on the outer row and sometimes on the middle row; some-
times there are two well-defined narrow wing-bars, and sometimes
one or the other is obsolete.

The females are more variable than the males, the dorsal region
varying from tawny olive to dark greenish olive, while the color
of the head varies proportionally in intensity. In fresh plumage
the whole lower surface is often strongly washed with yellowish

_ olive, passing into brownish olive on the flanks and to olive brown

on the breast. In other specimens taken at the same season the
whole middle of the abdomen is nearly pure white, and there is
much white on the throat, while the color of the olive is less
yellow. é

Young males appear to be at first like the females, passing into
the adult male dress by a single molt. Several young males, taken
in May, are in transition plumage, the head being mixed slaty and
brown, and the back partly olive and partly gray.

Thamnophilus olivaceus Tschudi (= Dysithamus olivaceus Cab.)
seems to be beyond question a young male. The description and
figure might well have been taken from a specimen like No. 33,880
of the Chapada series.

In view of the large amount of what seems to be individual and
seasonal variation (perhaps partly due to age), I have adopted for
this species the earliest name given to any member of the mentalis
group, being unable to distinguish clearly more thati a single species.
Possibly with more material it might be feasible to recognize
several geographical forms, but at present I fail to recognize any

120 Bulletin American Museum = Natural History. |Vol. V,

differences by which the few Guatemala, Costa Rica and Bogota
specimens at hand can be distinguished from the Chapada series.
- Dysithamnus affinis Pelz., based on a pair of birds from Villa
Barra, Matto Grosso, agrees with average specimens from Chapada,
so far as can be judged by Pelzeln’s description ; while D. tam-
billanus Tacz., from Tambillo, Peru, appears to agree with the
Chapada specimens having a minimum amount of olivaceous.
Apparently the most distinct local form represented by the material
before me is the series recently collected by Mr. Chapman in the
Island of Trinidad, these specimens differing from all of the others
in the almost entire absence of olive from the lower back and
rump, and its great reduction on the lower flanks and crissum.
Slightly immature specimens would, however, not be readily
separable from adults from other localities.

171. Herpsilochmus longirostris e/ze/n—The series of
47 specimens includes 23 adult males, 3 young males, and 21
females, and represents every month in the year, having been
collected as follows : January, 1; February, 8; March, 4; April,
6; May, 10; June, 6; July, 1 ; August, 2 ; September, 3 ; October,
2; November, 1 ; December, 3.

The adult males vary greatly in coloration, particularly in the
amount of spotting, both above and below. In some there is no
trace of either black or white in the dorsal area ; in some there
is more or less concealed black, but no white ; in others there is
very little white ; generally there is. both black and white, the
white being concealed, and the black frequently showing as well
defined streaks on the surface. Below there is generally more or
less dusky clouding on the breast, though sometimes so faint as
to be barely perceptible ; at other times it is well defined, and some-
times takes the form of sharply define black streaks.

Fhe females vary more or less in intensity of coloration, most
noticable below, where the breast varies from pale cinnamon to
deep rusty brown.

A young male (taken Jan. 8) is partly in first plumage; the
portions remaining of the first plumage indicate that the young
bird is at first dark rusty brown above and yellowish brown below.
The second plumage is essentially that of the adult, except that

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1893.] Allen on Birds from Matto Grosse, Brazil. 12.

the black feathers of the cap are all edged more or less with
bright rust color, and there is a slight buffy wash below and on
the edges of the remiges, as shown in a specimen taken Feb. 18.

Pelzeln’s H. atricapillus is probably not different from his H.
longirostris. ‘The alleged differences in size and in the length of
the bill are without significance in the light of the variations
shown in the present large Chapada series, as already detailed.
I am, however, unable to account for his female, which he describes
as being similar to the male, but with a longitudinal white stripe
on the pileum(!), with the underparts strong yellowish brown.
For this reason I take the name JZ. /ongirostris in preference to
HZ, atricapillus, although the latter stands first on the page (Orn.
Bras., pp. 80 and 150) Natterer obtained both species, it will
be observed, at Porto do Rio Parana, as well as further westward
in Matto Grosso, hence, if distinct, they occur together over a
wide area.

172. Formicivora rufa (/Vied).

Myiothera rufa Wien, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. III, ii, 1831, p. 1095. ( ?—type
examined. )

Formicivera rufa Ménérriés, Mém. Acad. St. Peétersb. sér. vi, Sci. Nat. I,
1835, p. 497, pl. ix, fig. 1.—ScLaTer, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 240.—ALLEN,
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. II, 1889, p. 253.

Thamnophilus rufater DORB. & LAFR. Syn. Av. i, p. 12 (Mag. de Zool.
1837). (46 and 2.)

Formicivora rufatra D'ORB. Voy. Ois. 1833-44, p. 180.—ScLaTer, P. Z. S.
1858, p. 239; #4id. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XV, 1890, p. 250. Also of most
recent writers.

Three adult males, May 22, Aug. 5, and Dec. 8; 1 young male,

March 20; 1 adult female, May 24.

As I have previously stated (1. c.), Wied’s name rufa, based on

the female, has six years’ priority over rufatra of d’Orb. & Lafr.
173. Cercomacra czrulescens (Viei//.)—Cachoeira, two
specimens, Jan. 29.
174. Myrmiceza atrothorax (ed/.)—Two adult males,
May 25 and June 4 ; two adult females, May 25 and June 6.

175. Corythopis calcarata (Wied ).—This species is re-

_ presented by 18 specimens, taken as follows: January, 1;

February, 2; March, 2; April, 2; May, 2; June, 1; August, 1;
September, 1; November, 6.

122 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. V,

A young bird in first plumage taken Noy. 6, with the quills of
the wings and tail only about two-thirds grown, differs little in
coloration from the adults ; the olive of the upper surface is a
little more tawny, and the pectoral band is a litttle duller black
and faintly tinged with olive. There seems to be no sexual
difference in coloration among the adults.

176. Glaucis hirsuta (Gm.).—One specimen, 4 ad., Sept. 7,
1885.

177. Phaéthornis pretrii (Z. & JD.).—Eight specimens,
taken as follows: January, 1; July, 2; August, 3 ; September, 1;
October, 1. Also nest and eggs, taken Oct. 9g.

178. Pygmornis chapadensis, sp. nov.

Similar to P. /onguemareus but much paler in all parts. The bronzy green
of the back is much paler; the rump and upper tail-coverts are rusty buff
instead of rufous ; the middle tail-feathers are more attenuated, their basal portion
lighter bronze green and less dusky, and the light apical portion longer and
whiter ; the lower parts are strong buff rather than rufous; the chin is only
slightly dusky instead of blackish ; the lower tail-coverts are buff instead of
white, and the outer vanes of the outer tail-feathers are strong rusty-buff, which
color also occupies the apical portion of the inner vanes. Bill dusky, the
lower mandible whitish for the greater part of its length. Wing, 1.20 in.; tail,
1.75 ; bill, 1.10,

Type, and only specimen, No. 34,078, é ad., Chapada, Matto Grosso,
Brazil, March 12, 1883, Coll. H. H. Smith.

This species finds its nearest ally in P. /onguemareus, of
Cayenne and Trinidad, from which I should hardly dare to
separate it on the basis of a single specimen were it not that its
habitat is so far removed from the known range of P. dongue-
mareus, The pale rump and upper tail-coverts, the buff instead
of white lower tail-coverts, and the very differently colored tail,
are the important points of distinction.

179. Eupetomena macroura (Gm.).—Nine specimens,
taken as follows: February, 1; May, 4; August, 1; September,
2; November, 1.

180. Lampornis violicauda (Zoedd.).—One male, March 7 ;
one female, August.

A See ee

1893.| | Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brasil. 123

181. Petasophora serrirostris (Viei//.)—Represented by
a series of 36 specimens, taken from April 24 to Sept. 24.

182. Heliomaster furcifer (.S/aw).—One adult male, Aug.
§; two young males, April 5 and June 21; two adult females,
May 21 and 29.

183. Thalurania eriphile (JZess.).—Of the series of 25
specimens all but three are males, and most of them are adult.
They were taken as follows: January, 3; February, 2; March,
1; May, 4; July, 5; September, 11 ; October, r.

184. Heliactin cornuta (/Vied).—One adult male, Aug. 21,
and two females, one each in July and August.

185. Calliphlox amethystina (Gm.).—The 7 specimens in-
clude two adult males (taken May 20), two females (May and
October), and three young males (May and October).

186. Lophornis magnifica (Viei//.).—Three males, April
and August.

187. Chrysuronia ruficollis (Viez//.)—Two males and two
females, June.

188. Chrysolampis moschitus Zinv—One male, August.
The specimen is labeled, “Chapada, Matto Grosso, Aug., 1882.”
This locality seems to be rather beyond its usuaily recognized
habitat.

189. Agyrtria brevirostris affinis (Gou/d).—Of the 32
specimens, 19 were taken in September, 4 in October, 3 in July,
and 2 each in January, May and June, and 1 each in February
and April.

190. Polytmus thaumantias (Z/ivn.)—Three specimens,
January and May (females), and June (male).

191. Chlorostilbon pucherani (Aoeurc.).—Five males and
two females, July, August and September.

192. Hemiprocne zonaris (.S/aw).—Four specimens, Jure,
August and October.

193. Cypseloides senex (7Z¢mm.).—One specimen, female,
with nest, Nov. 4, 1882.

124 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

194. Caprimulgus parvulus Gou/d-—-One male, Sept. 8;
two females, Oct. 5 and 6.

195. Nyctidromus albicollis derbyanus (Gow/d).—The
series of 26 specimens was taken as follows: January, o; Febru-
ary, 2; March, 1; April, 2; May,1; June,1; July, 4; August,
3; September, 1; October, 2; November, 3; December, 6.
‘The two sexes are equally represented.

This series presents a wide range of color variation, but may
be roughly separated into two sets, a gray phase and a red phase,
the latter represented by 12 specimens, the former by 14. The
gray phase may be separated into a dark gray series and a light
gray series, with various intermediate specimens connecting the
two. The same is also true of the red phase. These inter-
mediate specimens form also a connecting series between the red
and gray phases.

The females average smaller than the males, but a large female
is frequently as large as a small male. In the females the wing
varies from 6.15 to 6.75 in., averaging 6.38 ; the tail from 5.50 to
6.60, averaging 6.20. In the males the wing varies from 6.40 to
7.15, averaging 6.55 ; the tail from 6.40 to 7.20, averaging 6.75.
The wing averages /onger than the tail in the females, and shorter
than the tail in the males.

Nyctidromus albicollis (Gm.) was originally based on Latham’s
White-throated Goatsucker from Cayenne. Specimens from
Cayenne and the equatorial parts of tropical America are, as
noted by Mr. G. B. Sennett (Auk, 1888, p. 46), much smaller
than those from Mexico and Texas on the one hand, and from
southern South America on the other, and also somewhat differ-
ent in coloration ; although in this latter respect there is every-
where so wide a range of individual variation that it is difficult
at present to define the color characteristics peculiar to different
geographical areas. Having had an opportunity to go over the
large amount of material brought together by Mr. Sennett (¢/.
Auk, 1888, p. 46), I quite agree with him in the desirability of
separating the species into at least three races, which may be
designated as follows :

1. Nyctidromus albicollis (Gm.).—Equatorial America.

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1893.] | Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brazil. 125

2. Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli Sennett. — Southern Texas
and northern Mexico.
3. Nyctidromus albicollis derbyanus (Gould).—Southern Bra-
zil and Bolivia.
196. Hydropsalis torquata (Gm.).—One male, May 5;
one female, June 5.
197. Hydropsalis furcifera (Vei//.)—One female, July 6.
198. Chordeiles virginianus (Gm.).—One female, Sept. 26.
199. Chordeiles pusillus Gou/d—Four specimens, April,
June and August.
200. Podager nacunda (/ei//.).—Five specimens, August,
September and November.
201. Lurocalis nattereri ( Z¢mm.)—One male, Sept. 26.

202. Nyctibius jamaicensis (Gm.).—One specimen, male,

' August 31.

203. Ceryle torquata (Zivv.).—One female, Jan. 18.

204. Ceryle amazona (Za//.)—Three specimens, Novem-
ber.

205. Ceryle americana (Gm.).— Three specimens, two
males and one female, September, October and December.

206. Ceryle superciliosa (/inn.)—One female, without
date.

207. Momotus momota subrufescens (.Sc/.).—The series
of 24 specimens, 13 males and. 11 females, was taken as follows:
January, 1; February, 8; March, 1; April, 1; May and June, o;
July, 2; August, 1; September, 2; October, 2; November, 5;
December, 1.

There is inuch individual variation in coloration shown in the
present series, but no very obvious sexual variation in this re-
spect. he size of the black patch on the crown is twice as
large in some specimens as in others; in some the hind neck is
strongly washed with chestnut, and generally faintly so, but in
several there is no trace of this tint, the whole hind neck being
deep green like the back. Below many of the specimens are
deep rufescent, others are paler with a strong tinge of green.

126 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

In four specimens killed while in molt, the middle tail-feathers
are one-half to nearly full grown, with the webs entire, though a
little narrower at the point where they are usually denuded. In
other specimens the denudation has only slightly advanced, so
that in the present series are specimens showing a series of stages
from the new feather entirely intact, to those in which the de-
nudation has been completed. In one specimen, in which the
middle tail-feathers have scarcely reached full length, five barbs
have been plucked from the inner vane of the right feather; in
another of corresponding stage of tail growth, four or five barbs
have been plucked from the outer vane of each feather, and others
have the appearance of having been nearly severed. In another
eleven barbs are missing from the outer vane of the right feather,
while one is left alone about midway the gap. In another three
or four barbs are missing from the outer vane of both feathers ; in

another the outer vane of the right feather is denuded for an inch

and the opposite vane of the same feather for about three-fourths
of an inch, while the other feather is denuded in the same way—
the outer side more than the inner—but for a shorter distance.
In another specimen both vanes of each feather are about equally
denuded, the bare space being a little less than three-fourths of
an inch. In another the bare space is about one inch on the
right feather, with a few barbs left scattered at intervals, while
_on the opposite feather the bare space is less and is longer on
the outer vane than on the inner vane. Another is denuded
for about half an inch on both vanes of the left feather, and on
the right feather for an inch on the outer and half an inch on
the inner. Another is denuded for half an inch on both vanes
of both feathers. ‘Chese specimens, and others like them, were
taken in February and March. In the November specimens the
two vanes of both central rectrices are evenly denuded for a
space of about an inch and a half, the bare space beginning
about an inch and a half from the tip of the feather.

It would thus seem that the central tail-feathers have both
webs intact when first developed ; that the process of denuda-
tion begins about as soon as the feathers have reached their
growth, and that the denudation proceeds very gradually and un-
symmetrically, being pushed faster on the outer vane than on the

ee ON oan ee eee eet

1893.] Allen on Birds from Matte Grosso, Brasil. 127

inner, and that several weeks may elapse before the denudation
is completed. Some of the isolated barbs left temporarily in the
denuded spaces obviously show hard treatment, as if they had
been rumpled and twisted in an unsuccessful effort to remove
them. Finally, that in this species at least, the barbs are forci-
bly removed by the birds themselves in an attempt to make the
feathers conform to a definite fashion. Quite similar conditions
are also shown by a large series of Momotus ceruleiceps in the
collection of Mr. George B. Sennett.

The genus Momotus, as treated recently by Mr. Sclater (Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., XVII, 1892, pp. 318-330, pll. ix-xi), contains 11
species, one of which has the entire crown blue (J/. ceruleiceps),
and two have the whole top of the head and nape chestnut (//.
mexicanus and M. castaneiceps), while the remaining eight have
the centre of the crown black bordered with blue. Of these,
one (J. swainsoni, confined apparently to the islands of Trinidad
and Tobago) has the whole lower parts deep cinnamon rufous.
The remaining seven form a very closely-related group, extend-
ing from southern Mexico south over the greater part of South
America to southern Bolivia and southern Brazil. Two may be
separated rather sharply from the rest on the ground of size and
general coloration, namely :

Momotus lessoni, ranging from southern Mexico to Veragua and
Costa Rica. This is a small form (the smallest of the black-
crowned group), with the chin and throat generally clear bluish
green, and the general plumage a deeper, purer green (frequently
bluish green below) with less of the rufescent tinge both above
and below than in the more southern forms. It apparently inter-
grades in Costa Rica with 4A/. subrufescens ; and Mr. Sclater

(Ll c., p. 326) gives a list of “intermediate specimens between

M. lessoni and M. ceruleiceps”’!

Momotus equatorialis, from “ Ecuador and Colombia.” This
is a large form (the largest of the black-crowned group), of much
the same general color as /. /essoni, but with less of the bluish
shade on the throat, and lacking the terminal black bar to the
tail, more or less distinctly developed in AZ. /essoni and all the
other members of the black-crowned group. It is, however, a

128 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

very much larger bird than MW. dessonz, with the tail three to four
inches longer.

Next to AZ. eguatorialis in size and coloration is JZ. momota, of
northeastern South America and the Lower Amazonian region.
In general coloration it closely resembles 4/7. @guatorialis, but
differs from it in having the tail narrowly tipped with black, and
in the presence of a distinct nuchal band of chestnut. It also
appears to average somewhat smaller.

The remaining four species—namely, J7. subrufescens, M. nat-
terert, M. microstephanus and M. bartletti—belong strictly to the
M. momota group, as well also as Mr. Sclater’s provisionally desig-
nated MW. parensis (1. c., p. 320, in text), and AZ. argenticinctus
(1. c., p. 326, in text). They may include several recognizable geo-
graphical forms, but even this seems uncertain (except on general
grounds), in view of the wide range of variation shown in the Cha-
pada series and the character of the alleged differences by which
these several species are supposed to be distinguishable. On the
basis of the wide extent and the diverse physical conditions of the
different parts of the general habitat of the group, it is probable
that different regions are inhabited by forms separable as sub-
species, on the basis of average differences in size and coloration.
On the other hand, it is extremely improbable that these various
forms will be found to be more than rather unstable intergrading
geographical races. For instance, | have before me specimens
from Panama, Costa Rica, Santa Marta, Bogota and Bolivia,
which I am unable to distinguish in any way from specimens in
the Chapada series. In fact, Mr. Sclater gives the habitat of
M. subrufescens as“ From Panama to Colombia and Venezuela,
south to Matto Grosso,” and at the same time refers part of the
Chapada specimens (he appears to have had nine from the Cha-
pada series) to his A/. nattereri ; to which latter he also refers
specimens from as distant points on either side of Chapada as
Pernambuco and Bolivia, and from as far north as Chamicuros,
Upper Amazon.

As already said, the size of the black coronal spot, the pres-
ence or absence of an incipient nuchal crescent of rufous, or the
entire absence of rufous on the sides and back of the neck, the
exact shade of the cobalt band surrounding the coronal spot,

ST PO, eee ee ee ee ee Pa ’ reso ee oe ee Se ORT ee I eae ee
eS © i See as i a cei Pet
3 Gi. y

1893. | Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brazil. 129

and particularly the breadth and tint of its nuchal portion,
the presence or absence of an ochraceous shade over the mantle
and hind neck, and the color of the lower parts in respect to the
prevalence of a greenish or an ochraceous suffusion, are all fea- _
tures that vary through wide limits in specimens taken at the
same locality and practically at the same date. Hence I believe it
will far better reflect the facts of the case if for the present we
consider M. nattereri, M. microstephanus and M. bartletti as
probably synonyms of J/. subrufescens, and the latter as a sub-
species only of MZ. momota. In all probability 47. /essoné and
M. equatorialis are also only subspecies of the 47. momota
group.

208. Trogon variegatus S//x.—Ten specimens, eight males
and two females—January, February, May, June, July, October,
November and December.

209. Colaptes campestris (Viei//.)—The 26 specimens
represent every month in the year except May and June, and
include three birds in first plumage taken in November.

Young in first plumage differ very little in coloration from
adults, except in respect to the yellow, which is much paler and
less extended in area, and in having the feathers of the malar
region deep black, instead of tipped with white or red, as in the
adults.

210. Chloronerpes chrysochlorus (V7ei//.).— One male,
Corumba, Feb. 26; one female, Piedra Blanca, April 20.

211. Chrysoptilus icteromelas (Viei//.).—One male, June
11; one female, December.

Doubtless a large series of specimens from numerous localities
would show that several of the currently recognized species of
this group, allied to the present form, would indicate their real
status to be simply that of geographical races or subspecies.

212. Leuconerpes candidus (Os).— The 8 specimens
representing this species were taken as follows : in April, 2 ; May,
1; July, 2; September, 1 ; November, 2.

The females not only lack the lemon-yellow nuchal crescent,
but have also rather less yellow on the abdomen. A young male

[ July, 1893. 9

130 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

in first plumage, with the quills not fully grown, differs from the
adult males in having the black of the dorsal plumage a little
duller and the lemon-yellow of the abdomen less extended and of
a lighter or clearer yellow.

213. Melanerpes cruentatus (Zodd.).—Of the 8 specimens
of this species 5 were taken in February, 2 in September, and 1 in
October.

Nearly all have the sides of the abdomen more or less strongly
tinged with yellow.

214. Dryobates cancellatus (Wag/.).—Two adult females,
May 22 and Sept. 23.

215. Dendrobates olivinus (J/a//.).—This species is repre-
sented by 32 specimens, 23 males and g females, taken as follows :
January, 4; February, 8; March, 4; April, 3; May, o; June, 2;
July, 1; August, 4; September, 4; October, o; November, 1 ;
December, 1.

The coloration varies much even among adults of the same sex.
A few specimens, perhaps young birds, of each sex have faint
whitish shaft stripes on the interscapulars, and generally the dorsal
plumage is crossed by faint yellowish cross-bars, but occasionally
both shaft-streaks and cross-bars are nearly or wholly obsolete.
A few specimens in high plumage have the scapulars and inter-
scapulars faintly tinged with red. Below the general color varies
from dull olivaceous brown, with very little or no shading of
green, to strong greenish olive brown, with the narrow transverse
bars varying from whitish to olivaceous. ‘Two young males
(probably birds of the year) have the whole top of the head bright
red.

216. Celeus lugubris (J/a//.).—Piedra Blanca, Bolivia, 2
adult males, April 20 and 21, and 1 adult female, April 20;
Chapada, 1 adult female, April 22 ; 1 young female(?), March 14.

The first four of the five specimens above enumerated—two
males and two females—are apparently adult, and agree with
Malherbe’s description of his C. /ugudris, ‘The posterior upper
tail-coverts in all are deep chestnut brown, plain in three of them,
in the other (a young female) broadly barred with black. The
tibial plumes are dusky in all, slightly varied with yellow.

eee ee ee

1893.] Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brasil. 131

The fifth specimen (No. 34,294) has the appearance of an
immature bird, the plumage of the lower parts being heavily edged
with deep chestnut brown ; the dorsal plumage in much lighter,
with the yellow cross-bands much broader; the yellow of the
head is of a duller, more creamy tint ; the tibial plumes are wholly
yellow, as are also all of the upper tail-coverts, while the lower
tail-coverts are ferruginous barred with black. The outer vanes
of the inner primaries, and the apical half of both vanes of the
secondaries, are uniform ferruginous, less dark than in the other
specimens, and entirely without the broad blackish cross-bars
seen in the others. My impression is that this is a young bird,
and that the others are adult, in which case Mr. Hargitt (Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., XVIII, p. 425) has reversed the characters of the adult
and young in his account of the species ; his account being also
at variance with Malherbe’s, as regards the characters of the adult

and young.

217. Cerchneipicus occidentalis Hergitt.— One female,
May 19.

218. Campephilus trachelopyrus (‘/a/herde).—One ¢ ad.,
May 19; one @ ad., March 30.

219. Campephilus melanoleucos (Gm.).—Three males and
one female, November, 1882.

220. Ceophlceus lineatus (Zinn.).— The 8 specimens,
44 and 4 2, were taken as follows: February, 2; March and
April, 1 each; July, 2; August, 2; September, 1.

The specimens present wide variation in respect to the color
‘of the lower parts, due mainly to accidental staining. In freshly-
molted birds the light bars of the lower plumage are probably
nearly pure white, but soon the light color becomes soiled or
tinged more or less with a buffy or creamy tint, varying in
amount in different specimens. A female (No. 34,184), taken
Sept. 4, has all of the white areas, including the stripes on the
head, neck and scapulars, deeply stained with rust-color, most
deeply on the ventral surface, sides of the neck, throat and edge
of the wings, and palest on the posterior part of the scapular
stripe. A July male is similarly stained, but not quite so uni-

132 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol.V,

formly nor to so great a degree; several other specimens show
the same staining on the bend of the wing and irregularly over
the ventral surface.

221. Picumnus guttifer Swndev—This species is repre-
sented by a fine series of 37 specimens, consisting of 19 males,
13 females, and 5 young, taken as follows: January, 7;
February, 3; March, 2; April, 2; May, 3; June, 4; July, 2;
August, 5 ; September, 5 ; October, 1 ; November, 1 ; December, 2.

The adults appear to differ very little in coloration, except in
the markings of the head, the males having the feathers of the
crown broadly tipped with bright red, and the females with
circular spots of clear white. The young during the first year
appear to have the crown plain brown, without spots. Three
young males are just acquiring the red spots on the crown; in
one there are merely a few spots of red; in another half the spots
are red and the rest orange-red ; in the third the spots are mainly
yellow, mixed with a few red and orange-red spots.

In young birds the markings, particularly below, are less sharp
than in the adults, and the general plumage is slightly more
suffused with buffy. :

222. Rhamphastos toco J/i//—Five specimens—Feb. 19
and Oct. 7-31.

223. Pteroglossus castanotis Gou/d.—Nearly every month
in the year is represented by the series of 25 specimens.

The principal variation in coloration is in respect to the
amount of chestnut on the throat, sides of the neck, nape and
crown, which varies exceedingly in different specimens.

In some the nuchal band is very narrow, and there is merely a
trace of a chestnut coronal spot; in others the whole nape is
chestnut, this color extending forward to become confluent with
a large coronal spot of the same color, which occupies nearly the
whole top of the head. In the same way it extends from the
sides of the neck so as to cover not only the chin and upper
throat but the lower throat and extreme upper part of the breast,
leaving only a rather narrow pectoral area of black. This
variation is doubtless largely due to age, the younger birds having
much the most chestnut.

Pewee eee ee ee Pe ne

FS a ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee

Bene ee ee

aS i al A a ee al 7 ore
TaN ae ise le he el aoe eee: oe ee
ween : a?

1893.]| Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brazil. 133

The bill also varies much in color, in the prominence of the
serrations, and especially in size. Birds that are obviously
rather young have the serration the least developed, and the
colors paler and less strongly contrasted. The bill, measured in
a straight line from the posterior angle of the lower mandible to
the tip of the upper, varies from 3.60 to 4.75 in. While there is
much purely individual variation, the smallest bills belong to
what are unmistakably young birds.

224. Galbula rufoviridis Ca+.—The 32 specimens repre-
senting this species were taken as follows: January, 3 ¢;
February, 1 4; March, 1 4, 1 2; April, 3%, 32; May 44,
12; June, 1 9; July, 3 2; August, 14, 1 9; September, 3 2;
October, o; November, 4 4; December, ©. The 11 females were
: all taken between March and
or August, while no males were

taken in June and July, which

seems to bea rather singular sea-
_— sonal distribution of the sexes.
In fully adult individuals

there is very little sexual varia- —

— tion in color, aside from the
throat, which is white in the

: male and pale rufous in the
— female. There is a large
amount of variation in the color

of the upper parts, which in
some specimens is vivid metallic
golden green, when held in
‘position C,’* and in others,

when held in the same posi-
Se ae an. 7 tion, purplish coppery bronze.
Sai ah oa Dada as regards Others (generally specimens
© oe see, ¢ Gav.) Mow, 6. obviously in molt) present a
mixed plumage, some of the feathers being green and the others
bronze, and in some instances the new feathers are deep purplish
bronze. In different specimens, also, the bronzy tint varies from
golden bronze to purplish bronze.

EXPLANATION OF FiGuRES.
Variation of bill in Galbuda ru foviridis.
1. No. 34,380, ¢ ad.,
ad., Now 16.

1 Cf. Garrod, P. Z re 1882, pp. 419. 420.

134 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

The bill varies exceedingly in respect to both length and
slenderness, ranging from 1.25 to 2.25 in. in length, as shown in the
accompanying figures, drawn natural size. The five specimens
here figured are all males, and apparently adult, so far as can be
determined by the plumage. The two shortest billed specimens
have the extreme tip of the bill whitish, recalling the whitish
knob often seen on the tip of the bill in newly-hatched birds,
Presumably some of the variation here shown is due to age, but
it is doubtless mainly purely individual.

225. Brachygalba melanosterna (Caé.).—Of the 26 speci-
mens representing this species all were taken between the first of
January and the first of August, as follows: January, 8; February,
5; March, 5; April,o; May, 4; June,o; July, 4. The February
and March specimens were taken at Abrilongo (12 miles from
Chapada), and the rest at Chapada.

The general coloration is quite constant; the variation shown
seems to be wholly independent of sex, and not very clearly
connected with season, specimens presenting the widest and
perfectly parallel variations having been taken in both January
and July. In none of the specimens is the bill wholly white ; in
those with the whitest bills the basal half of the upper mandible
is dusky; in the other extreme the whole bill is black except the
basal third or fourth of the lower mandible, which is whitish. In
many of the specimens the whole upper mandible and the apical
half of the lower is black. The bill varies comparatively little in
size.

The chin is always white or whitish, passing into buff on the
upper throat, and then into rufescent dusky on the lower throat.
The abdomen is occasionally nearly pure white, but is usually
more or less buffy, in some specimens strongly so. The “smoky
brown” cap has the feathers usually more or less edged with
lighter, this lighter edging varying from buffy white to deep ferru-
ginous. In specimens having the cap rufous there is generally
also more or less*rufous on the throat, and the white of the
abdominal area is tinged rusty.

226. Bucco maculatus striatipectus (.S¢/.).—Three speci-
mens—Corumba, 2 4, March 12; Chapada, 1 9, July 20,

1893.] Adlen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brasil. 135

227. Bucco chacuru Viei//—The series of 20 specimens
was collected as follows: February, 1; March, 3 ; April, 1; May,
2; June,1; July, 1; August, 2; September, 6; November, 1;
December, 2. It is thus probably present at Chapada in small
numbers throughout the year.

In fresh plumage the breast, and sometimes the middle of the
belly, is quite strongly tinged buff, which mainly disappears in
the breeding season, probably from fading ; the dorsal surface is
also light reddish brown, varied with narrow blackish cross-bars,
but later the brown becomes duller and darker, and the blackish
basal portions of the feathers become more prominent, from the
wearing away of the apical brownish portions. There thus results
4 a large amount of seasonal variation, due to fading and abrasion.
F The sexes appear to be indistinguishable in coloration.

228. Monasa nigrifrons (.Sf/x).—A series of 11 specimens,
of which 8 were taken in February, 2 in June, and 1 in January.

Two of the February specimens have the general plumage dull
gray, tinged more or less with rusty, the chin, forehead and cheeks
being mainly of this color.

229. Chelidoptera tenebrosa brasiliensis (.S¢/.).—This
species is represented by 14 specimens, of which 7 were taken in
January, 1 in April, t in May, 1 in June, 2 in September, 1 in
October, and 1 in November. They present a wide range of
variation in coloration, which is quite independent of season or
locality. The lower breast is generally more or less mixed ciner-
eous and black, varying on the one hand to nearly pure cinereous
and on the other to black. Similarly the abdomen varies from
ochraceous to chestnut. An October specimen is as dark as any
of the January series; and among the darkest and the lightest
both sexes are represented. Some of the dark specimens are as
dark as Cayenne examples, and the lighter ones are like Bahia
specimens.

Probably northern examples (from Cayenne and Amazonia)
will average smaller and darker than southern ones, but the differ-
ence is inconstant and only a matter of general average.

230. Coccyzus melanocoryphus Viei//—One specimen,
4, April.

ST Ce Cr ey) Oe = One ae ey en a ae ee

136 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

231. Coccyzus americanus (Z/nn.).—One specimen, 4,
Oct. 28, 1883."

232. Piaya cayana cabanisi, subsp. nov.

Pyrrhococcyx macrourus CAB. J. f. O, 1862, p. 168 (Montevideo and southern
Brazil. Not Piaya macroura GAMBEL, 1849, based on a bird from ‘‘Suri-
nam”=Cuculus cayanus Linn.).

Pyrrhococcyx macrurus CAB. & HEIN. Mus, Hein, IV, 1862, p. 86.

This is the large southern form of P. cayana described by
Cabanis as above, but under a preoccupied name.

The 24 specimens representing this subspecies were taken as
follows: January,1; February, 2; March, 2; April, 2; May,
1; June,3; July, 1; August, 5; September, 2; October, 1;
November, 2; and 2 without date. Sexed as males, 11; sexed
as females, 10; not marked for sex, 3.

This series is quite uniform in coloration, the variation observ-
able being chiefly seasonal. Birds in fresh plumage (March to
August) are of rather lighter, brighter rufous above than those
taken toward the close of the breeding season (September to
November), which have become, through fading, somewhat duller
and paler.. In the same way the lower surface of the tail, in
fresh plumage, is faintly suffused with dull rufous, except for a
broad subapical bar of dull blackish, not sharply defined proxi-
mally, where the blackish band shades off into the general color
of the lower surface of the rectrices. Later in the season this
brownish suffusion becomes less distinct, and in occasional speci-
mens almost disappears, leaving the lower surface of the rec-
trices, posterior to the apical white spot, blackish with a faint
tinge of dull rusty brown.

The bills vary much in size, as regards both length and stout-
- ness, and also in color, particularly in the amount of yellow on
the convex portion of the culmen.

The males average slightly larger than the females, but the
sexes do not appear to differ at all in coloration. In the males
the wing averages 6.00 in., the tail 11.60; in the females the
wing averages 5.80 and the tail 11.45.

Authors differ greatly in their treatment of the Cuckoos of the
Piaya cayana group, some separating them into half-a-dozen
species, others regarding them as forming a single species. A

ee es

POS a eee:

Se ae

SR ee, oe

1893.| Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brazil. —- 137

glance at a large series of specimens from a wide range of locali-
ties is sufficient to show that neither of these extreme views is
tenable, but that several strongly-marked geographical forms can
at once be separated. Hence, in order to determine the proper
designation of the bird represented by the Chapada series, it has

_been necessary to review the group, so far as the limited material

at command renders possible.

Cuculus cayanus Linn. was based on Brisson’s Cuculus cayan-
ensis, from Cayenne, which is thus the typical locality for Piaya
cayana (Linn.). On comparison of specimens from different
portions of the general habitat of the so-called P. cayana—
which extends from southern Mexico throughout tropical Amer-
ica—they are found to differ very markedly in coloration and in
size. These differences have attracted the attention of various
authors, and numerous supposed species have been named, till
the list of synonyms, as compiled by Mr. G. E. Shelley, in his
recent Catalogue of the Cuculide (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., XIX,

_ 1891, pp. 373, 374) numbers not less than fifteen distinct names,

aside from various additional orthographic variations. Many of
these are of course pure synonyms, or more or less indetermin-
able, while others are available for the designation of a number
of well-marked subspecies or geographic forms.

The most distinct, and geographically the most isolated, mem-
ber of the group is Piava mexicana Swain., from western Mexico,
distinguished by its large size (wing 5.93, tail 11.43), the light
sandy rufous tint of the upper parts, and the rufous under surface
of the tail, with its rather sharply defined narrow blackish subapical
bar. This by many authors is ranked as a well-defined species.

The form differing most from this is the one most closely related
to it geographically, and which cuts off P. mexicana at the south-
ward from the allied forms of South America, namely, the com-
monly so-called P. meh/eri Bon., based on specimens from Santa
Fé de Bogota. The Bogota birds, however, do not represent the
extreme phase of this form, being much smaller and paler in colora-
tion than specimens from Panama and thence northward to south-
eastern Mexico. In fact the two phases are so distinct that they
may well be recognized as subspecies under the names respec-
tively of mehleri Bon. for the Bogota and Napo form, and ¢Aer-

138 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

mophila Sci." for the Central American form. The same general
style of bird ranges southward through eastern Peru to central
Bolivia, but Yungas specimens are again larger and darker than
true mehleri, being very closely representative in size and colora-
tion of thermophila Scl.

The true Paya cayana should apparently be restricted to
Cayenne, Trinidad, and the immediately adjoining portions of
South America. It is a small form, nearly as small as meA/leri,
but very different in coloration, being lighter rufous above and
with the crissum and lower parts generally, including the lower
surface of the tail, much less dusky.

In northern Brazil, from at least as far south as Bahia north-
ward, is a form slightly larger than true cayana, but much paler in
coloration, the paler tints extending to all parts of the plumage.
This is the form described by Cabanis and Heine (Mus. Hein.,
IV, 1862, p. 86) as Pyrrhococcyx pallescens.

In southern Brazil, Uruguay, and the Argentine Republic, a
larger form prevails, recognized by Cabanis (J. f. O., 1862, p.168)
under Gambel’s name macrourus (=cayanus \.inn.). This differs
little in coloration from fad/escens, but is on the whole less pale,
with the lower.surface of the tail more rufescent ; it is, however,
of much larger size. ‘This form, in fact, is nearly of the size of
P. c. mexicana, and more nearly approaches it in coloration than
any of the several intervening forms.

The equatorial representatives of the ?. cayana group are thus
the smallest, with a decided increase in size both northward and
southward. Measurements of a considerable number of speci-
mens (5 or 6 to 12 or more of each form) indicate the following
average dimensions for the wing and tail :

Piaya CAVANA MEXICANA... 6.640040 wing, 5.93; tail, 11.55
sf S. thermognsla | a6. hy. eens fey (Uretmengeag 8
_ C8 UCHR EN Se ies Nitigt Deus Pe) SUODs) ina ga
is 60 INE ee eek eave Tr ee BO. Game
& SS POUAICEME inet Gs eas phertent Pee | o oaen geay: «0 E
i AS * GURNEE a he ny Cas Oh OT iy BeOS geo ee

In respect to other names that have been applied to represen-
tatives of the ?. cayana group, probably Cuculus ridibundus Gm.
(Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 414, ex Brisson), given to a Mexican

1 “77aé, In terra calida reipublice Mexicane et in Guatemalx.”’—P, Z. S., 1859, p. 368.

ri

eee anyother e

1893. | Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brasil. 139

Cuckoo, can never be identified, resting as it does on the indefi-
nite accounts of Nuremberg and Hernandez. Coccysus macro-
cercus Vieill. (Nouv. Dict., VIII, 1817, p. 275) is practically a
synonym of Cuculus cayanus Linn., as is also Pyrrhococcyx guian-
ensis Cab. & Hein. (Mus. Hein., IV, 1862, p. 85). Péaya viridi-
rostris Wiirt. (Naum., II, ii, 1852, p. 55) and Bon. (Consp. Vol.
Zygod., 1854, p. 6) is a nomen nudum, applied to some Mexican
species. Gambel, in 1849 (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, p. 215),
identified P. mexicanus Swain. with P. cayana (Linn.), and re-
described the latter as P. macroura sp.nov. Piaya nigricrissa
Sclater (P. Z. S., 1860, p. 285), and Pyrrhococcyx mesurus Cab. &
Hein. (Mus. Hein., 1V, 1862, p. 83), are both apparently pure
synonyms of P. mehleri Bon. Pyrrhococcyx columbianus Cab. &
Hein. (Mus. Hein., IV, 1862, p. 82) may represent a southern
form of P. mexicana Swain.

It is not quite clear what should be done with Paya circe Bon.
(Consp. Av., 1850, p. 110) “ex Columbia,” for which Schlegel
(Mus. Pays-Bas, I, 1862, Cuculi, pp. 57,58) gives the type
locality as Caracas, Venezuela. It is a large, strongly-colored
bird, with a black crissum and the lower surface of the tail black,
as in thermophila Sclater. Should they prove to be the same,
circe will of course take precedence over thermophila, it having
about nine years’ priority.

The following may doubtless be looked upon as fairly distin-
guishable forms:

1. Piaya cayana (typica).—Cayenne, Trinidad, and adjoining

portions of eastern South America.

2. Piaya cayana pallescens.—Northern Brazil.

3. Piaya cayana cabanisi.—Southern Brazil, Uraguay, and Ar-
gentina.

4. Piaya cayana mexicana.—Southwestern Mexico. (The only
specimens I have seen are from the State of Colima.)

5. Piaya cayana thermophila.—Southeastern Mexico and south-
ward to Panama. (Perhaps=/. circe Bon.)

6. Piaya cayana mehleri—Colombia, Ecuador, eastern Peru,
south into Bolivia. (The south Bolivian form may re-
quire separation as an additional large southern race of
the mehleri phase of cayana.)

140 Lulletin American Museum of Natural wena yok V,

233. Diplopterus nzvius (Zinn.).—Of the 5 specimens
representing this species, three were taken in July and one each

in February and April. The February specimen is a young ©

bird with the fore neck and breast strongly suffused with rusty
buff and narrowly barred with brownish black, and the feathers
of the crown broadly tipped with grayish buff.

234. Dromococcyx phasianellus (.S/7x).—Two specimens,
—¢ad., June 19, and a young bird in first plumage, taken
Jan. 6.

The young bird in first plumage resembles the adult in general
coloration above, except that the wing-coverts have broad shaft-
streaks of buff, and lack the light edging seen in the adult. Be-
low the fore neck and breast are dingy brownish olive gray, with
a slight wash of buff; middle of throat paler; rest of lower
surface soiled yellowish white, tinged on the flanks with gray.

235. Crotophaga major Gm.—Two specimens, ¢ and Q,
Oct. 26, 1882.

236. Crotophaga ani Zinmnv.—The 19 specimens were taken
as follows: March, 6; April, 4; June, 4; July, 1; August, 2;
September, 1 ; November, 1

237. Guira guira (Gm.).—Three specimens—January, Sep-
tember and October.

238. Ara ararauna (Zcnnz.)—Two specimens, male and
female, May and June.

239. Ara chloroptera Gray.—Two specimens, females, ain
25 and Oct. 19.

240. Ara auricollis (Cass.).—One specimen, April 22.

241. Ara nobilis ee ine series of 14 specimens
was taken as follows; January, 1; March, 1; June, 1; July, 5;
August, 5 ; September, r. Three are young specimens, lacking
the red on the carpal edge of the wing.

242. Conurus leucopthalmus (J/7//.).—Nine specimens,
taken as follows: February, 1; March, 1; July, 4; August, 2;
October, ft.

8 leah acl

1893.] Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brazil. 141

243. Conurus aureus (Gm.)—Thirteen specimens, taken
as follows: January, 2; March,1; April, 3; May, 3; July, 1;
August, 1 ; October, 2.

244. Pyrrhura molinz (1/7. & S.)—Two males, Piedra
Blanca, Bolivia, April 23, 1886.

245. Brotogerys chiriri (Viei//.)— Eleven specimens—
February, 4; March, 1 ; April, 1 ; May, 5.

246. Amazona zstiva (Zinn.)—Two specimens, Chapada,
4 ad., Aug. 1; Piedra Blanca, Bolivia, ¢ ad., April 23.

247. Pionus menstruus (Zinn.).—Eight specimens—Janu-
ary, 1; February, 1 ; April, 5 ; December, 1.

248. Megascops brasilianus (Gm.).—Four specimens—
February, 2 (4 and 2); July, 1 (2); August, 1 (4). The
July specimen is very different from the others, being in semi-
rufous plumage, about half-way between the ordinary gray
phase and the typical red phase.

249. Glaucidium phalznoides (Daud.)—This species is
tepresented by 5 specimens, taken as follows: January, 1;
March, 2; July, 1; October,1. Three are in the gray phase
and two in the red phase, but no two of them are very nearly
alike. Oneis a dark brown (ferruginous) bird, with the bars
of the wing and tail feathers and the shaft stripes on the crown
obsolete ; another is also ferruginous, but much lighter, with
the bars on the quills of both wings and tail much more distinct,
and the light shaft-stripes on the crown very distinct and abruptly
expanded apically ; one of the ‘gray’ birds is clear umber, with
nearly pure white tail-bars, and a few pale rusty shaft-stripes on
the front part of the head; another is ferruginous umber, with
the very distinct tail-bars edged with rusty, and the whole crown
well streaked with very narrow, strictly linear buffy white shaft-
stripes ; the other is ashy umber above, with a slight suffusion of
pale rufous, the tail-bars distinct and pale yellowish white, and
the crown very faintly streaked with narrow ashy shaft-lines.

I adopt the name pha/enoides Daudin as the designation of the
species simply from its being the oldest name applicable to the

142 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

group, without regard to whether the southern form may or may
not be separable as a geographical race, under the name /ferox
Vieill., of which ferrugineus Wied is merely the red phase.

250. Asio mexicanus (Gm.).—One specimen, ? ad., Aug. 3.

251. Syrnium huhulum (Dawd.).—One specimen, 2? ad.,
January.

252. Syrnium perspicillatum (Za//.).—Two specimens,
2 ad., Nov.6; 4 juv., Nov. 7.

The young specimen is still in the fluffy dress of the nestling
bird, with the quills about two-thirds grown. The remiges and
rectrices are nearly as in the adult, except that the latter are
much more broadly tipped with white. The clothing plumage,
both above and below, is everywhere loose and downy, and
nearly uniform creamy white (rather lighter on the throat), ex-
cepting on the chin, lores, and sides of the face (including the
auriculars and a narrow ring around the eyes), where it is intense
black, giving the bird a very odd expression. The primary coverts
are dark brown, like the quills, but the secondary coverts and ter-
tials are buff, the latter more or less barred and mottled with
brown, and interspersed with a few brown feathers of the new
plumage.

253. Asturina nitida (Za¢hs.).— Two specimens—@ ad.,
July 21; Q juv., Jan. 24.

254. Rupornis magnirostris nattereri (Sci. & Salv.).—
This is apparently a common species at Chapada throughout the
year. It is represented by 26 specimens, collected as follows :
January, 1; February, 4; March,1; April, 2; May,o; June,
4; July, 1; August, 5 ; September, 1 ; October, 2; November,
1; December, 4. About 14 are fully adult, 5 are young, and the
others in various stages of immaturity. They are all distinctly
referable to za/tereri as distinguished from true magntrostris,

255. Buteo brachyurus Viei//—One specimen, Nov. 2.

256. Buteo albicaudatus Vier//—Of the series of 18 speci-
mens 13 were taken in August, 4 in September, and a single
specimen Nov. 3.

1893.] Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brazil. 143

Judging by descriptions, none of the birds in this series can
i be fully adult. According to Mr. Sharpe (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
I, 1874, p. 102), the upper parts in the adult should be “slaty
gray, darker on the head,” etc., and “ the sides of face and throat
deep slaty gray, rest of under surface white,” etc. Mr. Ridgway
says: “Above dark plumbeous; rump and lower parts pure
white; throat plumbeous-black or bluish-plumbeous”’ (Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., I, 1878, p. 155). To all appearances 11 of the
18 specimens of the present series are adult, and vary in general
coloration within rather narrow limits. An average specimen
may be described as follows :

Entire throat, whole head, neck and interscapulars blackish with a faint
tinge of ashy—in other words, plumbeous black—with more or less concealed
white on the crown; scapulars dull blackish brown, more or less edged and
tinged with rufous, passing into clear deep rufous on the shoulder coverts ;
back brown strongly mixed and varied with rufous ; rump barred about equally
with rufous, plumbeous and white ; upper tail-coverts white, the upper central
ones narrowly and irregularly barred with plumbeous; basal two-thirds or
three-fourths of the tail white or grayish white, narrowly barred with plum-
beous or rusty plumbeous, particularly on the central feathers, much less so on
‘ the outer feathers, and with a very broad subterminal band of black, tipped
@ with gray, passing into white at the extreme tip. Below, from the throat pos-
teriorly,white or ashy white, crossed by numerous fine wavy bars of pale grayish
brown, finest posteriorly and broadest across the chest, where they are more

a strongly tinged with rufous, with sometimes considerable rufous on the sides
Be. of the lower pectoral region. Axillars white, with heavy double bars of pale
rufous and plumbeous.

E
a
3
=
:
2
a
a
Ee

The variation from this, in what seem to be practically adult
birds, consists in the absence of the ashy tinge above, a slight
and more or less irregular edging and spotting of rufous on the
interscapulars, and heavier bars on the chest, which may vary
from pale rusty plumbeous to nearly clear rufous. Or there may
& be less rufous over the dorsal region generally, and the lower
‘ parts, below the throat, especially centrally, may be nearly pure
: white without trace of cross-bars. There is little variation in
: the markings of the rump, upper tail-coverts and tail.

In what seems to be the next stage to this, the rufous shoulder-
patch is much more restricted, the lower back is more rufous,
and the rump and upper tail-coverts are heavily barred with
blackish, more or less varied with rufous; the middle of the

Seep sie i al aa hy

+4) 7” es

144 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol.V,

breast is mainly white, with the whole pectoral region and flanks
heavily barred with mixed rufous and blackish, and the thighs
conspicuously so. The basal portion of the tail, which in the
adults is white, is dull gray, crossed by numerous bars of dusky.

In a still earlier stage there is no rufous on the wing-coverts,
the whole dorsal surface being nearly uniform blackish brown,
with in some specimens touches of pale rufous on the scapulars ;
and there is generally a large amount of partly concealed white
on the crown, hind head and nape. The back, rump and upper
tail-coverts are spotted black and white. Below the plumage is
mixed black and white, sometimes the black prevailing and some-
times the white, with no tendency to transverse markings, even
on the thighs. Tail almost wholly grayish brown, crossed by a
great number of indistinct lighter bars.

One specimen is brownish black throughout, both above and
below, except for patches of concealed white on the head, neck
and breast, and for rufous tipping and barring to the feathers of
the belly, thighs and lower tail-coverts, and concealed bars of
rufous on the scapulars and some of the wing-coverts.

Another specimen is entirely deep black throughout, with the
rump and upper tail-coverts spotted black and white, and with
much concealed white at the base of the scapulars and nape
feathers. The tail is that of a normal adult except that it is
much more heavily barred, and there is more or less ashy ting-
‘ing the plumage of the head and back. It is hence apparently
a melanistic adult, although there is no rufous on the shoulders,
nor in fact anywhere in the plumage. j

This is doubtless the true Buteo albicaudatus Vieill., in which
case the Rio Grande bird, so called, is quite different, as shown by
Mr. Sennett’s admirable series of nearly thirty specimens from
the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, representing the species
from the downy nestling to the fully adult birds. This northern
form I propose to call

Buteo albicaudatus sennetti, subsp. nov.

In the adults of the Rio Grande form the whole lower surface
is pure intense white, from the bill to the tail, excepting for a few

a
@
“4
b
7

1893.] Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brazil. 145

wavy very narrow bars of grayish brown over the middle region of
the body, but confined mainly to the flanks, sometimes, however,
extending as faint bars to the thighs. The whole upper surface,
including the outer surface of the folded wings, is ashy gray,
except of course the rufous shoulder patch, and a rufous tinge on
the outer scapulars. Only in more or less immature birds is the
throat plumbeous. Although young birds of the Rio Grande
form are brownish black spotted more or less on the rump, breast
and thighs with white, at no stage is there a close agreement with
corresponding phases of the Chapada series. There seems to be
no great variation in size or structural features between the two
forms, which doubtless completely intergrade in coloration over
the area separating these two extreme borders of the habitat of
the species. Yet the color variations clearly entitle the two
forms to subspecific separation.

I have named this subspecies in honor of Mr. George B.
Sennett, in recognition of his important contributions to our
knowledge of Texan ornithology.

257. Heterospizias meridionalis (Za//.).—Represented by
a series of 22 specimens, taken as follows: June, 1; July, 7;
August, 9; September, 2; October, November and December,
1 each. About 12 may be considered as fully adult, but only two
or three have the dorsal plumage to any great extent ashy. The
rest are in various stages of immaturity, from very young birds
(though all are full grown) to those nearly adult. Temminck’s
description (PI. Col., text to pl. xxv) gives a very good descrip-
tion of the plumage of both the adult and young birds—much
better than some later accounts.

Birds of the first and second years are dull brown above with
more or less partly concealed yellowish white on the head and
hind neck, sometimes more or less strongly tinged with ferrugi-
nous; the lesser upper wing-coverts are irregularly barred and
freckled with deep rufous, as are also the greater primary and
secondary coverts and the basal portion of the secondaries. The
tail feathers are dull brown like the back, the basal two-thirds
irregularly barred with ashy white and more or less varied with
rufous. The throat is whitish or buffy white, with shaft-lines of

(August, 1893.| 10

146 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

dusky ; the lower throat and breast are soiled white, varying in
different specimens to rusty white, heavily blotched with dusky ;
the thighs are blackish, tinged and variegated with irregular very
narrow bars of dusky ferruginous, varying in some specimens to
dark ferruginous barred narrowly with black.

In what appears to be the next stage the whole upper parts,
including the head, are dusky brown, the feathers of the whole
head, but particularly of the nape and sides of the neck, strongly
ferruginous, barred finely and centrally streaked with blackish ;
the scapulars are also marginally barred with rufous, and the
lesser wing-coverts are rufous barred with blackish. ‘The chin
and throat have become more or less dusky brown, the feathers
narrowly barred with pale dull rufous; some of the breast
feathers are almost wholly brown, those of the middle of the
breast centred with broad spots and blotches of yellowish or
buffy white ; from the breast posteriorly the plumage is barred
about equally with blackish brown and dull ferruginous.

In the fully adult stage—perhaps only in high plumage—the
feathers of the head, back of the neck, and the scapulars are
centred more or less broadly with ashy slate, and the scapulars
have a strong ashy tinge in favorable lights. The lower surface
generally is barred with blackish brown and dull rufous, the
rufous bars the broader; the thighs are much deeper, brighter
rufous, with very narrow bars of blackish, in some specimens
wholly obsolete. The white tail-bars have become reduced to
one broad bar placed about midway the tail, and a narrow tipping
of white.

Apparently several years are required in attaining adult plu-
mage, resulting in a great variety of intermediate stages. There
is also apparently considerable variation in the intensity of the
rufous in birds of nearly the same age.

258. Parabuteo unicinctus ( 7¢mm.).—One specimen, ¢ ad.,
June 26.

259. Leucopternus albicollis (Za¢h.).—Two specimens,
6 ad. and @ ad., Oct. 7.

260. Harpyhaliaétus coronatus (/er//.).—One specimen,
2. ad., Oct. 20.

(0 le ales

1893.] Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brazil. 147

261. Spizaetus mauduyti (Dawud.).—One specimen, 2 ad.,
Oct. 11.

262. Spiziastur melanoleucus (Vvei//.).—One specimen,
9 ad., Oct. 1.

263. Accipiter pileatus ( Z7¢mm.).—Three specimens, ¢ ad.,
June 30; 4 juv. and @ juv., May 15.

264. Accipiter (sp. incog.)—One specimen, 4 juv., Jan. 19.
Probably referable to A. guttatus (Vieill.).

265. Micrastur ruficollis ( /e7//.).—Three specimens, 3 ad.,
x May 3; 4 juv., May 16; 92 ad., Aug. 17.

: 266. Geranospiza czrulescens (JVei//.).—One specimen,
E Q ad., Jan. 24.

267. Falco fusco-czrulescens Vie///—The 5 specimens
representing this species were taken: 2 in July, 3 in August,
and 1 in December.

268. Falco rufigularis (Dazd.).—Two specimens—Chapa-
’ da, 4 ad., Nov. 12; 2?ad., Piedra Blanca, Bolivia, April 20.

The November specimen is in worn condition, and the dorsal
plumage is nearly black, with a narrow edging of slaty gray. The
April specimen is in fresh, unworn plumage, and is almost wholly
deep slaty-gray above, with shaft-streaks and subapical blotches
of black.

269. Falco sparverius australis Aidyw.—Represented by
40 specimens, 15 males and 25 females, taken as follows: January,
2; March,2; April,o; June, 3; July, 4; August, 7; September,
1; October, 8; November, 2; December, 2.

Of the 15 males, 6 show no rufous on the crown, and very few
of the others show more than the slightest trace of rufous on a
few feathers; in none does the rufous form a decided spot. Of
: the 25 females all but three have more or less rufous on the crown,
‘x it sometimes forming a large well-defined spot, but generally is
restricted to very narrow streaks on a few feathers only.

Some of the March and April specimens, both males and females,
a show a strong wash of rusty buff over much of the ventral sur-
: face, varying in amount in different specimens, and wholly fading

148 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

out later in the season. The width of the black bars on the back,
and the amount of the black spotting and streaking below is sub-
ject to a wide range of individual variation. The intensity of the
rufous above also varies greatly in individuals of the same sex
taken at the same season; it also becomes much paler through
fading towards the close of the breeding season.

' 270. Elanoides forficatus (Zzu.).— Four specimens—Octo-
ber, 1 ; November, 3.

271. Ictinia plumbea (Gm.).—Represented bya series of 20
specimens, taken as follows: January, 1; August, 1 ; September,
7; October, 6; November, 3 ; December, 2.

272. Gampsonyx swainsoni V7gors.—Four specimens, taken
one each in April, May, August and September.

273. Leptodon cayennensis (Gm.).—Two specimens— 4
ad., Sept. 4; Q juv., Nov. 20.

274. Leptodon unicinctus (7emm.).—One specimen, 4 in
transition plumage, Sept. 23.

275. Ibycter americanus (/odd.).—One specimen, 4 ad.,
Oct. 19.

276. Milvago chimachima (V/e7//.)—Three specimens—
Qad., Sept. 9; dad., Oct. 20; 2 juv., Aug. 10.

277. Polyborus tharus (J/o/.).—Three specimens— @ ad.,
Feb. 21; 9 juv., Aug. 15; 4 juv., July 31.

278. Gypagus papa (Zinn.).—One specimen, 4 ad., May, 1883.

279. Cathartes aura (Zinn.).—One specimen, “ 2 ?,” July 25.

280. Ceriama cristata (Zina.).— One specimen, ¢ ad.,
October.

281. Columba speciosa Gm.—Six specimens—four males,
one female and one unfledged young, taken as follows: January,
1; September, 2; October, 1; November, 2.

282. Columba rufina (7Zvmm.).—Five specimens, taken as
follows: April, 1; September, 3; October, 1.

a ee

ee ne a ee oe 7
u : e

ee” ee ee ee ee ey te ee ee

1893. | Allen on Birds from Matta Grosso, Brazil. 149

283. Zenaida maculata (Vver//.).—Two specimens— 4 ad.,
August; @ad., July 15.

284. Columbula picui ( 7¢mm.).—The series of 12 specimens
was taken as follows: May, 2; August, 5 ; September, 1 ; Octo-
ber, 1 ; November, 1.

285. Columbula campestris (.S/x).—One specimen, 2 ad.,
Cachoeira.

286. Columbigallina griseola (.S//x).—One specimen, ¢ ad.,
July 22.

287. Columbigallina talpacoti ( Z7zmm.).—The 9 specimens
—7 males and 2 females—were taken in January, 1; April, 3;
June, 2; July, 1 ; September, 2.

288. Peristera cinerea (7Z¢mm.).—Four specimens— ¢ ad.,
April, 7; 24ad. and 1 Qad_., July 21-24.

289. Engyptila erythrothorax (7Z¢emm.).—Three speci-
mens— 4 ad., March, 7; Qad., September; 2ad., Oct. 30.

290. Engyptila rufaxilla (2ich. & Bern.).—Five specimens,
of which 1 was taken in August, 2 in October, and 2 in November.

291. Geotrygon montana (Zvn.).—T wo specimens— ¢ ad.,
Sept. 4; 3 juv., Nov. 21.

292. Penelope superciliaris 7Zmm.—Represented by 9
specimens, taken in August, September, October and November.

293. Jacana jacana (Zinn.).—Three specimens— 4 ad., Oct.

-2; Qad., Feb. 15; 2 juv., March 2.

294. Vanellus cayennensis (Gm.).—One specimen— ? ad.,
Cuyaba, Dec. 5. '

295. Hoplopterus cayanus (Za//.).—Two specimens, Ca-
choeira, Jan. 28, and Corumba, March 11.

296. Charadrius dominicus 4/7//—Eleven specimens, taken
Oct. 5 to Nov. 14, 1882.

297. Aégialitis collaris (Vrei//.).—Corumba, Feb. 28 -to
April 1—7 specimens.

298. Gallinago gigantea (7Zemm.).—One specimen, ¢ ad.,
June.

ISO Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

299. Gallinago frenata (Zichz.).—One specimen, ¢ ad.,
Nov. I.

300. Tringa fuscicollis Vze://7—Three specimens, Oct. 6 and
21, 1882.

301. Totanus solitarius (//7/s.).—This species seems to be
almost a summer resident, the 11 specimens having been taken as

follows : September, 3 ; October, 2 ; December, 1 ; February, 2;
March, 2; April (April 10), 1.

302. Bartramia longicauda (Zechst.).—Chapada, 4 speci-
mens, Sept. 26 to Oct. 27; Piedra Blanca, Bolivia, 1 specimen,
April 23.

303. Actitis macularia (Zinn.).--One specimen, Corumba,
April 1.

304. Aramides cayennensis (Gm.).—Four specimens —
May, September, and October.

305. Rufirallus cayanensis (Gm.).—Two specimens — ¢4
ad., May, 10; Qad., Oct. 17.

306. Ionornis martinica (Zinn.).—One specimen, ¢ ad.,
Cachoeira, June 30.

307. Glaucestes parvus (Sodd.).—One specimen, Q ad.,
Corumba, March 26.

308. Theristicus caudatus (4odd.).—One specimen, ¢ ad.,
May 31.

309. Tantalus loculator Zizv.—One specimen, 9 ad.,
June 30.

310. Ardea egretta Gme/—Two specimens, ¢ ad., Jan. 7 ;
? ad., Oct. 2.

311. Ardea candidissima Gme/.—One specimen, May 12.

312. Butorides cyanurus (V/e7//.).—Three specimens— 9
ad., Cachoeira, Feb. 3; 4 ad., Dec. 2; juv., Dec.

313. Pilherodius pileatus (Zodd¢.).—One specimen, ¢,
December,

Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brazil. I5r

1893.]

314. Tigrisoma fasciatum (.Swch).—One specimen, @ ad.,
Sept. 11.

315. Cancroma cochlearia Zinn—Two specimens, ¢ ad.,
June 18; 2 ad., Oct. ro.

316. Cairina moschata (Zinn.)—One specimen, ¢ ad.,
July 31.

317. Anhinga anhinga (Zinn.)—One specimen, @ ad.,
Nov. 6.

318. Colymbus dominicus Zivn—Two specimens, ¢ and
2, Sept. 19.

319. Crypturus tataupa ( 7¢m.).'—Seven specimens, taken
as follows: May,1; August, 1; September, 3; November, 1;
December, 1.

The November specimen is a downy chick ; only a few days
old. In coloration it has little resemblance to the adults. It
may be described as follows :

Whole front of head, including lores and sides of the face in front of the
eyes, brownish buff, the extreme tips of the downy fibres blackish, a narrow
superciliary stripe, widening into a broad band behind the eyes, and a narrow
Stripe dividing the crown, and extending down the back of the neck, yellowish
brown, like the forehead ; sides of the crown and nape varied dark rusty brown
and blackish ; ear-coverts and a narrow maxillary stripe blackish ; general color
above rufescent dusky, the fibres of the downy feathers subapically ringed with
pale buff; below, chin and throat grayish white, passing on the lower throat
into a pale buffy tint; rest of the lower surface mixed buff and dusky, the
downy feathers dusky and tipped with yellowish, passing into a rufescent buff
posteriorly.

320. Crypturus parvirostris Wag/er.—Four specimens—
April, May, July and October.

321. Crypturus undulatus (7?mm.).—Seven specimens,
taken in February, May, October and November.

322. Rhynchotus rufescens ( 7¢mm.).—Seven specimens—
6 ad. and 2 ad., Aug. 14; ¢ ad. and 9 ad., Nov. 7; three
young chicks, Nov. 9. The latter joa be thus described :

! The sone oi of Tinamide dave been kindly identified by Mr. P. L. Sclater, whose de-
terminations are here adopted.

152 Lulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

The head is striped rusty yellow and black, as follows : a broad black central
crown stripe, separated from a much narrower lateral black stripe on each side
by a narrow rusty yellow stripe ; this outer black stripe is succeeded laterally
by a broad rusty yellow superciliary stripe, which is divided posteriorly by a
narrow black stripe on the side of the head behind the eye ; a narrow black line
above and below the auriculars, and a black maxillary stripe, extending on to
the sides of the neck, all of the intervening space rusty yellow. General color
above mottled yellowish white, rufous and black, the coarser bristly feathers
being blackish subapically and each terminating in a pair of long rusty bristles;
between the bristly feathers are softer more downy yellowish white feathers.
Below, chin and whole throat white, passing into ochraceous over the breast
and under surface generally, but paler behind the gular region.

323. Nothura media (.Spix).—Two specimens — 4 ad.,
Sept.; @ juv., June 2r.

324. Rhea americana Za/i.—This species is represented
by a single specimen, without data.

Part IV.—OoLocGicaL Norss.

A small collection of eggs, with a few nests, form part of the
Chapada collection. The identity of the eggs was determined by
the collector’s number of the skin of the parent bird being marked
on the label accompanying the eggs, and the accuracy of the de-
termination of the eggs is thus assured with at least reasonable
certainty. In a few cases the eggs were catalogued separately by
the collector, and labeled merely with the vernacular names of
the species. In all such instances, however, the eggs have been
discarded as unidentifiable and worthless.

In the first part of this report the eggs were described in con-
nection with the general remarks on the species. Later, however,
it was thought better to bring the odlogical references together
under a special subheading at the close of the more general part
of the paper. In the following pages will be found descriptions
of the eggs of the Chapada collection, with such notes as the
collector chanced to record on the labels, except those of the
Oscines, described in Part I of the present paper. For conveni-
ence a list of the species of which descriptions of eggs have been

1893.| Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brazil. 153

already given is here appended, with a reference to the page in
Volume III, of this Bulletin where they are described :

Turdus albicollis, p. 341. Arremon polionotus, p. 363.
Turdus albiventer, p. 341. Saltator similis, p. 365.

Mimus modulator, p. 342. Schistochlamys atra, p. 368.
Basileuterus flaveolus, p. 345. Coryphospingus cucullatus, P- 371.
Arbelorhina cyanea, p. 348. Zonotrichia capensis, p. 372. *
Calliste margarite, p. 353. Ammodramus manimbe, p. 374.
Tanagra sayaca, p. 355- Ostinops decumanus, p. 376.
Ramphoccelus atrisericeus, p. 357. Cassicus persicus, p. 377.
Tachyphonus rufus, p. 360. Uroleuca cyanoleuca, p. 380.

Leptopogon amaurocephalus Caé.

The eggs of this species are pure white, and measure about
.55x.77 in. The collection contains three sets, taken Dec. 2 and
3, 1882. The seven eggs, marked as belonging to three sets, are
unaccompanied by notes as to the character or situation of the
nests.

Elznea pagana albiceps (d’Ord. & La/r.).

Two eggs marked as belonging to No. 58,446, 2? , taken Oct. 21,
1882, are white with a slight creamy tinge, with a broad circle of
very fine dark reddish brown and lavender dots about the larger
end. The average measurements are .52 x .72 in.

Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens (.Sf/x).

Two eggs of this species, belonging to different sets, are greatly
elongated, measuring .67 x 1.00 in.; the ground color is dull
reddish white, faintly blotched with brown, only a little darker
than the ground color. The eggs were taken Nov. 1, 1883.

Myiobius nzvius ( Zodd.).

Two eggs labeled as belonging to this species, taken late in
October, 1882, are deep creamy white, with a circle of pale red-
dish brown dots and blotches about the larger end. They
measure .52 x .72 in.

Empidonax bimaculatus (¢’Ord. & La/r.).

This species is represented by a set of three eggs, taken Oct.
31, 1882. The ground color is rather strong buff, with heavy
rusty brown blotches forming a broad ring around the larger end,
mixed with a few smaller spots of lilac. Measurements, .55 x .74 in.

154 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

Metopia galeata (Zichz.).

Two eggs of this species, taken Oct. 13, 1882, have a buffy
white ground color, and are thickly covered by fine streaks and
blotches of pale umber, which become massed in a broad zone
around the larger end, nearly concealing the ground color. They
measure .65 X.95 in.

Pipra fasciata @’Ord. & Lafr.

Two eggs of this species, marked as belonging to No. 58,513,
Q, taken Oct. 21, 1882, have a grayish white ground color con-
cealed for the most part with longitudinal streaks and elongated
narrow blotches of very dark purplish brown. Size, .62 x .83 in.

Furnarius albogularis (Sp/x).

There are 17 eggs of this species in the collection, belonging
apparently to six sets, five of which have three eggs each and one
has only two. They are unmarked, clear dull white, and vary
considerably in size and shape. Extreme eggs measure .80 x 1.20
and .78 x 1.00, averaging about .80x 1.05 in. They were col-
lected Oct. 4-6, 1882.

Lochmias nematura (Zichz.).

Two eggs of this species are plain soiled white, and measure
.75x 1.00. On the label is the following note by the collector:
“Nest made in a hole in a small bank above a spring. Depth of
hole, one foot. Nest composed of leaves of water plants. Oct.
28, 1882.”

Another set of two similar eggs, badly incubated, belong ap-
parently to the same species, the label of which bears the legend,
‘Nest composed of leaves of water plants in a hole 1% feet deep,
in a bank over a stream in forest.”’

Synallaxis azare «Ord.

There are 8 eggs, in four sets of two each, marked as belonging
to this species, taken in October, November and December, 1882.
They are white, with a faint greenish creamy tinge, and average
about .65 x .80 in.

1893.] Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brasil. 155

One of the nests is described by the collector on the label as
“composed of short, small dry sticks, 12 inches high, 8 inches
wide, with a round entrance also of sticks, 9 inches in length.”

Thamnophilus ambiguus Swain.

Two eggs of this species, taken Nov. 6, 1882, are dull white,
rather profusely marked with streaks and blotches of purplish
and lavender, except about the smaller end, where they are more
sparsely distributed. Size, .63 x.84 in.

Thamnophilus radiatus (Vie///.).

Two eggs of this species, taken Nov. 6, 1882, have a general
resemblance in style and markings to those of 7. ambiguus ;
they are, however, much larger, and the ground color is more
fully and evenly covered with rather finer markings. The gray-
ish ground color is nearly concealed over the whole egg by fine
stipplings and streaks of lilac and dots and scratches of blackish
“heliotrope purple.’ Size, .67 x .93 in.

Phaethornis pretrii (Z. & D.).

A single nest of this species bears the following label : “ Nest
hanging by roots from roof of a small cave over a stream ina
forest. Oct. 21, 1882." The nest is cornucopia-shaped, with
the nest-cavity at the top. It has a vertical length on its convex
side of 5% inches, and of 4 inches on the shorter side. The
depth of the cavity is 1% in., and its diameter at top is about
14% in. Itis a bulky, compactly felted structure, composed of
fine vegetable material of a brownish color, and consists of what
looks like fronds of a very delicate fern, mixed with silky fibers
resembling spiders’ silk. The pure white eggs measure .35 x .60
in. The collection also contains several clutches of eggs with-
out nests.

Hemiprocne zonaris (Shaw).

Three eggs of this species average .96x1.45 in., and are
soiled white. They were collected Oct. 25, 1882.

156 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

Cypseloides senex (7Z¢emm.).

An egg of this species, marked as belonging to skin No. 34,042,
2, was collected Nov. 4, 1882. The collector has noted on the
label : ‘‘Nest built of loose material, on a small rocky ledge, over
which the water of a large stream fell. In the nest was one
young bird and an egg.” The egg measures .70x1.10 in., and
is chocolate colored, doubtless from soiling.

Caprimulgus parvulus Gouw/d.

The collection contains 10 eggs of this species, belonging
apparently to five sets, taken in October and November, 1882.
They are buffy white, sparingly but rather uniformly covered
with small streaks and blotches of light and dark drab brown,
and average about .80x1.05 in. The labels state that the eggs
were placed on the bare ground in open clearings or at the edge
of forests.

Nyctidromus albicollis derbyanus (Gow/d).

Nine eggs of this species, belonging to five sets, taken in Sep-
tember, October and November, vary in ground color from
pinkish white to pinkish buff, well covered with small blotches
of pale brown, varying from drab to pale reddish brown. They
vary somewhat in size and shape, averaging about .87 x 1.24 in.
“ The eggs are laid on a few leaves or on the bare ground at the
edge of a forest or by an open clearing.” (Collector’s notes on
labels.)

Colaptes campestris ( V7e7//.).

The collection contains three sets of the eggs of this species,
two of four each and one of six, taken in September and Octo-
ber. The labels read: “‘ Eggs of Picapao do Campo. Found in
cupim or white ants’ nest. Nest in a large hole.” One label
states : “ Male on nest, and caught by hand.”’

The eggs are of course glossy white; they average about
.94X 1.12 in,

1893.] Allen on Birds from Matto Grosso, Brazil. 157

Guira guira (Gm.).

One egg, ‘‘ found in a nest built of sticks in campo. Height
from ground, 2 metres. Several females are said to lay in the
same nest untilit is so full that the eggs roll off.” (Collector's
note on label.)

The egg is deep bluish green, overlaid by a network of whitish
chalky streaks and blotches. Size, 1.18 x 1.63 in.

Ictinia plumbea (Gm.).

A single egg of this species was taken Oct. 6, 1882. The label
reads : “ On high tree, second branch ; height from ground, 60
feet. Mother shot on the 6th, and on the 8th the male was
found on the nest.’”’ The egg is soiled white, and measures
1.37 x 1.76 in.

Cariama cristata (Z/nn.).

There are two sets of the eggs of this species, one of two eggs
taken Sept. 29, 1882, and one of three eggs taken Oct. 6, 1883.
The eggs are dingy grayish creamy white, with a few small
blotches and specks of russet brown. They average about 2.00 x
2.40 in. In size, shape and markings they much resemble the
eggs of some of the species of Buseo.

The following is a transcript of one of the labels: “ Seriema.
On open campo in small valley. Nest situated on a tree some
thirty feet high. The nest was about ten feet from the ground,
built on three branches, and was two feet in thickness and two
and a half in circumférence, made of dry sticks, dirt, bark and
weeds. Found male on nest.”

Engyptila rufaxilla (2. & 2.).

_ Two eggs of this species measure .85x1.15 in. “Called
Turily.” Collected Nov. 22, 1882.

Engyptila erythrothorax (7¢mm.).

Similar to the eggs of the preceding species, except perhaps
slightly larger and more elongated. Size, .82 x 1.20.

158 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V.]

Crypturus parvirostris Wag/.

Four eggs, labeled “ Inambu—(No. of mother 2602” = Am.
Mus. No. 34,888), average 1.15x1.50 in, The color is drab-gray,
and while the surface is smooth it is much less highly polished
than in the eggs of Rhynchotus rufescens. Collected Oct. 7,
1882.

Crypturus tataupa (7Zemm.).

Three eggs, labeled ‘Inambu,’ are doubtless referable to this
species. ‘They are a little larger and darker in color than those
of C. parvirostris, but do not differ from them more than eggs of
the same species often do. Size, 1.25 x 1.65 in.

Crypturus undulatus (7¢mm.).

Four eggs of this species average 1.60x2.00. The color is
ecrti drab ; the shell is smooth and polished but not as lustrous
as in some other species of the family. The label reads: “ Taca.
Eggs on the ground in forest. No nest whatever. Nov. 2, 1882.”

Rhynchotus rufescens (7Zemm.).

The collection contains four clutches of the eggs of this spe-
cies, three of six eggs each and one of five. ‘The eggs vary
considerably in size, shape and color, the extremes in size meas-
uring as follows: 1.60x 1.95 and 1.85x 2.25 in. An average egg
measures 1.70x2.10 in. The color varies from reddish drab to
dark slaty drab, and the surface of the shell is very highly pol-
ished. The following is a transcript from one of the labels:
‘ Perdiz-grande. Found in cluster of grass behind a white ants’
nest. No signs of nest, only a few feathers underneath eggs.
Clutch, 5 eggs. Campo. Sept. 28, 1882.’ Another label has:
“Eggs on bare ground in open campo, Clutch, 6 eggs. Nov.
29, 1882.”

Article XI—ANCESTORS OF THE TAPIR FROM THE
LOWER MIOCENE OF DAKOTA.

By J. L. Worrman and CHARLES EARLE.

In the present paper we propose to describe a genus of Perisso-
- dactyla new to America, namely, Profapirus Filhol, and also to
add considerable knowledge respecting the structure of the genus
Colodon Marsh.

The discovery of the occurrence of Protapirus in the upper
part of the White River Miocene may be considered as one of
the most interesting made by the expedition of 1892. It places
the origin of the true tapirs, in this country at least, below the
*Oreodon Beds’ of the White River Miocene, and nearly parallel
stratigraphically with the European species of Profapirus.

In this paper we shall offer, first, a discussion of the various
attempts which have been made to solve the problem of the
origin of the tapir in America ; second, a systematic description
of the material relating to the American species of Profapirus
and Colodon ; and lastly, a review of the relationship between
the American species of Profapfirus and those found in Europe;
including a résumé of the principal characters of the supposed
Eocene ancestors of both the Tapiride and Helaletide.

Historical —Prof. Marsh in his paper of 1877 on the ‘ Suc-
cession of Vertebrate Life in America’ remarks : “ The tapir is
clearly an old American type ;” he derives the genus Zapirus

from AHyrachyus, saying that the tapir also passed in its evo-

lution through the genus He/a/etes. We shall show that at the
present time these latter views have proved to be erroneous.
Prof. Scott’ early attempted the solution of this problem ;
he also derived the tapir from Ayrachyus, placing the genus
Helaletes (Desmatotherium) as a \ater stage in the evolution of
this form. Profs. Scott and Osborn, in the ‘ Preliminary Report
upon the Fossil Mammals of the White River Formation’ re-
moved the genera Hyrachyus and He/adetes from the line of the
true tapir, and stated that this line has come down through

. E. M. Museum Bulletin of Princeton College, 1883, p. é
[159]

160 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

genera with a trilobed last lower molar. They further remarked
that the species of tapiroid called by Leidy Lophiodon occiden-
talis should be placed in the tapir line, and intermediate be-
tween the genera J/sectolophus and Tapiravus ; they described
Lsectolophus, which they considered as one of the direct ances-
tors of the tapir.

Prof. Cope’ followed Prof. Osborn in his derivation of the ~
tapir from /sectolophus, but he does not state definitely what he
considers to be the earliest ancestor of the tapir.

In the ‘Uinta Mammalia’ Prof..Osborn more fully explained
his reasons for placing /sectolophus in the line of descent lead-
ing to Zapirus, and also definitely stated that he believed Sys-
temodon to be the earliest ancestor of the tapir in America.
In one of the latest numbers of the Bulletin of this Museum,*
Prof. Osborn gives more in detail his views as to the phylogeny
of the Eocene Perissodactyla in America, and describes the
various characters of the upper molars in the principal Perisso-
dactyle phyla and how they may be distinguished from each
other. These lines are considered by him to be: first, the Sys-
temodon-Lsectolophus- Tapirus ; second, the Heptodon-Helaletes (to
which we may add Colodon) ; and lastly, the Hyrachyus- Trip-
lopus-Hyracodon.,

In Europe Dr. H. Filhol has contributed greatly to our
knowledge of the phylogeny of the modern tapir, through his
discovery of the genus /Pvrofapirus, occurring as early as the
Upper Eocene, in the Phosphorites of Quercy. We, however,
strongly dissent from the view held by him, that Profapirus is
identical with the American genus AHyrachyus. ‘The conforma-
tion of the premolars, and of the external lobes of the superior
true molars is very different in these two genera, and they be-
long in two entirely different lines. of descent.

Lastly, another advance in the early history of the tapir in
Europe has been made by Prof. Osborn," who suggests that
the species of Lophiodon, called by Rutimeyer Z. annectens, is
really a species of the American genus J/sectolophus. Uf this
supposition be correct, this will be the earliest European form
known to belong in the line of the true tapirs.

' American Naturalist, 1888, P94:
2 Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., [V, 18c2, p. 124.
* American Naturalist, 1892, p. 763.

1893.] Wortman and Earle, Ancestors of the Tapir. 161

TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TAPIRIDZ AND
HELALETID2.

AMERICA. EUROPE.

U § Protapirus obliquidens. | Protapirus douvillei.
te ¢ Colodon occidentalis.

Lower
MIocENE. Middle. Protapirus simplex.
4 Lower.
2 Upper. _| - Isectolophus annectens. | Protapirus priscus.
o ( Helaletes boops. Lophiodon (Isectolophus ?)
a EOcENE. Middle. Isectolophus latidens. | annectens.
Pr Heptodon calciculus.
zz ‘ Lower. Systemodon tapirinus. | Palzotapirus.

Family TAPIRIDEZ..

Dentition : I 3, C $4, PM ¢ or $#, M 3. Premolars molariform or simpler in

_ structure than true molars. Superior true molars with external lobes conical

and equal in length ; metacone not flattened. Inferior true molars with crests

transverse or oblique. Last lower molar with or without hypoconulid. Digits
four-three.

The family Tapiride may be divided into two subfamilies ;

in the earlier subdivision, or Systemodontine, the premolars are

_ simpler in structure than the true molars, whereas in the later

_ forms, the Tapirine, or true tapirs, some or all of the premolars
are molariform. The genus J/sectolophus forms the transition
stage between these subfamilies, as in it we have an increase in
_ complexity of the posterior premolars; but /sectolophus still

' retains the large third lobe of the last lower molar, which is lost

in the true tapirs.

Subfamily TAPIRINA®.

Genus Protapirus /i/ho/.
Superior premolars with only one internal lobe. Inferior premolars with
posterior crest undeveloped, tetartoconid distinct. Superior molars with meta-
. Sac oblique and shorter than protoloph. .

The upper premolars in this genus are in some cases in a tran-
sitional stage of development as to the division of the internal
cones, but in no case are these teeth as complex as the true
molars. A very distinctive character of Protapirus, separating it

(August, 1893.) 11

162 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

from Zapirus, is the fact that the posterior crest of the inferior
premolars is wanting, the talon having retained its primitive con-
dition as to the separation of the internal from the external cone.
The foot structure of the manus at least is nearly identical with
that of the modern tapir.

Protapirus obliquidens, sp. nov.

Last two superior premolars with internal lobes notched at apex, first and second
superior premolars with internal cone single. Second superior true molar with
metaloph very short and oblique. Median valley of superior true molars not
opening externally as in P. priscus.

The type specimen in the American Museum collection (No.
659) is a portion of a crushed skull which belongs to a young
animal, In this specimen the maxillary dentition is partially
preserved, but the individual was so young that the permanent
dentition had not yet cut through. In the other specimens in
the collection (Nos. 662 and 661), which we refer to this species,
the lower jaw with nearly the complete dentition is present, and
associated with it, isan upper true molar. Found in close proximity
to these specimens was a complete manus ; this latter specimen
without doubt belongs to the same individual as the jaw.

Dentition—The type specimen includes the four upper pre-
molars and the second upper true molar. ‘The first superior
premolar consists of two external lobes, which are scarcely
separated from each other. The internal lobe is single, and
anteriorly this lobe is slightly extended transversely. As com-
pared with the recent tapir this tooth has the internal lobe more
developed than the external. In the tapir the external part
of the first premolar is much extended transversely, and pro-
jects far beyond the limit of the internal lobe, whereas in ?.
obliquidens this extension of the external part of the tooth is
not present. The three succeeding premolars have two well-
developed external lobes ; these are more flattened than in the
recent tapir. In the type specimen of Protapirus priscus the
internal lobe of the fourth superior premolar shows no sign of
division; the case is otherwise with the species /. douvillet
figured by Filhol.' In the type specimen of 7. cddiguidens the

' Ann. Sci, Geol., XVII, Art. 2.

| 1893.] Wortman and Earle, Ancestors of the Tapir. 163

shape of the internal lobes of premolar 3 and 4 agrees with
that of P. douvillei; and in these teeth we observe that the
deuterocones are just commencing to indicate signs of division ;
the slight separation of this cone, however, is confined to the

neg . Evolution leans tee - yp cw teh mand a A, Protapirus simplex,
- summit of the lobe. The second superior premolar in P. od/t-
quidens has only one internal lobe, and this is not divided as
in the two following teeth in this series. It has two small
crests running outwards from the deuterocone. This tooth in
the European species, P. douvil/ei, is more complex than in
the White River form. In the former species pm. 2 has two
small internal lobes, and from M. Filhol’s figure we would
conclude that these lobes are well separated. In the third and
fourth superior premolars the anterior transverse crest is ob-
lique, and abuts externally at the junction of the protocone
with the protostyle. The posterior transverse crest of these
teeth is straight and extends completely across the crown from

164 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

the deuterocone to a point opposite the tritocone. The para-
style is not well developed on the superior promolars, and in
only the last premolar is this lobe large; but in this case it is
not separated from the anterior extension of the protocone.

In all the known species of Protapirus the posterior crest
of the premolars is much shorter and straighter than the ante-
_rior. However, the anterior transverse crest is the first to
appear; this is shown in the first premolar of P. odliguidens.
In the second superior premolar of this species this crest is
small, but increases much in size in the other premolars. It
is interesting to note, that when we go back to the early ances-
tors of the tapir, we observe that the posterior crest of the
posterior premolars arises by a transverse extension of the pos-
terior intermediate tubercle. This conule first extends exter-
nally and joins the internal base of the tritocone; and then
develops inwards and coalesces with the deuterocone. After
complete fusion with this cone the latter begins to divide, and
it is in this stage that we find all the deuterocones of the
posterior superior premolars of Protapirus obliguidens. A better
understanding of the growth of the posterior crest may be
gained by studying the dentition of the early relatives of both
the tapirs and rhinoceroses (.Systemodon and ? Hyrachyus).

The second superior molar of 2. ob/iguidens is peculiar in hay-
ing the posterior portion of the tooth much shorter transversely
than the anterior part ; this applies particularly to the metaloph,
which is considerably shorter than the protoloph. The external
part of the crown, or ectoloph, is oblique instead of straight
as in the recent tapir; in this character the P. obliguidens
agrees with the European species of Proftapirus. ‘The parastyle
of the second superior molar is as high as the paracone and is
very heavy ; it abuts against the external convexity of the pro-
toloph, although the latter is directly connected with the para-
cone and not with the parastyle. ‘This is an important char-
acter in this species, as in the 7. priscus of the Phosphorites,
Filhol states that the anterior transverse crest is in contact
externally with the parastyle. We may say, as a rule in the
true tapirs, that the protoloph touches externally the paracone,
but the /. priscus presents an exception to the rule. M., Filhol

1893.] Wortman and Earle, Ancestors of the Tapir. 165

compares this character in the latter species with that of
Hyrachyus agrarius, and concludes from the worn series of teeth,
which he figures of Ayrachyus, that the protoloph in this genus
is also continuous with the parastyle, but in this statement we
believe he is mistaken. In all known species of Hyrachyus
this crest touches the paracone.

Fig. 2. Protapirus obliguidens. Crown view of lower dentition.

In the upper true molars of the tapir the parastyle is very
large and well separated from the paracone, in contrast with that
of P. obliguidens the summit of the paracone is high above the
parastyle and is connected with the protoloph. This is the
typical relation of these two elements of the crown in the modern
tapir. The ectoloph of the second upper molar is oblique and
has only a faint trace of a cingulum, agreeing in this repect with
the European species from St. Gérand-le-Puy. The median
valley is deep and its external termination has a prominent
buttress. This portion of the valley does not open externally
as in the Brazilian tapir and in the P. priscus, but is shut off -
by the crest connecting the paracone with the metacone. In
contrast with the upper true molars of the tapir, we observe
in this species the further extension of the metacone, and also
the great development of the cingulum running externally from
the hypocone. The last upper molar is somewhat larger than
the second; otherwise its characters are similar. We note in
this tooth a great shortening of its metaloph as compared with
the length of the protoloph.

The lower jaw in the collection which we refer to P. ob/iguidens
has the incisors smaller and more flattened than in 7Zuafirus
americanus ; the crown of the median incisor is much depressed,
and this tooth is larger than the others. The canine is a very
small tooth as compared with that of the recent tapir. The
length of the diastema behind the canine is large, being about
two-thirds of that in the American tapir.

166 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

The inferior molar series, as compared with the size of the
jaw, is larger than in the recent tapir. The three inferior pre-
molars have large and heavy crowns. In the specimen being
described these teeth are much worn ; however, the general form
is the same as in the recent tapir, differing somewhat in the fact
that the posterior crest on all the teeth is incomplete, the meta-
conid being distinct from the tetartoconid. The paraconid of the
premolars was very large in the unworn tooth, and in front of
this lobe was a small tubercle. The inferior true molars, like the
premolars, have broad crowns ; the transverse crests of the same
are low, the anterior having a prominent crest running inwards.
As compared with the recent tapir the internal and external ele-
ments of the transverse crest are more strongly marked, and the
interval on the crest connecting these latter is thinner than in
the tapir’s molars. None of the lower teeth have external cingula.
The posterior cingulum of the last lower molar is small and
limited to the median portion of the tooth. .

Fig. 3. Protapirus obliguidens. Side view of lower jaw.

Jaw.—The lower jaw of P. obliquidens, as compared with that
of 7. americanus, is more slender and elongated. The sym-
physial portion is shorter and strongly contracted at the dias-
tema. ‘The part of the horizontal ramus below the last molar is
the heaviest portion of the jaw, and from this point the jaw
tapers gradually to the incisive border. In the American tapir
there is an angle of the jaw at the lower border of the ramus,
just below the second premolar, and the symphysial portion is
bent upwards from this point, ‘The angle of the mandible is

1893.] Wortman and Earle, Ancestors of the Tapir. 167

more pronounced than in the tapir’s jaw, and is separated from
the horizontal ramus by a concavity which is not present in the
tapir. The mental foramina are two and are placed below the
diastema.

Measurements of Protapirus obliquidens.

Length of superior premolars. ............-..2...25 008 -063

‘ ere ere ee ot re Me peer ee Paee o2I

% se psd aatanorr saga BRITO POKES, os so ev nec escan ss echoes -O16
* CANS Sere ee eee eae eee ee .022

Seperice. ‘molar 2. . LMMCCO DOR iss cabin dks vss Se .020
SNES ON: CR Sh 5 a c's s ites ha os Sk aia Wie Be di Rule wale .260

a AMOI OSS Cosel ete eee Peuarce SAY sane .038

= ipferion wales Sev80S sie suis. 66:4 0's nde Bien suis s 108

. SiGe Inlerior MOMS <oss on Link Hic cn ks oo hs tin Be 060

Foot Structure.—The manus of P. obliguidens closely resembles
in its general form and structure that of Zaf/rus, but it differs
in some of the relations of the carpal elements, and the length
of the digits to each other. The proportions of the carpus are
the same as in the Brazilian tapir; the breadth being slightly
greater than the height. It is surprising to find the manus of
so early a form as Protapirus in such an advanced stage of dis-
placement, and in this respect it resembles
the foot of the existing American tapir.
The lunar has only a small contact anteri-
orly with the magnum. The scaphoid
nearly covers the whole superior surface
of the magnum. The latter bone is higher
and narrower than in the recent tapir.
The unciform has the characteristic tapi-
roid shape, its height is greater than the
breadth, and it has a large contact with
the lunar. The trapezoid is high and
narrow. The form of the trapezium is
quite different from that of the American
tapir. In Protapirus obliquidens it is a
thick and heavy bone, having a triangular
Wigs Fretapiras obliguidens. form ; while in Zafirus this bone is elon-

gate and slender. As we should expect
to find in an early form like Protapirus, the proportionate lengths
of the metacarpals are different from those of the recent tapir.

168 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

The length of the fifth metacarpal as compared with the third is
greater than in the recent forms.

The phalanges of the digits in this species are shorter than in
the Brazilian tapir, giving the digits a short and heavy appear-
ance. Two of the ungual phalanges are partially preserved, and
these have the terminal portion incomplete. Earle has described
elsewhere’ the comparative evolution in the foot structure of the
Brazilian and Malayan tapirs, and we will finally remark in clos-
ing the description of the manus of Protapirus obliquidens, that
it is in about the same stage in reduction of the fifth digit as that
of the Zapirus indicus, but more primitive than the foot of 7.
americanus.

Measurements of manus.

M.

Total length of manus) Siete as sues aera -175
Breadth: of Catpuss sci < xe aniee oes nbs Lak ibs eee .040
Length of carpus through magnum ............. .2.... -036
Length of metacarpal 110). wisi s cide nian ger eeraus .100
iy sy ine sa'seairais) wat ulate Wit wiv al dw ue oie .073
Lunar-uniciform contact, transis iy s..ad sede saves ee ee .OIL

Protapirus simplex, sp. nov.

Internal lobes of all the superior premolars absolutely simple, showing no
signs of division. Posterior transverse crest of all the superior premolars
rudimentary.

This species of Protapirus is from an horizon of the White
River formation lower down than that in which the P. oddiguidens
occurs, This division of the White River formation is called
the ‘ Oreodon Beds,’ and is separated from the upper, or ‘ Proto-
ceras Beds’ by a thick layer of barren clay. The character of
the dentition of this species, as far as known, is much more
primitive than that of the P. odliguidens. The type specimen of
Protapirus simplex (No. 660) contains only the upper premolars
of one side, and fragments of the lower jaw.

Dentition —The crown of the first superior premolar is absent,
its roots indicate that it must have closely resembled that of P.
obliguidens. The internal cones of the remaining premolars are
round and obtuse. These lobes are perfectly simple in struc-

1 Science, March, 1893, p. 118.

1893.| Wortman and Earle, Ancestors of the Tapir. 169

ture, and are connected in front with an oblique transverse crest.
In the second premolar the anterior crest is rudimentary ; this
tooth has however the posterior crest more developed than in
the succeeding premolars. The external lobes of the last two
premolars are round and obtuse, the protostyle is small and not
as high as the protocone. In both these teeth there is a faint
trace of an external cingulum at the postero-external border.

The first two premolars of the lower jaw are partially pre-
served. These teeth are much smaller than those of P. od/igui-
dens; they have elevated anterior crests. The posterior crest of
the first premolar is nearly complete, but the tetartoconid is low
and not well developed. Another fragment of the jaw of P.
simplex contains the injured crowns of the first two molars.
These teeth are of the same size as those of P. obliguidens.
The depth of the jaw at m. 2 is equal to that of the larger
species.

Measurements of Protapirus simplex.

Length of superior premolars........... Sara ener Rave .054

PMO. Siac t eee e ele. Seu Suse see u' -O15

BOS tg os oon vies nbs waves .020

Length of first two inferior premolars...........-....... 025
«

THE PHYLOGENY OF THE TAPIRIDA.

The earliest representative of the tapir line in the Eocene of
America is the genus Systemodon. In the Wind River we see the
first known departure toward the rhinoceros molar type in the
genus Heptodon, which has a concave metacone ; but in the latter
genus this lobe is short and not longer than the paracone, as it is
in the true rhinoceroses.

In Systemodon the inner lobes of all the superior premolars are
absolutely simple. In the second premolar of this genus we see
the first indication of the separation of the external lobes. The
third and fourth upper premolars have a well-marked anterior
transverse crest, but only on the last are there signs of the origin
of the posterior crest. The characters of the superior molars in
Systemodon are well adapted for further evolution into the true
tapirine pattern ; both external lobes are conical and of equal
size, the parastyle being a very prominent element of the crown

170 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

as in the tapir’s molar. The shortening and obliquity of the
metaloph is wanting, which is such a marked character of the
upper molars of Protupirus. As pointed out by Prof. Osborn,
the first inferior premolar in Systemodon tapirinus is placed just
behind the canine, there being no diastema as in Hyracotherium ;
this point he considers highly characteristic of the tapirs. The
third and last inferior premolars in |S. tapirinus have a deutero-
conid, but the talon of the fourth is still in its primitive condi-
tion, in lacking the tetartoconid, which is so typical of the Bridger
tapirs. The last lower molar has a large hypoconulid, and the
crest of the inferior true molars are oblique, instead of straight
as in the later forms.

There is a fragmentary example of the skeleton of Systemodon
tapirinus in the American Museum collection, which indicates
that this species was an exceedingly slender and agile form. The
character of the pes is not exactly what we should expect to find
in an ancestral form of the tapir. The calcaneum has a fibulo-
calcaneal facet. The astragalus has a deep trochlear surface,
with high condyles on each side. There is only a_ very slight
contact between this bone and the cuboid. The metatarsals are
long and slender. The internal and upper edge of the fourth
metatarsal has a well-marked facet, Which extends nearly across
the surface of the bone. This facet is bordered above by the
superior surface of the metapodial for the cuboid. The presence
of this facet proves that .S. éapirinus had a rudiment at least of a
fifth digit.

We would suggest that the pes described by Marsh as belong-
ing to Lohippus is possibly that of Systemodon.

The next stage in the evolution of the tapir is represented in
the Bridger by /sectolophus latidens S. & O. The skeleton of this
form is as yet unknown. The type was formerly referred by
Scott and Osborn’ to He/a/ezes, but is now placed in the genus
Tsectolophus. The above authors state in their first description of
/. latidens, that the superior premolars are provided with only
one internal cone, ‘“‘ which is joined by transverse ridges from the
two outer cusps.”” In the type specimen of 7. /atidens the fourth
inferior premolar is absent; it was however probably nearly

1 Bull. E. M. Mus. of Princeton College, 1878, p. 54.

1893.| | Wortman and Earle, Ancestors of the Tapir. 171

molariform in structure. One of the characters by which the
upper true molars of /. /atidens differ from those of the modern
tapir, is that the protoloph is continuous with the parastyle and
not with the paracone, as in the tapir’s molar. The relations of
this crest and tubercle are also variable in the European species
of Protapirus, as shown by Filhol.

The Uinta tapir is the /sectolophus annectens. It is very possi-
ble that the Bridger species referred by Scott and Osborn to
Isectolophus may represent a different genus from the latter. In
the type of /. aanectens the upper premolars are wanting. The
molars are exceedingly like those of the tapir, and they have the
oblique ectoloph so characteristic of Protapirus. The shortening
of the metaloph has not yet commenced in /sectolophus. The
last inferior premolar of /. annectens is nearly molariform but
still lacks the tetartoconid. The crests of the inferior true
' molars are nearly crescentoid in form, which character we should
not expect to find in a Uinta tapir. The last lower molar has
also a very large third lobe. Some of the characters above ad-
duced as to the teeth of /. annectens may show by later discov-
eries that this species is not in the direct line leading to the true
tapir. If the last two superior premolars are as complex in
structure as the true molars, it will certainly have to be removed
from the true tapirine line, as the earliest species of Protapirus in
America has the internal cones of pm. 3 and 4 absolutely simple.

The structure of the carpus in /. annectens is exactly what we
should expect to meet with in an early ancestor of the tapir.
The distal facets of the lunar are nearly equal in extent, and as
a result the lunar-magnum contact is much larger than in later
forms of this line. The unciform is strongly tapiroid in its char-
acters. The fifth digit of the manus is larger compared with
the others than in the recent tapir. The cuboid of 7. annectens
is rectangular in form, closely resembling that of the tapir. The
cuboid had a considerable contact with the astragalus.

We may add that the members of the subfamily Tapirine, or
true tapirs, are found earlier in Europe than in America. The
type species of the genus Profapirus was discovered by Filhol
in the Phosphorites of Quercy ; these beds correspond approxi-
mately with the uppermost or Uinta series of America. The

172 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

genus Paléotapirus (which is very doubtful as to validity) comes
from the Middle Eocene (Buchsweiler, Elsass). This formation
is below the Phosphorites. The Phosphorite form of Protapirus
is the most primitive in its dental characters; the last upper
premolar in the type specimen has a simple internal cone, and
shows no sign of division. The Protapirus douvilled is from the
Lower Miocene of France (St. Gérand-le-Puy). This form ex-
hibits a decided advance in the complication of the premolars,
over the species from the Phosphorites. In the second upper
premolar the two internal cones are complete ; however, the third
and fourth premolars are in a transition stage.

Turning now to the true tapirs in America we find, as already
stated, that the earliest species is our Protapirus simplex from the
Oreodon Beds of the White River Miocene. The structure of
the last upper premolar in this species agrees closely with that
of the tapir from the Phosphorites, but the development of the
posterior transverse crest of the premolars is not as far advanced
as in the European species. The latest known species of tapir
in the Lower Miocene of America is our P. obliguidens ; this
form agrees closely in the structure of its superior premolars
with that from St. Gérand-le-Puy, although the second premolar
is not as much differentiated as in the latter species. The infe-
rior premolars of P. ob/iguidens have not as yet completed their
posterior crest ; and the diastema of the jaw is still much smaller
than in the recent tapir. As already shown in the description
of the manus of P. ob/iguidens, it had become nearly as much
specialized as in the American tapir.

The stages in the evolution of the tapir in America after the
White River epoch are as yet not fully known. The genus de-
scribed by Marsh called 7apiravus is from the Lower Pliocene.
We have been unable to examine the specimen referred to this
genus by Prof. Marsh, and cannot therefore state whether it is a
true tapir, or an outcome of the family Helaletide.

SUMMARY.—The principal points brought out in the preceding
description may be summarized as follows :

1. We consider the genus Sysemodon as standing in ancestral
relation to the Tapiride.

1893.] Wortman and Earle, Ancestors of the Tapir. 173

2. ILsectolophus latidens is probably in the line leading to the
true tapirs.

3. If further discovery shows that /. annectens has both the
last two premolars as complex as the true molars, it must be
removed from the main tapir line.

4. The earliest member of the subfamily Tapirinz, or true
tapirs, is found in the Phosphorites of France, there being a con-
siderable interval between the latter formation and the Oreodon
Beds of the White River Miocene.

5. In contrast with the other Perissodactyla of the White
River formation, the premolars of Profapirus have not assumed
the complexity of the true molars.

6. The foot structure of Profapirus is nearly as far advanced
in its evolution as that of the existing American tapir.

Family HELALETID.

Superior molars lophodont, with metacone concave, and placed internal to
paracone. External lobes of superior molars separated, with transverse crests
of same complete.

This family, like the Tapiridze, may be divided into the Hela-
letine and Colodontinez. In the first subfamily the inferior
dentition is complete, and the premolars are either simple in
structure, or some of them have become molariform. In the
Colodontine the lower external incisor is absent, and in this sub-
family the feet are tending to monodactylism ; which is proved
by the increase in size of the median digit of the manus in
Colodon, and the reduction in size of the fifth digit.

In contrast to the Tapiride, the Helaletide are confined to
America, their nearest relatives in Europe being the family
Lophiodontide. This group ranges in time from the Wind
River Eocene (Hefitodon) to the upper beds of the White River
Miocene (Co/odon).

Genus Colodon Marsh.
Syn,—Lophiodon, in part ; Mesotapirus S. & O.

Dentition : I}, C }, PM §, M §. Last three superior premolars molariform;
external lobes of superior true molars equal in size. Inferior premolars with two
posterior cusps, but not connected by crests. Last lower molar with a third lobe.

174 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

The earliest notice of this genus is to be found in Dr. Leidy’s
Monograph on the ‘Extinct Mammalia of Nebraska.’’ The
material upon which this description was based consist of a last
lower molar which this author was unable to distinguish from
that of Zophiodon, and therefore referred this specimen to that
genus. Later Profs. Scott and Osborn,’ in describing the affini-
ties of the tapiroid genus /sectolophus, suggested that its Miocene
successor was to be found in the species described by Leidy
under the name of Lophiodon occidentalis, and that when the den-
tition was fully known it would be found to have two premolars
like the molars. Upon this supposition they proposed the hypo-
thetical name AZesotapirus, which proves to be invalid. In 1890
Prof. Marsh* attained additional material, by means of which he
was enabled to point out the generic rank of this species, as well
as the more important characters in which it differs from its
nearest ally, /e/aletes. As regards the species there appear to
be at least two if not more represented in the material now
known.

Colodon occidentalis Zefdy.
Syn.—C. /uxatus Marsh.

Root of lower canine round in section and placed close to incisor. Inferior
premolars short and broad, with faint external cingula. Third lobe of last
lower molar very small and conical in form.

Prof. Marsh’s type specimen of Colodon luxatus, which he has
permitted us to examine, is unfortunately not associated with
any superior molars. Other specimens, however, in which parts
of both series are present, render it quite certain that the upper
premolars are complex like the molars. The specimens in the
American Museum collection from the White River, which we
_ refer to this species, consist of a finely-preserved lower jaw with
all the molars intact, but lacking the crowns of the incisors and
canines, Associated with this specimen and belonging to the
same individual are parts of the skeleton, and also a beautifully
preserved manus. A fragment of the superior maxillary bone
bearing two molars is in the collection of Princeton College, and

iP. 230 pl. xxi, figs. 28-30.
2 Uinta Mammalia, p. 523.
5 Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, Vol. XX XIX, 1890, p. 524.

1893.] Wortman and Earle, Ancestors of the Tapir. 175

may represent another species. These teeth are rather small to
be associated with the lower teeth above referred to.

Dentition—The most striking character of the upper true
molars in Colodon is that the metacone is pushed in as it were, its
external surface being concave, and placed well in
from the paracone. The shape of the paracone is
like that of the tapir’s molar, and it has a small
internal buttress. Both the paracone and metacone
are of the same size longitudinally ; the latter ele- ‘

# A Fig. 5. Colodon
ment is not so much drawn out asin the forms related (sp. indet.). Crown

to rhinoceros (Hyrachyus). The parastyle is strongly ta anlar

developed, and continuous internally with a slight ORE
anterior cingulum. The protoloph and metaloph are high and
sharp. The anterior extension of the paracone is relatively much
less in C. occidentalis than in Protapirus obliguidens. The obliquity
of the metaloph is less than in the latter form. In contrast to the
teeth of the true tapirs, we observe that the internal cones of the
molars are not higher than the external. There is a slight
postero-external cingulum on the superior molars in this species.
In Prof. Marsh’s description of Co/odon luxatus he considers it
to be without a lower canine. We think it more probable that
the external incisor has been lost, and therefore believe that
the outer tooth of this series is a canine. We may add that in
the forms leading to Zitanotherium (namely, Palaosyops and
Diplacodon), the canine is retained while the external incisor is
lost.

3
Fig. 6. Colodon occidentalis. Crown view of inferior dentition.

The roots of the incisors are much extended antero-posteriorly
and larger than those for the canines. The latter teeth were
smaller than the external incisors, and were separated by a
large diastema from the second premolar. The inferior pre-
molars are short and broad, with their posterior portion much

176 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

wider than the anterior. The anterior crest of the second is
notched. In the third and fourth premolars this crest is com-
plete, but thick and depressed in the middle. The cusps of
the talon of the inferior premolars are equal in height but un-
connected, as in Protapirus. The transverse crest of the lower
true molars is thinner and more slender than in Profapirus,
and the spur extending inwards from the metalophid is less de-
veloped. The last lower true molar is larger than the others, its
hypoconulid is small, and of a conical form. This lobe is situa-
ted at the postero-median part of the crown, and extends upwards
nearly on a level with the posterior crest. Both the first and
second lower true molars have a well-marked posterior cingulum.
The lower jaw at the diastema is much contracted, the superior
portion of the same is narrower than the margin bordering on
the mental foramina.

Skeleton.—A nearly complete radius with the proximal part of
an ulna is preserved. The former closely resembles that of the
tapir, but it is shorter and more slender. The proximal troch-
lear surfaces are deep, that for the internal condyle of the
humerus, as is usually the case with early forms, is oblique in
position. The distal facets of the radius for the scaphoid and
lunar are rather more pronounced than in the recent tapir. A
distal portion of an ulna, showing a section of its shaft, is asso-
ciated with this specimen. It is of great interest to note that
the ulna is much reduced in size in Colodon, and agrees with
the specialization in the manus of approaching monodactylism.
The manus is much elongated and slender. The carpus is longer
than broad, with its elements highly displaced. ‘The lunar is
high and narrow, with a large facet for the unciform which takes
up its whole inferior face. The lunar-magnum facet is vertical
in position and is continuous with that for the scaphoid. Anteri-
orly the lunar has a small contact with the magnum. Compared
with the lunar of Heftodon, that of Colodon has its distal facets
more unequal in size. In Heptodon these facets are nearly equal
in dimensions, and the beak of the lunar is largely developed in
that genus. The magnum of C. occidentalis is high and narrow,
and it has a large articulation with the unciform. The shape of

1893.| Wortman and Earle, Ancestors of the Tapir. 177

the latter bone is much like that of the true tapir, with its verti-
cal axis greater than the transverse.

As compared with Heptodon calciculus the median metacarpal
of C. occidentalis is larger than the others ; proximally it has a
large contact with the unciform, but its articulation with mc. IV
is reduced. The lateral metacarpals are very long and slender,
and the diameter of their shafts, as compared with that of the
third metacarpal, is much less. A peculiarity in the manus of
this species in contrast with that of its supposed Eocene ances-
tor, Heptodon, is the great abbreviation of the length of the
phalanges. In Heptodon calciculus the total length of the pha-
langes of the middle digit of the manus is fully three-fourths
as long as their metacarpal, whereas in Colodon occidentalis the
phalanges are very short, and their length is about three-eighths
that of the median metacarpal. A marked character of the
feet of Heptodon is the great elongation of
the proximal phalanges. ‘The fifth digit is
not preserved ; however, from the size of
the facet on the unciform for this metapo-
dial, we estimate that it was much reduced,
as compared with this digit in the Eocene
ancestor of Colodon. There is only one
podial element of the tarsus preserved, the
astragalus. This bone closely resembles
that of the tapir in its general form. The
trochlear surface is rather broad and shal-
low ; the navicular face is much extended
from above downwards, and convex. The
astragalo-cuboid facet, unlike that of Hep-
todon, is elongated and extends anteriorly
all across the anterior external margin of
a chs bicaeidenteth: the bone. In this character the astragalus
Anterior view of right manus. Of Coledon resembles that of the true

tapirs. The sustentacular and inferior
facets of the astralagus differ from those of the tapir in being con-
tinuous, and at the junction of these two facets with that for the
cuboid there is a prominent ridge. In Heftodon these facets are
continuous, but in He/aletes boops “Marsh they are discontinuous.

[August, 1893.) 12

178 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

We may say that, as a whole, the foot structure, especially of
the manus of Colodon occidentalis, is more specialized than its
contemporary Protapirus obliguidens ; this is shown ‘by the small
size of the lateral digits, and the reduction of the ulna.

Measurements of Colodon occidentalts.

M.
Totallength of radius... ies Ouse vant se eerste eee -195
Breadth of distal extremity ss. ecn. peep emcee ser ay -031
i. Of tina yO wea eens ee ees -O13

Total letigth of ‘manus... 05s sis<e0 wiv otep ce cers eee ae .183
Length of lunar. 26. os. nce e een ee (asc wale aoe ae -O21
Breadth of unciform—mce.V facet .........2- sees ee .007
Length of astragalus « « vipisis's vis ¢e'ens sane dds baeeny pees .036
Breadth of trochlear of Same sito 065 cs sates pees .026
Total length of inferior molar series............-....+4. .080
Length of inferior premolars ...-....0-se05 cessessecs -032
es last Inferior molar Use Nees, eevewcees -O19
Breadth of jaw between canines........ cesses ee eeereee .O16

ANCESTORS OF COLODON.

The earliest known genus in the Eocene, which can be refer-
red to the ancestor of Colodon, is considered by Prof. Osborn to
be Heptodon. This genus was first placed by Prof. Cope as
ancestral to the Rhinoceros series. The species of Hepfodon
whose structure is best known is the H. calciculus from the Wind
River. The osteology of this species has been quite fully de-
scribed by Osborn and Wortman,’ and it remains for us to com-
pare the characters of H. calciculus with those of Colodon occt-
dentalts, and also with the dbs representative of this i
namely, e/aletes.

In both the upper and lower dentition of Heptodon calciculus
there is a long diastema behind the canines. The first premolar
in both jaws is placed close to the second; while in the true
tapirine line this tooth, as shown by Prof. Osborn, is situated
next to the canine. The internal lobes of the superior premolars
show no signs of division, the second superior premolar has only
one external lobe, whereas in Systemodon this lobe is nearly
double. The characters of the external lobes of the superior true
molars in /Zeptodon are very important in diagnosing this line of
descent. In nen we have seen that both the external

' Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. TV, 1892, p. 127.

1893.] Wortman and Earle, Ancestors of the Tapir. 179

lobes of the ectoloph are equal in size, and conical in form. In
Heptodon the metacone has become strongly bent inwards and
lengthened ; the extent of this lobe however is not greater than
the paracone. The separation of the external elements of the
crown of the upper true molars in Heptodon is nearly as great as
in Systemedon. The inferior premolars of Heptodon calciculus are
very primitive in form ; the first and second are simply slender
cones. The third and fourth lower premolars have low and
broad heels, and the fourth has a well-marked anterior crest.
The lower true molars are high and compressed, their crests are
slightly oblique ; the spur extending from the anterior crest is
not as well marked as in Systemodon. The last lower molar has a
small conical hypoconulid.

The foot structure of Heptodon calciculus is rather more spe-
cialized than that we should expect to find in an ancestor of
Colodon. The great compression and elongation of the manus and
pes is a marked character of Heptodon. However, there isa close
resemblance between the form of the lunar of Heffodon and that
of Colodon. The enlargement of the median digit of the manus
of both of these genera is to be observed, but in Colodon the
phalanges are short and heavy; whereas in Heftodon they are
very long and slender. Comparing the astragalus of H. ca/ciculus
with that of C. occidentalis, we find some difference in the rela-
tions of this bone with the cuboid. In the former genus, as we
have seen, the astragalo-cuboid contact is very small and con-
fined to the posterior aspect of the tarsus, but in Co/odon this _
contact is a large one, and extends all across the antero-external
surface of the bone, as in Zafirus. We must therefore suppose
a great spreading and widening of the tarsus of Heptodon and as
a result a large astragalo-cuboid contact, to lead up to the condi-
tion found in Colodon.

The connecting type between Heftodon and Colodon is now
considered to be the genus He/a/etes. In this form the last two
superior premolars have become molariform in structure. In the
second superior premolar we remark that the external lobe is
double, an advance in structure over the condition of this tooth
in Heptodon. ‘he internal buttress of the upper true molars of
_ Helaletes is \arge, and the parastyle has increased in size in con-

180 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. V.}

trast to that of Heptodon. In the lower jaw of Hedaletes the first
premolar has been lost, and the third and fourth are nearly as
complex in structure as the true molars. The diastema of the
jaw is long in this genus, and shows a marked increase in size
over that of Heptodon. Prof. Osborn has shown that the presence
of the hypoconulid on the last lower molar of the different
species of He/aletes is a variable character. Now in Colodon this
lobe is small, but well marked. In /elaletes boops Marsh there
is a small hypoconulid, whereas in H. (Dilophodon) minusculus
Scott this lobe is absent. We believe, therefore, the A. doops
was probably ancestor of Colodon, but that the A. minusculus
approaches Hyrachyus in the loss of the hypoconulid.

The known material pertaining to the genus /e/a/etes is too
insufficient to enable us to trace the stages in the reduction of
the lateral incisor of Colvodon. In H. boops (syn. AH. nanus
Leidy) the alveoli for the lower incisors are all nearly equal in
size. ‘The canines in this species were much larger than the
incisors, this being in marked contrast with those of Co/odon occt-
dentalis. In conclusion, we think that the discovery of more
material referable to /He/alefes will clear up many points in
the evolution of the Heptodon-Colodon line which are now in ob-
scurity. In fact all the known species of both Systemedon and
Heptodon are extremely slender forms as compared with their
supposed Miocene successors, and if we derive the true tapirs
and pseudo tapirs from any of the known species of either of
these genera we must suppose a considerable modification of their
foot structure to reach the condition found in their Miocene
relatives. The dentition of these early Wahsatch and Wind River
tapiroids, however, is well adapted for further evolution into
later Miocene types, but in their foot structure we find it other-
wise.

Article XII.—ON A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS FROM
THE SAN PEDRO MARTIR REGION OF LOWER
CALIFORNIA, WITH NOTES ON OTHER SPECIES,
PARTICULARLY OF THE GENUS SITOMYS.

By J. A. ALLEN.

The present paper is based on about 250 specimens collected
by Messrs. E. C. Thurber and A. W. Anthony, chiefly during the
month of May (April 3o to June 6), 1893. The bulk of the col-
lection was made in the San Pedro Martir Mountains, but a few
were taken at various points on the journey between San Diego,
California, and San Pedro Martir. Through arrangements made
before the expedition was undertaken, the entire collection of
mammals obtained has been secured for the Museum. As would
be expected, the collection is made up largely of a few common
species (one-half of the specimens consist of a single species each
of Sitomys and Tamias), but it contains, in all, representatives of
20 species, all but four or five of which are fairly well represented.
Four are apparently new, namely, two species of Sztomys, one of
Tamias, and one of Scapanus.

The general character of the country between San Diego, the
starting point, and San Pedro Martir, is well known to be similar
to that of the immediately adjoining portion of southern Cali-
_ fornia. The San Pedro Martir Mountains, the objective point of
the expedition, and where most of the collection was made, are
thus described by Mr. A. W. Anthony: “ About one hurdred
and fifty miles south of the United States boundary, and midway
between the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of California, lies a range
of mountains, which is marked upon the later maps of the penin-
sula as ‘San Pedro Martir.” The region embraces a series of
small ranges which rise from an elevated mesa, having a mean
elevation of about 8000 feet, and an extent of sixty by twenty
miles. In these mountains are born the only streams that this
part of the peninsula affords, and an abundance of pine timber
is found throughout the region. Many of the ranges on the
eastern side of the San Pedro Martir rise to an elevation of
11,000 feet, or even, in one or two places, to 12,500(?) feet.

{181]

182 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

“ Arising as the region does from the dry, barren hills of the
lower country to an elevation higher than any other on the penin-
sula or in southern California, and presenting in its alpine vege-
tation and clear mountain streams features so different from the
dry manzanita and sage-covered hills of the surrounding country,
it is not unnatural to suppose that its animal life would be found
to differ in some respects from that of the surrounding hills. It
was not, however, until I had been in Lower California over two
years that I was able to visit the locality and give it a little of the
attention it deserves.”

Mr. Thurber informs me that the route taken was that of the
old stage road from Tia Juana (the custom house, sixteen miles
south of San Diego) to Ensenada, and thence by a poor wagon
road to Colnett, on the coast, about 100 miles south of Ensenada,
and about due west of the San Pedro Martir. The principal
localities at which specimens were taken are the following:
Carriso Creek, in a small valley about 22 miles south of Tia Juana;
Gato Creek, 36 miles south of Tia Juana; Ensenada, 50 miles
south of Tia Juana; Guadaloupe Valley, 35 miles south of
Ensenada; Salado Cafion, 15 miles north of Colnett; Cape
Colnett, on the coast ; San Telmo and Valladares, about 45 miles
east of Colnett, and near the western base of the San Pedro Martir.

From Mr. Thurber’s letters I extract the following, as well as
the few field notes given in the following list of the mammals
taken on the expedition: ‘‘On the west the San Pedro Martir
Mountains drop off by a series of benches, 300 or 400, to about
1500 feet in height. I think we went up six of these benches
before we reached ‘La Grulla’ (a large meadow, about three miles
long, where we made our third camp); from there to our last
camp was about three miles, with a gradual rise of about 300
feet. From our last camp it was about two miles to a pass in the
hills from which we could look down into the Gulf of California,
distant about 25 miles. The eastern slope was very different from
the western—quite precipitous, but broken up by ‘hog-backs’
running down six or eight miles, At the eastern foot is one of
the most barren of deserts, cut off from the shore by a range of
low, desert mountains. Our first and second camps were made

a i errr

1. Proc. California Acad. Sei., ad Ser., Vol. II, 1889, p. 73.

1893. | Allen on Mammals from Lower California. 183

on the second and fourth benches, respectively. Encautado
Peak was about ten miles northwest of our last camp. The
mountains themselves are rather barren—rocky in the extreme,
with very little water.”

In working out the forms of Sitomys it became necessary to
give some attention to the group as a whole as represented in the
region immediately to the northward. In this connection I am
indebted to the kindness of Mr. F. W. True, Curator of the De-
partment of Mammals in the United States National Museum,
for the opportunity to examine the types of the species described
by Professor Baird in 1855-57, and other historic material used
by the same author, and later by Dr. Coues. These include the
the types or co-types of Baird’s Hesperomys eremicus, H. gambelit,
A. boylii, and H. austerus, the relations and characters of which
it was important to establish, in relation not only to the present
collection, but for the proper determination of several hundred
specimens of the genus received during recent years at the
Museum from various parts of California.

Iam also indebted to Professor Charles H. Gilbert, of the
Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, California, for the
loan of the entire series of the specimens of Svfomys contained in
the collection of the University. They have proved of special in-
terest and value, coming as they do mostly from the vicinity of the

coast region of central California, which includes the type locali-

ties of both S. californicus (Gambel) and S. gambelit (Baird).
This collection was also unexpectedly found to include a consid-
erable series of specimens of a species of this genus thus far
undescribed.

1. Thomomys fulvus (Wo0dh.)\—Eleven specimens, San
Pedro Martir, at altitudes varying from 7000 to 8200 feet ; Gato
Creek, one specimen.

These specimens are instructive as showing variations due to
age, in respect to both coloration and cranial characters. Most
of the specimens are middle-aged or rather young, but several of
the others are very old. The former present the usual coloration
of 7. fulvus from Arizona and southern California generally ;
the others are much paler and grayer, with a rather distinct dusky
median dorsal streak, one of them presenting a striking resem-

184 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V.

blance to average adult examples of 7. dotta@. In respect to the
skull, the younger and middle-aged specimens present the usual
rather small quadrate interparietal so uniformly characteristic of
T. fulvus ; in the old specimens the sutures become less distinct,
and strong ridges for muscular attachment begin to arise on the
sides of the cranium, moving inward toward the median line as
they increase in size, till finally they not only encroach upon the
lateral borders of the interparietal, but extend inwardly much
beyond its outer border. In the oldest specimen they nearly
meet on the median line of the skull, and all trace of the inter-
parietal as a distinct bone is lost, except for a slight indication
of the suture on its front border. The skull is of course large
and massive (total length, 48 mm., greatest zygomatic breadth, 26,
as against 39.6 and 23.6 respectively for an average middle-aged
adult). The peculiar coloration and the apparently small inter-
parietal at first gave the impression that the series contained two
very distinct species, but a detailed study of the skulls when
properly cleaned shows that the peculiarities of two or three of
them, as compared with the others, are due to old age.

2. Perodipus agilis (Gamé.).—Eight specimens, taken at
Ensenada, Valladares and Gato Creek, May 29 to June 6. Ac-
cording to the measurements on the labels the 7 adult specimens
vary as follows :

nots SU Ta ert Total length, 248 mm, Tail vertebrae, 171 mm.
Seite Seagate 264 ‘* 2 145°
hei SR Leper si 270° ms E6455
aes ea tr: ne 288 ‘* = 16505
pee tire ot srg _ 189-7;
SRD Sg vs ore be Pc epee iy 163. $3
Mas Par we aie a ie he 284 ‘ 2 phy beats

3. Perognathus fallax dZerriam—Four specimens, taken
at the following localities: Cape Colnett, June 1 ; Guadaloupe
Valley, June 5 ; Gato Creek, June 6.

4. Arvicola edax Aaird—Three specimens, one male and
two females, fully adult, San Pedro Martir, altitude 8500 feet,
May 26.

These specimens are provisionally and with much hesitation
referred to Arvicola edax as defined by Baird, whatever the
previously described A, edax of Leconte may have been. They

1893.) Allen on Mammals from Lower California. 185

are very pale yellowish gray above, slightly varied with blackish ;

below, lustrous silvery gray. Tail very scantily haired, a little

darker above than below. These specimens are paler even than
a series from Santa Ysabel, San Diego Co., Cal., but as the latter
were taken in December, the difference may be in part seasonal.

Respecting these specimens Mr. Thurber writes me as follows :
“Arvicole were common in one large meadow on the extreme
eastern side of the mountains, but either our traps were too weak
or we did not have the right bait, as three were all we could get,
and those were caught the first day traps were put out. There
were three large colonies in this meadow, and judging from the
number of holes and runways there must have been a couple of
hundred in each.”

5. Neotoma fuscipes Cooper—One @ ad. and two quarter-
grown young, San Pedro Martir, altitude 8200 feet, May 18. The
old female is marked “Parent of the young; nursing teats 3.”
These specimens agree very well with specimens from southern
California (San Diego and San Bernardino Counties) which I
provisionally refer to this species.

Mr. Thurber’s notes state : ““ Veofoma not common. In smok-
ing a bee-hive, the smudge was accidentally dropped into a rat’s
nest, and a female ran out with two young clinging to her and
were secured by Mr. Anthony at one shot.”

6. Sitomys americanus thurberi, subsp. nov.

Above grayish fulvous, strongly varied with black, the prevailing tint being
often decidedly blackish, but without any well-defined darker dorsal area along
the median line of the back; sides rather more fulvous, but without a distinct
fulvous lateral line ; whole lower surface and both fore and hind feet to con-
siderably above the carpal and tarsal joints pure white, this color abruptly defined
on the sides against the darker color of the upper parts. Ears dusky, with a

_ narrow whitish rim, nearly naked, but with a prominent lanuginous tuft at the

anterior base, colored like the fur of the surrounding parts. Posterior half of
the soles very scantily furred for a member of the americanus group. Tail

. sharply bicolor, grayish white below, blackish above, thinly haired and with a

slight terminal pencil ; tail vertebrae considerably less than half the total length.

Measurements.—Total length, 160 mm.; tail vertebra, 75 (average of 43
specimens measured in the flesh by the collectors); ear from crown, 13.5; ear
from notch, 16; hind foot, 20 (last three measurements from skins).

186 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [WVol. V,

Skull, total length, 26; basilar length, 22; greatest zygomatic breadth, 12.7.

Type, No. $234, 4 ad., San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California,
altitude 8200 feet, May 20, 1893; coll. E. C. Thurber, after whom this sub-
species is named,

Young (about two-thirds grown) are pale plumbeous gray, strongly varied
with black above; below, pure white, with a tinge of plumbeous, due to the
plumbeous basal portion of the fur tinging the general color of the surface.

Sitomys americanus thurberi is based on a series of about 70
specimens, collected in May, 1893, by Messrs. E. C. Thurber and
A. W. Anthony, in the San Pedro Martir region of Lower Cali-
fornia. The series shows considerable variation in coloration, a
small proportion of the specimens tending more or less strongly
toward S. americanus sonoriensis, and a small number of others
towards SS. a. gambeliit. In other words, about one specimen in
ten shows a strong suffusion of fulvous pervading the whole
dorsal region; a much smaller proportion present a slightly red-
dish or bay tinge. The younger specimens, though adult in size,
are rather light gray, faintly suffused with pale fulvous, and
strongly varied with black.

The strong feature of this well-marked form is the pale grayish
fulvous of the upper parts strongly varied with black. In the
large admixture of black hairs in the dorsal surface, and some-
what in other features, this may be considered as a parallel form
in the americanus group to the fraterculus form of the eremicus
group of the same general region.

A large series of Sztomys in the Museum collection from Santa
Ysabel, San Diego Co., Cal., collected by Mr. F. Stephens, are
fairly intermediate between sonoriensis and thurberi, and seem
almost distinct enough from either to require a name, but for the
present are provisionally referred to sonoriensis.

7. Sitomys californicus (Gamée/).—One specimen, a nearly
adult female, San Pedro Martir (altitude 4300 feet), May 5, 1893.

Through the kindness of Prof. C. H. Gilbert of the Leland
Stanford Junior University, I have before me a series of 9 speci-
mens of .S. californicus from San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties,
California, and hence from near the type locality (Monterey) of
the species, Thereare also in the Museum collection 11 specimens

1893.] Allen on Mammals from Lower California. 187

from Santa Ysabel and 12 from Dulzura, in San Diego County.
The southern specimens seem at first sight a little darker and
somewhat smaller than the northern, but the series are too small
to be decisive. It is to be noted, however, that 7 out of 9 northern
specimens have the tail conspicuously tipped with white, the
amount of white varying from a slight pencil to a tipping of three-
fourths of an inch, while of the 23 southern specimens only one
has the tail tipped with white. The measurements, as given by
the collectors on the labels, and selecting only the fully adult
specimens from each series, average as follows :

. <4

Net Ecch,| Eat | come
San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties.| 4 247 131 | Gilbert and Price.
Dulzura, San Diego County..........| 8 245 135 | Chas. H. Marsh.
Santa Ysabel, San Diego County.....) 7 229 129 | F. Stephens.

I am informed by Mr. Stephens that Dulzura and Santa Ysabel
are practically similar as regards physiographical conditions,
Dulzura being about thirty miles south of Santa Ysabel, a little
nearer the coast, and at a slightly higher altitude.

8. Sitomys fraterculus (J/‘//er).— Five specimens, San
Pedro Martir, altitude 8200 feet, May 13-16, and one specimen,
Valladores, altitude 2500 feet, May 30.

These specimens do not appear to differ appreciably from a
large series from Santa Ysabel, San Diego Co., Cal., situated
about 30 miles north of the type locality of the species.

9. Sitomys martirensis, sp. nov.

Similar in coloration and in the size and character of the ears to S. fruet, but
with longer tail and less heavily-clothed soles. Above grayish fulvous or pale
yellowish brown, finely varied with blackish ; sides washed with bright tawny,
forming a broad lateral line. Below pure white, the basal portion of the fur
blackish plumbeous, with sometimes a wash of tawny on the middle of the
breast. A narrow blackish eye-ring ; feet white to above the carpal and tarsal
joints ; ears dusky, nearly naked ; tail sharply bicolor, above blackish (in one
specimen intense black), grayish white below, well haired and terminating in a
heavy pencil, the vertebr alone rather longer than head and body.

Measurements.—Total length, 195 mm.; tail to end of vertebrae, 102 (aver- ©
age of 4 specimens measured by the collector before skinning) ; terminal pencil,

188 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

5; ear from crown, 16; ear from notch, 20; hind-foot, 22 (last four measure-
ments from the skins).

Skull, total length, 28 mm.; basilar length, 23.4; greatest zygomatic
breadth, 12.7.

Type, No. $§4, 2ad., San Pedro Martir Mountains, altitude 7000 feet, May
8, 1893, coll. A. W. Anthony. —

This species is based on four specimens, two males and two
females, all fully adult, collected in the San Pedro Martir Moun-
tains, at an altitude of 7o0o feet, May 6, 1893, by Mr. A. W.
Anthony. ‘They are very uniform in size and coloration.

Sitomys martirensis apparently finds its nearest relative in
Sitomys megalotis (Merriam), which it closely resembles in size
and coloration, but has smaller ears.

Another large-eared species of Szfomys, as yet undescribed, is
represented by a series of 18 specimens from San Benito Co.,
California, mostly from Bear Valley and Mount Hamilton, kindly
loaned me for examination by Prof. C. H. Gilbert from the
collection of the Leland Stanford Junior University. Fourteen
of them are fully adult and four are young. By the courteous
permission of Prof. Gilbert I subjoin the following description :

Sitomys gilberti,’ sp. nov.

Similar in size and proportions to the preceding (.S. martirensis), but much
darker in coloration. Above dark yellowish brown, strongly varied with black-
ish ; sides more strongly washed with fulvous, with a deep fulvous lateral line
separating the white of the lower parts from the dark color of the upper sur-
face, in some (November) specimens this line taking on a strong salmon tint.
Below white ; with (in some specimens) a more or less distinct wash of salmon
across the breast ; fore feet white as far as the wrists, and the hind feet nearly
or quite to the tarsal joint, the dark color of the dorsal surface usually reaching
the joint and sometimes extending slightly on to the upper surface of the foot proxi-
mally. A rather distinct blackish eye-ring, in some specimens very pronounced;
ears dusky, thin, papery, and nearly naked; soles nearly naked to the heel ;
tail rather scantily haired and with a thin pencil at the tip, distinctly bicolor,
the upper surface varying in different specimens from dusky brown to blackish
or even black, the lower surface dull whitish, veh, to ‘peated clear white,

' Named for Professor Charles H. Gilbert, the a ene log who is of late devoting
much attention to the study of California mammals, and to whom I am greatly indebted for
the loan of material in the present connection.

1893.] Allen on Mammals from Lower California. 189

Measurements (average of 11 adults, from measurements taken by the col-
lector before skinning).—Total length, 190 mm. ; tail vertebre, 98; “* ear,”
22; hind foot, 23.

Skull, total length, 28 mm.; basilar length, 23.4; greatest zygomatic
breadth, 12.7.

Type, No. 329, Leland Stanford Junior University, 4 ad., Bear Valley, San
Benito Co., Cal., April 1, 1893, coll. C. H. Gilbert and W. W. Price.

The young are blackish plumbeous above, pure white below, the dark color
of the upper parts extending slightly past the tarsal joint on the hind feet.
Later the sides become yellowish gray or grayish fulvous, brighter or clear
fulvous at the lower edge adjoining the white of the lower parts.

Sitomys gilberti is in many respects a miniature of S. califor-
nicus. Although only about half the size of S. californicus (as
regards actual bulk), it closely resembles it in coloration, com-
paring adults of corresponding season, or young of correspond-
ing ages, although ca/ifornicus will average much darker, and
has a nearly unicolor tail. The dusky color of the upper parts

extends similarly in both to or a little beyond the tarsal joint,

and both have enormously large ears. The real relationship of
S. gilberti is with the S. ¢ruet group, of which it is obviously a
component, and its nearest affine is apparently S. mariirensts,
which it closely resembles in size and proportions, but from
which it differs in many details of coloration.

Among the specimens of Sifomys loaned me by the United
States National Museum for use in the present connection, is
one specimen (No. 4706) from “ California” referable to this
species—the only specimen I have yet seen except the series
above mentioned from San Benito County, on which the species is
based. It is not quite adult, but is strictly comparable with
several specimens in the San Benito series. This specimen is of
special interest on account of the inscriptions on the labels
attached to it. It appears to have been originally identified as
“ Hesperomys californicus” by Major Leconte, from whom the
specimen was received. Dr. Coues has labeled it “ Hesperomys
leucopus 7?” but on the back of his label he has written “ ca/i-
fornicus apud Lec. nec Bd. Probably = gamdeli Bd.” And
then later in pencil “ near aztecus Sauss."” Thus Dr. Coues recog-
nized it as something out of the usual run of California Sitomys,

190 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol.V,

“ce

and in his later opinion, in considering it
gested its true affinities.

near aztecus,” sug-

Having lately made a study of the types and other extant
material on which Baird based his three West Coast species of
Hesperomys, namely austerus, boylit and gambelit, a few words on
these forms may not be out of place. First as to the southern
form, gambelit.

Sitomys americanus gambelii (Zaird).

Hesperomys gambelit BAIRD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, p. 464. Type from Mon-
terey, Cal.

LTesperomys gambelti Baird was based primarily on two mounted
specimens (Nos. 783; and 73°3;) from Monterey, California, of
which No. 369 should probably be regarded as the type, as it is
the only specimen specifically mentioned in the original account
of the species. This specimen, Mr. F. W. True informs me (in
a letter dated June 8, 1893), is not now extant, and has not been
in the collection for many years. No. 368, which may be con-
sidered as a co-type, is, through the kindness of Mr. True, now
before me. It is, however, almost valueless for purposes of com-
parison, having become greatly faded from long exposure to light
as a mounted specimen ; it has also lost its ears, and is in a sad
plight generally. The color above is now brownish yellow, and
the tail is uniform pale yellowish buff—not bicolor. This is the
only skin extant positively referred by Baird in his original
account of the species to H. gamédelit. A single skin from Santa
Barbara (No. 7184), labeled sometime later by Prof. Baird as
“ Hesperomys gambelit, juv.,” is a youngish adult of the common
short-tailed Santa Barbara style of Stomys a. sonoriensis, His
No. 810, from Astoria, Oregon (also before me), referred doubt-
fully by Baird both to H. gaméelit and H. boylii, 1 should refer
to S. a. austerus. Some “ Posa Creek, Cal.,”’ specimens he also
referred provisionally to this species. A skin (No. 284) from
San Francisco, an alcoholic series of six specimens from Peta-
luma, and an alcoholic series of four specimens from ‘Tomales
Bay, were, however, also positively referred by Baird to 77. gam-

1893.] Allen on Mammals from Lower California. Ig!

belii. It is safe therefore to consider Monterey’ as the type
locality of H. gaméelii, and that the vicinity of Monterey and
the region thence northward along the coast to Tomales Bay,
forty miles north of San Francisco, are within the area of typical
HT. gambelit.

As 13 out of 15 of Baird’s positively identified specimens of
his H. gambelii came from points near the coast of California,
only 30 to 4o miles north of San Francisco, it seems proper to
assume that a large series of specimens in the Museum collection
from Nicasio, Marin Co., Cal., collected by Mr. C. A. Allen,
typically represent Baird’s Hesperomys gambelii, they agreeing
also with his description of the species. Other specimens from
Lake, San Benito and Santa Clara Counties, received for exami-
nation from the Leland Stanford Junior University collection,
are also similar. This gives a series of about 40 specimens from
the typical region, representing adults and young, and various
seasons of the year. From this material I propose to redescribe
the subspecies, as follows :

Sitomys americanus gambelii.—Aduilt: Above mixed dark brown and yel-
lowish brown, bordering on bay, generally rather darker along the middle line
of the back (but not forming a dorsal band as in the eastern forms of ameri-
canus) and grayer on the nape and crown ; sides less mixed with blackish and
hence more yellowish, but without forming a fulvous lateral line ; beneath clear
grayish white. Ears moderate, dusky, rather thinly haired, and with a narrow
silvery border ; tail strongly bicolor, dusky or blackish above and grayish white
below, about equal in length to head and body. Fully adult specimens average
(15 specimens, from collector's measurements): total length, 164 mm. ; tail
vertebrae, 80 ; ear, 12.5.*

Young: At first very dark slaty plumbeous above, later becoming blackish,
at one stage the whole central portion of the dorsal area being nearly black ;
later still the yellowish brown comes in, young adults being dusky yellowish
brown, through the abundance of intermixed blackish hairs. In old specimens
there is only a slight mixture of black, the prevailing tint being yellowish
pecan with occasionally a slight reddish cast, resulting in a pale bay tint.

nhs table of spetaans under gam gave do ‘whichis No on yang Thocwagy se ‘Cascade
, however, that it was the custom of Prof. Baird,

Bounisis, WE tabulate his specimens in some uence
with the most northern locality prone bese A pig on al sequence, bagianiog

most exam t thus og the first on the list. In the present case, however, a

Monterey specimen ly mentioned in the description, while No. is not. It

be further added that No. 663, «s bas. True informs me, anne. now be pms g at
*Dr. Coues (Mon. N. Am. Roden., p. 70) measurements of the nine oe Speci-

mens from Petaluma and Tomales Ba ga average as follows: Head and bod :
fully see ; total length, 137 ee; the series probably including some aparkasun nee
ult.

192 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol.V,

Sitomys americanus austerus (Zaird).

Hesperomys austerus BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1855, p. 336 (Fort
Steilacoom and Spokan Plains) ; Mam. N. Amer. 1857, p. 466.

Hesperomys austerus Baird was based on specimens “ collected
at Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sound, by Dr. Geo. Suckley, U.S. A.,
and by Dr. Cooper on the Spokan Plains ” (Baird, orig. descrip.).
As Fort Steilacoom is first mentioned, it is proper to take this
locality as the type locality of the species, whence came also all
of the specimens except one mentioned by Baird in his second
and more detailed account of the species. Of the seven skins
enumerated by Baird in 1857, only one, Mr. True informs me (in
a letter of date June 18, 1893), is at present in the National
Museum collection. This (No. 1964, U.S. Nat. Mus., “ Fort
Steilacoom, W. T., March 15, Dr. Geo. Suckley, U. S. A.”) is
now before me and is marked as the type of the species. This
is an adult, and is therefore probably not the real type, as the
original description was obviously based on an immature ex-
ample, as shown both by the measurements and the coloration
given in the original diagnosis.

There is little to add to Baird’s later (1857) account of the
species. It is apparently a little larger than gaméec/iz, with a rela-
tively much longer tail. In coloration austerus differs from gambelit
(judging from a series of specimens from the coast of British
Columbia, about 125 miles north of Fort Steilacoom) in being
much darker and browner, the general color above varying from
yellowish brown (nearly as in average specimens of gamdeli#) to
deep bay or dark chestnut finely mixed with blaek, averaging
many shades darker than in gaméelit. 3

Sitomys boylii (air).

LTesperomys boylii Batrp, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, p. 355 (El Do-
rado Co,, Cal.) ; Mam. N. Am, 1857, p. 471.

Hesperomys boylii Baird was based on a single specimen (after-
wards mounted) “collected on the middle fork of the American
River [in El Dorado Co.], California, by Dr. C. C. Boyle” (Baird,
orig. descrip.). In his later (1857) account of the species he

1893.] Allen on Mammals from Lower California. 193

referred to it a specimen (No. #,5;) from “ Shoalwater Bay,
W. T.,” and another (No. 810) from “ Astoria, O. T.” Fortu-
nately these last two specimens are extant, and, through the
kindness of Mr. True, are both before me. After due consid-
eration I have no hesitation in referring them both to Baird's
Hi. austerus. The real type, No. 73,5, from El Dorado County,
California, is also still extant and is before me. It is, however,
in very bad condition, being evidently much faded from long
exposure to light as a mounted specimen, and having also lost
both its ears and being otherwise dilapidated. It is therefore
nearly worthless, so far as throwing much light on the character
of H. doylit is concerned.

The account of the coloration is too vague to be of much im-
portance in such a group as the present. The measurements as
given in the two descriptions are discrepant at several points,
aside from an obvious important typographical error in each. In
the first account the length of head and body is given as 3 and
4-twelfths inches (=85 mm.) and the tail to end of vertebre as
3 and 9!4-twelfths inches (=95.3 mm.), giving a total length of
about 180.3 mm., which is considerably above the average for
any member of the S. americanus group, with the tail vertebrz
alone rather longer than head and body. In the second account
the length of “nose to tail” is given as 5.25, which is probably a
misprint for 3.25 (=82.5 mm.), and “tail to end of vertebre”
as 3.80’ (=96.5 mm.), giving a total length of 179 mm., or
practically the same as before. We thus have a rather large
mouse, with the proportions of austerus and the coloration of
gambelii (compare on this head Baird’s descriptions of his H.
boylit and H. gambelii in Mam. N. Am., pp. 465 and 471).

The skull, however, is much larger than that of any of the
ordinary forms of the americanus group, quite equaling that of
S. martirensis and other forms of the ¢ruei group. The facial
portion of the skull is broad, and the cranium rather narrow and
well rounded.

I have before me two specimens from Mt. Tallac, El Dorado

oe fie aaemer is substantiated by the caudal vericbra, still extant, preserved separately

[ September, 1893.) 18

194 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. V,

Co., Cal. (Coll. Stanford University), but one is quite young and
the other apparently not fully adult; they do not appear to
differ appreciably from examples of gambe/ii of corresponding
ages from the adjoining coast district. They are rather small,
short-tailed mice, and this seems to forbid their reference to
doylit.”

Under all the circumstances of the case it seems best to leave
Hesperomys boylii in abeyance until specimens answering to its
peculiar characters have been obtained from the type locality.
It may prove to be a southern mountain form of austerus, or,
more probably, a very distinct type.

In further reference to Baird’s West Coast species of Hesper-
omys, it may be added that Dr. Coues, in 1877 (Mon. N. Am.
Roden., pp. 70, 71), gave a table of “‘ Measurements of about
fifty (and a list of [about fifty] other specimens purporting to be
Hesperomys ‘ gambeli’ from Washington and Oregon Territories
and California.” ‘The table proves on examination to be a hete-
rogeneous mixture of skins and alcoholics, all treated as of equal
value for comparison, from localities almost as unlike in physio-
graphic conditions as the continent affords, varying from the
cool, rainy Puget Sound region to the arid, semitropical districts
of Fort Mojave and San Diego in Southern California. Speaking
generally, those given on p. 70 (Il. c.) agree well in size and
proportions with gaméelit and those on p. 71 with austerus. Thus
9 alcoholics from Petaluma and Tomales Bay average in total
length, 137 mm. ; head and body, 70 ; and the tail vertebrz alone,
67; while the same measurements of 13 alcoholics from Puget
Sound average respectively 164, 80, and 85—showing a marked
difference in size and proportions. Ruling out all of the ‘ dry’
specimens as wholly unreliable, we will merely note that Coues
says (1. c., p. 72): “Simiahmoo specimens [skins]... .are so much
darker than ‘gambeli’ from the dry, open parts of California,
that they stand rather nearer ‘ austerus ’ in color than the former
examples of the species they are supposed to belong to!” Given,
such an illogical basis as this, and the results reached in Dr.
Coues’s generalizations on the three forms gamdelit, austerus and
boylit are not surprising.

1893.| Allen on Mammals from Lower California. 195

In this connection a word on the value of measurements for
purposes of comparison. It is now of course recognized that
measurements from skins may be widely misleading and are
wholly unreliable when nice points are at stake; and especially
is this true of skins of small mammals made prior to the last few
years. This is due partly to different methods of preparation, or
to lack of care on the part of the collector, and partly to unequal
skrinking of different parts in drying. For illustration, I will
take two series of measurements made by the same person of
specimens taken at the same locality, the one from skins and the
other from alcoholics, namely, Dr. Coues’s measurements of 20
skins and 20 alcoholics of the common white-footed mouse of
Massachusetts, all collected by Prof. J. P. W. Jenks at Middle-
boro’, Mass., in 1855. I will simply premise that the skins were
prepared with unusual care and skill for that early time, and
were far better than the average of such material extant for the
next thirty years :

Head and body. | Tail vertebra. | Total length. | Ratio of tail to
S Mm. , Inches. | Mm Inches. | Mm. | Inches. |
Ghia. 2. gt | 3.59 | 75 | 2.95 | 166 | 6.54 | 45
Alcoholics. 84 3.31 78 3.08 162 ! 6.39 ; 48

It thus appears that what one might ¢ friorZ suppose to occur
is easily demonstrable—namely, that in skins the body is apt to
be unduly lengthened and the tail somewhat shortened as com-
pared with the true length.

The subjoined table gives a résumé of a very extensive and
instructive table of measurements of a large number of Sitomys
americanus, taken from specimens in the flesh, recently published
by Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VIII,
1893, pp. 64-66), to which I have added, for comparison, those
just cited from Dr. Coues. Mr. Miller’s measurements are here
arranged according to size, beginning with the smallest, which
arrangement, it will be noted, brings about a curious juxtaposi-
tion of localities. The considerable variation in the four series
from neighboring Massachusetts localities is also noteworthy.

196 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol.V,

MEASUREMENTS OF Sitomys americanus (KERR).

Loca.ity. Frown pions: Vv. lect Ratio. Measured by.
Haddonfield, N. J....| 13 158 70 44.3. | S. N. Rhoads.
Digby Nu S ay cakes 12 163 77 47.1 | Outram Bangs,
Elizabethtown, N. Y..| 20 167 73 43-6 | G.S. Miller, Jr.
Liberty Hill, Conn.... 17 168 72 42.8 | Outram Bangs.
North Truro, Mass... 14 169 74 43-8 | G.S. Miller, Jr.
West Dedham, Mass. .| 20 171 75 43-9 ms
Peterboro’; N.-Y.i..<s 14 171 76 44.4 ye
Seekonk, Mass ...:.... 15 184 79 42.9 oe
Middleboro’, Mass....| 20! 162 78 48.0 | Elliott Coues.

a St ey Eee ee 166 75 45.0 s

But even under the most approved modern methods the ele-
ment of personal equation may be an important matter for consid-
eration, even when similar methods are supposed to be pursued
in the preparation of skins, or in taking measurements before
skinning. The same tension may not be employed in laying out
the dead animal for measuring, or the same point chosen for the
base of the tail. One person will thus get somewhat larger meas-
urements than another, or a slightly different ratio of tail verte-
bree to head and body. ‘This is illustrated in the present collec-
tion, where two well-trained collectors working in company at
the same localities, and measuring their specimens in the same
manner, so far as can be judged by the labels, reach different
average results in several cases where large series of specimens
are taken of the same species. ‘Thus, in the case of St/omys
americanus thurbert, described above, the measurements of a
series of 43 adult specimens taken by one of the collectors aver-
ages for the total length 160 mm., and for the tail vertebra
75mm.; while in a series of 22 specimens taken by the other
collector the corresponding measurements are respectively
170.4mm. and 79mm. Yet the dates and localities, and the
general character of the specimens as to age and sex, are the
same for each series. ‘The same occurs also in the case of the
large series of Zamias obscurus (see below, p. 198), where in one
series the average length of head and body is 131 mm. and of
tail vertebrae 87 mm., while the same measurements for the other

1 Alcoholic. 2 Skins.

Toe) ee A eT

1893. | Allen on Mammals from Lower California. 197

series are respectively 134 mm. and 99 mm. The variation in
each case is parallel, in both instances one of the collectors get-
ting larger measurements than the other.

As a further instance I may mention two large series of Sttomys
californicus from southern California, taken by different collec-
tors, both of the highest standing as regards the quality of their
specimens, at localities not over thirty miles apart, and both
similar as regards physiographic conditions, where the difference
in the average measurements is even greater than in the two
cases already cited. And possibly some of the differences shown
in the above résumé of Mr. Miller’s tables may be due more to
the ‘personal equation ’ element than to actual differences.

As is well known to those who have measured many specimens,
of either birds or mammals, it is very difficult to repeatedly re-
measure the same set of specimens and get always exactly the
same results. The discrepancies, however, will ordinarily be
small, and will rarely affect the average of a series. Hence
measurements by the same person may be taken as strictly com-
parable ; on the other hand, measurements by different persons
are liable to vary, especially in the case of small mammals,
though in each case measured with equal care, through slight,
and probably unconscious, differences in methods, so that two
persons measuring the same series of specimens independently
of each other are pretty sure to obtain appreciable average dif-
ferences in results. In other words, there is in our work the
rather important element of personal equation to be on our guard
against in dealing with series from different localities, when
collected and measured by different collectors.

10. Spermophilus grammurus beecheyi (A/ch.).—Two
specimens, 4 adult, altitude 7500 feet, May 11; @ ad., altitude’
8200 feet, May 14. These specimens agree closely with examples
from Alhambra, San Diego Co., Cal.

Mr. Thurber says: “Spermophiles were not common; saw
perhaps twenty on the San Pedro Martir Mountains.”

11. Tamias leucurus peninsula, subsp. nov.

General coloration much darker than in very dark specimens of 7. harrisi.
Top of head dark reddish brown strongly varied with black ; nape and anterior

198 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol.V,

part of back gray, passing into dusky brownish over the pelvic region, like the
crown ; outside of fore legs and thighs reddish cinnamon, much brighter than
the same parts in 7. /eucurus. Lower parts and a single stripe on each side,
extending from the shoulder to the rump, white. Tail very short, iron gray
above, white below, bordered subterminally with black.

Measurements.—Total length, 213 mm.; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot, 35.5.
Type, $$44, ¢ ad., San Telmo, L. Cal., April 30, 1893, coll. A. W. Anthony.

Unfortunately this Ground Squirrel is represented by only a
single specimen, an adult male. It differs from all of its allies in
its relatively very short tail and very dark coloration.

Respecting this species Mr. Anthony, in reply to a letter of
mine to him, writes me as follows: “I tried hard to get more of
those Zamias, as I have always regarded them as different from
leucurus, but we passed very hurriedly through their habitat,
which, so far as I know, reaches from a point about forty miles
south of the boundary line to a little below San Quintin, and not
over thirty miles back from the coast, to about 2500 feet above
the sea. I saw only three or four on this trip. They are com-
mon in places near San Quintin.”

12. Tamias obscurus A/en.

Tamias obscurus ALLEN (ex TOWNSEND MS.), Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist. III,
p. 70, June, 1890.

This species, originally described from the San Pedro Martir
Mountains, is represented by a series of 49 specimens, taken May
6 to 28, at altitudes varying from 7000 to 8500 feet. They include
a number of half-grown young, but are mainly adults in very
worn, ragged coat. A number are in molt, while a few have
nearly fully acquired the post-breeding dress. So far as the
majority of the specimens are concerned there is little to add to
the original description, based on eight May specimens, taken by
Mr.C.H. Townsend, The young specimens bear an unexpected-
ly close resemblance in coloration to the young of corresponding
age of Zamias merriami, and among the adults there are also cases
of close resemblance between the two forms. In fact, the present
material seems to show that 7. odscurus is a southern representa-
tive of Z.. merriami rather than a close ally of 7. dorsalis, as

OS ae

1893.] Allen on Mammals from Lower California. 199

originally supposed. The three forms evidently form a group
more closely related znfer se than is either with any other form of the
genus.

As already said, there is little to add to the original description
of the dreeding pelage, or to the comparisons based thereon, but
the post-breeding pelage is so different as to require further
description.

Post-breeding Pelage.—Dorsal streaks much more sharply defined than in the
faded breeding pelage. Four light streaks, clear grayish white, separated by
three dark streaks, with an additional outer dark streak outside of the outer
light one. Central dark streak chestnut, mixed more or less from a point behind
the shoulders posteriorly with black, in some specimens black prevailing ; inner
pair of dark streaks paler, yellowish chestnut, with little or no black ; outer pair
still paler and more yellowish. Post-auricular patches large, white or grayish
white, instead of indistinct and dull grayish as in the faded breeding pelage.
Flanks dull yellowish brown, varying in some specimens to quite strong reddish
brown ; sides of shoulders rather clear gray, sparsely mixed with black-tipped
hairs. Below clear pure white instead of dull grayish white.

There is a wide range of individual variation, as there is also
in 7. merriami, and specimens of the two forms often agree closely
in coloration. 7. obscurus, however, is somewhat smaller, with a

relatively much shorter tail. A large series of adults average 130

mm. in length of head and body and 87 in length of tail vertebre,
as against 135 and 115 respectively for the same parts in 7. merrt-
ami, and 134 and 104 in specimens of 7. dorsalis from northern
Arizona.

This species, according to Mr. Thurber’s notes, “ was probably
more abundant than any other. It is almost exclusively a rock
dwelling species, every large mass of granite boulders, of which
the country is full, having a family. I never saw them in trees,
but sometimes they would get up in the bushes three or four feet
from the ground to scold.”

13. Sciurus hudsonius californicus 4//en.—One specimen,
@ ad., San Pedro Martir, altitude 8200 feet, May 18. This speci-
men is in very worn pelage, but as nearly as can be judged is
referable as above.

200 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

14. Scapanus anthonyi, sp. nov.

A miniature of Scapanus townsendii with the pelage much darker (nearly
black) and more lustrous. Length, 135 mm.; tail, 26.

Cranial characters.—Similar in general to those of S. townsendii, except that
the interorbital and rostral portions of the skull are relatively broader. The fourth
premolar on one side, however, is wanting and on the other is rudimentary ; but
this may be abnormal. Extreme length, 30 mm.; basilar length, 28.5; least
interorbital breadth, 7.6; greatest mastoid breadth, 15.3; lower jaw, incisive
border to condyle, 22.4.

Type, No. $848, ¢ ad., San Pedro Martir Mountains (alt. 7000 ft.), May 8,
1893; coll. A, W. Anthony.

This species is based on a single male specimen, and although
so small, the worn condition of the teeth show it to be an old
individual.

In general bulk S. anthonyi is less than half the size of S. town-
sendii from Nicasio, California, adults of which average 185 mm.
in total length, with the tail 38, while the skull measures 37 in
total length, with a mastoid breadth of 17, and lower jaw (incisive
border to condyle), 24.7.

Mr. Thurber says “moles were rare,’
was caught while burrowing.

There has been for some time a similar specimen in the Museum
collection (No. *4%, 4 ad.) from San Bernardino, California, col-
lected by Mr. F. Stephens, April 16, 1887. This specimen is partly
in molt, the patches of new coat being dark and the old coat
much lighter, as though faded. It is slightly larger than the San
Pedro Martir example, measuring: total length, 150, tail vertebrae,
28 (from collector’s measurements before skinning).

,

and that this specimen

Scalops texanus 4//en.

Scalops argentatus texanus ALLEN, Bull, Am, Mus, Nat. Hist, II], p. 221,
April, 1891.

This Mole was originally described (1. c.) as a subspecies of
Scalops argentatus, from a single specimen, labeled as from Presidio
County, Texas. Recently the Museum has received a series of
six specimens of a Mole evidently of the same species, from
Rockport, Aransas Co., Texas, collected by Mr. H. P. Attwater.

a
a
~.
"
ae

SEEM eee Tp on Se ee ee ee ee a i Wenn tO gen tae ee
Sie te se . 5 eee a Be mites
yi

See Se

1893.] Allen on Mammals from Lower California. 201

These later specimens agree essentially with the type. The great
difference in coloration and in size between this species and 5S.
argentatus seem to indicate that the original reference of this form
to argentafus as a subspecies was anerror. This series of seven
specimens agree in not only their small size but in the peculiar
bronzy tint of the fur as compared with the silvery tint in argen-
tatus. In texanus also there is a well-marked spot of orange on
each side of the forehead and more or less orange-tinted fur at
the base of the fore paws.

15. Nyctinomus brasiliensis /s. Geoffr—A series of ten
specimens is referred provisionally to this species. While of the
NV. brasiliensis type, they are much larger and lighter colored
than examples from Florida and Cuba—the only alcoholic speci-
mens available for comparison.

The following localities are represented: Carriso Creek,
April 4, one specimen ; San Telmo, April ro and 29, four speci-
mens; Valladares, May 3, two specimens; San Pedro Martir
Mountains (altitude 8200 feet), one specimen. Eight are males
and two are females. Of the males six have the gular sac and
two are without it, while of the two females it is present in one
and not in the other.

16. Vesperus fuscus ( Acaur.)—Gato Creek, 3 specimens,
and San Pedro Martir, 10 specimens, taken at altitudes ranging
from 7ooo to 8500 feet. They vary greatly in color, the Gato
Creek specimens being much paler than those from the San
Pedro Martir Mountains.

17. Vesperugo hesperus (1. A//en).—This species is repre-
sented by three specimens, taken as follows: Gato Creek, June
5, one specimen ; Guadaloupe Valley, April 27, two specimens.

18. Atalapha cinerea (Acauv.).—The ‘to specimens repre-
senting this species were taken as follows: Carriso Creek, April
18, two specimens; Salado Valley, one specimen; San Pedro
Martir, seven specimens, at altitudes varying from 7000 to 8200
feet.

7

202 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V.|

19. Vespertilio evotis HH. A//en—Four specimens, San
Pedro Martir Mountains, altitude 7000-8200 feet, April 17, 27,
and 28.

20. Vespertilio nitidus 7. A//en.—A series of 21 specimens
of a small bat are provisionally referred to this species. They
were taken May 15 to 28, in the San Pedro Martir Mountains at
altitudes varying from 7000 to 8500 feet.

ApDENDUM.—Since -the foregoing was put in type I have re-
ceived, through the kindness of Mr. Walter E. Bryant, Curator
of Mammals and Birds at the California Academy of Sciences,
about 50 specimens of S’tomys from the collection of the Academy,
which prove of exceptional interest. The greater part are from —
the southern part of the peninsula of Lower California. The
remainder include a small series of Sréomys americanus gambelit,
three specimens of S. californicus, and one of S. gilberti, mainly
from the coast region of central California. Of the three speci-
mens of S. californicus, two are from Monterey, the type locality
of the species, and the other from Glenwood. The latter has the
tail conspicuously tipped with white—the only one of the three
thus marked. The specimen of 5S. gi/berti is from Mount Ham-
ilton, the type locality.

The Lower California specimens are about equally divided
between two species, one of which, from the Sierra da la Laguna,
I am unable to distinguish from my S. martirensis, described
above (p. 187) fromthe San Pedro Martir Mountains. The other,
from Comondu and San José de Cabo, is new to me, and is allied
in general characters to .S. eremicus. It is a fulvous mouse with
a long naked tail and rather large ears.

Article XIII—ON A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS
FROM THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, WITH DE-
SCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

By J. A. ALLEN and FRANK M. CHAPMAN.

This paper is based on a collection of about 200 specimens
made by the junior author during the months of March and
April, 1893. With few exceptions the species herein recorded
were secured in the south central part of the island, at a point
twelve miles north of the southern coast and seven miles south-
east of Princestown. Here, at the border of the forest which
reaches to the coast, is situated a Government rest-house. Col-
lecting was confined to within a radius of a mile of this rest-
house. Points where small streams entered the forest proved the
best collecting grounds. Here in close proximity were water,
the dense low growth of bordering balisiers (/e/iconia), and the
forest itself. All the species secured near the rest-house doubt-
less might be taken in a short time within a radius of one hun-
dred feet in a locality of this nature. The indigenous species
secured here are doubtless all forest inhabiting.

The collection of small Rodents is of special] interest as con-
taining the results of perhaps one of the first attempts at system-
atic trapping of small mammals with the most approved traps.
The collector, however, was handicapped by entire ignorance of
the habits or even of the kinds of mammals which might be
found, and also by the fact that birds were the first object of his
efforts. Furthermore, at least one-third of the animals trapped
were destroyed by predatory mammals or ants.

We believe, therefore, that, prolific as the field has proven,
further collecting in the same region would add many species
among the smaller Rodents.

A future paper in this Bulletin will give a report on the birds
_ collected, and more fully describe the localities visited and the
faunal affinities of the island.

Very little has been hitherto written especially upon the
mammals of Trinidad, and very few specimens known to have

[203]

204 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Nol. V,

been collected on the island appear to be extant in museums.
Ledru' gave a list of ten species as early as 1810. De Verteuil,
in his ‘ Trinidad,” devotes a number of pages to the mammals
(pp. 85-89 and 361-365), and gives also a vague nominal list of
the species (pp. 360, 361). The list, however, is so indefinite
that it is impossible to determine the number of species it is in-
tended to include, while the nomenclature adopted is too errone-
ous to merit serious consideration. His remarks on the habits
and distribution of many of the larger species are of interest.
The first serious attempt to give a scientific catalogue of the
mammalian fauna of the island is Mr. Oldfield Thomas’s ‘A Pre-
liminary List of the Mammals of Trinidad,” published early in the
present year. ‘‘ The present list,’ says Mr. Thomas, “is only
written to form a basis on which a complete scientific list of the
mammals inhabiting Trinidad may be founded, and to show mem-
bers of the Society how extraordinary little is definitely known of
the mammals of the Island.””. He accordingly urges upon the atten-
tion of the members of the Trinidad Field Naturalists’ Club the
importance of collecting specimens for transmission to the Brit-
ish Museum for scientific determination. Mr. Thomas’s list in-
cludes 52 species, of which 27, or more than one-half, are Bats, and
8 only are Rodents, one of these being mentioned only generic-
ally. Mr. Thomas believes that this large number of Bats repre-
sents less than half of the species actually occurring on the
island, and calls special attention to the Rodentia as likely to
afford species “which are as yet absolutely unknown.” Mr.
Thomas’s foresight in respect to these groups is well vindicated |
by the present collection, which adds one species to the list of
Bats, and raises the number of known Trinidad Rodents from 7
to 19. The number of known indigenous Muride is raised from
one to eight, six of which it has been considered advisable to
describe as new. It is not probable that any of them are strictly
confined to the island, but doubtless occur on adjoining portions

! Voyage aux Iles de Ténériffe, la Trinité, etc., 1, 1810, p. 256.

2 Trinidad: Its Geography, Natural Resources, Administration, Present Condition, and
Prospects. By L. A. A. de Verteuil, M.D. P,, etc. One vol., 8vo., 1858. We are able to cite
only the second edition, published in 1884, which, so far as the natural history matter is con-
cerned, appears to be textually the same as the first.

® Journ, Trinidad Field Naturalists’ Club, [, No.7, April, 1893, pp. 158-168,

1893. | Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 205

of the mainland. Some of them are obviously related more or
less closely to species described from western and southern
Brazil, though it is hardly probable that any of them will prove
strictly identical. While a large number of species of Muridz
have been recorded from Ecuador, Peru, Chili, southern Brazil
and the more southern parts of the continent, the literature of
the subject contains very few references to specimens from
northeastern South America, so that Mr. Thomas’s pertinent
remarks on our ignorance of the Muridz inhabiting Trinidad
will apply with equal force to a large area of the adjoining por-
tions of the mainland.

I. Mycetes, sp—A Howling Monkey was not uncommon
in the forests about two miles from the rest-house. At this
distance their howling or, better, roaring chorus, in the early
morning could frequently be heard. Nospecimens were secured,
but it is probable, as Mr. Thomas remarks, that the species is
M., seniculus.

2. Saccopteryx bilineata ( 7¢mm.).—Two specimens, male
and female adult.

3. Saccopteryx leptura (Scireder).—Five specimens, two
males and three females.

In both of these species the females are larger than the males,
as shown by the following measurements :

S. bilineata, 4, forearm,46; third metacarp., 45; tarsus, 21.6.

g, “| 1.8; 49.5; 23.9.

S. leptura, 4, ne 36.8; le 36; x 15.7.
si Ag ee PEAT Be ae

ae 2, Po. es . SB.5.5 2% 17.8.

“ 2, ae 41.9; “e 39.6; ' ae 17.3.

All of the specimens show the two faint whitish dorsal stripes,
but in addition to its smaller size S. /eptura is paler colored
throughout, including all of the membranes, and the wing mem-
brane is attached at the ankle joint instead of slightly above it,
as in 5S. dilineata.

In the gloomy depths of the forest S. /epfura was frequently
seen coursing for insects during the day.

206 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

4. Noctilio leporinus (Zzzz.)—Two specimens, male and
female adult. Both have a distinct fulvous line down the middle
of the back.

The cave on Monos Island in the first Boca from which so -

many of these remarkable bats have been secured, seems now to
be deserted by them. The specimens above mentioned were
taken from a large cave-like fissure in the Huevos Boca to which
the collector was piloted by Mr. Morrison. Their stomachs con-
tained the partially digested remains of fish; confirmation, if
confirmation be needed, of the now well-known fish-eating habits
of this species. At a recent meeting of the Trinidad Field
Naturalists’ Club (cf. Journal, Vol. I, p. 204), the president of
the Club, H. Caracciolo, Esq., described the manner in which
these bats captured their prey, “by throwing it up with their
interfemoral membrane. Simultaneously they bend their heads
towards their tails to seize the fish as it is thrown from the
water.” In support of this observation Dr. A. Woodlock said
(1. c.), ‘that early one morning, at Monos, he distinctly saw the
bats in this act.” Is it not possible that the much lengthened,
curved, acute toe-nails of this species are of assistance to it in
catching or hooking fish?

5. Molossus rufus Geofr—The 25 specimens representing
this species show a wide variation in coloration. The specimens
representing the extreme color phases were preserved as skins,
the others in alcohol. The general coloration varies from deep
rich chestnut to blackish seal brown, ‘The ventral surface is a

little lighter than the dorsal. Measurements of six adult females —

and four adult males indicate only a slight sexual difference in
size, as follows: Six females, forearm 49.8 (48.3-50.8) mm.;
third metacarpal, 49.8 (48.3-50.8); tibia, 18.6 (18.3-18.8) ; free
portion of tail, 25.6 (21.6-27.7). Four males, forearm, 51 (50.8
51.3); third metacarpal, 50.3 (49.3-50.8) ; tibia, 20.3 (19.8-20.6) ;
free portion of tail, 27.9 (26.9-28.3).

This was by far the most common species of bat observed, and
was the only one regularly seen at evening coursing for insects
about the rest-house clearing. A colony of about thirty bats of
this species, with evidently a few of AZ, odscurus, occupied the

1
5

P

1893.] Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 207

attic of a neighboring house. Their retreat was invaded and
nineteen specimens secured. A short stick was the only weapon
necessary to effect a capture, for while their abode was large and
light, and access to the outer air was easy, not one took wing but
all endeavored to escape by running. Some ran up the rafters
to hide beneath the peak of the house; others ran across the
floor, going so rapidly that it was difficult to strike them. When
at rest they seemed to prefer sticking to a vertical surface rather
than hanging after the usual manner of bats. Of the nineteen
specimens taken seventeen were females and two males. Sixteen
of the females contained a single foetus each.

6. Molossus obscurus Geoffr—This species is reprsented
by a single specimen preserved in spirits. It is an adult female,
and contained a single half-grown foetus. The specimen meas-
ures as follows : forearm, 38 mm.; third metacarpal, 38; tibia,
13.2; free portion of tail, 17.8.

A comparison of the measurements of this fully adult female
with those given above of 4. rufus would seem to indicate that
these two forms are specifically distinct.

This specimen was found with the colony of MZ. rufus first
mentioned. There were evidently other individuals in the same
colony, but their smaller size enabled them to secrete themselves
in holes from which it was not possible to dislodge them.

7. Cheronycteris intermedia, sp. nov.

Similar in size and general proportions to Charonycteris minor, but with the
caleaneum one-half shorter, tibia longer, thumb shorter. Also different in
coloration.

Above snuff-brown, the fur slightly paler basally, not ‘‘ light grayish brown,” as
in C. mexicana and C. minor. Below slightly paler than above, about the color
of the basal portion of the hairs above. Ears, feet and membranes blackish,
naked, except that the fur extends on both surfaces of the wing membranes as
far as the elbows, and also along the basal third of the forearm bones on both
surfaces. Calcaneum conspicuously shorter, instead of ‘‘ conspicuously longer,”
than the foot. Thumb shorter, tibia longer, than in C. minor.

Type, No. $244, @ ad., Princestown, Trinidad, March 28, 1893, coll. of
Frank M. Chapman.

The present species is based on three specimens, a skin and
skull, and two examples in alcohol.

208 Bulletin American Museum lic Natural oe [Vol. V,

The genus Chwronycteris is now for the first time recorded
from Trinidad. The present species, while agreeing with C.
minor from Surinam in size, appears to differ from it decidedly
in coloration, particularly of the underfur, and in the shortness
of the thumb, in the greater length of the tibia, and in the cal-
caneum being much shorter, instead of much longer than the
hind foot.

While agreeing in the relative length of the calcaneum with
C. mexicana, it is widely dissimilar in size, as well as in other fea-
tures, it being very much smaller in all parts, as shown by the
following comparative measurements :

& Forearm. Meant: Tibia. Foot. | Cale’um.| Thumb.

mm.| in. | mm,| in. | mm,| in, | mm.| in.| mm,! in.| mm.) in.

$932 C. intermedia’ . 2 |34.5/1.36/34.5/1.36/12.2'.48) 8.6|.34| 6.6).26| 5.6.22

6105 ** sh -+| & 133.5/1.32}33.5|1.32|12.7|.50] 8.1|.32! 6.1/.24| 5.1/.20

6104 ‘* “s 2 & |...+|+++-135.5|1.40|13.5|.53| 9.1).36| 6.1|.24) 5.8).23
CO PANO Gan cae 34.3|/1.35/34.3/1.35|11.4).45| 8.1/.32/11.2).44| 7.1.

Co METICARE Ook 43.2|1.70|40.6 1.60,15..7/.62 10.6}.42) 6.6).26) 8.9.35

In dental and cranial characters C. intermedia appears to agree
with C. mexicana and C. minor, The position of the lower pre-
molars as shown in Dobson’s plate (Cat. Chirop., Pl. xxvii, Fig. 6,
6a) does not agree, however, with his description given in the
text (I. c., p. 510).

8. Artibeus, sp. nov.?—A large Artideus, not referable to
either A. planirostris or A. perspicillatus, is represented by a sin-
gle skin, the skull unfortunately having been stolen by the rest-
house cat. It differs in coloration and in the distribution of the
fur on the wing-membranes, from any of the currently recog-
nized species of Artibeus. The forearm measures 63 mm. ; the
third metacarpel, 61, and the tibia, 25.4. Color above and below
light brown, much lighter on the head and anterior half of the
body, the hairs nowhere tipped with gray. A broad white stripe
above and a faint whitish line below each eye.

9. Lutra insularis 7“. Cuv.—An adult female (No, $242,
Ny, mature but not aged) gives the coxtine measurements :

! : Meamiremaits from skin
2 Measurements from alcoholics. ;
* Measurements from Dobson, Cat. Chirop., pp. 510, str.

Oe en, ee ee ee

*
y
he:
uy
a4
-
f

1893.] Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 209

Total length, 1060 mm.; head and body, 610; tail vertebre,
450; hind foot, 103 ; ear from crown, 20. Skull: basal length,’

; interorbital breadth, 19.5 ; Pm.4, 9. These cranial measure-
ments somewhat exceed those given by Mr. Thomas (I. c.) for
two specimens of Z. fe/ina. In the absence of proper material
for comparison we provisionally adopt the name above given.

The Otter is apparently a rare animal in Trinidad. Hunters
were either ignorant of its presence or said that they had met
with it on very few occasions.

. Sciurus zstuans hoffmanni Pefers—A series of ten
specimens prove to be much nearer subspecies Aoffmanni from
Costa Rica, both in size and coloration, than to the true es/uans
of Brazil, although clearly intermediate between the two, as
respects both size and coloration.

The measurements of this series are as follows: Total length,
371 (348-390) mm. ; head and body, 197 (182-208); tail verte-
bree, 174 (145-208) ; hind foot, 47 (43-52); ear, 19. The skulls
of six specimens average 50 mm. in total length and 28.7 in
greatest zygomatic breadth, as against respectively 53 and 31 in
three skulls of Aoffmanni from Costa Rica. The coloration is
much nearer that of Aoffmanni than it is to Santarem and Cha-
pada examples of @stuans.

This species is very common. It lives in the forests, particu-
larly in those which are bordered by cacao groves, to the fruit of
which they do much damage. Its voice bears an unmistakable
resemblance to that of Sciurus hudsonius, but its vocabulary is
more limited, and it is far less noisy than that species.

Nectomys palmipes, sp. nov.

Similar in general external and cranial features to NV. aficalis Peters, but
much smaller and darker, with a relatively much shorter tail.

Aduilt,—Pelage soft, full, glossy. General color above pale yellowish brown ;
the middle of the dorsal region, from the nose to the tail, strongly blackish ;
the sides grayish buffy brown, sparingly varied with black-tipped hairs ; the top
of the head, from the muzzle to behind the eyes, blackish varied with gray.
Below, whitish with a wash of pale buff, PRY over the middle of the

_ OO those sinha’ Mr. Oldfeld Thomas, P, 2S,
1889, Pp. 200.

[ September, 1893.) U4

210 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

ventral region, the fur grayish plumbeous beneath the surface. The line of
demarcation between the coloration of the dorsal and ventral surfaces very
indistinct. Ears oval, evenly rounded above, flesh colored at base, dusky
apically, sparsely haired. Limbs externally grayish brown, the feet scaly, so
thinly haired as to be nearly naked. Palms and soles scaly, the latter 5-tuber-
culate. Tail alittle shorter than head and body, blackish, nearly unicolor, heavily
furred for the basal half-inch or more, the rest scantily clothed with short bristly
hairs, which form a very slight pencil at the tip.

_ Measurements, average of six adults (four males and two females) taken
before skinning: Total length, 402 (380-433) mm,; head and body, 206
(189-223) ; tail, 196 (175-210) ; hind foot, 46.5 (44-48) ; ear from crown, 18.6
(16-20). The females are considerably smaller than the males,

Young.—Above uniform mouse-gray, varying to mouse-brown, over the
whole dorsal region ; sides with a wash of buff, very slight in the quarter-grown
specimens, becoming stronger as the animal increases in age; ventral surface
clear gray, in older specimens whitish gray.

Skull similar to that of 1. apicalis,' especially in regard to the size and form —
of the interparietal, in which it differs notably from WV. sguamipfes. An adult
male skull measures as follows: Total length,’ 47 ; basal length, 38 ; greatest
zygomatic breadth, 24; mastoid breadth, 16.3 ; least interorbital breadth, 3.6;
length of nasals, 18.3 ; length of interparietal, 4.3 ; width of same, 8.9 ; distance
from incisors to first molar, 11.9 ; length of crown surface of upper molar series,
6.9; length of lower jaw (point of incisors to posterior border of condyle), 26.9 ;
height at condyle, 13.5.

Type, No. }§%8, ¢ ad., Princestown, Trinidad, April to, 1893, coll. Frank
M, Chapman,

This species is based on a series of 12 specimens, 7 of which
are adult and five in various stages of immaturity, the youngest
about one-fourth grown.

The adults vary somewhat in coloration, chiefly in the intensity
of the yellowish brown above, the amount of black over the
middle of the dorsal region, and in the degree of buffy suffusion
below, which varies from a slight tinge to a strong wash. The
skulls of course vary in size and proportions with age, but in the

' As figured by Peters, Abhandl. Akad. Wissensch, zu Berlin, 1860, p. 148, pl. ii.

* In this paper “total length,” unless otherwise stated, is the distance from the most pro-
jecting part of the skull in front—anterior border of nasals or gone Gea as the case may

e—to the most projecting part of the skull behind—occipital plane or occipital condyles, as
the case may be; “basal length’? is the distance from the inner base of the incisors to the
posterior border of occipital condyles. The length of the lower jaw is taken from the tip of
the incisors to the posterior edge of the condyle, unless stated otherwise. In all instances
oc are taken with callipers in a straight line between the extreme points
mentioned.

1893. | Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 211

fully adult there is little variation. The nasals end in an acute
V-shaped point, which projects beyond the fronto-maxillary
suture. The interparietal is convex posteriorly, nearly straight
or slightly convex on its anterior border, with the transverse
about twice the antero-posterior extent, or rather less.

In cranial characters this species is much more nearly related
to WV. apicalis Peters, from Guayaquil, than to WV. sguamipes
(Brants); the very largest skulls about equal the dimensions
given by Dr. Peters for that of WV. aficalis. It also resembles
NV. apicalis in its 5-tuberculate soles, but differs from it in its
darker coloration, smaller size, and relatively much shorter tail,
which is considerably shorter than the head and body, instead
of considerably longer as in JV. aficalis. The tip of the tail is
not white, as was the case in the type of JV. apicalts.

XV. palmipes differs from WV. sguamipes in having the soles
5-tuberculate instead of 6-tuberculate, and in the very different
form of the interparietal, which in WV. sguamipes is very much
narrower antero-posteriorly, and transversely much more ex-
tended.

Mr. Thomas gives “ Holochilus squamipes Bts.” from Trinidad
(presumably= Wectomys squamipes Peters), but that species is un-
represented in the present collection.

All the specimens secured were taken in the low, dense growth
near a small stream. .

12. Tylomys couesi,’ sp. nov.

Of the size and general coloration of 7. nudicaudatus, but with the tail
uniform dusky, somewhat hairy and slightly tufted, instead of particolored and
naked as in 7. mudicaudatus and 7. panamensis.

,Above nearly uniform cinnamon brown, everywhere punctated with black,
through the presence of longer black-tipped hairs overtopping the general
pelage. Below white, with a slight tinge of yellow, the white extending to the
base of the fur. Line of demarcation between the color of the dorsal and
and ventral surfaces well defined. Edges of the feet and toes soiled whitish.
Whiskers very long, black, the longest measuring 70 mm. _LEars large, naked,
dusky. Tail rather longer than head and body, black from base to tip, nearly
naked basally, but scantily clothed with short blackish hairs, increasing in

3 hd none for De Eliot foes in cali of his important Sais | to North

212 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

length and abundance toward the tip, where they conceal the annulations, and
form a well-defined pencil at the tip. Hind feet short and broad, with naked
soles.

Measurements (from the fresh specimen) : Total length, 460 mm. ; head and
body, 208 ; tail to end of vertebrze, 252; pencil at tip, 11 ; hind foot, 35 ; ear
from crown, 24.

Type and only specimen, No. $288, 4 ad., Princestown, Trinidad, April 6,
1893, coll. Frank M. Chapman.

This specimen is in apparently rather worn pelage. The coat~
is very short but thick and soft, and the underfur very woolly,
particularly on the ventral surface. Probably in fresh pelage the
color would be brighter and more yellowish rufous. !

The skull is that of a true 7y/omys, and presents the following
measurements: ‘Total length, 44.5 mm.; basal length, 38 ; great-
est zygomatic breadth, 23.4; greatest mastoid breadth, 14.7;
least interorbital breadth, 6.4; length of nasals, 16.5; distance
from incisors to first molar, 12.7; length of upper molar series,
6.6; distance from posterior border of palatal floor to end of
pteygoid hamuli, 8.9; length of lower jaw (tip of incisors to
posterior border of condyle), 27 ; height of condyle, 12; length
of lower molar series, 6.7.

This species has a close general resemblance in coloration to
the 7. nudicaudatus Peters of Guatemala and Costa Rica, but it
has a hairy, relatively much longer, and very differently colored
tail.

The single specimen was taken in the forest, at the entrance
to a hole which penetrated beneath the roots of a tree.

13. Oryzomys speciosus, sp. nov.

Pelage short (about 9 mm, long on the back), thick, soft, cottony below.
Color above yellowish rufous, darker reddish brown over the middle of the
back, where there are intermixed a few longer black-tipped hairs ; paler and
more yellowish along the sides. Below, pure white to the base of the fur.
Ears of medium size, rather narrow, evenly rounded on their posterior upper
border, dusky brown, well clothed with very short brownish hairs, which have
a slight reddish cast. Fore limbs yellowish like the sides of the body, as far as
the base of the toes, the toes lighter, buffy white ; palms yellowish flesh-color.
Hind limbs yellowish, like the flanks, as far as the base of the toes ; toes very
scantily haired, yellowish gray ; soles dusky, 6-tuberculate. Tail considerably

-
4

1893.| Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 213

longer than head and body, the basal half inch heavily furred and colored, below
as well as above, like the rump, forming. a basal, furred, yellowish brown ring ;
rest of the tail uniform pale brown, annulations very narrow and indistinct,
the scales minute, practically naked except near and at the tip, where it is
thinly clothed with short dusky hairs, forming a minute, scarcely appreciable
pencil. Under a lens the whole tail is found to be haired, but so scantily as
not to appreciably obscure the annulations. Whiskers scanty, black.

Measurements, from the fresh specimen: Total length, 261 mm. ; head and
body, 124 ; tail vertebree, 137 ; hind foot, 24 ; ear from crown, 14.

Skull, in general features, much like that of O. palustris; it is, however,
heavier and larger, with a heavier raised supraorbital ridge ; the interparietal is
also several times larger, relatively as well as absolutely ; the anterior palatine
foramen is shorter and much broader. Total length, 30.5 ; basal length, 25 ;
greatest zygomatic breadth, 17.3; greatest mastoid breadth, 12.2; least
interorbital breadth, 5.6 ; length of nasals, 11 ; length (antero-posterior axis)
of interparietal, 5; breadth (transverse axis) of interparietal, 9.4; length of
anterior palatine foramen, 5.6 ; greatest breadth of same, 2.8 ; distance between
incisors and first molar, 7; length of crown surface of upper molar series, 4.5 ;
length of lower jaw (point of incisor teeth to posterior border of condyle), 18.8 ;
height at condyle, 8 ; length of crown surface of lower molar series, 4.8.

Type and only specimen, No. $43, ¢ ad., Princestown, Trinidad, April 26,
1893, coll. Frank M. Chapman.

This species in size, proportions and coloration, strongly sug-
gests Hesperomys concolor Wagner, from the Rio Curicuriari, in
northeastern Brazil, with which it may prove to be identical.

14. Oryzomys trinitatis, sp. nov.

Pelage full, soft and rather long (13 mm. on the middle of the back). Color
above bright yellowish rufous, darker, approaching chestnut, and finely varied
with black-tipped hairs over the middle of the dorsal region, lighter and more
strongly yellowish on the sides; nose blackish and head rather darker than
back; below grayish white, the tips of the hairs being soiled whitish and the
basal portion gray, showing more or less through the surface. Line of demar-
cation between the coloration of the dorsal and ventral surface not sharply
defined. Ears rather large and quite broad, dusky, and thinly coated with very
short blackish hairs. External surface of fore and hind limbs dusky yellowish
brown, becoming lighter grayish brown on the toes, which are thinly haired ;
palms and soles naked, the former brownish flesh color, the latter more dusky
and 6-tuberculate. Hind feet rather broad in proportion to their length. Tail
very much longer than head and body, furred all around for the basal half inch,
the fur yellowish ashy below and colored like the rump above ; remainder of the
tail pale dusky brown, unicolor, non-penicillate and practically naked throughout,

214 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. V,

though clothed with very short dusky hairs, generally not readily seen withow
a lens.

Measurements, from fresh specimens: Total length, 271 mm.; head and
body, 123; tail, 148; hind foot, 25 ; ear above crown, 16,

Skull similar to that of the preceding species, except that the nasals and the
facial portion of the skull are much longer and the interparietal much smaller.
In old skulls the supraorbital ridge is continued backward to the posterior border
of the parietals. Total length, 32.5; basal length, 27.2; greatest zygomatic
breadth, 17.8; greatest mastoid breadth, 12; least interorbital breadth, 6.1 ;
length of nasals, 11.4; antero-posterior breadth of interparietal, 3.5 ; transverse
breadth of same, 9.3; length of anterior palatine foramen, 6.4; greatest width
of same, 2; distance between incisors and first molar, 8.4; length of crown
surface of upper molar series, 4.5 ; length of lower jaw, 20.3 ; height at condyle,
8.6. :

Type, No. $48, 6 ad., Princestown, Trinidad, April 25, 1893, coll. Frank
M. Chapman.

This species is based on three specimens, a very old male and
an old female, and a young adult male. The very old specimens
are closely similar in all features ; the younger specimen, although
practically adult as regards size, is less rufous and more yellowish
above and rather more whitish below, with the throat pure white
to the base of the fur.

This species differs from the preceding in the character of the
pelage, in coloration, especially of the lower parts, in being larger
and with a relatively longer and less hairy tail, and in various
cranial differences, particularly in the much shorter interparietal.
What its nearest relative may be among the continental species it
is impossible to decide in the absence of proper material for
comparison.

I5. Oryzomys velutinus, sp. nov.

Pelage thick, short (about 7 mm. long on the back), velvety below. General
color above dark cinnamon-brown, darkest and much mixed with blackish on
the middle of the back, lighter and more reddish on the sides, brighter reddish
on the hinder part of the crown and posteriorly over the shoulders ; anterior
part of the head dusky grayish brown with only a faint tinge of reddish, and a
narrow, indistinct blackish eye-ring ; beneath grayish white at the surface,
dusky plumbeous basally. Ears large, broadly oval, naked on both surfaces,
dusky with a faint reddish cast. External surface of the limbs like the adjoin-
ing portions of the body ; feet thinly haired above, yellowish gray, this color
extending on the hind feet to slightly above the ankles ; palms and soles naked,

Lp ee ON, oe ee

7%

thecal eget

1893. | Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 215

the former flesh-colored, the latter dusky brown, 6-tuberculate. Tail consider-
ably shorter than head and body, naked, very distinctly and clearly annulated
in comparison with the two preceding species.

Measurements, from fresh specimens: Total length, 252 mm. ; head and
body, 135; tail, 118 ; hind foot, 28 ; ear from crown, 18.

Young.—Pelage very short, soft and velvety, almost plush-like on the ven-
tral surface. Above blackish plumbeous, paler on the sides, whitish gray
below. Later the back becomes nearly black, and the sides acquire a mouse-
brown wash.

The skull is of the typical Oryzomys style, with, however, the facial portion
somewhat lengthened, and the anterior palatine foramen rather short and broad,
and the supraorbital ridge, even in old individuals, rather feebly developed.
Total length 33 mm.; basal length, 27; greatest zygomatic breadth, 17; greatest
mastoid breadth, 12.2; least interorbital breadth, 5; length of nasals, 12.7;
antero-posterior breadth of interparietal, 3.8 ; transverse breadth of same, 10.2;
distance between incisors and first molar, 7 ; length of crown surface of upper
molar series, 4.5 ; length of lower jaw, 20.3 ; height at coronoid process, 8.6.

Type, No. =}4§, 4 ad., Princestown, Trinidad, April 16, 1893, coll. Fran
M. Chapman. °

This species is based on a series of ten specimens, three of
which are fully adult, two nearly adult, and five in the blackish
plumbeous pelage of the young, varying in age from sucklings
to half or two-thirds grown.

The peculiar blackish plumbeous pelage of the young recalls
the corresponding ‘blue’ stage in the genera Sitomys, Neotoma
and Vectomys, but which is not found in the typical species of

_ Oryzomys, as the genus is represented in the United States. In

this species there is a slight deviation toward Stomys in the rela-
tively slightly narrowed and lengthened facial portion of the
skull. The auditory bulle, however, are unusually small, even
for an Orysomys, in which genus they are always much smaller
than in Sitomys.

This species was not found associated with the other species of
Oryzomys, but was met with in the forests, where it seemed to
live beneath the roots of trees or stumps.

16. Oryzomys brevicauda, sp. nov.

Adult.—Pelage full, soft, and long (9.5 mm. long on middle of back). Gen-
eral color above yellowish brown, darker and strongly varied with black-tipped

216 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

hairs over the middle of the dorsal region, lighter, more buffy yellow on the
sides ; below gray, with a slight buffy wash, the basal portion of the fur dusky
plumbeous. Line of demarcation between the coloration of dorsal and ventral
surfaces indistinct, often passing gradually the one into the other. Ears of
medium size (smaller than in either of the preceding species of this genus),
low, broad and very evenly rounded above, dusky, practically naked (pulver-
ulent) on both surfaces (under a lens the surface is shown to be covered with
very minute short whitish-tipped hairs), Feet above light grayish brown, with
a faint yellowish or buffy tinge, scantily haired; palms and soles naked, the
former brownish flesh-color, the latter a little darker brown, 6-tuberculate.
Tail about one-fourth shorter than head and body, naked (clothed scantily with
hairs so minute as to be nearly invisible without a lens), indistinctly bicolor,
pale brown above, lighter, almost isabella color below for the basal two-thirds,
the line of demarcation between the two colors indistinct.

Young.—A very young example (probably a nursling) is uniform dusky
brown above faintly washed with yellowish gray, more distinct on the head,
and particularly on the sides of the head. Below similar but much paler. In-

side of ears well clothed with very short yellowish dusky hairs. Nearly full- —

grown examples are variously intermediate between this and the fully adult
phase.

Measurements (average of 10 adult males, taken in the flesh): Total length,
265 (250-280) mm. ; head and body, 134 (141-161) ; tail, 111 (101-120) ; hind
foot, 28 (27-30) ; ear from crown, 15.3 (13-18). A similar number of females
average smaller, as follows : Total length, 235 (220-253) ; head and body, 142
(132-150) ; tail, 93 (86-105) ; hind foot, 26.6 (25-29).

The skull is that of a typical Oryzomys (taking O. palustris as the type of
the genus), except as regards a few minor details, principally the form of the
interparietal, which is very narrow antero-posteriorly and very broad trans-
versely, as it is in most of the species of Oryszomys here described. An average
adult male skull measures as follows: Total length, 32.5 mm. ; basal length,
28.7; greatest zygomatic breadth, 17.3; greatest mastoid breadth, 12.5 ; least
interorbital breadth, 5.8; length of nasals, 13.5 ; antero-posterior breadth of
interparietal, 2.5 ; transverse breadth of same, 10.2; distance from incisors to
first molar, 8.9; length of anterior palatine foramen, 6.9; length of crown
surface of upper molar series, 4.5; length of lower jaw, 22.9 ; height of same
at condyle, 7.6.

Type, No. $234, 4 ad., Princestown, Trinidad, April 12, 1893, coll. Frank
M. Chapman.

This species is represented by a series of 38 specimens, nearly
all adults, but including one nursling, and a few others slightly
immature. Among the practically adult specimens the general

eee we ee ee ee eM eee ae ee me)

Ae Ee ae Oe a ge ot ae a
se ee ON Tera;

1893.] Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 217

color above varies from strong clear yellowish brown to a darker
shade, approaching yellowish chestnut. Below the color varies
from pale buffy gray to quite strong buff over the middle of the
ventral surface, fading to lighter on the throat and towards the
anal region. This variation is, however, mainly due apparently
to age, the younger adults being more buffy below and yellower
above. The young, as already described, are dusky brown, with
a faint wash of pale yellowish brown.

This species is very distinct from either of the preceding, both
in external and cranial characters. Its heavy, comparatively
coarse pelage gives it almost an Arvicoline appearance, which its
relatively smaller ears and shorter tail tend to heighten. In cra-
nial characters it ‘most nearly approaches O. palustris of any of
the species here described, particularly in the form of the lower
jaw, which has the coronoid process longer and more decurved,
and the posterior border of the mandible more deeply hollowed
than is the case in any of the others. It differs from O. pa/ustris
in the form of the interparietal, through its great transverse

breadth as compared with its antero-posterior extent ; in this

respect essentially agreeing with the preceding species, as it does
also in the comparatively slight development of the supra-
orbital ridges.

This was apparently the most abundant Rodent near the rest-
house. With QO. spfectosus and O. trinitatis it was found in the
dense, low growth which bordered small streams.

17. Abrothrix caliginosus ( Zomes).—A series of 11 speci-
mens of a short-tailed, Arvco/a-like, rich chestnut-colored mouse
is provisionally referred to this species. They agree with a
single specimen from Costa Rica provisionally identified with
this species,’ and with ‘lomes’s description of ca/iginosus. As,
however, the type locality of cal/iginosus is Ecuador, it seems
probable that a comparison of specimens from the two localities
will show that the Trinidad animal may be separable.

The coloration above is dark rusty chestnut finely punctated
with black, much paler and more yellowish below; ears, tail, and
feet black. A series of six adults, measured before skinning,

1 See this Bulletin, ITT, 1891, p. 210.

218 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

give the following dimensions: ‘Total length, 192 (188-196)
mm. ; head and body, 123 (121-125) ; tail, 69 (65-70) ; hind foot,
24.6 (23-27); ear from crown, 13 (12-15). The dental and
external characters agree with Waterhouse’s diagnosis of his
subgenus Adbrothrix.

This species, with Zoncheres, was the only one of the Muridze
or Octodontide which seemed to be diurnal in its habits, Their
appearance in life suggests that of an Arvicola.

18. Mus rattus Zizn.—A single specimen was captured at a
neighboring cacao estate, and was the only one observed.

19. Mus alexandrinus Geofr.—Common in the vicinity of
houses, and on two occasions captured at a small uninhabited
palmetto thatch in a forest.

20. Mus musculus Zizz.— Common at Port-of-Spain, and
probably occurs throughout the island. The presence of cats
and dogs at the rest-house doubtless prevented the occurrence
there of either of the three species of Mus.

21. Heteromys anomalus (Z/ompson).—This species was
originally described by Thompson in 1815,' from a single speci-
men from the island of Trinidad. Few examples appear to have
as yet fallen into the hands of naturalists, and even the people of
Trinidad are almost unaware of its existence. According to Mr.
Oldfield Thomas (Journ. Trinidad Field Nat. Club, I, 1892, p.
165), the type and one other specimen, the latter received in
1891, are in the collection of the British Museum. It is therefore

gratifying to report that the present collection contains a series

of 30 specimens, including five in alcohol. Both sexes and all
ages are represented, from the suckling young to aged adults.
From this material the species may be redescribed as follows :

Adult.—Above grayish dusky brown faintly washed with chestnut; below
pure white to the base of the hairs. The dark color of the upper surface is
sharply defined against the white of the lower surface, without any trace of the
fulvous lateral line seen in most of the northern species. Outer surface of the
fore and hind limbs like that of the adjoining portions of the body ; inner
surface white, except that the dusky color of the outer surface completely

1 Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XI, 1815, p. 161, pl. x.

an’

be =
ater

aia Re a Cally bl
PRUE SYNE eres

1893.] Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 219

encloses the middle portion of the fore arm and a short space on the leg at and
just above the ankle. Upper surface of all the feet white. Palms flesh-color,
soles blackish, both entirely naked. Ears large, for a member of this genus,
flesh-colored at the base, passing into blackish apically, which is the color of
most of the exposed portion. Tail considerably longer than the body, sharply
bicolor, dusky above and whitish below, naked and nearly tuftless at the end,
the very short hairs scarcely at all concealing the annulations.

The pelage of the dorsal surface consists largely of grooved spines, almost
wholly so over the greater part of the back, mixed sparingly with fine bristly
hairs ; on the sides of the body the spines are weaker and fewer, here, as below
and on the head, the pelage consisting of rather coarse stiff hairs more or less
profusely mixed with softer hairs. The whole pelage above, spines as well as
hairs, is whitish basally, passing into blackish and tipped generally with very
pale bay or chestnut. The flanks and limbs, however, are rather paler and
grayer than the middle region of the back.

Measurements.—The average and extreme measurements of ten fully adults,
taken in the flesh, are as follows: Total length, 280 (265-292) mm. ; head and
body, 130 (120-142); tail, 150 (135-160); hind foot, 33 (31-35); ear from
crown, 14.5 (14-16).

An average adult skull measures as follows : Greatest length, 36 ; basal length,
28 ; greatest zygomatic breadth, 26; least interorbital breadth, 13.5 ; distance
between incisors and first molar, 9.5 ; crown surface of upper molar series, 4.5 ;
lower jaw, length, 20 ; height at condyle, 12.5.

Young.— Nursing to half or two-thirds grown young are dusky plumbeous
with a slight sooty tinge, but otherwise marked as in the adult. At a more
advanced stage the general color becomes a little lighter or grayer, with a faint
tinge of brown. The hair on the middle of the back becomes coarser and
stiffer, but well-developed spines do not appear much before the animal attains
adult size.

The only other species of this genus available for comparison
with the present is Heretomys alleni, of which the Museum has
now a large series, collected in the vicinity of Brownsville, Texas,
This proves so distinct from H. anomalus that no comparison
between the two is necessary, except that it seems desirable to
improve the present opportunity to elucidate further the charac-
ters of H. alleni.' The youngest specimen (about half-grown)
of H. alleni indicates that the young, even during the suckling
Stage, are not greatly different in general coloration from the
adults, being perhaps a little paler and more uniform gray, and

* See this Bulletin, I11, No. 2, pp. sal: June, 1890.

220 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

not blackish plumbeous as in 7. avomalus. A series of adults
of H. allen’, measured in the flesh, give the following dimensions :
Total length, 250 (238-260) mm. ; head and body, 122 (112-135);
tail, 128 (115-136); hind foot, 29 (28-30); ear from crown
(measured from the dried skin), ro.

In general, HW. adleni differs from AH. anomalus in its much
smaller size, in the very much smaller ears, in the tail being hairy
and slightly tufted, and radically in coloration, H. anomalus
being very much darker at all ages, and entirely lacking the ful-
vous lateral line seen in H. a//en’. In fact, as recently pointed out
by Mr. Oldfield Thomas (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., XI,
1893, p. 329), these two species belong to very different sections
of the genus,’ in respect especially to the character of the hind
feet, H.anomalus belonging to the section having the soles naked
and 6-tuberculate, and AH. alleni to the section with the soles
hairy and 5-tuberculate.

This species made its home beneath the roots of forest trees.
The pouches are used to carry food. One specimen had no less
than fifty-three seeds the size of peas in its pouches, while the
pouches of most of the specimens captured contained a few
kernels of the corn used as bait which they had stored away
before springing the trap.

22. Loncheres guianz 7omas.

Loncheres guiane THOMAS, Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist. 6th Ser. II, 1888, p.
326 (Demerara) ; Journ. Trinidad Field Nat. Club, I, No. 7, 1892, p. 166
(Trinidad).

This species is represented by five specimens, all females, and

all taken in the mangroves at the mouth of the Caroni River.

Four are adult, the other is a half-grown young one. One of the
specimens was collected by Mr. Chapman, April 29, 1893, and
the others, taken June 1o and 11, were collected and presented
to the Museum by Messrs. F. W. Urich and R. R. Mole, of Port-
of-Spain. Three of the adults are skins, with the skulls; the
other two specimens are skins preserved in alcohol. The June
adults all contained foetuses, two of which are preserved in
alcohol.

' Mr, Thomas, however, appears not to have had full-grown specimens of /7, adleni.

1893.] Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 221

These specimens are provisionally referred to this species, with
the description of which they appear sufficiently to agree as re-
gards the general external characters. There are, however, some
discrepancies in respect to measurements. The dimensions of an
adult female (No. $932), measured in the flesh, are as follows :
Total length, 456 mm.; head and body, 231; tail, 225; hind
foot, 43 ; ear from crown, 15.

Three skins measure as follows :

Total Head and Hind —
| length. body. | Tail. Siok. Ear.
6311. ad.....| 430 230 200 36 7 | Dry.
it aie Beoacerie ts 410 230 180 36 7 .
on Sey: Sites AAR (es tes 235 165! 38 II In alcohol.

Mr. Thomas’s measurements of the type, from Demerara, taken
from the skin, are as follows: “ Head and body, 190 millim.;
tail, 167 ; [hence, total length, 357 ;] hind foot, 36.2 ; ear (con-
tracted), 5.5.”

" Hence Mr. Thomas’s type, though said to be adult, is a much
smaller animal than either of our Trinidad specimens, if we re-
strict our comparisons to the skins. The measurements of the
skulls of the Demerara and Trinidad specimens would seem to
indicate that this discrepancy is more apparent than real, as
shown by the following :

Least : Length of
Basal Greatest hof |. Dias-
ose “ooo a eo a a org ee ke
ee 50 26 17 13 11.7 11.2
os apes 40 23 16 11.5 10 10.5
BORE 6 oad 05s 43 25 17.5 13 11.5 II
Demerara. ... 47 26 15.5 13 11.8 II.2

species from Trinidad, this being its second known occurrence.
Mr. Urich writes concerning the specimens collected by himself
and Mr. Mole: “ They seem to be particularly plentiful on the
Caroni now, especially between the hours of five and seven in

* Tail imperfect —mutilated in life.

222 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

the afternoon. The stomachs of all killed contained the fruit of
the mangroves, of which there is an abundance at present.”

23. Loncheres castaneus, sp. nov.

Similar in size and proportions to Z. guiane, but differing from it in
coloration and cranial characters.

External characters.—Thickly spinous except on the ventral surface and
limbs, the spines strongly developed over nearly the whole dorsal aspect.
General color above orange-tawny, more intense on the front part of the head
and at the base of the tail, gradually paler on the sides, everywhere heavily
lined with black ; ventral surface isabella color, finely lined with dusky, the line
of demarcation between the dorsal and ventral surfaces fairly well defined.
Upper and under surface of the limbs respectively similar in color to the adjoin-
ing portions of the body; upper surface of hind feet paler, yellowish gray,
becoming nearly clear gray on the toes. Palms and soles naked, blackish.
Ears small, rounded, blackish, nearly naked. Tail (in the young) similar to
that of Z. guéane, finely annulated, well-clothed for a short distance at the base,
the remainder nearly naked, the very short, dusky yellowish hairs only partly
concealing the annulations.

The dorsal pelage consists of spines mixed with hairs, the spines coarse and
heavy over the median dorsal area, gradually becoming thinner and weaker on
the sides of the body, passing into grooved bristly hairs on the ventral surface.
The spines of the back are plumbeous at base passing into black on the apical
half, without orange-rufous tipping on the anterior half or third of the dorsal
region, but posteriorly subapically ringed with this color and minutely tipped
with black, the orange-rufous subapical ring becoming broader and conspicuous
posteriorly. On the sides of the body the spines are nearly uniform plumbeous
gray to the tip. The intervening hairs are coarse and bristly, blackish basally
and very broadly tipped with orange-rufous, this color usually occupying one
fourth to one-third the length of the hair, but with the extreme tip often black.

Measurements,—Head and body (adult female), 245 mm. ; tail,—;' hind foot,
40; ear from crown, 16. (Measurements from the fresh specimen.) A very
young specimen, in alcohol, measures as follows: Total length, 235; hea
and body, 110; tail, 125 ; hind foot, 29 ; ear from crown, IT.

Skull.—The skull, in size and proportions, is almost indistinguishable from
that of 7, guiane, but differs in details, as will be presently noticed, Basal
length, 43; greatest breadth, 25.5; least interorbital breadth, 13; length of
nasals, 15.5 ; diastema, 11.5 ; length of upper molar series, 11.2.

Type, No. $294, 2 ad., Princestown, Trinidad, April 20, 1893, coll. Frank
M. Chapman. :

_ . ee eS ce ee A recente

' The tail is lacking.

1893. | Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 223

This species is based on three specimens, an adult female and
two young males one-fourth to one-half grown. The adult speci-
men and the larger of the two young ones are unfortunately
tailless, the entire tail having been lost apparently in early life,
as happens often with the Trinidad species of Echimys, as noted
below. The young specimen with a perfect tail shows that this
member is relatively of about the same length as in Z. guéane.

This species differs from Z. guiane, apparently its nearest ally,
in the general coloration being much brighter and stronger, the
dorsal surface being orange-rufous heavily lined with black
instead of pale yellow or yellowish gray rather sparingly lined
with black, while the ventral surface is many shades darker.
The cranial differences consist in the slightly narrower and
shorter anterior palatine foramen; in the slenderer, narrower
and posteriorly more extended nasals ; in the palatal emargina-
tion being bluntly oval instead of sharply V-shaped; in the
greater breadth of the basi-occipital ; and in the greater slender-
ness of the ascending maxillary branch of the zygoma.

It is probable that the baits used in trapping were not attractive
to this species. The two young specimens were trapped, but the
only adult secured was caught by dogs near the banks of a small
stream. It was called by the natives, Agouti Rat.

24. Echimys trinitatis, sp. nov.

Similar in size and proportions, and apparently in color, to Z. cayennensis
but in cranial characters and in the distribution of the spines more nearly
resembling £. semispinosus Tomes.

Adult.—General color above rusty brown, nearly uniform except over a
rather broad median dorsal area, where the rusty brown is profusely mixed with
black, in some specimens the black prevailing ; whole ventral surface pure
white to the base of the hairs, except that occasional specimens show traces of
a prepectoral dusky color. Ears narrow, rounded at top, slightly hollowed on
the posterior border, nearly naked, flesh-colored, broadly margined with dusky.
Tail a little shorter than the head and body, well furred for about an inch at the
base, the rest practically naked, the annulations scarcely at all concealed by the
very short, much scattered whitish hairs, and there is no tendency to a terminal
pencil, as in Z. cayennensis. Palms and soles naked, the latter uniform
blackish, the former usually mottled flesh-color and dusky, sometimes one color
prevailing and sometimes the other. Upper surface of fore feet grayish brown,
becoming lighter on the toes ; upper surface of hind feet dusky brown on the

224 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

inner half, gray or grayish white, varying in different specimens, to pure white
on the outer half.

The spines are restricted {in a series of Io. adults) to an oval area on the
middle of the back, between the shoulders and the hips, extending laterally on
to the sides of the body. The spines are grayish white or whitish at base,
passing gradually through gray and dusky gray to black, the exposed portion
being black, except on the lateral portions of the spiny area, where the spines
are often whitish nearly to the tip.

Measurements (average of five specimens measured in the flesh).—Total
length, 446 mm. ; head arid body, 244; tail, 202; hind foot, 50; ear from
crown, 23. The males average somewhat larger than the females, as shown by
the subjoined table. an

Young.—One-third grown young (in the 2-molar stage) are blackish above,
nearly pure black over the central portion of the dorsal area, paler, brownish
black on the sides, where the dusky tint has a purplish or faint vinaceous
tinge ; below white, with or without a dusky prepectoral collar, traces of which
are sometimes present in the adult. The whole pelage is spineless and soft.
When about half-grown (in the 3-molar stage) the sides become faintly tinged
with pale rusty brown, and a few weak spines begin to appear in the middle of
the back. At a more advanced stage the general coloration above is still dusky
brown, with a blackish spiny area over the middle of the back (between the
hips and shoulders), with rusty-tipped hairs more or less generally intermixed
over the whole upper surface of the body.

Skull,—An average adult skull measures as follows: basal length, 48 mm. ;
greatest breadth, 29; least interorbital breadth, 13.3; length of nasals, 24 ;
diastema (distance between incisors and first molar), 14 ; upper molar series, 10.
The nasal bones extend considerably beyond the fronto-maxillary suture, and
are squarely truncate or slightly rounded on the posterior border. A series of
young skulls shows the development of the molar series from two to four teeth.

Type, No. }$48, ¢ ad., Princestown, Trinidad, April 26, 1893, coll. Frank
M. Chapman.

This species is based on a series of 21 specimens—12 adults,
five young in the spineless, soft, hairy coat, and four in inter-
mediate stages between the spineless young and the fully adult, —
‘Two of these are preserved in alcohol, the rest as skins with the skulls
separate, All were taken at Princestown during March and April.

Echimys trinitatis differs from £. cayennensis, its nearest geo-
graphical congener, in various external characters, notably in the
restriction of the spiny area to the central portion of the back,
in the less hairy condition of the tail and the entire absence of a
hairy pencil at the tip, and also somewhat in coloration, especially
in the absence of a pale rufous patch behind the ears. In cranial

1893. | Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 225

characters it differs at many points, but it may be sufficient to
mention the much greater posterior extension of the nasals,
which extend much beyond the fronto-maxillary suture instead
of terminating considerably in front of it, as in Z. cayannensis, in
which the axis of this suture is oblique instead of transverse. In
other words, the nasals and the direction of the fronto-maxillary
suture are about as in &. dérevicauda, as figured by Giinther (P. Z.
S., 1876, p. 749). In this respect it also much resembles Z. sem#-
spinosus Tomes, from Ecuador, from which species, however, it
differs in its very much larger and very differently shaped ears
and much longer tail. It appears to resemble this latter species,
however, in the restriction of the spines to the central portion of
the dorsal area, in the naked and tuftless tail, and in general
features of coloration.

The adults present very little variation in coloration or in ex-
ternal characters beyond that already noted, except that three of
the adults were entirely tailless, the loss of the tail having evi-
dently occurred in early life, leaving only a broad cicatrix where
the tail joined the body. The young specimens are also quite
uniform in general coloration, except that in three there is a
broad dusky prepectoral collar, varying in width in different in-
dividuals, and represented in others by a broken collar, the two
halves failing to meet on the median line.

The principal variations in external measurements in ten adult
specimens are shown by the following table :

External Measurements.

Cat. No. Sex. | oe | Oe | Tail. | Hind foot. | Ear.
Le RS nae g 442 242 200 47 22
BONGs varie bees é pa 265 ae 50 25
ee ere g a 268 <i 50 ne
LS ee t ‘ 260 oe” 55 26
OS are e “is te 210° 53 es
|) SSP eies Bee 404 231 173 45 21
BOREs keseesens 8 491 261 230 53 21
te ee ee g 442 242 200 47 22
Sn eae 2 345 155 190 50 ss
SS es t 450 245 205 53 ar

' Alcoholic, 2 Tail wanting. * Body destroyed by some predatory bird or mammal.
[ September, 1893] 15

226 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

The skulls of course vary greatly according to age, in propor-
tion of parts as well as in size. There is also considerable indi-
vidual variation, especially in respect to the posterior extension
of the nasals. These in some examples pass but little beyond
the fronto-maxillary suture,.while in others they extend much
further. There are also minor variations in other parts, as shown
by the following table of measurements of eight adult skulls :

Cranial Measurements.

gens | gogo | gege | gece | dene | gege | gege | gege

6 é 3 é g g g We
Total length ...... 62 60.5 | 61 62 61 56 56 ean
Basal length....... 47-5 | 46 47 48 46 43 + aoe pate es
Greatest breadth...| 27.5 | 27.5 | 27 eae ae | 26 27 ry (le
Interorb. constric’n.| 12.5 | 12.5 | 13 1205: 1:33 12 12.5 | 12.5
Length of nasals...| 22.5 | 22.5 | 21 21.5 1} 22 19 20 20
Tastee essa vies 13 13 19.5 123-5343 Il.5 | 32:5. i232
Length of upper
molar series... 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5
(crown surface)

molar series...
Length of lower jaw| 34 34 33 35-5 | 35 31 33-3 | 32.3

Height of do.
at condyle..... petted Pants aa, 49 435°) 3¢ 12 12.5

Length of Seg

The tendency in these animals to lose the tails renders an ex-
amination of the posterior portion of the vertebral column of the
tailless examples a matter of interest. Fortunately this portion
of the skeleton of two of the tailless specimens was preserved,
and shows that the amputation occurs at the second vertebra be-
hind the posterior border of the pelvis, or just behind the fifth
caudal. The first four caudals are normal in size and propor-
tions, and appear to be in a healthy condition ; the fifth caudal
is abnormal, the posterior third or half having apparently been
lost by absorption. A further interesting fact was noted in skin-
ning the specimens in which the tail was still intact, namely, its
easy separation at the fifth caudal vertebra, in several specimens
the tail breaking at this point in the process of skinning.

The genus Zchimys is now for the first time positively shown
to be an inhabitant of the Island of Trinidad. It is true that
“ Echimys, sp.” is entered in Mr, Thomas’s list, but it is given

:

‘

.

.

7

s

i
#

, ..

)
4
z

1893.] Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 227

solely on the authority of Verteuil, who mentions two species,
namely, “ Echymys chrysuros” and “ Echymys rufus (?).”” What
these are it is impossible to determine, as the names given are
not pertinent to any Trinidad animal, and there is no other
clue as to what he intended to indicate. Verteuil doubtless knew
of the existence of two spiny rats in Trinidad, one of which was
probably a Zoncheres and the other possibly the present species.

This species is known by the native name of Pilori, and by some
is considered excellent eating. There are popularly supposed to
be two species, one with and the other without a tail. It lives in
the forest, making its home in holes in the banks of streams or
beneath the roots of trees. Three females contained respectively
two, four, and six large embryos.

25. Synetheres prehensilis (Zinn.)—Represented by an
adult skull.

The presence of this arboreal species is made known by the
nauseating odor it gives forth. This is especially noticeable in
the early morning when the air is humid and before the daily
trade-winds begin to blow. In walking through the forests at
this time it was not unusual to encounter odoriferous strata of
air proceeding from individuals of this species. So dense, how-
ever, was the parasitic vegetation on the trees in which they conceal
themselves, that they were practically invisible from below.

26. Dasyprocta aguti (Zinv.).—Represented by three adult
skins and four adult skulls.

The Agouti is a very common animal in the forests near the
rest-house. It is diurnal, but is more frequently met with late in
the afternoon and early in the morning. It is much hunted for
food, the usual method of capture being from a scaffold which
the hunter erects near some favorite feeding-place. Here at a
height of eight or ten feet, and distant only a few yards from the
spot at which the game is expected to appear, the almost worth-
less guns of the negroes prove effective’ The Agouti is an
exceedingly shy animal. In approaching its feeding-ground it
advances with the utmost caution, pausing frequently to listen.
In eating it sits erect, holding its food between its front feet.

228 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

27. Celogenys paca (Zinn.).—Represented by a single
adult male, skin and skull.

The Lape is yearly becoming more rare in Trinidad, and will
soon be confined to the less accessible parts of the forests. The
fact that hunters in unearthing a Lape, which has been driven
into a hole by dogs, frequently encounter the unwelcome
Maperire (Cro/alus), has given rise to the belief among some of
the negroes that the hunted Lape flees to the snake’s hole for
protection. His passage simply arouses the reptile, which is then
en garde for the hunters and dogs.

28. Cariacus (Coassus) nemorivagus (/. Cuv.).—Repre-
sented by a skull of an adult male, presented by Mr. R. S. Row-
bottom, said to be the skull of one of the largest deer ever killed
in the vicinity of Princestown. This skull measures as follows :
Basal length (ant. border of premax. to post. border of occip.
condyles), 213 mm.; greatest zygomatic breadth, 100; greatest
mastoid breadth, 66; length of nasals, 62; anterior border of
premaxille to front edge of first premolar, 68 ; length of molar
series, 67 ; length of antler from frontal bone, to9g.5 ; same from
anterior base of the burr, 102.5; length of lower jaw (incisive
border to posterior border of angle), 172; height at coronoid
process, 83; height at condyle, 55.5; length of lower molar
series, 73.5.

On the right side of this skull is the alveolus of a small upper
canine (diameter 3.3 mm.); but there is no trace of a corre-
sponding alveolus on the left side.

We provisionally follow Mr. Thomas in adopting the above
name for the Trinidad deer, in the absense of the necessary
material for deciding its relations to the several allied continental
species.

These Deer are among the worst enemies to young cacao
trees, of which they destroy thousands. Nevertheless, they are
protected by a recently enacted law. In view of their abun-
dance and the injury which they cause to agriculture it would
seem inadvisable to protect deer until they are so lessened in
numbers as not to prove the enemy of cacao growers,

1893.| Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 229

29. Dicotyles.—TI'wo species of this genus have long been
recognized as inhabiting the island. One of the species was
common near the rest-house, but no specimens were secured.

30. Cyclothurus didactylus (Zinz.).— One adult female,
Princestown, March 18. Measurements: Total length, 490 mm. ;
head and body, 216 ; tail, 274; hind foot, 4o.

This small Ant-eater, according to popular report, is evidently
not uncommon in the forests, where its food is said to consist of
the white-ants or termites. Its vernacular name of “ Poor-me-
one,” meaning poor me alone, expresses exactly the sentiment
of the indescribably sweet, sad call which, heard only at night, is
generally ascribed to this species. This call was frequently heard
in the forests near the rest-house during moonlight nights, but
the caller was identified only by the negroes’ descriptions. We
are now informed by Mr. Albert B. Carr, of Trinidad, at present
in New York, that the call so generally supposed to be uttered
by the ant-eater is in reality the note of a goatsucker, and that he
has shot the bird in the act of calling.

The only specimen secured of this ant-eater was purchased
alive from some negroes. It was kept alive for several days.
During the day it slept holding on to a branch with the aid of
its strong fore-claws and prehensile tail. It moved only when
disturbed, and as soon as it was permitted relapsed into its
former stupor. Just after sunset it raised its head, and, like a
sleepy person, rubbed its eyes, using either the front or hind-foot
for this purpose. This effort seemed to weary it, for it again
rolled itself into a ball and slept. A few minutes later it re-
aroused itself, and after rubbing its eyes as before, raised itself on
its hind-legs and felt about in the air, uttering a low, whining
snuffle and evidently seeing nothing. As darkness increased it
seemed to become thoroughly awakened, and climbed slowly up
and down its perch, feeling vainly for some way by which to
leave it. It released its hold with its tail only when standing on
all four feet, and at the first step this member was coiled around
a branch as a safeguard in case of a misstep. The tail is so
muscular that its grasp could be released with difficulty, while it
was almost impossible to dislodge the hold of the long, curved
nails of the fore-feet.

230 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

31. Tatusia novemcincta (Zinn.).—Signs of this animal
were seen in the forests, and part of one was brought by a hunter
to the rest-house kitchen. Its flesh proved excellent eating.

32. Didelphis marsupialis (Zizz.).—This species is repre-
sented by three specimens, two males and a female, taken at
Princestown. ‘They measure as follows :

Total length. Head and body. Tail. Hind foot.
Sas tea een 920 455 465 66
Sores Ee a ees 810 385 425 55
De was eek PEE ae 740 350 390 55

A common inhabitant of the forests. The pouch of a female
contained seven young, each measuring about 50 mm. in length.
Two living examples of this species were seen near the Grand
Etang in the island of Granada. ‘They were in the possession
of two negro boys who had just captured them, and from whom
one, an adult female, was purchased.

33. Didelphis (Philander) philander Zizx.—A single, ap-
parently full-grown male (No. $943), taken March 9, is pro-
visionally referred to this species. It differs from it, however, in
its much smaller size, in the tail being hairy for only an inch and
a half at the base (instead of for “from two to three inches”),
and uniform grayish brown from base to tip, instead of white for
its apical half, asin Brazilian examples. Measurements of the
freshly-killed animal are as follows: ‘Total length, 495 mm.;_
head and body, 210; tail, 284; hind foot, 34. The ‘lTrinidad
animal heretofore referred to this species may prove separable
from the D. phidander of the mainland—a point further material
must decide.

34. Didelphis (Micoureus) murina Z/vn.—\Although this
species has not been previously recorded from ‘Trinidad, it
appears to be at least locally common on the island, it being
represented in the present collection by a series of 20 specimens,
taken at Princestown.

1893. | Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals. 231

Sixteen adult males, measured before skinning, range in size as
follows: Total length, 361 (340-395) mm.; head and body,
171 (155-189) ; tail, 190 (175-218) ; hind foot, 24.4 (20-28) ; ear,
25 (22-29). Four females measure as follows: Total length,
324 (302-365); head and body, 148 (132-168) ; tail, 176 (163-
197) ; hind foot, 22 (20-24) ; ear, 22 (20-23.)

In coloration the variation is chiefly in the brightness of the
rufous of the upper parts, which varies from dull grayish brown
to quite strong rufous brown, and in the depth of the yellowish
white tint below, which varies from buff to ochraceous buff. The
younger (at least the smaller) specimens of the series are duller
and darker colored above than the larger, older examples.

This littke Opossum was so abundant as to prove a positive
source of annoyance. ‘Traps baited with meat were sure to be
preoccupied by it, while many trapped specimens of other species
were partially eaten by probably this species.

List or LAND MAMMALS KNOWN FROM TRINIDAD.

For convenience of reference we here add a list of the land
mammals thus far recorded from the Island of Trinidad. It
consists of Mr. Thomas’s ‘Preliminary List,’ with the additions
made in the present paper. The fourteen species here added are
distinguished by an asterisk prefixed to the current number.

Order PRIMATES.

Family CEBIDZ.

1. Mycetes, sp. Probably AZ. senicudus (Linn.). Red Howler.
2. Cebus, sp. Sapajou.. Capuchin Monkey.

Order CHIROPTERA.

Family VESPERTILIONID%.

3. Vespertilio nigricans Wied.
4. Thyroptera tricolor Spix.

232 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.

[Vol. V,

31.

Family EMBALLONURID.

. Furipterus horrens (F. Cuv.).

. Saccopteryx bilineata (‘Temm.).

. Saccopteryx leptura (Schreber).

. Saccopteryx canina (Wied).

. Rhynchonycteris naso (Wied).

. Noctilio leporinus (Linn.). Fish-eating Bat.
. Molossus rufus Geoff.

. Molossus obscurus Geoff.

Family PHYLLOSTOMATIDE.

Chilonycteris rubiginosa Wagn.
Pteronotus davyi Gray.

. Mormops megalophylla Peters.

. Lonchorina aurita Tomes.

. Mycronycteris megalotis (Gray).

. Phyllostoma hastatum (Pall.).

. Hemiderma brevicaudum (Wied).

. Glossophaga soricina (Pall.).

. Anoura geoffroyi Gray.

. Cheronycterts intermedia All, & Chapm.
. Artibeus perspicillatus (Linn.).

. Artibeus planirostris (Spix).

. Artibeus hartit Thos.

. Artibeus quadrivittatus Peters.

. Vampyrops caraccioli Thos.

. Chiroderma villosum Peters.

. Sturnira lilium (Geoftr.).

. Desmodus rufus Wied. Blood-sucking Bat.

Order CARNIVORA.

Family FELID.

Felis, sp. Ocelot. Tiger-cat,

1893. | Allen and Chapman on Trinidad Mammals.

233

32.

33-

34-

35-

36.

48.

49.
*s0.
Fez,

Family MUSTELID%.

Galictis barbara (Linn.).. Wood-dog.
Lutra insularts F. Cuy. Otter.

Family PROCYONID.

Procyon cancrivorus (Cuv.). Mangrove-dog.
Cercoleptes caudivolvus (Pall.). Kinkajou.

Order RODENTIA.

Family SCIURID.

Sciurus estuans hoffmanni Peters. Squirrel.

Family MURID.

. Holochilus squamipes (Brants).
. Nectomys palmipes All. & Chapm.

Tylomys couesit All. & Chapm.

. Oryzomys speciosus All. & Chapm.

. Oryzomys trinitatis All. & Chapm.

. Orysomys velutinus All. & Chapm.

. Oryzomys brevicaudus All. & Chapm.

Abrothrix caliginosus (Tomes).

. Mus rattus Linn. Black Rat.
. Mus alexandrinus Geoffr. Roof Rat.
. Mus musculus Linn. House Mouse.

Family HETEROMYID.

Heteromys anomalus (Thompson). Pouched Rat.

Family OCTODONTIDE.

Loncheres guiane Thos. Spiny Rat.
Loncheres castaneus All. & Chapm. Agouti Rat.
LEchimys trinitatis All. & Chapm. Pilori.

234 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V.|

52.

53-
54.

55:

56.
57:

58.

59.
60.
61.

62.

63.

64.
"65.

Family HISTRICID.

Synetheres prehensilis (Linn.). Porcupine.

Family DASYPROCTIDE.

Dasyprocta aguté (Linn.). Agouti.
Celogenys paca (Linn.). Lape.

Order UNGULATA.
Family CERVID/E.

Cariacus (Coassus) nemorivagus (F. Cuv.). Deer. Biche.

Family DICOTYLID.

Dicotyles tajacu (Linn.). Collared Peccary. Quenk.
Dicotyles labiatus Cuy. White-lipped Peccary. Quenk.

Order EDENTATA.
Family BRADYPODID&.
Cholepus didactylus (Linn.). ‘Two-toed Sloth.

Family MYRMECOPHAGID/.

Myrmecophaga jubata Linn, Great Ant-eater,
Tamandua tetradactyla (Lion.). ‘Tamandua.
Cyclothurus didactylus (Linn.). Little Ant-eater, Poor-me-

one,
Family DASYPODID@.

Tatusia novemcincta (Linn.). Armadillo, Tatou.

Order MARSUPIALIA.
Family DIDELPHIID A.

Didelphis marsupialis Linn. Manicou.
Didelphis (Philander) philander Linn, Manicou gros yeux.
Didelphis (Micoureus) murina Linn, Manicou gros yeux.

‘=
Ef

Article XIV.—DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF
OPOSSUM FROM THE ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTE-
PEC, MEXICO.

By J. A. ALLEN.

Didelphis (Micoureus) canescens, sp. nov.

Didelphys (Micoureus) murina ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. III, p.
190, Dec. 1890. (Not D. murina LINN.)

Smaller even than D. (A/.) murina, with the general coloration of D. (A/.)

_ grisea. Yelage short, close, thick. Tail furred at the base as in D. murina.

Above ashy brown, in some specimens with a slight rufescent tinge. Below
white, tinged with pale yellow. A broad blackish eye-ring, produced forward
nearly to the nose ; between the eyes, sides of the face and sides of the neck
yellowish gray, much lighter than the back. Ears broad, rounded, naked, pale
brown in the dried skin, probably more or less yellowish in life. Tail slightly
longer than head and body, the basal half-inch heavily furred, the rest naked,
pale brown, uniform or varied with spots of flesh-color. Feet grayish or yel-
lowish white, thinly haired on the upper surface. :

Measurements of three males and two females (approximate, from skins) :
Three males, total length, 283 (266-288) mm. ; head and body, 137 (134-138) ;
tail, 146 (142-150); hind foot, 65 (60-70); ear, about 65. Two females,
total length, 256 (249-268) ; head and body, 118 (114-126); tail, 138 (134-142);
hind foot, about 60 ; ear, about 60.

The skull is much smaller than in D. murina, with the nasals less expanded

" posteriorly, the small posterior palatal vacuities absent, and the triangular pro-

jecting ledges of the interorbital region much more strongly developed, quite
as much so as in D. cimerea. An average adult male skull measures as fol-
lows : total length, 35.5 ; basal length (front edge of premaxillaries to posterior
border of occipital condyle), 33.8 ; greatest zygomatic breadth, 20.8; tip to
tip of postorbital processes, 10.4 ; length of nasals, 16.3 ; from anterior border
of premaxillaries to posterior border of palatal floor, 18.8; length of lower
jaw (incisive border to posterior border of condyle), 26 ; height at condyle, 7.6;

height at coronoid process, 11.7.

Type, No. $444, ¢ ad., Santo Domingo de Guzman, Isthmus of Tehuan-
tepec, Mexico, April 30, 1890, coll. Dr. A. C. Buller.

This species is based on a series of three adult males, two
adult females, and a full-grown but rather young male, collected

[235]

236 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V.}

by Dr. A. C. Buller at Santo Domingo de Guzman, Isthmus
of Tehuantepec, Mexico, April 25-May 2, 1890, and formerly
referred by me (I. c.) provisionally and with much doubt to
D. murina, in the absence of specimens of D. murina for com-
parison. The recent acquisition of a large series of that species
shows at once that they are widely different, both externally and
in cranial characters, as already indicated. It now seems strange
that a species so strongly marked should so long have escaped
observation.

The only species with which D. canescens apparently needs
comparison is D. waterhoused Tomes,’ from Galaquiza, Ecuador,
judging from Tomes’s description ; but Mr. Thomas (Cat. Mar-
sup. and Monotrem., p. 342), after an examination of the type, —
refers this species to D. cinerea. Mr. Thomas records the
type (1. c., p. 343) as an immature skin and skull ; but Mr. Tomes
described the species from an adult female, which had young in
her pouch (cf. P. Z. S., 1860, p. 60), and later (cf. P. Z. S., 1860,
p. 217) gives a detailed description of another specimen, likewise
an adult female. Besides the marked discrepancies in size and
proportions between Tomes’s measurements and those given by
Thomas for D. cinerea, and in the length of the basal furred por-
tion of the tail, Mr. Tomes states that D. waterhousei is a pouched
species, while Mr. Thomas says of D. cinerea, “ pouch absent.”

D. canescens, while resembling D. cinerea very much in colora-
tion, is apparently fully one-third smaller, with a relatively con-
siderably shorter tail, furred only for about the basal half-inch.
While all of the six specimens are full-grown, three of them are
obviously quite old.

1 P, Z. S., 1860, pp. 58, 217 and 303 (fig. of skull), pl. lxxvi (animal),

Article XV.—FURTHER NOTES ON COSTA RICA
MAMMALS, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW
SPECIES OF ORYZOMYS.

By J. A. ALLEN.

In a former volume of this Bulletin (Vol. III, pp. 203-218,
April, 1891) will be found a paper entitled ‘ Notes on a Collection
of Mammals from Costa Rica,’ based on collections received from
the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, through the kindness of Don
Anastasio Alfaro, Director of the Museum, and Mr. George K.
Cherrie, the Acting-Curator of Mammals, Birds and Reptiles.
Another small collection has been since received from the same
source, which adds eight species to the 38 given in the previous
list, and contains additional specimens of other species of special
interest. The present collection numbers about 50 skins,
each with the skull separate, representing 17 species. I also take
this occasion to record an additional species of Costa Rican Bat
recently presented to the Museum by Mr. José C. Zélédon, making
in all 9 species additional to those of the previous list. These
are distinguished by an asterisk prefixed to the current number.

1. Atalapha frantzii Peters—One adult male, San Sebastian,
(San José), Oct. 8, 1891, George K. Cherrie.

*2. Rhogeessa parvula H. A//en.—Three specimens, Pacific
coast of Costa Rica, J. C. Zélédon.

*3. Saccopteryx bilineata ( 7¢mm.).—Two specimens, male
and female adult, Jimenez, August, 1891, A. Alfaro.

*4. Diclidurus albus Wied—One specimen, La Palma (San
José), August, 1890, George K. Cherrie.

*s. Nyctinomus brasiliensis 7. Geoffr.—One specimen,
male, San José, June 22, 1891, George K. Cherrie.

[237]

238 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

6. Hemiderma’ brevicaudum (W7ed).—Five specimens,
two males and three females, San Sebastian, San José, August,
1891.

*7, Artibeus cinereus (Gerv.).—Two adult females and an
additional adult skull, San Sebastian, San José, August, 1891.

8. Artibeus carpolegus Gosse—One adult male and five
specimens more or less immature, as shown by the skulls. The
adult male was taken at San José, June 21, 1891, the immature
examples at Limon, May 27, 1891, all collected by Mr. Cherrie.

The single adult male has faint whitish head-stripes ; in the
immature examples there is no trace of head-stripes; and the
coloration of the pelage everywhere is darker—slaty black instead
of browish black—and the measurements are all much smaller.
As regards external characters, the young might be readily
mistaken for a distinct species ; the skulls, however, show them
to be simply immature examples of 4. carpolegus.

*9,. Vampyrops lineatus Geoffr.— One specimen, adult
female, Jimenez, Sept. 9, 1891, A. Alfaro.

*ro. Blarina micrura ( Zomes).—One specimen, San Isidro,
San José, Sept. 25, 1891, Geo. K. Cherrie.

11. Sigmodon hispidus toltecus (De Sauss.).—One speci-
men, adult male, San José, November, 1890, Geo. K. Cherrie.

12. Abrothrix teguina (4/s/on).—Two males and a female,
La Carpintero, Sept. 2, 1891, Geo. K. Cherrie.

13. Sitomys cherriei A//en.

Hesperomys (Vesperimus) cherrii ALLEN, Bull, Am, Mus. Nat. Hist. ITI, p,
211, April 17, 1891.

This species is represented by a series of 15 specimens, includ-
ing immature examples as well as adult, There is little, however,
to add to the description of the species already given (I. c.).
They are all from La Carpintero, the original locality, taken July
15-26, 1891, by Mr, Cherrie.

' Hemiderma Gervais, 1855—Carollia Gray, 1838, preoceupied.

1893. ] Allen on Mammals from Costa Rica. 239

14. Sitomys nudipes A//en.

Hesperomys (Vesperimus) nudipes ALLEN, Bull. Am, Mus, Nat. Hist. III, p.
213, April 17, 1891.

Two specimens, Santa Clara, A. Alfaro. Both are immature
and differ from the type (see this Bulletin, lc.) in being much
darker, especially above, as would be expected in the young,
Above the pelage is black with a faint tinge of sooty brown,
passing into grayish black on the sides, and then into the purer
gray of the ventral surface, which is tinged more or less with
yellowish rusty over the pectoral region. The ears and tail are
naked, and the abruptly whitish feet are thinly haired.

An adult skin and skull, from near San José, collected and
presented to the Museum by Mr. George K. Cherrie since the
publication of the original description, agrees with the type.

This is an aberrant Sitomys, but the species seems to belong
here rather than elsewhere.

*15. Oryzomys costaricensis, sp. nov.

Size very small ; ears small ; tail one and a half times the length of the head
and body. Pelage full, long (7 mm. on middle of back), soft, but rather coarse
for so small a mouse.

Above yellowish brown, varying to yellowish chestnut, with a heavy admix-
ture of black hairs ; sides paler, ochraceous buff with little or no black, passing
gradually into the clear, rather strong buff of the ventral surface, which is sepa-
rated from the color of the upper parts by a quite distinct but narrow fulvous
lateral line. Ears small (height above crown, in dried skin, about 7 mm.),
oval, well haired on both surfaces, dusky brown externally, darkest on the
anterior third, more yellowish on the inner surface. Upper surface of fore and
hind feet buffy white, scantily haired, especially the hind feet, where the short
light-colored hairs scarcely conceal the scaly annulations ; palms and soles
naked, flesh-colored, the latter 6-tuberculate. Tail very long, naked, unicolor,
pale brown.

Total length, 196 mm. ; head and body, 79; tail, 117; hind foot, 23 (aver-
age of three specimens, from measurements made before skinning) ; ear from
crown, 7 (from skins).

The skull is that of a nearly typical species of Oryzomys in all of its essen-
tial features, except that the supraorbital ridge is so feebly developed as to be

‘quite lacking, even in a skull with well-worn teeth. An adult skull measures as

follows: Total length, 21 mm.; basal length, 17.8; greatest zygomatic
breadth, 11.4 ; greatest breadth of brain case, 10.1 ; least interorbital breadth,

240 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V.]

4.3; length of nasals, 8 ; interparietal, length, 2; interparietal, breadth, 8.4;
incisors to first premolar, 2.5 ; length of upper molar series, 3 ; length of lower
jaw, 11.7; height of same at condyle, 4.3.

Type, @ ad., El General, altitude 2150 feet, Feb., 1891, coll. H. Pittier.

This species is based on four specimens, all nearly or quite
adult (in one the teeth are well-worn), three of them taken on
E] General at an altitude of 2150 feet, and one in the Cerro de
Buena Vista, “‘altitude 10,342 feet,” in February, 1891, by H.
Pettier. Another specimen, labeled “ La Carpintera, 2, July 26,
1891, Geo. K. Cherrie,” I also refer to the same species. This
would seem to give the species quite a range in altitude, if the
elevation recorded on the labels is correctly indicated. ‘These
are all skins, four of which are accompanied by their separate
skulls.

Oryzomys costaricensis needs comparison with no other species
described from north of the Isthmus of Panama. It is well
characterized by its very small size (head and body three inches
or less) and its exceedingly long tail (nearly five inches). In
size, coloration and general external appearance it is strongly
suggestive of a very long-tailed species of Reithrodontomys, but
the resemblance is entirely superficial. Its nearest representative
appears to be Oryzomys longicaudatus (Benn.), of Chili and Peru,
from which, however, it is obviously distinguished by its small
ears and different coloration. ‘The absence of the usual supra-
orbital ‘ bead’ may be easily due to the very small size and con-
sequent delicate structure of the species.

*16. Oryzomys couesi A4/ston.—One specimen, female,
Bahia de Salinas (on the Pacific coast), July, 1890, A. Alfaro.
Skin and skull, from an alcoholic specimen, with the following
measurements inscribed on the label: “ Length, 9.15 in. [232
mm.]; tail, 5.35 [135.6]; hind foot, 1.17 [29.7].” This specimen
is provisionally referred to O. cowest Alston, as recently redefined
by Thomas (Ann. and Mag,, 6th Ser., XI, 1893, p. 403).

17. Lepus gabbi A//en.—One specimen, San José.

18. Didelphis (Micoureus) murina Zinz.—One specimen,
a half-grown male, Jimenez, August, 1891, A. Alfaro,

tae ee Owe

Ne ae a ase ee a

Article XVI.—DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE
BUTTERFLIES FOUND WITHIN FIFTY MILES OF
NEW YORK CITY, TOGETHER WITH A BRIEF
ACCOUNT OF THEIR LIFE HISTORIES AND
HABITS.

By WILLIAM BEUTENMOLLER.

The present paper is based upon the list of butterflies given
by me in my ‘Catalogue of Lepidoptera found within fifty
miles of New York City, with their Food-plants,’ published
in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. V,
1890, pp. 199-230, and is the beginning of a series of similar
papers on the moths of the region which I intend soon to pub-
lish. The descriptions of the species in this work have been
made from specimens contained in the collection of the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, viz.: S. L. Elliot, James
Angus and Henry Edwards Collections, and also from material
collected in this vicinity by me for the Museum during the past
four years. The earlier stages have been described either from
living specimens or have been condensed from the writings of
W. H. Edwards, S. H. Scudder, and others. Free use has also
been made of Prof. John B. Smith’s * Catalogue of Insects found
in New Jersey,’ and Wm. T. Davis's ‘ List of Butterflies found
on Staten Island.’

PAPILIONIDE.
Subfamily PAPILIONIN.
Papilio ajax Zinn.

Butterfly.—Pale green with black borders and transverse markings. Hind
wings with a red spot on the anal angle; tails black, long. Expanse, 21g to
344 inches.

Caterpillar.—Gray with white, black and yellow transverse bands on the

fourth and fifth segments, and the segments after the fifth with a yellow and
two dull white bands ; sometimes the larva is green and each segment crossed

[October, 1893.] {241] 16

242 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

by gray, yellow and blue bands; sometimes the larva is pale green with blue,
black and yellow bands. Length, about 144 inches,

Chrysalis,—Bright green or light brown, with a few darker markings. Head-
case with short prominences and a triangular process on the thorax, which has
a median carina and a similar pair at the sides of the body. Length, 1 inch.

Food-plant.—Paw-paw.

Only a few occasional specimens have been seen flying in this
vicinity, and the occurrence of the insect here is probably acci-
dental. It is common in the Southern and Western States.

Papilio philenor Zinn.

Butter fly,—Velvety black with greenish or bluish metallic reflections. Fore
wings with a row of whitish spots near the outer margin. In some specimens
these spots are sometimes absent. Hind wings have also a row of five or six
whitish spots, which are more prominent than those on the fore wings. Tails
black. The underside of the hind wings have a row of seven large orange
spots which are surrounded with black, and also a row of cream-colored semi-
lunate spots along the outer margin ; the spots decreasing in size as they reach
the inner angle. Expands 3 to 344 inches.

Caterpillar.—Velvety black with long black and orange fleshy tubercles and
orange spots. Length, 2 inches.

Chrysalis. —Yellowish green, marked with gray and violet, with more or less
yellow on the back. Length, 14 inches.

Food-plant,—Dutchman’s Pipe (Aristolochia).

Rather common in this vicinity, but is rather local owing to
the scarcity of the food-plant. May be found in May and June,
and again in August and September, in gardens and open places
in woods. Double brooded.

Papilio asterias /zér.
PLATE II, Fie. 1.

Butterfly.—Black with two bands composed of yellow spots on each wing.
The spots of the inner band much larger than the outer ones. Hind wings
with blue lunules or dashes between the yellow bands. Anal spot round with
a black spot in the centre. In the female the yellow spots are much smaller
and the blue lunules very prominent, On the underside the markings are
similar to those above, but the yellow spots are more or less orange instead of
light yellow. Expands 3 to 4 inches.

a
a
;

4
bY
r
;
4
Z
=

toe a

| tiga] Benteniller; Butter fics of Vitsnity of New York. 243

Var. calverlyii Grofe.—Black with the outer half of wings yellow, with a
narrow black outer margin, including the tail on the hind wings. Underside,
with outer half of wings, orange.

Caterpillar.—Bright pea green, with a transverse black band on each seg-
ment, containing a row of yellow spots. Length, 1} inches.

' Chrysalis.—Dirty yellowish brown or light yellowish, more or less dotted
with black and marked with griseous. Head-case with two projections directed
forward. Length, 114 inches.

Food-plants.—Parsley, Parsnip, Celery, Carrot and other allied plants.

Very common in open fields, especially where wild parsnips
grow, from May to October, but is most numerous in August.
Double brooded. A single specimen of the curious variety
calverlyit was taken at New Lots, Queens Co., L. [., in August, ~
1863.

Papilio troilus Zinn.

Butter fly.—Black ; fore wings with a row of pale greenish yellow spots near
the outer margin ; and sometimes traces of another row of very small spots
in front of this row. Hind wings with a row of green lunules close to
the outer margin, the upper spot being orange. Across the middle is a band-
like cloud composed of green scales, beyond which the scales gradually become
thinner as they reach the green lunules. In the female these scales are blue
and somewhat of a metallic color. Underside with two rows of small yellow-
ish or greenish spots on the upper wings near the outer margin, and two rows
of large orange spots on the hind wings; space between the orange spots
thickly scaled with blue and green. Body black with two rows of small yellow
spots on each side. Expands 314 to 334 inches.

Caterpillar.—Green above, with four small blue spots on each of the segments
from the 6th to the 11th. A yellow band along the sides and a transverse
yellow band edged with black on the anterior part of the first segment. On
the third segment are two very large yellow eye-like spots edged with black,
and a large black spot filling the lower part. On the fourth segment are two
more somewhat smaller eye-like spots. Length, 134 inches.

Chrysalis. —Head-case with two prominences, projecting forward. Sides
with an elevated ridge ; thorax with a short, pointed elevation. Wing-cases
much elevated in the middle. Color, orange, green or pale brown, with a few
brownish spots. Length, 1}¢ inches.

Food-plant.—Spice-bush (Lindera) and Sassafras.

244 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

Common during the latter part of May and June, and again in
August. Double brooded. Found in open, sunny spots and
along wood paths. The larva spins a silken web on a leaf, and
its habits are like those of the following species,

Papilio turnus Ziv.
PLATE II, Fic. 2.

Butterfly.—Yellow ; upper wings with a transverse black band near ‘the base
and followed by three shorter stripes not extending across the wing. Costa
narrowly edged with black and the outer margin with a broad black band in
which is a row of small yellow spots. Hind wings also broadly margined with
black from the apex to the inner angle, with a row of yellow crescent-shaped
spots near the outer edge, the first and last spot orange, as is also the spot on
the anal angle. In the black margin are a few blue scales in the male, and in
the female thickly scaled; the scales forming a series of regular lunules.
Along the inner margin is a narrow band which unites at the end with a band
of the same color running to the costa about one-third from the base. Expands
31% to 414 inches. :

Female aberration, glaucus Linn.—This form is sooty brown instead of
yellow, with the black markings faintly visible. The yellow spots near the
outer margins of the upper and hind wings remain the same, and the hind
wings are more heavily scaled with blue.

Caterpillar.—Head purplish brown. Body bright green above, whitish be-
neath. On each side of the third segment is a suboval, greenish, yellow patch
edged with black, and enclosing a purple spot. On the junctions of the fifth
and sixth segments is a transverse, narrow, yellow and velvety-black band.
Along the body are also rows of small blue spots. Length, 1} to 1} inches,

Chrysalis. —Grayish brown, mottled and streaked with brown, green and ~
black ; on the back of the body are two rows of blunt tubercles, four in each
row ; on the thorax is a blunt process projecting forward, and on the head-case
are two processes. Length, 144 inches. :

Food-plants.—Apple, Quince, Plum, Thorn, Cherry, Birch, Basswood, Ash,
Alder, Willow, Oak, Tulip-tree, etc.

This butterfly inhabits all sections of the United States, from
the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, also British America and
Newfoundland. In the vicinity of New York City it is common
and is double brooded, the first brood appearing in the latter
part of May and June, and the second brood in July and August.
The female lays her eggs singly on the upper surface of a leaf,
and the young caterpillar takes its abode on the same side, repos-

1893.| Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 245

ing on a bed of silk, which it spins for the purpose, and going
to the edge to feed when disposed. As it increases in size the
leaf is somewhat drawn together, making it difficult to discover
the caterpillar. When fully grown it changes from green to
brown, and at this stage deserts the tree to form its chrysalis.
The caterpillar may be found in July and September.

Papilio cresphontes Cramer.

_ Butterfly —Sooty black with a series of large rounded spots running ob-
liquely across the wings from the apex to near the base ; from about the middle
of this row begins a row of three spots which run to the hind angle. Hind
wings with a rather broad yellow band across the base and a series of large
yellow spots running from the apex to the inner angle. Anal spot black, with
a red bar and a few blue scales. Tails black, with a large oval spot near the
tip. Underside almost entirely yellow, with an orange patch at the end of the
discal cell in the hind wings, which also have a series of blue lunules across
the middle in the black ground. Expands 4 to 5!4 inches.

Caterpillar.—Dark brown with a white band on each side extending from
the head to a large whitish patch, mottled with olive and brown. At the end
of the body is also a patch of the same color. Several whitish rings are scat-
tered over the body, especially on the anterior segments. Length, 2 inches.

Chrysalis.—Brown, sometimes tinged with green, and more or less marked
with dark brown. Body roughened and a little bent ; wing-cases protuberant
beneath, all the larger projections anterior and directed forward. Length, 11¢
inches,

Food-plants.—Hop-tree (Ptelea), Prickly Ash, Orange and Dictamnus frax-
inella,

In this vicinity this insect is quite rare, and the larva feeds on
the hop-tree. But in the South it is one of the commonest but-
terflies, and is seen everywhere flitting about in the orange
groves. In Florida, where the insect abounds very plentifully,
it is a pest to the orange, and, on account of the large size and
voracity of the caterpillar, it is commonly known as the ‘ Orange
Dog.’ It does considerable damage, especially to young trees,
which are sometimes completely defoliated.

The female deposits about five hundred eggs; she scatters
them over'a wide area, seldom laying more than four or five
upon a single plant. In the vicinity of New York there are two
broods—the first in June and the second in August.

246 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V

Synopsis of the Species of Papilio.
With long tails :
Pale green, with black borders and markings .. ............... P. ajax.

With short tails:
Ground color black.

With greenish or bluish metallic reflection, ............ P. philenor.
With bands composed of yellow spots............ ere oe
Hind wings thickly covered with green scales............. P. troilus.
With yellow spots and a broad yellow band near the base of
the hind ‘wings (i,..0i05 5 4 ssnaat sesieeee eee P. cresphontes.
Ground color yellow.
With black bands and, stripes. .-3\.. . sven es tees bee ees P. turnus. |

Subfamily PIERIN A.
Pieris rapz (Zinz.).
. PLATE II, Fic. 3.

Butter fly.—Wings white with a blackish patch at the apex of the fore wings
and a small black spot a little beyond the middle. Hind wings with a black
spot on the costa beyond the middle. Base of all the wing dusted with black-
ish scales, more so in the female, which differs from the male in having two
black spots on the fore wings instead of one. Underside of fore wings white,
with the apex yellow and with two black spots. Hind wings yellow, with a few
black scales. Expands 13 to 1} inches.

Caterpillar.—Pale green, with a narrow stripe along the middle of the back
and a row of yellow spots along the sides. The body is also finely dotted with
black. Length, about 1 inch.

Chrysalis.—Varies in color from a dull greenish to light gray, or brown, with
a number of black points. Length, 3 inch.

Food-plants.—Cabbage, Turnip, Mignonette, and other allied plants.

This species is animportation from Europe, and is exceedingly
common in this vicinity from May until November. It may be
seen everywhere, in pastures, gardens and other places, but es-
pecially in cabbage-fields, to which plant the insect is very
injurious. ‘Three brooded.

Pieris protodice (/dv.).
PLATE II, Fic. 4.

Butter fly.—Upper wings white, with a large black spot at the end of the
discal cell, and a submarginal row of three spots running across the wing. At
the outer margin is a row of black dashes. Hind wings without marking but

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 247

slightly showing traces of the marking beneath. Underside of upper wings
same as above. Hind wings with the veins more or less broadly margined with
blackish or greenish yellow. In the female all the markings are much heavier.
The three spots across the fore wings are connected with the dashes along the
outer margin. Hind wings with a zig-zag band near the outer border, which is
connected with the subtriangular spots along the margin, and each enclosing a
diamond-shaped spot. The base of the wings to nearly the middle is also heavily
marked with grayish scales. The markings on the underside of the fore wings
are repeated but not so heavily as above; the apex is tipped with yellow.
Hind wing with the veins broadly bordered with yellowish green, and the zig-
zag band and spot along the outer margin is of the same color. In the spring
brood the markings are more or less distinct, and are often, especially in the
males, quite obliterated. Expands 13 to 2 inches.

Caterpillar.—Green, with two longitudinal yellow stripes along each side,
and interrupted on each segment by two blue spots. Each segment has six
transverse wrinkles, on each of which is a row of different sized round, pilifer-
ous spots, those on the first and fourth wrinkle being the largest ; from each
of these spots arises a short black hair. The head is green, with black spots
and usually with a yellow patch on each side. Length, about 1} inches.

Chrysalis.—Much the same as that of Pieris rape, varying in color, but is
usually bluish gray, sprinkled with black. The ridges and other prominences
are edged with buff or flesh color. Length, 34 inch.

Food-plant.—Cabbage, Erigeron canadense, etc.

This butterfly was common in former years about New York,
but since the introduction of the imported Cabbage Butterfly
(Pieris rapa) it has disappeared almost entirely, in fact only a
few single examples have been taken within the last ten years.
It is yet quite abundant in southern New Jersey. In 1886 I
captured in Camden about two hundred specimens inside of two
hours. It is also common in the Southern and Western States.

Pieris oleracea (Harris).

Butterfly.—This species may be readily distinguished from its allies by the
absence of the black spots on the wings. It is pure white, with a few black
scales at the base of the wings. On the underside it is pale yellow with the
veins more or less dusted with blackish scales. Expands 134 to 2 inches.

Caterpillar.—Body pale green covered with fine, short, sordid white hairs ;
a darker green dorsal line. Length, 1 inch.

Chrysalis.—Shape and size same as in the preceding species, and varies from
a dirty whitish to greenish, regularly dotted with black. Length, 34 inch.

Food-plants.—Cabbage, Turnip, Mustard, Radish, etc.

248 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

Very rare in this vicinity, but more common northward. Prof.
J. B. Smith records it from the Orange Mountains, N. J.

Anthocharis genutia (/2é;.).
PLATE II, Fic. 5.

Butter fly.—White, with a large orange patch at the apex of the fore wings,
which are marked outwardly with black. At the end of the discal cell is a
small black spot. Hind wings white, with a series of small black spots on the
outer margin. Underside of fore wings white, slightly tinged with yellow, and
the apical area speckled with greenish yellow and the orange shade showing
faintly through the wing. Hind wings wholly mottled with greenish patches.
The female differs from the male by the absence of the orange patch on the
fore wing. Expands about 114 inches.

Caterpillar.—Body dark yellowish green, glossy, with a yellow longitudinal
dorsal stripe and a broader white one along the sides. The upperside is fur-
nished with six rows of shining tuberculate spots and another row along the
sides beneath the spiracles. Each spot has a short black hair or process, which
tapers slightly and is thickened at the end. Underside paler than above.
Head whitish and pale green, with four brownish spots. Length, nearly
1 inch,

Chrysalis.—Slender, abdomen long, rounded, and tapering to a point. Head-
case extending into a long cone-like process, so that both ends of the chrysalis
look much alike. Sometimes the process on the head is arcuated. Wing-cases
prominent, forming a sub-triangulate process with the sides compressed. Color
pale yellowish brown, with a reddish tint, mottled with white and darker brown
on the thorax; the process on the head brown. Wing-cases dotted and
streaked with black. Body with a dorsal row of black dots, and also a row
along the subdorsum. Length, about °4 inch,

Food-plants.—Arabis and Sisymbrium.

This pretty species is quite local, and appears to be restricted
to certain localities. In this vicinity it has been taken at Nyack
and Newburgh, N. Y., also at Delaware Water Gap, Pa., in May,
Prof. J. B. Smith records it in his ‘Catalogue of Insects found
in New Jersey,’ from Westville, Mount Holly, Seven Mile Beach
and Timber Creek. Single brooded.

Callidryas eubule (Zizvn.).

Butterfly.—U pperside bright lemon yellow, with a zig-zag border of raised
scales, of almost the same color, along the outer margin, and a few streaks of

1893.| Aeutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 249

a7

the same color along the costa, near the apex. The hind wings have also a nar-
row margin of raised scales. Underside paler than above, and not so bright,
with a ferruginous elongated spot at the end of the discal cell and two silvery
spots about the middle of the hind wings; over all the wings are scattered a
number of reddish brown patches which are more or less distinct in some indi-
viduals. The female differs from the male by having a rather large spot at the
end of the cell in the fore wings and a series of brown spots along the outer
margin. The hind wings are narrowly margined with orange, otherwise much
as in the male. Some specimens have the margins of the wings on the underside
narrowly bordered with pink, and the ground color pale orange. Expands 2¢
inches.

Caterpillar.—Body pale green, with a bluish tinge, and sparsely covered with
minute hairs. Along the sides is a yellow band, and each segment has a trans-
verse row of small black elevated points. Head green. Length, 124 inches.

Chrysalis.—Pale green with yellowish stripes; sometimes pale yellowish
green or roseate and minutely dotted on the back with lighter points. The
body is much bent in the middle, and the wing-cases are much protuberant and
the head-case very long and horn-like. Length, 1} inches.

Food-plant.— Cassia.

This species, which is very common in the South, is rarely met
with in the vicinity of New York, and only a few occasional
specimens have been taken in recent years. In 1870 it was taken
in abundance on Fire Island, L. I., and numbers were also seen
by the late Hy. Edwards at Long Branch, N. J. It has also
been taken in different places on Long Island, Staten Island,
Westchester County, and New Jersey. September—October.

Colias philodice (God/.).
Puate II, Fic. 6.

Butter fly.—Wings sulphur yellow, with the outer margin of both broadly
bordered with black, and a black spot at the end of the cell in the fore wings
and an orange spot in the hind wings. Underside pale orange, with the hind
wing dusted more or less with blackish scales. On both wings there is a row
of blackish spots beyond the middle, which are sometimes pinkish on the hind
wings, and sometimes wanting entirely. The black spot on the fore wing is
the same as the one above ; hind wings witha large silvery spot followed by
a smaller one of the same color, and both are surrounded with a broad
pinkish border. The female differs from the male by having the black border
on the fore wings much broader and containing a row of yellow spots. Expands
114 to 2 inches.

250 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

Caterpillar.—Head pale green ; body above dark green, paler beneath; on
each segment above are four or five transverse creases, with rows of minute
whitish tubercles tipped with black on the spaces between. Each tubercle has
a short creamy white hair, Along the sides of the body is a rather broad
white stripe, through which runs a narrow, broken crimson line. Beneath the
white stripe there is sometimes a row of lunate black spots. Length, 1} inches.

Chrysalis,—Yellowish green, with a red line along each side from the wing-
cases to the end of the body. Length, 1 inch.

Food-plants.—Clover, Pea, Lupine, etc.

Very common everywhere in this neighborhood. It is found
along roadsides, in open fields, gardens, and is especially abun-
dant when the common red clover is in blossom. Sometimes
hundreds of these yellow butterflies may be seen in dense masses
upon wet spots in the road, swarming when disturbed and set-
tling again when the interruption ceases.

The species varies in size and color from pale sulphur to lemon
and bright yellow ; also in the breadth of the black borders, and
in the degree of dusting of both sides. The color of the under-
side varies from pale to bright yellow.

In the female a form occurs (albinic var.) which has its ground
color pale yellowish white or nearly white instead of yellow. In
the male a form occurs (melanic var.) which is thickly covered
with black on both sides so as to obscure the ground color. A
single specimen of this rare form was taken at Fordham, N. Y.
City. The variety anthyale Hubner differs from the type form
by its small size and narrow black borders.

Colias eurytheme (£da.).

Butter fly.—Diflers from C, philodice in having the upperside of the wings
orange instead of yellow, and also tinged with orange beneath. Expands 2 to
26 inches.

Caterpillar.—Similar to C. philodice, but has on each side a subdorsal, broken,
White and crimson streak, which is absent in C, pAilodice. Length, 1} inches.

Food-plant,—Clover.

A single pair of this species was taken by the late S. L. Elliot
at Astoria, Long Island. The specimens are not as deeply
orange as the type form. The male is sulphur yellow with a

_ 1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 251%

large orange blotch on each of the fore wings, while the female
has all the wings quite heavily shaded with orange. The species
has also been recorded by Prof. J. B. Smith from Newark, New
Jersey. Common in the Western States.

Terias lisa (/d.).
PLaTeE II, Fic. 7.

Butter fly —Bright lemon yellow, with the fore wings bordered with black
from the middle of the costa to the hind angle, the border broadest at the apex.
Hind wings with a narrow border which is dentate within. Underside wholly
yellow, with a few scattered brownish scales on the hind wing and a rather
large pinkish-brown spot near the apex. The wings beneath are also narrowly
bordered with orange red, which is more or less distinct. The female differs in
being somewhat paler, and the black border on the hind wings above being
broken. Expands 1 to 1}g inches.

Caterpillar—Body grass green, with minute hairs and white elevations.
Head grass green, with a few white elevations. Length, about 34 inch.

Chrysalis.—Transparent green, with a few black dots. Wing-case slightly
protuberant ; head case conical. Length, inch.

Food-plants.—Clover and Cassia.

Occurs in June and again in the latter part of August and
early in September. Rather common in sandy places.

Terias nicippi (Cram.).
PLaTE II, Fic. 8.

Butterfly —Upperside deep orange, with a black border running from the
base of the costa to the hind angle, broadest at the apex, and very narrow along
the basal half of the wings along the costa, where the black margin is covered
with yellow scales. At the end of the discal cell is a small elongated black spot.
Hind wings also with a broad margin running from the apex to the hind angle,
with the inner portion irregularly undulated. Underside of fore wings pale
orange, with the discal spot broken and the black margin absent. Hind wings
bright canary yellow with numerous fine, brown scales scattered over the sur-
face, forming no regular pattern ; about the middle of the wing a few reddish-
brown patches and one at the apex. The female varies from lemon yellow to
pale orange, with the black border broken at the hind angle of the fore wings,
and on the hind wings the black border is more or less broken and washed with

252 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. V,

yellow scales. Hind wings beneath in some specimens much as those of the
male only with the brown patches about the middle of the hind wings more
prominent and heavier. Some individuals have the hind wings and the outer
part of the fore wings light chocolate brown, with numerous, somewhat darker
irrorations and darker patches about the middle of the hind wings. Expands
134 to 2 inches.

Caterpillar.—Body pale green along the dorsal surface, whitish green along
the sides ; each segment has four or five transverse creases with a number of
small tubercles on the ridges, each of which sends out a whitish or black hair.
Along the sides is a whitish longitudinal stripe, sometimes containing an orange
spot on each segment, or there is an orange line along the whole length. Under-
side, feet and legs pale green. Length, about 1 inch.

Chrysalis.—Green with raised white corrugations, and sprinkled more or
less with brown. Wing-cases very protuberant; head-case long, conical.
Length, 8 inches.

Food-plants.— Cassia marylandica, Clover, ete.

About 1880 this species appeared in considerable numbers in
Central Park, New York City, and other places around New
York ; but since then only a few specimens have been taken. —

Synopsis of the Species of Pierine.

Pieris.
White, with black spot on fore wings (two in the female).... ....... P. rape.
Pure white, without markings, 0) :.)°0.5 0s sa waasys bres eae P. oleracea.
With veins on underside of hind wings heavily bordered with greenish
SCHIOG 5 asi sos Ci sibs Unk ee era eee P. protodice.
Anthocharis.
Upper wings falcate, tipped with orange in the male.............. A, genutia,
Callidryas,
Large size. Wings bright lemon yellow............0c.eeeesesess C. eubule,
Colias.
With silvery spot, in middle of hind wings beneath.
Wings sulphur yellow, with back borders. ...............045 C. philodice.
Wings orange, with black borders... 1... 2... ce sce eeceee C. eurytheme.
Terias.

With no silvery spot in middle of hind wing beneath.
Wings bright orange, with black borders... ©... 6... 660.005 7. nicippi.
Wings lemon yellow, borders black, with ferruginous spot on apex
ot hind wing. beneath, oi:s5 is is aise ty de aves dhs Swe aN Oe 7. lisa,

Pie cers (ke

ee ees ies
ee Ne ca Sg ee, |

oe ere

2 ee a: ae

am

a Neal

1893.| Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 253

NYMPHALID.
Subfamily NYMPHALIN#.

Danais archippus (/7ér.).
PiaTe III, Fic. f.

Butterfly —Upperside foxy red or fulvous, with the veins heavily marked
with black and the borders. black, containing two rows of white spots, and a
few lighter fulvous spots in a black field before the apex of the fore wings.
Underside paler than above, especially the hind wings, and the white spots are
more prominent. Expands 3)4 to 4 inches.

Caterpillar.—Head yellowish, marked with two triangular black stripes.
Body above with transverse stripes of black, yellow and white. On the second
segment is a pair of long fleshy horns pointing forward, and a similar pair on
the eleventh segment pointing backward. Underside black, with greenish be-
tween the segments. Length, 134 inches.

Chrysalis.—Bright pea green dotted with gold, and a row of golden dots ex-
tends more than half way around the body. This band is shaded with black. —
The chrysalis is suspended by a silken button. Length, 1 inch.

Food-plants.—Difierent kinds of Milk weeds (Asc/epias).

Very common in this vicinity, appearing in June and July, but
becomes more numerous in August and September, and may be
seen until November. Double brooded. In years when con-
ditions have been favorable to the insects’ increase, immense
swarms of the butterfly may often be seen in autumn migrating
southward in streams like birds. According to Dr. S. H. Scudder
it leaves its winter quarters in the extreme south with the opening
of spring and flies northward, not in flocks or streams, but singly.

Argynnis idalia (Drury).
Prate III, Fic, 2.

Butter fly.—Upperside of fore wings bright orange brown, with the costa
and outer margin narrowly bordered with black. Across the cell are three
black streaks, and at the end of the cell an irregular round spot enclosing a
fulvous spot. Across the middle of the wing is a broken, zig-zag band, beyond
which is a row of black spots, and before the outer border is a row of crescent-
shaped spots. Hind wings velvety black with a bluish reflection, and the base
washed with fulvous ; across the middle is a row of cream-colored spots and a

254 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol.V,

row of orange spots near the outer border. Underside of fore wings paler than
above, with the black marking repeated. The black crescent-shaped marks
before the outer border enclosing a pearly white spot and a few dashes of the
same color before the costa near the apex. Hind wings brown, with three rows
of silvery white spots across them and four spots at the base. The inner mar-
gin and base of costa also silvery white. The female differs from the male by
being larger, and the wings broader. The terminal black band of the fore
wings is broader and contains a row of white spots. Apex black, with a few
white spots. Hind wing with two rows of creamy white spots. Underside
similar to the male. Expands 3 to 4 inches.

Caterpillar.—Body velvety black, with a broad ochreous-yellow stripe along
the dorsum, enclosing a narrow macular black line, which is sometimes obso-
lete. Along the sides is a darker stripe; at the junction of segments three
transverse bands ending at the one along the sides. The black spaces on each
side are crossed by short yellow stripes. Last segment wholly yellow. The
body is also furnished with six rows of tapering, fleshy spines; the two rows
along the dorsum silvery white, tipped with black. The rows along the sides
are smaller and yellowish or orange at base. Head reddish brown on upper
half, black below. Underside of body olive brown, with the legs smoky brown.
Length, 134 inches.

Chrysalis.—Brown, tinged with pink, and marked with black in rather small
spots scattered over the thorax and wings and in front of, sometimes including,
the tubercles. Length, about 1 inch.

Food-plant.—Various kinds of Violets.

Found during July and August in swampy meadows or adja-
cent fields, and is common locally. When feeding, the butterfly
nervously flutters its wings and darts off at the least disturb-
ance.

Argynnis cybele (/adér.).

PLATE III, Fic. 3.

Butter fly.—Wings orange ochraceous, with the bases black to nearly the
middle and covered with orange-ochraceous scales; across the cell are three
black bars and an irregular pear-shaped spot at the end of the cell enclosing an
orange-ochraceous spot. Across the middle of the wing is a rather broad zig-
zag band, beyond which is a row of round spots. The outer border of the
wing is edged by a narrow black line, preceded by a second, upon which rests a
series of black lunules, The two black lines on the outer border are crossed by
black dashes, one on each nerve. Hind wings with a transverse band across the
middle composed of irregular spots, followed by a row of spots. Outer border
similar to that of the fore wing, and preceded by a series of detached crescent-
shaped spots. Underside of fore wings much paler than above, with outer mar-

; :

1893. | Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 255

gin ochraceous, and a patch of the same color before the apex containing two
silvery spots. The lunules near the outer border are brown, and each contains a
silver spot ; the three nearest the inner angle are black and enclose the ground
color. Hind wings cinnamon brown at the base to beyond the middle of the
wing, more or less sprinkled with yellow scales, then followed by a broad, con-
spicuous yellowish space. Outer border cinnamon brown fading more or less
into yellow towards the anal angle. At the edge of the dark ground color is a
tow of silvery spots and a row of the same color before the dark outer margin.
At the base of the wing are eleven silvery spots of different sizes. The female
differs in having the markings heavier and the basal half of the wings darker.
Expands 3 to 344 inches.

Caterpillar.—Velvety black, with six rows of black spines beset with short
black bristles ; the bases of the spines are reddish yellow, and the spines on the
second segment are wholly black. Between the dorsal tubercles are two trans-
verse gray dots. Underside of body chocolate brown. Head small, sub-
cordate, flattened in front and finely tuberculated, the back much rounded, the
vertices subconic, and each on its anterior side giving a small black conic pro-
cess ; the face much covered with black hairs of irregular length; color of
front dull dark brown ; of back, reddish yellow. Length, 14 inches.

Chrysalis.—Dark brown mottled with drab or reddish brown or almost leaf-
brown, more coarsely angulose than A. aphrodite, and with more prominent
tubercles. Basal segments of body unicolorous. Length, about 1 inch.

Food-plant.—Violets.

Rather common in swampy places. Makes its appearance in
the latter part of June, and is found through July and the early
part of August. Its habits are much the same as those of A. #da/ia,
and itis more abundant. The eggs are laid singly, and they hatch
in about fifteen days. The caterpillars go at once into hiberna-
tion, and become full fed the following June.

Argynnis aphrodite (/zér.).

Butter fly. —Closely allied to A. cybele, but may be separated from that species by
its smaller size and by the absence of the dark basal area on the fore wings above
in the male, or by its being only slightly indicated ; also by the narrow yellow
field or band between the outer margin and the brown basal color on the under-
side of the hind wings. This yellow field is twice as wide in cyde/e, otherwise
the markings are much the same only not so heavy. Expands about 2'4 inches.

Found in same situations as A. cydele, but not so common.
June-July. The larva is very similar to that of cyde/e, and also
feeds on violets.

256 Bulletin American Museum ai Natural ee [Vol. V,

Argynnis myrina (Cram.).
PLATE IV, Fic. 1.

Butter fly.—Deep orange fulvous with four transverse bars in the cell, more
or less united ; about the middle of the wing a transverse zig-zag band, from
which runs an irregular dash to the base of the wing ; beyond the zig-zag band
is a row of spots. Outer border black, preceded by a series of crescent-
shaped spots which are connected with the border, each containing a ful-
vous spot. Hind wings with the outer border like that of the fore wings ;
across the middle is an irregular zig-zag band not reaching the inner border,
with another shorter band of the same pattern before it; near the base of the
wing is a round black spot. Underside of fore wings paler than above, with
the outer margin and apex ferruginous ; before the outer border, the black
crescent-shaped spots from above are repeated, each enclosing a silvery spot.
Before the apex is also a silvery patch which is sometimes double. Hind wings
ferruginous with yellowish patches, and crossed by three rows of silvery spots ;
one row close to the outer border, one a little beyond the middle, and one near
the base composed of large spots before which are a few silvery spots, one
having a black centre. Expands 114 inches.

Caterpillar.—Body cinereous brown, mottled with velvety black, there being
a large patch at the base of each spine of the two dorsal rows, and is edged
with a pale color. ‘The spines are long, tapering and honey-yellow, often
orange at the base, with black bristles; those on the second segment longer
than the rest and directed forward. Legs and feet black ; head cordate, bronze,
with rounded vertices, with black bristles over the surface. Length, about 1
inch, '

Chrysalis.—Dark luteous ; abdomen darker, marked with fuscous ; tubercles
of body uniformly conical, those on the third segment between the dorsal and
lateral pair very prominent, and those of the first segment smaller than the ones
of the second. Length, 44 inch.

Food-plants.—Different kinds of Violets.

This species may be easily known by its small size and silvery
spots on the underside of the hind wings, It is common in
swampy places and damp meadows, where it usually occurs in
abundance. It is on the wing from the latter part of May until
early in September, and is probably three brooded. ‘The flight
of A. myrina is not so rapid as that of A. cydele or A. idalia. It flies
rather slowly amongst tall grass, when not feeding on flowers,
and when alarmed will only fly a short distance, and settle again
in the grass.

_—- 7

is
i

c,
4
3
e
4

i
,

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 257

Argynnis bellona (/<aér.).

Butter fly.—Difiers from Argynnis myrina by the absence of the black outer
border on all the wings, which are only slightly edged or tipped with black.
Inside the outer border is a row of black spots instead of crescents, as in A.
myrina ; otherwise the markings are very similar. Underside, before the apex
of the fore wings, rusty brown tinged with purplish, and the black marking
from above not so heavily indicated ; outer row of black spots absent. Hind
wings wanting the silvery spots, rusty brown tinged with purplish and yellow-
ish brown nearer the base. Beyond the middle of the wing is a rowof indis-
tinct darker spots, and near the base a rather broad, patch-like band, slightly
yellowish and scaled with rusty brown. Expands 11¢ inches.

Caterpillar.—Head shining, blackish green. Body spined, purplish black,
mottled with yellowish and with a velvety-black broken lateral stripe. Spines
all of nearly the same size, dull luteous tipped with fulvous. Length, about
T inch. .

Chrysalis.—Y ellowish brown with dark yellowish-brown creases ; the tubercles
on the first and second segments of equal size ; those on the third segment,
between the dorsal and lateral pairs, very prominent. Length, about 4¢ inch.

Food-plants.—Different species of Violets.

Common in this neighborhood, and is found together with
Argynnis myrina, but is not so abundant. June to September.

Euptoieta claudia (Cram.).
PLATE III, Fic. 4. ‘

Butter fly.—Upperside fulvous with two zig-zag bands across the fore wings,
with the color between a little paler, the inner band being heavier and blacker.
At the end of the cell is an oval black circle, and in the middle of the cell a
short bar and another one beneath it ; beyond the outer zig-zag line is a row of
rather large black spots, followed by a narrow transverse line a little before the
outer border, which is also black. Hind wings with the marking much the same
as on the fore wings. Underside of fore wings paler than above, with paler
space between the two zig-zag bands also lighter, the outer zig-zag band and the
black outer border absent, and the narrow band before more or less indicated.
Before the apex on the costa is an ashen gray triangular mark ; apex brownish.
Hind wings with basal half brown, beyond which is a broad light brownish
band-like shade, finely speckled with darker scales; at the costa this band is
paler. ‘This band is followed by a broad brown shade nearly the same as the
color at the base of the wing, and is edged off by a terminal pale line. The
veins are light grayish, and the round spots from above are faintly reproduced

[Neovember, 1893.] 17

258 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

with a small light centre. The female differs by being somewhat deeper in
color with the black marking heavier. The markings beneath are also more
distinct. Expands 2 to 244 inches.

Caterpillar.—Orange ochre, smooth, striped longitudinally with black, which
is almost concealed by the white spots which cover it. Two stripes are on the
subdorsum and one on each side above the spiracles; beneath the spiracles, at
the base of the legs, is a maculate white stripe. On back of each segment from
the third to the twelfth is a small, elongated white spot, edged with black. On
the body are six rows of spines ; two subdorsal standing on the black stripes
and running from the first to the twelfth segment; one on each lateral stripe
and running from the fourth to the twelfth segment, in line with these is a spine
placed between the first and second segment and one between the second and
third. The other rows are beneath the spiracles. The dorsal spines on the
first segment are orange at the base, as are also those between the anterior seg-
ments, but all the rest rise from lustrous blue-black conical tubercles, and all
spines are blue-black, slender, a little thickened at top and beset, thickly, with
fine short black bristles. The spines are of nearly uniform length, except the
two dorsal ones on the first segment, which are slender and enlarged into an
ovate club at the tip ; they are directed forward over the top of the head. Be-
tween this pair of spines is a black patch, and on the edge of the segment a
white spot. Underside blackish brown. Head small, subcordate, flattened in
front ; surface lustreus, brown black, with orange patches. Length, about 144
inches.

Chrysalis.—Pearly, with the surface giving all the colors of the rainbow,
while the tubercles are golden and the spots here and there orange. Length,
4 inch.

Food-plants.—Violets, Mandrake, Passion-flower, Sedum, Portulacca and
Desmodium.

Not common in this vicinity, and usually found in damp, open
places where species of Avgyanis occur, There are probably two
broods here, one in June and July, and the other in August and
September.

Melitza phaéton (Drury).
PLATE IV, Fic. 2.

Butter fly,—Upperside black with two or three rows of yellowish-white spots
beyond the middle of the fore wings and a row of larger brick-red spots along
the outer borders, and two patches of the same color in the.cell. Hind wings
also black with two rows of yellowish-white spots before the row of brick-red
spots along the outer border and two patches of brick-red near the base of the
wing. Underside with the yellowish-white and brick-red spots repeated and

ae on ee ee

a
4
J
4
3
3
A

1893.| Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 259

more distinct ; and a few additional yellowish spots at the basal part of the
fore wings. On the hind wings there are four rows of yellowish-white spots,
the outer one being crescent-shaped like those on the upper side. Before the
middle of the wing is a broad patch-like brick-red band, and a few spots of the
same color and a few smaller yellowish-white ones before it, near the base of
the wing. Expands about 2 inches.

Caterpillar.—First, second and part of the fourth segment and the last two
segments black ; the remaining segments deep fulvous red, with narrow black
transverse bands : one band running with the spines, one on the junction of the
segments, and one before this last. On the dorsum and sides are seven rows
of long, fleshy, black spines, each arising from a round, shining blue-black
tubercle ; each spine is provided with a number of bristling black hairs ; be-
neath the spiracles is another row of smaller spines. Underside orange, with a
black ventral stripe. On the fourth and fifth segments is a small black
tubercle, with short spines, and between the pairs of legs are several minute
tubercles with short hairs; legs black ; head black, bilobed, tuberculated, and
with short black hairs. Length, 144 inches,

Chrysalis.—Varying from pearly to pure white, spotted and marked with
brownish black, with the tubercles on the abdomen and thorax orange, each
marked anteriorly by a black crescent. On the lower side is a black stripe, run-
ning from anal extremity to the head, on top of which it is bifurcated.
Across the wing-cases is an irregular band edged with orange, and at the hind-
borders are brown serrations. Length, inch.

Food-plants.—Chelone glabra, Viburnum dentatum, Lonicera ciliata, Ger-
ardia, etc.

This species is single brooded, and is not rare in this vicinity,
but is very local in swampy places. It is found on the wing about
the middle of June. In flight the butterfly is slow and sluggish,

alights on the leaves, shrubs, grasses and on the ground. The

eggs are laid in masses, and the young larve spin a web in which
they live in colonies until the following spring; after the larve
become older they leave the web and live singly on the leaves.

Phyciodes tharos (Drury).
PLATE IV, Fic. 3.

Butterfly : Winter form, marcia Edw,—U pperside reddish fulvous, marked
and bordered with black. Outer margin broadly bordered with black, through
which runs a narrow wavy line or a series of small crescent-shaped fulvous spots,
the one about the middle being quite large, while the others are often obsolete.
Costa and inner margin narrowly bordered with black. Near the base of the

260 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

wings is a band composed of small black circles which are more or less confluent.
Base of wings blackish, with traces of a few black circles. At the end of the
cell is an oblong black circle, and at middle of the wing, on the costa, is a large
oblique subtriangular patch and one on the inner margin ; these patches are con-
nected with a narrow dentate line. Then comes a broad fulvous band followed
by a narrow dentate or wavy line, after which is a series of fulvous spots which
are immediately before the black outer border. Hind wings with basal portion
much like the fore wings ; beyond the middle there is a narrow wavy line followed
by a series of black spots ; then comes the broad black outer border in which is
a row of more or less distinct, pale yellowish crescents. Underside pale fulvous,
marked with yellowish patches, often near the outer border, before which is a
crenated narrow line ; parts of the black marking from above are repeated.
Hind wings with grayish-white, ochreous and brown patches; a double line
near the outer border, forming irregular crescent-shaped spots, of which the
middle one is white and conspicuous ; before these markings is a row of small
black dots, and at the basal half the markings are similar to those above, but
composed of brown lines. The female is much like the male. Expands rf to
114 inches.

This form varies considerably, especially in the underside of the hind wings,
being more or less washed with brown, yellowish or grayish white, and the
markings also more or less distinct. Sometimes the white crescent-shaped
spots are obscured with rusty brown. Itis almost impossible to give an accu-
rate description of this species which would apply to it as a whole. It, how-
ever, is so common that any one finding it cannot fail to recognize it. ©

Summer form, morpheus Zdw.—Same size as marcia, with the upperside
much the same. The underside of the hind wings are yellow with the narrow
transverse marking brown or only faintly indicated, and the outer border brown
concealing the crescents ; at the angles the crescents are the same as the ground
color, and only in some individuals the middle crescent is whitish. There is also
as much variation in this form as in marcia.

Caterpillar.—Dark brown dotted with yellow and striped with yellow and
black, the yellow always dull ; armed with seven rows of spines, one dorsal and
three on either side, besides smaller and similar spines at base of body, one on
each segment from the third and over the pro-legs two on each. The spines
are stout, tapering, dark brown, partly white-tipped ; those of the upper and
lower lateral rows more or less orange-tinted at base, each beset with many
straight black bristles. Head cordate, either black or bronze, shining; on
each vertex a cordate yellow spot, and on each side a sickle-shaped stripe.
Length, 84 inch.

Chrysalis —Grayish white with darker creases, darker on the body, which
has a dull band below the spiracles. Length, 2 inch.

Food-plants.—Various kinds of Asters.

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 261

Very common from May to the latter part of September and
early in October. It is found in open meadows and fields, and
is probably three brooded in this vicinity. The form marcia
_ appears in May and June, and produces the form morpheus.

Phyciodes nycteis (Doud/.).
PLaTeE IV, Fie. 4.

. Butter fly.—U pperside fulvous, with a broad black terminal border, broadest at
the apex, and enclosing a row of fulvous spots which in some specimens are obso-
_ lete or wanting. About the middle of the wing is a long, irregular black patch

_ which is connected bya narrow line with another patch on the inner border. At
‘the base of the wing is a number of black circles more or less coalescing. Hind
wings with the basal half similarly marked as the fore wings ; across the middle

is a narrow black band, followed by a row of black spots ; outer border black.

The fringes of all the wings are black with whitish patches. Underside of
_ upper wings paler than above, with the black patch from above on the costa at

_ the middle of the wing faintly repeated. The broad black terminal border is
also faintly repeated, but is much broken by. the fulvous ground color, and
enclosing a few black spots. Before the fringes is a narrow fulvous border.
At the apex are three connected silvery-white spots, and one or two near
the middle before the fulvous outer border. Hind wings yellowish and dark
_ brown. Near the base is a broad silvery-white band and a similarly colored
_ band across the middle of the wing, broken by the brown veins. Between
these two bands are anumber of brown, wavy lines. Outer border with a termi-
nal fulvous line like that on the fore wing, and on which rests a row of
silvery white lunules, the two at the apex and the middle one being larger than
the rest ; before these lunules is a row of black spots. Expands 114 to 134

Caterpillar—Blackish brown above, with seven rows of long black spines,
one dorsal and three lateral rows on each side, all arising from shining black
tubercles, except lower lateral row which has yellowish tubercles, and each with
bristling black spines At the base of the body is a dull green stripe, with a
_ yellow stripe in line with the lower lateral spines and a broken yellow line run-
ning with the spiracles. Sometimes this line is ochre or reddish yellow ; the
basal line is dotted with yellow. Underside greenish brown spotted with yel-
low. Head cordate, shining black, with black hairs. Length, 1 inch.

Chrysalis.—Similar in shape to that of Melitaa phaéton, with five rows of
tubercles on the abdomen. It varies much in color ; some are greenish yellow,
others pink brown, others gray brown, with a few dark markings. Length, 34
inch,

Food-plants.—Asters, Sunflower and Actinomeris.

262 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

Quite rare in this vicinity. In general appearance it very
much resembles Phyciodes tharos, especially in color and in the
marking on the upperside; but the underside of the hind
wings is very different, being provided with silvery white bands
and junules which are absent in P. tharos. It is also a larger
insect. June-July.

Phyciodes harrisii Scud.

Butter fly —Upperside very similar to P. mycteis. Underside with the outer
border orange fulvous preceded by a row of whitish lunules and a row of spots
of the same color. The lunules are in a narrow blackish-brown field, which is
broadest before the apex ; before the middle of the wing a few narrow black
streaks. Hind wings with five large yellowish-white spots with narrow black
borders in an orange field at the base. Across the middle of the wing is a
band of large yellowish-white spots also narrowly bordered with black ; then
comes a brownish-black space in which is a row of black spots with a whitish
pupil, andare surrounded with orange. The terminal border is orange, preceded
by a series of rather large white lunules. Expands 114 to 134 inches.

Caterpillar.—Body deep reddish fulvous with transverse black stripes, one
before and two after each transverse row of spines, and a longitudinal black
dorsal stripe ; last two segments black ; on the ninth to eleventh segments the
fulvous bands are broken. The seven rows of spines stand on a broad black
band, each spine with long hairs and arising from shining black base. Head
black, granulated, and covered with short black hairs. Legs black. Length,
I inch.

Chrysalis —Pure white, marked and spotted with blackish and orange, last
segment black ; a broad black band on the ventral side reaching from the head-
case to the lower end of the wing-cases. The abdomen has an orange band
between each segment ; on the abdomen are several rows of orange tubercles,
and nearly all have a black crescent on the anterior side. On the wing-cases is
a curved black longitudinal band, and the nervules of the wings are orange.
Length, about 24 inch,

Food-plants—Asters and Diplopappus.
Very rare in the vicinity of New York City. Single brooded.
June.
Grapta interrogationis (/wér.).

Butterfly: Form umbrosa Lint.—Upperside fulvous with two round spots in
the cell and at the end an oblong patch of the same color ; a row of four round
spots running from the inner margin to the end of the cell. Outer border ferru-

1893.| Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 263

ginous with a subapical patch on the costa and one on the inner margin ; both
these bars run together at the middle and appear to form part of the outer border.
Hind wings blackish brown, with a short tail and a few black spots which are
only dimly visible owing to the dark ground color; base of wing ferruginous.
Edges of both wings bluish gray. Underside much variegated with patches
and spots of different shades of brown, olivaceous and more or less purplish.
Across the middle of the wing is a narrow angulated band, beyond which is a
row of minute black dots. Hind wings similarly marked, with the band wavy.
In the middle is a silver C which is broken at the lowerend. Expands 2 to 3
inches.

Form fabricii Edw.—Differs from the form umérosa in having the fore wings
more falcated, the tail on the hind wings longer and narrower, and the anal angle
much produced. The fore wings above with the markings like umdérosa, but the
ground color and outer border of alighter shade. The hind wings are ferruginous
instead of brownish black as in umérosa, and have a row of fulvous spots before
the outer border, and the black spots distinctly visible. The margins of both
wings are bordered with lavender. Underside clouded in shades of brown and
ferruginous, sometimes partly suffused by purplish. General pattern as in
umbrosa, but without the striking diversity of color. In some specimens the
brown color is quite evenly distributed over the wings. Size same as in umérosa.

Caterpillar —Color dull black, with white, yellow and red tubercles, and
longitudinal lines and bands of red and yellow, varying greatly in distinctness.
Some larvz are black, finely specked with yellow without longitudinal lines on
the upperside ; others have small spots in place of specks, and have more or
less distinct longitudinal lines of either yellow or red or mixed ; others have
the body russet brown, with many yellow spots, with the lines often obsolete.
There are also intermediate variations. The seven rows of spines also vary in
color from deep red to yellow or mixed. Length, 14¢ inches.

Chrysalis.—Y ellowish brown to dark brown in color, with a large, compressed,
blunt beak-like process on the thorax and three rows of tubercles on the abdo-
men, on which are eight silvery spots. Length, 1 inch.

Food-plants—E\m, Hackberry (Ce/tis), Hop, Nettle and Basswood.

Rather common during the warmer weather, but rather diffi-
cult to capture, as are also the other species of Grafta. In this

vicinity there are probably three broods, the last one hibernating
in the butterfly state.

Grapta comma (/arris).
PLATE IV, Fic. 6.

Butter fly.—This, like the preceding, is a dimorphic species, the winter form
being known as Aarrisii Edw., which over-winters, and the summer form as

264 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

dryas Edw. The color and markings much the same asin Grapia interroga-
tionis, but instead of four black spots running from near the inner margin to
the end of the cell there are only three. It also differs in having the wings
more scolloped and regularly falcated in both forms, and the tails on the hind
wings broader and shorter than in ¢wterrogationis ; otherwise the marking
above are similar. The form arristi has the hind wings above ferruginous,
and the form dryas has the hind wing dark brownish black with a subterminal
row of fulvous spots which are more distinct in the form Aarrisiz. The under-
side of both forms is distinctly marked by different shades of brown and washed
with pinkish and olivaceous. The angulated band seen in interrogationis is
also present. In the middle of the hind wing, on the angle of the band, isa
distinct silvery-white open C, or comma. Some examples have the underside
almost uniformly brown with faint, short streaks of a darker shade. It is also
smaller than interrogationis. Expands 144 to 244 inches.

Caterpillar.—Very variable in color. The body in some is black with yellow
spots, and spines tipped with black ; others are cream white or greenish white,
with almost no markings ; others are velvety black with yellow bars and bands
across the dorsum and a yellow band along the sides ; ig others again the body
color is brown. In light examples the head is dull pink, in the dark ones
black, sometimes with a forked white stripe down the front and covered with
spines. Length, 114 inches.

Chrysalis. —Same in shape and color as G. interrogationis, with golden pro-
tuberances on the abdomen. Length, # inch.

food-plants.—E\m, Hop, Nettle, Ce/tis and Basswood.

Not quite so common as G. interrogationis, and probably is
three brooded in this vicinity ; the butterflies of the last brood
Over-winter.

Grapta progne (Cramer).

Butterfly.—Upperside of both wings same as in Grapta comma. Underside
grayish brown, closely streaked with fine, short lines. Beyond the dark portion
on the fore wings the color is pale ashen gray, washed with pinkish, somewhat
lighter towards the apex. This light color is also streaked with brown. Before
the outer border of both wings is a narrow greenish-blue wavy line. In the
middle of the hind wings is a white open L, which in some specimens is only
faintly indicated. Expands 1°4 to 2 inches,

Caterpillar.—Color, buff ; the cross stripes on the posterior parts of segments
black and pale buff ; in front of each dorsal spine is a V-shaped reddish bar,
which passes round the spine, and there is an oblique bar of the same color in
front of each of the first laterals, and from its base directed forward and down-

1893.| Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 265

ward ; the second laterals stand on a straight or slightly arched bar of the
same color. The spines on the third, fourth and fifth segments larger than
elsewhere : the dorsals white, reddish or honey yellow at bottom, and from
yellow tubercles ; the first laterals white from fourth to eleventh segments, but
on third, fourth and twelfth segments are black with buff branches; the second
laterals are all black, yellow at base and stand on yellow tubercles ; the lower
laterals all white, on yellow tubercles. The color of spines on second segment
is yellow ; spiracles black in yellow ovals; feet black, prolegs yellow and
brown. Head subcordate ; on each vertex a large compound spinous process,
the main stem black, the branches partly black and yellow ; the face and sides
thickly covered with simple conical spines of irregular sizes, buff or yellow ;
the sides and frontal triangle black, the rest yellow. Length, 1} inches.

Chrysalis.—Like that of G. comma in shape. Color dull green, brown and
pinkish white.

Food-plants.—Wild and cultivated Currant and Gooseberry.

Less common than G. interrogationis and G. comma. It is
double brooded, the first brood of butterflies appearing in early
summer and the last in August, which over-winters.

Grapta faunus ZAdwards.

Butterfly —May be easily recognized by the deeply incised and notched
outer margins of both wings. The pattern and color are about the same as in
G. comma ; it is deeper colored than its allies, and the black markings are
more prominent, making it a rather conspicuous species. The underside is
beautifully marbled with various shades of brown, from light to dark brown,
and mottled with gray white, and streaked with black lines, especially beyond
the angulated band across the middle of the wings. In this light shade is a_
row of olive green spots, followed by a wavy line of the same color before the
outer borders. The green spots and line are larger on the hind wings, which
have a silvery white C-shaped mark in the middle, varying in form. Expands
about 244 inches.

Caterpillar —Body brownish yellowish with white spines and a large white
patch on the dorsum on the posterior half of the body. Head black, with
a light W-shaped mark on the front and a number of black spines. Length,
1} inches.

Chrysalis.—Pale brown streaked with green, with the ocellar tubercles equal
on basal half, conical beyond, the notch between them deeper than broad.
Tubercles on body not much larger than the others. Length, about 1 inch.

Food-plants.—Birch (Betula lenta), Willow, Wild and Cultivated Gooseberry.

266 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

Very rare in this vicinity, and only a few examples have ever
been taken. It is a mountain insect, common in the Catskill
Mountains and northward.

Grapta j-album (Zd.-Zec.).

Butter fly.— Upper wings dull yellowish washed with rusty brown ; basal half
ferruginous. In the cell is a large black spot, and on the costa at the end of ©
the cell a larger patch, beyond which is another costal patch, connected by a
white subapical spot with the black border, which is before the outer yel-
lowish and black margin. Beneath the cell between the veins are four large
black spots. Hind wings ferruginous, with a broad dull yellow outer border
through which runs a ferruginous or blackish band; on the costa about the
middle is a large black spot, to which is connected a white spot. Underside
of wings with basal half brownish, with light and dark wavy lines; then
grayish white smeared with light brown, in which is a row of minute black
spots ; before the outer margin is a narrow wavy greenish band, followed by
a violet-brown shade. Expands 3 inches.

Caterpillar —Body light green with seven rows of spines, with long bris-
tles. The three upper rows of spines are black and the others reddish. Some-
times the larva is black with white spots, and the underside greenish. Length,
2 inches.

Chrysalis.—Pale green or flesh-color, sometimes tinged with reddish, with
two rows of tubercles, eight in each row, of which six are bright, shining silver.
Length, about 114 inches.

Food-plant.—Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera).

This species is very rare, and only a few examples have been
captured in the vicinity of New York. It is recorded from
Newark and Caldwell, N. J., Staten Island, Central Park, New
York City, and different places on Long Island. May, August
and October. In the Northern States the butterfly is quite
plentiful.

Vanessa antiopa (Zinz.).

Butter fly.—Uppersides of both wings rich velvety brown with a broad yel-
low outer border, speckled with black; before the yellow border is a row of
blue spots. On the costa of the fore wings are two yellow spots beyond the
middle. Underside deep brownish, with numerous black transverse lines.
Outer borders dirty white, sprinkled with brown. In the aberrant form
hygiea Hey. the yellow outer borders are about twice as wide and the blue spots
are absent, Expands 244 to 3 inches,

1893.) Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 267

Caterpillar.—Body black, covered with numerous small white dots; along
the back is a row of large red spots, and seven rows of rather long, sharp spines,
the dorsal row being shorter. Length, 2 inches.

Chrysalis.—Grayish brown with a pointed prominence on the thorax and two
rows of short spines along the back of the body and two on the head-case.
Length, 1 inch.

Food-plants.—Elm, Willow, Poplar and Hackberry (Ce/tzs).

This species over-winters in the butterfly state in sheltered
places. It may be found under stones, stumps of trees, or stick-
ing to the rafters of a barn and in crevices of walls, huddled to-
gether sometimes in numbers, with the wings doubled together
above the back and apparently lifeless. During the first warm
days of April and May it crawls forth from its winter quarters,
and hovers in numbers about sappy stumps of recently felled
trees. About the middle of July the butterfly becomes scarce
until the advent of the second brood in August. The female
deposits her eggs in a cluster around the twig near the petiole of
aleaf. The caterpillar is gregarious in habits, living together in
companies. The first brood of caterpillars appears in June and
the second in August.

Vanessa milberti (Godz.).
PLATE IV, Fic. 5.

Butter fly —Upperside blackish brown, with a broad fulvous band across
both wings beyond the middle ; outer edge blackish brown with a row of blue
spots on the hind wings. In the cell and the fore wings are two fulvous spots
and a blackish one on the costa in the fulvous band followed by a small white
spot. Underside blackish brown with the band from above chocolate brown,
and a number of black and brown transverse lines. Expands 2}4 inches.

Caterpillar.—Black covered with numerous yellow and white points, each
with a short white hair ; along the sides, in line with the lower lateral spines,
is a bright yellow stripe and another similar stripe above the spiracles. Be-
tween these stripes is an orange shade. Sometimes these lines are broken and
reduced to patches. The spines are arranged as in Vanessa antiopa. The
lower spines are yellowish and the others black. Head black, shining, with
white and black tubercles sprinkled with white. Length, about 1 inch.

Chrysalis.—Same shape as in V. antiopa but smaller. Color variable ;
some are dull whitish with brownish stripes on the body ; some are wholly
light brown and bronzed, and others are dark brown. Length, 34 inch.

Food-plant,—Nettle.

268 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

Taken at West Farms, New York City, Orange Mountains,
N. J., Staten Island and Long Island. Very, rare in June, Sep-
tember and October. More common throughout the Northern
States, Canada, and westward to the Pacific. The eggs are laid
in masses usually on the underside of the leaves, and the cater-
pillars live in swarms.

Pyrameis atalanta (Zinvn.).

Butter fly.—Upperside of fore wings with the basal half velvety brown and
an oblique, broad, bright red band running from the costa before the middle
to nearly the hind angle ; above this band the wing is black with six white spots,
the inner one being an oblique dash on the costa. Hind wings velvety brown
with a broad red band on the outer edge, in which is a row of small black spots.
Underside of fore wings with the red band repeated but lighter, followed by
an irregular blue ring near the costa. The white spots are also repeated ;
apex light brown tipped with lilac. Hind wings marbled with brown, with
darker brown indistinct spots and wavy transverse lines; a whitish patch on
the middle of the costa, and a row of round, indistinct, submarginal eye-like
spots, the centre of some being olive green. Expands 2 to 2% inches.

Caterpillar.—Black with seven rows of branching black spines, which are
sometimes yellow ; along the sides is a variable broken band composed of yel-
low patches. The body is also covered with fine yellow points. Underside
smoky brown. Head black, with short spines. Length, 144 inches.

Chrysalis.—Blackish gray with a delicate bloom, and the dorsal tubercles
more or less gilded. Sometimes it is greenish gray with a bronzy shade over
the dorsal area. In shape it is much like that of V. milberti. Length,
I inch,

Food-plants.—False Nettle (Behmeria) and Hop.

Common from the latter part of May until November, and

is double brooded: ‘The caterpillar draws together the edges of
the leaf and forms a commodious cavity which shelters the larva
within. The butterfly is usually found along wood paths or open
woods and fields. It occurs all over North America and also
Europe. ;

Pyrameis huntera (/zér.).

Butter fly.—Upperside fulvous ; apical portion of the fore wing black, which
is continued as a border to the hind angle. In the black field at the apex are
four white spots, and a fulvous patch on the costa beyond the middle of the

;

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 269

wing. In the cell are two black marks, also one at the end and one beneath
the cell, and a black band running from the end of the cell to inner border
before the hind angle. Hind wing fulvous with a black outer border, contain-
ing a narrow, wavy fulvous line ; before this is a row of black spots, two hav-
ing blue centres. Underside of fore wings salmon red, with the black marking
from above partly repeated. Apical area gray brown, with broken eye-like
spots, and the fulvous mark from above white; extreme tip of apex lilac.
Hind wings with a delicate whitish net-work at basal portion in brown field.
Across the middle is a broad whitish band, sprinkled with brown, and the
veins whitish ; beyond this is a brown field containing two large eye-like spots

with opalescent pupils. Outer border grayish with four narrow black lines.

The space between the inner two lilac. Expands 2 to 24¢ inches.

Caterpillar.—Blackish, with four pale yellow transverse lines between the
joints. Beneath the spiracles are two yellow lines, the lower interrupted, both
spotted with black. The seven rows of spines are yellow or brown. Length,
114 inches.

Chrysalis.—Y ellowish with brown or olivaceous markings, sometimes golden
green marked with purple and darker markings; an obtuse angle on the
thorax, and two rows of spines on the body. Head-case projecting, bifid.
Length, *¢ inch.

Food-plants —Gnaphalium and Artemisia.

Common in open fields and roadsides. The larva draws the
leaves together and forms a rude case, within which it lives.
Double brooded. May to October.

Pyrameis cardui (Zsnz.).
PLaTe IV, Fic. 7.

Butter fly.—Very similar to the preceding species, but may be distinguished
by the white patch in the black apical area, instead of a fulvous patch as in
P. huntera. The fore wings are also less concave on the outer border beneath
the apex, and are also somewhat more angular. The underside of the hind
wing is marbled with light brown and white, with the veins forming a delicate
net-work ; before the outer margin is a row of four eye-like spots, which are
much smaller than the two in ?. Auntera. Expands 2 to 2% inches.

Caterpillar.—Body varying from grayish to brownish ; with a yellow, broken
dorsal stripe and one along each side beneath the spiracles. The spines are
yellow and placed like those of P. Auntera. Over the body are also numerous
minute yellow dots, from which proceed fine whitish hairs. Head blackish,
covered with fine whitish hairs. Length, 14¢ inches.

Food-plants.—Various kinds of Thistles, Burdock, Sunflower, Hollyhock, etc.

27° Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

Common in this neighborhood, and may be seen flying in com-
pany with P. huntera. Double brooded. ‘The larva lives singly
within a few leaves spun together with silken threads. The
chrysalis is similar to that of P. huntera. It is a cosmopolitan
species.

Junonia ceenia (/iibner).

PLATE IV, Fic. 8.

Butter fly.—Upperside of fore wings sepia brown, with an oblique dirty

whitish band beyond the middle, and enclosing a large black eye-like spot
with a blue centre, and above it a small spot which is sometimes absent.
In the cell are two deep orange-fulvous bars, and outside the large spot also
orange. Hind wings same in color as the fore wings, with two eye-like spots
followed by a subterminal, orange-fulvous border. Underside very variable,
from a light brown to a reddish brown; these colors being confined to the
apex of the fore wings and hind wings, which have a few narrow, wavy
transverse lines. The two eye-like spots on the fore wings are repeated, and
the two bars in the cell are orange; on the hind wings are two or three
small eye-like spots. Expands 134 to 244 inches.

Caterpillar.—Black with fine white specks sprinkled over the dorsum, and
a yellow band on each side, one along and one beneath the spiracles.
Spines similar to those of P. cardui, black. ‘The two stigmatal rows on each
side yellowish. Head black, sprinkled with white and an orange triangle in
the middle of the face. Length, 144 inches.

Food-plants,—Gerardia, Plantain and Snap-Dragon.

Common from May to November, and is double brooded. It
may often be seen flying on dusty roads, and may be easily
recognized by the four eye-like spots on the upperside of the
wings. ‘The chrysalis is similar to that of ?. cardui and huntera.

Limenitis disippus (God/.).
PLATE III, Fic. 5.

Butter fly.—Upperside of fore wing reddish fulvous, the veins heavily
marked with black; costa, also inner and outer borders, black, the latter
broader and containing a row of white spots ; on the costa beyond the middle
is a triangular patch connected with the outer border beneath the middle, and
contains three white spots. Hind wings also reddish fulvous, veins black,
and a transverse, narrow black band across the middle; outer border black
with a row of white spots. Underside much paler than above with the black

a Nae a,

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 271

markings the same ; outer borders with two rows of white spots ; hind wing
sometimes with a row of white spots before the transverse black line. Ex-
pands 214 to 3 inches.

Caterpillar —Head olive green with numerous short tubercles, and a pair of
short, blunt processes on the vertices. Second segment with two long horn-like
processes with short conic tubercles. Along the sides is a rather broad
whitish stripe, above which the body is mottled with different shades of olive
green. First, second and eighth segments whitish, the first two speckled with
brown ; on the third and fifth segments are two swollen humps on each ; those
on the fourth segment more prominent. On each of the ninth and tenth
segments are two short bunches of tubercles, and four on the twelfth segment.
Length, 1# inches.

Chrysalis —Grayish brown, shining, and marked with brown, flesh-color and
silvery white. On the middle of the back is a prominent rounded appendage.
Length, about 1} inches.

Food-plants.—Willow, Poplar, Apple, Plum and Oak.

The butterfly in general appearance resembles Danas archip-
pus, but may be at once distinguished by its small size, scolloped
outer borders, and the black band across the middle of the hind
wings. It is common in this vicinity, and Willow seems to be
the most favorite food of the caterpillar. The butterfly is usually
found along the borders of damp places and in waste fields. It
is double brooded, the first brood appearing in June and the
second in July and August. The young caterpillar of the last
brood rolls a leaf together, in which it remains over winter and
completes its transformations the following spring.

Limenitis astyanax (/air.).

Butter fly.—F ore wings black with a bluish or greenish reflection. Along the
outer border are two rows of blue spots, preceded by a row of orange spots,
which are more or less distinct. Hind wings with the bluish reflection stronger
and forming a metallic band of spots beyond the middle of the wing ; outer
border with two rows of metallic blue spots larger than those on the fore
wings. Underside brownish, partly tinged with bluish, with the blue and
orange spots on the outer border of the fore wings repeated. In the cell are
two orange patches. Hind wing with three orange spots at the base and a
row of the same color followed by two rows of blue spots along the outer
border. The male and female are similarly marked and colored. Expands
214 to 3 inches.

272 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

The larva and chrysalis are similar to those of D. disippus.
The larva feeds on Willow, Wild-gooseberry, Cherry, Apple,
Plum, Thorn, Huckleberry, etc. The butterfly is double brooded,
the first brood appearing in May and June and the second in
July and August. The butterfly frequents orchards and feeds
on fallen fruit.

Synopsis of the Species of Nymphaline.

Danais.
Reddish brown, with black veins and borders ................ D. archippus,

Argynnis.
Large species.
Upper side of hind wings black, with a bluish reflection and two
TOWS OF SPOEG iis ise cis sch oes ging § De dige URGED ae A. idalia.
Underside of hind wings with a broad yellowish band.......... A. cybele.

Underside of hind wings with a narrow yellowish band......A. aphrodite.

Small species.

With silver spots on underside of hind wings.....-.......... A. myrina.
Rusty brown on underside of hind wings and without silver spots,
A, bellona.
Euptoieta.
Upperside fulvous, with black markings; hind wings beneath with :
brown and ashén-gray shades... 05.2 0 ieee ences seen E. claudia.
Melitza.
Black, with rows of pale yellow spots, and a row of brick-red spots
along ‘the outer borders 27. cs 35 ae ces een ea ee eek oe ....M. phaéton.
Phyciodes.

Upper surface fulvous, with black markings.
Underside of hind wings with silvery white bands .. .... .. P. myeteis.
Underside of hind wings with yellowish white bands. ........ P. harrisii.
Underside of hind wings with grayish, brown and ochraceous
blotches (form marcéa), or entirely ochraceous with a brown
outer patch (form morpheus), and with transverse brown ~

TOW soos ose ca sieigttacmbibie's lama ye arwle kplan ba agi oka lca na F ee tharos,

Grapta.
Wings falcate.

Hind wings beneath with a broken C.............006: G. interrogattonis,

Hind wings beneath with C not broken. ......... 0 2... eee eee G. comma,

Underside streaked with black lines. ...... 0.0.5. cc cee ee eeees G. progne.

Underside marked with olive green on the outer parts..... .. G. faunus,

Hind wings above with a large white spot on the costa. .......G. j-album.
Vanessa.

Wings velvety brown, with yellow borders. ... ........6 0000s 0ee V. antiopa,

Smaller in size, with a broad fulvous transverse band on each wing. ”. wilberté.

Le eee nee

i a il

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" 1893.) Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 273

Wings velvety brown, with an oblique red band......... ....... P. atalanta.

Wings fulvous with black markings.
With two large eye-like spots on underside of hind wings. ... P. huntera.

meee mue sain Cpe-like Spots ee P. cardui.
Junonia.
Wings sepia brown, with large eye-like spots above ................ J. cunia.
Limenitis.
Reddish brown with black borders and veins, and a transverse band
across the middle of the hind wings............ .- ......-- L. disippus.
Velvety black, with metallic blue shades and spots............... L. astyanax.

Subfamily SATYRIN 2.

Neonympha eurytris (/zér.).
PLATE V, Fic. 1.

Butter fly —Upperside of both wings wood-brown, with two black eye-like
spots with yellow rings on the fore wings near the outer border, and two eye-
like spots on the hind wings, one large and one small spot near the anal angle.
In the female there is only one spot on the hind wings. Underside very much
paler than above, with two narrow transverse lines on both wings, with the
Spots on the fore wings repeated. Hind wings with four eye-like spots, two
near the apex and two near the anal angle ; between these are two small sil-
very spots. Expands 114 to 134 inches.

Caterpillar.—Body flat at base, the dorsum rounded, much arched on middle
of segments, the sides flat and sloping ; over the feet a fleshy ridge ; the second
segment constricted, much as in the larve of //esperia ; the last segment
bifurcate, each fork short, pointed, divergent. Color of dorsum yellow brown ;
of sides, darker ; a mediodorsal band dark brown, and on either side of this,
on each segment from the fourth to the eleventh, is an indistinct patch ; the
lateral area separated from the dorsal by two wavy parallel lines, the upper one
dark, the other yellowish. On the side of each segment, from the fifth to the
eleventh, is a dark oblique stripe ; the basal ridge yellowish, the tails tipped
with red; the whole surface covered with sharp tubercles of irregular sizes,
and colored as the ground, each emitting a very short brown hair; feet and
legs yellow-brown ; head subpyriform, flattened in front, truncated at summit
and slightly depressed. The vertices a little produced, pointed and compressed.
Color yellow brown, finely tuberculated ; the face crossed by three rows of
rounded brown patches. Length, 1 inch.

[Neovember, 1893.] 18

274 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. Vol. V,

Chrysalis.—Cylindrical ; body stout, and larger than the anterior portion ;
thorax rounded; head-case truncated. Color pale yellow brown, the wing-
cases and interior parts streaked with fine, abbreviated, brown lines ; body be-
neath with two brown stripes, and on the middle of each side a row of brown
points. Length, 44 inch.

Food-plants.—Various species of Grasses.

Common from the latter part of May until August, in woods
and in fields near by, especially if these last are more or less
overgrown with shrubs. Single brooded.

Neonympha canthus (Zzvz.).

Butter fly,—Paler brown than the preceding species, with a row of black
spots in a lighter field before the outer border of the fore wing. Hind wings
with five larger, black, eye-like spots before the outer border; the three lower
_ spots are in pale yellow rings. Underside much paler than above, with two nar-
row, wavy transverse lines ; the black eye-like spots from above are repeated ;
those on the fore wings are surrounded with a yellow circle, and enclosed in a
whitish ring, The six spots on the hind wings are quite conspicuous, and are
in rings of yellow, brown and white. All the spots have a white dot in the
centre. Expands 134 to 2 inches,

Caterpillar.—Slender, tapering into two long tails on the last segment, with
rough tubercles ; each segment is creased transversely. The whole surface is
covered with fine tubercles, each with a fine, very short hair. Body green,
with narrow yellow longitudinal stripes. Head with two long conical processes
on top ; yellowish green, with a brown stripe running down the sides. Length,
1} inches. ;

Chrysalis, —Bright green, with the outer wing-cases margined with yellow,
and three stripes on upper side of the body and one at the sides. Length,
% inch.

food-plants,—Grasses.

Not common in this vicinity. It has been taken near Newark,
N. J., Staten Island, near Mount Vernon, N. Y., West Farms,
N. Y., and various other localities. Found from the latter part
of June, through July and August, flying in swampy places. Its
flight is low, with a slow, jerking motion, and settles here and
there among the tall grasses, and by beating these they may often
be startled forth in numbers. ‘The larva over-winters.

ie ie a ig Es ey E — ‘ : ay oa i ti & eo ee viii Ss Aico
Pe REE LER ETE Te ee eee ee Ee, OTe RH SNR a me es eee ee mS ee ee ee en Te ee alae Sa ee OTT, ke

A Ser ramen ee ere

1893.| Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 275

Debis portlandia (/aér.).
PLaTeE IV, Fic. 9.

Butter fly.—Much the same in general appearance as Meonympha canthus, in
color and markings on the upperside, but the black spots are larger. The
wings are more elongate and are regularly scolloped on the outer borders, by
which it may be readily distinguished from A. canthus, which has the wings
rounded. The underside of both wings have the transverse bands much
darker, broader, and the outer ones angulated, the angle pointing outward.
The black spots from above are repeated and have a yellow ring ; all the spots
have a small white dot in the middle, and are also encircled by a pale violet
ring, which is disconnected between the spots. Outer margins with a narrow
pale violet and a dull yeliow border. Expands about 2!4 inches.

Caterpillar.—Resembles that of WV. canthus, but is stouter and the head is
larger. Length, 1} inches.

‘Chrysalis.—Also similar to that of NV. canthus. It is bright green, and
lacks the yellow stripes on the body. Length, 2 inch.

Food-plants.—Grasses.

Generally distributed in this vicinity, but is local. The flight is
like that of WV. canthus. It often rests on the trunks of trees,
and sallies forth at any other passing butterfly, and retires again
to its chosen post of observation. It also flies near the ground,
along the edges of woods, or in the forests among bushes and
trees. Found from the latter part of June to the first of August,
and is single brooded.

Satyrus alope (/zér.).
PLATE IV, Fic. 10.

Butter fly.—Upperside dark brown with a large yellow patch on the fore
wings enclosing two black spots, and very much resembles the figure eight.
Hind wing with only a small black spot near the anal angle. Underside with
the yellow patch repeated on the fore wing, and towards the base are numerous
short transverse brown streaks. Hind wings with six small eye-like spots with
a light blue dot in the centre, and each surrounded with a yellow circle. These
Spots are more or less distinct. Across the wings are also short, dark brown
streaks, and a narrow, transverse, irregular, wavy band across the middle. The
female differs by being larger, somewhat paler in color, and the yellow 8-like
patch larger and paler. The underside of the hind wings lacks the small
eye-like spots. Expands 2 to 2!¢ inches.

Form maritima Edw.—Smaller in size, and dark brown, with the yellow
patch deeper in color, and smaller.

276 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

Form nephele Xirby.—Differs from alope by the absence of the yellow
patch on the fore wings, but the two black spots are present, and on the under-
side are conspicuous, with a narrow yellow circle, and are much larger in the
female. Otherwise much the same as alope.

Caterpillar.—Body green, ending in two sharp conical tails; covered with
fine papillae, each of which emit a very short fine hair. On the dorsum a dark
green line and along the extreme side a yellow stripe, and sometimes one of the
same color along the sub-dorsum. Head globose, green, with fine white
papillee and short hairs. Length, 114 inches.

Chrysalis. —Green or yellowish green, with a cream-colored line along the
inner margin of the wing-cases, another on the keel of the thorax, and one
across the top of the head-case. Length, # inch.

Food-plants.—Grasses.

Found plentifully through July and August in grassy fields or
in open woods, especially along the borders of woods, where the
large trees have been felled and a young growth appearing. They
fly low, but for a short distance, and rest upon the leaves of
bushes or trunks and twigs of dead trees. The form maritima
has been taken at Jamesburg, N. J. Vepfele is a northern form,
and very rarely occurs here.

Synopsis of the Species of Satyrine.

Outer borders rounded. Neonympha,

Wood brown, with two eye-like spots in yellow rings on each

WADE cans sa vos hs sds SA ORD W AWS TA RTA Rake ES N. eurytris.

With a row of black spots in a light shade on each wing.. ...V. canthus.
Outer borders scolloped. Debis.

With a row of black spots in a light shade on each wing. ...D. portlandia.

Satyrus.

Wood brown, with yellow figure 8-like patch on the fore wings....... S. alope.
With yellow patch reduced and:.darker. 20:05. ccWsctans Cone form maritima,

With yellow patch absent... v0 sicas 0) podeaesii ee vaeset eas form nephele.

Subfamily LIBYTHEIN A.
Libythea bachmanii //#.

PLATE V, Fic. 2.

Butter fly. —Fore wings blackish, with a large fulvous patch in the lower part
of the cell, and a large patch beneath it near the base of the wing. In the

RL ee ete Rae en a ee ee TC, en aE eg ee a ee ee OT

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 277

black field at the apex are two white spots, and an oblique white patch on
the costa before the spots. Hind wings with a large fulvous patch in the
middle. Underside of fore wings with the markings as above ; apex grayish.
Hind wings grayish or finely speckled with brown, and if held in certain
light have a metallic reflection. Expands 1} to 1} inches.

Caterpillar—Color dark green, with the extreme sides and beneath pale
green. The segments are creased transversely, and have pale whitish points.
Along the side is a yellow stripe and an indistinct dorsal line. Length, 1 inch.

Chrysalis.—Subtriangular, compressed laterally ; head-case square ; thoracic
process rounded. Color blue green, with a faint yellow dorsal line from the
last joint to middle of the body, where it is forked, sending a branch along
each wing-cover to the top of the head-case and meeting. At the sides, from
the end of the wing-cases to the end of the last segments, a narrow yellow
line. The body is also marked with a number of small, whitish tubercles.

Length, about 14 inch.
Food-plant.—Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis).

This species may be easily recognized by its long beak-like
palpi, which are about twice as long as the head. It is quite
rare here, but sometimes appears in numbers. In August, 1886,
the butterfly was quite common at Sandy Hook, N. J.

Synopsis of Species.
With long beak-like palpi, black, with fulvous patches... ....... L. bachmanii.

LYC/ENID.

Thecla melinus (/7.).
PLATE V, Fic. 3.

Butterfly —Upper wings slate-color,with a darker, indistinct patch at the end
of the cell, in the male. Hind wings with a few blue scales along the outer
border, interrupted by a large orange crescent enclosing a black spot, and at the
anal angle is a small orange spot. The fringes of both wings are white, and
the hind wings have one long slender tail and a short one, both black, tipped
with white. Underside of both wings gray; fore wings with a brown and
white spot-like band. Hind wings with a similar band, but running across the
wing. The orange and black spot from above repeated; anal angle black

and orange. Expands about 1} inches.

2978 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped. Pale green, witha dorsal yellow stripe, and a
white stripe along each side. Length, 2 inch.

Chrysalis. —Testaceous, discolored and flecked with dark brown ; abdomen
wider than thorax, with long hairs. Length, 4% inch.

Not common during May, June, July and August. The larva
lives on the heads of the common Hop vine, and also on the
Bean. Double brooded.

Thecla calanus (/ié.).
PLATE V, Fic. 4.

Butter fly.—Upper surface of both wings wholly sepia brown, with a brassy
green reflection. Underside paler than above ; beyond the middle is a double,
broken, white transverse stripe, with the space between sepia brown; beyond
this band is a single narrow white band edged outside with brown. In the
disc are two short white lines. Hind wings with similar bands, but are more
curved. Before the outer border, towards the anal angle, is an oval crescent
enclosing a black spot ; then comes a patch of blue scales, and on the anal
angle a black spot sometimes marked above with a little white and orange.
Expands 1 to 14 inches.

Caterpillar.—Body yellowish green, deep green or pale brown, thickly cov-
ered with minute white hairs ; along the dorsum a green or dark brown stripe ;
sides of body with five or six oblique lines. Length, 44 inch.

Chrysalis, —Light or dark brown sprinkled with dots of a darker shade, and
is thickly covered with short yellowish hairs. Length, 2 inch.

Food-plants.—Oak, Chestnut, Hickory and Walnut.

Not common in this vicinity during June and July, in woods
and about shrubbery. Single brooded.

Thecla strigosa (Harris).

Butterfly.—Upperside like that of TZhecla calanus, sometimes with an
orange spot near the anal angle of the hind wings, which have a long slender
and a short tail tipped with white. Underside paler than above, with a very short
white line at the end of the cell; beyond which are four fine, irregular, wavy,
white lines, the first almost reaching across the wing, the second shorter, and
the third still shorter, while the fourth almost reaches across the wing. Hind
wings with the first line nearly extending across, then bending at a small angle
and running some way up the abdominal margin, preceded in this last part by
another short line, almost parallel to it. The outer lines are shorter. Before

pos = f Fe Louis Soe AIL
SPs ee ey Mp eRe YE Seat I SE ee ae a

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1893.) Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 279

the anal angle is a large orange spot followed by a patch of blue scales with an
orange patch above, which is connected with the patch of the same color at the
anal angle. Expands 1 to 1} inches.

Caterpillar. —Body rich velvety green, with a yellowish tinge, and a darker
colored dorsal stripe. Anterior edge of the second segment brownish. Body
thickly covered with minute brown hairs, hardly visible without a lens. Sides
with faint oblique yellowish stripes and an indistinct basal line from the fifth to
last segment. Length, 4¢ inch.

Chrysalis.—Resembles that of 7. ca/fanus. Reddish brown with very short,
fine, whitish hairs, and with black markings and a dark ventral line on the
body. Length, 44 inch.

Food-plants.—Oak, Holly, Thorn, Plum and Apple.

Very rare in this neighborhood. Taken by Dr. R. Kunze near
Woodhaven, L. I.; also recorded from Newark, N. J., by Prof.
Smith ; an example taken in this vicinity is also in the collection
of the late S. L. Elliot. It is closely allied to 7hecla calanus, but
differs in the position and number of white lines on the under-
side.

Thecla damon (Cram.).
PLATE V, Fic. 5.

Butterfly —Wings above dark brown, with the middle area ochraceous.
Hind wing with two tails, one long and the other short. Underside of fore
wings thickly scaled with green, and a transverse band of white and brown
before the outer border. Hind wings with the green covering the entire sur-
face, and a wavy transverse white and brown band a little beyond the middle,
and a short white and brown band near the base of the wing. Expands
1 inch.

Caterpillar.—Green with two rows of small red spots along the back, and
on each side a row of somewhat larger and deeper red spots. Head and
feet blackish. Length, 4¢ inch.

Chrysalis.—Grayish brown, marked with dark brown, and covered with hair ;
body more clear and reddish. Length, }4 inch.
Food-plant.—Red Cedar.

Found on the wing in May and June, and again in August.
It occurs only in localities where cedar trees grow. The butter-
fly, when disturbed, flies for a short distance and suddenly drops
to the ground, folding its wings, and owing to the green color

280 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

on the underside, it is quite difficult to detect the insect in the
grass. In this vicinity it has been taken at West Farms, Rye,
Nepperhan and Staten Island, N. Y.; Plainfield, Newark and
Passaic Valley region, N. J., and also in different places on Long
Island and in New Jersey.

Thecla irus (Godz.).
. PLATE V, Fic. 6.

Butter fly.—Upper surface dark brown, with a slight greenish reflection, and
sometimes with a ferruginous patch on the hind wings near the anal angle.
The border of the hind wings is toothed, the teeth becoming longer as they
reach the anal angle. Underside of fore wings paler than above, with a nar-
row transverse white line, followed by a row of indistinct dark spots. Basal

half of hind wings blackish brown, limited by an irregular zig-zag line, outer

half overlaid with whitish scales. Expands 1 inch.

Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped. Yellowish green along the dorsum and reddish
brown along the sides, with a fine green lateral line along the fold. Head
minute, yellowish green. Length, 4 inch.

Chrysalis,—Black or blackish brown, with dull red bands and a narrow black
stripe on each side in the middle of the body, not extending to the thorax.
Length, ;’; inch.

Food-plants,—Wild Plum and Huckleberry.

Not common, occurring in April and May, especially in pine
woods and open places.

Thecla augustus (A7réy).

Butterfly.—In color on the upper surface and in shape this insect is like
Thecla irus, but. differs greatly on the underside of the hind wings, which
have the basal half deep brown with the outer half of a ferruginous tint,
with a row of minute dark spots. Fore wing somewhat lighter. The wings
have a decided brassy reflection. Expands } to 1 inch,

Taken in pine woods on Staten Island, in Apriland May. The
early stages are unknown.

Thecla niphon (/vé.).
PLATE V, Fic. 7.

Butterfly.—Upperside sepia brown with a small ochraceous spot at the anal
angle of the hind wings in the male, and a large ochraceous space in the middle

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:
3

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 281

of each wing of the female. Underside of fore wings paler than above, and
washed with ferruginous. Beyond the middle is a zig-zag white line not reach-
ing the inner border. Beyond this is a submarginal row of dark brown spots,
shaded outside with brown and whitish rays. Hind wings with basal half
ferruginous, with blackish transverse shades limited by a white zig-zag band
shaded outside with grayish brown ; beyond this the color is ferruginous with
pale grayish scales along the outer margin. Expands 1} inches.

Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped. Deep green, with a light yellow stripe along the
middle of the back, and a white one on each side. Head brown, Length,
¥ inch.

Chkrysalis.—Short, thick, brown, with two rows of small blackish spots, and
outside of these a row of more conspicuous, rust-red spots.

Food-plant,—Pine.
Very rare in this vicinity, and found only in pine woods in
April and early in May. Single brooded.

Thecla titus (/aér.).
PLATE V, Fic. 8.

Butter fly —Upper surface wholly sepia brown, with a distinct grayish-brown
spot at the end of the cell in the male. Underside paler than above, fore wings
with two rows of black spots, the outer row touched with orange. Hind wings
somewhat produced at the anal angle with a row of black spots, and an outer
row of large orange-red spots, touched with black and white on the inside ; in
the cell are two black spots. The female has the wings more rounded than the
male. Upperside sepia brown, with two, three or four orange-red spots along
the outer border of the hind wings. Underside like the male, only the spots
are larger. Expands 1} to 14 inches.

Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped. Dull green, with a yellowish tint, especially on
the anterior segments, thickly covered with very minute brown hairs. On the
back is a streak of dark green and a patch of dull pink or rose color on the
anterior segments ; on the posterior segments a larger rosy patch, extending
from ninth segment to the end of the body. Head small, bilobed, black and
shining, with a streak of dull white across the front above the middle. Length,
3% inch.

Chrysalis.—Body pale brown and glossy, with ‘many small dark brown or
blackish dots over the whole surface, thicker along the middle above, and ap-
pearing as a faint imperfect stripe beneath; also thickly covered with very
short, minute hairs. Length, about ‘¢ inch.

Food-plants.—Pium and Wild Cherry.

282 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

Rare. Taken at Pelhamville, N. Y.; Jamesburg, Snake Hill,
and near Newark, N. J., and probably also occurs on Long Island
and other localities. Single brooded. July.

Feniseca tarquinius (/2adr;.).
PLATE V, FIG. 9.

Butter fly.—Upperside orange ochraceous. Fore wings with a broad blackish
brown outer border, which is narrowly continued along the inner margin and
on the costa, where it forms an angular patch. At the base beneath the middle
of the wings is a blackish brown dash, beyond which is a round spot of the same
color. Hind wings have the anterior half blackish brown, and a series of spots
of the same color near the outer border. Underside pale orange yellow, with
three rusty-brown spots beneath the costa at the base of the wing, and the
blackish basal dash and spot beyond it repeated. Outer border rusty brown,
with a whitish patch before the apex on the costa, and rusty brown patches
before it. Hind wings rusty brown with numerous white circles, and washed
with white. Exands 1} to 1} inches.

Caterpillar.—Head small, pale green. Body largest in the middle, tapering
in each direction, with short hairs arranged in transverse patches across each
segment, and smoky brown with smoky stripes. Length, about 14 inch, -

Chrysalis,—Plump with swollen body, which is covered with slight bosses,
and the hinder extremity flattened and laterally expanded. Pale on the thorax,
flecked with brown ; dark greenish brown on the abdomen, flecked or blotched
with cream yellow. Length, 44 inch.

Food.—Piant-lice living on Alder.

Very rare and local in this neighborhood, and only occurs
where alders grow. The caterpillar feeds on the lice (.Schizo-
neura tessellata) which infest this tree, and probably also feeds
on other lice, which exude a waxy secretion and live in colonies.
It is three brooded ; the first brood appearing from the latter
part of May to the middle of June; the second early in July
and flies into August ; the third from the middle of August to
the end of September.

Chrysophanus hypophlzas (4q?.).
PLATE V, Fic. It.

Butter fly,—Upperside of fore wings deep orange red, with a satiny gloss ;
a rather broad brown outer border, before which is a row of black spots and
two spots in the cell. Hind wings dark brown with a short orange-red terminal

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 283

border. At the end of the cell is an indistinct dark bar. Underside of fore
wings orange, with the spots from above repeated, and an additional spot at
the base of the wing. Outer border pale brownish gray. Hind wings pale
brownish gray with the red outer band from above reduced to a narrow wavy
line. Beyond the middle is a transverse row of black spots and a few spots in
the basal area. Expands 1 inch.

Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped. Body with minute hairs, grass green, with a
faint dusky dorsal line and darker, sometimes roseate, mee the sides.
Length, about % inch.

Chrysalis.—Light brown tinged with yellowish green, dotted with blackish,
the dots on the body arranged longitudinally in a dorsal series and og either
side, above and including the spiracles, five series, sometimes faint. Length,
about 2 inch.

Food-plant.—Sorrel.

Very common in open, sunny fields and meadows, from May
to October, and in this vicinity it is two or three brooded.

Chrysophanus thoe (4¢.-Zec.).
PLATE V, FIG. Io.

Butterfly.—Upperside of the male coppery brown, with a purplish reflec-
tion and a narrow black outer border. Hind wings darker, with a broad
orange-red border. Both wings show traces of the spots on the underside.
The female has the fore wings orange ochraceous with a number of black
spots and a broad, deep brown outer border. Underside of fore wings light
orange ochraceous ; hind wings grayish white, with the terminal border as
above, orange-red. Both wings with three rows of black spots and a few
spots at the basal half. Expands about 144 inches.

Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped. Head minute, pale. Body bright transparent

green, having a velvety appearance, with a dark green dorsal stripe edged
with yellow, the whole profusely dotted with minute white mushroom-shaped

appendages. Length, about 1 inch.

Chrysalis.—Light yellowish brown, the body with six longitudinal series —
of obscure fuscous dots on each side (including those beneath) and a few
dots on the thorax. Length, about 44 inch.

Food-plants.—S -weed (Polygonum) and Rumex.

This butterfly is double brooded, and is not common in this
vicinity. It is found in swampy places. The first brood appears
in June and early in July, and the second in the middle of Aug-
ust to the middle of September.

284 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

Lyczena comyntas (God‘.).
PLATE V, Fic. 13.

Butter fly.— Upper surface in the males wholly violet-blue, with very narrow
black outer border; fringes white. The hind wings are provided with a fine
thread-like tail near the anal angle, and sometimes with a row of more or
less distinct black spots along the outer margin. The spot before the tail
sometimes orange. Underside whitish gray, with a double row of gray spots
along the outer margin of both wings and another row of black spots en-
circled with white, between the cell and the outer rows of spots. At the end
of the cell is a short gray bar. The hind wings have also two black spots
near the base, and near the anal angle are two orange crescents enclosing a
black spot surrounded with silvery scales. The female. is blackish brown,
sometimes bluish at the base. Expands °4 to 1 inch.

Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped. Head black; body greenish or brownish, with
darker green lines and oblique lines on the sides. Length, 144 inch.

Chrysalis. —Color greenish brown or dull whitish, with three rows of black
dots, and covered with a few whitish hairs, Length, 14 inch.

Food-plants.—Lespedeza, Desmodium and Clover.

Common in meadows, clover fields and roadsides from May to

September. Three brooded. The caterpillar feeds on the flower
heads and tender leaves of the plants. ee

Lycena scudderii Zdw.
PLATE V, Fic, 12.

Butter fly.—Allied to the preceding species, but is larger and wants the
thread-like tail on the hind wings. The color on the upperside is the same.
Underside deeper gray than in Z. comyntas, with the spots much heavier and
larger, and a distinct row of orange crescents on the hind wings before the
outer margin, each enclosing a black spot, with silvery scales. The female
is blackish brown above, with bluish scales at the base. Hind wings with
a row of orange crescents along the outer border and each enclosing a black
spot. Expands 1} inches. .

Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped. Dull green, with a velvety appearance, caused
by the presence of many short fine hairs and minute brownish dots, hardly
visible without a lens. Along the back is a deeper green stripe, margined
faintly with a blue shade. Along the sides is a series of oblique lighter stripes
and a cream-colored stripe along the extreme sides. Underside similar in
color to the above, with a blackish tinge along the middle. Length, over

¥ inch.

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 285

Chrysalis.—Pea-green, body tinged with yellow, except dorsal line, pea-green.
Body covered with delicate tracery, forming a broken, irregular, reticulation of
raised lines, and with short fine hairs. Length, 2 inch.

Food-plants.—Lupines.

Very rare in this vicinity. A number from this neighborhood
are in the collection of the late S. L. Elliot, now in the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History. Double brooded. May-June
and July-August.

Lyczna pseudargiolus (Ad.-Zec.).
PLATE V, Fic. 14.

Butter fly.—Upperside wholly azure blue, with a narrow black outer border.
The female is paler blue and has a very broad black outer border extending
along the costa in some specimens. Hind wings with a terminal row of black-
ish spots ; costa also washed with black. Underside whitish ; a row of spots
along the outer margin and another row before it, and several small blackish
spots on the basal area. Expands 1 to 1} inches.

This species is subject to great variation, and the following forms are also
found in the vicinity of New York City :

Form lucia Kiréy.—Upper surface violet blue. Underside gray, with the
two rows of terminal spots running together and forming a distinct band on
both wings, preceded by a row of rather large blackish spots. The spots on
the basal part of the hind wing run together and form a distinct patch.

Form marginata Zdw.—Much the same as the form /ucia, but the spots in
the basal area of the hind wings beneath do not run together.

Form violacea Edw.—The rows of spots along the outer borders of both
wings do not run together as in the two preceding forms, and the spots in
the basal area are also distinct.

Form neglecta Edw.—Resembles pseudargiolus, but is smaller, not ex-
panding more than a little over an inch.

Caterpillar.—Very variable in color and markings. In spring it is whitish
often stained with red, or brown, light or dark ; sides olive green, with a darker
green or dull red patch along the posterior edge of each joint. Beneath it is
pale green. In summer it is white or pale green, second joint brown, or has
the sides dark, often with patches over it, or is pale green with a broken dark
green band along the back, and another one along the base. Sometimes the
entire surface is wine red or chocolate brown. Color in fall, green, with more
or less brown, irregular patches. Head, dark brown. Length of spring
larva, } inch ; of summer larva, 4¢ inch.

Chrysalis.—Dark brown or yellow, also varying ; the wing-cases dark, and
sometimes greenish. On the body are two subdorsal rows of blackish dots
and sometimes a dark dorsal line. Length, about }¢ inch.

286 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

A very common insect here, and is found in open sunny
places, especially in woods. The forms /ucia, marginata and vio-

/acea are found in April and early in May. The forms neglecta

and pseudargiolus are found in the summer until September.
The winter forms lay their eggs in the flower buds of the Dog-
wood (Cornus florida), and the following brood deposit their
eggs on the flower stem of the black snake-root (Cimicifuga
racemosa), and the fall brood are found on Actinomeris. The
following food-plants have also been given: Wild bean (Afios
tuberosa), Spirea salicifolia, Ceanothus americanus, and Ulex.

Synopsis of the Species of Lycenine.

Hind wings with tails. Thecla.

Slate gray, with an orange spot at the anal angle of hind wing. 7. me/inus.
Sepia brown, with a double, broken, white transverse band on both

wings DENERE Oras, mused anew e ue bee pee 7. calanus.
Sepia brown, with four irregular, wavy white lines across the

upper wing benebath:. iiiisis vaoee Menten ee eee ee eee 7. strigosa,
Thickly scaled with green on the underside, with wavy white and

brown transverse bands... cscs csc ss oe 5 eed eee eRe 7. damon.

Hind wings strongly toothed.
Outer half of hind wing beneath heavily overlaid with whitish scales. 7. irs.
Hind wings beneath ferruginous with zig-zag transverse lines.. 7. miphon.
Hind wings not toothed.
Underside of hind wings with outer half ferruginous........ 7. augustus.
Hind wings with outline evenly rounded, ? ; hind angle produced, ¢.
Underside of hind wing with an outer row of large orange spots. 7. 4é/zs.

Feniseca.
Wings ochraceous, with black border.
Underside of hind wings with many whitish rings......... F. tarquinius.

Chrysophanus.
Small size, glossy orange red.
Hind wing beneath brownish gray with black spots .. ....C. hypophleas.
Large size with black spots. :
Underside of wings whitish, with black spots.............5 sees C. thoé.

Lyceena.
Hind wings with a thread-like tail.
Underside of hind wings with two orange spots ....... ... L. comyntas.
Without thread-like tail on hind wings.
With terminal row of orange spots on underside of hind wings. Z. scudderit,

Without orange spots on hind wings beneath .... ..... L. pseudargiolus,
Smaller than pseudargiolus .. 6. .ce cess cece sence es form neglecta,
Spots on underside running together ... .. «+. .. form /ucia.

Spots on basal area of hind wings not running ‘together. .form marginata.
Terminal rows and basal spots on hind wing prominent, not run-
ning together. (varias whe de wie aes REN eer caches form wiolacea,

ee

1893.| Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 287

HESPERID.
Ancyloxypha numitor (/aér.).

PLATE VI, Fic. 20.

Butter fly.—Upperside of fore wings blackish, washed with orange ochra-
ceous. Hind wings orange ochraceous bordered with black. Underside of
fore wings blackish bordered, orange ochraceous along the costa and outer
margin. Hind wings wholly orange-ochraceous. Body white beneath ; at the
side orange, above blackish brown. Expands about 1 inch.

Common in grassy places in June, July, August and Septem-
ber, and is three brooded. ‘The early stages are only imperfectly
known.

Pamphila massasoit Scudder.
PLATE VI, Fic. 2.

Butter fly —Upperside of male wholly blackish brown, sometimes with a row
of three small spots below the costa before apex on the fore wing. Underside of
fore wings blackish brown, with the costa and outer margin scaled with yellowish
brown. The three spots on the costa from above are repeated, and there are
sometimes one or two minute yellow spots in the middle of the wing. Hind
wings with a very large bright yellow patch in the middle, the borders of the
wing dull orange ochraceous, becoming lighter toward the anal angle. The female
has three small yellow spots on the costa beyond the middle, and two larger
yellow spots in the middle of the wings, and in the middle of the hind wings a
row of two to seven yellow spots. Underside similar to the male. Expands
about 14 inches.

Not common in this vicinity. Found in July and August.
The caterpillar feeds on grasses.

Pamphila zabulon (#72.-Zec.).
PLATE VI, Fic. 1.

Butter fly. —Upperside of male orange ochraceous, with outer border blackish
brown, dentate within ; the same extending along the hind margin. At the
end of the cell is a narrow oblique bar and a patch beyond touching the apical
portion of the border. Hind wings bordered all around with blackish brown.
Underside of fore wings paler yellow than above, with the outer border also
paler, and at the base a large dark brown patch. Hind wing bright yellow
with a faint, broken, brownish outer border ; base of the wing brown, contain-
ing a yellow patch. Expands 1}¢ inches.

288 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

Var. hobomok /arris.—Differs from the preceding by having the mark-
ings above heavier. Hind wings beneath have the yellow reduced to a band ;
basal part of wings brown tinged with yellow, and a broad brown continuous
outer and inner border with grayish scales. The female has the veins brown,
and is suffused with this color over the basal half of the fore wings above,
otherwise it resembles the male.

Dimorphic female pocahontas Scwd.—Upperside brown with three small
spots on the costa and a few indistinct whitish spots in the middle of the fore
wing. Hind wings entirely brown. Underside similar to the above, with the
pale yellowish spots in the middle of the wing forming an irregular patch.
Hind wings with the yellow band as in hobomok, but entirely covered with
brown or gray scales.

Caterpillar.—Head dark reddish brown, rough. Body naked, yellowish
brown, with a dark line along the middle of the back, two lateral lines and
dotted with brown. First segment green, with a brown, narrow, interrupted
thoracic shield. Length, # inch.

Chrysalis.—Uniformly livid, somewhat infuscated on head and thorax, the
appendages with a whitish bloom ; tongue-case extending to the eighth abdo-
minal segment. Length, about 2 inch.

Food-plants.—Different species of Grasses.

The form Aobomok is common in this neighborhood along the
edges of woods and sunny wood paths during the latter part of
May, through June, and disappears early in July. The butterfly
flies close to the ground, and settles on leaves of plants when at
rest. Single brooded. The form sadu/on is rare, and the
dimorphic female pocahontas is occasionally common, especially
in the mountainous district in New Jersey.

Pamphila sassacus (//arris).
PLATE VI, Fic. 3.

Butter fly.—U pperside of fore wings dull orange ochraceous, with a broad
blackish-brown outer border crenate within ; base of wings dusky. On the
wings beneath the cell is a velvety black, oblique dash; beyond this black
dash is a brownish patch. Hind wings with the yellow surrounded by a broad
blackish-brown border, Underside ochre yellow, blackish at the base; near the
apex on the costa are traces of a short row of spots. Hind wings ochre yellow
with an indistinct curved row of paler spots in the middle. The female
differs by the absence of the black dash on the fore wing above, and on the

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 289

underside the spots near the apex and middle of hind wing are more dis-
tinct and more black at the base of the fore wings beneath. Expands 1} to
Tt} inches.

Not common in this vicinity in May and June. Taken at
West Farms and Staten Island, N.Y., Caldwell and Newark, N. J.,
and different places on Long Island. The caterpillar feeds on

grasses.
Pamphila logan (Z7w.).

PLaTE VI, Fic. 4.

Butter fly.— Upperside orange yellow with the veins dark brown, as also is
the narrow outer border. Hind wings also orange yellow surrounded with a
brown border. Underside somewhat paler than above, without brown veins,
only the basal part of the fore wings is blackish brown. Hind wings wholly
clear orange yellow. The female has the basal portion above blackish brown,
and also the inner and outer borders. Hind wings have the borders broader.
Underside similar to the male, clear orange yellow. Expands 1} inches.

Caterpillar.— Head oval, oblique, white, smooth, slightly bilobed. A black
band about the top and sides; a black vertical streak on the middle of the
face, and a short streak on either side of this last. Body bluish white, with a
small black band on the last segment and anal plates. Surface thickly dotted
with white and black tubercles. Shield on first segment black, including a dot
on either side. Length, about 1 inch.

Chrysalis.—Narrow, greenish white ; head-case blunt, black, with tubercles
and bristles. Last segment black. Length, '4 inch.

Food-plants.—Grasses.

Exceedingly rare in this vicinity, but is common in the South-
ern States. Found from June to the middle of August. Single
brooded. ;

Pamphila leonardus (Hurris).

PLATE VI, Fic. 5.

Butter fly.—Upperside dark brown, thickly overlaid with dark orange ochra-
ceous scales from the base to beyond the middle of the fore wings. Below
_ the costa in the brown outer field is a row of three small spots and two spots
beneath it, and a larger spot at the end of the cell, beneath which is a slightly
curved black dash or stigma. Hind wings with a curved central band, com-
posed of spots, and not reaching either margin ; towards the body the wings
are more or less covered with orange ochraceous hairs. Underside blackish,
washed with dark orange ochraceous along the costa and outer margin. The
light spots from above are repeated, with the addition of a yellow patch
[November, 1893.] 19

290 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. V,

beneath the spot at the end of the cell. Hind wings inclined to be ferruginous,
with a pale yellow or white spot near the middle ; beyond which is a curved
row of rather large, distinct, yellow or whitish spots. The females lack the
black stigma beneath the cell on the fore wing, and in addition have three
large yellow spots from the end of the cell running towards the inner mar-
gin. Underside like the male. Expands 144 inches.

Rare in this vicinity. Taken in August and early in Septem-
ber, in open fields. The caterpillar feeds on grasses, and is only
imperfectly known.

Pamphila huron (Z¢w.).
PLATE VI, Fic. 6.

Butter fly,—Upperside of fore wings orange ochraceous, the outer border
blackish brown, dentate within. Beneath the cell is a curved velvety black
dash or stigma, below which is a rounded patch of raised brownish scales.
Before the apex, touching the outer border, is a small blackish brown patch.
Hind wings with the middle portion dull orange ochraceous, sending rays in
the blackish brown outer border around the wing. Underside of wings
ochre yellow, sometimes tinged with pale blackish around the borders; fore
wings blackish at the base and indications of a few subterminal spots. The
female is blackish brown, and lacks the stigma and raised scaly patch. The
fore wings are washed with orange ochraceous along the costa and inner mar-
gin from the base to about the middle of the wing, with a blackish patch
between, at the end of which is a quadrate, semitranslucent spot and a
smaller one a little beyond. Near the apex beneath the costa is a row of three
small spots and two a little beyond and beneath. Hind wings with a curved
band of orange ochraceous spots in the middle. Underside of fore wings
ochre yellow, with base along costa orange and blackish below at the base ;
the spots from above are repeated. Hind wings ochre yellow with two paler
rows of curved spots. Expands 1} to 1} inches.

Caterpillar.—Pale green, more or less clouded with darker green and sprinkled
profusely with very minute blackish papillee, each with an exceedingly short hair.
Thoracic shield black, edged in front by a light band. Thoracic feet blackish.
Length, 1} inches.

Chrysalis. —Dark reddish brown. Head with three large, round, light-
brown spots, arranged triangularly. Abdomen testaceous mottled with black-
ish brown spots. Length, # inch.

Food-plants.—Different species of Grasses,

Very rare in this vicinity. Has been taken in Van Courtland
Park, N. Y., and Newark, N. J. Single brooded.

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 291

Pamphila phyleus Drury.
PLATE VI, Fic. 7.

Butter fly—Upperside bright orange ochraceous, outer border blackish
brown, and is broken into short lines running inwards. Beneath the cell
is an oblique dash, to which is connected an elongated, velvety patch of elevated,
brown scales. At the base of the wings are three black streaks, the lower one
touching the black dash. At the end of the cell are two short blackish brown
dashes. Hind wings light orange ochraceous with the outer brown border
dentate within. Underside paler than above. Fore wings blackish at the
base and along the hind margin ; a black spot beneath the cell, one at the
end, and a row of subterminal spots. Hind wings with a blackish streak
running from the base, within the inner margin to nearly the anal angle, and
a number of blackish spots. The female differs from the male by bejng
brown, with the basal portion slightly washed with yellow ; at the end of the
cell is a small yellow spot, an oblique broken row beyond, and three small spots
in a row beneath the costa near the apex. Hind wings with a row of broken
spots in the middle. _ Underside dirty yellow, blackish brown at the base ; the
oblique row of spots from above paler yellow and forming a broken patch.
Hind wings dirty yellow, somewhat tinged with brownish, with the spots as in
the male. Expands 1} to 1} inches.

Caterpillar.—Spindle-shaped. Dull green and thickly granulated with pale
points ; thoracic plate on first segment dark brown; head small, punctured,
dark brown. Length, %4 inch.

Chrysalis.— Nearly cylindrical ; head, thorax and abdomen pubescent. Pale

green with a black, broken line extending from back of the head-case to the

end of the body, a lateral black streak and a row of black dots on the body;
wing-cases paler, contracted behind into a point; anal hook stout, spine-like.

Length, 14 inch.
Food-plants.—Various species of Grasses.

Exceedingly rare in this vicinity, but is a common insect in
the Southern States. Taken late in October in Bayonne, N. J.,
and Astoria, L. L., by Dr. R. Kunze ; also taken at Clifton, N. J.,
by Prof. J. B. Smith.

Pamphila otho (44). & Sm.).
PLATE VI, Fic. 8.

Butterfly —Upperside dark brown washed with orange ochraceous on the
costa at the base. Beneath the cell is a short velvety black dash or stigma,
with a patch of raised scales beneath it towards the base of the wing, con-

292 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

taining a small black spot ; at the end of the black stigma is an orange spot
and three small ones in a row below the costa near the apex. Hind wings
with yellowish hairs over the basal and inner part. Underside of fore wings
brown, costa and apex rusty brown ; the yellow spots from above repeated. Hind
wings rusty brown, with an indistinct band in the middle. The female wants
the orange ochraceous scales along the costa at the base, and the stigma
beneath the cell, at the end of which are two spots instead of one, and one
beneath these. Underside like that of the male. Expands 1} to 1} inches.

Var. egeremet Scud.—Differs from othe in having the yellow tinge on the
upperside somewhat olivaceous, as also the underside of both wings. The
markings above and below are similar.

Caterpillar.—Body light green mottled with dark green, and becoming
hoary in the middle of the upper surface. A dark green dorsal line; a dull
yellow stigmatal band, broader so as to occupy the whole dorsal part of the
body (except the dorsal stripe) beyond the seventh segment and tinged with
pinkish on the posterior third of body. A _ slender, indistinct, greenish line,
followed by a yellowish green band. First segment crossed by a narrow black
band. Length, about r inch. CN

Chrysalis.—Head brownish green ; tongue pink; thorax dull grass green :
suture pinkish brown ; abdomen dull yellowish green ; spiracles and cremasters
pink. Length, 3 inch.

Food-plants.—Different kinds of Grasses.

Rather scarce in June and July. The variety egeremet is
more common than o¢e, which is abundant southward. Single
brooded.

Pamphila peckius (X7réy).
PLATE VI, FIG. 9.

Butter fly.—Upperside brown ; basal half of fore wings yellow ; beneath the

cell is an oblique black dash, and below this an opaque, brown patch. Before

the apex is a row of three yellow spots below the costa, two a little beyond
and beneath and one at the end of the velvety black stigma. Hind wings with
a band of four spots in the middle and with orange ochraceous hairs. Under-
side of fore wings washed with orange ochraceous along costal area and outer
portion ; spots from above repeated, there being eight of them instead of six,
Hind wings dull orange ochraceous with a broad ochre yellow band composed
of six oblong spots, the third spot from the costa being longest ; at the base is
also a row of spots connected with the large spot of the other band. The
female differs by the absence of the black stigma and having at the basal part
dashes of yellow, and beyond the middle an oblique row of irregular spots.
Hind wings and underside like the male. Expands 1 inch.

MTR. Te Stereo eee ae eaten eee a A

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eee Se «Ae ee ee Ye ee

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1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 293

Found everywhere in meadows, and is one of the most com-
mon species of Hesperians in this vicinity. It is double brooded,
the first brood appearing in the latter part of May to the middle
of July, and the second brood in August and September. The
caterpillar feeds on grasses, and is only imperfectly known.

Pamphila mystic (dw).
PLate VI, Fic. to.

Butter fly—Upperside orange ochraceous; outer border dark brown ; be-
neath the cell is a velvety black, oblique stigma, limited beneath with a deep
brown patch of raised scales and a spot of the same color at the end. Beyond
and attached to the stigma is an irregular, yellow band. Hind wings with a
band-like patch in the middle, outer borders deep brown, of which color are
also the veins in the yellow part. Underside ochre yellow, with the black
stigma and spot from above faintly indicated. Hind wings ochre yellow with a
lighter curved band in the middle and a spot in the cell. This band and spot
are more or less distinct. The female is deep brown with a yellow patch in the
cell and an oblique row of spots beyond. Hind wings somewhat like those of
the male, but not shaded with as much yellow, the band being smaller. Un-
derside same as in the male. Expands 1} inches.

Caterpillar.—Dull brownish green, with a dorsal line and sprinkled with
darker dots. Second segment whitish, with a blackish band across. Head dull
reddish brown with very minute whitish hairs, which also cover the body.
Length, 1 inch.

Food-plants.—Grasses.

_ Rare in this vicinity, and is found in open grassy meadows
late in May and through June, and again in August and Septem-
ber. The chrysalis is unknown.

Pamphila cernes (#d.-Zec.).
PLATE VI, Fic. 11.

Butter fly.—U pperside brown with a slight olivaceous tint. Beneath the cell
is an oblique velvety black stigma, above which is an orange ochraceous patch
on the costa, beneath the stigma and at base of wings washed with yellow. At
the end of the stigma is a small yellow spot, and three in a row below the costa
before the apex. Hind wings with olivaceous hairs towards the base. Under-
side with the yellow patch on the costa reproduced, and traces of two spots be-
neath the cell ; outer part of wings olivaceous, basal part blackish. Hind wings

294 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

olivaceous. ‘The female differs in having less yellow on the costa; by the
absence of the black stigma, and in having a row of three spots at the end of
the cell, running towards the hind margin. Expands 1 inch.

Caterpillar.—Rich purplish brown with a green tinge, finely mottled with
gray and dark purplish brown; first segment milk-white above with a piceous
shield. Length, about 1 inch.

Chrysalis.—Light brown with slight and delicate infuscations, the thorax
darker, the head black, the whole dotted sparsely with reddish brown. Tongue-
case reaching to the eighth segment. Length, 4¢ inch.

Food-plants.—Various species of Grasses.

Very common from May to September inclusive in grassy
meadows. Double brooded. :

Pamphila manataaqua (Scud.).

Butterfly.—Upperside with light orange ochraceous ; beneath the cell is an
oblique velvety black stigma, which is connected with a narrow basal streak ;
before the apex beneath the costa are three spots, which seem to be a continua-
tion of the yellow streaks on the costa. Outside of the black stigma are two
or three spot-like marks. Outer part of wings dark brown. Hind wings have
an ochraceous shade on the inner half. Underside, along the costal half,
orange ; other half brown. The spots from above repeated. Hind wing ochre ~
yellow with an obsolete curved row of paler spots in the middle. The female
lacks the black stigma and has the spots beyond larger. Expands I to 1¢
inches.

Not rare in this vicinity. Found in June and July, and is
single brooded. ‘The larva feeds on grasses. The fully-grown
larva and chrysalis are unknown.

Pamphila verna Zdw.
PLATE VI, Fic. 12.

Butterfly.—Upperside deep brown with a slight olivaceous tint, especially
the hair on the hind wings and body. Below the cell in the fore wings is an
oblique, velvety black stigma, with three semitranslucent, pale yellowish spots
beyond, the middle one being largest; before the apex below the costa are
three small spots in a row of similar color, Underside paler, with spots
repeated. Hind wings with an indistinct curved row of minute light spots in
the middle. The female similarly colored as the male, but lacks the oblique
velvety black stigma, and has an additional whitish spot. Underside with the
spots repeated, otherwise like the male. Expands rf inches.

1893.]| Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 295

Caterpillar —Body yellowish or wood-brown with a russet tinge along the
upper half, flecked uniformly and profusely with minute dark brown spots and

‘covered by pale brown short hairs; a slender dorsal stripe of blue black and

two similar stripes along the sides, fading away at either extremity beyond the
third thoracic and seventh abdominal segments, and a faint similar stripe below
the spiracles, scarcely perceptible. Underside paler than above, with a green-
ish tinge. Head castaneous, edged with black behind, covered with minute
points and with pale brown hairs. Length, # inch.

Food-plants.—Grasses.

Not common in June and July, in grassy meadows. Single
brooded.

Pamphila metacomet (/avrr.).
PLATE VI, Fic. 13.

Butterfly —Upperside wholly dark brown, with a slight olivaceous gloss.
Beneath the cell is the oblique velvety black stigma in the male. Underside
paler than above and not glossy. Hind wings have sometimes a few minute
spots in the middle. The female lacks the oblique stigma, and has two pale
yellow dots in the wing a little beyond the middle, and one or two more below
the costa near the apex. Underside with the spets reproduced. Expands
1} inches.

Not common in June and July. The butterfly may be easily
recognized by its dark color without pale marking in the male.
It is found in fields and open grounds. Single brooded. The
earlier stages are unknown.

Pamphila accius (444. & Sm.).

Butter fly.—Upperside deep brown, with a very slight olivaceous tint. Male
with an indistinct velvety black oblique stigma, at the end of which is a minute
white dot and a row of three above it beneath the costa. Underside deep
rusty brown along the costal area, and the outer margin beneath the apex tinged
with violet. Spots from above reproduced. Hind wings are deep rusty brown
with a violet patch near the base and one on outer margin. The female lacks
the black stigma, and has a row of three white spots beyond the middle, and
the three beneath the costa also present a small dot about the middle of the
wing immediately below the costa. Underside with spots repeated, otherwise
like the male. Expands 1} to 1% inches.

Caterpillar —Slender ; nearly white, but under a lens mottled and dotted
with darker lines and points ; collar black ; head small, oblique, oval, flattened

296 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

frontally, white with a black band around the top and sides, a black streak
down the middle of the face and a short black streak on either side of this last,
and not reaching the band at top. Length, 14 inches.

Chrysalis,—Slender, smooth, white ; head-case tapering into a slender pointed
beak. Length, I inch.

food-plants.—Grasses.

Very rare in this vicinity, but a common insect in the Southern
States. Recorded by Prof. Smith from Salem, N. J. Readily
known by the violet shades on the underside. June-July.

Pamphila ocola (Z7w.).

Butter fly.—Upperside deep brown, with a slight bronzy lustre with a semi-
translucent spot at the end of the cell and a small dot a little beyond, some-
times traces of a third spot beneath the large one. Underside paler than above,
with the spots repeated. Hind wings above and below without markings. Ex-
pands 1# inches.

Very rare. Recorded by Prof. Smith from Salem, N. J. An
example taken in this vicinity is also in the collection of the late
S. L. Elliot. The early stages are unknown. The caterpillar
probably feeds on grasses.

Pamphila pontiac (Zdw.).
PLATE VI, Fic. 14.

Butter fly.—Upperside deep brown, basal portion deep orange ochraceous,
with a broad velvety black stigma, pinched at the middle; attached to the
stigma is an orange ochraceous band ; some distance above are three spots be-
low the costa, Hind wings with an orange ochraceous, streak-like patch in
the middle. Underside orange brown, with the band beyond the stigma broken
into spots. Hind wings orange brown with the patch from above repeated.
The female is wholly dark brown, with a curved band of spots beyond the
middle. Hind wings like the male, also the underside of the wings, only
somewhat darker, Expands 1% to 13 inches,

Not common in June and July. Taken on Staten Island, Lake
Hopatcong, N. J., Snake Hill, N. J., West Farms, N. Y. City, and
other places. Single brooded. ‘The early stages are unknown.

Pamphila hianna (Scud).

Butter fly.—Upperside wholly dark brown, somewhat paler outwardly, with
one minute whitish dot beyond the end of the cell and a row of three ante-

1893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 297

apical spots below the costa above it. Underside with spots from above
repeated, and along the outer margin is washed with grayish. Hind wings
with the outer half scaled with gray. The female differs in having two
spots at the end of the cell and one above the cell, and the three anteapical
spots more distinct and whiter. The outer part of the fore wings with pale
scales. Underside have the spots from above reproduced and the gray scales
on both wings thicker and paler. Expands 1} to 12 inches.

A single specimen of this species has been taken by the late
S. L. Elliot in the vicinity of New York City; also taken on
Long Island. It appears in May and June, and is single brooded.
The early stages are unknown.

Pamphila viator (Zdw.).
PLATE V, Fic. 19.

Butter fly.—Upperside dark brown with an orange spot in the cell at the
end, and a row of three rather large spots beyond and below, and two small
spots below the costa before the apex. Hind wings with the brown margin
broad, and the orange patch in the middle is broken by the veins. Under-
side of fore wings orange brown, blackish along the base to the hind angle.
Spots from above repeated. Hind wings orange brown with the patch
from above indistinct. Female similar to the male, but the spots are larger.
Expands 1} to 1% inches.

Scarce in this neighborhood. Taken in July on Snake Hill,
N. J., Newark, N. J., and near Brooklyn, Long Island. Single
brooded. The early stages are unknown.

Pyrgus montivagus “eck.
PLate VI, Fic. 15.

Butter fly.—U pperside black with transverse rows of white spots of different
sizes. Hind wings also with white spots. Underside whitish with the black
from above partly repeated. Hind wings also whitish, with the bands more
or less distinct and greenish. In the female the black markings are heavier.
Expands 1} inches. .

Caterpillar.—Body naked, briefly pilose, green with a dark broken dorsal
line, dark lateral band and a light band below the spiracles ; thoracic shield
black. Head piceous, summits rounded. Length, 34 inch.

Chrysalis.—Body slender, the abdomen longer than the rest of the body ;
posterior lip of thoracic spiracle elevated, flaring ; yellowish white dotted above
with black. Length, 4¢ inch.

Food-plants.—Mallow, Althea, Abutilon and Sida.

298 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. V,

Taken on Staten Island in September, and recorded by Prof.
Smith as being common throughout the State of New Jersey.
To my knowledge it is very rare everywhere in this vicinity.
Probably double brooded. :

Pyrgus centaurez (2amb?.).

Butter fly.—Differs from the preceding species by having only one row of
white spots on the black fore wings ; a spot at the end of the cell and-onea
little beyond. Hind wings with the two rows of white spots, not as large and
distinct as in P. montivagus. Underside of fore wings greenish, with the
greenish-white markings from above repeated and more distinct. Hind wings
olivaceous with three rows of whitish spots across. Expands about 114 inches.

Exceedingly rare in this vicinity, and has been reported from
Long Island. The caterpillar and chrysalis are unknown.

Pholisora catullus (/aér.).
PLATE VI, Fic. 16.

Butter fly,—U pperside deep brownish black with an irregularly curved row of
small white spots, and sometimes with traces of another row before the outer
border, and one or two spots in the cell, Hind wings without markings, some-
times traces of an indistinct row of spots. Underside brown, but somewhat
paler than above, with part of the white spots on the fore wings repeated.
Expands 1 inch. :

Caterpillar.—Body dull green, briefly pilose ; thoracic shield velvety black,
pale at the edges. Head black, summits rounded. Length, # inch:

Chrysalis.—Yellowish green with brownish dorsal line and similar ventral
line on abdomen. Body slender, abdomen slender, longer than the rest of the
body. Length, }¢ inch.

Food-plants,—Chenopodium and Amarantus.

Very common everywhere in open fields and meadows. Double
brooded. May to September.

Nisoniades brizo (d.-Zec.).
PLATE VI, FIG. 17.

Butterfly.—Upperside deep brown, darker towards the base, with an indis-
tinct oblique, double, broken band before the middle of the wings, and another
band, also broken, beyond the middle. The space between the first band con-

i ee

eee em Eon hms pea egy

at a

“Sy SS ee

1893.| Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 299

tains a few grayish scales, and the space in the outer band thickly scaled with
gray; also scaled with gray at the costa between the two bands and at the outer
margin. Hind wings with two rows of indistinct pale spots near the outer
border. Underside paler than above, with two rows of pale spots near the
outer border. The two rows of spots on the hind wings distinct. Expands
1}¢ to 14¢ inches.

Caterpillar.—Head dark brown, paler above, with an orange spot at base of
mandibles. Body naked, briefly pilose, pale green with an indistinct paler
lateral stripe and dotted with darker green. Length, over 1 inch.-

Chrysalis.—Green, the appendages infuscated. Slender; abdomen longer
than the rest of the body. Length, }¢ inch.

Food-plant.—Oak.

Found in May and June in moist shady woods and along wood
paths. The butterfly flies swiftly and near the ground. Single
brooded.

Nisoniades icelus Zintner.

Butter fly.—Similar to N. brizo but smaller, and has the grayish scales more
regularly distributed over the wings, but most distinct at the costa between
the two transverse bands. The markings are like those of drizo, but with an
additional more or less distinct line before the outer border. Underside similar
to NV. érizo. Expands 1 to 1} inches.

Caterpillar.—Head light reddish brown, with slightly raised summits. Body
naked, pilose, pale green dotted with white, giving a grayish green appear-
ance, and with a pallid lateral stripe. Length, about 34 inch.

Chrysalis.—Fore part of body reddish or yellowish brown, the abdomen pale
flesh-color, the rest as in the other species. Length, 14 inch.

Food-plants.—Aspen, Willow and Witch-hazel.

Not rare in this vicinity in May and June in open woods, and
especially along wood roads. Taken at West Farms, N. Y. City,
Tuckahoe and Staten Island, N. Y.; Plainfield and Fort Lee,
N. J., and other places. Single brooded.

Nisoniades lucilius Zintner.

Butter fly.—Upperside deep brown, becoming lighter towards the outer bor-
der ; before the middle is an indistinct oblique transverse band almost obscured
by the ground color, and another spot-like band beyond the middle, which con-
tains a row of four minute semitranslucent spots beneath the costa and one or
two spots about the middle. Sometimes there is a similar spot at the end of the

390° Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

cell. Over the outer part of the wing are scattered a few grayish scales. Hind
wings with two rows of indistinct spots. Underside paler than above, with the
spots repeated, and two rows of whitish spots before the outer border. Hind
wings with the spots more distinct than above. Expands 1 to 114 inches.

Caterpillar,—Body naked, sparsely pilose, green, with a narrow pale yel-
lowish lateral line. Head with the summits much elevated, black, with three
reddish spots and streaks at the sides. Length, # inch.

Chrysalis,—Pale green. Slender, the abdomen longer than the rest of the
body ; the posterior lip of the thoracic spiracle scarcely raised, not flaring ;
the tongue-case scarcely extending beyond the wings. Length, about 44 inch.

Food-plants.—Wild Columbine (Agutlegia) and Chenopodium.

Rare in this neighborhood. Taken at West Farms, N. Y. City,
by Mr. J. Angus, and in the Orange Mountains, N. J., by Dr.
R. E. Kunze. May-June.

Nisoniades persius Scudder.

Butter fly.—Allied to NV. lucilius, but larger and deeper in color, with the
markings less distinct ; in some specimens the markings are almost obscured by
the ground color. The white spots smaller than in WV. /ucilius. The female
is almost identical, and is not readily separated except in size. Expands 11¢
inches.

Caterpillar.—Body naked, scarcely pilose, pale green with pale yellowish
lateral lines and sprinkled profusely with white dots. Head ferruginous, with
pale vertical streaks or piceous marked with ferruginous. Length, about 1 inch.

Chrysalis. —Dull olivaceous green, much infuscated, abdomen pinkish brown,
mottled faintly with pale dots. Length, about 44 inch.

Food-plants.—Willow and Poplar.

Not rare in this neighborhood, being found in different places ©
in New Jersey, Westchester Co., Long Island and Staten Island.
May-June. It occurs in woods and along shady road-sides.
Single brooded.

Nisoniades martialis Scudder.
PLATE VI, Fic. 18.

Butterfly.—Upperside dark brown with a darker brown spot near the base
of the cell; then a distinct curved spot-like band, and another beyond the
middle of the wing, followed by lilac-gray scales. Some specimens have more
or less gray scales between the bands. On the outer band are four white

893.] Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York, 30%

spots in a row below the costa, and one about the middle of the band. Hind
wings with traces of spots. Underside lighter with the white spots repeated,
and two indistinct rows of pale spots near the outer margin. Hind wings with
two rows of light spots. The female differs in having the bands more distinct
and the ground color paler. Expands 1} inches.

Caterpillar.—Body pale pea green with probably a darker dorsal stripe,
greenish yellow lateral band and a stigmatal band; between the bands are
white blotches. Head dark brown, each side with an upper and lower dull
yellow, oval spot. Length, about 1 inch.

_ Chrysalis.—Pea green with obscure whitish dashes, paler on the abdomen.
Cremasters orange yellow ; thoracic spiracle black. Length, about 4¢ inch.

Rare in this vicinity, and found in similar localities as the
other species of JVisoniades,in May and June, and again in July
and August. Double brooded. It may be easily recognized by
its conspicuous bands and spot at the base of the cell on the
fore wings, especially in the female. The food-plants are said
J to be * Red-shank’ or ‘Red-root’ and Wild Indigo (/ndigofera
carolina).

Nisoniades juvenalis (Ad.-Zec.).
ce. PLATE VI, FIG. I9.

Butter fly.—Allied to NV. martialis, but is a much larger insect. The black-
ish bands are similar to those of martia/is. The outer band contains a row
of four spots below the costa, and one or two more about the middle, and
one at the end of the cell. These spots are semitransparent, and are larger
and more conspicuous than in any of the other species of Nisoniades. Under-
side with the spots repeated ; otherwise much the same as martialis. Expands
1} to 14 inches.

Caterpillar.—Body naked, sparsely pilose, light or dark green, with narrow
pale yellow lateral lines, and much dotted with pale yellow. Head varying
from greenish brown to fawn color, and heavily marked with pale orange at
the sides. Length, 1 inch.

3 Chrysalis.—Pale or livid above, the abdomen faintly tinged with salmon

£ above and below; metathorax slightly infuscated; all the appendages black
or blackish brown ; disc of wings dark olivaceous brown. Length, about

16 inch.

f: : Food-plants.—Oak, Wild Bean (Afios) and other Leguminous plants.

Found from May to September, in woods, and is double
brooded. |

302 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

Eudamus tityrus (/aiyr.).
PLATE V, Fic. 17.

Butter fly.—Upperside dark chocolate brown with a broad, oblique amber-
yellow patch composed of four spots, running from the costa before the middle
towards the hind angle, with a small spot outside of this band and three
minute dots before the apex. Hind wings without markings. Underside
with a gray bloom before the outer margins, and the markings of the fore
wings repeated. Hind wings with a silvery white patch in the middle. Ex-
pands 2 to 244 inches.

Caterpillar.—Naked, sparsely pilose, yellowish green, with green transverse
lines encircling the body above, and blotches of the same color. First segment
orange with a brown shield. Head ferruginous with an orange spot at the base
of the mandibles. Length, about 114 inches.

Chrysalis.—Dark brown. Stout and plump ; abdomen about as long as the
rest of the body ; prothoracic spiracle with posterior lip flat; tongue-case not
extending beyond the wings. Length, about 1 inch.

Food-plants.— Locust, Acacia, Amorpho fruticosa, Wistaria, Lespedeza,
Desmodium, Wild Bean, etc.

Common everywhere in this district, and is found in gardens
and copses. The caterpillar lives in a nest made of a few leaves
spun together with silken threads. Double brooded. May to
August inclusive.

Eudamus pylades Scud.

Butter fly.—Upperside dark glistening brown, with a few very small white
spots on the fore wings; two or three on the costa at the middle ; three in a
triangle beyond the middle of the wing, and three in a row on the costa before
the apex. Hind wings without markings. Underside as above, but with grayish
clouds before the outer margin, and the spots repeated. Hind wings beneath
with two obscure bands, and also with grayish scales before the outer margin.
Expands 114 to 134 inches.

Caterpillar,— Dark green, with a narrow dorsal stripe, a dull salmon lateral
stripe, and the fold beneath the spiracles pale salmon, — First segment black,
edged with orange or red in front. Over the body are also minute black points
and salmon-colored warts. Head black, covered with short whitish hairs.
Length, about 114 inches.

Chrysalis, —Rather slender-bodied, the abdomen shorter than the rest of the
body ; the prothoracic spiracle with elevated posterior lip; tongue-case not

ee aS a ee

1893.| Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 303

extending beyond the wings; light brown, speckled with blackish brown, be-
coming blackish transverse broken bands on the abdomen. Length, %4 inch.

Food-plants.—Clover and Lespedeza,

Common in open woods, fields and meadows ; it flies rapidly,
close to the ground, and is single brooded. Found from the latter
part of May to the middle of August.

Eudamus bathyllus (44). & Sm.).
PLATE V, Fic. 15.

Butter fly.—Closely allied to the preceding species, but differs from it in hav-
ing the spots on the fore wings much larger and very conspicuous ; otherwise
much the same as Z. py/ades. Expands 144 to 134 inches.

Caterpillar.—Dull mahogany brown, tinged with olivaceous and _ thickly
sprinkled with dirty, pallid wartlets, each giving rise to a minute hair. There
is a very faint, narrow dorsal line and an indistinct line beneath the spiracles.
On the first segment is a dull black shield, and the soft integument before and
behind it, pale, with no traces of any bright tint. Head black, minutely scab-
rous, covered with a dense pile of golden brown hair; neck black. Length,
about 1 inch.

Chrysalis.—Dull greenish brown ; the eyes and appendages with the poste-
rior edges of the abdominal segments and the veins of the wings marked with
fuscous brown ; a few dots of the same color along the posterior margin of the
wing-cases. Length, about 34 inch.

_ Food-plants.—Lespedeza, Wild Bean, Butterfly-pea (Centrosema virginia-
num) and Tephrosia,

Found during June and July in the same places as Z. pylades,
in various localities in this vicinity, but is less common. Single
brooded. It is more common southward. The caterpillar differs
from £. pylades in the generally darker color and in the color of
the soft integument of the first segment, and appears more
scabrous.

Eudamus lycidas (44d. & Sm.).
PLATE V, Fic. 16.

Butterfly.—U pperside very similar to Z. tityrus, but there is an additional
Spot attached to the outside of the amber-yellow patch. The anal angle of the
hind wings is also less produced. Underside of fore wings smeared with

3°94 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

lighter brown, with the markings from above repeated. Hind wings with the
outer portion smeared with white, and about the middle of the wing a large
blackish patch containing a lighter spot ; other parts chocolate brown with
darker streaks. Expands about 134 inches.

Caterpillar.—Body dark green, with a bluish green broad dorsal line, and
heavily sprinkled with orange-yellow dots and black specks; sides with two
lateral yellow stripes ; thoracic shield black ; front edge of first segment blood
red. Length, about 114 inches.

Chrysalis.—Anterior part whitish brown, darker towards the head. Abdo-
men sordid yellow brown. Head with minute papilla clustered into black
patches ; similar papille are scattered over the thorax and abdomen, where they
are in regular transverse lines. Length, nearly 1 inch.

Food-plants.—Desmodium and other Leguminosz.

Not common in June and July in open places and edges of
woods. The flight of the butterfly is swift, and it darts off very
rapidly when disturbed. Besides alighting on flowers, it has the
habit of sitting on the tips of dead branches of bushes and
young trees. Single brooded.

Eudamus cellus (d.-Zec.).
PLATE V, Fic. 18.

Butter fly.—Blackish brown, with a broad, continuous, amber-yellow band
running obliquely across the fore wings, from about the middle of the costa to
nearly the hind angle ; before the apex is a row of three or four small, con-
nected spots, and a minute one beneath this row. Hind wings blackish brown,
with apex marked with a little yellow. Underside of fore wings marked with
lighter brown, the band and spots from above repeated, and before the outer
border a grayish line. Hind wings with three very indistinct dark brown

transverse bands, and broadly overlaid with bluish scales along the outer bor-
der, Expands 134 to 2 inches, .

Caterpillar.— Head black, with an orange spot at the base of the mandibles,
and a large lavender spot in front. Body green, with a narrow darker dorsal
line and a pale, broad stigmatal stripe, above which the sides are obscured with
darker green ; thoracic shield black, and the anterior edge of the segment
yellow. Length, 144 inches.

Chrysalis. —Uniformly pale yellowish brown, with the incisures dusky.
Length, 1 inch,

Food-plants,—Convolvulacee,

4
2

Og ee ne er pe eee

1893.) Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 305

Exceedingly rare in this neighborhood ; it has been taken in
the vicinity of Newark, N. J.,as is recorded by Prof. Smith.
It is more common in the Southern States, and is also found in
Mexico.

Eudamus proteus (Ziwn.).

Butter fly.—Easily recognized by the long tail-like appendage on each of the
hind wings. The wings and body are thickly covered with green hairs ; the
fore wings have an oblique row of whitish spots, one spot beyond this row and a
short row of smaller spots before the apex. Underside of fore wings paler
brown, with the spots repeated. Hind wings with two transverse darker brown
bands and two blackish spots below the costa about the middle of the wing ;
tails deep brown. Expands about 2 inches.

Caterpillar.—Head large, round, brown, pubescent, with a yellow spot on
each side of the mouth narrowing upwards and fading into the light brown of
the upper part of the face. Body with a fine, dark dorsal line, a bright yellow
subdorsal band and a pale green line along the base of the body; dorsal space
between the bands gray, dotted with black and yellow arranged in transverse
lines ; sides gray, with the upper half dotted with black ; collar black, shining ;
anal plate yellow, greenish in the middle. Underside of body pale green ; legs
black ; prolegs yellow. Length, 14¢ inches.

Chrysalis.—Dark brown when dried, fusco-luteous beneath, above mahogany
colored, more or less tinged with luteo-olivaceous, shining throughout ; hairs
of head as well as the scant hairs of the rest of the body luteous, the
bristles of the prothoracic spiracles luteo-fuliginous ; the posterior lip of spiracle
itself piceous ; mesothorax faintly striated in irregular, transverse wavy lines.
Abdominal segments sparsely, irregularly and finely punctate, fuscous ; cre-
masters dark fusco-castaneous. Length, nearly 1 inch.

Food-plants.—Wild Bean (Phaseolus), Butterfly Pea (Clitoria), Wisteria,
Desmodium and other allied plants.

Exceedingly rare in this neighborhood, but very common in
the Southern States. It was taken by the late S. L. Elliot in
Central Park, New York City, and is recorded by Prof. J. B. Smith
as being taken at Newark and Cape May, N. J.

[December, 1893.) 20

306 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol.V,

Synopsis of the Species of Hesperide.'
Ancyloxypha.

Fore wings blackish washed with orange ochraceous.
Hind wings beneath clear orange ochraceous. .............. A. numitor.

Pamphila.

With a short black bar at end of discal cell in fore wings.
Hind wings beneath with a large yellow patch in the middle. ..?. zadudlon.
Hind wings beneath clear yellow...... 6.0.6... esse eee ee eeees P. logan,
With an oblique velvety black stigma on fore wings (male).
Hind wings beneath yellowish, with an indistinct spot-like band

taithe middle). vic nce terete eee ee hee eae eee P. sassacus,
Hind wings beneath rusty brown, with a conspicuous row of white

or pale yellow spots ©. 16.4. .eee sees secre eee e cence P. leonardus.
Hind wings beneath yellowish, with black spots.... .......- P. phyleus.
Hind wings beneath with a distinct, yellow, large spot-like band

across the middle connected with a patch at the base...... iP. peckius.

Hind wings beneath with a more or less distinct, yellow, spot-like
band in middle, not connected with the patch near base .. P. mystic.
Hind wings beneath thickly scaled with olivaceous............. P. cernes.
Fore wings with stigma indistinct.
Hind wings beneath vinous, with a few very indistinct, paler spots

in the mid@le, ois sc ii ave yc ewes cae eee) ee P. verna.
Hind wings lighter brown beneath than above......... .. P.. metacomet.,
Hind wings beneath rusty brown, with violet patches.......... z accius,

With stigma on the fore wings curved.
Hind wings beneath dirty yellowish, with a or shade in the
middle. n.cxs5 ¢xienspennk hainy Beenie yuck eas aes aa P. huron,
Stigma and fore wings pinched in the middle.
Hind wings beneath orange brown, with a few yellow spots in
the middle). 0.55 ccs e cause Meine perenne nes coer eee P. pontiac.
With stigma connected with an indistinct, narrow basal streak.
Hind wings beneath ochraceous, with a row of lighter spots in the

MNIGHE.. 5 0 i+ vis. oincs. 0:9 sp pein NARI GRP RRS RN Men ea eee P. manataaqua,

Stigma broken in the middle.
Hind wings beneath rusty brown, with a row of lighter spots in
the middle, or olive brown (var. egeremet)... 1.06.60 eevee P. otho
Stigma absent.
Hind wings beneath with a large, bright yellow patch a the

mile ois ne Saale Fp er ON SUES eee massasoit,
Both sexes similar; hind wings beneath dirty yellowish brown,
with a lighter spot-like patch in.the middle... Avcasec es P. viator.
Stigma minute, almost invisible. ;
Hind wings beneath washed with gray .......... secseeeees P. hianna,

Fore wings deep brown, with bronzy lustre and two semitransparent
spots in the middle.
Hind wings beneath paler than above, with a lighter reflection... ?. ocola,

Pyrgus,
Black, with transverse rows of white spots on the fore wings... 7. montivagus.
Black, with one row of transverse, white spots..... 2.1. .+6-00. P. centauree,

1 It is very difficult to give a satisfactory synopsis of the Lis Pamphila, as the sexes
of each species differ in markings on the upperside, especi on the fore wings.

males of some species are provided with a stigma, which is more or less distinct or wanting
entirely ; while in the females it is always absent. The markings and coloration of the under-
side of the hind wings, however, are constant in both sexes, and by means of this they may
be readily united, or the species separated.

<

et

ee ee? ae eo ee”
Srey Sue

i aia 2 i ani

1893.) Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 307

Pholisora.
Sooty black, with an irregular curved row of small white dots......P. catudlus.
Nisoniades.
Deep brown, fore wings thickly scaled with gray between the outer
i oso i en eae eee ede ce eke inde es - Sees N. brizo.
Smaller, with the scales more regularly distributed over the fore
MED elas ce weu yeh ek pean een eSes Cues eee peeacee ess NV. icelus.
Small, with white spots on the outer band.............-...--.... N. lucilius.
, marked like /uci/ius but less distinctly... .... lessee Seaess NV... persius.
With bands on fore wings heavy and very conspicuous, white spots
ME TMNT eo CSG Oa x econ SE sees owen acess oe N. martialis.
Large species, allied to martialis, but with heavy white spots. ...M. juvenalis.
Eudamus.
Chocolate brown, with an amber-yellow patch on fore wing.
Hind wings with a large silvery-white spot in the middle... - .. £. tityrus.
Hind wings beneath broadly smeared with white along the outer
Nr ae oa es on es Fh eek eh ka eA es E. lycidas.
Hind wings beneath with two transverse bands.
Fore wings with small white spots. ......-..-.--.-+. -+----- E. pylades.
Fore wings with large white spots. .... 7%. 0.0.6.0. - 2 ee eee E. bathyllus.
Fore wings with a broad, oblique, amber-yellow band.
Outer border of hind wings scaled lag WOT cay dia cwek <05's E. cellus.
Hind wings with long, tail-like appendag:
Wings and body above with loog ( Aiaga WAM ee os Sens oe E. proteus.

The following list of species may possibly occur within fifty
miles of New York City; but at present we have no record of
their capture.

Phyciodes batesii Reak ee from Long Island and New
Jersey.
Thecla leta Edw.—Taken at Atlantic City, N. J.

Thecla halesus Cram.—Taken at Cape May and Gloucester, near
Westville, N. J. Common in the South.

Thecla m-album Bd.-Lec.—Recorded from Cape May, N. J. Com-
mon in the Southern States,

Calephelis borealis G. & R—Recorded from New York and New
Jersey.

Pamphila metea Scud.—Recorded from Farmington, New Britain,
Conn., and the Schooley Mountains, N. J.

Pamphila seminole Scud.—Recorded from New Jersey, but with-
out definite locality.

308 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. V,

Pamphila maculata Edw.—Recorded from New York. Common
in the Gulf States.

Pamphila panoquin Scud.—Has been taken in abundance at
Atlantic City, N. J., in June and July. Common in the
South.

Pamphila bimaculata G. & R.—Recorded from Albany, N. Y.,
and doubtfully from New Jersey.

Pamphila ethlius Cram.—Dr. S. H. Scudder records this insect
as having once been taken at West Farms, New York City,
by Mr. J. Angus. It has also been taken near Albany, N.Y.,
and its occurrence here is probably only accidental.

Pamphila fusca G. & R.—A single example of this southern
species was taken by me at Sandy Hook, N. J.

Amblyscirtes vialis Edw.—Recorded as being locally common
throughout the State of New Jersey, but without definite
locality.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE II.
|The detached figures on the right hand side represent the undersides of the wings.]

Fig. 1.—Papilio asterias Fabr. Male.

Fig. 2— ‘‘ turnus Linn. Male.

Fig. 3.—VPieris rape (Linn.). Male.

Fig. 4.— ‘‘ protodice (Bd.-Lec.). Female.
Fig. 5.—Anthocharis genutia (Fabr.). Male.
Fig. 6.—Colias philodice (Godt.). Female.
Fig. 7.— Zerias lisa (Bd.-Lec.). Male.

Fig. 8.— ‘‘ wmictppi (Cram.). Male.

PLATE IIT.

The detached figures on the right hand side represent the undersides of the wings.]

Fig. 1.—Danais archippus (Fabr.). Male.
Fig. 2.—Argynnis idalia (Dru.). Male.

Fig. 3.— ‘* _ eybele (Fabr.). Female.
Fig. 4.—uptoieta claudia (Cram.). Male.
Fig. 5.—Limenitis disitppus (Godt.). Male.

1893.) Beutenmiiller, Butterflies of Vicinity of New York. 309

PLaTeE IV.

[The detached figures on the right hand side represent the undersides of the wings.] _

Fig. 1.—Argynnis myrina (Cram.). Male.

Fig. 2.—AMelitea phaiton (Dru.). Male.

Fig. 3.—Phyciodes tharos(Dru.). Male.

Fig. 4— “ nycteis (Db.-Hew.). Female.

Fig. 5.—Vanessa milbertii (Godt.). Male.

Fig. 6.—Grapta comma (Harr.). Male.
Fig. 7.—Pyramets cardui (Linn.).
Fig. 8.—/unonia cenia (Hitb.). Male.
Fig. 9.—Debis portlandia (Fabr.). Female.
Fig. 10.—Satyrus alope (Fabr.). Female.

PLATE V.

{The detached figures on the right hand side represent the undersides of the wings.]
Fig. 1.—Nconympha eurytris (Fabr.). Female.
Fig. 2.—Libythea bachmani (Kirtl.). Female.
Fig. 3.—7hecla melinus (Hiib.). Male.

Fig. 4.— ‘* calanus(Hib.). Male.
Fig. 5.— ‘* damon(Cram.). Female.
Fig. 6— ‘“ irus (Godt.). Female.

‘Fig. 7.— ‘‘ miphon (Bd.-Lec.). Female.
Fig. 8.— ‘ fitus (Fabr.). Male.
Fig. 9.—Feniseca tarquinius (Fabr.). Female.
Fig. 10.—Chrysophanus thoé (Bd.-Lec.). Male.
Fig. 11.— hypophleas (Bd.). Female.
Fig. 12.—Lycena scudderii Edw. Female.
Fig. 13.— ‘* comyntas (Godt.). Male.
Fig. 14.— ‘ pseudargiolus (Bd.-Lec.). Female.
Fig. 15.—Zudamus pylades (Scud.). Male.
Fig. 16— ‘ %eidas (Abb. & Sm.). Female.
Fig.17.— “ tityrus (Fabr.). Female.
Fig. 18.— ‘ cellus (Bd.-Lec.). Male.
Fig. 19.—Pamphila viator Edw. Female.

Pate VI.

es figures on the et, hand o_o represent Be Bag ear of the wings. Those
Fig. 1. —Pamphila zabulon, var. hobomok (Hart.). Male.
Fig. 14.— . 46 - - Female.
Fig. 2.— - massasoit (Harr.). Female.
Fig. 3.— ‘“* sassacus (Harr.). Male.
Fig. 3a.— sy i é Female.

Butitetin A. M. N. H. Vow. V. PLate Il.

Le Joures Dew

1. Papilio asterias Fabr. s. Anthocharis genutia (Fabr.
2 turnus Linn. 6. Colias philodice (Godt.).
3. Pieris rape (Linn.)
4

7. Terias lisa (Bd. Lec.).
“6 protodice (Bd, Lec.) 8. se nicippi (Cram.).

Buiitetix A. M. N. H. Vor. V. Prate Il.

Ledovre: Der
1. Danais archippus (Fabr.). 3. Argynnis cybele (Fabr.).
2. Argynnis idalia (Dru.). 4. Euptoieta claudia (Cram.).
5. Limenitis disippus (Godt.).

*
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Butietm A. M. N. H.

LeJourex Den

1
2
3.
4
5

Argynnis myrina (Cram.).
Melitza phaet: m (Dru.).
Phyciodes tharos (Dru.).

_ nycteis (Dbl. & Hew.).
Vanessa milbertii (Godt.),

Vor. V. Prate IV.

Grapta comma (Harr.).
Pyrameis cardui (Linn.).

Junonia ccenia (Hib.).

Debis portlandia (Fabr.).
Satyrus alope (Fabr.).

Fig. 1. Nuaaadi eurytris RS Poue
Fig. 2.—Libythea bachmani (Kirtl.). Female.
Fig. 3.—Thecla melinus (Hib. ). Male.
Fig. 4.— ‘ calanus (Hub.). Male.

Buiietixn A. M. N. H. Vou. V. Pate VY.

LITHOTYPE PRINTING CO., 111 NASSAU ST., N. ¥~

Butterflies of the vicinity of New York.

Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.

. Meare
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34a.—

4. ae logan (Edw.

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Ila.—
12, —
13. —
14. —
14a.—

15. —Pyrgus montivagus bak. “Male.
16. —Pholisora catullus (Fabr). “Male,
17. —Nisoniades brizo ego 5. Fer
18, —

19.
20.

Piarr. VI.

The detached fi n the hy hand side represent the
head ame yar” on ee ee ene tes cae

1. —Pamphila sees var. nae mat ar

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| peokins (Koy. - Male.
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V. Prat

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Butretin A. M. N. H.

LITHOTYPE PRINTING CO., 111 NASSAU ST., N. Y.

New York.

icinity of

Butterflies of the v

Article XVII.— FOSSIL MAMMALS OF THE UPPER
CRETACEOUS BEDS.

By Henry FarrFiELD OsBoRN.

It is interesting to return to the study of the Cretaceous mam-
mals, aided by a valuable collection of small isolated teeth and
jaws, which the American Museum owes to the skill of Dr. Wort-
man and Mr. O. A. Peterson of the Expedition of 1892. This
collection of about 400 specimens was made primarily with the
object of completing the series of types of American fossil mam-
mals, which has been undertaken for the Museum. It represents
the great majority, but not all, of the types already described
from the Laramie; it apparently adds a few new forms, and
enables the writer to offer a further review of the Upper Creta-
ceous mammals thus far made known through the works of Cope,
Marsh and Osborn.

The object of this paper is to show, as nearly as can be done
at present, what these Cretaceous mammals were, by bringing
the scattered teeth together and reconstructing the upper and
lower dentition; and secondly, to consider how they are related
in general structure, and in the stages of evolution which they
represent, to the older Jurassic and more recent Puerco mam-
mals from the basal Eocene. The main conclusions reached in
these studies support and extend the opinions expressed by the
writer in earlier papers, namely, that :

1. This Laramie fauna is widely separated from the Upper
Jurassic, and is more nearly contemporaneous with the basal
Eocene forms of the Puerco, and the Cernaysian of France.

2. It is not highly varied, but on the other hand rather limited
in the number of distinct types represented, including only two,
or possibly three, of the well-known types of Multituberculata
(Allotheria) and several types of Trituberculates which can now
be distinguished.

3. The Plagiaulacide are represented by species of the genus
Ptilodus of Cope, which is very characteristic of the Puerco, and

[311]

312 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

of the genus Meniscoéssus of Cope, which is now found to be
affiliated with Polymastodon, the great Plagiaulacid of the Puerco.
The Bolodontide are also possibly represented by forms related
to Chirox of the Puerco. In other words, the Multituberculates,
which are distinctively a Mesozoic group, here exhibit their early
Tertiary stage of development.

4. The Trituberculates prove to be considerably more varied,
yet they exhibit an essentially Tertiary dental type. They ap-
parently have the heterodont Eutherian dental formula (p=4,
m=3), which is very exceptional in the Jurassic. They all pre-
sent the ¢rt/ubercular stage of tooth development in the upper
molars, and the ¢wberculo-sectorial in the lower molars, stages
which are also characteristic of the Puerco mammals. Among
them also are forms resembling the smaller Creodonta and Con-
dylarthra of the Puerco.

5. The association of the upper and lower, anterior and poste-
rior, teeth bas naturally resulted in a great reduction of the
number of systematic terms proposed by Marsh with a corre-
sponding gain in our knowledge of the structure of each form.

These conclusions are directly the reverse of those expressed by
Marsh in his three papers upon this fauna. They are accordingly
sustained in the somewhat detailed studies of the structure and
systematic position of these forms which follow, and will be
more fully discussed in the conclusion of this paper.

The systematic determination of these forms is attended with
great difficulties. The teeth generally come in from the field
entirely isolated, since they are found in the sand and among the
ant hills completely washed out of the matrix. Rarely the teeth
remain in the jaws. Fortunately the characters of the Multi-
tuberculate dentition are now well known to the writer through
the study of all the collections in this country and abroad.
‘These teeth have been brought together in the composition
drawings of Plate VII with some degree of certainty. The asso-
ciation of the upper and lower, anterior and posterior, molars
and premolars of the Trituberculates is a still more difficult
matter, and has been attempted only in one or two cases. The
apparently well-established name AZeniscoéssus may be superseded

-1893.] Osborn, Upper Cretaceous Mammals. 313

by Paronychodon lacustris, a term founded by Cope in 1876' upon
the tooth of a supposed reptile which appears to be identical
with the large lower incisors of Meniscoéssus.

I—TuHeE MULTITUBERCULATES.

The two genera of Multituberculates which can now be fully
distinguished and defined in their tooth structure are Pélodus
and Meniscoéssus. ‘The former genus fits in its place as one of
the long succession of Plagiaulacide, which began with the
Rheetic Microlestes, and terminated with Veop/agiau/ax of the
Cernaysian. These species are fully as advanced in structure as
those of the Puerco. Meniscoéssus also proves to belong to the
same family, although it is somewhat exceptional in the sharply
crescentic tubercles upon its upper and lower teeth. It is found
to have a large cutting premolar (fg), and a rudiment of the
third premolar (#7). A third genus is related either to Bolodon
or to Chirox, presenting low-crowned teeth, surrounded by small
conical cusps grooved upon their sides. These have been de-
scribed under the name of A//acodon Marsh.

PLAGIAULACIDE Gil/.

Syn.—Cimolomida Marsh, Cimolodontide Marsh, Dipriodontide Marsh, 77i-
priodontide Marsh,

The distinctive feature of this family is the cutting fourth
lower premolar, opposed to a more or Jess trenchant upper fourth
premolar. It is now well established that the lower molars have
two rows of tubercles ; the upper molars have three.

In the Laramie representatives of this family there are two
types which may be readily distinguished. All the small forms
appear to belong to the genus P#/odus (Fig. 1), and are readily
distinguishable by conical tubercles upon the molar teeth, by
premolars completely covered with very numerous (10 to 14)
grooves and ridges on their sides, by smooth lower incisors in
which the enamel is wanting upon the posterior and inner faces.
All the larger forms belong to the genus Meniscoéssus, and are

' Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1876, p. 256.

314 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

characterized by molars with crescentic tubercles, the direction
of the crescents being reversed in the two jaws ; the premolars
have deeper but less numerous grooves, and the lower incisors are
grooved upon the sides and completely surrounded by enamel.

Ptilodus.

Lower incisors smooth, enamel want-
ing and dentine exposed posteriorly.

Third premolars small and conical.

Fourth premolars with numerous (12
to 14) fine grooves. Molars with
conical or slightly crescentic tuber-
cles,

Meniscoéssus.

Lower incisors striated upon inner
and outer surfaces, with complete
investment of enamel.

Third lower premolars small and
conical. Fourth relatively smaller
than in Pti/odus, with a few ridges
(6 to 8).

Superior molars with strongly cres-

centic tubercles opening forwards.
Inferior molars with crescentic
tubercles opening backwards.

Genus Ptilodus Cope.
PLATE VII, Fics. 1-6.

Syn.—Cimolomys Marsh, Cimolodon Marsh,
Marsh, AZlacodon Marsh (? in part).

Nanomys Marsh, Halodon

This genus is represented by very numerous small isolated
teeth of both the upper and lower jaws. As a rule the teeth are
completely detached, but sometimes, as in the case of one or two
of the molars and the fourth premolar, are found in place. The
third lower premolar is so small as to have escaped the scrutiny
of the collectors, but it is clearly represented by a distinct alveo-
lus in the three lower jaws of this collection. The lower teeth
correspond so closely in their general characters to those of
Ptilodus that it is quite easy to place them in their proper posi-
tion. We cannot be equally certain in regard to the upper teeth.
The median pair of upper incisors and the minute second
incisor are, nevertheless, found corresponding in proportion to
these two teeth, as seen in a recently discovered specimen of
Polymastodon, he fourth upper premolar is readily recognized
by its substantial agreement in size with the fourth lower pre-
molar. It is well distinguished, however, by a lower crown sur-
mounted by a serrate or notched cutting edge, and an accessory
row of tubercles.

We recall the fact that in the upper jaw of Cfenacodon Marsh,
in front of the fourth cutting premolar, there are several low

4

1893.) Osborn, Upper Cretaceous Mammals. 315

tubercular premolars, as figured by Marsh ; similar teeth are found
in these deposits and figured by Marsh un-
der the name of A//acodon ; it is possible
either that they represent the anterior upper
premolars of Pit/odus or Meniscoéssus, or
that they belong to a distinct form similar

to Chirox.
. more ‘ F
There is considerable variation in the trecesariianus Cope, after

structure and number of tubercles in the (a2 ee
upper and lower rows of the molars. These

variations probably indicate different species, but it is almost
impossible at the present time to use specific terms with any de-
gree of certainty, for we have absolutely no means of placing
any two of these teeth together. We will therefore describe the

general characters of the upper and lower teeth.

Incisors—The curved lower incisors have an oval section,
flattened upon the inner side where they came in contact. The
inner and part of the posterior surfaces are entirely devoid of
enamel, which nevertheless covers the front and outer surfaces.
They vary in size from extremely minute teeth to teeth three
times as large. This variation probably represents the range of
size among the species of P#/odus, as we observe
a similar wide variation in the fourth premolars ee)
(Fig. 2, af). The median upper incisors are c
short crowned and slightly notched at the back ; 2
they are closely applied with oblique posterior ;
faces, in which the dentine is exposed, and which YP
are therefore kept sharply worn by the lower G
teeth, as in the Rodents. There was undoubt- Wr2,
edly a second upper incisor, but this has not Ay
yet been found. Fy

?

Premolars.—The third lower premolars are
minute simply conical or slightly compressed
teeth (Pl. VII, Figs. 5-6). The fourth lower
premolars (Fig. 2, a—/) have a large anterior and kit’ 2, Fourth in-
small posterior root (see figures of Ha/odon fame fitiodea
serratus Marsh, H. formosus Marsh). They are Peiccnseniae

316 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

well distinguished by obliquely arching ridges and grooves, which
completely cover the outer and inner surfaces, so that in the
unworn teeth the upper border is serrate. The number of ridges
varies in the smaller and larger forms from eleven to fourteen.
The upper premolars (Pl. VII, Fig. 4) have less elevated crowns,
with from six to seven notches upon the main internal crest, and
from three to four basal tubercles upon the postero-external
ridge. The inner side of these teeth is that which is most worn,
indicating that the lower premolars wore against the slightly con-
cave inner sides of the upper premolars. These upper premolars
are found in sizes varying in proportion to the variations already
observed in the incisors and lower premolars. ‘There are indica-
tions of at least two species,

Molars.—The first and second lower molars (Pl. VII, Fig. 1)
are sharply distinguished from each other by their length, the
first molar being nearly twice as long as the second. The inner
and outer sides are also readily recognized by the fact, as observed
in Ptilodus, that the greater number of tubercles is upon the
outer side, and the lesser number upon the inner side.

The first lower molar (type of Cimolodon nitidus Marsh) is very
abundantly represented; eight or ten are found in this collection.
The tubercles in the outer row vary from eight to six, and in the
inner row from six to four; the first lower molar has an average
of six tubercles in the outer row, and five in the inner row. The
second lower molar (see also type of Vanomys minutus Marsh)
is invariably characterized by two large tubercles in the inner row,
and from six to seven very small tubercles in the outer row, which
diminish as they extend around the posterior edge of the base of
the crown. ‘The form of this tooth is remarkably persistent, for
it is substantially similar to the same tooth in the Jurassic
Plagiaulax.

The first upper molar (Pl. VII, Figs. 3-4) has an elongate
crown covered with three rows of conical tubercles (see also
types of Cimolomys gracilis Marsh, C. de/lus Marsh, C. digona
Marsh). The formula of these tubercles is 8 in the middle
row, and 8 and 6 respectively in the outer and inner rows; in
some teeth there is the formula, 7, 7,6, and in others it is ro,
10,9. There are two types of these molars, one with the three

_ 1893.] Osborn, Upper Cretaceous Mammals. 317

: rows of tubercles equally complete (type of Cimolomys gracilis
Marsh), and a second type with one of the outer rows incom-
plete (type of C. digona Marsh); it is probable that these two
types represent different species. The second upper molar has a
formula of 5, 4, 3 in its three rows.

It is somewhat uncertain whether the upper molars follow the
same laws as the lower; it is probable that in both upper and
lower molars the greater number of tubercles is upon the outer
side, as in Polymastodon and in Chirox of the Puerco.

It is very difficult to define the species, because they are all
founded upon single teeth which we cannot at present associate.
We may describe the larger type, Pti/odus (Cimolomys) gracilis,
as characterized by three complete rows of tubercles in the first
upper molar, formula 7, 8,9; and the somewhat smaller types
may be placed under P#ilodus (Cimolomys) digona with the inner
row of tubercles extending only half the length of the crown;
it should be said, however, that this molar is very similar to the
second upper molar of Chirox Cope; and it is possible, there-
fore, that it should be associated not with P#/odus but with
Allacodon Marsh.

ee ae

Genus Meniscoeéssus Co/c.
Piate VII.

Syn.—Dipriodon Marsh, Tripriodon Marsh, Selenacodon Marsh, //alodon
Marsh (in part), ? Oracodon Marsh.

This form is fully as abundant as P#i/odus, being represented
in this collection by numerous teeth from both the upper and
lower jaws. As in P¢i/odus the third lower premolar is so small
as to have escaped the scrutiny of the collectors, but it is repre-
sented by a distinct alveolus in the jaw. There is also consid-
erable uncertainty as to the upper premolars; they are probably
represented by such teeth as the types of Oracodon Marsh. The
lower incisors are readily distinguished by their plano-convex
surfaces, complete enamel, and the striations upon the sides.
The upper and lower molars are readily distinguished by their
large size and the very marked crescentic form of the tubercles.
There can be no uncertainty in placing these teeth together,

318 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V,

as done in Pl. VII, Figs. 7 and 8. The composition of upper
and lower teeth represented in Fig. 9 is more or less conjectural.

Incisors.—(See Halodon sculptus, Tripriodon caperatus, Halodon
serratus Marsh.) The lower incisors are striated both upon the
inner and outer sides, and so flat upon the inner surfaces that it
is apparent they were placed very closely together. The larger
form and the smaller form indicates that there was great range of
size variation in AMeniscoéssus, the smallest forms being nearly of
the same size as the largest forms of P7i/odus.

The medium upper incisors (Pl. VII, Fig. 9) are apparently
smooth, or very slightly striated ; they are notched at the ex-
tremity and have avery decided cusp on the posterior face, which
apparently serves as a check for the lower teeth, and is so char-
acteristic of all the Multituberculata. These upper incisors may
be distinguished from those of P#/odus by their complete invest-
ment of enamel, and by the much greater length of the enamel
crowns; the /7#/odus upper incisors having short, obtuse crowns.
The third lower premolar is represented in our collection by its
alveolus in the jaw. The fourth lower premolar is readily dis-
tinguished from that of P#/odus by the very decided character of
its ridges and grooves, which are only from seven to eight in
number. They terminate upon the anterior portion of the crown
in a decided basal ridge, which is wanting in Pé/odus. Another
feature is, that the ridges are less distinctly arched than in
Ptilodus.

The first lower molar (type of Dipriodon lunatus Marsh) is a
long, narrow tooth, which is very constant in the number of its
tubercles ; there are five tubercles in the outer and four in the
inner row—this is sometimes reduced to four and three. The
second lower molar (type of Diépriodon robustus Marsh) is
equally constant, with four tubercles in the outer and two in the
inner row; there sometimes being but three in the outer row.
The two tubercles in the inner row indicate the relationship of
this form to the true Plagiaulacide.

In the upper molars the first and second bear the same pro-
portions as in P#lodus. The formula of tubercles in the first
upper molars (type of Se/enacodon fragilis Marsh) varies from
6, 7, 5 to 8, 6, 6; while in the second upper molar it varies from

ee ae ee ae >
BH allt a t 7 ne ne ee

1893.) Osborn, Upper Cretaceous Mammals. 319

4, 3, 2 to 4, 4,3. This comparison proves that the type of A/ents-
coéssus conguistus Cope was also a second molar (type of Z7ripri-
odon celaius Marsh), in which the formula is 4, 4, 4-2.

One of the most interesting features about these molars, and
one which enables us to recognize them readily, is, that in the
upper molars the crescents open forwards, while in the lower
molars they open backwards. The crescents are thus reversed
in the two jaws, forming a very effective grinding apparatus.
This recalls the fact that the crescents are similarly reversed in
the upper and lower jaws of the Ruminant Artiodactyla, although
in this case they open respectively outwards and inwards, instead
of forwards and backwards. In the type of Stereognathus Charles-
worth, a form which still remains éncerte sedis, there are three
rows of crescents opening forwards in what Owen described as a
lower jaw. Marsh has suggested that this type may be an wffper
jaw ; if this were the case it would conform with the cusp arrange-
ment of Meniscoéssus.

No teeth are found which can with certainty be considered the
upper promolars of Aeniscoéssus ; we naturally look for some-
thing similar to the upper premolars of P#/odus, and we find it
represented most nearly in the types of Oracodon anceps and O.
conulus Marsh. Several similar teeth are represented in this collec-
tion, and they are distinguished from those of P#i/odus by tubercles
upon both the inner and outer bases of the main ridge; these
irregularly tubercular teeth very possibly represent the third and
fourth upper premolars of A/eniscoéssus ; none have been found,
however, in which the main shear is quite equal in size to the
shear of the fourth lower premolar.

In earlier reviews of the dentition of Meniscoéssus, the writer
was led to confuse the upper and lower molars by Prof. Marsh's
description of Meniscoéssus (Dipriodon) robustus as a tooth with
tubercles in two rows,which has a supposed zygomatic portion of
the superior maxillary bone attached. This, together with the
supposed lower jaw of Stereognathus, which has crescentic tubercles
in three rows, led the writer to suppose that Memiscoéssus and
Stereognathus together represented a family, Stereognathide, char-
acterized by crescentic tubercles placed in three rows in the lower
jaw and in two rows in the upper jaw. ‘This proves to be an

322 Bulletin American Museum ad Natural hares: Ss Vv,

what older in type than the Puerco because they lack all traces

of quadrituberculy.

Sexituberculy in the lower molars is the main type (see Pl.
VIII, Figs. A-H/7), but there are some in which the antero-inter-
nal cusp (paraconid) is wanting, and others in which the talonid
bears only one cusp instead of three. These lower teeth are of
two types : first, the ‘secodont’ or tuberculo-sectorial, with an
elevated anterior triangle (trigonid), and a low heel (talonid) ;
second, the ‘ bunodont,’ very similar to that of the small Eocene
Primates ; in this type the trigonid and talonid are on the same
level. The heel usually consists of a broad basin with three well-
developed cusps (hypoconid, hypoconulid and entoconid) ; this
strong development of the talonid and depression of the anterior
portions of the crown to the same level with the posterior portion
affiliates these teeth with those of the Puerco in their general
evolution.

Summary of Molar Characters.

Upper Molars.—a. Cusps of medium height, trigon not elevated as in the
known Jarassic mammals.

6. Protocone, or main internal cusp, on or above the level of
the external cusps (paracone and metacone), except in
one type.

c. Intermediate tubercles wanting or feebly developed on the
spurs of the protocone.

d. External cingulum usually well developed, with one or
more supplementary cusps.

e. Internal cingulum entirely wanting, except in one type.
Jf. No trace of hypocone or postero-internal cusp.
Lower Molars.—a. Trigonid usually elevated; sometimes depressed to level of
talonid.
6. Talonid, a broad tiene usually bearing three distinct cusps
(hypoconid, hypoconulid, entoconid).

¢. Protoconé,: or antero-external cusp, invariably the most
elevated.

d. Paraconid usually strong; depressed and degenerate ul one

type. Metaconid strong.

2.—ANALYSIS OF MARSH’sS TYPES.

The second step is to examine the types figured by Marsh of
the six genera of Trituberculates which he has proposed. For
the sake of clearness his figures are here reproduced. The type

- 1893.] _ Osborn, Upper Cretaceous Mammals. 323

of Didelphops (Didelphodon) vorax (Fig. 4, 2) is a low-crowned
symmetrically tritubercular upper molar, with all three cusps on
nearly the same level, and two small intermediate tubercles
externally placed ; there is a strong external cingulum notched
in the median line. The type of Cimolestes incisus (Fig. 4, 14-15)
is a lower tuberculo-sectorial molar, quite similar to a third lower
molar of Didelphys. The type of Pediomys elegans (Fig. 4, 23-24)

Fig. ‘ Type specimens of genera proposed by Marsh. 2, Didelphops vorax. 14, 15, Cimo-
lestes incisus 23, 24, Pediomys elegans. 4.5.6. Platacodon nanus. 22-25, Stagodon nitor.
3, Telacodon lavis. 5, Batodon tenuis. Sizes as indicated.

is an asymmetrical upper molar distinguished by a strong anterior
spur on the external border; the intermediate tubercles are very
small and internally placed. The type of Stagodon nitor (Fig. 4,
22-25) is characterized by Marsh by the resemblance of the
crown to a drop of viscous fluid; the mammalian nature of the
fossil is doubtful. The type of Platacodon nanus (Fig. 4, 4-6) is
also of doubtful mammalian affinity. The type of TZv/acodon
levis (Fig. 4, 3) is a right lower jaw containing three premolars
_and three alveoli, which are believed by Marsh to have contained

Bet Bulletin American Museum ee Natural wink Bs. V,

what older in type than the Puerco because they lack all traces
of quadrituberculy.

Sexituberculy in the lower molars is the main type (see Pl.
VIII, Figs. A-H7/), but there are some in which the antero-inter-
nal cusp (paraconid) is wanting, and others in which the talonid
bears only one cusp instead of three. These lower teeth are of
two types : first, the ‘secodont’ or tuberculo-sectorial, with an
elevated anterior triangle (trigonid), and a low heel (talonid) ;
second, the ‘ bunodont,’ very similar to that of the small Eocene
Primates ; in this type the trigonid and talonid are on the same
level. The heel usually consists of a broad basin with three well-
developed cusps (hypoconid, hypoconulid and entoconid) ; this
strong development of the talonid and depression of the anterior
portions of the crown to the same level with the posterior portion
affiliates these teeth with those of the Puerco in their general
evolution.

Summary of Molar Characters.

Upper Molars.—a. Cusps of medium height, trigon not elevated as in the
known Jarassic mammals.

6. Protocone, or main internal cusp, on or above the level of
the external cusps (paracone and metacone), except in
one type.

c. Intermediate tubercles wanting or feebly developed on the
spurs of the protocone.

d. External cingulum usually well developed, with one or
more supplementary cusps.

e. Internal cingulum entirely wanting, except in one type.
jf. No trace of hypocone or postero-internal cusp.
Lower Molars.—a. Trigonid usually elevated; sometimes depressed to level of
talonid.

4. Talonid, a broad Hawt usually bearing three distinct cusps
(hypoconid, hypoconulid, entoconid).

¢. Protoconé,: or antero-external cusp, invariably the “most
elevated.

d. Paraconid usually strong; depressed and degenerate in one
type. Metaconid strong.

2.—ANALYSIS OF MARSH’s TYPES.

The second step is to examine the types figured by Marsh of
the six genera of Trituberculates which he has proposed. For
the sake of clearness his figures are here reproduced. The type

St

_1893.] Osborn, Upper Cretaceous Mammals. 323

of Didelphops (Didelphodon) vorax (Fig. 4, 2) is a low-crowned
symmetrically tritubercular upper molar, with all three cusps on
nearly the same level, and two small intermediate tubercles
externally placed ; there is a strong external cinguium notched
in the median line. The type of Cimolestes incisus (Fig. 4, 14-15)
is a lower tuberculo-sectorial molar, quite similar to a third lower
molar of Dide/phys. The type of Pediomys elegans (Fig. 4, 23-24)

Fig. 4. Type specimens of genera proposed by Marsh. 2, Didelphofs vorax. 14, 15, Cimo-
testes incisus 23,24, Pediomys elegans. 4.5.6. Platacodon nanus. 22-25, Stagodon nitor.
3, Telacodon levis. 5, Batodon tenuis. Sizes as indicated.

is an asymmetrical upper molar distinguished by a strong anterior
spur on the external border; the intermediate tubercles are very
small and internally placed. The type of Stagodon nitor (Fig. 4,
22-25) is characterized by Marsh by the resemblance of the
crown to a drop of viscous fluid ; the mammalian nature of the
fossil is doubtful. The type of Platacodon nanus (Fig. 4, 4-6) is
also of doubtful mammalian affinity. The type of Zvlacodon
levis (Fig. 4, 3) is a right lower jaw containing three premolars
and three alveoli, which are believed by Marsh to have contained

324 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

two more premolars and a canine. The type of Batodon tenius
(Fig. 4, 25) is also the anterior portion of a lower jaw containing
three premolars and the alveolus of a fourth. It is evident that at
present no characters can be assigned to separate the types of
Cimolestes and of Didelphops, or to separate the types of Batodon
and of Ze/acodon from that of Pediomys. A careful study of these
generic types, together with the isolated upper and lower molars
associated with them under a number of different specific names
by Marsh, shows that many teeth have been placed together which
evidently do not belong together, asin types of the various species of
Stagodon, and that it is premature to attempt to associate many of
the upper and lower teeth. Zhe dentition and taxonomy of these
mammals cannot be definitely determined until we procure upper and
lower jaws with the teeth in sitd. A step in this direction has
recently been made by the discovery of Cope of a lower jaw, the
type of Zhleodon, from another exposure of the Laramie.

The best course to pursue in order to advance our knowledge
of the Cretaceous Trituberculates is to lay principal emphasis
upon the forms of the upper and lower teeth, and avoid the pro-
posal of new generic and specific terms which cannot be defined.
The accompanying comparative figures (Pl. VIII) have been pre-
pared in order to bring out the chief types of upper and lower
molars.

3.—SuUPERIOR AND INFERIOR DENTITION,

PLATE VIII.

We may pass from the most primitive to the most specialized
types, taking the upper molars as a standard. Primitive features
of the upper molars are: Symmetrical form of the trigon or
main triangle of cones; large size of the internal cusp or proto-
cone ; symmetry of external cusps or paracone and metacone ;
feeble or non-development of conules ; absence of cingulum ;
absence of external cingular cusps or styles (parastyle and meta-
style). Primitive features of lower molars are : Elevation of the
three main cusps or trigonid ; narrowness of the heel or talonid ;
development of but a single cusp on the talonid.

- 1893.]

Osborn, Upper Cretaceous Mammats.

325

Superior Molars.

A.—Crown triangular; flattened exter-
nal border with an anterior cin-
gulum bearing small cusps ; main
cones, pr, pa, me, subequal ; con-
ules, #/, small, close to protocone.

Genus Pediomys Marsh.
8B.—Smaller; trigon similar to type 4 ;
external border with strong ante-
rior cingular spur ; conules inter-

mediate in position, p/, m/.

C.—Trigon greatly compressed trans-
versely ; no external cingulum ;
cones, pr, fa, me, subequal. Ap-
parently associated with the lower

‘molar C7.

D.—Trigon extended transversely; ex-
ternal border symmetrical, with
fairly developed cingulum ; inter-
nal cone, fr, and external cone,
pa and mie, separate; protocone
prominent ; conules small, exter-

_ nally placed.
Genus Didelphops J/arsh.
£.—Trigon greatly extended trans-
versely ; external border sym-
metrical, with strong cingulum,
and deep median notch; well-
developed parastyle, fs ; conules
small, papain pce This
specimen is the type of D. vorax
(after Marsh).
¥,.—Crown extended transversely; tri-
proper compressed by approx-
Seed a of external cones, fa and
me, to protocone ; external bor-
der broad, bilobate, with strong
parastyle and metastyle, gs and
mts, and small mesostyle.

Teeth of this type are mistak-
enly referred by Marsh to Dide/-
phops, species D. comptus.

are similar in type to the
upper molars of Ectoconus, a mem-
ber of the Puerco Periptychide.

G.—Trigon extended transversely :
three external cusps in line ; pro-
tocone depressed ; ? paracone ele-
vated ; partial internal cingulum.

U molars of this type are
doubtfully referred to. Batodon
tenuis by Marsh.

They are somewhat similar in
type to Dissacus, a member of

Puerco Mesonychide.

Inferior Molars.

Al—Trigon is less elevated; paraconid
as lofty as protocone; talonid
somewhat depressed with large
hypoconid and entoconid and
small hypoconulid.

These teeth agree in size with
Type A, superior molar. They
are more nearly of the bunodont
type than any other teeth known
from the Laramie.

#1.—Protoconid and metaconid de-
pressed ; paraconid elevated ; tal-
onid rather narrow, with a single
cusp.

Ci.—Trigonid and talonid greatly com-
pressed transversely; sexicuspi-
date.

This transversely compressed
crown is somewhat similar in type
to Haploconus xiphodon Cope,
also to Zetodon, another aberrant
member of the Puerco Peripty-
chide.

Genus Cimolestes Marsh.

//.—Protoconid and metaconid eleva-
ted ; paraconid extremely de-
pressed ; talonid supporting three
cusps broader than trigonid.

The type of Cimolestes incisus
Marsh, although larger than this
tooth, has similar characters.

£i—tTrigonid elevated; protocone
elevated above conid and
metaconid ; Sinai beced.

The tooth mds in size
with the type of Didelphops
vorax ; its association is uncer-
tain.

326 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol.V,

It thus appears that there are six or seven quite distinct types
of superior molars (4-G), and a similar number of inferior
molar types. The upper and lower molars referred by Marsh to
various species of Pediomys, Didelphops, Cimolestes, Batodon and
Telacodon conform more or less closely to one or the other of
these types ; some of the lower molars figured by Marsh are even
more strikingly bunodont than our type A/.

The premolars determined by Marsh as Stagodon validus, tumti-
dus and nitor are as his terms indicate of a stout character, which
we should expect to find associated with our Type /, superior
molar. They are also somewhat similar to the premolars of some
of the Periptychide, such as certain species of Haploconus, Ecto-
conus and Periptychus. |

III.—FauNAL RELATIONS OF THE LARAMIE
MAMMALS.

The first question is one of age. These mammals are found
in the Laramie, or uppermost of the six great divisions of the
Cretaceous. Their exact stratigraphical position is in the middle
or lower half of the Laramie Beds. Thus far they are only known
to occur in the Wyoming exposures associated with remains of
the large Dinosaurians such as Agathaumus ( Triceratops), Diclonius,
Lelaps. In New Mexico, as observed by Wortman, some of these
Dinosaurs continue to the very top strata of the Laramie, which
in turn are conformably overlaid by the basal Eocene or Puerco.

Therefore the Puerco mammals, although they are separated by
a considerable interval (of Upper Laramie) in which no mammals
have been found, are still much nearer to these Laramie mammals
than the latter are to the Middle Jurassic mammals of the Atlan- —
tosaurus Beds.

The second question is one of faunal relations. In his latest
paper upon the Cretaceous Mammalia (March, 1892), Prof.
Marsh draws two general conclusions as to the structure and
relations of these mammals. First, as to their geological rela-
tions and age, he says :

“They are mainly Mesozoic in type, and more nearly related
to the Jurassic forms below than to those in the Tertiary above.

- 1893.] Osborn, Upper Cretaceous Mammals. 3 327

.---Bearing in mind all that is known to-day of the develop-
ment and succession of vertebrate life in America, from the
early Silurian on to the present time, it is safe to say that the
faunal break as now known between the Laramie and Lower
Wahsatch, is far more profound than would be the case if the en-
tire Jurassic and the Cretaceous below the Laramie were wanting.”

Second, as to the faunal relations of these mammals, he says :

“ The geological lesson now taught by these mammalian relics
and their associated vertebrate fossils is no less important, but
hardly what was expected. These remains are not transitional
between Mesozoic and Tertiary forms, but their affinities are
with the former without a doubt; thus indicating a great faunal
break between the time in the Cretaceous when they lived, and
the earliest known Tertiary, or between the Ceratops horizon and
the Coryphodon Beds of the Eocene Wahsatch. The lower divi-
sion of the Coryphodon Beds or Lower Wahsatch (Puerco) is
clearly Tertiary, and the great break is between this horizon and
the Ceratops Beds of the Laramie. Each of these faunas is now
known by many species of vertebrate fossils represented by hun-
dreds of specimens, and the more the two are compared the
stronger becomes the contrast between them. Instead of placing
them close together, as some geologists seem inclined to do, it
_ will be more profitable in future to search for the great series of
intervening strata containing the forms that lead from one to
the other.”

Both of these conclusions appear to the writer to be directly
the reverse of the lesson taught by a comparison of the Laramie
fauna with the Jurassic and the Puerco or basal division of the
Eocene. The fact is, these Laramie mammals are surprisingly
near those of the Puerco, and in some cases almost identical
with them; in other cases they are of a somewhat older type.
Therefore, the greatest gap to be filled by future discovery is between
this Laramie fauna and the Jurassic. For this Laramie fauna is
separated from the Puerco about as widely as the Puerco is from
the Wahsatch, but no more widely ; whereas it is separated by a
profound gap from the Jurassic fauna, as proved, first, by a com-
parison of the general stages of evolution seen in mammals
which belong to both periods; second, by the advanced special

328 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

evolution of the molar pattern, which is of a modern type in the
Laramie, while it is wholly of antique type in the Jurassic, and
finally by the difference between the typical modern or Eutherian
dental formula seen in the Cretaceous, and the primitive formula
found in the Jurassic.

A valuable key to the relative age of the Jurassic and Laramie
faunas is seen in the stages of dental evolution of the Plagiau-
lacide. The Laramie stage is very close to that observed in the
Puerco of America, and the Cernaysian of France. As long ago
pointed out by the writer, these little mammals serve admirably
to mark the progress of geological time by the absolute regu-
larity of their evolution, indicated in the steady loss of the
anterior premolars, by the regular addition of ridges to the fourth
lower premolar, and of tubercles to the upper and lower molars.

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE PLAGIAULACIDA,

Jurassic. | CRETACEOUS. Lower Eocene.

Purbeck. Laramie. Puerco. / Cernaysian.

Number of lower premolars.....) 4-3 2 2-1 I
t grooves on pm, 4..... 7-9 II-14 12-15 14

a tubercles on first lower
molar, outer, inner... 4-2 6-4 6-4 9-6

There can remain no doubt from this comparison that the
Laramie Plagiaulacids stand much nearer the Puerco and Cernay-
sian types than they do to their Jurassic ancestors. In fact it is
nearly impossible to distinguish the larger members of the Creta-
ceous Ptilodus from the Puerco Péilodus ; they are in substantially
the same stage of dental evolution, and so nearly alike that the
writer was for a long time tempted to believe that the Laramie
and Puerco faunz were contemporaneous. ‘This must still be re-
garded as a possibility, although the Puerco in its exposure in north-
western New Mexico is plainly seen to overlie the Cretaceous.

We find entirely analogous proof of the gap between the
Laramie and the Jurassic, and of the affinity of the Laramie with
the Puerco among the Trituberculates, using this term to cover
animals possibly belonging to the Marsupials, Insectivores, Creo-
donts, and the like.

eee 1).

1893. | Osborn, Upper Cretaceous Mammals. 329

CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF JURASSIC AND UPPER CRETACEOUS

TRITUBERCULATES.
Jurassic. - CRETACEOUS, Lower Eocene.
Purbeck. Laramie. Puerco.
Typical dental formula a. ty 4. 8. BE. 4-S.. Ss ee ae,
Molar types.... --- Triconodont and Tritubercular seco-|The same.
tritubercular, se-| dont and buno-
codont only. dont.
Upper Molars....... High crowned. |Low crowned. The same.
No intermediate} Small intermedi-|The same.
cusps. ate cusps.
No hypocone. A hypocone, vari-
able.
Lower Molars....... Narrow spur-like|Broad heel-like ta-/The same.
talon cusp. lon, bearing I-3
cusps.

In this table the transition from the Jurassic to the Laramie is
seen to be very wide. In the Laramie the modern placental or
marsupial dental formule are established—the teeth behind the
canine are usually seven, and do not usually exceed eight. Marsh
observes in one jaw what he considers five premolar alveoli.
Second, out of the high crowned upper molars of the Jurassic,
such as those of Amblotherium and Spalacotherium, a relatively
low-crowned or bunodont tritubercular molar has been evolved;
as this is a possible parent form of the ungulate and primate
upper molars, it is an essentially Tertiary type. Third, the lower
molars have evolved a broad talonid or heel, which in many cases
present three cusps, whereas in Jurassic types the talonid is a
spur or a narrow simple basin. Fourth, the trigonid, which is
always very elevated in the Jurassic types, sinks in some cases to
the level of the talonid—another modernization looking towards
ungulate and primate ancestry.

Two features make the Laramie fauna appear more ancient
than the Puerco: first, the non-development of an internal cingu-
lum, which is common in the Puerco; second, the entire absence
of the hypocone, which is quite strong in some Puerco mammals.
On the other hand the upper and lower molars of Types /, G, /,
Ci, respectively, are analogous to Zctoconus, Dissacus, Diacodon
and Haploconus of the Puerco,

330 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V.|

The zodélogical affinities of this fauna are at present hard to
determine. P#i/odus and Meniscoéssus are still provisionally re-
ferred with the Multituberculates to the Monotremes. Zhl@odon
exhibits a jaw without an angle, and with a surprising resemblance
to that of Polymastodon ; the jaw is certainly neither of the typi-
cal placental nor of the marsupial type; this animal may there-
fore be provisionally considered a trituberculate Monotreme.

The placentals and marsupials, and the question whether one
or both of these orders is represented in this fauna, is still unset-
tled. Not a single jaw has been found or reported sufficiently
complete in the delicate region of the angle to determine posi-
tively its placental or marsupial structure. Portions of the jaws
which are preserved indicate the presence of the marsupial type
of inflection, while others point to distinct placental angulation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

E. D. Corpr.—Mammalia in the Laramie Formation: <American Naturalist,
October, 1882, pp. 830, 931.

On a New Genus of Mammalia from the Laramie Formation. <American
Naturalist, September, 1892, pp. 758-762.

O. C. MarsH.—Discovery of Cretaceous Mammalia. <American Journal of
Science, Part I, July, 1889, pp. 81-90; Part II, August, 1889, pp.
177-180 ; Part III, March, 1892, pp. 249-261.

Notes on Mesozoic Vertebrate Fossils. <American Journal of Science,
August, 1892, pp. 171-176. (Determination of supposed premolar of
Meniscoéssus Cope.)

Note on Mesozoic Mammalia. </Pvroc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila,, April 14,
1891.

H. F. Osporn.—A Review of the ‘ Discovery of the Cretaceous Mammalia.’
<American Naturalist, July, 1891, pp. 595-611.

A reply to Prof. O. C. Marsh’s ‘Note on Mesozoic Mammalia.’
<American Naturalist, September, 1891.

The rise of the Mammalia in North America. <Vice-Presidential Address,
American Assoc, Adv. Sci., Madison, Wis., Aug., 1892.

side reversed. _ These teeth belong to two individuals.

= % ben
; Piiledus: ie and second inferior ‘molars, worn (
teeth belong to two individuals. sth

to

rapes om

3. Ptilodus. —First ea molar at the letside Y)
4.
oedipal aad of drawing belong to three i indiv

5, 6. ‘Ptilodus. —External and superior views of two, lower oe
peices of the teeth.

a, Meniscodssusi=First ead second inferior molars - two |
together ane reversed to exhibit the nabarat naan: :

Vor. V, Prate VIL

Butietim A. M. N. H.

,

-----n
My idee oot

Upper CRETACEOUS MAMMALS.

Phare VIL.

1 ie

Genus not determined. —

B.-Crown views of four superior molars of the “ and left
Pb igrnica Marsh.

termined. —

D.—Crown and side views of two superior molars of the
not determined.

£.—Crown view of a eft superon begucie | Dip vorax
Marsh. :

F.—Crown views of two superior aoe probably of the left
not determined.

G.—Crown and side views of a superior molar, Genus =

El.—An inferior molar of the left side. . / ——

determined. ae sss

ees

Ud. —Crown and inside views: ot a lower molar
determined.

Vor. V, Pirate VIII.

— wae TY
pe meter fe

Upper CRETACEOUS MAMMALS.

Article XVIII.—DESCRIPTION OF A NEW MOUSE
FROM SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA.

By Gerrit S. MILLER, Jr.

Four skins of a species of White-footed Mouse, collected by
Mr. A. W. Anthony, in Grant County, New Mexico, have for
several years lain in my collection unidentified. The specimens
appeared to represent an undescribed form, but lack of material
for comparison made it unwise to attempt to name and charac-
terize it. Through the kindness of Dr. J. A. Allen I now have
before me a fine series of Sitomys rowleyi Allen, recently described
in this Bulletin (anfea, p. 74), and also the mice from Pinal
County, Arizona, referred in the same paper with some hesita-
tion to that species (I. c., p. 77). The Pinal County specimens are
identical with those from Grant County, New Mexico. These
two series taken together represent a form easily separable from
S. rowleyi, and probably the Lower Sonoran representative of
the latter. Although no distinctly intermediate specimens have
yet come to light I prefer to treat the two animals as subspecies.
Hence the new form may stand as:

Sitomys rowleyi pinalis, subsp. nov.

Smaller than Sitomys rowleyi Allen, with general coloring richer and more
yellow. Cranium more highly arched than in S. row/eyi.

Adult Male (Type, No. 338, collection of Gerrit S. Miller, Jr.,' Granite Gap,
Grant County, New Mexico, December 1, 1889; A. W. Anthony, collector)
dorsal surface olive buff, deepening to buff yellow on the sides and becoming
somewhat grayer on the head and face, the fur everywhere except in a narrow
line separating the color of the back from that of the belly moderately shaded
with sepia-tipped hairs which are most numerous over the rump and middle of
the back ; an indistinct dark eye ring ; color of sides extending about to wrists
and ankles, and completely surrounding base of tail ; dorsum of manus and pes
and whole ventral surface pure white ; tail bicolor, hair brown dorsally and at
tip, white ventrally, the hairs forming a distinct pencil and everywhere rather

[' Mr. Miller has weronely sented the type specimen of Sitomye row 7" 1 fies finals ” the

Museum of N where it is now catalogued as No.

[331]

332 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V,

long, but nowhere close enough to conceal the annuli ; ears very scantily clothed
with exceedingly short silvery hairs ; whiskers reaching beyond shoulders, mixed
dark brown and silvery gray.

An immature male (No. ‘4%', Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Pinal County, Arizona,
December 2, 1885; W. E. D. Scott, collector) is smoke gray dorsally, fading
into pure white on the ventral aspect, the back darkened as in the adult with
sepia.

Older specimens have the colors of the adult appearing first on the sides, and
then gradually replacing throughout the pelage the smoke gray which disappears
last on the nape and occiput.

Unfortunately none of the specimens of Si/omys rowleyi pinalis were measured
in the flesh ; but such measurements as can be obtained from the dry skins
form a satisfactory basis for comparison with S. row/eyi, as shown by the
following tables :

Sttomys rowleyt ALLEN.

Hinp Foor. Ear FRoM Crown.
NuMBER OF :

Loca.iry.

SPECIMENS. | Max. Min. | Average.| Max. | Min. Average.

Bluff City, Utah. II 23.0 | 21.2 | 21.98 | 16.2 | 14.0] 15.76
Nolan’s Ranch, ‘‘.. 4 22.4 | 21.2 | 21.95 16.0 | 14.8 | 15.30
Bradshaw, Ariz. .. 10 23.0 | 21.4 | 22.10 15.4 | 14.0] 14.60

Sitomys rowleyi pinalis MILLER.

Hinp Foor. Ear From Crown,
NuMBER OF
Loca.iry. ‘
SPECIMENS.| Max, | Min. Average.| Max. | Min. | Average,
Pinal Co., Arizona, II 22.2 | 20.0 | 20.94 | 15.0 | 12.4] 13.58
Grant Co., N. Mex. 4 21.6 | 21.0 | 21.25 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 13.80

Among fully adult individuals of , Sttomys rowleyi pinalis there
are no great variations in color. Some specimens are slightly
more tinged with yellow than others ; and the tail varies from
very sharply bicolor to but indistinctly so. ‘The ventral surface
is without exception pure white with no indication of a pectoral
spot,

1893.) Miller ona New Mouse from New Mexico. 333

As compared with Sytomys row/eyi this form is distinguishable
in color by its yellower back and sides. The back is sometimes
more heavily shaded with sepia than in S. row/ey?, but this charac-
ter is inconstant. The buff stripe separating the color of the
back from that of the belly is noticeably brighter in S. rowleyi
pinalis than in S. rowley’. In both species the fur is everywhere
blackish slate at base, but this color is perhaps a shade darker
in Sitomys rowleyi pinalis. The soles in both animals are haired
to about the same extent, namely from the heel to within about
two millimeters of the proximal tubercle.’

The skull of Sttomys row/eyi pinalis is smaller than that of S.
rowleyi with brain-case narrower and less flattened. The charac-
ters are such as might be due in part at least to age, but the
average of good series of specimens of each form show differences
too marked to be ignored. The average basilar length of fifteen
skulls of S. rowleyi pinalis is 21.9 mm.; maximum 23.0; mini-
mum, 20.8. Seventeen skulls of S. row/eyi give : average 23.6;
maximum 24; minimum 22.4. The ratio of parieto-basioccipital
depth to mastoid width varies in S. row/eyi pinalis (sixteen speci-
mens) from 65.0 to 71.6, average 68.07; in S. rowleyi (eighteen
specimens) from 60.0 to 65.3, average 62.22. In general form the
skull of Sitomys rowleyi pinalis approaches that of S. americanus,
while the cranium of S. row/eyi is so flattened as to resemble that
of S. eremicus, S. fraterculus, or S. californicus. The long, slender
nasal bones, extending well back of the nasal branches of the
premaxillaries, will, however, at once distinguish the skull of
S. rowleyi from that of S. eremicus and its allies. In dentition and
in the form of the mandible, Sttomys rowleyi and S. rowleyi pinalis
agree perfectly.

Mr. Scott has, so far as I know, made no notes on the habits
of this mouse as observed by him in Arizona. He states, however,
on the label of a specimen taken December 4, 1885, that the
uterus of this individual contained three two-thirds grown embryos.
Regarding the specimens taken at Granite Gap, Mr. Anthony
writes as follows: “They were caught in a drift of big granite
boulders—hardly a cliff, but answering all the requirements, I

! The statement in the diagnosis of S. row/eyi : “ Soles entirely naked as in S. eremicus”? is
incorrect. The true condition is alluded to fn the fourth paragrach on puge 37,1 €.

whe

Article XIX.—DESCRIPTION OF A NEW MOUSE FROM
. LAKE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

By J. A. ALLEN.

Sitomys robustus, sp. nov.

Similar in proportions and coloration to Sitomys americanus gambelit, but
nearly twice the bulk of that form; hence about equaling S. gi/berti in size,
but differing from the latter in much smaller ears and much shorter tail, and
also in coloration.

Above uniform dull yellowish brown, much varied with blackish, the pelage
being plumbeous at base, subterminally broadly ringed with fulvous and tipped
with blackish ; middle of back darkest, gradually becoming more fulvous on the
sides, without, however, forming a distinct fulvous lateral line nor a distinct
dorsal band of dusky ; beneath white, as also the upper surface of both fore and
hind feet. Ears moderate, in size, form, color and hairiness about as in S. a.
gambelii, Feet large; soles sparsely haired posterior to the last tubercle. Tail
a little shorter than head and body, sharply bicolor, dusky brown above and
white below, fairly well clothed with short hairs and non-penicillate—about as
in S. americanus.

Measurements.—Two specimens, both males, and measured in the flesh by
the collector, give the following dimensions: Total length, 174-175 mm.; head
and body, 94-102 ; tail,’ 73-80; hind foot, 21-22; ear, Ig-21.

Skull.—Of the size and general proportions of Sitomys gilberti, or of small
specimens of S. californicus, except that the auditory bulle are markedly
smaller, being scarcely larger than in average specimens of S. a. gaméelii, not-
withstanding the much larger size of the skull. In other respects there appear
to be no tangible cranial differences. Total length of the type (the other skull
is imperfect), 26 mm.; basal length (posterior base of incisors to posterior border

_ of occipital condyle), 22; greatest width of brain-case, 12.5 ; least interorbital
breadth, 4.5; length of nasals, 10; length of lower jaw, 13.5; length of lower
jaw to tip of incisors, 16; height at coronoid process, 6.

Type, No, 282, Mus. Leland Stanford University, Lakeport, Lake Co., Cal.,
March 20, 1893 ; collector, S. Parrish.

This species is based on two adult males, in the museum of the
Leland Stanford lemme collected viicide: Mr. S. Parrish at Lake-

aoe ‘ is barely —— that the extreme tip of the tail in both specimens was mutilated in life,
[335]

336 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. V.]

port, Lake Co., California, March 20, 1893, kindly placed at my
disposal for study by Prof. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford
University. These specimens were at first regarded as greatly
overstuffed examples of S. a. gaméelii, till an examination of their
skulls showed the fact to be otherwise. S. rodustus requires no
comparison with other species beyond that already made, its short
tail, relatively small ears, robust body, large feet, and small
auditory bullz, at once serving to distinguish it. It would seem,
however, to much resemble S. doy//z in size and coloration, but
the latter is described as having a much longer tail—much longer
than head and body instead of much shorter, as in the present
species.

Article XX.—DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF
GEOMYS FROM COSTA RICA,

By J. A. ALLEN.

A specimen of Geomys, collected at Santa Clara, Costa Rica,
by Mr. George K. Cherrie, has recently been received from that
gentleman for identification, which on examination appears to be
undescribed. It belongs to the G. Azspidvs section of the group,
but differs from it markedly in size, coloration and in the char-
acter of the pelage. It may be described as follows :

Geomys cherriei,' sp. nov.

Above everywhere blackish chocolate brown, except a large patch of pure
white on the crown, subtriangular in shape, 30 mm. in length and 6 to 17 mm.
in breadth, broadest behind ; inner surface of fore and hind limbs, throat and
breast, dusky grayish; rest of lower surface pale grayish buff. Tail (except
extreme basal portion), and upper surface of both fore and hind feet naked,

apparently reddish in life.

Mexeirements (approximate from dried skin): Total length, 275 mm.; head
and body, 195; tail, 80 (naked portion, 65); hind foot, 40; middle claw of
same, 5; fore foot, 34; middle claw of same (arc of curve), 15.

Skull, total length, 60 ; basal length (posterior border of occipital condyle to
posterior base of incisors), 47; zygomatic breadth, 34; occipital breadth, 30;
length of nasals, 20; lower jaw (posterior border of condyle to posterior surface
of incisor), 38; height at coronoid process, 17.

Type, No. 664, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Santa Clara, Costa Rica,
October, 1892 ; George K. Cherrie.

The specimen described above is evidently about full grown,
but the sutures of the skull indicate a rather young animal. The

1 Named for Mr. George K. Cherrie, Acting-Curator of Birds and Mammals, Museo Nacional
de wr her ae the discoverer of the species, and to whose kindness I am greatly indebted for
mam) material from Costa Rica.

(December, 1893.) (337) 22

338 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V.)

skull is of the heavy, short, broad type of G. Aispidus,’ with the
malar greatly expanded. ‘The coloration of the animal, however,
is much darker, especially below ; the pelage is rather soft and
not hispid, and the tail is relatively much longer than in /Aispidus.
The white patch on the crown is possibly albinism, but if normal
is a striking feature.

In addition to the differences in external characters and in size,
G. cherriet differs from G. Aispidus in several important cranial
details, notably in respect to the shape and size of interparietal
bone, which in G. Aéspidus is broad and short (much broader than
long), and gently convex in front, while in G. cherrze7 it is narrow,
subtriangular, and nearly twice as long as broad.

Possibly this species may need comparison with Geomys heterodus
Peters, from Irazti, Costa Rica ; but Alston says (Biol. Cent. Am.,
Mam., p. 160) that Peters’s type “ proves identical with Mexican
specimens.”

1 I am indebted to Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy,
. Department of Agriculture, for a specimen of G. hisfzdus for comparison in the present
connection. Dr. Merriam writes me that this specimen ‘may be regarded as a duflicate ty
lof G. héspidus], since it was collected at a point probably not more than six miles from t
exact spot where the original type was obtained.”

Article XXI.—DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW RACES
OF MAMMALS FROM FLORIDA, WITH REMARKS
ON SITOMYS NIVEIVENTRIS CHAPMAN.’

By FRANK M. CHAPMAN.

Scalops aquaticus sndbiaia: eee nov.
iter. Subsp. —Similar to Scalops aguaticus, but averaging slightly browner

a _ and constantly much smaller.

Description of Type (Coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 3$}§, Gainesville,
Florida, May 4, 1891; F. M. Chapman).—Pelage soft and full, silvery grayish
brown ; upper surface of fore feet and hind feet very scantily covered with short

. whitish hairs ; tail with a few longer grayish hairs.

Measurements.—From the fresh specimen, total length, 148 mm.; hind foot,

_- 97; tail, 22.

While the characters which distinguish this race are to. be found
mainly in its small size, they are too striking to be ignored. Of
_ the five specimens of austra/is in the American Museum Collec-
tion only two were measured in the flesh ; the remaining three
are, however, evidently quite as small. The flesh measurements
of the two specimens compared with those of five specimens of
_S. aquaticus from the vicinity of New York City are as follows :

| Total Length. Tail. Hind Foot.
;

eT eee eee aa das | 163 | 28 20
S. a. australis..... ieleeet ee a tetee ees ae Ta eS

The comparative cranial measurements of the two forms are as
follows :

Posterior Margin
Mastoid | Interorbital lof Last Molar to) Palatal

Goak. Breadth.| Constriction. |Posterior Base of Breadth.
__Incisor, _ eye
S. aqguaticus...........- 32.5 | 17-5 y 13.4 5.4
S. a. australis........... 28. $s 15.7 7 11.7 5

: sac tc cca Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., II, 1889, p. 117-
{339]

34° Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V,

Sitomys niveiventris subgriseus, subsp. nov.

Char. Subsp.—Similar to Sitomys niveiventris, but smaller, darker, and with
the hairs of the underparts plumbeous at the base.

Description of Type (Coll. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., No. 4748, adult male,
Gainesville, Florida, January 30, 1889; F. M. Chapman).—Above between
wood-brown and cinnamon,! very sharply defined from the under surface, clearer
about the face and sides, mixed with blackish on the back, forming an indis-
tinctly defined darker, median dorsal area; underparts, including the feet,
white, the hairs basally plumbeous ; whiskers rather scanty ; ears proportionally
rather large, both surfaces finely covered with short, silvery white hairs ; tail
short, bicolor, very sparsely haired and without an appreciable pencil ; soles of
the hind feet naked, except at the heel, which, with the tibize for a space of
4 mm. from the hee! and the upper surface of both front and hind feet, is thinly
covered with short hairs.

Measurements.—From the fresh specimen, total length, 122 mm; tail
vertebre, 45. From the skin, hind foot, 16.5; height of ear at anterior
base, 13; height from crown, 9; greatest width, 9.

The female resembles the male both in color and size ; young specimens are
smoke-gray above somewhat darker dorsally and with a buffy tinge about the
nose,

Beyond having a shorter and relatively broader skull than .S.
niveiventris this new form apparently does not differ cranially from
that species. The differences in size are shown by the following
measurements. Average of three males and three females of 5S.
niveiventris, measured in the flesh: total length, 142 mm. ; tail
vertebre, 52. Average of seven males and seven females of
S. 2. subgriseus: total length, 123 mm.; tail vertebrae, 43.
Cranial measurements from the same specimens are:

Basal | Mastoid | Interorbital Nasal Crown Surface
Length.?| Breadth, |Constriction.| “**5*'S* | of Upper Molars.
S. niveiventris..........| 19.6 oa 46 boas 3.3
Ss, SUBZIESEUS 6 655 ave 17.8 9.1 3.5 8.2 3

This little mouse is exceedingly common in the vicinity of
Gainesville. It inhabits cleared fields, particularly those which
are under cultivation, cornfields being among its favorite haunts.
It lives in holes in the ground, and so far as I observed does not

1 Cf. Ridgway, Nomenclature of Colors.
2 From the posterior margin of the occipital condyle to the posterior base of the incisors.

1893.] Chapman on Mammals from Florida. 341

close the entrance to its home. Signs of its presence are there-
fore readily observable, and traps set at the mouths of its
burrows will generally catch several individuals. A female taken
January 30, 1889, contained three half-grown embryos.

The haunts of this species and of Sitomys americanus gossy-
pinus were as sharply defined as were the wooded or cleared areas.
The latter was never found in perfectly cleared fields, while the
former did not occur in wooded tracts. In the ‘ deadenings,’
however, where the trees are killed by girdling, and the crops are
planted beneath them, both species were found together, sudgriseus
living in its underground retreats, while gossypinus occupied
hollow trees or decaying logs.

This difference in haunts is paralleled by the local distribution
of Sitomys nivetventris and S. a. gossypinus on the east peninsula of

Indian River. There xiveiventris is confined to the immediate

vicinity of the beach where the only growth is the low, scrub
palmetto (Chamerops serrulata). \n ground of this nature gossy-
pinus is rare or wanting, but as one goes inland the palmetto
gradually gives way to live oak, and at the same time gossypintus
replaces nivetventris. The paler coloration of nivetventris as
compared with sudgriseus is thus presumably due to the nature
of its haunts.

Sitomys niveiventris and its representative interior race S. 2.
subgriseus, bear no close relationship to any known member of
the genus to which they belong. With the exception of the
diminutive .St/omys taylori (Thomas) of Southern Texas they are
the smallest members of the genus which have thus far been.
described. As compared with Sifomys americanus, their promi-
nent external characters, aside from color, are their smaller size,
relatively shorter tail and longer hind feet, and shorter pelage.

Cranial differences are apparently to be found only in size and
proportions. S. niveiventris and S. n. subgriseus have a relatively
broader skull than has S. americanus, and the brain-case is more
depressed posteriorly ; the ascending arch of the maxillary is
actually as wide as that of S. americanus, and therefore is rela-
tively wider.

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

ABROTHRIX caluginosus, 217, 233.
teguina, 238.

Accipiter guttatus, 147.
pileatus, 147.

37
brevirostris affinis, 123.
ila bilineata, 39,

mcleodi, 39, 42.

a Uy. ‘on mammals and
birds collected in northern
Sonora and Chihuahua, Mex-

of Colorado, New Mexico and
Utah, 69-84; on mammals
from the San Pedro Martir
Region of Lower California,
with notes on other species,
particularly of the genus S?fo-
mys, 181-202 ; description of
a new species of Opossum from
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec,
Mexico, 235, 236; further
notes on Costa Rica mammals,
with description of a new
species of Oryzomys, 237-240;
description of a new Mouse
from Lake County, California,
335,330 ; description of a new
species of Geomys from Costa
Rica, 337, 388.

Allen, J. A., and Frank M. Chap-
man, on mammals from the
Island of Trinidad, with de-
scriptions of new species, 203-—

234.
Amazona estiva, 41.
Amblyscirtes vialis, 308.
Ammodramus bairdi, 38.
manimbe, 153.
sandwichensis alaudinus, 38.

Ancyloxypha numitor, 287, 306.
Anistota stigma, 89.

Antarctia walsinghamii, 20.
Anthocharis genutia, 248, 252.
Antrozous pallidus, 83.
Apatelodes torrefacta, 87.
Aphelocoma sieberi arizonz, 37.
woodhousei, 37.

344

INDEX.

Arbelorhina cyanea, 153.

Arctea radians, 20.
rhoda, 20.
simplicior, 20.

Arctomys flaviventer, $1.

Ardea candidissima, 33, 150.
egretta, 150.
herodias, 33.

Argynnis aphrodite, 255, 272.
bellona, 257, 272.
cybele, 254, 272.
idalia, 253, 272.
myrina, 256, 272.

Arremon polionotus, 153.

Artionychia, 4, 5, 14

Artionyx, I
gaudryi, 2, 5. 5

Artibeus, sp. nov. ?, 208.
carpolegus, 238.
cinereus, 238.
hartii, 232.
perspicillatus, 232.
planirostris, 232.
quadrivittatus, 232.

Arvicola edax, 184.
oryzivora, 43.
_(Mynomes) alticolus, 72.
(Mynomes) aztecus, 72.

Asio mexicanus, 142.
wilsonianus, 33.

Asturina nitida, 142.
plagiata, 34.

Atalapha cinerea, 201.
frantzii, 237.

Attila validus, 110.

Auriparus flaviceps, 41.

BAMBECIA emphytiformis, 23.
marginata, 22.
marginata var. albicoma, 23.
plecizeformis, 23.

Bartramia longicauda, 150.

Basileuterus flaveolus, 153.
rufifrons, 41, 42.

Batodon tenuis, 323, 325.

Beds, Oreodon, 97, 102.
Protoceras, 101, 102.
Titanotherium, 96, 102.

Beutenmiiller, William, notes on
North American Moths, 19-26;
transformations of North
American Moths, 87-94 ; de-
scriptive catalogue of the
Butterflies found within fifty
miles of New York City, to-
gether with a brief account of
their life histories and habits,
241-310,

Blarina micrura, 238.
Bolodon, 313.
Bombycidz, Ig.
Brachygalba melanosterna, 134.
Brotogerys chiriri, 141.
Bubo virginianus subarcticus, 34.
Bucco chacura, 135.
maculata striatipectus, 134.
Buteo albicaudatus, 142.
albicaudatus sennetti, 144-
borealis calurus, 34.
brachyurus, 142.
swainsoni, 34.
Butorides cyanurus, 150.

CAIRINA moschata, I51.
Calamospiza melanocorys, 40.
Calcarius ornatus, 38.
Calephelis borealis, 307.
Callidryas cubule, 248, 252.
Callipepla elegans, 33, 42.
gambeli, 33.
squamata, 34.
Calliphlox amythystina, 123.
Calliste margarite, 153.
Callosoma calleta, 92.
Calypte cost, 36.
Campephilus imperialis, 35, 42.
melanoleucos, 131.
trachelopyrus, 13I.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus,
41.
Cancroma cochlearia, 151.
Canis latrans, 31.
Caprimulgus parvulus, 124, 156.
Cardinalis cardinalis superbus, 39.
Cariacus macrotis, 70.
virgianianus, 30.
(Coassus) nemorivagus, 228,
234.
Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis, 38.
Casiornis rubra, 110.
Cassicus persicus, 153.
Castor canadensis, 81.
Cathartes aura, 34, 148.
Catherpes mexicanus, 41.
Cebus, sp., 231.
Celeus lugubris, 130.
Ceophlceus lineatus, 131.
Cerchneipicus occidentalis, 131.
Cercoleptes caudivolvus, 233.
Cercomacra czrulescens, 121.
Ceriama cristata, 148, 157.
Certhia familiaris mexicana, 41.
Ceryle alcyon, 31.
amazona, [25.
americana, 125.
superciliosa, 125.

INDEX. 345

Ceryle torquata, 125

Chapman, Frank ML , description
of a new su ies of Ory-
somys from the Gulf States,
43-46 ; description of two new
mammals from Florida, with
remarks on Sifomys nivetven-
tris Chapm., 339-341. See
also Allen, J. A., and Frank

Chelidoptera tenebrosa brasiliensis,
135.

Chilonycteris rubiginosa, 232.

Chionobus semidea, 87.

Chiroderma villosum, 232.

Chirox, 312, 313.

Chloronerpes chrysochlorus, 129.

Chlorostilbon pucherani, 123.

Cheeronycteris intermedia, 207,

didactylus, 234.
Chondestes grammacus strigatus,
38.
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, 36.
pusillus, 125.

eee hypophlieas, 282,

thoé, sh 286. :
Chrysoptilus icteromelas, 129. .
Chrysuronia ruficollis, 123.
Cimolestes i incisus, 323, 325.

ph :
cuean a 159, 173, 178.
luxatus, 174, 175.

Colodon occidentalis, 161, 174.
Colodontinz, 173.
Columba rufina, 148.
speciosa, 148.
Columbigallina griseola, 149.
talpacoti, 149.
Columbula campestris, 149.
picui, 149.
Colymbus dominicus, 151.
Contopus richardsoni, 37.
Conurus aureus, 141.
leucophthaimus, 140.
Corvus corax sinuatus, 37.
cryptoleucus, 37.
Coryphospingus cucullatus, 153.
Corythopis calcarata, 121.
Cossus plagiatus, 21.
populi, 21.
Cricetus talpoides, 54.
Crypturus parvirostris, 151, 158.
tataupa, 151, 158.
undulatus, 151, 158.
Crotophaga ani, 140.
major, 140.
Ctenacodon, 314.
Cuculus cayanus, 137.
Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha, 37.
Cyclothurus didactylus, 229, 234.
Cynia dubia, 20.
Cynomys gunnisoni, 28, 81.
Cypseloides senex, 123, 156.
Cyrtonyx montezumz, 33.

DAFILA acuta, 33.
Dakota, Lower Miocene of, 95-105.
Danais archippus, 253, 272.
Dasyprocta aguti, 227, 234.
Debis portlandica, 275, 276.
Dendrobates olivinus, 130.
Dendrocolaptes pallescens, 115.
picumnus, 114.
Dendroica zstiva sonorana, 40.
auduboni, 40
nigrescens, 40.
Dendrornis d’orbignyanus, 113.
guttata, 114.
rostripallens, 114.
Didelphis marsupialis, 230, 234.
murina, 236.
waterhousei, 236.
(Micoureus) canescens, 235.
(Micoureus) murina, 230, 234,

235, 240.
(Philander) philander, 230,
234.
Didelphops comptus, 325.

vorax, 323, 325.
(Didelphodon) vorax, 323.

346

INDEX.

Diplacodon, 175.
Diplopterus nzevius, 140.
Diplostoma ? bulbivorum, 55, 56.
Desmatotherium, 159.
Desmodus rufus, 232.
Diclidurus albus, 237.
Dicotyles, sp., 229.

labiatus, 234.

tajacu, 234.
Dipriodon, 317.

lunatus, 318.

robustus, 318.
Dipriodontidz, 313.
Dromococcyx phasianellus, 140.
Dryobates arizonx, 35.

cancellatus, 130.

scalaris, 35.

villosus hyloscopus, 35.
Dysithamnus affinis, 118, 120,

mentalis, 118.

olivaceus, 118, I1g.

poliocephala, 118.

semicinereus, 118.

tambillanus, 118, 120.

EARLE, Charles, see Wortman,

Echimys brevicauda, 225,
cayennensis, 225.
chrysuros, 227.

_rufus, 227.
trinitatis, 223, 233.

Ectoconus, 325.

Eleenea pagana albiceps, 153.

Elanoides forficatus, 148.

Empidonax bimaculatus, 153.
difficilis, 37.
hammondi, 37,
wrightii, 37.

Engyptila erythrothorax, 149, 157.
rufaxilla, 149, 157.

Erethizon epizanthus, 70.

Ereunetes occidentalis, 33.

Erismatura rubida, 33.

Eucheetes fumidus, 92.

Euchromia bella, 92.

Eudamus bathyllus, 302, 307.
cellus, 304, 307.
lycidas, 303, 307.
proteus, 305, 306.
pylades, 302, 307.
tityrus, 302, 307.

Euhyparpax, 19.
rosea, 19.

Eupetomena macroura, 122.

Euptilotis neoxenus, 34, 42.

Euptoieta claudia, 257, 272.

FALco columbarius, 34.
fusco-czerulescens, 147.
rufigularis, 147.
sparverius australis, 147.
sparverius deserticolus, 35.

Fatua denudata, 22.

Felis, sp., 232.
concolor, 83.
maculata, 31.

Feniseca tarquinius, 282, 286.

Formicivora rufa, 121.
rufatra, 121.

Fulica americana, 33.

Furipterus horrens, 232.

Furnarius albogularis, 111, 154.
leucopus, ITT.

GALBULA rufoviridis, 133.
Galictis barbara, 233.
Gallinago delicata, 33.
frenata, 150.
gigantea, 149.
Gampsonyx swainsoni, 148.
Geobates poecilopterus, 110.
Geomys borealis, 47, 55, 58, 60.
cherriei, 337.
douglasi, 55, 58.
hispidus, 337.
townsendi, 47, 58.
Geothlypis trichas melanops, 40,
42.
Geotrygon montana, 149. —
Geranospiza ceerulescens, 147.
Glaucestes parvus, 150.
Glaucidium ferox, 142.
ferrugineum, 142.
phalzenoides, 141.
Glaucis hirsuta, 122.
Glossophaga soricina, 232.
Gortyna cataphracta, 94.
nitela, 93.
Grapta comma, 263, 272.
comma dryas, 264.
comma harrisii, 263.
faunus, 263, 272.
interrogationis, 262, 272.
interrogationis fabricii, 263.
interrogationis umbrosa, 262.
j-album, 266, 272.
progne, 264, 272.
Guira guira, 140, 157.
Gypagus papa, 148.

HAbDROSTOMUS atricapillus, Tro,
Helaletes, 159, T10. ;

boops, 161, 180,
Helaletidie, 159, 161, 173.
Helaletine, 173.

Be — le ae.

Me leg ee eee
ie a

i het ie ade ee a Sma Mesa

- INDEX. 347

Halisidota laqueata, 21.
strigosa, 21.
—— 314, 317.

Heliactin cornuta, 123.
Heliomaster furcifer, 123.
Helminthophila luciz, 40.
Hemiderma brevicaudum, 232, 238.
Hemiprocne zonaris, 123, 155.
Heptodon, 160, 169

calciculus, og 178.

minusculus, 180.

‘Hesperomys austerus, 183, 192,

194-
boylii, 183, a S04:
crinitus, 78.
eremicus, 183.
gambelii, 183, 190, 194.

(Vesperimus) cherrii, 238.

(Vesperimus) nudipes, 239.
Heteromys alleni, 218.

anomalus, 219, 233.
Heteropelma chrysocephalum, 109.

120.

Himantopus mexicanus, 33.
Holochilus squamipes, 233.
Homalodontotherium, 3.
Homorus cristatus, 113.
Hoplopterus cayanus, 149.
Hydropsalis furcifera, 125.

torquata, 125.
Hyrachyus, 159, 160.

agrarius, 165.

IByYCTER americanus, 148.
Icteria virens longicauda, 40.
Icterus a. se 37.

parisorum,
Ictinia econ a 157.
Ionornis martinica, 150,
Isectolophus, 160.
annectens, 161, 171, 173.
latidens, 161, 170, 173.

ACANA jacana, 149.
unco annectens, 38.

rome ma atricapillus, 121.
longirostris,

j
;
|

Junco caniceps, 39.
cinereus dorsalis, 39.
cinereus palliatus, 39.-
hyemalis shufeldti, 38.

Junonia ccenia, 270.

LAMPORNIS violicauda, 122.
Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides,

40.

Leptodon cayennensis, 148.
unicinctus, 148.

Leptopogon amaurocephalus, 153.

Lepus alleni, 28..
arizonz, 28.
gabbi, 240.
sylvaticus, 70.

Leuconerpes candidus, 129.

Leucopternus albicollis, 146.

Libythea bachmanii, 276, 277.

Limenitis astyanax, 271, 273.
disippus, 270, 273.

Lochmias nematura, III, 154.

Loncheres castaneus, 222, 233.
guianz, 220, 233.

Lonchorina aurita, 232.

Lophiodon, 160, 173.
annectens, 160, I61.
occidentalis, 160.

Lophornis magnifica, 123.

Lurocalis nattereri, 125.

Lutra insularis, 208, 233.

Lutreola vison, 83.

Lyczena comyntas, 284, 286.
pseudargiolus, 285, 286.
pseudargiolus lucia, 285, 286.
pseudargiolus marginata, 285,

286.

pseudargiolus neglecta, 285,
286.

pseudargiolus violacea, 285,
286

scudderii, 284, 286.
Lynx baileyi, 31.

rufus, 32.

rufus maculatus, 31.

rufus var. floridanus, 32.

MACROTHERIUM, 2,

Megascops brasilianus, 141.

Melanerpes cruentatus, 130.
formicivorus bairdi, 36.
uropygialis, 36.

Melitzea phaéton, 258, 272.

Melopelia leucoptera, 34

Melospiza fasciata mexicana, 39.
fasciata montana, 39.
lincolni, 39.

Meniscoéssus, 312, 313, 314, 317.

348 INDEX.

Meniscoéssus conquestus, 319.
(Dipriodon) robustus, 319.

Meniscotherium, 16.

Mephitis estor, 30.

Mergus americanus, 32.

Merula migratoria propinqua, 42.

Mesotapirus, 173, 174.

Metopia galeata, 107, 154.

Micrastur ruficollis, 147.

Microlestes, 313.

Miller, Gerrit S., Jr., description
of a new mouse from Southern
New Mexico and Arizona,
331-334.

Milvago chimachima, 148.

Mimus modulator, 153.
polyglottos, 41.

Miocene, Lower, or White River,

of Dakota, 95-105.

Molossus obscurus, 207, 232.
rufus, 206, 232.

Molothrus ater obscurus, 37.

Momotus eequatorialis, 127, 129.
argenticinctus, 128.
bartletti, 128, 129.
ceeruleiceps, 127.
castaneiceps, 127.
lessoni, 127, 129.
microstephanus, 128, 129.
momota, 128.
momota subrufescens, 125.
nattereri, 128, 129.
parensis, 128.
subrufescens, 128, 129.
swainsoni, 127.

Monasa nigrifrons, 135.

Mormops megalophylla, 232.

Moropus, 2.

Multituberculates, 313.

Mus alexandrinus, 218, 233.
musculus, 28, 81, 218, 233.
palustris, 43.
rattus, 218, 233.

Mycetes, sp., 205, 231.

Mycronycteris megalotis, 232.

Myiarchus cinerascens, 36.
inquietus, 36, 42.

Myiobius navius, 153.

Myiothera rufa, 121.

Myrmecophaga jubata, 234.

Myrmiceza atrothorax, 121,

NANOMYS, 314. :
minutus, 316.

Nectomys apicalis, 211.
palmipes, 209, 233.
squamipes, 211.

Neonympha canthus, 274, 276.

Neonympha eurytris, 273, 276.
Neoplagiaulax, 313.
Neotoma fuscipes, 185.
mexicana, 28, 81.
Nisoniades brizo, 298, 307.
icelus, 299, 307.
juvenalis, 301, 307.
lucilius, 299, 307.
martialis, 300, 307.
persius, 300, 307.
Noctilio leporinus, 206, 232.
Nothura media, 152.
Nyctidromus albicollis, 124.
albicollis derbyanus, 124, 156.
albicollis merrilli, 125.
Nyctinomus brasiliensis, 201, 237.

OCHETODON, 79.
Onychomys, sp. ?, 28.
leucogaster, subsp. ? 74.
Oracodon, 317.
anceps, 319.
Orgyia leucostigma var. obliviosa,

21.
Oryctomys (Saccophorus) botte,

57-

Oryzomys brevicauda, 215, 233.
costaricensis, 239.
couesi, 240.
palustris, 43.
palustris natator, 44.
speciosus, 212, 233.
trinitatis, 213, 233.
velutinus, 214, 233.

Osborn, Henry Fairchild, on Acer-
atherium tridactylum, — sp.
nov., 85; fossil mammals
from the Upper Cretaceous
Beds, 311-330.

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, and Jacob
L. Wortman, on a new genus,
Artyonyx, of Ancylopoda,
1-16;

Ostinops decumanus, 153.

Otocoris alpestris adusta, 37.

PACHYRHAMPHUSatricapillus, 110,
polychropterus, tro,
viridis, 110,

Paleosyops, 175.

Paleotapirus, 161, 172.

Pamphila accius, 295, 306.
bimaculata, 308.
cernes, 293, 306.
ethlius, 208.
fusca, 308.
hinanna, 296, 306.
huron, 290, 306,

INDEX. 349

zabulon pocahontas, 288.

Papilio ajax, 241, 246.

pas aa IY

245, 24

philenor, 242, 246.

troilus, 243, 246.

turnus, 244, 246.
Parabuteo unicinctus, 146.
Paronychodon lacustris, 313, 330.
Parus meridionalis, 41.

Phacellodomus ruber, 112.
rufifrons, 112.
Phaéthornis pretrii, 122, 155.

iit sagas nitidus, 36.

Phil rufus, 113.
catullus, 298, 307

Phragmatobia dubia, 20.
Phyciodes batesii, 307.

Phyciodes harrisii, 262, 272.
nycteis, 261, 272.
tharos, 259, 272.
tharos marcia, 259.
tharos morpheus, 260.
Phyllostoma hastatum, 232.
Piaya cayana, 138, 139.
cayana cabanisi, 136, 139.
cayana mehleri, 138, 139.
cayana mexicana, 138, 139.
cayana pallescens, 138, 139.
cayana thermophila, 138, 139.
circe, 139.
macroura, 136, 139.
mehleri, 137.
mexicanus, 137.

viridirostris, 139.
Picolaptes bivittatus, 114.
Picumnus guttifer, 132.

Pieris oleracea, 247, 252.

protodice, 246, 252.

rape, 246, 252.
Pilherodius pileatus, 150.
Pionus menstruus, 141.

Pipilo chlorurus, 39.

fuscus mesoleucus, 39.

maculatus megalonyx, 39.
Pipra fasciata, 109, 154.
Piranga hepatica, 40.

rubra cooperi, 40.
Plagiaulacidx, 313, 328.
Platacodon nanus, 323.
Platysamia orizaba, 93.
Polioptila czerulea obscura, 42.

plumbea, 42.

Poocetes gramineus confinis, 38.
Polyborus tharus, 148.
Polymastodon, 312.

Polytmus thaumantias, 123.
Procyon cancrivorus 233.

lotor hernandezii, 31.
Protapirus, 159, 160, 161, 170, 173.

douvillei, 161, 172.

obliquidens, 161, 162, 172.

priscus, 161.

simplex, 161, 163, 168, 172.
Psaltriparus loydi, 41.
Pseudostoma borealis, 60.

richardsonii, 60.

townsendii, 59.

Pteronotus davyi, 232.
lossus castanotis, 132.
Ptilodus, 311, 313, 314.

trovesartianus, 315.

(Cimolomys) digona, 317.

(Cimolomys) gracilis, 317.

53°

Pygmornis chapadensis, 122.

Pyrameis atalanta, 268, 273.
cardui, 269, 273.
huntera, 268, 273.

Pyrgus centaurez, 298, 306.
montivagus, 297, 306.

Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus,

37.

Pyrrhococcyx columbianus, 139.
guianensis, 139.
macrourus, 136, £39.
mesurus, 139.

pallescens, 138.

Pyrrhotzenia behrensii, 26.
coloradensis, 25.
elda, 26.
fragaric, 26.
helianthi, 26.
texana, 26.
wittfeldii, 26.
Pyrrhuloxia sinuata beckhami, 49.
Pyrrhura moline, 14T.

RAMPHOCGLUS atrisericeus, 135.
Recurvirostra americana, 33.
Regulus calendula, 41.
Reithrodon humilis, 80.
megalotis, 79, 8o.
montanus, 80.
Reithrodontomys aztecus, 79-
megalotis, 79.
montanus, 80
Rhea americana, 152.
Rhogeéssa parvula, 237-
Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens, 153.
Rhynchonycteris naso, 232.
Rhynchophanes mecownii, 38.
Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, 34,
2

42.
Rhynchotus rufescens, 151, 158.
Rufirallus cayanensis, 150.

Rupornis magnirostris nattereri,
142.

SACCOPTERYX bilineata, 205, 232;
_ 237.

canina, 232.

leptura, 205, 232.
Salpinctes obsoletus, 41.
Saltator similis, 153.
Sannina uroceriformis, 24.
Satyrus alope, 275, 276.

alope maritima, 275, 276.

alope nephele, 276.
Sayornis nigricans, 37.

phoebe, 36.

saya, 37:
Scalops aquaticus australis, 339.

Scalops argentatus texanus, 200.
texanus, 200. i

Scapanus anthonyi, 200.

Scardafella inca, 34.

Schistochlamys atra, 153.

Schizotherium, 2.

Sciapteron denotata, 24.

Sciurus aberti, 28, 83.
eestuans hoffmanni, 209, 233.
apache, 29.
arizonensis, 30.
hudsonius californicus, 199.

Sclerurus umbretta, 113.

Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, 38.

Selasphorus alleni, 36.

Selenacodon, 317.
fragilis, 318.

Sesia flavipes, 22.

Setophaga picta, 40.

Sialia arctica, 42.
mexicana, 42.
sialis, 42.

Sigmodon hispidus arizonz, 28.
hispidus toltecus, 238.

Sisyrosea inornata, 89.

Sitomys americanus, 195.
americanus austerus, 192.
americanus gambelii, 190, 202.
americanus thurberi, 185, 196.
auripectus, 75.
boylii, 192. :
californicus, 186, 197, 202-
cherriei, 238.
eremicus, 77, 202.
fraterculus, 187. .
gilberti, 188, 202.
gossypinus, 341.
martirensis, 187, 202.
nasutus, 78. eet
niveiventris, 339, 341-
niveiventris subgriseus, 339-
nudipes, 239. :
rowleyi, 76.
sonoriensis, 74.
truei, 78. '

Sitta carolinensis aculeata, 41.

ygmea, 41.

Sittasomus chapadensis, T13.
erythacus, 113.
olivaceus, 113.

Spatula clypeata, 33.

Speotyto cunicularia hypogea, 34.

Spermophilus grammurus, 81.
grammurus beec , 197-

Sphecia? marginata, 22. :

Sphyrapicus thyroideus, 35.
varius nuchalis, 35.

Spinus pinus, 35.

INDEX. 35t

perspici .
Systemodon, 160, 169.
tapirinus, 161, 170.

TACHYCINETA bicolor 40.
thalassina, 40.

Tamandua psec rE 234.

Tamias dorsalis, 199.

Tarsa bombyciformis, :, 22.
Tatusia novemcincta, 230, 234.
Telacodon levis, 323.

Terias lisa, 251, 252.

» 251, 252.

Tham albicans, 116.
ambiguus, 116, 155.
capistratus, 117.

nigricristatus, 117.
olivaceus, 118, I19.
ea 115, 117, 155.

radiatus albicans, 118.
capistratus, 118.

a nigricristatus, 118.
£5;

a 118.

sticturus, 115.

Thamnophilus subradiatus, 117.
Thecla augustus, 280, 286.
damon, 279, 286.
calanus, 278, 286.
halesus, 307.
irus, 280, 286.
leta, 307.
m-album, 307.
melinus, 277, 286.
niphon, 280, 286.
strigosa, 278, 286.
titus, 281, 286.
Theristicus caudatus, 150.
Thizodon, 324, 330. ~
Thomomys, new species of, 48-53;
questions of nomenclature,
53-64 ; cranial characters, 64;
species and subspecies of, 66.
Thomomys aureus, 49, 65, 67, 71.
borealis, 53.
bottz, 49, 65, 66
bulbivorus, 53, 65, 66.
clusius, 47, 62, 65, 66
clusius fuscus, 47.
_ douglasii, 49, 53, 65, 66
douglasii fuscus, 54, 63, 66.
fossor, 51, 65, 67, 71.
fulvus, 54, 65, 66, 183.
laticeps, 53, 63, 66.
monticolus, 48, 65.
perpallidus, 54, 65, 67.
rufescens, 54, 62, 67.
talpoides, 54, 66.
toltectus, 52, 65, 67.
townsendii, 66.
umbrinus, 28, 52, 54.
Thryothorus bewicki bairdi, 41.
Thyroptera tricolor, 231.
Tigrisoma fasciatum, 151.
Tityra cayana brasiliensis, 110.

inquisitor, I10.

personata semifasciata, 110.
Totanus melanoleucus, 33.

solitarius, 33, 150.

solitarius occidentalis, 35.
Tringa bairdii, 33.

uscicollis, 150.

minutilla, 33.
Tripriodontidz, 313.
Tripriodon, 317.

caperatus, 3138.
Trituberculates, 320, 329..
Trochilium denudatum, 22.

lustrans, 25.

marginatum, 22.
Trochilus alexandri, 36.
Troglodytes aédon aztecus, 41.
Trogon variegatus, 129.

aan

352

INDEX.

Turdus albicollis, 153.
albiventris, 153.
aonalaschkee, 42.
aonalaschkee auduboni, 42.

Tylomys couesi, 211, 233.

Tyrannus verticalis, 36.
vociferans, 36.

URocYON virginianus scottii, 31.
Uroleuca cyanoleuca, 153.

VANELLUS cayennensis, 149.
Vanessa antiopa, 266, 272.
milberti, 267, 272.
Vesperimus nasutus, 78.
Vespertilio evotis, 202.
lucifugus, 83.
nigricans, 231.

nitidus, 202.

Vesperugo fuscus, 83, 201.
hesperus, 83.
(Lasyionycteris) noctivigans,

83.

Vesperus hesperus, 201.
Vireo huttoni stephensi, 40.
solitarius cassini, 40.

|
|
|

Vireo solitarius plumbeus, 40.

WormtMaAN, J. L., mechanics of the
Artiodactyl tarsus, 17; on the
divisions of the White River
or Lower Miocene of Dakota,
95-105.

Wortman, J. L.,and Charles Earle,
Ancestors of the Tapir from
the Lower Miocene of Dakota,
159-180. See also Osborn,
Henry Fairchild, and Jacob L.
Wortman.

XANTHOCEPHALUS xanthocephalus,

37.
Xenops rutilus, 113.
Xiphicolaptes major castaneus, 114.
Xiphorhynchus rufordorsalis, 114.

ZApus hudsonius, 72.
insignis, 72.
princeps, 71.
Zenaida maculata, 149.
Zenaidura macroura, 34.
Zonotrichia capensis, 153.
leucophrys intermedia, 38.

ERRATA,

Page 27, line 2. from bottom, for Tachico read Pachico. .
‘* 28, lines 6 and 18 from bottom, for Sonora read Chihuahua,
‘* 33, last line, for Callipepla elegans (Zess.) read Callipepla elegans

bensoni Aidgw.

‘* 127, lines 10 and 29 from top, for Sclater read Sharpe.
‘* 128, lines 11 and 27 from top, for Sclater read Sharpe.

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