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UNITED STATES
NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN 239
WASHINGTON, D.C.
1964
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
The Recent Mollusea of Augustus Addison Gould
Illustrations of the Types Described by Gould With a Bibliography and Catalog of His Species
RICHARD I. JOHNSON
Museum of Comparative Zoology
SEMEL ASONLAN DNS ELEUTLON WASHINGTON, D.C. ¢« 1964
Publications of the United States National Museum
The scientific publications of the United States National Museum include two series, Proceedings of the United States National Museum and United States National Museum Bulletin.
In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing with the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly acquired facts in the fields of anthropology, biology, geology, history, and technology. Copies of each publication are distributed to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects.
The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in separate form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo in size, with the publication date of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the volume.
In the Bulletin series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear longer, separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in several parts) and volumes in which are collected works on related subjects. Bulletins are either octavo or quarto in size, depending on the needs of the presentation. Since 1902 papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been published in the Bulletin series under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium.
This work forms number 239 of the Bulletin series.
Frank A. TaYLor Director, United States National Museum
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1964 ———— ee eee
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 — Price $1.50 (Paper Cover)
Contents
Introduction . eee Gould: Early ae ; : “Invertebrata of ieRaachusetta? Shells from Liberia and Burma . . The United States =e Expedition Charles Wilkes . ; ait Sailing of the eden Return of the expedition Joseph Pitty Couthouy The collectors and collections Disposition of the shell collection . é Gould selected to do the report on maoliieios Summary of the types. Gould: Middle years : Relations with Louis eee 2 “Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States” Mexican War naturalists : The North Pacific Exploring Expedition. William Stimpson : eid Stimpson’s journal ee Gould selected to do the peor on Gaoiiieis Summary of the types. Gould: Later years... . Republication of ‘ Snoaceebenis a eqsenehusents? Death of Gould Disposition of the Gould ene policenione Summary of Gould’s types of Mollusca Collections studied for this work ; The species of Recent Mollusca described = Gonld’. The Brachipoda and Tunicata described by Gould ay ts Vici shia SMS ES PPLE | ee a. oh ose Ue Whe we) b tees, « ages following Literature cited my eee : ss : A list of Gould’s works on Peceat Maiiacen
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The Recent Mollusca of Augustus Addison Gould
Introduction
This study is an attempt to bring together the original references to all the Recent mollusks described by Augustus Addison Gould, to locate as many of the type specimens as possible, and to figure all types previously unfigured, selecting lectotypes when required.
It is not to be inferred that the author regards the fixation of types as a final goal in systematics. Types are only taxonomic building blocks. We are still faced with the problem of taxonomic stability in mollusks, of making ‘‘taxonomy 1864” sufficiently precise to serve the needs of “taxonomy 1964” and, although the old typological concept has been replaced by the population concept, we still have to fix and clarify many of the species. In this regard, we should judge the work of older naturalists such as Gould by the best standards of their own times and not by our own.
It has not been our purpose to bring up to date each of the species covered; this is a task for individual revisers. If we have helped to make this task easier and their conclusions more precise, our purpose will have been served.
It gives me pleasure to thank those people whose willing cooperation has eased the task of accumulating data. Special thanks are due to Drs. Harald A. Rehder and Joseph P. E. Morrison of the United States National Museum for their ever-willing aid in searching for types, for suffering numerous interruptions in their own research, for helping with the mounting and dismounting of specimens for photography, and for performing tiresome but necessary tasks connected with the project.
Dr. Vincente Condé made available for study the P. P. Carpenter collection at the Peter Redpath Museum, McGill University, Mon- treal, Canada, and loaned types for photographing. Drs. J. W. Wells and W. Storrs Cole of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, made available certain types in the W. Newcomb collection. Dr. W. K. Emerson of the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, and Mr. Peter Dance and Mr. H. M. Muir-Wood of the British
aL
Z U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
Museum (Natural History) did the same for the collections in their charge.
All the photographs were prepared by Frank White, staff photog- rapher for the Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, save those which bear United States National Museum numbers. These were prepared by courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.
Drs. W. J. Clench, R. D. Turner, and M. E. Champion of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, were kind enough to read the manuscript and offer many helpful suggestions.
Finally, I wish to thank my wife, who helped to prepare the manu- script for press.
Gould: Early Years
Augustus Addison Gould, a Boston physician, was one of the leading figures in the second epoch of American conchology, which, in fact, was termed the ‘‘Gouldian Period” by William H. Dall (1888, p. 97). This period began in 1841 with the publication of Gould’s “Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts,’ and, according to Dall, ‘was characterized by the broader scope of investigation, the interest in geographical distribution, the anatomy of the soft parts, and the more precise definition and exact discrimination of specific forms.”
Augustus was born on April 23, 1805, in New Ipswich, New Hamp- shire, the son of Nathaniel Duren Gould and Sally Andrews Prichard. Married on November 15, 1801, the Goulds had eight children, three of whom died in infancy. Augustus was the second child and first survivor. We learn by way of genealogical background that the elder Gould had been adopted by a maternal uncle at the age of 11 and that his name had been changed then from Nathaniel Gould Duren to Nathaniel Duren Gould. We also find that the forebears on both sides of the family were ‘Old Yankees,” having emigrated to America in the middle of the 17th century.
Nathaniel Gould was a musician, a teacher of singing, and an engraver noted for his penmanship. He tried many occupations— school teaching, farming, politics—and was a town selectman from 1807 until he left New Ipswich in 1815. That year he went to Boston to seek his fortune, leaving the farm in the hands of his family. From 1817 to 1820 Nathaniel was a member of the Massachusetts State Legislature. He taught in the grammar schools during the day and gave music lessons in the evenings. Later in life he was engaged to engross Harvard diplomas.
Young Augustus remained on the farm. At the age of 15, he took complete charge of the work but devoted part of his time to study at the New Ipswich Appleton Academy. In 1821, at the age
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 3
of 17, he went to Cambridge and entered Harvard College. He worked hard to support himself and, by frugality and application, he was able to matriculate with respectable grades. Among his classmates young Gould was noted for his industry. It was here that his interest in natural history began to develop. He became familiar with native plants, an interest that he never lost. In later life he caused labels with both Latin and common names to be placed on the trees of the Boston Common, a custom that is followed to this day.
After graduating from college, Gould was employed as a private tutor by the McBlair family of Baltimore County, Maryland. At the same time, he began the study of medicine. Most of his medical studies were carried on in Boston, and during 1829-1830 he was a student at the Massachusetts General Hospital under Drs. James Jackson and Walter Channing. In 1830, at the age of 25, Gould was able to affix a well-earned M.D. to hisname. The young physician soon gave indications of future success but, until his practice was large enough to support him, he was forced to work outside his profession. During this period, he cataloged and classified the 50,000 pamphlets in the Boston Athenaeum. For these four folio volumes of careful and patient industry, he received $50.00!
On February 9, 1830, the Boston Society of Natural History held its first meeting at the home of Dr. Walter Channing. Among the seven identified members present was Dr. Amos Binney, Jr., who was to achieve posthumous fame for his ‘Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States,” edited by Dr. Gould. It is not recorded that young Gould was present at this meeting, but it is known that he was soon active in the new society. It was incorporated on March 18, 1831, and on May 4 he was appointed a curator. At this time the curators were not assigned to special departments.
During March of 1833 the Society moved from its rooms in the Athenaeum Building on Pearl Street to the new building of the Savings Bank on Tremont Street. Dr. Gould gave one of the lecture courses offered that year by the Society, and also he published his first work, a modest volume entitled ‘“Lamarck’s Genera of Shells,” which was translated from French. Before 1833 was over, on Novem- ber 25, Dr. Gould married Harriet Cushing Sheafe. She too was from old colonial stock, being related to the Loring, Cushing, and Quincy families. They had ten children, seven of whom grew to maturity. Mrs. Gould survived the Doctor by many years, dying at the age of 82 on May 14, 1893.
In 1834, Gould produced a paper on the Cicindelidae of Massa- chusetts, a group of insects. From this time on, however, he devoted all of his leisure to the study of mollusks. Throughout this paper
4 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
it should be remembered that Gould was first of all a medical man. Medicine was his life’s work and he achieved eminence in the field. The time for his work on mollusks was often stolen from the hours for sleep. He frequently arose at four a.m. and went to the Society to work on the collections before his professional duties demanded attention.
For two years Gould taught botany and zoology at Harvard College. It was in January of 1840 that he described 13 new species of shells from Massachusetts. These were the first of the descriptions which would number almost 1100 by the time of his death.
The first indication of his skill as a draftsman, an ability he shared with his father, emerged in a paper in which he attempted to bring order to the genus Pupa, a group of very small land snails. In this work some 30 species were carefully drawn with the aid of a microscope.
“TNVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.’’—In April of 1837 the General Court of Massachusetts authorized a geological survey of the state which was also to include reports on botany and zoology. Dr. Gould was assigned the Invertebrata, exclusive of insects. His preliminary findings were published in 1840 in a paper entitled “Results of an Examination of the Species of Shells of Massachusetts and Their Geographical Distribution.” This was an epoch-making work since the problem had received very little attention elsewhere and none in the United States. He noted that Cape Cod formed a barrier to some species. Of 203 species, he found 80 that did not pass south of the Cape and 30 that did not go north. Certain species, he noted, appear and disappear suddenly in an area, and he stated that it is necessary to collect over a period of years to be certain of the distribution.
The “Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts,” appearing in 1841, was the first monograph published in the United States that attempted to describe the entire molluscan fauna of a geographical region. It is an octavo volume of almost 400 pages, illustrated by more than 200 figures drawn by the author, who stated (p. xi):
Every species described, indeed almost every species mentioned, has passed under my owneye. The descriptions of species previously known, have been written anew; partly, that they may be more minute in partic- ulars, and partly, with the hope of using language somewhat less technical than is ordinarily employed by scientific men.
About 275 mollusks are described, in addition to some 100 other invertebrates. The volume immediately gave him an international reputation. Even after the lapse of over a hundred years, it is still the book on New England mollusks. He received a very flattering letter (quoted in Wyman, 1905, p. 98) from Louis Agassiz.
Specimens of almost every species were deposited in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History and in the Cabinet of the
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 5
State of Massachusetts. Through the course of time, both of these collections have been deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and, though they have suffered numerous vicissitudes over the years through renumbering, relabeling, and neglect, it has still been possible to relocate some of the types which the collections contained.
SHELLS FROM LIBERIA AND BURMA.—During the years of 1843- 1850 when Gould was corresponding secretary of the Society, he made numerous notes which are recorded in the Proceedings. Among these notes are descriptions from remote places of material given him by missionaries and travellers. The Rev. Francis Mason of Newton, Massachusetts, sent him many new species from Burma and Drs. Savage and Perkins and Mr. Charles J. Bates sent him new shells from Liberia. It was at about this time, in 1846, that Gould began his major descriptive work, the shells of the United States Exploring Expedition.
The United States Exploring Expedition
During the second quarter of the 19th century a number of ambitious exploring expeditions were carried out in the Pacific Ocean by some of the great European powers. Between 1825 and 1828 the British ship Blossom explored the Pacific under the command of Captain F. W. Beechey, and from 1826 to 1829 France employed the Astrolabe under Dumont d’Urville in the same area.
The South Pacific and Antarctic Seas had been frequented by Ameri- can whalers and trading vessels since the early years of the century, but more information was required about these little known and poorly charted regions. It was not until May 21, 1828, however, that the House of Representatives of the United States adopted the following resolution:
Resolved, That it is expedient that one of our small public vessels be sent to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas, to examine the coasts, islands, harbours, shoals and reefs, in those seas, and to ascertain their true situation and description (Haskell, 1942, p. 2).
President John Quincy Adams, who had recommended a more limited expedition, and his Secretary of the Navy, Samuel L. Southard, proceeded with preparations for the voyage. The Senate failed to ratify the measure and Southard was severely censured, but later, as a senator himself, he was able to support the same projected expedition.
The dogged determination of J. N. Reynolds of Ohio, who in 1834 published the ‘‘Voyage of the United States Frigate Potomac... During the Circumnavigation of the Globe in the Years 1831-34,” finally made the project a reality. Incessantly he urged the govern- ment to send out to the South Seas a surveying expedition—to be
6 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
accompanied by a large staff of scientists in order that maximum results could be realized. He spoke before Congress, secured the backing of scientific organizations, and obtained the necessary newspaper publicity.
His efforts were finally rewarded by the passage of a bill on May 14, 1836, authorizing President Andrew Jackson “‘to send out a surveying and exploring expedition to the Pacific Ocean and South Seas.” The act was certainly in the spirit of the times: the French sent the Bonité around the world in 1836-1837, the Venus in 1836-1839, the Astrolabe and Zelée to the Antarctic and the islands of the Pacific in 1837-1840, and the British sent the Sulphur to the South Pacific in 1836-1842. Before the United States Exploring Expedition set sail, all of these expeditions had been completed or were on the high seas.
The Department of the Navy appointed Captain Thomas Catesby Jones to be commander of the voyage. Then followed nearly two years of delay, of cross-purposes, charges, countercharges, and, above all, general inefficiency. At last, Jones resigned in discourage- ment and disgust. In March 1838 the command was given to Charles Wilkes despite the protests of many who claimed that he had intrigued to obtain the post. Perhaps he did, but as events proved, he showed himself to have the ability and energy to do the work required.
CHARLES WILKES.—Born in New York City in 1789, Charles Wilkes became a midshipman in the United States Navy in 1818. By 1836 his experience included cruises to the Mediterranean and the Pacific, surveys of Narragansett Bay and Georges Bank on the southern coast of Massachusetts, and surveys of the Savannah River between South Carolina and Georgia. For some time, he was head of the Depot of Charts and Instruments, the forerunner of the Hydro- graphic Office and Naval Observatory. Wilkes was described as an impetuous and dominating man with great determination and drive. He was a strict disciplinarian and was often in conflict with both superiors and subordinates, a characteristic which earned him the title of “the stormy petrel.’’ After the voyage, in the years prior to the Civil War, he was engaged in the difficult task of seeing the reports of the expedition through the press.
Wilkes is remembered in American history because, as commander of the San Jacinto during the Civil War, he removed the Confederate commissioners Mason and Slidell from the British steamer Trent, an act which nearly caused Great Britain to enter the War. When he died in 1877, he had achieved the rank of rear admiral.
SAILING OF THE EXPEDITION.—By the time Wilkes took command, the expedition was in great disorder and disrepute. He quickly put affairs in shape and in less than five months was ready to set sail.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD E
The original plans had called for a staff of 25 scientists, but in the end the number of vessels assigned to the expedition was reduced and all of the studies pertaining to the naval profession—hydrography, geography, meteorology, and physics—were turned over to the naval officers of the expedition. The reduced civilian scientific staff con- sisted of the following men: Horatio Hale, philologist; Charles Pickering and Titian R. Peale, naturalists; Joseph P. Couthouy, conchologist; James D. Dana, mineralogist; William Rich, botanist; William D. Brackenridge, horticulturist and assistant botanist; Alfred T. Agate and Joseph Drayton, draughtsmen. The pay of the scientists was $2,500 a year plus rations; that of the two artists, $2,000.
The squadron sailed from Norfolk, Virginia, on August 18, 1838. The vessels included the sloops-of-war Vincennes and Peacock, the brig Porpoise, the storeship Relief, and the two tenders Sea Gull and Flying Fish. The Sea Gull was lost off Cape Horn in the spring of 1839. The Relzef was such a slow sailer that she was sent home from Callao, Peru, the same summer. The Peacock was wrecked on a bar at the mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon, and was replaced by a merchant vessel which had been renamed the Oregon. The Flying Fish was sold in Singapore as too unseaworthy to make the return voyage. Thus, the only vessels completing the entire trip were the Vincennes and the Porpoise.
From Norfolk the vessels crossed the Atlantic to Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands, recrossed the Atlantic to Rio de Janeiro, worked around Cape Horn, and arrived in Callao, Peru, in the summer of 1839. During the winter of 1838-1839, while based in Tierra del Fuego, Wilkes had made an excursion into the Antarctic with part of the squadron. On quitting Peru, either the squadron or individual vessels explored the South Pacific Islands, Australia, and New Zealand. Leaving Sydney, Australia, during December of 1840, Wilkes spent the months of January and February following the coastline of Antarctica until he convinced himself that he had found the continent.
From New Zealand the expedition went to the Hawaiian Islands, and then, during 1841, explored the northwest coast of the United States and California. The vessels left California to cruise again in the South Pacific, then proceeded to the Philippine Islands, Singapore, the Cape of Good Hope, and St. Helena.
1A recent study by B. P. Lambert and P. G. Law presented at a symposium on Antarctica, held in Buenos Aires, appears to confirm Wilkes’ assertions. They found a striking similarity between the shape of the coast as sketched by Wilkes in 1840 and a detailed chart based on their own explorations of the past two years as well as photographs taken by seaplanes from the 1947 expedition of the United States Navy.
They suggest that “‘the whole question of the reliability of Wilkes’ observations might well be reviewed”’ (The New York Times, January 10, 1960, vol. 119, p.1).
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RETURN OF THE EXPEDITION.—The squadron finally arrived in New York in June 1842 after a voyage of three years and ten months and after having sailed 87,780 miles. The same confusion and poor publicity which surrounded the sailing of the expedition continued afterward, until 1872, when the final report was published.
At home, Wilkes did not find the glory or recognition that he had expected. He had left under a Democratic administration and returned to find the Whigs in power. At best, he found official indifference to his accomplishments. Charges and countercharges were made. Wilkes had antagonized so many of his subordinates with his severe and sometimes arbitrary discipline that he was forced to stand court-martial proceedings for tyranny and fraud. Some of his disgruntled subordinates specifically accused him of having falsified his claim that the expedition sighted Antarctica on January 19, 1840. He, in turn, launched countercharges of insubordination against some of the officers. At length the charges against Wilkes were dropped. With this unpleasant background, the task of pre- paring the results of the expedition for the press was commenced.
JOSEPH PITTY couTHOUy.—Apparently Gould was interested in accompanying the expedition as there is a note in his handwriting in the Boston Society of Natural History, dated October 1836, listing his qualifications. It is on a copy of a letter of recommendation for Gould by T. W. Harris, distinguished author of ‘Insecta of Massa- chusetts Injurious to Vegetation,” to Dr. Charles Pickering. Despite such a reference for Gould, however, Joseph Pitty Couthouy had been chosen to go on the voyage. In 1837 Couthouy was 29 years old and Gould, 31. Both were active members of the then flourishing Boston Society of Natural History but, at this time, neither had pub- lished very much. It is not known who else was considered for the post of conchologist; in any event, Couthouy’s desire to accompany the expedition was so strong that he presented himself in person before President Andrew Jackson to obtain a position on the scientific staff. President Jackson stated that he could not seriously entertain the application since the list of officers was complete. To this, Couthouy, a mariner by profession, replied, ‘‘Well, General, I’ll be hanged if I don’t go, if I have to go before the mast [i.e., as a common sailor].”’ This pleased ‘‘Old Hickory,’’ who told him, ‘Go back to Boston and I will see if anything can be done for you.” There, a few days after his return, he received his commission as Conchologist of the Scientific Corps (Dall, 1888, p. 109).
Before sailing on the expedition, Couthouy presented his shell col- lection to the Boston Society of Natural History on August 1, 1838 (Society’s original catalogue of shells, nos. 3001-3876), with the pro- viso that it could be reclaimed four years from that date. It is
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 9
not known if he exercised this right but, since this author found a number of his types still in the Society’s collection, apparently he did not.
Couthouy busied himself in collecting at the various ports of call and “made careful and suggestive notes of all the interesting species, and especially of the new or doubtful species,” with the intention of amplifying them on his return. When the expedition left Samoa, his health began to decline. Wilkes demanded that Couthouy turn over all notes and drawings to him, for Wilkes was preparing a narrative of the voyage (later published in five volumes). Couthouy refused, claiming that his subsequent work would be crippled without them. Wilkes thereupon suspended him and ordered him home ‘“‘for disobe- dience of orders.”
Gould (1852, p. v) says that “the numerous notes he [Couthouy] had subsequently made from day to day were left in an imperfect state. Still these would have been extremely valuable, especially those relating to the land shells of the Society, Samoa, and Sandwich Islands. But, unfortunately, repeated searches have failed to dis- cover them among the masses of documents pertaining to the Ex- pedition.”” The journal did not turn up until it was presented to the Boston Society of Natural History in 1931 by Mrs. G. Wigglesworth. It would be interesting indeed to know how she came by the volume, which is entitled “Journal on Board the Vincennes, January 30 to October 29, 1839,” and is illustrated with drawings in the text by Couthouy. In a pocket in the front cover there are 27 drawings, mostly by Drayton, along with some miscellaneous notes.
In the introduction to the journal Couthouy states, ‘I have con- cluded to adopt the form of a journal which besides a sort of dupli- cate of my notes shall contain a brief notice of daily events aboard ship not immediately relating to my own pursuits.”
The journal reveals an almost immediate and continued dissatis- faction on his part with the cooperation he received from naval per- sonnel. The officers made private collections of materials and Wilkes’ strict discipline often interfered with Couthouy’s labors. He writes, “That which I anticipated as a sort of pleasure, must be performed as a task of duty.”’ We will not dwell on the small affronts to per- sonal dignity as well as the lack of cooperation he suffered, as com- plaints of this sort seem to have been common from those who served under Wilkes.
An interesting anecdote passed on to the present author by an offi- cer of Boston’s staid Athenaeum, where Couthouy’s bearded portrait adorns a wall, is that, while in Tahiti, Couthouy had himself tatooed from neck to foot. As the old Italian saying observes, ‘‘If the story is not true, at least it is well devised.’ If it is true, it may explain
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why his health declined and why his last entry in the Journal is dated October 1839, Pago Pago, Samoa Islands.
THE COLLECTORS AND COLLECTIONS.—Although the officers made private collections, Couthouy was aided in his efforts by the other members of the scientific staff, who also continued to collect shells after he left the expedition.
These scientists often made extensive excursions into the interior of the countries visited when time permitted. In North America, they explored the northwest coastal area, which is now the states of Washington and Oregon; Joseph Drayton, one of the artists, travelled along the Columbia River to the Blue Mountains; a group journeyed overland from Fort Vancouver to San Francisco; and another party went to Fort Nesqually (now Tacoma, Washington), to Fort Colville, and thence to the Kooskooska River (Clearwater River, Idaho). In South America some of the naturalists crossed the Cordilleras of the Andes from the Pacific to the sources of the Amazon River. Dr. Pickering made numerous excursions into Brazil. And in the Poly- nesian Islands explorations were made by other members of the staff.
Among the most important members of the party who helped Couthouy collect shells were Dr. Charles Pickering, anthropologist, Joseph Drayton, artist, and William D. Brackenridge, botanist. The names of these gentlemen, as well as the name of a Mrs. Mitchell of New South Wales, Australia, are often affixed as collectors of the new species described from the material sent home by the expedition.
DISPOSITION OF THE SHELL COLLECTION.—The collections were sent to Peale’s Museum in Philadelphia as circumstances permitted. Per- haps this was done because one of Peale’s sons, Titian R., was a member of the expedition’s staff. It would have been a more logical course to have sent the collections to the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia, which had been flourishing since 1812, rather than to Peale’s establishment, which was hardly a natural history museum. In any event, there was no place to send them in Wash- ington until, prior to the expedition’s return in 1840, several members of Congress and others interested in a national museum, organized the National Institute, later known as the National Institution. At this time the collections were removed from Peale’s in Philadelphia and placed in the custody of the Institution in Washington, where they remained in the Great Hall of the Patent Office until 1856, when they were turned over to the newly founded Smithsonian Institution.
The collections suffered from a series of incredible vicissitudes. Peale says, ‘I am ashamed to record the fact, that when the boxes and packages were placed in charge of the National Institution, the seals were broken and a general scramble for curiosities took place by
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 11
irresponsible members of the Society, in which some ‘Honorable’ men thoughtlessly took part. Many valuable specimens were lost partic- ularly shells and skins of birds’ (Haskell, 1942, p. 7).
Soon after his return to the United States in 1840, Couthouy went to Washington to study the shells that had been sent back. In the meantime, the National Institution had hired a clergyman who knew nothing of natural science to unpack the specimens. The worthy gentleman, noting that some of the numbered metal tags in the jars were discoloring the alcohol, carefully removed the tags, and placed them together in a separate jar without replacing them with any other means of identification! With one act he thus rendered it impossible for Couthouy to identify the specimens and match them with his notes. Moreover, some specimens were gone: prominent conchologists had been favored—for a consideration—with many rare specimens before any of the naturalists on the voyage had returned. Couthouy worked over the material as best he could until the expedition came home. At this time the already low salaries of the naturalists were decreased by some 44 percent. With a wife and two children to support, Couthouy quit in disgust. Eventually he became captain of a merchant vessel, and later he searched for treasure on the Spanish Main. He met his death during the Civil War when, as commander of the S. S. Chillicothe, he was killed by a rebel sharpshooter while his vessel was engaged against a number of troops on the banks of the Red River in Louisiana.
GOULD SELECTED TO DO THE REPORT ON MOLLUSKS.—With the return of the expedition, President John Tyler assigned Robert Greenhow, translator for the State Department, to draw up the re- ports and write the journal of the expedition. Fortunately for Wilkes, his friends in Congress blocked the appointment and referred the matter to the Joint Committee on the Library, which drew up the plan that was finally adopted. The Committee appointed Benjamin Tappan, Senator from Ohio, as its agent to supervise the preparation of the reports, with Wilkes, who had been detached from the Navy at the request of the committee, to be in immediate control. Joseph Drayton, the artist, was put in charge of the duties connected with actual publication, including the preparation of the drawings for ichthyology and conchology.
Couthouy’s resignation was timely; he must have been aware that, after his controversy with Wilkes, it would be highly doubtful that the latter would consider him for the job of writing the report on the Mollusca. Wilkes, in fact, never seems to have entertained the idea for a moment but urged that Drayton the artist do the report. Dray- ton was not a conchologist and Senator Tappan would not accept the proposal. Judging from the available correspondence, the Senator
665-231—64—_2
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wanted Dr. Gould, who was well known by this time for his ‘‘In- vertebrata of Massachusetts,’ to write the report.
Gould was most anxious to assume the task and wrote to Tappan in September 1843, stating he had heard, from Dr. Pickering, that “Mr. C. [Couthouy] told him [Pickering] that he would rather I should undertake the task than any other person.”’ Gould went on to say that, if he were to undertake the job, he would want the specimens sent to him in Boston. ‘On account of the books & collections in Boston, I doubt not the proper results will be obtained here with much more facility than in Washington .... If I undertake it I shall wish to dispatch the matter as soon as possible that everything may not be done in anticipation abroad.” A month later Gould again wrote Tappan:
I feel that no time is to be lost, inasmuch as every month will take something away from the novelties which we may hope to find in the collections. Every month brings in from abroad descriptions of new shells from the very regions visited by our Squadron; and if much more delay is made, there would be little inducement for any naturalist to undertake the task from the hope that he might contribute something new to the stock of knowledge... .
It has been intimated to me that Mr. Wilkes and Mr. Drayton have an idea, that after they have got all the papers arranged and figures en- graved, there will be time enough to take up the descriptions. You will readily see the mistake of this view; for it is clearly necessary to deter- mine first what is new or worthy of illustration—and this must require much investigation. I certainly do not wish to attach my name, as conchologist, to a selection either of shells or of figures which they might select forme. Mr. Pickering found that many things which are supposed to be new at Washington, have been long well known in Boston, and described abroad. It would be no credit to your Conchologist to be pub- lishing a book of old stories as something new (Haskell, 1942, p. 73).
This did not soften Wilkes and Gould was not employed.
Gould did not give up easily and wrote Tappan on December 17, 1843: “‘But the worst of all is that he [Wilkes] does not seem aware of the importance of putting into print as soon as may be descriptions of all objects regarded as new. It is not the date of discovery of an object which gives precedence to it among scientific men, but the date of publication.”
Negotiations with Gould began again in the spring of 1844 and went on until April 25 of 1845, when he began writing the report, although as late as May Wilkes was suggesting that Gould and Drayton work together under the supervision of Pickering. Gould finally won out, securing a salary of $3,200. His last bill for $1,000, rendered in 1852, was not paid until 1861!
At Gould’s request the shells were shipped to Boston for identifi- cation and, according to his plan, he began publishing brief notices
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 13
of the new species in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History as fast as he could describe them. The scope of the work was limited by the Library Committee’s decision that nothing should be printed that was not new. The Committee further stipulated that the entire work should be an American production, unaided by European scholars.
According to P. P. Carpenter (1863, p. 529), ‘Gould had access only to that part of the collection which happened to be on view during the brief visit that his professional duties allowed when visiting the capital; and that his request to be allowed to take doubtful shells to Europe for identification was refused.” Nevertheless, the corre- spondence quoted by Haskell (1942, p. 75) clearly indicates that Gould had the major portion of the shells in Boston although, on a subsequent visit to Washington, he located an additional 150 species to describe.
Evidently Wilkes’ antagonism toward Couthouy continued un- abated since he wished that no credit be given to Couthouy in the report. The following excerpt from a letter by Gould to Senator Tappan on October 15, 1845, appears to be an answer to a demand by Wilkes, through Tappan, to eliminate Couthouy’s name in the report. With this assumption in mind, the paragraph does not damn Couthouy with faint praise, as it seems to do, but is instead a subtle attempt to give him as full credit as possible without Gould himself incurring the wrath of Wilkes.
Though we may withhold his name entirely it cannot be concealed that he was actively engaged for at least one year. An entire exclusion of his name would seem vindictive, and will give him good ground so to represent it. Whereas I find the instances in which there would be any occasion to allude to him (among the shells) so very few that it would tell rather discreditably than creditably for him—His Journal is inter- esting and Captain Wilkes has drawn largely from it [a curious statement, since we are led to believe that Couthouy refused to turn his journal over to Wilkes, and that Gould was unable to locate it]; but his descriptions of new objects are very few, and written in a less precise and concise style than I should like to publish, and the names he has applied will very few of them stand and none of them need bear his name proper. After leaving Cape Horn he evidently attempted very little at descrip- tions. My own feeling would be that while he may have forfeited all right to the good will of those concerned in the expedition it would not be dishonest and certainly would be magnanimous, to allude to his labors wherever they have been important. If we avail ourselves of facts which we should not otherwise have at hand, should we under the catholic ethics of science which knows no partialities, hesitate to ac- knowledge them? This you will allow is a charitable view of the sub- ject—and will it not so heap coals of fire on his head and while it does us no harm, may save us much trouble (Haskell, 1942, p. 74).
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Haskell does not share my view, but he thinks that Gould must have held one opinion of Couthouy’s contribution and then changed it since the Boston Society of Natural History in 1942 possessed a copy (subsequently sold to the Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, California) of Gould’s text of the Exploring Expedition Mollusks which bore the inscription ‘To Joseph P. Couthouy—this elaboration of the collections and observations, made in so great a part by him, is presented by Augustus A. Gould.” As I said above, I believe the letter quoted was a subterfuge and that Gould’s praise therein was sincere.
Senator Tappan wrote to Gould in January of 1845 that he wanted the work completed by December of that year. Gould said this was impossible and, though both Wilkes and Drayton were sorely vexed, the text did not appear until December of 1852. The atlas of plates is dated 1856, but it was not actually finished and distributed until 1860—and Tappan wanted it done by December 1845! The other volumes of the series were just as slow in appearing as was Gould’s volume.
The government printed only 100 copies of the text and the same number of the atlas. Of the text, 21 copies were destroyed by fire and not replaced. Fifty-eight copies of the text and plates were sent to the State Department from the printer in Philadelphia on December 15, 1852, and again the same amount on December 15, 1860. The distribution of the copies sent to the Department of State was deter- mined by Congress: one copy to each of the United States; two each to Great Britain, France, and Russia; one each to 25 other countries; two to the Library of Congress; one each to Wilkes, Hudson, and Ringgold, commanders of the major expedition vessels; one to the Naval Lyceum at Brooklyn, New York. The remaining volumes were to be kept for distribution to each new state as it entered the union and, later, other foreign countries were included.
Each author was permitted to have printed some copies for his own distribution. The number ranged from 100 to 150 copies. According to a letter from Drayton, ‘‘Gould has determined to print one hundred copies on government paper.” The distinguishing points between the two editions are minor. The official edition carries no publisher’s imprint, merely that of the printer C. Sherman. The unofficial issue of the text reads: Boston—Gould & Lincoln. The official edition has a half-title with the phrase “By authority of Congress.” This is lacking in the unofficial edition. The atlas has, in addition, a few other minor differences which are discussed in the bibliography of Gould’s works in this paper.
Congress expressly desired that these reports rival those being published at the same time from the French expedition on the Astro-
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 15
labe. In regard to the molluscan section only, the report almost does this, but the quality of the French color engravings of the period seldom has been equaled.
As mentioned earlier, the collection of mollusks was under the care of the National Institution, where it suffered the vicissitudes already described. If the entire collection was not borrowed by Dr. Gould, it seems certain at least that he had the new species in Boston. When they were returned, as also stated earlier, they were turned over to the newly founded Smithsonian Institution. There is a letter, how- ever, in the Boston Society of Natural History (now the Museum of Science) from P. P. Carpenter to Gould, dated October 23, 1859, which says, ‘‘Would you return the Exploring Expedition Shells now in your possession?”’ According to Carpenter (1863, p. 530), ‘‘The shells remained unopened in 1859-1860 and the types not accessible, till at the request of Prof. Henry, I undertook the arrangement of the collections. Fortunately, a considerable part of the shells pro- fessing to be new species were found together, with the artist’s marks corresponding with the plates and figures.”
The Smithsonian Institution was supposed to receive all collections made by the government, with the right to exchange duplicates. Many paratypes of the Exploring Expedition shells were then dis- tributed along with ordinary duplicates. The paratypes were ac- companied with printed labels bearing the inscription ‘“Named from the Type Specimen.”” ‘The Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cam- bridge has many such lots. The New York State Museum received a distribution of 273 duplicate lots from the Smithsonian Institution in 1862 (15th Ann. Rep. New York State Mus., pp. 23-25), some of them paratypes. This is probably the typical collection sent out. In the so-called ‘Gould Type Collection” from the New York State Museum, now on permanent loan at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, there are some of these printed labels; the remaining Ex- ploring Expedition types must have been retained by Gould at the time of original description.
SUMMARY OF THE TyPES.—In his final report on the Expedition shells, Gould described some 443 species. Of this number, I have located 308 in the United States National Museum and, through Carpenter’s previous labor, it has often been possible to ascertain the figured holotype. In other instances, syntypes have been found. Since all the species had been well figured, in most instances I have neither selected lectotypes nor refigured them. Types of 27 additional species have been located in the ‘““Gould Type Collection” or in the Museum of Comparative Zoology collection. Of the 110 species that have not been found, 57 were naked mollusks, some of which had not
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been preserved at all after the original drawings had been made; the rest probably long since have dried out and have been discarded. This leaves 53 species, some of which may still be found.
Gould: Middle Years
RELATIONS WITH LOUIS AGAssIz.—Louis Agassiz came to the United States in 1846 and immediately became a close friend of Dr. Gould, whom he had known previously through correspondence. Agassiz had been much impressed with the ‘Invertebrata of Massa- chusetts.” In 1848, Agassiz accepted a professorship at newly founded Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard College, where he remained for life, leaving as a monument to his work the Museum of Comparative Zoology, which was founded in 1859. During his first year as a professor, Agassiz and Gould published ‘Principles of Zoology” in Boston at the firm of Gould’s brother: Gould, Kendall and Lincoln. The slim volume went through an English edition, and in Germany it was translated and printed in 1851 and revised in 1852, an edition which enjoyed three more printings, the last in 1872.
“TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES.’—Amos Binney, one of the founders of the Boston Society of Natural History, was a man of wealth and taste who made the Society and the Boston Athen- aeum the objects of his special interest. He was the one who made it possible for the Society to begin the publication of its records. Once, he offered to the Society about 2,000 species of shells from his own rich collection, provided that other members matched his donation with species not in his collection. Those conditions were soon met, with the result that some 4,000 species were added to the Society’s collec- tion. Binney’s large and important library was open to all and was deposited with the Society at the time of his death, March 1847, in Rome, where he had gone for his health. He left unfinished a monu- mental work, “The Terrestrial Air-Breathing Mollusks of the United States,” accompanied with instructions that his executors appoint someone to complete the task. This was admirably accomplished by Dr. Gould. No expense was spared. The anatomical drawings were prepared by the renowned Dr. Joseph Leidy of Philadelphia, and most of the plates were engraved by Alexander Lawson, rated among the best craftsmen of his time. The result, in 1851 and 1857, was one of the most artistic monographs on American Mollusca ever printed in the United States, rivaled only by another project of Lawson’s, a work on fresh-water mollusks.
MEXICAN WAR NATURALISTS.—During the War with Mexico sev- eral collections of shells were made on the West Coast of the United States and Mexico by officers of the United States armed forces.
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Colonel E. Jewett, who travelled to Panama as a private collec- tor in January 1849, spent ten weeks in that region, visiting the island of Taboga. From there he went to San Francisco, where he spent four months exploring the shore for about 50 miles around the head of the bay. Then he spent a week at Monterey and finally went to Santa Barbara, where he collected along the coast as far south as San Buenaventura [Ventura]. He gathered about 225 spe- cies, which were sent to Dr. Gould for determination. A number of them proved to be new and were described by Gould in the Boston Journal of Natural History. Some of them were figured. Many of these shells have been found in the ‘‘Gould Type Collection.”
According to P. P. Carpenter (1864, p. 535), Jewett was a very accurate collector and an unsurpassed field paleontologist. Carpenter mentions that by 1864 the collection was in the possession of Jewett’s daughter, Mrs. Boyce of Utica, New York. In 1866 Carpenter (p. 278) says that the Recent mollusks “have become the property of a college in New York State.”’ The college did not survive and the shells were dispersed. K. Van Winkle Palmer (1958, p. 18) says that “most of the shells are now in the United States National Museum, Peter Redpath Museum at McGill University, Montreal, Cornell University, or are lost.”
Major William Rich had been on the United States Exploring Expedition and was not a novice as a collector of shells. During the war he was able to make a collection of some 1380 species, all with good locality data, which were sent to Gould and, again, some proved to be new to science. Carpenter (1864, p. 540) says that Rich collected specimens in good condition. He visited San Fran- cisco, Monterey, San Diego, and San Pedro in California. In Mexico, he collected at La Paz, San José, and Mazatlan. In 1863 his collec- tion was in his home in Washington, D.C., opposite the British Legation, destined, in Carpenter’s words, “for one of the public museums in the neighborhood.” Judging from the number of Rich’s lots in the U.S. National Museum, it is probable that the collection was presented to that institution.
Lt. Thomas P. Green of the United States Navy had collections which covered about the same area as the two above. It was a credit to Gould’s reputation that each of these naturalists chose him to identify their collections and to describe the new species. While many of these shells were located in the “Gould Type Collection” from the New York State Museum, now on permanent loan at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, over 20 of the types have not been found. Gould must have had most of them in 1856 since, according to P. P. Carpenter (1856 [1857] Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 198), “Dr. Gould sent over the whole of his collections from the
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Pacific Shores of North America.’’ Because most of Gould’s species are noted in the resultant work to which his name is attached as joint author and because I did not find any of the types in the Carpenter collection in Montreal, it may be assumed that the species were lost in transit or that they were returned to Gould and thence to the original collectors.
The North Pacific Exploring Expedition
In 1853 the United States sent out a second expedition, known as the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under the command of Cap- tain Ringgold and later Captain Rodgers. Its purpose was to obtain knowledge of the seas surrounding Japan and the extreme northern regions of the Pacific Ocean. The naturalist chosen to accompany the expedition was William Stimpson, who was already known for his dredging and other work along the Atlantic coast.
WILLIAM STIMPSON.—William was born in the Roxbury district of Boston on February 14, 1832, to Herbert H. Stimpson and Mary Ann Brewster. His father was a prosperous dealer in stoves and ranges at Congress and Water Streets. Young Stimpson was educated in the public schools, and in September 1847, when only 16, he entered the upper class of Boston High School and was graduated the following July. Even before this, we are told, he had become interested in natural history. A copy of Dr. Gould’s ‘Invertebrata of Massachu- setts’? came to his attention. He went to call on the Doctor to see if he could secure a copy of his own. Dr. Gould gave him an order on the state librarian for a copy and the joy with which William marched out of the State House with the volume was a story he often related in later years. In addition, Gould brought Stimpson to the attention of Agassiz and introduced the youth to the Boston Society of Natural History.
The boy’s relatives were anxious that he should go into business; his trips to the seashore and his dredging expeditions were not looked upon with favor. He was sent out with a civil engineer, but his em- ployer reported that he was too fond of collecting land snails to make a good surveyor. He was then allowed to enter the Latin School in 1848. The following summer he succeeded in accompanying a fishing smack to Grand Manan, where he studied the marine animals. Still against strong family opposition, he was permitted to join the workers at Agassiz’ laboratory at Harvard in October 1850. On December 4, 1850, he was appointed Curator of Mollusks at the Boston Society of Natural History. He held this post until May 18, 1853, when at the age of 21, he was appointed naturalist to the North Pacific Exploring Expedition.
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The expedition left Lynnhaven Bay, New Jersey, on June 11, 1853. The vessels included the John Hancock, Fenimore Cooper, Porpoise, Kennedy, Susquehanna, and Vincennes. The Porpoise and the Vin- cennes had been on the earlier United States Exploring Expedition, the latter vessel having been Wilkes’ flagship. Now under the com- mand of Captain Ringgold, the ship was boarded by William Stimpson as Official zoologist. I will let Stimpson tell his own story of the expe- dition by presenting excerpts from his unpublished journal, beginning with the first port visited after leaving the United States.
STIMPSON’S JOURNAL.—
July 8, 1853. On Friday at 11 o’clock made the N.W. point of Madeira.
July 9. [Anchored in Funchal.] Dredged the harbor, chiefly in fourteen to twenty fathoms, sandy bottom, and got shells of the genera: Venus, Cytherea, Cardium, Tellina, Pectin, Thracia, Mac- tra, Pleurotoma, Mangelia, Ringicula, etc.
July 15. This day I took a ride about the country [in vicinity of Funchal] to hunt for land shells. On account of the dryness of the season, but few were obtained.
July 19. At five in the afternoon the Vincennes passed Palma one of the Canary Islands.
July 28. At twelve o’clock we made land which proved to be the island of Maio. We afterwards made St. Jago Island [Sao Tiago, Cape Verde Islands] and at sunset anchored in the harbor of Porto Praya [Praia].
July 29. Dredged in different parts of the harbor until eight o’clock. The bottom near the town was sand, depth ten, sometimes only five fathoms, yielding Nucula and other bivalves, and a few uni- valves. While dredging the frigate Constitution appeared and lay to nearby while holding communications with the Vincennes.
August 6. N. Lat. 8°18’; W. Long. 17°9’. [At sea.] We spoke today to the ship Arab, thirty days out from Boston and got copies and files of the ‘Boston Journal.”
September 12. S. Lat. 34°37’; E. Long. 18°14’. [Arrival at Cape of Good Hope.| We approached the land, but slowly, giving me an opportunity of using my tow net to advantage. We entered False Bay with an increasing breeze.
September 12 to November 9, 1853. Cape of Good Hope.
Simon’s Town, a British naval station, is a little place of about four hundred inhabitants which is spread along the shores of a slight indentation of the coast on the West Side of False Bay, about six miles from its head which is called Simon’s Bay. The shores of this little bay consist of dune sands with here and there a rocky ledge projecting above it at low water, with scattered
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boulders and fragments lying about and above them. The bay bottom is sandy with a depth of about six to twelve fathoms, deepening as the larger bay [False Bay] is approached, in which there is a depth of from twenty to forty fathoms, with a coarse sandy or gravelly bottom containing ledges of rock.
[About three weeks were spent collecting in this area; Stimpson made a three-day trip to Capetown before the squadron was put under sailing orders on November 5.]
December 23. S. Lat. 35°55’; E. Long. 151°10’. At noon the coast of New Holland, or Australia, was in sight to the westward. It had the appearance of low land, forming a succession of clumps along the horizon, with considerable uniformity of height.
December 25. S. Lat. 33°50’; E. Long. 151°52’. Sunday.—
Today is Christmas, but we are disappointed in our hopes of eating our Christmas dinner ashore. The entrance of Port Jackson, with the lighthouse was, however, visible in the after- noon, when it unfortunately fell calm, preventing us from reaching the shore this day.
December 26. At daylight we commenced beating in to the mouth of the harbor, which we entered at eight o’clock and at nine we anchored below Garden Island, and about 2% miles from the town of Sydney. The harbor was one of the most beautiful I have ever seen, the verdure descending to the water’s edge. It is so land locked and its waters are so smooth, that it presents rather the appearance of a pond of fresh water than an inlet of the sea. The depth of the water is everywhere nearly the same (from nine to twelve fathoms) there being only one shoal in the harbor (the Sow and Pigs, near the entrance) so that for the purpose of commerce it is one of the finest in the world. In the afternoon I took a boat and examined the shores. The rocks of the first and second sub-regions were inhabited by several species of crabs and a great variety of littoral mollusks of the genera Trochus, Mododonta, Nerita, Purpura, Littorina, Siphonaria and Patella, there being in all about eight species of these genera, all very common, and all of about equal size (the Littorina excepted), three-fourths of an inch in diameter.
December 27. This day was spent in the city of Sydney, which I found to be a large place of 60,000 inhabitants, and having fine buildings, the private residences even being built of sandstone. I visited the shop of Mr. Wilcox, natural history dealer, whom I found to be a man of information, and I spent several hours very agreeably in examining the curious forms of mammalia and birds peculiar to Australia, of which Mr. W. had a very full collection.
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December 28. Today I went on a dredging excursion to the mouth of the harbor, with Mr. Wilcox, in my little sheet-iron boat the “Pollywog.”” We visited the celebrated Trigonia locality near the ‘‘Sow and Pigs,” and dredged, besides many living Trigoniae, some thirty or forty more species of shells.
December 29. I spent this day in the city, examining Wilcox’s collection. That gentleman gave me some curious accounts of some naturalists whom I had long known by reputation, and did not dream of finding in propria persona in this part of the world. He informed me that Macleay, the originator of the “circular theory” of classification in natural history was now residing at this place, and that Swainson who carried out that theory so fully in zoology was now wandering in these parts, poor and neglected, though still hopelessly moping over zoological subjects, though old and past active and useful labor in the field of science. As I listened to Wilcox’s account the conceit entered my mind that these two men were banished, as it were, from the scientific world of the Atlantic shores, for the great crime of burdening zoology with the false though much labored theory which has thrown so much confusion into the subject of its classification and philosophical study. In the afternoon I visited the officers of a new French clipper ship now lying in this port, by whom I was treated with the extreme politeness so charac- teristic of Frenchmen, which contrasts so strongly with the selfish and often contemptuous silence of Englishmen when meeting gentlemen having no formal introduction, and with the awkward- ness of Americans in a similar situation. This night I spent ashore at the Royal Hotel, where I met two or three gentlemen from Boston, one of whom had resided in Cambridge, close to my father’s residence.
December 31. This morning I visited the Sydney Museum (of Science) where I found a very scientific man, Mr. Wall, Curator of the Natural History Department. He showed me many interesting shells, and many unique cetacean skeletons.
January 1, 1854. . . . formed a party to visit the monument of La Perouse at Botany Bay. After a ride of about seven miles through sandy country, and passing through a grove, we arrived at the Sir Joseph Banks Hotel (named after the great naturalist who accompanied Cook on his first voyage and who landed here). After a good dinner, of which Boston ice was no unwelcome con- comitant, we took a boat and proceeded down the bay... .
January 5. Through the kindness of our Commander in offering me the use of his boat, I visited the [British Surveying Ship] Herald. Her naturalist, Mr. MacGillivray, was not on board.
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January 6. Today officers of the Herald and afterward Mr. Mac- Gillivray, visited our ship. I find the lower marine animals of these seas have been little investigated, with the exception of Huxley’s examinations of the Hydroid Polypi, and Mr. Mac- Gillivray advises me to publish many species which I have found in this harbor, as nothing has yet been done in this field.
January 7. We are now under sailing orders, and remain on board, waiting for a fair wind.
January 8. At sunrise we got underway and proceeded down the harbor, but the wind failing, we anchored outside of the ‘Sow and Pigs.’’ At noon, however, a stiff southerly breeze sprung up, and we got underway again at one o’clock and stood out of the harbor and on our course to the eastward at the rate of six knots per hour.
January 14. S. Lat. 26°41’; E. Long. 159°37’. Coral Sea.
January 20. S. Lat. 20°07’; E. Long. 160°37’. Coral Sea. Passed a shoal, dredged and found twelve species of bivalves and one hundred and five of univalves.
January 30. S. Lat. 13°40’; E. Long. 162°24’.
February 3. Western Pacific. Sighted the Island of Oury and Vani- koro [Santa Cruz Islands] where La Perouse was shipwrecked.
February 24. N. Lat. 6°47’; E. Long. 158°30’. Close to the South- side of Bornabi [sic]. Not permitted to land.
March 1. Same thing at Guam. Then left for Hong Kong.
March 14. Formosa was sighted.
March 18. Spent the day in Macao.
March 25. Hong Kong.
March 28. Sick with Influenza. Susquehanna brings news that Commodore Perry was on the point of making a treaty with the Japanese opening their ports to our commerce.
April 4. Today I tried the trawl for the first time on a muddy bottom in the bay west of the Kowloon Peninsula [opposite Hong Kong, China]; its success was very satisfactory. Porpoise arrived hay- ing gone from the Cape of Good Hope around Van Diemen’s Land [Tasmania] via New Ireland, [Bismarck Archipelago] and the Buskee Passage.
April 12. Dredged in the channel of Hong Kong Harbor, on a shelly bottom in from six to ten fathoms.
May 24. Arrival of Propeller Hancock. Captain Rodgers had been four months surveying in the passages between Borneo and Sumatra, and had done a great deal of work as might have been expected from the well-known energy and efficient character of Captain Rodgers. They had collected many shells. [Kennedy the store ship had also arrived in Hong Kong at this time.]
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May 30. Interviewed a Mr. Squires, who had been engaged in Batavia by Captain Rodgers, he had made a collection of marine animals from the Gaspar Straits.
June 10. Our ship the Vincennes is about to proceed to Canton as the European residents there, among whom are numerous Amer- icans, are said to be in danger of an attack from the insurgents, who are making demonstrations against the city.
June 11. Canton. During three days we lay at our anchorage in Whamoa Reach. Then Commodore Perry arrived on the U.S. Mississippi and we were relieved.
August 7. News came that Commander Ringgold was relieved of his command. [For some time he had been very ill and quite mad. ]
August 12 to 31. All of the stores were removed from the Kennedy since it had been condemned as an exploring vessel. Some of the stores were brought on board the Vincennes and the remainder stored ashore at the Naval Store House.
September. [At this time the following ships were assembled in Hong Kong: ship Vincennes, under Captain Rodgers; steamer John Hancock, under H. K. Stevens; brig Porpoise, Acting Com- mander William Bridge; schooner Fenimore Cooper, Acting Lieu- tenant Commander C. Gibson. The Susquehanna was sent home via Japan.]
September 9. Hancock and Cooper sailed for surveying cruise up China Coast as far as Korea.
September 12 to 30. China Seas: N. Lat. 21°52’ and E. Long. 114°09’; N. Lat. 22°25’ and HE. Long. 123°53’.
October 1. N. Lat. 23°; E. Long. 125°36’.
October 3. Made Ty-pin-san [Taipinsan] one of the Meca-co-sima [Miyako-jima] Group.
October 18. Reached Bonin Islands.
October 19. Port Lloyd. Made a haul of the dredge in ten fathoms. Dredged in a place called “Ten Fathom Hole” and got many minute shells. The collection of shells secured here is smaller than would have been the case had not more important subjects claimed attention, for there was no lack of specimens; large cowries, (C. mauritiana) Strombs, and other kinds being abundant. A Patella two inches in diameter, and strongly ribbed, which I have seen nowhere else, was frequent on the rocks. The number of species found was one hundred and ten, at least forty of which also occur at Loo Choo [Okinawa] or on the Chinese Coast. The Bonins are a collection of small islands stretching along for about one hundred miles in the direction of the meridian and forming three distinct groups. The center one of which contains the largest (Peal) island, about five miles in diameter, in which the
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harbor is called Port Lloyd. They lie in about 27° N. Lat. and 143%° E. Long. They were visited twenty years ago by Beechey and Lutke and last year by Commodore Perry, who went through some form of taking possession and appointing a governor, whose name is Savery. The inhabitants are about thirty in number, mostly runaway whalemen with wives brought from the Sand- wich [Hawaiian] Islands. They live by cultivating small patches of sweet potatoes, lemon trees, etc., and furnishing fresh provisions to the whalers which frequently stop here for water and refresh- ments. They appear, however, to be very idle, and intoxicated most of the time.
November 6. Passed out of Port Lloyd, narrowly escaping being
jammed against the South Head.
November 17. Anchored near some sandy coral islands near Napa
Harbor. Great Loo Choo [Okinawa] is the largest and most southerly of the chain of islands which extend southward from Japan. It is about sixty miles in length and rather less than twenty in average breadth. The land is moderately elevated. In the southern part is the capital town Shui, a distance of about three miles from Napa, the chief port. Half a mile north of Napa is Tusui. At this place our boats usually landed, and for its convenience a spot was selected here for our shore establishment.
[Dredging was not too successful.] As is usual in tropical and subtropical countries the sandy and muddy bottoms in depths exceeding two fathoms are almost barren of marine animals. Wherever there is coral, the marine fauna seems always to be almost entirely concentrated upon it, and while its groves afford a rich field, but little can be found on the other stations of the locality. In zoology, Loo Choo may be said to be chiefly dis- tinguished for the number and variety of its shells. We obtained nearly four hundred species during the time of our stay. It should be mentioned however, that but few of these were obtained alive, as our chief collecting ground was the beach northward from Tusui.
Here one might have spent many days in active search without exhausting its riches, for after the larger and more beautiful species were collected, there remained a host of minute shells, mostly valuable only to the systematic conchologist, which really seemed interminable in number, for each handful of coral sand would afford a new form. The search of this beach offered an unfailing resource, whenever the other objects of our collecting excursions proved unattainable. The living shells, with a consid- erable variety of other marine animals were obtained chiefly on
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 25
the outer reefs, which run parallel to the shore at a distance of a mile or more.
The chief ground for terrestrial collecting was a range of well cultivated level land lying along the shore north of Tusui, and overhung by a cliff of coral rock . . . much of this land was terraced and portions of it ditched and banked into paddy fields, the water being supplied by two or three springs which gushed out of the base of the cliffs. Here were found several species of Melaniae and other fresh-water shells, one of which will form a new genus resembling Rissoa. Land shells of half a dozen species were found on the shrubs and among the piles of stones. Two of these (Helices) are common to Loo Choo and to nearly all the Japanese Islands and China. A small Trochus-like Helix and a Truncatella occurred at the foot of the cliffs.
December 13. Sailed from Loo Choo [Okinawa].
December 18. Made land. The islands of the Chinese coast near Chusan. Did not land, but left the survivors of the wreck of the W. H. Layward [who were picked up on Okinawa] with the clipper Nightingale.
December 23. Among the rocky islands of the S.E. Japanese coast.
December 28. Rounded the “Peak Horner’ a regularly conical mountain of some 2000 feet in height, and commenced beating up Kagoshima Bay. At each tack I threw over the dredge, and got a variety of small shells, chiefly of a curious genus allied to Mar- garita. Spent nine days in the Bay. Were invited to leave by local authorities, but demanded wood and water, since by Perry’s treaty United States ships could visit any port when distressed for supplies. Dredging was good in the Bay.
January 9, 1855. Dredged at Tanegasima [Tanega-shima].
January 12. N. Lat. 28°11’; E. Long. 129°35’. Made Kikaia Island [Kikaigashima, Ryukyu Islands]. Did not land until the 18th. My examinations for the short time allowed were confined to the sea shore, the tide being fortunately out.
January 21. N. Lat. 28°11’; E. Long. 129°35’. Kikaia was still in plain sight, while the larger island Ousima [Amami-O-shima, Ryukyu Islands] could be seen with its numerous bays. Having opportunities of landing at several places, I made a considerable collection of Invertebrates. In a brook which entered the sea in one spot I found a Melania, a Planorbis . . . the two common Loo Chooan species of Helix were also found here.
January 24. Left Ousima. Passed Kageruma [Kakeroma] running due south so as to pass to the Eastward of Loo Choo on the way to Hong Kong.
26 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
January 27. Passed close to windward of Botel Tobago Kima [Hungtow Island or Hungt’ou Hsii] and in the night hauled to the southward around the south end of Formosa passing betweed Gadd Rock [Kaot’ai Shih or Gaddo Yen] and Vele Rete Rock [Ch’insing Yen] into the China Sea.
January 29. Again in Hong Kong. No news of the Porpoise— feared lost. Hancock still at Shanghai—being repaired. It had suffered during the winter cruise. The schooner Fenimore Cooper had also had a hard time. Lieutenant Hunter has died on board the Hancock. Government has confirmed Captain Rodgers in his command, and our Northern cruise is therefore certain.
The Vincennes stayed in Hong Kong to be overhauled. For the first half-month I have been busily employed in describing the new species collected on the late cruise. In doing this I am, of course, confined to my room. The ship is undergoing an overhauling, and the sound of the caulking mallets around and over my head is no great help to patient investigation. I suc- ceeded in bearing it however, with considerable sacrifice to health and had the pleasure of handing to the Commodore descriptions of eighty-one new species, which were sent home for publication.
Hancock and Cooper arrived during the latter part of the month. They had been engaged in surveys on the Northeast coast of China, chiefly in the Gulf of Pee-chee-lee [Chihli] and about the mouth of the Pei-ho [Pai] River.
March. In this month I recommenced marine researches. I did but little dredging however, but confined my operations chiefly to the shores or the Chinese fishing boats which are often quite zoological thesauri. At the end of the month Hancock and Cooper sailed for Loo Choo via coast of Formosa to seek tidings of the Porpoise.
April 6. Vincennes left Hong Kong. Commanded by Commodore Rodgers; Wright, Botanist; Stimpson, Zoologist.
April 11. N. Lat. 22°43’; E. Long. 116°20’. Dredged in China Sea, fifteen to twenty fathoms, grey sand.
April 12. N. Lat. 22°35’; E. Long. 116°53’.. Having had one of my largest dredge frames rigged with a canvas bag and a net bottom, I tried dredging on a large scale this afternoon from the ship in twenty-seven fathoms, sandy bottom. First two hauls rather successful, a moderate quantity of sand being taken which proved to be rich in annelides and mollusks.
April 13. N. Lat. 22°56’; E. Long. 117939’. Dredged in twenty-five to thirty fathoms.
April 19. Back at Loo Choo group.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 27
April 23. Hancock arrived at Loo Choo. I often wish fate had placed me on board the Hancock as she visits all the out of the way places where novelties in natural history may tend to be found, while the Vincennes generally drops anchor only in sea ports which have been previously well searched.
April 27. Got underway with Hancock and Cooper. Coasted along west coast of Loo Choo heading north. Passed between Mont- gomery Island and Great Loo Choo.
During the next few days the vessels passed to westward of Oukai [Okinoerabu-shima, Ryukyu Islands] rounded the western end of Katowaisima [Kakeroma]| and ran into the strait which separated this island from Ousima [Amami-O-shima]. Dredged at the mouth of a small cove.
May 3. Hancock arrives. Cooper has proceeded up coast of Ousima [Amami-O-shima]. I found several curious species of land shells.
May 6. Resumed trip.
May 7. Passed Tukara [Ko Takara Shima] and Sabine Island.
May 11. N. Lat. 34°22’; E. Long. 138°06’. Made land, Coast of Nippon [Japan].
May 13. Resolved to run for our port of Simoda [Shimoda] as it had been surveyed. Remained a fortnight. There were no good beaches or rich sea bottom.
May 28. Left.
June 7. Beat up bay of Island of Jesso [Yezo= Hokkaido] and reached Hakodadi [Hakodate]. In the middle of Hakodadi Bay there is an extensive area of shelly and gravelly bottom in from eight to fourteen fathoms.
June 26. Left Hakodadi.
July 7. N. Lat. 50°39’; E. Long. 159°32’.
July 8. Saw the mountains of the Kamtschtkan [Kamchatka] coast.
July 9. Passed through the narrow entrance to the broad bay of Awatska [Avacha Bay]. Anchored off the mouth of the small harbor of Petropaulski [Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski] and were immediately visited by two Americans, Chace and Duval. The town is deserted by the Russians and has been, ever since the removal of the English and French fleets last year. Cooper had arrived on the eighth.
July 13. Departed.
August 4. Reached Seniavine Straits [Ostrov Senyavina] and anchored in Glassenappe [Glazenap] Harbor. I commenced dredging operations almost immediately and this business oc- cupied me for the first week of our stay. The bottom of the Straits was mostly muddy, with a depth of from ten to thirty fathoms, but a narrow strip of rocky or gravelly bottom in three 665-231—64—3
28 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
to six fathoms extended along the shore in the immediate vicinity of our encampment. The requisite variety of station was thus easily accessible and I made the requisite collections in a short time without going more than two or three miles from camp in any dredging excursion.
September 13. Camp broke up, and return trip begun.
September 18. Passed west of St. Lawrence Island.
September 23. Aleutian Islands: Passed between Amoutcha [Amukta] and Seguam Islands.
October 13. Made California Coast north of Bodega.
November 13. Arrived in San Francisco to find Cooper and Hancock. From here the expedition was ordered home.
July 11, 1856. Arrived in New York.
GOULD SELECTED TO DO THE REPORT ON MOLLUSKS.—With the return of the expedition, Stimpson went to Washington to work on the collections. His researches on the expedition material were devoted to the invertebrates other than mollusks. According to P. P. Carpenter (1864, p. 582), regarding the shells, “through some unaccountable cause certain of the most valuable boxes were ‘lost’ between New York and Washington; the remainder were placed in the hands of Dr. Gould for description, with the MS. catalogue, a copy of which forms the Mollusca vol. 1, nos. 1-2003 of the Smith- sonian Institution.”
Although the expedition returned in 1855, it was not until 1859 that Gould published the first description of any of the new shells. It is known that he took some of the uncertain shells to London in 1857 to compare them with the H. Cuming collection. There is a group photograph in the British Museum (Natural History) of Gould with Hugh Cuming and Wesley Newcomb (the latter was Gould’s travelling companion). It was Gould’s intention to produce a report on this expedition similar to the one he did on the United States Exploring Expedition.
In the meantime, Stimpson had received many honors and had been made Director of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Shortly after his appointment, the structure housing the Academy burned to the ground. ‘The building and contents had been adequately insured, which made it possible for the Academy to purchase new land and put up a fire-proof building. Here Stimpson assembled the manu- scripts, collections, and engravings of a lifetime. Books and speci- mens which he did not possess were freely lent to him by the Smithsonian and by eastern naturalists.
At Dr. Gould’s death, W. G. Binney was appointed his conchological executor and, at the request of Stimpson, the complete manuscript of the report, along with certain notes, were sent to Chicago. So far as
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 29
can be determined, only the manuscript and not the molluscan types were sent.
On the 8th of October, 1871, a small fire broke out in South Chicago and quickly flared out of control. In 48 hours, most of the city was in ashes and the ‘‘fireproof’’ building of the Chicago Academy, a total loss. The blow apparently was too much for Stimpson. His health declined rapidly and he died the following year, only forty years old.
No journal of the North Pacific Expedition ever appeared. In the files of the National Museum in Washington is a letter from Herbert B. Stimpson, dated January 1930, which states: “I am preparing his letters and diary written during the North Pacific Exploring Expedi- tion, 1853-1855, for publication. Fortunately these documents were at Father’s house in Cambridge [Massachusetts] and were not de- stroyed by the Chicago fire. They were the only documents saved.” Nothing has come of this project and contact with the Stimpson relatives has since been lost.
SUMMARY OF THE TYPES.—We are left, then, with only Gould’s preliminary descriptions of some 375 species presumed to be new; of this number I have been able to locate 223 in the U.S. National Museum. In this institution are two original catalogs, one of which probably was written by Stimpson from April 13 to May 4, 1860. Thirty-six additional species other than those found are enumerated in one or both of these catalogs, and most of the 36 appear to have been missing before the whole collection was recataloged at a later time. While some of these may have been lost, others appear to have been borrowed by P. P. Carpenter and never returned since several types have been found in the Redpath Museum with the original U.S. National Museum numbers written on slips in the vials.
It is impossible to ascertain why many of the types from this expe- dition were burdened with two USNM numbers; however, in those lots which contained more than one specimen, the holotype or lecto- type was assigned the original number; the paratypes, the subsequent one. Some holotypes still have the double number but, since some of these have already appeared in print, it has been thought best to leave them as they are. Twenty-three species not found in the U.S. Na- tional Museum have been discovered in the so-called ‘‘Gould Type Collection’? now on permanent loan at the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Boston or in the general MCZ collection. There are some 87 species of which I have found no trace. It is possible that a few of these may be in the British Museum (Natural History) since Gould left examples of some of the new species with H. Cuming. In all proba- bility, however, the number of missing types will not be greatly re- duced. Almost all of the types of new species collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition not previously illustrated are figured in
30 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
this paper. All of the species figured by Yen (1944) have been re- figured, many from new photographs.
If the type lot contained only one specimen and if the measurements approximated those given in the original description, that example has been regarded as the holotype. When there were several syntypes and it was not clear which one was the measured specimen, a lectotype was chosen. In all cases, the actual measurements of the figured type are given on the plate captions.
Gould: Later Years
REPUBLICATION OF THE ‘‘INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.”— The description of the mollusks of the North Pacific Exploring Expe- dition was Dr. Gould’s last important work on new material. During his latter years, he was engaged in revising his ‘‘ Invertebrata of Massa- chusetts” at the request of the state legislature, which had appro- priated $4,000 for the task. At the time of Dr. Gould’s death in 1866, the work remained incomplete. Happily, William G. Binney, the son of Amos Binney, was appointed to finish the task. Since Gould had completed the work of Binney’s father on the terrestrial mollusks of the United States, it was fitting that these two names should again be joined in authorship.
Twelve hundred copies of the new edition of the ‘‘Invertebrata of Massachusetts’ were published, one for each member of the legislature and one for each public library in the state. Fifty remaining copies were distributed through the trustees of the State Library.
DeratH OF GouLD.—As previously mentioned, Gould was first of all a physician. He was active in the medical societies of Boston and Massachusetts and he served as an officer of more than one of these groups. For several years he was a consulting physician at the Massachusetts General Hospital. According to his daughter’s ac- count, Gould encouraged and advised Dr. W. T. G. Morton, the re- puted discoverer of ether, suggesting for the first apparatus the use of a valve that helped to produce complete insensibility. Gould was in attendance when Dr. John Collins Warren performed the first opera- tion with the new anesthetic.
It is reported from old accounts that Gould was genial and drew friends around him, retaining the old and attracting the new. He did not possess the emotions of an enthusiast but rather was of a calm, contemplative nature, with clear preception and awareness of his surroundings. He was a religious man and for more than 30 years a constant member of the Baptist church, practicing religion rather than talking about it. According to W. H. Dall, Dr. Gould ‘was tall
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD ak
and spare, with dark hair and dark grey eyes, his countenance full of character and benevolence. When greeting others in whom he was interested, especially young students, his face had a winning expres- sion not to be forgotten” (Dall, 1905, p. 104). It is not surprising that Dall remembered the good Doctor thus, for in 1863, when Dall was 18 years old, he had gone to call on Dr. Gould, as had William Stimpson some years before. He too received every encouragement and Dr. Gould presented his name to the Boston Society of Natural History, where he was admitted as a student member and excused from fees.
On the afternoon of September 14, 1866, Dr. Gould suffered an attack of Asiatic cholera and the following morning before dawn, he was dead. He was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts, not far from his friend Amos Binney.
The following excerpt from a letter of Julia N. Gould to W. H. Dall, dated March 22, 1918, is a fitting summary of Dr. Gould’s life:
Among my father’s writings not for the public eye—I find the follow- ing: “I have risen by industry and self-denial from the rude mountain farmer boy to a notable standing in an honorable profession in a large
city, and from association with rustics have come to be an associate with the most scientific men of the day both home and abroad.”’
Disposition of the Gould Shell Collection
At Dr. Gould’s death, his collection of ‘‘sixty thousand specimens” was not placed, as had been expected, in the Boston Society of Natural History, where Gould had labored so long and with such zeal. Instead, it was sold for $6,000 in 1867 to the New York State Museum in Albany, New York. The supposed types of 362 species were separated as ‘The Gould Type Collection,” placed in glass-topped boxes, and deposited in the director’s office. A list of this collection was pub- lished in the Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the New York State Museum (1875, pp. 47-55).
In this portion of the collection the present author has been able to locate a number of Dr. Gould’s figured or measured holotypes. Some of the lots proved not to be types and a few were syntypes of John Gundlach’s Cuban shells, but the majority were as represented. Through the kindness of Dr. W. N. Fenton, Director of the New York State Museum, this portion of the collection was placed on permanent loan in 1959 with the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The remainder of the Gould collection of some 10,000 lots, as well as the rest of the New York State Museum col-
32 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
lection of Recent mollusks, had been placed also on permanent loan with the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., several years earlier.
In a letter dated January 28, 1959, Dr. Fenton granted permission for these two institutions to divide the collection as they saw fit. Accordingly, whenever a lot from the ‘‘Type Collection” in the Cam- bridge museum contained more than one specimen, a paratype was sent to the museum in Washington. All catalog numbers of these paratype lots are included in the present paper. Possibly even more of Gould’s types will be found in the main collection; in any event, it should prove to contain types from Gould’s contemporaries. At the present time the collection is not available for study.
Summary of Gould’s Types of Mollusca
Gould early recognized the importance of types. In 1848, in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (vol. 3, p. 5) there is the following note: ‘‘Dr. Gould made some remarks upon the importance of depositing in public cabinets, whenever they could be procured, the identical specimens from which the species had been described, and also of authentic specimens labelled by describers themselves, and so designating them that the fact should appear.”
In all, Gould described 1088 species of Mollusca, including 23 genera and subgenera. ‘There were 433 species described from the United States Exploring Expedition, of which I have been able to locate types of all but 110. From the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, 374 new species were described; of these, 125 have not been found. Some 271 species were described from Massachusetts, California, Liberia, and other places; of this group, 102 have not been located.
Thus, out of 1088 species described, type material of all but some 340 has been found. Of these missing species, 77 were naked mollusks and have long since been lost, if they were preserved at all. It is possible that a few of the remaining 263 species that are missing will still be found. In spite of the lapse of over 100 years, it has been rather surprising, in view of Dr. Gould’s philosophy, not to have found the various types better marked.
Collections Studied for This Work
The collection of the U.S. National Museum has been carefully studied by the present author for the types of the United States Exploring Expedition and the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, as well as for Jewett, Rich, and miscellaneous types.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 33
The Museum of Comparative Zoology, which contains the Massa- chusetts State Cabinet and the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, which itself contains important contemporary col- lections, including material from Couthouy and Stimpson, has been carefully checked. The Peter Redpath Museum in Montreal, which contains the P. P. Carpenter collection, also has been reviewed. Finally, the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and the Newcomb collection at Cornell University have been drawn upon.
There are probably types of some of the species in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the British Museum (Natural History), but it is doubtful if these collections will contain types of species not already located.
The Species of Recent Mollusca Described by Augustus Addison Gould
With Their Original References and Type Localities, Including the Location of the Types When Known
This catalog is arranged alphabetically by species and includes the original genus, the year and place of description (when required the month can often be determined by checking the bibliography of Gould in this paper), the type locality and collector (in parentheses), and the original measurements. Reference is made also to the first figure of a type if not originally figured. Further, the kind of type found is stated—holotype, paratype, syntype, lectotype, ideotype, metatype— with its museum number.
The terms ideotype [idiotype] and metatype are unfamiliar enough to require some explanation. An ideotype is any specimen identi- fied by the original author as his own. A metatype is any specimen identified by the original author as his own from the type locality. In general, these categories have been employed only when no primary types were found.
Some of Gould’s measurements were given in the original descrip- tions as ‘‘poll.’”’ (pollex=thumb). This is equal to one inch or 25.4 mm. All the measurements given in this list appear as they did originally, some in poll., or inches (e.g., long. 2%, lat. 1, alt. 124in.), and some in millimeters (e.g., long. 20, alt. 17, lat. 12 mm.). In the plate legends, however, all measurements are in millimeters (mm.) and refer to the specimen figured here, whether holotype or lectotype. Meas- urements of gastropods represent the maximum height and maximum width. Gould used a number of terms in his measurements: height or axis; diameter or width; long., alt., lat-——or length, height, width. On the place legends height and width are used for the gastropods; length, height, and width, for the pelecypods.
I have not attempted to locate every paratype and syntype though I have included in this list most of those found in the United States National Museum and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Once the holotype was located, the search for paratypes seemed less urgent.
All locality data in brackets contained in the present report are additions to already published records. This bracketed material has been obtained from original labels or ‘The Columbia Lippincott Gazeteer of the World’ (1952), the ‘Encyclopedia Britannica
34
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD a)
World Atias” (1944), and the ‘National Geographic Atlas of the World” (1963) as an attempt to bring the locality data up to date. Parentheses enclose the locality data and also indicate original sub- genera, which are exactly as originally published. In addition to the above use, brackets also indicate Gould’s subsequent generic concepts, mostly as modified in his “Otia Conchologia.”’ Except as otherwise indicated, Gould is the sole author of all names. The few names accompanied by Gould’s name in quotes, with no author following, are nomina nuda from anonymous papers. In the citations from the atlas of the shells of the United States Exploring Expedition, a comma between a figure and its letter indicates, for example, that fig. 152, a-b, consists of figs. 152, 152a, 152b. No comma (fig. 152a) indicates that the reference is to a specific figure. The following abbreviations are used:
BJNH—Boston Journal of Natural History
BSNH—Boston Society of Natural History
MCZ—Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
NPEE—North Pacifie Exploring Expedition
NYSM—New York State Museum, Albany, New York
PBSNH—Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History
Redpath Mus.—Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
USEE—United States Exploring Expedition
USN M—United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.
abbreviata, Mysia Plate 26, fig. 5 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 32 (Hong Kong Harbor [China], W. Stimpson), long. 20, alt. 17, lat. 12 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 171. Half measured holotype USNM 541. NPEE.
abbreviatus, Solecurtus: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 26 (Hong Kong Harbor [China], W. Stimpson), long. 45, lat. 10, alt. 20 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 164. NPEE.
abjecta, Helix: 1848, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 40 (southwestern states, J. Bartlett), diam. %, axis % in.; 1851, 7n A. Binney, Terr. Moll. USS., vol. 2, p. 122, pl. 13a, fig. 2 (Arkansas: in the region of Washita Springs); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 204. Syntype MCZ 72831 ex J. G. Anthony from A. A. Gould.
Not Lowe 1831, changed by Gould to Helix divesta, in A. Binney, 1851, Terr. Moll. U.S., vol. 2, p. 358. Gould further states that his H. dejecta [nomen nudum] not Petit 1842 is the same species.
abnormis, Hyala Plate 5, fig. 2 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 408 (China Sea: coral regions), long. 1.7, lat. 6 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 152. Holotype USNM 392, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 568, pl. 50, figs. 34, 35. NPEE.
36 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
achates, Chiton (Acanthochaetes): 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 165 (Kikaia [Kikaigashima, Ryukyu Islands]; Hakodadi [Hakodate] Bay [Japan], W. Stimpson), long. 30, lat. 20 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch, p. 118. 3 Syntypes MCZ 169031 ex NYSM 168, original no. A 3165. NPEE.
Pilsbry, 1893, Manual of Conchology, ser. 1, vol. 15, p. 18, says, “One of the original specimens of this species is before me, but it is so erroded that the characters are quite obscured.”
achates, Chlorostoma Plate 10, fig. 4 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 20 (Simoda [Shimoda, Japan], W. Stimp- son), diam. 1.75, axis 1.50 in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 158. Lecto- type, here selected, MCZ 169032 ex NYSM 182, original no. G 2416; paratype MCZ 88088 ez BSNH 4037 from W. Stimpson; 4 speci- mens Redpath Mus. 52, labeled “Type” but from Hakodadi and Ousima. NPEE.
achates, Odostomia: 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 385, pl. 14, fig. 13 (Mazatlan [Mexico], E. Jewett), length %, breadth % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 186. Holotype MCZ 169030 ex NYSM 43, origi- nal nos. 288 and A 3111, refigured by Dall and Bartsch, 1909, USNM Bull. 68, p. 28, pl. 1, fig. 10.
acicula, Stilifer: 1849, PBNSH, vol. 3, p. 84 (Feejee [Fiji] Islands, in Holothuria, Drayton), long. %, lat. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 207, pl. 14, fig. 246,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 54, 245. Figured holotype USNM 5645; 10 paratypes MCZ 169033 ea NYSM 48, original no. A 3503; 3 paratypes MCZ 155928 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label); 8 paratypes MCZ 135684 ex BSNH 2564.
aciculum, Dentalium: 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 165 (coast of China, 23°50’N., in sand, 25 fathoms, W. Stimpson), long. 30, diam. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 119. Holotype USNM 24149, figured by Pilsbry, 1897, Manual of Conchology, ser. 1, vol. 17, p. 93, pl. 17. figs. 65-67; paratype MCZ 169033, ex NYSM 145, original no. G 2405; paratype MCZ 216577 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label). NPEE.
acinosa, Nassa: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 154 (hab.?), long. %o, lat. 40 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 261, pl. 19, fig. 329,a,b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 69. Two syntypes USNM 5725, both smaller than measured specimen.
acinosa, Peronia: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 291, pl. 21, fig. 384, (Feejee [Fiji] Islands), long. 1}, lat. %{ in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 226.
acinosus, Trochus [Tectus]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 92 (New Zealand), diam. %, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 179, pl. 13, fig. 217,a-c; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 57, 245. Figured holotype USNM 5617.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD an
actutus, Ziziphinus Plate 15, fig. 14 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 19 (Eastern Coral Seas, W. Stimpson), axis 4, diam. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch, p. 157. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 24157, original no. 414, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 564, pl. 50, figs. 6, 7. NPEE.
aculeus, Cingula Plate 10, fig. 6 1841, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 266, fig. 172 (on stones about low water mark, at East Boston, [Massachusetts]), length %, breadth ¥, in.; divergence 23°. Mentioned as being in BSNH 2359, now lost, and in Massachusetts State Cabinet 32; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 182; 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 299, fig. 568 [genus changed to Rissoa]. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 152869 ex Massachu- setts State coll.; 3 paratypes MCZ 225217 from same lot.
acuminata, Achatinella [Leptachatina]: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 200 (Kauai, Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands), long. 1%, lat. in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 87, pl. 7, fig. 100; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 35, 244.
“Single broken specimen in Smithsonian [USNM 5502]. A care- ful search through Gould’s collection in Albany did not produce another specimen.”” C. M. Cooke, 1911, im Pilsbry, Manual of Conchology, ser. 2, vol. 21, p. 5.
acuminata, Alvania Plate 12, fig. 1 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 402 (Bonin Islands, W. Stimpson), axis 3, diam. 1 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 146. Measured holotype USNM 943. NPEE.
acuminata, Littorina: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 84 (Mangsi Island [Strait of Balabac]), long. %o, lat. 4 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 200, pl. 14, fig. 239,a,b; 1862, Otia Conch, p. 53. Holotype USNM 5638; 2 paratypes USNM 612325; paratype MCZ 169035 er NYSM 81, original no. G 2564; paratype MCZ 136620 ex BSNH 5419; paratype MCZ 119415 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
acuminata, Monoptygma Plate 4, fig. 8 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 406 (Ousima [Amami-O-shima, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), axis 6, diam. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 150. Measured holotype USNM 24255, original no. 2101; para- type MCZ 169036 ex NYSM 46, original no. G 2458. NPEE.
adunca, Neaera: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 24 (Kagoshima Bay [Japan], sandy mud, 12-15 fathoms, W. Stimpson), long. 5, lat. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 162. Type lot USNM 1296, not located. NPEE.
adunca, Scrobincularis (Capsa): 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p.¥28 (Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), long. 22, alt. 15, lat. 10 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 167. NPEE.
38 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
aduncum, Cerithium: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 119 (Mindanao [Philippine Islands], long. 1, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 147, pl. 10, fig. 167,a,b; 1856, ibid., Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 502; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 61, 245. Figured Holotype USNM 5567.
aduncus, Ancylus: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 210 (mountain streams, Madeira), long. ¥, lat. %o, alt. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 125, pl. 32, fig. 495,a-c; 1862 Otia Conch., p. 41. Figured holotype USNM 5885; paratype MCZ 169037 ex NYSM 312, original no.
2577.
adusta, Achatina [Carelia]: 1845, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 26 (Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands), long. 1}, lat. 3 in.; Otia Conch., p. 194. Listed by Jay, 1852, Catalogue of Shells in the Jay Collection, p. 214: “Achatinella adusta Gould, Sandwich Islands is Achatinella bicolor Jay.”” No types found in NYSM collection or in Jay collection at Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York.
aeruginosa, Helix Plate 36, fig. 7 1855, PBSNH, vol. 5, p. 127 (San Francisco, California, Dr. Bige- low), diam. 1%, axis 4 to %o in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 215.
Not Pfeiffer, 1854 [1855] changed Helix arrosa ‘Gould,’ W. G. Binney, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1857, p. 185. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169046 ex NYSM 231, original no. A 5370; 2 paratypes MCZ 169047 ex NYSM 231 and 241, orig- inal nos. A 5370, A 5347, and paratype USNM 611270 from same NYSM lots; paratype USNM 8558.
Aesopus, new genus: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 383; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 138: “The form and aspect of the shell, and the structure of the animal indicate its place to be intermediate between Mitra and Columbella.”” ‘Type species: Aesopus japonicus Gould by monotypy. NPEE.
aestuosa, Neptunea: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 326 (Kagos[h]ima [Japan], W. Stimpson), axis 45, diam. 25 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 123. NPE:
Agadina, new genus: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 486; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 234. ‘Type species: Limacina (?) cucullata Gould by monotypy.
albicincta, Mangelia: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 340 (Loo Choo Seas [off Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), axis 4, diam. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 137. NPEE.
albonodosa Carpenter, Cerithidea: 1856 [1857], in Gould and Car- penter, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 205. See Palmer, 1958, Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 76, p. 175.
albula, Margarita: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 15 (Arctic Seas, W. Stimpson), axis 5, diam. 8 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 154. NPEE.
algida, Natica {Lunatia]: 1848, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 73 (Rio Negro [Argentina]), long. 5%, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol 12, p. 214, pl. 15,
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 39
fig. 256,a (dead specimens obtained at Classet, Oregon); 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 50, 244.
algosus, Mytilus: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 344 (South Seas, long. 1%, lat. 5%, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 450, pl. 41, fig. 566,a (Feejee [Fiji] Islands) ; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 94. 3 syntypes MCZ 154352 [Peru], ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label); syntype MCZ 216829 [Peru], ez BSNH 8287. Not found in USNM.
alternata, Columbella Plate 8, fig. 15 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 8335 (Hong Kong [China], W. Stimpson), axis 3, diam. 1.5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 131. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 24222, original no. 582, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 574, pl. 51, figs. 28, 29. NPEE.
altilis, Cyrena: 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 400, pl. 16, fig. 5 (‘“Mexico,” W. Rich; ‘‘Mazatlan ?” E. Jewett), long. diam. 1%, vert. 1%, trans. 14% in.; one specimen from each locality; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 188; «is regarded as a variety of C. mexicana Broderip and Sowerby.’
T. Prime, 1865, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 7, art. 5, p. 23,
says: “I have examined an original specimen of C. altilis.” Syn- type USNM 2402 ex W. Rich with C. altilis pencilled in one valve, presumably in T. Prime’s hand.
altilis, Emarginula [(Clypidina)| Plate 19, fig. 8 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 162 (Kagos[h]ima Bay [Japan], 10 fathoms, cravelly, W. Stimpson), long. 5, lat. 4, alt. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 116. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 24116. NPEE.
alutaceum, Bittium Plate 12, fig. 11 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 387 (China Seas, W. Stimpson), axis 7, diam. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 142. Lectotype, bere selected, USNM 24179, original no. 531, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. Cali- fornia Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 569, pl. 50, figs. 14,15. NPEE.
alveata, Semele: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 27 (Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), long. 90, alt. 28, lat. 15 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 166. Type lot USNM 1177, not located. NPEE.
ambigua, Pyramidella [Rissoa, Rissoina]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 118 (Cleremont Tonnere Island [Reao], Paumoto [Tuamotu] Islands, Couthouy), axis 4, diam. \ in.; 1852, USEEH, vol. 12, p. 217, pl. 15, fig. 261,a-c [genus changed to Rissoa]; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 60, 245.
ambustus, Fusus: 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 385, pl. 14, fig. 18 (Mazat- lan {Mexico], T. P. Green), length 1%, diam. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 187.
americanus, Solen ensis: 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 42, fig. 366 [Massachusetts].
40 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
ammon, Planorbis: 1855, PBSNH, vol. 5, p. 129 (Cienaga Grande, the Colorado Low Desert [Imperial Co., Calif.], T. H. Webb and W. P. Blake), axis % ad 1, diam. % ad % in.; 1855, mm Blake, Appen- dix, Prel. Geol. Rep., R.R. Route to Pacific, p. 23; 1856, in William- son, Rep. Explor. California for R.R. Routes, vol. 5, pt. 2, Appen- dix, art. 3, p. 331, pl. 11, figs. 12-18; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 216. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 13392 [cataloged as “Invert. Fossile,” now with recent collection], specimen shown in fig. 16; 60 paratypes MCZ 169040 ex NYSM 811.
Amnicola Gould‘and Haldeman, new genus: 1841, Invert. Massa- chusetts p. 228. Type species: Paludina porata Say, by mono- typy.
amoena, Neritina: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 238 (hab.?), axis %e, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 159, pl. 11, fig. 192,a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 49. Syntype USNM 5592; 4 syntypes MCZ 169038 ex NYSM 111, original no. A 4407, all larger than the measured type; 2 syntypes MOZ ex BSNH 3655.
amoenus, Trochus [Gibbula]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 107 (Feejee [Fiji] Islands), diam. %o, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 187, pl. 23, fig. 218,a-c; 1862, Otia. Conch., pp. 58, 245. Presumed holo- type USNM 5618 agrees with the figure and was the only type located; 20 paratypes MCZ 169039 ex NYSM 123, original no. A 2918.
amplexa, Clathurella: 1860 PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 338 (Simon’s Bay [Cape of Good Hope], 12 fathoms, sandy bottom, W. Stimpson), axis 9, diam. 3 mm.; 1862 Otia Conch., p. 135. Holotype USNM 24093, original no. 217, figured by Bartsch, 1915, USNM Bull. 91, Pp. 30, pl. 2, fic. 6. INPER.
amussitatus, Turbo Plate 17, fig. 3 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 22 (hab. ? [Shimoda, Japan]), axis 12 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 160. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 216592 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label); 2 paratypes MCZ 87864 ex BSNH 5577.
anceps, Helix (Caracolla) Plate 37, fig. 2 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 189 ([Tavoy,] British Burmah [Burma], F. Mason), diam. %o, alt. % in.; 1844, BJNH, vol. 4, p. 454, pl. 25, fig. 4; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 170. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169041 ex NYSM 254, original no. A 569 and 10 paratypes MCZ 225231 from same NYSM lot; 2 paratypes MCZ 87869 ex BSNH; paratype MCZ 11176 ex J. G. Anthony.
anguina, Helix [Corilla] Plate 38, fig. 8 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 218 (Manko, near Newville, [Province of] Tavoy [Burma], Mrs. Vinton), diam. 1, alt. 4 in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 200. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169042 ex NYSM 257,
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 41
original no. A 558; paratype MCZ 169043 and paratype USNM 611237 from same NYSM lot.
angusta, Haminea Plate 5, fig. 1 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 139 (Simoda [Shimoda, Japan], W. Stimp- son), axis 6, diam. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 111. Measured holotype USNM 2096, badly damaged.
antarctica, Panopaea: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 214 (mouth of Rio Negro, Patagonia [Argentina]), long. 2%, lat. 1%, alt. 2 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 386 [engraving omitted]; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 74.
antarctica ‘Couthouy’ Gould, Siphonaria: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 362, pl. 30, fig. 464,a,b (hab. ? [Orange Harbor, located on west side of Bahia Nassau, Tierra del Fuego]), no measurements; not in 1862, Otia Conch. 3 syntypes MCZ 216830 and 216745 ex Smith- sonian Inst.
antarcticus ‘Couthouy’ Gould, Sigaretus: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 216, pl. 15, fig. 259,a-c (among stones, at low tide, Orange Harbor [located on west side of Bahia Nassau, Tierra del Fuego], Midshipman Elliot [J. P. Couthouy]), length 1%, breadth 1% in.; not in 1862, Otia Conch. Gould says in the original description that the shell was not observed.
apiae Recluz, Cyclostoma: 1851, Journ. de Conch., vol. 2, p. 213, pl. 6, figs. 10-11. See under plicatum, Cyclostoma.
apicina, Monilea Plate 14, fig. 4 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 16 (Port Jackson [New South Wales, Australia], W. Stimpson), axis 5, diam. 6 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 154. Measured holotype USNM 24169, original no. 346. NPEE.
apicina, Tornatina Plate 15, fig. 16 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 139 (Sydney Harbor [New South Wales, Australia], W. Stimpson), axis 5, diam. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 122. Measured holotype USNM 284. See Hedley, 1913, Proc. Linn. Soc. New S. Wales, vol. 38, p. 337. NPEE.
araneosa, Columbella Plate 8, fig. 9 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 336 (Kagos[hlima Bay [Japan], and China Coast, W. Stimpson), axis 10, diam. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 132. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 24108, original nos. 1368 and 1857, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 571, pl. 51, fig. 3; localities not separated.
araneosa, Patella (Lottia?) [Tectura]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 151, (Sooloo [Sulu] Sea), long. %, lat. %, alt. 4% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 347, pl. 29, fig. 450,a,b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 10, 243. Figured holotype USNM 5840.
42 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
arata, Neptunia Plate 16, fig. 8 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 326 (hab. ?), axis 23, diam. 10 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 123. Measured holotype USNM 36723. NPEE.
aratus, Saxidomus: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 30 (San Francisco [California]), long. 4.5, alt. 3, lat. 2 in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 168. NPEE.
arctata, Ringicula Plate 15, fig. 9 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 325 (Hong Kong Harbor [China], W. Stimpson), axis 4, diam. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch. p. 122. Probable measured holotype, here selected, lectotype USNM 567, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 578, pl. 51, figs. 30, 31; 2 paratypes USNM 612334. NPEE.
arctipinnis, Sepioteuthis: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 479, pl. 49, fig. 593,a-c (Maui, Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands), length of body 6, head 2, superior arms 2}, inferior lateral arms 3, tentacular arms 8, cup-bearing portions 2%, greatest breadth 2% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 233.
arcuata, Modiolaria Plate 21, fig. 6 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 38 (Kagos[h]lima [Japan], W. Stimpson), long. 5, alt. 2 mm.; 1862 Otia Conch., p. 176. Half measured holotype USNM 24065, original no. 1419 b. NPEE.
areolatus, Mytilus (Modiolaria) |[Modiola]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 343 (New Zealand), long. 2, alt. 1%, lat. 1 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 452, pl. 41, fig. 562,a; 1860, Otia Conch., p. 93. Syntype MCZ 154351, ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label); syntype MCZ 87420 er BSNH 8308.
argentata, Margarita Plate 5, fig. 6 1841, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 256, fig. 164 (in fishes caught off Cape Ann and Cohasset [Massachusetts]), length >, breadth % in. Mentioned as being in BSNH 2412, now lost, and in Mas- sachusetts State Cabinet 35; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 182; 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 282, fig. 549. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 178560 and paratype MCZ 225218, both ex Massachusetts State Coll.; paratypes, original no. A 6123, listed as lost in 1875, 27th Ann. Rep. NYSM, p. 18.
argentata, Philine: 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 139 (Hakodadi [Hako- date] Bay [Japan], in sandy mud, 2-6 fathoms, W. Stimpson), axis 6, diam. 5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 111. Probable holotype USNM 1680, badly crushed. NPEE.
argillacea, Perna: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 311 (hab. ?), long. 2%, alt. 3, lat. 3 in.; 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 444, pl. 40, fig. 559,a-b, 1862, Otia Conch., p. 91. Figured holotype USNM 5944; 2 para- types MCZ 216811 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 43
arguta, Terebra: 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 380, p. 14, fig. 19 (hab.? [Gulf of California]), length %, breadth % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 185: “. . . is Terbra fulgurata Philippi.” Figured holotype MCZ 169044 ex NYSM 40, original no. 2786; 6 paratypes MOZ 169045 and 2 paratypes USNM 611267 from same NYSM lot.
arguta, Terebra: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 330 (Porto Praya [Praia, Cape Verde Islands], W. Stimpson), axis 25, diam. 5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 126. NPEE.
Not Terebra arguta Gould 1853. If this species is valid, a new
name must be chosen for it.
arrosa ‘Gould’ W. G. Binney, Helix: 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1857, p. 185. New name for Helix aeruginosa Gould not Pfeiffer 1854 [1855].
artemidis Carpenter, Lucina: 1856 [1857], in Gould and Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 201 (Alcapulco [Mexico], teste Gould).
articulata, Margarita: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 15 (Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope, W. Stimpson), axis 5, diam. 6 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 153. Holotype USNM 121, figured by Bartsch, 1915, USNM Bull. 91, p. 155, pl. 25, figs. 4, 5,6. NPEE.
articulata, Nerita: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 220 (Tavoy [Burma], F. Mason), diam. %, alt. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 201.
aspera, Emarginula: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 154 (Sydney, New South Wales [Australia]), long. 40, lat. %o, alt. %9 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 372, pl. 32, fig. 493,a—c; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 12.
asperrimus ‘Couthouy’ Gould, Chiton: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 326, pl. 27, fig. 418[413],a—b (Ilha do Pai, at entrance of harbor of Rio [de] Janeiro [Brazil], J. P. Couthouy), length 1, breadth % in.; not in 1862, Otia Conch. Figured holotype USNM 5809 [figure with the misprint ‘‘418’’].
aspersa, Clathurella Plate 5, fig. 9 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 338 (off Hong Kong [China], in 15 fathoms, shelly sand, W. Stimpson), axis 14, diam. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 134. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 24147, original no. 532, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 576, pl. 51, figs. 24,25. NPEE.
aspersa, Doris: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 304, pl. 25, fig. 399,a—c (Vincennes Island [Kauehe], Paumotu [Tuamotu] Islands), long. 1%, lat. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 229.
asteriscus, Liotia Plate 5, fig. 2 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 142 (Hong Kong [China], W. Stimpson), diam. 1.5, axis 1 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 114. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 24055, original no. 2050, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 565, pl. 50, figs. 30,
665-231—64——_4
44 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
31; 2 paratypes MCZ 169048 ex NYSM 120, original no. G 2454. NPEE.
Athoracophorus, new genus: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 1; 1856, ibid., Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 500: ‘“‘Athoracophorus is a new name for Janella Gray,’ not Grateloup 1838. Type species: Limax betentaculatus Quoy, by monotypy.
atomaria, Cingula ‘‘(?)” Plate 14, fig. 1 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 403 (China Seas, W. Stimpson), axis 1.5, diam. 1 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 147. Holotype USNM 24181, original no. 386. NPEE.
atomaria, Crithe Plate 8, fig. 12 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 384 (China Seas, W. Stimpson), axis 0.5, 0.3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 139. Measured holotype USNM 24181, original no. 386, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 575, pl. 51, figs. 62, 63. NPEE.
atrata, Columbella [(Anachis)| Plate 8, fig. 5 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 334 (Hong Kong Harbor [China], W. Stimpson), axis 5, diam. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 131. Lecto- type, here selected, USNM 2026, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 572, pl. 51, figs. 14, 15; 2 paratypes USNM 24172; 2 paratypes MCZ 169049 ex NYSM 30, original no. G 2464; paratype Redpath Mus. 8066. NPEE.
atricallosus, Bulimus: 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 140 ((Tavoy,] British Burmah [Burma], F. Mason), length 2%, breadth 1 in.; 1844, BJNH, vol. 4, p. 457, pl. 24, fig. 3 [Gould says he had two specimens]; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 190. Figured holotype MCZ 169050 ex NYSM 198, original no. A 6524; paratype MCZ 169050, a sinistral specimen, from same NYSM lot.
atropurpureus, Trochus (Monodonta) [Clanculus]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 107 ([Pango Pango,] Tutuilla, Navigator [Samoan] Islands), alt. %o, lat. %o in.; 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 189, pl. 13, fig. 224,a-d; 1862, Otia, Conch., p. 59, 245. Figured Holotype USNM 5624.
attenuatus ‘Couthouy’ Gould, Eolis: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 305, pl. 25, fig. 401,a-d (found on a fragment of Megacystus, off the coast of Chili, lat. 36° S; long. 74° W., Mr. North), full length 2%, breadth of foot 4 in.; not in 1862, Otia Conch.
aurantia, Truncatella: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 208 (Mangsi Island, near Borneo [Strait of Balabac], Pickering), long. %o, lat. Yq in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 110, pl. 8, fig. 125,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 39.
aurantiaca, Cerithiopsis: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 388 (China Seas, W. Stimpson), axis 2, diam. 1 in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 142. Note in original USNM catalog under 381: ‘‘Lost.”
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 45
aurita, Doris: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 299, pl. 23, fig. 394,a (from a reef, Sandalwood Bay, Fiji Islands), “long. 3%, lat. 1% in.”; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 228.
baccata, Melania Plate 44, fig. 1 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 219 (Thoungyin River [a branch of the Salween River, Burma], Mrs. Vinton), long. 2, lat. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 200. Measured holotype MCZ 169052 ex NYSM 66, original no. G 2582; paratype USNM 611239 from same NYSM lot.
badia, Amnicola: 1848, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 74 (Banks’ Peninsula, New Zealand), long. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 126, pl. 9, fig. 150,a,b (Tipoona, Banks’ Peninsula, New Zealand, com- mon in streams among plants, Pickering) ; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 51. Presumed figured holotype USNM 5550; 14 paratypes MCZ 169053 ex NYSM 97, original no. G 2566; 6 paratypes MCZ 216747 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
Badistes, new genus: 1862, Otia Conch., p. 243. Type species: Helix gulosa Gould, by monotypy.
balanoidea, Ampullaria Plate 35, fig. 7 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 196 (Grand Cape Mount, Liberia, on rocks in rapid streams, G. A. Perkins), diam. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 209. Probable measured holotype, here selected, lectotype MCZ 169054 ex NYSM 102, original no. G 2353; paratype USNM 611247 from same NYSM lot.
balaustina, Kellia Plate 29, fig. 8 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 34 (Sydney Harbor [New South Wales, Australia], W. Stimpson), long. 2.5, alt. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 172. Measured holotype USNM 24241, original no. 305. Type seen by Hedley, 1913, Proc. Linn. Soc. New S. Wales, vol. 38, p. 268. NPEE.
balteata, Achatina Plate 42, fig. 5 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 195 (Liberia, G. A. Perkins), long. 1%, lat. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 208. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169055 ex NYSM 192, original no. A 4576; paratype USNM 611245 and paratype MCZ 169056, all from same NYSM lot.
A paratype was figured by Reeve, 1850, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 5, Achatina, pl. 23, fig. 128: not A. balteata Reeve 1849, changed to A. gouldii.
balteata, Columbella (Anachis) Plate 8, fig. 8 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 333 (China Seas), axis 4, lat. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 130. Measured holotype USNM 24220, original no. 438; paratype MCZ 216601 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label). NPEE.
46 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
barbata, Cyclostoma [Japonia]: 1859, PBSNH, vol. 6, p. 425 (Ousima [Amami-O-shima, Amami Islands], W. Stimpson), diam. ¥% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 104.
Not C. barbatum Pfeiffer 1855, changed to Japonia gould Kobelt 1902, Das Tierreich, Lief. 16, Cyclophoridae, p. 60.
batana, Melania Plate 35, fig. 11 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 144 ([Tavoy,] British Burmah [Burma], F. Mason), long. 1, lat. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 191. Lecto- type, here selected, MCZ 169057 ex NYSM 64, original no. G 2580; 30 paratypes MCZ 169058 ex NYSM 63 and 64, original no. G 2580 and 3 paratypes USNM 611225 from same NYSM lots; paratype MCZ 165747 ex BSNH 3125.
beata, Nassa Plate 16, fig. 5 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 330 (Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], in 18 fathoms, sandy, W. Stimpson), axis 10, diam. 6 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 127. Measured holotype USNM 2018; paratype USNM 24175; paratype MCZ 169069 ex NYSM 11, original no. G 2543. NPEE.
beryllina, Helicina: PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 202 (Feejee [Fiji] Islands), lat. %, alt. % in.; 1852, USEEH, vol. 12, p. 95, pl. 7, fig. 111,a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 37. Syntype USNM 5518; syntype MCZ 169061 ez NYSM 291, original no. G 2627.
bicincta, Columbella Plate 8, fig. 10 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 335 (Hong Kong Harbor [China], 10 fathoms, shelly sand, W. Stimpson), axis 10, diam. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 132. Presumed holotype, here selected, lectotype USNM 24167, original no. 517, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. Cal- ifornia Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 571, pl. 51, fig. 4. NPEE.
bicolor, Cyclostoma |Megalomastoma] Plate 40, fig. 4 1842, BJNH, vol. 4, pt. 1, back cover (Cuba [J. Bartlett]); 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 188: ‘* . . . is Cyclostoma auriculatum D’Or- bigny.’”’; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 183. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169070 ex NYSM 3815, original no. A 5406; 2 paratypes MCZ 225222 and 2 paratypes USNM 611251 all from same NYSM lot.
bicrenatus, Trochus [Uvanilla]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 106 (hab?) -sdiam. 7% alt: 86 .in.;, 1852) (USKE, vol, 12, 9.75.) pitas fig. 221,a—c (Mr. Hawkin’s coll.); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 57. Figured holotype USNM 5621; 2 paratypes MCZ 216598 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
bicuspidata, Nucula [Leda]: 1845, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 37 (Liberia, C. J. Bates), long. %, alt. 4 in.; 1845, BJNH, vol. 5, p. 292, pl. 24, fig. 8; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 197.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD Ay
bipartita, Terebra: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 330 (Hakodadi [Hako- date] Bay [Japan], 20 fathoms, W. Stimpson), axis 15, diam. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 126. NPEE.
bisculpta, Ervilia Plate 28, fig. 1 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 28 (Kagos{hlima [Japan], in sand, 5 fathoms, W. Stimpson), long. 6, alt. 4, lat. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 166. Measured holotype USNM 24068, original no. 1413. NPEE.
bistriata Carpenter, Fasciolaria: 1856 [1857], in Gould and Car- penter, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 207.
blandum, Cardium [Serripes]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 276 (Puget Sound [Washington]), long. 1, alt. 4, lat. #4 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 418, pl. 36, fig. 534,a [length given as % in.]; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 83. Syntype USNM 3899; syntype MCZ 216748 ex C. B. Adams coll.
borealis, Scalaria: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 207 (Puget Sound [Washington]), [nomen nudum]; listed as synonym of Scalaria australis Lamarck.
bracteata, Ostecdesma [Lyonsia]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 217 (Puget Sound [Washington]), long. %, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 397, pl. 35, fig. 509,a—b [as bracteatum]; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 77, 245. Figured holotype USNM 5896, reduced to fragments.
bracteatus, Unio Plate 31, fig. 5 1855, PBSNH, vol. 5, p. 228 (Llanos River, Upper Texas, T. H. Webb), long. 2%, lat. 1, alt. 1% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 217. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 84966, ex I. Lea coll. from A. A. Gould.
branchiata, Pholas [| Martesia]: 1845, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 37 (Liberia, C. J. Bates), long. 1%, lat. 1% in.; 1845, BJNH, vol. 5, p. 290, pl. 24, fig. 7; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 196. Figured holotype MCZ 169063 ex NYSM 337, original no. A 2354; paratype MCZ 169064 from same NYSM lot.
brasilianum, Triton: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 142 (Rio [de] Janeiro [Brazil]), long. 2, lat. 1% in.; 1856, USEE, vol. 12, Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 504, pl. 17, fig. 296,a,b (rocks at low water, in outer harbor of Rio [de] Janeiro); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 65. Figured holotype USNM 5694.
brasiliensis ‘Couthouy’ Gould, Osteodesma [Entodesma, Lyonsia]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 218 (Rio [de] Janeiro [Brazil]), long. 1%, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 398, pl. 35, fig. 510,a,b (in a sandy cove, in the bay of Rio [de] Janeiro): ‘‘A single specimen was found”’; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 78, 245.
48 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
braziliensis ‘Gould’ Sowerby, Pandora: 1874, in Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 19, Pandora, pl. 2, fig. 15 (Brazil).
brevimanus, Onychotheuthis: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 483, pl. 50, fig. 596 (obtained at sea, 120 miles west of Tutuila, Samoa Islands), length 6, of body 3%, of head %, of fin 1%, breadth of body %, length of fin 2% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 234.
brunneus Stimpson, Pectin: 1851, new name for Pectin fuscus ‘Linsley’ Gould. See under fuscus ‘Linsley’ Gould, Pectin.
buccinulum, Dentalium: 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 166 (Kagos[h]ima [Japan], W. Stimpson), long. 30, diam. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 119. Holotype USNM 24160, figured by Pilsbry, 1897, Manual of Conchology, ser. 1, vol. 17, p. 14, pl. 5, figs. 74-76; paratype MCZ 169062 ex NYSM 147, original no. G 2407; paratype MCZ 39073 ex BSNH 9752. NPEE.
bucculenta, Helix Plate 36, fig. 4 1844, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 40 (Georgia to Texas, J. Bartlett), diam. % axis 3 to % in.; 1857, in A. Binney, Terr. Moll. U.S., vol. 3, p. 9, pl. 11a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 204. Presumed figured holotype MCZ 169059 ex NYSM 255, original no. 4164; 6 paratypes MCZ 169060 and paratype USNM 611276 from the same NYSM lot. The locality is erroneously given as ‘Rhode Island” in 1875, 27th Ann. Rep. NYSM, p. 51.
bulbosa, Melania: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 225 (Columbia River, Oregon [Washington], Drayton), long. %, lat. %o in.; 1852, USEEH, vol. 12, p. 142, pl. 10, fig. 163,a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 46. Pre- sumed figured holotype MCZ 169067 ex NYSM 208, original no. A 5109, and 8 paratypes MCZ 169068 from same NYSM lot; 2 paratypes USNM 5563.
bulbosa, Petricola: 1851, PBSNH, vol. 4, p. 88 (Guaymas [Sonora State, Mexico], T. P. Greene), long. 1%, lat. %, alt. % in.; 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 15, fig. 5; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 210. Holotype MCZ 169065 ex NYSM 362, original No. G 2141.
bulla, Kellia Plate 29, fig. 2 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 34 (Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), long. 8, lat. 6, alt. 6 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 172. Half measured holotype USNM 24060. NPEE.
bullata, Glandina: 1848, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 64 (Louisiana, EH. R. Beadle), axis 14, breadth 4% in.; 1851, in A. Binney, Terr. Moll. U.S., vol. 2, p. 298, pl. 62a (region of New Orleans); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 205. The original description would indicate that types were in BSNH, but they were not found there. 2 syntypes MCZ 12813 ez W. G. Binney coll. W. G. Binney, 1885, Manual of American Land Shells, p. 475, mentions one specimen in the USNM 38772 from the A. Binney coll., but does not claim it to be a type.
RECENT MOLLUSEA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 49
bullata, Physa Plate 44, fig. 4 1855, PBSNH, vol. 5, p. 128 (Oregon, J. G. Cooper), long. 1, lat. 1% ad '%o in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 216. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 9170; paratype USNM 611837 from same lot, badly broken.
bullata, Tornatella: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 251 (dredged off Patagonia [Argentina]), long. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 218, pl. 15, fig. 263,a,b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 98.
bullatus, Amphiperas: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 385 [no locality or measurements given]; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 140. NPEE.
bullula, Odostomia Plate 9, fig. 1 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 404 (Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), axis 2, diam. 1 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 148. Measured holotype USNM 24069, original no. 2097. NPEE.
bursatella, Helix [Pitys]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 175 (Taheiti [Tahiti] and Eimeo [Moorea, Society Islands] at 2000 to 5000 feet elevation, J. P. Couthouy); 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 51, pl. 4, fig. 52,a—m; variety a: lat. %o, alt. %o in.; variety b: lat. %4, alt. % in.; 1856, ibid., Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 501; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 22, 248. 3 syntypes USNM 5452; 5 syntypes MCZ 169066 ex NYSM 258, original no. A 744; 5 syntypes MCZ 17217 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
Variety b was named Helix jacquinoti Pfeiffer, 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 128, teste Pfeiffer, 1853, Monographiae Heliceorum Viventium, vol. 3, p. 143.
buxeus, Obeliscus Plate 9, fig. 3 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 403 (China Seas, W. Stimpson), axis 6.5, diam. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 147. Measured holotype USNM 339. NPEE.
caduca, Scrobicularia: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 28 (Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), long. 10, alt. 8, lat. 6 mm;. 1862, Otia Conch., p. 166. NPEE.
caelata, Turbonilla Plate 20, fig. 3 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 406 (Hong Kong [China], W. Stimpson), axis 6.7, diam. 1.7 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 150. Measured holotype USNM 556. NPEE.
caelatum ‘Couthouy’ Gould, Cerithium [Pirennella “?’’|: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 120 (Terra del Fuego), long. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 148, pl. 10, fig. 174,a-d (Orange Harbor [located on west side of Bahia Nassau], Tierra del Fuego, J. P. Couthouy); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 62. Figured holotype USNM 5574 is fig. b and is shown natural size.
calcarea, Venus: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 277 (New Zealand), long. 2%, alt. 2, lat. 1% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 423 [not figured]; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 85.
50 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
calculiferus, Triforis Plate 13, fig. 2 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 388 (Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), axis 6, diam. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 144. Lectotype, here selected, Redpath Mus. 5203, original USNM 1252*. NPEE.
calculosa ‘Couthouy’ Gould, Helix: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 48, pl. 5, fig. 63,a—c (Tahiti [Society Islands], J. P. Couthouy), diam. ¥o, axis %2 in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 224. Syntype USNM 5465.
californica ‘Nuttall’ Gould and Carpenter, Pirena: 1856 [1857], Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 206. Nude name listed as a synonym of Cerithidea (?sacrata var.) fuscata Gould.
caliginosa, Littorina: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 83 (Terra [Tierra] del Fuego, J. P. Couthouy), long. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 198, pl. 14, fig. 240,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 53. Possible figured holotype USNM 5639; paratype USNM 612304; 43 para- types MCZ 169071 ex NYSM 80, original no. G 2563; paratypes MCZ 87419, 141037, 151793, 197145 all ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed labels).
Calobates, new subgenus: 1862, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 288. Desig- nated type species: Teredo thoracites Gould; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 241.
calva, Helix |Hemiplecta]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 179 (Feejee [Fiji] Islands), lat. %, alt. 4 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 31, pl. 5, fig. 69,a-b; not Lowe, 1831, changed by Gould to H. casca; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 243. Probable holotype, here selected, lectotype USNM 21012; 2 smaller paratypes USNM 612315. ‘The examples in USNM 21012 are either too large or too small, but the figure in the Expedition Shells, which exaggerates the rotundity of the aperture, may have been drawn from the largest one” (H. B. Baker, 1941, B. P. Bishop Museum Bull. 166, p. 250). 3 paratypes MCZ 169077 ex NYSM 268, original no. G 2625. The largest shell in the NYSM 284 [268] seems to fit Gould’s dimensions for Orpiella casca most closely; the second biggest specimen is a Tanychlamys from India; paratype MCZ 156369 ex C. B. Adams coll.; 3 paratypes MCZ 161286 ex Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass.; 2 paratypes MCZ 87866 ex BSNH 24538; 2 paratypes MCZ 11508. The latter 4 MCZ lots all ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed labels).
canaliculata, Natica [Amaura]: 1839, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 1, vol. 38, p. 197; 1841, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 235, fig. 161 (fishes caught on Banks, and one fine specimen from a fish caught in Massachusetts Bay), long. 1%, lat. %» in. [mentioned as being in Massachusetts State Cabinet 43]; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 180: ““Name preoccupied [not N. canalicutata Deshayes 1832, changed to N. gouldii C. B. Adams 1847, not Philippi 1845, Cata-
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 5
logue of Recent Shells in Collection of C. B. Adams, p. 21. A lectotype, MCZ 151080, was inadvertently selected for Adams’ name by Clench and Turner, 1950, Occ. Pap. Mollusks, vol. 1 p. 288, pl. 41, fig. 12], now regarded as a large form of N. helicoides Johnston, of the north of Europe’’; 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 348 [under Amauropsis helicoides]. Figured holotype MCZ 151080 ex Mass. State coll.; 2 paratypes MCZ 225219 from same lot. Presently regarded as Amauropsis islandica Gmelin 1790.
canella, Succinea: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 184 (Maui, Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands), long. %, lat. %; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 27, pl. 2, fig. 20,a-—b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 29. Figured holotype USNM 5420; 14 paratypes MCZ 169072 ex NYSM 175, original no. G 2643; 2 paratypes MCZ 161661 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
capax, Lutraria [Tresus]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 217 (Puget Sound [Washington]), long. 5%, alt. 4, lat. 3 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 395, pl. 34, fig. 504; 1856, ibid., Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 508: is Lutraria maxima ivMiddendorf® not Jonas 1844, “. . . the name given by me, LZ. capaz, will stand”; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 76, 245. Measured holotype USNM 3884 [the figure of the type is reduced].
caperata, Vitrina: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 181 (Kauai, Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands, J. P. Couthouy), diam. max. %o, alt. { in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 9,a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 26. Figured holotype USNM 5409; 5 paratypes 135612 ex BSNH from Smithsonian Inst.
capillata, Ethalia Plate 5, fig. 14 (Coast of China, 23°30’ N. in 25 fathoms, sandy, W. Stimpson), axis 4, diam. 8 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 155. Probable holotype, here selected, lectotype USNM 1801, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 564, pl. 50, figs. 16, 17; 2 paratypes USNM 24233; 2 paratypes MCZ 169075 ex NYSM 121, original no. G 2453; 2 paratypes Redpath Mus. 2273 ex Smithsonian Inst. NPEE.
capillata, Mitra: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 171 (Madeira Islands, J. P. Couthouy), long. %, lat. 4 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 273, pl. 20, fig. 351,a-b.; 1862, Otia Conch, p. 73. Figured holotype USNM 5746.
capillulata, Doras 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 220 (Tavoy i ge
F. Mason), diam. %, lat. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 200: | N. reticularis Sowerby.” capitata, Pupa {|Ennea| Plate 40, fig. 1
1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 158 (Cape Palmas, Liberia [PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 153], Drs. Savage and Perkins), ipa 1%, lat. % in.”’; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 193. Lectotype, here selected, MOZ 169074 ex
52 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
NYSM 215, original no. A 1262; 14 paratypes MCZ 169076 and 2 paratypes USNM 611243 from same NYSM lot; 20 paratypes MCZ 87970 ex BSNH, original no. 4067 from A. Binney.
capsella, Helix: 1851, in A. Binney, Terr. Moll. U.S., vol. 2, p. 239. See under rotula, Helix.
cardinalis, Doris [Hexabranchus]: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 302, pl. 25, fig. 397,a (Honolulu, Oahu, Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands), long. 6, lat. 4% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 229.
carinata, Lacuna: 1848, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 75 (Puget Sound), long. % in.; 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 194, pl. 14, fig. 231,a—b (Puget Sound; dredged at Classet [near Cape Flattery, Washington], Pickering); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 52. 2 syntypes USNM 5631, one larger and one smaller than measured type; 2 syntypes MCZ 169079 ex NYSM 91, original no. G 2537.
carinata, Pupa: 1842, BJNH, vol. 4, no. 1, back cover (Maryland), 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 106: ‘. . . founded on a single specimen, now lost”; 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 138: “. . . is the young of Pupa procera Gould=P. rupicola Say’’; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 182.
carneola, Eulima Plate 7, fig. 11 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 404 (Ousima [Amami-O-shima, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), axis 4, diam. 1.5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 148. Measured holotype USNM 1555. NPEE
casca, Helix: See under calva, Heliz:
casta, Nassa: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 154 (Pacific Ocean), long. % lat. % mm.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 260, pl. 19, fig. 328,a—-b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 69. Figured holotype USNM 5724.
castanea, Columbella: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 170 (Rio [de] Janeiro [Brazil]), long. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 269, pl. 19, fig. 339,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 71, 245. Figured holotype USNM 5734 is fig. b; 3 paratypes MCZ 216753 ez Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
castaneus ‘Couthouy’ Gould, Chiton: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 326, pl. 27, fig. 411,a-d (on old shells and in tide pools, Orange Harbor [located on west side of Bahia Nassau, Tierra del Fuego], J. P. Couthouy), length %, breadth %> in.; not in 1862, Otia Conch. The probable figured holotype USNM 5802 consists of loose plates.
castrensis, Conus Plate 10, fig. 8 1842, BJNH, vol. 4, no. 1, back cover; 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 138 (hab.?), long. 3, lat. 1% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 183. Lecto- type, here selected, MCZ 169078 ex NYSM 49, original no. G 923.
catenatum, Cyclostoma [Cistula] Plate 41, fig. 9 1842, BJNH, vol. 4, no. 1, back cover (Cuba [J. Bartlett]); 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 138, long. ¥%, lat. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 183. Measured holotype MCZ 169073 ex NYSM 318, original no. A 6268;
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 53
3 paratypes MCZ 169083 and paratype USNM 611254 from same NYSM lot.
catulus ‘Agassiz’ Gould, Placobranchus: 1870, Invert. Massachu- setts, p. 256, pl. 17, figs. 249-250 (channel near East Boston [Massachusetts], 1848, L. Agassiz), length %, breadth Yo in.
caurina, Natica ([Lunatia| Plate 16, fig. 13 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 239 (Straits of [Juan] de Fuca [Washing- ton], Pickering), axis %, diam. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 212, pl. 15, fig. 254,a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 50, 244. Lectotype MCZ 169081 ex NYSM 35, original no. A 3007; 4 paratypes MCZ 169082 and 1 paratype USNM 611261 from same NYSM lot.
caurinus, Pectin: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 345 (Port Townsend, Admiralty Inlet, Oregon [Washington]), long. 2%, lat. 2%, alt. 1 in.; 1852, USER, vol. 12, p. 458, pl. 42, fig. 569,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 95. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 5954, specimen in figure 569.
cepulla, Succinea [Helisaga]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 182 (Hawaii), long. ¥, lat. %, alt. % in.; USEE, vol. 12, p. 16, pl. 2, fig. 15,a—b (Hawaii, Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands, Pickering and Drayton); 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 27, 244. Syntype USNM 5415, smaller than measured type; 8 syntypes MCZ 169114 ex NYSM 176, original no. G 2644; 2 syntypes MCZ 39646 and 216754 both lots ex Smith- sonian Inst. (printed label).
cerea, Helix Plate 37, fig. 11 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 194 (Cape Palmas [Liberia], G. A. Perkins), diam. %, alt. 4% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 207. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155994, ex C. B. Adams coll. from G. A. Perkins.
cerealis, Achatinella [Leptachatina]: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 201 (Waianai, Oahu [Hawaiian Islands], Case), long. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 90, pl. 7, fig. 99,a; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 35, 244. Figured holotype USNM 5501.
cerealis, Bulla [(Tornatina)]: 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 378, pl. 14, fig. 9 (Santa Barbara [California], E. Jewett), length %, breadth ¥. in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 185. Type lot, original no. A 4276 listed as being lost in 1875, 27th Ann. Rep. NYSM., p. 13.
cerebralis, Doris: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 298, pl. 23, fig. 393,a-c (reef in Sandalwood Bay, Feejee [Fiji] Islands), long. 5, lat. 3% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 228.
chalybea, Limnea [sic]: 1839, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 1, vol. 38, p. 196; 1841, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 216, fig. 145 (a muddy pool, Cambridge [Massachusetts]), long. o, lat. %o in. Mentioned as being in Massachusetts State Cabinet 72 but speci- men lost, 1862, Otia Conch., p. 180. 12 ideotypes MCZ 169086 ex NYSM 301, original no. A 3039, labeled ‘‘Ohio.”’
54 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
Chioraera, new genus: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 309. Type species: Chioraera leonina Gould, by monotypy; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 230.
cholerica, Neritina: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 237 (Feejee [Fiji] Islands, Drayton), diam. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 156, pl. 11, fig. 187,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 47, 244. Probable figured holo- type USNM 5587; 7 paratypes MCZ 87925 ex BSNH 3663; 2 para- types MCZ 216755 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
chlorina, Calyptraea: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 161 (Porto Praya [Praia], Cape de Verde Islands), long. %, lat. %o, alt. 4% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 380, pl. 32, fig. 487,a—-d; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 16. Figured holotype USNM 5877; paratype USNM 612318.
chlorotica ‘Agassiz’ Gould, Elysis: 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 255, pl. 17, figs. 251-255 (found in great numbers in brackish water on the Cambridge [Massachusetts] marshes in the spring of 1848, L. Agassiz), length 1 to 14 im.
chlorotica, Teredo: 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 33, fig. 360 (from timbers of ships that have cruised in the Pacific) ; diameters about 3 mm.
chrysocolla, Neritina: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 237 (Upolu, Samoa Islands), long. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 158; pli, fig. 188,a; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 48, 244. 2 syntypes USNM 5588; 18 syntypes MCZ 87927 ex BSNH 2442.
cicercula, Helix [Corasia]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 171 (mountains of Hawaii, Drayton and Brackenridge), lat. 4%, alt. %9 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 43, pl. 5, fig. 73,a-c; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 20, 243. Figured holotype USNM 20948; 8 paratypes MCZ 169080 ex NYSM 264, original no. A 754.
ciconia, Anodon|{ta] Plate 34, fig. 1 1851, PBSNH, vol. 4, p. 92 (Mexico?, T. P. Green and W. Rich), long. 4, alt. 2%, lat. 1% in.; 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 402; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 213. Measured holotype MCZ 169084 ex NYSM 1025a, original no. A 5660; paratype MCZ 169085 and paratype USNM 611266 ex NYSM 1025a, original no. A 5500.
The specimen figured by Sowerby, 1867, in Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 17, Anodon, pl. 29, fig. 115, has been examined by the present author and is not a type.
ciliata, Amnicola Plate 45, fig. 4 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 196 (Deea [Gbea or Mano] River, Liberia, on the muddy margins, G. A. Perkins), long. \%, lat. \% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 209. Lectotype, here selected, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 71067 ex J. C. Jay coll. 6850 and 7 paratypes MCZ 225214 ex same AMNH lot. Mentioned by Jay, 1852, Catalogue of Shells in the Jay Collections, p. 278.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 55
ciliatus, Bulimus [Orthalicus, Rabdotus]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 191 (Organ Mt., Brazil), long. %o, lat. %> in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 75, pl. 6, fig. 80 (crawling on bushes near the water, Organ Mountains [near Rio de Janeiro], Brazil, Pickering); 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 32, 244.
cincta, Amnicola Plate 35, fig. 1 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 100 (fluv. Tenasserim, Burmah [Burma], F. Mason), long. haud [=approximately] Xo in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 199. Lectotype, here selected, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 65006 ex J. C. Jay coll. 6582; paratype MCZ 225210 ex same AMNH lot. Mentioned by Jay, 1852, Catalogue of Shells in the Jay Collection, p. 278.
cincta, Littorina: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 252 (Puget Sound [Washington]), axis %, diam. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 99. Omitted from report of USEE.
cinctella, Nassa: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 154 (Pacific Ocean), long %o, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 259, pl. 19, fig. 327,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 69. Figured holotype USNM 5723; para- type MCZ 169458 ex NYSM, original no. G 2559; paratype MCZ 216572 ex BSNH 471.
cinerea, Emarginula |Tugali|: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 155 (hab.?), long. %, lat. %, alt. 9% mn.; 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 373, pl. 32, fig. 494,a-c (Feejee [Fiji] Islands); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 138. Figured holotype USNM 5884, paratype MCZ 216611 ex Smithsonian Inst.
cingulata, Planaxis Plate 9, fig. 10 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 385 (Ousima [Amami-O-shima, Ryukyu Islands], under stones, at low water mark, W. Stimpson), axis 12, diam. 6 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 140. Measured holotype USNM 24192, original no. 1556. NPEE.
cinnamomea, Patella [Scutellina]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 151 (New South Wales [Australia]), long. \%, lat. %, alt. %) in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 345, pl. 29, fig. 447,a-d; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 9, 242. Figured holotype USNM 5837; paratype MCZ 216612 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
circumdata, Chemnitzia: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 407 (Sydney Harbor [New South Wales, Australia], W. Stimpson), axis 5, diam. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 151. NPEE.
circumsuta, Ostrea: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 346 (Feejee [Fiji] and Samoa Islands), long. 1%, lat. 1 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 462, pl. 43, fig. 576,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 96. 2 syntypes USNM 5959, each figured.
56 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
circumsutus, Trochus |Tectus]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 106 (Madagascar?), lat. %o, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 176, pl. 13, fig. 220,a; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 57, 245. Figured holo- type USNM 5620; paratype USNM 612323, dead specimen.
cistula, Pandora: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 217 (East Patagonia [Argentina], long. 1%, lat. %, alt. 1% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 396, pl. 33, fig. 500,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 77. Figured holotype USNM 5887.
cithara, Mangelia [Cythara]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 140 (Feejee [Fiji] Islands), long. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 250, pl. 18, fig. 313,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 68, 245. Figured holo- type USNM 5710.
citharella, Cyclostoma [Japonia]: 1859, PBSNH, vol. 6, p. 425 (Ousima [Amami-O-shima, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), diam- eters in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 104. Type lot USNM 1916, not located. NPEE.
citrullus, Patella: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 149 (Funchal, Madeira), long. 1%, lat. 1%, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 325, pl. 29, fig. 448,a—b: 1862, Otia Conch., p. 8. Figured holotype USNM 5838.
clathratum, Cyclostoma [Chondropoma] Plate 41, fig. 3 1842, BJNH, vol. 4, no. 1, back cover (Cuba [J. Bartlett]); 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 1388: . . . is Cyclostoma rugulosum Pfeiffer’’; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 183. Lectotype, here selecetd, MCZ 169087 ex NYSM 829, original no. A 1649, labeled ‘‘Socotora Island” [Gulf of Arden]; 3 paratypes MCZ 169088 and paratype USNM 611208 from same NYSM lot.
clathratus, Triformis Plate 13, fig. 1 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 388 (China Seas, W. Stimpson), axis 4, diam. 1.5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 144. Type lot USNM 330, under which the following note appears in the catalog: “Broken and worn, probably the same as 245 [Triformis intercalaris Gould].” Holotype Redpath Mus. 5240 labeled [USNM] 330 C.S. [China Seas]. NPEE.
clavatum, Dentalium: 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 166 (Hong Kong [China], not uncommon, W. Stimpson), long. 10, diam. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 119. Holotype USNM 24245, original no. 550; figured by Pilsbry, 1898, Manual of Conchology, ser. 1, vol. 17, p. 185, pl. 26, figs. 80, 81; paratype MCZ 169089 ex NYSM 151, original no. G 2411.
cognata, Anodon{ta]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 294 (Nisqually [near present site of Tacoma] and near Fort Vancouver [Washington], Fox), long. 3, alt. 1%, lat. 1 in.; 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 435, pl. 38,
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 57
fig. 546,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 87, 246: “. . . is probably A. oregonensis Lea.” Figured holotype USNM 5930.
cognata, Rimula (Puncturella) |Cemoria]: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 371, pl. 31, fig. 478,a—c (Orange Harbor [located on west side of Bahia Nassau, Tierra del Fuego], 16 fathoms, J. P. Couthouy), no measurements; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 226, 243.
colubrinus, Trochus (Monodonta) [Gibbula]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 107 (Madeira); diam. %, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 183, pl. 18, fig. 223,b-d (Funchal, Madeira Island, J. P. Cou- thouy) ; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 58. Measured holotype USNM 5623, the figure is enlarged.
columbianus, Limax: 1851, in A. Binney, Terr. Moll. U.S., vol. 2, p. 43, pl. 66, fig. 1 (Nisqually [near present site of Tacoma, Wash- ington], Case; Discovery Harbor, Puget Sound, Oregon [Washing- ton], Dyes), length 5% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 1,a—c; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 223.
columellaris, Ampullaria: 1848, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 74 (Province of Maynas, Peru, J. P. Couthouy), long. 2%, lat. 2 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 128, pl. 9, fig. 147,a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 51. Figured holotype USNM 5547.
compacta, Kellia Plate 29, fig. 3 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 34 (hab.?), long. 6, lat. 3, alt. 5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 173. Half measured holotype USNM 24146, original no. 492. NPEE.
compta, Phasianella: 1855, in Blake, Appendix, Prel. Geol. Rep. R.R. Route to Pacific, pp. 22, 25 (San Diego [California], T. H. Webb and W. P. Blake), length 1%, breadth ¥ in.; 1856, in William- son, Rep. Explor. California for R.R. Routes, vol. 5, pt. 2, appendix, art. 3, p. 333, pl. 11, figs. 25-26; 1856 [1857], in Gould and Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 204. 2 syntypes USNM 6190; ideotype MCZ 169112 ex NYSM 118, original no. G 2535 from ‘Santa Barbara, California, E. Jewett,’ figured by Robertson, 1958, Johnsonia, vol. 3, p. 279, pl. 148, fig. 2; 40 ideotypes MCZ 169113 from same NYSM lot.
compta, Tellina [Angulus]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 253 (hab.?), long. %, alt. 4, lat. 4% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 406, pl. 35, fig. 515,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 79, 246: “Loo Choo (Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands].”” Syntype USNM 5902; lot also contains two odd valves.
comptus, Chiton (Leptochiton) Plate 22, fig. 1 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 163 (Ousima [Amami-O-shima, Ryukyu Islands], Bonin, and Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], W.
58 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
Stimpson), long. 15, alt. 10 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 117. Meas- ured holotype USNM 1562; 6 smaller paratypes USNM 24148. NPEE.
comptus, Conus: 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 387, pl. 14, fig. 23 (Santa Barbara [California], E. Jewett), eh 1%, breadth % in.; 1862,
Otia Conch., p. 187: ‘. . . is declared to be a rubbed specimen of a young Conus purpurascens Sowerby = Conus achatinus Menke.”’ concentrica, Ervilia Plate 24, fig. 2
1862, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 281 (dredged off coast of North Carolina, Coast Survey), long. 6+, alt. 4, lat. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 239. Lectotype, here eer MCZ 169092 ex NYSM 357, original no. G 2574; 3 paratypes MCZ 169093 and 1 paratype USNM 611263 from same NYSM lot.
concentrica, Tellina |Arcopagia]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 253 pee [Fiji] Islands), long. 1%, alt. 1%, lat. 4 in.; 1852, USEE, vol.
, p. 404, pl. 36, fig. 519,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 8, 246.
see Lepton Plate 28, fig. 4 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 33 (Sydney Harbor [New South Wales, Australia], W. Stimpson), long. 10, lat. 4—, alt. 7 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 171. Half measured holotype USNM 24306, original no. 308. NPEE.
concinna, Mangelia: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 382 (Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson, axis 10, diam. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 137. NPEE.
concinna ‘Gould,’ Helicina: 1875, 27th Ann. Rep. NYSM, p. 52 [nomen nudum].
concinna, Stomatella Plate 21, fig. 7 nay PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 26 (Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands), long. ¥%, lat. %o in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 195. Measured holotype MCZ 169090 ex NYSM 144, original no. G 2212; paratype MCZ 169091 and paratype USNM 611219 from same NYSM lot; 2 paratypes MCZ 88089 ex BSNH 1325, original no. 25.
concinna, Thracia: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 23 (Kagos[h]ima Bay [Japan], W. Stimpson), long. 17, alt. 11, lat. 8 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 161. Type lot USNM 1314, not found. NPEE.
concinnus, Chiton [(Leptochiton)]: 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 164 (Hakodadi [Hakodate, Japan], W. Stimpson), long. 8, lat. 5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 117. The measured holotype USNM 2077 is rolled up, and the paratype USNM 24041 has been taken apart.
concordialis, Succinea: 1848, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 38 (near Lake Concordia [Texas], J. pe long. %, lat. % im.; 1851, a A. Binney, Terr. Moll. U.S., vol. 2, p. 82, pl. 67a, fig. ‘2. 1862, Otia
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 59
Conch., p. 202. 2 syntypes MCZ 148141 ex A. F. Gray coll. from W. G. Binney type coll. in Smithsonian Inst.; 2 syntypes MOCZ 65853 ex 'T. Bland coll. from W. G. Binney coll.
confossus, Chiton [Lucia]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 143 (Feejee [Fiji] Islands), long. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 327, pl. 28, fig. 434,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 52. Figured holotype USNM 30763.
confragosus, Turbo [Stella]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 89 (Dean’s Island [Rangiroa], Paumoto [Tuamotu] Islands, J. P. Couthouy), lat. 1s, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 171, pl. 12, fig. 202,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 54, 245. Syntype MCZ 216763 ex Smith- sonian Inst. (printed label).
conica, Partula: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 196 (Samoa Islands; Raraka Island [Tuamotu Islands]), long. 1%, lat. 4% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 81, pl. 6, fig. 88,a (Upolu and Tutuila, Samoan Islands, at an elevation of from 200 to 1500 feet on plantations and on Dracaena terminalis, J. P. Couthouy and J. Drayton); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 33. Holotype USNM 5490, refigured by Pilsbry, 1909, Manual of Conchology, ser. 2, vol. 20, p. 265, pl. 31, fig. 8, pl. 32, figs. 1-3.
conica, Patella |Scurria]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 151 (Puget Sound [Washington]), long. 1%, lat. %, alt. % in.; 1852, USER, vol. 12, p. 346, pl. 30, fig. 458,a; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 9, 242. Figured holotype USNM 5848; 36 paratypes MOZ 169094 ex NYSM 156.
consobrina, Cylichna: 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 141 (west coast of Usland of] Jesso [Yezo=Hokkaido, Japan], L. M. Squires), axis 6, diam. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 113. NPEE.
convexa, Kellia: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 34 (Simon’s Bay, [Cape of Good Hope], in sand, 12 fathoms, W. Stimpson), long. 4, lat. 1, alt. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 173. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 24244, figured by Bartsch, USNM Bull. 91, p. 199, pl. 45, figs. 1, 2; paratype USNM 612331; paratype MCZ 169095 ez NYSM 367, original no. G 2509. NPEE.
cophina, Mitra: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 171 (Singapore, Pickering), long. %o, lat. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 271, pl. 20, fig. 355,a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 72. Figured holotype USNM 5750; 2 paratypes MCZ 169103 er NYSM 27, original no. G 27638; para- type MCZ 216590 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
Coptocheilus, new genus: 1862, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 282. Designated type species: Megalomastona altum Sowerby, 1862, Otia Conch., p. 239.
665-231—64——_5
60 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
cornucopia, Carinaria Plate 19, fig. 2 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 408 (taken at sea south of Caroline Islands, W. Stimpson), long. 10, diam. maj. 9, diam. min. 5, cristae alt. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 152. Holotype USNM 24126, original no. 1506. NPEE.
cornuta, Siphonaria: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 153 (Mangsi [Island]) ; long. 1, lat. 1%, alt. 4 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 357, pl. 30, fig. 467,a-b (Soo Loo [Sulu Sea], Mangsi Island [Strait of Balabac], Pickering); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 11. Figured holotype USNM 5850; 3 paratypes MCZ 88100 ex BSNH 3768, original no. 792; 3 paratypes MCZ 216757 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
corolla, Melania [Amnicola]: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 223 (Banks’ Peninsula, New Zealand, Pickering and Brackenridge), lat. %, alt. %9 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 129, pl. 9, fig. 149,a-c [as Amnicola corolla]; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 44. Figured holotype USNM 5549, fig. 149c shows actual size of specimen; paratype USNM 612319; 7 paratypes MCZ 169104 ex NYSM 96, original no. G 2700; 2 paratypes 216756 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
coronata, Trichotropis (Iphinéde): 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 324 (Arctic Ocean, Straits of Seniavine, 20 fathoms, mud, W. Stimpson), long. 25, lat. 15 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 121. NPEE.
corporosa, Melania: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 223 (Taheiti [Ta- hiti], J. P. Couthouy), long. 1%, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 187, pl. 10, fig. 161,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 45, 244. Fig- ured holotype USNM 5561; 2 paratypes MCZ 169096 ex NYSM 61, original no. G 2578; 2 paratypes MCZ 78591 ex BSNH 3089.
corpulenta, Peronia: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 293, pl. 22, fig. 385,a (Direction Island, Feejee [Fiji] Islands), long. 2%, lat. 1, alt. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 226.
corrugatum Carpenter, Crucibulum: 1856 [1857], in Gould and Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 204 (Mazatlan [Mexico], K. Jewett). One specimen was found.
coruscus, Mytilus Plate 28, fig. 6 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 88 (Hakodadi [Hakodate] Bay [Japan], common on rocks between tide marks, W. Stimpson), long. 65, alt. 38, lat. 25 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 177. Measured holotype MCZ 169438 ex NYSM 369, original no. G 2525; paratype MCZ 169439 and paratype USNM 611202 ex NYSM 370, original no. G 2456. NPEE.
coruscus, Unio Plate 32, fig. 3 1856, PBSNH, vol. 6, p. 15 (River Saint John’s, near Lake Beres- ford, Florida, Henry Bryant), long. 1%, alt. %, lat. % in.; 1862,
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 61
Otia Conch., p. 222. Measured holotype MCZ 169097 ex NYSM 502, original no. A 5190, figured by Frierson, 1911, Nautilus, vol. 25, pl. 1, figs. 1-3; paratype MCZ 169098 and paratype USNM 611262 from same NYSM lot.
crassa, Nerita: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 166, pl. 11, fig. 195,a (hab.?), diam. 1, axis % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 225. Figured holotype USNM 5595.
craticulatum, Bittium Plate 12, fig. 12 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 387 (Hong Kong [China], laminarian zone, W. Stimpson), axis 6, diam. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 141. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169100 er NYSM 57, original no. 2471, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 569, pl. 50, figs. 20, 21; 5 paratypes MCZ 169101 and 1 para- type USNM 611209 all from same NYSM lot; ‘Paratype (?)” USNM 24165, original no. 2024. NPEE.
craticulatus, Chiton [(Leptochiton)]: 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 164 (China Seas, probably Simoda [Shimoda, Japan]), long. 30, lat. 20 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p.117. Holotype USNM 24106. A plate is figured by Pilsbry, 1893, Manual of Conchology, ser. 1, vol. 15, p. 84, pl. 17, figs. 62, 68. NPEE.
cratitia, Fissurella [Glyphis]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 155 (Puget Sound [Washington], Pickering), long. 2, lat. 1%, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 367, pl. 31, fig. 471,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 13, 243: “... 1s F. aspersa Eschscholtz 1833.” Figured holo- type USNM 4571.
cratitia, Tellina (Arcopagia) : 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 29 (Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], sandy bottom, 8 fathoms, W. Stimp- son), long. 15, alt. 11, lat. 5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 168. NPEE.
crenulata, Kellia: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 33 (Hong Kong Harbor [China], W. Stimpson), long. 9.5, alt. 6.5, lat. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 172: “Only one valve found.” NPEE.
cressida, Helix |[Trochomorpha]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 176 (Samoa and Taheiti [Tahiti]), lat. %, alt. 4% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 56,a-c (Society and Samoan Islands, J. P. Couthouy); 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 23, 243. Syntype USNM 5458, smaller than measured type; 4 syntypes MCZ 156370 ex Smith- sonian Inst. (printed label).
cribraria ‘Gould’ Carpenter, Acmaea: 1864, Rep. British Assn. Adv. Sci. 1863, p. 530 [nomen nudum].
crispata, Haliotis: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 251 (with New Holland [Australian] shells), long. 1%, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 208, pl. 14, fig. 248,a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 98.
62 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
crispata, Unio Plate 32, fig. 3 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 141 ([Tavoy,] British Burmah [Burma], F. Mason), long 1%, alt. %o, lat. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 98. Half lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169099 er NYSM 92, original no. A 6410.
crispus ‘Couthouy’ Gould, Fusus [Trophon]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 141 (dredged at Orange Harbor [located on west side of Bahia Nassau, Tierra del Fuego], 16 fathoms), long. %, lat. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 229, pl. 16, fig. 279,a—c; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 64, 245. Measured holotype USNM 5677, figures slightly enlarged and fig. 279b a poor representation; paratype MCZ 216588 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
Crithe, new genus: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 384. Type species: Cerithe atomara Gould, by monotypy. 1862, Otia Conch., p. 138. NPEE.
crocata, Succinea: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 138 (Upolu [Island, Samoa]), long. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 28, pl. 2, fig. 21, a-b (Upolu and other islands of the Navigator [Samoa] Group, elevation of 1,200 feet); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 29. Figured holotype USNM 5421; 10 paratypes MCZ 169102 ex NYSM 171, original no. G 2637; 8 paratypes MCZ 39642 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
crocatus, Donax: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 255 (Mangsi [Island, Strait of Balabac]), long. %, alt. 4, lat. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 412; 1856, ibid. Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 508: ‘“‘Specimens lost and therefore not engraved”; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 82.
croceum, Amphidesma [Semele]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 218 (Callao ? [Peru]), long. 3%, alt. 3%, lat. 1% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 399, pl. 35, fig. 512,a; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 78, 245. Figured holotype USNM 5899.
cruciata, Fissurella: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 156 (Sooloo [Sulu] Sea), long. %, lat. %, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 365, pl. 31, fig. 474,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 13, 248. Figured holotype USNM 5864.
cruciata ‘A. Agassiz’ Gould, Hermaea: 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 253, pl. 17, fig. 256 (Naushon Island [Massachusetts], A. Agassiz, 1863), no measurements. ‘Only one specimen found.”
cruentatum, Cardium: 1855, in Blake, Appendix, Prel. Geol. Rep. R.R. Route to Pacific, pp. 22, 26 (San Pedro [California], W. P. Blake) height and length %, breadth % in.; 1856, 72 Williamson, Rep. Explor. California for R.R. Routes, vol. 5, pt. 2, appendix, art. 3, p. 334, pl. 11, figs. 21-22; 1856 [1857], Gould and Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 201.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 63
cryptoportica, Helix {Corasia]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 171 (hab.? [Hawaii]); 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 44, pl. 5, fig. 72,a—c (mountains of Oahu, Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands); diam. \%, axis \% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 20, 243. Figured holotype USNM 5474; 2 para- types MCZ 169110 ex NYSM 233, original no. A 747.
crystallina, Pileopsis [Scutellina]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 161 (Feejee [Fiji] Islands), long. \, lat. %, alt. 4% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 382, pl. 32, fig. 489,a—b (locality doubtful) ; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 16. Figured holotype USNM 5879.
cucullata, Cyclostoma [Cyclophorus| Plate 41, fig. 5 1856, PBSNH, vol. 6, p. 14 (an island in the Mergui Archipelago, [Burma], J. Benjamin), false lip %, hood lip \, axis % in. Meas- ured holotype MCZ 169108 ex NYSM 321, original no. A 1672; paratype MCZ 169109 from same NYSM lot.
cucullata, Limacina (?) [Agadina]: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 486, pl. 51, fig. 601,a—b (an ice island, within twenty miles of the Ant- arctic Continent, lat. 66° S., long. 106°20’ E.), diam. about ¥ in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 234.
cucullata, Rimula |Cemoria]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 159 (Puget Sound [Washington], brought up on the anchor), long. %, lat. He, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE vol. 12, p. 368, pl. 31, fig. 475,a-c; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 14, 248. Measured holotype USNM 4825, figure slightly enlarged; paratype USNM 612305.
Cucurbitula, new genus: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 22. Type species: Chaena lagenula Gould, by monotypy. 1862, Otia Conch., Boll.
culcitella, Bulla [(Akera)|: 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 377, pl. 14, fig. 8 (Santa Barbara [California], E. Jewett), length 1, breadth \ in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 184. 2 specimens USNM 15797 ex E. Jewett, labeled “Monterey, California.”
cultrata ‘Gould’ Simpson, Anodonta: 1900, Proc. USNM, vol. 22, p. 644 [nomen nudum]. Listed as a synonym of Anodonta grandis benedictensis Lea.
cultrata, Helix [Corasia]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 172 (Taheiti [Tahiti] and Eimeo [Moorea], Society Islands, J. P. Couthouy), lat. %o, alt. %> in.; 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 46, pl. 4, fig. 59,a-c; 1856, ibid., Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 501; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 20, 243. Figured holotype USNM 20953; paratype MCZ 169111 ex NYSM 2850, original no. A782.
cultrata, Thracia: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 23 (Port Jackson [New South Wales, Australia], sandy mud, 8-15 fathoms, W. Stimpson, long. 8, alt. 6, lat. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 161. NPEE.
64 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
cuneata, Modiolaria: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 38 (False Bay, Cape of Good Hope, at low water mark, imbedded in the test of a large ascidian, sometimes a dozen in an individual, also among rocks, 20 fathoms, W. Stimpson), long. 12, alt. et lat. 7 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 176. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 126 figured by Bartsch, 1915, USNM Bull. 91, p. 198, pl. 42, figs. 5, 6.
cuneola, Mactra [Spisula]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 216 (Callao [Peru]), long. %, alt. %, lat. %) m.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 390, pl. 504,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 75. Measured holotype USNM 5891, figure slightly enlarged.
cunicula, Atlanta: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 492, pl. 51, fig. 598,a-c (lat. 28° N., long. 178° E., to the westward of the Sandwich [Hawai- ian] Islands, Dana), no measurements; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 235.
cuprea, Modiolaria Plate 27, fig. 4 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 37, (Kagos[h]ima Bay [Japan], W. Stimp- son), long. 7, lat. 4, alt. 4.5 mm. in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 175: “Only a single not very fresh specimen found.’ Holotype USNM 24066. NPEE.
curta, Mactra solidissima Plate 26, fig. 3 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 75 (Grand Manan Island [New Brunswick, Canada], W. Stimpson), length 3, height 2%, breadth 1% in. Measured holotype MCZ 225314 ex BSNH 9065; paratype MCZ 225286.
curta, Nassa: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 153 (Samoa Islands), long. %o, lat. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 258, pl. 19, fig. 326,a—c; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 69. 2 syntypes USNM 5722; syntype MCZ 169107 ex NYSM 20, original no. G 2560; 4 syntypes MCZ 216595 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
curta, Nassaria: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 328 (Port Jackson [New South Wales, Australia], W. Stimpson), axis 10, diam. 6 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 125. NPEEK. Hedley, 1913, Proc. Linn. Soc. New S. Wales, vol. 38, p. 317, did not find this species in any of the collections he visited.
curtina, Chrysallida: 1862, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 280 (South Carolina), long. 5, lat. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 237.
curvidens, Pupa: 1841, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 189, fig. 120 (under loose stone on ledges at Phillip’s Point, Lynn [Massachu- setts], near the Ocean House), length \;, breadth » in.; mentioned as being in Massachusetts State Cabinet 89 and BSNH 2396, but both specimens lost; not in 1862, Otia Conch.; 1870, Invert. Mas- sachusetts, p. 434, as a synonym of Pupa pentodon Say. 4 ideo- types MCZ 169106 ex NYSM 214, original no. A 5793, labeled “Chelsea Beach Island, Massachusetts.”
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 65
cuspidata, Leda Plate 23, fig. 4 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 37 (Hong Kong Harbor [China], in mud, 8 fathoms, W. Stimpson), long. 7, alt. 4, lat. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 175. Lectotype, here selected, Redpath Mus. 16265 labeled “Hong Kong” from Smithsonian Inst. (printed label). NPEE.
cyanella ‘Couthouy’ Gould, Eolis: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 306, pl. 25, fig. 402,a-c (on a fragment of Megacystus, off the coast of Chili, lat. 36°5’; long. 74° W., Mr. North), length % in., not in 1862, Otia Conch.
cybele, Melania [Tiara]: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 222 (Feejees [Fiji Islands], Navigators [Samoan Islands], etc.), long. 1, lat. % in.; 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 132, pl. 9, fig. 154,a-c (Feejee [Fiji] and Samoa Islands, Couthouy and Drayton); 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 44, 244. 14 syntypes USNM 45330; 6 syntypes MCZ 169105 ex NYSM 78, original no. A 6755; 9 syntypes MCZ 78580 ex BSNH 3040.
cymbiola, Lottia [Tectura]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 151 (Bay of Valparaiso [Chile]), long. %o, lat. %o, alt. %> in.; 1852 USEE, vol. 12, p. 350, pl. 29, fig. 453,a-c; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 10. Figured holotype USNM 5848; 12 paratypes MCZ 38843 ex BSNH 3026, from J. P. Couthouy; 7 paratypes MCZ 216623 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
daedalea, Helix [Pitys|: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 173 (Matea Island), alt. %o, lat. %) in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 54, pl. 4, fig. 51, a-d (Aurora or Metia [Makatea Island, Tuamotu Islands]; also Tahiti [Society Islands]) ; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 21, 243. Syntype MCZ 169115 ex NYSM 235, original no. G2624 from the former locality. The lip is badly broken.
damascenus, Helix Plate 36, fig. 2 1856, PBSNH, vol. 6, p. 11 (desert region east of California, Cabinet of W. Newcomb), axis %, diam. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 219: “ . . is H. pandorae Forbes.” Lectotype, here selected, Cornell Univ. Paleo. Dept. 27244. ex W. Newcomb coll. The lot also contains a paratype.
debilis, Assiminea Plate 12, fig. 7 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 41 (Loo Choo (Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], W.Stimpson), alt. %, diam. 5% in. ; 1862, OtiaConch., p.107. Measured holotype USNM 975; 5 paratypes MCZ 169116 ex NYSM 335, original no. G2445.
debilis, Bulla [Diaphana]: 1839, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 1, vol. 38, p. 196; 1841, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 164, fig. 95 (fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay), long. %o, lat. 4» in.; mentioned
66 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
as being in Massachusetts State Cabinet 112 and BSNH 2388, but both specimens lost; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 119; 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 216, fig. 507. 8 probable syntypes MCZ 216760 ex C. B. Adams coll. labeled “Massachusetts.”
debilis, Cyrena [Corbicula]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 293 (New Holland? [Australia]), long. %o, alt. 4%, lat. 4% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 427, pl. 36, fig. 529,a—b (New Holland [Australia], Upper Hunter River—this locality may be erroneous because of an ac- cidental mixture of specimens); 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 86, 246.
debilis, Mactra: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 348 (Singapore), long. 1%, alt. 1, lat. % in.; 1852, USHEEH, vol. 12, p. 394; 1856, ibid., Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 508: “The specimen was accidently crushed, and the figure necessarily omitted’’; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 98.
debilis, Sigaretus: 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 379, pl. 14, fig. 17 (Gulf of California, La Paz [Lower California], T. P. Green), short diam. not quite %, height % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 185. Measured holotype MCZ 169117 ez NYSM 86, original no. A3078.
debilis, Solercurtus: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 26 (Port Lloyd [Bonin Islands], and Loo Choo (Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], Capt. Rogers), long. 25, lat. 5, alt. 7 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 164. NPEE.
decolor, Columbella Plate 14, fig. 8 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 336 (Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands]), axis 9, diam. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 132. Measured holotype USNM 24198, original no. 1132. NPEE.
decolorata, Stomatella: 1848, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 73 (Mangsi Island [Strait of Balabac], Pickering), long. %, lat. 5%, alt. % in.; 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 210, pl. 15, fig. 250,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 5.
decora, Pupa [Vertigo]: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 263, text fig. (Lake Superior region, T. R. Dutton), long. Mo, lat. % in.; 1851, in A. Binney, Terr. Moll. U.S., vol. 2, p. 327, pl. 71, fig. 3; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 202; 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 435, fig. 695.
decussata, Litiopa: 1848, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 75 (floating bamboo, lat. 37°40’ N., long. 54°30’ W., J. P. Couthouy), long. %o, lat. Mo in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 195, pl. 15, fig. 252,a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 52.
decussata, Pedicularia Plate 36, fig. 1 1855, PBSNH, vol. 5, p. 126 (off Georgia coast, 400 fathoms, Coast Survey), length %, breadth % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 215. Measured holotype MCZ 169118 ez NYSM 54; original no. G 2618; 2 paratypes MCZ 169119 and paratype USNM 611269 from same NYSM lot.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 67
dejecta, Helix: 1851, in A. Binney, Terr. Moll. U.S., vol. 2, pp. 47, 49,51 [nomen nudum]. Not Helix dejecta Petit 1842 is Helix divesta Gould; see under abjecta, Helix.
deluta, Daphnella Plate 10, fig. 9 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 339 (China Seas, W. Stimpson), axis 20, diam. 5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 135. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 24225, original no. 316, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. Cali- fornia Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 577, pl. 51, figs. 26, 27; paratype MCZ 169120 ex NYSM 4, original no. G 2495. NPEE.
deluta, Mactra: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 215, (New Zealand), long. 1%, alt. 1%, lat. 1% in.; 1852, USER, vol. 12, p. 391, pl. 33, fig. 503,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 75. Figured holotype USNM 5890.
dempsta, Mangelia: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 340 (China Seas, W. Stimpson), axis 3, diam. 1 mm.; 1862 Otia Conch., p. 137. Type USNM 380 not located. NPEE.
dentatus, Planor bis Plate 44, fig. 8 1844, BJNH, vol. 4, p. 496, pl. 24, fig. 14 (small lagoon at San Jorge [Cuba]), diam. %, height % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 192. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169121 ex NYSM 310, original no. A 6291; 14 paratypes MCZ 169122 and 2 paratypes USNM 611255 from same NYSM lot.
denticulata, Ringicula Plate 15, fig. 8 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 324 (Port Jackson, New South Wales [Australia], W. Stimpson), axis 5, diam. 3.5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 121. Measured holotype USNM 471; 4 probable paratypes in British Museum (Nat. Hist.) mentioned by Hedley, 1913, Proc. Linn. Soc. New S. Wales, vol. 38, p. 336.
dentiens, Chiton [Onythochiton]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 145 (Puget Sound [Washinegton]), long. %, lat. %) in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 321, pl. 28, fig. 433,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 6, 242. Possible figured holotype USNM 5824; lot also contains some loose plates.
dermestina, Nassa Plate 16, fig. 1 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 331 (Kikaia [Kikaigashima, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), axis 8, diam. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 128. Measured holotype USNM 24166, original no. 1535. Paratype MCZ 169123 ez NYSM 12, original A4696.
devia, Helix Plate 37, fig. 10 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 165 (Oregon), lat. 44, alt. %) in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 69, pl. 5, fig. 74,a-b (Puget Sound, Oregon [Washington], Drayton); 1856, ibid., Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 501; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 17, 243. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169124 ex NYSM 2852, original no. A5346.
68 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
diademata ‘Agassiz’ Gould, Doris: 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 230, pl. 21, figs. 298, 300-304 (Boston and Beverly Harbors [Massachusetts], L. Agassiz), length 1%, breadth nearly 1 in.
diaphana ‘Couthouy’ Gould, Bulla: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 222, pl. 15, fig. 265,a—d (drawn up in shrimp nets near the mouth of the harbor of Rio de Janeiro [Brazil]); length % in.; not in 1862, Otia Conch.
diatretum, Cyclostoma [Cyclotus]: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 205 (Sandalwood Bay [Vanua Levu Island], Feejee [Fiji] Islands, Drayton), lat. %, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 105, pl. 8, fig. 124,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 38. Measured holotype USNM 5525, figured slightly enlarged.
dilatatus, Planorbis: 1841, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 210, fig. 140 (Nantucket, J. M. Earle; Hingham [Massachusetts], in small pool, southeast of Old Colony House, T. J. Whittemore), diam. %, axis ¥ in. Mentioned as being in Massachusetts State Cabinet 75 and BSNH 2399 but both specimens lost; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 182; 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 498, fig. 748. 3 syntypes MCZ 225216 ex C. B. Adams coll. labeled ‘“Hingham, Mass.”
dilecta, Gena Plate 20, fig. 9 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 44 (Hakodadi [Hakodate] Bay [Japan], on shells, etc., W. Stimpson), long. 8, lat. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 109. Measured holotype USNM 1695; paratype USNM 24130; paratype MCZ 169549 ex NYSM, reduced to fragments; paratype Redpath Mus. 1747 ea Smithsonian Inst. NPEE.
dilecta, Gouldia Plate 29, fig. 4 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 32 (Kagos[h]ima [Japan], W. Stimpson, long. et alt. 4, lat. 2mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p.170. Half measured holotype USNM 64077, original no. 1694. NPEE.
dilecta, Natica [Neverita]: 1848, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 73 (hab.?), long. 5, lat. 5% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 213, pl. 15, fig. 255,a (probably obtained at mouth of Rio Negro, Patagonia [Argentina]) ; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 50, 244.
dilectus, Conus: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 172 (Feejee [Fiji] Islands), long. %, lat. 4% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 286, pl. 21, fig. 367,a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 73 Figured holotype USNM 5762.
discoidea, Ostrea: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 347 (hab.?), long. 1%, lat. 2 in.; 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 468, pl. 44, fig. 578,a-b; 1856, ibid., Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 509: ‘“By some chance a wrong shell seems to have been figured at 578’’; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 97. Figured holotype USNM 5961, fig. 578a—b; paratype MCZ 178589 ex BSNH 8528 (variety); paratype MCZ 178594 ea Smith- sonian Inst. (printed label).
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 69
dispar ‘Gould’ Carpenter, Venus: 1857, Rep. British Assn. Ady. Sci. 1856 [momen nudum] (Santa Barbara and San Diego [Califor- nia]). Listed as a synonym of Venus staminea Conrad.
divalis, Bithynia: 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 41 (China, vicinity of Canton, Mr. Bowring), axis %, diam. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 107. NPEE.
divaricata, Montacuta: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 35 (Hakodadi [Hakodate], Japan, on the spines of a Spatangus, W. Stimpson), no measurements; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 173. NPEE.
divaricatus, Mytilus [Aulacomya]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 344 (China Seas), long. 1%, alt. %o, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 449, pl. 41, fig. 565,a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 94. Syntype USNM 17974; 2 syntypes Redpath Mus. 107. See Palmer, 1950, Journ. de Conch., vol. 90, p. 191, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3, 6.
divesta, Helix: 1851, in A. Binney, Terr. Moll. U.S., vol. 2, p. 358. New name for Helix abjecta and dejecta Gould. See under abjecta, Helix.
dolabrata, Mysia: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 32 (Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope, W. Stimpson), long. 10, alt. 10, lat. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p.171. NPEE.
dolaris, Paludina: 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 144 ([Tavoy,] British Burmah [Burma], F. Mason), long. 1% [sic], %o in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 191. 20 probable syntypes marked ‘‘?”, MCZ 169128 ex NYSM 98.
doliaris, Ringicula Plate 15, fig. 7 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 325 (Hakodadi [Hakodate] Bay [Japan], 6 fathoms, sandy mud, W. Stimpson), axis 5, diam. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 121. Probable holotype USNM 1692, marked “‘? Type,” mentioned by Bartsch, 1915, USNM Bull. 91, p. 7; figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 578, pl. 51, figs. 35, 36. 4 probable paratypes in British Mus. (Nat. Hist.) mentioned by Hedley, 1913, Proc. Linn. Soc. New S. Wales, vol. 38, p. 336. NPEE.
dolorosa, Melania Plate 35, fig. 6 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 42 (in streams near Hakodadi [Hakodate, Japan], Wright), long. %, lat. 4% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 108. Measured holotype USNM 1663; paratype USNM 611835 from same lot; 5 paratypes MCZ 169125 ex NYSM 71, original no. G 2394; 2 paratypes MCZ 74110 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label); 2 paratypes MCZ 78594 ex BSNH 3091; 2 paratypes Redpath Mus. 4263 ex Smithsonian Inst. NPEE.
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dorsalis, Doris (Goniodoris): 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 304, pl. 25, fig. 400,a—c (on shells of Perna, harbor of Talao, Eimeo [Moorea, Society Islands], J. P. Couthouy), long. %, lat. %, alt. 42 in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 229.
dorsuosa, Acmaea Plate 19, figs. 6, 9 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 162 (Hakodadi [Hakodate, Japan], on rocks of 2nd and 3rd laminarian zone), long. 20, lat. 15, alt. 10 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 115. A type was figured by Pilsbry, 1891, Manual of Conchology, ser. 1, vol. 13, p. 45, pl. 33, figs. 88-90, which was larger than any found in USNM;; lectotype, here selected, USNM 1631; paratype USNM 611832 from same lot. NPEE.
dorsuosa, Columbella [(Anachis)] Plate 8, fig. 4 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 333 (Hong Kong [China], W. Stimpson), axis 7, lat. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 130. Probable holotype, here selected, lectotype USNM 14191, original no. 495, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 575, pl. 51, figs. 21, 22. NPEE.
dorsuosus, Modulus Plate 4, fig. 1 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 383 (Acapulco [Mexico], E. Jewett), diame- ters transverse %, vertical nearly ¥% in.; not in 1862, Otia Conch. Measured holotype MCZ 169126 e~7 NYSM 88; paratype MCZ 169127 from same lot; 8 paratypes MCZ 216761 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label) labeled ‘‘Acapulco, E. Jewett.”
dorsuosus, Unio: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 296 (Eastern Asia?), long. 1%, alt. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 430, pl. 37, fig. 540,a-b (marked Feejee [Fiji] Islands, probably by accident); 1856, ibid., Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 508: “ ...is Unio nepeanensis Conrad’; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 89, 246. Figured holotype USNM 5925, refigured by McMichael and Hiscock, 1958, Australian Journ. of Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 9, p. 441, pl. 9, figs. 16-18, and the type locality restricted to Nepean River, New South Wales, Australia.
duplicata, Semele: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 27 (Kagos[h]ima Bay [Japan], in 6 fathoms, sandy bottom, W. Stimpson), long. 20, alt. 16, lat. 6 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 166. Not Sowerby 1841 is Semele zebuensis Hanley 1844. Type lot USNM 1411, not located. NPEE.
eborea, Drillia: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 337 (Kikaia [Kikaigashima, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson) ; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 133. NPEE.
echinata, Rimula: 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 163 (Gaspé [Gaspar] Straits [east of Sumatra]), long. 9, lat. 7, alt. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 116. NPEE.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 71
effusa, Dunkeria Plate 7, fig. 8 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 407 (Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), long. 6, lat. 1+mm.; 1862, Otia Conch, p. 151. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 980; paratype USNM 612329. NPEE.
egena, Amnicola: PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 75 (Banks’ Peninsula, New Zealand, Pickering), long. %, lat. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 127, pl. 9, fig. 151,a-b [published by error as Amnicola gracilis Gould]; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 52, 245. Presumed figured holo- type USNM 5551; 90 paratypes MCZ 156005 and 167858, both ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed labels).
egenum, Cerithium: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 121 (Wilson’s Island [Manihi, Tuamotu Islands], J. P. Couthouy), long. %, lat. \ in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 151, pl. 10, fig. 171; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 62. Figured holotype USNM 5571.
egenum, Solarium [Torinia]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 84 (hab.?), diam. %o, alt. 4% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 196, pl. 13, fig. 226,a—c (New Zealand); 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 54, 245. Figured holo- type USNM 5626.
egregia, Cyclas: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 292 (New South Wales?), long. %, alt. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 425, pl. 36, fig. 526,a-b (Hunter’s River, New South Wales [Australia]); 1862, Otia. Conch., p. 86.
elata, Nassa: 1845, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 38 (Liberia, C. J. Bates), long. 1%, lat. %o in.; 1845, BJNH, vol. 5, p. 293, pl. 24, fig. 11; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 197. Figured holotype MCZ 169129 ex NYSM 16, original no. A 4664; paratype USNM 611244 from same NYSM lot.
elata, Physa Plate 44, fig. 9 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 379, pl. 14, fig. 4 (Lower California, W. Rich), length %, breadth %, length of aperture % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 185. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169130 ex NYSM 307, original no. A 1794; 2 paratypes MCZ 169131 from same NYSM lot; 2 paratypes USNM 56414 ex W. Rich.
elata, Pupa {(Megaspira)|: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 197 (Brazil), long. 1%, lat. 4% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 91, pl. 7, fig. 101; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 34. Figured holotype USNM 5503; paratype MCZ 27066 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label). See Rehder, 1945, Nautilus, vol. 59, p. 67.
electrina, Helix [Helicella|: 1841, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 183, fig. 111 (borders of Fresh Pond, Cambridge [Massachusetts], T. J. Whittemore). Mentioned as being in Massachusetts State Cabinet 107 and BSNH 2392 but both specimens lost; 1851, i
rips U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
A. Binney, Terr. Moll. U.S., vol. 2, p. 236, pl. 29, fig. 1; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 182; diam. more than in.; 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 397, fig. 656 [genus changed to Hyalina].
elisa, Streptaxis: 1856, PBSNH, vol. 6, p. 13 (Island in Mergui Archipelago [Burma], J. Benjamin), length %, height ¥% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 220. 3 specimens MCZ 169433, 163434, and USNM 611207 all ex NYSM 229, original no. A 6206. Obviously an error, since these specimens are Conchlodina laminata Montagu.
elisus, Trochus [Thalotia]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 92 (dredged at Singapore, Pickering), diam. %, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 178, pl. 13, fig. 216,a-c; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 57, 245.
ellipsoidea, Achatinella: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 200 (Maui [Hawaiian Islands], Brackenridge and Hale), lat. %o, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 87, pl. 7, fig. 96,a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 35. Holotype USNM 5498, refigured by Pilsbry and Cooke, 1911, Manual of Conchology, ser. 2, vol. 21, p. 167, pl. 40, figs. 17, 18. Paratype MCZ 156364 ez Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
ellipsoidea, Cylichna: 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 140 (Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), axis 3, diam. 1 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 112. NPEE.
ellipsoidea, Trichotropis: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 324 (dredged in Hong Kong Bay [China], W. Stimpson), axis 10, diam. 5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 121. NPEE.
elobatus, Bulimus [Charis]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 190 (Feejee [Fiji] Islands), long. 2%, lat. 1% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 72, pl. 6, fig. 84,a; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 31, 244.
encausta, Mitra [Pusia]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 172 (Feejee [Fiji] Islands), long. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 274, pl. 20, fig. 356,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 73, 245. 2 syntypes USNM 5751; smaller specimen could be fig. 356b.
eremita, Perna: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 311 (Carlshoff [Aratica Island], Tuamotu Islands), long. 2, alt. 1%, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 446, pl. 40, fig. 557,a—d; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 92. Figured holotype USNM 5942; paratype USNM 612317; paratype MCZ 216762 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
euglypta, Tellina Plate 25, fig. 1 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 28 (hab.?), long. 8, alt. 5, lat. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 167. Measured holotype USNM 17867. NPEE.
eurydice, Helix [Trochomorpha]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 177 (Tongataboo [Tonga Islands]), lat. 1%, alt. 1%o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 60, pl. 4, fig. 57,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 24, 243. Figured holotype USNM 5459; 6 paratypes MCZ 2169133 ex NYSM 258, original no. A 743; 2 paratypes MCZ 87868 ex BSNH from J. P. Couthouy.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 73
exacuta, Cleodora: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 488, pl. 51, fig. 605,a—b (lat. 44° N., long. 154° W., about 30° W. of mouth of Columbia River, Oregon, Mr. Dana), long. }, lat. % in. longitudinis; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 235.
exacutus, Streptaxis: 1856, PBSNH, vol. 6, p. 13 (Burma, F. Mason), length %, breadth % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 220.
exaequata, Helix [Microcystis]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 171 (Kauai, Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands, J. P. Couthouy), lat. %o, alt. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 47, pl. 5, fig. 61,a-c; 1856, ibid., Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 501; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 29, 243. Figured holotype USNM 5463; 13 paratypes MCZ 169134 ez NYSM 259, original no. A 748; 2 paratypes MCZ 87862 ex BSNH 4368.
excelsus, Bulimus: 1853, BJ NH, vol. 6, p. 376, pl. 14, fig. 3 (California, W. Rich), length 1%, breadth % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 184.
exculta, Tellina [Tellinella]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 253 (Feejee [Fiji] Islands), long. 2, alt. 1, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 407, pl. 35, fig. 517,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 80. Figured holotype USNM 5904.
exiguus, Elenchus Plate 7, fig. 9 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 18 (Port Jackson [New South Wales, Australia]), axis 2, diam. 1.5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 156. Probable measured holotype USNM 24230, original no. 378, seen by Hedley, 1913, Proc. Linn. Soc. New S. Wales, vol. 38, p. 278. Original catalog gives locality as ‘‘China Seas.” NPEE.
exolescens, Unio Plate 33, fig. 2 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 141 ((Tavoy,] British Burmah [Burma], F. Mason), long. 2%, alt. 1%, lat. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 191. Half probable measured holotype, here selected, lectotype USNM 85473 ex I. Lea coll. from Gould; paratypes USNM 611831 from same lot consisting of 3 smaller odd valves.
explanata, Crepidula: 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 377, pl. 14, fig. 7 (Monterey [California], T. P. Green; Lower California, W. Rich), length 1%, breadth %, height % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 184. Figured holotype MCZ 169137 ex NYSM 108, original no. A 48 from former locality; 2 paratypes MCZ 169138 and paratype USNM 611272 from same NYSM lot.
explanata, Succinea [Omalonyx]: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 31,a-c; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 223 (Kauai [Hawaiian Islands], J. P. Couthouy), long. %, lat. 4 in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 223. Figured holotype USNM 20870; paratype USNM 5431; paratype MCZ 169135 ex NYSM 182, original no. A 1523; para- type MCZ 155126 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
74 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
expleta, Modiolaria: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 37 (Hong Kong Harbor [China], W. Stimpson), long. 6, alt. 4, lat. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 176. Holotype USNM 2068, not found. NPEE.
exquisita, Julia Plate 45, figs. 3, 5 1862, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 284 (Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands, E. Johnson), long. 5, lat. 4, alt. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 241. Dall, 1898, Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 810, calls attention to an apparent syntype of this species in the W. Newcomb coll. at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. This specimen was observed by A. D. Howard, 1951, Nautilus, vol. 64, p. 84. Half lectotype, here selected, Cornell Univ. Paleo. Dept. 17774; the lot also contains a larger opposing paratype valve.
falcata, Alasmodon{ta]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 294 (Wallawalla, Oregon [Washington]; Sacramento River, California), long. 4, alt. 1%, lat. 1. in.; 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 4383, pl. 38, fig. 545,a—b (Wallawalla, Spokane, Wahlamet, ete., Oregon [Washington], J. Drayton; Upper Sacramento River, California, Pickering); 1862, Otia Conch., p.87. Figured holotype USNM 5929, specific locality not mentioned; paratype MCZ 169160 ex NYSM [not previously cataloged] from the Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
falcata, Cleodora [(Creseis)]: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 490, pl. 51, fig. 608,a (between Oregon and the East Indies, Dana), long. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 235.
falcata, Mactra: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 216 (Puget Sound, Oregon [Washington]), long. 3%, alt. 2%, lat. 14% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 393, pl. 34, fig. 506,a—b (northwest coast, Puget Sound [Wash- ington], Case); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 76. Figured holotype USNM 5893.
faleatus, Lithodomus: 1851, PBSNH, vol. 4, p. 92 (Monterey [California], in indurated marly clay, W. Rich), long. 3, lat. et alt. ¥ in.; 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 403, pl. 16, fig. 9; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 213. Figured holotype MCZ 169139 ex NYSM 372; original no. 3450; 4 paratypes MCZ 169140 and paratype USNM 611271 from same NYSM lot.
fallax ‘Say’ Gould, Pupa: 1841, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 192, fig. 123 (Martha’s Vineyard, L. M. Yale; Rhode Island; Ohio), not Pupa fallax Say. See Pilsbry, 1948, Land Mollusca of North America, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 921.
famelicus, Unio: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 294 (Wallawalla, Oregon [Washington], Pickering), long. 1%, alt. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 432, pl. 38, fig. 544,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 88. Fig- ured holotype USNM 5929.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD fo
farinacea ‘Gould’ Stimpson, Eolis: 1853, Synopsis of the Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manam, Smithsonian Contr. Knowl., vol. G5 pe-25.
farinosum, Buccinum (Pollia) |[Nassaria]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 152 (Kauai, Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands,) long. %, lat. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 255, pl. 19, fig. 323,a; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 68, 245. Figured holotype USNM 5719; 7 paratypes MCZ 169141 ex NYSM 8, original no. A 2597.
fasciata, Dombeya [Chilina]: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 211 (Concén [Aconcagua River], Quillota, Chili, J. P. Couthouy), long. %, lat. %in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 123, pl. 9, fig. 145,a; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 41, 244. Figured holotype USNM 5545; 2 paratypes MCZ 143421 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
fastigiata, Calyptraea [Crucibulum]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 161 (Puget Sound [Washington]), diam. %, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 379, pl. 32, fig. 484; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 15, 243. Figured holotype USNM 5874; paratype USNM 122306; 2 para- types MCZ 169142 ex NYSM 104, original no. A 6361; 2 para- types MCZ 216801 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
fastigiata, Gouldia: 1862, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 282 (Frying-Pan Shoals [Cape Fear], North Carolina, Coast Survey), long. 8, alt. 8 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 239.
feminalis, Anodon{ta]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 293 (Oregon), long. 2%, alt. 1%, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol 12, p. 436, pl. 38, fig. 547,a-b (Wallawalla, Columbia River, Oregon [Washington], Pickering); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 87. Figured holotype USNM 5932; paratype MCZ 169156 ex NYSM, original no. A 6407.
femoralis ‘Gould,’ Anodon: 1875, 27th Ann. Rep. NYSM, p. 54, misprint for feminalis, Anodonta.
femorata, Hyalaea: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 487, pl. 51, fig. 603 (equatorial Atlantic), length of shell and animal, also of alar ex- pansion, 1% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 235. This species was de- scribed from a figure by Mr. Dana, a member of the expedition.
fenestrata, Alvania: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 402 (China Seas, W. Stimpson), axis 2, diam. 1+ mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 146. Type lot USNM 388 not found. NPEE.
fenestrata, Peristernia: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 327 (Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope, W. Stimpson), axis 13, diam. 6 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 124: ‘Only a single specimen was found.” NPEE.
665—231—_64——6
76 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
fidicula, Fusus [Bela]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 141 (Puget Sound [Washington], long. %o, lat. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 233, pl. 16, fig. 284,a; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 64, 245. Figured holotype USNM 206191; 2 paratypes MCZ 169143 ex NYSM 1, original no. A 5358.
fidicula, Mitra: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 170 (hab.?), long. %, lat. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 275, pl. 20, fig. 353,a; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 72. 2 syntypes USNM 15355, original no. 5748, both smaller than figured type; syntype MCZ 216583 ex Smith- sonian Inst. (printed label).
figlina, Mysia Plate 26, fig. 4 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 32 (dredged off east coast of Japan, lat. 37°, in coarse, black sand, 20 fathoms, W. Stimpson), long. 18, alt. 16, lat. 6 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 171. Half measured holotype USNM 1629. NPEE.
figlina, Psammobia: 1845, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 37 (Liberia, C. J. Bates), long. 3%, alt. 2%, lat. 1% in.; 1845, BJNH, vol. 5, p. 291, pl. 24, fig. 9; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 196.
filosa, Clathurella: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 338 (Ouisma [Amami-O- shima, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), axis 20, diam. 10 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 134. NPEE.
filosum, Cerithium: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 120 (Puget Sound [Washington]), long. %, lat. 4 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 149, pl. 10, fig. 175,a—c: “Only a single specimen examined”; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 62. Figured holotype USNM 5575.
fimbriata, Aplysia: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 197 (Liberia, G. A. Perkins), length 5, width 3% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 210.
fimbriata, Patella: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 149 (Straits of [Juan de] Fuca [Washington], Case), long. 1%, lat. 1%, alt. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 344, pl. 29, fig. 445,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 7, 242.
firmatum, Lepton: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 33 (sand at low water, Simon’s Bay [Cape of Good Hope], W. Stimpson), long. 5, lat. 2, alt. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 171. Presumed holotype USNM 161 figured by Bartsch, 1915, USNM Bull. 91, p. 196, pl. 43, figs. 3-4. NPEE.
flabellata, Lyonsia (Pandorina): 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 23 (Arctic Ocean, W. Stimpson), long. 17, alt. 10, lat. 6 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 162. NPEE.
flabellatus, Mytilus (Modiola): 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 343 (Puget Sound, Oregon [Washington]), long. 4, alt. 1%, lat. 14in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 453, pl. 40, fig. 561,a (Oregon [Washington]; Puget Sound, Townsend Harbor; [San Francisco,] California); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 93. Syntype USNM 3885 from Puget Sound.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 11
flaccida, Saxicava Plate 36, fig. 3 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 24 (Hong Kong [China], and Simon’s Bay [Cape of Good Hope], W. Stimpson), long. 20, alt. 13, lat. 10 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 163. Type lot USNM 131, original no. 216 not found. Catalog includes following chiding note: “‘No Sphaeria at all. Why look at the extended ligament and large teeth, naked eye will do friend G[ould]. Did it come from False Bay, Cape of Good Hope?” Lectotype, here selected, Redpath Mus. 15679. NPEE.
flava, Natica [Acrybia]: 1839, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 1, vol. 38, p. 196 (stomachs of fish); 1841, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 239, fig. 162 ([Grand] Bank([s] fishing grounds, coll. of Col. Totton); length 1, lat. % in.; mentioned as being in Massachusetts State Cabinet 44, but specimen lost; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 180; 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 347, fig. 616 [genus changed to Bulbus]. Gould examined five specimens: three were mature, the other two were young.
flavescens, Amphidesma [Semele] Plate 29, fig. 7 1851, PBSNH, vol. 4, p. 89 (San Diego [California], T. P. Green), long. 2%, alt. 2, lat. 14 in.; 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 392; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 211. Measured holotype MCZ 169157 ex NYSM 253, original no. G 2173.
flexuosa, Rissoina Plate 15, fig. 3 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 400 (Sydney Harbor [New South Wales, Australia], W. Stimpson), axis 6, diam. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 144. Probable measured holotype, here selected, lectotype USNM 24076, original no. 286. NPEE.
flexuosus, Donax Plate 29, fig. 1 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 394, pl. 15, fig. 8 (Santa Barbara [Cali- fornia], E. Jewett), long. %, alt. %, lat. 3% im.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 188. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169144 ex NYSM 350, original A 977; paratype MCZ 169145 and paratype USNM 611264 from same NYSM lot.
florida, Mitra Plate 4, fig. 10 1856, PBSNH, vol. 6, p. 14 (Florida, E. Ravenel; supposed from Philippines, J. C. Jay), axis 1%, greatest diam. %, length of aperture 1% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 221. Measured holotype MCZ 169146 ex NYSM 26, original no. A 4548, from E. Ravenel. Gould had a single specimen from each source; the Jay specimen was presumably returned, but it could not be located in the American Museum of Natural History.
florida, Psammobia: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 254 (Illawarra [Dis- trict], New South Wales [Australia], Drayton), long. 1%, alt. % in.; 1852, USER, vol. 12, p. 408, pl. 35, fig. 513,a—b; 1862, Otia
78 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
Conch., p. 81. Syntype USNM 5900, smaller than figured type; 2 syntypes MCZ 169147 ex NYSM 846, original no. G 2195.
fluctuosa, Melania Plate 35, fig. 8 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 219 (Newville, [Province of] Tavoy [Burma], Mrs. Vinton), long. %, lat. 4 in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 200. Measured holotype MCZ 169136 ex NYSM 65, original no. G 2581.
fluctuosa, Myadora Plate 26, fig. 2 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 23 (Kagos[hlima Bay [Japan], W. Stimp- son), long. 8, alt. 7, lat. 3 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 161. Half measured holotype USNM 1313. NPEE.
fluctuosa, Venus [Tapes]: 1841, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 87, fig. 50 ([Grand] Banks fisheries [off Nova Scotia]), long. %o, alt. %o, lat. %9 in.; mentioned as being in Massachusetts State Cabinet 193 and BSNH 2333, but both specimens lost; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 181; 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 136, fig. 447 [genus changed to Tapes]. Gould had three specimens of this species.
foliacea, Unio Plate 33, fig. 3 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 141 ([Tavoy,] British Burmah [Burma], F. Mason), long. 1%, lat. %, alt. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 191. Half possible measured holotype, here selected, lectotype USNM 84161 ex I. Lea coll. from Gould; 3 paratypes USNM 611827 from same lot.
foliolatus, Arion: 1851, in A. Binney, Terr. Moll. U.S., vol. 2, p. 30, pl. 66, fig. 2 (Discovery Harbor, Puget Sound [Washington], Pickering), length 3% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 2,a—b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 223.
fornicata, Helix: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 172 (Kauai, Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands), lat. 4, alt. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 50; 1856, ibid., Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 501: “‘The shell which was described as H. fornicata has been unfortunately mislaid, and the figure numbered 64, where it was to have been placed, represents H. tongana Quoy with its animal’; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 21, 243. 8 ideotypes MCZ 169148 ex NYSM 288, original no. A 766.
fossata, Natica [Neverita]: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 263 (Florida Coast), lat. 1%, alt. 14% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 202.
fossatum, Buccinum [Nassa] [Caesia]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 152 (Puget Sound and mouth of Columbia River [Washington)), long. 1%, lat. 1 in.; 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 254, pl. 19, fig. 321,a (... and at San Diego, California); 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 67, 245. Figured holotype USNM 5718.
fossatum, Triton [(Monoplex)|: 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 329 (Hong Kong [China], W. Stimpson), axis 35, diam. 30, apert. 20 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 126. NPEE.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 79
fragilis, Panopaea: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 25 (Hakodadi [Hakodate] Bay [Japan], W. Stimpson), long. 2, alt. 1.5, lat. 1 inch [sic]; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 163. Type lot, USNM 1636, not found. NPEE.
fricata, Nanina: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 32, pl. 5, fig. 71,a—b (Illawarra [District], New South Wales [Australia], Drayton), diam. %o, axis 4 in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 223. Figured holotype USNM 5473.
fruticosus, Chiton [Lepidopleura]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 142 (New South Wales [Australia], Mrs. Mitchell), long. 1%, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 319, pl. 28, fig. 428,a; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 4, 242. Measured holotype USNM 5819; paratype MCZ 169149 ex NYSM 162, original no. A 5467.
fruticosus, Murex (Trophon) |Typhis]: 1849, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 143 (New Holland [Sydney, Australia]), long. %, lat. 4 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 236, pl. 17, fig. 287,a; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 66, 245. Figured holotype USNM 5685.
fucata, Avicula: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 309 (Feejee [Fiji] Islands?), long. 2, alt. 2%, lat. % in.; 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 440, fig. 39, fig. 550,a-b [not Avicula lurida, the names were transposed]; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 90. Figured holotype USNM 5935; paratype MCZ 216815 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
fucata, Gibbula: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 20 (hab.? [Cape of Good Hope]), diam. 7, axis 5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 159. Lecto- type, here selected, USNM 2047, figured by Bartsch, 1915, USNM Bull. 91, p. 155, pl. 27, figs. 4-6; paratype USNM 612333. NPEE.
fucata, Tellina (Strigilla): 1851, PBSNH, vol. 4, p. 91; 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 399, pl. 16, fig. 4 (Mazatlan, E. Jewett), diam. longitud. %, vertical 4, transverse % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 212. Figured holotype MCZ 169150 ex NYSM 347, original no. G 2128; 3 paratypes MCZ 169151 and paratype USNM 611268 from same NYSM lot.
fulgens, Gibbula: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 21 (hab.? [Cape of Good Hope]), diam. 7 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 160. Holotype USNM 2046, figured by Bartsch, 1915, USNM Bull. 91, p. 154, pl. 26, figs. 4-6; paratype MCZ 169152 ex NYSM 140, original no. G 2451. NPEE.
fulgens, Liotia: PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 142 (St. Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope, W. Stimpson), axis 2, diam. 5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 114. Holotype USNM 24151, original no. 156, figured by Bartsch, 1915, USNM Bull. 91, p. 166, pl. 29, figs. 4-6. NPEE.
fulgora, Helicina: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 201 (Islands of Upolu and Manua [Samoan Islands], among bananas), lat. %o, alt. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 97, pl. 7, fig. 106,a—c (among bananas,
80 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
Island of Manua [Samoan Islands], J. P. Couthouy); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 36. Measured holotype USNM 5508, figure reduced; 5 paratypes MCZ 169153 ex NYSM 298, original no. G 2628; paratype MCZ 216605 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
fuliginosa, Achatinella Plate 42, fig. 7 1845, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 28 (Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands), long. Ko, lat. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 196: “. . .is Helix tristis Férussac.’”’? Holotype MCZ 169154 ez NYSM original no. A 1162.
fulgininosus, Limax: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 4,a (Bay of Islands, New Zealand, among turnips, Pickering), long. 2.5 in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 223.
fulminea, Columbella [(Anachis)]| Plate 8, fig. 3 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 334 (St. Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope, W. Stimpson), axis 3, diam. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 131. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 130; 2 paratypes USNM 24090; 2 paratypes MCZ 119368 ex BSNH 6390; 2 paratypes MCZ 216582 ez Smithsonian Inst. (printed label); paratype Redpath Mus. 8056. NPEE.
funereum, Buccinum [Cominella]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 152 (New Zealand), long. 1, lat. 4% in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 258, pl. 19, fig. 320,a; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 67, 245. Figured holotype USNM_ 5717; 3 paratypes MCZ 216614 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
fungina, Emarginula Clypidina: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 154 (Upolu, Samoan Islands), long. %, lat. %, alt. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 374, pl. 32, fig. 491,a—-c.; 1862, Otia Conch., p.12. Syn- type MCZ 216604.
furcillata, Septifer: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 39 (China Seas, W. Stimpson), long. 8, lat. et alt. 4 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 177: ‘“‘A somewhat worn valve furnishes the description.” NPEE.
furfurosa, Melania [Plotia]: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 225 (Manila [Philippine Islands]), long. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 139, pl. 10, fig. 162,a; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 47, 244. Figured holotype USNM 5562; 3 paratypes MCZ 87932 ex BSNH 3060.
furvus, Octopus: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 475, pl. 47, fig. 589,a—d (from the market, Rio [de] Janeiro [Brazil], J. P. Couthouy), length of body 6, of arms about 40 in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 232.
fusca Alvania Plate 12, fig. 3 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 403 (dredged in Hong Kong Harbor [China], W. Stimpson), axis 5, diam. 1.5 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 147. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 37347, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 567, pl. 50, figs. 18, 19. 2 ideotypes MCZ 169155 ex NYSM 94, original no. G 2466 labeled ‘Hakodadi, Japan.” NPEE.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD Sl
fuscata, Calliopaea (?): 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 250, pl. 16, figs. 218-221 (on logs in a mastyard, Boston [Massachusetts], 1842), length %o, breadth %p in.
fuscata Gould, Cerithidea (?sacrata, var.) Plate 11, fig. 6 1856 [1857], 7x Gould and Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 206 (San Diego [California], W. P. Blake), long. 1.25, lat. .4 in.; not in 1862, Otia Conch. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169158 ex NYSM 60, original no. A 129; 3 paratypes MCZ 169159 from same NYSM lot.
fuscata, Embletonia: 1870, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 251, pl. 16, figs, 229-232 (in Charles River on logs in timber docks, and at South Boston Bridge [Massachusetts], on Laomedea gemiculata, 1842 and 1865), length %o, breadth Yo in.
fuscus ‘Linsley’ Gould, Pecten: 1848, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 6, p. 235, fig. 6 (Connecticut), long. %», lat. %» in. Described from one valve. Not Bosc 1801, Sowerby [Klein] 1842, changed to Pectin brunneus Stimpson, 1851, Shells of New Eng- land, p. [58].
gabata, Helix (Caracolla): 1843, PBSNH, vol. 1, p. 39 ((Tavoy,] British Burmah [Burma], F. Mason), diam. %, alt. % in.; 1844, BJNH, vol. 4, p. 454, pl. 24, fig. 9; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 189. Figured holotype MCZ 169161 ex NYSM 247, original no. A 560; paratype MCOZ 169162 and paratype USNM 611230 from same NYSM lot; paratype MCZ 189364 ee BSNH; paratype MCZ 156011 ex C. B. Adams coll.; paratype USNM 105973 ea I. Lea coll.
Gaimardia, new genus: 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 460. Type species: Modiola trapesina Lamarck, by monotypy. See 1856, ibid., Ad- denda and Corrigenda, p. 509, note.
galeata, Rimula [Cemoria]: 1846, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 159 (dredged at Puget Sound [Washington], Case), long. %o, lat. %o, alt. %o in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 369, pl. 31, fig. 476,a—c; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 14, 243. Figured holotype USNM 5866; 2 paratypes MCZ 216591 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
gaudiosa, Gibbula: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 21 (False Bay [Cape of Good Hope], W. Stimpson), diam. 6 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 159. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 222, figured by Bartsch, 1915, USNM Bull. 91, p. 156, pl. 28, figs. 1-3; paratype USNM 31119; 2 paratypes MCZ 169163 e2 NYSM 137, original no. G 2436. NPEE.
gaulus, Anyclus Plate 30, fig. 1 1859, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 40 (Cape of Good Hope, W. Stimpson), long. %, lat. %, alt. 4% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 106. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 24111, original no. 233. NPEE.
82 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 239
gausapata, Columbella: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 170 (Puget Sound, Oregon [Washington], long. \, lat. 4 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 267, pl. 19, fig. 337,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 71, 245. Probable figured holotype USNM 5732; paratype USNM 612307; paratype MCZ 169165 ex NYSM 34, original no. G 2558; 54 paratypes MCZ 169166 ex NYSM 82, original no. A 6335; 3 paratypes MCZ 197146 ez Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
gemma, Tellina: 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 399, pl. 16, fig. 5 (San Juan [Orange County, California], T. P. Green), diam. long. %, vert. %o, trans. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 188.
gemmatus, Trochus (Monodonta) |Eucheles] Plate 15, fig. 10 1845, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 27 (Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands), long. ¥, lat. % in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 195. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169167 ex NYSM 129, original no. A 3345; 3 paratypes MCZ 169168 and paratype USNM 611218 from same NYSM lot.
gemmula, Cypraea [Trivia] Plate 7, fig. 10 1845, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 27 (Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands), long. ¥ lat. %o in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 195. Lectotype MCZ 169169 ex NYSM 838, original no. A 4063; 100+ paratypes MCZ 169170 and 3 paratypes USNM 611214 from same NYSM lot.
gemmulata, Cardilia: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 31 (China Seas, W. Stimpson), long. 2, alt. 2.5, lat. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 170. NPEE.
generosa, Panopaea: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 215 (Puget Sound, Oregon [Washington]), long. 6, alt. 4, lat. 3 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 385, pl. 34, fig. 507,a-b (mud flats at Nisqually [present site of Tacoma] and Puget Sound [Washington]); 1862, Otia Conch., pp. 75, 163. Figured holotype USNM 5894.
generosus, Unio Plate 33, fig. 1 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 220 (Newville, [Province of] Tavoy [Burma], Mrs. Vinton), long. 3%, lat. 1%, alt. 2% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 200. Measured holotype MCZ 169449 ex NYSM 27, original no. A 5710; 4 paratypes MCZ 169450 from same NYSM lot; paratype USNM 83960 ex I. Lea coll. from Gould.
geniculata, Argonauta: 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 470, pl. 45, fig. 585 (bis) a-e (taken near Sugarloaf [Mountain], Rio [de] Janeiro [Brazil], J. P. Couthouy); whole length 6, breadth 1%, length of sac 2%, length of superior arms 5, inferior 4%, superior lateral 6, inferior 4, diam. of umbrella 1% in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 23.
germana, Helix: 1851, in A. Binney, Terr. Moll. U.S., vol. 2, p. 156, pl. 40a, fig. 3 (Oregon, USEE), diam. %o, axis % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 70, pl. 3, fig. 40,a-c; not in 1862, Otia Conch.
RECENT MOLLUSCA OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 83
gibbosa, Physa: 1847, PBSNH, vol. 2, p. 214 (New South Wales), long. %, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 117, pl. 8, fig. 137,a (freshwater streams at Paramatta, New South Wales [Australia], Mrs. Mitchell); 1862, Otia Conch., p. 42. Measured holotype USNM 55339, figure enlarged; paratype MCZ 169171 ez NYSM 306, original no. G 2636.
glabra, Auricula [Avicula]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 310 (New Zealand), long. 2%, alt. 2%, lat. % in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 442, pl. 39, fig. 552,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 91. Figured holotype USNM 5937; paratype MCZ 216816 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
glabra, Helicina Plate 41, fig. 2 1842, BJNH, vol. 4, no. 1, back cover (Cuba [J. Bartlett]); 1843, PESNH, vol. 1,)\p.138: “... . is Hehe nitida Pfeiffer’: 1862,
Otia Conch., p. 183. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169172 ez NYSM 294, original no. A 1808; 3 paratypes MCZ 169173 and paratype USNM 611253 from same NYSM lot.
glabratum, Monodonta: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 20 (China Seas, W. Stimpson), axis 15, diam. 13 mm.; 1862 Otia Conch., p. 159. Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 563 says: “The lot in the USNM is marked with a query ‘? C 2051’ and con- tains a single specimen, measuring 20 mm. in altitude, 17.5 mm. in
width. . . . does not seem to represent M. glabratum Gould.’’ NPEE. glandula, Callista Plate 30, fig. 5
1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 31 (Hong Kong, China, W. Stimpson), long. 25, alt. 21, lat. 19 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 169. Half ideotype USNM 24725 labeled ‘China Seas, W. Stimpson.” NPEE.
glareosa, Mangelia Plate 5, fig. 5 1860, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 340 (Hong Kong Harbor [China], in 10 fathoms, shelly bottom, W. Stimpson), axis 5, diam. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 136. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 24174, original no. 575. NPEE.
glareosa, Monilea Plate 4, fig. 4 1861, PBSNH, vol. 8, p. 17 (Loo Choo (Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], Ousima [Amami-O-shima, Ryukyu Islands] and Kikaia [Kikaiga- shima, Ryukyu Islands], under surf-washed stones, W. Stimpson), diam. 5 in.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 155. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 971; 2 smaller paratypes USNM 24178; 2 paratypes MCZ 169174 ex NYSM 135, original no. G 2413 [localities not separated]. NPEE.
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glareosum, Bittium Plate 12, fig. 15 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 387 (Port Lloyd, Bonin Islands; and Loo Choo [Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands], W. Stimpson), axis 6; lat. 2 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 142. Measured holotype USNM 24221, figured by Yen, 1944, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 569, pl. 50, fig. 5; 4 paratypes USNM 612330; paratype MCZ 216625 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label). NPEE.
glauca, Anodon|ta]: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 293 (Peru), long. 1%; alt. %, Jat. % in.; 1852, USEH, vol. 12, p. 434, pl. 38, fig. 548,a-b, not Anodonta glauca Lamarck 1819. Name changed to Anodonta puberula Gould, 1862, Otia Conch., p. 86. Figured holotype USNM 5933.
globosa, Cheletropis: 1861, PBSNH, vol. 7, p. 408 (China Seas, W. Stimpson), axis 1; diam. 8 mm.; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 152. NPEE.
glomerata, Ostrea: 1850, PBSNH, vol. 3, p. 346 (New Zealand), long et lat. 2 in.; 1852, USEE, vol. 12, p. 461, pl. 43, fig. 577,a-b; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 96. Figured holotype USNM 5960, fig. 577a,b; group of figured paratypes fig. 577, USNM 612314; paratype MCZ 178590 ex BSNH 8531; paratype MCZ 178591 ex Smithsonian Inst. (printed label).
glomeratus, Mytilus Plate 27, fig. 2 1851, PBSNH, vol. 4, p. 92 (San Francisco [California], W. Rich), long. %, alt. 3% in.; 1853, BJNH, vol. 6, p. 402, pl. 16, fig. 8; 1862, Otia Conch., p. 214. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 169175 ex NYSM 371, original no. A 4716; paratype MCZ 169176