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FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

ZOOLOGY, VOL. XII

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MAP OF PART OF NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL.

Field Museum of Natural History

Founded by Marshall Field, 1893

Publication 255 Zoological Series Vol. XII, No. 18

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORNITHOLOGY

OF

NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

BY

Charles E. Hellmayr

Associate Curator of Birds

THt UBHW Of r

APR 1

Wilfred H. Osgood Curator, Department of Zoology

UNIVEHSI7

1929

Y ot um

1 a

Chicago, U. S. A.

March 4, 1929

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

BY C. E. HELLMAYR

Introduction

The following account purports to give a condensed review of our actual knowledge of the ornithology of the three Brazilian states Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara. Although "political boundaries do not, as a rule, conform to those which mark the limits of faunal areas,"1 it has been deemed expedient for practical reasons so to limit the scope of this paper, instead of including the northwestern section of Bahia, which, from the evidence at hand, is faunistically more nearly related to the area circumscribed above than to that part of the state lying south and east of the Sao Francisco River.

While primarily based on collections made for Field Museum from July 1923 to February 1926, by Heinrich E. Snethlage, a nephew of Madame E. Snethlage of Amazonian fame, in Maranhao, Piauhy, and the adjacent districts of western Ceara (and northern Goyaz), and the material gathered by Robert H. Becker, from June to Sep- tember 1 913, in eastern Ceara, the present paper includes every species recorded in literature from the three states. Those not represented in Field Museum are enclosed in brackets. Besides our own series, I have had the advantage of examining a large portion of the material secured by 0. Reiser and his assistants in Piauhy during the Vienna Academy's expedition. Several hundred birds from northern Maranhao, collected by the late Ferdinand Schwanda, have been compared in European museums. More than twenty years ago the Royal Natural History Museum at Sophia, Bulgaria, had forwarded to me the first lot transmitted by this collector; and various other consignments from the same source, belonging to the museums at Tring, Frankfort on the Main, Munich, Vienna, and Sao Paulo (Brazil), passed through my hands during the next decade. Finally, a visit to the Berlin Museum, in June 1926, enabled me to inspect the types of certain forms described by Madame Snethlage from Ceara.

'Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 3, 1926.

235

236 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Thanks are due to the authorities of the Vienna Museum, par- ticularly my old friend Mr. Otmar Reiser; Dr. Alfred Laubmann, of the Munich Museum; Dr. Erwin Stresemann, of Berlin; Dr. Frank M. Chapman, of the American Museum of Natural History of New York; Dr. Charles W. Richmond, of Washington, D.C. ; and Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, for the use of material in the collections under their care. To Mr. H. B. Conover, of Chicago, I am indebted for permission to record in this report numerous specimens preserved in his private collection, and to Mr. Charles Westcott I am under great obligations for invaluable help in revising the manuscript and correcting the proof sheets.

Historical Sketch

The first information concerning the bird life of the region is due to the efforts of Georg Marc grave (of Liebstadt, near Meissen, in Saxony), who, together with William Piso, Franz Plante, and others, accompanied Count (later Prince) Johann Moritz of Nassau- Siegen, as naturalist, on his military expedition to Brazil. The Count, in command of a Dutch army, landed on January 24, 1637 at Olinda, drove the Spanish forces over the Rio Sao Francisco, and immediately organized the government of the reconquered territory which comprised the provinces Sergipe, Pernambuco, Itamarica, Parahyba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Ceara. During his administration, Count Moritz lost no opportunity to explore the natural resources of the country, and he was materially aided by the scientists named above in gathering material in all branches of natural history. When, seven years later, the Dutch expeditionary corps was forced to retreat, Marcgrave shifted the field of his activity to Sao Paulo de Loanda, on the west coast of Africa, where he soon fell a victim to the deadly climate, at the early age of thirty-four years, leaving, among other scientific material, extensive notes and drawings on the Zoology and Botany of Brazil. This manuscript was preserved by Johannes de Laet and, together with W. Piso's "De Medicina Brasiliae," was published in 1648 at Leiden and Amsterdam as "Georgi Marcgravi de Liebstadt, Misnici Germani, Historiae Rerum Naturalium Brasiliae, libri octo," under the joint title "Historia Naturalis Brasiliae," the account of the birds forming "liber quintus," divided into fifteen chapters (pp. 190- 220). Many of the birds which were described by Marcgrave under vernacular names received Latin denominations from Linnaeus, Gmelin, and others; but owing to the rather vague de-

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 237

scriptions and crude illustrations, some of which were, moreover, misplaced in the text, considerable doubt existed as to the proper identification of certain species. Fortunately, the original drawings were discovered in the Royal (now Prussian State) Library at Berlin,1 and with their help Lichtenstein2 undertook a review of the birds included in Marcgrave's work, resulting in the correction of sundry misinterpretations and errors. Lichtenstein's attempt to identify the various species was quite successful, and apart from several cases where our present knowledge leads to different con- clusions, his paper even now may be consulted with advantage.

Nothing was added to our scanty knowledge of northeastern Brazil until the Bavarian explorers /. B. Spix and Ph. Martins, in the course of their famous journey, visited Piauhy (entering from the southeast and traversing it in a northwesterly direction to Oeiras and Therezina) and the eastern part of Maranhao, reaching Sao Luiz by way of Caxias and Itapicuru-mirim, in the early summer of 1819. The few species of birds collected on that trip, hardly more than a dozen, are duly recorded in Spix's "Avium Species Novae," published in two folio volumes at Munich in 1824 and 1825.

At about the same time, the Berlin Museum apparently received some material from Maranhao, as may be conjectured from the name Psittacus cumanensis, imposed by Lichtenstein3 upon a species of Macaw.*

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, trade skins from Ceara reached the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a collector by the name of Zietz sent a series of birds from the same state to the Bremen Museum.

Much more important, however, were the results of the expedition organized in 1903 by the Vienna Academy of Sciences under the leadership of the ichthyologist Franz Steindachner. The party which included Otmar Reiser as ornithologist, after working for several months in the state of Bahia, notably along the Sao Francisco River and its tributaries, the Rio Grande and Rio Preto, in the north- western section of that state, crossed the Serra do Boqueirao north of Santa Rita into Piauhy, reaching Parnagua on May 11, 1903.

xSee Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl., for 1814-15, pp. 204-208, 1817.

2Ibidem, for 1816-17, pp. 155-178, 1819. 3Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 6, 1823. 4See under Species No. 387, p. 439.

238 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

After exploring the vicinity of this city, they went on to Santo Antonio de Gilboez, then struck west to Santa Philomena and, stopping at various places, followed the Rio Parnahyba down to its mouth. The ornithological material gathered on this journey through Piauhy, numbering upwards of six hundred birds, con- stitutes the first collection made along scientific lines in that part of Brazil. An account of it was published by Reiser in the "Denk- schriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch- naturwissenschaftliche Klasse," 76, pp. 55-100, 1010; pp. 107-252, 1925, with two maps and one colored plate.

In 1905, Ferdinand Schwanda established himself in Maranhao and soon started sending birdskins to Europe. Schwanda at first collected at Sao Luiz, B6a Vista, and Primeira Cruz and, later, moved farther east to Miritiba, halfway between the Rio Itapicuru and the frontier of Piauhy. Although no account of his collections, scat- tered through various museums in Europe and America, has ever been published, it appears that his researches were exclusively re- stricted to the coast region of Maranhao. Schwanda continued collecting until the time of his death which took place about 19 10, though I have no information as to the exact date.

In May and June 1910, Madame Emilie Snethlage, for many years associated with the Museu Goeldi at Para, explored the western section of Ceara, working chiefly at Camocim, Ipu, and at Sao Paulo, in the Serra Grande de Ibiapaba, while Francisco de Queiroz Lima, taxidermist of the same institution, in 191 5 secured a small collection in the Serra do Castello, in the southern part of the state. A short account of the ornithological results of the two trips, embracing 148 species, was published by Madame Snethlage,1 while this paper was passing through the press.

Robert H. Becker, in behalf of Field Museum, visited Ceara in the summer of 1913, making collections in the Serra de Baturite, at Quixada, and at a place called Jua, near Iguatu. The late C. B. Cory described sundry new forms from this material, but no complete report was ever written. The entire series has been studied in the preparation of this memoir, and the specimens obtained by Becker have been listed under the headings of the different species.

Madame Snethlage spent the latter half of 1923 in northern Maran- hao (Tury-assu, Sao Bento, Sao Luiz), collecting upwards of 500

^ol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 39-48, Nov., 1926.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 239

birdskins, and has just published1 an annotated list of 196 species in connection with the report on Ceara quoted above.2

To complete this sketch, it may be mentioned that various speci- mens from Maranhao, mostly without definite localities, are listed in E. Snethlage's "Catalogo das Aves Amazonicas,"' while Ihering and Ihering4 recorded a number of species obtained by F. Schwanda.

H. Snethlage's Expedition6

Dr. Heinrich E. Snethlage began his work late in July 1923 at Sao Luiz, the capital of Maranhao and, up to the end of August, collected in the vicinity of that city and at the estate Anil, five kilo- meters south of Sao Luiz. From August 17 to September 14, his headquarters were at Sao Bento, inland of Alcantara. Thence he moved to Tury-assu, farther north on the coast, and to Alto de Alegria, about 40 kilometers inland, where collecting was carried on until January 4, 1924. The next station was the island of Mangunca, opposite Cururupu (February 2 2 -March 22), after which Dr. Sneth- lage returned to Sao Luiz, and from April 19 to May 27, 1924, explored the neighborhood of Rosario, situated near the left bank of the lower Itapicuru. On June 10, he arrived at Cocos, south of Codo, farther up that river, and after working in this district for a month, struck across to the Rio Mearim, reaching it on July 25 at Pedreiras, below the junction of the Rio das Flores. From August 8 to October 2, Dr. Snethlage investigated the fauna of Barra do Cor da, on the upper Mearim. An excursion took him to Ponto (Canella), near the sources of the Rio Estevao, a tributary of the Rio Corda, about seventy kilo- meters south of Barra do Corda. The greater part of October was spent at Grajahu, on the river of the same name, in western Maran- hao. On the return journey, he stopped at Victoria (Queimadas), a settlement on the Rio Grajahu, about halfway between the city of Grajahu and the junction of the Mearim.

In December 1924, Dr. Snethlage began operations in the eastern section of Piauhy at Ibiapaba, on the upper Poty, at the foot of the Serra de Ibiapaba (December 12, 1924 to January 17, 1925), and then

^oc. cit., pp. 59-69, Nov., 1926.

2Only a few of the more important records, including a number of species not otherwise found in Maranhao, could be incorporated in the present paper.

3Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, 1914.

4Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 1907.

5See Snethlage's recently published "Meine Reise durch Nordostbrasilien" in Journ. Orn., 75, pp. 453-484. P1- 7. 1927; 76, pp. 5°3-581, 668-738, 1928.

240 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

went fifteen kilometers north to Ardra, in the Serra (January 20 to February 15). Crossing the state line, he collected for several weeks (February 18 to March 8), at Varzea Formosa, Municipio Ipueiras, about 40 kilometers northeast of Ardra, at altitudes of from 700 to 1000 meters, in western Ceara, and returning to Piauhy, secured a representative series at Deserto, a station on the railroad Parnahyba- Piracurucd, about thirty kilometers west of the Serra de Ibiapaba (March 28 to April 15).

In May 1925, Dr. Snethlage started on his long inland journey to southern Maranhao. After spending a few weeks at Sao Francisco, opposite Amarante, on the Rio Parnahyba, and stopping at Victoria (July 15), he established headquarters at the Fazenda Inhuma, on the left bank of that river, about eighty kilometers below Santa Philomena (July 16 to August 8). From there he went up the Rio Medonho and finally reached Tranqueira, near the sources of the Moju, one of its affluents, approximately one hundred kilometers west of Victoria do Alto Parnahyba (August 13 to September 16). Crossing the Serra Vermelha, Dr. Snethlage passed into the drain- age basin of the Tocantins and entered the territory of Goyaz at Certeza, near the headwaters of the Rio Perdido, a tributary of the Rio do Somno. On descending the Tocantins, he stopped at Carolina, Maranhao (November 9-13), Philadelphia (November 25 to De- cember 30), and the missionary station Santo Antonio, Boa Vista (January 25 to February 24, 1926), where, however, owing to a rebellion and poor health, very little collecting could be done.

Altogether, nearly 2000 birdskins were transmitted, all of which, with the exception of certain game birds, have been incorporated in the collection of Field Museum. Considering the adverse conditions under which he was working, Dr. Snethlage deserves full credit for what he has accomplished, and while much detailed work must yet be done, we may safely say that the results of his travels, combined with those of the Vienna Academy's expedition, have supplied us with the necessary material to form a general idea of the bird life of the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy.

ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

While the available information is not all that could be desired, it is evident that the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy, and the state of Ceara probably in its entirety, are closely similar in physio- graphical respects to the table-land of central Brazil. The greater

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 241

part of the country is more or less open, broken by comparatively low ridges or mountain ranges (Serras), studded with catinga woods (thorn thickets), and extensive clearings around the human habita- tions. Strips of virgin forest (gallery forest) are found along the river banks and creeks.1

The northern coast of Maranhao, on the other hand, presents quite a different aspect, being covered, at least partly, with primeval forest of the same kind as is found in the neighboring Para district. This applies particularly to Tury-assu, where Dr. Snethlage met with a surprisingly large number of Lower-Amazonian forms. The theory expressed in my review of the Para ornis2 that this faunal area would be found to extend far beyond the Rio Gurupy has been amply con- firmed by Snethlage's and Schwanda's researches. How far this forested belt stretches along the coast of Maranhao, has yet to be determined, though it can be traced, with reasonable accuracy, as far east as Miritiba, where Schwanda secured such a typical forest dweller as Pyriglena leuconota leuconota. The occurrence of Todi- ro strum sylvia schulzi, Xenops minutus genibarbis, Momotus momota parensis, Brachygalba lugubris lugubris, and Ortalis spixi on the lower Parnahyba (boundary line of Maranhao and Piauhy), is not quite conclusive. These species of Amazonian parentage may have fol- lowed the gallery forest which extends along the banks of many rivers far into the open country. No doubt this is the way that certain Amazonian species have penetrated the interior of Maranhao. As examples we may cite Thraupis episcopus episcopus, taken at Barra do Corda and Cocos, Xiphorhynchus guttatus eytoni, at Grajahu, and Dysithamnus mentalis emiliae, at Victoria, Queimadas — inland localities at all of which, according to Snethlage, patches of gallery forest exist.

However, it seems pretty certain that not all of the country be- tween the lower Itapicurti and Parnahyba is unbroken forest, since the taking at Miritiba by Schwanda of so typical a representative of the table-land fauna as Furnarius leucopus assimilis clearly speaks for the existence in that vicinity of open or at least deforested areas.

The close affinity of northern Maranhao to the Para region is best illustrated by the following list.

JMuch useful information about the various plant associations and their characteristic birds may be found in the second part of Snethlage's "Meine Reise durch Nordostbrasilien" (Journ. Orn., 76, pp. 505-540, 1928).

2Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 84, 139, 1912.

242 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

GUIANAN-AMAZONIAN SPECIES EXTENDING INTO MARANHAO, BUT UNKNOWN FROM EASTERN BRAZIL

Thryophilus leucotis albipectus Troglodytes musculus clarus Polioptila plumbea plumbea Basileuterus rivularis mesoleucus Pachysylvia semicinerea Cyclarhis gujanensis gujanensis Chlorophanes spiza spiza Dacnis cayana cayana Leistes militaris militaris Tanagra cayennensis

Thraupis episcopus episcopus (ranging as far inland as Barra do Corda and Codo) Ramphocelus car bo carbo (ranging apparently all over Piauhy; represented by

R. c. centralis south of the Serra de Tabatinga) Eucometis penicillata penicillata Caryothraustes canadensis canadensis Cyanocompsa cyanoides rothschildii Paroaria gularis gularis •

Myiodynastes maculatus maculatus Terenotriccus erythrurus hellmayri Onychorhynchus coronatus coronatus Platyrinchus saturatus Tolmomyias sulphur escens assimilis Rhynchocyclus olivaceus guianensis Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum illigeri Todirostrum maculatum maculatum Todirostrum sylvia schulzi (east to the Rio Parnahyba) Colopteryx galeatus Tyranniscus acer Tyrannulus elatus elatus Piprites chloris chlorion Manacus manacus purus Schiffornis turdinus wallacii Platypsaris minor Pachyramphus polychopterus niger Pachyramphus marginatus nanus Lipaugus simplex frederici Attila thamnophiloides thamnophiloides Xipholena lamellipennis (probably of east-Brazilian origin) Synallaxis gujanensis gujanensis Synallaxis rutilans omissa Certhiaxis cinnamomea cinnamomea Philydor ruficaudatus Philydor erythrocercus lyra Automolus infuscatus paraensis Automolus rufipileatus rufipileatus

Xenops minutus genibarbis (east to the Rio Parnahyba) Sclerurus mexicanus macconnelli Dendrocolaptes certhia medius Xiphorhynchus guttatus eytoni Xiphorhynchus spixii Lepidocolaptes fuscicapillus layardi Dendrocincla fuliginosa

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 243

Conopophaga roberti (south to the upper Rio Parnahyba)

Corythopis torquata anthoides

Thamnophilus aethiops incertus

Thamnophilus amazonicus paracusis

Dysithamnus mentalis emiliae (probably of east-Brazilian origin)

Thamnomanes caesius hoffmannsi

Myrmotherula hauxwelli hellmayri

Myrmotherula axillaris axillaris

Myrmotherula menetriesii omissa

Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus f rater

Cercomacra sclateri

Cercomacra tyrannina laeta

Pyriglena leuconota leuconota

Hypocnemoides maculicauda

Sclateria naevia naevia

Formicarius ruficeps amazonicus

Formicarius analis analis

Hylophylax poecilinota vidua

Phlegopsis nigromaculata paraensis

Threnetes leucurus medianus

Campylopterus obscurus obscurus

Avocettula recurvirostris

Lophornis gouldii

Thalurania furcata furcatoides

Hylocharis cyanus viridiventris

Agyrtrina leucogaster leucogaster

Heliothrix auritus phainolaema

Anthoscenus longirostris longirostris

Nyctipolus nigrescens

Otus choliba crucigerus

Piculus chrysochloros paraensis

Piculus flavigula magnus

Chrysoptilus melanochloros mariae

Veniliornis affinis ruficeps

Celeus jumana jumana

Scapaneus trachelopyrus

Momotus momota parensis (east to the Rio Parnahyba)

Calbula albirostris cyanicollis

Brachygalba lugubris lugubris (east to the Rio Parnahyba)

Notharchus tectus tectus

Rhamphastos monilis

Pteroglossus bitorquatus bitorquatus

Pteroglossus inscriptus inscriptus (east to Pernambuco)

Piaya cay ana subsp.

Aratinga guarouba

Pyrrhura perlata lepida

Brotogeris tuipara

Pionus fuscus

Harpagus bidentatus bidentatus

Leplotila ruf axilla ruf axilla

Ortalis spixi (east to the Rio Parnahyba)

As soon as we advance, in a southerly direction, beyond the forested belt, we meet a very different lot of birds, and we cannot fail to recognize the great similarity to the bird life of Bahia. In fact, a

244 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

good many of the characteristic elements known to range from Bahia to Pernambuco, extend, without showing any racial variation, into the dryer inner districts of Piauhy and Maranhao, including Ceara. The most striking representatives of this group are Nyctipolus hirundinaceus, Compsothraupis loricata, and the peculiar humming- bird genus Anopetia.

Other species, while widely diffused in the northern provinces, apparently reach the southern limit of their distributional area in the northwestern section of Bahia, whereas east and south of the Rio Sao Francisco they are either absent or represented by allied forms. Among these may be quoted Planesticus rufiventris juensis, Gnori- mopsar chopi sulcirostris, Saltator coerulescens super ciliaris, Paroaria dominicana, Cranioleuca vulpina reiseri, Pseudoseisura cristata cris- tata, Xiphocolaptes falcirostris, and Cyanopsitta spixii.

Others, like Tangara cyanocephala cearensis, Myiobius atricaudus snethlagei, Todirostrum mirandae, Xanthomyias virescens reiseri, Procnias averano averano, Megaxenops parnagnae, Sclerurus scansor cearensis, Campylorhamphus trochilirostris major, Conopophaga cearae, Grallaria martinsi, Ramphastos theresae, Aratinga jandaya, Pyrrhura leucotis griseipectus, For pus passerinus flavissimus, etc., have a still more restricted range, having so far been found only in one or all of the three northern states, while in but a few cases a representative form occurs in Bahia.

Within the boundaries of the region treated in this memoir, very little differentiation has taken place, and the species recorded from only part of the territory may yet be discovered in the other sections. However, in a few instances, Ceara appears to have developed pecul- iar races of its own, such as Myiarchus tyrannulus pallescens, Phyllo- myias fasciatus cearae, and Piaya cayana cearae, which are replaced in the more westerly states as well as in Bahia by Myiarchus tyran- nulus bahiae, Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus, and Piaya cayana pallescens respectively. In the case of a Woodhewer, the Ceara form, Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae, encroaches even on the extreme east of Piauhy, while a slightly different form is found farther west.

Contrary to conditions existing in the Amazonian region, the rivers in this part of Brazil have no zoogeographical significance, though the lower Parnahyba evidently separates the ranges of Venili- ornis passerinus medianus and V. p. taenionotus.

Two Woodpeckers, Crocomorphus flavus tectricialis and Picumnus exilis alegriae, are hitherto known only from the north coast of

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr.

245

Maranhao, but it is quite doubtful whether they are of Amazonian or east-Brazilian origin. Pyrrhura perlata coerulescens, a Paroquet, is recorded solely from eastern Maranhao (Miritiba). Strangely enough, farther west, around Guimaraes, another closely-allied form, P. p. lepida, the Para representative has been found. This peculiar distribution requires further investigation.

The presence in Maranhao of a Bell-bird, Procnias a. averano, closely allied to a Guianan species, offers a geographical problem which I am unable to explain.

The subjoined list may help to illustrate the distributional facts discussed in the preceding lines.

List of Species Wholly or Chiefly Restricted to Northeastern Brazil

Planesticus rufiventris juensis Planesticus leucomelas albiventer Thryophilus longirostris bahiae Polioptila plumbea cearensis Vireosylva chivi agilis Molothrus badius fringillarius Icterus cayanensis tibialis Icterus jamacaii Gnorimopsar chopi sulcirostris Tangara cyanocephala cearensis

Tangara cayana flava

Cypsnagra hirundinacea pallidigula

Compsothraupis loricata Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus Saltator coerulescens superciliaris Cyanocompsa cyanea cyanea Sporophila albogularis Sporophila leucoptera cinereola Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae

Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus Paroaria dominicana Xolmis irupero nivea Fluvicola climazura climazura Empidonomus aurantio-atro-cristatus

pallidiventris Myiarchus tyrannulus pallescens Myiobus atricaudus snethlagei Todirostrum cinereum cearae Todirostrum mirandae Euscarthmornis mar gar itaceiv enter

wuchereri Stigmatura budytoides bahiae Camplostoma obsoletum cinerascens

South to n. w. Bahia (Rio Preto) Eastern Para to Bahia South to Bahia South to Bahia South to Bahia

South to Bahia

South to Bahia

South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia

Known only from Ceara (represented in

Bahia by T. c. corallina) South to Bahia South to Bahia, west to the upper Rio

Madeira South to Bahia South to Bahia

South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia South to Bahia South to Bahia South to Rio South to the Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia,

west to the Rio Araguaya, Goyaz South to Minas Geraes and Espirito Santo South to the Sao Francisco River Ceara to Bahia South to Bahia

South to Goyaz Recorded only from Ceara Maranhao and Piauhy South to Bahia Known only from Ceara

South to Bahia Piauhy and Bahia South to Bahia

246 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

X anthomyias virescens reiser i Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus Phyllomyias fasciatus cearae Procnias averano averano Furnarius figulus figulus Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis Cranioleuca vulpina reiseri Cranioleuca semicinerea Asthenes hellmayri Pseudoseisura cristata cristata Megaxenops parnaguae Sclerurus scansor cearensis Xiphocolaptes falcirostris Lepidocolaptes squamatus wagleri Lepidocolaptes fuscus tenuirostris Lepidocolaptes angustirostris coronatus Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae Campylorhamphus trochilirostris major

Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri Melanopareia torquata torquata Conopophaga cearae Taraba major stagurus Sakesphorus cristatus Thamnophilus doliatus capistratus Thamnophilus caerulescens cearensis Myrmorchilus strigilatus strigilatus Herpsilochmus pileatus pileatus Herpsilochmus pectoralis Neorhopias melanogaster bahiae Grallaria martinsi Anopetia gounellei Eupetomena macroura simoni Agyrtrina versicolor nitidifrons Nyctipolus h. hirundinaceus Nyctipolus h. cearae Colaptes campestris chrysosternus Veniliornis passer inus medianus Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus Celeus flavescens ochraceus Crocomorphus flavus tetricialis

Picumnus pygmaeus Picumnus limae Picumnus exilis alegriae

Nystalus maculatus maculatus

Malacoptila striata minor

Ramphastos theresae

Piaya cayana pallescens

Piaya cayana cearae

Cyanopsitta spixii

Thectocercus acuticaudatus haemorrhous

A ratinga jandaya

Aratinga cactorum caixana

Recorded only from Piauhy Maranhao, Piauhy, Bahia Recorded only from Ceara

South to Bahia

South to Bahia

South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia

Ceara to Bahia

South to Bahia

South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia

Known only from Piauhy and Ceara

Recorded only from Ceara

South to n. w. Bahia (Rio Preto)

Recorded only from Piauhy

Ceara to Bahia

Maranhao, Piauhy, and n. w. Bahia

Extreme eastern Piauhy, Ceara to Bahia

(Represented in Bahia by C. t. trochiliros- tris)

South to n. w. Bahia and n. Goyaz

South to Bahia

Known only from eastern Ceara

South to Bahia

South to Bahia

South to Bahia

Recorded only from Ceara

South to Bahia

N. Piauhy to Ceara, south to Bahia

South to Bahia

South to Bahia

Recorded only from Ceara

South to Bahia

South to Bahia

Tocantins to Ceara

Bahia to s. Piauhy

N. Bahia to Ceara

South to Bahia

W. and s. Piauhy, south to Minas Geraes

E. Piauhy to Ceara, south to Bahia

Lower Amazonia to Pernambuco

Coast of Maranhao (represented in Bahia by C. f. subjlavus)

South to Bahia

Known only from s. Ceara

Coast of Maranhao (represented in Bahia by P. e. exilis)

Lower Amazonia to Bahia

Recorded only from Maranhao

Known only from Maranhao and Piauhy

S. Piauhy to Bahia

Ceara

South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia

South to Bahia

Maranhao to Ceara

South to n. w. Bahia (Rio Preto)

^11 ■

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 247

Pyrrhura leucotis griseipectus Recorded only from Ceara

For pus passerinus flavissimus Maranhao to Ceara (represented in Bahia

by F. p. vividus)

Rupornis magnirostris nattereri South to Bahia

Columbula picui strepitans South to Bahia

Leptotila verreauxi approximans South to Bahia

Penelope jacu-caca South to Bahia

Odontophorus capueira plumbeicollis Recorded only from Ceara

Nothura boraquira South to Bahia

Rhynchotus rufescens catingae Piauhy, west to the upper Rio Madeira

Rhea americana americana South to Bahia

In studying this list, it will be realized that the bird life of the campo region of the northern states has much in common with Bahia, much more so than with the fauna of Goyaz and Matto Grosso; although a number of species like Polioptila dumicola berlepschi, Saltator atricollis, Euscarthmus rufomarginatus, Suiriri aifinis atfinis, Antilophia galeata, Herpsilochmus pileatus atricapillus, Herpsiloch- mus longirostris, Pygmornis nattereri, Thalurania furcata baeri, and Picumnus guttifer are of undoubted southern origin, being widely distributed throughout the central table-land and unknown in Bahia. In comparison to the endemic Bahian elements their number is, however, relatively small, and those that are found only in the ex- treme south of Maranhao and Piauhy may reasonably be assumed to be immigrants of a comparatively recent period. Further specula- tion on this subject, however, seems futile until the northern parts of Goyaz have been more throughly explored.

Annotated List of the Birds of Maranhao, Piauhy and Ceara

Under each species in the following pages will be found a refer- ence to the original description with the type locality, also references to the few papers relating to this part of Brazil. Reiser's accounts published in 19101 and 1925, 2 when quoted separately, are cited respectively as "Reiser (1)" and "Reiser (2)." When the references are in both works, the citations read "Reiser, pp." followed by the page number in each paper. Then follows a list of the specimens collected by Dr. Snethlage and, under a separate heading, the material obtained by R. H. Becker and others, whenever examined, is specified.

10. Reiser, Liste der Vogelarten, welche auf der von der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1903 nach Nordostbrasilien entsendeten Expedition unter Leitung des Hof rates Dr. F. Steindachner gesammelt wurden; Denks. Math.- naturw. Kl. Kais. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, pp. 55-100, 19 10.

2Ergebnisse der Zoologischen Expedition der Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Nordostbrasilien im Jahre 1903. Vogel von Otmar Reiser; 1. c, 76, pp. 107-252, col. plate, two maps, 1925.

248 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XII.

Except in the case of certain widespread species, the range of each form has been given as precisely as possible. All measurements are in millimeters.

1. Planesticus fumigatus fumigatus (Lichtenstein).

Turdus fumigatus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 38, 1823 — Brazil.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., 9 (first annual), Nov. 26, Dec. 10, 1923.

Agreeing with specimens from Bahia and Lower Amazonia (Para, Mexiana, Obidos, Rio Tapajoz). Individual variation is remarkably great in this species, hardly two examples from any locality being exactly alike. Birds from the Guianas (P. fredericki and P. fumi- gatus abariensis of Chubb) appear to me inseparable, and those from southern Venezuela (Orinoco-Caura basin) likewise resemble the general run of the Brazilian Sabia. In the west, this form ranges to the Rio Madeira (Borba) and Matto Grosso. Specimens from the latter district (Engenho do Gama and Sao Vicente, Rio Guapore), by white under tail coverts and reduced amount of cinnamomeous quill lining, form the transition to P.f. hauxwelli, of Upper Amazonia.

P. f. fumigatus reaches the southern limit of its range on the Rio Parahyba, state of Rio de Janeiro.

2. Planesticus rufiventris juensis Cory.

Planesticus rufiventris juensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 344, 1916 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara.

Turdus rufiventer (not of Vieillot) Reiser (1), p. 77, 1910 — Barro Vermelho and Santa Rita, Rio Preto, Bahia.

Turdus {Planesticus) rufiventer juensis Reiser (2), p. 168, 1925 — Rio Preto (Bahia) and Cocal, north of Uniao, Rio Parnahyba (Piauhy).

Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, o* (first annual), July 2, 1924.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 0" (first annual), Jan. 13, 1925.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, o" (juv.), March 3, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three o" o" ad., two o" o" (first annual), three 9 9, Aug. 1, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16, 20, Sept. 4; Quixada, 9 (first annual), June 24, 1913. R. H. Becker.

This light-colored race is distinguished from typical rufiventris of southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina by more grayish upper parts, paler chest and decidedly clearer ochraceous tawny abdomen. It appears to be restricted to northeastern Brazil, ranging from

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 249

Maranhao, Piauhy and Ceara south to Pernambuco and north- western Bahia (Rio Preto). An adult male from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto in the collection of Field Museum and a couple of adults from Santa Rita and Barro Vermelho in the Vienna Museum agree per- fectly with Cory's original series from Ceara. Birds from southern Bahia (Macaco Secco, near Andarahy), while slightly intermediate, are nearer to P. r. rufiventris, as represented by a large series from Minas Geraes, Rio, Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso, and Argentina.

3. Planesticus leucomelas1 albiventer (Spix).

Turdus albiventer Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 70, pi. 69, fig. 2, 1825 — part, "male," type loc. restr. Para; Reiser, pp. 77, 169 — Lake Parnagua and below Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Luiz, d" ad., 9 ad., July 28, Aug. 3, 1923; Cod6, Cocos, 9 ad., June 12, 1924; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 20, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 (first annual), July 15, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two <? <? ad., one cfimm., two 9 9, Apr. 28, June 9, Nov. 15, 24, Dec. 31, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Lake Parnagua, two 0* 0* ad., one 9 ad., May 22, 29, June 20, 1903; below Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad., Aug. 10, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ d" ad., July 21, 19 13. R. H. Becker.

Besides, I have examined the following: Para, d" 9 ad.; Rio Muria, east of Para, d1 ad. ; Santarem, 9 ad. ; Bahia, seven trade skins.

This form is exactly intermediate between P. I. leucomelas (Vieill.), of southern Brazil and Paraguay, and P. I. ephippialis (Sclater), of Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, and Brazil north of the Amazon. In grayish pileum and less rufescent upper parts, it closely resembles the northern race {ephippialis), but the breast and sides are more strongly shaded with brownish, though less so than in typical leu- comelas. While single specimens are not always distinguishable, the series as a whole cannot well be united to the brown-headed southern bird, and the recognition of an additional geographic form under

'As pointed out by Ihering (Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 318, 1907) and Dabbene (Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 344, 1912), Azara's description of the male of his "Zorzal obscuro y bianco" (No. 80), upon which Turdus leucomelas Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 20, p. 238, 1818) was based, refers, with- out doubt, to the species with orange ochraceous under wing coverts and white- streaked auriculars; and, although the supposed female belongs to another species (P. amaurochalinus) , I do not see how we can avoid using Vieillot's term for the southern race of Spix's Thrush.

250 Field Museum of Natural History — -Zoology, Vol. XII.

Spix's name appears to be the most satisfactory course. Wear and fading, however, cause considerable change in color, which must not be overlooked when making comparisons.

4. Planesticus amaurochalinus (Cabanis).1

Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, Mu?. Hein., i, p. 5, 1850 — Brazil; Reiser, pp. 78, 169 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Luiz, o71 ad., July 28, 1923.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, adult, March, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lake Parnagua, o71 ad., 9 ad., May 29, June 18, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatti, two cf d" ad., Sept. 4, 5; Serra de Baturite, d71 9 (first annual), July 16, 22, 1913. R. H. Becker.

The series agrees with examples from southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina.

This species ranges north to Para and west to the Rio Madeira, Bolivia, and southeastern Peru (Marcapata).

5. Donacobius atricapillus atricapillus (Linnaeus).

Turdus atricapilla (sic) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 295, 1766 — based on "Le Merle a teste noire du Cap de Bonne Esperance" Brisson, Orn., 6, App., p. 47, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1760, "Cape of Good Hope" (errore); hab. subst. eastern Brazil.2

Maranhao: Tury-assu, c? ad., Oct. 26, 1923; Ponto (Canella), cf ad., 9 ad., Aug. 30, 1924.

Goyaz: Philadelphia, c71 ad., Nov. 28, 1925.

Agreeing with specimens from Surinam and various parts of Brazil, of which a large series has been compared.

The typical form ranges from northeastern Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), Paraguay, and southern Brazil north to Guiana and Vene- zuela, west to the eastern slope of the Andes in Peru and Colombia. In eastern Bolivia it is replaced by D. atricapillus albo-vittatus Lafr. and d'Orb., in which the white superciliary streak persists in the adult plumage.

6. Mimus gilvus antelius Oberholser.

Turdus lividus (not of Wilson 1810) Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 39, 1823 — Bahia.

•I suspect that the specimens from Anil and Tury-assu, Maranhao, recorded by Madame Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 59, 1926) s. n. Turd os (sic) gymnophthalmus, will prove to be referable to the above species.

2See Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 4, 1902.

Brazilian Birds— Hellmayr. 251

Mimus antelius Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 128, 1919 — new name for Turdus lividus Lichtenstein, preoccupied.

Maranhao: Mangunca Island, c71 ad., 9 ad., Feb. 23, 1924.

In addition, I have examined an adult female secured by the late F. Schwanda at Miritiba, on March 6, 1907 (Museu Paulista, No. 7217). These specimens as well as two adult males from Cajetuba (near Para) agree with others from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro.

This Mocking bird is closely related to M. g. gilvus of Guiana, but differs by reason of its much longer tail with shorter white tips, paler grayish upper parts, and the flanks being heavily streaked with blackish brown. Its range is restricted to the sandy littoral of eastern Brazil from the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro (Lagda Feia; Marambaia Island) north to Para (Cajetuba).

7. Mimus saturninus f rater Hellmayr.

Mimus saturninus frater Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 53, p. 220, 1903 — Ypanema, Sao Paulo.

Mimus saturninus arenaceus (not of Chapman) Reiser (1), p. 78, 1910 — -part, Barro Vermelho, Rio Preto, Bahia and Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy (spec, examined).

Maranhao: Sao Francisco, Rio Parnahyba, o71 ad., May 30, 1925; Cod6, Cocos, three o71 071 ad., 9 ad., June 11, 16, 17, July 10, 1924; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 27, 1924; Carolina, two o" o71 juv., 9 juv., Nov. 9, 12, 1925.

Additional specimens examined. — Barro Vermelho, Rio Preto, Bahia, o71 ad., Apr. 20; Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy, o71 ad., June 30, 1903. 0. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

These specimens are obviously inseparable from M. s. frater, though averaging rather smaller than a topotypical series from the state of Sao Paulo. The present form is very close to M. s. saturninus1 of Lower Amazonia, with which it agrees in dimensions and size of bill, but appears to differ in more brownish upper parts, more buffy suffusion on the rump (in fresh plumage) and less grayish breast, as far as I can make out on comparison with a female from Santarem and a couple of adults from Monte Alegre.

M. s. arenaceus,* while identical in coloration, may be distin- guished from M . s. frater by its much larger bill. Our own material,

xTurdus saturninus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 39, 1823 — "Para" = Rio Tapaj6z.

*Mimus arenaceus Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 135, 1890 — Bahia.

252 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

supplemented by the specimens in the collection of the Vienna Museum, enables me to determine the range of these two races in northeastern Brazil. Birds from the vicinity of the city of Bahia (Santo Amaro, Sao Joao) and Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas typically represent M. s. arenaceus, as denned by Chapman. An adult male from Joazeiro and an adult male from Palmeira, near Sambaiba (an island in the Rio Sao Francisco, below Barra) are likewise referable to this large-billed form. On the other hand, an adult male from Barro Vermelho, Rio Preto, and another from southern Piauhy (Santo Antonio de Gilboez) have much smaller bills, and agree with our series from Maranhao. The range of M. s. arenaceus thus appears to be restricted to the section of the state of Bahia east of the Sao Francisco River, whereas the western districts as also Piauhy and Maranhao are tenanted by M. s. frater which extends all over the central-Brazilian plateau west to Matto Grosso and south to Sao Paulo and Parana.

MEASUREMENTS M. s. arenaceus

Adult males Wing Tail Bill

Bahia (three)	110,115,116	128,131,133	22,24,24
Santo Amaro (one)	114	131	22M
Mata de Sao Joao (one)	in	'	23
Rio do Peixe (four)	110,113,114,	130,132,132,	23,24,24,
	117		24
Joazeiro (.one)	"5	127	24
Adult females
Bahia (five)	100,105,107,	Il6,I20,I22,	21 X. 22, 22,
	108,109	125,130	23.23
Santo Amaro (one)	in	132	21
Rio do Peixe (one)	115	135	22
Sambaiba (one)	114	132	24
M. s. frater
Adult males	Wing	Tail	Bill
Maranhao (five)	104,105,108,	115,119,120,	i8X,i8X,I9.
	108,110	123,124	19.19
Piauhy (Gilboez) (one)	IIO	120	19
Barro Vermelho (Bahia) (	one) 1 1 3	125	20
Goyaz City (one)	no	123	19
Catalao, Goyaz (one)	117	120	19
Near Bagagem, Minas
Geraes (one)	114	131	19
Sao Paulo (eleven)	110,110,1 1 1,	125,125,125,	18X.19.19
	114,115,115,	126,127,127,	I9.i9.i9.
	116,116,117,	130,134, ,	19. 19. 19
	117,119	—	20,20
Matto Grosso (four)	106, I08, 109;	115,118,124,	18X.19.19K.
	115	130	20

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 253

M . s. frater
Adult females	Wing	Tail	Bill
Maranhao (two)	108,108	115,123	19.19
Goyaz City (two)	102, 107 >£	114,120	18,19
Catalao, Goyaz (one)	no	122	20
Western Minas Geraes
(three)	io7,io8,io8K	120,123,	1 8^,20,
Sao Paulo (nine)	103,105,107,	115,115,119,	18,18,18,
	107,108,109,	120,123,123,	i8,i8K,i9,
	109,109,110	125,126,	19,19,20
Matto Grosso (one)	103,105,108	121,122,	17,18^.19

8. Heleodytes turdinus turdinus (Wied).

Opetiorynchos turdinus Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 148, 1821 — Rio Catole\ an affluent of the Rio Pardo, southern Bahia.

Maranhao: Barra do Corda, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 16, Sept. 12, 1924. — Wing 85, 91; tail 82, 85; bill 20, ax.

Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), cf ad., Jan. 26, 1926. — Wing 93; tail 92; bill 22; 9 ad., Feb. 19, 1926. — Wing 89; tail 86; bill 23; two 9 9 juv., Feb. 4, 1926.

The present specimens considerably extend the known range of this scarce species which has previously been recorded only from the Rio Doce (Espirito Santo) and the Belmonte and Catole rivers (Bahia).

Birds in juvenile plumage have the outer edges of the remiges brighter cinnamomeous, and lack the dusky spots on the chest, while the broad blackish brown bars on flanks and under tail coverts are barely suggested.

H. turdinus hypostictus (Gould), of Amazonia, differs merely by having more heavily spotted under parts, the spots extending over the greater part of the throat which is plain white in the typical race.

9. Thryophilus longirostris bahiae Hellmayr.

Thryophilus longirostris bahiae Hellmayr, Journ. Orn., 51, p. 535, 1903 — new name for Thryophilus longirostris striolatus (not of Spix) Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 51, p. 776, 1901 — Bahia; Reiser, pp. 78, 170 — Parnagua, Piauhy (spec, examined).

Piauhy; Ibiapaba, o* ad., Jan. 14, 1925 (wing 69; tail 58; bill 27); Arara, o71 ad., Feb. 9, 1925 (wing 67; tail 55; bill 25); 9 juv., Feb. 13, 1925.

Ceard: Varzea Formosa, cf juv., 9 juv., Feb. 18, 24; 9 ad., Feb. 18, 1925 (wing 67; tail 57; bill 23).

254 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ two cfcfad., July 16, 18, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 9 ad., June 3, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

This form, when compared with a good series of T. I. longirostris, from the wooded coast belt of southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Sao Paulo), differs by reason of its much lighter coloration; the back, including wings and tail, are tawny or ochraceous tawny (instead of varying between argus brown and auburn), with the pileum less dusky, while the under parts, particularly the flanks and tail coverts, are warm buff or ochraceous buff instead of ochraceous tawny. Besides, the auriculars are either plain white or barely streaked with dusky.

The specimen secured by Reiser at Parnagua is in every respect similar to those listed above.

T. longirostris bahiae ranges from Bahia north to Ceara and east- ern Piauhy.

10. Thryophilus leucotis rufiventris (Sclater).

Thryothorus rufiventris Sclater, P.Z.S. Lond., 1870, p. 328 — Goyaz and Matto Grosso.

Thryophilus rufiventris Reiser, pp. 78, 170 — Rio Taquarussu and Santa Philo- mena, Piauhy (spec, examined).

Thryophilus albipectus piauhyensis Hellmayr, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 4, p. 26, 1 92 1 — Rio Taquarussu, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 0" 9 ad., July 18, 21, 1925; Sao Francisco, o" 9 ad., July 3, 1925; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 21, 1924.

Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), o" juv. Feb. 3, 1926.

In the light of this new material T. a. piauhyensis proves to be inseparable from rufiventris, of the central -Brazilian table-land. The specimens obtained by Dr. Snethlage are considerably smaller than the types, and their measurements (wing of males 70-71, females 67-69; tail 53-55) hardly exceed those of T. I. rufiventris from Goyaz, Matto Grosso, and Minas Geraes. Furthermore, two adult males from Descalvados, Matto Grosso, in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, are fully as large (wing 74, 75; tail 55, 56) as the original examples of piauhyensis from the vicinity of Santa Philomena. It must be admitted, however, that birds from Piauhy and Maranhao generally have larger, stronger bills.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 255

The coloration of the upper parts, in the Maranhao series, varies between Dresden brown and antique brown, and the intensity of the ventral surface is likewise somewhat variable.

T. I. rufiventris obviously is specifically distinct from T. longiros- tris bahiae, found in eastern Piauhy, and differs in much shorter, more curved bill, by no means tawny upper parts, and much more decidedly streaked auriculars. Even young birds, which approach each other in shape and length of bill, may be immediately told by these color-characters. T. I. rufiventris ranges from southern Maran- hao and Piauhy all over the Brazilian table-land south to Matto Grosso (Descalvados) and Sao Paulo (Barretos, Rio Grande).

11. Thryophilus leucotis albipectus (Cabanis).

Thryothorus albipectus Cabanis in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 673, 1848 — Cayenne (type in Berlin Museum examined).

Maranhao: Tury-assu, three d" 0* ad., two 9 9 ad., Oct. 3, 8, 10, 16, Nov. 30, 1923.

While rather pale underneath, these birds are exactly matched by certain specimens from the Caura Valley (Venezuela) and Lower Amazonia (7\ taenioptera Ridgw.), which I am unable to separate satisfactorily from albipectus, of the Guianas.

They show not the least approach to T. I. rufiventris, of central and southern Maranhao and, considered alone, the two forms would certainly be regarded as specifically different.

Tury-assu, a place in the heavily forested district, probably marks the eastern limit of the range of this Amazonian type.1

12. Pheugopedius genibarbis genibarbis (Swainson).

Thryothorus genibarbis Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 322, Dec, 1837 — Brazil = Bahia (see Nov. Zool., 12, p. 271, 1905); Reiser, pp. ioo, 171 — Primeira Cruz and Miritiba, Maranhao.

Maranhao: Tury-assii, o71 ad., Nov. 12, 1923; Sao Luiz, d" imm., two 9 9 ad., July 25, 27, Aug. 8, 1923; Codo, Cocos, 0" imm., July 8, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 28, 1925; Tranqueira, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 26, 31, 1925.

The birds from the coast region and Cocos are in every respect identical with a large series from Para (Benevides) and Bahia, while those from southern Maranhao (Inhuma and Tranqueira), by lighter

Recently recorded by Madame Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 59, 1926) from Anil, near Sao Luiz.

256 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Dresden brown pileum and less chestnut back, approach the Goyaz- Matto Grosso form, P. genibarbis intercedens (Hellmayr).1

With sixteen specimens from Bahia, twelve from Benevides (Para) , and two from the Tapajoz (Villa Braga, Itaituba) before me, I am unable to discover the slightest difference by which the Lower- Amazonian birds could be separated. The posterior under parts are exceedingly variable, and ochreous-bellied specimens, along with pale-bellied ones, occur in Bahia and Maranhao as well as on the lower Amazon. Therefore, I have little doubt that Thryothorus geni- barbis harterti Snethlage,2 based on two birds from Serra de Ibia- paba, western Ceara, is untenable.

13. Troglodytes musculus musculus Naumann.

Troglodytes musculus Naumann, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., 3, p. 724, table, 1823 — Bahia Reiser (2), p. 171, 1925 — Parnagua, Colonia Floriano and Caitetu, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Troglodytes musculus beckeri Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 344, 1916 — Serra de Baturit6, Ceara.

Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Feb. 1, 1925.

Additional specimen. — Ceara: Serra deBaturite\ <? ad., July 14, 1913. R. H. Becker.

In the light of a very satisfactory series from Bahia, Pernambuco, and other parts of eastern Brazil T. m. beckeri proves to be indistin- guishable from T. m. musculus. When describing it, Cory had only a single old faded Bahia trade skin for comparison.

It is thus evident that the dark-bellied typical race ranges north into Ceara and the arid interior of Piauhy.

14. Troglodytes musculus clarus Berlepsch and Hartert.

Troglodytes musculus clarus Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 8, 1902 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Reiser (2), p. 171, in text, 1925 — Miritiba, Maran- hao.

Maranhao: Sao Luiz, two cf cf ad., d" juv., Aug. 14, 15, 1923; Cod6, Cocos, two cT & ad., June 18, 21, 1924.

Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 9 ad., June 17, 1905 (Sophia Museum); Miritiba, cf ad., 9 ad., & juv., Apr. 11, Oct. 31, Nov. 9, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).

'Nov. Zool., 15, p. 17, 1908 — Rio Thesouras, Goyaz. 'Journ. Orn., 73, p. 264, 1925.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 257

Birds from the forested coast of Maranhao are much paler under- neath, buff rather than light pinkish cinnamon, with the throat and abdominal line more whitish. While averaging more buffy than Guianan and Venezuelan specimens, they should doubtless be ranked with the northern form, as numerous examples from Para match them precisely. The two Cocos skins cannot be distinguished from the coast birds, and it would appear that T. m. clarus extends at least as far east as the Rio Itapicuru.

15. Polioptila dumicola berlepschi Hellmayr.

Polioptila berlepschi Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 8, p. 356, 1901 — type from Rio das Pedras, northern Sao Paulo.

Goyaz: Philadelphia, two o71 & ad., Dec. 1, 16, 1925.

Agreeing with specimens from Minas Geraes (Agua Suja, near Bagagem) and Sao Paulo ("Rio Parana).

The present record extends the range of this scarce Gnatcatcher considerably to the north, Leopoldina, on the upper Araguaya, being the most northerly locality where it has previously been taken.

16. Polioptila plumbea plumbea (Gmelin).

Todus plumbeus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 444, 1788 — based on "Todi species tertia" Pallas, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 6, p. 17, 1769, Surinam.1

Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., three 9 9 ad., Oct. 6, 29, Nov. 26, Dec. 5, 1923.

The Gnatcatchers secured in the heavily forested coast belt of Maranhao belong to P. p. plumbea, with light gray upper parts, white-tipped larger wing coverts, excessively broad white edges to the innermost secondaries, and very little black at the base of the lateral rer trices. In all of these particulars they are perfectly similar to a series from French and Dutch Guiana.

17. Polioptila plumbea cearensis Cory.

Polioptila livida cearensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 343, 1916 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara.

Polioptila leucogastra Reiser, pp. 77, 168 — Serra near Parnagua, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Barra do Corda, d" ad., Aug. 11, 1924; Codo, Cocos, two cfcf ad., 9 ad., June 14, 20, 21, 1924; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 18, 1924.

^ee Penard, Auk, 40, p. 334, 1923.

258 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o71 ad., two 9 9 ad., Dec. 14, 20, 1924, Jan. 12, 1925; Arara, juv., Feb. 9, 1925.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, o71 ad., Feb. 19, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three o* 0" ad., July 31, Aug. 1, Sept. 2, 1913. R. H.Becker. — Piauhy : Serra near Parnagua, o" 9 ad., May 20, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

These specimens differ from P. p. plumbea, of the wooded coast district, by darker gray upper parts, much narrower white edges to the inner secondaries (the white margin being separated from the shaft by a distinct black interspace, about half as wide as the web), much more black at the base of the lateral rectrices, and by having the larger upper wing coverts edged with the color of the back instead of with whitish. They appear to be inseparable from "leucogastra," as represented by sixteen examples from various parts of the state of Bahia. The type of P. I. cearensis has unusually wide edges to the secondaries, though still narrower than in plumbea; but two other males from the type locality as well as the specimens listed above, are not different on this score from "leucogastra." The faint creamy tinge on the under parts, alluded to by Cory, does not appear to be of much consequence. It is suggested in the specimen from Varzea For- mosa (Ceara), and traces are discernible on a few feathers in two or three other examples. In the type it has completely disappeared through fading.

The east-Brazilian race of the Plumbeous Gnatcatcher, long known as P. leucogastra, must stand under Cory's name, since Sylvia leucogastra Wied1 is untenable on account of Motacilla leucogastra Ledru2 = Sylvia melanocephala leucogastra, a Warbler of the Canary Islands.

18. Basileuterus flaveolus (Baird).

Myiothlypis flaveolus Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, p. 252, note, 1865 — Paraguay. Basileuterus flaveolus Reiser, pp. 78, 171 — Lagoa Missao and Parnagua, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Barra do Corda, o71 ad., three 9 9 ad., Aug. 9, 11, 18, Sept. 9, 1924; Tranqueira, o71 ad., Aug. 20, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two cT cf ad., July 18, 23, 1925.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two cf d* ad., 9 ad., Jan. 5, 13, 1925; Arara, 9 ad., Jan. 27, 1925.

xBeitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 710, 1831 — Sertao of the state of Bahia. 2 Voyage Teneriffe etc.. 1, p. 182, 18 10 — Teneriffe.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 259

The series agrees with specimens from Matto Grosso (Chapada, Urucum), Bahia (Santo Amaro), and Ceara (Jua, near Iguatu).

The species is widely distributed over the interior of Brazil, from Maranhao and Ceara to Matto Grosso and northern Sao Paulo, ranging south into Paraguay and west to eastern Bolivia. Besides, it is found along the north coast of Venezuela (La Guaira and Macuto, near Caracas; Las Quiguas, Carabobo; Bucarito, near Tocuyo, Lara), and in spite of this area being entirely cut off from the rest of its range, the few Venezuelan examples seen appear to be inseparable, thus affording a case of discontinuous distribution.

19. Basileuterus auricapillus auricapillus (Swainson).

Setophaga auricapilla Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 293, Dec, 1837 — "Mexico" and Brazil.1

Basileuterus auricapillus Reiser, pp. 78, 172 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Barra do Cocal, and above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Grajahu, one d", two 9 9, Oct. 24, 30, 1924; Tran- queira, three o* d\ two 9 9, Aug. 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 1925; Sao Francisco, cf ad., July 1, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, C? 9 ad., July 16, Aug. 8, 1925.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 0* ad., Jan. 5, 1925.

Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), cf ad., Jan. 27, 1926.

These birds average slightly brighter, more yellowish olive above than a series from Rio de Janeiro (Therezopolis) and Sao Paulo, though there is much individual variation. B. a. viridescens Todd,2 of Bolivia, seems barely separable, since two skins from the type locality can be matched by specimens picked at random from the series under discussion.

[20. Basileuterus rivularis mesoleucus Sclater.

Basileuterus mesoleucus Sclater, P.Z.S. Lond., 1865, p. 286, pi. 9, fig. 1 — Demerara, British Guiana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 59, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.

A specimen secured by Madame Snethlage at Tury-assu extends the range of this Guianan form from the Para region to northern Maranhao.]

^wainson's type, now in the Cambridge (Eng.) Museum, is marked "Brazil, sale 1834." On careful examination, I found it to agree with specimens from Espirito Santo (Engenheiro Reeve) and Rio in the British Museum.

2Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 26, p. 170, 1913 — Buenavista, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia.

260 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

21. Compsothlypis pitiayumi pitiayumi (Vieillot).

Sylvia pitiayumi Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., IX, p. 276, 18 17 — based on Azara, No. 109, Paraguay.

Parula pitiayumi Reiser, pp. 78, 171 — Riacho Fresco, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Tranqueira, c? ad., Aug. 29, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ two cf cf ad., July 20, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker.

These as well as a number of skins from Bahia (Macaco Secco, near Andarahy; Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto) are identical with a series from southern Brazil (Rio, Sao Paulo) and Paraguay.

Dr. Chapman1 has recently presented us with an admirable treatise on the distribution of these Warblers, to which we have merely to add that the range of C. p. pitiayumi is far more extensive than shown on the map accompanying his paper, stretching as it does through the northeastern states of Brazil as far north as Ceara, Piauhy, and Maranhao.

22. Vireosylva chivi agilis (Lichtenstein).

Lanius agilis Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 49, 1823 — Bahia.

Vireo olivaceus chivi Reiser, pp. 79, 172 — Parnagua, Olho d'Agua, and Oro, on the way from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Luiz, cf ad., one (unsexed) adult, July 25, Aug. 8, 1923; Rosario, Primavera, c? ad., o71 juv., May 8, 1924; Tranqueira, cf ad., Aug. 22, 1925; Barra do Corda, & 9 ad., Aug. 14, Sept. 24, 1924; Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., June 19, 1924.

Piauhy: Arara, two cf d* ad., Jan. 31, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, d" ad., May 18; Oro, d* ad., July 8; Olho d'Agua 9 ad., June 3, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, cf ad., Aug. 19, 1913. R. H. Becker.

In the light of this series, supplemented by eleven skins from various parts of the state of Bahia, V. chivi agilis would seem to be separable after all from both V. c. chivi, of Paraguay, southern Brazil, and Argentina, and V. c. vividior, of Venezuela, Trinidad, and Tobago. Compared with the typical race, the birds occurring in eastern Brazil from Bahia northwards are decidedly brighter, more

^Auk, 42, pp. 193-208, 1925.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 261

yellowish above, with the pileum clearer gray, while the flanks are more extensively tinged with a brighter yellow. I admit that certain specimens run very close to chivi, but the majority are distinguishable without difficulty. In fact, V. c. agilis forms the transition to the Caribbean form (V. c. vividior), being, however, not so richly colored above, while the dimensions, particularly of wing and tail, are markedly less. Specimens from the north bank of the Amazon (Itacoatiara and Manaos) are identical in coloration but somewhat smaller and, if referable to V. c. griseola Todd,1 this form would seem to be exceed- ingly close to V. c. agilis.

MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES

V. chivi chivi	Wing	Tail	Bill
Buenos Aires (two)	69,70	53.55	I3.I3K
Misiones (five)	70-72	54-58	12-13
State of Parana (eight)	72-75	54-58	13-H
Sao Paulo (six)	71-74	53-56	13-13K
Rio de Janeiro (one)	70	52	13
V. chivi agilis
Bahia (two)	69,71	53.55	13.13
Piauhy (four)	67-71	51-54	12-13
Ceara (one)	72	56	13K
Maranhao (four)	70-72	51-55	12-13
V. chivi griseola (?)
Manaos and Itacoatiara (four)	66-68	49-50	12-13
V. chivi vividior
Santa Marta region (four)	71	50	I5J*
MeYida, Venezuela (three)	72-75	53-55	15-16
Lake Valencia (one)	74	54	15
Cumana (six)	73-79	53-58	15-16
Caicara, Rio Orinoco (two)	72,75	52,54	15.15K
Caura River (two)	72,75	52,53	14M
Trinidad (ten)	72-78	50-59	14K-16
Tobago (thirteen)	73-79	53-6o	15-16
Roraima ( V. roraitnae Chubb) (three)	72-76	52-57	14^-15

23. Pachysylvia semicinerea (Sclater and Salvin).

Hylophilus semicinereus Sclater and Salvin, P.Z.S. Lond., 1867, p. 570, pi. 30, fig. 2 — Para.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Nov. 17, 1923. — Wing 57; tail 46; bill 12.

This specimen, which agrees with topotypes, extends the range of the species from Lower Amazonia to Maranhao.

1Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 124, 1924 — Pied Saut, French Guiana.

262 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

It is safer to treat this bird as a distinct species, since Miller and Iglesedcr1 obtained a single example at the foot of Mount Duida, that is to say, in the same general region where P. thoracica grisei- ventris (Berl. and Hart.)2 is known to occur. The Duida specimen is somewhat darker above than others from Amazonia, but the diver- gency requires confirmation by further material.

24. Pachysylvia pectoralis (Sclater).

Hylophilus pectoralis Sclater, P.Z.S. Lond., 1866, p. 321 — "in Brazil mend, prov. Matto Grosso" ["et Rio de Janeiro" — errore]; the type examined in the British Museum is an adult male obtained by Natterer at [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso (see Sclater, Ibis, 1881, p. 298).

Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf1 ad., three 9 9 ad., Oct. 13, 29, Nov. 28, Dec. 17, 1923; Rosario, 9 ad., one (unsexed) adult, May 15, 16, 1924; Codo, Cocos, cf ad., July 20, 1924.

These specimens, with one exception, agree with a series from Guiana and northern Brazil (Mexiana, Rio Branco) in the rather pale yellowish breast and grayish white abdomen. An adult male from Tury-assu has the breast of a much deeper wax yellow and the middle of the belly decidedly washed with buffy. It closely resembles two adults from Villa Maria, Matto Grosso (topotypes of P. pectoralis) and an adult male from Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz (topotype of P. araguayae Reichenow).3 However, the type of the latter, kindly forwarded by E. Stresemann, does not appreciably differ from Guianan skins and tends to indicate that the variation is individual rather than racial. Moreover, if two forms are distinguishable, P. araguayae Reich, (from Goyaz) is, in any case, synonymous with P. pectoralis (from Matto Grosso), while the Guianan-Amazonian birds are entitled to the name of P. griseiceps Penard,4 of which P. thora- cicus abariensis Chubb5 is a synonym.

25. Pachysylvia poicilotis amaurocephala (Nordmann).

Sylvia amaurocephala Nordmann in Erman's Reise, Naturhist. Atlas, p. 14, 1835 — "Brazil" (the type examined in the Berlin Museum was received from the Prince of Wied; type locality, therefore, boundary line of MinasGeraes and Bahia).6

1See Cherrie, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 157, 1916. 2Nov. Zool., 9, p. 11, 1902 — Suapure, Caura River, Venezuela. 3Journ. Orn., 68, p. 88, 1920. 4Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 538, 1910 — Surinam.

6Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 395, 192 1 — Abary River, British Guiana. 6See Sylvia poicilotis (not of Temminck) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 715, 1831.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 263

Pachysylvia amaurocephala cearensis Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 266, 1925 — Sao Paulo, Serra de Ibiapaba, Ceara.

Piauhy: Arara, 9 ad., and one (unsexed) adult, Jan. 28, 29, 1925.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, two d" 0" ad., Feb. 25, 26, 1925.

On comparing a series of fresh skins from Bahia (Santo Amaro, Bahia City, etc.), I am unable to see the slightest difference by which the Ceara form recently proposed by Madame Snethlage can be discriminated, and I am afraid the learned lady was misled by old faded trade skins which are indeed duller above and less shaded with buffy underneath.

P. p. amaurocephala is generally listed as being confined to the northern parts of eastern Brazil, but in addition to a considerable series from Bahia and farther north, I have examined a number of specimens from southern Brazil, viz., d" 9 ad. from Agua Suja, near Bagagem in Minas Geraes, an adult male obtained by Natterer on the Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, on May 9, 1823, and another male at Tring from Victoria de Botucatu, Sao Paulo, taken by A. Hempel on July 28, 1902. While typical in coloration, they are slightly larger with a stronger bill. Nordmann's type in the Berlin Museum, although partly discolored by preservation in alcohol, shows the same large proportions and, no doubt, came from Minas Geraes and not from "Rio de Janeiro" as stated on the label.

P. p. poicilotis (Temm.)1 replaces it in southeastern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catharina, ranging into Paraguay and Misiones. While typically colored specimens are easy enough to distinguish by their blackish (instead of grayish) auricular patch, yellowish under parts, and other characters, complete intergradation takes place in Sao Paulo, as Natterer's series in the Vienna Museum clearly demonstrates.

26. Cyclarhis gujanensis gujanensis (Gmelin).

Tanagra gujanensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 893, 1789 — based on Buffon's "Verderoux," French Guiana.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 0" ad., Dec. 7, 1923.

This bird is apparently referable to the typical race, though dif- fering from Para and Guianan skins by more powerful bill and greater extent of the dull greenish area on foreneck and sides of chest. In size of bill it closely approaches C. g. cearensis, and the pectoral zone

1 Hylophilus poicilotis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 29, pi. 173, fig. 2, 1822 — "Bresil, coll. Natterer," = Ipanema, Sao Paulo.

264 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

occupies about as much space, being, however, much duller in tone (oil yellow as in gujanensis, instead of pinard or strontian yellow). Like Guianan examples, it has the pileum pure gray, without any brownish tinge, and the flanks strongly shaded with grayish.

The forest belt of western Maranhao forms the eastern limit of the range of gujanensis. Farther south and east it is represented by the next race.

27. Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis Baird.

Cyclorhis cearensis Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, p. 391, 1866 — Ceara.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 12, 1923; Sao Luiz, 0* ad., Aug. 20, 1923; Barra do Corda, two cf 0* ad., Sept. 17, 23, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, 0* juv., June 21, 1924; Tranqueira, 9 ad., Aug. 31, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., adult (unsexed), July 16, 18, 1925.

Piauhy: Arara, d" 9 ad., Jan. 24, 31, 1925.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, d1 9 ad., Feb. 27, Mar. 2, 1925.

Goyaz: Philadelphia, c? ad., two 9 9 ad., 9 (first annual), Nov. 25, 26, 27, Dec. 1, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., Nov. 17, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Ceara: Quixada, two cfo71, one 9, June 25, 29, 30; Serra de Baturite, four <?<?, July 16-19: Jua\ near Iguatu, three cfo71, two 9 9, Aug. 2, Sept. 2, 4, 5, 19 13. R. H. Becker.

The series from Ceara is topotypical of cearensis. The specimen from Cocos in fluffy juvenile plumage, and a female from Philadelphia with pointed, apically pale-edged rectrices (a sign of immaturity) lack the plumbeous spot at the base of the lower mandible. This "phase," formerly recognized by Berlepsch and myself under the name of C. wiedii, turned out to represent an immature stage of C. g. cearensis. This is clearly demonstrated by a series from western Minas Geraes (Agua Suja, near Bagagem) in the Munich collection and another from Bahia in the American Museum of Natural History, New York.

The single female from Sao Bento, having less grayish pileum and duller yellow pectoral area, shows a tendency towards the characters of C. g. gujanensis to which I have actually referred a bird from Tury-assu, in extreme northwestern Maranhao.

C. g. cearensis ranges from Maranhao (except the extreme north- west), Piauhy, and Ceara south to Bahia, western Minas Geraes,

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 265

Matto Grosso, and northern Sao Paulo (Rio Parana, Barretos), west to the plains of eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos).

[28. Progne chalybea domestica (Vieillot).

Hirundo domestica Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 14, p. 520, 181 7 — based on Azara, No 300, Paraguay and La Plata River.

Progne domestica Reiser, pp. 77, 167 — Parnagua, Piauhy.

Reiser refers two Gray-breasted Martins taken at Parnagua on May 18, 1903, to the large southern race whose range I can trace, according to the available material, as far north as Bahia and south- ern Goyaz (Rio Araguaya, near Leopoldina). While two adults from Espirito Santo (Marajo) are whollv typical of chalybea, a single female from Para is just intermediate in dimensions between chaly- bea and domestica.]

29. Phaeoprogne tapera tapera (Linnaeus).

Hirundo tapera Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 345, 1766 — based on Brisson (Cayenne) and Marcgrave (eastern Brazil) type locality (as designated by Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 14, 1902) eastern Brazil (ex Marcgrave).

Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Aug. 28, 1923. — Wing 127; tail 64; bill 11.

While agreeing with Dr. F. M. Chapman's view that the Brown- backed Martin is divisible into two races, I must dissent from his nomenclature and consider P. tapera immaculata1 as a synonym of P. t. tapera. Linnaeus based his diagnosis on Brisson, who described a bird from Ca1 enne in Reaumur's collection, and Marcgrave's account of a swallow met with during his travels in northeastern Brazil (Sergipe to Ceara).2 Specimens from French Guiana and a series from Pernambuco and Bahia (with one exception) show no trace of dusky spots along the pectoral line, and the jugular band is narrow and ill defined, while, the sides of the neck are brown like the upper parts. In other words, they correspond to the characters of P. t. immaculata and appear to me inseparable from a series of Bogota skins and one specimen from the lower Magdalena. Furthermore, Wied, in describing his Hirundo pascuum3 from the interior of Bahia, makes no mention of the dusky spots underneath ; so it seems pretty certain that the form with unspotted under parts ranges at least as

xBull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 156, 19 12 — Chicoral, Rio Magdalena, Colombia.

2Sloane's reference, likewise quoted by Linnaeus, does not belong here. 3Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 360, 1831 — interior of Bahia.

266 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

far south as Bahia, in eastern Brazil. Birds from southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Matto Grosso), Paraguay, and Argentina (Buenos Aires) are larger, the darker brown jugular band is more abruptly defined and continued along the middle of the breast by a row of coarse dark brown spots, the white of the throat encroaches on the sides of the neck, and the dorsal surface averages slightly darker. Their proper name is P. taper a fusca (Vieillot).1 The characters of the two forms are fairly constant, though, as pointed out by Chapman (I.e.), specimens with dusky spotted middle line occasionally occur as individual variants in the range of typical tapera. Among the large series examined, two males from Marabitanas (Rio Negro), one from Georgetown (British Guiana), and the bird from Sao Bento listed above are representatives of this mutation.

30. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot).

Hirundo ruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 523, 1817 — Brazil (the type examined in the Paris Museum is from Rio de Janeiro, coll. Delalande).

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Reiser, pp. 77, 168 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy. Maranhao: Tranqueira, 9 ad., Aug. 29, 1925. Similar to specimens from southern Brazil. In the north, its range extends as far as Para.

[31. Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot).

Hirundo cyanoleuca Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 509, 18 1 7 — based on Azara, No. 303, Paraguay.

Atticora cyanoleuca Reiser, pp. 77, 168 — Parnagua, Xingu near Santa Maria (road from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena), Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Specimens of this widely distributed Swallow were obtained by the Vienna Academy Expedition at various localities in Piauhy. Dr. Snethlage did not meet with the species.]

32. Iridoprocne albiventer albiventer (Boddaert).

Hirundo albiventer Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 32, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 546, fig. 2, Cayenne.

Tachycineta albiventris Reiser, pp. 76, 167 — Parnagua and coast district of Piauhy.

Maranhao: Tury-assii, o71 ad., Nov. 30, 1923.

Generally distributed in eastern South America.

1 Hirundo fusca Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. €d., 14, p. 510, 1817 — based on Azara, No. 301, Paraguay.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 267

33. Anthus lutescens lutescens Pucheran.

Anthus lutescens Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, p. 343, 1855 — Brazil (the type examined in the Paris Museum was obtained by Delalande at Rio de Janeiro): Reiser (2), p. 172, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba and Amaracao, Piauhy (spec, examined).

Anthus rufus (not Alauda rufa Gmelin) Reiser (i),p. 79, 1910 — Rio Parnahyba, near Queimadas and littoral of Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, o" 9 ad. (in worn breeding plumage), Aug. 30, Sept. 6, 1923; Mangunca Island, 9 ad., Feb. 25, 1924.

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: near Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, o* ad., Sept. 2; Amaracao, four o" 0" ad., 0" juv., four 9 9 ad., Sept. 14, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

Characters and range of this widespread species have been dis- cussed elsewhere.1

[34. Chlorophanes spiza spiza (Linnaeus).

Motacilla spiza Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 188, 1758 — based on Edwards (excl. var. /3), Surinam.

Chlorophanes spiza Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926 — Tury-assii, Maranhao.

Recorded by Madame Snethlage from northern Maranhao. Wide- ly distributed in northeastern South America.]

35. Dacnis cayana cayana (Linnaeus).

Motacilla cayana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 336, 1766 — based prin- cipally on "Le Pipit bleu, de Cayenne," Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 534, pi. 28, fig. 1, 1760, Cayenne.2

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 10; Sao Luiz, two 9 9 ad., July 28, Aug. 1, 1923. — Wing 61, 61, 62; tail 41, 41, 43.

In size and bluish throat, these specimens agree with females from French Guiana, Venezuela, and Lower Amazonia, and it appears that, as in so many other cases, the range of the Guianan form of the present species extends along the northern coast of Maranhao.

36. Dacnis cayana paraguayensis Chubb.

Dacnis cayana paraguayensis Chubb, Ibis, (9), 4, p. 619, 1910 — Sapucay, Paraguay.

Dacnis cayana (not Motacilla cayana Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 86,187 — Oro, west of Santo Antonio de Gilboez (Piauhy) and opposite Barra do Galiota (Maranhao).

*See El Hornero, 2, p. 183, 1921.

2Although description and figure fail to indicate the black gular patch, Brisson's account can hardly refer to any other species.

268 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Maranhao: Tranqueira, cf ad., Aug. 31, 1925; B6a Fe\ 0" ad., Sept. 19, 1925; Barra do Corda, Ponto, cf juv. (in female garb), Sept. 1, 1924.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ three d* cf ad., 9 ad., July 17, 19, 1913. R. H. Becker.

Birds from the interior of Maranhao and Ceara are much larger, and the females lack the bluish tinge on the throat, the latter being pale dingy yellowish gray. They agree well with a series from Para- guay and southern Brazil (Goyaz, Matto Grosso, Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul) and should apparently be referred to D. c. paraguayensis. Birds from the east coast of Brazil (Pernambuco to Rio) are puzzling, their dimensions being just intermediate between typical cayana and paraguayensis ; but as only a few specimens (and no females) have been available for examination, their proper allo- cation depends on further material. If separable, they would be entitled to the name D. cyanater Lesson.1

MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES

D. cayana cayana	Wing		Tail
French Guiana (eleven)	59-63		39-43
Mazaruni River, Brit. Guiana (one)	61		40
Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana (one)	64		44
Caura River, Venezuela (ten)	62-67
Near Cumana, Venezuela (two)	62,64		—
Cumbre de Valencia, Venezuela (three) 63-64		41-45
Trinidad (seven)	62-64		41-44
B6a Vista, Rio Branco (one)	64		44
Manaos, Brazil (one)	62		43
Obidos, Brazil (one)	63		42
Para region, Brazil (five)	60-64		40-43
D. cayana — ?
Sao Lourenco, Pernambuco (one)	63		44 yi
Santo Amaro, Bahia (two)	64,67		44.44
Bahia (two)	63K.65		44-44
Rio de Janeiro (two)	64,65		44.45
D. cayana paraguayensis
Maranhao (two)	68,68		46,47
Ceara (four)	67,68,68,69	46,47>49-5°
Goyaz City (five)	67,68,68,69,71	46,47,47,49,50
Sao Paulo (seven) 67,68,69,69,69,70,70		44-47
Minas Geraes (four)	70,70,71,71	46,	48,48.50
Matto Grosso (two)	70,70		47 —
Sapucay, Paraguay (two)	68,70		47,47

37. Ateleodacnis speciosa speciosa (Temminck).

Sylvia speciosa (Wied MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 49, pi. 293, fig. 2, 1824 — Rio de Janeiro.

'Trait6 d'Orn., p. 458, 1831 — "Bresil" =Rio (type in Paris Museum examined).

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 269

Dacnis speciosa Reiser, pp. 86, 187 — Parnagua, Pedrinha, Burity, below Uniao and Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Barra do Corda, two 9 9, Aug. 13, 18, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, two 9 9 , June 18, July 11, 1924.

Piauhy: Deserto, d" ad., Apr. 15; Ibiapaba, 0" ad., Jan. 7, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Burity, d" ad., 9 ad., June 14; Queimadas 0" ad., Sept. 2; Parnagua 9, May 18; Pedrinha 9 ad., May 23; below Uniao 9 ad., Aug. 27, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum) .

There is no difference, so far as I can see, between this series and other specimens from Bahia, Minas Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, Matto Grosso, and eastern Bolivia (D. analis Lafr. and d'Orb.). An example from the Island of Marajo is likewise typical of this form, being very much paler than the Amazonian A. speciosa amazonum Hellm.1

38. Ateleodacnis bicolor (Vieillot).

Sylvia bicolor Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Sept., 2, p. 32, pi. 90 bis, i8o7(?) — "tres rarement sous la zone boreale et plus commun6ment entre les tropiques"; we suggest Cayenne as type locality.2

Dacnis plumbea (not Sylvia plumbea Latham) Reiser, pp. 86, 187 — Amaracao, coast of Piauhy.

Maranhao: Mangunca Island, cf ad., o71 juv., March 10, 19, 1924.

Brazilian specimens (large series from Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, near Para, and Rio Madeira) are identical with thirty-five from French and British Guiana. Birds from Trinidad and the north coast of Venezuela average slightly paler above, while a single (unsexed) adult from the Napo region, Ecuador, is remarkably small.

This species is found only in the mangrove thickets (Rhizophora mangle) along the seashore and river banks.

39. Cyanerpes cyanea cyanea (Linnaeus).

Certhia cyanea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 188, 1766 — based on Ed- wards, Brisson, etc.; Surinam accepted as type locality (see Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13. P- 9. 1906).

Maranhao: Tranqueira, two o" cf ad., Sept. 3, 15, 1925; Sao Luiz, o71 ad., Aug. 14, 1923; Rosario, three o71 d* juv., three 9 9 ad., Apr. 23, 24, May 9, 16, 17, 1924.

^erh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. 106, 1917 — Tarapoto, Peru.

2The type in the Paris Museum, said to be from "North America," I found to agree with a series from Cayenne and other localities in French Guiana.

270 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

These specimens, like others from various parts of Brazil south of the Amazon (Para, Bahia, Matto Grosso), appear to me inseparable from typical cyanea, as represented by a series from the three Guianas, although their bills are generally rather shorter and slenderer. If the form is worthy of recognition, a name for it exists in Arbelorhina brevipes Cabanis,1 as I have ascertained by examination of the type specimen in the Heine Collection. The type, purchased from a dealer by the name of Polly, is labeled "Porto Cabello, Venezuela." This is, however, an obvious mistake, since the bird, in color and measure- ments, agrees with Para and Bahia skins, being much smaller and darker blue on the crown than the north-Venezuelan race, C. cyanea eximia (Cab.).1 Judging from its make, I should say it is a Brazilian trade skin.

[40. Cyanerpes caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus).

Certhia caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., X, p. 118, 1758 — based on Edwards, Surinam.

Cyanerpes coerulea Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926 — Tury-assii, Maranhao.

The specimen recorded by Madame Snethlage extends the known range of this species from the Para district to northern Maranhao.]

41. Coereba luteola chloropyga (Cabanis).

Certhiola chloropyga Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 97, 1850 — Bahia.

Coereba chloropyga Reiser, pp. 86, 187 — Lagoa Missao, near Parnagua, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Luiz, d" ad., two 9 9 ad., July 26, Aug. 2, 10, 1923; Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Aug. 9, 1924.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, o" ad., Feb. 19, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lag6a Missao, 9 ad., May 29, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 0* ad., July 21, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two o" 0" ad., 9 juv., Apr. 1, Sept. 3, Dec. 12, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).

Birds from northern Brazil, including a number from near Para, are identical with a topotypical series from Bahia and other speci- mens from Espirito Santo (Victoria) and Rio de Janeiro. Specimens

'Mus. Hein., 1, p. 96, 1850.

1 Arbelorhina eximia Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 96, 1850 — Puerto Cabello (types examined).

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 271

from southern Brazil (Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, Santa Catharina, Rio Grande do Sul) and Misiones, while not different in coloration, average slightly larger, but the variation, to my mind, is too insig- nificant to warrant the recognition of a separate form (C. I. majuscula1). Certain individuals, regardless of locality, are indis- tinguishable from the Matto Grosso race (C. /. alleni Lowe2), the validity of which still appears to me somewhat questionable.

42. Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Temminck).

Corvus cyanopogon Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 29, pi. 169, 1822 — Bahia, Brazil.

Cyanocorax cyanopogon Reiser (2), p. 173, 1925 — Piauhy.

Maranhao: Rosario, cf ad., four 9 9 ad., 9 juv., May 4, 6, 14, 15, 16, 1924; Codo, Cocos, o" ad., June 25, 1924.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two 9 9 ad., Dec. 26, 1924.

Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., Oct. 2, 1909. F. Schwanda. — Ceara: Quixada, three o" 0", 9, June 20, 23, 24, 27; Jua, near Iguatu, three 9 9 ad., Aug. 12, 20, 1913. R. H. Becker.

This is another characteristic species of the central-Brazilian plateau, ranging from Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara south to Bahia, southern Goyaz (Rio Paranahyba), and western Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa; Nas Furnas; Rio Jordao, near Araguary).

Farther south and west, in the states of Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso, it appears to be represented by the obviously specifically different C. chrysops chrysops (Vieillot).

43. Uroleuca cristatella (Temminck).1

Corvus cristatellus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 33, pi. 193, 1823 — Brazil.

Uroleuca cyanoleuca Reiser, pp. 79, 173 — Fazenda Riacho da Varzea Grande, Santo Antonio de Gilboez, and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, three cTcr ad., 9 ad., July 15, 16. 17, 21, 1925.

The Pega Jay is likewise restricted to the central-Brazilian plateau region, though its range does not quite coincide with that of the

1Certhiola majuscula Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 413, 1865 — Montevideo and the extreme south of Brazil (the type, No. 8170, Berlin Museum, is fromGuara- tingueta, Sao Paulo).

2Ibis, (9), 6, p. 506, 1912.

3Corvus cyanoleucus Wied (Reise Brasil., 2, p. 190, 1821 — Fazenda Valo, near the border line of Minas Geraes, Bahia) is rendered untenable by Corvus cyano~ leucus Latham (Ind. Orn., Suppl., p. XXV, 1801 — New South Wales).

272 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

preceding species. While less extensive in the north, where it merely encroaches on the extreme south of Maranhao and Piauhy, it in- cludes, on the other hand, the states of Matto Grosso and Sao Paulo. Birds from the Rio Preto, Bahia and Chapada, Matto Grosso agree with those from Maranhao.

[44. Ostinops decumanus (Palla ) subsp.

Xanthornus decumanus Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 6, p. I, 1769 — Surinam.

Ostinops decumanus Reiser, pp. 79, 174 — Castelliano, Barra do Cocal, and below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

No material being available from northern Brazil, the correct identification of the subspecific form of the Recongo must be left in abeyance. Birds from southern Brazil (Espirito Santo to Santa Catharina) differ from the two recognized races, 0. d. decumanus, of northern South America, and 0. d. maculosus Chapman,1 of Bolivia and adjoining parts of Brazil and Peru, in much brighter and de- cidedly bottle green gloss of their entire plumage. Six specimens are quite uniform in this respect, and not one of them shows any trace of reddish brown edges on back or upper wing coverts.]

45. Archiplanus solitarius (Vieillot).

Cassicus solitarius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 364, 1816 — based on Azara, No. 58, Paraguay.

Amblycercus solitarius Reiser, pp. 80, 174 — Therezina, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao.

Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, 9 ad., Aug. 30, 1913. R. H. Becker.

This Cacique has an extensive distribution, ranging from northern Argentina north to the Amazon.

About its generic allocation, see Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 114, 1924, and Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 389-390, 1926.

46. Cacicus cela (Linnaeus).

Parus cela Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 191, 1758 — "in Indii-," errore; Surinam substituted as type locality by Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., 13, p. 20, 1906).

Cassicus cela Reiser, pp. 80, 174 — Tronco Falls, below Nova York and There- zina, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 5, 1923.

Goyaz: Philadelphia, cf ad., o71 juv., Nov. 25, 1925.

^roc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 26, 1920 — Yungas of Cochabamba, Bolivia.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 273

Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, cf 9 ad. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).

A widely distributed species whose range extends throughout the greater part of northern Brazil south to about 160 s. latitude.

47. Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin).

Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 898, 1789 — based on Dauben- ton, PI. £nl. 710, Buenos Aires.

Molothrus bonariensis sericeus Reiser (1), p. 80, 19 10 — below Uniao, Rio Parna- hyba and littoral of Piauhy.

Molothrus bonariensis Reiser (2), p. 175, 1925 — Burity, near Parnagua, Uniao, and littoral of Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, juv., Sept. 14, 1923.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., (9) ad., Dec. 20, 22, 1924.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, two o* o* ad., June 25; Jua, near Iguatu, cf ad., Sept. 3, 1913. R. H. Becker.

Birds from Maranhao and neighboring states agree in size with the southern M. b. bonariensis,1 being considerably larger than M. b. minimus Dalmas,2 whose range extends as far as the Para district (Cajetuba).

48. Molothrus tadius fringillarius (Spix).

Icterus fringillarius Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 68, pi. 65, 1824 — "Minas Geraes," errore; I substitute Oeiras, Piauhy (types in Munich Museum examined).

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two 9 9 ad., Dec. 22, 29, 1924.

Additional specimen. — Ceard: Quixada, cf ad., June 23, 19 13. R. H. Becler.

Although widely separated geographically, this is clearly but a race of M. badius, differing merely by paler, more sandy coloration of the body plumage, lighter rufous wing area, and darker sides of the head.

M. b. fringillarius has a rather restricted range, having so far been found only in the states of Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco), Pernambuco, Ceara, and Piauhy. The original locality, "Minas Geraes," is evident- ly a mistake. Burmeister never met with the species in that part of Brazil nor did Lund or Reinhardt.

1M. bonariensis sericeus (Licht.), which I sought to revive (see Abhandl. 2 Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 613-614, 1906) is apparently not separable.

2This name stands for the small northern race, since Merrem (in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 15, p. 276, 1826), by redescribing T. bonariensis as Cassicus (7\) atronitens, renders Molothrus atronitens Cabanis 1848 unavailable.

274 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

49. Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis Vieillot.

A gelaius frontalis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 34, p. 545, 18 19 — Cayenne.

A gelaeus frontalis Reiser, pp. 80, 175 — Therezina, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, d" ad., Sept. 14, 1923.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two cf cf ad., Jan. 7, 15, 1925.

Agreeing with skins from Bahia and Ceara. Two topotypical males from Cayenne are also very similar except that the black frontal margin is perhaps slightly narrower.

A. r. frontalis is merely a race of A. r. ruficapillus, of Paraguay, Argentina, and southern Brazil, the only point of distinction being the lighter (hazel or kaiser brown instead of chestnut brown) color- ation of the crown, throat and foreneck, and replaces it in the northeastern stales of the republic, from Bahia to Maranhao and Pard, whence it ranges northward to French Guiana.

[50. Agelaius cyanopus Vieillot.

Agelaius cyanopus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 34, p. 552, 1 8 19 — based on Azara, No. 71, Paraguay.

A gelaeus cyanopus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao.

A single specimen was obtained by Madame Snethlage at Sao Bento, Maranhao. The species ranges from Argentina and southern Brazil north to the lower Amazon.]

51. Leistes militaris militaris (Linnaeus).

Tanagra militaris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 178, 1758 — "in America, Asia"; Surinam designated as type locality, auct. Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 33, 1902).

Leistes militaris Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao.

Leistes guianensis Reiser (2), p. 176, 1925 — Miritiba.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad. (very worn), Oct. 24, 1923; Man- gunca Island, cf ad., Feb. 24, 1924; Sao Bento, two cf cf ad., three 9 9, Aug. 28, 30, Sept. 1, 14, 1923.

Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, a" 9 ad., Apr. 19, 27, 1907. F. Schwanda (Vienna Museum).

Identical with specimens from Surinam and Rio Branco, northern Brazil.

The coast region of Maranhao appears to form the southern limit of its range in eastern Brazil.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 275

52. Leistes militaris superciliaris (Bonaparte).

Trupialis superciliaris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, p. 430, 1850 — "Mexico," error e.1

Ceara: Quixada, o* ad., June 25, 1913. R. H. Becker.

Agreeing with skins from Pernambuco and Matto Grosso. No representative of this group has yet been recorded from either Piauhy or inner Maranhao, though the present form is likely to occur there.

53. Icterus cayanensis tibialis Swainson.

Icterus tibialis Swainson, Anim. Menag , p. 302, Dec, 1837 — Brazil. Pendulinus tibialis Reiser (1), p. 80, 19 10 — Parnagua, Piauhy. Icterus {Pendulinus) tibialis Reiser (2), p. 176, 1925 — Parnagua.

Maranhao: Rosario, 9 ad., May 19, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 24, 1925.

Piauhy: Arara, o* ad., Jan. 21, 1925; Ibiapaba, 0* ad., 9 ad., Dec. 16, 1924, Jan. 13, 1925.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., Feb. 23, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two cf cf ad., 9 ad., Sept. 17, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three cfcf, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 10, 16, 30, Sept. 2; Quixada, cT 9 ad., June 22; Serra de Baturite\ two o*d", 9 ad., July 14, 15, 16, 1913. R. H. Becker.

Two skins from Pernambuco and all of the above specimens, with one exception (No. 63374, Fazenda Inhuma), have the axil- laries, under wing coverts, and thighs bright yellow; only in two from Ceara and the Rosario bird some of the tibial feathers are spotted or tipped with black. In birds from Bahia (Lamarao; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy) and the female from Fazenda Inhuma, the thighs are black, tipped with yellow to a variable degree. Of two males from Sao Marcello, on the Rio Preto, in northwestern Bahia, one (No. 43257), in the amount of yellow on the tibial feathers, approaches the series from Ceara and Piauhy and also resembles it in bright yellow under wing coverts; the other example (No. 53256) has the thighs wholly, and the axillaries partly, black, thus pointing to I. cayanensis valencio-buenoi Ihering,2 of Minas Geraes, Goyaz, and northern Sao Paulo. While it seems probable that two forms are involved, it would be unwise to propose any further subdivision,

lI could not find the type in the collections of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris, and I suppose it is preserved in the Leiden Museum.

2Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 268, 1902 — Piracicaba and Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo.

276 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

until the type of I. tibialis can be reexamined, although Swainson's description, "thighs and shoulder covers, both above and beneath, pure yellow," fits the northern bird much better.

54. Icterus jamacaii (Gmelin).

Oriolus jamacaii Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 391, 1788 — based on Brisson (ex Marcgrave), Orn., 2, p. 120, 1760, northeastern Brazil; we suggest Ceara.

Icterus jamacaii Reiser, pp. 80, 177 — Parnagua and Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, two 9 9 ad., July 5; Barra do Corda, o" ad., Aug. 13, 1924.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" 9 ad., Dec. 27, 31, 1924.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, two o" o" ad., Aug. 16, 23; Serra de Baturite, c? 9 ad., July 14, 19; Quixada, two o71 0", 9 juv., June 18, 22, July 2, 1913. R. H. Becker.

Identical with specimens from various parts of Bahia (Santo Amaro ; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy ; Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas) in Field Museum.

This beautiful Oriole is restricted to eastern Brazil, ranging from Ceara, Piauhy, and Maranhao south to about 180 s. lat. in Bahia and Minas Geraes, while farther west, in the state of Goyaz, it is replaced by I. croconotus.1

55. Gnorimopsar chopi sulcirostris (Spix).

Icterus sulcirostris Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 67, pi. 64, fig. 2, 1824 — "in campis Minas Geraes," errore we substitute Oeiras, Piauhy.

Aphobus chopi (not Agelaius chopi Vieillot) Reiser (i), p. 81, 1910 — Boa Vista, below Chique Chique, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia and Amaracao, Piauhy (spec, examined).

Gnorimopsar sulcirostris Reiser (2), p. 177, 1925 — same localities.

Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, cf ad., 9 ad., June 14, 19, 1924.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d* ad., Jan. 15, 1925.

The Codo birds are in perfectly fresh plumage, having just finished their annual molt excepting the outermost primary which has not yet attained its full length and still shows traces of its sheath. They have been directly compared and found identical with the type of /. sulcirostris in the Munich Museum. The adult male has about the same wing measurement, but a slightly longer tail, while the female is somewhat smaller on the wing. The three specimens have the body

•See Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 39, 1908.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 277

plumage much glossier than a considerable series of G. c. chopi. However, birds in worn condition, like our male from Ibiapaba and an adult female from B6a Vista, below Chique Chique, in the Vienna Museum, in this respect are hardly different from the typical race.

G. chopi sulcirostris has a peculiarly restricted range. In addition to our own specimens, I have seen an adult male from Ceara, secured by Madame Snethlage on May 17, 1910; a young male obtained by O. Reiser at Amaracao, coast of Piauhy, Sept. 15, 1903; and an adult female taken by the same naturalist at Boa Vista, below Chique Chique, on the Rio Sao Francisco, in northern Bahia. The last-named locality is evidently not far from the southern limit of its breeding area, since two females from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, central Babia, in Field Museum collection are inseparable from typical chopi, widely diffused in southern and central Brazil. Although Spix in- dicates "Minas Geraes" as habitat of I. sulcirostris, this is obviously a mistake. Specimens from this state (Lagoa Santa; Sao Joao d' El Rey; Agua Suja, near Bagagem; and Rio Jordao, near Araguary) are clearly referable to the small typical race, agreeing in size and dur gloss with others from Paraguay, Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso, and Goyaz (Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya).

G. chopi sulcirostris thus would seem to be confined to the states of Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceard, ranging south to the Sao Francisco in northern Bahia, unless Aphobus megistus Leverkiihn1 from Bolivia proves to be identical.

MEASUREMENTS

G. chopi sulcirostris The unsexed type One adult male from Maranhao One adult male from Piauhy One adult male from Ceara One adult female from Maranhao One adult female from near Chique

Chique, Bahia G. chopi chopi Five adults from Paraguay Eight from Minas Geraes Three from Matto Grosso Two from Leopoldina, Goyaz Two from Macaco Secco, near

Andarahy, Bahia 126,127 95, 100 22,23^

[56. Tanagra cayennensis Gmelin.

Tanagra cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 894, 1789 — based on Brisson and Buff on, Cayenne.

Euphonia cayennensis Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.

^Journ. Orn., 37, p. 104, 1889 — Santa Cruz and San Miguel, eastern Bolivia.

Wing	Tail	Bill
152	108	25
150	114	25
140	108	24
142	106	25
140	104	25
140	104	25
117-126	90-98	21K-24
120-126	89-98	21K-23
118-124	86-95	21-23
120 125	93.95	22

278 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Madame Snethlage's record from Tury-assti extends the range of this Guianan species from the Para region to northern Maranhao.]

57. Tanagra violacea violacea (Linnaeus).

Fringilla violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 182, 1758 — "in calidis regionibus" = Surinam (auct. Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18, 1902). l Euphonia violacea Reiser, pp. 100, 186 — Miritiba, Maranhao.

Maranhao : Tury-assu, c?1 ad., three 9 9 ad., Oct. 6, 10, Nov. 7, 15, 1923; Rosario, cf juv., May 9, 1924; Sao Luiz, cf ad., Aug. 1, 1923; Tranqueira, o* ad., Sept. 8, 1925.

Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), cf ad., Jan. 26, 1926.

The wings of the adult males (Goyaz) measure 55, 57, 59, 60, and do not materially differ from those of a Guianan series, one of which, from Paramaribo, has a wing fully 60 mm. long, while the others, in size, agree with the smaller specimens from Maranhao. It appears, therefore, that the inhabitants of the region forming the subject of this paper should be referred to the smaller northern race whose range quite possibly extends even as far south as Bahia.

58. Tanagra chlorotica violaceicollis (Cabanis).

Acroleptes violaceicollis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 409, 1865 — Brazil.

Euphonia chlorotica violaceicollis Reiser (1), p. 85, 1910 — Parnagua and Lag6a Missao, Piauhy.

" Euphonia minuta Cab. ( = olivacea Desm.)" (sic) Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao.

Euphonia aurea violaceicollis Reiser (2), p. 186, 1925 — Parnagua, Piauhy and Miritiba, Maranhao.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, two d" cf ad., Dec. 5, 1923, Jan. 5,1924; Mangunca Island, cf ad., March 11, 1924; Codo, Cocos, 9 .June 16, 1924.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" ad., 9 ad., Jan. 15, 1925.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., Feb. 20, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 0* ad., May 15; Lagda Missao, 9 ad., May 29, 1903. 0. Reiser (Vienna Museum). —

*I am now inclined to concur with the view of the late Count Berlepsch (Verh. 5th Orn. Kongr Berlin, p. 1127, 1912) in the application of Linnaeus's specific name. At all events Parus cyanochlorus Pallas (in Vroeg's Cat. Coll. Ois., Ad- umbr., p. 3, 1764 — Surinam) would long antedate Phonasca Lichtensteinii Cabanis, i860.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 279

Ceara: Jua\ near Iguatu, cf ad., Aug. 15; Serra de Baturite\ o" ad., 0" (first annual), July 15, 21, 19 13. R. H. Becker.

In Nov. Zool., 30, pp. 233-235, 1923, I have discussed, at some length, the characters and distribution of this form, and the material now received from northeastern Brazil does not throw much new light on the subject. The males from Ceara and Ibiapaba, in size and color, agree with others previously examined from the same general region. The three from the coast of Maranhao, on the other hand, are decidedly smaller (wing 53, 54, 57), while the yellow of the forehead and under parts is slightly deeper in tone. I am quite unable to distinguish them satisfactorily from typical chlorotica, of which, however, but two Cayenne skins are available for comparison. Of the three skins marked "female," one has a distinct whitish pectoral area; in the two others the whole of the lower surface is uniform yellow.

Pending the receipt of a sufficient series from French Guiana (T. c. chlorotica), the Brazilian form may provisionally stand under Cabanis's name, although its distinctness does not appear to be established beyond doubt.

59. Tangara cyanocephala cearensis Cory.

Tangara cyanocephala cearensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 345, 1916 — Serra de Baturite\ Ceara.

Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ three d* o71 ad., d" juv., 9 , July 15, 16, 18, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker. — o* o" ad. : Wing 64, 67, 69; tail 47, 49, 50; bill 10.

A very distinct form, differing in the male sex from the two other races by rea on of deeper, more purplish blue crown ; blackish upper throat; and long pale cerulean blue tips to the shorter upper tail coverts, the last named character being suggested even in immature birds. In dimensions, width of orange wing band, and intensity of nuchal collar, this form is nearer to T. c. cyanocephala (Muller), of southern Brazil than to T. c. corallina (Berlepsch),1 of Bahia. T. c. cearensis is known only from the type locality.

60. Tangara cayana flava (Gmelin).

Tanagra fiava Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 896, 1789 — based on "Guiraperea" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 212, northeastern Brazil; we suggest Ceara.

Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, 9 ad., June 27, 1924; Barra do Corda, Ponto, 9 ad., Sept. 3, 1924; Grajahii, d" ad., cf imm., 9 ad., 9 juv.,

lCalospiza cyanocephala corallina Berlepsch, Ornith. Monatsber., 11, p. 18, 1903 — Bahia.

280 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Oct. 17, 23, 1924; Sao Francisco, 0" ad., July 1, 1925; Fazenda In- huma, Alto Parnahyba, cf ad., July 17, 1925; Tranqueira, three cf cf ad., 9 ad., August 17, 22, 29, 31, 1925.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, cf 9 ad., Feb. 20, 26, 1925.

Goyaz: Philadelphia, cf ad., two cf cf juv., 9 ad., Nov. 26, Dec. 1, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturit£, five cf cf ad., 9 ad., 9 imm., July 12, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22, 1913. R. H. Becker.

In the light of this material, the characters of T. cay ana chloroptera (Vieillot) appear to be much less pronounced than I realized, when discriminating this southern race.1 Birds from the interior of Maran- hao are certainly indistinguishable from those of Bahia (Santo Amaro ; Sao Marr ello, Rio Preto), so far as coloration is concerned, and in dimensions there does not seem to exist any constant difference either, the wing varying, in both series, from 71-76 mm. Specimens from Ceara — which, in the absence of a definite type locality, we may take for typical flata — average rather larger (wing 75-80; tail 56-60, against 52-57), and fully attain the measurements of chloroptera, from Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, and Parana. The latter form, however, appears to be somewhat paler throughout, with the cinnamomeous tinge on the forehead, in the male sex, more strongly suggested. The examples from Philadelphia, Rio Tocantins, are per- fectly similar to the others, showing no approach to T. c. sincipitalis (Berlepsch),2 of southern Goyaz (Leopoldina and Goyaz City), which has a distinct tawny ochraceous frontal band, and the back strongly suffused with silvery green as in T. c. margaritae (Allen), of Matto Grosso.

As I have shown elsewhere, » T. cay ana and T. fiava are merely races of a single specific unit.

61. Thraupis episcopus episcopus (Linnaeus).

Tanagra episcopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., x, p. 316, 1766 — based on Brisson, "Br6sil" = Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 100, 185 — Tapera and Miritiba, Maran- hao.

Maranhao: Anil, near Sao Luiz, two cf cf ad., 9 , July 25, 28, Aug. 1, 1923; Sao Bento, cf imm., Sept. 8, 1923; Cod6, Cocos, cf ad., June 12, 1924; Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Sept. 27, 1924.

^ee Hellmayr Nov. Zool., 15, p. 27, 1908.

3Calospiza formosa sincipitalis Berlepsch Ornis, 14, p. 348, Feb., 1907 — Leopol- dina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz.

3Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 125-126, 1912.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 281

Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz two, Miritiba three. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).

Maranhao birds differ from a Guianan series by having generally stouter, larger bills, and some, notably the females from Barra do Corda, in this respect, closely approach T. s. sayaca. In the adult males there is an extensive bluish white humeral patch, while in the females and immature males the lesser upper wing coverts only are margined with pale methyl blue, varying in shade and extent. The adult male from Cocos (Codo) is as small-billed as the general run of episcopus, and the (silvery) pallid methyl blue color of its shoulder patch is duplicated in certain examples from British Guiana. It is perhaps somewhat significant that the bird with the largest bill is from Barra do Corda, where Dr. Snethlage also secured a perfectly typical specimen of T. s. sayaca.

62. Thraupis sayaca sayaca (Linnaeus).

Tanagra sayaca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 316, 1766 — based on Brisson (ex Marcgrave), northeastern Brazil = Pernambuco.1

Maranhao: Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Aug. 16, 1924; Sao Francisco, o* ad., July 3, 1925.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" 9 ad., Dec. 15, 16, 1924; Arara, 9 ad., Jan. 22, 1925.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, d" 9 ad., 9 juv., Feb. 20, 26, March

5. 1925-

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 0" ad., two 9 9 ad., July 16, 19, 22, 1913. R. H. Becker.

The specimens from Maranhao agree with the rest of the series. In addition, we have many skins from various localities in Bahia, Rio (Therezopolis), Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso.

63. Thraupis palmarum palmarum (Wied).

Tanagra palmarum Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 76, 1821 — Canavieras, Bahia; Reiser, pp. 85, 186 — Parnagua and Una Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Anil, near Sao Luiz, o71 9 ad., Aug. 17, 21, 1923; Sao Bento, two 9 9 ad., 9 juv., Sept. 4, 7, 12, 1923; Barra do Corda, o" imm., Aug. 8, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, 9 ad., June 25, 1924.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 0" ad., 9 juv., July 14, 18, 1913. R. H. Becker.

*See Naumburg, Auk, 41, p. III. 1924.

282 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol XII.

These birds are somewhat smaller than a series from Bahia and Rio, but are not otherwise different. They agree best with speci- mens from the Para district.

64. Ramphocelus carbo carbo (Pallas).

Lanius carbo Pallas in Vroeg, Cat. Coll. Ois., Adumbr., p. 2, 1764 — Surinam.

Rhamphocoelus jacapa connectens (not of Berlepsch and Stolzmann) Reiser (1), p. 85, 1910 — part, B6a Vista, near Brejao (on the road from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena) and Rio Taquarussu, Piauhy.

Rhamphocelus jacapa centralis (not of Hellmayr) Reiser (2), p. 185, 1925 — part, Brejao and near Santa Philomena.

Maranhao: Anil, near Sao Luiz, d" ad., 9 ad., July 26, 28, 1923; Barra do Corda, o* ad., Aug. 19, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, cf juv., 9 ad., July 8, 11, 1924; Sao Francisco, two 9 9 ad., July 3, 6, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 0" ad. Aug. 4, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Santa Philomena, o" ad., July 15, 1903 (Berlepsch Collection); Rio Taquarussu, o* ad. July 10, 1903. P. Wachsmund (Tring Museum).

These specimens agree with a series from Guiana and Para and, with the exception of an unusually large female from Sao Francisco, exhibit similar measurements, the wing ranging from 77 to 82 mm. Among the adult males we find the various types of coloration, also represented in a very satisfactory series from French and Dutch Guiana, some being strongly tinged with maroon both on the dorsal and ventral surfaces while others have the back mainly blackish with but a limited amount of dark red on upper wing coverts and rump.

South of the Serra de Tabatinga, on the Rio Preto in the north- western section of the state of Bahia, the typical race is obviously replaced by R. carbo centralis Hellmayr,1 a larger, blacker form with- out any red on either wing or tail coverts. Two specimens taken by R. H. Becker at Sao Marcello, in March, 1914, appear to be indis- tinguishable from Minas Geraes and Matto Grosso skins.

No representative of this group has been recorded from Pernam- buco or Ceara.

65. Piranga flava saira (Spix).

Tanagra saira Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 35, pi. 48, fig. I, 1825 — Brazil2 (type in Munich Museum examined; = female).

'Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 26, 1920 — Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes, Brazil.

2Count Berlepsch (Verh. 5th Orn. Kongr., p. 1063, 1912) suggested as terra typica Rio de Janeiro, where the species, being an inhabitant of open country,

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 283

Pyranga saira Reiser, pp. 85, 185 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Bandeira, Santa Maria, Fazenda Riachoelo, and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, o" 9 ad., June 20, July 11, 1924; Tran- queira, cf juv., Sept. 2, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, c? 9 ad., July 27, Aug. 2, 1925.

Goyaz: Philadelphia, cf ad., Dec. 18, 1925.

Agreeing with specimens from Bahia (Rio Preto), Goyaz City, and Sao Paulo. Males vary a good deal in intensity of coloring within the same locality, the tone of the under parts ranging from deep scarlet to grenadine red, while the mantle shows corresponding differences. The distributional area of this species appears to extend, without noticeable racial variation, from the lower Amazon to Rio Grande do Sul. Three males from the last-named state (Camaquam, Pelotas, Linha Piraja) average rather larger, while a single female from Santar£m, in size and coloration, agrees with others from Bahia and Maranhao.

P. flava macconnelli Chubb,1 of which we have a small series from British Guiana (Quonga, Annai) and the Serra da Lua, on the upper Rio Branco, is somewhat lighter in coloration, the male sex varying from grenadine red to flame scarlet, whereas the females are paler below, wax yellow rather than primuline yellow. The race, however, is not a well-marked one, and two examples from the Serra de Erere\ near Monte Alegre, north bank of the lower Amazon, which one would expect to be referable to the northern form, are hardly dis- tinguishable from typical saira.

66. Tachyphonus rufus (Boddaert).

Tanagra rufa Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 44, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 711, Cayenne.

Tachyphonus melaleucus Reiser (1), p. 84, 1910 — Santa Philomena, Apertada Hora, Therezina, Sao Goncalinho, and Uniao, Piauhy.

Tachyphonus rufus Reiser (2), p. 185, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 10; Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 4, 1923; Tranqueira, cf ad., two 9 9, Aug. 24, 27; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 17, 1925.

Ceard: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., Feb. 24, 1925.

is very unlikely to occur, however. We propose Caxias, Piauhy, as a more appro- priate type locality.

•Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 446, 1921 — Upper Takutu Mts., British Guiana.

284 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two c? d\ two 9 9 ad. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).

I am unable to separate these and other Brazilian specimens from a topotypical Cayenne series. In eastern Brazil, this species ranges as far south as Bahia, whence we have a number of skins secured by R. H. Becker at Macaco Secco, near Andarahy. Farther south, in the states of Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, it is replaced by T. coronatus (Vieilloi).

The distribution of these two species, which may prove to be representative forms, I have discussed in Nov. Zool., 30, p. 228, 1923.

67. Tachyphonus cristatus brunneus (Spix).

Tanagra brunnea Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 37, pi. 49, fig. 2, 1825 — Rio de Janeiro (= d" juv.).

Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., 0" juv., two 9 9, Nov. 15, 19, 22, 1923.

The adult male, like others from the Para district, has the gular patch generally rather larger than a series from eastern Brazil (Pernambuco to Sao Paulo), with the wings perhaps, on the average, slightly longer.

MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES

	Wing	Tail
Para district (four) Maranhao (one) Pernambuco (two) Bahia (five) Rio de Janeiro (four) Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo (three)	78,80,81,84 80 80,81 76,77^,79,79,80 72,74,75,79 77,77^,79	70,72,74,78 71 73.74 73,74,75,75.77 72,72,74,78 74.74K,76

T. cristatus brunneus is peculiar to the wooded coast region of eastern Brazil (from Para to Sao Paulo).

68. Eucometis penicillata penicillata (Spix).

Tanagra penicillata Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 36, pi. 49, fig. 1, 1825 — Brazil, no locality specified (type in Munich Museum examined).

Maranhao: Tury-assu, two cf 0" ad., 9 ad., Oct. 15, 16, 27, 1923.

Agreeing with specimens from the Para region (Rio Acara and Mexiana Island). The species is new to Maranhao, where it obviously reaches the eastern limit of its range, which is also extended to the lower Rio Branco by a specimen in our collection, obtained by the late M. P. Anderson on November 20, 191 2.

(See Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 12-13, 1912.)

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 285

69. Cypsnagra hirundinacea pallidigula Hellmayr.

Cypsnagra ruficollis1 pallidigula Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 350, 1907 — Humaytha, Rio Madeira, Brazil; Reiser (2), p. 185, 1925 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.

Cypsnagra ruficollis (not of Lichtenstein) Reiser (1), p. 84, 19 10 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, three 9 9 ad., June 25, 1924; Ponto (Canella), c? imm., Aug. 31, 1924; Barra do Corda, cf 9 ad., Sept. 1, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 29, 1925.

Goyaz: Philadelphia, o" ad., 9 juv., Dec. 11, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Piauhy : Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 9 ad., 9 imm., July 1, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

The series fully substantiates the validity of this race, originally based upon two specimens from the Rio Madeira, and differs from C. h. hirundinacea by lacking the cinnamon buff on the flanks2 and under tail coverts, and by having a whiter rump and much paler throat. The latter, instead of being tawny or tawny ochraceous, is light or warm buff, approaching ochraceous buff on the lateral portions in two or three examples. The bill, as a rule, is somewhat stouter, while the posterior under parts are less tinged with buffy. Even the young bird is easily distinguishable from the corresponding plumage of the typical form.

The range of C. h. pallidigula, according to our present knowledge, extends from northeastern Brazil (Ceard, Piauhy, Maranhao) through northern Goyaz across the continent to the banks of the Rio Madeira (Humaytha) and its tributaries, at least as far south as the headwaters of the Jamary, in northern Matto Grosso (whence the American Museum of Natural History, New York, possesses a per- fectly typical adult male, secured by G. K. Cherrie during the Roose- velt Expedition on Feb. 16, 1914, at Campos Novos, near the base of the Serra do Norte, 130 s. lat.), and west into northern Bolivia.*

1Tanagra ruficollis Lichtenstein (Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 30, 1823 — Sao Paulo) being preoccupied by Tanagra ruficollis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 894, 1789 — Jamaica), Tanagra hirundinacea Lesson (Traite d'Orn., p. 460, 1831 — "Bresil") becomes the proper specific name of the species.

2Faintly suggested in the Santo Antonio de Gilboez examples.

3The only Bolivian specimen that I have seen is an adult collected by Dr. H. H. Rusby and labeled — no doubt erroneously — "Yungas, s. 180, 6000 ft." (American Museum of Natural History, No. 30591). It more likely came from Reyes, in the plain; of northern Bolivia. In the eastern section of that republic the tawny- hroated C. h. hirundinacea takes its place, as is shown by several skins obtained by d'Orbigny in Chiquitos (see Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 230, I923)-

286 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

In the east, the pale-throated form apparently ranges southward into Bahia, for I have seen two trade skins in the Berlepsch collection; but as other Bahia skins at Tring and in the British Museum are referable to C. h. hirundinacea, their exact ranges in that state are still to be determined.

70. Hemithraupls guira guira (Linnaeus).

Motacilla guira Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 335, 1766 — based on Marcgrave's "Guiraguagu-beraba," northeastern Brazil.

Nemosia guira Reiser (1), p. 84, 1910 — Burity, Castelliano, Therezina, and Queimadas, Piauhy.

Hemithraupis guira Reiser (2), p. 184, 1925 — same localities.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, d" ad., Nov. 23, 1923; Cod6, Cocos, 0" ad., three 9 9 , June 13, 20, July 9, 10, 1924.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d* ad., Dec. 24, 1924.

Goyaz: Philadelphia, juv., Dec. 16, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Rio Julgua, 0* ad., July, 1903. P. Wachsmund (Tring Museum); above Castelliano, 9 ad., Aug. 11, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

These examples, which are practically topotypes, agree with others from Bahia. Birds from Goyaz City, western Minas Geraes (Baga- gem), northern Sao Paulo (Rio Parand), and Matto Grosso, while identical in coloration, average larger, and certain specimens, in dimensions, approach H. guira fosteri (vSharpe), of Paraguay and Misiones, which may be distinguished, however, by the wide yellow frontal band.

71. Nemosia pileata pileata (Boddaert).

Tanagra pileata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 45, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 720, fig. 2, Cayenne.

Nemosia pileata Reiser, pp. 84, 184 — Burity (near Parnagua), Bandeira (near Santo Antonio de Gilboez), and Castelliano, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao :Mangunca Island, cT 9 ad., March 10, 12, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, three cf cf ad., three 9 9 ad., June 11, 12, 14, 17, July 10, 1924.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" ad., Dec. 17, 1924.

Additional specimens. — Maranhao : Miritiba, 9 ad. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Castelliano, d" juv., Aug. 11; Bandeira,

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 287

9 ad., July 4; Burity, near Parnagua, 9 ad., May 26, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three 0" 0* ad., two 9 9 ad., Aug. 18, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker.

There is so much individual variation in size that I consider it very difficult to maintain N. p. paraguayensis Chubb,1 of Paraguay and Bolivia, although northern specimens very rarely reach the maxi- mum measurements frequently attained in the south, as may be be gathered from the following figures. In coloration, birds from various parts of the range are identical, excepting those from northern Colombia (A/, pileata hypoleuca Todd)2 and northeastern Peru (N. pileata nana Berlepsch),8 which constitute well-marked races, the former being recognizable by the absence of the grayish tinge on the sides, the latter by its darker, more purplish blue upper parts, darker bluish gray flanks, and smaller bill.

MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES

Cayenne, French Guiana (two) Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana (two) Mexiana Island, Brazil (one) Maraj6 Island, Brazil (one) Marmellos, Rio Madeira (three) Monte Alegre, lower Amazon (one) Maranhao (four) Piauhy (one) Jua, Ceara (three) Bahia (fifteen)

Pirapora, Minas Geraes (one) Matto Grosso (seven)

Araguay, Goyaz (one) Todos Santos, Bolivia (two) Chiquitos, Bolivia (one) Trinidad, Paraguay (one) Embarcaci6n, Salta (one)

72. Thlypopsis sordida sordida (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).

Nemosia sordida Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 28, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined; = immature).

Thlypopsis sordida Reiser, pp. 84, 184 — Bomfim (above Nova York), Caitetti, and Sao Goncalinho, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao.

'Ibis, (9), 4, p. 629, 1910 — Sapucay, Paraguay.

*Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29, p. 95, 1916 — Tucurinca, Santa Marta district.

3Verh. 5th Orn. Kongr., p. 1084, 1912 — Samiria, Peru (type examined).

Wing	Tail
66,69	46^,47^
68,68	45.47
73K	49 XA
71	50
68,70,70	46,47.49
67	46
70,72,73,74	46,49,49,50
74	49
71,72,76	47.50,50
63,63,66^,67 K.68,
69(four),70,72(four),73K	44-50
74	52 K
68,69,72(two),74(two),	45.48K.49K,
75	50K.5I. 52,52
73H	5i
73.74	47,49
75	50
75*A	50
73	5iK

288 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Ceard: Jua, near Iguatii, 9 ad., Sept. 4, 191 3. R. H. Becker.

Brazilian birds, of which a fair series has been examined from Bahia, Minas Geraes (Agua Suja, near Bagagem), and Matto Grosso, are apparently not different from topotypical Bolivian skins.

73. Compsothraupis1 loricata (Lichtenstein).

Tanagra loricata Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl.,for 18 16-17, p. 159, 1819 — based on "Jacapu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 192 (= d"ad.); we suggest Ceard.

Lamprotes loricatus Reiser, pp. 30, 184 — Parnagud, Burity, and below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Francisco, cT 9 ad., June 8, July 4, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, d" ad., d" juv., Aug. 9, 13, 1913; Serra de Baturite, 9 ad., July 12, 1913. R. H. Becker.

This striking bird is restricted to northeastern Brazil, ranging from northern Minas Geraes north to Ceara, Piauhy, and Maranhao, and west to the Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, where the late G. A. Baer obtained an adult male in August, 1906. * The most southerly locality on record is the Rio Ressaque, a tributary of the Rio Pardo, close to the northern boundary line of Minas Geraes.3

Besides the specimens listed above, Field Museum has three fe- males from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, and a single male from Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, in the state of Bahia.

74. Arremon taciturnus taciturnus (Hermann).

Tanagra taciturna Hermann, Tab. Aff. Anim., p. 214, note, 1783 — based on "L'Oiseau Silentieux" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 304, and Daubenton, PI. Enl. 742, Cayenne.

Arremon silens Reiser, pp. 8 , 184 — Santa Maria and Matinha, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., Dec. 17, 1923; Sao Bento, cf ad., Sept. 10, 1923; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 24, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 23, 1925.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., March 1 ,1925.

1 Compsothraupis Richmond (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 180, 1915), new name for Lamprotes Swainson 1837 (not of R. L. 181 7).

2See Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 30, 1908.

'See ' 'Tanagra bonariends" Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 178, 1821, and Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 530, 1830.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 289

Additional specimen. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 9 ad., July 14, 1913. R. H. Becker.

With the material at hand, I am unable to separate east-Brazilian specimens from those of Guiana and the Orinoco region. The series sent by Snethlage have the backs of a brighter, more yellowish hue, but four Bahia skins do not diverge in this respect from typical Cayenne birds. It is, however, possible that birds from Maranhao and Bahia have more gray on the flanks.

A. t. taciturnus, widely distributed in the Guianan-Amazonian subregion, descends along the east coast of Brazil to the Rio Doce, in the state of Espirito Santo.

75. Diucopis fasciata (Lichtenstein).

Tanagra fasciata Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 32, 1823 — Sao Paulo.

Diucopis fasciata Reiser, pp. 83, 183 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Santa Maria and Barroca do Maranhao, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Barra do Corda, <? ad., Sept. 2, 1924; Fazenda In- huma, Alto Parnahyba, o" imm., four 9 9 ad., July 22, 30, 1925.

Identical with specimens from Matto Grosso (Chapada).

This species is peculiar to the campo region of Brazil, ranging from Maranhao and Piauhy south to Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa; Agua Suja, near Bagagem) and Sao Paulo, west to Matto Grosso.1

76. Schistochlamys ruficapillus2 capistratus (Wied).

Tanagra capistrata Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 179, 1821 — Fazenda Ilha, near Ressa ue, southern Bahia.

Schistochlamys capistrata Reiser (1), p. 83, 1910 — Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba and Santa Philomena, Piauhy (spec, examined).

Schistochlamys ruficapilla capistrata Reiser (2), p. 182, 1925 — same localities.

Maranhao: Barra do Corda, d" ad., 9 ad., d" juv., Sept. 24, 29, Oct. 2, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 0*0" ad., July 24, 30, 1925. — "Iris brown; feet dark gray; bill plumbeous, tip blackish."

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba, d" ad., July 26, 1903; Serra de Santa Philomena, 9 ad., July 9, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

xThe locality "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul" mentioned by Sclater (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 280, 1886) is undoubtedly erroneous.

2Saltator ruficapillus Vieillot, 181 7, replaces Tanagra leucophaea Lichtenstein, 1823. See Hellmayr. Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14, p. 2oi, 1920

290 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Compared with a series from Bahia, these birds have the pileum generally rather more brownish and the anterior under parts slightly darker, while the dimensions are on average smaller. A number of Bahia skins, however, are qtiite indistinguishable in coloration, and two examples from Pernambuco very nearly attain the maximum measurements of 5. r. capistratus. It thus appears to be impossible to subdivide this form, whose range would seem to extend from Bahia north to the interior of Piauhy and Maranhao.

77. Caryothraustes canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus).

Loxia canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, p. 304, 1766 — based on Brisson, "Canada" (errore) = Cayenne.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 16, 1923.

Identical with specimens from Para and British Guiana. The forested district of northern Maranhao apparently forms the eastern limit of the range of C. c. canadensis, represented by nearly allied races along the east coast of Brazil. In Pernambuco we find C. canadensis frontalis Hellm.,1 with distinct black frontal band and bright yellow under parts, while still farther south, from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro, C. canadensis brasiliensis Cab.2 takes its place.

[78. Pitylus grossus grossus (Linnaeus).

Loxia grossa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 307, 1766 — based on Brisson, "America"; we suggest Cayenne.

Pitylus grossus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.

Recorded by Madame Snethlage from Tury-assu. An Amazonian species extending east into Maranhao.]

79. Saltator maximus maximus (Muller).

Tanagra maxima P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 159, 1776 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 205, Cayenne.

Saltator magnus Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao.

"Saltator magnus (Gm.) = maximus (Mull.)" (sic) Reiser (2), p. 183, 1925 — Miritiba.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 8, 1923; Rosario, 9 ad., May 2, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 17, 1925.

Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), o* ad., Jan. 23, 1926.

Wov. Zool., 12, p. 277, 1905 — Sao Lourenco, Pernambuco (three specimens examined) .

lMus. Hein., I, p. 144, 1851 — Bahia (twenty-one specimens examined).

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 291

These and other specimens from various parts of Brazil appear to me indistinguishable from a series of Guianan skins. In fact, on comparing more than one hundred examples of this widespread spe- cies, I am unable to perceive any geographic variation, and I do not see how any of the races separated by the late Charles Chubb1 can be maintained.

[80. Saltator coerulescens superciliaris (Spix).

Tanagra superciliaris Spix, Av. Bras.. 2, p. 44, pi. 57, 1825 — Joazeiro, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia (type in Munich Museum examined).

Saltator superciliaris caerulescens (sic) Reiser (1), p. 83, 1910 — Parnagua and Lag6a Missao, Piauhy (spec, examined).

Saltator caerulescens superciliaris Reiser (2), p. 183, 1925 — Parnagua.

Though synonymized with S. c. coerulescens in my account of Spix's types,2 this form, on careful examination of the material se- cured by Otmar Reiser at the type locality and in southern Piauhy, proves to be recognizable, standing somewhat between typical coeru- lescens, of Paraguay and Matto Grosso, and S. c. mutus Scl.,3 of Lower Amazonia. From the former it differs by reason of smaller size (wing of adult female 98-99, against 104-110; tail 86-92, against 97-107); less olivaceous upper parts; slate gray (instead of olive gray) sides of the head; pure white (not buffy) throat; pale gray (instead of olive grayish or buffy gray) breast, and much less exten- sive as well as much paler buffy abdominal area. It is even nearer to, and closely resembles, 5. c. mutus underneath, but may be distinguished by paler grayish foreneck and breast, while the upper parts are markedly lighter gray and slightly tinged with olive on rump and tail coverts.

5. coerulescens superciliaris, so far, has been recorded only from the interior of Bahia and southern Piauhy.

Material examined. — Bahia: Joazeiro, Rio Sao Francisco, two cfo" (first annual); Fazenda Pedre Gulhu, Rio Preto, 9 ad., April 15, 1903. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 9 ad., May 14 ,1903; Lagoa Missao, near Parnagud, 9 juv., June 6, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).]

81. Saltator atricollis Vieillot.

Saltator atricollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 14, p. 104, 1817 — based on Azara, No. 82, Paraguay; Reiser, pp. 83, 183 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez and Santa Philomena, Piauhy, and opposite Barra do Galiota, Maranhao.

*Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, pp. 445-446.

2Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 677, 1906.

3P. Z. S. Lond., 24, p. 72, 1856 — North Brazil, lower Amazon, island of Mexiana.

292 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, two o" ci\ 9 ad., June 18, 23, July 5, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 30, 1925.

Goyaz: Philadelphia, two o" o* ad., Nov. 28, Dec. 18, 1925.

Piauhy: Arara, o" imm., Jan. 20, 1925.

Ceard: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., Feb. 23, 1925.

Identical with specimens from Paraguay ( near Asuncion), Matto Grosso, and the interior of Bahia (Rio Preto).

This well-marked species is peculiar to the campo region of Brazil, ranging from Maranhao, Piauhy and the adjacent states of Ceara and Goyaz south to western Minas Geraes, northern Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso, and extending into Paraguay and eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos).

82. Cyanocompsa cyanea cyanea (Linnaeus).

Loxia cyanea Linnaeus,1 Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 174, 1758 — based on Ed- wards, p. 125, pi. 125, "Angola," errore; Bahia substituted as type locality (auct. Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 24, 1902).

Piauhy: Arara, cT ad., two cf cf juv., Jan. 20, 24, 30, 1925; Ibia- paba, 9 ad., Dec. 30, 1924.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., two cf o* juv., Feb. 21, March 3, 1925

In dusky blue mantle and under parts, and decidedly lighter (Chapman's or Eton blue) lower back, the adult males agree with a large series from Bahia (Santo Amaro, Lamarao, Macaco Secco, Rio do Peixe) and Pernambuco (Sao Lourenco).

Mr. Todd2 unites C. sterea Oberholser,8 originally founded on a single immature male, with C. c. cyanea; but on comparing twenty- seven specimens from southern Brazil and Paraguay (Sapucay), we have no difficulty in distinguishing the male sex by the much duller more blackish coloration of both dorsal and ventral surface, with hardly any suggestion of the light blue uropygial area.

Material examined. -C. cyanea cyanea. -Bahia: Santo Amaro, 1 cT ; Lamarao, 3 0" & ; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, 1 o" ; Rio do Peixe,

lThe figure in Edwards's work, the sole basis of Loxa cyanea — since "Chinens. Lagerstr. No. 18," likewise quoted by Linnaeus and published in Amoeni . Acad., 4, p. 244, 1759, by Odhelius, one of his pupils, refers to the same plate — corre- sponds to the northern form of bright purplish coloration, ranging from Bahia to Piauhy. With respect to the alleged African origin of Loxia cyan, a and Loxia angolensis, see Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 32, note, 1908.

2Auk, 40, p. 65, 1923.

*Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, p. 188, 1901 — Sapucay, Paraguay.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 293

near Queimadas, 1 o71 ; trade skins, 17 o71 o71 , 4 9 9 . — Pernambuco : Sao Lourenco, 1 o71 ad. — Ceara : Varzea Formosa, 3 o71 o71 ; unspeci- fied, 1 o71 ad. — Piauhy: Arara, 3 o71 o71 ; Ibiapaba, 1 9 ad.

C. cyanea sterea. — Goyaz: Rio Araguaya (near Leopoldina), o71 9 ad.; Goyaz City, o" 9 ad. — Minas Geraes: Rio das Velhas, near Lag6a Santa, 2 o" o71. — Rio de Janeiro: Petropolis, 1 d" ad.; Rio, 1 o" ad., 1 9 ad. — Sao Paulo: Piquete, 1 cf, 1 9 ; Victoria, 1 o71 ad.; Sao Sebastiao, 1 o71, 1 9 ad.; Ipanema, 4 o71 o71 ad., 4 9 9; Matto- dentro, 1 o71 juv. — Rio Grande do Sul: Taquara do Mundo Novo, 1 cf ad., 2 9 9 . — Paraguay: Sapucay, 1 c? ad., 1 9 ad.; Villa Rica, 1 o71 ad. — Misiones: El Dorado, 1 o71 imm., 2 9 9 ad.

C. c. cyanea is thus seen to be restricted to northeastern Brazil, ranging from Bahia north to Ceara and Piauhy, while C. c. sterea has a more southerly distribution which extends from southern Goyaz and Minas Geraes to Rio Grande do Sul, Paraguay, and Misiones. In Matto Grosso it gradually passes into the larger C. c. argentina Sharpe.

83. Cyanocompsa cyanoides rothschildii (Bartlett).

Guiraca rothschildii Bartlett, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 6, p. 168, 1890 — Car. mang River, British Guiana (type in Tring Museum examined).

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Nov. 14, 1923.

Identical with specimens from British Guiana and Conceicao (Rio Branco) .

The present record extends the eastern limit of its range from the Para region to northern Maranhao.

[84. Oryzoborus angolensis angolensis (Linnaeus).

Loxia angolensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 303, 1766 — based on Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 296, pi. 352, right fig., locality unknown.1

Oryzoborus torridus Reiser, pp. 81, 179 — Rio Taquarussu, Piauhy.

The Vienna Academy Expedition obtained a single adult male on July 10, 1903, on the Rio Taquarussu, near Santa Philomena, Piauhy.*]

Although Linnaeus gives "Angola" as habitat, Edwards described the species from a live bird of unknown origin in the possession of "Philip Carteret Webb, M. P." Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 25, 1902) suggested Surinam as type locality, but as explained elsewhere (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 32, 1908), Edwards's bird is more likely to have come from eastern Brazil — Rio or Bahia.

2Lately recorded by Madame Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926) from Tury-assu, Maranhao.

294 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

85. Amaurospiza moesta (Hartlaub).

Sporophila moesta Hartlaub, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 36, 1853 — Brazil (type in Bremen Museum examined ;= d" ad.).

Maranhao: Tranqueira, d" ad., Aug. 28, 1925. — Wing 67; tail 58; oilmen 12 ; depth at base of lower mandible 4, width 9. — "Iris brown, feet plumbeous, bill black."

Compared with four males from Therezopolis (Rio) and Misiones, this bird has a larger bill, and the upper back more conspicuously spotted with black.

A. moesta, whose characters and synonymy I have discussed in another connection,1 was hitherto known only from southern Brazil (Rio to Parana), the Argentine territory of Misiones,2 and Para- guay.* The present record thus extends its range considerably to the north, and it is quite possible that additional material may show the Maranhao bird to be racially different.

86. Sporophila albogularis (Spix).

Loxia albogularis Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 46, pi. 60, figs. 1, 2, 1825 — Brazil; we suggest Bahia as type locality.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, three o* o* ad., 9 ad., Dec. 17, 26, 1924, Jan. 6, 1925; Ar&ra, 0* ad., 9 ad., Feb. 5, 7, 1925.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., March 5, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, two o"o*, one 9 ad., June 10, 24, 26, 1913. R. H. Becker.

The series agrees with specimens from Bahia. The female from Ibiapaba has a slight suggestion of the jugular band and white alar speculum, both characteristic of the male sex, and may be a very old, androgynous specimen.

5. albogularis is peculiar to the northeastern states of Brazil, having been recorded from Bahia, Pernambuco,4 Ceara, and Piauhy.

87. Sporophila leucoptera cinereola (Temminck).

Pyrrhula cinereola Temminck,6 Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 2, pi. 11, fig. 1, Sept., 1820 — "Bresil"; we suggest Bahia.

^erh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, pp. 516-518, 1904.

2Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 97, 191 8 — Iguazu.

'Bertoni, 1. c, p. 258, 1919 — Puerto Bertoni.

4Reiser, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, i9io;p. 179, 1925.

6Temminck's name has priority over Fringilla hypoleuca Lichtenstein (Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 26, 1823— Brazil). See Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 41, p. 35, 1920.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 295

Sporophila hypoleuca Reiser, pp. 81 , 179 — Santa Philomena, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Grajahu, cf ad., Oct. 17, 1924.

Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Santa Philomena, cf ad., July 17, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

These birds agree with a series from Bahia in size and coloration. Recent study of more satisfactory material tends to show that the distribution of the two races of S. leucoptera, as set forth in an earlier communication of mine,1 requires certain modifications.

Adult males from Matto Grosso, including the type of Sporophila hypoleuca clara Cherrie,2 while perhaps not quite so large, resemble Paraguayan examples (typical leucoptera3) in the dark (almost slaty) gray tone of the upper parts, relieved by a more or less distinct, though narrow, white uropygial band and nearly pure white ventral surface, with just a faint grayish shade along the inner sides of the chest. They must undoubtedly be ranked with 5. /. leucoptera (Vieillot). Two males from the Rio Araguaya (Goyaz), and the Rio das Velhas, near Lagoa Santa (Minas Geraes), both in worn plumage, are similar in dimensions and white uropygial band, but approach the eastern form {cinereola) because of paler gray dorsal surface and more extensive grayish suffusion on the sides and flanks. Males from east- ern Brazil (Rio, Bahia, Pernambuco, Piauhy, Maranhao) average smaller, lack the white uropygial band, and are paler gray above, while the entire sides of the body below are strongly washed with gray, this color often forming a pectoral band across the chest. Females of the two races are hardly distinguishable.

S. /. leucoptera thus inhabits Paraguay, the Argentine Chaco, and the interior of Brazil, from western Minas Geraes and Goyaz to Matto Grosso.

5. /. cinereola replaces it in eastern Brazil, ranging from Rio de Janeiro north to Pernambuco, Piauhy, and Maranhao.

A third form, 5. I. mexianae Hellmayr4 is found on the island of Mexiana. It is quite as white underneath as S. /. leucoptera, but lacks the white rump band, while the upper parts are even lighter than in 5. /. cinereola.

^erh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, pp. 536-537, 1904.

*Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, p. 188, 1916 — Sao Lourenco River, below the mouth of the Rio Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil.

'Coccothraustes leucoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 13, p. 521, 181 7 — based on Azara, No. 123, Paraguay.

♦Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. KL, 26, No. 2, p. 119, 1912 — Santa Maria, island of Mexiana.

296 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES

5. leucoptera leucoptera Five leagues north of Villa Concepci6n,

Paraguay (one) Lambare\ near Asunci6n, Paraguay (one) Sao Lourenco River, Matto Grosso (one) Cuyaba, Matto Grosso (two) Cachoeira, Matto Grosso (one) Agua Blanca de Corumba, Matto

Grosso (one) Araguaya, Goyaz (one) Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes (one)

S. leucoptera cinereola Rio de Janeiro (one) Santo Amaro, Bahia (one) Bahia trade skins (eleven)

Santa Philomena, Piauhy (one) Grajahu, Maranhao (one)

Wing

63 X

65

63

60,61 (worn)

60 (worn)

61 60 62 (worn)

58

60

56,57(four),

58 (four), 59,

60

57 60

Tail

59 58 53 51,54 (worn)

51 (worn)

57

55 1 *

52 (worn)

56

55

50.50,51.51,

52,53.53.54.

54.54 55

53 55

[88. Sporophila plumbea plumbea (Wied).

Fringilla plumbea Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 579, 1830 — "Campo Geral" of Brazil, = boundary line of Bahia and Minas Geraes.

Sporophila plumbea Reiser, pp. 81, 179 — Chapada da Varzea Grande (near Santo Antonio de Gilboez), Apertad1. Hora and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.

Reiser records two males and a female from various localities in southern Piauhy. Dr. Snethlage did not meet with this species which is widely distributed in the campo region of inner Brazil, ranging south to Parana and west to Matto Grosso and into the plains of eastern Bolivia.]

89. Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot).

Pyrrhula nigricollis Vieillot,1 Tabl. Enc. M£th., Orn., 3, livr. 93, p. 1027, July, 1823 — Brazil.

Sporophila gutturalis Reiser, pp. 82, 179 — Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Goyaz: Philadelphia, d1 ad., Dec. 16, 1925.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, two cT cf ad., 0" imm., Feb. 23, 24, March 4, 1925.

JThis name must replace Fringilla gutturalis Lichtenstein (Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 26, 1823 — Sao Paulo) by reason of anteriority. According to Sherborn and Woodward (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 17, p. 580, 1906), livr. 93 of the "Tableau encyclopSdique m£thodique" is mentioned in Bibl. France for July 26, 1823, while Lichtenstein's "Verzeichniss" was certainly published later, the preface being dated "September 1823." Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 126, 1888) erroneously quoted P. nigricollis in the synonymy of Sporophila caerulescens (Vieillot).

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 297

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, c? ad., three 9 9 ad., June 17, 20, 21, 22, 1913. R. H. Becker.

Agreeing with a large series from various parts of Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, etc.).

90. Sporophila bouvreuil (Muller).

Loxia bouvreuil P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 154, 1776 — based on "Bouvreuil, de l'lsle Bourbon" Daubenton, Pi. Enl. 204, fig. 1 ; locality erroneous, I have substituted Bahia, Brazil.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, two 9 9 ad., Sept. 3, 4, 1923.

5. bouvreuil inhabits eastern Brazil, from the delta of the Amazon south to Sao Paulo. Birds from the southern part of this area are slightly paler, and this may indicate intergradation with 5. pileata (Sclater), but the interrelations and ranges of the two forms, both of which have been found in Sao Paulo, though in different sections of the state, have yet to be worked out with the aid of far more material than is at present available. See Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, pp. 519-520, 1904.

91. Volatinia jacarina jacarina (Linnaeus).

Tanagra jacarina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 314, 1766 — based on Brisson (ex Marcgrave's "Jacarini"), northeastern Brazil.

Volatinia jacarini Reiser, pp. 82, 180 — Santa Philomena, Therezina, opposite Ilha Sao Martin, and below Uniao, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, d" juv., Dec. 17, 1923; Grajahu, cf juv., Oct. 25, 1924; Tranqueira, cf juv., Aug. 18, 1925.

In males from eastern Brazil, of which Field Museum has a good many from Para and various parts of Bahia, the axillaries and under wing coverts are, as a rule, white, though one from Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas (Bahia) has them almost uniform black.

92. Spinus magellanicus alleni Ridgway.

Spinus alleni Ridgway, Auk, 16, p. 37, 1899 — Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil.

Chrysomitris icterica alleni Reiser (1), p. 81, 1910 — part, Nos. 704, 751, Parna- gua, Piauhy; idem (2), p. 178, 1925 — Parnagua.

Goyaz: Certeza, 9 ad., Sept. 26, 1925. — Wing 63; tail 38; bill 9.

A perfectly typical example of this race which replaces 5. m. icter- icus in the central and western parts of Brazil (states of Bahia, Goyaz. and Matto Grosso) and eastern Bolivia. It appears to reach the

298 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

northern limit of its range in southern Piauhy, where Reiser secured two specimens in the vicinity of Parnagua, and the adjacent section of Goyaz, the present example having been taken near the sources of the Rio Perdido. Mr. Todd, in his recently published monograph,1 extends its distribution south to the Chaco and Paraguay. While specimens from west of the Paraguay River (whence we have no material) may actually be referable to S. m. alleni, two adult males from Bernalcue" (near Asunci6n) are certainly not of this form and appear to me indistinguishable from the south-Brazilian ictericus. I expect the ranges of these two forms will eventually be found to be separated by the Paraguay River.

93. Spinus yarrellii (Audubon).

Carduelis yarrellii Audubon, Syn. Birds N. America, p. 117, 1839 — "Upper California," errore; = Bahia, Brazil.

Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, 9 ad., Aug. 13, 1913. R. H. Becker.

This Siskin is an inhabitant of the arid districts of eastern Brazil in the states of Bahia and Ceara. but reappears in the vicinity of Lake Valencia, Carabobo, in northern Venezuela, thus offering a case of dis- continuous distribution parallel to the range of Basileuterus flaveolus.

94. Sicalis flaveola flava (Muller).

Fringilla flava P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 164, 1776 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 321, fig. 1, Brazil; we suggest Rio de Janeiro.2

Sycalis flaveola (not Fringilla flaveola Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 81, 178 — Parnagua.

Maranhao: Codo,Cocos, two 9 9 ad., two cf d1 juv., June 12, 19, 25, July 10, 1924.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., & juv., Jan. 3, 8, 1925; Arara, cf juv., Feb. 11, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three cf d1 ad., 9 ad.,cf juv., 9 juv., Aug. 11, 12, 13, 31; Quixada, two c? <? ad., three 9 9 ad., two juv., June 10, 16, 20, 26, 27, July 1; Serra de

xAnn. Carnegie Mus., 17, pp. 52-54, 1926.

2I think there can be little doubt that Daubenton's plate was based on a specimen of the Brazilian Saffron Finch. Buffon, himself, identified his "Guir- negat" with Marcgrave's "Guiranheemgatu," and gives Brazil as its habitat. His bird is much more likely to have come from one of the ports on the east coast (Rio or Bahia) than from the area occupied by S.f. pelzelni in the extreme south of Brazil, then practically unexplored. If, however, Fringilla flava Muller be rejected, Emberiza braziliensis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 872, 1789), almost exclusively based on Marcgrave's "Guiranheemgatu" (from northeastern Brazil), hence of unquestionable pertinence, would be the next available name.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 299

Baturitd, two 9 9 ad., two 9 9 juv., July 17, 18, 19, 20, 1913. R. H. Becker.

Besides, I have before me several specimens from Bahia (Santo Amaro; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto), Espirito Santo (Victoria), Rio de Janeiro (Therezopolis, Cantagallo), and Sao Paulo (Cachoeira, Sao Sebastiao).

This series differs from typical S. /. flaveola, as represented by twenty-five skins from Surinam and Venezuela, in more heavily streaked upper parts, slightly striated flanks, and generally paler as well as less extensive orange on the anterior crown in the adults, while the immature (" aureipectus") plumage may be dis- tinguished by the narrower, paler yellow prepectoral band which, furthermore, is frequently streaked with dusky. Specimens from Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo are obviously inseparable from those of northern Brazil.1

5. flaveola flaya ranges throughout eastern Brazil, from the interior of Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara south to Sao Paulo. Farther south, in Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul as well as in Matto Grosso, it is replaced by S. flaveola pelzelni Sclater, which, in the male plum- age, is not unlike the female of S. f. flava, but the subspecies may immediately be recognized by the very differently colored female.

[95. Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae Hellmayr.

Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 16, p. 85, 1906 — Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, Brazil.

Sycalis arvensis minor (not of Cabanis) Reiser (1), p. 81, 1910 — part, No. 296, Joazeiro; No. 1181, Tronco Falls, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.2

Sycalis arvensis (not of Kittlitz) Reiser (2), p. 178, 1925 — part, Tronco Falls, Piauhy.

Piauhy: Tronco Falls, below Nova York, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad., Aug. 4, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Wing 56; tail 40; bill 9.

This example, an adult female in perfectly fresh plumage, appears to be inseparable from two topotypical females. A female, in worn breeding garb, secured by O. Reiser on March 18, 1903, about nine kilometers above Joazeiro, on the Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, is like-

1Sicalis flaveola holti Miller (Auk, 42, p. 254, 1925 — Monte Serrat, Serra do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo) is apparently synonymous with 5. /. flava.

2The adult male from Joazeiro (No. 295), mentioned by Reiser, proves to be totally d fferent. It belongs to the Sicalis luteola group and obviously represents an undescribed form.

300 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

wise referable to this form, and Field Museum possesses an immature bird from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, obtained by R. H. Becker.

Adult males are required to establish beyond doubt the subspecific identity of these birds.

Like its northern allies, 5. c. leopoldinae frequents grassy country along river banks. Its range is restricted to eastern Brazil (states of Goyaz, Bahia and Piauhy).]

[96. Pseudochloris citrina citrina (Pelzeln).

Sycalis citrina Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 232, 333, 1870 — Jaguaraiba [ = Rio Jaguariaiba], Parana (type in Vienna Museum examined).

Pseudochloris citrina Reiser, pp. 82, 181 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.

Piauhy: Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 0" ad., June 30, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

Except for its somewhat brighter rump, the specimen was found to agree with the type.

This rare species has been taken at a number of localities in eastern Brazil (Rio Jaguariaiba and Murungaba, Parana; Itarare, Sao Paulo; Marianna, Minas Geraes; Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy), but appears to be nowhere common.

In the mountains of northern South America (Roraima; Cumbre de Valencia, Venezuela; Santa Marta and Bogota region, Colombia) it is represented by the barely separable (slightly smaller) P. citrina browni (Bangs).]

97. Brachyspiza capensis matutina (Lichtenstein).

Fringilla matutina Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 25, 1823 — Brazil (lectotype: No. 6064, Bahii, in Berlin Museum examined).

Zonotrichia pileata (not Emberiza pileata Boddaert) Reiser (1), p. 82, 1910 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.

Brachyspiza {Zonotrichia) pileata Reiser (2), p. 180, 1925 — Piauhy.

Maranhao: Grajahu, two 9 9 ad., Oct. 22, 1924; Codo, Cocos, d" ad., 9 ad., June 20, 23, 1924.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., Dec. 14, 1924; Arara, d" ad., Jan. 27, 1925.

Agreeing with a series from Bahia and southern Brazil. Compared with two skins from Cayenne1 and others from Venezuela, the Brazil-

'Type locality of Fringilla capensis P. L. S. Muller (Natursyst., Suppl., p. 165, 1776 — based on "Bruant, du Cap de Bonne Esperance," Daubenton, PI. Enl. 386, fig. 2); see Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 369, 1778.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 301

ian birds are somewhat larger, with stronger bills, and have the nuchal collar decidedly deeper rufous. While examination of a larger series from the type locality is desirable, I think it advisable to sepa- rate this southern form, at least provisionally, under Lichtenstein's term. In the south B. c. matutina, judging from the material exam- ined in this connection, ranges as far as Rio Grande do Sul, Matto Grosso (Chapada, Urucum), and Paraguay. Specimens from Bernal- cue* (near Asuncion) in the latter country, are in every respect similar to the Brazilian ones, indicating that B. c. mellea Wetmore,1 in all probability, is restricted to the Chaco region west of the Paraguay.

98. Porphyrospiza caerulescens (Wied).

Tanagra caerulescens Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 541, 1830 — Campos Geraes of Brazil.

Porphyrospiza caerulescens Reiser, pp. 82, 180 — Floresta, near Burity and Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Tranqueira, two o" o" ad., two cf d" imm., 9 ad., Aug. 18, 19, 24, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Floresta, near Parnagua, 0" ad., June 17, 1903; Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 9 ad., July 1, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

Identical with specimens from Matto Grosso (Chapada) and Goyaz. This relatively scarce species is peculiar to the campo region of central Brazil. The present is the first record from Maranhao, though it has been taken by the Vienna Academy Expedition in the neighboring state of Piauhy. It appears to be more numerous in Gojraz, where it was met with by Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, Natterer, and G. A. Baer, and in Matto Grosso, whence H. H. Smith sent a large series to the American Museum. Furthermore, Natterer ob- tained specimens at Nas Furnas, in western Minas Geraes, while Wied's original example was secured somewhere along the boundary line of Minas Geraes and Bahia.

99. Myospiza humeralis humeralis (Bosc).

Tanagra humeralis Bosc, Journ. d'Hist. Nat., 2, No 17, p. 179, pi. 34, fig. 4, 1792 — Cayenne.

Ammodromus (-ic) manimbe Reiser (1), p. 82, 1910 — Apertada Hora, Rio Parnahyba, and littoral of Piauhy.

^roc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 39, 1922 — eighty kilom. west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguayan Chaco.

302 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Myiospiza (Ammodromus) manimbe Reiser (2), p. 181, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, two 9 9 ad., Sept. 3, 13, 1923; Codo, Cocos, two cT d* ad., 9 juv., June 11, 14, 1924; Tranqueira, 9 ad., Aug. 18, 1925.

Additional specimen. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., April 21, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).

Careful comparison of these and thirty additional examples from various parts of Brazil (Bahia, Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso) with an excellent series of typical humeralis from Cayenne, British Guiana, and the upper Rio Branco (Serra da Lua) fails to reveal any character by which a southern form (manimbe)1 could be discriminated. Contrary to the assertion of Messrs. Bangs and Penard,2 there is no difference in the coloration of the under parts between Guianan and Brazilian birds. Individual and seasonal variation in this species is so great that particular care must be taken to compare only specimens in corresponding plumage.

I am even somewhat uncertain whether the form of Argentina and Uruguay which Wetmore, in his recent review,3 distinguishes as M. humeralis dorsalis1 can be maintained. Birds from near Asuncion, Paraguay, are certainly not separable from humeralis of Brazil, but those from Uruguay, Buenos Aires, and Corrientes, owing to the reduction of the brownish lateral margins to the blackish central streaks of the dorsal feathers, generally appear rather grayer, al- though they can be matched by certain Brazilian examples. An adult male from Puerto Pinasco, Paraguayan Chaco (American Museum of Natural History, No. 149755) and the type of Myospiza manimbe nigrostriata Cherrie* are also typical representatives of this stage. An adult female (in exceedingly fresh plumage) from the island of Marajo (delta of the Amazon), however, is even grayer, lacking every trace of brownish suffusion on the upper parts.

A far larger series than is at present available in any museum will be required in order to define any possible geographic races.

1Fringilla manimbe Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 25, 1823 — Bahia.

lBull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 92, 1918.

•Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 427-431, 1926.

4If separable, its earliest name is Ammodramus xanthornus Gould (in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Part 9, pi. 30, July 1839), based on a specimen from Maldonado, which I have examined in the British Museum.

6Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35, p. 189, 1916 — Rio Negro, a small tributary of the Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguayan Chaco.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 303

100. Emberizoides herbicola (Vieillot) subsp.

Sylvia herbicola Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 11, p. 192, 1817 — based on Azara, No 230, Paraguay.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad. (in very worn breeding plumage), two 9 9 imm., Sept 8, 13, 1923.

These birds belong to the same race that was discussed in my account of Lorenz Miiller's collection from the island of Mexiana.1 The adult female combines the plain (unstriped) flanks of herbicola with the small size and strongly marked uropygium of sphenurus. However, one of the immature birds (which has nearly finished the post-juvenile molt) shows very conspicuous blackish streaks on the flanks like specimens from Guiana and Venezuela.

Until a satisfactory series from northern Brazil comes to hand, the status of this intermediate race cannot be determined. The typical E. h. herbicola ranges in eastern Brazil as far north as Bahia and Pernambuco.

101. Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus (Wied).

Fringilla pileata Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 160, 1821 — Barra da Vareda, Rio Pardo, southern Bahia.

Coryphospingus pileatus Reiser (2), p. 181, 1925 — Remanso Surupi and Melan- sia, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Barra do Corda, three 0" o" ad., two 9 9 ad., Aug. 16, 18, 19, 22, 1924; Grajahti, d" 9 ad., Oct. 18, 21, 1924; Sao Francisco, cf ad., May 30, 1925.

Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Jan. 31, 1925; Ibiapaba, c? ad., three 9 9 ad., Dec. 17, 20, 23, 1924, Jan. 16, 1925.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., March 4, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ d" ad. ;Quixada, four o" 0", two 9 9 ; Jua, near Iguatu, twelve cf d\ seven 9 9 , July and August, 1913. R. H. Becker.

Agreeing with a series from Bahia (Santo Amaro; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy).

This species, in all probability a geographical race of C. cucullatus (P. L. S. Mull.), is peculiar to eastern Brazil. Its range extends from eastern Minas Geraes, (Curvello, Lagoa Santa), northern Goyaz (Leopoldina), and Espirito Santo north through Bahia to Ceara, Piauhy, and Maranhao. Farther west, in western Minas Geraes

^Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 104, 1912.

304 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

(Uberaba; Rio Jordao, near Araguary; Agua Suja, near Bagagem), southern Goyaz, and Matto Grosso as well as in the north, from Pard to British Guiana, it is replaced by the red C. cucullatus. The gray type, however, reappears in a very slightly modified form, C. pileatus brevicauda Cory,1 distinguishable by shorter tail and more whitish lores, in northern Venezuela and Colombia.

102. Charitospiza eucosma Oberholser.

Fringilla ornata (not of Vieillot 1817) Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 191, 1821 — Fazenda Valo, near the frontier of Minas Geraes, Bahia.

Charitospiza eucosma Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 48, p. 67, 1905 — new 1 ame for Fringilla ornata Wied, preoccupied.

Charitospiza ornata Reiser, pp. 83, 182 — Chapada da Varzea Grande and Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, two cf cf ad., 9 ad., June 19, July io, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 9 9 ad., July, 20, 22, 1925; Tranqueira, two cf1 cf ad., Sept. 2, 4, 1925.

This is another characteristic species of the campo region, ranging throughout the Brazilian highlands from Maranhao, Piauhy, and Bahia south to western Minas Geraes (Nas Furnas, Sant' Anna dos Alegres, Andrequece, Curvello, Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoa ), north- ern Sao Paulo (Nas Lages), and Matto Grosso.

103. Paroaria dominicana (Linnaeus).

Loxia dominicana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 172, 1758 — Brazil.* Paroaria larvata Reiser (2), p. 182, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba, from Bda Espe- ranca to below Colonia Floriano, near Araras, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Francisco, cf ad., 9 juv., July 4, 5, 1925.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., two 9 9 juv., Dec. 12, 22, 1924, Jan. 2, 1925; Deserto, c? ad., Apr. 8, 1925; Ar&ra, cf ad., Jan. 27, 1925.

Not different from specimens taken by R. H. Becker on the Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, Bahia.

The range of the Gray Cardinal is restricted to eastern Brazil from Minas Geraes (Rio Sao Francisco) and Bahia north to Piauhy and Maranhao.

104. Paroaria gularis gularis (Linnaeus).

Tanagra gularis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 316, 1766 — based on Brisson, "America"; we suggest Cayenne.

*Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 345, 1916 — Margarita Island.

'See Lonnberg, Bihang Svensk. Akad. Handl., 22, Afd. 4, No. 1, p. 29, 1896 (note on type in Upsala Museum).

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 305

Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), cT ad., Feb. 4, 1926; Phila- delphia, 9 ad., Dec. 4, 1925.

Identical with specimens from French and British Guiana. It is very interesting to find this Guianan species on the lower Tocantins, and not P. baeri Hellmayr,1 with which we meet farther south, on the banks of the Araguaya, near Leopoldina. An adult female, obtained by E. G. Holt at Conceicao do Araguaya (about 8° s. lat.) on November 11, 1926, and preserved in the collection of the Carnegie Museum, is likewise referable to P. g. gularis. The range of P. baeri would thus seem to be restricted to the headwaters of the Araguaya.

105 Xolmis cinerea (Vieillot).

Tyrannus cinereus Vieillot, Analyse nouv. Ornith. 6\6m., p. 68, 1816 — South America; we suggest hinterland of Rio de Janeiro.

Taenioptera nengeta (not Lanius nengeta Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 70, 154 — Chapada da Varzea Grande, Santo Antonio de Gilboez, and Amaracao, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, two 9 9 ad., June 16, 17, 1924.

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Chapada da Varzea Grande, 9 ad., June 27; Santo Antonio de Gilboez, two o" o71 ad., June 30, July 4; Amaracao, 9 ad., Sept. 14, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

Specimens from various parts of Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina agree well together. T. cinerea obscura Cory8 was separated by mis- take, the supposed racial characters being due to the fresh plumage of the original series, while the few specimens used for comparison happened to be in worn condition.

A characteristic species of the open campos, ranging north to Marajo and the Xingu region (Rio Iriri).

106. Xolmis velata (Lichtenstein).

Muscicapa velata Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 54, 1823 — Sao Paulo.

Taenioptera velata Reiser, pp. 71, 154 — Chapada da Varzea Grande and Santo Antonio, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, o" ad., 9 ad., June 10, 1924.

>Bull. Brit Orn. CI., 19, p. 43, 1907; Nov. Zool., 15, p. 36, 1908 — Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz.

*Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 341, 1916 — Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia.

306 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Snethlage's specimens agree with others from Minas Geraes, Matto Grosso, and Sao Paulo.

This is another endemic species of the Brazilian campo region, the range of which stretches north to the Amazon and west into Bolivia.

[107. Xolmis irupero nivea (Spix).

Muscicapa nivea Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 20, pi. 29, fig. 1, 1825 — near Joazeiro, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia (type in Munich Museum examined).

Ceara: Unspecified, 9 imm., Berlepsch Collection (Frankfort Museum).

Agreeing with females from the type locality. The distinctness of this race which is only known from Bahia and Ceara1 requires cor- roboration by a satisfactory series.]

108. Knipolegus lophotes (Boie).

Musc\icapa\ lophotes (Temminck MS.) Boie,2 Isis, 21, p. 317, 1828 — new name for Muscicapa galeata Spix (not Lichtenstein 1823), Av. Bras., 2, pi. 27, 1825, Sao Paulo.

Goyaz: Certeza (headwaters of the Rio Perdido), o" ad., Sept. 26, 1925. — Wing 118; tail 101; bill 17.

This example is identical with others from southern Brazil. The present record extends the known range of the Crested Black Tyrant from Matto Grosso and Minas Geraes north to the confines of Piauhy.

109. Fluvicola pica albiventer (Spix).

Muscicapa albiventer Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 21, pi. 30, fig. 1, 1825 — part, descrip- tion of male, Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined).

Fluvicola albiventris Reiser, pp. 71, 155 — Therezina and Amaragao, Piauhy.

Piauhy: Arara, d" ad., Jan. 20, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, two <? d" imm., June 10, 24, 1913. R. H. Becker.

Widely distributed in Brazil south of the Amazon, Paraguay, northern Argentina, and eastern Bolivia.

no. Fluvicola climazura climazura (Vieillot).

Oenanthe climazura Vieillot (and Oudart), Galerie Ois., 1, (2), p. 255.pl. 157, 1824 — Brazil.

^ee Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 17, 1927.

'Replaces Knipolegus lophotes Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 67, 1927)-

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 307

Fluvicola climacura Reiser, pp. 71, 155 — Ilha Grande, Lake Parnagua, and coast of Piauhy.

Maranhao: Barra do Corda, two o* d" ad., Aug. 18, 22; Cod6, Cocos, cf ad., July u, 1924.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 9 ad., July 12; Quixada, d" ad., 9 ad., June 17, 26; Jua, near Iguatu, five 0" d" ad., July 31, Aug. 3, 12, 28, Sept. 4, 1913. R. H. Becker.

The Courier Water-Tyrant is peculiar to northeastern Brazil, ranging from Maranhao east to Pernambuco and south to Bahia.

A closely related race, F. c. atripennis, is found on the coast of Ecuador.

in. Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus).

Pipra leucocephala Linnaeus, Mus. Ad. Frid., 2, Prodr., p. 33, 1764 — Surinam (see idem, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 340, 1766).

Arundinicola leucocephala Reiser, pp. 71, 156 — coast of Piauhy.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 0* ad., Oct. 23, 1923.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 0* juv., March 2, 1925.

Additional specimen. — Maranhao: B6a Vista, o" ad., Dec. 15, 1906. F. Schwanda.

The White-headed Marsh-Tyrant has an extensive distribution in South America, from Colombia, Guiana, and Trinidad down to Paraguay and northeastern Argentina.

[112. Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus (Boddaert).

Muscicapa rubinus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 42, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 675, fig. 2, and Buffon's "Le Rubin, de la riviere des Amazones."

Pyrocephalus rubineus Reiser, pp. 75, 164 — Parnagua and Bandeira, Piauhy.

Piauhy: Parnagua, 0* ad., o" iram., May 13, 15, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

The Scarlet Flycatcher is widely diffused in Brazil south of the Amazon and in the neighboring countries.]

[113. Satrapa icterophrys (Vieillot).

Muscicapa icterophrys Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 21, p. 458, 1 81 8 — based on Azara, No. 183, Paraguay.

Sisopygis icterophrys Reiser, pp. 71, 156 — lower Rio Parnahyba, from Therezina to Sao Martin, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 62, 1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao.

308 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Specimens of the Yellow-browed Tyrant were noted by Reiser on the banks of the lower Parnahyba, and at Sao Bento Madame Snethlage also met with this species which ranges over the whole of eastern Brazil, from Piauhy south to Rio Grande do Sul, and is also found in northern Argentina, eastern Bolivia, etc.]

114. Machetornis rixosa rixosa (Vieillot).

Tyrannus rixosus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 35, p. 85, 1819 — based on Azara, No. 197, Paraguay.

Machetornis rixosa Reiser, pp. 71, 157 — Santa Philomena and junction of the Barroca do Maranhao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Codo.Cocos, 9 ad., June 18, 1924; Sao Francisco, Rio Parnahyba (opposite Amarante), c? ad., 9 ad., May 30, June 3, 1925.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d" ad., Jan. 7, 1925; Arara, o" ad., Jan. 26, 1925.

The throat on average is rather more yellowish than in birds from more southern localities, though some of the latter are not distin- guishable on this score.

A species of wide distribution in the Brazilian table-land and adja- cent countries.

115. Muscivora tyrannus (Linnaeus).

Muscicapa tyrannus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 325, 1766 — based on Tyrannus cauda bijurca Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 395, pi. 39, fig. 3, "Canada" (errore) and Cayenne.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 3, 1923.

Generally distributed in Central and South America.

116. Tyrannus melancholicus despotes (Lichtenstein).

Muscicapa despotes Lichttnstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 55, 1823 — Bahia.

Tyrannus melancholicus (not of Vieillot) Reiser, pp. 76, 165 — Parnagua, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Mangunca Island, 9 ad., Feb. 22, 1924; Sao Luiz, d" ad., July 31, 1923 ; Sao Bento, o" juv., Sept. 7, 1923.

Piauhy: Arara, d" ad., Jan. 26, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, <? ad., 9 ad., Sept. 4; Quixada, 0* ad., cf iram., June 19, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 309

The series agrees with topotypes from Bahia.

Lichtenstein's Kingbird replaces T. m. melancholicus from Bahia northwards, and ranges over a large section of northern South America, including Trinidad, Tobago, and some of the Lesser Antilles.

117. Empidonomus varius rufinus (Spix).

Muscicapa rufina Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 22, pi. 31, figs. 1,2, 1825 — "inprovincia fl. Amazonum" (type in Munich Museum examined).

Maranhao: Sao Luiz, o71 juv., 9 ad., July 28, 31, 1923; Grajahu, cf ad., Oct. 18, 1924.

Piauhy: Arara, o* ad., Jan. 28, 1925; Deserto, 9 juv., Apr. 2, 1925-

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ two o71 cT ad., July 15, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 071 ad., 9 juv., June, 1905. F. Schwanda (Sophia Museum).

This series agrees well with specimens from the Amazon Valley (Itacoatiara, Manaos), and birds from Bahia are likewise similar. Compared with ten skins of typical varius from Paraguay, southern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catharina), and eastern Bolivia (Buenavista, dept. Santa Cruz) they average somewhat smaller in wing measurements, are not quite so dark above, and the streaking underneath is much less distinct and mainly restricted to the chest.

About the distribution of the races of the Varied Flycatcher, con- sult the recently published Catalogue of the Tyrannidae in Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, pp. 113-115, 1927.

118. Empidonomus aurantio-atro-cristatus pallidiventris nom. nov.1

Empidonomus aurantio-atro-cristatus minor Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 116, 1927 — Sao Luiz, Maranhao.

Empidonomus aurantio-atro-cristatus (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Reiser, pp. 76, 165 — Tronco Falls, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Luiz, o71 ad., Aug. 15, 1923; Cod6, Cocos, two o71 o71 ad., two 9 9 ad., June 16, 21, 26, 1924; Sao Francisco (opposite Amarante), Rio Parnahyba, o71 ad., July 1, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Tronco Falls, Rio Parnahyba, o71 ad., 9 ad., Aug. 4, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

1Empidonomus aurantio-atro-cristatus minor Hellmayr, April 1927, proves to be invalidated by Empidonomus minor Sztolcman (Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 227, Dec. 31, 1926 — Cayenne).

310 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

This is a northern form of the well-known E. a. aurantio-atro- cristatus (Lafr. and d'Orb.), differing by reason of smaller size and much paler coloration, particularly of the lower parts. Its range appears to be restricted to northern Brazil. Besides the specimens listed above, I have examined an adult male obtained at the Fazenda de Thomas da Saga, near Porto Imperial, lower Tocantins, northern Goyaz, on September 13, 1844, by Count Castelnau, in the col- lection of the Paris Museum. Birds from the city of Goyaz, recently examined in the Vienna Museum, while identical in color- ation, approach the typical form in size.

119. Legatus leucophaius leucophaius (Vieillot).

Platyrhynchos leucophaius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. £d., 27, p. 11, 1818 — "l'Amerique meridionale" = Cayenne (type in Paris Museum exam- ined).

Maranhao: Carolina, lower Tocantins, c? ad., Nov. 12, 1925.

Generally distributed in Central and South America.

[120. Myiodynastes maculatus maculatus (Muller).

Muscicapa maculata P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 169, 1776 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 453, fig. 2, Cayenne.

Myiodynastes maculatus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 383, 1914 — Ma- ranhao.

The Munich Museum possesses an adult male, taken by the late F. Schwanda at Miritiba, Maranhao, on November 17, 1907, which I found to agree with specimens from Guiana and Trinidad.

The center of the distribution of the Streaked Flycatcher is in Guiana, but various examples have been secured at places on the lower Amazon, the most southerly records being Miritiba, Maranhao, and Borba, Rio Madeira.]

iai. Myiodynastes solitarius (Vieillot).

Tyrannus solitarius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 35, p. 88, 18 19 — based on Azara, No. 196, Paraguay.

Myiodynastes solitarius Reiser, pp. 75, 162 — Olho d'Agua, Serra near Parna- gua and Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, o* ad., Sept. 5, 1923; Barra do Corda, two cf & ad., 9 ad., Sept. 1, 24, 1924.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" ad., two 9 9 ad., Dec. 20, 27, 1924.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 311

Additional specimens. — Ceara : Serra de Baturit6, cf ad., July 21; Quixada, two c? o" ad., July 1, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Maranhao: Miritiba, cf ad., June 6, 1907 (Muni h Museum), cf juv., 9 juv., June 16, July 2, 1905 (Sophia Museum). F. Schwanda.

Extensively distributed in Brazil, Peru, Paraguay, and Argentina, ranging north into British Guiana.

122. Megarynchus pitangua pitangua (Linnaeus).

Lanius pilangva Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 136, 1766 — based on "Pitangva Guacu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 216, northeastern Brazil.

Megarhynchus pitangua Reiser, pp. 75, 163 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 juv., Nov. 26, 1923; Rosario, 0* ad., May s, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 23, 1925-

Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, 9 ad., Dec. 14, 1925.

Identical with specimens from the Rio Branco and Venezuela.

The Boat-billed Flycatcher has a wide range in eastern South America, extending south to Paraguay and Misiones.

123. Myiozetetes cayanensis cayanensis (Linnaeus).

Muscicapa cayanensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 327, 1766 — based on Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 404, pi. 38, fig. 4, Cayenne.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 12, 1923.

Like examples from Para, Minas Geraes (Rio Jordao, near Ara- guary), and Goyaz, this bird appears to be inseparable from a Guianan series.

124. Myiozetetes similis similis (Spix).

Muscicapa similis Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 18, 1825 — part, Amazon River (type in Munich Museum examined).

Myiozetetes similis Reiser, pp. 74, 161 — Parnagua and below Urubu-Sinho Falls, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Rosario, 9 imm., Apr. 22, 1924; Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., June 12, 1924.

Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Jan. 21, 1925.

Additional specimen. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ d* ad., July 17, 1913. R. H. Becker.

312 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

An east-Brazilian form ranging north to Lower Amazonia. Nearly allied races are found in Peru and Venezuela.

[125. Tyrannopsis sulphurea (Spix).

Muscicapa sulphurea Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 16, pi. 20, 1825 — Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined).

Tyrannopsis sulphureus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 62, 1926 — Anil, Maranhao.

Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 9 juv., May 30, 1905. F. Schwanda (Sophia Museum).

A single young bird without yellow in the crown is the only specimen I have seen from this region. Birds from the sources of the Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, and the Pard district are identical with the type.

Though widely distributed in tropical eastern South America, the Sulphury Flycatcher is nowhere common.]

126. Pitangus sulphuratus maximiliani (Cabanis and Heine).

Saurophagus maximiliani Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 63, 1859 — Brazil.

Pitangus sulphuratus maximiliani Reiser, pp. 74, 162 — Riacho da Raiz, below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Mangunca Island, 9 ad., March 19, 1924; Rosario, 9 ad., May 7, 1924.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Jan. 2, 1925.

Additional specimen. — Ceard: Quixada, 9 ad., June 20, 1913. R. H. Becker.

The birds from Piauhy and Ceara are typical of maximiliani, agreeing with others from Bahia and Matto Grosso.

The status of the specimens occurring in the coast region of Maranhao is uncertain. They are darker, both above and below, and have less white about the forehead. It is quite possible that a more satisfactory series may show them to be more properly referable to P. s. sulphuratus. With only two (somewhat worn) skins at hand, the question must be left in abeyance.

127. Pitangus lictor lictor (Lichtenstein).

Lanius lictor Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 49, 1823 — Para. Maranhao* Sao Luiz, Anil, d" ad., Aug. 15, 1923.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 313

The Lictor Flycatcher has an extensive distribution in eastern South America, ranging from Venezuela and Guiana southwards to southern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and Matto Grosso), while the smaller P. lictor panamensis represents it in Panama and along the Caribbean littoral of Colombia.

128. Myiarchus tyrannulus bahiae Berlepsch and Leverkvthn.

Myiarchus bahiae Berlepsch and Leverkuhn, Ornis, 6, p. 17, in text, 1890 — Bahia.

Myiarchus tyrannulus bahiae Reiser, pp. 76, 165 — Serra near Parnagua, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 0" ad. (in worn breeding plumage), Oct. 5, 1923; Mangunca Island, cf ad., March 11, 1924; Sao Luiz, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 2, 21, 1923.

Piauhy: Arara, 9 ad. (in worn breeding plumage), Jan. 24, 1925.

The Maranhao specimens agree with others from Bahia and Sao Paulo, while the Arara bird, in tail markings, approaches M. t. pallescens, of Ceara.

An east-Brazilian form, ranging from the lower Amazon south to Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.

129. Myiarchus tyrannulus pallescens Cory.

Myiarchus tyrannulus pallescens Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., xi P- 343> 19 1 6 — Jua, Ceara.

Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, two cf o71 ad., Aug. 16, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker.

These two specimens, apparently the only ones in existence, differ so conspicuously from a large series of M. t. bahiae by reason of much lighter, more greenish (near citrine drab) upper parts and paler, more whitish throat and chest that I cannot but recognize this form as distinct, though examination of additional material is highly desirable. The rufous areas in the tail appear to be more extensive as well as better denned, thus approaching the pattern of M. tyran- nulus chlorepiscius Berl. and Leverk., of Matto Grosso.

130. Myiarchus pelzelni pelzelni Berlepsch.

Myiarchus pelzelni Berlepsch, Ibis, (4), 1, p. 139, 1883 — Bahia; Reiser (2), p. 165, 1925 — coast of Piauhy.

Myiarchus ferox cantans (not of Pelzeln) Reiser (1), p. 76, 1910 — part, No. 1319, coast district of Piauhy.

314 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, d" ad., Sept. 7, 1923; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, cf ad., July 30, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, o" ad., Aug. 1, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Piauhy: coast district, 9 ad., Sept. 14, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

The specimens agree with skins from Bahia and Mexiana Island.

A species of the open country, sparingly diffused in suitable localities throughout the northern and interior part of Brazil and the adjoining states, and represented in Argentina and Bolivia by the somewhat larger M. pelzelni ferocior Cabanis.

131. Myiarchus ferox ferox (Gmelin).

Muscicapa ferox Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 934, 1789 — primarily based on "Le Tyran, de Cayenne" Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 398, Cayenne.

Myiarchus ferox swainsoni (not of Cabanis and Heine) Reiser (2), p. 165, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao.

Maranhao: Mangunca Island, cf ad., March 21, 1924; Sao Luiz, two cf cf ad., July 28, Aug. 9, 1923; Sao Bento, c? ad., Sept. 3, 1923.

These birds as well as a number of Bahia skins are obviously inseparable from a Guianan series.

132. Myiarchus tuberculifer tricolor Pelzeln.

Myiarchus tricolor Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 117, 182, 1868 — Rio de Janeiro and Sapitiba, state of Rio de Janeiro (types examined).

Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 16, 1923.

Rather larger than the types and specimens from Bahia. This rather unsatisfactory race is supposed to be restricted to the coast region of Brazil (south to Rio de Janeiro) and French Guiana.

133. Myiochanes cinereus pallescens Hellmayr.

Myiochanes cinereus pallescens Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 194, 1927 — Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia.

Blacicus pileatus 'not Contopus pileatus Ridgway) Reiser, pp. 76, 165 — below Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Ponto (Canella), 9 ad., Aug. 30, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, cf ad., July 20, 1925.

Additional specimen. — Piauhy: below Queimadas, Rio Parna- hyba, 9 ad., Aug. 10, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 315

This is a northern form of M. c. cinereus, of southeastern Brazil, immediately distinguishable by its much paler coloring, the pileum being dusky rather than blackish, the back lighter olive gray, with suggestions of pale edges to the larger wing coverts, and the under parts extensively pale yellowish along the abdominal line, with the chest and sides much paler grayish.

Birds from Quipapa (Pernambuco), Piraputanga (Matto Grosso), northern Argentina (Manantial and Tafi Viejo, Tucuman), and extreme northern Paraguay (Colonia Risso, Rio Apa) agree exactly with those from more northern localities.

M. cinereus cinereus (Spix) seems to be restricted to the wooded region of southeastern Brazil (from Minas Geraes and Espirito Santo to Parana) and the adjoining districts of Argentina (Misiones) and Paraguay. Specimens from northern Sao Paulo, while somewhat intermediate, are as a whole better referred to the typical race.

134. Cnemotriccusfuscatus bimaculatus (Lafresnaye andd'Orbigny).

Muscipeta bimaculata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 48, 1837 — Yungas, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined).

Empidochanes fuscatus bimaculatus Reiser, pp. 75, 164 — Lagda Missao and Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, two o" 0* ad., Sept. 6, 12, 1923; Grajahu, two 0" o71 ad., 9 ad., Oct. 18, 21, 30, 1924; Barra do Corda, <? imm., Aug. 23, 1924; Codo, Cocos, o* ad., June 25, 1924; Tranqueira, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 22, 25, 1925.

Piauhy: Arara, two 0*0" ad., Jan. 26, 27, 1925.

Additional specimen. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, 9 ad., Sept. 1, 1913. R. H. Becker.

The series exhibits much individual variation, not only in the shade of the upper parts, but also in the amount of yellowish suf- fusion on the belly, some specimens being almost pure white, while the single Ceara bird has the abdomen very nearly as bright yellowish as typical C. f. fuscatus from southeastern Brazil.

The Western Dusky Flycatcher is widely distributed in the campo region of Brazil south of the Amazon, ranging in the west to the Purus River, Matto Grosso, and eastern Bolivia, and stretching south into Paraguay and northern Argentina. North of the Amazon it is replaced by C '. fuscatus fumosus (Berlepsch).

316 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

135. Terenotriccus erythrurus hellmayri (Snethlage).

Myiobius erythrurus hellmayri Snethlage, Ornith. Monatsber., 15, p. 195, 1907 — Para.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., Dec. 10, 1923.

An Amazonian form, ranging along the south bank of the river and its tributaries west to western Matto Grosso and extending east into the forested coast belt of northern Maranhao.

136. Myiobius atricaudus snethlagei Hellmayr.

Myiobius atricaudus snethlagei Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 240, 1927 — Codo, Codos, Maranhao.

Myiobius mastacalis (not of Wied) Reiser (1), p. 75, 1910 — Lake Parnagua and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.

"Myiobius barbatus (Gm.) {atricaudus Lawr.)" (sic) Reiser (2), p. 163, 1925 — same localities.

Maranhao: Grajahu, cf ad., Oct. 24, 1924; Codo, Cocos, cf ad., June 28, 1924 (type); Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Sept. 24, 1924; Fa- zenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 9 9 ad., July 16, 28, 1925; Tranqueira, cf ad., Aug. 29, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lag6a Missao, near Parnagud, o" ad., 9 imm., May 26, 1903; Santa Philomena, o" ad., July 14, 1903; Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, 9 ad., May 24, 1903. 0. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

This very interesting new form is a member of the M. atricaudus group which, as demonstrated by Todd, is clearly specifically differ- ent from M. barbatus, with which it has been associated by the majority of authors.

M. a. snethlagei is nearly related to the Orinocan race, M. a. modestus Todd, but differs by its much deeper, more buffy yellow (baryta instead of barium or citron yellow) rump, brighter (colonial buff to amber yellow) under parts, without any olive ochre tinge on chest or sides, more olivaceous crissum, and slightly darker (olive citrine rather than dull citrine) back. By the saturated tone of the yellow areas, it somewhat bridges the gap separating the northern races from M. ridgwayi, of southeastern Brazil, and strengthens the belief that this last-named species might ultimately turn out to be merely a geographical form of the same group. Proportions, shape of tail, and color-pattern are essentially the same as in M. a. snethlagei; but the yellow portions of the plumage are very much darker (about deep buff yellow), and the back is decidedly brownish.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 317

M. a. snethlagei is as yet known only from the states of Maranhao and Piauhy in northern Brazil, while M. ridgwayi is restricted to the southeastern section of that country, ranging from Rio de Janeiro to Sao Paulo.1

137. Myiophobus fasciatus fiammiceps (Temminck).

Muscicapa fiammiceps Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 24, pi. 144, fig. 3, July, 1822 — "Br£sil"; we suggest Rio de Janeiro.

Myiobius naevius (not Muscicapa naevia Boddaert) Reiser (1), p. 75, 1910 — Lagda Missao, Timb6, Parnagua and Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.

"Myiobius naevius (Bodd.) =fasciatus (Mull.)" (sic) Reiser (2), p. 164, 1925 — Piauhy.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, c? ad., 9 ad., Sept. 4, 8, 1923; Tran- queira, two o71 o71 ad., 9 imm., Sept. 12, 16, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 21, 1925.

Piauhy: Arara, 9 ad., Feb. 2, 1925.

Additional specimen. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ o71 ad., July 19, 1913. R. H. Becker.

This series agrees well with two skins from Rio de Janeiro. Specimens from southern Brazil and Argentina average slightly larger.

The Southern Banded Flycatcher is extensively distributed in Brazil south of the Amazon, and neighboring countries. A closely allied race, M. f. fasciatus (Miiller), occurs in Guiana, Trinidad, Venezuela, and Colombia.

138. Hirundinea bellicosa bellicosa (Vieillot).

Tyrannus bellicosus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 35, p. 74, 18 19 — based on Azara, No. 189, Paraguay.

Hirundinea bellicosa Reiser, pp. 75, 163 — Parnagua and Burity, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Tranqueira, o71 imm., Aug. 19, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., 9 imm., July 20, 23, 1925.

Additional specimen. — Ceara: Quixada, o71 ad., June 18, 19 13. R. H. Becker.

These specimens are more uniform tawny below, with less dusky suffusion on the chest, than others from Minas Geraes and Bahia.

1 Myiobius barbatus mastacalis (Wied), originally described from Bahia and wide- ly diffused along the south bank of the lower Amazon, may yet be discovered in the region covered by this paper. " M. barbatus xanthopygius " and "M. barbatus," lately recorded by Madame Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 43, 62, 1926) from Tury-assu, Maranhao, and Ceara probably refer to this form.

318 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Azara's Swallow-Flycatcher is generally distributed throughout the campo region of Brazil, from Maranhao and Ceara south to Paraguay, Misiones, and Rio Grande do Sul.

[139. Onychorhynchus coronatus coronatus (Muller).

Muscicapa coronata P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 168, 1776 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 289, Cayenne.

Onychorhynchus coronatus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 62, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.

Madame Snethlage 's record extends the range of the Royal Fly- catcher from Para to northern Maranhao.]

140. Platyrinchus saturatus Salvin and Godman.

Platyrhynchus saturatus Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (4), 6, p. 78, 1882 — Merume Mountains, British Guiana (type examined).

Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, cf ad., Nov. 20, 1923.

A Guianan Lower-Amazonian species whose range extends east- wards into the forest belt of northern Maranhao.

141. Platyrinchus mystaceus mystaceus Vieillot.

Platyrhynchos mystaceus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 27, p. 14, 1818 — based on Azara, No. 173, Paraguay = San Ignacio Guazii, southern Para- guay.

Platyrhynchus mystaceus Reiser, pp. 71, 157 — Sao Gongalinho and Riacho da Raiz, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Rosario, four cf1 cf ad., d1 imm., 9 ad., Apr. 21, 22, 28, May 7, 13, 20, 1924; Grajahii, 0* ad., Oct. 18, 1924.

Identical with specimens from Bahia and Minas Geraes.

The Yellow-crested Flat-bill inhabits the wooded districts of eastern Brazil and adjacent countries, reaching in Maranhao and Piauhy the northern limit of its range. Closely allied races are found in Matto Grosso and north of the Amazon.

142. Tolmomyias sulphurescens sulphurescens (Spix).

Platyrhynchus sulphurescens Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 10, pi. 12, fig. 1, 1825 — part, description of "male" and hab. Rio de Janeiro and Piauhy.

Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens Reiser, pp. 74, 162 — Pe" do Morro, near Parnagua, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Grajahii, two 9 9 ad., Oct. n, 25, 1924.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 319

Additional specimen. — Piauhy: P6 do Morro, d" imm., June 16, 1903. 0. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

These birds agree in every particular with skins from Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo, and must doubtless be referred to typical T. s. sulphur escens, a form of wide distribution throughout southern and eastern Brazil and extending into Paraguay, eastern Bolivia, and northern Argentina.

143. Tolmomyias sulphurescens assimilis (Pelzeln).

Rhynchocyclus assimilis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. no, 181, 1868 — part, types from Borba, Rio Madeira, in Vienna Museum examined.

Maranhao: Tury-assii, two o" cf ad., Oct. 26, 27, 1923; Tury-assii, Alto de Alegria, two 0* d" ad., Nov. 14, 15, 1923.

The two birds from Alto de Alegria agree with a series from Benevides (east of Para) and the right bank of the Tapajoz River (Santarem, Colonia do Mojuy, Miritituba) in size as well as in coloration. Specimens of T. s. assimilis from the left side of the Tapaj6z (Villa Braga) and the Rio Madeira have the crown more uniform plumbeous and the back, as a rule, slightly duller green, but the divergency is insignificant.

The two skins from Tury-assii are exactly intermediate between sulphurescens which they closely resemble on the upper parts, and assimilis, of which they partake of the whitish throat, the remainder of the ventral surface being, however, rather brighter yellow.

T. s. assimilis is an Amazonian form extending its range east- wards into the forested coast-belt of Maranhao, while in the drier interior districts its place is taken by the south-Brazilian T. s. sulphurescens.

144. Tolmomyias poliocephalus sclateri (Hellmayr).

Rhynchocyclus poliocephalus sclateri Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, S3, p. 207, 1903 — Barra do Rio Negro = Manaos, Brazil.

Maranhao: Tury-assii, 9 ad., 9 imm., Oct. 24, Nov. 29, 1923.

A Guianan Lower-Amazonian representative, ranging along the Brazilian coast south to Bahia. A closely allied form occurs in Upper Amazonia.

145. Tolmomyias flaviventris flaviventris (Wied).

Muscipeta flaviventris Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 929, 1831 — Mucuri and Alcobaga, Espirito Santo, Brazil.

320 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Rhynchocyclus flaviventris Reiser, pp. 74, 162 — Parnagua, Pedrinha, Burity, Therezina, and above Pintados, Piauhy.

Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, 9 ad., Dec. 14, 1925.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, two 0" o" ad., 9 ad., Oct. 6, 9, 13, 1923; Sao Bento, 9 juv., Sept. 8, 1923; Rosario, two <? c? (in molt), Apr. 24, May 13, 1924; Barra do Corda, cf ad., Sept. 18, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, 9 ad., June 21, 1924.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d" ad., Jan. 2, 1925.

Ceara: Varzea Formosa, d1 ad., cf imm., Feb. 18, 25, 1925.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, c? juv , June 19, 1913; Jua, near Iguatu, cf ad., three 9 9 ad., Aug. 17, 18, 20, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker.

An east-Brazilian species, ranging from Espirito Santo north to the south bank of the lower Amazon.

146. Rhynchocyclus olivaceus guianensis McConnell.

Rhynchocyclus olivaceus guianensis McConnell, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 27, p. 106, 191 1 — British Guiana.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, (0*) ad., Nov. 20, 1923.

Like two specimens from near Para, this bird has somewhat nar- rower and paler (dark olive buff instead of warm buff) edges to the greater wing coverts than a small series of guianensis from French Guiana and eastern Venezuela. Additional material may show them to be separable from both R. o. olivaceus, of eastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Bahia), and R. o. guianensis, from north of the Amazon.

147. Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum illigeri (Cabanis and Heine).

Triccus illigeri Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 49, 1859 — Para (type in Berlin Museum e. amined).

Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., 9 ad., Dec. 13, X923, Jan. 4, 1924.

A Lower-Amazonian form ranging from the Tocantins to northern Maranhao. Replaced farther west by T. c. chrysocrotaphum Strickl.

148. Todirostrum cinereum cearae Cory.

Todirostrum cinereum cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 342, 1 91 6 — Serra de Baturit6, Ceara.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, d" ad., Nov. 27, 1923; Sao Bento, o" ad., Sept. 8, 1923; Rosario, d" ad., 9 ad., May 5, 8, 1924; Barra do Corda, 9 imm., Aug. 21, 1924; Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., June 11, 1924.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 321

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., 9 ad., Dec. 14, 1924, Jan. 2, 1925; Deserto, 9 ad., March 28, 1925.

Additional specimen. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ o71 ad., July 18, 1913. R. H. Becker (type of subspecies).

The male from Sao Bento agrees with the type in color of back, while all the rest of the series are somewhat paler, more washed with greenish above. This form is nearly allied to T. c. cinereum, of northern South America, but may be distinguished by slightly smaller size, paler slate gray and more olivaceous back, more whitish wing markings, and longer white tips to external rectrices. In the last-named character, it resembles T. c. color eum Ridgw., of south- western Brazil, but this form is larger and much greener above, with the wing markings bright yellow instead of buffy white.

T. c. cearae is peculiar to northeastern Brazil. In addition to the series listed above, I have examined specimens from Pernambuco and Bahia.

149. Todirostrum maculatum maculatum (Desmarest).

Todus maculatus Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang., Manak. et Todiers, livr. io, pi. 70, 1806 — French Guiana.

Maranhao: Tury-assu, o71 ad.,' Nov. 26, 1923; Sao Luiz, c? ad., Aug. 6, 1923.

The Spotted Tody-Tyrant is peculiar to the Guianas and Lower Amazonia, reaching the southern limit of its range in northern Maranhao.

150. Todirostrum fumifrons fumifrons Hartlaub. Todirostrum fumifrons Hartlaub, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 35, 1853 — Brazil.

Maranhao: Grajahu, d* ad., Oct. 11, 1924; Barra do Corda, o* ad., 9 ad., Aug. 18, Sept. 17, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parna- hyba, o" ad., July 21, 1925; Tranqueira, o71 ad., Aug. 27, 1925.

"Iris brown, feet slate gray, bill black, base of mandible pale gray." — Wing 45-47, (female) 44; tail 34-36, (female) 33 ; bill 12-13.

These examples extend the range of this scarce Flycatcher far to the north, the only recorded locality being Bahia in eastern Brazil. In Guiana it is represented by the closely allied T. fumifrons penardi Hellmayr.

[151. Todirostrum mirandae Snethlage.

Todirostrum mirandae Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 266, 1925 — Sao Paulo, Serra de Ibiapaba, Ceara.

322 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Ceara: Sao Paulo, Serra de Ibiapaba, adult (unsexed), June n, 1910. E. Snethlage (Berlin Museum).

A very distinct species with no near relative, as yet known only from the Serra de Ibiapaba, in western Ceara.

Its characters are given at length in Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 305, 1927.]

152. Todirostrum sylvia schulzi Berlepsch.

Todirostrum schulzi Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, p. 355, 1907 — Our6m, Rio Guama, Para (type examined).

Todirostrum schistaceiceps schulzi Reiser, pp. 72, 157 — Riacho da Raiz, below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Rosario, o71 ad., d" imm., Apr. 22, May 20, 1924; Sao Bento, cf ad., juv., Aug. 30, Sept. 7, 1923; Sao Luiz, cf ad., Aug. 21, 1923.

Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Riacho da Raiz, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad., Aug. 29, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

This exceedingly well-marked race has been recorded only from the Para district and the adjacent section of northern Brazil, east to the lower Parnahyba in Piauhy, whence Reiser secured a single female at Riacho da Raiz, below Uniao.

Immature birds have the crown tinged with greenish; the wing markings olive ocher instead of lemon yellow; the supraloral streak buffy instead of nearly white; the chest paler grayish; finally the flanks strongly washed with greenish yellow. They exhibit a decided tendency in the direction of T. sylvia griseolum, furnishing another proof of the intimate relationship of the various races.

153. Euscarthmornis striaticollis striaticollis (Lafresnaye).

Todirostrum striaticolle Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 58, 1853 — Bahia.

Euscarthmus stricticollis (sic) Reiser (1), p. 72, 1910 — Parnagua, below Nova York and above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Euscarthmus striaticollis Reiser (2), p. 158, 1925 — same localities.

Goyaz: Philadelphia, d" ad., Dec. 4, 1925.

Maranhao: Sao Bento, four cf o" ad., three 9 9 ad., Sept. 1, 5, 6, 8, 12, 1923; Rosario, three o" cf ad., 9 ad., Apr. 19, 24, May 8, 9, 1924; Barra do Corda, cf 9 ad., Aug. 22, 23, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, cf ad., July 8, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July ai, 1925.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 323

Agreeing with specimens from the Rio Preto (Sao Marcello) and the vicinity of Bahia City (Santo Amaro). There is much individual variation in the shade of the upper parts and the intensity of the yellow color underneath, although every one of the sixteen skins has the crown decidedly brownish olive.

E. s. striaticollis is peculiar to the Brazilian table-land, ranging from Maranhao south to Bahia, and west to Matto Grosso. On the lower Amazon, from the Tapajoz to the Rio Madeira, it is repre- sented by E. s. griseiceps (Todd), while other allied races are found in Upper Amazonia.

1 54. Euscarthmornis margaritaceiventer wuchereri (Sclater and Salvin) .

Euscarthmus wuchereri Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 158, 1873 — Bahia (type examined).

Euscarthmus margaritaceiventer wucheri (sic) Reiser, pp. 72, 157 — Parnagua, and below Nova York, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Euscarthmus impiger cearae Cory, Auk, 37, p. 109, 1920 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara.

Maranhao: Grajahu, two o" 0" ad., Oct. 17, 23, 1924; Barra do Corda, three d* 0" ad., Aug. 21, Sept. 18, 22, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two d" o" ad., July 23, 24, 1925.

Piauhy: Arara, cf juv., two 9 9 ad., Jan. 21, 23, 29, 1925; Deserto, 9 ad., March 30, 1925; Ibiapaba, two cf cT ad., Dec. 23, 30, 1924.

Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three 9 9 ad., Aug. 1, 16, 20, 1913. R. H. Becker.

This race differs from typical E. m. margaritaceiventer by having duller, much less greenish back, and more distinctly streaked throat, and by lacking the yellowish tinge on the flanks. The Ceara birds (E. impiger cearae Cory) are precisely similar to a Bahia skin and the series secured by Dr. Snethlage.

E. m. wuchereri replaces the typical form in the table-land of northeastern Brazil, ranging from Bahia north to Ceara and the interior of Maranhao.

155. Colopteryx galeatus (Boddaert).

Motacilla galetaa Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 24, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 391, fig. 1, Cayenne.

Maranhao: Sao Luiz, two o" cf ad., Aug. 1, 8, 1923.

Identical with specimens from near Para.

324 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

The Helmeted Pygmy-Tyrant is a species peculiar to Guiana and Lower Amazonia, whose distributional area stretches into the forest belt of northern Maranhao.

156. Euscarthmus meloryphus meloryphus Wied.

Euscarthmus meloryphus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 947, 1831 — boundary line of Minas Geraes and Bahia.

Hapalocercus meloryphus Reiser, pp. 72, 158 — Queimadas and above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Tranqueira, o" ad., two 9 9 ad., Aug. 24, 26, 1925.

Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two cf o71 ad., Dec. 30, 1924; Arara, five cf cf ad., Jan. 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 1925.

Similar to specimens from Bahia (Macaco Secco) and Matto Grosso (Descalvados).

Widely distributed throughout the Brazilian table-land south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso; also found in northern Argentina, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Colombia.

157. Euscarthmus rufomarginatus (Pelzeln).

Hapalocercus rufomarginatus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 103, 174, 1868 — Calzao do Couro and Rio das Pedras, northern Sao Paulo (types examined) ; Reiser, pp. 72, 158 — Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Ponto (Canella), o71 ad., Aug. 29, 1924. — Wing 44; tail 51; bill 10. — "Iris brown, feet dark gray, bill black."

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba, c? ad., 9 ad., July 26, 1903. 0. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

Compared with the three typical examples from Sao Paulo, these birds are duller, less rufescent brown above, and have less ochraceous on the chest; but whether this difference is seasonal or racial remains to be ascertained by the study of further material. As I have pointed out elsewhere,1 E. rufomarginatus is a very dis- tinct species, though recalling Habrura pectoralis in coloration of under parts. So far, only six specimens are on record, all taken in the interior of Brazil. Natterer secured a couple at Rio das Pedras and a single female at Calzao do Couro, in the northern section of Sao Paulo, in April, 1823, and eighty years later, Reiser shot a pair of adults at Corrientes, on the upper Parnahyba, Piauhy.

^ield Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Sen, 13, Part 5, p. 360, 1927.

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 325

[158. Stigmatura budytoides bahiae Chapman.

Stigmatura budytoides bahiae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 231, p. 4, 1926 — Joazeiro, Bahia.

Stigmatura budytoides (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Reiser, pp. 72, 158 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.

Piauhy: Lake Parnagua, 9 ad. (molting), May 14, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

This specimen as well as five others from Joazeiro, Bahia, being all in worn or molting condition, are not of much use for comparative purposes. We have, however, an adult male in fairly good plumage, secured by R. H. Becker on December 8, 1913, at Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, Bahia, which tends to show that the east-Brazilian race, as claimed by its describer, is distinguishable by somewhat smaller size (wing 55-58, against 59-63; tail 66-72, against 74-81 mm. in 5. b. budytoides, from Bolivia) ; more extensive white band across the inner web of the lateral rectrices, particularly on the fourth pair (from without) ; and by lacking the buffy tinge on the foreneck. The yellow of the under parts, however, is just as bright as in Bolivian examples.

5. budytoides bahiae is peculiar to eastern Brazil, it having been recorded from the states of Bahia (Joazeiro, Rio Sao Francisco; Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas) and Piauhy (Lake Parnagua). In Ama- zonia it is represented by S. budytoides napensis Chapman, with yellowish tail markings.]

[159. Serpophaga subcristata (Vieillot).

Sylvia subcristata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 11, p. 229, 1817 — based on Azara, No. 160, Paraguay.

Serpophaga subcristata Reiser, pp. 72, 159 — Parnagua and Lagda Missao, Pi- auhy Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Sao Bento,

Maranhao.

Piauhy: Parnagua, two 9 9 ad., May 14, June 12, 1903; Lagoa Missao, 9 juv., May 29, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

The two adult females differ very slightly from a considerable series from southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina by having more white in the crown, and paler, more greenish back. The differ- ence is rather insignificant and requires corroboration by a larger series.

S. subcristata is widely diffused in Brazil, from southern Piauhy to Rio Grande do Sul, and neighboring countries.]

326 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

1 60. Xenopsaris albinucha albinucha (Burmeister).

Pachyrhamphus albinucha Burmeister, P. Z. S. Lond., for 1868, p. 635, 1869 — sedges of the shores of the Rio de la Plata, near Buenos Aires.

Xenopsaris albinucha Reiser, pp. 70, 156 — Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Piauhy: Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, 9 imm., Aug. 22, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Wing 63; tail 59; bill 10.

Ceard: Jua, near Iguatu, 9 imm., Aug. 13, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Wing 64; tail 59; bill 10.

The two localities constitute the most northerly records for the White-naped Xenopsaris whose range extends south to northern Argentina, while a smaller form, X. albinucha minor Hellmayr, inhabits the banks of the Orinoco in Venezuela.

161. Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster (Thunberg).

Pipra flavogaster Thunberg, M6m. Ac. Sci. St. P6tersb., 8, p. 286, 1822 — Brazil = Rio de Janeiro.

Elainea pagana Reiser (1), p. 73, 1910 — Parnagua, Piauhy (spec, examined).

Elainea flavogaster Reiser (2), p. 160, 1925 — Parnagua.

Maranhao: Sao Luiz (Anil), two 9 9 ad., July 28, Aug. 1, 1923; Sao Bento, o" ad., 9 ad , adult (unsexed), Sept. 1, 10, 13, 1923.

Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Parnagua, cf ad., May 16, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).

The Parnagua bird, an adult malein perfect plumage, which I have recently examined, proves to be a typical specimen of E.f. flavogaster. It shows no approach to E. spectabilis, now admitted to be specifically different, and measures: wing 82, tail 72 mm.

Generally distributed throughout eastern South America.

162. Elaenia cristata Pelzeln.

Elainea cristata Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 107, 177, 1868 — city of Goyaz, Goyaz (types examined) Reiser, pp. 74, 160 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.

Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, o" imm., 9 juv., Dec. 1, 12, 1925.

Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, o" ad., July 29, 1925; Codo, Cocos, two o" o" ad., June 10, 21, 1924.

Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 0" ad., June 28, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceard: unspecified, adult, Zietz (British Museum).

Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 327

Identical with specimens from Bahia, Santar^m, and the Rio Branco.

This well-characterized species is largely diffused in the campo region of Brazil, Guiana, and Venezuela.

163. Elaenia chiriquensis albivertex Pelzeln.

Elainea albivertex Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 107, 177, 1868 — Ypanema, Sao Paulo (type), Goyaz, and Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil.

Maranhao: Grajahii, o" ad., Oct. 29, 1924; Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Aug. 2i, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 29, 1925; Tranqueira, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 26, Sept. 5, 1925.

The series agrees with specimens from other parts of Brazil.

The White-crowned Elaenia is extensively distributed in eastern South America, ranging from Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana down to Paraguay and southern Brazil, while nearly allied forms are found on Fernando Noronha Island, in Central America, and on the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador.

164. Elaenia gaimardii guianensis Berlepsch.

Elaenia gaimardii guianensis Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, p. 421, 1907 — Camacusa, British Guiana.

Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 0" ad., Aug. 6, 1923; Rosario, 9 imm., May 16, 1924.

Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), lower Tocantins, o" ad., Jan. 24, 1926.

As pointed out elsewhere,1 the validity of this form is extremely doubtful. Two of the present specimens can barely be distinguished from Peruvian skins, while the female from Rosario is brighter green above than any other example in the series at hand.

165. Elaenia viridicata viridicata (Vieillot).

Sylvia viridicata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., II, p. 171, 1817 — based on Azara, No. 156, Paraguay.

Elainea viridicata Reiser, pp. 73, 160 — Parnagua, Piauhy.

Piauhy: Deserto, o71 ad., Apr. 1, 1925; Arara, c? ad., Jan. 28, 1925; Ibiapaba, five d" 0* ad., Dec. 20, 23, 24, 1924, Jan. 2, 13, 1925. — Wing 63-65; tail 60-64.

1 Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 430, 1927.

328 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.

Examination of good series from various localities tends to dem- onstrate that Elaenia grata (Tucuman), E. viridicata delicata (Bahia), and Myiopagis v. rondoni (Matto Grosso) were based on individual rather than geographical variation, and it appears that the inhabit- ants of the table-land of Brazil, Bolivia, and adjacent sections of Paraguay, and northern Argentina are referable to a single form, the earliest name of which is Sylvia viridicata Vieillot.

Nearly related races are found in Venezuela, Colombia, and Cen- tral America, while the Guianas and Amazonia are tenanted by E. flavivertex Scl., which seems to be specifically different.

166. Elaenia caniceps caniceps (Swainson).

Tyrannula caniceps Swainson, Ornith. Draw., Part 5, pi. 49, before Dec, 1837 — Brazil.

Elainea caniceps Reiser, pp. 74, 160 — above Nova Castelliano, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.

Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, cf