fyxMll ^mvmxi^ ^ihxM^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OP Henrs W. Sage 1S91 .A^M^^- ..A.../A'^;2.£r. Cornell University Library GN 665 .A9C97 V.3 Australian race 1924 026 093 835 The date shows when this volume was taken. T6 renew this book copy the call No. and give to the librarian. HOME USE RULES. Vl'J All Books subject to Recall Books not used for instruction or research are returnable within 4 weeks. Volumes of periodi- cals and of pamphlets are held in the library as much as possible. For special purposes they are given out for a limited time. Borrowers should not use their library privileges for the bene- fit o/ other persons. , Books not needed during recess periods should be returned to the library, or arrange- ments made for their return during borrow- er's absence, if wanted. Books needed by more than one person are held on the reserve list. Books of special value and gift books, whetL-the giver wishes it, are not allowed to circulate. Readers are asked to report all cases of books marked or muti- lated. Oo^not deface books by marks and writing. Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026093835 THE AFSTEALIAN EACE: ITS ORIGIN, LANGUAGES, CUSTOMS, PLACE OF LANDING IN AUSTRALIA, AND THE ROUTES BY WHICH IT SPREAD ITSELF OVER THAT CONTINENT. ED^VARD M. OURR, Author of "Pure Saddle Horses" and " BecoUections of Squatting im Victoria." IN POUR VOLUMES. VOLUME III. MELBOUENE : JOHN EEBRES, GOVERNMENT PKINTEK. LONDON : TEiJBNEE AND CO., LUDQATE HILL. X&&7. '^l&f- CONTENTS OF VOLUME III. BOOK THE TENTH. So. Prefatory Remarks - 136. From Port Denison to Cape Glou- cester - - 137. Tower Hill and Cornish Creeks 138. Upper Thomson .... 139. Head of Diamantina 140. Diamantina River, Middleton Creek 141. Western River . - . - 142. Main Range between Belyando and Cape Rivers . - . - 143. Belyando - - - - 144. Logan Creek, Lower Suttor, and Lower Mistake Creek 145. Fort Cooper - - - - - 146. Scrubby Creek . - - . 147. PortMackay 148. Broad Sound, Yaamba, Mary- borough, St. Lawrence 149. Rockhampton and Gracemere - 150. Eastern Slopes of Expedition Range, Lower Dawson, Upper Fitzroy, Mackenzie, and Isaacs 151. Peak and Logan Downs - B. 8km - P. L. Dalhunty B. Ohristison M. Curr E. Ourr J. Haines J. MacGlashan jj. Muirhead 1 I Charles Lowe > W. O. Hodghmson E. Curr \G. F. Bridgeman \ ^H. Bucas ' F. Mulhr T. Archer [ P. Mcintosh ' W. D. Coohe C. O. Ba/rthtlemy I f 8. Wilson ) 152. 153. 154. Blackall, Barcoo 155. T. Murray Alice River - - - - - J. Ahern Barcoo, 40 miles west of Blackall - J. Ahem L. Dudley 8. Williams T. H. Hyde Barcoo, Tambo, Mount Enniskillen, ) H. L. Bell and Ravensbourne Creek - -^F.L. Dalhunty Cromhie iJ.. It. CT. •r- ■r- PAGE 3 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 26 36 40 42 44 52 54 58 64 70 72 76 78 IV CONTENTS. BOOK THE TENTH— contimied. No. PAOE 156. Nogoa fT.Middleton ) . I E. Irving Noble > 157. Head of the Comet - - - T. Josephson - - - 96 158. Brown River F. J. Murray - - 100 90 159. Dawson and Burnett Rivers - - K" <''Co«™»' I . 102 1 E. Ounningham > 160. Keppel Bay, Calliope, Curtis Island Anonymous - ■ - 114 BOOK THE ELEVENTH. Prefatory Remarks 119 iOommmissioner of i D /• D • J, f " 121 Fohce, Bruoane ) 162. Bustard Bay, Rbdd's Bay, Many j Commissioner of \ Peak Range - - - - ( Police, Brisbane ] 163. Bafle Creek Anonymous - - - 128 / W. Ridley \ 164. North side of Moreton Bay, Mary- \ y^^ j^^.^^^. / borough, between Brisbane and K^^^p;^^^^^^ ( _ ^g^ Gympie, Great Sandy or Fraser's ^ Westaway >• W. Landsborough ' 165. Upper Burnett, Mount Debateable, r R. C. Riley i Gayndah \m. Curr ) 166. Mary River and Bunya Bunva ( ^ ,, , ) ' ^ ■' ' \j.Mathew } ■ 152 Country ---..( ) 167. Upper Brisbane River - - . i^' Landsborough t _ ^iq I M. Curr ) 168. Brisbane River . - . . jf . Ridley - - - 212 169. Condamine and Charley's Creek - i Commissioner of i ( Police, Brisbane I 170. Stradbroke and Moreton Islands \&. Watldn I J. E. Hamilton T. de M. M. Prior \ W. O. White { BOOK THE TWELFTH. Prefatory Remarks - 219 220 } - 222 171. Between Albert and Tweed Rivera < m t it. if ' ' ^^^ ^ W. Landsborough I [J. O'Connor I 172. Nerang Creek F. Fowler - ■ - 240 173. Tweed River and Point Dangar - J. Bray - - - 242 No. CONTENTS. BOOK THE THIRTEEENTH. ( G. B. Lowe ) guillan - - - - ( 180. QueenbuUa, Ashford, and Quining- ^District Bench oj 1 251 258 PAGE Prefatory Remarks ... ..... 251 174. Part of Maranoa - - - (S- Sheridan and \F. B. Bay 175. Balonne, Baleandoon, Nerran, Weir, j H. Hammond and Moonie Rivers - - ■ ' J'. 0^ Byrne {D. Turhayne ] /. Lawlor I - 264 Q. Myles ] iW. H. Looker W. R. Conn L. M. Flayfair J. HolUngsworth 1C. Edwards J E. Boss K - 286 Z>. Hogan J {Anonymous, also ) 179. Tenterfield, Glen Innes - - ■ \ a n T.n-no 1 " ^^^ 298 270 BOOK THE FOURTEENTH. Prefatory Remarks 303 iW. Ridley ] T M 1 I F. BuehZll, and \ ^°* Benches of Magistrates] BOOK THE FIFTEENTH. Prefatory Remarks 182. Culgoa 183. Brewarrina and Barwan - 184. Clarence - . . - - 185. Lower Maoleay 186. Port Maoquarie 187. Manning River 188. Hunter River - 189. Hawkesbury and Broken Bay 327 /. W.Foott - 328 Bench of Magistrates - 330 A. Bruce 332 0. Spencer 334 J. Branch 338 ■ Bench of Magis- trates, Wingham 350 R. Miller 352 J. Tuckerman 358 VI CONTENTS. BOOK THE SIXTEENTH. No. Prefatory Remarks 190/ Castlereagh River - - - -J. Ghmther Warren C Rouse Dubbo Bench Oj Wellington Hill End - Bathurst Bogan . - . - Sources of Bogan, Carcoar Forbes and Levels - Candoblin Waljeers Yanko, Urana, Billebong, Jerril- derie ..---- Deniliquin . . - - . Howlong Albury ------ H. Keightly Bench oj Magistrates F. Fohy J. Balfe Bench of Magistrates J. Gameron W. H. Suitor J. E. Pearce H. L. MacLean O. A. Gordon G. Byrne G. R. H. Stuchey PAOB 363 368 BOOK THE SEVENTEENTH. Prefatory Remarks . . - . . - . . 405 (/. Hunter I .„„ 191. Port Jackson \- GoUins \ ' *°^ 192. Botany Bay W. Ridley - - - 413 193. WoUongong, lUawarra, and Shoal- haven - - - - - W. Ridley - - - 417 194. Jervia Bay, Mount Dromedary - R. Dawsey - - - 420 195. Queanbeyan Police Magistrate - - 424 196. Yass Bench of Magistrates - 426 ( G. du V4 1 197. Moneroo - - - - ■ \j_ ^^^^^^ \ - 429 198. Twofold Bay W.Ridley - - - 434 BOOK THE EIGHTEENTH. Prefatory Remarks 437 199. Swan Hill and Tyntynder - - /. Beveridge - - 439 200. Fifty miles south of Swan Hill - The Writer - - - 446 201. Piangil ------ T. Macredie; the Writer 448 CONTENTS. VU BOOK THE EIGHTEENTH— coM«MiMed No. piQE 202. Bumbang - - - - . F. Comey - - . 452 203. Kulkyne - - - - -The Writer ... 454 204. Tatiarra W. Haynes; the Writer 456 205. Mount Gambier - - - - i>. Stewart - - ■ 460 BOOK THE NINETEENTH. Prefatory Remarks - 469 206. Moreton Plains .... The Writer - - - 472 207a. Lake Hindmarsh, Lower Wim- mera TTie Writer - . - 474 207b. Lake Wallace .... The Writer - - - 476 207c. Upper Glenelg and Wannon - - The Writer ... 478 207d. Glenelg, above Woodford - ■ The Writer - . - 480 207b. Woodford The Writer - . - 482 207f. Dartmoor The Writer - - - 484 207a. Hamilton The Writer - - - 486 207h. Mount Rouse ... - The Writer - . - 488 207i. Portland, Condah, Eumeralla - The Writer . - - 490 207 J. Hopkins River - - . . The Writer - - - 492 207k. Hopkins River . . . . W. Goodall - - - 494 BOOK THE TWENTIETH. Prefatory Remarks ■ . - - 499 208a. Moulmein - - . - - Bench of Magistrates - 500 208b. Lake Boga L. Fawcett - - - 502 208o. Lower Loddon .... The Writer - - ■ 504 208d. Gonn Station - - - ■ J. McCarthy - . . 506 208b. Gunbower - - - - . Mickie and Sandy - - 508 208p. Mount Hope . - - - The Writer - - - 510 2080. Kerang The Writer - - - 512 208h. Natti-yallook - - - -The Writer . - - 514 2081. Mount Emu S. Wilson - - - 516 208j. Moorabool The Writer - - - 518 BOOK THE TWENTY-FIRST. Prefatory Remarks - - - . . - . . 523 209a. Goulbum, near Seymour - - The Writer - - - 528 209b. Upper Yarra - - - -The Writer - - - 530 209c. Lower Yarra - - - - D. Bunce - - - 532 209d. Morediyallook ... - T!ie Writer - - - 534 VlU CONTENTS. BOOK THE TWENTY-SECOND. No. P-*"^ Prefatory Remarks ^39 {J. Bulmer, the Writer, j F. A. Hagenauer, A. W.K 543 Howitt - - -) 211. Omeo J- Bulmer - ■ - 558 212. Snowy River J. Bulmer . - - 560 213. Upper Murray - - - - _ Mitchell - - - 562 BOOK THE TWENTY-THIRD. Prefatory Remarks ... .... - 567 214a. Junction of Murray and Goul- burn Rivers - - . - The Writer - - - 582 214b. Tooumwall The Writer - - - 584 214c. Ulupna (or Yoolupna) - - - The Writer - - - 586 214d. Yiilima The Writer - - - 588 APPENDICES. Appendix A. The Tasmanians - - . . The Writer - - - 593 Peron's Vocabulary 604 Scott's Vocabulary 606 Roberts' Vocabulary ---..... 606 Comparison of Vocabularies of Roberts and Milligan 608 Dr. Lhotsky's Vocabulary 609 Norman's Vocabulary ..... - - - 611 Words which agree in the Vocabu- laries of Norman and Milligan 616 Names of Natives given in Nor- man's Vocabulary - 617 Jorgenson's Vocabulary 618 Words of Jorgenson's and Milli- gan's which agree 633 Milligan's^Vocabulary 634 Short Sentences in the Language of Tasmania . 669 Aboriginal Names of Places in Tasmania . . 672 CONTENTS. IX Appendix B. The Ovens, Oaves, Paintings, and Sculptures of our Blacks, and also the question of whether the present race were the first in- habitants of Australia - - The Writer ■ - - 675 Appendix C. Yule Island Vocabulary - - A. Onslow - - - 682 Appendix D. Vocabulary of Warrior Island, Torres Strait - - - -A. Onslow - - - 684 Appendix E. Vocabulary of a New Guinea Lan- guage, Kataw River - - D'Albertis - - 686 Appendix F. Vocabulary of Port Dorei, New Guinea, from Le Voyage de r Astrolabe -688 Appendix 6. Vocabulary of Loyalty Isles - - /. Fitzgerald, Junr. - 690 Appendix H. Vocabulary of York Island, New Britain O. Brown ■ ■ - 694 Appendix I. Vocabulary of Malay - - -J. Crawford - - - 696 Appendix J. Yoruba Vocabulary, Africa - - T. J. Brown - ■ - 698 ERRATA. Vol. I., page 75, the statement " That the terrible rite exists near the Leichhardt Range " is an error. Vol. I., pagel51,/oj- "Bemel" read "Bemal." Vol. I., page 194, for "occupation became complete" read "deticend- ants again came into contact." Vol. I., page 261, /or "Irvine " read "Irwin" River. Vol. I., page 296, /or "Markand" read "Maitland"; also/or " Camden" read "Hampton." Vol. I., page 318, /or " Leschenault Bay " read "Cape Lesohenault." Vol. I., page 370, /or " Camden Harbour " read "Hampton Harbour." Vol. I., page 371, for "Camden" read "Hampton." Vol. II., page 285, instead of the heading of No. 88 read "From the Junction of the Lachlau and Murrumbidgee to the Mallee Cliffs Station." Vol. II., page 296, for " eastward " read " westward " of the Nicholson River." Vol. III., page 26, for "Bower" read "Bowen." Vol. III., pages 470 and 482, for "Woodford " read " Sandford." Vol. III., page 499, line 13, for "by adverb wAere" read "by the adverb where." Vol. III., page 510, for "No. 208e" read No. 208f." Vol. III., page 523, for "Bradford" read "Broadford." Vol. III., page 583, /or "biit-ya=fire" read "biit-ya." Vol. in., page 583, see Bain, and /or "koo-kor-a" read "korkora." Vol. III., page 583, /or " lil-di-ma " read "liilima." BOOK THE TENTH. Wxz ^uBixnimn ^aa. BOOK THE TENTH. PREFATORY REMARKS. It is amongst the tribes treated of in this book that we first meet with some which have the curious custom of calling themselves, their languages, or both, by words sprung from their negative adverbs. Whether this custom exists further to the north, I am unable to say; but from the Dawson Eiver and Expedition Eange to nearly as far as Wentworth, at the junction of the Darling and Murray, a distance of seven hundred and fifty miles as the crow flies, we find it pretty generally prevalent. In many of the tribes described in this book, in which this custom does not obtain, we find the tribal name ending in hurra. It is also observable that in the portion of the continent under notice, the opossum-rug is in use in some of the tribes, and also the word Murri, the equivalent of Blackfellow, which the Revd. Mr. Ridley seems to have thought pretty general throughout Australia. In this locality also the small-pox, originally introduced at Sydney, terminated its ravages. Finally, in this book will be found the account of a tribe, taken from replies to my Questions, sent to me by an aboriginal Black, who had learnt to read and write. A 2 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 136.— FROM PORT DENISON TO CAPE GLOUCESTER. By Sekoeant B. Shea. The country of the Bumbarra tribe extends from about Port Denison to Cape Grloucester, and inland as far as the head of the Proserpine River, or nearly so. In this tribe opossum cloaks are in use; but -whether throughout the t-wenty7four hours, or only at night, my informant, Sergeant Shea, does not state. Objects made of the skin of the kangaroo, pieces of shell attached to the hair by means of beeswax, and necklaces made of stems of grass cut into short lengths and threaded, are worn as ornaments. The weapons of the tribe are a good deal carved, and amongst them are wooden swords five feet in length, spears and clubs of course, boomerangs of both sorts, but not the wommera, which, however, is used by neighbouring tribes, and the Bumbarra ■ have a name for. In fact, whatever the reason may be for the neglect of this instrument by some tribes, I do not think that in any case it can be attributed to their not being acquainted with it. The Bumbarra do not object to teU their names, and my contributor gives Karilla and Whychaka as those of men, and Denterbargo and Helmerago as those of women. Girls become wives at about twelve years of age; marriages be- tween relatives are prohibited, and women rear (ox used to rear) three children each on an average. The canoes of the Bumbarra are made of pieces of bark stripped from the ironbark-tree and sewn together, and rendered watertight FEOM PORT DENISON TO CAPE GLOUCESTEE. 5 by smearing with the gum of the pine-tree.. The male youths are admitted to the rights of men by means of secret ceremonies. Message-sticks are in use. Turning to the vocabulary, _/?re and wood are expressed by almost the same word. Good and sweet, as frequently happens, are also expressed by one word. Food and eat are expressed by one term, and thirst and water by another, probably the result of a misunderstanding in these two cases. THE AUSTRALIAN RACE No. 136.— PORT DENISON TO CAPE GLOUCESTER. By Sbegeant B. Shea. Kangaroo - rooa. Opossum koolachu; Tame dog - kria. Wild dog - ulaire. Emu - goondooloo. Black duck kooroola. Wood duck Pelican yangatia. Laughing jackass kourkura. Native companion White cockatoo - dingari. Crow - worigan. Swan - Egg - - - goinorro. Track of a foot - dina. Fish - wina. Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - pigina. Fly - kroopulla. Snake - waroora. The Blacks kabuUa. A Blaokf ellow - mari. A Black woman - worniwoma Nose - woroo. Hand - • mala. 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - - ■ One - - warpa. Two - - kotoo.* •Three - - mundula. Pour - - kutpoora. Father - yaboo. Mother - yamga. Sister-Elder - kotha. ,, Younger - nappona kotha Brother-Elder - ,, Younger A young man - koloona. An old man - kutha. An old woman - kununi. A baby - A White man . Children - - patchilla. Head - korea. Eye - - dim. . Ear - - woUoo. FROM PORT DENISON TO CAPE GLOUCESTER. No. 136.- -Poet Denison to Cape Gloucester- -continued. Mouth elginba. Boomerang - - wangalla. Teeth - era. Hill - bia. Hair of the head korea (same as Wood - baree. head). Stone - - paree. Beard - Thunder - - nunga. -thegaroo. Camp - yamba. Grass - - goothu. Yes - yay. Tongue - talong. No - - oolago. Stomach - buloo. I Breasts - ngommona. You - Thigh - - tumbarra. Bark - - bigo. Foot - - dinna. Good - - bungunna. Bone - - bippo. Bad - - gooioo. Blood - - gulga. Sweet - - bungunna. Skin - -. LQgarra. Food - - nikkana. Fat - . - - thome. Hungry - kangoola. Bowels - yapoo. Thirsty - kamo. Excrement - . - doongalla. . Bat - - nikkana. War-spear - - githa. Reed-spear - - wolliburra. Sleep - - ooka. Wommera or wangalli (not in Drink - - barana. throwing-stick use). Walk - - yanina. Shield - - goolmarri. See - - nugana. Tomahawk - - balgoo. Sit - - etomme. Canoe - - vinda. Yesterday - - nuinda. Sun - - kari. To-day - nilla. Moon - - karka. To-morrow - - burganda. Star - • - - nooroo. Where are the Light - - baringa. Blacks? Dark - . Cold - - kedoa. I don't know - koota. Heat - - mongoola. Plenty - munda. Day - - koondawiuda. Big - - oomba. Night - - woroo. Little - - Fire - - buree. Dead - - mudaya. Water - kamo. By-and-by - - dago. Smoke - pothana. Come on - kowa. Ground Milk - - nammoona Wind - Rain - - kuana. - uganna. Eaglehawk - God - • - - matcha. Wild turkey - Ghosts - . - Wife - - bergo. THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 137.— TOWER HILL AND CORNISH CREEKS— TATEBURRA TRIBE. ■ By F. L. Daihtjnty, Esq. Kangaroo - - tehera. Hand - - murra. Opossum - k'odera. 2 Blacks - - nema booleroo Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Blaqk duck Wood duck' Pelican - oora. - koolbury. - bungari. - kootaburra. - deroora, ■ 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three - - nema wolbin- thum. - wongeroo. - booleroo. - wolbinthum. Laughing jackass kargooburra. Pour - - wolbunya. Native companion beelV)a,rigera. Father - muriaa. White cockatoo - tikeri. Mother - younginna. Crow - - worder. Sister-Elder - nungmeralla. Swan - - „ Younger - Egg - - - gobin. Brother-Elder - moorkina. Track of a foot Fish - Lobster - murrengunna. - munga. ,, Younger A young man - kowoola. Crayfish - boogal. An old man - yalgenoomoo. Mosquito - - boonye. An old woman - muugeroo. Fly - • nimunoo. A baby _ Snake - The Blacks- - koobooloo. - nemawulberdun- moo. A White man Children - - yarabi. - wobinyella. A Blaokfellow - nema. Head - - yalli. A Black woman - wormegoona. Eye - - dilli. Nose - - oongye. Ear - ■ munga. TOWER HILL AKD CORNISH CREEKS. No. 137. — TowBE Hill and Cornish Cebeks — Tateburba Tribb- continued. Mouth - tower. Boomerang - - Teeth - nulguUa. Hill - - Hair of the heao - wooroo. Wood - toola. Beard - nunga. Stone - - paduUa. Thunder - - kooroo. Camp - - yumber. Grass - - yaroo. Yes - - ya-oo. Tongue - tarding.* No - - nowa. Stomach - yabboo. I - yoondo. Breasts - koolumbi. Thigh - - dakyr. You - - yondo. Foot - - dinna. Bark - - yonoona. Bone - - narkoo. Good - - - thureburra. Blood - - koonger. Bad - - wygoo. Skin - - markoora. Sweet - - karba. Fat - - thami. Food - - euga. Bowels - Hungry - karwooroongua. Excrement - - koonner. Thirsty - nower. War-spear - - iftoooha. Eat - - - - euga. Reed-spear - - woUerburra. Sleep - - woga. Wommera or goonbeina. Drink - - kamo uga = throwing-stick water eat. Shield - tumbooroo. Walk - - aber. Tomahawk - - goocha. See - - dileenma (see Eye). Canoe - - (none). ■ Sun - - karee. Sit - - yiuda,. Moon - - kokkera. Yesterday - - woogobedo. Star - - boodtha. To-day - karLnga(seeSun) To-morrow - - wonaeroo. Light - - buronga. Dark - - goonda. Where are the nema wye 1 Blacks? Cold - - medurra. I don't know - yonnower. Heat - - tingun. Plenty - wolbunya. Day - - buronga. Big - - - wolbunya. Night - goonda. Little - - worbinya. Fire - - boodee. Dead - - woolooma. Water - kamo. By-and-by - - mooingpo-apper. Smoke - togar.. Come on - kower, kowai. Ground - nundee. Wind- - barega. Milk - - Rain - - kamo. Eaglehawk - God - „ Wild turkey - Ghosts -- Wife - - 10 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 138.— UPPER THOMSON {Lat. 22", Long. 144°, or thereabouts). By Robert Christison, Esq. Unfortunately, Mr. Christison's manuscript is uidistinot, so that some of the words cannot be relied on. Kangaroo - - teggera. Hand - - murra. Opossum - - kuttera. 2 Blacks - . Tame dog - - kobburra. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - - Emu - goolberri. One - wongura. Black duck - - kutteburra. Two - - boolere. Wood duck- - now-now. 'Three - - koorberri. Pelican . - - taura. Four - - ■ - ngagiberri. Laughing jackass kakaburri. Father ' - - murre. Native companion billbungera. White cockatoo - teggeri. Mother - yangena. Crow - - wotha. Sister-Elder - uumuUa. Swan ■ ,, Younger - Egg - - tando. Brother-Elder - mooohi. Track of a foot - timaro. Younger Fish - - nemerreburri. A young man - tamboona (?) Lobster - karkoora. Crayfish - munya. An old man An old woman - mugena. - koombena. Mosquito - - gongonoo. Ply - - - nilgana. A baby - pamboona(?; Snake - - monda. A White man - koeburro. The Blacks - - wolbandamo. Children . - woorua. A Blackfellow - Head - - yalle. A Black woman - warringo. Eye - - teemurra. Nose - - goonyna. Ear - - munga. UPPER THOMSON. 11 No. 138.— Uppee Thomson— coreiOTMefl Mouth towa. Boomerang - Teeth - nalkuUa. Hill - Hair of the head wooroo. Wood - - doola. Beard - nunka. Stone - - paduUa. Thunder borai. Camp - - wongo. G-raaa - yakko. Yes - - yea-yea. Tongue kookunya. No - - nowa. Stomach - pangooloo. Breasts namoona. I - neijoo. Thigh - ■ tara. You - - yoondoo. Foot - dinna. Bark - - wonna. Bone - - goongoon. Good ■ - tarrilli. Blood - - yerkoora. Bad - - wyeo. Skin - - meoora. Sweet - - Fat - - doota. Food - - mena. Bowels Hungry - kurnwooli. Excrement - - koonua. Thirsty - poomulgooa. War-spear - - moorcha. Eat ■ - pangelna. Reed-spear - - bulta. Sleep - - wilgetha. Wommera or mirroo. throwing-stick Drink - uka. Shield - ■ koormurre. Walk - - noorai. Tomahawk - - mingana. See - - tellimuUa. Canoe - - (none). Sit - - yindaka. Sun - - kurri. Yesterday - - nakumo. Moon - - kakkoora. To-day - naka. Star . - - teegalgoona. To-morrow - - waanga. Tight - - waanduramo. Where are the wanni bobamuna Dark - - now-now. Blacks ? walbandamo ? Cold - I don't know - nowa tilginannia. Heat - Day - Night - towwurri. Plenty - wolbunga. - qurkumago. Big - - poorka. Little - - wabootoha. Fire - - poori. Water - kummo. Dead - - woolama. Smoke - tonoonga. By-and-by - - koolpeto. Ground - kundi. Come on - woori. Wind - - parritoha. Milk - - Rain - - paggurri. Eaglehawk - - God - Wild turkey - Ghosts - kobbiberri.yerbi. Wife - - 12 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 139.— HEAD OF DIAMANTINA. By Montagtt Cukb, Esq. This vocabulary has much in common with those of the Upper Flinders and Porter's Range. Kangaroo - wungunnia. Hand - - murra. Opossum ■ - dthangaroo. 2 Blacks - . Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck Pelican kooba, mungara. ooandgo. 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three - - wonga. - poolaroo, phiddee. - koorburra. Laughing jackass Native companior White cockatoo - I bilbungata. Four - Father Mother - yanga. Crow - wa-cun-na. Sister-Elder - kurromee. Swan - ,, Younger - Egg - - - Track of a foot - Brother-Elder - yabba. ,, Younger Fish - Lobster • - Crayfish - Mosquito - ■ ■ Fly - - - Snake - - - ngimunna. A young man An old man An old woman A baby A White man - kubbena. - mooburree - wit-thoo. The Blacks - Children - A Blackfellow ■ kandoo. Head - - wooma. A Black woman - bunya. Eye - - dthiUee. Nose - - ngingo. Ear - - munga. HEAD OF DIAMANTINA. 13 No. 139.— Head of Mouth - dthawa. Teeth - - eerra. Hair of the head - cudthaa. Beard - - unga. Thunder - yamberri. Grass - - yagoo. Tongue - dthalango. Stomach - purra. Breasts - dthamboo. Thigh - walalla. Foot - - d'theena. Bone - - mogo. Blood - - koo-ur-roo. Skin - - binna. Fat - - tammee. Bowels - Excrement - - koonna. War-spear - - moorja. Reed-spear - kundwurra. Wommera or woorra. throwing-stiok Shield - koonburra. Tomahawk - - parumburra. Canoe - - Sun - - dthooroo. Moon - - yoongee, eungee Star - - yoogu. Light - - kunba. Dark - - windtha. Cold - - wiUinga. Heat- - Day - - Night - - Fire - - oola. Water - kamoo. Smoke - yumaroo. Ground - kinburra. Wind- - muUoonoo. E.ain -. - kamoo. God - - Ghosts ■, -continued. Boomerang - Hill - Wood - Stone - - Camp - -. - Yes - No - - I - - - You - Bark - Good - Bad - - - Sweet - - - Food - Hungry Thirsty Eat - Sleep - - - Drink - - - Walk ■• See - Sit - - - Yesterday - To-day To morrow - Where are the Blacks? I don't know Plenty Big - - ■ Little - Dead - By-and-by - Come on Milk - Eaglehawk Wild turkey Wife - oola, koongoo. ■ yamba, ngia, kurra. koolgooburra. wmgurra. pungoo. yunna. 14 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. UO.-DIAMANTINA RIVER, MIDDLETON CREEK.- THE GOA TRIBE. By Edwabd CtTEB, Esq. Kangaroo - maikumba. Hand - - murra. Opossum - tannaroo. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - 3 Blacks - Wild dog - mikamo. One - - koorbno. Emu - kolperi. Black duck - yallamurra. Two - - orra. Wood duck - yammoroo. Three - - koorborra. PeUcan wolkiperri. Pour - - nadera. Laughing jackass (none). Father - kobba. Native companion kooltoroo. Mother - yanga White cockatoo - poonmenberri. Sister-Elder - kammi. Crow - wawkana. ,, Younger . Swan - Egg - - Track of a foot kotto. Brother-Elder - yabba. „ Young( sr Fish - - palpi. A young man - mabnngoroo Lobster - pirrinoo. An old man - kaera. Crayfish - An old woman - pandoro. Mosquito - - poonginyoo. A baby - kampala. Fly - - A White man - witto. Snake - mungoo. Children - The Blacks - - kanto. Head - - katta. A Blackfellow A Black woman - nogommora Eye - - telli. Nose - - nitigoo. Ear - - munga. DIAMANTINA RIVER, MIDDLETON CREEK. 15 No. 140. — DiAMASTINA RiVEE,. MiDDLETON CeEEK. — ThE GoA TrIBE- continued. Mouth towa. Boomerang - Teeth - irra. Hill - Hair of the head katta. Wood - oroo. Beard - nanga. Stone - parri. Thunder - womdi. Camp - yamba (see Grass - . ■ yakko. Ground). Tongue Stomach - ftiachi. Yes - No - - nia. kuAa. Breasts - manginna. I Thigh - Foot - - tarra. - tinna. You : Bark - - koolkobar. Bone - • toa. Good - - manyo. Blood - - morki. Bad - - wittimo. Skin - - pinganya. Sweet - Fat - toota, tammi Food - Bowels - munda-munda. Hungry - kannoola. Excrement - - konna. Thirsty War-spear - - murcha. Eat - - minna. Reed-spear - - kandoora. Sleep - - wonoga. Throwing-stiok - Drink - - orrtanga. Shield- - yamboro. Walk - - yananga. Tomahawk - - willara. See - - nakala. Canoe - - Sit - - wonta. Sun - - toroo. Yesterday - Moon - Star - Light - Dark - Cold - Heat - Day - Night - Fire - rangi. - yookoo. - karra. - winta. - milinyoo. - renkana. - toorongaro. - winta. - olla. To-day To-morrow - Where are the Blacks? I don't know Plenty Big - Little - ■ paringoo. - karra. - toona, - piala. - nowola. Water - kammo. Dead - - poyoonaring Smoke - maiyoo. By-and-by - - Ground - yamba. Come on - kowi. Wind - - malboomo, Milk - - - Rain ■ - kammo. Eaglehawk - God - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - 16 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 141.— WESTERN RIVER. By Mk. John Haines (at the request of Sir Samuel Wilson). Kangaroo - - mutumba. Hand - - murra. Opossum - - mungera. 2 Blacks - - oro gundo. Tame dog - - mikum. 3 Blacks - - goolpurra gundo Wild dog - . . Emu - - goolburra. One - - goorinyer. Black duck - - tibia. Two - - oro. Wood duck - - goonumbi. Three - ■ goolpurra. Pelican - wulkurberri. Pour - toongar. Laughing jackass (none). Father goopa. Native companion gootumba. White cockatoo - kurrumboola. Mother yunga. Crow - wokkerna. Sister-Elder karmi. Swan - „ Younger ■ Egg ■ - gootoo. Brother- Elder yuppa. Track of a foot teena. „■ Youngei Fish - Lobster dugera. mundi. A young man bookeruma. Crayfish - An old man ' - kyerra. Mosquito ■ - boogena. An old woman - pundoora. Fly - - nimunna. A baby milla-milla. Snake - goonderra. A White man The Blacks - gundo-too"nga (see Plenty). Children - bungonia. A Blackf ellow gundo. Head - kutta. A Black woman bunya. Eye - -■ - tilU Nose - ningdi Ear ■■ - munger. WESTERN RIVER. 17 No. 141.— Western RiveBt— coniiTOted Mouth bewi. Boomerang Teeth - . - irra. Hill - Hair of the heac tounya. Wood- toola (see Bone). Beard nartinya. Stone - gungoa. Thunder - wondi. Camp- yamba (see Grass yakko. Ground). Tongue talinya. Yes - kay. Stomach - - mitcha. No - kurra. Breasts tumbo. I - wito. Thigh - turra. You - - yena. Foot - tinna. Bark - goolkurberra. Bone - toola. Good - manu. Blood - - wurki. Bad - workutindyer. Skin - - killena. Sweet Fat - - tommi. Pood - Bowels - muttura. Hungry - kamolingya. Excrement - - koonna. Thirsty goongindunga. War-spear - - morretoha. Bat - ooltunga. Reed-apear Sleep - oonunga. Wommera or gundaworra. Drink- tarkeinga. thro wing-stick Walk - yaninga. Shield - goonburra. See - bimbururra. Tomahawk - ■ wheelera. Sit - wongunga. Canoe Yesterday - winappolo. Sun - - tooroo. To-day kyeemba. Moon - - rungi. To-morrow- Where are the karrunga. Star - - yooko. Blacks ? Light - ■ I don't know kurra wungun- Dark - - rautchaberri. gala. Cold - - mooerra. Plenty - toonga. Heat - - nulkooriuna. Big - - goolkundurra. Day - - Little ■ nowillyer. Night - dilli-nirringa. Dead - - tillingerringa. Fire - - oola. By-and-by - - kyemba, kan- Water - kamoo. daga. Smoke - yunkerga. Come on - - ookuUya yanan- Ground - yumba. yer. Wind - mulboona. Milk - - - Rain - - kamoo. Eaglehawk God - . Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - VOL. III. J 5 18 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 142.— MAIN RANGE BETWEEN THE BELYANDO AND CAPE RIVERS WATERS. Bt James MacGlashan, Esq. Foe the following vocabulary and account of tlie Koom- bokkaburra tribe I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. James MacGrlashan, who has been, off and on, for ten years a resident in their country. The vocabulary, it will be seen, differs but little from that of the Belyando as given by Mr. Muirhead. The country of the tribe is the Main Dividing Range between the Cape and Belyando Rivers. It was first occu- pied by the Whites in 1862, the tribe at that time being estimated at about four hundred souls. It has since been reduced to one-half of that number, and Mr. MacGlashan attributes the falling off to abandonment of the old style of living, and to the use of salt beef and tobacco. Alcoholic drinks of every sort are held in abhorrence by the tribe, who dislike the smell and decline to taste them. Infanticide, my informant says, is not practised, as far as he knows, but that since the coming of the Whites a great many young children die of cold and low fever. BETWEEN BELYANDO AND CAPE RIVERS. 19 Mr. MacGlashan thinks tliat the women of the tribe live occasionally to a greater age than the men. Several, he says, have hair perfectly white, and even fifteen years ago were of the most venerable appearance, and that altogether the duration of life amongst the tribe is not different from amongst ourselves. During the day the men go naked, but most of them have a few skins of the opossum, sewn together with string made of the smaller intestines of the animal, in which they sleep at night, huddled up between several small fires. One of their greatest miseries is what they suffer from mosquitos. This they endeavour to mitigate by the smokes of several small fires. Occasionally too they squirt water upwards from the mouth, so that it descends in a light vapour and frees them from these tormentors for a time. The young women wear in front an apron of spun opossum fur about eight inches long and five deep. It is generally given up after the birth of the first or second child. Such as can obtain clothes from the Whites wear them. By way of ornament, the skin is often rubbed with a mixture of grease and red ochre ; bracelets and necklaces are also made of strong grass-stems, cut into lengthTand strung on threads. Another ornament is a mussel-shell, polished to resemble mother-of-pearl, which is suspended by a lock of the hair, and hangs down on the forehead as low as the eyebrows. They also adorn themselves with the feathers of the emu, cockatoo, and other birds. Of nets, and baskets, and girdles they have several sorts, some made from a tough grass, and others from the fibre of the kurrajong-tree. With their nets they catch fish, and also marsupials of several sorts. Those used for the last purpose are sometimes several hundred yards long. Their knives and tomahawks are of bluestone, ground down by rubbing on rough sandstone. Their weapons are the boomerang which returns when thrown, and is neatly carved, the shield, the usual varieties of clubs, and spears which are thrown by hand. Mr. MacG-lashan remarks that he has seen the wommera or throwing-stick amongst B 2 20 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: them, but it is not in use, and is foreign to the tribe. Their weapons are usually smeared with red ochre, set off with a smudge of pipe-clay here and there. The implements used in the manufacture of such articles are the bone knife and the tooth of the kangaroo. For food, besides the usual animals and birds, which they sometimes cook in ovens of a temporary character, the Koombokkaburra have a sort of yam, which grows in loose soil and scrubs, is white in color, and in taste not unlike a turnip. They also prepare some portion of the zamia, (palm), shelling the edible portion (which my in- formant does not particularize) into a basket, and steeping it in water for three or four days. It is then ground between two stones, wrapped in a covering of ti-tree bark, and so baked. They have also the sweet potato, which, being un- cultivated, is small. The young men and women are for- bidden to eat certain sorts of food, such as the emu, swan, scrub and plain turkeys, and the eggs of these birds. The eel, the black-headed snake, and other animals are also on the schedule of forbidden foods. The reason assigned by the old folks for these restrictions is, that the richness of these foods would kill the young, and so persuaded are the young of the truth of this assertion, that Mr. MacGlashan is con- vinced they would rather die of hunger than infringe their law. They call this law knagana, which va&^ns forbidden. Concerning cannibalism Mr. MacGlashan gives the following particulars: — " I never had ocular proof of it, but the Blacks have told us it does occur. They made the state- ment themselves unasked, and could have no object in deceiving us. I will mention the two cases on which I ground my belief. Some years ago when the Blacks were first let on to the station, one of them, a fine vigorous young fellow, used to help at lambing and other light work about the place. He left to go to a meeting of one of the neigh- bouring tribes, which unfortunately was on a cattle-run, which, coming to the ears of the owner, a dispersal was ordered, and the unfortunate young fellow got a bullet BETWEEN BELYANDO AND CAPE RIVERS. 21 througli him, of which he died next day, the body being eaten and the bones conveyed to his friends for interment. The other case, which happened two months ago (September, 1880), was that of a girl of fifteen years of age, who with several others were dispersed for unwittingly allowing the grass to take fire on the bank of a river, on which they were fishing. This was on the territory of the tribe. She was brought here, and died the day after she received the shot, and the body was eaten, and the bones carried by her relations to the place of her nativity. It is only on such rare occasions as these, when individuals in health come to a sudden end, that cannibalism occurs in this tribe." To an observer of languages, it is interesting to note the new signification of the verb to disperse : that when a Black girl of fifteen is shot down she is said to be dispersed. The Koombokkaburra do not object to tell their names. Usually they marry in the tribe, but sometimes get wives from adjoining tribes. Girls are promised in infancy, and become wives at about fourteen. Males are made young men after the beard is somewhat grown, after which they are at liberty to get a wife if they can. A few of the old men have two or three wives. A widow is the property of a brother of the deceased husband, and if young is taken by the heir, no matter how many wives he may already have. Sometimes, however, she is given away. If she be old, she is allowed to do pretty much as she likes. The mortality amongst children is great, and is ascribed to cold (probably at night) and low fever combined. The women rear about two each, which my informant says belong to the tribe (no doubt the class) of the mother. Men and women scar the skin and pierce the septum of the nose. Circumcision is not practised. In mourning they cut the thighs and the head until blood flows ; the men also blacken their bodies with a compound of burnt bark and grease. The women plaster the head with clay and ashes till not a particle of hair is visible, which gives them the appearance of having on an earthen skull-cap. These Blacks, says my informant, have a 22 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: religious belief of some sort, and a strong dislike to liear the dead mentioned. They have no canoes. Kangaroo are captured principally with nets. Emu are speared in dry weather when water remains in but few holes. Having found by the tracks those commonly frequented, the Black, provided with a spear, ascends some tree near at hand, from which he suspends a bunch of emu feathers with a string. When the birds come to water, he imitates their cry, and they, with the curiosity, so characteristic of them, proceed to examine the bunch of feathers, when the Black hid amongst the boughs overhead spears one of them. Fish is taken with nets. Speaking of the women, Mr. MacGlashan says their hair is thick, soft, and wavy, and if dressed and allowed to grow long would be considered beautiful. Its color is dark- brown in the young, with a strong tinge of auburn. I have noticed the same amongst the Goulburn tribes. Originally there were a good many deformed persons in the tribe. Their deformities, sometimes in the face or hands, were generally in the lower portion of the person. Of their dead they dispose in several ways. Old women are burnt out of hand and their ashes buried ; indeed they are sometimes buried right off, without ceremony. When an old man dies, a stage of bark is erected, four or five feet high from the ground, on as many poles, on which the body remains whilst the crying continues, which is usually two or three days. The corpse is then wrapped in ti-tree bark and buried in a sitting posture, the grave being covered with logs, until decay has been pretty well completed. The bones are then exhumed, collected into a bundle, and carried about by the relatives of the deceased for a certain time, when they are dropped into a tree which is hollow in the centre but sound without. My informant has known trees to contain several such lots of bones. Fights occur in the tribe, which usually originate in jealousies about wives. The adjoining tribes are the Wokkel- burra, Oncooburra, PeguUoburra, and Muttaburra. Cuts are treated with plasters of clay, and sores are wrapped in the BETWEEN BBLYANDO AND CAPE RIVERS. 23 heated leaves of the wild pomegranate. In this vocabulary we have the word inda = yoM, which prevails with little change almost to the southern extremity of the continent. Additional Words. Pishing net mookooroo. Basket ------- wingen. Hunting net myrren. Stone knife makkarra. Bark stage for the dead - - - - bardey. 24 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : No. 142.— MAIN RANGE BETWEEN THE BBLYANDO AND CAPE RIVERS WATERS. By James MacGlashan, Esq. Kangaroo - - woorra. Hand - - malla. Opossum - - tangoor. 2 Blacks - - meean buUaroo. Tame dog - - wandi. 3 Blacks - - meean bullaroo Wild dog - - knurra. wychen. Emu ■• - kundooloo. One - - whychen or Black duok - kooberdi. witohen. Wood duck - knaw-knaw. Two - - bullaroo. Pelican - balloon. Three - - bullaroo-wychen. Laughing jackass akkaburra. Four - - buUaroo-bullaroo Native companion koorur. Father • waddey, yabboo White cockatoo - dyrun. Mother - yanga. Crow - - wattan. Sister-Elder - ootheu. Swan - - boombilburra. ,, Younger - waboun. Egg - - anoo. Brother-Elder - attanna. Track of a foot - jinna burrun. ,, Younger wabboo. Fish - - ayeu, kooioo. A young man - kowla. Lobster - An old man - bulknaw. Crayfish - andar. An old woman - bulknaw, bulk- Mosquito - - boothen. nangin. Ply . ■• niukna. A baby - wongoor. Snake - - mundaa. A White man - meearew. The Blacks - - meean. Children - - nangarawalla. A Blackfellow - meean. Head - - katta. A Black woman - buUmanyoo. Eye - - dilley. Nose - - noondoor. Ear • - wolloo. BETWEEN BELYANDO AND CAPE RIVERS. 25 No. 142. — Belyando ani ) Cape Rivees- -contimied. Mouth - - beea. Boomerang - - wongal. Teeth - - knalla. Hill - - byree. Hair of the head - booeliu. Wood - - dulla. Beard - - knanga. Stone - - byree. Thunder - moonkne. Grass - - bookan. Camp - - Jamba. Tongue. - dallyn. Yes - - yablenyin. Stomach - banni. No - - karra. Breasts - ngammoon. I - knichoo. Thigh - - knakkoo. You - - inda. Foot - - jenna. Bark - - okaa. Bone - - balban. Good - - marball. Blood - Skin - - kooma. ■ beati. Bad - Sweet - - wypa. ■ anga. Pat - - noonda. Pood - Bowels - alkyue. Hungry - angul. Excrement - - koonna. Thirsty - yookinja. War-spear - - kanda-woon- Eat - - banjal. Reed-spear - garoo. - kanda woUa- Sleep - - wookman, hun- burra. gar. Wommera or yoolman. Drink - yooka. throwing-stick Walk - - dooa. Shield - - yoolmerri. See - - nakalla. Tomahawk - - balko. Sit - - barribinda. Canoe - - Yesterday - - ejabia. Sun - - kiey. To-day - irebutue. Moon - - akkera. To-morrow - - wirran, widdoor. Star - - boothue. Where are }he meean knandoor ? Light - Dark - - goona, yoona. - kuooroo. Blacks ? Cold - - mixrra. I don't know - arra nakkalla. Heat - - kninjanka. Plenty - talgai. Day - - weeroo. Big - - talgibella. Night - - knoorungoo. Little - - batchingeri. Fire - - burri, banying. Dead - - woolinya. Water - - ammoo. By-and-by - - takoo wongieh. Smoke - toocha. Come on - danya wonga. Ground - nanni. Milk - - knammoon, am- Wind - - yarka. moo. Rain - - ungalla. Eaglehawk - ■ ooreytella. God - - Wild turkey - barkum. Ghosts - meekellew. Wife - - peykoo. 26 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE : No. 143.— BELYANDO RIVER. By James Mtjirhead, Esq., and Chables Lowe, Esq. Of the annexed vocabularies of the Belyando tribes, the first (largely supplemented with notes) was kindly sent to me by Mr. James Muirhead, the second was obtained by Mr. Charles Lowe from Mr. Edward Mayne. Mr. Muirhead informs me that the language of which his vocabulary is a specimen is spoken (no doubt with certain differences) by the following bwra^ or tribes : — The Owanburra, or Kowanburra, whose country is the Upper Belyando. The Wokkelburra, who inhabit the Lower Belyando to its junction with the Suttor. The Babbinburra, who dwell between Mistake Creek and Clermont. The Terraburra, who live near the Alice River. The MunguUaburra, whose country is near Fort Cooper. The Koombokkaburra, who inhabit Bower Downs Run. The Muthoburra, whose country is Elgin Downs. The Durroburra, who own some of the Burdekin and Suttor country. Some of these tribes, continues Mr. Muirhead, are divided into four classes, which bear the following appellations: — Men. Women. Banbey, Banbeyan, Wongoo, Woongooan, Oboo, Obooken, Kargilla. Kargillahan. BELYANDO EIVBR. 27 The individuals of these classes marry as follows: — Male. Female. Banbey with Wongooan; offspring being - Oboo, or Obooken. Oboo with Kargillahan; offspring being - Banbey, or Banbeyan. Wongoo with Banbeyan; offspring being - Kargilla, or Kargillahan. Kargilla with Obooken; offspring being - Wongoo, or Wongooan. The system of class-marriage, Mr. Muirhead informs me, obtains amongst two or three of the neighbouring tribes, and, in one of them, the nomenclature of the classes is the same as that given above, but in the others different. I also learn the game is divided into two sorts, called Mallera and Woothera respectively, as is also food generally, and that certain classes are only allowed to eat certain sorts of food. Thus, the Banbey are restricted to opossum, kangaroo, dog, honey of small bee, &c. To the Wongoo is allotted emu, bandicoot, black duck, black snake, brown snake, &c. The Oboo rejoice in carpet snakes, honey of the stinging bee, &c., &c. The Kargilla live on porcupine, plain turkey, &c., &c., and to them it appears belong water, rain, fire, and thunder, and that they enjoy the reputation of being able to make rain at pleasure. Of course there are innumerable articles of food, fish, flesh, and fowl, into the distribution of which Mr. Muirhead does not enter. Tribes, remarks my informant, receive their names generally from some peculiarity in their district or its products. The food eaten by the Banbey and Kargilla is termed Mallera, and that of the Wongoo, Oboo or Woothera. Should a Wongoo Black, camped out by himself, dream that he has killed a porcupine, he would believe that he would see a Kargilla Black next day. As is the case in Australia generally, these Blacks believe that no strong man ever dies except as the consequence of witchcraft ; that the old alone die from natural causes ; that should A and B, two strong Blacks of the same tribe, who were quite friendly, go out hunting together, and A, on 28 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: returning to the camp, be taken suddenly ill and die, the tribe would believe that B had killed him by means of witch- craft, and demand his life accordingly ; and that B, in dread of the consequence, on the first sign of serious indisposition, would take to flight and seek the protection of some other tribe. The result of this unusual custom is that one or two strange Blacks are found domiciled with nearly every tribe in this neighbourhood. On the evening of A's death, his friends, painted for war, theirweapons inhand, wouldassemble and proclaim that he owed his death to B ; B's friends, on the other hand, loudly maintaining that such was not the fact. If, after arguing the matter, A's friends adhered to their first opinion, they would wrap up the body of the deceased in bark, and having made a stage with a fire by it, would beat the ground about it into dust, making it smooth and level, and leave the corpse for that day. On the return next day of some of the warriors, the ground which had been smoothed would be carefully examined, and if any animal, bird, or reptile had passed over it, its track would be easily seen, and the murder be assigned to some member of the tribe in whose dietary scale the animal, bird, or reptile is included. If a brown or black snake had been there, some Wongoo would be declared to be the culprit ; if a carpet snake, an Obad ; if a dog, a Banbey, and so on. Then would come the considera- tion, to what particular Wongoo or Obad suspicion should attach. If no animal had left his tracks on the prepared ground, the friends of the deceased would try to frighten the ghost out of the bark shroud. Failing in this, they would again smooth down the dust, returning to the spot morning and evening until they succeeded in catching the ghost, from which incorporal essence they would learn to whom its release from the body was due. This accomplished, the corpse would be temporarily deposited in a grave, covered only with bark, and be there allowed to remain for two months. A half-circle would then be dug round one side of the grave, the body be chopped up, put into fresh bark in as small a space as could be conveniently managed, and be given to the BELYANDO RIVER. 29 mother or sister of the deceased to carry to all meetings of the tribe, or until the death were avenged. Eemains are sometimes carried in this way for two years. When tired of carrying them about, they are dropped down the pipe of a hollow tree and left there, and a ring of bark is stripped off that and the neighbouring trees to mark the spot. Should they fail to obtain tidings of a murder in any way, a suspicion is apt to grow up that possibly the death came of natural causes. "When a man dies, the women cry and cut themselves with sharp stones. "When a woman dies, or is killed, her remains are burnt immediately. "When bad humour pervades the camp, they often kill a woman and think nothing of it. The Blacks, continues Mr. Muirhead, have a great dread of falling stars; sometimes they pretend to have seen one enter the ground and to have dug it up. Falling stars thus obtained are kept in their bags with mysterious secrecy and used for incantation. My informant got them to show him one of the stars alleged to have been dug up, and found it to be a piece of thick glass which its owner had picked up somewhere. My informant also writes that the Babing- burra tribe is called after the bottle-tree; the Owenburra tribe after the emu ; the Muthoburra after a variety of the brigalow-tree. Children are never called after their parents (as such names could not be used after the death of either of the parties), but after animals, reptiles, personal peculiarities, deformities, &c. Besides names of this sort, the first born male child is styled Tayling, or thumb; the second Bangan- burra, after the first finger; the third Youlgo, after the middle finger; the fourth Boorhy, after the third finger; and the fifth Nallumbrew, after the little finger. Like other tribes, they never name the dead. They recover from wounds which would be certain death to "White men. Concerning the superstitions of the tribe, Mr. Muirhead says that there is in that part of the continent a non- venemous snake with a black head, called Uthagoa, or Kuthagoa, the body of which is marked like a carpet. Con- cerning this reptile, the Blacks say that ages ago he was 30 THE AUSTRALIAN EACB : most venemous, and used to Mil many Blacks; that the moon became angry and burnt his head as he slept at night in the grass, which made his head black and his bite harm- less. They also relate of a snake called Ollerj/, or Gollery, which has long fangs, and is very venemous, that in past ages he had only small and harmless teeth; but meeting a venemous snake in the grass he said to him, "What fine long teeth you have; let me have yours and you mine ?" and so the exchange was made, and Ollery became most venemous and his friend innocuous. The above reminds me that years ago the Bangerang used to relate many wonderful tales in which the moon was constantly a principal performer. The following Additional Words were forwarded by Mr. Muirhead: — Additionai, Words. Native tobacco - mickerry. Young woman - mungine. Gum - - mokine. Girl - - umbal. Bat - - tibbingburra. Boy - - walbra. Thumb - telling or tay- Eagle - - korrithuUa. liae. Scrub turkey - wandora, Index finger - bangangburra. cocobean. Middle finger - youlgo. Plain turkey - burkum. Third finger boorly. A plain - burgulla. Little finger nuUumbrew. Squatter pigeon ■ mothoo-mothoo Clouds youngalla. Bronzewing bapa. Lightning - mathaknurra. pigeon Short - thaan. Heart - bundine. Water rat - ohnool. Elbow - mungo. Ashes - boonga. Loins - barrew. Indignation meet boa. Wallaby - doomba. ing Walleroo - achool. Funeral oration - warrgul. Wild cat - nalgonna. Cry - unclewla. White onyoo. Ruddle boing. Red - dega. Band round head milman. 1 Black - to", arroburra. Meat - euri. HeavynuUa-nulla baloor. Corroboree - mombo. Crooked ditto bow-bow. Woman with child ungine. Boomerang - wangal. BELYANDO RIVER. 31 Stone chisel Chisel for making weapons Knife - Gum-tree about rivers Mussel Seal - Young of any animal Letter Hail-stone - Sugar - Maggots Squirrel Sand-fly AdditionaIi Words — continued. Wombat - - warroo. Spittle - - numba. Rainbow - - bangor. Reeds - - bandera. Devil - - - megoola. Bee - - - wooooon. Black bee - - abba. Stinging bee obuUa. Small bee - - wathal. Eel - - - wakel, oggella. Male of any bamby. animal Female of any younga. animal Stop - - - naoo. tungroo. tabbingburra, angil. thandwalla. arring. talomby. wongoa. wappegilla. muokerry. bathero. ooroo. mungeroo. mongy. Bongerma - Mathadilla - Wongobungey Arrungull - Orragillgill - Bilkurra Names of Black Men, with their Significations. Doolooa Yandowongala Alundorra - - venemous. - nearly caught an eel. - after the action of a swallow. - black cockatoo. - mutton bird. - narrow-leafed box-tree. Yangera-yanger Almoola Moornoora - stick. come back, sand plover, passion fruit, native cotton, a prickly burr found in giddya 32 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 143.— BELYANDO RIVER. By James MumHEAD, Esq. Kangaroo - - wo-e-a. Hand - - malla. Opossum Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - - dungoo. • wantie. - goondooloo. 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three - - murray buUeroo. - murray buUeroo wogin. Black duck - Wood duck Pelican ■ coberri. knak-knak. boloon. - wogin. - booleroo. - booleroo wogin. Laughing jackass kakaburra. Pour - booleroo boo- Native companion orrowra. leroo. White cockatoo ■ dickeri. Father - auntie, woddie. Crow - Swan - Egg - - Track of a foot - Fish - Lobster waathan. anjoo or anoo. deena. ohyoo. Mother Sister-Elder ,, Younger Brother-Elder Younger - yunga. ■ wahboo. Crayfish ander. A young man cowla or owla. Mosquito - mundoo w An old man minda. Fly - - - botheen. ninknum. An old woman A baby A White man Children - bulgnau. Snake - The Blacks - A Blackfellow moonda. murray. A Black woman - bungangy, Head - auther. youngeroo. Eye - diUi. Nose - nunder. Ear - wollo. BELYANDO RIVER. 33 No. 143.— Bblyand D RivEK — continued. Mouth - tunga. Boomerang - - wongal. Teeth - - eak or ea. Hill - - Hair of the head - Wood- - Beard - - anga or nunga. Stone - - byo. Thunder - - moongoo. Camp - - yamba. Grass - - walkoo, boken. Yes - - yo. Tongue - talline. No - - kurra, curra- Stomach - knambooma. berry. Breasts - nanmioon. Thigh . I - ia. Foot - - deenna. You - - indu. Bone - - balboon. Bark - - ooca, ocoow. Blood - - koomma, koom- Good - - marbel. maw. Bad - - Skin - - Sweet - - Pat - - tommi, nunda. Food - - munda. Bowels - alkine. Hungry _ Excrement - - oornia. Thirsty . War-spear - - anda. Eat - Reed-spear - - walloburra. Wommera or toomuUa. Sleep - - wongoruronana throwing-stick Drink - Shield - goolmerri. Walk - - Tomahawk - •• balgo. See - - naggalla. Canoe - - warella. Sit - - Sun - - kie, williby. Yesterday - - Moon - - kackera. To-day - Star - - woorra, butho. To-morrow - - Light - - Where are the Dark - - Blacks ? Cold - - moora. I don't know . Heat - - Plenty - talgi. Day - " Big - - burca, talgi. Night - - knakoon. Little - - bagerejnurre. Fire - - burry. Dead - - wallalie. Water - ammoo, kammoo Smoke - tocker. By-and-by - ■• Ground - nannie. Come on - weingally. Wind- - yerka. Milk - - Rain - - kammoo. Eaglehawk - - korrithuUa, God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - VOL. 111. D 34 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 143.— BELYANDO RIVER. By Chaeles Lowe, Esq. Kangaroo ■ Opossum Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Crow - Swan - Egg - Track of a foot - Pish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Ely - - . Snake - The Blacks - A Blackfellow A Black woman Nose - murghoo. thangool. moorra. oondooloo. oolberri. boonga-boonga. arkooburra. ooroon. tequrri. wathoo. arrungharrau. anoo. deena. weena. ngobbera. boodthim. ninya. boonalgarra. murree. nundooroo. Hand - - malla. 2 Blacks - - 3 Blacks - - One - - wirburra. Two - - buUarbu. Three - - argooroo. Four - - Father - yaboo. Mother - yungha. Sister-Elder - „ Younger - Brother-Elder - Young er A young man - munga. An old man - boonqua. An old woman - boongunna. A baby - mabala. A White man - murgooloo. Children - tundoo. Head - - adtha. Eye - - dille. Ear - - walloo w wolloo BBLYANDO RIVER. 35 No. 143. — Bblyando Rivek — continued Mouth - moonoo. Boomerang - Teeth - - guanga. Hill - Hair of the head - woodtha. Wood - bail. Beard - - yarrain. Stone - Thunder - - moongnoo. Grass - - wahoo. Camp - woongarra. Tongue - thallain. Yea - yo- Stomach - wirra. No - ■ - ardda. Breasts - ngamoon. I - - ngaia. Thigh - - thurra. You - yunda. Foot - - deena. Bark - ooga. Bone - - baban. Good - bunbea. Blood - - oona. Bad - Skin - - nourmal. Sweet - wargoo. Pat - - tonuni. Food - Bowels - bamboo. Hungry obberru. Excrement - War-spear - Reed-spear - - goonna. - anda. - wallaburra. Thirsty Eat - obybia. bunga. Wommera or Sleep - woongar. throwing-stick Drink - - engowa. Shield - - boorgoo. Walk - - yuanil. Tomahawk - - See - - ngangoo. Canoe - - balgoo. Sit - - yambabundi Sun - - aie. Yesterday, - Moon - - oggera. To-day Star - - boodthoo. To-morrow - Light - - elaroo. Where are the Dark - - ngoorgun. Blacks ? Cold - - moora. I don't know . Heat - - thalgui. Day - Night - - elaroo. Plenty - thalgui. - ngoorgun. Big - - - thalguberri, rire - - boorroo. Little - - bargalberri. Water- - armoo. Dead - - marbar. Smoke - thugumi. By-and-by - - boongnoo. Ground - nundee. Come on - thangun. Wind - - yarga, Milk - - Rain - - Eaglehawk - - God - Wild turkey ■ Ghosts . Wife - - 02 36 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 144.— LOGAN CREEK, PART OP LOWER SUTTOR, AND OF LOWER MISTAKE GREEK. NARBOO MURRB TRIBE. Anonymous. A EESiDENT on Avon Downs Station, witli wliose name I am not acquainted, lias kindly forwarded me tlie attached vocabulary. From Ms statements I gather that there are several associated tribes speaking dialects of a common language, who inhabit Logan Greek, part of the Lower Suttor, and of Lower Mistake Greek. One of these tribes, from an individual of which the vocabulary was obtained, is called Narboo Murre, whose country, or a portion of it, which was occupied by the Whites in 1863, is now known as Avon Downs Station. The original number of the Narboo Murre my informant set down at five hundred, and their present number at one hundred souls. The ornaments of this tribe are mussel-shells, which hang on the forehead suspended from the hair, and necklaces made of coarse grass, cut into short lengths and threaded. Cannibalism occurs occasionally amongst them, it is said, even at the present day (1880). Polygamy prevails to some extent, and five or six of the old men have two wives each. The back, shoulders, chest, legs, and arms of this people are ornamented with scars, and an upper tooth used to be knocked out, but this custom and many others are falling into disuse under the pressure of our colonization. The LOGAN CREEK, ETC. 37 hair of tlie Narboo Murre is straight and coarse, with a little curl when long. A message is sent to a neighbouring tribe by a man who carries a stick carved for the occasion; but my informant believes that without the messenger to interpret, the signs on the carved stick could not be understood. Two Additional Words are given, viz. : — mountain = barree; hive of wild bees = kabba. 38 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 144.— LOGAN CREEK AND PART OF SUTTOR AND MISTAKE CREEK. Anonymous. Kangaroo - woora. Hand - ■ mulla. Opossum tungoo . 2 Blacks - Tame dog - 3 Blacks - Wild dog - ngoora. One - warbur. Emu - ■ - koondoloo. Two - boolooroo. Black duck - gooboori. Three - boolooroo- war- Wood duck bur. Pelican booloo. Pour - boolooroo-boo- Laughing jackass - karcoburra. looroo. Native companion Father yaboo. White cockatoo deckari, deroou. Mother yunga. Crow - Swan - Egg - Track of a foot - Fish - Lobster wadan. moongabuUa. kungoo. deena. weena. Sister-Elder „ Younger Brother-Elder ,, Younger A young man boolgaypo. wahboo. kodunna. wahboo. cowla. Crayfish An old man pringaroo. Mosquito - Fly - - - Snake - moonda. ninga. cabool. An old woman A baby A White man boongan, camboo. The Blacks - murri. Children cambool-wahba A^laokfellow - murri. Head - kada. A Black woman - kieyoo. Bye - dillie. Nose - iiunda. Ear - woUoo. LOGAN CREEK, ETC. 39 No. 144. — LooAK Cbeek and Past of Suttok and Mistake Greek — contimied. Mouth - tunga. Boomerang - - Teeth - eangallaburoo. Hill - - mungoo. Hair of the head - boona. Wood - - toolab. Beard - - unga. Stone - - pa-ee. Thunder - Grass - - moongoo. - wagoo. Camp - - Tongue - tailing. Yes - - yea. Stomach - narmboo. No - - kurra. Breasts - I - nginye. Thigh - - toomoo. You - - iuda. Foot - - dinua. Bark - - Bone - - balbin. Good - - bembie. Blood - - gooma. Bad - - coitba. Skin - - beedie. Sweet - - cunga. Fat - - tammie. Food - - yooga. Bowels - Hungry - cabinoo. Excrement - - War-spear - Reed-spear - - kuuda. Thirsty Eat - - Wommera or Sleep - - throwing-stick Drink - - Shield - koolmurri. Walk - - Tomahawk ■ - balgoo. See - - Canoe - - (none exist). Sit - - Sun - - ki-ee. Yesterday - - birgow. Moon - - karkurra. To-day - eja. Star - - bootoo. To-morrow ■ - kiebadoo. Light - - Where are the Dark - - Blacks ? Cold - - I don't know - Heat - - Plenty - Day - - ki-ee. Big - - - dulgai. Night - - wogoon. Little - bridgelberrie Fire - - boorie. Dead - woolellie. Water - kamoo. By-and-by - - dagoo. Smoke - dooga. _ Come on - woujow. Ground - nanie. Milk - - nammoon. Wind - - Rain - - yerga. - kamo. Baglehawk - - corridella. God - _ Wild turkey - wurga. Ghosts - meederra. Wife - - burgoo. 40 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 145.— FORT COOPER.— AMINUNGO TRIBE. By W. O. Hodgkinson, Esq. Kangaroo - - woora. Hand - - mulla. Opossum - kooliga. 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - - wondi. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - - moura. One - - wurba. Emu - - koondooloo. Two - plurro. Black duck - - barran. Three - koodburra. Wood duck- Pelican - - kroora. Laughing jackass kowkurra. Native companion pargammo. White cockatoo - dingerri. Four - Father Mother Sister-Elder - Congo. - yabbo. - yungan - boungoon Crow - - wartagan. ,, Younger - manrogunna, Swan - goordedilla. megana. Egg - - kooki. Brother-Elder - balloona. Track of a foot tinna. „ Younger karmina, Fish - winna. kurdona. Lobster quarra. A young man - maura. Crajrfish An old man - broonega. Mosquito - coongerra. An old woman ■ broongewana Fly - nungun. A baby - yallo. Snake ■ moonda. A White man - megolo. The Blacks - murri. Children - kondo. A Blaokfellow murri. Head - . - - koori. A Black woman warngo. Eye - - tille. Nose - nindi. Ear - - woUo. FORT COOPER. 4 No. 145 —Fort Coopbe.— Aminunoo Trib-e— continued. Mouth tunga (lips). Boomerang - - wongul. Teeth - era. Hill - - boorganna. Hair of the head ■ kata. Wood - - darla. Beard ■ - unga. Stone - - barri. Thunder - tigaroo. Camp - - yamba. Grass - kindyerra. Yes - - karra. Tongue tuUia. No - - kadgimbinga, Stomach punna. kunea. Breasts ammooa. I - madyeu. Thigh - - turra. You - - yinda. Foot - - tinna. Bark - - petuUa. Bone - bulban. Good - - poongonna. Blood - - koonga. Bad - - Skin - ■ tungera. Sweet - - kantagoonda. Pat - tommy. Pood - - nilbo. Bowels koonna. Hungry - kabinno. Excrement - tuUi. Thirsty . - - kanga bungana War-spear - ■ coombo. Eat - - yugonga. Reed-spear - kundura. Sleep ■ - woongarra. Wommera or coombi yabunga. Drink - - kamo yugonga. throwing-stick Walk - - yanninga. Shield koobnarri. See - - nuckunga. Tomahawk - piramo. Sit - - tunnunga. Canoe winda. Sun - karri. Yesterday - - koorgoo. Moon - kuggera. To-day - yegilga. Star - wiregi. To-morrow - - pootka. Light - karri. Where are the kow-warri. Dark - • koonda. Blacks ? Cold - putarri. I don't know - kurrananga. Heat - karrimella. Plenty - paamburra. Day - moogonoo. Big - - kongoobarri. Night - koonda. Little - - pijarri. Fire - boori. Dead - - boonda. Water kamo. By-and-by - - tako. Smoke tooka. Ground nunni. Come on - cooranga. Wind - kidjara. Milk - - nammona. Rain - kamo bungera. Eaglehawk - purpunda. God - wad turkey - koogia. Ghosts Wife - - warngo. 42 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 146.— SCRUBBY CREEK. By Edward Cube, Esq. Kangaroo - woorra. Hand - unna. Opossum kulaju. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - mudda. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - One - warba. Emu - kundooloo. Two - kurgoo. Black duck - barana. Three - kurborra. Wood duck - - elganna. Pelican kuddaboo. Four kangoo. Laughing jackass nurbungal. Father yabboon. Native companior I kooroora. Mother yanganna. White cockatoo tingari. Siater-Elder kudna. Crow - wadagan. „ Younger Swan - Brother-Elder kadana. Egg - kummara. Track of a foot ,, Younger Fish - winna. A young man - kaoola. Lobster An old man • broonga. Crayfish An old woman ■ undagana Mosquito - kannieroo. A baby - wabooroo. Fly - A White man - migolo. Snake - tugiri, warrura. The Blacks - kurrunbay. Children A Blackfellow ■ Head - manoo. A Black woman warnoo. Eye - - diUi. Nose - ooroo. Ear - woUoo. SCRUBBY CREEK. 43 No. 146. — SCBUBBY Creek — continued. Mouth ■ tha. Boomerang - - Teeth - - irra. Hill - . Hair of the head - kurri. Wood - - tuUa. Beard - - nanga. Stone - - parri. Thunder - - moorinoo. Camp - - yamba. Grass - - widira. Yes - _ Tongue Stomach - buUo. No - - - Breasts - ammoona. I - Thigh - - tarra. You - - Foot - - thinna. Bark - - kooga. Bone - - balban. Good - - bungoona. Blood - - koonga. Bad - - urga. Skin - - koondo. Sweet - Fat - - tammi. Food - - taloaralla. Bowels - kurrui. Hungry - kabbiri. Excrement - - koonana. Thirsty _ War-spear - - burrunara. Eat - - ugangoopooroo. Reed-spear - - kirmba. Wommera or Sleep - - ooga. throwing-stick Drink - - bitangoo. Shield - - Walk - - Tomahawk - - balgoo. See - - Canoe - - winda. Sit - - - tanangoo. Sun - - karri. Yesterday - - Moon - ■ kagara. To-day - nilla. Star - - kangalbi. To-morrow - - kalgingen. Light - - talngana. Where are the Dark - - munnoo. Blacks ? Cold - - butaringa. I don't know . Heat - - burnga. Plenty - Day - - karri. Big - - marga. Night - - munnoo. Little - - wabugooroo. Fire - - tunburri. Dead - - bunda. Water - kammoo. Smoke - tuga. By-and-by - - Ground - nanni. Come on - tawaii,poorianni Wind - - kaiba. Milk - - Rain - - yoogana. Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 44 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 147.— PORT MACKAY AND ITS NEIGHBOUEHOOD. By Geoboe F. Bridgeman, Esq., and the Revd. H. Bucas. For tlie following information relative to tlie Port Mackay tribes I am indebted to the gentlemen named above, and also to a resident in tbe locality, who has forwarded his con- tribution anonymously. The vocabularies famished by these three gentlemen agree so well, that I have thought it unnecessary to give more than one of them. Other than as regards language, the information I have received respecting these tribes is to the following effect: — Within a radius of fifty miles or so of Port Mackay dwell four tribes which differ but little in speech. Their names are the Yuipera, in whose territory is the town; the Kungal- burra, whose country is between Port Mackay and Broad Sound; Toolginburra, resident just to the west of the territory of the last-named tribe ; and the Googaburra, or Island Blacks. The occupation by the "Whites of the country of these tribes began, I learn, in 1860, or thereabouts. During the eight or ten years which followed, about one-half of the aboriginal population was either shot down by the Native Mounted Police and their officers, or perished from introduced loath- some diseases before unknown. The Black troopers, however, are said to have been the chief destroyers. What the actual numbers of the tribes were when the Whites came amongst them is not known, but my anonymous correspondent gives PORT MACK AY AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD. 45 tlie number of the Toolginburra tribe at the present time (1880) as one hnndred, made up of 40 men, 40 women, and 20 children, and mentions that large numbers were carried off by measles in 1876. As regards clothing, these tribes used opossum-rugs at night, but went naked during the day, with the exception of the women, who wore a belt round the waist, which supported a fringe, which hung down in front nearly as low as the thigh. Fringes of this sort are common throughout Australia, and are made of vegetable fibre, or of the fur of the opossum twisted into strings, or of the skins of animals greased and cut into strips. Not a few of these people reached, it is thought, the age of seventy years, and there are still some alive whose hair is quite white. Both sexes wear ornaments made from the shell of the Karreela, or nautilus. In times of rejoicing they paint themselves red, and when in mourning, white. Except that boomerangs of both sorts are in use, and that the wommera is not, there is nothing to record in connection with the weapons and implements of these tribes, as they differ in nothing from what has been already so often described. Cannibalism used to be practised, but on rare occasions only; polygamy was in vogue, and infanticide existed. Mr. Bridgeman informs me that all things, animate and inanimate, are divided by these tribes into two classes, named Yungaroo and Wootaroo. In conformity with this idea, each of the tribes under consideration is divided into Yungaroo and Wootaroo. These are again each divided into two sub- classes, with a view to the regulation of marriage and pre- vention of the union of persons nearly related by blood. The first into Gurgela and Gurgelan, masculine and feminine, and Bunbai and Bunbaian. The second into Koobaroo and Koobarooan, masculine and feminine, and Woongo and Woongoan. Every member of the tribe belongs to one of these classes, and the arrangement works in the manner shown by the following table: — 46 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; fl d o o o o o o ^1 o o <5 '? S Pl OO ^i4 MM OO ra 12 )3 ^ PRESEN' C TENSE. Igo - mia mundal. We go - nunna mulgul-e. Thou goest - yinda munda. You go youa mulgul-e. He goes noo-la munda. They go nia muldalgo. PERFECT C TENSE. I went mia mundal. We went - numia mulguUe mundella. Thou wentest yinda mundella. You went - yona mundella. They went - nia mu-tan-gay He went noo-la mundella. mundella. future TENSE. I will go mia pa-boo mun- We will go - pa-boo-ra lung- dalgo (by-and- ga. by). You will go- - boo-algo mul- Thou will go yinda wongA gulle. mundalgo. He will go - noo-la cur-a mun- They will go tan-a mur-a cur-a dalgo. ginda. IMPERATI YE MOOD. Let me go - in-chay poor-ba. Let them go - tago mulgulle Let him go - poor-ba in-chay tago mundalgo. poor-ba-loo. Let us go - coon-du munda. Go - ■ munda, The negative sense is given by using the word ka-ra' between the pro- noun and the verb. 104 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 159.— DAWSON RIVER. Br John O'Connok, Esq. The equivalent of drink is compounded of water eat. Kangaroo • - kroman. Hand - • - - na. Opossum - grownda. 2 Blacks - - booa mean. Tame dog - - bugin. 3 Blacks - - kuram mean Wild dog - - kerum. One - - kumbe. Emu - wheey, murree. Two - - booa. Black duck _ Wood duck - junmeer. Three - - - kuram. Pelican - kowangooran. Pour (and all bogo. Laughing jackass eurgaga. numbers above) Native companion krargong. Pather - boora. White cockatoo - gear. Mother - weyoung. Crow - - waaguu. Sister-Elder - tehet-ge. Swan - - gooan. „ Younger - gundan. Egg - - - heua, meua. Brother-Elder - tehet-ia. Track of a foot - dumba. ,, Younger gunda. Fish' - _ Lobster A young man - nunga. Crayfish - - nenewn. An old man - mogun. Mosquito - - nine. An old woman - mogwine. Ply . . - ding. A baby - uaba. Snake - _ A White man - The Blacks - mean. Children - dunde naba. A Blackfellow - mean. Head - - mawwa. A Black woman - newroom. Eye - - meay. Nose - - boodgeju. Ear - - bina. DAWSON RIVER. 105 No. 159.— Dawson ^ivstl— continued. Mouth - yeaun. Boomerang - - warren. Teeth - deyong. Hill - - Hair of the head - bogwin. Wood- - tatdu. Beard - eka. Stone - - yie. Thunder - merwa. Camp - - uunda. Grass - • bunen. Yes - - ya. Tongue - dan. No - - wogga. Stomach - djura. I - nye, also natchu Breasts - nammo. You - - nin. Thigh - jingar. Bark - - goondu. Foot - - bogar. Good - - kamba. Bone - - dear. Bad - - bunda. Blood - - Skin - - googa. - booeum. Sweet - - boonya. Fat - - meem. Food - - kamambadjou. Bowels - Hungry - djura. Excrement - - Thirsty - OQonjum. War-spear - - duroon. Eat - - djou. Reed-spear - - Sleep - - innoar. Wommera or Drink - - koondjou. throwing-stiok Walk - - - yangoa. Shield- - - goonmurray. See - - neaua. Tomahawk - - birdung. Sit - - gundower. . Canoe - - boonde. Yesterday - - oonoonga. Sun - - booar. To-day - miing. Moon - - jeine. To-morrow - - horerama. Star - - goonda. Where are the nungwa mean Light - - Blacks ? budjega? Dark - - wunuue. I don't know - wogga nutchu Cold - - - beke. binga. Heat - - brooka. Day - - bunba. Plenty - bogo. Big - •■ dunde. Night - - wunune. Little - - nimbair. Fire - - kookum. Dead - - tai-kai-ying-e. Water - coon. Smoke • djum. By-and-by - - cooyea. Ground - karbong. Come on - eja. Wind - - booran. Milk - - - Rain - - - biinga. Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - eu-ber. Wife - - 106 THE AUSTRALIAN EACB : No. 159.— DAWSON RIVER. By E. Cunningham, Esq. Kangaroo - kooramin. Opossum , - kooby. Tame dog - boogikue. Wild dog - Emu — moie. Black duck - mannang. Wood duck - Pelican Laughing jackass woorkarkar Native companion kooralbung. White cockatoo keyarr. Crow - waugun. Swan - Egg - ngoa. Track of a foot dinnong. Fish ■ winnall. Lobster Crayfish ninyouen. Mosquito - - neenee. Fly - - - ding. Snake - Onega. The Blacks - - meean. A Blackfellow - meean. A Black woman - kinbum. Nose - - budjong. Hand - 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three - Four - Father Mother Sister-Elder ,, Younger - Brother-Elder „ Younger A young man An old man An old woman - A baby A White man . - Children Head - Eye - Ear na. bulla meean. kooram meean. wonga. bulla. kooram. yaboo. too. thudgee. - dutha. kuar. wadyourine. moogoUan. bobo. obeir. aba-ano. kaum. mill. binnung. DAWSON RIVER. 107 No. 159.— Dawsok Riter — continued. Mouth - kam. Boomerang - - Teeth - - deeong. Hill - ". Hair of the heac - boogwin. Wood - tatoo. Beard Thunder - Grass - Tongue - narran. - dthinbooin. - bunan. - duUtne. Stone - Camp - Yes - No - - taye. - gooyong. - ha-ha. - woga. Stomach Breasts Thigh Foot - Bone - Blood - Skin - - koomurr. - dundar. - booyoo. - ditinong. - deea. - googa. - buUim. I You - Bark - Good - Bad - Sweet - - pdjyo. - nindoo. - gundoa. - kollumba. - wahin. - booinja. Pat - - meim. Food - - ja. Bowels ■ boondo. Hungry - dura. Excrement - -• goonung. Thirsty - goongjum. War-spear - - dooruin. Eat - - gowwa. Reed-spear - Wommera or throwing-stick Shield Tomahawk - Canoe Sun - murroo - gooinmurry - narrung. - gundoa; - chewtoo. Sleep - Drink - Walk- See - - Sit - - Yesterday - - bowinnjnna. - goongowa. - nango. - nyah. - nionah. - oonoonga. Moon - - goolangerra. To-day - mying. Star - - goondare. To-morrow - - oorama. Light - - goonay. Where are bhe newnga meean ? Dark - - oungyou. Blacks? Cold - - I don't know - woga odjyo ny- Heat - - booraga. angee. Day - - chewtoo. Plenty - waway. Night - - oungyou. Big - - - bim. Fii-e - - gooyong. Little - - wandirmurra. Water - goong. Dead - - deya. ■ Smoke - jome. By-and-by - - gwyeea. Ground - kobbong. Come oh - - cow-way. Wind - - burran. Milk - - Rain - -, booba. Eaglehawk - - God - - - Wild turkey - Ghosts . Wife - - 108 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 159.— A WOKKA DIALECT TAKEN ON THE BURNETT. By John O'Connor, Esq. Kangaroo - kroman. Hand - .- na. Opossum growndda. 2 Blacks - - wombura jarl. Tame dog - bwgin. 3 Blacks - - chrommuda jarl Wild dog - watcha. One - - karboon. Emu - wheey or muree. Two - - wombura. Black duok- monaro. Three - - chrommuda Wood duok- Pelloan Four - - chrommuda maij-gwinge. Laughing jackass gongarga. karboon. Native companion Father - baboon. White cockatoo - kara. Mother - memay. Crow - waa-waa. Sister-Elder - djonn (?). Swan - may-gwin. „• Younger - ■Egg - - - heua, meaa. Brother-Elder ' - tchetja (?). Track of a foot - dumba. Fish - „ Young er Lobster A young man - gepara. Crayfish newn-newn. An old man - keringa. Mosquito - bree-bree. An old woman - renignn. Fly - ding. A baby - barbay. Snake - - - A White man - mi. The Blacks - jarl. Children - uewne. A Blackfellow - jarl. Head - moun ■ 1 ( >, ..i. • . ,.s. - n > 1 .... 1 > ft _s f - ■-\ ^ --^? et ?W^ ^ I bO be bo s ■ci! i* ■^ . ?M^ bB bc be be bo s bo 172 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE': O o o I' avi ^. %^ c3 be c3 a a I s e3 ca 60 J4 ^ 1 ^' 1 ">, it .ii. . -- T| ■'- t ■'- 1 If '• If ( 4 ^J a a s s IZi C3 eg 4 &. ■ ^ -a o O o p- ^ o o 0 4 >, ii 1 1 • o c3 O T3 O c3 3 ^ ■a a o o .J2 3 • • 1 > 1 N. 1 > K > 1.5. • m O I a o -a o 174 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: The causes of hostilities between tribes do not seem to have been very definite. As deaths were generally attributed to the malevolence of enemies in another tribe, the desire of vengeance sometimes led to a battle. Owing to the Kab? country being identical with the central part of the habitat of the bunya, remote tribes converged upon it when bunyas were plentiful, and hence it was a thorough battlefield. The Kabz tribe, alHed with their neighbours, made war on those from a distance about the end of the bunya season. The opposing parties camped near each other, and, after indulging in mutual accusations, threats, and challenges for a few nights, the fighting commenced, and was conducted without any arrangement. The results appear to have been very indecisive — a man or two killed on either side, and two or three wounded. There was no retreating, no pursuing and subsequent slaughtering, owing doubtless to there being nothing to win or lose. Wailing and cannibal feasts ended the proceedings. The tribe used frequently to hunt in bands. They would form a line, and scour the country. On the sight of kangaroos, the hunters, by hallooing, confused them so much that, instead of evading the pursuers, they rushed towards them. When the grass was dry enough to burn, one party having been distributed along the margin of a scrub, another party set fire to the grass some distance off; the game, obliged to seek shelter in the scrub, became easy marks for the persons posted at its edge. The kwthar, or club, was the most effective hunting weapon. The spoil of the chase was shared unselfishly, even when obtained by private exertion. The dwellings were of the very simplest description. Generally a sapling, ten to twelve feet long and about two inches thick, was procured and partially broken in the middle. The ends were fixed lightly in the ground, about six feet apart. The halves, still adhering, formed at once the doorposts and two rafters of the dwelling. The apex, or MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 175 broken part, rested in a fork, terminating the upper end of another stick, about six feet long, the lower end of which was stuck in the ground: thus the framework was formed. One of the spaces between the rafters formed a door, the other two were filled up with bushes, or covered over with sheets of bark. A dwelling of this kind could be shifted as the wind changed. The fire was made in front, and when the cover- ing was bark, although the fire was usually small, a great deal of heat was reflected .from the bark, and the inmates were very snug. Such a dwelling was intended for only two or three occupants. Larger structures were occasionally made after the same fashion by procuring two or three forked sticks. The camps were often shifted. When travelling, families took different routes, hunting or searching for sugar-hag (honey) on their way, and towards sundown converging at an appointed rendezvous. Unless on urgent occasions, they would content themselves with loitering over about five miles a day. Each individual had a peculiar cooee by which he could be distinguished as far as heard. It was customary for one of the tribe, if unexpectedly approaching a camp, to cooee; on coming up he at once engaged in conversation, and embraced friends, if he had been long separated from them. A stranger on approaching a camp had to sit down at some distance, with his back towards it, and, after remaining silent in this situation for a quarter or half an hour, he would draw a little nearer, and might then, in a very cold and formal manner, exchange salutations. The first salutation is Weno dhan? — "Where are the Blacks ?" As an adieu, the Kabe native says, " Kai Nai yEndin " — " Here I go," or " I'm just off." Each family possessed several dogs, and when on the move the wife generally kept up a kind of chant calling upon the dogs. The call was e, aie, ise, ai, ai, ai, aie, ise. I am not aware that these sounds had any meaning apart from the dog-call, and let me remark that in the ise occurs the only pure sibilant I heard in the language. 176 THE AUSTRALIAN RAGE: As I have already observed, friends meeting after long separation embrace. On such occasions they seem much affected, rub faces and caress one another very fondly. They have no masonic signs. Messages were sent by a dhomka or messenger, and were occasionally expressed by nqtches cut on a piece of stick. The notches generally referred to numbers, but not invariably. Their love-letters were peculiar. When the writer was once travelling with a Black boy the latter produced from the lining of his hat a bit of a twig about an inch long, and having three notches, cut on it. The Black boy explained that he was a dhomka, that the central notch represented himself, and the other notches, one the youth sending the message, the other the girl for whom it was intended. It meant in the words of Dickens, " Barkis is willing." The dhomka sewed up the love-symbol in the lining of his hat, carried it thus for months without divulging his secret to his sable friends, and finally delivered it safely. This practice appeared to be well known, and was probably common. There were two or more kinds of pebbles in great estimation. By the description I got of them they were doubtless semi-transparent quartz of various tints, and were generally found in watercourses. One kind was called minkom; it was flat and circular. Another kind, of globular shape, was called indifferently Nanpai or kundzr. In these pebbles were the means of life and death. The opinion was that they were carried internally about the region of the stomach, and a Kabe person's vitality and influence was proportionate to the number of them he was possessed of Kund2r was the sort generally spoken of,, and to be "kundzr boNgan" (many-pebbled) was to possess a charmed life, and to be able to inflict grievous harm upon enemies. When a person was taken suddenly ill it was supposed that a pebble had been launched at him. A young fellow named Waruindh positively assured me that he had been hit in the side by one of these pebbles, MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 177 g,nd that he knew the thrower of the missile, who he said, although unseen, had been concealed behind a tree. He was troubled, apparently, with a stitch in the side. On such occasions the manNwr or magician, whose qualities I shall hereafter explain, was had recourse to. The manNMr mumbled about the aching part with his mouth, and affected to extract the pebble. To the Kahi mind, the rainbow, which was called dhakkan, was the greatest source of power. It was personified, and, when visible, was imagined to be in course of transit from one abode to another. Its haunts were small waterholes on elevated places. Many of these were of considerable depth, and, being unfathomable to the Blacks, were considered bottomless. The dhakkan was accused of emerging from his watery residence, and, like the fairies, substituting one child for another, which it took to its stronghold, about the margin of which it occasionally aired him. Thus it was first thought that half-castes were changelings, left by dhakkan in the place of Black children stolen by it. (See stories following vocabulary.) But dhakkan was as jpowerful for good as for harm; it had a never failing supply of bukkwr or juttu, that is, rope. It exchanged bukkwr for kundzr with men who possessed the latter, the transfer being effected in the following manner. A Blackfellow possessing kundz'r would camp on the margin of a waterhole known to be a dhakkan residence. While asleep there, a tingling sensation would commence at his toes, and pass all over his body. This tingling was the evidence of the operation of dhakkan,. which had meanwhile drawn the sleeper under water, and, having taken from him kundzr in exchange for bukkwr, had replaced him on his couch a manNwr. The tingling sensation was evidently mere numbness resulting from cold. A mauNOT possessed a charmed life, could kill and cure, command the elements, and, in short, perform any feat that imagination could suggest. Persons who had experienced hairbreadth escapes were reckoned either kundzr boNgan or mauNOT. When a man was the former, it was patent to VOL. in. M 178 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: everybody; but he had to be a very clever, assuming impostor to be recognized as a manNwr. Consequently, manNMrs were few. A feat of one of them is worth relating. A boy named Turandiu told me that when he was a child the camp was one morning surprised by the Native Police. A Blackfellow, a manNwr, lifted the boy and, having tossed him a mile or two into the scrub, vanished underground himself, reappearing on the surface about where he had thrown the child. It was current that a manN^r could draw from his stomach wonderful things, even ropes of tobacco. ManNMr means fuU-of-life. The rainbow is said to be manNMrNMr, that is life-possessing, life-giving, because it has the power of imparting vitality to men. A manNMr, magician or life-man, is sometimes called murw-murM, that is, full-of-life. The pebbles that I have already spoken of are sometimes called dhakke, the general word for stones. It seems that a person, in order that they may pass into his stomach, must also be lying at the margin- of a waterhole. One who is kundzr boNgan, or better still, a mauNwr, will generally possess a Nuam manNwrNwr, or, as the Blacks render it in English, a "saucy dillie-bag." Although its appearance does not differ from the ordinary dillie-bags, it is supposed to be of an origin beyond human. It is found in waterholes. Its contents are known only to its owner, but to the crowd they are supposed to comprise relics of the dead, pebbles, and hair and excrement of enemies. The owner will ostentatiously hang it up on a tree in the eyes of the whole camp, none daring to touch it for fear of being overtaken by speedy death. I once saw one hanging thus, and as I was carelessly walking up to have a look at it, the Blacks, apprehensive of my danger, called out to me in accents of fear to keep back.. After I had examined the exterior, and they had seen that I was unharmed, they accounted for my immunity by saying that I was a White- fellow. I have said that the Nuam contains the hair or excrement of its owner's enemies. The Kab? people believe that if you MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 179 can procure either of these, while they decay in your posses- sion, your enemy's life will be waning to a corresponding extent. Consequently, they are extremely fearful of their hair or faeces falling into an enemy's hands. They had a strange dread of passing under a leaning tree or even under the rails of a fence. Their reason for this, as explained to me, was, that a female might have been upon the tree or fence, and that some blood from her might have fallen on it and might fall from it on them. Analogous to this fear was that of a person . stepping over their body while they were lying down. When camping out with a Black boy I have unthinkingly stepped over him, and have known him involuntarily to cry out with fear and to denounce the ignorance and stupidity of White people. These fears seem to me to point to some former laws relating to pollutions. They had a very vague belief in water-spirits, the ap- pearance, qualities, and habits of which I could not discover. They had a belief in, or more accurately an apprehension of, ghosts; NMthurM, the word for shadow, was also the word for ghost. A ghost was generally to be seen at night peering through branches or from behind trees. They did not seem to believe that the personality of the deceased was continued in the ghost, but thought that death annihilated personality. They knew nothing of a Supreme Being, and performed no acts of invocation or propitiation. I never discovered any traditions about the Creation, the Deluge, or the origin of the native race. Language. The word Kabi is a negative, and used as such by those who speak the dialect called by the Eevd. W. Ridley, Dippil, as well as by the tribe to which the name Kab? is specially applied in this treatise. The people who speak both these dialects probably formed originally but one tribe, and were designated Kab2, from that negative being peculiarly theirs. The Kab? and Dippil dialects differ from each other but very M 2 180 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: slightly. One conspicuous difference is the introduction of ^ hard in many words in Dippil, where it does not occur or is elided in Kab?, such as wurgu, Touru, a girl, bugaman, baman, to come, NugMn, Nwin, a boy, and so on. In consequence of the meagreness of the Kabz vocabulary, many words possess a wide range of meaning. Kalaxi^r, good, may express almost any quality that produces pleasure ; muUw, black, means any dark color whatever, excepting red; thus green, blue, brown, black of all shades are mullw. It is to be expected that an aboriginal dialect should be deficient in abstract words, and especially in words expressing nice moral distinctions or delicate sensations. Kabz realizes this expectation; it does not even take cognizance of the -air we breathe, having no name for it. The dearth of words renders freqiient circumlocution necessary, and much of the sense has to be gleaned from the context, the tone, and gesticulation. The orthography in which the Kabz words are written in these notes is based upon Professor M. Miiller's Missionary Alphabet, to which I have added e, and the English conso- nantal y. The characters, about the sound of which there might be any doubt, are: — a - ■ a - am, psalm. th - thin. i - u ■ e ■ 0 - - i - u - - e - - 0 - knit, neat, full, fool, debt, date, not, note. dh - the (nearly). N (ng) English. y - you. ai - ire. E - n(i ■ 0 - ly) Esp£ her, but. ina, new. au - proud, oi - voice. ou - bought. The Kab? people carefully distinguish two sounds of r, which of themselves will determine the different meanings of two words in other respects exactly aUke. I have not indicated these, and to a strange ear they would scarcely be dis- tinguishable. The less frequent resembles the subdued trUl in the English word pur, if prolonged. Another characteristic sound is that of I, pronounced as if coalescing with a following y. There is also a remarkable sound of n. It is produced by protruding the tongue as if MAEY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 181 about to pronounce the word the immediately after the letter n. This sound might be called a dentated n. I have indi- cated it by ndh. Very often mutes are so indefinitely articulated as to render it doubtful whether they are surd or sonant. Thus to the ears of some Whites the word for grass is pan, to others ban. Not only so, but' there is a great tendency to soften the labials of p and b, and the labial-liquid m to zo, as in WMrubandh or wMruwsndh, old; muin or wuin, niffkt. I have failed to recognize any pure sibilant or palatal ck in Kabz, excepting the s in the word ise, used as a dog- call. There are near approaches to such sounds, but such combinations as ty, dhi, or tdh fully express the extent of the hiss, as in batyin, found. The aspirate h does not occur except in one word helemon, a shield. From the fact of this word being the single exception, and as there is another word for shield, viz., kunmarim, the name of the tree from which shields are made, I take the word helemon to be foreign. The nasal n seems to be used very often, either to obviate the necessity of an initial vowel, which is not grateful to Kabz ears, or to separate two following vowels. Thus we have adhw or Nadhw, I; aim or Nairn, we; and so on. Gemination is excessively prevalent, hence where letters are doubled both have to be pronounced. Only such consonants as combine easily occur in juxtaposition. Sometimes such combinations as pr, kr, and so on, appear to be used, but the consonants will be found, upon careful listening, to be separated by a short vowel. The aversion to such sounds as br, and also the liking for dissyllabic words, are well exempli- fied in naturalized English words — thus bread becomes BOKEA ; grog, garon. The Kab«' th is exactly like the English in thing, dh indicates a sound having more of the t sound than th in the. Kab? has no words beginning with r or I. Its final letters are limited to I, m, n,r, n, ndk, and vowels. There is no article in Kabe. The substantive shows no distinction of number; this is true of the verb also. Thus 182 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: tlie word dh^ may mean wood, a tree, the tree, trees. To express many trees the words dhw BONgan or dhw gurwinda (lit. tree many) must be used. There is no distinction of sex, excepting by words quite different. There are some suffixes indicating case, but they are used very indefinitely. The suffixes -10 and -no frequently express possession, but they sometimes occur with subjects, often with datives, and frequently give the sense of at. "We find a termination -m signifying o/, and at, and in. I have heard a termination -kere signifying on account of, and -mo signifying up or at. The subject has a termination annexed more frequently than has the object. I have not been able to discover any regular definiteness in the meaning of the separable endings, and cannot, therefore, give any declensions, if such exist. The syllable -go is very often annexed to any or all the parts of speech, and usually expresses motion, as Nairn dhmvgo, yango bonzgo — we to-the-scrub will-go for-bunyas. Some- times the termination -barom is attached to nouns or pro- nouns to express appreciation, especially to proper names. The addition of the syllable -Na is very common; it does not appear to affect the sense at all, but simply to make th5 rhythm more musical. Substantives are mostly of one or two syllables, and, if the latter, the accent is almost invari- ably on the first syllable. There are instances of verbal nouns being formed by adding -ba or -na to the infinitive or perfect indicative of the verb, as yBlmba {with)-shouting; beyElh'manna, cooeeing. The adjectives are subject to no changes of form, and in general are not distinguishable by termination or otherwise from substantives. Comparison in the ordinary grammatical sense cannot be said to exist. Supposing that the length of several spears is being compared, to express this is the longest in Kabz they would simply say karzNa goran, i.e., this long. They use the word karva as an exact equivalent to our very, and I believe the sense is sometimes intensified by repetition. That repetition does not always intensify the meaning is certain. Nambur is Kab? for ti-tree. There was a place to which the Blacks gave the name nambur nambur, because a MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 183 single ti-tree liad been planted there. Some unmistakable adjectival terminations can be pointed out, the most note- worthy of which is -Nwr. This termination signifies possess- ing, having, like, and so on. Thus we have wulwz, smoke; wulwmwr, smoky; bokka, a projection; bokkaNwr, horned; dhih'l, noise; dhilelNMr, noisy. I find some adjectives with this termination attached to a stem, which does not appear to exist now separately as a substantive; such is the very common word kalaNwr, good. Another adjectival termina- tion is -dau or -do, e.g., wuin, night; wuindau, dark; buran, wind; burando, stormy, windy. Walathau, cold, may be classed with these. Another ending is -ban, wandh, or wendh, as dhal?, at present (an adv.); dhalebandh, new. There are also great numbers of infinitives used adjectively. Adjectives formed by the combination of distinct separable words will be noticed further on. By referring to the vocabulary it will be noted that the personal pronoun is inflected to a considerable extent, and with some regularity. The initial nasal is often omitted. In addition to the terminations indicated in the vocabulary there are two others, -dai and -blin, sometimes suffixed to nominatives. They have merely a definitive force. The pro- noun when a subject is almost invariably expressed. Bilin or -blin is most commonly used with pronouns, as Ninbilin, thou indeed. The verb is neither infiected for person nor number. Tense and mood are indicated by infiection, very indefinitely and in a very small degree. The simplest part is the imperative, which commonly consists of one syllable, and very rarely exceeds two. The form which serves as infinitive is used also as pre- sent, imperfect, and future indicative, and imperfect parti- ciple. It is generally produced by adding to the imperative the terminations -man, -math?, -thin, a connecting vowel being sometimes interposed. These may be regarded as the regular and by far the most frequent infinitive terminations, but there are a few others, the most noteworthy of which are -aio, -aiyw, and -Im. Many verbs take both -man and 184 THE AUSTRALIAN EACB : -mafhi, as the verb baman, to come. Some even have the three forms in -man, -mathi, and -thin. There is a part which serves as a perfect tense, perfect participle, and, with- out the addition of a copula, as a passive voice. It seems to be formed either by contracting the infinitive in -man or by- adding -n to the imperative, probably in the latter manner, e.g., ban, come, from baman, to come, or ba (imper.), com£. Very often the adverbs, wuru, long ago; Sh&li, now; and Bonna-woppa, after a little, are employed to indicate the time of the action. Besides the terminations already cited, there are several others the effect of which is too in- appreciable to warrant their acceptance as expressing changes of mood or tense. On one or two occasions I have heard what appeared to be optative or subjunctive forms. The passive, spoken . of above, is very seldom used, and is occasionally a single- worded proposition, as kaNun, he was cut; dhiNgan, he is (or was) thrown. The distinction between active and passive is but faintly maintained. A prohibition, direct or indirect, is indicated by introducing the negative bar; in all cases of negation, besides, other negatives, such as wa, kabe, Ac, are used. In the vocabulary four examples occur of reciprocal verbs having the distinctive termination -ulaiyw or -yulafyw, viz. : — (1.) Yathulaiyw, to converse, from yaman or yathin (imper. ya), to speak. (2.) Baiyulaiyw, to fight, that is, to strike one another, from baiye'man (imper. baiyz), to kit, to heat, to kill. (3.) Kauwathulaiyw, to cut, from kauwa, to cut, e.g., dhakker<9 kauwathulaiyu, to cut (presumably one another) with a knife or tomahawk. (4.) W2yulaiyM, to divide, to share, to deal out; i.e., to give one another, from womNan, to give (imper. wa or WM, perf. part, winin or wiyin). The word ya may be reckoned as a verbal particle, being equivalent to ■ the English come, when used not as a verb of motion, but to arouse to action. MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 185 d li 1 i' 1 1 1 i ■B 1 . ^- ■a s ^ ii fl 1 S 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 g. 1 1 m ^ s to " 1 > . .S 1 I 1 I I t a> o I 1 1 1 1 w 1 ■gf^ ■h KH !>H Perfect Participle and ! Passive Voice of 1 Transitive Verbs. 1 >l O 1^ 1 .g t .g >> 'ci 1 1 is O . :pS oa ^ s a 1 1 I I 1 1 aa PQ rO c» O rt ao @ q5 :a^ S > 1 S 1 ° .g 1 1 p3 •1 ■1 •go* 1 § d .c J ^ 1 M H .a ■< ., -o g i 1 Baman, bamathi ban Yaman, yamathi yamaran yaan 1 1 I 1 1 a" _, , || ii g 1 1 g i 1 1 1- g 1 1 M "^ >: ^ ^ d '3 pq ^ ^ S •(SI , III |1 if >5 ^ 1? iz; 1 g 1 1 o •1 1 g 1 ' • o 3 ' ' S3 S:! s e ■*? y O o ^ s 'a ^ •^ ^ 1 -§= o -S 1 1 1 1 1 |.|i 1 1 1 |s '0 ^ f^ 1 \ \ 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 ' :s 1 « 1 -3 g 1 a" 1 1 1 i ^ 1 a H d 1 i i' 1 ' 1 1 11' ■s . Ill 1 a YEna, go - Wonai, wonamorai, leave, leave off VroNai, hear, listen, understand DhiNga, throw - Bubai, stand, remain NyEnai, be Kauwa, cut MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 187 There are many defective verbs, some of them having only one form, as kai, I have it, I am here, it is here, or simply here* Many adverbs of place terminate in -m. Another adverbial termination is -Nur, but words in-Nur probably were adjectives. A number of interrogative adverbs, closely resembling the pronouns, are peculiar in form. The initial syllables of the following deserve attention — weno, where or when; wenobolla, when; wenominz, where; wandhnrathin, why; wenamba, whether or no; minam, minalo, why; minaNgo, how. Adjec- tives are used adverbially. A few words that might be classed as conjunctions or prepositions appear in the vocabulary among the adverbs. The word ka is simply a connective, and frequently seems scarcely to be articulated. Bona or weno introduce hypothetical sentences, and are then equivalent to if; used adverbially they signify when, at the time, at that time. The relations of subordinate clauses to the principal clauses, or to one another,- have to be inferred in almost every instance from the context. There appear to be no words belonging properly to the preposition class. Their place is supplied by the sufl&xes spoken of when treating of the noun and pronoun, and by adverbs. In considering the structure and derivation of words very little can be said about nouns. Very few of them are traceable to roots. A small number are significant, such as muru-goran, nose (or beak) long, the ibis; dhu-narambz, ^ree- possum, the bat ; ye'lai-bo-dhoman, crayfish-eating, the crane. Some are onomatopoeic, as kawuN, laughing jackass; wowa, crow. There is a noteworthy resemblance between the words bwran (the wind) and boran a boomerang. That they may have originally been identical, the difference in pro- nunciation does not render improbable, for we find the word gwran {long') sometimes pronounced goran. The adjectival terminations -bandh, -bathin, -boman, and -wendh or -wan are probably derived from the verb baman, to come. The * In this passage I think Mr. Mathew has fallen into a mistake. Kail is an exclamation common throughout Australia, and is used as such in the senses noticed by Mr. Mathew, and in many others. — E. M. C. 188 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: termination -not has already been mentioned as distinctive of adjectives. Curiously enough, we find it doubled in at least one instance, the word mauNwrNOT, capable of impart- ■ ing life. The stem of this word seems to he man, which is not now extant in its simple state. ManNOT is a noun or an adjective; as the former its meaning has been explained, as the latter it means charmed and life-giving. With another -NOT suffixed the application is solely adjectival, and the meaning is perhaps intensified. Very frequently two words are required to express an attribute. This is sometimes due to the want of positives, e.g.^ wa widhzman, brave; wa kawun n-Enaman, unwilling. A noun followed by a verb generally expresses adjectively sensations which are described by and referred to their physical phenomena. The verb affords by far the greatest scope for distin- guishing roots and tracing them. Ya is the imperative of yaman, to speak. From that root are doubtless derived yathulaiyw, to converse; yamNoman, to rage, to scold; yBh'man, to call; yElEUman, to speak quickly; bzyEb'man, to cooee. The following are groups of related words: — (1.) YaNgoman, to make; yaNgalmoman, to allow; (baiy?) yaNgale'thin, to cure. (2.) Warran, to buck; warmaman, to chase; yauwara, to jump. From the same root is probably derived wirra, a stream. (3.) Wombalithin, to carry; wombathin, to put up; wombah'man, to fall upon. (4.) Dhathin, to drink; bedhalmda, to cause to drink. (5.) DuNzman, to cry ; dumnuraman, to cause to cry. (6.) Dhomathin, to hold; dhommomfln, to marry. (7.) NomNathz, to see; Nomba, to show; naiy«lathin, to look. (8.) Marm, to burn; man'man (adjective) to be hot; mare, a camp, and probably originally afire. A good many adverbs are transformed to verbs by suffixing (1) a verb or (2) a verbal termination. The fol- lowing are instances of the former class :^Wuru-boman, to MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 189 come out; bzya-boman, to come back; wuru-ywaritliine, to put out; bzyavindw, to take back. The following are of the latter class : — Kare-thin, to enter; kare-naman, to put in; kar?-ndime, to admit; ■wnru-watliin, to let out; budha-wathin, to strengthen; budha means strong. Sometimes nouns and verbs are compounded to form a verb, as kakke-baman, to bleed; NuyMm-boman, to sweat. There is a striking resemblance between the words yzraman, to spring up, and ysraman, a horse, as. also in these words — dhuruman, to grow, to swell; dhunuNan, a tumour; dhw, a tree; dhur?, the scrub; dhura, a house (dhura in Kamilaroi means bark of a tree) ; dhun, a tail; tunum, the tongue. In conversation, the infinitive termination -mathz is often contracted to -m.i, as bamz for bamathe. The ending -moral appears in some imperatives given in the table of conjugations. As we also find an infinitive termination -moraman, it seems to me that, -mor was the stem of a verb, now obsolete, which was almost equivalent to the verb do, and it now exists merely as an intensifying ending. In verbs where -iu is given as an infinitive ending, -eman generally is used as well, as malra or mah'man, kurm or kurman. It is clear that the letters m, b, and w are often interchanged, and particularly the last two. We note also that by far the most frequent and therefore regular infinitive terminations are -mathin, -man, -math?, -vni, -bathin, -wathin, -athin?, -ithine. It seems probable that -man, -mathi, and -mi are contractions of -mathinj -mi certainly is of -math?, and -math? and -man are often inter- changeable. This hypothesis does not exclude the possibility of -man occurring as a primitive unabridged verbal ending. Again, -bathin is often contracted to -ban, or -bandh, and -wathin to -wan or -wandh. Hence, -mathin, -bathin, and -wathin may be essentially the same termination. Dha is the imperative of dhoman, to eat, but the word dhathin means to drink. From these and other examples it might be inferred that there had been two distinct verbal suffixes, or three, if we regard -ma and -ba as radically distinct. If 190 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: three, they would be — (1) -man or -ma; (2) -ba or -wa; (3) -thin. In the majority of instances, -thin seems combined with one or other of the first two. As a rule, verbs in -thin have the most active significa- tion, and before the sufiis -li or -la is sometimes interposed, the exact effect of which is not apparent, e.g,, wombathin, to lift; womba^ethin, to carry. The words kai and nsnaman, which, in a general sense, respectively express having and being, are not exactly equivalent to have and he in Aryan languages. They are never auxiliaries of tense or mood. Kai rather means / have it, or it is here ; and nEnaman means to exist, to remain, to live, though in the imperative it- fairly represents he, as in yul nBnai, he quiet. Kai has a demonstrative force, and perhaps it is the ter- mination in the possessives NanyuNgai,. my ; NinoNgai, thy; and in the interrogatives Nangai, NanyuNgai, mmaNgai. The frequency of the phrase kai NanyuNgai kai, here is mine, or I have mine; and the fact that NanyuN and NinoN occur without the termination -gai lends color to this sup- position. Other indefinite verbal forms are mmda, to he here, to be there; and Nindi, or gindz, to he within. The phrase kai mmda occurs, and is equivalent to it is here. Kai seems to be the demonstrative and mmda the verbal element. In the adjectival termination -NMr, -nur, or -uv, the essential part is -ur, and the nasal seems thrown in to separate two vowels ; -NMr is the commonest form, but we have -uv in bamwr. Sometimes this suffix is contracted to -NM, so, -u, or 0. To express the genitive, nouns have most commonly one or other of these corrupted forms affixed. But in the first pers. pron., plu., poss. case, the termination -Nwr occurs thus— nom. Nalen, poss. NalmNwr, affording one clear proof that the termination of the genitive of a substantive is the same as that which forms an adjective from a substantive. Verbal and adjectival signs are affixed, whereas adverbs in forming compounds are prefixed. MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 191 Mi means tke eye or eyes; bubai to stand still; from these, I think, we have me bwwan, sleepy. From bwwan a gerundive is formed — buwando, sleeping — as in buwando yunmaman, to lie sleeping, to sleep. The phrase noUa baNwondamoraman, to get into a rage, is an example of composition by syncope, being compounded of noUa the stomach ; baNkw, angry, sulky; wonda, to raise or rise; moraman, a verbal termination. The syllable kw is omitted by syncope. Generally the order of words in a sentence is subject, indirect object, object, adverb, verb — the adjective in almost every instance immediately following the word which it qualifies. There is, however, much diversity in the form of sentences. Very frequently a subject and adjective constitute a pro- position, a copula being rarely used. Some idioms are very remarkable, such, for instance, as those attributing the passions to the state of the stomach. Such are nolla kalaNwr, lit., stomach good, cheerful; noUa dhandarban or dhandarbathin, lit., stomach smooth or slippery, pleased; noUa bauwan, lit., stomach cutting, means to relish; noUa warabin, lit., stomach jumping, fearful; noUa kaiyaman, lit., stomach biting, sorry. Other phrases similar to these will be found in the vocabulary. Deafness is confounded with madness, thus, pmaN gulum, lit., ears dull, means either deaf or mad. Many feelings are named from their physical phenomena, such are mi kurm, lit., eyes turning, giddy; mi kambz'man, lit., eyes hiding, jealous; mi wuruwoman, lit., eyes standing om^, amazed; mnru wombaKman, lit., nose uplifted, frowning; pinaN baluman, lit., ears dead, means to forget; mi kakkeman, lit., eyes bleeding, bright. The verb yaNgoman is often used with an adjective to express action for which no single word exists, as kakkal yaNgah'thin, to make clean. The verb nEuaman, to be, to exist, is used in a manner somewhat similar, as kaiwun uEnaman, lit., desire possessing, willing. 192 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE ; The following stories, dialogues, and phrases are intro- duced mainly with a view to their being of philological value : — Stories. Dhak'kan. Phak'kan wa'raN Nun'da ko'raman Nu'in dhi'kuj, kar'vana wnm'Nan mul'lM. Nun'daro kom'Nan Nu'ina tuu'baNonol'lano karm'dimi. Nol'- lani Nu'iu nE'naman; Nu'ritni wu'ru- boman. Dhak'kan man'NurNur. Niii bon'na bai'ymar yEn'na yun'- mathin kuNM kara'no. Nin bai'yi yaNga'lithin. Dhan dhak'kanno Nan'pai wtrm'Nan, dhak'kan dhan'no bu'kar wu. Dhak'ke kunda'swr. Dhan Nam dhak'keni nol'lani uEna- man. Piri, NJm, bu'y«, kam, gillin. Nin ka'runda yin'maio Nin'baNO dhu'Nun kar'ithin. Nin wa bai'yiro yun'maman, Nin man'Nwrbathin. Bai'yi yaNga'lithin. Nai w(i"D.o bai'yJNMr mu' vu mu' vu Nan'na bun'bjthin dhak'ke Nan'na bun'mathin. Nan'pai bat'ytoian. Nin yun'mai dhu mo tar'vano. Nin'dje kui'bi vro'Na Nan'pai Nin'bola nin'dathin. Nun'da dhilil'baNMr nin'daman. Nin raan'Nwr nE'naman waba'luman. (The) -Rainbow. (The) -rainbow (is) wicked, he stole (a) -boy half-caste, another gave Black. He took (the) -boy (to a)- mountain (a -water)-hole (he) put- (him)-in. ' (In the) -hole (the) -boy is; (during the) -day (he) -comes- out. (The) -Rainbow capable-of -imparting vitality. Thou when sick go lie-down (at the)- water'a edge. Thou (wilt) be cured. (The) -Blackfellow (to the) -rainbow (Nanpai) pebble gives, (the) -rain'-' bow (to the) -Blackfellow (a) -rope gives. (The) -Stones or Pebbles (of) Koon- dangoor. (To the) -Blackfellow always pebbles (in his) -inside are. (In the) hands, bones, calves, head, nails. Thou floating (?) remain (to) -thee (in the) -stomach (they) -enter. Thou (wilt) not aching lie, thou (wilt) beoome-fuU-of- vitality. Curing. I if sick (the man) fuU-of-life me (will) -suck (the) -pebble (from) -me take-out. Pebble-finding. Thou lie-down (a) -tree under. Thou (a) -whistling (wilt) -hear(the)- Nanpai (pebble) (to) thee (shall)- go-in. It noisily (shall)-go-in. Thou fuU-of-vitality (wilt) -be, not (wilt) -die. MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. Stories — continued. 193 Dh«r. Dhwr wiN'wMr yEN'ga, m'rimba ki'rabaria'na. Ear yBN'ga wa'thi ; kun'namara pa'bunno, kom'miNa bai'yira. Kkar'va yEn'na kar'va nEnai bun'dumo wa'thinba vrON'- athin. Nuin dhu'mo won'da ya'bun yj'ki ■won'da. Yil'la na'ruthin Nuin'na. BTuin bu'dhawathin tEraN wa dha'ba dhiNgathln. Gil'la. Gil'la Nad'hadharr'ga won'nan; kan tam'burwan. Gril'lago dhaN'gago bon'na-yjr'ki yan'go. Weno Nia kala'Nar a'dhu Nin'na gil'la w«. (The) -Ring. This story probably refers to man- (A) -ring, large (they) -make, in -the- middle (they) -light-a-fire. (Must)- not cause laughing; wring-the- neck -(will the) -fathers, (the)- uncles (will) -beat. Some go-away, others remain at-the-backs (if there be) -laughing to -know. (The) -boys (the) -trees climb, (the)- sisters also climb. On-the-hocks (they) -kick (the) -boys. (The) -boys fast-hold (their) -legs not (to the) -ground (they) -throw- (them). Honey, (Of the) -honey I half left ; (the) -can was-fuU-to-the-lip. For -(the)- honey (the) -half -(of) to-morrow (I shall) -go. If thou -(art) good I thee honey (will) -give. DlALOaUES. YEr'amin; bula. Horses; bullocks. Na'rau ! yE'ramin nin'dtt baN'goran Halloo ! (a) -horse, (canst) thou wild kaN'kithin? ride? Wa ! yE'ramini Nai wit'dhlman - No 1 of -horses I (am) afraid. Nin minan'm wit'dhiman? - - Thou why afraid? YE'ramindo dhbf'gara, mm kom- (The) -horse (might) -throw -(me), Na'thinj. " (my) bones (might) -break. Ya Nin, wo'Nali, wE'namba wa'raio. Try thou, mount, (to see) whether (he will) -buck. Nin'dai ye'ramingo, Na'lin yun'ma- Thou-indeed for-the-horses-go, we man dhu'rjthin. (shall) -lie in-the-scrub, i.e., camp out. Boh'na-wop'pa yango, Ka'rau* dha In-a-little-while (we shall) -go, (the) kam'Na kai. ground (is) damp at-present. VOL. III. ' Na'rau, interjection, equivalent to I say. N 194 THE AUSTRALIAN RAGE: DlALOGUBS- Nam yEn'din? . . - - Nam'ba i'la yEn'diii Wa'ra wa'ra dhiN'ga kal wu'ruwa- thin. Wa'ra wa'ra dhj'kir, kabi bomka'- numan. Kal Na'lmdo tal'K buwan'diman We'no kaNgo?- .... Mu'kirgo - - - . . Kal Nin'du yEr'ri ku'riua Nin'du ka'lu-vro'nai biyel'Kmanna, Nui bar pi'naN-gtt'lum nE'nai. Nai yi'pi ba'lun yE'linba arau' ! Wa Na'dhu Nin'na vro'namathi We'Sobola biya'vindiw? - Bo'na ti'rum ninda'monda Mi'nama mm'da? .... Wa kai gurwin'da - . - - Nin bar baN'ku fiB'nai 3nil nE'nai - A'dhu Nin'na Nuin yi'rtoa wa nom- na'thi. tta/li yathu'laiyM - - - - Nali kam'Nur ku'riit - - - Me'naNgai yEl/ga? - - - - Dhn'ri bam'pj . _ - . Na'ljn dhu'rjgo yan'go bofiigo Nai bam'pira yanma'thJNa; wit'dharo Nan'na bar kai'ya, a'dhu ka'lu bun'ban ku'tharo, Nun'da yi'la ka'lu balun; bu'tharw dhoma'thi HTin'da. Ba'rjya Nan'na kai'yaman, a'dhu Nun'da kj'raba-mor'ba. Ki'ra won'dj, wala'thau ba'luman - Wuin gu'ran - - - - - Ni'noNgai mm'da mu'yim ? - Adhu ka'rlNa womba'limaraio ■'Continued. (Are you) ready to-go? (I am) ready indeed to-go, (The) -rails throw-down (the) -cattle to-let-out. (The) -rails (are too) heavy, (I can) not throw -(them) -down. (The) -cattle we to-day shall-herd. Where (shall we) take (them)? Far-away. (The) -cattle thou this-way turn. Th'ou quickly -hear {i.e., obey) (my) calling, thou (do) -not deaf be. I (am) throat exhausted (with) -call- ing ! (arau interjection). Not I thee heard. When (shall we) take- (them) -back? As (the) -sun is-sinking. How-many are-there ? Not are-here many. Thou (do)-not angry be quiet be. I thee a-boy like never saw. We (shall) -converse. We by-the-head (shall)-go round. What (are-you)-donig? (The) -scrub, (the) -bush. We (to the) -scjrub (shall) -go for- bunyas. I to-the-bush (shall) -go; a -dog me (must) -not -bite, I quick (shall) -hit (him) with-a-stick, he indeed soon . (shall be) dead ; (the) -eaglehawk (will)-eat him. (A) -jumper-ant me bit, I him (shall)- roast. Fire get, with cold (I)-am-dyiQg. (The) -night (is) long. Thine is- there (a) -tomahawk ? I this shall-carry. MAEY RIVER AKD BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 195 DiAlOGDES AND PhEASBS, Minam'ba Nin'dj ki'rami dhan ? Dhan mina'lo du'NJman ?- Dhan naN'gaimini bai'yiNtir? • Nan'do ka'riNa kaN'kiman womba'- Im? Nan'do Nin'na bauVan ? Mina'mano Nin wuin'dM yin'maio ? - N in we'fiobola ban ? - - Ti'rum ka'rin Tirum won'dan . - . - A'dhu_ Nun'dabola muyjm -wi'nm; Nun'daro Nai'bola dhak'ke wi'nin. Na'li tina'bubola ku'rui wi'nin; Na'lingo tina'buro yul'lM wi'fiin. Man'do ya'marandh ? - - - Nun'da yaan . . - . . Nin minaN'go pi'naN-bama'thi ! Bo'na ba'raN bin'damathi bon'da Tfol'bai won'daman dhBr'wEn. Ya'koi a'dhu Ninna ya'thin Nin naN'gai wil ? - - - How-many are-there at-the-camp Blacks ? (The) -Blacks why crying 1 Blackf ellow which (is) sick 1 Who this-one riding (are)-oarrying ? Who thee speared? How-many thou nights wilt-stop ? Thou when didst-start ? Sun going-in. Sim rising. I to -him (a)-tomahawk gave ; he to-me (a) -knife gave. We to-them 'possums gave ; to-us they eels gave. Who said-(so) ! He said-(so). Thou how (the) -ears- come (i.e., dost recollect) ! When (a) -Barangmarries (a) -Bunda (the) -children arise Tirwin. Come-here, I to-thee want-to-speak. Thou what (thy) -name? Nin we'no ba'man ? Nai ba'man - Kai Nai yEn'din Salutations. Thou whence dost-come ! I am-come. Here I go. NZ 196 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 166.— VOCABULARY. The reader will compare motJier,. breasts, and milh, in which are seen preserved the term so common in our languages. If there be an equivalent for leg in this language, it is exceptional. The rule is a separate term for each portion of the leg ; but if the whole leg be insistently asked for by a White man, the equivalent of thigh is given. — E. M. C. Kangaroo ma'ra. Hand - pi'ri. Opossum - ku'ruj or Na- 2 Blacks - dhan bul'la. Tame dog - ram'bi. wi'yidha or wi'dha. 3 Blacks - dhan bul'la . ka'lim. Wild dog ■ wi'dha ka'rum. One - ka'lim. Emu - Duck - Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion Nu'ruindh. nar. ka'wuN. ■ Two - Three - Pour - Father bul'la. bul'la ka'lim. bul'la bul'la; pa'bun. White cockatoo gi'gum. Mother a'voNorNa'vON Crow - wo'wa. Sister ya'bun. Swan - Egg - - - Track of a foot - ku'lMn bam. kuan. Brother-Elder - „ Younger nuin. wuthaN. Fish - ba'la. A young man kj'var. Lobster An old man win'yir. Crayfish - il'lai. An old woman - ma'run. Mosquito - Fly - Snake - The Blacks buu'ba. dhip'pi. mu'raNorwo'Nai. dhan. A baby A White man - Children wol'bai. mothar or dhi. wol'bai. A Blackfellow - dhan. Head kam. A Black woman - yi'ran. Eye - mi. Nose - roa'vu. Ear - - - pi'naN, MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COXJNTBY. 197 No. 166. ^Vocabulary — continwd. Mouth - dhaN'ka. Boomerang - - bo'rau. Teeth - - dhaN'ka. Hill ■ - k«n'da or Hair of the head ■ dhil'la. tan'ba. Beard - - ys'ran. Wood - - Ahu. Thunder - - mum'ba. Stone - - dhak'ke. Grass - - ban. Camp - - ki'ra or ki'rami. ToMgue - tu'nam. Yes - - yau'ai. Stomach - du'NMn. No - - wa or ka'bj. Breasts ■ .a'mON. Me - - Nan'na. Leg - - tE'raN. You - Bark - - Nin or jjin'du. - kom'bar. Foot - - dhi'naN, Good - - kala'Nwr. Bone - - mm. Bad - - wa'raN. Blood - - kak'ke. Skin - - kw'bar. Sweet - - ge'yar. Food - - bin'dha. Fat - - ma'rom. Bowels - ga'naN. - gM'naN. Hungry - gan'dho. Excrement - Thirsty - Naial'lo. Eat - - dho'man ordhaii. War-spear - - kon'ni. Reed-spear - Sleep - Drink - - Buan'do. - dha'thin Thro wing-stick Shield - ku'thar. - kun'marim or Walk - - yul yan'man. he'lemon. See - - nomKa'thi. Tomahawk - - mu'ywm. Sit - fiB'naman. Canoe - kom'bar (lit. bark). Yesterday - To-day - Nam'ba. - dha'liorgi'lumba. To-morrow - - yjr'ki. Sun - - Nu'raindh or Where are the we'no dhan. tirum. Blacks? Moon - - ba'puu. I don't know - a'dhu wa vro'- Star - - kal'bar. Naman. Light - - Nu'raindh(noun). Plenty - boN'gan. Dark - - wuin'dhau. Big - - wiN'war. Cold - - walai. Little - - dho'marami, Heat - - ma'riman'. dha'ramj, or Day - - Nu'rwindhau. dhom'me. Night - Fire - - wuin'dhau. - ki'ra. Dead - - ba'lun or ba'- luman. Water - kuN. By-and-by - - bon'na-wop'pa. Smoke - wu'lui. Come on - ya'koi; come thou, Ground - dha. ba Nin. Wind- - ba'ran. Milk - - a'mON. Rain - - yu'ruN. Eaglehawk - - ba'thar. God - - - Wild turkey - kalar'ka. Ghosts - na'thurw. Wife - - ma'limgan. 198 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABULARY OF THE KAB/ DLALECT. Native words spelt in the alphabet known as Max Miiller's Missionary Alphabet. Notes. — The dh lett-er has more of the t sound In Kabi than in English. Ndh represents n followed by and coalescing with a subdued dental or sound produced by protruding the tongue as if about to articulate the word the immediately after the sound of n. Nouns. Ant (pismire) kirr, mon'dhur. Blood - - kak'ke. „ (jumper) ba'riya. Boy - - Nuin. „ (small black ba'rom. Breast - dhandar. „ (white) Na'ri. The breasts - a'mon. „ (soldier) mum'ba. Branch - kandir. Arm - - kinirr. Brother (elder) - huin. Aunt - yurun. „ (younger) wuthttN'. Baby - - • wol'bai. Brow - - flun'gal. Back - bun'dh«r. Breath - Naiya. Bag - bun'pi. Bronjsewing pigeon mam. Bank kun'na. Bunya meal - naNW. Bark - kombar. Bush (the) - - bam'pi. Base - yauwan'ni. Australianbustardkalar'ka. Bat - dhM'naram'bi, Butterfly - - balumbir. Naleyam. Bottom - dhai'rvi. Bee (native) kil'la, kawai. Beauty - mun'daimun- Beard - yE'ran. daiua. Belly - dhiiNan. Calf (of the leg) - bu'y«. Black man - dhan. Camp - - ki'ra or kirami , , woman yi'ran. Canoe - - kom'bar. Bandicoot - dhun'kal. Cat (native) - yu'ruthun. Bed . nan'pj. Catfish - ba'la. Bear (native) kul'la. Child - - • - wol'bai. Boil (a tumor) dhu'nuNan. » (my) - - gum'ma. Bone - mm. Cheek - - waN'gwm. Bird - dhjp'pi Chin -• - yik'kal. Black cockatoo (1) wjyal, Circle - - dh«r. (2) geyam'biau, Claw : - dhi'naN. (3) dha'rukal. Collar-bone - - ku'ra. Black swan- kulwn. Coast-blaoks - bi'dhala. Boomerang - bo'ran. Cloud - - mon'dam. MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 199 Nouns — continued. Country dha. Falcon - min min. Creek - wir'ra. Fat - - ma'rom. Cousin ynrn'raM. Father - pabun. Crossing-place ■ waN'gauwan'gau- Feather - wun'kal. ba'rirra. Fern - - yim'bun. Crane - yilaibodhoman. Few - - dhai'yajOrbor'ra, Crow - wowa. or dhwr. Centipede - - ki'rai. Finger - mol'la. Crayfish illai. Fence - - wa'ra wa'ra. Cut - - - dhjm or kaNun. Fire - - ki'ra. Codfish tu'ktt. Flat - .- - b*r'r«. Daughter - do'ranaNan. Flood - - Num'ma. Daughter-in-law - ne'nanba. Ely - - - dhip'pi. Day - Nu'raindhau. Flying fox - - gi'raman. Daylight - (1) dhuluru, Flying squirrel - baN'kis. (2) bar'biman. Food forbidden to mun'dha. Darkness - muin. minors Dead tree -. - dau'wa. Foot - - dhJnaN. Dillie-bag - Nuam. Food - - bin'dha. Dog (domestic) wi'yidha or Fool - - nun'dal or bor'- widha. raman. „ (native) - wid'ha karum or Frog - -. wor'ba. wi'yidha karum. Frost - - pi'riwga. Doctor (also per man'Nur. Froth - - wor'ka. son with charmed Fur - - munan'. Ufe) Girl - - wu'rw or wur'kw. Duck - nar. Grandfather Na'thaN. Dung - - gunaN. (paternal) Duck (diver) - dhubttn. Grandfather nun'dai. Eaglehawk - - bu'thar. (maternal) Grandmother ko'maram. Ear - pi'naN. Earth - dha. (paternal) Edge - kara'ni or kul'lj. Grandmother yBnan. Eel - yaVlu. bam. (maternal) Egg - Grass - - b^n. Gully - dhB'raN. Elbow kun'di. Grub - - bu'rwga. Bye - - mi. Ghost - - Nu'thurM. Eyebrows - tm'guT. Guana - wa'ruj. Eyelash dhi'piudyin. Half - - (1) bor'ra. Emu • - Nu'ruindh. (2) dh«r, Face - su. ' (3) dhaN'ga. 200 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: NOUNS- Half-oaste - - dhJkui'. Hawk (large til'gonda. brown) Hair - - - dhil'la. Hat - - • - piN'ga. Head - - - kam. Headman - - ka'maran. Hand - - - pi'rt. Heart - - - tuk'kw. Hooka - -. yil'la. Honey - ■ - gil'la, ka'wai. Hornet (large) - kau'war. ,, (small) - yau'wa. Horse - - - yB'raman. House- - - dhu'ra. Hole - - - nol'la. Horn - - - bok'ka. Husband - - dhan'dor. Ibis - - - mu'r« gu'ran. Inland Blacks - wa'pa. Inside - - nol'lani. Kangaroo (oldman) ku'rwman. ,, (buck) - mar'rj. „ (doe) - yj'mar. „ -rat - pai or owar'Nur. Knee - - - dhi'm*. Knife - - - dhak'ke. Lad - - - bo'thai. Laughing jackass ka'wuN. Language - - bon'dha. Leader - - ka'maran. Light - - - Sfu'run. Lightning - - bol'la. (A) little - - nara'NJ. Liver - - - ko'naN. Lip - - - dham'bur. Lie (falsehood) - gut'dhal, dha'kun. Liar - - - yabo'liman. Leaves - - wu'ruN". Leg, limb - - tE'raK. ii(yiit%nued. Loins - Nammam. Log - dau'wa. Lungs waN. Lizard (Jew) pi'naN go'ran. „ (sleepy) - wun'dum. „ (water) - wa'ram. Man (adult) ki'var. „ (old) - winyir. . „ (White) ■ mothar or dhi. Many - boN'gan. Magpie (plover) - ku'rumbul. Meat - ba'Nun w mu'- raN. Milk - a'mON. Mother a'voN (yr Na'voN. Mother-in-law nu'loNgan. Mountain . - tun'ba or kun'da. Moon - - ba'pun. Messenger - dhom'ka. Middle - - nirim or Naran'm. Mouth - dhaN'ka. Mionow-like fish - bu'rum. Mosquito - - bun'ba. Moss - - wubttN. Mourning by fast - Na'rin. ing Mud - - dhi'laN. Mullet - ondai'ya. „ (small) - dhu'ra. Murderer - - mo'tharbiu. Name - wil. Nail (of the finger) gil'len or mol'la. Neck - - kum'ma. Nephew and niece kon'm or boran'- yin. Names regulating (1) ba'raN, marriages (2) bal'kuindh, (3) dhErwEn, (4) bon'da. News - - bon'dha. ' MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 201 Nouns — ccmtinued. Night - wuindhau. Sarsaparilla plant bo'raboran'bin. Noise - dhi'lil. (as popularly Nose - mu'rw. known) Nulla nulla (club) ku'thar. Seed - dhu'lar. Opossum Naram'bi or Shadow Nu'thurw. kuru'i. Shepherd's com- dhiN'k'a dhuf'ka. Outside bun'dura, nara'- panion m. Shield - (1) he'lemon, Owl - iN'ka. (2) kun'marim. Pebbles (charmed Shoulder - Nil'ki. „ (globular) Nan'pai orkundtr . Sinew khu'kin. ,, (flat and miTi'kom. Sister and female ya'bun. circular) cousin Penis* dhun. Sky - ,- - Nu'rwindh. Paddimellon bwal. Smoke wu'lwi. Phlegm bun'yM. Skin - - ka'bar. Pigeon (wouga) - woNga'laman. Smell - ka. Place - dha. Snake (generally) mu'raN and wo'- Platypus - dhur'kw. Nai. Posterior (the) - mu'mM. „ (black) - mul'l«. Porcupine - kak'kar. „ (brown) - mu'rugjrai. Punk - pa'bunbare. ,, (carpet) - wo'Nai. Quartz kuN'kam. „ (deaf -adder mun'dulum. Rain - . - yuruN. „ (diamond) - kjp'pa. Rainbow - dhakkan. ,, (grey) yil'lam. Ridge - - ■ kun'dM. „ (short) - gu'lum. Rib - - k«. „ (spotted dhjwan'ti. Redbill (porphy wa'thom. scrub) rio) „ (whip) yl'yura. or Nun'- Redhead (smal dhu'runkalim. dar. bird) „ (yellow) - mu'rai. Redbreast (small dhn'runkaljm. Song - yau'war. bird) Spear - kon'nj. Road or track kuan. Son - nu'kivar. Rope - buk'kwr or yur'- Son-in-law - ku'tharum. rw. Spider- mothar. Root - tE'raN. Spittle nuin. Sap - kak'ke. Stink - bu'ga or bua. Scrub - dhu'ri. Stone - dhak'ke. ,, turkey wa'wwn. Stump kam'gila. Scorpion yi'lai. Star - kal'bar. * See Blaohfellow, which is translated dhcm.—E. M. C. 202 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Nouns — contimued. Squirrel Summit Sun - Sundown . - Sunrise Sweat - Scar (ornamental Taste - Tail ■- mubjr. ba'riNa. Nu'rwindh or tj'rum. ti'rumka'rin. ti'rum won'dan. Nu'yMm. mu'lar. bon'dha. dh«n. Tree honeysuckle- bo'tharom. „ ironbark - dhu'bMn. „ „ (broad bul'lel. leafed) „ ironwood - nan'garin. „ MoretonBay ku'rand«r. ash „ oak (silky) yul'lo. (Grevillea robuata). „ oak (swamp)- bil'lai. Tear -. Ni'yul. „ pine - kw'nam. Thigh- - - tE'raNordhE'raN. ,, red-gum dhom'ba. Throat Thunder - yip'pi. mum'ba. „ stinging ,, stringybark- gim'pi. dhu'wai. Tin vessel - kak'kar. „ ti nam'bwr. To-day gi'lumba or ta'li. „ wattle (black) dhil'gar. To-morrow - ■ nuin'go or yir'ki. „ „ (green bu'pin. Tomahawk - mu'yam. Turkey (scrub) - wawttn. Tongue ' Tooth - - tu'num. - dhaN'ka. Uncle . - - Urine - kom'mi. ka'bur. Top - barai'yir or ba'- Vein - - - kak'ke. ritha. Vine - yur'r«. Twilight - (1) buin mul'lw, Wallaby - wol'lan. (2) mul'lMbon. Water kuN. Track - - kuan. Water rail - dha'ran and Tree - - dhu. dhim. „ apple - ■ bu'pM. Watershed - nuk'kM. „ bastard box - dhin'kar. While, a little - tal'liya. ,, blackbutt - dhu'lar. White cockatoo - gi'gam. - „ bloodwood - btt'nar. White-hooded kaN'ka. ,, blue-gum - yir'ra. eagle ,, bottle - - bi'rimgan. .Whiskers - ys'ran. ,, .box - min'ka. Wind - bu'ran. ,, bunya - - bon'yi. Wing - kun'di. „ cabbage - ka'wa. Woman (old) ma'run. „ cabbage-palm pi'bjn. „ (White) ■ dha'ran. „ cedar - - wut'dha. „ (generally yi'ran. „ cherry - bir'ra bir'ra. Wife - • ma'limgan. ,, currajong - ka'yan, kwn'ma- Wood - - dhu. rim. Woodpecker ■ yin'dirin. ,, dogwood - mam'bw. Worm - ku'laren. ,, grass - - dhak'ka. Yesterday - - Nam'ba. MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 203 Active pj'ritkithum. XI V HiS. Dote - - wur'ra. Alive - (1) man'Nwr, (2) Dry - - buthttN. mur'r«mur'rM. Dull (in spirits) - yin'na. Amazed mi wu'ruwoman. Early - - dhu'lura. Angry- (1) nol'la baN'- Easy (pace) - Ni'ta. wonda mora- Empty - nol'la. man, or Eternal - Nam. (2) baN'ku, or Every - - kom'kalim. (3) yam'Nan. Fat - - (l)brak'ke, Bad - waraN. (2) ma'rom. Bald - nil'kan. Fearful (in dread) nol'la wa'rabin. Black - mul'lM. Few - - nara'NJ. Big - - yns'-9tux. First - - wu'rM. Blind - - mi gu'l«m, Flat - - ba'lan. Blunt - - gu'lwm. Fly-blown - - diNan'ga. Brave - - wa wi'dhiman. False - - dha'kan. Bright - mj kakTsiman. Full ■ - gum'ka and, wul'- Brimful tam'bwrwan. buN. Broad - - pi'ba. Foolish - nun'dal. Bushy - mot'yi Free (gratis) - yul. Charmed - man'NMr. Fresh - dhu'lwr. Cheerful - nol'la kala'NMr. Frightened - - wi'dhiman. Clear - • ku'laNMr. • Giddy - mi ku'rin or kam Clean - - kak'kal. ku'riman. Clever - - bun'ba. Glad - - nol'la yaNga'lin. Cold - - walai or wala'- Good - - kala'NMr. thau. Grey (of the hair) gi'lan. Cooked - ka'pi. jj ■ - dha'wudha'wul. Cool - - ya'gal. Greedy (selfish) - yaN'gan gi'vir. Cowardly - - wi'dhi. Haughty ■ - Nir'boman. Costive - dhu'Niin Heavy - dhi'kir. dhu'pon. Happy mun'dhar. Crooked - war'kun. Hard - - but'dha. Cruel - -' duma'riman. High - - Na'kan. Curious (strange) kar'va. Hot - - ma'riman. Damp - kam'Na. Hungry - gan'dho. Dark - wuin'dhau. Humble - mo'rombaluman. Dead - ba'luman. Hunched - bul'tyin. Deaf - (Ijpj'naNgu'lMm, Ill-natured - - ku'wai go'ran. or (2) Nu'rum. Impudent - - dha'bar. Dirty - mul'lw. Inquisitive - - bi'yan. 204 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Adjectives- —contmued. Invincible - wup'pin. Pretty - - mun'dai. Itching bi'dhaman. Quick - - (1) wai'yallo. Jealous mi kam'biman. (2) ka'la, and Kind - ko'nanboman. (3) dhal'U. Lank - dhu'NMn Quiet - - (1) dhi'ljtm, gan'dhbo. (2) dhikwl, or Large - wiu'wur. (3) konan. La2y - ka'wun ka'bi. Ready - Nam. Lean - ba'Nundom or Red - - bothar or ku'thi- dau'wan. N«r. Left-handed wi'dhONgar. Reconciled - bu'rimoraman. Life-possessing, man'NMrNMr. Restless - Nud'hulM. life-giving Right (not wrong) yam'ba. Light (in weight) nan'dimathi Ripe - - ma'rimathi. ,> (not dark) Nu'ruindhau. Rotten - bu'thi. Lively kak'ka. Scowling, sneering xwx'xu womba'li- Longing - . nol'la gu'lumbo man. man. Shady - ■ bur'pM. Loud - wop'paro or Sharp - - mun'dw go'ran. pm'arw. Short - - dhal'bwr. Like (in appear- (1) yj'kjman, Sick - - bai'yiNwr. ance) (2) yi'rina. Slippery, smooth dhan'dar. Lustful. war'raio. Skinned - dhim. ■ Mad - pj'naN gu'lwm. Sleepy- - mi buwan. Many - boN'gan or gur- Slow - - yul. win'dha. Soft - - dhulu'la. More - yan'ga. Sour - - taN'kam. Narrow dhal'bMr, Sorry - - nol'la kai'yaman. Near-sighted mi mu'piman. SmaU - - (1) dho'toarami New - dha'libandh. or (2) dha'rami Noisy - dhilil'NMr. or (3) dhom'mc None - ■ ka'bi. Spotted - ku'nubar. Old - W»'rubandh or Stinking - (1) bu'ga, or WM'ruwEndh. (2) bua, or One - ■ ka'lim or (3) buga'nwr. kwa'lim. Still - - dhi'kMl. Other - - kar'va or dha'ra. Straight - dhu'ran. Overmuch - - bam'guna. Strong - (1) but'dha. Painful - kig'yar. (2) bau'thar or Pleased - nol'la dhan'dar- bau'guthar. ban. Stupid - nun'dal. MAKY RIVER AND BUNYA BTJNYA COUNTRY. 205 Adjectives — con tirvmd. Surprised - - nol'la wu'laihan. True - - gi'vir. Sulky - - baN'kM. Ugly - - - ta'Nunba or Sunny - - nui'yim. mot'yi. Sweet - - ge'yar. Unwilling - - wa ka'wun fi'Ena- Swollen - dhu'rumi or man. wul'bu. Wall-eyed • - mi wu'lwiNwr. Tall - - guran or goran. Wanting - gu'lum. Tame - - ko'nan. Well (in health) - man'Nwrbathin. Thick - - wiN'wttr. Wet - - di'Nan. That - - mo'raNa. Weak - - ua'man mokkan. Thin - - ua'ran. White- - . - ka'kal. Thirsty - Naiyal'lo. Wild - - (1) ka'rum, cr This - - ka'riNa, (2) baN'goran. Ticklish - wi'riman. Willing - - ka'wun nBna- Tired - - Nai'ya ba'lun. man. Tight - - - but'dha and Windy - bu'rando. pi'nanj. Withered - - bu'thwN. Two - ■ bul'la. Pbon Wicked, wrong OTTNS. ■ wa'raN. I - Nai, a'dhw, or Na'dhw. We - - Na'lin. My or mine - Nan'yuNgai. You and I - - Na'linNin. Our or ours - - Na'lino or n&\vasvx. Me - - Nan'na, a'dhu, or Na'dhw. Us - - Na'lin. Thou - - Nin'dM or Nin. You - - - Nu'lam. Thy or thine - Ni'noNgai. Your or yours - Nu'lamo. Thee - - Nin'na, Nin'bola. You - - Nu'lambola. He, she, or it - Nun'daormon'da. They - - - dhi'nabit. His, hers, its - Nun'dano. Their, theirs - dhina'bano. Him, &c. - - Nun'dabola. Them - - dhina'lmbola. Another and I - No'lom. Anyone, everyone, kar'vandhilum. You two - bu'la. everybody YouaU - Own - Self - This one - Nu'pM. - NU'ka. - mit'dhi. - ka'riNa. Another's - Alone - Other - - dhomkai'yir. - mit'dhino. - kar'va or dhar'ra. That one - - ko'radhM. Some . . others kar'.va . . kar'va 206 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Pronouns — Intebbogativb. Who - - Nan'do Nan'gai. What - - Nan'do or mJ'naN- Whose - Nan'yuNgai. How many - gai. - mifia'ma or mifi- Whom and which Nan'gaimini. am'ba. Veebs. Ache - - bai'y*- Come - - ba'man. AUow - - yaNgali'noman. „ in - - ka'ri. Answer - yj'kj ya'man. „ out - - wu'rwboman. Awake - kin'ma. ,, back - - biya'boman. Bathe - - ku'NM wil'li. Cooee - - biysl'li Be - - - flE'naman. Cover - - (l)kam'biman, or Be there - • - min'dior mjn'da. (2) banj'raman. Believe - gi'viv wun'- Cross - - waN'goma,n. bomba. Cry - - du'NJman. Bite - - kai'yathin. Cut - - (1) kau'wan, or Boil - - ma'ringa. (2) wu'lathin. Bleed (intrans.) - kak'ke ba'man. Cure - - bai'yi yaNga'li- Be born - (1) dak'aman, thin. (2) won'doman. Divide (or deal wiyu'laiyM. .Break - - (l)kom'Naii, or out) (2) bu'riman. Delay - - wON'gali. Be quiet - yul nE'naman. Desist - - wonai. Bring - - ba'reman. Die - - ba'luman. Buck ■ - war'ran. Dislike - wonai. Burn (trans.) - wa'raba. Dismount - - flEndaio. ,, (intrans.) - ma'rin. To be done - - ka'bjroman. Burst - - bu'lunirra. Draft - - bun'gaman. Call - - yB'ljman. Dream - ba'riwundaman. Catch - - dhom'ma. Drink - - dha'thin.. ,-, flsh - - kau'wamathi. Drive away - mi'bamma. Care ■ - ka'wun. Drown (pass.) - (1) ka'ruman, or Carry - - womba'ljthin. (2) ka'ron. Converse - - yathu'laiyw. Dry - - dha'lman. Change - ka'riisra ma'lia. Eat - - (1) dhau, or Chase - - {!) Ahi'Tiihhi,and (2) dho'man. (2) warj'naman. Enter - - ka'rithin. Chew - - dhin'piman. Fall - - bumba'lin. Chop - - ka'NJthin, ,, upon - - womba'liman. Climb - - (l)bon'yindan,o»' Peel - - bon'dhoman. (2) won'dan. Fetch - - ba'rjman. Cause to drink - bidha'Unda. Fight - - baiyu'laiyWi MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 207 Vbbbs — continued. Find - - bat'yiman. Lift - - bun'ma. Fly (as birds) - dhu'rapian. Lie (speak falsely) (1) dha'kun ya, Forget - (1) pi'naN ba'lu- (2) yabo'liman. man,' or „ (r«cline) - yun'maman. (2) Nara'loman. Like - - ka'wun. Forgive - bon'na konan Look - - nai'yilathin. wo'nimba. Lose - - Nara'loman. Gape - - wul'lai. Love - - balu'raman. Give - - wum'Nan. Make- - yaN'goman. Gnaw - - dhan'dhoman. Make cry - duNinu'raman. Go - - - yan'man. Mark - - bandh'NMr. Go home yan'mare. Marry - (1) bin'dhamathi, Grasp - - kol'bathiTi. or (2) dhom'mo- Grow - - dhu'ruman. man. Haste - - Nam (impera- Mend - - (1) yi'lvana, or tive). (2) bau'waman. Hate - - wa ka'wun. Mount - wo'Nali. Have - - (1) kai, or Obey - - ka'lu vro'Naman. (2) min'da. Play - - - biwa'thin. Hold - - dho'mathin. Perambulate - wak'karin yan'- Help - - Nu'ponathia. dirm. Hit - - bun'baman. Prepare - nau'wapira. Issue - - bi'raman. Pull - - yu'ri. • Joke - - dha'rithin. Put - - yivari. Jump - - (l)yauwara, and „ away - - mivari (2) war'rai. „ in- - (l)kari'naman, or Kick - ■ na'ruman. (2) mo'aman. Kill ■ - bai'yiman. „ out - wuruyiva'rjthiuj. Know - Kisa - - vro'Naman. - dham'bwr bun'bi- ,, up Relish - womba'thin. - nol'la bau'wan. Laugh Leave - thin. - wa'thiman. - wo'naimathj Remember - - (1) wa pi'naNba'- luman, or (2) pj'naN bamai'thj. „ (abandon) Lend - Let (allow) - yiva'rj. won'damathi. - timba'rowa. - wum'Nan. Resemble - Return - yi'kiman. - (1) bjyam'gaiyo, or (2) bom'ko- man,0?'(3)bjya'- >. go - bin'dha. boman. „ out - wu'ruwathin. Revolve - ku'rjman. Light (kindle) ■ ba'raiyo. Ride - - kaN'kithin. „ (iutrans.) - Nan'daboman. Rise - - won'doman. 208 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Vbebs— continued. Roast - - ki'raba mor'ba. Stop (remain) - nEnai. Roll - - dhinda'Kman. „ (arrest) - kakka'rJM. Run - - bidha'ljthin. Stand - - b«'bai or bMwan. Scold - - yam'Numan. Strengthen, hold bu'dha,wathin. Scratch - dhtt'ma. fast Search • (1) wor'raman, or Suck - - bun'bjthin. (2) wa'karraio, Sweat - - NM'yamboman. or (3) kauwa'liM- Swell - - dhu'rumi. See - - nomNa'thj.' Swim - - yuNga'thin. Seek - - nar'riM. Take - - (1) kaN'go, or ' Send - - bin'dha. (2) kom'Nan, or Separate - ban'yau. (3) bumna'li. Sing - - dop'pathin. ,, back - - biya'viiadiu. Shake - - dhu'wa. ,, in (admit) - karm'dimi. ' Shell - - rai'bira. Taste - - yavan'dha. Shoot - - bun'bara. Teach - - Nutana'lia. Show - - KOm'ba. Think - - vro'NTiman or Sink - - fiin'daman. vroNaman. Sit ■ - nE'naman. Throng • - - kaka'riman. Skin - - Nol'la wul'la, Try - - - Natam. Sleep - - buan'do yun'ma- Turn (trans.) - kuri'naman. man. Tire - - Nai'ya ba'luna. Smell- . - - ba'liman. Throw - tiNga'thin. Smoke (a pipe) - kaiya'thin. ,, down - bomka'numan. Smash or strike - bon'dhira. Wait - - won'miman. Speak - - ya'man. Walk - - yul yan'man. „ quickly - yBlB'Hman. Want (require) - wandha'roman. Spear - - bau'wa. Warm- - wa'kobora. Spring up - - yj'raman. Wash - - kak'kal yiva'ri. Split - - wul'la. Watch - ninan'diman. Squeeze - (1) uau'waman, Whisper - wop'pa yEl'li. (2)buluni'raman, Whistle - - kMi'bi. (3)wo'rabu'dha- Wipe - - kak'kal gira'sili- man, (4) Nu'mra. thin. Steal - - kor'raman. Work - - yuaN'biniliii. Sting - ■ - - bau'waman. Adv] Wring the neck BEBS. - ku'namara. Above - - ba'ritha. Almost - bar. After or behind - bjya'ui. Also - - yjki. Afterwards - - bona gj'ra. Always - Nam. Alone - - ka'lim. Back - - bi'ya. MARY RIVER AND BUNYA BUNYA COUNTRY. 209 Adveebs — contimied. Before - - wu'r«m. Nowhere ka'bi. By-and-by - ■ bon'na wop'pa. Often - (1) kir'wa, and Close - - Nol'la. (2) Nam. Directly - dhali. On horseback nan'Nur. Early - - (1) dhalj, or On foot dhi'naNgo. (2) dhu'lura. Other side - gun'mani. Eternally - - Nam. Out - wu'rii. Everywhere - (l)ko'laNako'la, Slowly wop'pa or yul. or (2) we'fio Na There - kola or mola. we'no. That side - (1) non'da fion- Far - - mukir. da'ni, or (2) Farther - kila'thunda. ko'la dhu'rMni. Fast - - ka'lM. This side (1) ba'riNa, or (2) Firmly - (l)but'dha, or (2) pi'narw. ka'ri dhu'rwni. First - - wu'ra. Thus - (1) yi'ri, or For - - ka'ri (2) yi'rin. Gently Headwards, - wop'pa. by kam'Nwr. Top - (1) ba'riNa, or (2) ba'ritha. the head Under - tar'vano. Here - - (1) ka'rj, (2) kai, Vainly, in vain, f oi yul. (3) ka'dhj, (4) nothing muh. Very, very much- kar'va. If - - - (1) we'fio, or Well, rightly yam'bo. (2) bo'na. When (interrog.)- we'noboUa. How - - mi'naNgo. When (at that (1) we'fio, or Just now - - kai. time) (2) bona. Late - - Nam. Whether or not - we'flamba. More - - yaN'ga. Where (1) we'fio, or Near - - pjra'm. (2) we'nomini. Never - - wa. Whither - Nan'gaibola. No - - (1) wa, (2)wa'ka, While - bo'na. Noisily (3) ka'bi. - dhilil'baNttr. Why - (1) mina'ni, (2) wan'dhurathin, Not - - (1) wa, (2) ka'bi, (3) bar (gene- (3) mina'lo. rally with im- Yes - (1) yau'ai, or perative). Intbej ECTIONS. (2) yaau. All right - - yau'aiyauai. Well done - (1) kala'N«r, or By no means - wa wa. Signifying— (2) kaburau. Halloo - arau. Credence - im'ba. Indeed - i'Na. Pleasure - a'rirom. Just so so - - (1) e'yila, or Regret e. (2)ila, or Surprise - (1) gin'di, or (2) Nrrrr. (3) yau'aimba. Self-satisfaction moun. vor., ra. ( ) 210 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 167.— UPPER BRISBANE RIVER. By W. Landsboeottoh, Esq., and Montagi; Cukk, Esq. Two vocabularies of the language of the Upper Brisbane River, forwarded by the gentlemen named above, differ so little that only one of them is inserted. The reader may compare the translations of Blackfellow and kangaroo. The following Additional Words were supplied by Mr. Landsborongh : — Husband - nuim. Opossum-cloak - kobinga. Wife - - numgang. Lightning - - mira. Uncle - - numa. To fall - bowman. Girl - - una. To swim - kauyoo. Ornamental scars- bimdara. When- - wungang. Chin - - yakka. Here - - kunma. Ribs - - koongara. White - chilling. Neck - - bimbay. Black - - meer. Frog - - iuba. Pine-tree - - koonin. No. 167.— UPPER BRISBANE RIVER. By W. Landsbokotjgh Esq. , AND MONTAaU CUKK, ESQ. Kangaroo - - dgiu. Hand - bay or bee. Opossum - dthooan, koom- 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - Wild dog - bay. - boo-gin. 3 Blacks - One - - karro. Emu - - moee. Two - - booyoo, yerio. Black duck - - nyem. Three - - Wood duck - - Four - ., Pelican - blooguUum. Father - boba. Laughing jackass koaka. Native companion White cockatoo - gaira. Mother Sister -Elder - mwang, kame. - thadje. Crow - - wawa. ,, Younger - Swan - - meweean Brother-Elder - dooda. Egg - - Track of a foot Fish - Lobster - maa or moa. - unda. - eel. ,, Younger A young man - gibbar, keeburi An old man - yanyar. Crayfish - An old woman - yanyarin. Mosquito - - munyagurrun. A baby - barree. Fly - Snake - The Blacks - - din. - booyee. - dthun. A White man Children - - moee, mybay. - yunam. A Blackfellow - dthun. Head - - ma. A Black woman - booberim. Eye - - mia. Nose - - mi-i. Ear ■ - pinnung. UPPER BRISBANE RIVER. 211 No 167.— Upper Brisbane Rmn— continued. Mouth ■ tamboor. Boomerang - - Teeth - ding, taynang. Hill - - Hair of the heac - ma. Wood - - dnattoo. Beard - - eka, mulingin. Stone - - doee, teya. Thunder Grass - Tongue Stomach Breasts Thigh - Foot - Bone - Blood - - meera. - bun. - bokoor, - moo. - dundur, amoo. - dthungur. - dinnung, ohin- nang, - geera. - deel. Camp - Yes - No - I You - Bark - Good - Bad - Sweet - - kauime. - yow. - woka or yaka. - goin, boon. - nga. - koondoo. - kallang. - yeng, weeang. Skin - - bim. Food - - gooyoor. Fat - - mem. Hungry - dthurrii. Bowels - na. Thirsty - goonbero. Excrement - - goonang. Eat - - dthowo. War-spear - - nyam, gooranga, Sleep - - wondo. Reed-spear - - Drink - - dthow, goon- Throwing-stick - daddoo. barro. Shield - koomarri. Walk - - yango. Tomahawk - - mooyim. See - - ka, nga. Canoe - - koondoo. Sit - - yinne. Sun - - weeim. Yesterday - - moona. Moon - - ka kurra. To-day - ming. Star - - murriugum. To-morrow - - tomo, gango. Light - - koonee. Where are the wundja dthun Dark - - nwore. Blacks ? Cold - - nyaar. I don't know - waka natchi Heat - - murra, gimow. benga. Day - - kitter, maybing. Plenty - yoorun. Night - - djoo. Big - - mooanina. Fire - - kooyoom. Little - - nunana. Water - - goong. Dead - - bootir, bonja. Smoke - thoom. By-and-by - - quay. Ground - dtha. Come on - eaba, kow-wy. Wind - - boorun. Milk - - Rain - - Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts . Wife . - numgang. 02 212 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE i No. 168.— BRISBANE RIYER. TURRUBUL LANGUAGE. By the late Revd. William Ridley. The translation of my Common Vocabulary which follows was kindly made for me by the late Revd. William Ridley. In the Kamilaroi of that gentleman, Turrubul is one of the languages treated of, and from it I make the following extracts : — NOTINS. du- (suffix) signifies agency, and distinguishes the nomi- native which has a verb from the simple name. Example. 1st nominative: - - duggai - a man. 2nd nominative - - duggaidu - a man (followed by a verb), Genitive - duggainubba - of a man. Dative - dugganu - for or to a man. Accusative - - duggana - a man. Ablative - duggaibuddi - - with a man. >> " ■ - duggaiti - at a man. J) - duggaida - from a man. Plural- - duggatin - men, people. Gendbk. Difference of gender is expressed sometimes by using different words, as kruman, a male kangaroo (largest spe- cies); yimma, female kangaroo. Sometimes the suffix -gun or -un gives a feminine signi- fication, as in the proper family names, e.g., derwain, derwaingun; bundar, bundargun; bandur, bandurun; also nurring (son), nurringgun (daughter). BRISBANE RIVER. 213 Verbs. The most remarkable feature in tlie grammar of the Australian languages is the very extensive inflection of the verbs. The voices, active, reciprocal, causative, permissive, &c., are numerous; and the tenses are adapted to express various slight modifications of past and future. 214 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 168.— BRISBANE RIVER-TURRUBUL LANGUAGE. By the late Rbvd. Willam Ridley. Kangaroo - kurooman,murri. Hand - - murra. Opossum kubbi. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - meye, mirri. 3 Blacks Wild dog - ngulgul. Emu - nguyi. One - - kunnar. Black duck - nar. Two - - boodela. Wood duck ngulgul (?). Three - - muddan. Pelican bulualum. Pour - - boodela-boodela. Laughing jackass kakoowan. Father - bing, booba. Native companion White cockatoo kaiyar. Mother - poojang. Crow - wowul, wowa. Sister-Elder - mungungkul. Swan - „ Younger - dadi. Egg - - Brother-Elder - ngubbunga. Track of a foot ■ ,, Younger duangal. Msh - kuiyur. Lobster A young man - kippa. Crayfish An old man- - Mosquito - tibing. An old woman - Ply - doodunburra. A baby - mooalam. Snake - yuun, kabul. A White man - magui, makoran The Blacks - tyan or dum- Children - mammul. boing. A Blaokf ellow - dan- tyan. Head - - magool, kom. A Black woman - yeran, ingaran. Eye - - mia, mil. Nose - mooro. Ear - - pidua. BRISBANE RIVER. 215 No. 168. — Beisbane River — Tubeubul Language — amtirmed. Mouth - tamburu. Boomerang - - barrakadan. Teeth - - tier. Hill - . Hair of the head kabui. Beard - - yeren. Wood - bagur. Thunder - moombal. Stone ■ - nullungirra. Grass - - bungil. Camp - - Tongue - Yes - - yoai. Stomach - tiggeri. No - - yugar, wookka Breasts - tundera. Thigh - - durra. I - ngutta, atta. Foot - - tidna. You - - nginta, inda. Bone - - tjirben. Bark - - Blood - • kaoun, giwoor. Good - - murroomba. Skin - - Bad - . Pat - _ Bowels . Sweet - Excrement - - kudena, bandiko, Food - - dual (dog's); Hungry - waiara. gunang (ox's). Thirsty War-spear - - bila.n. Eat - Reed-spear - Wommera or ■ Sleep - - boogan. throwing-stick Drink - - Shield - - kuntan. Walk - Tomahawk - - See - nauni. Canoe - koondu. Sit - - nginnen. Sun - Moon - - bigi, kuiyar. - killen, baboon. Yesterday - - Star - - mirregia. To-day - Light - - kittibilla. To-morrow - - Dark - - koorunkoorun. Where are the Cold - - igil. Blacks ? Heat - _ I don't know _ Day - - bigi, kuiyar. Night - - ngoonnoo. Plenty - Fire - - kuddum or kui- Big - - kuroomba. yum. Little - - Water - tabbU. Dead - Smoke - duun. By-and-by - Ground - yarun Come on . Wind - - Milk - . Rain - . God - - moombal, mirir, Eaglehawk - - dibbil. burrai. Wild turkey - Ghosts - magui, makorou. Wife - - mirru. BOOK THE TWELFTH. BOOK THE TWELFTH. PREFATORY REMARKS. Of the tribes dealt with in this book, those which inhabit the shores of the mainland show in their languages a close relationship, and remind us of the fact that every tribe prefers the neighbour whose customs, food-supply, and mode of life resembles its own. 220 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 169.— CONDAMINE AND CHARLEY'S CREEK— MURRUM- NINGAMA TRIBE. FOBWAEDED BY THE COMMISSIONER OP POLICE, BRISBANE. appears as Kangaroo - groomon Opossum groona. Tame dog - buggin. Wild dog - wage. Emu - mooe. Black duck - moonrm. Wood duck - Pelican giteum. Laughing jackass kakkage Native companion mendra. White cockatoo gera. Crow - wa. Swan - Egg - - mor. Track of a foot tumba. Pish - marea. Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - ding. Fly ■ Snake - • booe. The Blacks - booa. A Blackfellow garoon. A Black woman geran. Nose - mia. y be compared. Kungi = thirsty. n the Barcoo. Hand - ■ ma. 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - Two - grogna. Three - grunda. Four - Father ■ babo. Mother - moang. Sister-Elder - morun. „ Younger Brother-Elder - towin. „ Younger A young man - kipper. An old man - gringa. An old woman - bubram. A baby - gugroo. A White man - krabe. Children - Head - - mow. Eye ■ - maye. Ear - - binang. CONDAMINB AND CHARLEY'S CREEK. 221 No. 169. — CONDAMINE AND ChARLEY'S CrEEK — MTIBRTrMNINGAMA Tribe — continued. Mouth kam. Boomerang - buramna. Teeth - deang. Hill - Hair of the head kamee. Wood - doodoo. Beard - - eka. Stone - die. Thunder - - meera. Camp - murrun. Grass - - bunn. Yes - Tongue - punnan. No - Stomach - kumde. I Breasts - dundara. You - Thigh - - genar. Bark - tundo. Foot - - ginang. Good - kulang. Bone - - dea. Bad - Blood - - dunde. Skin - Sweet - kambora Fat - Pood - doeo. Bowels - Hungry tiroy. Excrement - - Thirsty kungi. War-spear - - ngea. Eat - Reed-spear - - Sleep - Throwing-stick - Drink - Shield - - gumurry. Walk - Tomahawk - - nyam. See - Canoe - - kundung. Sit - Sun - - genan. Yesterday - Moon - Star - - gooea. - koge. To-day Light - - koomi. To-morrow - Dark - - mulkan. Where are the Cold - - Blacks ? Heat - - agga. I don't know Day - - daroo. Plenty Night - - mulkan. Big - - Fire - - kooinim. Little - Water- - koom. Dead - - bonang. Smoke - dumda. By-and-by - Ground - jaw. Come on Wind- - buran. Milk - Rain - - merria. Eaglehawk - God - - Wilk turkey woun. Ghosts - mooeimng. Wife - numgun. 322 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 170.— STKADBROKE AND MOEETON ISLANDS. GOENPUL, WOGEE, AND NOONUKUL TRIBES. By Geokge Watkin, Esq., and J. E. Hamilton, Esq. The following information relative to the three tribes named above was forwarded to me by Mr. George Watkin ; a second vocabulary also of the Jandai language, which it has not been thought necessary to insert, was kindly sent to me by Mr. J. E. Hamilton. An incomplete vocabulary of the Moondjan language, which much resembles Jandai, which Mr. Watkin forwarded, is also omitted. The Goenpul tribe occupies the central and southern portion of Stradbroke Island, and its language is called Jandai. The Noonukul tribe owns the northern portion of that island, and its language is called Moondjan. The Wogee tribe occupies Moreton Island, and its language is called Goowar or Gooar. The name of the language, in each of these cases, is the equivalent of no, as the reader will see in two instances by turning to the attached vocabularies. STRADBROKE AND MORETON ISLANDS. 223 The following particulars apply to tlie remnants of the three tribes who now live pretty much together. Their number amounts to about 65 persons. Many of them are half-castes, others quadroons, and females largely predomi- nate. Since the year 1868, Mr. Watkin remarks that their numbers have fallen off at least one-half. Eeading over that gentleman's replies to my questions, little information is to be gathered which has not been already laid before the reader in connection with other tribes. It may be remarked, however, that ornaments are worn made of the nautilus shell ; that spears are thrown by hand, and boomerangs of both sorts are in use. Water is carried in the sheaths of the Seaforthia palm. Fish, honey, and snakes are amongst the principal articles of food, as well as the fern-root (JmngwaV), which is (or was) beaten into a pulp between two stones, and then baked like a damper in the ashes, or cooked on the coals. Particular sorts of food were forbidden to the males at certain ages, others to the women in general, and others to women whilst pregnant. Many years ago small-pox is reported to have ravaged these islands; our occupation of which took place in 1824 or 1825, at which period a branch penal settle- ment was formed on Stradbroke. Class-marriage still prevails, and in the Goenpul tribes the names of the classes, male and female, are Bandoor, Bandoorookuu; Bunta, Buntagun; Barang, Barangun; Darawan, Darawangun. Marriages take place both within and without the tribe. Children, of course, belong to the tribe of the father. Males are scarred for ornament on the chest, back, and arms; females on the arms and legs. The last joint of the little finger of one hand used to be taken off. Preparatory to burial, the corpse is made into the shape of a ball. In these tribes, as in all others of which accounts have reached me, consumption is the general cause of deaths. A messenger sent to another tribe carries a notched stick with him, the size of one's finger. The custom prevails of an old man in times of illness sucking the part in pain, and pretending to extract by his lips or teeth a piece of wood, which he spits out. The people of these tribes have no 224 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: objection to tell their names, as The following is a list of them, we know many others have, male and female: — Namea of Men. Names of Women. Kunjo. Nuraneum. Peeamareeba Kuranpin. Tikukka. Gmirradju. Ween. Boonbinpin. Nuggin. Toompanee. Gootenoo. Quelbeean. Weedjumpare- Djurpoorbudjur. Kmgalmoon- jipimba. gun. Kooroo. Doodaree. Curreewurryba. Kindara. Nundgily. Nookembar. Gnoonoopi. Atta-oarrara Gnoonappee. Pubbal. Mudloomba. Puddlin. Ngamingba. Wunnycunny. Pirrinpirrinba. Cununou. Buddla. Mumbyeeba. Djaroowan- Nunko. Boodlumberr. Biteeri. cowan. Geera. Boodjoombirree- Wilcoonareeba. Dimbal. Eeree. bar. Timbin. Djilmorr. Pimbeean. Doomallee. Treppen. Djaium. Ki'tita. Kunaroombar. Yaggojay. Weeneeba. Tchilper. Ngoomgarroo. Goobee. Beemee. Millingirr. Billoonga. Gindareeba. Killil-kiim. Oonto. Djoonabin. Goombilleba, Timgil. Kooloom. Wapumareeba. Boodjarpin. Waggun. Wyan. Tudloalbun. Kuttageeri. Toharoheedun- Boondooba. Coora. Yillaroon. areeba. Djurrgeerun ■ Additional Won ,DS AND Phkases. Wallaby - - boogal. Brother-in-law - kabakerie. Bandicoot - - yagooi. Aunt - - maran. Rat - - kooril. Uncle - - kame. Plying fox - - kieraman. Husband - noogoonping. Dugong - yimgan. Wife - - noogoonpingun. Mullet - andekal. North wind - tinbin. Schnapper - - pimba. South wind - booran. Stingaree - - bangko. East wind • - winohia. Oyster - kinyingarra. West wind ■ tchoongie. Pearl oyster - koanpe. Creek - - warril. Crab - - yeerin. Clouds - kalen. Black snake - doomgoor. Native flax - imboon. Whip snake - deerooyn. Leaves - kajal. Carpet snake - kabool. J^ViV V \./w Deaf adder - - mooloomkul. Woman's ba g - goolay. Elbow - goontie. Yam-stick - kalgooro.* Want - - wangie-wangie. Red (blood) - kowan. Forehead - - yelim. Stringybark -tree goondool. Widower - - boorgoon. To strike - bomar. * In other dialects we have kaalk, meaning wood and also spear, STRADBROKE AKD MORBTON ISLANDS. 225 Additional Words You go, I will Gobana inter, come by-and-by utcha baro balgalpin. I dreamed about Utcha ine bibooii' you mare. Who told you? ■ Ando ine yare? Sit (down) - - Yinila. Get up - - Balka. What (are) you Minango inter laughing at? giadan? Where (are) you Wunya inter going? yeranya? AND Phkasbs — contirmed. I will cut you Who cut you? Cut it - Have you eaten? - Tell your father - You lie How many did you get? Let go - Are you awake ? - I laughed (till I) died and stunk Utcha ine kabale- wa. Andoo ine kabal? Kapa. Tchare inter ? Bing inter yalwa. Nyalangken inter Minyambo inter maan? Wia. Meal-panye inter ? Gindan utcha kangere booghor. 226 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 170.— STRADBROKE AND MORETON ISLANDS— GOENPDL TRIBE, JANDAI LANGUAGE. By Geoeoe Watkin, Esq. Kangaroo - maree. Hand- - murra. Opossum goopee. 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - mee. 3 Blacks - _ Wild dog - ungal. One - - kunara. Emu - moorun. Two - - boodla. Black duck - ngou. Three - - boodla kunara. Wood duck Pelican tchoongarra. Four - - boodla boodla. Laughing jackass kakoom. Father - bing. Native compa.nion tchoongee. Mother - budjong. White cockatoo - keara. Sister-Elder - djuddin. Crow - wokkun. „ Younger - mungakul. Swan - maroochie. Brother-Elder - nabong. Egg - - kongkong. Track of a foot - ,, Younger goangul. Fish - joon. A young man - goominguin. Lobster An old man - budjaar. Crayfish An old woman - wolh'ngar. Mosquito - dibbing. A baby - urumkun. Fly - Snake - - - poolooloom. kabool. A White man - degga. The Blacks - malar. Children - numil-numil, A Blaokfellow - malar. kin-kin. A Black woman - tchundal. Head - - magool. jundab. Eye - - mel. Nose . - - mooroo. Ear - - pidna. STRADBROKB AND MORBTON ISLANDS. 227 No. 170.- Stkadbroke and Moreton Islands- Jandai Language— cowiirewoZ. -GoENPUL Tribe, Mouth - wungaw. Boomerang - - barengun. Teeth - - deea. Hill - - beppo. Hair of the head - magool. Wood - - bummal. Beard - - yerren. Stone - - mudlo. Thunder - - moo-gara. Camp - - oompi. Grass - - bingil. Yes - - yawoi. Tongue - djurgoom. No - - jandai. Stomach - diggori. I - naree, utoha. Breasts - ummoo. You - - inta, iue. Thigh- - - booyoo. Bark - - woodgooroo. Foot - - tchidna. Good - - maroomba. Bone - - tcheerben. Bad - - wadley. Blood - - kowan Sweet - - kubba. Skin - - - moyen. Food - - tchindgen. Fat - - dingal. Hungry - waara. Bowels - Thirsty - kudna. Excrement - - koodna. Eat - - tudleba. War-spear - - kuni. Sleep - - - boogun. Reed-spear - - Drink - - tudleba. Throwing-sticli Shield- - - koontaw. Walk - - yieba. Tomahawk - - waggar. See - - neemgeeba. Canoe - - koondool. Sit - - ninila. Sun - - biggee. Yesterday - - nooboogooboo. Moon - - killen. To-day - booren. Star - - - mirreegen. To-morrow - - koodgoondaboo. Light - - dudlen. Where are the wuimia malar ? Dark - - koodgoom. Blacks? Cold - - tantan. I don't know - atcha djookoora Heat - - nunka. Plenty - munyal. Day - - biggee. Big - - - kroomba. Night - - koodgoom. Little - - beerpa. Fire - - djarlo. - tobbil. Water Dead - - kungera. Smoke - tohummoo. By-and-by - - baro. Ground - djara. Come on - bulka. Wind - - kubbee-kubbee. Milk - - ummoobin. Rain - . Baglehawk - - God - - - WUd turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - noogoopingun. P2 228 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 170.— MORETON ISLAND— WOGEE TRIBE, GOOWAR LANGUAGE. By Geoege Watkin, Esq. Kangaroo - - maree. Hand - - kining. Opossum - - goopee. 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - - ngaagum. 3 Blacks - . Wild dog - - One - - kurraboo. Emu - - Two - - boodla. Blaok duck - - ngou. Three - - mudjen. Wood duck- _ Pour - - boodla boodla Pelican - tchoongara. Laughing jackass kakoogun. Father - be-en. Native companion killilkillil. Mother - ngabbon. White cockatoo - gaya. Sister-Elder - butanga. Crow - - warbaen. „ Younger - wuppoonga. Swan - - kingoyung. Brother-Elder - kouren. Egg - - kubooee. Track of a foot - tohinda. ,, Younger punnaba. Pish -- - djaloom. A young man - goomingan. Lobster - An old man - meendoora. Crayfish - An old woman . Mosquito - - woondoondoo. A baby - whyen. riy - Snake - - djoomgoo. A White man - kurrapee. The Blacks - - mugee. Children - - A Blackfellow - mugee. Head - - kumbee. A Black woman djalan. Eye - - mee. Nose - - baar. Ear - - pinnung. MORETON ISLAND. 229 No. 170.— MoEETON Island— WooEE Tribe, Goowar Lanquagb— continued. Mouth - ynllin. Boomerang - - ngarrenga. Teeth - - deerun. Hill - - Hair of the heac - kumbee. Wood - - bummal. Beard - - yurren. Stone - - gooeean. Thunder - - moogara. Camp - - dinum. Grass - - weedjun. Yes ■ - yooi. Tongue - djurgoom. No - - gooar or goowar Stomach - nunemboo. I - - - nga. Breasts - umbooun. You - - ngin, ine. Thigh - - booyoo. Bark - . Foot - - djinung. Good - - kooemba. Bone - - tchiggil. Bad - - worrang. Blood - - goora. Sweet - - kooemba. Skin - - mooren Pood - - tchindjen. Fat - Bowels - dinga. Hungry - kubeeri. Excrement - . Thirsty - boonyun. War-spear - - tchingoor Eat - - tudlaar. Reed-spear - - Sleep - - yoonmaar. Throwing-stick - Drink - - towaar. Shield - bringabunga. Walk - - yudni. Tomahawk - - meerangun. See - - ngaigga. Canoe - - oobum. Sit - - ylnnaar. Sun - - boodlooar. Yesterday - - woaraboo. Moon - - killen. To-day - woondjer. Star - - meenun. To-morrow - - koondjakaboo. Light - - boodjoora. Where are the Dark - - kuppee. Blacks ? Cold - - wareng. I don't know - gooar natchoo Heat - - oolbillee. kunee bumba. Day - - - boodloongun. Plenty - munyal. Night - - - kuppee. Big - - - gooraba Fire - - dargee. Little - - ngumbaar. Water - kuppeng. Dead - - kuTiTieer. Smoke - djoonbar. By-and-by - - moota. Ground - boobeerun. Come on - buggaar. Wind - - Milk - - umboonbin. Rain - - punna. Eaglehawk - - God - - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - oopar. 230 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE : In this language, the Goowar, we find maree= kangaroo and mugee=^ Blackfelloni, both words probably corruptions of murri; also ngahhon (ngaboon ?') =^mother one of the many variations we meet of the word amoo or ammoo, cir- cumstances to which attention has already been directed more than once. For head and hair there is likewise but one equivalent, another common Australian feature. The negative adverb in this case is the name of the language and not of the tribe. BETWEEN THE ALBERT AND TWEED RIVERS. 231 No. 171.— BETWEEN THE ALBERT AND TWEED EIVERS. By T. de M. M. Pbiok, Esq., W. Landsbobough, Esq., W. G. White, Esq., and J. O'Connoe, Esq. The vocabularies attached are from the closely-related dia- lects spoken by the tribes whose country extends from the Albert River nearly to the Tweed. From the replies to my questions given by Mr. Landsborough I learn that small-pox kiUed off a large portion of these tribes, both prior to the appearance of the Whites in this part of the continent and subsequently. Children, as in all other cases which have come to my knowledge, belong to the tribe of the father. Girls have the little finger of the left hand cut off in infancy. The equivalent of the Blacks, meebin, means Eaglehawk. To drink is rendered eat mater. 232 THE AUSTRALLIN RACE: No. 17L-BBTWEBN THE ALBERT AND TWEED RIVERS. By T. de M. M. Pkioe, Esq. In this vocabulary, fire,, wood, and camp are all rendered, and I have no doubt correctly, by the word wyba/ra. Kangaroo - munni. Hand - tungan. Opossum noun. 2 Blacks - bulabe mibiu. Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - moggum. 3 Blacks - One - yabaro mibin Black duck - mar. Two - bulabe. Wood duck Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion combawir. tangara. gagou. Three - Pour - Father yabaro. biol. White cockatoo gara. Mother wardon, Crow - Swan - Egg - - columbrun and colgrow. morgoutche, pigaraqin. unga, cobin. Sister-Elder , , Younger Brother-Elder - ,, Younger manou. cagou. Track of a foot - goulgan. A young man - gibara. Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - mondura. An old man An old woman A baby - gidou. merougan. yourangan. Fly ■ tumbara. A White man - carabie. Snake - The Blacks - A Blackfellow woralba. mibin, bigall. mibin. Children Head - - didum. - borow. A Black woman - dugalgan. Eye - - me. Nose - raoran. Ear - - binum. BETWEEN THE ALBERT AND TWEED RIVERS. 233 No. 171. — Between the AriHERi AND Tweed 'Rivbus— continued. Mouth - jarbe. Boomerang - - Teeth - - gidun. Hill - - Hair of the heac - oondur. Wood - - wybara. Beard - - yaran. Stone - - dao. Thunder - Grass - inigobal, dugal. - yethung. Camp - - wybara. Tongue - doroum. Yes - - ewewy. Stomach - moun. No - - wona. Breasts - ama. I Thigh ■ - doroo. You - - walo. Foot - - chinang. Bark - - barou. Bone - - Good - Blood - - goonar. Bad - - Skin - - youra. Sweet - - bagal. Fat - - codgaro. Food - - tala. Bowels Excrement - - gidgura. - toroo. Hungry - cobry. War-spear - - duan. Thirsty - boricout. Reed-spear - - (not used). Eat - - tala. Womjnera or (not used). Sleep - - moram. throwing-stick Drink - - Shield - buga. Walk - - yamba. Tomahawk - - bundan. See - ■ uani. Canoe - - Sit - - yangalla. Sun - - yalgan. Yesterday - - moko. Moon - - gibou. To-day - baiad Star - - ombrun. To-morrow - - mobo. Light - - burrabil. Where are the Dark - - alo. Blacks? Cold - Heat - • waring. - bou. I don't know - yagam canaba Day - - manga. Plenty - caral. Night - - - youan. Big - - - Fire - - wybara. Little - - bigaut. Water - yong. Dead - - Smoke - doum. By-and-by - - Ground - dagom. Come on - guai. Wind- - borugin. Milk - - Rain - - gwom. Eaglehawk - - God - - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - , 234 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE ; No. 17L— BETWEEN THE ALBERT AND TWEED RIVERS. FOEWABDED BY W. LaNDSBOEOTJGH, EsQ. CONJOINTLY. AND W. G. White, Kangaroo - munni. Hand - - tongan. Opossum quini. 2 Blacks - - budla meebin. Tame dog - nogum. 3 Blacks - - budla yabberoo Wild dog - urugin. meebin. Emu - Black duck - Wood duck - Pelican mara. One - Two - Three - - yabberoo. - budla. - budla yabberoo. Laughing jackass kaagoon. Native companion murlrule. White cockatoo - kirra. Four - Father Mother - peeung. - wadjung. Crow - waughan. Sister-Elder - nanang. Swan - duUa. ,, Yoimger - yeragoong. Egg ■ - - kongan. Brother-Elder - kogung. Track of a foot Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - - - chirrada. challoom. mendura. toonburri. ,, Younger bunang. A young man - keeburra. An old man - keejom. An old woman - marungan. A baby - - jargum. Snake - derin. A White man - daggie. The Blacks - ohinaba. Children - - mooyum. A Blackfellow - meebin. Head - - boweroo. A Black woman - chalgun. Eye - - mee. Nose - murru. Ear - - binnang. BETWEEN THE ALBERT AND TWEED RIVERS. 235 No. 171. — Between the Albert and Tweed Rtvees — continued. Mouth - chang. Boomerang ■ ■ burragan. Teeth - - titang. Hill - - toolagal. Hair of the heac - buraugh. Wood - - challe. Beard - - yireen. Stone - - bunding. Thunder - - moogarra. Camp - - teemun. Grass - Tongue - yeechang. - tirrajong. Yes - - yo. Stomach - moo. No - ugum. Breasts - namma. I - nunyee. Thigh - - cherang. You - - wallo. Foot - - chiimang. Bark - - koonjool. Bone - - durrigan. Good - - - bunyarra. Blood - - koomera. Bad - - chang. Skin - - - nullm. Sweet - - bunyarra. Fat - - kadjeroo. Food .- _ Bowels - giddirra. Hungry - koobberi. Excrement - - goonang. Thirsty - naywin. War-spear - - toowan. Eat - - challalla. Reed-spear - - (none used). Throwing- stick - jabberee. Sleep - - woorwan. Shield - kootan. Drink - challalla koong. Tomahawk - - pondan. Walk - - yingalla. Canoe - - koondool. See - - ni-in. Sun - - yangay. Sit - - Moon - - keebom. Yesterday - - Star - - qweeunggung. To-day - byein. Light - - qangay. To-morrow - nooboo. Dark - - nandiddi. Where are the yellameebin? Cold - - warring. Blacks ? Heat - - noong. I don't know - yoogum niga. Day - - yungai. Plenty - kurrul. Night - - nandiddi. Big - - - kum. Fire - - wyebra. Little - - peechangguUan Water - koong. Dead - - koorooboo. Smoke - choim. By-and-by • - yoojang. Ground - chagoon. Come on - quowee. Wind- - yirragay. Milk - - Raln - - quang. Eaglehawk - - meebun. God - - - Wild turkey - waagoon. Ghosts - maugooi. Wife - - neebungan. 236 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : No. 171.— BETWEEN THE ALBERT AND TWEED RIVERS. By J. O'Connor, Esq. Kangaroo - money. Hand - - kungal. Opossum newung. 2 Blacks - - boolaroo bigul. Tame dog - nugem. 3 Blacks - - boolaroo yaburu Wild dog - yeroging. bigul. Emu - wooring. One - - yaburu. Black duck - mara. Two - - boolaroo. Wood duck- cumbabin. Pelican juugara. Three - - boolaroo yaburu Laughing jackass kagorim. Four or more - gurul. Native companion dumbel. Father - beung. White cockatoo kaira. Mother - weathung. Crow - waagun. Sister-Elder - nanang. Swan - - dute. ,, Younger - yeargong. Egg - - - kabun. Brother-Elder - kagoon. Track of a foot - goolgun. „ Younger bunam. Fish - ■ (no general term). Lobster - (not known). A young man - jebur. Crayfish - galoom. An old man - kedjum. Mosquito - - munjur. An old woman - merroongun. Ply - - - djunburra. A baby - tchadum. Snake - - dunnara. A White man - tugi. The Blacks - - mebing. Children - tchadum. A Blackfellow - bigul. Head - - bowro. A Black woman Eye - - me. Nose - - murro. Ear - - benung. BETWEEN THE ALBERT AND TWEED RIVERS. 237 No. 171.— B ETWEEN THE AlBEBI AND Tweed Rtvsbs— continued. Mouth - jaim. Boomerang - Teeth - - derung. Hill - - Hair of the heac - goendiim. Wood - - taUe. Beard - - yarund. Stone - - yeron. Thunder - - maigwel. Camp - - y-bur-a (lit. = Grass - - eedung. fire). Tongue - djergung. Yes - - yo. Stomach - djulba. No - - yaoum. Breasts - dumerogun. I - nio. Thigh - - taryung. You - - waaloo. Foot - - tchemmg. Bark - - burwool. Bone - - taregun. Good - - bowgal. Blood - - - goomera. Bad - - tohung. Skin - - ulun. Sweet - - bowgul. Fat - - kudgera. Food - - nungun. Bowels - bulen. Hungry - cobbere. Excrement - - goonung. Thirsty - coonge. War-spear - - joan. Eat - - tchabbe. Reed-spear - ■ (not known). Wommera or Sleep - - nora,Tn. throwing-stiok Drink - - coontchabbe. Shield - buga. Walk - - yanbe. Tomahawk - - bundan. See - - narbe. Canoe - - gundool. Sit - - yaanbe. Sun - - yalgun. Yesterday - - wooboo. Moon - - gireum. To-day - burang. Star - - kuroomgun. To-morrow - - wooboo. Light of day „ fire - burbil. - tchalgi. Where are the Blacks ' yillim mebing ? Dark - - nuUu. •AJi^A/X^J^ty • Cold - - - waring. I don't know - yeleyou. Heat - - numgul. Plenty - gurul. Day - - numagera. Big - - cuml. Night - - woolaroon. Little - - bitcha-gul-ung. Fire - - y-bur-a. Dead - - gilvmgwend. Water - coon. By-and-by - - uyou. Smoke - djum. Come on - gooway. Ground - igoon. Milk - Wind- Raiu - - yarga. - goo-ong. Eaglehawk - God - - . Wild turkey Ghosts . Wife - 238 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: In addition to his vocabulary, Mr. O'Connor sends me the following tenses of verbs, from the language of the Ipswich tribe, which I do not think are perfectly correct : — To Run. PRESENT INDICATIVE. I run - - nio gowralla. We run - nule gowrea. Thou ruTinest - You run - waaloo gowrai. He runs - gille gowrin. They run - - kaam gowxio. PERFECT TENSE. I ran - - nio gowrin. We ran - nule gowrin. Thou rannest You ran - waaloo gowriu. He ran - gille gowrin. They ran - - kaam gowriu. FUTURE TENSE. I will run - - gowraila nio. We will run - nuleboo gowrea. Thou wilt run You will run - waaloo nure gow- rai. He will run - gille nure gow- They will run - kaam nure gow- rai. ' rai. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Run - - gowrai. Let us run - - nuline gowraima. Let him run - gilane gowraima. Let them run - kaam gowraima To Go. PEBSENl ' TENSE. Igo - - galong nio yan- They go - kaam jangooroo gala. yangala. You and I go nule waaboo Thou goest - - yanbe He goes - gille wangoor Georgy and I go nule boolung yanna. Georgi yangalla. Georgy and Billy boolagum jan- We go - nule yango. go gooroo yangalla You go - neremum yanna, Georgi Billi, BETWEEN THE ALBERT AND TWEED RIVERS. 239 To Go — continued. PEEFECT TENSE. I went Thou wentest He went We went ■ You went - I will go Thou wilt go He will go ■ We will go ■ You will go Let me go - Go thou Let him go Let us go - mo yaane. gala waaboo yea- nee. gille wangoor yaane. nule yaane. waaloo yaane. FUTURE nio warnwe yan- galla. waaboo mire yaane. gUle yanbe. nula nure yanbe. ■ guremung yanbe They went - - kaam wangoor yaane. You and I went - nule waaboo yaane. Georgy and I went nule boolung yeanee Georgi. Georgy and Billy boolagum jan- went gooroo yeamee Georgi Billi. TENSE. They will go -kaam jungooroo yangin. You and I will go nule waaboo nure yanbe. Georgy and I will nuleboolungnure go Georgi yangaba. Georgy and Billy gille jangooroo will go yangala booba- jun Georgi BUli. IMPERATIYB. guUum nio yan- gen. waaloo yaana. gulum yangen. gulum nule boo- lung yangen. Let Georgy and gulum nule boo- me go Go you two Let them go lung Georgi yan- gen. - boolagum gulum yaana. - gulum kaam yan- beenma. I see - Thou seest He sees We see You see I will see - Thou wilt see He will see We will see You will see nio nanee. waaloo nanee. gille nanee, nule nanee. nuremung gundu nanee. To See. PRESENT TENSE. They see - - kaamboo nanee. You and I see - nule waaboo nanee. Georgy and I see- nule Georgi nanee. Georgy and Billy Billi boolagundoo see nanee Georgi PUTUEB. nio woolong nabe. waaboo nabe. gille nabe. nule nabe. naremung gandu nurewa. They will see - gala yonngwe nanee. You and I will nule waaboo nure see woolong nabe, Georgy and I will Georgi nule nabe, see Georgy and Billy Georgi Billi boo- will see lagundoo nanee. 240 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 172.— NERANG CREEK. By F. Fowler, Esq. Feom this neighbourhood a second vocabulary, which I have not thought it necessary to insert, was kindly forwarded to me by F. Nixon, Esq. Mr. Fowler gives the following Additional "Words. The words canoe and bark may be com- pared. The canoe is a sheet of bark, shaped in a particular way: — Fresh-water tcherun. Iguana - yowgerer. Salt-water - yeengeree. Wood grub - - tabbun. Mud - tuUung. Oysters - moongul. Corroboree - arri. Mussel - piggara. Long - yerribil. River - - boUun. Swimming - wy-woni. Creek - - kuraby. Honey kudja. Flood tide - - yangi. Fishing net - irribun. Ebb tide - - koongajurar. No. 172.— NEI lANG CREEK. By F. Fo-v rLEE, Esq. Kangaroo - groman. Hand - - tungun. Opossum gueyan. 2 Blacks - - boolara mibbin. Tame dog - nogum. 3 Blacks - - boolraybara mib Wild dog - uragin. bin. Emu - ooroon. One - - yabroo. Black duck - marra. Two - - boolara. Wood duok- Pelican • tchungarry. Three - - boolrayabra. Laughing jackass Native companion - kagoon. moorlmum. Four - Father - boola-boola. - beeyung. White cockatoo kaara. Mother - wyung. Crow - waguu. Sister-Elder - nunong. Swan - kimgroo. „ Younger - Egg - - cobyoon. Brother-Elder - punnam. Track of a foot churria. „ Younger Fish - - tulum. A young man - murrowgwun. Lobster mooban. An old man - kidgum. Crayfish moolan. An old woman - mirrigwun. Mosquito - Fly - Snake - moongero. wogan. A baby A White man - charchum. - duokering. The Blacks - mibbin. Children - - charchum. A Blackf ellow - bagal. Head - - kungrer. A Black woman ■ chalgan. Eye - - mee. Nose mooroo. Ear - - binnung. NERANG CREEK. 241 No. 172.— Nerang Cr^^k— continued. Mouth - tumbroo. Teeth - - dirrung. Hair of the head - poweroo. Beard - - yerrin. Thunder - - moogerer. Grass - - ejung. Tongue - yebbin. Stomach - moong. Breasts - umma. Thigh - - murrung. Foot - - tchinnong. Bone - - terragun. Blood - - pudgel. Skin - - ulan. Fat - - wadgery. Bowels - muggi. Excrement - - goonnong. War-spear - - pelarra. Reed-spear - Wommera or purragun. throwing-stick Shield - bugga. Tomahawk - - bundan. Canoe ■ - condool. Sun - - nunga. Moon - - kebum. Star - - koomungun Light - - taham. Dark - - underra. Cold - - warring. Heat - - hoon. Day - - uunga. Night - - underra. Fire - - wyburry. Water - coong. Smoke ■ tuUo. Groimd - chuokoon. Wind- - burrigin. Rain - - quong. God . . . Ghosts - VOL. III. Boomerang - - Hill - Wood - - tchally. Stone - - pundan. Camp - - dimmun. Yes - - yoe. No - - guoum. I - io. You - - warlo. Bark - - condool. Good - - punyarra. Bad - - chung. Sweet - - puragun. Food - - chungool. Hungry - cobery. Thirsty - neragin. Eat - - tehar. Sleep - . woorum. Drink - - tchienda. Walk - - yunbela. See - - nyenda. Sit - - yanna. Yesterday - - obo. To-day - baan. To-morrow - - obo. Where are the illy mibbiu ? Blacks ? I don't know - cunitchum. Plenty - commijung. Big - - - comi. Little - - bijungalung Dead - - tarbillyan. By-and-by - - goobangnng. Come on - woomgunna. Milk - - - Eaglehawk - - Wild turkey - Wife - 242 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE : No. 173.— TWEED RIVEE AND POINT DANGAR. By Joshua Brat, Esq. Me. Bray, from whom I received my information concerning the language of the Tweed River tribe (which differs but little in its vocabulary from No. 1 72), points out that there is but one word to denote the children of a man's brother and those of his sister. He also remarks that there is but one word — roohho — to express to-morrow, the day after to- morrow, and yesterday ; and also but one word — chung — to express had, old, and thin; neither of which statements have I any difficulty in believing. He also notices that if you say to a Black — ille mebin =: where are the Blacks ? his reply, if he does not know, will not be Ingha = I don't know, but ille ? = where ? laying the accent on the last letter instead of the first. No. 173.- How many? A great many A few - What? Where ? There - Here - I don't know Take care ! - Exclamation of surprise I am going now Let US go home Pretty The other one You scoundrel ■Additionai, Words and Phrases, by Mb. Bkay. To strike - - boomar. To give a beating boomarnee. Early in the mom- woodgeraboo. ing To arrive - - worrigin. Anumberof Blacks karalboo mebbin minyungboo ? kurralboo or kommiboo. pidjung boo minyung ? ille? kille. kulle. - wa ! kraigh! - yauba-la-la. - yan-ba-lan-je. - pa-na-ra-gun. - kibey. - yuncum midgeu. are coming Get up (from sleeping) Crooked Straight A long way - ,, road Deep water - worngm. - kur-rone. - bombi. - kiole. - kiole kooligun. -"kiol4 kooflg. Stick for propel-' tubulgun' ling canoe TWEED RIVER AND POINT DANGAR. 243 No. 173.— Additional Wokds and Phrases— coniinwec^. Forest - bubbera. Moustache - - yerrin. Scrub vines - woggi. Arm - - kUngill. Daylight ■ woodgera. Elbow - koorin. Getupat daylight boogagee wood- Finger - tungan. to-morrow geraboo woebbo. Rib - - tunnera. A clear sky oi • billubera. Heart - - toolgo. fine day Knee - - kindil. In front ullong. Kidney - moongora. Look out ahead ! - nione ullong! Chest - - toomooragan. A dead woman - tarragan. Leg - - (no word for the ,, man - tukki. whole limb). Directly - wooloongmi. Face - - noogal. Hip - - wen. Whisker - (the same as beard Thigh - - terrung. and moustache). Knee - - kindili. A plain - coonoongi. Ankle - - wooloo. Tree - - tally. Heel - - toSnum. Leaf - - woorang. Toes - - bribin. Yam - - turn. My son - myone. Mud - - tuUugara. Handsome woman ptSnaragun. Flower - budgerabin. ,, man - barloogan. Pine-tree - - pimbul. Break of day - deelby. Sandhill - - kooigum. Bkd - - noongunbel. Lagoon - kowung. BiU - - - chaung. Ashes - - boolare. Wing - - kunggil. Gum - - neeum. Feather - biom-biom. Waterhole - - kiawang. Hill - - - biole. Eaglehawk - - meebun. Sky - - - billubera. Parrot - billen-billen. Sand - - yerrung. Pigeon - woo-loo-loo-in. Cloud - - toongoon. Nest - - chindee. Lightning - chungun. To tell - kaar. Grave - - toanee chock- ,. give - woolangee. nnda. „ speak - - mo-ai. Tired - - carulen. „ hear - cunnarangee. Long - - coorara. ,, steal - weora. Short - - mul-gul-long. „ fight - - boomalengee. Alive - - mun-me-ra-boo. „ kill - - toolang. Husband - - newbung. „ die - tuck-ki-an. Wife - - newbungun. .. sing - yerrabil. Body - - mooung. „ bum - quebuUen. Back - - mooborough. „ break - cowin. Q2 244 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 173. — Additional Words and Phrases — continued. Who is that Black ? - I don't know - - - I cannot see his face - Do you see that one (woman) ? - I saw (her) yesterday She (has a) pretty (face) - (That) old woman (is) ugly By-aud-by plenty Blacks will come I see them now Where? A good way off - (On the) plain - - - - A great many - - - - Do you see that one ? - - Long ago he speared me in the back I will kill him to-morrow - I see a kangaroo There (he is) - (Be) quiet - - . - - Don't speak I'll spear him by-and-by - He's coming to water He's going to eat I believe he is fat - No (I believe) thin Now I'll spear him - All right ; now he's dead - He's fat Come on, make a fire (There is) no wood - Well ! carry him to the trees - I'm hungry .... Let us eat him .... I'll eat him directly - Where (are the) Blacks ? - I don't know - - . . Nonsense ; why do you tell a lie ? How many (are there) ? Plenty Which Blacks ? - - - - - killingang ? (mibbin understood). - ang kille (lit. = " Who there?") - hebro narbidgum. - warlo nionee killarney. - nio nionee wobbo. - kille punnarregan. - merrung chung-chung. - wooloongmi womgin mebbinkommi. - kille nione nio (lit. = There see I). - iUe? - kiole. - coonoongi. - karalboo. - warlo nionee killarney ? - wiaraboo moobera pow-wun-nee. - nio pumgarlo wobbo. - nione nio kroman. - kille. - kingle. - kingle moimuUium. - nio puggarlo kooba. - koongga nulla walarla. - tabbigo. - kille wudgera (lit. = There fat). - ucoum chung. - how nio powgun. - koorooboo ; bungen. - wudgerago. - qui wibrama. - ucumboo wibra. - warra wibra chumbar. - nio kobberen. - nubbe tubbela. - wooloongmi talala. - ille mebbin ? - ill6? (lit. = Where?) - warlo andrangeen minarago? or warlo andra muUen ? - minyungboo ? - karalboo. - ang kille mebbin ? TWEED EIVER AND POINT DANGAR. 245 No. 173. — Additional Woeds and Phrases — continued. What (do) they eat ? - - - - minyung kille talala ? What woman is that ? - - - ang kille chulgun (which that woman) ? Has Tommy a wife now ? - - - ehulgun noroe Tommy ? Yes ! yoe ! Who gave her to him ? - - - amdo woolane ? Is she a young woman ? - - - kille woolbung ? No! old woman! . . - - uocum ! murrungin ! When will the Blacks come here ? - wingeegun mibbin worngun ? In three days .*---- bulla yabra nunga. Where is your wife ? - - - - lUe biargun chulgun ? Coming to-morrow . . - - womgin woebo. Have you seen my wife? - - - warlo nionee chulgun unyar ? Yes !-.----- yoe ! Where? - - - - - - ille? On the plain - - - . - kUle coo-noong-gi (lit. = There plain). What's she doing? - - - - minyung elala ? I believe getting yams - - - whear wunye nuUawalala. Come, make the camp . - - kowar quinmar demmon. It wUl rain by-and-by - - - quong wooloongmi. Where are all the women ? - - ille boo chulgun. Fishing ------ tallum bar. One woman is at camp - - - tabra-ba chul-gun dem-mon da. Two women are at my house - - bulla kar-gan chu-ar. Where is Tommy ? . - - - ille Tommy. I have not seen him to-day - - ucum nio-nio-nee biarn. I am hungry ----- kobbi-dy en nio Give me some food - - - - nio-nung-en mug-gar. Here it is - - - - - - kuUen-ya. Come and fish ----- kowar tallum narl-lee. No, let us hunt opossum - - - ucum tallum-quam narUee. By-and-by I will eat opossum - - wooloongmi nio chien quam. Opossum is no good - - - - quam chung. Fish is the best ----- tallum nuUe pun-ya-ra. ■ Come and swim - - - - kowar kia jun. Go away — ^be off - - - - yunga. Where are you going ? - - - winge-go warlo ? I will go too ----- nio nur-ra yan-ba-la-la. Are you tired ? - - - - - warlo kur-rool ? Yes, I am very tired - - - - yoe-pun-ya pun-ya-ra kur-rool. Well ! go to sleep - . - - nubbe unera. 246 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No, 173. — Additional By-and-by I'll sleep - Where is my husband ? You will see him by-and-by I see two women Where is my spear? - I have not seen your spear Give me one spear Give me two spears - Come and see my canoe - Don't talk . . . . I do not know - - - ■ WoEDS AND Pheases — continued. - koobanio una-ran-gee. - ille un-ya new-bung ? - warlo kooba nam kooba. - nio nionee bul-la chulgun. - ille unyar chu-un? - ucum nio nar-bid-jum. - ni-ai yabra chu-un. - niai bulla chu-un. - ko-ga-na unyar kun-dole. - kingle moi-mul-li-um. - ing-he. No. 173.— TWEED RIVER AND POINT DANGAR, Kangaroo - kroman. Hand - tungun. Opossum quam. 2 Blacks bulla mibbin. Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duok- Pelican noggxrn. marra. chungera. 3 Blacks One - Two - Three - bulla yabhrumib bin. yabbru. - bulla, bulla yabbru. Laughing jackass kargoon. Four - ■ bulla buUa. Native companion woorgilie. Pather - beung. White cockatoo - karra. Mother - wudjung. Crow - Swan - Egg - - - Track of a foot • Pish - wargun. tooley. kubbin. kulligau^. tallum. Sister-Elder ,, Younger Brother-Elder ,, Younger nunung. - punnam. Lobster A young man - kabera. Orayflsh ninge-ninge. An old man- - kudjune. Mosquito • munjura. An old woman - murrungin. Ply - - ■ chun, borough. A baby - yargarie. Snake - The Blacks A Blackfellow dirrin. mibbln. yabbru mibbin. A White man Children - tuckki. - ohargum. A Black woman woolbung, chul- Head - - knngera. gun. Eye - - me. Nose - morro. Ear - - pinnuno;. TWEED RIVER AND POINT DANGAR. 247 No. 173. — Tweed River and Point Dangae— -continued. Mouth - jemg. Boomerang - Teeth - - tirrung Hill - - biola. Hair of the head - bowra. Wood - - talley, wibra. Beard - - yarran. Stone - boodin. Thunder - Graas - - muggera. - ejung. Camp - - demmon. Tongue - tellin. Yes - - yo, earn. Stomach - moong. No - - ukum. Breasts - umma. I - ngio. Thigh - - jucung oj-terrung You - - warlo. Foot - - chinnung. Bark - - yoolLn (lit. skin) Bone - - turragun. Good - - punyara. Blood ■ - budjul. Bad - - chung. Skin - - yooliu. Sweet - - burrakun. Fat - - wudgeree. Food - - polora. Bowels - mokki. Hungry - kobbity. Excrement - - koouung. Thirsty - nirigin. War-spear - - jume. Eat - - talala. Reed-spear - - Sleep - - woram. Wommera or murumbin. Drink - - tchoar. throwing-stick Walk - - yanbar. Shield - buggar. See - narlala. Tomahawk - - bundau. Canoe - cundool. Sit - - yanna. Sun - - nunga. Yesterday - - wobbo (?). Moon - - gibbun. To-day - bam. Star - - kiomegun. To-morrow - - wobbo (?). Light - - darm. Where are the ille mibbin ? Dark - - untidy. Blacks ? Cold - - - wurring. I don't know - ille (?). Heat - - nunggalgary. Plenty - karalboo. Day - - nunga. Big - - kommi. Night - - untidy. Little - - pidjung. Fire - - wibra. Water - koong. Dead - - boo-ong. Smoke - daUo. By-and-by - - wooloongmi. Ground - chockun. Come on - qui. Wind - - buroogin. Milk - - umarbil. Rain - - quong or koong. Eaglehawk - - meebun. God - - Wild turkey Ghosts - muggi. Wife - - newbuugun. BOOK THE THIRTEENTH. BOOK THE THIRTEENTH. PREFATORY REMARKS. In connection with this book, the points which seem most worthy of remark are, that in the Additional Words No. 178 we meet with distinct terms for right hand and left hand, which may or may not exist in the other languages. In No. 177, also, we find war-spear and tree reported by two of my correspondents as being translated by one term. As tree is not in the Common Yocabulary, but only met with here and there in the Additional Words, there is no means of deciding whether this is a common characteristic or not. In Mr. Myles' vocabulary, No. 176, we find the equivalents oi spear, mood, and stone bear some resemblance. Looking at the languages of Australia as a whole, there is reason to believe that formerly there was but one word to express stone, hone, wood, spear, tree, wAfire. Head and hair, it will be noticed, are several times expressed by one word, and yesterday and to-morrow by another. No. 174.— PART OF THE MARANOA RIVER, AND COUNTRY ROUND ROMA. By Robert Sheridan, Esq., and F. B. Bay, Esq. Of the languages of the Maranoa, about Roma, two specimens are given, which agree pretty well, but, no doubt, belong to different tribes. Two others were forwarded by Mr. Montagu Curr and Mr. J. T. Little, which I have not thought it neces- sary to insert. Mr. Sheridan remarks that a Black child having died on his run several months before the date of his 252 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: letter, the corpse was rolled up in a blanket, and was still being carried from camp to camp by the parents. From Mr. Bay I learn that the Maranoa Blacks frequently live to be sixty or seventy years of age. They use opossum- rugs at night, and occasionally in the day time. The women wear as ornaments reed-necklaces and mussel-shells, which hang in front of the breasts. This tribe smear the person with a mixture of grease and red ochre on occasions of cor- roboree ; make bags of the fibre of the currajong ; and toma- hawks of a heavy green stone, which they grind to an edge on sandstone. They have also boomerangs, occasionally carved on one side, some of which return when thrown. The boom- erang used in battle is made so as not to return. Their spears are projected by hand. Animals are roasted in the ashes with the skin on, and what are called ovens in the South do not exist. Males between the ages of ten and twenty, or thereabouts, are forbidden to eat emu, kangaroo, and carpet snakes, and possibly other articles. Mr. Bay remembers to have seen, some eight years back, two Blacks pitted with small-pox, but whether they belonged to the tribes in question he does not say. He is of opinion that the Maranoa tribes were never cannibals. They marry in their own tribe ; some men have as many as four wives. Infanticide is not practised. In numerous instances, he says, " I have seen a middle-aged Black, with or without a wife, bring up a young girl, who became his wife when old enough." In what Mr. Bay says in connection with cannibalism and infanticide I am unable to concur. Pulmonary diseases are those which are most prevalent. The tribe scar the back, breast, and arms by way of orna- ment, and pierce the septum of the nose, but do not knock out any teeth. Kangaroo are surrounded and killed with clubs, and emu hunted with spears. Fish are taken with nets seven feet long and five deep, each end of which is supported by a Blackfellow swimming. Males are made into young men at about twenty years of age, with secret ceremonies, which no "White man has been allowed to witness. Mr. Bay says, in MARANOA RIVER, NEAR ROMA. 253 reply to my question as to wlietlier message-sticks are used by the tribe, that be has in his possession a reed-necMace attached to a piece of flat wood about five inches long ; that on the wood are carved straight and curved lines, and that this piece of wood was sent by one portion of the tribe to another by a messenger, the two parties being about 60 miles apart. The interpretation of the carving was, " My wife has been stolen; we shall have to fight — bring your spears and boomerangs." The straight lines, it was explained, meant spears, and the curved ones boomerangs ; but the stealing of the wife seems to have been left to the messenger to tell. No. 174 —Additional Words, by R. Sheeidan, Esq. Box-tree malar. White oba. Gum-tree - dangon. Red - - - hotegothy. Pine-tree - bandle. To fight with oneymealgo. Currajong-tree nonga. clubs Bottle-tree - mindarle. To fight with bapeymealgo. Brigalow okoro. spears Old man kangaroo miibragulla. To keep yongobnongo. Kangaroo-rat bardy. „ give away ombalgo. WaUaby - wya. „ exchange ombimea. Bandicoot - weealla. ,, run wakandie. Wombat - toyne. River - barroo. Red kangaroo - bowra. Sand ridge - urdera. Carpet snake - abol. Leaf - dalla. Curlew - oelbine. Cloud - youkine. Hawk - - oomon. Where are you intea inda mur Swallow boondoongean. going? dal? QuaU - boonjolgey. Where did you intea inda on Black - ooborogoobra. camp last night' dungo yamba ! 254 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 174.— MARANOA RIVER, NEAR ROMA. Kangaroo - - narracoo. Hand - - miirda Opossum - tangaroo, also 2 Blacks - - buUardoo murdi. outher. 3 Blacks - - bullardoo wongra Tame dog - - noora. murdi. "Wild dog - - wantie. One - - wongra. Emu - - moorine. Black duck - - beberoo. Two - - bullardoo. Wood duck - muneroo Three - - bullardoo Pelican - burunth. wongra. Laughing jackass akoongur. Pour - - bullardoo bullar- Native companion booroor. doo. White cockatoo thickery. Father - yaboda. Crow - - watha. Mother - yangi. Swan - - owerooreoan (long neck). Sister-Elder - baringUla. Egg - - aboyne. „ Younger - Track of a foot - bandil, teen- Brother-Elder - takongilla. doone. „ Younger Fish - - 00. A young man - owoola. Lobster An old man - jara. Crayfish Mosquito - - boothan. An old woman - yangi jara. Fly - - ngemun. A baby - naryloo. Snake - munda. A White man - withoo. The Blacks - - murdindoo. Children - - andoono. A Blackfellow - murdi. Head - - dongo. A Black woman - amby. Eye - - diUy. Nose - - oh. Ear - - muna. MARANOA RIVER, NEAR ROMA. 255 No. 174.— Maranoa Rivee , NEAB Roma— -cmXmmd. Mouth da. Boomerang - - wungal. Teeth - yera. Hill - - Hair of the head atha. Wood- - weraki. Beard - munga. Stone - - bangoo. Thunder - dingaroo. Camp - - yambakoo. Grass - - wuthon. Yes - - yo-i. Tongue - dallin. No - hurda. Stomach - bunduru or bungaroo. I - ngaia. Breasts - namon. You - - inda. Thigh - - moko. Bark - - beya. Foot - - dina. Good - - - makine. Bone - - nagoo. Bad - - ungarra. Blood - - - ouma,. Sweet - - erybachan. Skin - - beery. Food - - munda. Fat - - - ungoo, wamoo. Hungry - boongari. Bowels - una. Excrement - - una. Thirsty - boongar. War-spear - - bogga. Eat - - yukalgo. Reed-spear - - Sleep - - wookawoonal. Wommera or Drink - amoo yukalgo. throwing-stick Walk - mundul. Shield - booragoo. See - - nukuUa. Tomahawk - - baloyne. Sit - - bendul. Canoe - Sun - - durdu. Yesterday - - durdungo. Moon - - dilgan, obera, To-day - neyla. Star - - - dandura. To-morrow - - mukarro. Light - - durdoonga. Where are the - ingia murdi? Dark - - oundangoo. Blacks ? Cold - - - yakol. I don't know - hurdania berool Heat - - obundunga. Plenty - bunyarie. Day - - yambiathana. Big - - mulgiga. Night- • oundangoo. Little - - jmnberri. Fire - - boorde. Dead - - woolaca. Water Smoke - amoo. - tooka. By-and-by - - aboouthy. Ground - dundi. Come on - okourabal. Wind- - yarakoo. Milk - - Rain - • amoowerrel. Eaglehawk - - othalla. God - - - Wild turkey - bongan. Ghosts _ Wife - 256 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 174.— MARANOA RIVER. By p. B. Bat, Esq Kangaroo - - narragoo. Hand - - murtha. Opossum - tangul. 2 Blacks - ■ boolardoo murri Tame dog - moora. 3 Blacks - - boolardoo won- Wild dog - wandte. gara murri. Emu - - ngoorin One - - wongara. Black duck - - maneroo Two - boolardoo. Wood duck - - warracnbba. Three - - boolardoo won- Pelican booroonda. gara. Laughing jackass aggul-gaggul. Four - ■ boolardoo boo- Native companion orood. lardoo. White cockatoo teecarry. Father yabboo. Crow - watta. Mother ■ younga. Swan - Sister-Elder burri. Egg - - avooin. ,, Younger munqai. Track of a foot tinner. Brother-Elder daaqiifn, Fish - oyoo. ,, Younger wodwoodie. Lobster A young man boonjar. Crayfish An old man notti. Mosquito - pootteen. An old woman ayardqun. Fly . . A baby andoo. Snake - A White man widdoo. The Blacks - murri. Children aamburri. A Blaokf ellow - murri. Head - doongo. A Black woman - moorangoo. Eye - dim. Nose - oh. Bar - munga. MARANOA RIVER. 257 No. 174.— Mabamoa RiYEti^continued. Mouth- - taa. Boomerang - - wangal. Teeth - Hair of the head - yerra. - atta. Hill - - bango, waagalgo Beard - - nunga. Wood - - boordi. Thunder - - mooloongooloo. Stone - - bungoo. Grass - - oot-toon. Camp - ■ yamba. Tongue - talle. Yes - yo. Stomach - bangoor. No - - arda. Breasts - ammoon. I - dya. Thigh - You - - inda. Foot - - dinna. Bone - - naroo. Bark - - oka. Blood - - oma. Good - - megun. Skin - - wooman. Bad - - waaiu. Fat - - widta. Sweet - - mellamella. Bowels - ngulle. Food - - ugalga. Excrement - - tootarre. Hungry ■ boongarra. War-spear - - bugga. Thirsty - doombalgo. Reed-spear - Eat - Wommera or Sleep - oonalgo. throwing-stick Drink - Shield - - boorcoo. Walk - - mundalgo. Tomahawk - - obar. Canoe - See - - nagalgo. Sit - bindulu. Sun - - tooroo. Moon - -•delgun. Yesterday - Star - - tandooroo. To-day ngilla. Light - - dooroo. To-morrow - moorgarro. Dark - - ooda. Where are the beetoo murri ? Cold - - yaagul. Blacks ? Heat - ■ owanda. I don't know Day - - ilia. Plenty mulga. Night - oonalgo. Big - mulgagu Fire - booree. Little - Water- ammoo. Dead - woolala. Smoke dooya. By-and-by - aboo. Ground tunde. Come on Wind - Milk - awarra. Rain - Eaglehawk ■ ootalla. God - Wild turkey boonqun. Ghosts menummoo. Wife - ambe. VOL. III. B 258 THE AUSTRALIA!^ RACE: No. 175.— THE BALONNE, BALEANDOON, NOGAEA, AND NERRAN RIVERS. By H. Hammond, Esq.; WEIR AND MOONIE RIVERS. By James O'Bybnb, Esq. The following vocabularies are specimens of two dialects of tlie WoUeroi or Yerraleroi language, in use in the localities given above. The name of the language is derived from Woll^No. Besides the contributions to the WoUeroi dialects received from Mr. Hammond and Mr. O'Byrne, a third reached me from Mr. W. H. Looker, which I have not thought it necessary to insert. Mr. Hammond says there is but one word to express dust and smoke, which reminds me that the Bangerang used to speak of there being smoke in the Murray when its waters were discolored by a flood. There is also but one word for head and hair, and a distinct term to express three. On the Balonne River several Blacks of one family have been met with without a particle of hair on their bodies. Baron Miklouho Maclay visited the locality and minutely examined and described a man and woman of this family. I am indebted to Mr. Lawrence Byrne, of Brisbane, for photographs of this man and woman, who certainly have reached the upper stage of human ugliness. No. 175.— Additional Words, by Mr. Hammond. Blow-fly - - koomoo-koomoo. Old - - yambooli. Carpet snake - neebee. Chest - - kuUander My mother - ngumbathi. Daylight - keba. ,, sister - - booathi. Lightning - - murrimi. , , brother - miarthi. Run - - bunnaki. BALONNE, BALEANDOON, ETC., RIVERS. 259 No. 175. — ^Additional Wobds, by Mr. O'Btene. Ashea - - kerin. Grave - tanmor. Ants (small) - ketar. Green - illoowedi. „ (large) - boornying. Gun - - mergin. Boots - - nangino. ELnee - - tinbirr. Bread • - dwir. Lame - - danggoor. Beef - - teh. Medicine - - booda. Blind man - - mooko. Pig - - - piggoon. , , woman - mookanguno. Porcupine - - pikeballo. Book - - boodel. Rice - - yarrar. Black - - kawbo. Red - - qui-qui. Bees (native) - moone. Revolver • - beredil. Blue - - kaw-wur-o-wur. Reed - - direel. Brlgalow - purrenbo. Six - - - kuUibo-kuUibo Box-tree - rebill. Salt - - daral. Cow - - millembri. Tree - - ginye. Cheek - tal. Turtle - wabo. Cat - - budge-e-gur. Wool - dooroon. To fight - - boomaley. White - balo. Fire-stick - - muUoo. Wild horse - - brumbi. Feathers - - yethar. „ horses - brumbinur. Grog - - uramo. War-paint - - pedi. BZ 260 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE No. 175.— BALONNE, NERRAN, ETC., RIVERS. By H. Hammond, Esq. Kangaroo - - bowra. Hand - ma. Opossum - mooti. 2 Blacks - - boolar thane. Tame dog - - marthi. 3 Blacks - - koolebar thane Wild dog - ■ One - - bee-er. Emu - dthenoon. Two - - boolar. Black duck - kumigai. Wood duck - burga-burga. Three - - koolebar. Pelican - karraga. Four - - boolar-boolar. Laughing jackass gookergaka. Father - yabbo, yooke. Native companion bralga Mother - ngumba. White cockatoo - mihai. Sister-Elder - boa. Crow - - won. ,, Younger - Swan - - kunnadal. Brother-Elder - thiar. Egg - - - kow. Track of a foot - ghaiee. „ Young er Eish - - tukkai. A young man - kobbora. Lobster - keerai. An old man - whymathool. Crayfish - - einga. An old woman - moogathool. Mosquito - - mungin. A baby - birriU. Ply - - - bunial. A White man - wonda. Snake - yabba. The Blacks - - thane. Children - A Blackf ellow - thane. Head - - taikal. A Black woman - inner. Eye - - mill. Nose - - mooyoo. Ear •■ - binna. BALONNE, NBRRAN, ETC., RIVERS. 261 No. 175 — Balonne, Nerean, etc., BxTEtia— continued. Mouth ngo. Boomera,tig - - Teeth - eea. Hill - - Hair of the head taikal. Wood - - guinea. Beard - ■ yarri. Stone - - moorilla. Thunder ■ thuUome. Camp - - woUai. Grass - ■ boorno. Yes - No - I - yo, geero, keer. - woU. - ngia. - inda. Tongue - pthalli. Stomach moopal. You - Breasts ■ ngummo. Bark - - dater. Thigh Good - - - binnal, kubba. Foot - - dinna. Bad - - kokle. Bone - - booyoo. Sweet - kopba. Blood - - quay. Food - - dhoar. Skin - - yootai. Hungry - habberandilla. Fat - - wommo. Thirsty - ngaigay. Bowels - goonna. Eat - • - - tuldtnna. Excrement - - goonna. Sleep - - tundooee, babee War-spear - Reed-spear - - meerignama. - beelar. Drink - - ngagai. Throwing-stiok - boondee. Walk - - yan. Shield - See - - nurruldinna. Tomahawk - - yowiudoo. Sit - - woUaia. Canoe - - boondurra. Yesterday - - goondoo-goon- Sun - - tooni, yeeigh. doo. Moon - - barlo. To-day - gungalunda, Star - - kowberri. eelal. Light - - dooeyi. To-morrow - - boolooyo. Dark - ■ boolooe. Where are the thalla thane ? Cold - boolea. Blacks ? Heat - - boolaid. I don't know - wol ngia. Day ■ burrawurrilla. Plenty - booral. Night - - bogoora. Big - - - booral. Fire - wi. Little - - tooohidool. Water goongon. Dead - - boologi. Smoke boowilla. By-and-by - - ilal, ilaloo. Ground - tauri. Come on - boori. Wind - miera. Milk - - - Rain - ■ yeo. Eaglehawk - - God - Wild turkey - Ghosts wonda. Wife - - 262 THE AITSTEALIAN RACE: No. 175.— WEIR AND MOONIE RIVERS. By James O'Btkne, Esq. Kangaroo - - bundar. Opossum - moote. Tame dog - ware. Wild dog - mianba. Kmu - dinoyn. Black duck - korangye. Wood duck- koonumbi. Pelioan kuUialli. Laughing jackass kooket, koka Native companion bralga. White cockatoo moori. Crow - - when. Swan - - beeboo. Egg - - ko. Track of a foot dirma. Fish - naloor. Lobster nolaka. Crayfish - yingo. Mosctuito - mongeen. Fly - - winigal. Snake - yindobo. The Blacks ■ - pootlo. A Blackfellow - dane. A Black woman Nose - - muroo. Hand - - ma. 2 Blacks - - 3 Blacks - - One - - ber. Two - - blar. Three - - kullibo. Pour - - blar -blar. Father - beno. Mother - numbade Sister-Elder - boade. „ Younger - Brother-Elder - diade. ,, Younger A young man - ookal. An old man - An old woman - A baby - yadeena. A White man Children - - perillegil Head - - tigul. Eye - - mill. Ear - - beno. WEIR AND MOONIE RIVERS. 263 No. 175. — Weie and Moonie Rivees— contintted. Mouth - mygh. Boomerang - ■ Teeth - - ero. Hill - - Hair of the head - tigul. Wood - ■ wumbion. Beard - - yarre. Stone - - maramo. Thunder - tuUoomey. Camp - - wooli. Grass - - kupoa. Yes - - yo. Tongue - tali. No - - woU. Stomach - kowrill. I - Breasts - nammoo. You - - uinda. Thigh - - boy-yoo. Bark - - tarthar. Foot - - deena. Good - - mooribo. Bone - Blood - Skin - Pat - Bowels Excrement - - qui. - ule. - wommo. - dikkar. Bad - Sweet - Pood - Hungry Thirsty - kugeel. - wodle. War-spear - Reed-spear - Throwing-stiok - hilar. Bat - Sleep - Drink - Shield - bureen. Walk - Tomahawk - - indoo. See - Canoe - ,- Sit - . Sun - Moon - Star - Light - Dark - Cold - Heat - Day - Night - Fire - - doone. - poloor. - kawburri. - dei. - boolya. Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are Blacks ? I don't know Plenty - kikkaling. - iUal. - kawbokaw the - bootla. - wee. Big - Little - - poodlili. - tookidool. Water Smoke - koongin. - too. Dead - By-and-by - - baloonye. Ground - dimmar. Come on - Wind - - Milk - Rain - - koongin. Eaglehawk - God - - Wild turkey Ghosts - Wife - 264 THE AUSTRALIAN EACB ; No. 176.— DUMARESQUE OR UPPER MAOINTYRE RIVER. By David Tukbatne, Esq., James Lawlor, Esq., and G. Mtlbs, Esq, The following information in connection with two dialects spoken on the Dumaresque or Upper Maclntyre River was forwarded to me by the gentlemen named above. The vocabularies, as far as we can judge, differ but little from the Pikumbul language, of which a specimen is found in the Kamilaroi of the late Revd. W. Ridley, who notices \h&i pika signifies yes: — Additional Words, by Mr. James Lawlor. Turtle - - talbugon. Bite - - mubbol. Porcupiae - - bigubilla. Sew - - munboUy. Wallaby - - wangun. Make - - weemuUy. Paddimellon - bogguUa. Back - - murcaw. Deaf adder - - tamby. Loins - - gumbul. To call - gongoUy. Forehead - - wenda. „ kill - bungey. Biiver - - wile. ,, spear - togy, tarry. Plain - - goonigal. ,, awim - gumbec. Boy - - tingoU. ,, run - yanny. Girl - - mickay. „ talk - yally, yall (did Husband - - nubun. talk). Wife - - nubungan „ ask - bengoUy, ben- Son - - bandyale. goU (asked). Daughter - - bandyane. Flood - - warroo. Friend - maygon. Scrub - - birby. Stranger mailwon. Mountaiu - - borry-amborry. A young woman - bamburr. Strong - borroo. Sky - - - cawn. Weak • - coddara. High - - - cawnba. Light (not heavy) cumbun. Low - ■ narmoo. Fear - - boorabilga, bo- Bottom - gundoo. raby. Blossom - gurry. DUMARESQUE OR UPPER MACINTYRE RIVER. 265 Additional Woeds, by Mr . James Lawlok- -coutinued. Carry - - caungey. To smell ■ - bandy. Carrying - - caunga. ,, lie - - - ngally. Carried - caunell. Liar - - ngal-ngal. Generous - - wutaigul. Truth - - moorey. Stupid - bondan. Poor thing - - connanbrilla Far - - waanun. A cripple - - wambun. Close - - tycan. A sand ridge - corry. Soon - - talin. A forest - wallumboor. How many ? - monambuU? Black cockatoo - yerrangoran. What? - minna? To wash - bibbiUy. To hang - wambilly. „ cover - gundaboUy. „ climb - wandally. ,. bury - - nomboUy. „ pull - bunnoUy. „ fight - bungindilly. ,, break - - commoUy. ,j finish - namboUy. A cloud - buroungy. Bandicoot - - inoomaw. Summer - kylugunda. Rat - - dirangonny. Winter - kowlba. Native cat - - giggwee. 266 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 176.-DUMARESQUB OR UPPER MACINTYRE RIVER— BIGAMBEL LANGUAGE. By David Turbatne, Esq., and James Lawloe, Esq. In this language the equivalent of to-day seems to be a compound of the equivalent of see and day. Kangaroo - - bamburr. Opossum - - koobi. Tame dog - - mirree. Wild dog - - ngolgol. Emu - - oorun. Black duck ~ boonaba. Wood duck - gurrooba. Pelican - gooleegalee Laughing jackass kagunin. Native companion gehrr. White cockatoo - gairabun. Crow - wawkoo. Swan - - beeboo. Egg - - - gingol. Track of a foot - tamboU. Fish - - gool. Lobster - Crayfish - gurineiu. Mosquito - - burri. Fly - - - krelungan. Snake • - timba. The Blacks - - mail. A Blackfellow - namail. A Black woman - tamma. Nose - - murroo. Hand - - mahr. 2 Blacks - - mail boolol. 3 Blacks - - One - - biada. Two - - boolol. Three - - boolol biada. Four - - goonimbilla. Father - booba, wobbill. Mother - kooroonga, gun mill. Sister-Elder - wondill. ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - mugon. ,, Young er A young man - tongoU, tooga- billa. An old man - doora. An old woman - dooragona. A baby - karr. A White man - goon. Children - karrgirran. Head - kobbye, kabui. Eye - - mill. Ear - - binna. DUMARESQUE OR UPPER MACINTYRE RIVER. 267 No. 176.— DUMAKBSQUE OE IJPPER MAcInTTEE RrVER — BlOAMBEL Language — continued. Mouth - ngunda. Boomerang - - Teeth - - dirra. Hill - - Hair of the head - mo. Wood - - Beard - - yerran. Stone - - bori. Thunder - - boorunggaimee. Camp - - noora. Grass - - mura. Yes - - koUoo. Tongue - talin. No - - yaga. Stomach - dikki. I - ona. Breasts - ngumbi. You - - inda. Thigh - - booyoo. Bark - - gilU. Foot - - tinahr. Good - - - weimba. Bone - - guUoo. Bad - - womboo. Blood - Skin - Fat - - gima. - irgeer - marroo. Sweet - Food - - kobbyba. - dallibrenga. Bowels - dikkiba, goonna. Hungry - dilgee. Excrement - - goonna. Thirsty - koUing. War-spear - - bolgoo. Bat - - dalli. Reed-spear - - boggoo-dorngill. Sleep - - deba. Throwing-stick - waneebrenga. Drink - - beiuga. Shield- - - bolga. Walk- - yebbi. Tomahawk - - weka. See - - namuUi. Canoe - - giUee, welbon. Sit - - inni. Sun - - killee. Yesterday - - granall. Moon - - durroongan. To-day ■ nakilleeda. Star - - koogee. To-morrow - - noolinkabooga. Light - - kiun. Where are bhe wonda nanduUo Dark - - uoolinga. Blacks ? mail? Cold - - I don't know - yaga noda woo- Heat - - moddun. inga. Day - - killeeda. Plenty - toogulba. Night - - nooloo. Big - - Fire - - wee. Little - - koggul. Water - koUee. Dead - - moon. Smoke - tugga. By-and-by - Ground - taree. Come on - yerri, yebbooga. Wind- - meen. Milk - Rain - - tobbill, koUee. Baglehawk - - dooey. God - - Wild turkey Ghosts - Wife - • nubungan. 268 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 176.— HEAD WATERS OP THE MACINTYEE RIVER— PREAGALGH LANGUAGE. By G. Mylbs, Esq. Kangaroo - bonboo. Hand - - ma. Opossum koopi. 2 Blacks - boolar woorin. Tame dog - Wild dog - meera. 3 Blacks - boolar bather woorin. Emu - - - moorin. Black duck - - goor-mooringa. Wood duck - - goor-aba. Pelican - - gooralga. Laughing jackass karngoongoon. Native companion berralga. One - Two - Three - Pour - Father bather, boolar. boolar bather, boolar boolar. wobb. White cockatoo gerbin. Mother goa. Crow - - woggin. Sister-Elder warringun. Swan - beebo. ,, Younger Egg - - - goobun. Brother-Elder wooremla. Track of a foot ,, Younger Msh - - gool. A young man tallinba. Lobster gannoon. An old man doora. Crayfish - An old woman doorangan. Mosquito - - booree. A baby kagool. Fly - - A White man goon. Snake - - yalgun. Children The Blacks - ■ woorin. Head - koinbure or kom A Blackfellow - wooriu. burl. A Black woman - womo. Eye - mel. Nose - - mooroo. Ear - binna. HEAD WATEES OP THE MACINTYRE RIVER. 269 No. 176.— Head Waters of the MacInttre RrvER — Preaoalgh Lanquage- -continued. Mouth - nundra. Boomerang - - Teeth - deera. Hill - Hair of the head - kaboon. Wood - bagoora. Beard - - magun. Stone - - goora. Thunder - - booringa. Camp - - moora. Grass - - within. Yes - - yooi. Tongue . No - - yakka. Stomach - diga. I -nathuna. Breasts - nammoo. You - - wonda. Thigh - - booyoo. Bark - - gilla. Foot - - dinna. Good - - karmba. Bone - - goolgoo. Bad - - wombo. Blood - - gunera. Sweet - Skin - - ueera. Pood - . Pat - - marroo. Hungry - dillgri. Bowels - kuUin. Thirsty - Excrement - - goonna,. Eat - - taleba. War-spear - - bogo. Sleep - - mordeba. Reed-spear - ■ Drink - kolli beela. Throwing-stick - (not used). Shield - - binninbera. Walk - ■ Tomahawk - - koomee. See - - niela. Canoe - - (not used). Sit - - ninaba. Sun - ■ grali. Yesterday - Moon - - debir. To-day - tuUun. Star - - googee. To-morrow - - thallingurrin. Light - - gilli. Where are the wooti woorin? Dark - - moorla. Blacks? Cold - - neetha. I don't know . Heat - - marthol. Plenty - dooglebilla. Day - - gillibun. Big - - mogoonba. Night - - moorla. Little - - kagool. Pire ■ - wee. Dead - - woomune. Water - koUi. By-and-by - Smoke - dooga. Ground - deree. Come on - arri. Wind - - padoona. Milk - - Rain - - koUi-bothi. Eaglehawk - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 270 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 177.— PAROO AND WARREGO RIVERS NORTH OF LAT. 27" 30', AND MUNGALELLA CREEK. By W. H. Lookek, Esq., W. R. Conn, Esq., L. M. Playpaik, Esq., and j. hollingsworth, esq. From the attaclied vocabularies tlie reader mil find that on the above-named streams, and north of Lat. 27° 30' or there- abouts, the languages have so much in common that they might almost be called one. Indeed, some of my correspond- ents speak of them as one ; and if the reader will compare the first dozen words in the several vocabularies, he will see how similar they are. They are not, however, identical, and the differences in their negative adverbs and their equiva- lents for the Blacks show that there are several distinct tribes in the locality. Besides the vocabularies inserted, I have received four others from Mr. Cameron, Mr. David Campbell, Mr. Donald Mackenzie, and Mr. Vincent Dowling, which offer but few points of difference. Two of these gentlemen, however, and Mr. Looker, translate the term '■^ the Blacks" by the word Murri or Murray which is no doubt incorrect, as we find that term is the name of one of the classes into which each of these tribes is subdivided. In addition to the vocabularies received from Mr. Play- fair, Mr. HoUingsworth, Mr. Conn, and Mr. Looker, which I have inserted, I have also been favored by these gentlemen with replies to my printed Questions, which agree so well together that I have compressed the whole into one account, PAROO AND WARREGO RIVERS, ETC. 271 whicli embraces tlie many tribes which occupy the country I am dealing with, and which was, I am told, first squatted on in from 1860 to 1864. Indeed, as regards some portions of the Warrego frontage, I believe they were occupied as cattle stations some years earlier. The name of the Mungalella Creek tribe, described by Mr. HoUingsworth, is Peechera. Their language is called Goughi. Many of the members of these tribes lived to be grey-headed, and Mr. Playfair notices one as being bald; but imported diseases, infanticide, and debauchery are fast ex- terminating them. Originally the females wore round the waist a fringe of spun opossum fur, but the men went entirely naked. Against cold, flies, and mosquitos, the usual daubings with grease and mud during the day, and at night the usual small fires and smoke, are had recourse to. The women plaster themselves with clay during the period of menstruation. The tribes have amongst them the common nets, weapons, and implements, the boomerang included, but the wommera is not used. Their weapons are often colored with red ochre, and with the front tooth of the opossum and the shell of the mussel ground to an edge are executed (or were before we introduced iron) the often elaborate carving with which they are decorated. Not unfrequently their meat and roots were cooked in ovens, but these were only tem- porary constructions, if I may so call them, which never grew into mounds, as in the South. Mr. Playfair informs me that the tribes with which he is acquainted are divided each into four classes, called Murri, Combo, Cubbi, and Ippai, with the object of restricting marriage in the following way, viz.: — Males. Females. Children. Any Murri may marry any Combo; offspring Ippai. ,, Combo ,, „ Murri; ,, Cubbi. „ Cubbi „ ,, Ippai; „ Combo. „ Ippai ,, ,, Cubbi; ,, Murri. Mr. Playfair does not give the feminine names, and I give his version as he sent it, but he adds: — They have also 272 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: the following class-names (no doubt subdivisions) viz., opossum, snake, kangaroo, emu, crow, and eaglehawk, but he does not enter into any particulars concerning them. Mr. Looker's account of the classes into which the tribes are divided is as follows. Their names in both sexes are: — Males. Females. Murri - - Matha. Combo - - Botha. Wongoo - Wongo-gan. Umbree - Umbreegan. Cubbi - - Cubbotha. Hippi - - Hippatha. Ogilla - - Ogellegun. The marriage relations and classification of children, as far as he enumerates them, are these: — A Murri marries a Botha. Their children are — Males, Hippi; females, Hippatha. A Cubbi marries a Hippatha. Their children are — Males, Combo; females, Botha. A Combo marries a Matha. Their children are — Males, Cubbee; females, Cubbatha. A Hippai marries a Cubbotha. Their children are — Males, Murri; females, Matha. Marriage in these tribes is generally endogamous, in accordance with the above system, but on rare occasions a woman is stolen from some other tribe. Polygamy is preva- lent, and one man at present has as many as eight wives. Females are often betrothed in infancy, become wives at seven, and, they say, mothers at ten or eleven years of age, but this I think is a mistake. Males are allowed to get wives, if they are able, after they have undergone the cere- monies by which they are raised to the rank of young men ; but if they have no sisters to offer in exchange their case is all but hopeless. Infanticide prevails largely. The ornaments worn are necklaces made of stout grass- stems or reeds, cut into short lengths and strung; also shells which hang over the forehead suspended from the hair. These PAROO AND WARREGO RIVERS, ETC. 273 shells are said to come from tribes somewhere to the north or north-west, Kestrictions regarding the use of food exist. Mr. Playfair notices on this subject that women of the Murree class are not allowed to eat golden bream; and that black perch are forbidden to Combo women ; that emu, emus' eggs, and snakes are reserved for the elders of the tribe; and that a young woman will fairly run away from an emu's egg or even its shell. Young men and boys are forbidden to eat ducks, turkeys, and opossums in some of the tribes. As regards cannibalism my informants are not agreed; but, judging from what they say, I believe it exists (or did prior to the arrival of the Whites) as an occasional practice. Oph- thalmia is and was very prevalent. In making young men the custom in some of the tribes is to pluck out by the roots all the hair on the aspirant's body. Early in youth the skin is ornamentally scarred in various parts, and the septum of the nose pierced. In some of these tribes, both males and females have a front tooth or teeth knocked out; but in others this practice is confined to the females. It is a novel feature that the Paroo tribes object to White people witnessing their corroborees. The dead are disposed of in various ways; some are burned, with everything belonging to them; others are made into mummies, which are carried about for several years, and then dropped down the hoUow pipe of a standing tree. Not unfrequently the hair is cut off the body of a corpse, and its face daubed with wet clay before interment. I learn from Mr. HoUingsworth that pitcheree is occasionally obtained from the neighbouring tribes to the north-west. Eude drawings are made on bark. Message-sticks are in use on the Paroo, and Mr. Playfair has at my request taken the trouble to make many inquiries concerning them. The use of message-sticks, he says, certainly does not amount to a system of writing or hieroglyphics, but that occasionally two individuals agree upon signs by which notices of such things as the occurrence of a death, the existence of plenty of food, can be sent. But as the bearer of the stick would VOL, III, s 274 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: be certain to retail the news from tlie camp lie had left, of what use is the stick ? Wars are carried on by night attacks in the usual way. Disputes within the tribes generally originate in jealousies about the women, and are settled by single combat, one of the warriors being, as a rule, knocked senseless. In sickness various treatments are had recourse to. Sometimes the sick cover themselves with mud ; at others, one end of a string is tied round the affected part, and the other an old woman see-saws across her gums till the blood comes from them ; she then washes the blood from her mouth with water into a vessel which she has at hand, and it is believed that the blood is conveyed inside the string from the seat of pain to the woman's mouth, and that its abstraction will most probably cause a cure. The toy known as the " bull-roarer" is in use amongst these tribes when making young men, as Mr. HolUngsworth informs me. To it are ascribed ■ mysterious qualities, and the women fly from the sound. When leaving a camp, it is common to lay on the ground a bundle of twigs, pointing in the direction in which those departing mean to go, for the information of other members of the tribe who may come that way. The name of Coorni Paroo, as applied to the Bulloo, Mr. Playfair informs me is a misnomer. The most interesting fact connected with these tribes is that they form a portion of the western outposts of -that section of the race which inhabits Eastern Australia. That they are related to the eastern, and not to the central section of the race, is shown by the names which they use in con- nection with their marriage classes, which are simply those of the Kamilaroi tribes, whose country is 250 miles away to the south-east. Language testifies to the same fact, as the reader will see if he compares from the annexed vocabularies the words bower a = kangaroo; tangoort = opossum; ko = nose; yabboo —father; yoonga — mother; doongo = head; with their equivalents in other eastern and north-eastern languages. PAROO AND WAREEGO RIVERS, ETC. 275 The term inga or inca — a small species of crayfish, is also in use, as I remember, on the Lachlan River. It is curious to find in some of these vocabularies and additional words but one word to express spear and tree. sz 276 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : No. 177— MUNGALELLA CREEK. By W. H. Looker, Esq. Kangaroo - Opossum - Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Crow - - - Swan - - - Egg - - Track of a foot - Fish - Lobster Crayfish (small) - Mosquito - Fly - Snake The Blacks A Blackf ellow - A Black woman - Nose - - •■ poora. koothed. ballon, knooing. monaroo. burga-burga. kokan, krue. bralga. tickaree. watha. kobwee. nulla. mga. - bootie. - neemoon. murray. murray. muggee. whoe. Hand - - - 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three Four Father Mother Sister-Elder ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - ,, Younger A young man An old man An old woman - A baby A White man Children Head - - - Bye - - - Ear - - - murra. boolaree murray kokobra murray wongra. boolaree. kokobra. boolaree- boolaree. yabo. yoimga. mungunee. wabuld. koola. wayama. moogken. withoe. birralee. bungoon. tilly. munga. CAjrj£j!K.. 277 No. 177.— MuNQALELLA CRV,T,Ti— Continued. Mouth - ta. Boomerang - Teeth - - Hill - Hair of the head - popa. Wood - - tuUgarh. Beard Thunder - - nungea. - tekol Stone - - pungoe. Grass - - bogan. Camp - Yea - - yamba. - ma. Tongue - tuUee. No - - urda. Stomach Breasts - bungute. - Onega. I You - - nya. - inda. Thigh - Bark - - yumboo. Foot - - dinna. Good - - durree. Bone - - knak-ko. Blood - - kooma. Bad - - wyuee. Skin - - ooman. Sweet - - bitterra. Fat - - thomee. Food - - bunthuTii. Bowels - kurree-kurree. Hungry Excrement - - goonna. Thirsty - obundarra. War-spear - - pugga, merring- Eat - - thullee. ham, Sleep - - wooga. B,eed-spear - - Drink - - yoo-gal. Wommera or Walk - throwlng-stick See - Shield - - burrgo. Tomahawk - - buUoa. Sit - Canoe - - kooka. Yesterday - - niUa, ninda. Sun - . durro. To-day Moon - - tillgan. To-morrow - - burdell. Star - - tandool. Where are the wondtha dun Light - - turban. Blacks ? derth? Dark - - noo-ong. I don't know - wondtha ma. Cold - - mitha. Plenty - balla. Heat - Day - opan. - dooringha. Big - - Little - - bunga. - ky-e-u. Night - - noo-ong. Fire - - boodee. Dead - - whoetan. Water kommo. By-and-by - - nilloe. Smoke - toga. Come on - ogo gurree, koa- Ground dunthee. koa. Wind- earka. Milk - - Rain - tillaring. Eaglehawk - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts Wife - 278 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 177.— THE UPPER WARREGO AND PAROO RIVERS. By William R. Conn, Esq. Kangaroo - bowra. Hand- - murda. Opossum - tanurd. 2 Blacks - boolardo murdie. Tame dog - ngoora. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - wanti. One - wongarra. Emu - goolby. Two - boolardo. Black duck munara. Three boolardo- Wood duck wongarra. Pelican boolcoon. Four - ■ boolardo- Laughing jackass karcoburra. boolardo. Native companion coordodo. Father yabbono. White cockatoo teeourri. _ Crow - watta. Mother youTigardi. Swan - bigooro. Sister-Elder - tagoono nyarra. Egg - carboon. „ Younger wabboononyarra Track of a foot dinna-y-chuUa. Brother-Elder Pish - Younger Lobster A young man ■ cowwoola. Crayfish bowgili. An old man - kaiara. Mosquito - boottoia. An old woman - coble-coble. Fly ■ - nimmun. A baby - cando. Snake munda. A White man wittee. The Blacks Children - oanelo. ABlackfellow - murdie. Head - doougo. A Black woman kambi. Bye - - tim. Nose - • ko. Ear - - munga. UPPER WARREGO AHfD PAROO RIVERS. 279 No. 177. — The Upper Wabkego Mouth - - tha. Teeth- • ■ yearra. Hair of the head - monga. Beard - - - nunga. Thunder - - nullo-nullo. Grass - - - woottoon. Tongue - - dulline. Stomach - - bangurd. Breasts - - namoone. Thigh - - baUa. Foot - - - dinna. Bone - - - narco. Blood - - - cooma. Skin - - - gerring. Pat - Bowels Excrement - - goonna. War-spear - - barca. Reed-spear - Wommera or mooro. throwing-stick Shield - - - booro-coo. Tomahawk - - burroo. Canoe - Sun - - - doordo. Moon - - - kuckardo. Star - - - neeworra. Light - - - boyn. Dark - - - noorundi. Cold - - - yakkul. Heat - - boeyoo. Day - - - neelga. Night - - - goobega. Fire - - boordi. Water- - carmo. Smoke- - - dookan. Ground - - nanthe. Wind - - - yarraca. Rain - - - carmo bathing. God - Ghosts - - binooon. AND Paeoo RrvERS — continued. Boomerang - - wongal. Hill - - - bancurda. Wood - Stone - - - bangoo. Camp - - - yamba. Yes - - - yoe. No - - . ourda. I - - - - ngia. You - - - yenda. Bark - - - peea. Good - - - mickineberri. Bad - - - kungardi. Sweet - - - yeara. Pood - - - urdie. Hungry - - cabardi. Thirsty Eat - - - ookung. Sleep - - - wookawonung. Drink - - - oarmo-ookung. Walk - - - wychung. See - - - nuckung. Sit - - - beendung. Yesterday - - goolieure. To-day - - neilga. To-morrow - - goondarro. Where are the inter murdie ? Blacks? I don't know - interra angabe. Plenty - - mulla-muUa. Big - . - bunga. Little - - - kioo. Dead - - - goonteela. By and-by - - kickardo, babo. Come on - - wooko-wicka. Milk - - - namoone. Eaglehawk - - coothalla. Wild turkey - bookine. Wife - 280 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE No. 177.— THE UPPER PAROO. By L. M. Platpaib, : Kangaroo - Opossum Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duok - Wood duck - Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Crow - Swan - Egg - Track of a foot - Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - - - Snake - The Blacks - A Blackf ellow - A Black woman - Nose - bowra. tangort. oura. wante. koolberri. mangara. kournma. tarta. kakonbur. kountara. tigarde. wagin, wada. kotero. kapoin. tena. ude, munge. bogally. boithon. nemon. muuta. walla. made. madda, kambi. ko. Hand - 2 Blacks ■ 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three - Four - Father Mother Sister-Elder ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - ,, Younger A young man An old man An old woman - A baby A White man Children Head - Eye - Ear - madda. wongara. boolardoo. koorbara. boolardoo- boolardoo. yabino. maiara. bairno. takkoin. wabardo. nauka, kowla. kaira. kamin. barko-de, kando. wedo. yauga. toogo. tille. manga. THE UPPER PAROO. 281 No. 177.— The Upper Paboo — continued. Mouth - be, ta. Boomerang - - wangal. Teeth - - yeta. HiU - - - morella, banko. Hair of the heat - turoin. Wood - - baka. Beard - - nauka. Stone - - barre, banko. Thunder Grass - Tongue Stomach Breasts - barri, - woton. - talain, - parby, baindur. - namoon. Camp - Yes - - No - I - yamba. - yoko. - yamma. - ngai-ia, itu. Thigh - - tara. You - - idno, yinda. Foot - - tena. Bark - - beya, morgoin. Bone - - nago, emo. Good - - murga. Blood - Skin - Fat - Bowels Excrement - - kooma. - dunte. - wommo, tame. - teduro, bamdal. - koonna. Bad - Sweet - Food - Himgry - warwarro, bauya. - godja. - ukulgo, yude. - kabid, kuliatin. War-spear - - mingoo, baka, Thirsty - koballa,mariatui. babaino. Eat - - ukal, pautein. Reed-spear - - Sleep - - uga. Wommera or morro. Drink - - tappa, wadya. throwing-stiok Shield - bongo, uba. Walk - See - - tala, wegauga. - naga, neimie. Tomahawk - - paloin. Sit - - blnda, begauge. Canoe - - Yesterday - - urindia. Sun - Moon - Star - Light - Dark - - todo. - kokkarra. - neo-do. - boain. To-day To-morrow - Where are Blacks? - iimba, nelya. - kundaroo. the yinda waga ? Cold - - yakul. I don't know - yamme. Heat - - yattin, poath. Plenty - waintu. Day - - thanauga. Big - - mulla-muUa. Night - - - pitta. Little - - kioo, kapoin. Fire - - boodi, wee. Dead - - kuutine. Water Smoke Ground Wind - Rain - God - - koommoo,kallan, - toga, tuka. - taka, tante. - yerga. - tantinga, ukau. By-and-by - Come on Milk - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey - baboo. - wadyinko, kuga. - pathan. - koothalla. - bungain. Ghosts - wanbo. Wife - - querda. 282 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 177.— THE WARRBGO AND PAROO RIVERS. By Joseph Hollingsworth, Esq. Kangaroo - - bowerra. Opossum - dongoorel. Tame dog - - ngoora. Wild dog - - wunthie. Emu - - goolbae. Black duck - - munburEa. Wood duck - Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - teecaddy. Crow - - wotthar. Swan - - Egg - - oarboon. Track of a foot - thinner. Pish - - gooioo. Lobster - Crayfish - bookillee. Mosquito - - boothoon. Fly - - neemun Snake - - moonta. The Blacks - - murringo. A Blackf ellow - mardie. A Black woman - wyanbirra Nose - - koar. Hand - - marda. 2 Blacks - - paulludy mardie 3 Blacks - - paulludy won- kera mardie. One - - onkera or won kera. Two - - paulludy. Three - - paulludy onkera Pour - - paulludy paul- ludy. Father - yabboon. Mother - wobboodoo. Sister-Elder - „ Younger - Brother-Elder - „ Young er A young man - coul, cowel. An old man- - kyearroo. An old woman - yungun-kyear- roo. A baby - camdoo. A White man - coign. Children - - carroo. Head - - thoonggoo. Eye - - teelee. Bar - - munser. THE WARREGO AND PAROO RIVERS. 283 No. 177. — The Wakeeoo aud Paeoo Rivees — continued. Mouth- ■ thar. Boomerang - - wongel. Teeth - - yeer. Hill - - bungo carripooi Hair of the head - thooroo. (stones high). Wood - - bargar. Beard - - ngunga. Stone - - bungo. Thunder - - noola-noola. Camp - - yumba, yum- Grass - - ootthoon. borra. Tongue - thalUng. Yes - - yowie, ngowa. Stomach - yandi. No - - curther, yumma. Breasts - ngmnoon. I- - ngia, nginya. Thigh - - tharra. You - Bark - - inda, yourra. - biar. Foot - - thinna. Good - - mickanberri, Bone - - ngarkoo. moorioar. Blood - - coomma. Bad - - curthee, warrico- Skin - - beer. warrico. Pat - - thamia, wammo. Sweet - - moorioar good- Bowels - Food - yar. - yuddy, muntha. Excrement - - goonna. Hungry - cobertabae. War-spear or tree barga. Thirsty - cammoyuckerrer Reed-spear - - Eat - - uckerrer, uga. Wommera or mooroo. Sleep - - oga. throwing-stick Drink - - uckerrer. Shield or back - bauioogoo. Walk - - wygella. Tomahawk - - ballone. See - knarkulla. Canoe - . Sit - - pinda. Sun - - thoodoo. Yesterday - - cooUerie moock- erroo. Moon - - kakada. To-day Star - - nguardoo. To-morrow - - goonderroo, Light - - teeleebookooroo. mookerroo. Dark - - gobear. Where are the inthamdoo Cold - - yuckuU. Blacks ? mardie ? Heat - - booine. I don't know - curther ngyer imbella. Day - - nulyambo goon- Plenty - muUa-mulla. daroo. Big - - - gooricanbe. Night - - gobear. Little - - kyeu, thippo. Fire - - booardie. Dead - - wooUul. Water - - kammo, ammo. By-and-by - - bobo, ngeely- Smoke - thook. ambo. Ground - thundy. Come on - ookoo cuntha. Wind - - yarraga. Milk - - Rain - - cammotyingoora. Eaglehawk - - kootthuUa. God - - WUd turkey ■ boongie. Ghosts - weettho. Wife - - cooeearter. 284 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 177. — Additional Wobds, by Mr. J. Hollinoswoeth. What - annee. More - - cullar. Together or eeilpan. To do again - cullaro. sweetheart Gidya-tree - - cobardoo. Fish-hook - au. Gum-tree - - carcoola, carcoo Wallaby - barapa. lin. Fresh-water beerdee. Bloodwood-tree - cambool. turtle Rug, clothes - corrie. Mussel - botherercur. A long distance - cumburrie. To bite ■ bothilla. Tired - - coolyarlar. „ cut - bobeUar. A stink - cutcha. Dew - ■ bauanee. Frightened - - cuUuUa. Scrub - - bardoo. Short - - coongoon. To dig barculla. Net - - coolin. » get up - boorangee. To pretend - - cotthingella. ,, pant booeeyar. ,, cooee - coolella. Currajong-tree bingee. Nasty - curtee. Box-tree - barcoora, koola- A rainbow - - cutchun. bar. North - - carripooi. Run - bawdinya. To throw - - ooochamyar. Big - bunyarty. A yam-stick - cuntha. Directly bobbo. To spit - cunther. To carry bungil. A sLranger - - coongai. Wild orange bumble. A kite (blood) - coomma. Deep - ■ bootchoo. To cook or bum - cobella. Wild - booramby. Louse - - carra. To chop out bungel. Golden bream - cuarree. The sky bundara. Warrego River - ourdeela (i.e., Birds - bee-ee. river of sand). Girdle beera. To whistle - - coobeel. To exchange buck-kin. Gently - ee-ik-carra. Red ochre or red cootthae. To smell - eer-ai-bae. Husband - coongul. You and I - - ngnlli. Throat, to be sick cower. A little girl - gumbee. Calabash - cookar. Plain country - goonni. White coba-ooba. Black color - goorol. Sand - curdeer. Honey, sweet - gootcha. THE WARREGO Al^D PAROO RIVERS. 285 No. 177. — Additional Words, by House - - goondy. Belonging to a house - ■ goondy-gallo. Cattle - - gareril. Mine - - ■ ngatchu. Name - - - ngy. What name? - annee ngy? To shoot or kill - goonill. Be gone - - goondoo. To give - ■ goombul. ,, steal - - goonthama. Tall - - - goorriccan. Hard - - gurrikill. Broken - - goondilla. Bald - - - goorpin. South - - - goorarudoo. To itch - - gidgeela. Sunbeams - - gangara. To cover - - gumbun. ,, swim - - gnoombula. ,, talk - - goolparra. „ perspire - gnumburra. Root of water-lily gobbeer. Perch - - oo-cooroo-coora. Who ? - - - oonthooroo ? Bandicoot - - ornee. Where? - - intharndoo? To hear - - imbella. Native well - incurra. ,, bee - - meemun. The bat - - mutohanbirra. A club - - mooroo. Leeches - - moonquin. Blind - - mootchoo. Big-toe, thumb - mookillee. Magellan clouds - millerrie. Hair, feathers - moonchoo. Bottle-tree - minderra. A shade - - muUo. Soft ■ - - mooning. Mb. J. HoLLiNGSWOKTH — Continued. Tears - - meelyarty. Old, worn out - mutcha. Take hold - - murrel. Stay - - - muttha. Hail - - - mookooloo. A spring - - moontangurra. Frost - - ■ meetharra. Gum - - - mookine. A friend - - noola. East - - - nararparamdoo. Flowers - - oba. Seed - - - pulpart. To dream - - pigeelar. Mulga-tree - pindeea. Pine-tree - - pyingerra. To cry - - parrin. West - - parramdoo. Listen - qooroo. Iguana - - quarrin. Blow-fly - - qoodooroo. Kangaroo-grass quoilpin. seed To taste - - thallal. Leaves of trees - thallar. A watercourse - thuUa. Run quick - ty-ty. Evening star - tar. Quandongs (red) thianburra. ,, (white) theewau. Reeds - - teecull. The liver - - thibba. The heart - - woolcoo. Unwell - - wee-wee. Always - - wundoo. Long since - wiearra. To roast - - wat-thool. Yarran-tree - weelbala. To laugh - - yat-thin. Clouds - - yo-gan. Truly - - yangger 286 THE AUSTRALIAN BACB ; No. 177. — ^Additionai Words, by L. M. Platfaib, Native bee gudja. Uncle - kaugemo North-east wind kauymo. Net - - kooli. Ant - March-fly - Husband - Son - nimmein. bunge. • koungal. - tirgi. Gum-tree - Iguana Sand-fly - - kacola. - bama. - bea. Daughter - toana. Tree - - pugga.* No. 178.— RICHMOND RIVER By Chablbs Edwaeds, Esq., E. Ross, Esq., and Daniel HoGtAN, Esq., C.P.S. The three following vocabularies are from the Richmond River, and though they differ but sUghtly, they belong, I believe, to distinct tribes. In two of the vocabularies we find but one word to express yesterday and to-morrow, on which point I have frequently noticed Blacks a little puzzled. Mr. Edwards gives the following Additional Words:— Codfish - - youngaun. Turtle - - bingin. Eel - - - eroul. Perch - - mogim. Demon - - gimmong. Boys - - goombi ohunga- gun. Names of three brothers Names of two brothers Names of women Class-names of Ettrick Blacks - Class-names of Lismore Blacks Male calls his sister's son Male calls his brother's son A woman calls her brother's son Her husband calls the same person Girls - - booyoom too- pagin. Any number over goombi. four The name of a Tegairi. Black Name of his son - Ninkinbarn. - Orooraban, Beeyan, Guybun. - Tulean, Nginkinbaun. - Delairy, Yoobi, Tarlum. - Wyangari, Widjir, Warloo. - Kyogle, Weeya, GoomuUi. - boorchum. - mooyum. - newgoon. - brigum. * The reader will notice that this rendering of tree does not differ much from that ol war-spear. RICHMOND RIVER. 287 The following words were . sent by Mr. Eoss: — Black snake - moinba. Lightning - - thunkan. Whip snake - eringh. Walk on - - yenna ki. Iguana - dirrawong. On the spot - knoki. Chin - yeinderra. Stump - kunomb. Right hand - thuninba. Iron - - tinkilbill Left hand- - whooram. Sailing vessel - murrung( From this list we see that the tribe has distinct substantive terms for right hand and left hand. 288 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 178.— RICHMOND RIVER. Bt Chaeles Edwaeds, Esq. Kangaroo - - groomon or Hand - - tungun. kroomon. 2 Blacks - - booroora baygul Opoasum - ereking. 3 Blacks - - booroora yabra Tame dog - - tobury. baygul. Wild dog - - One - - yabra. Emu - - coring. Blaok duek - - mara. Two - - booroora. Wood duck - boorabigul. Three - - booroora yabra. Pelican - tungera. Four - - booroora Laughing jackass karkoon. booroora. Native companion kooralkum. Father marmong. White cockatoo - karie. Mother kooning. Crow - - waugaun. Sister-Elder nanung. Swan - - ginabee. „ Younger Egg - - moongaraim. Track of a foot - koolgun. Brother-Elder bunum. Fish - - ,, Younger Lobster - A young mR,n keebra. Crayfish - - bouragin. An old man kitohome. Mosquito - - mundura. An old woman - waurong. Ely - - toonburra. A baby chachum. Snake (carpet) - yumba. A White man tucki. „ (black) - koongai. The Blacks - - baygul. Children A Blackfellow - baygul. Head bowra. A Blaok woman - doobury. Eye - me. No«e - - mooro. Ear - binung. RICHMOND RIVER. 289 No. 178. — Richmond Rivee — continued. Mouth • chairng. Boomerang - - Teeth - dedung. Hill - - - Hair of the hea( - koondun. Wood - - gallee. Beard - - yerin. Stone - - tharo. Thunder - - mogara. Camp - - weabra. Grass - - withirung. Yes - - yoey. Tongue - yalling. No . - ughun. Stomach - doolgo. I - ugie. Breasts - groom. Thigh - Foot - - terung. - chinnung. You - Bark - - weaya. - bagool. Bone - - derrigona. Good - - boogol. Blood - - koomara, Bad - - - thung. Skin - - ulung. Sweet - - berrygan. Fat - - bunraragun. Food - - Bowels - muckai. Hungry - - gobberrie. Excrement - - koonung. Thirsty - nooai. War-spear - - taung or tewang. Eat - - tallala. Reed-spear - - kiung, birala. Sleep - - wouram. Wommera or kunai. throwing-stick Drink - - tokalaila. Shield - buckar. Walk - - yangarla. Tomahawk - - moogin. See - - narala. Canoe - • burcool. Sit - - Sun - - yalgun. Yesterday - - nobau. Moon - - giboom. To-day - byan. Star - - cooyumgun. To-morrow - - nobau. Light - - bubbin. Where are bhe chir baygul ? Dark - - mundery. Blacks ? Cold - - woruug. I don't know - yoogum. Heat - - boorogo Plenty - coombee. Day - - noomgara. Night - - tupin. Big - - - gidyoon. Fire - - weebra. Little - - bidung. Water - koong. Dead - - youbun. Smoke - chume. By-and-by - - yow. Ground - chuckun. Come on - gouay. Wind - - booragin. Milk - Rain - - koong. Eaglehawk - God (Creator) - muckoolum. Wild turkey - Ghosts - yanyangala. Wife - - VOL. in. ' r 290 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 178.— BALLINA. By E. Ross, Esq. Kangaroo - kurruman. Hand - tonguon. Opossum quean. 2 Blacks - barroro bygle. Tame dog - aggum. 3 Blacks - barroro yabbro Wild dog - bygle. Emu - wooring. One - yabbro. Black duck - marra. Two - barroro. Wood duck Three - barroro yabbro. Pelican thungara. Pour - bulla bulla. Laughing jackass - kargau. Native companion chiimon garrara. Pather mamong. White cockatoo karra. Mother nabbung. Crow - wogan. Sister-Elder nanigh. Swan - kinnabee. „ Younger Egg - kobing. Brother-Elder - bunnuarm. Track of a foot kulgau. „ Youngei Fish - thallum. A young man - keebra. Lobster bumicum, murry . An old man wiengbuU. Crayfish Mosquito - mundurra. An old woman - meerong. Ply - ■ thumburry. A baby - tharthum. Snake (carpet) - coble. A White man The Blacks - kununbeen. Children A Blackfellow ■ bygle. Head - - congarra. A Black woman Eye - - mee. Nose - - morrow. Ear - - pinnong. BATTINA. 29 No. 178.- — Ballina — coiUimied. Mouth - thang. Boomerang - Teeth - - diddong. Hill - Hair of the head - bowrra. Wood - - thalley. Beard - - yerring. Stone - - thorrow. Thunder Grass - - mograa. - muudroo. Camp - - himbing. Tongue - yelling. Yes - - yoe. Stomach - moikue. No - - yucumba. Breasts - meerang. I - yabrugin, nye. Thigh - - kindle. You - - weear. Foot - - chiTina.ng. Bark - - boolomb. Bone - - dadigun. Good - - bungarra. Blood - - kumarra. Bad - - yell-yell, thung Skin - - yundra, yooling. Sweet - - barragan. Fat - - bunjurakau. Food - Bowels - moiky. Hungry - cobbiree. Excrement - - cuimang. Thirsty - nirrigan. War-spear - - chuang. Eat - - theelala. Eeed-spear - - Wommera or chunong. Sleep - - wooram. throwing-stick Drink - - thuguong. Shield - - healemau. Walk - - yenna. Tomahawk - - woggara. See - - nad. Canoe - - kindul. Sit - - yeanna. Sun - - yelkin. Yesterday - - wobbo. Moon - - nguibom. To-day byang. Star - To-morrow - - wobbo. Light - - bobbing. Where are the ille bygle ? Dark - - narlow. Blacks ? Cold - - warring. I don't know - yucombe nony- Heat - - woon. gumble. Day - - numgura. Plenty - kemieby gong. Night - - narlow. Big - - kiguong. Fire - - wibra. Little - • biguong. Water- ouung. Dead - Smoke tallow. By-and-by - wooboo. Ground nyle. Come on que. Wind - borrigan. Milk - Eain - durrum durrum. Eaglehawk - God - tunky. Wild turkey Ghosts kimmong tuoky. j Wife - T 2 292 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 178.— LISMORE. Bt Daniel Hooan, Esq., C.P.S. Kangaroo - - kuruman. Hand - tunkau." Opossum - koogan. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - - augham. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - ■ One - yabra. Emu - - nurun. Two - bullaa. Black duck - - mara. Wood duck - Three - bulla yabra. Pelican - kinnibee. Four - ■ balla bulla. Laughing jackass cargaum. Father mamul. Native companion kiogle. Mother quinuin. White cockatoo - kayra. Sister-Elder nunung. Crow - - waughun. ,, Younger Swan - - Brother-Elder ■ bunnam. Egg - - - cobbin. „ Youngei Track of a foot - tharrana. Fish - - tuUum. A young man keebra. Lobster - An old man kidjune. Crayfish An old woman murrung. Mosquito - - munjook. A baby thaduin. Fly - - buan. A White man thagheradge. Snake - - uanba. Children thakum, currall The Blacks - - bygal. A Blackfellow ■ bygal. Head - pooera. A Black woman - toobia. Eye - mil. Nose - - murrock. Ear - binnong. LISMORE. s No. 118.— LiSMons— continued. Mouth - moolang. Boomerang - . Teeth - - tretong. Hill . - - Hair of the heac I - poora. Wood - - thalby. Beard - - yarring. Stone - - tharoo. Thunder - - mukkera. Camp - - timmon. Grass - - weatchong. Yes - - yaway. Tongue - yulban. No ■ - yukkum. Stomach - moong, I - ngi. Breasts - ngama. You - - walbo. Thigh . - tcheriug. Bark - - bockall. Foot - - tchinnong. Good - Bone - - dutoheroo. Blood - - kumerok. Bad - - chang. Skin - - yoolin. Sweet - - bewkin. Fat - - watcheroo. Food - - ngagune. Bowels - muckii. Hungry - kabbora. Excrement ■ - kumiuTig. Thirsty - nirkin. War-spear - - tchuan. Eat - - thangeay. Reed-spear - - commii. Sleep - - newram (?). Wommera or thunuung. Drmk - - ohookyan. throwing- stick Walk- - yonbie. Shield - - baukkar. See - niallan. Tomahawk - - bundan. Cauoe - - kundool. Sit - yehia, yundur Sun - - yalkun. Yesterday - - uooba. Moon - • kubboon. To-day - piiyau. Star - - quanthou. To-morrow - - noobathong. Light - - bobou. Where are the yubae bygal ? Dark - - ngubboa. Blacks ? Cold - - wurring. I don't know ■ yubaa ngouy. Heat - - ngone. Plenty - karral. Day - - nungurri. Big ■ - kukune. Night - Little - beechang. Fire - ■ wibfeera. Water koonk. Dead - kuUung. Smoke thallo. By-and-by - yookur. Ground thackoon. Come on qua, kurr. Wind - buirgoon. Milk - Bain - koo-ung. Baglehawk - God - Wild turkey Ghosts kuba-waaki. 1 Wife - 293 294 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 179.— TENTEEFIELD, NEW ENGLAND. . Anonymous. GLEN INNES, NEW ENGLAND. By C. B. Lowe, Esq. The two vocabularies whicli follow are specimens of the dialects of New England. The first is called Yucomble. Mr. Lowe, who contributes the second, gives the following Addi- tional Words : — Uncle = alepoon; aunt = munga; and cousin = nungarah. He adds that on addressing an aunt the equivalent of mother is often used. The only native name of a person with which Mr. Lowe is acquainted is Combo. No. 179.-TENTERFIELD, NEW ENGLAND. Anonymous. Kangaroo - kooraman. Opossum koopi. Tame dog - mir. Wild dog - Emu - moorin. Black duck - gooralba. Wood duck gooraba. Pelican doorabilla. Laughing jackass kargool. Native companion goorala. White cockatoo - garabin. Crow - waugan. Swan - bonalbe. Egg - ■ kamboa. Track of a foot Fish - - goorl. Lobster ganoon. Crayfish Mosquito - - gurmura. Fly - Snake - - kaka. The Blacks ■ - gibber. A Blackfellow gibber. A Black woman - hekita. Nose - - nurin. Hand - - yama. 2 Blacks - - boother gibber. 3 Blacks - - boother duar gib- ber. One - - duar. Two - - boother. Three - - boother duar. Four - - boother boother. Father - pape. Mother - mina. Sister-Elder „ Younger Brother-Elder , , Younger A young man - kipper. An old man - durra. An old woman - A baby - ongal, ongura. A White man - Children - - Head - - kopul. Eye - - mil. Ear - - ema. TBNTBEPIELD, NEW ENGLAND. 295 No. 179.— Tentekfield, New Enqlanb- -continued. Mouth - eyra. Boomerang - - Teeth - era. Hill - - Hair of the head - gonyal. Wood - . - - nunda. Beard - - nokan. Stone - - tarro. Thunder - - boogoon. Camp - - moora. Grass - - outhan. Yes - - - yoor. Tongue . No - - yakka. Stomach - mucha. I - mina. You - - inda. Breasts - nammo. Thigh - - bongon. Bark - - goola. Foot - - dinna. Good - - pepan. Bone - - nimbra. Bad - • nantha. Blood - - gooma. Sweet - - Skin - - - ingal. Food - - talta. Fat - - komba. Hungry - tooloominga Bowels - kuUinga. Thirsty - Excrement - - goonna. Eat - - yooa. War-spear - - pathin. Sleep - - woorn. Reed-spear - - (not used). Drink - - korilta. Throwing-stick - (not used). Walk - - mannila. Shield - menge. Tomahawk - - wakur. See - - malgu. Canoe - - (not used). Sit - - narela. Sun - - talgai. Yesterday - - Moon - - guir. To-day ■ taUn. Star - - megan. To-morrow ■ - tagree. Light - - - magool. Where are the Dark - - mooroo. Blacks ? Cold - - I don't know . Heat - - wegar. Day - - tarar. Plenty - meliuga. Night - - noom. Big - - - magin. Fire - - wee. Little - tawoni. Water ■ kookoo. Dead - watoona. Smoke - dooral. By-and-by - - Ground - tarri. Come on - ethemaa. Wind - - buran. Milk - - Rain - - yoorin. Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 296 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 179.— GLEN INNES, NEW ENGLAND. By C. B. Lowe, Esq. Kangaroo - - groman. Opossum koope. Tame dog - merri. Wild dog - Emu - ngoorung. Black duck - gundereba. Wood duck - goorowburra Pelican - wugil. Laughing jackass gargoon. Native companion ngeura. White cockatoo - geearabel. Crow - wahgun. Swan - burabura. Egg - - kaboa. Track of a foot gidena. Fish - goorool. Lobster - naloan. Crayfish Mosquito - giwin. Fly - borlo. Snake - goorara. The Blacks - goonawl. A Blackfellow - gibbera. A Black woman - akitchera. Nose - moro. Hand - - yumma. 2 Blacks boola gibbera 3 Blacks - - boola gereara gibbera. One - - gereara. Two - boola. Three - boola gereara. Four - Father papiel. Mother munga. Sister-Elder wundeal. ,, Younger Brother-Elder gubbeal. „ Younger A young man An old man booraby. An old woman gidoonga. A baby gookarna. A White man margue. Children oongarleen. Head - karpooi. Eye - meill, Ear - beidna. GLEN INNBS, NEW ENGLAND. 297 No. 179. — Glen Innbs — contirmed. Mouth Boomerang - - Teeth - ■ gia. Hill - - Hair of the head - heab. Wood - - gate. Beard - - nukkim. Stone - - goodno. Thunder - boorongi. Camp - - ngoora. Grass - - withun. Yes - - Tongue - galbain. No - - ooka. Stomach - makki. I - atcha. Breasts - ngamoo. You - - inda. Thigh - - garra. Bark - - goolo. Foot - - gidda. Good - - bepan. Bone - - nimbe. Bad - - ngaraga. Blood - - gungera. Sweet - ■ galer. Skin - - yungera. Food - - ewi. Fat - Bowels Excrement - - kumba. - galleenga. - goonna. Hungry Thirsty - boongere. - boi. War-spear - - bithin. Eat - - eni. Reed-spear - - wurre. Sleep - - nooroombiba. Throwing-stick - duanga gat. Drink - - gokogulba. Shield - - gungi. Walk - - manelba. Tomahawk - - wakara. See - - ngarugeba. Canoe - Sit - - gari. Sun - - galgi. Yesterday - - ngoroongra. Moon - - gewarra. To-day - galan. Star - - mageen. To-morrow - - mooraga. Light - - galgi, guppungi. Where are the wonga gibbera ? Dark - - ngoro. Blacks? Cold - - wuUi. I don't know - ooka atcha inan Heat - - galgarga. gange. Day - - yullooeenga Plenty - goonootan. Night - - ngoronga. Big - - maggim. Fire - - wi. Little - - jowar. Water - goko. Dead - - battoonye. Smoke - jaw. By-and-by - - ballok. Ground - garra. Come on - yatte manna. Wind- boorau. Milk - Rain - yuro. Eaglehawk God - Wild turkey Ghosts Wife - - 298 THE AUSTEAIilAN RACE: No. 180.— QUBENBULLA, ASHPORD, AND QUININGUILLAN. By the Distbict Bench of Magistrates. Kangaroo - maroni. Hand - yambia. Opossum koopi. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - menni. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - One - tonway. Emu - gawril. Two - boobia. Black duck Wood duck - grober. Three - boobiathi. Pelican woohoodoo. Four - Laughing jackass gookooya. Father parpinga. Native companion gooriatti. Mother kuppenea. White cockatoo Sister-Elder wonde. Crow - - wakan. ,, Younger Swan - willar. Brother-Elder kownonbi. Egg - - Track of a foot gungi. winnia. „ Youngei Fish - - garo. A young man ■ towanbuUa Lobster gonon. An old man brubbi. Crayfish gindangia. An old woman - mooberri. Mosquito - moneillia. A baby - gow. Fly - barloo. A White man - goone. Snake thunni. The Blacks - Children - talliwakin. A Blaokfellow thukkin. Head - - bookia. A Black woman kolleria. Eye - - meine. Nose - mario. - Ear - - buUekin. QUEENBULLA, ASHPORD, AND QUININGUILLAN. 299 No. 180. — QUEENBULLA, ASHFOKD, Mouth - - yeire. Teeth - - - teeria. Hair of the head- bookia. Beard - - yarri. Thunder - - toloomatme. Grass - - - woone. Tongue - - thathi. Stomach - - theethia. Breasts - - moonbi. Thigh - - beeyo. Foot - - - winnier. Bone - - - yembi. Blood - - - kooninber. Skin - - - yooti. Fat - - - kumbia. Bowels - - neria. Excrement - - biritlay. War-spear - - karki. Reed-spear - - wari. ThrowLng-stick - pankin. Shield- - - marombi. Tomahawk - - bebia. Canoe - - - walkia. San - - - tooni. Moon - - - gethi. Star - - - meria. Light - - - tooni. Dark . - - muther. Cold - - - yeither. Heat - - - galthra. Day - - - thaUau. Night - - - muther. Fire - - - myee or wyee. Water - kooki. Smoke - - wothi. Ground - - thakoo. Wind - - - woUar. Rain - - - neilther. God - Ghosts AND QuiNiNGuiLLAN — cwiivmied. Boomerang - Hill - Wood- - - thuudler. Stone - • - thrawe. Camp - - - woora. Yes - - - yoi. No - - - koi. I - - - ninda. You - - - numba. Bark - - - gunnoogulki. Good - - - munluba. Bad - - - yooriwia. Sweet- - - munluba. Food - - - wekia. Hungry - - thwring. Thirsty - - gookoowing. Bat - - - ginyeadowngi. Sleep - - - noriwa. Drink- - - numbulla. Walk - - - munillia. See - - - nilli. Sit - - Yesterday - - thanlunguUa. To-day - - thalUan. To-morrow- - baralballurgi. Where are the bumbriniuil Blacks? yonni ? I don't know Plenty - - woUigooki. Big - - - woUi. Little - - - kuthier. Dead - - - bartmee. By-and-by - - barloi. Come on - - kowi. Milk - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey Wife - BOOK THE FOURTEENTH. BOOK THE FOURTEENTH. PREFATORY REMARKS. The langnage and marriage customs of the Kamilaroi tribes have been treated of by the late Eevd. William Ridley in his work entitled Kamilaroi and other Australian Languages, which volume in turn has formed the principal groundwork of Messrs. Fison and Howitt's volume Kamilaroi and Kurnai. As the marriage customs of the Kamilaroi tribes have already been considered in Chapter 4 of the present work, they are not referred to in what follows. Of the Common "Vocabulary eight Kamilaroi translations have been given, with a view of enabling the reader to judge of how small are the differences of speech which occur within the area in which this tongue prevails. It wiU be noticed that Murri = Blackfellow, and Kamil — No, are found in each of the eight translations. In these dialects affinities will be noticed in the equivalents of tongue and eat. 304 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 181.— THE BARWAN, GWYDER, AND NAMOI EIVERS. MOREE, NUNDLE, WEB-WAA, BARRABA, BOGABRIE, AND MEBKE. THE KAMH^AROI LAJfGUAGE. By the late Rbvd. William Ridley, M.A., J. Moseley, Esq., Pbank Bucknell, Esq.; The Bench of Magistbates at Mokeb, Nundle, Wee-waa, Babeaba, and bogabeie. Kamilaeoi, the name of this language, and of one at least of the tribes which speak it, is derived from Kamil or Gumil, the negative adverb of the tongue. In the Kamilaroi country there still exist the remnants of several independent tribes which no doubt used to belong to more than one association. Of one of these tribes which dwell on the Gwyder, Mr. Frank Bucknell has forwarded me an account, which is to the following effect. The name of the tribe says Mr. Bucknell is Kamilroi* Since he first became acquainted with it, it has greatly decreased in numbers, owing to the use of ardent spirits, the result being generally lung disease, which is the prevalent disorder. Some individuals of the tribe seem to have reached the age of eighty years. Besides waist-belts, the Kamilroi wear as clothes rugs made of opossum skins and occasionally of the skins of young kangaroo. For ornaments they wear (or used to do, for at the present time, 1874, they have but few of their native customs left) in their hair on festive occasions shells and the' yellow crest of the white cockatoo. To the same end they also smear the person with red ochre, * Mr. Bucknell speaks of this particular tribe as Kamilroi. Describers of related tribes generally spell the word Kamilaroi. — E, M. C. BARWAN, GWYDER, AND NAMOI RIVERS. 305 on which lines of pipe-clay are painted. Before we intro- duced iron, their implements were the usual tomahawk and knife made of stone or flint. They still have bags and nets made of tough grass or of the bark of the currajong-tree, some of them being prettily and all of them substantially manufactured, for the savage, as long as he works for himself, never scamps his work. For weapons they have boomerangs of both kinds, clubs, spears which are thrown by hand and not with the wommera, many of these implements being elaborately carved. In this tribe the young of both sexes have to submit to certain restrictions in connection with food; some being forbidden to eat honey and others the opossum. When Mr. BuckneU first knew the Kamilroi, in 1853, there were amongst them two men and one woman slightly pitted with small-pox. This disease seems to have visited the tribe about the year 1830, and to have cut off many. Their name for it is booert. Grown persons in this tribe had a strong objection to being called by the names of their infancy, which was sometimes resorted to for the purpose of annoy- ance. Kidgella, Mungilla, and Werneya are the names of three of the women. The subdivision of the Kamilaroi tribes into classes has already been mentioned in a former chapter, and I learn from my informant that marriages were entirely regulated by these classes. Mr. Bucknell also says that each male and female is (or was) allowed to marry into one of two classes, but that children always belonged to the class of their mother. Girls were often betrothed in infancy, and became wives at about fourteen years of age. Like other tribes, they scar the body for ornamental purposes, and knock out one of the teeth of the males at the boora, or secret ceremony by which they are admitted to the rank of young men. They also wear a bone through the septum of the nose. Mr. Bucknell agrees with the late Eevd. William Eidley in stating that the Kamilaroi tribes believe in the existence of an Almighty Creator. They also believe in spirits, and VOL. III. V 306 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE ! are fearfal of going near graves at night. FisMng is carried on with nets and spears, and hy means of weirs constructed with boughs and stakes, to the opening of which is affixed a long bag-net. As a sign of mourning, they plaster the head with mud. For colds, the Kamilaroi of the present day use, as a drink, water in which wild mint has been steeped, and for an aperient water in which bark of the wild lavender-tree has been steeped. Whether they used remedies of the sort before they became acquainted with the Whites seems very questionable. I do not think our Blacks had any idea of the use of purgatives. With outward applications they undoubt- edly had some acquaintance, and Mr. Bucknell notices that pains of the stomach are treated with an application of heated eucalyptus leaves. For snake-bite, a ligature is tied above and below the wound, and the part bled and sucked. If a bed of small red ants be at hand, the patient takes his stand on it, and endures the sharp bites of the insects for about an hour. No. 181. — Additional Wokds, by the late Revd. W. Ridley. Son - - wurume. Lungs - kaogi. Daughter - - ngumunga. Liver - kanna. Uncle - pamandi. Kidneys mukar, mogur Nephew - wurumungadi, Knee - dinbir. Niece - Man's breasts Cheek - Lips - Chin - kurugandi. - ngumungadi. birri. - wa, kwati. - ille, kumai. - tal. Leg - - - buiyo, poiyu. Ankle - - - ngor. Heel - - - tanga. Verily - - gir. Full (after eating) yularai. Moustache - - buti. Wonderful - ngipai. Throat - wuru, dildil. Term expressive yamma ? Neck - - nun. of interrogation Back - - guria, baoa. placed at the be- Arm - - bungun. ginning of a sen- Heart - ■ ki, gi- tence BABWAN, GWYDBR, AND NAMOI RIVERS. 307 Additional Words, by the late Revd. W. Ridley — continued. God verily made man; first man Adam. God said: "Not it is good for man alone to dwell ; I for man woman wUl make." Then God woman made ; first woman Eve; Eve wife of Adam. Adam father of Blaokfellow, father of Whitef ellow, father of all. Eve, mother of Blaokfellow, mother of Whitefellow, mother of all. Baiame gir giwir giombi; mal giwir Adam. Baiame goe: " Ka- mil murruba giwir ngandil ngud- delago ; ngaiagiwirgo inar gimbille." Ea Baiame inar giombe; mal inar Iva; Iva gulir Adamu. Adam buba murringu, buba won- dangu, bubakanungo. Ivangumba murringu, ngumba wondangu, ngumba kanungo. Additional Woeds fobwarded by the Bench at Wee-waa. Aunt - - - booriaili (?). Cousin - - boardi (?). Names of women Gibilga, Yan- goma. Family names - Cubbi, Combo, Hippi, Murri. Uncle - - - carrondi. Demon - - wonda. Southern Cross - birubi. U2 308 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 181.— NAMOI AND BARWAN RIVERS. By the Revd. William Ridley. Kangaroo - bundar. Opossum mute. Tame dog - buruma. Wild dog - murren or yuggi Emu - dinoun. Black duck - kurrongi. Wood duck- ngunumbi. Pelioan guleale. Laughing jackass kukuraka. Native companior buralga. White cockatoo biloeta, morai. Crow - waru. Swan ■ barianmul. Egg - ko. Track of a foot - turabul. Fish - guia. Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - mungin. Fly - - - burulu. Snake (black) nurai. The Blacks - murri. A Blackfellow - A Black woman - tnar or yennar. Nose - muru. Hand - murra. 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks One - mal. Two - bular. Three - guleba. Four bularbular. Father buba. Mother ngumba. Sister-Elder boadi. „ Younger buri. Brother-Elder daidi. ,, Younger ■ gullami. A young man kubura. An old man ■ diria (grey). An old woman yambuli. A baby kaindul. A White man wunda. Children kai. Head - kaoga, gha, ga Eye - mil. Ear - binna. NAMOI AND BAEWAN RIVERS. 309 No. 181. — Namoi and Barwan Riveks- -continued. Mouth - yari. Boomerang - - Teeth - - yira. Hill - • Hair of the head - tegul. Wood - - tulu. Beard - - yare. Stone - - yarul. Thunder - - tulumi. Camp - - wolai. Grass - - gera, yindal, Yes - - yo. goaror. No - - - kamil. Tongue - tulle. I - ngaia. Stomach - mubal. You - - - inda, nginda. Breasts - ngummu. Bark - - tura. Thigh - - - durra. Good - - murruba. Foot - - dinna. Bad - - kagil, kuggil. Bone - - burra. Sweet - - murruba. Blood - - - gue. Skin - - yuli. Food - - yul. Fat - - ghori. Hungry - yulngin. Bowels Thirsty - koUengin. Excrement - _ Eat - - - tali. War-spear - - pilar. Sleep - - babi. Reed-spear - - Drink - - ngarugi. Wommera or Walk - - - yani. throwing-stick See - - ngummi. Shield - - burin. Sit - - - nguddela. Tomahawk - - yundu. Yesterday - - gimiandi, Canoe - - kumbilgal. ngaribu. Sun - Moon - - yarai. - gille. To-day - yeradtha, ilaunu Star - - mirri. To-morrow - - nguruko. Light - - Where are the tuUa murri Dark - . Blacks ? nguddela ? Cold - - karil. I don't know - kamil ngaia Heat - . winungi. Day - - yeradtha. Plenty - burrula. Night - - nguru. Big - - burul. Fire - - wi. Little - - kai. Water - kolle, woUun. Dead - - balun. Smoke - du, dhu. By-and-by - - yerala. Ground - taon. Come on - yanilla. Wind- - maier. MUk - - Rain - - yuro. Eaglehawk - - God - - baiame. Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 310 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 181.-NAM0I, BARWAN, MEEHE. By J. MosELBY, Esq., of Wee-waa. Kangaroo - boonda. Hand - - murra. Opossum moothe. 2 Blacks - ■ boola murrie. Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck - Pelican booroomine. theenoon, maree. kooraugee. goonambee. goola, allee. 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three - Four - - koolabar murrie, - mahl. ■ boola. - koolabar. boola-boola. Laughing jackass kookooburra, Father boobar. kurra-wurra. Mother womba, numba. Native companion booralga. Sister-Elder booradie. White cockatoo eenboona. ,, Younger bugandie. Crow - Swan - Egg - - Track of a foot ■ waroo. booroondal. kow. deena. Brother-Elder ■ koolarmee. ,, Younger A young man - oolkald, biree. Fish - goo-ya. An old man ■ teeya, dirarl- Lobster kary. dool. Crayfish kary. An old woman - oomballee. Mosquito - moogin. A baby - kee-.e-i, kindool. Fly - - ■ Snake (brown) The Blacks - boorooloo. noorai. murrie. A White man Children - wonda. - booroola,wee-e-i A Blackfellow - mahl murrie. Head - gar, kar. A Black woman - eena, iuna. Eye - - mil. Nose - mooroo. Ear - binna. NAMOI, BARWAN, MEEHE. 311 No 181. — Namoi, Barwan, Mebhb — continued. Mouth ■ ungee. Boomerang - - Teeth - - eera. HiU - . Hair of the head - yarraga. Wood- - thooloo. Beard - - yarre. Stone - - yarrel. Thtmder - - thooloomo. Grass - Camp - - woUi, ngoora. Tongue - talla. Yes - - yeo. Stomach - moorbaal. No - - kommel. Breasts - thnamoo. I - - - ngeia. Thigh - boo-i-oo. You - - eenda. Foot - - deena. Bark - - toora. Bone - - boora. Good - ' murooba. Blood - - gooai. Bad - - bane. Skin - - ula. Pat - - wommo. Sweet - - kupper. Bowels - moobaal, kgol- Food - - tooa. leen. Hungry - yoonquil. Excrement - - goonna. Thirsty - wolleenquil. War-spear - - beelar. Eat - - tarlee. Reed-spear - - waree. Sleep - - barbee. Wommera or wommora. Drink - - ngafooki. throwing-stick Walk - - yanna. Shield Tomahawk - - mungan. ■ yoondo. See - - - ngoomilli. Canoe - - wyardka. Sit - - ngareel. Sun - - yeearai. Yesterday - - ngarra, kagool Moon - - gillee. To-day - marl. Star - - mirrie. To-morrow - - mooroogko. Light - - narran. Where are the allar murri ? Dark - - nooroo. Blacks ? Cold - - waheel. I don't know - kommillar. Heat - - boolarte,taweela. Plenty - booroola. Day - - boUa. Big - - - boorool. Night - - ngooroo. Little - - kiudool. Fire - - wee. Dead - - bolloo. Water - wollee. Smoke - too. By-and-by - - eerarloo. Ground - towon. Come on - tianowa. Wind- - mathe. Milk - - Rain - - kollee. Eaglehawk - - God - - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 312 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 181.— GWYDER RIVER. By Frank Bucknell, Esq. Kangaroo - bund ah. Hand - - murra. Opossum mootta. 2 Blacks - - boolar murry. Tame dog - boorooma. 3 Blacks ■ - cooleebar murry Wild dog - - murrain. One - - marl. Emu " dinown. Two - - boolar. Black duck curringa. Three - - coolebar. Wood duck guuumba. Four - - moolamboo and Pelican coola-arlee. boolar boolar. Laughing jackass coocoocarcar. Father - pian-dool, boyd Native companior I boralgar. jurt, poopar. White cockatoo - mowri. Mother - ngumbar. Crow - warrow or mine- Sister-Elder - powarthey. gar. „ Younger - prainarthey. Swan - - - parrear mel. Brother-Elder - tyarthey. Egg - - - CO. ,, Younger coUyningarthey Track of a foot - dinner. A young man - cobbora and Fish - Lobster guir. An old man ongarl. - waim-mar. Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - - •• Snake - The Blacks - A Blackfellow - geary. noongin. boorooloo. nourri. murry. murry. An old woman A baby A White man Children - Head - - yamboolee. - kirrakar. - wonda. - ki-kul-ka. - ko-kar. A Black woman - innurt. Eye ■ - mill. Nose - - - mooroo. Ear . - binnar. GWYDER RIVER. 313 No. 181. — GwTDEK River — contmued. Mouth ngeh. Boomerang bur-rum. Teeth yeara. Hill - cub-ba. Hair of the head cu. Wood dooloo. Beard yerra. Stone - yarral. Thunder - dooloomra. Camp - walli. Grass kean. Yes - ah-yoo. Tongue tuUey. No - commil. Stomach - moobul. I niah. Breasts ngummoo. You - indur. Thigh Foot - turrar. ■ dinner. Bark - Good - ■ nundar. cubber. Bone ■ - boorar. Bad - - wun-ghu. Blood - - guoy. Sweet ■ warril-it. Skin - - enlie. Food - - youl. Fat - - wommo. Hungry youn-ning. Bowels - goolo-lar. Thirsty - coUinguin. Excrement - - goonar. Eating ■ talden. War-spear - - belar. Sleeping - - boonna cowin ya Reed-spear - (have none). Drinking - ngarroo giller. Wommera or moorooler. Walking - yan-nay-bur. throwing-stick Seeing - omilder. Shield - booreen. Sitting - whurrillar. Tomahawk - yuandoo. Yesterday - - gimmeanyo. Canoe - To-day - nore yarrijur. Sun - - yarri. To-morrow- - noo, ro-go. Moon - - gilla. Where are the tul-lar -murry ? Star - - mirree. Blacks ? T.ight - - yirree. I don't know - tullar mar. Dark - - nooroo. Plenty - boorool wealar. Cold - - kurreel. Big - - booral. Heat - - boolate. Little - kianjole. Day - - yarrigee. Dead - - boUonney. Night - nooroo. By-and-by - - yerralon. Fire - Water Smoke - wee. - coUey. - dhoo. Come on - Milk - Eaglehawk - tyannuga. - ngummel. - muUion. Ground Wind Rain - - maite. - coUey par in ya. Wild turkey - burrowar (plain turkey), wirraller (scrub God - - biamma. turkey). Ghosts - ghineet-bee. Wife - - goolear. 314 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 181.~M0REE. By Bench of Maqistkates. Kangaroo - - bundar. Hand - - mora. Opossum - Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - - mooty. - boolomo - thinnoo. 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - - boolar murri. - kooliba murri - mal. Black duck - kurrongey. Two - - boolar. Wood duck - goomby. Three - - kooliba. Pelican - koolyalle. Four - - Laughing jackass kookoborro. Native companion booralga. White cockatoo - moori. Crow - - -. meauga. Swan - . - koolamballee. Father Mother Sister-Elder ,, Younger - boobady. - umbady. - boady. Egg - - - kow. Brother-Elder - theady. Track of a foot - theena. ,, Young it Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - . Snake - - gooea. - keery. - moongin. - poodeloo. - thi. A young man An old man An old woman A baby A White man ■ kure. - theera. - theera. - kiangle. - wonda. The Blacks- - boolamurri. Children - - A Blackfellow - murri. Head - - yagh. A Black woman - eenar. Eye - - mil. Nose - - moora. Ear - ■ bena. MOREE. 315 No. 181.— Mon^ti— continued. Mouth- - ■ - nigh. Boomerang - - Teeth - - eeara. Hill - - Hair of the head - kowga. Wood - - thooloo. Beard ■ - yarry. Stone - - yerrul. Thunder - - toolomi. Camp - - walli. Grass - - yrar. Yea - - yoe. Tongue thily. No - - komil. Stomach Breasts - kea. I You - • ngia. Thigh - Foot - Bone - Blood - Skin - Fat - - buyo. - thinna. - boora. - guoy. - uly. - wammoo. Bark - Good - Bad - Sweet - Food - - tooro. - koba. - kogU. Bowels Hungry - ungil. Excrement - - goona. Thirsty - galligin. War-spear - - peelar. Eat - - tally. Eeed-spear - Sleep - - babee. Woimnera or tholowaly. Drink - - norriguy. throwing-stiok Shield - Tomahawk - Canoe - Sun - - yoondo. - eri. Walk - See - Sit " - Yesterday - - yenni. - omi. - norree. Moon - - killi. To-day - ilia. Star - - meeree. To-morrow - - morrogo. Light - Where are the thalla murri ? Dark ■ - muro. Blacks? Cold - - koreal. I don't know - komil wingan Heat - - boolet. ella. Day - Plenty boodela. Night - - muroo. Big - - - burr. Fire - - wee. Little - kirri-murra. Water - kally. Dead - balomey. Smoke ■ thoo. By-and-by - eeralu. Ground thoun. Come on tianiuga. Wind - meed. Milk - Eain ■ koUee bally. Eaglehawk - God - Wild turkey Ghosts Wife - 316 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 181.— NUNDLE. By Bench op Magistrates, Nundlb. Kangaroo - bundar. Hand - - ma. Opossum - Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu gooee. myi, mirri, wanti. mooree. 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - Two - - bla murri. - kooliba murri marl. - bla. Black duck - koorangee. Three - - kooliba. Wood duck- Four - _ PeUcan Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Crow - kookooburra. bralga. geeray. waro. Father Mother Sister-Elder „ Younger - gunnyja. - bugandi. Swan ■ - - Brother-Elder . Egg - - - Track of a foot - Fish - Lobster thiuna. gooya. „ Younger A young man An old man Crayfish An old woman - Mosquito - Fly . Snake - The Blacks - burrillo. nebe. murri. A baby A White man Children - guy- - wunda. A Blackfellow - murri. Head - - gunga. A Black woman - goolear. Eye - - meel. Nose .. - - mooroo. Ear - - binna. NUNDLB. No 181.— NUNDLE— COMiiMJiCci. Mouth Boomerang - - Teeth - Hill - , Hair of the head ga. Wood - . Beard - Thunder - Grass - Tongue Stomach yarri. toolooma. moobul. Stone - Camp - Yes - No - - guUa. - geyro. - kammil. Breasts I - ny-ya. Thigh - Foot - - buyo. - thinna. You - Bark - - inda. Bone - Good - - mundaba. Blood - Bad - - Skin - Sweet - - Fat - Food - _ Bowels Excrement - War-spear - - moobul. - goonna, - tooloo. Hungry Thirsty Eat ■ - Reed-spear - Wommera or throwing-stick Shield - Sleep - Drink - Walk- - barbee. Tomahawk - - yundoo. See - - ngamilu. Canoe - Sit - - Sun - Yesterday - - Moon - - geelee. To-day - Star - To-morrow - - Light - Dark - Cold - Heat - Day - Night - Fire - kreel. wee. Where are the Blacks? I don't know Plenty Big - - Little - thela murri ? - murrowel. - ki-indual. Water kalley. Dead - Smoke By-and-by - Ground down. Come on] - Wind - Milk - Eain - woUa. Baglehawk - God - Wild turkey Ghosts Wife - 317 318 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 181.— NAMOI. By Bench or MAaisTEATES at Wee-waa. If the reader will look at the translation of no in this vocabulary and also at that of / donH hnow, he will find the first of these terms made into a verb. Kangaroo - boondar. Opossum moota. Tame dog - boorooma. Wild dog - Emu - dinoon. Black duck - kurange. Wood duck goonambe. Pelican goolalli. Laughing jackass kurrali, warra. Native companion boralga. White cockatoo - emboona. Crow - wori. Swan - booroonda. Egg - - kow. Track of a foot - diuna. Fish - kooya. Lobster karee. Crayfish - karee. Mosquito - ■ nomqui. Fly - boorooloo. Snake - noora. The Blacks - murri. A Blackfellow - A Black woman - einna. Nose - mooroo. Hand - - - 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three - Four - - - Father Mother Sister-Elder „ Younger - Brother-Elder - „ Younger A young man An old man An old woman - A baby A White man Children Head - - - Eye - Ear - murra, boola murri. koolaba murri. marl. boola. koolaba. boola boola. booba. nunba. warubill. booardi. booral. koolermi, oolkald. terriga. nunbooli. kei. wonda. boorookie. kur, gar. mil. binna. NAMOI. 319 No. 181.— Namoi— continued. Mouth - ngni. Boomerang - - Teeth - - eera. Hill - - - Hair of the head- kar. Wood - - tooloo. Beard - - yarra. Stone - - yarral. Thunder - - thorooli. Camp - - wolli. Grass - - Yes - - yeo. Tongue - talla. No - - thomilorkommil Stomach - moobal. I - ngera. Breasts - namoo. You - - einda. Thigh - booro. Bark - - torral. Foot - - dinna. Good - - moorooba. Bone - - boora. Bad - - kokil. Blood - Skin - - gooaye. - ula. Sweet - Fat - - wommo. Food - - Bowels - koUeen-koUeen. Hungry - yeonal. Excrement - - gunna. Thirsty - boola. War-spear - - bela. Eat - - - tallee. Eeed-spear - warree. Sleep - - barbee. Wommera or moondoola. Drink - - narroke. throwing-stick Shield - brun. Walk - - yanna. Tomahawk - - woondoo. See - - nurinee. Canoe - - wyardka. Sit - - naraila. Sun - - earreye. Yesterday - - narrakogul. Moon - - gillee. To-day - Star - - merree. To-morrow - - moorooko. Light - - torree. Where are the talla murri? Dark - - mooroo, bela. Blacks? Cold - - kureel. I don't know - kommillar. Heat - - poolati. Plenty - booroola. Day - Big - - boorol. Night - - ngooroo. Little - - kindoo. Fire - wee. Dead - - boUo. Water - koUee. Smoke - too. By-and-by - - eerarboo. Ground - town. Come on - tianowa. Wind- - maybe. Milk - - Rain - - kollee. Eaglehawk - God - Wild turkey - Ghosts - goowaa. Wife - - 320 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 181.— BARRABA. Bt Bench or Magistrates at Bakeaba. Kangaroo - bundar. Ha,iid - - murra. Opossum kooi, mooti. 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - boorooma. 3 Blacks - - Wild dog - One - - marl. Emu - dirrawan. Two - - boola. Black duck - kurrungi. Three - - kooleba. Wood duck - Pelican goonumbi. eoolamboolin. Four - - boolar-boolar. Laughing jackass ghoor-gha-gha. Father - booba, poopa. Native companion booralga. Mother - ngumba, ham- White cockatoo - mori. ooth. Crow - waro. Sister-Elder - bowadi. Swan - boorh-boorh. „ Younger - Egg - - Track of a foot kow. Brother-Elder - tiade, tyar. wario. „ Younger kuUaminga, kul Pish - gooyah. lami. Lobster (none here). A young man - beri. Crayfish keerie. An old man - derradool. Mosquito - moongin. An old woman - Ply . . - boorooloo. A baby - kenegal. Snake - neebi, neeri. A White man - wanda. The Blacks ■ - murri. Children - ghi, kenegaldool A Blackfellow - kew-ihr. Head - - gha. A Black woman - yinnar. Eye - - mil. Nose - - mooroo. Ear ■ - binna. BARRABA. •6Zi No. 181. — Bakeaba — continued. Mouth - ngni. Boomerang - - Teeth - yeera. Hill - - - Hair of the head - kowgha. Wood - tooloo. Beard - yari. Stone - - yarrul. Thunder - Grass - - tooloomi. - goora. Camp - - walli, tuharma. Tongue - thalli. Yes - - kert. Stomach - moohal. No - - - kummil or gum- Breasts - ngamoor. mil. Thigh - - purru. I - - - ngunna. Foot - - dinna. You - - inda. Bone - - boora. Bark - - booroor. Blood - - gooi. Good - - - murraba. Skin - - bowarh. Bad - - kuggil. Fat - - wammo. Sweet ■ - warrool. Bowels - goon. Food - - yula. Excrement - - goona. Hungry - yulegin. War-spear - - belar. Thirsty - koUingin. Reed-spear - - Eat - - theldiau. Wommera or boondi, moorolu. Sleep - - ngooraroo. throwing-stick Drink - - ngarroogi. Shield - burran. Walk - - yumbul, tarrowi. Tomahawk - - yandoo. See - - ngummile. Canoe - _ Sit - - - ngari. Sun - - yarri. Yesterday - - gimmandi. Moon - - gilli. To-day - yelatho. Star - - meri. To-morrow - - noorookou. Light - - ngurrun. Where are 1 jhe menari murri ? Dark - - boolooi, ngooroo. Blacks? Cold - - karil. I don't know - kummil nghi Heat - - ingil. wirrangillan. Day - - ngurrun. Plenty - woorook, booroo- Night - ngurroo. looba. Fire - - wi, kooyung. Big - - - boorool. Water - koUi, wallan. Little - - kindool. Smoke - thoo. Dead - - mooran, ballingi- Ground - town. By-and-by - - yeral. Wind- - myar. Come on - kiarbar. Eain - - yooroo, wallan. Milk - ■■ - God - - - bhiami. Eaglehawk - - Ghosts - wanda, ghirrum- Wild turkey - beUa. Wife - - VOIi. III. 1 c 322 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 181.— BOGABRIE. By Bench op Maghsteates at Bogabbie. Kangaroo - boondar. Opossum mutty. Tame dog - boorama. Wild dog - Emu - tinoun. Black duok turugal. Wood duck koonambi. Pelican nurumbin. Laughing jackass kooyagigo. Native companior I booralga. White cockatoo mori. Crow - meanga. Swan - booromba. Egg - ■ pooremal. Track of a foot - dinna. Pish - - gooya. Lobster - koorey. Criyfish - Mosquito - - munging. Ply . . - onegal. Snake - - nurri. The Blacks - - murri. A Blackfellow - A Black woman - enatt. Nose - - muru. Hand - - murra. 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - - mal. Two - - poolara. Three - - koolipa. Four - - poolera poolera Father - poopadde. Mother - umpadde. Sister-Elder - powadde. „ Younger - Brother-Elder - thual. Younger A young man - koopera. An old man ■ munber. An old woman - yambuUe. A baby - koy. A White man - wanda Children - - kially. Head - - koka. Eye - - mill. Ear - - binna. BOGABRIE. No. 181. — BoGABRiE— continued. Mouth - nigh. Boomerang - - Teeth - - eela. HiU - - Hair of the head - koka. Wood - - thuUu. Beard - - yarrie. Stone - - yattle. Thunder - - thooroone. Camp - - walle. Grass - - gerrett. Yes - - kurough. Tongue - thuUe. No - - kummil. Stomach - mobil. I - nunna. Breasts - berry. You - - indu. Thigh - Bark - - dunna. Foot - - thanna. Good ■ - miappaU. Bone - - bora. Bad - - kogil. Blood - Skin - - gooiti. - yuli. Sweet - - miappali. Fat - Food - - thu. - wamma. Bowels - goonna. Hungry - ungim. Excrement - - kouna. Thirsty - kallegan. War-spear - - billar. Eat - - thalle. Reed-spear ■ - Sleep - - babi. Wommera or gut-thro. Drink - - nurrupee. throwing-stick Walk - - yanni. Shield - - boorin. See - - namili. Tomahawk - - yondo. Sit - - naree. Canoe - Sun - Moon - - yarrai. - kille. Yesterday - To-day - murrago. Star - - mirri. To-morrow - Light - - yarrai. Where are the talla murri ? Dark - - ngooroo. Blacks ? Cold - I don't know - kommil. Heat - Plenty - pootoola. Day - wooraroo. Big - - Night - noora. Little - Fire - wee. Dead - - ballunke. Water kalle. Smoke thoo. By-and-by - - yeerelda. Ground thone. Come on - thuganna. Wind - mait. Milk - - - Rain - Eaglehawk - - God - Wild turkey - Ghosts wantapal. Wife - - . 323 X 2 BOOK THE FIFTEENTH. BOOK THE FIFTEENTH. PREFATORY REMARKS. In the Culgoa Yocabulary, which, occurs in this book, Meyne will he noticed as the equivalent of Blackfellow, and Mai-i-in in the Wailwun language; and turning hack the reader will find Meanna on the Cape Eiver, some 600 miles to the north, and Mean on the Belyando and Dawson in the same sense. In this book will be found a long and interesting vocabulary, which was drawn up more than thirty years ago, and forwarded to me by Mr. John Branch. In our young Australia, amidst the marvellous changes which are always taking place, one looks on a manuscript of thirty years with a feeling akin to that with which one regards a European document of half-a-dozen centuries. In the Hawkesbury Eiver and Brewarrina languages it wiU be observed that yesterday and to-morrow are expressed by the same term, a not uncommon feature in our languages. 328 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 182.— THE CULGOA RIVER. By J. W. FooTT, Esq. Kangaroo - koola. Opossum - kooki. Tame dog - goondahl. Wild dog - Emu - woorin. Black duck - Wood duck hurga. Pelican yoolira. Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Crow - waukin. Swan - Egg - - - kuppin. Track of a foot - tinna. Fish - kooya. Lobster Crayfish mamaroo Mosquito - bothine. Fly - - mookine. Snake - kalin. The Blacks - A Blackf ellow - meyne. A Black woman mookin. Nose - wooroo. Hand - ■ myra. 2 Blacks - kubbo meyne. 3 Blacks - ■ booragoolam meyne. One - - yahumun. Two - kubbo. Three - booragoolam. Four - kubbo-kubbo. Father ■ buthine. Mother kya. Sister-Elder - bubba. ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - moen. „ Youngei A young man - yarragoonya. An old man - watoon. An old woman - mookin. A baby - koothara. A White man - goen. Children - - Head - - bambo. Eye - - mael. Ear - - binua. THE CULGOA RIVER. 329 No. 182. — The Culgoa Rivbb — contimied. Mouth - tha. Boomerang - - Teeth - - thirra. Hill - - Hair of the head - muUine. Wood - - wahn. Beard - - yerine. Stone - - Thunder - - woolnoolno. Camp - - noora. Grass - - yowy. Yes - - - kyla. Tongue - tulline. No - - - wulla. Stomach - toogoo. I - - - nathu. Breasts - uumma. You - - yindoo. Thigh - - thurra. Bark - - toomgoon. Foot - - tinna. Good - - murringuU. Bone - - minga. Bad ■ - yooral. Blood - - gooine. Sweet - - Skin - Food - . Fat - - tundy. Hungry - kundool. Bowels Thirsty - Excrement - - Eat - - thakoo. War-spear - - millayra. Sleep - - woonadra. Reed-spear - - not used. Drink - Thro wing-stick Shield - not used. - boorgoo. Walk - - yendra. Tomahawk - - thowin. See - - nengera. Canoe - toongoon. Sit - - - nee endera. Sun - - theory. Yesterday - - kunyagoonda. Moon - - keean. To-day - kunya. Star - - mirrin. To-morrow - - kunyabuttla. Light - - beea. Where are the theaminda Dark - - Blacks ? meyne? Cold - - - munda. I don't know - wulla nahree. Heat - - wirm. Plenty - thoo. Day - - Big - - thara. Night - - Little - - kidya. Fire - - wee. Water - nappa. Dead - - - booga. Smoke - thoo-ga. By-and-by - - burray. Ground - Come on - thinala. Wind - - yerga. Milk - - Rain - - boordoo. Eaglehawk - - God - - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 330 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 183.— BREW ARRINA AND BARWAN RIVER— THE WAILWUN LANGUAGE. By the Bench of Magisteates at Bkbwabbina. It will be noticed that yesterday and to-morrow are expressed by the same word. In the vocabulary of the Bogabrie language, No. 181, we had murri = the Blacks; in thia language we have murrui = kangaroo. Kangaroo - - murrui. Opossum - kooragi. Tame dog - - mirri. Wild dog - - Emu - - ngoori. Black duck - - buthumba. Wood duck - - koonambi. Pelican - wirriga. Laughing jackass koogaburra Native companion boralga. White cockatoo - murrai. Crow - - wargun. Swan - - burrima. Egg - - kabbo. Track of a foot - thinna. Pish - - Lobster - winga. Crayfish - thumal. Mosquito - - kommogin. Fly - - boomal. Snake - dhurgh. The Blacks - - dhoon. A Blackfellow - mai-i. A Black woman - yennega. Nose - -'mooroo. Hand - - murra. 2 Blacks - - 3 Blacks - - One - - mago. Two - - boollaga. Three - - gulliba. Four - - booUaga-bool- laga. Father - buba or baba. Mother - goonnee. Sister-Elder - kadi. ,, Younger - gidurai. Brother-Elder - kukka. „ Young er kallumee. A young man - yamba. An old man - dhurrayungul An old woman - mogeemar. A baby - girrra. A White man - wunda. Children - warroogar. Head - - kuboga. Eye - - - mil. Ear - - gurrengara. BREWARRINA AND BARWAN RIVER. 331 No. 183. — Brewakrina and Barwan Rivek — The Wailwun Languag contimied. Mouth - ngundal. Boomerang - - Teeth - - wirra. Hill - Hair of the head - walla. Wood - - mutau. Beard - - geer. Stone - - garoon. Thunder - - baukee. Camp - - ngura. Grass - - gurun. Yes - - minag. Tongue - duUang. No - - wail. Stomach - burru. I - ngaau. Breasts - nammo OT ngum- You - - indoo. Thigh - moo. - darra. Bark - - ridgi. Foot - - thinna. Good - - yadda. Bone - - uimba. Bad - - wurri. Blood - - goa. Sweet - - yadda. Skin - - ubay. Food - - widga. Fat- - - guthal. Hungry - yarragin. Bowels - biboo. Thirsty - wagunda. Excrement - gunna. Eat - duUa. War-spear - - biUar. Sleep - . Reed-spear - - warru. Drink - narungari. Throwing-stick Shield- - guUoya, muthau. - murga. Walk - - unagri. Tomahawk ■ - wagar. See - nagari. Canoe - - mungar. Sit - wigirru. Sun - - thunni. Yesterday - - kombara. Moon - - geewa. To-day Star - - girila. To-morrow - - kombara. Light - - yowir. Where are the wan doonama Dark - - boolool. Blacks? Cold - I don't know - Heat - - thunni-wallil. Plenty - wallu-wall. Day - - errier. Big - - . Night - boolool. Little - - boothug. Fire - wi. Dead - - goomugi. Water kullee. Smoke boothoo. By-and-by - - wonduga. Ground doogan. Come on - kowi. Wind - mur. Milk - - Rain - gunda. Eaglehawk - - mullion. God - Wild turkey - Ghosts Wife - - nguan. 332 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 184.— THE CLARENCE RIVER. Forwarded by Alexander Bruce, Esq. The sound of ch is common in this vocabulary. Kangaroo - maani. Hand - - Opossum Tame dog - gwiain, wanki. 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - - boolaboo negarr - boolaboo chararr Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck- Pelican ngakkum. ngoroin. maar. gilowal. yukar. One - Two ■ Three - Four - negarr. - charrar. - boolaboo. - boolaboQ-chararr negarr. - boolaboo boola- Laughing jackass kakoon. boo. Native companion bowlkum. Father - chamakooin, White cockatoo - kaar. nilkooin. Crow - wakaan. Mother - warrong. Swan - ginnepi. Sister-Elder - worojar. Egg - kaaboin. „ Younger - nan. Track of a foot Brother-Elder - bonnaang. Fish - woolooywen. ,, Younger Lobster A young man - marookan. Crayfish boorkoom. An old man - maapaang. Mosquito dumilowan. An old woman - meeroong. Fly - joonbon. A baby - chaapaan. Snake - A White man - yirrelU. The Blacks - - negarr. Children - chaajamgin. A Blackf ellow - bykool, yeagarr. Head - baukine. A Black woman - meroong. Eye - - djeeon. Nose - - mow. Ear - - binnang. THE CLARENCE RIVER. 333 No. 184. — The Clarence 'RivETtr— continued. Mouth - jeeang. Boomerang - - Teeth - - dirrang. Hill - - Hair of the head - kow. Wood - - challee. Beaid - - yarrain. Stone - - charoo. Thunder - - mookari. Camp - - ngoia. Grass - - wopang. Yes - - ya-oo-i. Tongue - joonkoong. No - - yookom. Stomach - mooudoo. I - ngi. Breasts - mirran. You - - boobla. Thigh - Bark - - yakoo. Foot - - djinnang. Good - - bowkal. Bone - - dtarigan. Bad - - tohang. Blood - - goomar. Sweet - - darooi. Skin - - Food - - yai-i-go. Fat - - kombang. Hungry - moolaroo. Bowels - choolpa. Thirsty - yaloinkin. Excrement - - goonang. Eat - - yiyiego, War-spear ■ - juan. Sleep - - unala. Reed-spear - Throwing-stick Shield Tomahawk - Canoe - Sun - Moon - - kommi, - bukka. - wakkan. - bakool, woUoo. - yalkan. - kibboom. Drink - Walk- See - Sit - Yesterday - To-day - ngabago. - yangalala, - nala. - yeangala. - ngobo. - baiyain. Star - - willeriankin. To-morrow - - chaloo. Light - - mikan. Where are the yillabykoU? Dark - - ngakkoori. Blacks? Cold - - warring. I don't know - yookom ngi Heat - - witohumeri. kaurigala. Day - - yarraki. Plenty - Night - - ngakquon. Big - - - djirri. Fire - - wyber, wakki. Little - - birrang. Water - koong. Dead - - balaan. Smoke - ngarraquoin. By-and-by - - youe. Ground - ngiol. Come on - - yaaki. Wind- - booriyooein. Milk - - - Rain - - bookooi. Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - . 334 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : No. 185.— THE LOWEE MAOLEAY EIVEE. By Charles Spencek, Esq. The following specimen of the language of the lower part of the Macleay (some of the words of which resemble those in use on the Macquarie and Manning Eivers) was forwarded to me by Mr. Charles Spencer through the Bench of Magistrates at the Macleay. Class-marriage exists in this locality. The following are names of persons : — Males : Koonal, Bilpil, Tirriwil, Karra-karra, Korunni, Wobbra, Dalower = rain- bow, Meedure = wall-eyed, Teggi-mookoo = deaf, and DUl- murree = eyebrows. Females: Meetur, Weenan, Kalla, Ekoro, Barrab, Yellang-bangi, and Gearni. Names of A Family. Wobbra - the husband. WiUenni - - female child Oomboogiwenni - the wife. Meiiniarki - - female child. Moongrenni - male child. Anothbb Family. Korrunni - - the husband. Merrowi - girl. Toroogoro - - the wife. Yemb-arrin - girl. Karra-karra - boy. No. 185.— ADD) TioNAL Words. Whale - kallone. Mackerel - - yalioori. Shark - wirrewy. Flathead - - ugai. Schnapper - - geangeree. Blackfish - - warrakang. Barracoota - - kyena. Mullet (salt- mandara. Perch - maton. water) Eel - t korrikkan. Mullet (fresh- kowang. Sting-ray - - billon. water) Crab - - karra. Porpoise - badaroo. Shrimp - dokkin. Cockle - alii. Whiting - - dooroowin. Bream - kooeri. THE LOWER MACLEAY RIVER. 335 fio. 185. — Additions li WoKDS — contimied. Jewfish - allooin. Toes - ukoro. Fish-spear - - kallkarro, kum- Knee - pingaroo, goo- mi-mootikin. ton. Uncle - - kandoo. Thigh (outside) dirray. Aunt - - koondi. „ (inside) biUa. Cousin - kan. Ham - - doogay. All small birds - teebin. Brains murroo. Teal - - pikoro-pikoro. Elbow kooroong. Pigeon (bronze - barboo. Ankle kol, welbi-welbi. winged) Calf of the leg ooloo. Green pigeon - moorooa. Eyebrows - dilmurree. Wonga-wonga kammoori. Tail of bird - doon. pigeon Evening - beemai. Flock pigeon - buttowong. Boat - - olpino. RedbiU - - wilbong. Vessel - marendoi. Brush turkey - ooroowin. Mast - - wingi-wingi. Lyrebird - - narran. Blind - - meemookoo. Red - - gerree-gerree. Deaf - teggimookoo. Black - - koorool-koorool. Tobacco-pipe - bubbolo. White - burrapine. This - - ditti. Iguana - meri. TJiat - windi. Native oat - - dooleum. Young woman - golbon. Horse - - karr. Male orphan - nappine. Flying fox - - ballowri. Female orphan - bolbi. Native bear - yarri. Hunchback - pikilka, pikiloo- Prog - - yattangun. too. Black snake - mootoo. Nonsense ! - - goorembatti ! Cockchafer - - dirrigoon. Fishing net - werral. Neck - - yukool. Deaf adder - - hammi. Throat - koogooroo. He (or she) sleeps nannoonba. Lips - - wittoo. I want to sleep - nannoolow. Jaws - - andar. Go to sleep - inde nangir. Chin - - kottin. Good-by - innittiay. Collar-bone - - kal. Where are you warrunga inde ? Back - - kerri, moonon. going? Heart - - boonoo. Come and eat kogoi ! damma. Fingers - yukun. I have eaten demmenba. Forearm - tallara. I have drunk karbyoo goin. Arm - - koopay. Go away - yoomenerai inde. Shoulder - - kowarrin. When will yon wenoondi Leg - - ooreroo. return ? manalli ? 336 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 185.— THE LOWER MACLEAY RIVER. Kangaroo - - womboin. Hand - - yemmi. Opossum - - witta, wille. 2 Blacks - - keori bolodi. Tame dog - - mirre. 3 Blacks - - koori arkam- Wild dog - - kykum. barra. Emu - ■• One - - wardo. Black duck - maragan. Two - - bolodi. Wood duck - gooarli. Three - - arkambarra. Pelican - menako. Pour - . Laughing jackass kargooka. Native companion kooyerakan. Pather - papa, miander. White cockatoo - kerrebi. Mother - nangoo, narki, Crow - - wakkan. nuki. Swan - - arbootero. Sister-Elder - narbooe. Egg - - karbul. ,, Younger - towera. Track of a foot - yoppong. Brother-Elder - bingi. Fish - - „ Younger Lobster - A young man - marangal. Crayfish - kottingeri. An old man - karakundan. Mosquito - - mungin. An old woman - uUarki. Ply - - - booroolong. A baby - taU. Snake - (no general name) A White man - barnibo. The Blacks - - koori, molong. Children - tali. A Blackfellow - koori. Head - - bokk, bo. A Black woman - myangri. Eye - - mi. Nose - - ammoro. Ear - - tegi. THE LOWER MACLEAY RIVER. 337 No . 185.— Lower M Mouth - Teetli - - tirri. Hair of the heac - meggi. Beard - yaggiri. Thunder - - mooroongai. Grass - - borral. Tongue - dalline. Stomach - pingil. Breasts - nobbong. Thigh - ooreroo. Foot - - dinde. Bone - - embing. Blood - - kangara. Skin - - yettoina. Fat - - mebong, noora wommo. Bowels ■■ boonong. Excrement - - koomboiag. War -spear - - kummi, loo-oi. Reed-spear - - yooma. Wommera or ookorowba. throwing-stick Shield - koonmir. Tomahawk - - bibi, boggo. Canoe - woi. Sun - - doorookein. Moon - - gitten. Star - - gelleneroo. Light - - gelein. Dark - - oongen. Cold - - dallang. Heat - - booyoobarra. Day - - Night ■ - oongen. Fire - - gooyel. Water - koong. Smoke - doong. Ground - bargi. Wind - - booron. Rain - - kergi. God - - Ghosts - VOL. III. Hill - - Wood - kereki. Stone - - targoo. Camp - - wattoo-garin Yes - - ya. No - - kokimbo. I - maiyai, eaka You - - inde. Bark - - wattoon. Good - - margook. Bad - - dolo, narko. Sweet - - kaugarang. Food (vegetable) wiggi. „ (animal) - baggara. Hungry - gegelligan. Thirsty - karbyoo. Eat - - Sleep - - Drink - - Walk - - - See ■■ - Sit - - Yesterday - - oonoon. To-day - yoorin. To-morrow - - undarbo. Where are the kooriwa? Blacks? I don't know - achitta. Plenty - delemba. Big - - yarriki. Little - - bootte. Dead - - bookargen. By-and-by - - koombigi. Come on - kogoi. Milk - - Eaglehawk - - Wild turkey - Wife - - 338 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 186.— PORT MACQUAEIE. By John Beajtch, Esq. The following vocabulary and long list of Additional Words were forwarded to me by Mr. Jobn Brancb. Tbe document from which I have transcribed them, that gentleman informs me, is now more than thirty years old, and, to judge from the clearly written text, seems to have been compiled with much care. Who the painstaking collector was I am not aware, but the words, as Mr. Branch remarks and as the manuscript itself makes evident, are taken indiscriminately from several neighbouring dialects. The principal portion of them, how- ever, belong to the Bripi or Port Macquarie tongue. Amongst the Additional Words the ethnologist will meet with several which are interesting, and some invented for European objects, &c., such as boongenai, to shoot or strike with a gun. Then we have hoongor or boongar, to strike, and bongalar, tojight, which reminds one of a similar word in Western Australia, as well as of the common origin of our languages. We find names, too, for the principal colors. There are terms also expressive of mental emotions, such as fear, joy, sorrow, jealousy, treachery, greediness, and so on. We are also led to notice that, though generally wealthy in substantives, and more plentifully supplied than ourselves with names for animals and plants, the tribes which speak this language have words with several mean- ings. Thus, tew-win signifies indifi'erently brains, marrow, PORT MACQUABIE. 339 mucus from the nose, matter, fly-hloms, and maggots. The designation of these particular objects by a single term I have noticed in other Australian languages, and believe it to be general. The occurrence of the sound of the letter v is very common in this language. T2 340 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : No. 186.— PORT MACQUARIB. Kangaroo - - warperer (fe- Hand - - mar, yammar. male), wom- boine. - bango, wotto, 2 Blacks - - Opossum 3 Blacks - - wutting. One - - warcol, woiyel, Tame dog - - mokan, kookang. wartho. Wild dog - - merri. Two - - blarvo, blorable. Emu - - Three - - blarvo-warcol. Black duck- - murrungi. Wood duck- - Four - - blarvo-blarvo. Pelican - Father - beanger, be-er. Laughing jackass kocundy, karko. Mother - nango, nigegur. Native companion niyeri. White cockatoo - carapii. Sister-Elder - narrendo. Crow - - warcon. Swan - - kolewonnia „ Younger - owaru, arriendo. Egg - - kappooe. Brother-Elder - bingarro. Track of a foot - ,, Younger Fish - - Lobster - A young man - caywarar, won- Crayfish ■ yingar. garar. Mosquito - - oooperl, non- An old man - bootoen. gorar. An old woman - durrogan. Fly - - - barrayler, burro- long. - dungen. A baby - cappargo, talli. Snake - A White man - The Blacks - - Children - A Blackfellow - korry, kory. Head - - borr, wallong. A Black woman - kalaban, murri- Bye - - mee. kin, murkin. Nose - - noggera, namro. Ear - - morkko, pinna- nang. kon. PORT MACQUARIE. 341 No. 186. — PoKT Macqttakib — continued. Mouth - kalerer. Boomerang - - barragan, barra- Teeth - - can. Hair of the head- dirring, murray. Hill - - - bocal, yoogo. Beard - - yerang. Wood (also iron) carrumun, cam- Thunder •• - malloo. ban, daddro. Grass - - murrang. Stone - - buckan. Tongue - tallan. Camp - - mooray. Stomach - bittun, mingee, gokeray. togul. Yes - - yor, yeary, Breasts - birring, nappuk. No - - I You - yaven. Thigh Foot - - darry, ooloo. - tinner. - korang. - iya, mee, motto. - inder, indo. Bone - - Bark - - carrung, watton. Blood - - kungara, mar- Good - - marroong. rong. Bad - - - burrowang, Skin - - kooroo, gorron. mooneyang, Fat - - wammo. wombon. Bowels - konung, pindi- Sweet - - greekar, gillee. vung. Food - - tammar. Excrement - ■ konung. Hungry - cobbree, kine, War-spear - - kumi. githelgin. Reed-spear - Thirsty Eat - - cappU. - tnnneller, tuck- Wommera or thro wing-stick Sleep - enay, tammar. - brickelar. Shield - korrail, kun- Drink - - bittar, umbil. mary. Walk- - munnar. Tomahawk - - bibi. See - Ganoe - - Sit - - innaar. Sun - - eurokar, torneej Yesterday - - bemarar. tocan. To-day - bungi. Moon - - killen. To-morrow - - botongor, Star - - - merring, wopo. cumbergor, Light - - parvargau. Where are undarwo. bhe Dark - - buttong, brimi, Blacks? koombar. I don't know _ Cold - Heat - - tackrar. Plenty - delambang, - marrowang, Day - - marroambo. Night - - brimi. Big - - - tuckal, kattan, Fire - - kouyel, koyel. wootow. Water - batto, bardo. Little - - mitgey, mittee. Smoke - doong. •Dead - - baleler. Ground - burray. By-and-by - - WLnd- - bewal. Come on - kowie, koggi. Eain - - kooray, moo- Milk - - nappung. korar. Eaglehawk - - God - - - goonyoorie. Wild turkey - murrowan. Ghosts - goin. Wife - - - mongundre. 342 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 186. — Additional Wokds. Arropolone - - quail. Booner - sea beach. Armong ■ give. Barrumar - - to untie, loose. Armong wooker ■ give to me. Bookarooraroo - yellow. AUummar - - to feel. Boonmar - - pull tight. AUo-omber - - you and I, or be- Bocoounar - - slack, or let go. tween us. Bungial - new. Annomber - - mine. Boottoen - - old. Arting - thick. Bmg - - pure solid honey Aree muriller - go away. Burran - cords made of Bocro carrillay take the line and hair. umaner alti catch some Bongar - to beat. perch. Boculbe - seed of oak-tree. Bing - pigs. Burrowang - - a dead log. Boongar to kill or strike. Burrann - daylight. Boougar dungen to kill snakes. Bittar - - drink. Bookar, boyaar to stink. Boyye - - breathe. Botou - black. Bucartuoal - - very angry. Botongan - the day after to- Borri - ■ boy. morrow. Batto biller - river water. Bayal bongenaye fire the gun. Bunbun or bunbul a path. Bocayeneller mar close the hand. Bucar - - angry. Booton cureyler bring the net. Bingi - - cousin. Bowerow bald head. Bottong - dirty. Birrar - sweat. Bobl - - to-morrow morn- Boy-boy tired. ing. Bittungan - a bellyful. Bungi - - midday. Bookar sore, sick. Bimi - - night, dark. Bongalar - to fight, or to Bearlay - to speak or talk paint before a with. fight. Barry - - hut, house. Binderoong - net made of hair Bundarar - - wallaby. or fur worn Bimble - a grave. round the fore- Beammar - - to bury. head. Booton - net. Booto - to smoke. Bittar - - drink. Brenalyer - to throw. Bubalo ■ tobacco-pipe. Bittar inder you drink. Bamby - eel. Barrayler ■ gomg away. Bocro - - fishing net. Batto-tucal ■ high-water. Bumbougar - - to kiss. Billo - sting-ray. Burri-ee-ler- - to sing. Boongenaye to shoot. Bittrow - reeds. PORT MACQUARIE. 343 Bale No. 186. — Additional Words — continued. Bararbereler - the crack of a Bayter - to spit. whip. Bittrow - necklace made of Bingy - beeswax. reeds cut into Borti - - let it be. short lengths Boorungryban - myrtle-tree. and strung. Bongan - cricket. Bongon - a beetle. Burray-gorarar - a long way. Bullim-ban - ' - stripes of skin Bongerayler - to fight. ■which depended Buckar-arkin - very saucy. from the girdles Batto-atto - - very wet. of the men both Boolooboolo - dry. before and be- Bot-toU-o-reeler - report of a gun. hind; seldom Baleambo, bal- not dead, living worn, except at cambo corroborees. Biller - - river. Brigryban - - ironbark-tree. Briwiualyer - to boU or cook. Borri-womgar Borri mingegar j- pregnant. Bugee - Bunbiergal - - jump. - sulky. Botongaroo - - early in the Botongan - - half-caste. morning. Burraywill - - blanket. Bingarro war ? - where is my Baang- - back. brother ? Battotucal - - a flood. Bowran, boonan - parrot. Bailpandover - to come from Eeerin - bread. Bailpan. Barng - - back. Bottaw bootan - black snake. Bocar - - to go inside or Balling - flying squirrel. dive. Billambang - - swamp-oak. Barwar - shadow. Barpingbang - stinging. Bockoi - short. Buckawucker - curly hair. Berringgar Bringar - sunset. Bnllii - - wattle-tree grubs. Ban - - tree. Bucker - knee. Bondalyer - - to break. Bunyeller - - to kill. Bindy - - deep water. Bittuugan - - bellyful Bootul - report of a gun. Buckan - iron or stone. Banbaliung- - don't talk. Boattee - a smell. Burrieliung - don't sing. Booke-booke - lazy. Bungan - grasshopper. Bickel - backbone. Boothoong - - soft, easy. Bombay - a blow. Burrowong - - nasty, no good. Carr - - horse. Biteler - to bite. Cowan-nerrar - bullock. 344 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 186.— Additionai, Words — continued. Calcrow Calliwer Carapun Cow-winder Cappo-gan - Cottwoie Coram Caronemeller Coonming, coon- uong Coorieki Carpee Cowering - Cutoreller - Cuttageller - Cappogan cun- gayler Cowie barrego - Cungayler, cungar Cotto-gang - Crackor Copalaa Coyel mucker Cando, oowando - Cooler Cuborne Carambo pata- limbo Cumbergor - Cookambingal Caparar Cookee Oopang Carramar ohm. to climb. to make nets. the other side. corn. one with little finger ofE. finger and toe nails, to scratch, a cough or cold. a fern, to throw, hat. to break into / bits, to fall down, to pull corn. come into the hut. to break, lame, stop. make haste, cut firewood, uncle, angry, big. no food. sunrise. a stranger. boy. calabash. a tree, the leaves of which are used to poison fish. shade of trees. Culker Carropoim - Cappine Cangervan - Cowerang - Cutherwye - Cooroo CuUar, capo Cambar mokiu Cungalyer - Corrongon - Carpeeler carr Cottan-bimbing Copar - Coorroong - Carroongy - Curreegen - Cunggi Cayparrerkin tail. kangaroo-rat. honey, grapes, a comb. kangaroo-skin rug. ■ call the dogs. • to stop a spear with the shield. grandmother. thrown by a horse. cabbage-tree. arm below elbow. wrist. jump. crack the fingers. pillow. a period when women are for- bidden to eat kangaroo. Cowillevitamber Mount Cross. Calarar tulcar mouth parched. Carrumbang •. Carnban - i firewood. Carrumun - ' Combo ankle. Cuttang spittle. CoUiprer net round fore- head. Carngon navel. Crarvriu go over the hill. Curillay, canny - bring. Culpeeler - to roost. Corambo nuriam I have not heard. bo Couyel-borler a common fire at a camp. PORT MACQUARIE. 345 No. 186.— Additional Words — continued. Corrang beringax no bread. Carkeneller nettle. Calcrow chin. Cuttang sand. Cootray angry. Conang-worang - bashful. Conangwerang afraid. Cowarrar - sort of fern-tree. Coggi - come here. Carrindarr - light (not heavy). Corumbate - lies. Cumber, cumbay- come here. Callaban, culvang woman. ler Cuimang - make haste. Coolongoung elbow. Ctumang gethel- quick ! I am Denar* gomarmei come to dinner. gin hungry. Dungen to shed tears. Carumwumbiller fast asleep. Doong smoke. Cungarlmayler a camp in which Delambang - a great many. all stop together. Dowan scrub-bird. Condivang - mahogany-tree. Dalcome pain. Cotemerbang box-tree. Dungaler - to prick. Carrumbang oak-tree. Dalemeri eyelids. Cocumbang fig-tree. Diggicon - nails of toes and Coorar turtle. hands. Carreegaybang hardwood. Dungal cry. Corrmnbatting pretend, to lie. Drower - centipede. Cmran feathers, wings Dungarring right hand. of birds. Dongaa iguana. Cuttageller fall down. Doorally fight. Curreepayler to sew. Dingayler - moonlight. Cooroo curree- to sew skins to- Dirring gorarrar - long hair. payler gether. Dirring bocoi - short hair. Cumigo mnnnar to get spears. Dirring ingalyer - curly hair. Carr windarr the horses on the Dirring turrar - straight hair. wheat. Dirring wattem - light hair. Cooyel moonang a bad fire. Doorroongan - whale. Cooroopau - mist or fog. Dilwirrar - - grasshopper. Car inda you carry. Greekar - sweet. Calevreeler to spiU. GUlee - - light. Colangarban beech-tree. Gillee marner - bring a light. Callergalling drowned. Gonalay - to evacuate. Carry-morong to cut till blood Gonel-gonel - lies. comes. Goree - - face. Caypar wipe. Gootong - knee. Carm - salmon (native). Gong - - river. Coparai porpoise. Goorarar - tall. * Denar, aboriginal pronunciation of dvrmer. 346 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 186. — Additional Words- Goonun - flash. Tydney-garver - from Sydney. Tydney-go - - to Sydney. Go-oumbayler - to throw spears. Gunamb'aleler - coward. Gorroman - - a male, from the time he can walk until he enters the class, or is called Caypar- rer. Greekar - sweet. Gunamballiug - fear. Gunambaleung don't you be inder frightened. Goropean - frog. Gamber mokin - call the dogs. Gorree-go - to Gorree. Gorry - - all. Gong or gang - very : for in- stance — cotto- gang, very sick; tuoalgong, very large; mittey- gang, very small. Inder - - you. Inder murri- (are) you mar- kengen ? ried? Inder marthoom - you (I) love; the term used by a man when ad- dressing a wo- man. Another term is used by a woman when addressing a man. Illamor to feel. Kindr^ - a term of endear- ment used by a female to a female. Kindi - - laugh. Kindayler - - to laugh. Kindeyung - - don't laugh. Kurtey to cut. Kurtey diggicon - to cut one's nails. Kimmarr - to cook. KaUender - - knife. Kai-ai - - sexual desire. Karkeambo - - raw, underdone. Karkeeler - done, cooked Kindowen - - lies. Kindowiambo you lie. inder ICimmung - kangaroo-rat. Eommarginmar to shake. Kiudi-tucal a hearty laugh. Kirri-wong - a magpie. Kinber kallender sharpen the knife. Killing gam moonlight. Karkeeler - a smart. Kain - a small sort of ant. Kindilan joyful, merry. laughing. Kulkayler - wrong. Kaokeler ripe. Kackeambo unripe. Kaylung mad, insane. Konnoo-ung a cough or cold. Kreeley carry. Killang armpit. Karkeneller nettle. Korrikon - toadfish. Mottrow forehead. Marthoom - a good fellow. Mickey lightning. Manny, macomb- paddimellon. Mii - - - face. Marner bring, take. Mingen liver. PORT MACQUARIE. 347 No. 186.— Additiona L Words — continu 'A. MoUaroo - - long ago. Murrikin wom- a bad woman. Mingegrbori - pregnant. bonder Merring - sharp. Merri - go- Munanbang -wattle. Moilong tide coming in. Macka - quick. Mittianniller low water. Muimo - louse. Maokoro - mullet. Moocorar - - rain. Murrang-wurrang green. Mingey - sick. Minter-minter - tie a knot. Marroong - - beautiful, sound, Mee-bottong dark eyes. not decayed. Mii marroong a pretty face. Marroong murkin a nice little Mee wattem light eyes. mitgay woman. Mooloong - to rub the person Mittem - tree. with charcoal Mureeler - go. when in mourn- Mionar ? - what do you say? ing. what is that ? Mii wombon ugly face. Mundal - net. Mackang - lizard. Mallerro - sorrow. Murrikin corang not married. Minargo ? - - where are you Murrikingen married. going? Mailcun finger and toe Movan - wild raspberries. nails. Munner - walk. Morlcun - spider. Mullindar - - taste. Momen - blind. Mollero - shed tears. Nevalay - blow the nose. Mongundre - wife. Nurriambo - - (have) not heard. Mong - Marrong Murroorang Mulloman - Moroo-womban Munder - backside. - clean. - wicked. - the sea. - deaf. ■ cheek. Notto nurriangau I don't know. Niyer! nacker! look! narker ! Neger-arkin - blind of one eye. Nurrangyun - think. Mooler - to vomit. Numar - feel. Moolay - dirty. Narowerr - - sorrow. Moondi - ashes. Nowerr - loins. Marmoroam - cabbage-tree. Narrowen - ■ kidney. Murroi - quiet. Nurraymayler - sick in the Morrooee - - brains, marrow. stomach. Myander - - in front. NuUayer - - to vomit. Murromedayler - to snore. Nurrayler - - to hear. Mary - - a hole in the Nurrungar - - listen. ground, a room. Nurrungrar - drunk. 348 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 186.— Additional Nappunganer * - young woman. Nimayler - - to pineh. Namdo - - who. Nangray, nunger lie down. Narray Nurrungar ■ Naming Norang Ningree Nooang Nacker cowie Newtar Nuayler Nunderovo - Niungacko - Natave Nurrungatteler - Ninnung Norroborarvo Nundamg - Nundamg-cotto - Nerro f Nangong - Notto murriken- gen Narree nearly, close to. listen. name. small. jealous. cow, honey-bee. come (and) see. taste. to kick. long sinee. ■ name of the lan- guage and coun- try round Trial Bay. you and I. ■ to forget. • oysters. ■ red. ■ jaw. ■ face-ache. ■ ruddle. ■ hole through sep- tum of nose. I (am) married. shin. Notto weeai Par- I will tell Parker kenen Notto weeatterri I will not tell Cangumia Cangumi. Notto Bellowingo I (am) going to marray or notto Bellowin. marray Below- ingo Niyee - - rushes. Nerromayler - to scold. Nowakee - - bellyful. WoBDS — continued. Nuckumballung - Nuckarn mittey - Nuckam Namevo Namevo tourl- tourl Okellar Ooner Okear Ohi - Poneller, ponayler Perriwhy - Parperlo Parperlo woner ? Payraypaller Pickelworang Parpinang - Parrumbal - Parparakeara Ploorcang - Pundur Pongar Pingy Parubar Parropolone Parrung Perrar mayler Piyerbang - Pulkayler - Pattoin Paperlamay Parrimar - Poperer thumb, little finger, finger, take care, take care (of, a) slip. to buy or ex- change, elbow, give, this, to kill, fish-hook, tobacco-pipe, where (is my) pipe? to paint the body with pipeclay, crooked, cockles, seaweed, mushroom, treacherous, few. cut. to kill, wax. to talk. quail (large sort), lungs. to tremble with cold, ti-tree. to push, rat. blue pigeon, to undress, day after to-mor- row. * Probatly compounded of nappunk = breasts, and gang + The Ngoorailum use noro-noro in the sa,me sense. : very or large. PORT MACQUARIE. 349 No. 186. — ^Additional Wobds — continued. Tew-win - mucus from nose. matter from wound, mag- gots, fly-blows. Turra- - thighs. Talloo - heavy. Tooreller - - to eat too much. Tirray - egg-shells. Tippo - - a sheep. Tirrower - - ribs. Tmnong - blunt. Tackrar - cold. Turra cotto - tired (thighs sore). Towibang - - honeysuckle- tree. Tingar - grey hairs. Tindiabang- - grass-tree. Terraypin - - small quail. Talmung - strong, hard. Turan- - shells. Tourl-tourl - - slippery. Tomombang - sassafras-tree. Trocoie - iguana. Toonegan - - sinews in tail of kangaroo. Tungelar - - to hide. Tarroveller - drowned. Toumben - - to steal. Tonbar-tickel - thief. Tongan - creek. Tovang - right hand. Talprar - arm below elbow. Tangeli - kill. Tupparker - - quiet. Tirrung - pride. Tarvomeller - to yawn. Tarpin - scrub. Tarpan - a lie. Tarran - frog. Turromary - - rainbow. Tirrumbibang - .gum-tree. Ticking a sore or wound. Tappy- ■ chin. Talprar arm. Dnnong give. XJUoo - forehead. Urar - clouds. UmbU- drink. Urepayler, urepi to steal. Ucoll, ucore ■ heart. Wombon - - bad, ugly. Worotto, worro - throat. Woner ? - where? Willing - lips. WUker - shoulder. Wigt-wigt - - make haste. WUlung - catfish. Wuckumbrer - scarring. Woombang - - kangaroo skin. Wang arriendo? - where (is my) sister ? Wang beangar ? - where father ? Wangi nigegur ? - where mother? Warring - - left hand. Wocover, woco- a Ue. wun Wirrar - bandicoot. Woterbang - - cedar-tree. Woombin - - starved. Worimi - language and country near Maitland. Weambeang - whistle. Warr? - where? Wungayler - - to corroboree. Wigelmar - - make haste. Wattem - white. Woorayayler - to talk too much Wong-gon-gi-on - grandmother. Wurrung - - crooked. Woporer - - lagoon. Wizonggurer - to swim. Wurrian,wurrang valley. 350 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 186. — Additional Words — continued. Wunger - a corroboree. Yoooore, yoocoU heart. Wackeller - - shoulder. Yalpun - the bark of a dog Yetting - lightning. Yarkeler - ■ to paint body Yawtong - journey. red. Yalliyar Yerrating - Yungii Yetn-yetn - Yinderee - to dive. - shadow. - rogue. - greedy. - eyebrows. Yung - Yingar New England country and language. a crab. Yellpayler - - to bark (as a Yayrung waterfall. dog). Yetting greedy. Yindayler - - to split. Yungartilla go on before. Yaapar - to swim. YuUoyen - ■ go behind. No. 187.— THE MANNING RIVER. By Bench op Magistrates at Wingham. Canoes are made of bark, and sometimes shields, and the reader may compare the equivalents of baric, shield, and canoe. - womboit. Opossum watoo. Tame dog - merri. Wild dog - Emu - mitucit. Black duck- krangi. Wood duck - Pelican Laughing jackass karkoo. Native companior White cockatoo terripi, Crow - warkut. Swan - koolwanuk Egg - koopwai. Track of a foot yabuk. Fish - markorow. Lobster yiuga. Crayfish Mosquito - koopul. Fly - - ■ boorilook. Snake - batai. The Blacks - koori. A Blaokfellow koori. A Black woman - marrikait. Nose - nak. Hand - - muttra. 2 Blacks - - boolora koori. 3 Blacks - One - - wakoolbo. Two - - boolora, booreit Three - - boolora wakool. Pour - - boolorakoo-boo- lorakoo. Father ■ bigyai. Mother ■ niga. Sister-Elder - ngureit. ,, Younger Brother-Elder bingai. ,, Younger woombarra. A young man boombut. An old man kooukoon. An old woman • beti. A baby marria. A White man keruinbuUa. Children boori, kulluk. Head - waluk. Eye - - mikue. Ear - - moko. THE MANNING RIVER. 351 No. 187. — The Manning Rivkk — continued. Mouth - kurrika. Boomerang - - Teeth - tirra. Hill - - . Hair of the head- boorach. Wood - - watti. Beard - - yarrut. Stone - - bakkut. Thunder Grass - Tongue Stomach - marloo. - murruk. - tuUut. - warra. Camp - Yes - No - - moora. - ya, ngoe. - kooriat. Breasts Thigh Foot - - napuk. - ngurru. - tinya. I - - You - Bark - - ngata. - beai. - koorak. Bone - - tirruk. Good - - marook. Blood - - kungera. Bad - - yarraki. Skin - - yoolak. Sweet - - Fat - - wamyao. Food - - boowartuk. Bowels - - kergo. Excrement - - goonnuk, War-spear - - kumai. Reed-spear - Throwing-stick - mooro. Shield- - - kooreel. Hungry Thirsty Eat - Sleep - Drink - - kappirega. - tumbuth. - taki. - narboolukoo. - butooki. Tomahawk - - bai-bai. Walk - - yannau. Canoe - - kooyauk. See - - narlchi. Sun - - toonau. Sit - - yallow-akoo. Moon - - gewak. Yesterday - - boomi. Star - - muriet. To-day - bungai. Light - - narrakut. To-morrow - - koobauki. Dark - - bootoom, bootuk. Where are the wunna koori? Cold - - - yatoo. Blacks ? Heat - - naooit. I don't know - narrai yoongat Day - - kaiyak. ngata. Night- - - koonbaka. Plenty - mondai. Fire - - kooyal. Big - - - tookal. Water - bartoo. Little - - mittoo. Smoke - beautoo. Dead - - toothtoo. Ground - burrai. By-and-by - - kookooka, Wind- - wippai, wooroo- Come on - - gowai. ma. Milk - . Rain - - yurra. Eaglehawk - - God - - Ghosts : Wild turkey Wife - - - 352 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 188.— THE HUNTER RIVER. THE WONNARUA TRIBE AND LANGUAGE. By Robeet Miller, Esq. The Wonnarua language is more nearly related to tliat of the Hawkesbury than to any other; at the same time it has many words found in Wiiratheri, and some which were used hy the Sydney tribe. Mr. Miller, from whom I received my information concerning the Wonnarua tribe, tells me that when he first knew them they occupied the Hunter and all its tributaries from within ten miles of Maitland to the apex of the Liverpool Ranges, an area which he sets down at two thousand square miles. My informant also points out that he lived in the Hunter River district for several years, having settled there in 1841. At that time, he says the tribe numbered about 500 individuals, but it is now almost extinct, the result of increased infanticide, de- bauchery, diseases introduced by the Whites, exposure to rain (which the aborigines avoided in great measure before we interfered with their modes of life), bronchitis, and rheu- matic fever. Their clothing used to be an opossum-skin cloak, and a girdle of spun opossum hair next the skin, and their principal ornament a nautilus shell cut into an oval shape and suspended from the neck by a string. They also anointed the person on gala occasions with a mixture of red ochre and fat, and lived in bark mia-miams like those in use in all the southern portions of the continent. Their effects were the ordinary spears, wommera, shields, and war-boome- rangs, and also the boomerang which returns when thrown, which was used partly as a toy and was also thrown into flights of ducks and other birds with very good results. The boomerang used in fights does not return. They had also THE HUNTER RIVER. 353 bags made of platted swamp-grass; koolaman or wooden bowls, two or three feet long, for holding water at the camp; tomahawks of hard dark-colored stone, which were first chipped and then ground to an edge; knives made of flint for cuttipg up meat, and also chips of flint with which they skinned animals. For food they got the kangaroo and emu, which they kUled with spears and captured with nets, besides the other animals and reptiles found in their country; as also a variety of roots, one of which was that of the water-lily. These they roasted in the usual way, or baked in the heaps of cinders and stone (or cinders and lumps of clay) usually called ovens. The young of both sexes were prohibited fi"om eating certain sorts of meat. They had also at about sixteen years of age to undergo the ceremonies of having a tooth knocked out, the septum of the nose pierced, and the painful operation of being scarred on the back, shoulders, stomach, and occasionally on the legs. At the same age the males were Tuade young men with many secret ceremonies. UntU the advent of the Whites, cannibalism also prevailed to the extent of eating portions of a slain enemy by way of triumph. In their marriages they were strictly exogamous ; men obtained their wives in exchange for female relatives; females becoming wives at twelve and mothers at sixteen years of age. Polygamy prevailed, and a large number of the men were unable to obtain wives owing partly to the paucity of female children reared. Infanticide was practised, and is ascribed by Mr. Miller to the impossibility of a woman carrying more than one young child in her wanderings. Men renowned as warriors frequently attacked their inferiors in strength and took their wives from them. Widows got another husband in the tribe, and children belonged to the tribe of the father. The Wonnarua had some idea of a Great Spirit, but what the idea was my informant does not know. They had, too, a custom of daubing their hands and feet with a com- pound of fat and red ochre, and then impressing them on 354 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: the sides of caves. The canoes were sheets of bark, cut from suitable trees in such a manner as to give a little elevation to the sides and ends. Fish they caught with nets and three-pronged spears. The average height of the men Mr. Miller estimates at five feet six inches, though some of them were upwards of six feet, and the women at five feet. As a rule, their hair was long and lank, one or two being curly and one woolly. The dead were interred in a sitting posture, the grave being covered with logs to prevent wild dogs getting at the corpse. Their wars were the results of tres- passes on their lands by neighbouring tribes (generally by the Kamilaroi tribes) and the abduction of females. They had a salutation on meeting which was " anigunya^'' the meaning of which is not stated. The old men, as usual, used to talk over the affairs of the tribe, and generally persuaded its members to adopt their views, which Mr. Miller looks on as a sort of government; but no authority existed.* In cases of sickness, certain impostors in the tribe used to pretend to extract bits of stick or stone from the seat of pain with their mouths; for rheumatism the skin was scarified; the gums bled for toothache, and hot stones applied to relieve various sorts of pains. Wounds were plastered with wet clay, and bleeding staunched by the application of a sort of spongy bark. Besides his translation of my Common Vocabulary, Mr. Miller supplies the following words, amongst which will be found the names of the four cardinal points : — Additional Woeds. Arm - - wadtra. Calf of the leg - woolaoma. Forearm - murumae. Ankle - - walngoor. Upper arm - - kinian. Toe - - eulo. Fingers - mutera. Toes - - beriel. Knee - - waroo. Forehead - - mllero. * Englishmen generally seem with difficulty to realize the idea of a people living entirely without government as our Blacks do, and not unfrequently dub some intelligent man of a tribe King Billy or King Tommy. THE HUNTER RIVEE. 355 Additional Words— continiied. Eyebrows - - yenderra. South wind - kurrenan. Man's breast yokoU, Hot wind - burrumi. mooralong. Cold wind - tukkera. Chin - - mundoo. Whirlwind - bolee. Hips - - karbalong. Koolaman or koka. Dry bark - - terrakee. wooden water Dead tree - - kookyal. bowl Burnt stump - wallangan* Honey kerega. Leaf - - eele. A shadow - - gungool. Green wattle - pattigi. A bag - - buacul. Kangaroo-rat - turumbi. Raised scars on weerong, Bandicoot - - koitoun. skin mooberra. Flying squirrel - petuong. Net - - turrila. Black snake - mutoo-cungoan. A hole - dingung. Brown snake - tunibadong. Eainbow - - turumbol, Tortoise - kutamong. wooralegan. Eel - - kannung. An animal's tail - batan. Pigeon - murramaa. Feathers - ering. Wallaby - - barinbellong. Wings - kilkin. Soldier ant - - turkol, kerral. Bill of bird - - karka. Red ant - teemong- Red - - kapera. watawan. Black - - tuckdan. Iguana Magpie - guerawa, gerua. - goorabul, woing. White - - barral- weerobarral. Platypus - becan. Green - - karowara. Butcher bird - merratta. A good many - kowal-kowal. Curlew - booyuong. Sick - - gerrein-manya. Red parrot - - wackelara. Angry - - merral. Green parrot - peba. Ironbark-tree - terakii. Swallow - biUimuhnul. Oak-tree - goonei. Red gum - - tarin. Jew lizard - - wirramin. Towards the north kyaubali. Woodpecker - bing-gol-gol. Towards the south bulgargoba. Green ant - - goonan. Towards the east baranbali. Wallaroo - - wallambang, Towards the west wackalaugbali. wyanua. Bring water - kukundia Lightning - - muUo. ' murra.* ■ See translation of water in Common Vocabulary. Z 2 356 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 188— THE HUNTER RIVER. Kangaroo - womboin, bandar. 1 Hand - - mater. Opossum - Willi. 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - merrie. 3 Blacks - . Wild dog ' - ukae. One • - munnaan. Emu murrin. Two - - buluarra. Black duck Wood duck Three - - wakkool, nulraw. Pelican Four - - tarri, carrowel. Laughing jackass kookaburra. Father - beeung. Native companioi] Mother - naae. White cockatoo - wangolong, gar- Sister-Elder - marrane. ribee. ,, Younger - Crow - wagan. Brother-Elder - biaghi. Swan - - - „ Younger Egg - - - kobaau. A young man - Track of a foot - An old man Fish - - - makroo. An old woman Lobster Crayfish A baby - wanni, warray. Mosquito - A White man - Fly - ■■ boorolong. Children - Snake - currewa. Head - - gaberong, gaber The Blacks undea, geren A Blackfellow - kurri. bandina. A Black woman - coolberri, apul. Eye - - mekong. Nose - nockro. Ear - - pinna. THE HUNTER RIVER. 357 No. 188. — Tkb Hitntbe River — c(mtinued. Mouth - karka. Boomerang - - barragan, tootoo- Teeth - undera. kera. Hair of the head - woorann. Hill - - kooaran. Beard . Wood - - terackii. Thunder - - murrongali. Stone - - kumbunding, Grass - tooka, woio. tunong. woolo. Camp - - wattaka, watta- Tongue - myong. kabung. Stomach • warra. Yes - - - wattalong, nawa Breasts - abuk. day, merri. Thigh - - - balingora. No - - yallawebung, Foot - - tinna. kae-one. Bone - - tabaU. I - - - indua, nuttua. Blood - - - gooara. You - - - natrua, nindrua, Skin - _ aninua. Fat - - wommo. Bark - - bekeree, koogera. Bowels . Good - - - murrong. Excrement - - Bad - - yaracke. War-spear - - durrane. Sweet - - Reed-spear - - Food - - Wommera or werrewy. Hungry - kuberigo. throwing-stick Thirsty - Shield- - - murribi, kooreil. Eat - - takiligo. Tomahawk - - mundabang. Sleep - - kungongo. Canoe - - buba. Drink - - begennan. Sun - - pannal. Walk- - - wannin. Moon - - goonduong. See - - natan. Star - - meeka, merri. Sit - - - woorUla, talla- Light - - laurae. walla. Dark - - Yesterday - - Cold - - karring, dookra. To-day - Heat - - werroo, ewereba. To-morrow - - Day - - barraiag, burra- Where are bhe galia. Blacks ? Night - - tookoi or dookoi. I don't know - naiu giando. Fire - - watta. Plenty - kawall. Water - kaUe, kukun. Big - - Smoke • butta. Little - - warrae. Ground - parri, murrawan. Dead - - tateba. Wind - - booromi, burra- By-and-by - - maronga. Come on - - danaan. Rain - - mergo, banna, Milk - - wakaden. Eaglehawk - - kawul. God - - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - borang. Wife - . 360 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE : No. 189.— THE HAWKESBURY RIVER AND BROKEN BAY. By J. TUCKEEMAIT, ESQ. The following vocabulary was drawn up by Mr. J. Tucker- man, and forwarded to me by the Bench of Magistrates at Windsor. Some of its words agree with those of the Sydney and others with those of the Manning River languages. There is but one word for yesterday and to-morrow, and the phrase I don't know is rendered not seen, nukka no doubt being derived from na. Additionai. Words. Uncle - - kowan. Iguana - bungera. Aunt - - murriki. Bear - - koolewong. Cousin - nurria. Bandicoot - - binben. Demon - kooyar. Hailstones - - kooribai. Clouds - yoora. Fog - - koorebun. Honey - koodjung. Lightning - - moomi. No. 189.- -HAWKESBURY R IVER AND BROKEN BAY. By J. Ttjck BEMAN, Esq. Kangaroo - - woUombawn. Hand - - bugeele. Opossum - irrubel. 2 Blacks - - boolla koori. Tame dog - - 3 Blacks - - burrong koori Wild dog - - One - - workul. Emu - - barebare. Two - - boolla. Black duck - - urina. Wood duok- - nuUaburra. Three - - burrong. Pelican Four - - Laughing jackass kookundi. Father - bea. Native companion Mother - wyung. White cockatoo - nooal. Sister-Elder - nurreen. Crow - wottigan. ,, Younger - Swan - mooricone. Brother-Elder - parpinB. Egg - kungiri. ,, Younger Track of a foot - moori. Fish - - marra. A young man - woongara. Lobster - wirra. An old man - narraki. Crayfish - An old woman - narronyan. Mosquito - - choopin. A baby - kootchikou. Fly - . - yuUa. A White man - bite-bite. Snake - - butaeen. The Blacks - - koori. Children - - turrongankal. A Blackfellow - koori. Head - - kunibeen. A Black woman - nukal. Eye - - mekung. Nose - - nukurra. Ear - - binna. HAWKBSBURY RIVER AND BROKEN BAY. 369 No. 189.- -Hawkesbuey Rivek and Broken Bay —contimied. Mouth- - kurraka. Boomerang - Teeth - - yerra. Hill - Hair of the heac - kewurra. Wood - wotti. Beard - - yarring. Stone - kibbar. Thunder - - wortool. Camp - nurra. Grass - - datter. Yes - ni. Tongue - tulling. Stomach - ukul. No worripi, worri Breasts - nopping. I niya. Thigh - - durra. You - ninde. Foot - - genna. Bark - toornung. Bone - - dirrel. Good - Blood - - koomurra. Bad - kootear. Skin ■ - bukka. Sweet - - kooturra. Fat - - wommo. Food - - kundoo. Bowels - guanong. Hungry duUee. Excrement - - guanong. Thirsty - tarrel. War-spear - - kummi. Eat - booda. Reed-spear - - quarang. Throwing-stick - woora,wommera. Sleep - - nangri. Shield - - kooreal. Drink - woodra. Tomahawk - - mogo. Walk - warre. Canoe - - nooia. See - - na. Sun - - bonnal. Sit - - nullawa. Moon - - koodang. Yesterday - - purrapeen. Star - - koolang. To-day - yakkunda. Light - - burrayang. To-morrow - - purrapeen. Dark - - minni. Where are the wirri koori ? Cold - - tuggera. Blacks ? Heat - - woonul. I don't know - worri nukka. Day - - burrea. Plenty - koora. Night - - minni. Fire - - kooyoong. Big - - kawbawn. Water - - bardo. Little - narrang. Smoke - - kntohel. Dead - tatta. Ground - burri. By-and-by - - nart. Wind - - wippe. Come on gooi. Rain - - woUong, moora- Milk - koo. Eaglehawk - God - Wild turkey Ghosts - buttong. Wife BOOK THE SIXTEENTH. BOOK THE SIXTEENTH. PREFATORY REMARKS. The Wiiratheri language, as it was called by the Lachlan Blacks, in whose country I resided for some time, or Wiraduri, as the Eevd. W. Ridley spells it in his " Kamilaroi," is remark- able for the number of tribes by which it is spoken and the large area of country throughout which it prevails. Though, as the reader will see from this book, there are differences in the vocabularies of every tribe, we know that they are not so great as to interrupt or even impede conversation, for every Black is to some extent a linguist from his infancy, and on that account less impatient of small differences of speech than the average Englishman or Frenchman. The word Wiiratheri is derived from wiirai, the negative adverb, and it is worthy of notice that in almost every tribe throughout this series the equivalents of no and the Blacks are, though differently spelt by my contributors, in reality the same, a state of things which rarely exists in connection with tribes occupying so large an extent of country. We also find in these dialects dagu, duggan, dagga, &c., common equivalents for excrement, and related terms such as dagun, duggan, and daggoon signifying ground; in fact in two in- stances the two objects are expressed by the same word. In a vocabulary drawn up by the Right Reverend Dr. Salvado of a language of Western Australia, on the other side of the continent, daagn is met with signifying anus, and it seems probable that there was a time when there was but one word to express the objects excrement, ground, and anus. Goonna, 364 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: goonnong, koonna = excrement, so general in our languages, also appear in some of the Wiiratlieri dialects, and it is likely tliat the two words dagun and koonna exist in all of them. In these dialects it wiU also be found that the equivalents of tongue and eat are generally related, and occasionally that oifood. But what is most noteworthy about the Wiiratheri tribe is, that though they were a people who numbered several thousand souls, had a common language, and inhabited a country 450 miles in length by 300 in breadth, throughout which communication was easy, yet with these advantages they never get beyoiid tribal life which limits cohesion to , persons nearly related by blood, or made a single step in the direction of a national existence. Like all other Australians, the Wiiratheri tribes had got so far that any one of them could by messenger treat collectively with another tribe, but had not reached the stage of established authority within the tribe. No doubt it is the establishment within the tribe, and for home purposes, of some authority other than the paternal, which is the first step from tribal to national life, and that this perhaps never occurs until agriculture has led to stationary settlement. Before giving the several translations of my Common Vocabulary into Wiiratheri which have have reached me, I will proceed with such Additional Words as my correspondents have furnished, as follows. In three of these little collections we have the equivalents of un^le, aunt, and cousin, an im- portant fact which was overlooked when the table found in Vol. I., page 141, was drawn up : — Bt the Rbvd J. GnNTHBB. Drink Present Future - widgalli. - widyana. - widyalgine. Walk Present Future - yanney. - yannunoo - yannagun See - Present Future - ngunnai. - nguna. - nagine. PREFATORY REMARKS. 365 Mr. C. Rouse Gives the following names of places and their aignifloations:- Bna-wena - - Place where the Gillendoon - A place of cray women stop fish. when separated Billa-buUa - - The two rivers. from the men in Gowong - The moon. times of bora or Minemoorong - Blackfellows' war. camp. By the Bench op Magistrates, Dubbo. Lightning - - michi. Aunt - - bumal. Uncle - buggarnine. Cousin - mooningal. By the Revd. J. Balfe, J. P., Booan Rivbb. Uncle - bugenrung. Cousin - woonaki. Aunt - - bunual. Bt J. Cameron, Esq., Forbes, etc. Boy • - boori. Forest oak - - nying. Girl - - - migi. Swamp oak - billar. Baby (male) - boorinjal. Pine-tree - - kurra. „ (female) - migijul. A scrub - beergoo. Kangaroo-rat - keemung. A plain - goonigul. Paddimellon - weerung. A creek - beela. Water-rat - - mooeen. Road - - mooroo. Mouse - wuthagong. Frost. - - maggar. Black snake - thoorung. A fight - boomooloona. Brown snake - wurulung. War - - koori. Iguana - ngooreen. Fishing-net - kooli. Teal - - throoyong. Flesh - - jeen. Magpie - karoo. Arms - - buggur. Crane - - bara. Stand - - wurruna. Codfish - kooroolong. Jump - - broobeeja. Bream - koobeer. Lay down •■ - wirrija. Lightning - - meegee. Scold - - nuburra. Cloud - urung. Shed tears - - umbena. Box-tree - - wooronglong. Laugh - keentnunna. Gum-tree - - yarra. Never - weddaboo. The word Boomooloowi —fight, is evidently akin to a common word meaning strike. From Sir George Grey's Travels in North-west Australia, vol. 2, p. 212, we learn that this word is rendered Pooma or Booma on the Swan Eiver, Boomgur at King George's Sound, Poomandi in South Aus- tralia, and Boonbilliko at Sydney. 366 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: By W. H. Suttoe, Esq. Crane - - burra. Box-tree - - bimbil. Curlew - kooreebun. Pine-tree - - kurra. Dove — (large) - mooragoo. Bee (native) - dthurroongarong (small) - goobadthoo. Honey- - - ngaroo. Magpie - garroo. Mirage - - narroowai. Pigeon (bronze- yamniur. A kiss - - - boodthrabulug- wing) goo. Pigeon (squatter) dthood-thoo. Coward - - gael-gael. Plover - - baldurrigeri. Brave - - - woUungunmalla. Wagtail - djirri-djirri. Sorry - - - noonidthung- Bell-bird - banbandarloo. ninna. Frog - - koolanga. Glad - - - gudthangthung- Shrimp - kidjar. ninna. Porcupine - - quandialli. Love - - - burrannungar- Liver - - gooraloong. reree. Knee - boongong. Laugh- - - ginthiuthintha. Elbow - • ngoona. Tall - - - barrmir. Arm - - bargoor. Short - - - boomban. Shoulder - kunnar. Deaf - - - moogoodtha. Rump - - mogwoon. Dumb - - - wirriyarra. Uncle - - buggamgan. Blind - - - mogeen. Aunt - - bommall. Angry- - - dthallibinnul. Cousin - oonaregein. Imaginary animal, mirreeuUa. Daughter - ■ ammoori. said to live in Lightning - - mikki. deep waterholes Feather - boobil. Go on - - - euyunnundtha. Tail - - dooudoo. What do you say? minnu andeyaeh Snow - - koonoomal. Exclamation of yukkai ! A forest - birgoo. pain A plain - goonigul. Crooked (see Boo- burrgan. A river - murrung. merang) River oak-tree - bellarwi. Straight (see Spear) dthoolooarree. Plain turkey or gumbul. bustard By THE Weitbb. Yooaba commonly spelt Udbha on the Lachlan. Native companion pooralga. Laughing jackass kokoburra. Wood, tree - - gi-gul. Stone - - - woUong. Crayfish (small inka. sort of) Small burrowing moondo-bil-bi. kangaroo Darling cockatoo, wi-jug-a-la. or Plyctolophus Leadbeateri Squatter pigeon - too-toot. Mallee bird - - yoong-ai. Prog - - - ko-lung-a. Sow-thistle ■ - tool-ooman. A hole in a stone woUong-mil; i.e., in which water stone eye. collects A hole in a tree gigul-mil; i.e., in which water wood eye. collects, some- times to the ex- tent perhaps of fifty gallons PREFATORY REMARKS. 36^ Whilst giving the few words which the author rememhers of the Wiiratheri language, he thinks it well to mention the following fact connected with natural history. The native bee was found on the banks of the Lachlan (and at least five-and-twenty miles back from that river) as far as the upper portion of the Uabba Run; but if a north and south line were drawn through the stockyard of that run, no hives existed to the westward of that line ; in fact, the bee could not be found nearer than two or three miles to the eastward of such line. This was often explained to me by the Blacks who resided permanently on the station and kept us supplied with honey. Why the bees ceased to be found at that point — the country on one side of the north and south line being exactly similar to that on the other — whether they have since spread to the west, or have been exterminated by our bees, are questions of interest. By Chaeles Bybne, Esq. Sou - - ooraman. Swim - - yawinya. Daughter* - - amoor. Strike - bingictanaloo. She* - - ama. Talk - - yallaloo. Girls - - miggi. When- - wigengoo. Husband - moban. Here - - ena. Riba - - mar. Neck - - nan. Many men - - madoo mang. Frog - - koolunga. Many women - madoo bulla- Opossum-cloak - boothong. garoo. He - - myla. Come and swim - thanganong. Fall - - - bunding. Where ? - - taggowa? By G. R. H. i Stttckey, Esq. Girls - - mulliwan. Strike - boomalgaree. Husband - hobaoQ. Talk - - yalla. Ribs - Neck - - thaura. - wooro. Many men - - mado main. Frog - - kolonga. Many women - mado buUagara. Opossum-cloak - buthong. Come and swim - thanuna kooma- FaU - - bondagee. bakee. Swim - - koombakee. Where ? - thagwa ? • In connection with thia word see the translation of treasts in Mr. Byrne's rendering of the Common Vocabulary, a few pages on. 368 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 190.— CASTLEREAGH RIVER, TALBRAGAR, MUDGEE. By the Revd. J. Gunther. Kangaroo - bundur. Hand - - murra. Opossum willei. 2 Blacks - . Tame dog - merri. 3 Blacks - . Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck Pelican Laughing jackass gaumarran. One - Two - Three - Pour - Father - ngunbeer. - bulla. - bulla ngunbeer - bulla bulla. - babin. Native companion Mother - gunnee, gunni- White cockatoo guarran. bong. Crow - waggun. Sister-Elder - mimmi. Swan - dooudoo. ,, Younger - Egg - gabbuga. Brother-Elder . Track of a foot Pish - Lobster Crayfish - Mosquito - Fly - - durru. dungur, gubbir. gidyax. inka. muggin. burremul. „ Younger gumbul. A young man - ugal. An old man - derribung. An old woman - ballagun. A baby - - balli. Snake - yabba. A White man - gun wan. The Blacks - main. Children - - burri. A Blackfellow - Head - - ballang. A Black woman innur. Eye - - mil. Nose - wooroo. Ear - - udda. CASTLEREAGH RIVEE, TALBRAGAR, MUDGEE. 369 No. 190.— Castlereagh Rivbk, Mouth - - ngnain, ngan. Teeth - - - irrang. Hair of the head - uran. Beard - - - yarran. Thunder - - murruburai. Gras3 - - - buguin. Tongue - - dallein. Stomach - - ngurrui. Breasts - - ngumorgang. Thigh- - - bugu. Foot . - - dinnung. Bone - - - tubul. Blood - - - gurru. Skin - - - yulin. Fat - - - duyon. Bowels - - ngurrui. Excrement - - dagu. War-spear - - doolo. Reed-spear - Throwing-stick - baduwur, bur- gun. Shield- - - marga. Tomahawk - - burguin. Canoe - Sun - - ■ irrae. Moon - - - giwang. Star - . - girragulang. Light - - - ngalum. Dark - - - buddang. Cold - - - buUudai. Heat - - - munur, ugil. Day - - - irrue, irndu. Night - - - gurnuwai. Fire - - - win. Water - - kaUng. Smoke - - gaddal. Ground - - dagun. Wind - - - girar. Rain - - - milgi, kaling. God (Maker) - bai-a-mai. Ghosts - - duUubung. VOL. ni. 2 Talbbagak, Mudgee — continued. Boomerang - Hill - - - Wood - - - maddun. Stone - - - wallung. Camp - - - ngurang. Yes - - - ngawa. No - - - wirrai. I ... ngunnal. You - Bark - - - gundai, murdai, durang. Good - - - murrong. Bad - - - murrunubong. Sweet- - - ngurru. Food - - - wigge. Hungry - - girrugul. Thirsty llat - - - duUi. Sleep - - - yurrai, winya. Driak - - - widjelli. Walk - - - yanney. See - - - ngunnai. Sit .... winga. Yesterday - - gumbui. To-day To-morrow - Where are the dagara main ? Blacks? I don't know - wirrai winanung- unua. Plenty - - murrawal. Big - - - babbir. Little - - - bubbai. Dead - - - ballun. By-and-by - - guayu. Come on - - duiu yunna. Milk - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey Wife - A 370 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 190.— WARREN. Compiled by C. Rottse, Esq., at the request op T. A. Beownb, Esq., Warben. Compare harlc and camp in this vocabulary, and note the translations of Where are the Blacks and I don't know, and the change in the word tugera. Kangaroo - womboin, bundar. Hand - - marra. Opossum willie. 2 Blacks - - bulla mine. Tame dog - meerrie. 3 Blacks - - bulla wonboy Wild dog - mine. Emu - oorin. One - - wonboy. Black duck bunthenbar. Two - - bulla. Wood duck gooneroo. Three - - bulla wonboy. Pelican beraya. Laughing jackass kookaburra. Four - - bungo. Native companion brolga. Father - bubbeen. White cockatoo - murine. Mother - gunnie. Crow - worgan. Sister-Elder - borie. Swan - tundoo. „ Younger - Egg - - - koobagar. Brother- Elder - kulmine. Track of a foot - dramble. ,, Younger kargon. Fish - kookabul. A young man - burri. Lobster An old man- - derribung. Crayfish inga. An old woman - bidgah. Mosquito - Fly - moogin. borimill. A baby - nabba. Snake - durong. A White man - kubbun, gibrigal The Blacks - mine. ChUdren - A Blackf ellow mine. Head - - ballong. A Black woman ena. Bye - - mill. Nose - murroo. Ear - - outha. WARREN. 3 No. 190. — "W &.-KBS.TS— continued. Mouth - milleen. Boomerang - Teeth - - erung. Hill - . Hair of the head - gideong. Wood - - muthen. Beard - - yarran. Stone - - woUong. Thunder - - murraburri. Camp - - moorong. Grass - - bugin. Yes - - yarlo. Tongue - duUan. No - - wirri. Stomach - borbeen. I - naddo. Breasts - birrin. You - - indo. Thigh - - marowl. Bark - - moorong. Foot - - dinnong. Good - - murrumbung. Bone - - dubbul. Bad - - nunni. Blood - - goin. Sweet - - murrumbung. Skin - - uline. Food - - marrie. Pat - - wommo. Hungry - girrigall. Bowels - boorbeen. Thirsty - yalgo. Excrement - - guunong, duggan. Eat - - dullee. War-spear - - dilloo. Sleep - - euree. Reed-spear - - dureel. Drink - - werjellie. Thro wing-stick Shield - - wommara(?). - mirga. Walk - See - - yannergee. - naddoo. Tomahawk - Canoe - - burgoin. - murrin, wargin. Sit - - welya. Sun - - erie. Yesterday - - ninnigoori, Moon - - gowong. To-day - duUan. Star - - gerelong. To-morrow - - noorimgle. Light - - ear. Where are the tugera mine ? Dark - - muroong. Blacks? Cold - - bolidi. I don't know nunna tugeraga Heat - - eribung. Plenty beerbiing. Day - - drangbung. Big - murowe. Night - - murongbung. Little - boobi. Fire - - wein. Water koUe, kuUeu. Dead - ballo. Smoke kuthel. By-and-by - duUan ereble. Ground duggan. Come on kowra. Wind - gera. Milk - - .. Eain - - - walla. Eaglehawk - God - Wild turkey Ghosts wondoue;. Wife - 371 2 A 2 372 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 190.— DUBBO. By Bench of Magistrates at Dubbo. Kangaroo - bundar. Hand - - murra. Opossum willie. 2 Blacks - . Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - meerie. moorooin. womboinda. 3 Blacks - One - Two - - oonby. - bulla. Wood duck- goonaroo. Three - - bulla oonby. Pelican berar. Four - - buUa bulla. Laughing jackass kookaburra. Father - bobbeen. Native companion bralgan. White cockatoo - mooran. Crow - - - waagan. Swan - - - thoonthoo. Egg - - - koboca. Mother Sister-Elder ,, Younger Brother-Elder - koonee. - boree. - kulmine. Track of a foot turumbal. „ Younger Fish - kooyabi. A young man - walloe. Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - Snake - The Blacks - ingar. moggin. burremal. durong. mine (main?). An old man An old woman A baby A White man Children - walline oogal - moogeen. - boobi, boori. - gooen. A Blackfellow Head - - buUong. A Black woman ennar. Eye - - mill. Nose - murrobar. Ear - - coda. DUBBO. 373 No. 190. — DuBBo — continwd. Mouth - kuine. Boomerang - - Teeth - - eerong. Hill - - Hair of the head- kidjing. Wood- - muthum. Beard - - yarrin. Stone - - woUong. Thunder - murraburri. Camp - - oorong. Grass - - boogoin. Yes - - owaa. Tongue - talline. No - - weeri. Stomach - birrin. I - addu. Breasts - namong. You - - indo. Thigh - - boio. Bark - - thurrunag. Foot - - dinnong. Good - - murrembong. Bone - - thaban. Bad - - .. Blood - - goin. Sweet - - murrumbar. Skin - - - uline. Food - - wega, dana. Fat - - woomo. Hungry - girrogal. Bowels - bourbiu. Thirsty - yalgoerung. Excrement - - tuggar. Eat - War-spear - - thulo. Reed-spear - - dreel. Sleep - - eurie. Throwing-stick - womar. Drink - - weejerra. Shield- - . Walk- - yannauna. Tomahawk - - burgoin. See - - nayanya. Canoe - - Sit - - weeuya. Sun - - eeri. Yesterday - - uningwarra. Moon - - geewong. To-day - tharra. Star - - girralong. To-morrow - - mooroongal. Light - - mullan. Where are the wuna mine ? Dark - - murroy. Blacks ? Cold - - buUadi, tuggara. I don't know - wirri gulburra Heat - - kanambang. Plenty - maddo. Day - - eera. Big - - bamir. Night - Fire - - nurrong. - ween. Little - - boobi. Water - kalleen. Dead - - buUo. Smoke - kuddal. By-and-by - - tnllan. Ground - tagoon. Come on - kow-ai. . Wind- - - girrar. Milk - - - Rain - - kalleen. Eaglehawk - - God - - biomar. Wild turkey - Ghosts - wondong. Wife - - 374 THE AUSTRALIAN EACB : No. 190. -WELLINGTON. By H. Keightly, Esq., P.M. Kangaroo - womboyn. Hand - - mara. Opossum Willie. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - merrie. 3 Blacks - . Wild dog - Emu - ooron. One - - oonboyie. Black duck - boothenba. Two - - boola. Wood duck - goonaroong. Three - - boola oonboyie Pelican wonga wonga. Four - - muddo. Laughing j ackass kookoburra. Father - babee. Native companion bralgan. Mother - koonea. White cockatoo moorie. Sister-Elder - mingan. Crow - Swan - waugan. ,, Younger Brother-Elder - Egg - kubboga. Track of afoot dianong ,, Younger kagong. Fish - gooeya. A young man - wallowie. Lobster An old man - jreebung. Crayfish ■ gidda. An old woman - Mosquito - - mogen. A baby - naba. Ply - - burrimal. A White man . Snake The Blacks - • durong. Children - - yenarka. A Blackf ellow - bowie. Head - - balong. A Black woman - yenna. Bye - - mail. Nose - - moorotha. Bar - - woodtha. WELLINGTON. c No. 190. — Wellington — continued Mouth - yerong. Boomerang - ■ Teeth - - Hill - - Hair of the head wooran. Wood - mathen. Beard - - yarren. Stone - - woUong. Thunder - - moorabrie. Camp - - moorong. Graas - - boogen. Yes - - a-wa. Tongue - dallan. No -■ - - wiirai. Stomach - boorbye. I - athol. Breasts - You - - indoo. Thigh- - - booeyo. Bark - - doorong. Foot - - dinnong. Good - - - murrumbang. Bone - - thalbe. Bad - - eengel. Blood - - goine. Sweet - - wari-karbeen Skin - - uline. ging (?)• Pat - - wanrnio. Food - - dinnong. Bowels - goonong. Hungry - yewarran. Excrement - - goona. Thirsty - galling. War-spear - - doolo. Eat - - dally. Reed-spear - - djreel. Sleep - - urey. Thro wing-stick - doora, mothen. Drink - - woodjalli. Shield - marga. Walk - - yaunangee. Tomahawk - - burgowen. See - _ Canoe - wargung,manien. Sit - - whiga. Sun - Moon - - yerly. - ghucong. Yesterday - - wooroongal. Star - - gerrelong. To-day - dallung. Light - - nalgara. To-morrow - - wooroongal. Dark - - boothong. Where are the Cold - - - ballathai. Blacks? Heat - - erybong. I don't know - dagga ga. Day - - Plenty - murdo. Night - - oorong. Big - - moorowel. Fire - - wiin. Little - - boobye. Water - galling. Dead - - baalo. Smoke - kathel. By-and-by - - Ground - dagoon. Come on - - thane, yenna. Wind- - geerach. Milk - - Rain - - gadle. Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - - 375 376 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : No. 190.— HILL END. By Bench of Magistrates, Bathuest. Kangaroo - - wamboin. Hand - - murra. Opossum - - willee. 2 Blacks - » Tame dog - - miree. 3 Blacks - _ Wild dog ■ - One - - miko. Emu - - nooree. Two - - buUagut. Black duck - - buthanbar. Wood duck - goonaroo. Three - - buUagut miko Pelican - wirria. Four - - bullagut-bulla Laughing jackass kookoopara. gut. Native companion Eather - paupee. White cockatoo - moori. Mother - koonee. Crow - - wairoo. Sister-Elder - kaitee. Swan - • parama. „ Younger - Egg - - - kapooka. Brother-Elder _ Track of a foot - tinna. ,, Younger kauka. Eish - - kooia. Lobster A young man - kappara. An old man - tirreebong. Crayfish - wangar. Mosquito - - komogin. An old woman - mokee. Ely - - burrumil. A baby - burri. Snake - - turroo. A White man - The Blacks - - wattaka-allo. Children - murre-wangar A Blaokfellow - makkoo. Head - - pallan. A Black woman - moopoon. Eye - - mill. Nose - - mooroo. Ear - - outher. HTT,T, END. 37/ No. 190. — Hill End — continued. Mouth - nundle. Boomerang • Teeth - - eeran. Hill - Hair of the head - ouran. Wood - - mudlthen. Beard - - yarrie. Stone - - karool. Thunder - mooroopry. Camp - - nurru. Grass - - bugwee. Yes - - awa. Tongue - thallee. No - - wirri Stomach - boorbee. I ■ nantoo. Breasts - toomoo. You - - nindoo. Thigh - - Bark - - durra. Foot - - thinna. Good - - yatama. Bone - - nimbee. Bad - wirri wideroo. Blood - - - koai. Sweet - - yatamah. Skin - - uUee. Food - - orattee, tinoorka. Fat - Bowels Excrement - War-spear - Reed-spear - Throwing-stick Shield- - keal. - tookar. - murra. - wairee. - nirru. - murka. Hungry Thirsty Eat - Sleep - Drink - Walk - - nattoo, nairrokul. - attopoodally. - woorigerry. - nairooka. - yanna. Tomahawk - - burgoiee. See - - naikoo, pirroo. Canoe - - . Sit - - weeta. Sun - - eree. Yesterday - - kumpeera. Moon - Star - Light - Dark - Cold - Heat - Day - - kua. - kirala. - nurgan. - nou. - pallootai. - yaukee. - dranbar. To-day To-morrow - Where are the Blacks? I don't know Plenty - tallongo. - kullnareta. taiga unna mi yanna murrani ? - wirri. - puTigoo. Night - - tuagra. Big - ■ poimit. Fire - - wee. Little - - popaga. Water - kallee. Dead - ■ pallonee. Smoke - puttho. By-and-by - - gumbirra. Ground - tookar. Come on dina. Wind - - girrard. Milk - Rain - - uroo. Eaglehawk - God - - Wild turkey Ghosts - wonda. Wife - 378 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 190.— BATHURST. By p. Foley, Me. Foley relates that class-marriage existed in tlie tribes about Bathurst, and that Ippe, Cumbo, Cubbi, and Murri were the names of the classes. In this vocabularly may be compared the equivalents of tongue, hungry, and eat, also ghost and White man. Kangaroo - murrawai. Hand - - murra. Opossum kooragai. 2 Blacks - - booliga mi. Tame dog - Wild dog - yukey. 3 Blacks - One - - booliga mugo mi - mugo. Emu - Black duck - nguree. boothunba. Two - - booliga. Wood duck gonaro. Three - - booliga mugo. Pelican gurotha. Four - - booliga booliga. Laughing jackass kookoburra. Father ■ puppa. Native companion bralga. Mother - goonee. White cockatoo - mooroy. Sister-Elder - karta. Crow - Swan - Egg - - waugan. keeneekin. koboka. ,, Younger Brother-Elder - kugga. Track of a foot dinna. „ Younger Fish - gooey a. A young man - nubingeri. Lobster An old man - derriba. Crayfish An old woman - werringa. Mosquito - - tirry. A baby - warro. Fly - Snake - The Blacks ■ - booramul. - undaba. - mi. A White man Children - - wonda. - broy-ga. A Blackf ellow - mi. Head - - boUen. A Black woman - weener. Eye - - miU. Nose - - moorootha. Bar - - woodtha. BATHURST. 37y No; 190. — Bathubst — continued. Mouth ■ willee. Boomerang - - Teeth - - weera. Hill - Hair of the head Wood - - muthin. Beard - - geer. Stone - - kowral. Thunder - Grass - Tongue Stomach - mooroomba. - gooroon. - thuUe. - boorbee. Camp - Yes - No I - ngooroomba. - youi. - weeri. - thu. Breasts Thigh - Foot - Bone - - namo. - tarra. - dinna. You - Bark - Good - - indoo. - mungur. - murrumban. Blood - Skin - - gooee. - yuUn. Bad ■ Sweet - - warri. Pat - - wamo. Food - - wiggia. Bowels - Hungry - thuUerte. Excrement - - goona. Thirsty - kuUeete. War-spear - Reed-spear - Throwing-stiok Shield - Tomahawk - Canoe - Sun - Moon - - moora - moorabuther. - beer. - mutha. - binjelly. - kogee. - thunee. - guer. Eat - - Sleep - Drink - Walk - See - Sit - Yesterday - - thuUe. - mooga. - uarraga. - yannine. - nanee. - weenga. - kumberinyanna.* Star - - girilla. To-day - talun. Light - - wanee. To-morrow - - kumberin. Dark - - mugee. Where are the wontulee mi ? Cold - Heat - - goonundurra. Blacks? I don't know - weeri thu nanee. f Day - - talung. Plenty - baongo. Night - Fire - - tarungero. - wee. Big - ■ Little - - bupa. - boothoo. Water - - kallee. Dead - - bookago. Smoke - bombillee. By-and-by - - taloongery. Ground - tagoon. Come on - yanna. Wind - - boorooma. Milk - Rain - - goonda. Eaglehawk - God - - biam. Wild turkey Ghosts - woolawoonda. Wife - - ' Literally to-morrow gone. t I/iterally not I seen. 380 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 190.— BOGAN RIVER. By the Revd. J. Balfe, J.P. Kangaroo - - womboi. Opossum - Willi. Tame dog - - meri. Wild dog - - Emu - - coring. Black duck- - buttranda Wood duck- - goonaroo. Pelican - Laughing jackass kocoburra Native companion bralgan. White cockatoo - moori. Crow - - waugan. Swan - - doondoo. Egg - - - kabuga. Track of a foot - dina. Fish - - koiya. Lobster - inka. Crayfish - Mosquito - - mokiu. Ply . - boremul. Snake - - touru. The Blacks - - mien. A Blackfellow - matu. A Black woman - Nose - - mooroo. Hand - - murra. 2 Blacks - - 3 Blacks - - One - - Two - - buUar. Three - - buUungabi. Four - - Father - babena. Mother - gunene. Sister-Elder - pate. „ Younger Brother-Elder - kaka. ,, Younger A young man - buguragau. An old man - karawa (?). An old woman - karawa (?). A baby - boobi. A White man - Children - - boori. Head - - bula. Eye - - - meel. Ear - - outa. BOGAN RIVER. 381 No. 190. — BoGAN River — continued Mouth - mandool. Boomerang - - Teeth - - errung. Hill - . Hair of the head- pearu. Wood - - muthung. Beard - - yarrmg. Stone - - warlung. Thunder - - mooroobari. Camp - - murrung. Grass - - Yes - - awa. Tongue - tuUing. No - - weeri. Stomach - burrabung. I . Breasts - here. You - - Indoo. Thigh - - bouan. Bark - - toorung. Foot - - tennar. Good - - murrumban. Bone - - tabul. Blood - - - gafin. Bad - - yiugil. Skin - - milkar. Sweet - Food - - weki. Fat - - warmoo. Bowels - Hungry - marang Excrement - - tunga. Thirsty - kanuna. War-spear - - tooloo. Eat - - tale. Reed-spear - - Sleep - - uri. Throwing-stick - buragau. Drink - - weejali. Shield - - mooraka. Walk - - yanagare. Tomahawk - - towane. See - - nakeri. Canoe - - mure. Sit - - weekere. Sun - - - erai. Yesterday - ■ kaluane. Moon - - kewa. To-day - kalbeau. Star - - kerela. To-morrow - Light - - Where are the tagua mien 2 Dark - - Blacks ? Cold - - - buUuti. I don't know - takaka. Heat - - kuna. Plenty - mootoo. Day - - keranba, Big - - mootoo. Night - - muring. Little - - bubi. Fire - - ween. Dead - - kalo. Water - kalle. Smoke - kathul. By-and-by - - koin. Ground " takoon. Come on - - tiana. Wind - - kerare. MUk - - Rain - ■■ murra. Eaglehawk - - God (Creator) - muka. Wild turkey - Ghosts - wonda. Wife - - 382 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 190.— SOURCES OF BOGAN RIVER. By Bench of Magistrates, Oblet. Kangaroo - womboi. Opossum willie. Tame dog - murria. Wild dog - Emu - noodi. Black duck- boothurd. Wood duck- goonaroo Pelican birai. Laughing jackass go-oo-burra. Native companion booralga. White cockatoo - moorai. Crow - waagin. Swan - dundoo. Egg - - - kabooga. Track of a foot - dinung. Fish - gooia. Lobster Crayfish inga. Mosquito - moogin. Fly - - - boorimal. Snake - - - thorung. The Blacks - maing. A Blackfellow - A Black woman - aneer. Nose - - - moorooda. Hand - - murra. 2 Blacks - - bulla maing. 3 Blacks - - One - - muggo. Two - - buUager. Three - - bulla muggo. Four - - buUagerbullager Father - baa-baa. Mother - gunnee. Sister-Elder - gaadee. ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - gaagaa. „ Younger A young man - walwaa. An old man - dirraba. An old woman - moogamar. A baby - geringa. A White man - Children - - booridella. Head - - balling. ^ Eye - - mil. Ear - • wooda. SOURCES OP BOGAN RIVER, 383 No. 190. — Sources of Bogan Rivbk — continued. Mouth - gamdal. Boomerang - - Teeth - weera. Hill - - Hair of the heac - wooran. Wood- - ma-a-dan. Beard - - yarring. Stone - - gerroal. Thunder - - moorabri. Camp - - mirang. Grass - gooran. Yes - - youai. Tongue - daaling. No - - - weerai. Stomach - booridi. I - imingdoo. Breasts - ngamo. You - ■ nagdoo. Thigh - darnung. Bark - - mingar. Foot - - deenul. Good - - murrunbar. Bone - - nimby. Bad - - warrdi. Blood - - goine. Sweet - - nati. Skin - • youling. Food - - dinug. Fat - - Hungry - Bowels - baarm. Thirsty - bingina. Excrement - - dagga. Eat - - dalla. War-spear - - moora. Sleep - - mugga-yonda Eeed-spear - - dethreel. Drink - - narruga. Throwing-stick Shield- Tomahawk - Canoe- Sun - Moon - - bulga. • murga. - waggar. - marrin. - dimie. - geewa. Walk - See - Sit - - Yesterday - To-day - yanna. - naga. - weeda. - wamgarril. Star - Light - - gerrilla. - nallin. To-morrow - Where are the Dark - - nou. Blacks? Cold - - goonundi. I don't know - Heat - Day - Night - Fire - Water Smoke Ground Wind- - Rain - - wee-wee. - doonagal. - boorindal. - we-ing. - kalling. - bodo. - dalgan. - geerar. - nagdora. Plenty Big - Little - Dead - By-and-by - Come on Milk - Eaglehawk - - bongo. - binal. - boobi. - balloni. - dillin. - diana. God - - - baa baa. Wild turkey - Ghosts - goonidar. Wife - - 384 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 190.— CARCOAR. By Bench of Magisteates, Bathuest. In this vocabulary the reader may compare fire and wood, also harh and cam/p. Kangaroo - womboin. Opossum Willi. .Tame dog - mirra. Wild dog - Emu - orruin. Black duck Wood duck oonaloo. Pelican Laughing jackass koguburra. Native companion brolgan. White cockatoo - mooriou. Crow - - . wargan. Swan - - - dundu. Egg - - - gobooga. Track of a foot - murru. Fish - - kooia, gooia Lobster Crayfish inga. Mosquito - mogan. Fly - - - Snake - - - dooruon. The Blacks - mane. A Blaokfellow - mane. A Black woman - inner. Nose . - - mooroo. Hand - - murra. 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - - One - - ongbee. Two - - bulla. Three - - bulla ongbee Four - - bulla bulla. Father - bubba. Mother - goouee. Sister-Elder - borigan. „ Younger - Brother-Elder - ngamin. Younger A young man - An old man - jerribong. An old woman - moogin. A baby - A White man - Children - - boorion. Head - - Eye - - miU. Ear - - woodtha. CARCOAR. No, 190.— Carcoar— continued. Mouth - nnn. Boomerang - - Teeth - - errian. Hill - - Hair of the head - woorian. Wood - - ween. Beard - - Stone - - wallung. Thunder - burri-burri. Camp - - wooran. Grass - - ugga. Yes - - yalla. Tongue - oollan. No - - wiirai. Stomach - unbin. I - uadthu. Breasts - ammung. You - - indoo. Thigh - booia. Bark - - oorung. Toot - - giimong. Good - - murrumba. Bone - - thuban. Bad - - ingee. Blood - - oomung. Sweet - - Skin - - uUung. Food - - - dungun. Fat - - wommoo. Hungry - - urung. Bowels - Thirsty - weegelly. Excrement - - thugga. Eat - - ,., - dunung. War-spear - - dooloo. Sleep - - yooai. Eeed-spear - - jerril. Drink - - weegelly. Throwing-stick - umuthin. Walk - - unargin. Shield - murriga. See - - argie. Tomahawk - - dowin. Sit - weegil. Canoe - - murrin. Sun - - erin. Yesterday - - Moon - - guar. To-day - Star - - eeilong. To-morrow - - Light - - erin. Where are th« i thugga mane Dark - - urra. Blacks ? Cold - - undung. I don't know - weedi. Heat - - oogil. Plenty - mardu. Day - - erin. Big - - - munung. Night r - urra. Little - - bobian. Fire - - ween. Dead - - booloo. Water - kalli. Smoke - kudthul. By-and-by - - yoian. Ground - oogoon. Come on - burri. Wind - unadtha. Milk - - Rain - ' - - ullin. Eaglehawk - - God - - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - geer. Wife - - - VOL. III. 2 B 385 386 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 190.— FORBES AND THE LEVELS. Br J. Cameron, Esq. Kangaroo - - wamboine. Hand - Opossum - - Willi. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - - mirrie. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - Emu - - ngooreen. One - Black duck - womboolgul. Two - Wood duck - goonaroong. Three - Pelican - Four Laughing jackass googoobra. Father Native companion brallgan. Mother White cockatoo - moorein. Sister-Elder Crow - - wagun. „ Younger - Swan - - thoondoo. Brother-Elder - Egg - - Track of a foot .. „ Younger Fish - - A young man walli. Lobster - An old man jeerabung Crayfish - An old woman - mooggun. Mosquito - -■ A baby Fly - Snake - ~ A White man gooing. The Blacks - - miing. Children - A Blaokfellow - moing. Head - buUung. A Black woman - muth. Eye - mill. Nose • - moorooltha. Ear - FORBES AND THE LEVELS. 387 No. 190. — Forbes and i Mouth - ngiing. Teeth - - eering. Hair of the head - geeyung. Beard - - yarreen. Thunder - - mooroobri. Grass - - boogeen. Tongue - Stomach - boorbin. Breasts - beergin. Thigh - - thurung. Foot - - jeenung. Bone - - thubbul. Blood - - - Skin - - yulung. Pat - - Bowels - Excrement - - War-spear - - thooloo. Reed-spear - . - jereel. Throwing-stick - Shield - - marga. Tomahawk - - thowingjdowLng. Canoe - - Sun - - yuri. Moon - - kooiyung. Star - - girelong. Light - - Dark - - Cold - - boolathoora. Heat - - Day - - - yuriboggra. Night - - ngooroong. Fire - - wiin. Water - kullung. Smoke - Ground - thugoon. Wind- - - mooroolburra. Rain - - uburra. God - - Ghosts - THE Levels — cmitimiM. Boomerang - - burgun. Hill - - Wood - - geegul. Stone - - wallung. Camp - - ngoorung. Yes - - ngooa. No - - widdi or widdai I - You - - Bark - Good - - Bad - - Sweet - Food - - Hungry - Thirsty - Eat - - Sleep - - wirrinya. Drink - - Walk - - yanana. See - - ngana. Sit - - - Yesterday - - To-day ■ To-morrow - - Where are the Blacks? I don't know - Plenty - Big - - Little - Dead - - By-and-by - - Come on - Milk - - Eaglehawk - - maleyan. Wild turkey - gumbull. Wife - - mooban. 2B 2 388 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 190.— CANDOBLIN. By W. H. Suttob, Esq. In this vocabulary the reader may compare tongue, food, and eat; also breasts and milk. Burgan = hoomerang also signifies crooked, as has been seen in the Additional Words given by Mr. Suttor. The equivalents of thirsty and water are related terms. Families is this neighbourhood have totems or yoolo with which they mark trees around the graves of their dead and also their opossum-rugs. One of these is the carpet snake. Kangaroo - - womboin. Hand - murra. Opossum - weelee. 2 Blacks - - bulla mi-een. Tame dog - - mirree. 3 Blacks - _ Wild dog - - One - - unbi. Emu - - ngurooin. Black duck - - boorangwong. Two - bulla. Wood duck- - goonarrong. Three - - bulla unbi. Pelican - birriga. Four - - bulla bulla. Laughing jackass- kookooburra. Father - bobeen. Native companion brolgan. Mother - goonnee. White cockatoo - mooreiu. Crow - - waagan. Sister-Elder - mingan. Swan - - dthoouthoo. „ Younger - Egg - - - kooboocaw. Brother-Elder - kuhnine. Track of a foot - mooroo. ,, Younger kargine Pish - - gooya. A young man - walwye. Lobster - An old man - djirrebong. Crayfish Mosquito - Fly . . - inka. - booreema. An old woman A baby - dtharboogong - boobi, boori Snake - - dthoroong. A White man - kooeen. The Blacks - - mi-een. Children - - madoo boori. A Blackf ellow - unbi mi-een. Head - - ballong. A Black woman - eena. Eye - - mill. Nose - - moorootha. Ear - - woodtha. CANDOBTrTN. 389 No. 1%.— Canboblis— continued. Mouth - willing. Boomerang - - burrgan. Teeth - - eerung. Hill - - djirran. Hair of the head- woorung. Wood- • - - geegul. Beard - yarrain. Stone - - Thunder - - moorooboori. Camp - - ngooroong. Grass - boogween. Yes - - awa. Tongue - dthallain. No - - - weeri. Stomach - boorbeen. I - nadthoo. Breasts ■ amoo. You - - indoo. Thigh - - boyou. Bark - - dthoorung. Foot - - djinnung. Good - • marrumbong. Bone - - dthabbul. Bad - • ingeel. Blood - - quoin. Sweet - - adthai. Skin - - yoolin. Food - - dthallee. Fat - - wammoo.* Hungry - ngoorain. Bowels - birrien. Thirsty - kalleentha. Excrement - - dthugga. Eat - - dthalleentha. War-spear - - mell, dtholoo. Sleep - - eurai. Reed-spear - - djereel. Drink - - weejallee. Throwuig-stick - wommera. Walk - - yannaigu. Shield - geerin-geerin, See - - gnaagee. murga. Sit - - boorai. Tomahawk - - gooroowa, mool- Yesterday - - dthallung-ingor- ooga. eiu. Canoe - - marreen. To-day - dthallung. Sun - - eera. To-morrow - - dthallung ngar- Moon - - kewong. reigiree. Star - ■ gerrulong. Where are the dthargwa mieen ? Light - - bundthure. Blacks ? Dark - - ngooroong. I don't know - weeri adjnng- Ck)ld - - baludthai. nein. Heat - - oogil. Plenty - maddoo. Day - - dthallon. Big - - biunale. Night - - ngooroong. Little - - winnunga. Fire - - ween. Dead - - balloongein. Water - kaleen. By-aud-by - - dthallung book- Smoke - kadthong. ulbirrie. Ground - dthargwoon. Come on - dthanganna. Wind- - keeraa. Milk - - amoo. Kain - - eurong. Eaglehawk - - God - - by-um-mee. Wild turkey - Ghosts - gooindthar. Wife - - * Should be spelt wommoo.—E. M. C. 390 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 190.— WALJBERS. By J. E. Peakcb, Esq., P.M. Kangaroo - - womboine. Hand - - murra. Opossum - willie. 2 Blacks - - bulla mingoo. Tame dog ■ - mirry. 3 Blacks - - bulla kooinebine Wild dog - - mingoo. Emu - - knunowne. One - - kooinebine. Black duck - - buthenbang. Two - - bulla. Wood duck - - kunmoinung. Three - - bulla kooinebine. Pelican - peneya. Four - - bulla bulla. Laughing jackass kookooburry. Father - babine. Native companion buralyang. White cockatoo - moouine. Mother - loonea. Crow - - wargine. Sister-Elder - boo-ne-gun (?). Swan - - thunthoo. ,, Younger - Egg - - - kabogie. Brother-Elder - kulmine. Track of a foot - yup-pang. ,, Younger Fish - - gooian. A young man - bog-gone-gune. Lobster - inkka. An old man - - gunebang. Crayfish - An old woman - billa-gune. Mosquito - - mogin. A baby - booie. Fly - - boorewal. Snake - - thanogie. A White man - The Blacks - - miugoo. Children - - poopoe. A Blackfellow - mingoo. Head - - buUang. A Black woman - yin-na-na. Eye - - mill. Nose - - noo-noo. Ear - - wooda. WALJEERS. ijyi No. 100.— Waljeurs— continued. Mouth - knine. Boomerang - - Teeth - yinna. Hill - - Hair of the head 7 woonuna. Wood - - - thuUo thuUo. Beard - Thunder - Grass - Tongue - yamgnine. - mooroobuny - bugone. - thalline. Stone - Camp - Yes - - - wollong. - wurang. - knowan. Stomach - boorbin. No - wh'y. Breasts Thigh - - knagmong. - thanung. I Yon - - knathu. - knindu. Foot - - jinnung. Bark - - - thurung. Bone - - thalpang. Good - - morombang. Blood - - Bad - - - noonie. Skin - - - yuline. Sweet - _ Pat - Bowels Excrement - War-spear - B«ed-spear - - womme. - buUbene. - thug-ga. - thul-loo. - jereal. Food - Hungry Thirsty Bat - - thulgiarri. - knirane. - thallee. Throwing-stick Shield - wammare. - minegar. Sleep - Drink - - weethalle. Tomahawk - - thawing. ■ Walk - - yanoogie. Canoe - - See - - knagie. Sun - - yeerie. Sit - - - weeagie. Moon - - gawung. Yesterday - - Tiing-u-nine. Star - - - kinalung. To-day - thalyenil. Light - - knullung. To-morrow - - Dark - - knumune. Where are the togwannimingoo Cold - - - booloothie. Blacks? Heat - - willan. I don't know - werylie knagie. Day - - kalenike. Plenty - muttoo. Night - - kalekoondoo. Big - - moonoon. Fire - - ween. Little - - bobbi. Water - kallun. Dead - - boolo. Smoke - kodthul. By-and-by - - goo-i-yoo. Ground - thogun. Come on - Wind - - thowurra. Milk - - - Eain - - urone. Baglehawk - - God - - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - . 392 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 190.— WAGGA WAGGA. By Henry Bayles, Esq., P.M. During five-and-forty years' observation of the native names of places, I have noticed a tendency to spell with an a sounds which phonetically should have been spelt with an o. In such oases, however, the a used to be pronoimced o, and so the proper sound was preserved ; but of late years such is no longer the case. When I first heard of the place to which this vocabulary belongs it was called Wwwga Wawga; as often pronounced at present it would rhyme with quagga. Kangaroo - womboin. Hand - - marra. Opossum willie. 2 Blacks - - boola miin. Tame dog - merrie 3 Blacks - ' boola oonbi miin Wild dog - One - - oonbi. Emu - oorooin. Black duck - poothanbang. Two - - boola. Wood duck- koonaaroo. Three - - boola oonbi. Pelican koolay karlie. Four - - boola boola. Laughing jackass kokoparra. Father - mama. Native oompaniori pooralgun. Mother - koon-nee. White cockatoo - moorau. Sister-Elder - boregun. Crow - wagga. „ Younger _ Swan - toondoo. Brother-Elder - aulbomun. Egg - - Track of a foot ■ kapooka, - yabbuck. ,, Younger Fish - - kooeya. A young man - nurmi. Lobster dookami. An old man - beejel. Crayfish - yingar. An old woman - bullargun. Mosquito - - kummoon. A baby - boori. Fly - - - bookga. A White man - gohone. Snake - The Blacks - - miin. Children - - matoo boori. A Blackfellow ■ oonbi miin. Head - - bul-lun. A Black woman ■ yeenan. Eye - - mil. Nose - - mooroota. Ear - - woorum. WAGGA WAGGA. 393 No. 190.— Wagga WAOoA—contimted. Mouth - yerang. Boomerang - Teeth - - nyun. Hill - - Hair of the head " Wood- - khegul. Beard - - yarra. Stone - - woUa. Thunder - - mooroo mooroolbri. Camp ■ - oorong. Grass - - pooarroo. Yes - - nga. Tongue - duUi. No - weeri. Stomach - poorbin. I - ahtoo. Breasts - tarra. You - - indoo. Thigh - tarrang. Bark - - toori. Foot - - geenung. Good - - murrumbang Bone - - tuppul. Bad - ■ y™gi. yingil. Blood - - quoin. Sweet - ngattee. Skm - - ulie. Food - - tungi, tallee. Fat - Bowels - wommoo. - keel. Hungry - arran. Excrement - - tallun. Thirsty ' - weedallee. War-spear - - toolook. Eat - - tulli. Reed-spear - - teereel. Sleep - - yoori. Throwing-stiok - wammnr. Drink - - weetallee. Shield - goorul-luk. Walk - - yanni. Tomahawk - - towie. See - - nyarga. Canoe - - murrin. Sit - - waada. Sun - - yeri. Yesterday - yaandoo. Moon - - kewung. To-day - tallahnyeri. Star - - meemar. To-morrow - orogul. Light - - nallun. Where are the tagua miin ? Dark - - booroonda. Blacks ? Cold - - buUoodi. Heat - - yeri moonum. I don't know - weeri. Day - - nargun. Plenty - matool. Night - - tamboolba. Big - - moorodi. Fire - - ween. Little - - boobi. Water - karlee, karlin. Dead - - biloon. Smoke - kartul. By-and-by - quioo. Ground tahgoon. Come on - tanyinna. Wind- towra. Milk - - Rain - euro. Eaglehawk - - God - Wild turkey - Ghosts Wife - 394 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 190.— YANKO, URANA, BILLEBONG, AND JERRILDERIE. By Lachlan McLean, Esq. Kangaroo - womboi. Hand - - murra. Opossum Willi. 2 Blacks - - bulla boori. Tame dog - middi. 3 Blacks - - bulla imbi boori Wild dog - One - - moonbi. Emu - woorin. Black duck - wumbulgal. Two - - bulla. Wood duck goonaroo. Three - - bulla imbi. Pelican gooligalli. Pour - - martoo. Laughing jackass goo-goo-burra. Father - mama. Native companion White cockatoo ■ booranga. korina. Mother - gooni. Crow - wogra. Sister-Elder - meengan. Swan - toondoo. „ Younger - Egg - - gubbago. Brother-Elder - galgal. Track of a foot mooro. „ Younger Fish - giya. A young man - eera mooro. Lobster An old man - jerubang. Crayfish Mosquito ■ Fly - murrami. moogin. booriman. An old woman A baby - durroogang. - boori. Snake dooroom. A White man - gooin. The Blacks - - mein. Children • boorityela. A Blaokfellow boori. Head - - buUang. A Black woman bulagero. Eye - ■ mill. Nose - - moorooda. Ear - - coda. YANKO, URANA, BILLEBONG, JERRILDERIE. 395 No. 190. — Yanko, Ueana, Billebong, and Jekrildekie— coreimwec?. Mouth - mein. Boomerang - - Teeth - eeran. Hill - . Hair of the head ooran. Wood- - geegal. Beard - yarrang. Stone - - woUa. Thunder - - moorobri. Camp- - woorang. Grass - boogaroo. Yes - - wa. Tongue Stomach - - dallang. - daddo. No - - wirri. Breasts - geen. I - nadoo. Thigh - danang. You - - neendu. Foot - - jeenang. Bark - - doorang. Bone - - dubbal. Good - - murrumbang. Blood - - goon. Bad - - nauni. Skin - - yulin. Sweet - wuttu. Fat - - womo. Pood - - dungan. Bowek - koliuga. Hungry - - narran. Excrement - - goonna. Thirsty - - gallinginda. War-spear - - dooloo. Eat - - dalli. Reed-spear- - jeereed. Sleep - Thro wing-stick - wummera. Drink- - widgelli. Shield - geerung, geera. Walk - - yannagi. Tomahawk- - mobi. Canoe - murri. See - - naagi. Sun - - eery. Sit - - weegi. Moon - - gubbata. Yesterday - - woonoongulgalla Star - - meema. To-day - dallan. Light - - dumboola. To-morrow - woorongool. Dark - - ooroong. Where are the daggan mein ? Cold - - buUoogi. , Blacks ? Heat - - oogin. I don't know - wirra winanga. Day - - eenba. Plenty - maddoo. Night - woorung. Big - - - mooring. Fire - - ween. Little - - borbuttya. Water -gum. Dead - - balimgi. Smoke - gutta. By-and-by - - goyoo. Ground - dagoo. Come on - - dandinya. Wind - dara. Milk - - Rain - - yarong. Eaglehawk- God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts Wife - 396 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 190— DENILIQUIN. By G. A. Gordon, Esq., P.M. See hahy and egg in this vocabulary. Kangaroo - womboin. Hand - ■ murra. Opossum willee. 2 Blacks - bulla moing. Tame dog - mirry. 3 Blacks - bulla ongbee Wild dog - moing. Emu - ginabun. One - - ongbee. Black duck wombulgal. Two - bul-la. Wood duck koonaroo. Three - ■ bul-la ongbee Pelican koolagally. Pour - bulla bulla. Laughing jackass kookaburra. Father babeen. Native companion booralgon. Mother - gonee. White cockatoo mooran. Sister-Elder mingan. Crow - Swan - Egg - - ■ Track of a foot Pish - waagon. dhundu. kabooga. yabong. gooya. „ Younger Brother-Elder ,, Younger A young man - kaghan. - wal-looee. Lobster thugamong. An old man - beedar. Crayfish moorogonong. An old woman - tharbogang. Mosquito Fly - - - Snake ■ The Blacks - A Blaokfellow mogin. boree-mol. duru. moing. moing. A baby A White man Children Head - ■ kabooga. - kaban. boori. - balong. A Black woman - yenur. Eye - - mil. Nose - moTOoda. Ear - - woda. DENILIQUIN. No. 190.— BBmuctvm— continued. Mouth ■ ngang. Boomerang - - Teeth - - yerong. Hill - - Hair of the head- worun. Wood ■ - geegal. Beard - - yarang. Stone - - wallung. Thunder ■ - moro-bri. Camp - - walli. Grass - - bo-gung. Yes - - - uga. Tongue - thalang. No - - weri. Stomach - burbin. I- ■ uddu. Breasts - ang-mung. You - - gneandoo. Thigh - - boyoo. Bark - - duran. Foot - - tinung. Good - - marromban. Bone - - dabul. Bad - - yeangil. Blood - - gomurr. Sweet - - naddee. Skin - - ulung. Food - - dhahgang. Fat - - wamo. Hungry - ngaran. Bowels - kalleenga. Thirsty - kalleenin. Excrement - - goouung. Bat - - dallee. War-spear ■ - dolo. Sleep - - ure. Reed-spear - Throwing-stick - wamur. Drink - - weejally. Shield - - geran {g hard). Walk - - yanagee. Tomahawk - - thawin. See - - ngagee. Canoe - - koonadan. Sit - - weeja. Sun - - yeree. Yesterday - - neangorang. Moon - - ka-bo-da. To-day - dalun. Star - . - - mimma. To-morrow - - nooronggal. Light - - ngalun. Where are the thaga moing ? Dark - - burroondang. Blacks ? Cold - - balloody. I don't know - ne-ag. Heat - - wogil. Plenty - madoo. Day - - eeree. . Night - - burrondang. Big - Little - - monun. - bobi. Fire - - waing. Water - kaling. Dead - - baalo. Smoke - kadul. By-and-by - - goau. Ground - dagun. Come on - thanunya. Wind - - thawarra. Milk - Bain - - urang. Eaglehawk - God - - buy-a-mee. Wild turkey Ghosts - kab-ba. Wife - 397 398 THE AUSTBALIAN RACE; No. 190.— HOWLONG. By Chakles Byknb, Esq. Kangaroo - wamboyne. Hand - - murra. Opossum Willie, 2 Blacks - - bulla gowing Tame dog - merrie. 3 Blacks - - bulla oonbee Wild dog - gowing. Emu - moorung. One - - oonbee. Black duck - poothenba. Two - - buUa. Wood duck goonaroo. Three - - bulla oonbee. Pelican gulegalu. Laughing jackass googooburra. Pour - - bulla bulla. Native companion bralgan. Pather - mamoo, White cockatoo ■ warriema. Mother - gunnee. Crow - warroo. Sister-Elder - mingong. Swan - thundoo. „ Younger - Egg ■ - kobogong. Brother-Elder - kaiong, Track of a foot ,, Younger Pish - gooi-ya. A young man - wallie. Lobster Crayfish mooragonong. An old man - jerribong. Mosquito - mogin. An old woman - terboga. Fly - A baby - kaboga. Snake - doorong. A White man - gooin. The Blacks main. Children - A Blackf ellow - gowing. Head - ■ A Black woman - baragooroo. Eye - - mill. Nose - marrooda. Ear - - - woodtha. HOWLONG. 399 Mouth Teeth - Hair of the head - Beard - Thunder Grass - Tongue Stomach Breasts Thigh - Foot - Bone - Blood ■ Skin - - Fat - Bowels Excrement - War-spear - Reed-spear - Thro wing-stick Shield Tomahawk - Canoe Sun - Moon - Star - Light - Dark ■ ' - Cold - Heat - Day - Night - Fire - Water Smoke Ground Wind - Rain - God - Ghosts No. 190.—: nayn. yeran. urun. yaring. marroobara. bogima. boorigin. among. boogol. . ginnong, jabul. gooma. oolang. wammoo. kolling-gong, goonoo. oola. jereel. wama. murga. towing. marring. yeara. goowong. mimma. nallan. broonong. boUudera. koninna. tallan. moorong. wiin. boodong. boombillie. thagoon. thowarroo. urong. HowLONG — contimied. Boomerang - Hill - Wood - Stone - Gamp - Yes - No - I - - You Bark Good Bad Sweet - Food Hungry Thirsty Eat - Sleep - Drink - Walk - googal. wallong, gibber, moorong. minawa. weerai. athu. indoo. ■ thoorong. murrambong. thalloo. arran. thalla. werrigoo. boiling. yannagoo. nagoo. Sit - - wegoo. Yesterday - - To-day - tallan. To-morrow - - marungil. Where are the Blacks? I don't know Plenty - madoo. Big - - - moonoon. Little - - boobegal. Dead - - baloona. By-and-by - Come on - - thanyanagoo Milk - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey Wife - - ennar. 400 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 190.— ALBURY. By G. R. H. Stuckby, Esq. Though this vocabulary has much in common with preceding ones, it differs from them in the equivalent of no. Kangaroo - womboin. Hand - - marra. Opossum - wooley. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - miri. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - One - - wallween. Emu - moorein. Black duck boothongbong. Two - - bulla. Wood duck goonara. Three - buUawon. Pelican goolagerie. Four - - bulla-bulla. Laughing jackass kookaburra. Father - mama. Native companion booralging. Mother - goone. WTiite cockatoo waima. Crow - waggan. Sister-Elder - mingarn. Swan - thuudoo. „ Younger - baraging. Egg - kobbako. Brother-Elder - kagong. Track of a foot „ Younger guUbooman Fish - A young man - naramong. Lobster thamoga. An old man - jerebong. Crayfish - An old woman - kaambatha. Mosquito - moloola. Fly - A baby - boori. Snake gona. A White man - koen. The Blacks main. Children - A Blackfellow iabba. Head - - balong. A Black woman buUagera. Eye - - mill. Nose - moorootha. Ear - - woodtha. ALBURY. 4 No. 190.— Ai.T^vuY— continued. Mouth ■ erong. Boomerang - - Teeth - - erong. Hill - - Hair of the head - ourn. Wood- - geegil. Beard - yarang. Stone - - wallan. Thunder - - moorubari. Camp - moorong. Grass - - mugong. Yes - - yama or yarlo Tongue No - - woodi. Stomach - gidan. I . Breasts - yamong. You ■ - Thigh - tharong. Bark - - thorong. Foot - - thenong. Good - - murrabong. Bone - - thaubal. Bad - - ingle. Blood - - gowong. Sweet - Skin - - youlong. Food - - thunong. Pat - - wombo. Himgry - narang. Bowels - borellin. Thirsty - Excrement - - goonong. Eat - • thulgaru. War-spear - - thula. Sleep - - werigee. Reed-spear - gereel. Drink - wegalie. Throwing-stick Walk - - yanagee. Shield - geringarin. See - - nogaree. Tomahawk - - thouwing. Sit - - weegee. Canoe Sun - - marin. Yesterday - - eric. To-day - thalan. Moon - - kewong. To-morrow - - owantha. Star - - mema. Light ■ - nargong. Where are the Dark ■ - ourong. Blacks ? Gold - I don't know Heat - moononera. Plenty Day - gerambong. Big - Night - ourong. Little - Fire - wein. Water kullen. Dead - Smoke kuthal. By-and-by - Ground thugong. Come oh - Wind thoura. Milk - Rain - urong. Eaglehawk - God - Wild turkey Ghosts Wife - hobanblara. VOL. III. 2( 401 BOOK THE SEVENTEENTH. 2C2 BOOK THE SEVENTEENTH. PREFATORY REMARKS. For miicli of the information contained in this book I am indebted, as will be seen, to the late Eevd. William Eidley, who was fortunate in meeting with a half-caste woman, an Englishman, and a Blackfellow, whose acquaintance with the languages of the south-eastern extremity of the continent enabled him to preserve a few scraps of information which must ;otherwise have passed away entirely unrecorded. Nor have these gleanings been without their use, for, as the reader will see further on, they have enabled us to determine the point at which the occupation of Australia by its aboriginal race became complete. If, however, it is unfortunate in some respects that Mr. Ridley's records of the languages in this portion of the con- tinent are in one or two instances — that of Twofold Bay particularly — so scanty, we are happy in obtaining from Mr. Bulmer and Mr. du Ve a sufficiently fuU account of the Moneroo language. StiU it must not be overlooked, that long prior to this work being commenced our civilization had brought together, and into familiar intercourse in this portion of the continent, tribes which had previously lived in a state of chronic hostility, and that their languages have, as the result, become very much fused. Hence the time has passed when a vocabulary of any of these languages free from foreign words could be obtained. In the short lists of phrases which follow several of Mr. Ridley's vocabularies, a knowledge of some of the root-words of our languages has enabled me to see that the translations made by that writer are seldom literal, and in some few cases to give exact renderings. 406 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 191.— POET JACKSON, OR SYDNEY HARBOUR. From the Works of Captain John Hunter, R,N., and Lieutenant-Colonel Collins. Aftee Captain Cook's stay at the Endeavour River, the next real acquaintance of Europeans with the Blacks of Australia took place at Sydney Harbour in 1788. Concern- ing the manners and language of the several associated tribes which dwelt in that locality, numerous details have been recorded by Hunter in 1793, by Collins in 1804, and by other early writers. Those named accompanied the expedi- tion which planted our first settlement in New Holland, as the continent was then called. From their accounts, we learn that the tribes in the neighbourhood of Sydney Harbour agreed essentially in manners with the other tribes in that portion of the continent, of which the reader has already seen many descriptions. Thus we find them piercing the septum of the nose, amputating a portion of one of the fingers of the left hand of the females, scarring the body, knocking out teeth, and so on. They wore no clothes, and Collins describes the women as blushing at their nakedness when in presence of White men. What is most singular is that this author should have witnessed the rites which accompany the knocking out of teeth; one of the secret ceremonies which only one or two White men have succeeded in gaining admission to during the eighty years which have elapsed since his time. Of these ceremonies Collins' work contains many plates. Within about fourteen months after the formation of our settlement at Sydney, small-pox broke out in the tribes which dwelt around the harbour, and nearly exterminated them. PORT JACKSON, OR SYDNEY HARBOUR. 407 The following Additional Captain Hunter's Journal : — Words are extracted from To stay - allocy. The arm gading. „ ask for any annegar. Feathers - gwomeil. thing A hut gonyi. Distant - arrovifan. A female child gooring. Buried - bourbillie remul. Ornamental scars gongara. A bellyful - - barong-boruoh, on the body canno. Reed necklace gweferang. A grave - bomar. To tickle - gitte-gittim A cloud - bourra. ,, snore - gorooda. To kiss Finger - boon-abbiey, boonya. - berrille. „ leap A rock - ilga. kibba. Ribs - - bibbe. To steal - karama. The heart - - boot-boot. Sand - murong. ,, cheek - - birra. Lightning - - manga. Flood tide - - baraaoola. An ant mong. The red kangaroo bangaray. To sing - - boraya. A louse - - moona. burradoo. The navel - Tears - The bill of a biro manaro. • megal. moono. To take hold ■ maur. Woman's apron - barin. With young - binny. The liver - - naga. To singe the beard bunvadil. A net - - narramee. off The forehead ' - nulla. To burn - - cannadinga. ,, elbow - - oona. „ call - cama. „ throat - - parrangle. Broken - cot-ban-jow. To laugh - - pillia. A fishing-line - carra-duin. The shoulder - tarong. The neck - - cadlwar, coUi- To weep - tonga. ang. „ sneeze - terenang. A gut - - carramah. „ yawn - - talanga. Black cockatoo - oarall. „ swim - wadby. The sea - caragarang. Where - war6, wa. To sneeze ■ - dere-nignan. The lips - wilUn. Here - - die. „ chin - - wallo. To spit - dooragya. „ eyebrow wanaree. „ prick - - dooralang. „ Hps weelang. A son - - dooroow. To whistle - worgye. To sweat - erooka. Red - morjal. Small-pox - - gall-gall. White taboa. Rotten - godieby. Black - nand. The knee - - gorrook. Green boolga. 408 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 191.— PORT JACKSON, OR A PART OF SYDNEY HARBOUR. By Captain John Hunter. Kangaroo - patagarang. Hand tamira. Opossum - 2 Blacks - Tame dog - tingo. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - waregal. One - Emu - maraory, mar-ry- ang. Two - Black duck - Three - Wood duok - Four - Pelican Father be-anga. Laughing jackass Native companion Mother wy-anga White cockatoo ■ ga-ra-way. Sister Elder Crow - wagan. ,, Younger Swan - Brother-Elder - Egg - - - ca-ban. ,, Younger Track of a foot ■ Fish - ma-gra. A young man Lobster An old man Crayfish ,, old woman Mosquito - doo-ra. A baby Fly - - - my-ang-a. A White man Snake - can. Children The Blacks - eo-ra. A Blackfellow - muUa. Head - caberra. A Black woman - din. Eye - mi. Nose - • , ■ nogur. Ear - gorai. PORT JACKSON, OR SYDNEY HARBOUR. 409 No. 191. — Port Jackson, oe a Part of Sydney Kambovr— continued. Mouth ■ kalga. Boomerang - - Teeth - - dara. Hill - - - Hair of the head - diwarra. Wood - Beard - - Stone - - Thunder ■ - morungle. Camp - _ Grass - - dooroy. Yes - Tongue - tailing. No - Stomach - barrong. Breasts Thigh - - nabanq. I You - - gnia. Foot - - menoe. Bark - - Bone - - diera. Good - - beal, bidgeree. Blood - - ba-na-rang. Bad - - wfer6. Skin - - baggy. Sweet - - Fat - - Food - - Bowels Hungry - yu-ru-gurra. Excrement ■ - Thirsty - War-spear - - camye, kamai. Eat - ■ - Reed-spear - - Sleep - - nan-ga-ra. Throwing-stick - womar. Drink - - wee-de. Shield - - a-ra-goon, e-li- Walk - - yen. mang. Tomahawk - - mogo. See - Canoe - - nowey. Sit - - gnal-loa. Sun - - coing. Yesterday - - boorana. Moon - - yannadah. To-day - Star - - birrang. To-morrow - - bur-ra-nd, parry Light - - buga. Dark - Where are the Cold - - ta-ga-ra. Blacks ? Heat - - I don't know - man-ye-ro. Day - - camurra. Plenty - Night - - gnoowing. Big - - - Fire - - gwee-ang. Little - - narrong. Water - bado. Dead - - boe. Smoke - cud-yal. By-and-by - _ Ground - pe-mall. Come on - cow-ee. Wind - - gwarra. Milk - - murtin. Rain - - panna. Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - boye, mawn. Wife - - 410 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 191.— PORT JACKSON, OR A PART OP SYDNEY HARBOUR. By Lieutenant-Colonel Collins. Kangaroo - Hand - - tam-mir-ra. Opossum 2 Blacks - _ Tame dog - din-go. 3 Blacks - _ Wild dog - wor-re-gal. One - - wogul. Emu - ma-ray-ong. Black duck - ' - yoo-rong-i. Two - - yoo-blow-re, boo Wood duck la. Pelican car-rang-a-bo- Three - - brew-y. murray. Four - - Laughing jackass go-gan-ne-gine. Father - be-an-na. Native companion Mother - wy-an-na. White cockatoo - gare-a-way. Sister-Elder - ma-mun-na. Crow - wau-gan. Swan - mnl-go. ,, Younger - Egg - ca-bahn. Brother-Elder - ba-bun-na. Track of a foot - ,, Younger Fish - A young man - Lobster An old man _ Crayfish , , old woman Mosquito - A baby . Fly - - mi-a-nong. A White man Snake - cahn. The Blacks - eo-ra. Children - go-roong. A BlackfeUow - mul-la. Head - - ca-ber-ra. A Black woman ■ din. Eye - - mi. Nose - no-gro. Ear - - go-ray. PORT JACKSON, OR SYDNEY HARBOUR. 411 No. 191.- -PoBT Jackson, or A Part of Sydney Harbour. Mouth - kar-ga. Boomerang - - Teeth - dara. Hill - - Hair of the head - de-war-ra. Wood- - Beard - - yar-rin. Stone - Thunder - - Camp - Grass - Yes - - mo rem me. Tongue - tal-lang. No - - beall. Stomach - bar-rong. Breasts - nabuug. I - guia. Thigh - You - - guee-ne. Foot - - ma-no-e. Bark - ■ Bone - - Good - - bood-jer-re. Blood • Bad - - wee-re. Skin - - Sweet - - Fat - - bog-gay. Food - - Bowels Hungry - yu-roo. Excrement - Thirsty - War-spear - - ca-my. Eat - - patty. Reed-spear - - Sleep - nanga. Throwing-stick - womera. Drink - Shield - e-lee-mong, ar- Walk - - yen. ra-gong. Tomahawk - - mogo. See - gna. Canoe - - nowey. Sit - - Sun - - ooing. Yesterday - - barane. Moon - - yennadah. To-day - yagoona. Star - - birrong. To-morrow - - parry boogoo Light - - Where are the Dark - - Blacks ? Cold - - tagora. I don't know . Heat - - yooroo-ga. Plenty . Day - - carmarroo. ~ Night - - gnoowing. Big - - mur-ray. Fire - - gweyong. Little - - gnar-rang. Water - - bado. Dead - - Smoke - cadjed. By-and-by - - Ground - permul. Come on - cow-e. Wind - - Milk - - mooroobin. Rain - - panna, wallan. Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - mahn. Wife . - mau-gohn. 412 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: The languages and customs of the long extinct tribes of Sydney Harbour (originally known as Port Jackson) bear several marks of eastern descent. Thus e-lee-mong or heliman, the equivalent of shield, is met with far away in North-eastern Australia, and the custom of amputating a finger of the female's, or a portion of a finger, prevails in Southern Queensland as it used to do on the shores of Sydney Harbour. BOTANY BAY. 413 No. 192.— BOTANY BAY. By the Revd. William Ridley. The following short vocabulary of the Turuwul language is taken from Mr. Ridley's Kamilaroi. In his notice prefixed to it, Mr. Ridley states that Turuwul was spoken both at Botany Bay and Port Jackson. The several vocabularies of the Port -Jackson (or Sydney Harbour) tribe, however, make it clear that there were two languages, and that Turuwul was confined to Botany Bay. From Lieutenant-Colonel Collins' Account of New South Wales, published in 1804, we learn that the name of the Botany Bay tribe was Gweagal. In studying the aboriginal phrases preserved by Mr. Ridley, who obtained them from a half-caste of those parts, it is clear that their translations are free and not literal. For instance, in the rendering oi Ngandagoo booroo = I see a kangaroo, we know from a consideration of the other phrases that the equivalent of see is not present, whilst we know that the indefinite article a does not exist in any Australian tongue. There is also reason to believe that bring and take are often expressed by variations of the same root-word. The follow- ing will exemplify these statements: — Ridley. Turuwul. Literal rendering. There he is - He killed a snake Take the dog away Bring it here again Ngo, ngo, nga ngnllai - Bunma moonda - 'Nga.indina mirigung - Ngaingafangr nga miri- gung There, there, I see. (He) struck snake. Take away dog. Bring (or take) Jiere I dog. 414 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 192.— BOTANY BAY. By the Revd. William Ridley. Kangaroo - burral, booroo. Hand - murramul. Opossum koorooera. 2 Blacks Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - mirigung. joogoong. 3 Blacks - One - Black duck - koondyeri. Two - Wood duck - Three - Pelican Four - Laughing jackass Father babuiia,babunna Native companion White cockatoo - Crow - - - mebitha, war- Mother Sister-Elder ngubung. midjun, mitjun. nung. „ Younger - Swan - Brother-Elder - Egg - - - Track of a foot - Fish - Lobster ,, Younger A young man An old man bangung. Crayfish An old woman • moolda. Mosquito - A baby Fly - A White man ■ Snake - The Blacks - A Blackfellow moonda. tdhuUa. Children Head - chajung. kabura. A Black woman Eye - me. Nose - noogoolbundi. Ear BOTANY BAY. 415 No. 192. — Botany Bat — continued. Boomerang - HUl - Wood - Stone - Camp (hut) - Yes - No - - - I - - You - Bark - Good - Bad - Sweet - Pood - Hungry Thirsty Eat - Sleep - Drink - Walk - See - Sit - - - Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are the Blacks? I don't know Plenty Big - - Little - Dead - By-and-by - Come on Milk - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey Wife - Mouth kommi. Teeth - Hair of the head Beard - Thunder - Grass - bumboor. Tongue tuUung. Stomach Breasts Thigh - Toot - - dunna. Bone - Blood - Skin - Fat - Bowels Excrement - War-spear - Reed-spear - Throwing-stick Shield - Tomahawk - Canoe - - yemera. Sun - - wirri. Moon - Star - Light - Dark - Cold - Heat - Day - Night - - purra. Fire - - we. Water - batoo. Smoke - kurung gerij. Ground - moorung. Wind - - koomgooma. Rain - - bunna. God - - Ghosts - koonje. meira. nga. kuller. wirra. dunmingung. nguUai. kaiun. murruwulung. 416 THE AUSTEALIAN RACE: Upon this scanty vocabulary of Botany Bay but few remarks can be made. Most of its words differ from those of Port Jackson, which is rather surprising, seeing the short distance it is between the two places. The reader may compare the equivalents of sun ?txAfire. WOLLONGONG, ILLAWARRA, AND SHOALHAVEN. 417 No. 193.— WOLLONGONG, ILLAWAREA, AND SHOALHAVEN. By the Rbvb. William Ridley. The following words are extracted from Eidley's Kamilaroi. The name of the language, we learn, is Wodi-wodi, and its negative adverb is naiyung ; but it is to be noticed that the negative at the Hunter Eiver is morri, at Albury woodi, and at Swan Hill wotti, and it is probable that there was a time when wodi prevailed in the same sense from Wollongong to Jervis Bay. The equivalent of God Mr. Eidley derives from mirir = sky, which is one of the words in that sense given by the same writer in the Turrumbul language, spoken on the Brisbane Eiver. The reader may compare the renderings camp and lark. A hut was often spoken of as a camp, and huts were almost always made of hark in the southern portion of the continent, and hence the two objects were expressed by one word. In some of our languages a man will talk of his tree or his mood, meaning his spear; a form of speech which has something of the grand as well as of the rude about it. 2D 418 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 193.— WOLLONGONG, ILLAWARRA, AND SHOALHAVEN. By THE Revd. William Ridley. Kangaroo r booroo. Hand - murrurmur. Opossum kooraora. 2 Blacks - . Tame dog - mirrigung. 3 Blacks - _ Wild dog - One - - mittung. Emu birribain. Two - - boolar. Black duck Wood duck Three - - wowulli. Pelican kurungaba. Four - - boolar boolar. Laughing jackass kookara. Father - Native companioi I gooradawak. Mother - White cockatoo ■ yambai-imba. Sister-Elder _ Crow - „ Younger . Swan - Brother-Elder . Egg - '- Track of a foot Young er Fis!' - dun. A young man - yoorung, Lobster banggung. Crayfish - An old man - beunggun. Mosquito - An old woman - Fly - - A baby - murrakainggung Snake A White man - jirunggalung. The Blacks - Children - - kudjagung. A Blackfellow Head - - wollar. A Black woman Eye - - mobura, mer. Nose - noogoor. Ear •■ - koori. WOLLONGONG, ILLAWARRA, AND SHOALHAVEN. 419 No. 193. — WoLLONGONG, Illawakea, and Shoalkavbn — continued. Mouth - kommi. Boomerang - - wurangaing. Teeth - - irra. Hill - - Hair of the head - jirra. Wood - - Beard - - Stone - Thunder - Camp - - kundi, ngurra. Grass - Yea - - nge. Tongue - tuUun. No - - naiyuBg. Stomach 1 - ngaiagung. Breasts - You - - ngindigung. Thigh - turra. Bark - - kunida. Foot - - dunna. Bone - Good - - nukkoong. Blood - . Bad - - - bullin. Skin - - Sweet - Fat - Food - - Bowels - Hungry - - Excrement - - Thirsty - War-spear - - maiagung. Eat - - Reed-spear - Sleep - . Throwing-stick - Drink - . Shield - Walk - _ Tomahawk - _ Canoe - - yanaoera. See - Sit - .- - mudyeri. ■ Sun - - bukurung. Yesterday - - Moon - - tedjung. To-day - Star - - jinjinnnrung. To-morrow - - Light - - Where are the Dark - - Blacks? Cold - -' maiing. I don't know . Heat - ■ bukuring. Plenty - Day - Big - - - kaiyung. Night - - Little - - murruwailung Fire - ; - kanbi. Dead - - bulyar Water Smoke - ngaityung. - kurunggurij. By-and-by - Ground - mumng. Come on " Wind- - Milk - - Rain - - yewi. Eaglehawk - - God - - mirirul. Wild turkey - Ghosts - gooun. 21 Wife - )2 - 420 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE ; No. 194.~PEOM JEEVIS BAY TO MOUNT DEOMEDAKY. By Me. Kichaed Dawsey. Foe this vocabulary I am indebted, through Mr. Stewart Caswell, P.M. at Moruya, to Mr. Eichard Dawsey. The tribes of whose language a specimen is attached divide themselves into two classes, viz., Piindri or tree-cUmiers, and Kathoongal or fishermen. It is, I am informed, a tradition of theirs that the earth was once destroyed, some say by water and others by fire, and was subsequently re- peopled from the moon. They humourously call policeman tchingar = star-fish, as they say both seize and detain. These tribes still retain a few of their old customs, for they scar the person and knock out teeth. Every remarkable hill, waterhole, and rock, says Mr. Dawsey, has its native name. It will be noticed that sun, light, heat, day, and to-day are all translated by the word noma, and probably correctly so. No. 194.- -Additional Words. Scrub - - kubbee, burrar. Roast - - koonjal. River - - nadju. Go up - - kuUowa. Bread - ■ tungi (see Food). Come down - nirini. Hut - - koongi. Run - - woUiar. Finger - minna. Jump - - worraga. Calf of leg - - iabooda. Cry - - - noongoo. My head - kabomanga. Club - - koodgeroo. Kill - - billyagooin. Bandicoot - - gooragoor. Call - - karrooga. Mullet - worreguUa Inquire ■ yaboo. Bream - burra. FROM JERVIS BAY TO MOUNT DROMEDARY. 421 No. 194. — ^Additional Words — ( Crab - thooril. Paddimellon - potalemon. Crane - kaloo. Musk duck - - nunneloo. Black oockatoo ngerral. Spider - marara. Ring-tailed opos- boogoori. Wattle-tree - boarr. sum Porpoise - toweri. Maggot mundooga. Seal - - eeraguUa. Blow-fly mooroon. Gull - - mara. A boil mundarlo. Shark - - woolemboora. Black snake moontha. Oyster - bithunga. Brown „ mooroomba. Clouds - moongooroo. Carpet „ wagoor. Wombat - bunkata. Bark vessel for wondia. Boy - - kaboogabal. carrying water Girl - - yandabal. Wooden vessel for bungalli. Sweetheart - - tunnamung (eat carrying water breasts). East wind - browa. I am eating - - tunnaga. North-east wind buUya. Grandmother - baoonga. South wind- merringanna. Strong - matong. West „ - goorooma. Cripple - kookiwon. Spotted gum-tree derani. Deaf - - nerraguiu. Mahogany - - muthawan. Lyrebird - chakola. Fern - - munga. Sea - - - burra-burra. Fern-tree - iumbagun. A rough sea - kuth-thoo. Tiizard - bungaoo. Platypus - yarrenbool. Sting-ray bubba. Red ochre - - koobur. 422 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 194.— FROM JERVIS BAY TO MOUNT DROMEDARY. Kangaroo - booroo. Hand - munna. Opossum - koongera. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - Wild dog - Bmu - Black duck - mirriga. murria. wombarra. 3 Blacks ■ One - Two - mittundal. moondaoora. Wood duck- yerrinbool. Three - dooroogai. Pelican kurringooba. Four - Laughing jackass kookoo. Father barbatha, bai- Native companion gooerri. White cockatoo Crow - Swan - ngowal. - wagoora. ■ koorawarri, Mother Sister-Elder mg. meunda, mane mamung. koonyoo. ,, Younger - Egg - - ■ koarno. Brother-Elder - tatha. Track of a foot Fish - moorooda, burd- yoo. - ma, mena. ,, Younger A young man myinga. Lobster - An old man- warri. Crayfish - birrooa. An old woman Mosquito ■ - neelooga. A baby warran. Ply - Snake - The Blacks • A Blackf ellow myrmga. - kurri. - kimbunya. - uin. A White man Children Head - moomaga. warran. kabomo. A Black woman - wangan. Eye - mubbura. Nose - - nogooroo. Ear - - koori. FEOM JERVIS BAY TO MOUNT DROMEDARY. 423 No. 194. — From Jervis Bay to Mouth - - Willi. Teeth - - - era, nganayoo. Hair of the head- jaour. Beard - - - yarran, yarri. Thunder - maybi. Grass - - - wuddal. Tongue - - nimming. Stomach ■ - binji. Breasts - numminya. Thigh - - boonda. Foot - - - tinna. Bone - - - boyoo. Blood - - dgeralli. Skin - - - wardoo. Fat - ■ - buon. Bowels - - koonnoo. Excrement - - koonnoo. War-spear - - birruya. Reed-spear - - birryoola. Throwing-stick - wommera. Shield- - - bimbia, murka. Tomahawk - - mundooba. Canoe - - . - kurridja. Sun - - - nowa. Moon - - - dowera. Star - - - tiugee. Light - - - nowa. Dark - - - i-il-wa. Cold - - - goo-yoodoo. Heat ■ - - bukkeran, nowa. Day - - - nowa. Night - - - 1-il-wa. Fire - - - kani. Water- - - nadju. Smoke - - tooroor. Ground - - ilurgar, bukkan. Wind - - - gooroo-ooma. Rain - - - bunna. God - Ghosts Mount Dbomedaky — coMnued. Boomerang - - warrangan. Hill - - Wood - - boombal. Stone - ■ - boora, moora. Camp - - ■ doogan. Yes - - ngi. No - - - tukkayil. I - - - iaga. You ■ - inde, indiga. Bark - - - oolaga. Good - - - jummaga. Bad - - - kannia. Sweet - - - jummaga. Food (vegetable) - tungi. ,, (meat) - narroom. Hungry - - ithul. Thirsty - - oondago. Eat - - - thunnal. Sleep - - - nomgooga. Drink - - - oondaga. Walk - - - yannooga. See - - - naguni. Sit - - - ma-i-ga. Yesterday - - boguia. To-day - - nowa. To-morrow - - braguia. Where are the wanaga uin ? Blacks ? I don't know - nginbaga or tukkyil. Plenty - - bukkan. Big - - - birraga. Little - - - koobya. Dead - - - worral. By-and-by - - kawai. Come on - - yowi. Milk - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey Wife - - 424 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 195.— QUEANBEYAN. By the Police Magistrate at the above Town, Who informs me that only one person of this tribe, an old -woman, remains. Kangaroo - - pundar. Hand - - munna. Opossum - - widgen. 2 Blacks - . Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - . - Black duck Wood duck - merrigon. - arang. - boojangbung. 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three - - midjemban. - boUan. Pelican - - graduck. Laughing jackass googooburra. Native companion Four • Father Mother - bobong. - ija. White cockatoo - Sister-Elder - guUung. Crow Swan - Egg - Track of a foot Fish - - - wagun. - gunyuck. - gubbong. - munjuwa. - muUang. ,, Younger Brother-Elder „ Young A young man - gooung. sr - wurrnmbull. Lobster - An old man - jerrabung. Crayfish - murragolong. An old woman - buUane. Mosquito - Fly - Snake - The Blacks - A Blackfellow - jigegong. - murring. A baby A White man Children - Head - - wunja. - gubba. - guddagong. A Black woman - buUong. Eye - - goondal. Nose - - Ert - - binningaring QUEANBEYAN. 4k! No. 195. — QuBANBEYAN — contimied. Mouth Boomerang - - Teeth ■ - weera. Hill ■ - Hair of the head - yarang. Wood - - Beard - - earing, yaring. Stone - - wuUung. Thunder - - mirrabee. Camp - - wallane. Grass - - narruck. Yes - - awang. Tongue - dalling. No - - wungung. Stomach - dowong. I- - indegee. Breasts - ummingyang. You - - imeba. Thigh - - munjawong. Bark - - dunarung. Foot - Bone - Blood - Skin - - goorooba. Good - Bad - Sweet - - dunga. - nanyngalong. - murrumbung. Fat - - bunun. Food - - dunnong. Bowels - goonong. Hungry - aranda. Excrement - - goonong. Thirsty - yungimeba. War-spear - Eat - - abally. Reed-spear - Sleep - - umbaree. Throwing-stiok Drink - - admy. Shield Tomahawk - Canoe - Sun - - Moon - - towraug. - umbagong. - murring. - mumite. Walk - See - Sit - Yesterday - - yarrabajay. - goolang. - alagee. Star - - jingee. To-day - Light - - burra. To-morrow - - urongal. Dark - Where are the wuUo murring? Cold - - gurrada. Blacks? Heat - - murrumbung. I don't know - wunnagung. Day - Plenty Night - - dia. Big - - yabung. Fire - - wudda. Little - ■ gobang. Water Smoke ijong. Dead - By-and-by - - berraging. Ground - dowra. Come on gooli. Wind- goorookma. Milk - Rain - urong. Eaglehawk - God - Wild turkey Ghosts mummoogong. Wife - 426 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 196.— YASS. By the Bench oe Maqistbates at that Place. Also a Pew Wobds fbom George Browne, Esq. Kangaroo - - burroo. Hand - - mooranlang. Opossum ■ - - Willi. 2 Blacks - . Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck - Pelican ill i 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three - Pour - - mittong. ■ boolla. ■ boolla mittong. Laughing jackass kookaburra. Father - moonmonthur. Native companion goorine. Mother magong. White cockatoo - wagara. Sister-Elder thargong. Crow - Swan - Egg - - Track of a foot - wargan. - doondoo. - goobagong. - yowel. ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - mooroombyn. ,, Younger ngarrang. Pish - - guir. A young man - nannong. Lobster mangaba. An old man wybong. Crayfish mooroonong. An old woman gangang. Mosquito - Ply . . Snake - The Blacks • A Blackfellow - mudjering. - boreman. mukka. - myning. - wurrunbill. A baby A White man Children Head - goodtha, boobal - gubba. - guddagong. A Black woman ■ buUong. Bye - migeleg. Nose • ■ moorangee. Bar - bungenerra. YASS. 427 No, 196. — Y ASS— continiied. Mouth Teeth Hair of the head Beard - Thunder Grass - Tongue Stomach Breasts Thigh - Foot - Bone - Blood - Skin - Fat - Bowels Excrement - War-spear - Reed-spear - Throwing-stick Shield - Tomahawk - Canoe - Sun - Moon - Star - Light - Dark - Cold - Heat - Day - Night - Fire - Water Smoke Ground Wind ■ Bain - God - Ghosts - thamberree. - yeera. - yarragong. - yarrang. . - mooroobey. - ngalook, - thuUong. - binjey, ugga. - nononug, - darra. - jennang. - jinjey. - garring. - boorai. -. noobee. - goonong. ■ jewing. - jereel. - minga. - thowing. - murreng. - wynen, weenyoo. - gerrong. - jenna. - narragan. - burrabi. - kurrett. - wynen. - booroowal. - burrabi. - gunbey. - narjung. - kuddalth. - thoora, doorla. - bandoo. - eurong. - buronaga. Boomerang - Hill - Wood - Stone - Camp - Yes - No - I You - - Bark - Good - Bad ■ Sweet Food - Hungry Thirsty Eat - Sleep - Drink - Walk ■ See - Sit - Yesterday ■ To-day To-morrow • Where are the Blacks ? I don't know Plenty Big - - Little - Dead - By-and-by - Come on Milk - - noola. woUung. noora. nea. oonthewa. ngoolangi. goolanga. doorong. murrumbong. narregalong. nurran. marjoong. ngarau. googong. narging. yarraba. naangi. nulli. barrandi. youngoo. barrandi. ooruna myning ? moonalthwa. jatnma. moonoon. boobi. kowe. koomun. goolai. Wild turkey Wife - 428 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: I am informed that a few individuals of the Yarr — or, as we call it, Yass — tribe, still survive. The reader will notice that there is but one word for yesterday and to-morrow. Almost the same thing occurs in Nos. 191 and 194. In view of the statements made by some writers on the subjects of Australian marriages and terms of relationship, the following Additional Words are important, viz., goonin = uncle and aunt; peringing = cousin. MONEROO. 429 No. 197.— MONEEOO. By Chables du Ve, Esq., and John Bulmbb, Esq. Of the dialects spoken in the Moneroo or Mantra district, several vocabularies have reached me, only two of which I have thought it necessary to insert. The one compiled many years back by Mr. John Shotsky, of the Botanical Society of Bavaria, which has often appeared in print, is before me; but it is evidently incorrect in many particulars, and hence is not inserted. Those placed before the reader were col- lected, the first by Mr. Charles du V6, a gentleman long resident in Gippsland, and the other by Mr. John Bulmer, manager of one of the Government Aboriginal Stations in that country, who has many qualifications for the under- taking, and has bestowed great pains on his paper. The language, this gentleman informs me, is called Ngarago, and it will be seen that it has many words found but little altered in the dialects of Queanbeyan, Mornya, and Omeo. Whether this was always so, or is the result of the mixture of tribes, consequent on our occupation, it is now impossible to determine. 430 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 197.— MONEROO. By Chaklbs du Vb, Esq. Kangaroo - - bundaar. Hand - - maraga. Opossum - watjen. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - - mittagang. - biri-biri. 3 Blacks ■ One - - mittong. Black duck - - poodoombarng. Two - - boolarlar. Wood duck - - goonarook. Three - - boolar martung Pelican - Pour - Laughing jackass Father ■ bobahn. Native companion gooyoor. White cockatoo - ngoul. Crow - - - waroolin. Mother Sister-Elder - mitchong. Swan - - „ Younger - cuUan. Egg - - Track of a foot Pish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - ■ - mooritche. - moolaan. - barrinjook. - moolookmar. Brother-Elder - jydchong. „ Younger A young man - munguyung. An old man- - jirrybung. An old woman - A baby Snake - - jijucung. A White man - moomoogan. The Blacks - - Children - - A Blackfellow - myang. Head - - kadagong. A Black woman - ballaru. Eye - - mobbara. Nose - - nor. Ear -.' - ■ binneyarree. MONEROO. 43 No. 191.— M.ONSROO— continued. Mouth - dha, moordingee. Boomerang - - warrungen. Teeth - - yayra. Hill - - Hair of the heac - eerong. Wood - - baar. Beard - - Stone - - goorobung. Thunder - - Camp - - wallaan. Grass - - nulhook. Yes - - Tongue No - - - moko. Stomach - I- - ngimba. Breasts - You - - yindigee. Thigh - - tharal. Bark - - Foot - - genno. Good - - - murrembarang Bone - - Bad - - moko (?). Blood - - Sweet - - Skin - - Food - - Fat - - Hungry - Bowels - Thirsty - Excrement - Eat - - War-spear - - cumma. Sleep - . Reed-spear - - gerambardee. Drink - Tkrowing-stick Shield- - - armmel. Walk- - - yarrabye. Tomahawk - - ngumbercung. See - - - Canoe - - marring. Sit - - Sun - - monnutche. Yesterday - - Moon - - cubartong. To-day Star - - ieenkee. To-morrow - . Light - - murdeditch. Where are the Dark - - dthag. Blacks ? Cold - - - curret. I don't know . Heat - - weenya. Day - - bruyeo. Plenty • Night - - Big - - - yhubung. Fire - - gannby. Little - - Water - ngiijong. Dead - - Smoke ' dhoomdook. By-and-by - - Ground • towra. Come on - Wind- • goonoockomar. Milk - - - Raiu - - yurong. Eaglehawk - - meerong. God - . - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - . 432 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 197.— MONEROO. By John Bulmek, Esq. Kangaroo - ■ bandara. Hand - - marranga. Opossum - ■ wajan. 2 Blacks - - blala marrin Tame dog - ■ merrigang. 3 Blacks - - wajala boor mar Wild dog - - merail. rin. Emu - - ngooroon. One - - boor. Black duck - - boothan-baan. Two - - wajala, blala. Wood duck - koonaroo. Three - - blala boor. Pelican litaghiug jackass Pour - - wajala- wajala. Native companion kroobanben. Pather - papang. White cockatoo Mother - najan. Crow - wagoolan. Sister-Elder - namang. Swan - koonyak. ,, Younger - kalian. Egg - kabango. Brother-Elder - dejan. Track of a foot jennum. ,, Younger kookong. Pish - manjar. A young man - warrambal. Lobster notkun. An old man - ierrabaane. Crayfish barranjerk. An old woman J to" - kowandit. Mosquito - - nilakmun. A baby - waeu. Fly - ngago. Snake - tetohogang. A White man - mumogang. The Blacks - marrin. Children - - waemnerang. A Blaokf ellow marrin. Head - kuttegang. A Black woman ballan. Eye - - kindthuno. Nose - noor. Ear - - jenna-nana. MONEROO. 43a No. 191.— MoTSEROO— continued. Mouth - yerra, nana. Boomerang - - warranin. Teeth - • mundtho, nana. Hill - - boolo. Hair of the head - yerrang. Wood- - - ngalu, murru. Beard - - yerran. Stone - - koorogang. Thunder - - merbil. Camp - - baanja. Grass - - nallook. Tongue - thalline. Yes - - yayoo. Stomach - yugerin. No - murro. Breasts - banannu. I - ngiamba. Thigh - - darra. You - - nindega. Foot - - yenote. Bark - - thorrang. Bone - - kakak. Good - - mowdang. Blood - - kooroban. Bad - - - mado, jamogang Skin - - watnana. Sweet - - yellagine. Pat - - bewan. Food - - thauang. Bowels - thowang. Hungry - merra. Excrement - - guanang. Thirsty - chuta. War-spear - - yarraka Eat - - thai-i. Reed-spear - - jerwang. Throwing-stiok - berrimi, baar. Sleep - - kappuga. Shield - ngmal. Drink - - ngo-ye-a. Tomahawk - - ngmalagan. Walk - - yerrabe. Canoe - - mamat. See - - - nai. Sun - - warrangur. Sit - - - ngalaga. Moon - - jingai. Yesterday - - beami boor. Star - - wagang. To-day - myaro. Light - - - thaik. To-morrow - - ngoongang. Dark - - katata. Where are the ngandoo marrin Cold - - - thurrun. Blacks? Heat - - booreo. I don't know - ngandagun. Day - - thaik. Plenty - yapang. Night - - - watha. Big - - - mineba. Fire - - ngagung. Little - - koobeang. Water - maniak. Dead - - birragan. Smoke - thairra. By-amd-by - - balloot. Ground - widdin. Come on - kajoo. Wind - - yerrung. Milk - - mimin. Rain - - karrit. Eaglehawk - - mirrung. God - - - Wild turkey - karook. Ghosts - birribang. Wife - - maan. VOL. III. 2 E 434 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE. No. 198.— TWOFOLD BAY. ,By the late Revd. William Ridley. The following few words are extracted from Ridley's Kamil- aroi, a work of which, the author has many times availed himself. As the Twofold Bay country was the locality at which the descendants of the Sydney tribes which followed the coast to the southward and those which, taking an inland course, reached the Yarra, Gippsland, Omeo, and the southern confines of the Twofold Bay country met, it is to regretted that the vocabulary preserved is so scanty. The only words it contains which serve for comparison are the following: — I - - - ngaiadha. Thou (you) - - indiga. Father - - baba. Mother - - minga. Mamung is given as a proper name for a sister in a family, but in the Sydney language we have mamuna, and in that spoken from Jervis Bay to Mount Dromedary we have the same word mamung meaning sister. Hence I have no doubt that Mr. Ridley was in error when he took the word down as a proper name. This is strong evidence of the tribe being of Sydney descent; otherwise the first three of the four words given above are too common in root through- out Australia to help us to any conclusion on the subject. We know, however, that the Twofold Bay Blacks themselves were always in alliance with those about Mount Dromedary and to the northward of that point, and at war with the Gippsland and Snowy River tribes ; a state of things which we always find existing at points at which portions of the race long separated have again come into contact. BOOK THE EIGHTEENTH. 2 E 2 BOOK THE EIGHTEENTH. PEEFATORY REMARKS. The tribes treated of in tMs book belong almost entirely to Victoria. They occupy tlie south-western extremity of the Eastern Division of the continent, and their languages may easily be traced as far north as the Maclntyre River. The close connection of these tongues admits of no doubt, as also their difference from the Lower Murray and Lake Alexandrina form of speech, with which they come in con- tact at Lacepede Bay. The following table will instance both of these facts : — English. Murray Lakes. Mount Gambler. Tatlarra. Swan Hill. Kangaroo - Wangami - Kooraa - Mindyun Koorengi. Emu - Pinyali Kower - Kowir - Kurwing. Pelican Nori - Parangal Waroopool - Purtanal. Laughing Kukukki - Kooartang - Kooungal Koongo. jackass Swan - Kungari Koonowoor - Koonooer Konawar. Father Nanghai - Marme - Maame - Mamoo. Head - Kurle Boop - Boorp - Poibo. Eye - PiiU - Mir Mir Mirnoo. Ear - Plombe Wrung - Wirambool - Wirmpoolo. Hair - Kuri - Ngurla boop- Ngarapoorp - Nguragnoo. Beard - Menake Ngur la ngerne Ngainye Ngenengroo. Fire - Kene - Wurnap Wanyep Wurnaway. Smoke Muldi, kare Booloing Borring - Boorangni. Bark - Yorle- Moondart Mitch - Mickoo. Sleep - Muwe Kooma - Kombian Komba. Walk - Ngoppun - Yan - Yanna - Yanna. To-day Hikkai nungge Keto - Kaiejung KeeU. Come on Yelellai - Kooki - Yannag Kaki, yanna. 438 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: For the most part the names of the tribes in this south- western extremity of the Eastern Division are the negative adverbs of their several languages, and we see that as a fresh tribe came by secession into existence it often invented for itself a new negative adverb. It also frequently altered its equiv- alent for the Blacks. In the Tyntynder, Piangil, Kulkyne, and Tatiarra dialects we find kaalk, kulko, or other similar words meaning bone or wood, or both of them. We also meet with kallak and kalk on the Upper Glenelg as wood, and the same word occasionally as far north as the heads of the Mitchell and Walsh Rivers signifying war-spear. In a general way, however, it is wood and fire that we find related. The partial differences found in some of the vocabularies in this book are in accordance with the fact, which I have several times observed myself, that a section of a tribe, or even a family, will occasionally develop some variety of speech. As an instance, we find the words of the first of the two Tatiarra vocabularies ending with great frequency with the sound ik or ek, which is almost absent from the other. The following phrases, belonging to one of the Laichi- laichi families, were kindly forwarded to me by Mr. McLeod, who I understand speaks the language. The variation in the use of the negative adverb will be noticed: — Here (is some) - kimma. Presently I will tartemnully eat opossum tohowa welang. Emu good (Emu is karwingi delgi. the best) Where (are you) winga yangnowa? going ? I will go (too) - yeta yoowannur. (I am very) tired mikkgun. Where (are the) winga wortongi? Blacks ? (I have) not seen lachong (them) nurongan. Where (are all the) winga women ? moroignee ? (They are) fishing yoo-ong-illa. One woman (is at) gea-abbi neyaw Bumbang Bumbang. Two women (are boralgi neyaw at) Kulkyne Kulkyne. (I am) hungry - krenambun. Give (me some) wookey burnimo. food (Well ! go to) sleep koomba ulli. you Where (is) my winga yaun husband ? lieuki ? SWAN HILL AND TYNTYNDER. 439 (You) will see him yenga nuUi presently tartem. I see two women yetti nyen boolagi lieu. Where (is my) winga kooyoni ? war-spear ? (I have) not seen laoha ninon. (it) Give me one - wakey nung kaiup. (Do) not talk - laoha yama. WhenwillTommy winga winyari- come back ? gen Tommy 1 When go you ? - winga yang nooa? From this it will be seen that min^a means both where and when, a form of speech which is found in the Bangerang languages, and probably in others. No. 199.— SWAN HILL AND TYNTYNDEE. By John Bevekidoe, Esq. The following information concerning the language of the tribe which dwelt in the neighbourhood of Swan Hill and Tyntynder, but few individuals of which now remain, was kindly supplied by Mr. John Beveridge, who speaks it with some fluency. Few of my correspondents have taken so much trouble with the vocabularies they have forwarded to me. The name of the tribe is Wotti-wotti* a reduplication of the negative adverb of their language. A very good and full account of this tribe has been published by the late Mr. Peter Beveridge, a brother of my correspondent, who lived many years amongst them, in which, however, the careful reader will notice a few inaccuracies. The following is one of them. At page 53 it is stated that nowie is not the equiv- alent of sun in the Wotti-wotti language, whilst at pages 43, 45, and 56 we find sun translated by that term. The same writer in his rendering of aboriginal words uses y, at others ie, and at others i to express the sound of the Italian i. In other cases I notice y has the sound which it bears in the English word mi/; as, for instance, in l^oor = woman, which I should write laioor. * Mr. Peter Beveridge in his pamphlet spells it Watty-watty. 440 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 199.— Additional Woeds and Phbasbs. Creek - - - loortowie, loorto- kal, bemiwur. Platypus - - mardi. Husband - - lielu. Body - - - (no term). Back - - - wurtoo. Beard - - - ngenintlinu. Moustache - - miowooranthnu. Rib - - - leningi. Heart - - - pertinthnu. Kidney - - wertinu. Chest - - - thungo. Lips - - - woortogno. Elbow - - ngonyooro. Plain - - - wurky. Tree - - - kulky. Leaf - - - kerenthu. Flower - - beechon-beechon. Yam - - - thabor. Mud - - - bilby. Mussel - - warmurn (large), nunkir (small). Lagoon ■ - gunbakoor. Here - - - kima. There - - - ngala. My (own) mother yannaio baabai. His (own) mother ngookaio baabin. Your (own) mother ngineo baabin. My (own) father yannaio maamai. His (own) father ngookaio maa- mai. Your (own) father ngineo maamai. , What Blackfellow that? Walk - , - - yana, yarwa. Tell - - lata, kaya. Give - - wogna, woga. wook, woorda. Hear - - derbima. Steal - - bechin, becha. Fight - - waragnera. Burn - - puthuma, ngan- gia. Go away - werawia. Arrive - berna, bemin, wata. Bird - - (nogeneralname). Plover - mingerai. Spurwing plover perrit-perrit. | Bronze wing tuppy. pigeon Crested pigeon - kolumbilbob. Nest (camp) - lamoo, lingi. Tail - - pirko. Wing - - turtow. Bill - - woorogno. Sky - - terrili. Cloud - - moorngi. Sand - - kooraki. Waterhole - - yallum Ashes - - berrigni. Grave - - thumboo. Gum - - lili. Tired (lit., sore wara pynki. flesh) Alive - - boorinyer. Long - - tuergini. Short - - toolentha, too- logni. Who is that Blackfellow; i.e Winyerangi woortongi ngata I don't know. Winta. I cannot see him; i.e., Not I Wotti yetti ngakin. SWAN HILL AND TYNTYNDER. 441 No. 199. — ^Additional Words and Phrases — continued. (Do) you see that ■woman ? Nginna ngakin ngata laioor ? I saw her yesterday; i.e.. Yesterday I saw. Karalko yetti ngyn. She (is) pretty. Noonthi kongin-kongin. Ugly is that old woman. Ngomloiwil ngata kuloor. By-and-by many Blacks will arrive. Darti koko woortongi birnin. I see them now; i.e., Here I see. Kima yetti ngakin. Where ? Wintala? (A) good way off (on the) plain. Kilothukkil wurkido. (Do) you see that person ? Nginma ngakin noonthalla ? Long ago he back mine speared. Jeleka noonthi wurtoo yanden boin. To-morrow I will kill (him). Munmunerbo yetti tukkin. I see (an) emu, or emus. Yette ngyn kurwing. (Be) quiet. Kapo. (He is a) long way off. Kilothukkil. Silence ! Koorgni ! By-and-by I (will) spear (him). Darti yetti boin. He is coming to water; i.e.. Here comes water-drink. Kaki yannin kertenarda. No, he won't come to water; i.e., Not he come water. Wotti ngoonthi yanna kertenarda. I believe fat that one. Yetti ngurangna pipaloo noonthi. No, (all) bones. Wotti, kulkali. 442 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 199.— Additional Wokds and 'Pbbas^s— continued. Now I'll spear him; i.e., Here I spear. Kima yanda boin. There (he is) dead. Thnala delbin. He is fat; i.e., Plenty fat. Koko pipaloo. Come on ! make (a) fire. Goway! puthama wurnaway. (There is) no wood. Wotti wurnaway.* Well ! carry that one, there, trees. Yeri toorta noonthi keo kulki. Hungry I. Berin yetti. Hasten, eat. Kakkai, jakkla. By-and-by I (will) eat. Darti yetti jakkla. Where (are the) Blacks ? Wintala woortongi ? I don't know; literally, where. Winta. Nonsense speak you. Ngurgnongnabbe nginma. There, I saw (them at) Ulupna. Keo, yetti ngyn Ulupna. How many ? Anaboo ? Many. Koko. What (do they) eat? Nalli jackla? Emu, fruit, and flour. Kurwing, cherenthu ngna, beechon-beechon. What women (are) there ? Wingeregni laioor keo? Many. Koko. Has Tommy got a wife yet? i.e., How many Tommy got wife? Anaboo Tommy magna murtamoo? * This word means both;!re Bjad firewood. SWAN HILL AND TYNTYNDER. 443 No. 199. — Additional Words and Phrases — continued. Yes! Ea! Which Blacks gave her to him ? i.e.. Which Blacks gave that one? Nalli woortongi woen noonthi? Which girl did he get? i.e., Which girl he? Nalli moorignoor noonthi? He only got an old woman; i.e., No ! old woman. Wotti! kuloor. When (will the) Blacks here come ? Natte woortongi kaki yanna? (In) three days. Pola ky-up ngeringnerinum. Where is your wife ? Wintala nginio laioor ? To-morrow coming. Munmunderbo bernin. Have you seen my wife? i.e.. How much you seen my woman? Anaboo nginna ngaken yanio laioor ? Yes. Ea. Where? Winta? There, on the plain. Keo wnrkerda. What (is) she doing ? Nanga noonthi wara ? Where you went this day? (I) went (to the) Winta or winthanga nginma yaen keeli ngengui? Yaen mallee. What (did) you want there? I wanted boorongarda. Nalli nginma yukka nua? yanda yukkin lowan's eggs. Aye, aye, how many (did) you get ? lowan mikko. Nga, nga, anabon nginma ngurmin ? Plenty. Not you brought many here, because I Koko. Wotti nginma mangna kirtawil kaki, yeri yanda threw away many. Why you threw away addled winia maranda. Nukka nginma winia wertawil eggs? I like that kind. By-and-by I will get mikko ? Yetti gera enganabo. Darti yanda ngurmin others, and I not throw away addled eggs; I yooia, nga yetti wotti winia wertawil mikko; yetti will give (them) to you. wongna nginma. 444 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: In addition to the foregoing phrases and short dialogues, Mr. Beveridge sent me many others which I have not thought it necessary to insert. Though they show well the rude form of conversation .prevalent in our tribes, the ethnologist will notice, amongst other things, Ihat the verbs as given are wanting in the inflexions common to all Australian tongues. As an instance, the present, future, and imperative of the verb eat are all translated jiaMfo. No. 199.— SWAN HILL AND TYNTYNDER. By John BBVEKiDeE, Esq. Kangaroo - Opossum Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck - Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion 1 White cockatoo Crow - Swan - Egg - - Track of a foot Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - My - - Snake - The Blacks - A Blaokfellow A Black woman Nose - koorengi. Hand - - mumagna. weeltengi. 2 Blacks - - pola wootcha. wirangen. 3 Blacks - - pola kyup kijiwing kurwi. tolem. ngurni. purtagnal. koongo. koortani. One - Two - Three - Four - Father wootoha. kyup or yoori. pola. dola kyup. pola-pola. mamoo. kerenyi. Mother baboo. wongi. Sister-Elder menoo. konawar. „ Younger mirkoo. Brother-Elder wawoo. toorake. mtinchi. chipel. ,, Youngei A young man An old man kolkroon. ngurambin. yapi. moontchi. perti. kani. An old woman A baby A White man kuloor. popo. ngurtangi. wootcha. Children - pinko. woortongi. Head - poibo. leyoor. Eye - mirnoo. leintoo. Ear - wirmpoolo. SWAN HILL AND TYNTYNDER. 445 No. 199. — Swan Hill and Tyntyndee — contirmed. Mouth - worogna. Boomerang - - woni. Teeth- ■ liannoo. Hill or head - poibo, poorpo. Hair of the head - nguragnoo poibo. banyole. Beard - - ngenengroo. Wood - - kulki, wurnaway Thunder . - - munder. Stone - - mukki. Grass - - woolngi. Camp ■ - lingi. Tongue - chellingnoo. Yes - - ea or oyer. Stomach - wotohowoo. No - - - wotti. Breasts - koimbo. I- - yetti. Thigh - ■ kero. You - - nginti. Foot - - chinangoo. Bark - - michoo. Bone - - kulko. Good - - telko. Blood - - koorko. Bad - - waikidoo. Skin - - michoo. Sweet - - kooli, lerpi. Fat - - pipaloo. Food - - bernimoo. Bowels - gonangroo. Hungry - beea. Excrement - - gonangroo. Thirsty - konamia. War-spear - - bamar. Eat - - jakkla. Reed-spear - - tharami. Sleep - - komba. Throwing-stick - keri. Drink - - kopla. Shield - - kerami. Walk - - yanna. Tomahawk - - perti. See - - ngaekla. Canoe - - uTikooi. Sit - - ngennga. Sun - - nowi. Yesterday - - karalko. Moon - - mertein, mitian. To-day - keeli. Star - - toorti. To-morrow - - munmunerbo. Light - - ngaenngi. Where are the wiuthjegno Dark - - wooka, boorangi. Blacks? woortongi. Cold - - boiUnga, yebra. I don't know - wotte yetti Heat - - kurti. derbima. Day - - ngaengi. Plenty - koko. Night - - wooka-boorangi. Big - - karaway. Fire - wurnaway. Little - - panoo. Water - - kerlini. Dead - - delbin. Smoke - - boto, boorangni. Byand-by - - darti. Ground - thungi. Come on - kaki! yanna! Wind - - weelangi. Milk - - - koombo, koimbo. Rain - - meerti. Baglehawk - - werpil. God - - wad turkey - - Ghosts - - ngurtangi. Wife - - murtamoo. 446 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 200.— ABOUT FIFTY MILES SOUTHERLY FROM SWAN HILL. By the Writee. This language, which is called Mirdiragoort, is evidently related to the Wotti-wotti dialect. Kangaroo - Opossum - kora. wille. Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - werangen kowir. Black duck Wood duck Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - kurtuga. Crow - - - wa. Swan - Egg - - Track of a foot Fish - Lobster Crayfish - Mosquito - Fly' - - Snake The Blacks wirtoo. A Blackfellow A Black woman laioor. Nose - ■ kagna. Hand - mirnung. 2 Blacks ■ 3 Blacks - One - - kaiup. Two - poolel. Three poolel kaip. Four - poolel pe poolel. Father manak. Mother baapek. Sister-Elder - kotooe. „ Younger Brother-Elder - kotek. ,, Younger A young man An old man An old woman - A baby - popok, baingoor A White man Children - - Head - - Poolpe Eye - - mer. Ear - - wirmboola. FIFTY MILES SOUTHERLY FROM SWAN HILL. 447 No. 200.— About Fifty Miles Southerly from Swan Hill — cmXwmtA Mouth- ■ garp. Boomerang - - Teeth - - liya. Hill - Hair of the head - Wood - - Beard - Stone - Thunder - - mundur. Camp - - Grass - - boait. Yes - - Tongue - No - - Stomach - r- - Breasts - You - - Thigh - - Bark - - Foot - - dohinna. Good - - Bone - Bad - - Blood - - Sweet - - Skin - - Food - - Fat - - Hungry - Bowels Thirsty Excrement - - koodna. Eat -. - djekelinga. War-spear - - Sleep - - Reed-spear - - Drink - - gopark. Throwing-stiok - Walk - Shield or back - See - . Tomahawk - - partek, Sit - Canoe - Sun - Moon - Star - Light - Dark - - toord. Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are Blacks? the Cold - - I don't know Heat - - Plenty Day - - Big - - Night - - Little - Fire - - wimup. Dead - - Water - - kartin. By-and-by - - Smoke - Come on ^ Ground Wind- Rain - - tiha. - mirtuk. Milk - - Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey Ghosts - Wife - 448 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 201.— PIANGIL. By Thomas Macredie, Esq. Kangaroo - - korangi. Opossum - - bendindi. Tame dog - - kaU. Wild dog - - Emu - - barrimali. Black duck - - tholomi. Wood duck - mari. Pelican - neuankari. Laughing jackass koori. Native companion turkanyi. White cockatoo - juranyi. Crow - - willachali. Swan - - dunabogi. Egg - - ■ maiki. Track of a foot - yaanyi. Fish - - wirrumjali Lobster - chiboli. Crayfish - yappi. Mosquito - - mungi. Fly - - pichi. Snake - karni. The Blacks - woonyi. A Blackf ellow - woonyi. A Black woman - laioorki. Nose - ■ djaindo. Hand - •• momanjdng 2 Blacks - - bolaja woonyi 3 Blacks - - bolaja yetua woonyi. One - - yetua. Two - - bolaja. Three - - bolaja yetua. Four - - bolaja bolaja. Father - marmi. Mother - kornoo. Sister-Elder - mekana. ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - mia. ,, Younger A young man - kulkooi. An old man - bukulki. An old woman - kallawur. A baby - baenyi. A White man - kuthobi. Children - bobi. Head - - boebo. Eye - - maingo. Ear - - cholarndoo. PIANGIL. i^ No. 201.— ViAsaiij— continued. Mouth - wooroogoo. Boomerang - . Teeth - - narrookoo. Hill - . Hair of the head - na boebo. Wood- •- - knlki, Beard - nyamygo. Stone - - matchi. Thunder - - mundari. Grass - Tongue - wooloogi. - talayin. Camp - Yes - - laiinyea. - ea. Stomach - bellanyin. No - - wattai. Breasts - tandioo. I - nulgi. Thigh - boyarbin. You - - nundi. Foot - - jennanyim. Bark - - toolambi. Bone - - kalko. Good - - bai-ai-oo. Blood - - koorkioo. Bad - - wykatanyee. Skin - - loopko. Sweet - - bango. Fat - - kalbendioo. Food - - tarochi. Bowels - papgoonamyin. Hungry - dabun. Excrement - - kooanyin. War-spear - - kalkarangoyono. Thirsty - gonamoo. Reed-spear - - banyoondi. Eat - - jikanal. Throwing-stiok Sleep - - koomba. Shield - - murkangi. Drink - - koopung. Tomahawk - - taiinya, Walk - - yangal. Canoe - - yungobi. See - - nykan. Sun - naianyi. Sit - - naiango. Moon - - tarongia. Yesterday - - kalko. Star - - toorti. To-day - jalinaika. Light - - waingi. To-morrow - - biioo. Dark - - booroongi. Where are the wiata-woonyi ? Cold - - buUoinkurrori. Blacks ? Heat - - piugoon. I don't know - winda. Day - - nainye. Plenty - kopeko. Night - - boorongi. Big - - gurraway. Fire - - woonobi. Little - - baitan. Water tainyi. Dead - - dalbeia. Smoke - boti. By-and-by - - bawa. Ground dunyi. Come on - kagai. Wind - woolanyi. Milk - - Rain - maitoheri. Eaglehawk - - God - Wild turkey - Ghosts Wife - veil. III. 2 F 450 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 201.— PIANGIL. By the Writer. Kangaroo - korangi. Hand - - munani. Opossum paangendi. 2 Blacks - - polaigilla woani. Tame dog - kalli. 3 Blacks - - polaigilla yaitna Wild dog - woani. Emu - buraimalli. One - - yaitna. Black duck - tolo'mi. Two - - polaigilla. Wood duck - naari. Three - - polaigilla yaitna. Pelican nanangore. Four - - polaigill-poUai- Laughing jackass kori. giU. Native companion torkanyi. Father - maamoo. White cockatoo kerangi. Mother - konoo. Crow - walechin. Sister-Elder - maina. Swan - Egg - - Track of a foot Fish - Lobster Crayfish ' - Mosquito Fly - thanabootoh. neki. - chinanya. baanda. yabbechi. - mungi. beti. ,, Younger Brother-Elder Young A young man An old man An old woman A baby - waawoo. er - paitoo. - pokkoni. - tillibillechi. - pobi. Snake - kaani. A White man - kotoli. The Blacks - woani. Children - marandobangi. A Blaokfellow ■ woani. Head - - poibi. A Black ■« Oman laiorki. Eye - - maingi. Nose - changi. Ear - - toolandi. PTAISTGIL. 4 No. 201.— PiA> 'OIL — contimied. Mouth - woroni. Boomerang - - Teeth - - ngaroohi. Hill - - Hair of the head - ngua-poihi. Wood - - baali, kaalki. Beard - - ninini. Stone - - kandogi. Thunder - - mundari. Camp - - laingi. Grass - - woolngi. Yes - - iia. Tongue Stomach - chelengi. - beleni. No - - - waati. Breasts - koimbi. I - nitte. Thigh - - kaingi. You - • ninte. Foot - - chinnaan. Bark - - laikoti. Bone - - bembo. Good - - - baioo. Blood - - - karko. Bad - - chilka. Skin - - looko. Sweet - - baioo. Eat - - kalbindo. Eood - - wilberoo. Bowels - beto. Hungry - tabun. Excrement - - koonanga. Thirsty - konema. War-spear - - kooiooni. Eat - - thowun. Reed-spear - - panondi. Sleep - - koombian. Throwing-stiok Shield- - chaieki - markandgi. Drink - - kopan. Tomahawk - - thaieni. Walk - - yanna. Canoe - - yangoibi. See - - natohi. Sun - - ngaiingi. Sit - - ngaiingun. Moon - - tooroongoi. Yesterday - - kalko. Star - - - tooti. To-day - naiki. Light - - waingo. To-morrow - - tai-ai-oo. Dark - - borongi. Where are the wuntha woani Cold - - - poloinga. Blacks? Heat - - nunga. I don't know - winda. Day - - naiingi. Plenty - marandoo, Night - - borongi. Big - - - karawe. Eire - - wunabi. Little - - baiedain. Water - teeni. Dead - - telbi. Smoke - pooti. By-and-by - - bawa. Ground - thanni. Come on - kagai. Wind - - - willain. Milk - - - Bain - - maicheri. Eaglehawk- - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts 21 Wife - '2 - 451 452 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 202.— BUMBANG, ON THE MURRAY RIVER. Bt F. Coenby, Esq. The name of the tribe is Laitchi-laitohi. Kangaroo - goyangi. Opossum wolangi. Tame dog - koUi. Wild dog - Emu - karwingi. Black duck - toolomi. Wood duck naline. Pelican purtangil. Laughing jackass gongong. Native companion gotarni. White cockatoo - kowa. Crow - wong. Swan - goonowong Egg - - meg. Track of a foot - Fish - - . Lobster Crayfish ringwong. Mosquito - moonine. Fly - - - Snake - - - kanni. The Blacks - woortongi. A Blackfellow - A Black woman - lioo. Nose - geangi. Hand - - munnagi. 2 Blacks - - 3 Blacks - - One - - geyabi. Two - - boolagi. Three - - boolagi geyabi. Four - - boolagi-boolagi Father - mamai. Mother - papai. Sister-Elder - chage. ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - moondoondi. ,, Younger bambi. A young man - tininur. An old man - mowmi. An old woman - bowbi. A baby - boobop. A White man - Children - Head - - popi. Eye - - mingi. Ear - - wirabola. BUMBAKG, ON THE MURRAY RIVER. 453 No. 202 .— BUMEANG, ON THE MnRBAY River- —contimied. Mouth - menna. Boomerang - - Teeth - - liang. Hill - - Hair of the head- narapopi. Wood - - - kulgi. Beard - - narringee. Stone - - mukki. Thunder - - Camp - - lang Grass - - boadgi. Yes - - Tiia. Tongue _ No - - laitchi. Stomach - yami. Breasts - kutabi. I- - yatti, yanga. Thigh - - tandi. You - - Foot - - jennagi. Bark - - mori. Bone - - bimbi. Good - - delgi. Blood - - - gooki. Bad - - - Skm - - metcha. Sweet - - Fat - - pibola. Food - - jakkalub. Bowels - kurnangi. Hungry - krenambun. Excrement - - galingi. Thirsty _ War-spear - - kooiooni. Eat - - boolagegelup Reed-spear - - mooli Throwing- stick - kurigi. Sleep - - kompaup. Shield - geyami. Drink - goobilup. Tomahawk - -. patigi. Walk - - - yannow. Canoe - - longoi. See - - - yettang. Sun - - uowingi. Sit - - nienga. Moon - - miteyan. Yesterday - - Star - - toorti. To day - dartigima. Light - - beber. To-morrow - - mordar. Dark - - koUi. Where are the Cold - - mangi. Blacks ? Heat - - kute. I don't know - Day - - nowingi. Plenty - Night - - paungi. Big - - wittab. Fire - - woomabbi. Little - - bamikum. Water - kartini. Dead - - waekin. Smoke - burringi. By-and-by - - Ground - gangi. Come on - yennaga Wind- - wilangi. Milk - - - Rain - - mangi. Eaglehawk - - God - - - Wild turkey - Ghosta - Wife - - 454 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 203.— KULKYNE. By the Writer. Kangaroo - - koaing. Hand - - mifnongi. Opossum - - willang. 2 Blacks - - polaidjiwortongi. Tame dog - - kaali. 3 Blacks ■~ polaidji kiap Wild dog - - wortongi. Emu - - karawingi. One - - kiap. Black duck - - tolomi. Two - - polaidji. Wood duck- - ngalain. Pelican - booluneal. Three - - polaidji kiap. Laughing jackass kongo. Four - - polaidji a polaidji Native companion kotorni. Father - mamai. White cockatoo - kawa. Mother - papai. Crow - - waangi. Sister-Elder - chache. Swan - - koo-no-wang. „ Younger - Egg - - - mikke. Brother-Elder - waawe. Track of a foot - chinnano. „ Young sr Fish - - birndi. A young man - balarje. Lobster - An old man - ngarambin. Crayfish - wolona. An old woman - kalao. Mosquito - - moaing-moaing. Fly - - - betegi. A baby - popop. Snake - - kaanyi. A White man - ngatang. The Blacks - - wortongi. Children - - paimbango. A Blaokfellow - wortongi. Head - - popai. A Black woman laiyoo. Eye - - mingi. Nose - - jenji. Bar - - wimboli. KULKYNE. 455 No. 203. — Kttlkyne — continued. Mouth - gappe. Boomerang - - Teeth - - liangi. Hill - . Hair of the head- pope. Wood - - wurnambie, kaalk Beard - - ngaragi. Stone - - maaki. Thunder - - murnda. Grass - - boaidji. Camp - - laangi. Tongue - challinge. Yea - - ai-ai. Stomach - wichobi. No - - laitohe. Breasts - kombi. I - yatte. Thigh - - barabo. You - - ngiuna. Foot - - ohinnongi. Bark - - ngori. Bone - - kaalk. Good - - talge. Blood - - kok. Bad - - chelegan. Skin - - mitche. Sweet - - talge. Fat - - kaanjo. Food - - birnimi. Bowels - warrongi. Hungry - kanamban. Excrement - - komongi. Thirsty - konbunan. . War-spear - - wirtyulgaione. Eat - - chekilian. Reed-spear - - chaame. Thro wing-stick - kairki. Sleep - - komban. Shield - keami. Drink - - kopelian. Tomahawk - - battegi. Walk - - yawan. Canoe - - longwe. See - - ngawan. Sun - - ngwingi. Sit - - ngewau. Moon - - mittean. Yesterday - - chilalog. Star - - toorti. To-day - taitigin. Light - - wai-inge. To-morrow - - mordur. Dark - - bondji. Where are the windje wortongi? Cold - - mendji. Blacks ? Heat - - kattai, walpam- unda. I don't know - windja. Plenty - ketawi. Day - - ngarwingi. Big - - wirtoor. Night - - alogobondji. Little - - barnigam. Fire - - wirnabi. Dead - - wegan. Water - kaatini. Smoke - poringi. By-and-by - - kalwa, chilaloga. Ground - janji. Come on - yeimaga. Wind - - willangi.. Milk - - - Kain - - naanji. Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts . Wife - - - 456 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE : No. 204.— THE TATIAERA COUNTRY. By William Haynes, Esq. There are still in the Tatiarra country remnants of the several associated tribes whose numbers in the aggregate are thought to have reached five hundred. In speech they differed somewhat, as will be seen by the two vocabularies given. It is singular that, in both of them, there is but one word for hungry and dead. No. 204.— THE TATIAERA COUNTRY. Kangaroo - - mindyun. Hand - - manyarek. Opossum - - willa. 2 Blacks - - polatch woychi- Tame dog - - kal. birik. Wild dog - - wilkra. 3 Blacks - - Emu - - kowir. One - ■ kyap. Black duck - - narri. Two - - polatch. Wood duck- - tarriwut. Three - - polatch po kyap. Pelican - Four - - polatch po Laughing jackass koorungal. polatch. Native companion koortchin. Father - miamik. White cockatoo - chinap. Mother - piapik. Crow - - wa. , Sister-Elder - chiaohek. Swan - - koonooer. ,, Younger - kotundek. Egg - - - murrek. Brother-Elder - wiawek. Track of a foot Pish - - paring. ,, Younger gotek. Lobster A young man - kolkroon. Crayfish . An old man - narrambin. Mosquito - - kurrek-kurrek. An old woman - narramgook. Ely . - bachick. A baby - windek-windek. Snake - - koronwil. A White man - The Blacks - - woychibirik. Children - - poopoop. A Blackfellow - woychibirik. Head - - poorpek. A Black woman - lyrook. Eye - - - murrinyek. Nose - - kanyik. Ear - - woormbilek. THE TATIARRA COUNTRY. 457 Nc . 204. — The Tatiabra Covffinr— continued. Mouth - charpek. Boomerang - - karum-karum Teeth - - leor. Hill - - porpook. Hair of the head - narranyek. Wood - - wooling. Beard - - nanyingek. Stone - - kotchep. Thunder - - mumda. Camp - - laar. Grass - - powatch. Yes ■ - nia. Tongue - challinck. No - - wawrek. Stomach - billinyek. I - - - yerrowik. Breasts - koornbek. You - - yerrowin. Thigh- .. - kairitek. Bark - - mitch. Foot - - chiniek. Good - - daelk. Bone- - - kalkek. Bad - - yatchin. Blood - - korrekek. Sweet - - Skin - Fat - Bowels - miitchek. - papool. - pochek. Food - - Hungry Thirsty - pauyim. - wikin. - walpen. Excrement - - koonna. Eat - - chekalun. War-spear - - koioon. Sleep - - dorran. Reed-spear - - Drink - ■■ kopan. Throwing-stiok - karrek. Walk - - yannuk. Shield - potwil. See - - - naiangun. Tomahawk - - patchek. Sit - - niowun. Canoe - - Yesterday - - chalgar. Sun - Moon - Star - - Light - Dark - Cold - Heat - - neowi. - miitchun. - trot. - waiing. - porrung. - moortangi. - walpen. To-day To-morrow - Where are the Blacks ? I don't know Plenty - yingmona. - paerpaerk. windiatch. - barwingi. - ketchawil. Day - - - neowi. Big - - - koerung. Night - - - porrung-porrung. Little - - paer. Fire - - wanyep. Dead - - wikin. Water Smoke Ground Wind - - Rain - - katchin. - porring. - jarr. - willa. - maiung. . By-and;by - Come on Milk - Eaglehawk - - marlok. - yaunaka. - koorun. - wirepil. God - - - Wild turkey - narrow. Ghosts - uarkook. Wife - - matchimek. 458 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 204.— THE TATIARRA COUNTRY. Bt the Writer. Kangaroo - mindja. Hand - manya. Opossum - wille. 2 Blacks - polaitch baang. Tame dog - kaal. 3 Blacks - polaitch pe kaiup Wild dog - baang. Emu - kowir. One - kaiup. Black duck - ngare. Two - polaitch. Wood duck bea-pe-up. Pelican waroopool. Three - polaitch pe kaiup. Laughing jackass krong-krong. Four - polaitch polaitch. Native companion nawl-ko-ong. Father maame. Wliite cockatoo ginyap. Mother baab. Crow - war. Sister-Elder chache. Swan - koonawar. ,, Younger Egg - mirk. Brother-Elder - waawe. Track of a foot paring. * ,, Younger Fish - A young man namborongworo. Lobster An old man ngarambe. Crayfish ■ yapitch. An old woman ngarambango. Mosquito - - kraig-kruk. Ply - batchik. A baby wiirendetch Snake - kornmul. A White man - wainman. The Blacks - baang. Children - A Blackfellow - baang. Head - ■ boorp. A Black woman - baiambangoo. Eye - - mir. Nose • ■ kaar. Ear - wirambool. THE TATIARRA COUNTRY, 459 No. 204. — The Tatiabra Country — continued. Mouth - chalalk. Teeth - - liia. Hair of the heac - ngarapoorp. Beard - - ngainye. Thunder - - murndar. Grass - boaitoh. Tongue - ohalle. Stomach - charoen. Breasts - chang. Thigh - - kra. Foot - - chinna. Bone - - kaalk. Blood - - kork. Skin - - tallang. Fat - - perpool. Bowels - bille. Excrement - - koonna. War-spear - - koioon. Reed-spear - - jeran. Throwing-stiok - kaarik. Shield - malkar. Tomahawk - - bai-e-jik Canoe - - yongoe. Sun - - irangool. Moon - - yern. Star - - toort. Light - - yaap. Dark - - boroin. Cold - - - monmot. Heat - - kaije. Day - - yerungoori. Night - - boroin. Fire - - wi. Water - kaiejin. Smoke - borring. Ground - ja. Wind- - - warwort. Rain - - miring. God - - - Ghosts - Boomerang - - Hill - - Wood - - wolling. Stone - - laa. Camp - - iray. Yes - - - nge. No - - allan'ya. I- - chormek. You - - choramin. Bark - - tokur. Good - - - tealk Bad - - - yikam. Sweet - - tealk. Pood - - baiuyim, Hungry - wiikan. Thirsty - brangunyan. Eat - - chekellea. Sleep - - kombian. Drink - - kopan. Walk - - yauna. See - •■ nyawan. Sit - - - ngeuna. Yesterday - - chalegi. To-day - kaiejung. To-morrow - - beurbe. Where are the wLnja baang ? Blacks? I don't know - windja baaka Plenty - kidjowil. Big - - - korong. Little - - baan. Dead - - wiikin. By-and-by - - kaiejong. Come on - yannag. Milk - - E^glehawk - - Wild turkey - Wife - - . 460 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 205.— MOUNT GAMBIER. By D. Stewart, Esq. The following information concerning the Mount Grambier Blacks, and vocabulary of the language of the Booandik tribe, were forwarded to me by Mr. D. Stewart. The Mount Gambier Blacks, I learn from my informant, are divided into several tribes, which, in conversation, were readily distinguishable by certain words, phrases, and accents peculiar to each. Some, for instance, used the sound of the letter I in words from which others omitted it, as kooler, kooer --= an egg; and malange, maange = mife. Others used or omitted k in certain words, as mookine, wooine^ elbow; and wuka, wena=strike. In terms of relationship the suffix -ine is equivalent to my, as mar m=' father, marmine=my father; ngate=mother, ngatine=my mother. Marmine wan is the equivalent of my father'' s brother if he exercises occasionally the right of husband over the speaker's mother, but he is addressed as waitine if he does not exercise such right. A woman addresses her grand-daughter as mootngoon when a child, and as ngurpine when grown up. Mr. Stewart, who is an excellent authority, is not aware that any distinction in terms is made when speaking of or to the children of a man's brother and those of his sister. The same terms of relation- ship are applied to both. As the Mount Gambier Blacks have no expression for numbers above 4, except the tevvas paroong and karli=many, they fix the date of a future meeting in this way. The spokesman places the index finger of his right hand on his head, then in succession on his neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, thumb,- and fingers of one or both hands if necessary, dis- tinguishing each of these portions of the body with a different word, each word representing a day, and arranging at which of them the meeting shall take place. The same custom I MOUNT 6AMBIER. 461 have noticed in my Recollections of Squatting as in use in the Bangerang tribes. These Blacks, Mr. Stewart writes, are divided into two classes, which, from their disposition to quarrel, he is almost disposed to call factions. They are called Kumite and Krokee, and when applied to the females Kumitegor and Krokeegor respectively. A Kumite can only marry a Kro- keegor, and a Krokee a Kumitegor. An infringement of this law is held in aborrence as incestuous. Mothers-in-law and sons-in-law studiously avoid each other. A father-in- law converses with his son-in-law in a low tone of voice, and in a phraseology diifering somewhat from the ordinary one. The Kumite and Krokee classes are each divided into five sub-classes, under which are ranked certain objects which they call tooman =^ flesh, or mngo ^friend. AU things in nature belong to one or the other of these ten sub-classes. For instance, under Kumite we have — 1st. Boort ma = the crow, to which belong rain, thunder, lightning, hail, clouds, &c. 2nd. Boort moola = the fish-hawk, to which class belong smoke, honeysuckle, trees, &c. 3rd. Boort parpangal = the pelican, to which belong the blackwood-tree, fire, frost, dog, &c. 4th. Boort wilier = the black cockatoo, to which belong the stars, moon, &c. 5th. Boort karato = a non-venemous snake, to which belong eels, seals, the stringybark-tree, &c. The Krokee classes are — 1st. Boort wereo = the ti-tree, under which are the black duck, wallaby, opossum, crayfish, &c. 2nd. Boort laa = the turkey, to which belong the iolit or small kangaroo, quail, certain edible roots, &c. 3rd. Boort karual = the white crestless cockatoo, to which belong the kangaroo, the sheoak-tree, the summer season, &c. The particulars of the 4th and 5th Krokee boorts have escaped from Mr. Stewart's memory. 462 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: These boorts have nothing tp do with marriage, so that a Kumite may marry a Krokeegor of whatever sub-class she may be; but to food they do refer, as it is only when dis- tressed by want and hunger that a person will eat any of the animals or roots which belong to his boort. When hunger compels them to eat of their tooman or Toingo, they express their sorrow by touching their breasts as a sign of relationship. Mr. Taplin relates in his Narrinyeri, p. 47, that two of that tribe established themselves at Mount Gambier, but language shows that the locality was peopled by offshoots of the Eastern tribes. Mr. Stewart gives the following Additional Words and Phrases : — Mullet - - - - - kokber. Lightning - . . - minan-murn. Trees - - - - - poena. Red gum-trees - tartpeena. Temporary camp - nurom. Winter camp - karodoor. My father - . - - marmine. Your father - - marmoon. His or her father - marmoon. The father of us two - marmabo. The father of you two - marmong. The father of those two - - nungpalerat marmong. Our father (plural) - - marmano. Your father (plural) - marmorong. Fathers of us two - - marrabolalo. Fathers of you two ■ - marmbolalong. Fathers of those two - nung calat marmbolong. I am going - yananga. We two are going - - yanangal. We are going - . - - yanange. I went - - . . - yaana. We two went - - yaanalo. We went - yaane. MOUNT aAMBIER. 463 Additional Words — continued. I went a long time ago - We two went a long time We went a long time ago I will go - AVe two will go We will go - - ■ Where are you going ? I am going for firewood ■ Did you go ? - Go (or walk) fast My wife - - - • Your wife Hia wife - - My two wives - My wives (over two) - yapa. ago - yapalo. - yape. - yowyeunga. - yowyeallo. - yowyeunge. - na ngin yan ? - wurnapo nga yan. - na ngin yaan ? - yanba yanka. - malangine. - malangon. - malanoong. - malaboline. - malangaraine. 464 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 205.— MOUNT GAMBIER. Kangaroo - Opossum Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck - Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Crow - Swan - Egg - - - Track of a foot - Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito Ply - - - Snake - The Blacks - A Blackf ellow - A Black woman - Nose - kooraa (male). kooramo. kal or karl. kar ua chum. kower. durner. purner. parangal. kooartang. wondi. mar. wa. koonowoor. kooler. - tenanoong. keler. konkro. kecho. ulul. koorang. drooal. drooal. kineule. kow. Hand - 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three - Four - Father Mother Sister-Elder „ Younger - Brother-Elder - ,, Younger A young man murna. bolite drooal. wrow-wong drooal. wondo. bolite. wrow-wong. kurtor, kurtbano. marm. ngate. date, nereer. wargale. dote, babater, wawar- An old man An old woman A baby A White man Children Head - Eye - Ear - - koatparek. - wi-at-a-wer. - koonam. - koomamir. - koongapumim. - boop. - mir. - wrung, MOUNT GAMBIER. 465 No. 205. — Mount Gambiek — continued. Mouth - lo. Boomerang - - ketum-ketum. Teeth - - tunga. Hill - - boopik. Hair of the head - ngur la boop. Wood - - wurnep. Beard - - ngur la ngerne. Stone - - raurl. Thunder - - murndal. Camp - - ngoorla nurom. Grass - - bootho. Yes - - nga. Tongue - tale. No - - ngin. Stomach - boole. I - ngatho. Breasts -pap. You - - ngooro. Thigh- - - prura. Bark - - moondart. Foot - - tena. Good - - murtong. Bone - - baa-aa. Bad - - wramg. Blood - - kamar. Sweet - - ngooit. Skin - - moor. Food (vegetable) - booang. Fat - - mumt. „ (flesh) - - tooman. Bowels - koonna. Hungry - Excrement - - koonna. Thirsty - koornoon. War-spear - - kooen. Eat - - dira. Eieed-spear - - (none). Sleep - . kooma, wilitch. Throwing-stick - koombine. Drink - - tata. Shield - malgar. Walk - - yan. Tomahawk - - peragor. See - - na-a. Canoe - - wola. Sit - -inga. Sun - - karo. Yesterday - - woordoomg. Moon - - toongoom. To-day - keto. Star - - boongil. To-morrow - - kalepa. Light - - karo. Where are the na drooal? Dark - - mola. Blacks ? Cold - - moortona. I don't know - winana naan (not Heat - Day - Night - - woat. - karo. - mola. Plenty Big - Little - seen). - parung, karli. - woorong. - mooroke. Fire - - wumap. Dead - - nooana; be-e a = Water - pare. stinking. Smoke - booloing. By-and-by - - keto. Ground - mrade. Come on - kooki. Wind- - nerecha. Milk - - - papumboop. Rain - - kawine. Eaglehawk - - ngere. God - - (no name). Wild turkey - laa. Ghosts - woor. Wife . - mala. VOL. III. 2 G BOOK THE NOETEENTH. BOOK THE NINETEENTH. PREFATORY REMARKS. This book contains specimens of the languages of the western portion of Victoria. The teaching of its vocabularies is that the aborigines of this part of the colony are related to those of the Murray River, in the vicinity of Swan Hill. The first vocabulary inserted, No. 206, belongs to the tribes which dwell, or dwelt, on and about Morton Plains, in connection with which I have collected the following few Additional Words: — Lightning - - ■willebook. Opossum-rug - willejookjook. Be gone ! - - yannage ! Give me a drink - baitu makin. Half-grown emu - wartipungmook. I see two Blacks - nge noon poolet koole. The areas of country which are, or were, occupied singly by the Victorian tribes are in many cases so small that it is impossible to lay them down on the map, hence I have grouped a number of vocabularies in No. 207, under the designation of The Languages of Western Victoria, in order to show their position. The aboriginal population of Victoria, a country rich in aboriginal food, was, I am of opinion, greater per square mile than was to be found in any other area of the continent of equal extent ; not, it is important to notice, that a tribe numbered more members, but that there were more tribes. Perhaps an average Victorian tribe contained about 200 persons. I am of opinion that the tribes in Australia, when undivided into marriage classes, did not often exceed that number. Swim - yawa. The Murray Rivei mil-le. Blow-fly - barperik. Codfish - bajal. Manna leurp. Plain - wark. Scrub - peenoortigal. Sandhill - poorpook. 470 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: The languages of which specimens are given in this book the Blacks themselves hold to be distinct, and each of them has a separate name, but the reader will notice the differences are minor ones — those of dialect. At the same time these differences are numerous and sometimes confined to very small tribes, if not indeed in some instances to one or two families. They often display themselves in terminations, roots remain- ing unchanged or nearly so. This may be instanced in the two renderings I have received of the Hopkins River lan- guages, as follows: — Black duck - thoorboorung - toorpumk. Pelican - kirkpirap - kurtpumk. Hand - - murrang - - murrunk. Stomach - togong - - tookonk. Breasts - nabung - - nguppunk. Thunder - murndal - - mirndunk. Sleep - - yoo-anan - yournunk. Head - - pimaning - peem. Bye - - - mimarnmg - mirunk. Ear - wirmaming - wirrunk. Teeth - - tinganarning - - tungunk. Other differences also exist. In the Lake Hindmarsh vocabulary, for instance, we find the sound of ch very pre- valent, and in that of Lake Wallace ek or ak commonly the terminal sound of words expressive of the parts of the human body. In the twelve vocabularies which this book contains we have five distinct terms for tha Blacks; six for no, whilst there are but two reaUy distinct words for yes. Proper names seem to be declined in all of our languages. I asked the intelligent young Black from whom I obtained the vocabulary from the Glenelg, above Woodford, whether he knew the Aboriginal Station on the Yarra. His reply was " Korrendrook," the name of the station. Then he said laugh- ing, Yaanaen Korrendroogo = I will go to Korrendrook. I have always thought the Blacks of Victoria somewhat in advance of their northern relatives; for though many of their customs are the same, they are more decent generally; do not go naked, and abstain, as a rule, from giving their PREFATORY REMARKS. 471 daughters in marriage until they approach the age of puberty. We see also in this book a few advances in language. For instance, we generally have a distinct word for 3, and occasionally for 4, in place of the compound terms which the reader has so often met with. Also when 4 is expressed by the equivalent of two two, an equivalent for and is found between them, which, if I remember rightly, never occurs in the North. These little advances of the Victorian Blacks I attribute to the more favorable conditions of climate and food amidst which they have long existed. In Western Victoria dwelt the tribes of which Mr. James Dawson has" left a record in his Australian Aborigines, a work in which are found many interesting details of manners and language, and a few statements which I have called in question in Vol. I., chapter 3. 472 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 206.— MORTON PLAINS. By the Writer. The language, of which what follows is a specimen, is called Brapkut. It may be compared with Mirdiragoort and Tatiarra. With the latter it almost agrees in its negative adverb. Kangaroo - kore. Opossum wille. Tame dog - kal. Wild dog - Emu - - yawir. Black duck - Wood duck - Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo karupka Crow - wa. Swan - Egg - - - mirk. Track of a foot - Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - Snake kornmil. The Blacks - koole. A Blackfellow - koole. A Black woman - paibagoo Nose - ka. Hand - - mumoo. 2 Blacks - - poolet koole. 3 Blacks - - poolet pe kaiup koole. One - - kai-up. Two - - poolet. Three - - poolet pe kaiup. Four - - poolet poolet. Father - maam. Mother - baap. Sister-Elder - kotuk. „ Younger Brother-Elder ,, Younger A young man - An old man - An old woman - A baby - po-pop. A White man - Children - - Head - - boorp. Eye - - - mir. Ear - - wirbool. MORTON PLAINS. 473 No. 206.— Morton VhAms— continued. Mouth - korn. Boomerang - Teeth - - lia. mu - kowa. Hair of the head - Wood - Beard - - Stone - Thunder - - murndal. Camp - Graas - - boet. Yes - ngai-e. Tongue - No '- ngallanya. Stomach - I - - - nge. Breasts - You - Thigh - - Bark - Foot - - dchinna. Good - Bone - - Bad - Blood - - Sweet - Skin - - Food - Fat - - Hungry Bowels - Thirsty konmun. Excrement - - koonna. Eat - - cheokalinarchin War-spear - - koioon. Sleep - kobe. Reed-spear - - jark. Drink - baitchek. Throwing-stick - Walk - yaanna. Shield - malkar. See - noon. Tomahawk - - parik. Sit Canoe - - Yesterday - Sun - Moon - - ngawi. - yen. To-day Star - - - toort. To-morrow - parpo. Light - - Where are the Dark - . Blacks ? Cold - - - I don't know Heat - - Plenty Day - - maliiiawin. Big - porin. Night - - pooroin. Little - warchipoongup. Fire - - wi. Dead - dredaiin. Water - karlin. By-and-by - Smoke - bort. Come on Ground - dja. Milk - Wind - - Rain - , Eaglehawk - God - . Wild turkey Ghosts Wife - - - naoragorook. 474 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 207a.— LAKE HINDMARSH, UPPER REGIONS STATION, AND LOWER WIMMERA. By the Wbitbe. Kangaroo - miinjun. Hand - munya. Opossum - wille. 2 Blacks poUetch wootcha. Tame dog - Wild dog - kaal. 3 Blacks poUetch pa kaiup wootcha. Emu - kowir. One - kaiup. poUetch. poUetchpakaiup. polletch pa pol- letch. Black duck - Wood duck- Pelican Laughing jackass ngari. waalrung. patchinga. kroongkroong. Two - Three - Four - Native companion kotchun. Father Mother White cockatoo - Crow - chinnup. waa. maam. paab. Swan - koo-noo-war. Sister-Elder chach. Egg - - mirk. ,, Younger Track of a foot paring bo chinna Brother-Elder waa. Fish - (no general ,, Younger Lobster Crayfish Mosquito Fly - - ■ Snake - name). wolonuk. graigkrik. pittik. kornmil. A young man An old man- An old woman A baby A White man kolkoorn. ngarambe. kallagallagoork. - pobop. The Blacks wootcha. Children - wiimditoh. A Blackfellow wootcha. Head - boorp. A Black woman laiarook. Eye - mir. Nose - kaa. Ear - - wirmbool. LAKE HINDMAESH, UPPER REGIONS STATION. 475 No. 207a. — Lake Hindmaksh, Upper Regions Station, and Lower Wimmeba- —cimtiniKd. Mouth - charp. Boomerang - - Teeth - - lia. Hill - - - Hair of the head - ngarampoorp. Wood- - wunyup, kaalk. Beard - - nganyi. Stone - ■ - kootchup. Thunder - - mumdar. Camp - - ira. Grass - - boaitch. Yes - - ng. Tongue - challe. No - - worrekaia. Stomach - biUi. I - aan. Breasts - chang. You - - chormin. Thigh - - kra. Bark - - dookoor. Foot - - chinna. Good - - - taalk. Bone - - kaalk. Bad - - yaatchung. Blood - - kork. Sweet - - taalk. Skin - - mitch. Pood - - paanyim bai Fat - - barpool. yowir. Bowels - koonabarong. Hungry - wiika. Excrement - - koonna. Thirsty - brangoonya. War-spear - - kooioon. Eat - - chakkella. Reed-spear - - chaark. Sleep - - torra. Throwing-stick - kaarik. Drink - kopilla. Shield - botwel. Walk - yanga. Tomahawk - - batchik. See - - neikella. Canoe - - yoongooip. Sit - - ngenga. Sun - - ngowi. Yesterday - - challige. Moon - - mittean. To-day - ingoorne. Star - - - toort. To-morrow - - beruppa. Light - - yaap. Where are the - windga wootcha Dark - - mulparoin. Blacks ? bai laiarook? Cold - - - motmot. I don't know - nge. Heat - - walpa. Plenty - kitchowl. Day - - ngowi. Big - - - korong.; Night- - poroin. Little - - baan. Fire - - wanyup. Dead - - wiikin. Water - kaatyin. Smoke - boring. By-and-by - - maloknea. Ground - ja. Come on - - yannaga. Wind- - willa. Milk - - Rain - - mitchuk. Eaglehawk - • God - - Wild turkey Ghosts . Wife - . 4?6 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 207b.— LAKE WALLACE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. By the Writer. Kangaroo - - kore. Hand - - manyanek. Opossum - wille. 2 Blacks - - poUaich baang. Tame dog - - kaal. 3 Blacks - - poUaich pa kaiup Wild dog - - baang. Emu - kowir. One - - kaiup. Black duck - - ngurri. Two - - pollaich. Wood duck- - bichangro. Three - - pollaich pa kaiup Pelican - doong. Four - - pollaich pa Laughing jackass krong-krong. pollaich. Native companion koiyoon. Father - mami. White cockatoo - kaiyekker. Mother - papi. Crow - - waa. Sister-Elder - chaohi. Swan - - koonowar. ,, Younger - Egg - - - mirk. Brother-Elder - wawi. Track of a foot Fish - . - Lobster - chinnayook. - yeyook. „ Younger A young man - jawilli. Crayfish - yapitch. An old man An old woman - ngammi. - wegaregat. Mosquito - - krekrek. Flv - A baby - popop. Snake - - kornmil. A White man - The Blacks - - baang. Children - A Blackf ellow - baang. Head - - propak. A Black woman - painbangoork. Bye - - mirnik. Nose - - kaangek. Bar - - wirmboolek. LAKE WALLACE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. 477 No. 207b. —Lake Wallace and Neiohbotjehood— comimwecZ. Mouth - kanek. Boomerang - Teeth - - liangek. Hill - Hair of the head- ngamgek. Wood - - wi. Beard - - nganiek. Stone - - la. Thimder - - mumdar. Camp - - lerum. Grass - - boaitch. Yes - - uge. Tongue - chalingek. No - - ngalanya. Stomach - ballingek. I Breasts - kroombook. You - - Thigh - - Bark - - mitcho'ok. Foot - - chinnanek. Good - - Bone - - kaalk. Bad - . Blood - - korkek. Sweet - _ Skin - - miohek. Food - _ Fat - Bowels Excrement - - barpoolek. - koonna. Hungry Thirsty Eat - War-spear - Reed-spear - Thro wing-stick Shield - - deer. - chirark. - kraiik. - malkar. Sleep - Drink - Walk - - Tomahawk - - bayik. See - - Canoe - - yungooit. Sit - - Sun - - yurngai. Yesterday - - Moon - - yum. To-day - Star - - toort. To-morrow - - Light - Dark - Cold - Heat - Day - Night - Fire - - wi. Where are the Blacks? I don't know Plenty Big - Little - windja baang ? - windja. Water - kayin. Dead - Smoke - pori. By-and-by - Ground - cha. Come on - watajem. Wind - - wardwart. Milk - Rain - - meren. Baglehawk - God - - Wild turkey Ghosts - Wife - 478 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 207c.— UPPER GLENELG AND WANNON. By the Wkiter. The reader will notice the equivalents of hungry and dead. Kangaroo - - korain. Hand - - marrang. Opossum - kooramook. 2 Blacks - - polaitch koloin Tame dog - - yoopaitch. 3 Blacks - - palini koloin. Wild dog - - One - - kaiap. Emu - - kapurng. Two - - polaitch. Black duck - - krein. Three - - palini. Wood duck- - pimeri. Pelicau Pour - - polaitch pa Laughing jackass tarakook. Native companion korerook. Father polaitch. - pipai. White cockatoo - korokeitch. Mother - nerang. Crow - - waaung. Sister-Elder - kakak. Swan - - koonoowara. „ Younger - koquiara. Egg - - kole. Brother-Elder • kokon. Track of a foot - dinnong. ,, Younger wardai. Fish - t kooiyang. A young man - kokngun. Lobster - An old man - polbipollep. Crayfish Mosquito - - maraija. - kiitook. An old woman - polpolnerang. Fly - - - worol. A baby - popop. Snake - kooriang. A White man ■ The Blacks - - koloin. Children - tooquai. A Blackfellow - koloin. Head - - kolan. A Black woman - nerangoork. Eye - - mimg. Nose - - kapoong. Ear - - wiirm. UPPER GLENELG AND WANNON. 479 No. 20 7o. — Upper Glenelg AND WANNON- —eontinued. Mouth- - ngoolang. Boomerang - - Teeth - - tangang. Hill - Hair of the head - nalang. Wood - ■ wiin. Beard - - narraing. Stone - - morrai. Thunder - - mundal. Camp - - woom. Grass - - botong. Yes - - ko. Tongue - tallain. No - - brangat. Stomach - poU-o-in. I - naitch. Breasts - nappan. You - - paalekmo. Thigh - - prin. Bark - - torong. Foot - - thinnong. Good - - noetchong. Bone - - bakkain. Blood - - kerkoom. Bad - narmurung. Skin - - mityonin. Sweet - - noetchong. Fat - - bapool. Food - - baambai. Bowels - korong-werek. Hungry - kalpemo. Excrement - - komong. Thirsty - koorntnangan War-spear - - koioon. Eat - - takk. Reed-spear - - tarark. Sleep - - yowatt. Throwing-stiok - narong. Drink - - datt. Shield - - malkara. Walk - - yannanwon. Tomahawk - - palpakoort. See - naako. Canoe - Sun - - torong. - terrerng. Sit - yinyalt. Moon - - teunget. Yesterday - - ngokat. Star - - poongel. To-day - karoomba. Light - - kallat. To-morrow - - toongatta. Dark - - torioin. Where are the winda koloin Cold - - motmot. Blacks ? Heat - - kaloin. I don't know - winda da ba. Day - - terremg- Plenty - mam. merring. Big - - maartong. Night - - boroin. Little - - koordoowi. Fire - - wiin. Dead - - kalpemera. Water-' Smoke - baretch. - to-ong. By-and-by - - kalo. Come on - wotte. Ground - mirring. Wind - - naretchak. Milk - Rain - - kappain. Eaglehawk - God - - Wild turkey Ghosts . Wife - 480 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 207d.— THE GLENELG, ABOVE WOODFORD. By the Weitek. Kangaroo - - kori. Hand - - munya. Opossum - ■ Willi. 2 Blacks - - pooletch kooli. Tame dog - - kal. 3 Blacks - - pooletch pe kaiap Wild dog - kooli. Emu - kowir. One - kaiap. Black duck - ngari. Two - pooletch. Wood duck - - pirpir. Three - ' - pooletch pe Pelican bntyunal. kaiap. Laughing jackass krorkror. Pour - pooletch pe poo- Native companion kortyan. letch. White cockatoo chinyap. Father marmi. Crow - waa. Mother paap. Swan 7 koonoowara. Sister-Elder chagi. Egg - mirk. „ Younger - Track of a foot parib. Brother- Elder - kote. Fish - (no general name) „ Younger Lobster A young man kolkar. Crayfish kapich. An old man ngaram-ngaram. Mosquito - krirkrirk. An old woman kolkolagok. Fly - - bitchik. A baby winwindaitch. Snake - koomowill. A White man koomamir. The Blacks - baang. Children - gitohwarl. A Blackf ellow kooli. Head - proorp. A Black woman - bainwango. Eye - mir. Nose - kaa. Bar ■ wirmbool. THE GLENELG, ABOVE WOODFORD. 481 No. 207d. — The Glknelg, Mouth - - koom. Teeth - - leya. Hair of the head ngurra. Beard - - iftoonooohir. Thunder - - mirdarip. Grass - - boait. Tongue - - challi. Stomach - - kanyangoork. Breasts - - chain. Thigh - - karri. Foot - - - chiuna. Bone - - - kaalk. Blood- - - koork. Skin - - - meech. Fat - - - papool. Bowels Excrement- - koonna. War-spear- - deer. Reed-spear - djirrak. Throwing-stiok - karrik. Shield - - malkar. Tomahawk - baachik. Canoe - - ngnanak. Sun - - - ngawik. Moon - - - yem. Star - - - toort. Light - Dark - - - tek-tek. Cold - - - mot-mot. Heat - - - lik. Day - - - kadlak. Night - - poroin. Fire - - - wi. Water - - katyin. Smoke - - perri, purri. Ground - - cha. Wind - - ward. Rain - - - wolla. God - - - ngarambe. Ghosts ■ - oonyim. VOL. in. ABOVE Woodford — continued. Boomerang Hill - Wood - - kaalk. Stone- - - la. Camp- - - lerra. Yes - - - nge. No - - - ngalanya. I - - - waan. You - - - waanyen. Bark - - - mitchook. Good - - - talka. Bad - - - yiatohung. Sweet Food - Hungry - - birkaian. Thirsty Eat - - - chakol. Sleep - - - ngorakol. Drink - - kopalal. Walk - - yannano. See - - - ngawan. Sit - - - ngenyak. Yesterday - - chalekio. To-day ■ - katchong. To-morrow- • parbio. Where are the windja baang 2 Blacks J I don't know - windja imba. Plenty Big - - - yawer. Little - - baan. Dead - - - kiikil. By-and-by- - kartchon. Come on - - warte. Milk - Eaglehawk Wild turkey Wife - 2H 482 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 207e.— WOODFORD. By the Writer. Kangaroo - kori. Hand - - murra. Opossum - kooramoo. 2 Blacks - - boait trooal. Tame dog - kal. 3 Blacks - - waawong trooal. Wild dog - One - - waando. Kmu •■ kraba. Black duck ■ burna. Two - -- booait. Wood duck pinyangoor. Three - - waawong. Pelican Four - - booait ba booait. Laughing jackass koadda. Father - maam. Native companioi] White cockatoo - poortmadda. mra. Mother - ngaan. Crow - - - waa. Sister-Elder - nirriur. Swan - - - merangurn. „ Younger - Egg - - - kooir. Brother-Elder - wurrakukki. Track of a foot - tinna. „ Younger Pish - (no general name) A young man - marangal. Lobster Crayfish An old man - ngarum-ngarum. murangir. An old woman - wraambo. Mosquito - kipa. Fly - - . torado. A baby - koaburning. Snake - koorang. A White man - The Blacks - trooal. Children - - parang. A Blackf ellow trooal. Head - - popaing. A Black woman - puUe-puUe. Eye • - murngaing. Nose - kaboo. Bar . - wra. WOODFORD, 4b No. 207e. — WooDFOED — continued. Mouth - loaing. Boomerang - - Teeth - - tunax^ain. Hill - - - Hair of the head - ngurla. Wood - - wumaam. Beard - - nurlaurning. Stone - - murde. Thunder - - mumdal. Camp - - ngoorla. Grass - - botho. Yes - - ngo. Tongue - thage. No - - - wiip. Stomach - - booi. I - ngaddo. Breasts - murdain, You - - ngoro. Thigh - kaiib. Bark - - longlong. Foot - - tinna. Good - - ngebo. Bone - - bi. Bad - - wraang. Blood - - - kuminar. Sweet - - wurlan-wurlan Skin - - moom. Food - - boongan. Fat - - mumbooi. Hungry - nroanna. Bowels - balkwirri. Thirsty - koomoonen. Excrement - - koonna. Eat - - thai-e-wir. War-spear - Efied-spear Throwing-stick Shield Tomahawk - Canoe - Sun - - - goaan. - kooimban. - malgar. - pimbagoor. - wow-wo. - karo. Sleep - Drink - Walk •• See - Sit - - Yesterday - - loomai. - thathia. - yawia. - ngawiaboorat. - ngwia. - woowardoo. Moon - - boortbooi. To-day - kirdoo. Star - - taman-taman. To-morrow - - koogabar. Light - - yaap. Where are the ngatrooal? Dark - - moul. Blacks? Cold - - - mon-mon. I don't know - wiip. Heat - Day - Night- - Fire - Water Smoke Ground Wind- - Rain - - murtguaal. - karo. - moor. - wumaam, - bari. - poloign. - mrat. - neraiga. - kabain. Plenty Big - - Little - Dead - By-and-by - Come on Milk - Baglehawk - - kar-lai-i. - worong. - morogin. - nroanar. - kerdo. - kakai. God - - - Wild turkey Ghosts 2 ] Wife - I 2 484 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 207f.— DARTMOOR. Br THE Writer. Kangaroo - kore. Hand - muma. Opossum kooramoo. 2 Blacks - poaitch troo-a-al Tame dog - kaal. 3 Blacks wrawoon troo-a- Wild dog - purner. al. Emu - kowwa. One - waando. Black duck - Wood duck - Pelican Laughing jackass burna. kurtperap. koaddang. Two - Three - Pour - poaitch. wrawoon. poaitch pa poaitch. mami. ngati. tati. Native companioii White cockatoo Crow - Swan - meran. waa. koonoowarra. Father Mother Sister-Elder Egg - ■ koa. ,, Younger nueyur. Track of a foot - poptina. Brother-Elder wragi. Fish - (no general name) „ Younger nere. Lobster A young man morongal. Crayfish monagur. An old man kartpari. Mosquito - An old woman kartpariur. Fly - - - yooangooal. A baby - kongaparim. Snake - krurwang. A White man The Blacks - troo-a-al. Children A Blackfellow - troo-a-al. Head - pop. A Black woman kainganyo. Bye - mir. Nose - . kow-o. Bar - waar. DARTMOOR. 485 Mouth Teeth - Hair of the head ■ Beard - Thunder Grass - Tongue Stomach Breasts Thigh - Foot - Bone - Blood - Skin - Fat - Bowels Excrement - War-spear - Reed-spear - Throwing-stick - Shield - Tomahawk - Canoe - Sun - Moon - Star - Light - - . Dark - Cold - Heat - Day - - Night - Fire - Water Smoke Ground Wind - Rain - . - God - Ghosts No. 207f. — Dabtmode — continued. lo. ngurla. ngurlangume. mumdal. botha. thowe. pooi. poap. brani. thinna, pe-e. kammar. moom. mumbooi. koonna. kooun. pongor. kombaiu. malkar. pirpowerkoort. karo. thonwoon, poort- booi. tamman-tanunan. karomum. mol. mot- mot. waam. karomum. mol, wumap. parri. purloin, mirat. noredja. kowain. Boomerang - - Hill - - . Wood - - wumap. Stone - - marre. Camp - - ngoorla. Yes - - ngo. No - - - winana. I - - - ngado. You - - ngoro. Bark - - moomdart. Good - - - moitpong. Bad - - - waang. Sweet - - warlan-warlan. Food - - poogang. Hungry - ngooroonga. Thirsty - koomemang. Eat - - trewia. Sleep - - loomia. Drink - - thathea. Walk - - yowea. See - - ngawia. Sit - - newia. Yesterday - - woordoo. To-day - kerdo. To-morrow - - keap. Where are the uaa troo-a-al? Blacks ? I don't know - winana wangon Plenty - karlaiitch. Big - - - worong. Little - - moroki. Dead - - neron. By-and-by - - kerdo. Come on - kakai. Milk - - Eaglehawk - - Wild turkey - Wife - - THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 207e.— HAMILTON. By the Weitee. Kangaroo - kore. Opossum - wille. Tame dog - welkar. Wild dog - Emu - kowi. Black duck ngare. Wood duck Pelican hatchalang. Laughing jackass korn-korn. Native companior I kotchun. White cockatoo - ngaiook. Crow - - - wa. Swan - koonoowar. Egg - - mirk. Track of a foot - paring. Fish - choolem. Lobster Crayfish yappitch. Mosquito - kirk-kirk. Fly - Snake - koornmil. The Blacks - koole. A Blackfellow koole. A Black woman Nose - - kaa. Hand - - munya. 2 Blacks - - poolaitch koole. 3 Blacks ■■ - kartoro koole.. One - - kaipamen. Two - - poUaitch. Three - - kartoro. Four - - poUaitcha poUaitch. Father - mami. Mother - pape. Sister-Elder - chache. „ Younger - kotek. Brother-Elder - wawe. ,, Younger kotte. A young man - kolkroon. An old man - ngaram-ngaram An old woman - kogowitoh. A baby - popop. A White man - ngamaigitoh. Children - pokalik. Head - - porp. Eye - - mer. Ear - • wirmbool. HAMILTON. 48 No. 207g. — Hamilton — continued. Mouth - ngyang. Boomerang - - Teeth - - lia. Hill - - . Hair of the head - ngara. Wood - - wi. Beard - - nganye. Stone - - la. Thunder - mumdar. Camp - - laar. Grass - - poaitch. Yes - - ko. Tongue - challe. Stomach - wanya. No - nge-nge. Breasts - korm. I - winnak. Thigh - karip. You - - winnin. Foot - - chinna. Bark - - nganak. Bone - - kaalk. Good - - talkok. Blood - - koork. Bad - - yatchan. Skin - - metoh. Sweet - - piorwetch. Fat - - papool. Food - - poongboorgoon. Bowels - poonart, Hungry - poonboorgoonin poonyart. Thirsty - kongin. Excrement - - koonnang. Eat - - chakkiu. War-spear - Reed-spear - - parmoor. - chaark. Sleep - - koombin. Throwing-stick - kark. Drink - - ngoopin. Shield - malkar. Walk - - wurwin. Tomahawk - ■ toktagarm. See - - ngakin. Canoe - - yaongalo. Sit - - wunarpin. Sun - - nowi. Yesterday - - chalegoo. Moon - - wartiptaoayo. To-day - yingornoo. Star - - - chagenowi. To-morrow - - barpobark. Light - - nowicha. Where are the windja kooli ? Dark - - poroin. Blacks ? Cold - - mot-mot. I don't know - windja jamok. Heat - - kurtai. Day - - chanowi. Plenty - parok. Big - - murtok. Night - - poroin. Fire - - wi. Little - - wudibok. Water - koatchen. Dead - - wikin. Smoke ■ poorin. By-and-by - - noondjar. Ground - cha. Come on - pirnigar. Wind- - - ngoorndook Milk - - Rain - - woUa. Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 488 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 207h.— MOUNT ROUSE; NATIVE NAME KOOLOOR. By THE Writeb. In this language the equivalent of five is kaiap mirnya, literally one hand. Kangaroo - - korai. Hand - - mirnya. Opossum - kooramook. 2 Blacks - - poUaich kooli. Tame dog - Wild dog - - kaal. 3 Blacks - - poUaich kaiap kooli. Emu - - kowering. One - - kaiap. Black duck - -ngerri. Wood duck - biabiap. Pelican - - paiangal. Laughing jackass krookroong. Two - - . Three - Four - - poUaich. - kartoor. - poUaicha pol- laich. - mami. Native companion kooioon. White cockatoo - chinyap. Father Crow - - waa. Mother - paapi. Swan - - koonoowar. Sister-Elder - chachi. Egg - - - merk. ,, Younger - kootrook. Track of a foot - chinanyook. Brother-Elder - waawe. Fish - - - (no general ,, Younger kootte. name). A young man - koolkoon. Lobster - An old man - ngaram-ngaram Crayfish Mosquito - - lirri. An old woman - ngaram-ngaram gook. Ply . . - piik., A baby - po-pop. Snake - - koorwil. A White man - ngamaiketch. The Blacks - A Blaokfellow - kooli. Children - Head - - popopklUe. - poorp. A Black woman - koolikoork. Eye - - mir. Nose - - kaa. Ear - - wirmbool. MOUNT ROUSE. 4 No. 207h.— Mount Koxjse— continued Mouth - ngeing. Boomera,Tig - Teeth - - Ua. Hill - Hair of the head - ngarra. Wood - wi. Beard - - ngurra. Stone - laa. Thunder - moondar. Grass ■ - karewan. Camp - - laar. Tongue - challe. Yes - ko. Stomach - biUi. No nge-nge. Breasts - koroom. I - winnin. Thigh - - karilyooak. You - winnak. Foot - - chinna. Bark - nyunyak. Bone - - kaalk. Good - telkok. Blood - - koork. Bad - yeyang. Skin - - miitch. Sweet - - cheroaitch. Fat - - pepool. Food - paronkekoom. Bowels - wewepookoonna. Hungry nyeng. Excrement - - kooima. Thirsty banyangen. War-spear - Reed-spear - - kooioon. - oherark. Eat - ■ ohakkelowang Throwing-stiok - kertch. Sleep - koombarnoon. Shield - - malkar. Drink - openan. Tomahawk - - purpooreroop. Walk - yanyangoo. Canoe - - yowargalook. See - ngakin. Sun - - - ngowl. Sit - ngangano. Moon - - waiipturnyoo. Yesterday - ■chalegko. Star - - To-day ngarga. Light - - ngowiitcha. To-morrow - perpurperk Dark - - boroin. Where are the windja kooli ? Cold - - mot-mot. Blacks ? Heat - - koorkark. I don't know windja jamok. Day - - - gaanyanwe. Plenty parok. Night - - boroin. Big - - mirtook. Fire - - wi. Little - waiipook. Water- - kaiyen. Dead - wikin. Smoke - pirren. By-and-by - windjal. Ground - chaa. Come on kaka. Wind - - ngoorndook. Milk - Eain - - woUa. Eaglehawk - God - - Wild turkey Ghosts Wife - 489 490 THE AUSTRALUN RACE: No. 207i.— PORTLAiJD, LAKE CONDAH, AND EUMERALLA. By the Writer. Kangaroo - korain. Hand - murrung. Opossum - kooramook. 2 Blacks - poUaidja marra Tame dog - kaal. 3 Blacks - poUimia marra. Wild dog - One - kaiappa. Emu - kappin. Two - pollaidja. Black duck - moi. Three - poUimia. Wood duck brernel. Pelican karppirak. Four - poUaidja-pol- Laughing jackass - konet. laidja. Native companior korork. Father pipai. White cockatoo ngaiook. Mother nerang. Crow - waang. Sister-Elder kakai. Swan - koonoowara. ,, Younger kokaiar. Egg - - mik. Brother-Elder wiirdai. Track of a foot yo-i-yong. „ Younger poorpep. Fish - (no general name) A young man winwinmarra. Lobster An old man poorbipoorbip. Crayfish - yarrun. An old woman poortnerang. Mosquito - marwengel. Ply . wooral. A baby popop. Snake koorang. A White man ngamaigitch. The Blacks - marra. Children tokoakai. A Blackfellow - marra. Head - pirn. A Black woman tanambool. Eye - ming. Nose - kapoong. Ear - wing. PORTLAND, LAKE CONDAH, AND EUMERALLA. 491 No. 207i. — Portland, Lake Mouth - - ngoolang. Teeth - - tanang. Hair of the head - narat. Beard - - - ngarrang. Thunder - - murndal. Grass - - - botung. Tongue - - tallain. Stomach - - tokong. Breasts - nappang. Thigh - - - woonikarrip. Foot - - - yook. Bone - - - bakkaia. Blood - - - kerik. Skin - - - mitch. Fat - - - bapool. Bowels - - tokoonya. Excrement - - koonna. War-spear - - ko-i-oon. Reed-spear - - nyirrin. Throwing-stiok - ngaroong. Shield - - malkar. Tomahawk - - karkin. Canoe- - - tholong. Sun - - - nunung. Moon - - - moorkin. Star - . - menkel. Light - - - nanaanmering. Dark - - - por-o-in. Cold - - - ngoomdook. Heat - - - kaloin. Day - - - ronanung. Night - - - poroin. Fire - - - wiin. Water - ■■ paraitch. Smoke - - to-ong. Ground - - mirring. Wind - - - ngoomdook. Rain - - - mai-ang. God - Ghosts CoNDAH, AND EuMEKALLA — Continued. Boomera,ng - - Hill - - Wood - - wiin. Stone - - murrai. Camp - - worn. Yes - - ko. No - - baangat. I - nattook. You - - ootook. Bark - - moroitch. Good - - oitchoong. Bad - - namindjar. Sweet - - poo-oor-witch. Food - - gerang. Hungry - kalpinchook. ' Thirsty - koomanum. Eat - - takekooia. Sleep - - yoowoppan. Drink - - tatookaia. Walk - - poorpe. See - - ngakai. Sit - - kooppe. Yesterday - - naangat. To-day - kanalpa. To-morrow • - toongatti. , Where are the winda marra? Blacks ? I don't know - baangat. Plenty - portoon. Big - - leengil. Little - tookoonanya. Dead - - kalprinna. By-and-by - - kallo. Come on - kowe. Milk - - Eaglehawk - - Wild turkey - Wife - - 492 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 207j.— HOPKINS RIVER. By the Writek. Kangaroo - korai. Hand - murrang. Opossum koramook. 2 Blacks polija maar. Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - kaal. kuprunk, barai- mal. 3 Blacks - One - Two - politimea maar. kiappa. polija. Black duck - thoorboorung. Three - politmea. Wood duck - ngaook. Pour - kirtpan. Pelican - - kirkpirap. Laughing jackass konet. Native companion koron. White cockatoo - ngaiook. Father Mother Sister-Elder pipai. nerangai. korokai, kakai. Crow - waak. „ Younger kokiarra. Swan - koonoowar. Brother-Elder wardai, koko. Egg - - Track of a foot Fish - Lobster mirk, thinnang. irija. yaram. ,, Youngei A young man An old man - wardiarra. - ngoin marr. - naram-naram. Crayfish - wiija. An old woman kogoitoh. Mosquito - kirkirk. A baby po-p6p. Fly - - Snake - The Blacks - minik, woorill korang. maara. A White man Children - ' ngamagitch. - choechoe. A Blackf ellow maar. Head - - pimaning. A Black woman thanambooi. Eye - - mirnaming. Nose - kabong. Ear - - wirmaming. HOPKINS RIVER. 493 No. 207j.— Hopkins RiVEn— continued. Mouth - woronarning. Boomerang - - Teeth - tinganaming. Hil] - - Hair of the head- narrananing. Wood- - wiin, wumgooit. Beard - - yarrananing. Stone - - murrai. Thunder - - mumdal. Camp - - worn. Grass - - karewan. Yes - - ko. Tongue - thallang; No . - ngin-ngin or ngi- Stomach - togong. ngi. Breasts - nabirng. I - ngatook. Thigh - - karip, pirn. You - - ngindook. Foot - - thinnang. Bark - - torong. Bone - - bagainaning. Good - - ooitohoong. Blood - - koreanin. Bad - - kalprano. Skm - - - thoramanin. Sweet - - pirooitch, ooit- Fat - - pipoolaning. ohoong. Bowels - koonnaniu. Food - - tooloort. Excrement - - koonna. Hungry - bartoobaring War-spear - - tooloowam. ngoolanga. Reed-spear - - nerin, tark. Thirsty - kootnanabaretch Thro wing-stick - ngarong. Eat - - thakeanan. Shield - malk. Sleep - - yooanan. Tomahawk - - pirtpirtkoort. Drink - - tattakooia. Canoe - - torong. Walk- - yananan. Sun - - tirrang. See - - naawake. Moon - - konardo. Sit - - ingake. Star - - wutchook. Yesterday - - ngagatto. To-day - makkadeba. Light - - yaap. To-morrow - - mallangeba. Dark - - koorooalook, pu- Where are the winda maara V roiu. Blacks ? Cold - - pallapetch. I don't know - baangato or Heat - - kalloin.. winda. Day - - ngallokatterin. Plenty - woornt baneran. Night - - - puroin. Big - - - megarong. Fbe - - wiin. Little - - koomoominin. Water - baretch. Dead - - kalgeran. Smoke - to-ong. By-and-by - - kallo. Ground - mering. Come on - kakawattake. Wind- - ngoondook. Milk - - Rain - - maiyang. Baglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts . Wife - - 494 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 207k.— HOPKINS RIVER. By W. Goodall, Esq., Manaobb of Abokiginal Station, Fbamlingham. Kangaroo - kooroo. Hand - - murrunk. Opossum kooramook. 2 Blacks - - pulija mar. Tame dog - karl. 3 Blacks - - pulemeir mar. Wild dog - One - ■ kyupa. Emu - kuprunk. Two - ■ pulija. Black duck toorpurnk. Three - pulemir. Wood duck ngarwook. Pelican kurtpurnk. Pour - kurtpun. Laughing jackass koonet. Pather peepi. Native companion kooron. Mother nurangi. White cockatoo Sister-Elder koki. Crow - waak. ,, Younger Swan - koonoQwam. Brother-Elder • wurdi. Egg - - mirk. Younger Track of a foot timmong. A young man - nguit mar. Pish - yoori. An old man nguUong-ngul Lobster weechong. long. Crayfish youri. An old woman kookooweitch, Mosquito - keruk-keruk. Fly - wooril. A baby - poopoop. Snake goorang. A White man numerdeitoh. The Blacks - mar. Children tooki-tooki. A Blackf ellow mar. Head - peem. A Black woman - tunumbuU. Eye - mirunk* Nose - karpoong. Ear - wirrunk. HOPKINS RIVER. 495 No. 207k.— Hopkins Riv^B.—contintced. Mouth - nguUong. Boomerang - - Teeth - - tungunk. Hill - - Hair of the head - narutum. Wood - - wumgooit. Beard - - ngurrine. Stone - - murrie. Thunder - - mimdunk. Camp - - wormp. Grass - - puttong. Yes - - ko. Tongue - tulline. No - - ngee-ngee. Stomach - tookonk. I - nuttook. Breasts - nguppunk. You - - ngootook. Thigh - - pirm. Bark - - Foot - - timmong. Good - - miohong. Bone - - puckine. Bad - - kullin. Blood - - kerreek. Sweet - - nuitchong. Skin - - moom. Food - - tuUuirt. Fat - - pulloot. Hungry - purtook, pungun, Bowels - puUoin. ullonga. Excrement - - koonong. Thirsty - purtook pungun War-spear - - tullom. pureitoh. Reed-spear - - tark. Eat - - turkuk. Throwing-stick - ngurroin. Sleep - - yournunk. Shield - - marlk. Drink - - tutturk. Tomahawk - - purtpurtcut. Walk - - yaimake. Canoe - - toorong. See - - tuteunnook. Sun - - tirrum. Sit - - koopunung. Moon ■ - pirrine yannin. Yesterday - - ngamkurt. Star - - wutchook. To-day - miinkcuttee, Light - - tirrong. To-morrow - - muUebar. Dark - - purroLn. Where are the wunda mar ? Cold - - pullup-peitch. Blacks? Heat - - kuUoin. I don't know - wunda. Day - - woorome-termg. Plenty • parronk parronk. Night - - koorowuUock. Big - - meharo. Fire - • weein. Little - - kumong. Water - purretch. Dead - - kalpirran. Smoke - toong. By-and-by - - kuloo. Ground - mirring. Come on - kaka. Wind- - ngumdook. Milk - - Rain - - myyung. Eaglehawk - - God - Wild turkey - Ghosts Wife - BOOK THE TWENTIETH. VOL. in. 2 I BOOK THE TWENTIETH. PREFATORY REMARKS. The vocabularies grouped together in this book are specimens of the languages in use from the Moolamiin to the Moorabool. They are evidently nearly related, as well amongst them- selves as to those treated of in the preceding book. It may be noticed that the Loddon Eiver where it ap- proaches the Murray (Mille, as the Blacks in that neighbour- hood caUthe latter) and a portion of country near Merton, or perhaps a creek, are both called Woppoon by the Blacks. In the Moolamiin language we have cherimhoork = uncle, and kowrinuk — aunt; and in the Mount Emu language dai-a-ram^dap = uncle, alok = aunt, and wrapeh = cousin* The mode of replying to the question. Where are the Blacks? by adverb where used interrogatively, when the person questioned does not know, so frequently met with in the Eastern Division of the continent, occurs several times in this book. It has constantly been noticed by the writer that any remarkable variation of a wide-spread word is rarely confined to one locality, but that it is generally to be found in some other, perhaps a thousand miles away. As an instance, we find the word koonna or goonna = excrement (perhaps the most generally prevalent term in our languages) appearing as quan in Western Australia and as quank in the Gunbower (properly Kanbowro) vocabulary. In our languages generally there is but one term to express foot and the track of a foot, but in those dealt with in this book two distinct words are used. In several of the vocabularies, the equivalent of children is evidently a plural * Attention is drawn to these words in this and other places because practically it has been asserted that none such exist in our languages. On the subject see Vol I., page 140, of this work. 212 500 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: form of the equivalent of hahy or child, whilst they are often met with elsewhere as distinct terms. In the Kerang vocabulary we find kaalk standing for bone and wood; in other cases we know the same word is used for spear; also that kaalk, kalk, or kulka means bone in one language and spear in another ; also that wood andj'jre are often expressed by the one word, which is not kaalk. Probably, should a close examination of these words ever be made, it will be found that there are in all of our languages two terms for wood, one identical with or closely related to Jire and the other to bone and spear. No. 208a.— MOULMEIN. By the Bench of Magistrates at that Place. Kangaroo - koura. Hand - • mauanuk. Opossum - weala. 2 Blacks - - poolet de bang Tame dog - werangen. 3 Blacks - _ Wild dog - One - - kaiap. Emu - kower. Two - - poolet. , Black duck - nowera. Wood duck gunnuk. Thi^ee - - poolet kai-ap. Pelican nenungar. Four - - poolet poolet. Laughing jackass kerrong-kerrong. Father - marmook. Native companion kudthoo. Mother - qungerook. White cockatoo ginup. Sister-Elder • chargook. Crow - wa. ,, Younger - quanthanook. Swan - ■ koonawar. Brother-Elder - wakook. Egg - mirkook. Track of a foot perring. ,, Young 3r Fish - pongill. A young man - koolkoon. Lobster An old man - jerribung. Crayfish lip-lip- till. An old woman - woringoork. Mosquito lerrigon. A baby - pobena. Fly - bedik. A White man - noother. Snake - - koormiwill. The Blacks - bang. Children - pambango. A Blackfellow - kooli. Head - - mooranguk. A Black woman - layrook. Eye - - - minook. Nose - - karmuk. Ear - - weremboolok. MOULMEIN. 50 No. 208a. — MouLMEiN — continued. Mouth - charjook. Boomerang - - Teeth - ■ lia,nuk. Hill - - Hair of the head- neranuk. Wood - - bial. Beard - ngininuk. Stone - - la. Thunder - - munder. Camp - - lurr. Grass - - boaitch. Yes - - nowe. Tongue - challinguk. No - - - womba. Stomach - wongebuk. I - - - niak. Breasts - chaneguk. You - - - niam. Thigh - brajuk. Foot - - chinanuk. Bark - - mooachup. Bone - - kalkook. Good - - dalkook. Blood - - koorkook. Bad - - yatamutohuk. Skin - - - talankook. Sweet - - urtoha, witcha. Fat - - babalook. Food - - punam. Bowels - chinginook. Hungry - wikanda. Excrement - - koonanook. Thirsty - - peringonyonda. War-spear - - koioone. Eat - - - chukalanda. Eeed-spear - - charam. Sleep - - koombanda. Throwing-stick Shield- - - perband. - kuUerwel. Drink - - koopalanda. Tomahawk - ■ teer. Walk- - yarrawonda. Canoe - - yungwitch. See - - nowanda. Sun - - nowa. Sit - - naimuk. Moon - - wongwel. Yesterday - - kallekellikt. Star - - toort. To-day - killewitch. Light - - wying. To-morrow - - berbool. Dark - - - poroong. Where are the wingalook bang Cold - - bonbondolong. Blacks? Heat - bay - Night - Fire - Water - wiarnuk. I don't know - winga? - pearp. Plenty - parook. - poroong. - wunap. - kathun. Big - Little - - ■ ■ koorumlbit. - murduk. Smoke - poort. Dead - - wathinging. Ground - chak. By-and-by - - killamin. Wind- - memig. Come on - kooraman. Kain - - mithak. Milk - - God - - - Eaglehawk - - Ghosts - tallewidoobuk, Wild turkey - nuther. Wife - ' 502 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 208b.— LAKE BOCA. By Mounteb-constable Leonaed Fawcett, Local Guardian of the Aborigines at Swan Hill. Kangaroo - kora. Hand - - mananyook. Opossum willa. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - werangen. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - One - - kaiup. Emu - kowir. Two - - pooletya. Black duck - Wood duck - nini. nunnuk. Three - - pooletya kaiup. Pelican ninnankora. Four - - pooletya-poolet Laughing jackass quong-quong. ya. Native companion kooteen. Father - marnok. White cockatoo katakur. Mother ■ parbuk. Crow - owar. Sister-Elder - tartuk. Swan - quinowar. , , Younger - Egg - ■ mi-urk. Brother-Elder - wa-wi. Track of a foot parring. , ,, Younger Fish - piangil. A young man - kulkera. Lolttster An old man - narambin. Crayfish - Mosquito - lippekil. - lawi. An old woman - winyingarrok. Fly - - pittik. A baby - puppok. Snake - - quemmil. A White man - ni-tung-i. The Blacks - bang. Children - - painbago. A Blaokfellow - kooli. Head - - porp. A Black woman - winyin. Eye - - mir. Nose ■ - kamook. Bar - - wirumbool. T,AKE BOGA. 503 No. 208b.— Lake BoQA—cmtinued. Mouth - itchekarup. Boomerang - . Teeth - - Ua. Hill - Hair of the head - naraporp. Wood - - kaalk. Beard - - nanyenook. Stone - - poat. Thunder - - mumda. Camp - - larr. Grass - - poat. Yes - - yeya. Tongue - tallinyook. No ■ - womba. Stomach - witchibook. I - woUanyerk. Breasts ■ tangook. You - - woUaning. Thigh - - kamook. Bark - - michuk. Foot - Bone - - chinanyook. - kallkook. Good - - telkook. Blood - - kurrabook. Bad - - . yattandook. Skin - - mitruk. Sweet - - witta-witta. Fat - - papalook. Pood - - yoowirra. Bowels - porpgunayook. Hungry wikun. Excrement - - quinayook. Thirsty - purnmgunyon. War-spear - - quira. Eat - - jakkalong. Reed-spear ■ - toharrok. Sleep - • koombang. Throwing-stick - piurpin. Drink - - koopon. Shield - - muUkura. Walk - - yanner. Tomahawk - - tirr. See - nia-Tiia, Canoe - ■ yungoot. Sit - - ninuk. Sun - - nowi. Moon - • miteyan. Yesterday - - kalUk-kalUk. Star - - toort. To-day ■ kampaginga. Light - - win. To-morrow - ■ perrapo. Dark - - porroin. Where are the windyallo kooli ? Cold - - merindooma. Blacks ? Heat - - karti. I don't know - windy a? Day - - now-yi. Plenty - kittowel. Night - - porroin. Big - korangandook. Fire - - wonnup. Little - wittiyook. Water - kartin. Dead - - waikin. Smoke - port. Ground - cha. By-and-by - kamboor. Wind- - merring. Come on - kakai. Rain i .- - mittuk. Milk - God - - mammonggorak. Eaglehawk - Ghosts - narnook, chal- Wild turkey liwitup. Wife - 504 THE AUSTRALIAN KACB : No. 208c.— THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OP LAKE BOGA, PROBABLY MOORERBAT AND THE LOWER LODDON. By the Whiter. Kangaroo - kore. Hand - munna. Opossum wille. 2 Blacks - polet kooli. Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - werangen. kowir. 3 Blacks - One - polet kai-up kooli - kai-up. Black duck - ngari. Two - polet. Wood duck - ngunuk. Three - - polet kai-up. Pelican ninungoor. Four - - polet polet. Laughing jackass korn-korn. Father maamoo. Native companioii White cockatoo Crow - kotun. chinop. wa. Mother Sister-Elder - pabe. - chaohe. Swan - koonoowar. , , Younger kotode. Egg - - mirk. Brother-Elder - waawe. Track of a foot paring. ,, Younger koti. Fish - A young man - kolkroon. Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - - Snake The Blacks - yapitch. leroo. - pit-tik. kornmil. baang. An old man An old woman A baby A White man Children - ngarambe. • wonyinakork. - paingoo. - painbangoo. A Blackf ellow kooli. Head - - pirpook. A Black woman - leoork. Eye - - mirnook. Nose - - kaa. Bar ■ wirmboolook. THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OP LAKE BOGA, ETC. 505 No. 208c — The Neighboubhood or Lake Boga — continued. Mouth - taarbook. Boomerang - - Teeth - lea. Hill - - Hair of the head- ngara. Wood- - wnnnup. Beard - - nganui. Stone - - laa. Thunder - - murndar. Camp - - larr. Grass - - boait. Yes - - i-ya. Tongue - challe. No - - weumba. Stomach - wudjup. I - woloonyek. Breasts - koorm. You - - woonyin. Thigh - kar. Bark - - toolem. Foot - - chinna. Good - - talkook. Bone - - kaalkook. Bad - - yattang. Blood - - koork. Sweet - - wittea. Skin - Fat - Bowels Excrement - War-spear - Eeed-spear - Thro wing-stick Shield - - michook. - papoolook. - toorekoonna. - koonna. - koo-i-oon. - jaraam. - karik. - malkar. Food (flesh) ,, (vegetable Hungry Thirsty Eat - Sleep - Drink - - yowir. - paanim. - wika. - barungoonya. - tukkali. - koomba. - koopa. Tomahawk - - tir. Walk - - yanna. Canoe - - yoonkooit. See - - - naikala. Sun - - nowii-. Sit - - naianga. Moon - - mittean. Yesterday - - chaUik-challik. Star - - toort. To-day - kamba. Light - - waing. To-morrow - - perrapoo. Dark - - poroin. Where are the windjola kooli ? Cold - - boonboondola. Blacks ? Heat - - woonwoondola. I don't know - windja? Day - - nowir. Plenty - kittowil. Night- - - poroin. Big - - korandook. Fire - - wnnnup. Little - - wootiook. Water - kaatin. Dead - - wegun. Smoke - poort. By-and-by - - kambum. Ground - oha. Come on - - kakai. Wind- - merin. Milk - - Rain - - mittak. Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 506 THE AUSTRALIAN KACE : No. 208d.— GONN STATION, MURRAY RIVER. By John McCarthy, Esq. Kangaroo - - koora. Hand - - mananook. Oposaum - willa. 2 Blacks - - pellige kooli. Tame dog - - werangun. 3 Blacks - - pellige karp Wild dog - kooli. Emu - - kowir. One - - karp. Black duck - - nerre. Two - - pellige. Wood duck - - nonnuk. Pelican - Tiiinungoor. Three - - pellige karp. Laughing jackasa koorong-koorong. Four - ' - - pellige-pellige Native companion kuthon. Father - marne. White cockatoo - jinup. Mother - quingoni. Crow - - waga. Sister-Elder - charche. Swan - - koonawar. ,, Younger - Egg - - - merkook. Brother-Elder - wooi. Track of a foot - perring. Young er Fish - - jowwill. A young man - kolkoa. Lobster - An old man - cherribong. Crayfish - Mosquito - • lip-lip-kill. - leroo. An old woman - winimgoor. Fly - - - pitchi. A baby - poban. Snake - - koniwil. A White man - The Blacks - - bang. Children - pimbango. A Blaokf ellow - kooli. Head - - moranoo. A Black woman - leurook. Bye - - merrino. Nose - - karnook. Ear - - wimbolo. GONN STATION, MURRAY RIVER. 507 No. 208d. — GoNN Station, Murray River — contirmed. Mouth • worronook. Boomerang - - Teeth - - liamook. Hill - _ Hau: of the head - naranauk. Wood - - kumbowi. Beard - - noninook. Stone - - larr. Thunder • - mondar. Camp - - larrer. Grass - Tongue - poowotch. - ohallenook. Yes - - nongi. Stomach - widjibiabo. No - - - yambk. Breasts - chongo. I - yandong. Thigh - kamook. Yon - - ninan. Foot - - chiuouook. Bark - - tolang. Bone - - maderook. Good - - dalko. Blood - - kooroko. Bad - - yathanuntook. Skin - - witchook. Sweet - - wotayar. Fat - - pappolo. Food - - poonioom. Bowels - koonooquanwik. Hungry - wolkunder. Excrement - - koonni. Thirsty - punkunnooder. War-spear - - koo-o-ia. Eat - - chukelander. Reed-spear - - charam. Sleep - - qombander. Throwing-stick - korrik. Drink - - kobbalander. Shield - mulkar. Tomahawk - - deerr. Walk - - jarwander. Canoe - - yoonguch. See - - narkalander. Sun - - nowi. Sit - - narwonter. Moon - ■ wyngwil. Yesterday - - jellik-jellik. Star - - toort. To-day - kilarwit. Light - - parap. To-morrow - - berrpoo. Dark - - parong. Where are the wingella kooli ? Cold - - bonbondabong. Blacks? Heat - - narngar. I don't know - wingari? Day - - nowi. Plenty - barrok. Night - - pori. Big - - - quormbirn. Fire - - wonnup. Little - - mertook. Water - kuthin. Dead - - mertiugin. Smoke - poarti. By-and-by - - kaliman. Ground - jar. Come on - quam. Wind- - - merring. Milk - - Rain - - mittok. Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 508 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 208e.— GUNBOWER STATION. By Messes. Mickib and Sandy. Kangaroo - koora. Hand - maanuk. Opossum willa. 2 Blacks - Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - werangen. kowri. 3 Blacks - One - kaapmin. Black duck - noori. Two - pledgoo. Wood duck , kooroonoo. Three - pledgoo kaap. Pelican Laughing jackass nirunga. kooran-kooran . Four - Father pledgoo pledgoo mami. Native companion kootan. White cockatoo - kinnap. Crow - - - wa. Mother Sister-Elder papi. - koota. Swan - - gunnaworra. „ Younger tati. Egg - • murguk. Brother-Elder waawi. Track of a foot Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Ply - - Snake - paring. - wirringil. - yampit. - liroo. - bithuk. - koomwil. ,, Younger A young man An old man An old woman A baby A White man koolquorn. wingin. - wingingurk. - poopan. The Blacks - - parooquili. Children - pian-pian-koo. A Blackf ellow ■ kooli. Head - - mooranuk. A Black woman - laurk. Bye - - mirrinik. Nose - - kaanuk. Ear - - wirmoolook. GUNBOWER STATION. 509 No. 208e.— GuNBOWER Mouth - tharbuk. Teeth - - lianuk. Hair of the head- narranuk. Beard - narrinuk (?) . Thunder - - moorandara. Grass - - yi-ing. Tongue - tallinuk. Stomach - beelinuk. Breasts - koorumbuk. Thigh - kaarchuk. Foot - - chinnanuk. Bone - - maarderuk. Blood - - korrookuk. Skin - - mithuk. Fat - - babulook. Bowels ■ babciuank. Excrement - - quank. War-spear - - kigum. Reed-spear - - garram. Throwing-stick - karik. Shield - malga. Tomahawk - - taree. Canoe - yungooit. Sun - - nowee. Moon - - wiangnil. Star - - toort. Light - - wiring. Dark - - poorooin. Cold - - poonpoondelang. Heat - - Day ■ , - - kaathen bootong. Night - - kaaralkmin. Fire - - waanap. Water - kathin. Smoke - Ground - ja. Wind - - mirrin. Rain - - midthok. God - - - Ghosts - Station — continued. Boomerang - Hill - Wood - - beeyal. Stone - - - la. Camp - - - larrh. Yes - - - ungwee. No - - - karraba. I - - . naaik. You - - - neen. Bark - Good - - - talguk. Bad - - - tuilika. Sweet- - - talguk. Food - - pyonim. Hungry - - wigonda. Thirsty - - paringoonya. Eat - - . kailon. Sleep - - - quamba. Drink- - - qubillon. Walk - - - yanga. See .. - - naagundad. Sit - - Yesterday - - thallik-thallik. To-day - - killowit. To-morrow - - parragoor. Where are the thala parooquili ? Blacks? I don't ^now - barrabba. Plenty - - parook. Big . - - kooroombit. Little - - - mirdook. Dead - - - waathin. By-and-by - - killomin. Come on - Milk - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey Wife -, 510 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 208e.— MOUNT HOPE— PANYOOL DIALECT. By the Writer. Kangaroo - - koora. Hand - . Opossum - - wille. 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - - 3 Blacks - _ Wild dog - - One - - kai-ap-men. Emu - • kowur. Two - - poUiger. Black duck _ Wood duck . Three - - poUiger kaiap. Pelican . Four - - poUiger poUiger. Laughing jackass Father - Native companion kut-thoon. Mother - White cockatoo - chinap. Sister-Elder - chachip, Crow - - wa. „ Younger - Swan - • - - Brother-Elder - wawo. Egg - - mirgook. ,, Younger Track of a foot - A young man - Fish - - An old man - woonwil. Lobster _ An old woman . Crayfish - Mosquito - - A baby - pooper. Ply . . . A White man - moanyit. Snake - koorwe. Children - - papingook. The Blacks - - peang. Head - - mooranyool. A Blaokfellow - Eye - - mirrenyook, mir A Black woman - leyoorook. nook. Nose - - kanyook. Ear - - MOUNT HOPE. OJ No. 2081 .—Mount Hope— Pantool Dialect— con^Mwed. Mouth champook. Boomerang - - Teeth - lianyook. Hill - ■ Hair of the head ■ ngaranyook. Wood - - Beard - Stone - - Thunder - • mondarp. Camp - - Grass - - ye-in. Yes - - ngoe. Tongue No - - purrerbook. Stomach I - ngen. Breasts You - - Thigh - Bark - - Foot - - ohinanyook. Good - - Bone - Bad - - yettheminook Blood - Sweet - - Skin - Food - - Fat - Hungry - Bowels Thirsty - Excrement - - popan. Eat - - War-spear •■ - ko-i-oon. Sleep - - Eeed-speai - Drink - - Throwing-stick Walk - - Shield Tomahawk - Canoe - Sun - Moon - Star - Light - Dark - Cold - - - tiir. - yoongut. See - Sit - Yesterday - - - To-day To-morrow - Where are Blacks? I don't know - kelowit. the Heat - - Plenty - Day - - Big - - Night - - - Little - - Fire - - wonap. Dead - - Water - By-and-by - - Smoke Ground Wind- Rain - God - - - mithap. Come on - Milk - - Eaglehawk ■ Wild turkey - koamit. Ghosts - Wife - - 512 THE AUSTRALIAN BACB ; No. 208o.— KBRANG, LODDON RIVER. By the Whiter. Kangaroo - - waamha. Hand - - munna. Opossum - wille. 2 Blacks - - poUaich baang. Tame dog - - werangun. 3 Blacks - - poUaich kaiup Wild dog - baang. Emu - - kowir. One - - kaiup. Black duck / - Two - - pollaich. Wood duck - ngunuk. Three - ■ pollaich kaiup. Pelican - nenungoor. Four - - poUaioh-poUaich Laughing jackass korung-korung. Father - maamin. Native companion kotun. Mother - baabin. White cockatoo - chinnap. Sister-Elder - chaoh. Crow - Swan - - waar. - koonoowarra. „ Younger Brother-Elder - waawin. Egg - - Track of a foot Fish - Lobster Crayfish - mirk. - paring. - wainjal. - yaapiteh. ,, Younger kootminyin. A young man - kolkoorn. An old man - ngoonyim. An old woman - ngoonyimgoork. Mosquito - Fly - - - leri. - pittik. A baby A White man - pop- - mongandi, Snake - - kornmil. Children - - embengoo. The Blacks - - kooli. Head - - morengin, por- A Blackfellow - baang. pin. A Black woman - lai-oork. Eye - - miming. Nose - - kaa. Ear - - wirmbool. KERANG, LODDON RIVER. 513 No. 208o.— Kebang, Loddon 'Riteb,— continued. Mouth - kaar. Boomerang - - Teeth - - lia. Hill - - Hair of the head - ngara. Wood- - kaalk. Beard - - nganni. Stone - - laar, kotup. Thunder - mundar. Camp - - ngar. Grass - - boaitch, ying. Yes - - onge. Tongue ■ challe. No - - waamba. Stomach - wiitchoop. I - ngaitoh. Breasts - chaang. You - - ngen. Thigh - Bark - - tolem. Foot - - chinna. Good - - talkook. Bone - - kaalk. Bad - - yatanandook. Blood - - koork. Sweet - - witche-witche. Skin - - mitch. talkook. Fat - - bapool. Food (flesh) - yowir. Bowels - paapkoona. , , (vegetable) - paanim. Excrement - - koonua. Hungry - wiga. War-spear - - koo-i-oom. Thirsty - bangoonya. Reed-spear ■ - cherram-cheram. Eat - - chakelang. Throwing-stick - kaarik. Sleep ■ - komba. Shield - malkar, kallawil. Drink - - koppa. Tomahawk - - ter. Walk - - yan-ga. Canoe - yoongooitoh. See - - nai-an-ga. Sun - - nowi. Sit - nienga. Moon - - waingmil. Yesterday - - jelli-jellik. Star - - toort. To-day - kelanowik. Light - - waing. To-morrow - - barpoo. Dark - - boroin. Where are the windjatokooli Cold - - mirinjuma. Blacks ? Heat - - wonmoondillong. I don't know - wind] a? Day - - nowi. Plenty - baarook. Night - - boroin. Big - - korombit. Fire - - wunnap. Little - - mirtook. Water - kattin. Dead - - wiikin. Smoke - boort. By-and-by - - bataga. Ground - ja. Come on - nooga yannuk. Wind - - merring. Milk - - Rain - - mittuk. Baglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - VOL. III. 2 K 514 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 208h.— NATTI-YALLOOK AND STUART-MILL. By the Weitee. Kangaroo - kora. Hand - - munya. Opossum wille. 2 Blacks - . Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck - Pelican kal. yowir. ngare. piap-piap. 3 Blacks - One - Two - Three - - Four - - kiap. - poolet. - poolet pe kiap - poolet poolet. Laughing jackass koark. Father - mamook. Native companion noorkquang. Mother - babook. White cockatoo - chinyap. Sister-Elder - chaohook. Crow - Swan - Egg - - - Track of a foot - Fish - waa. koonoowar. mirk. bakook. wiirap. ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - wawook. Younger A young man - tingatook. Lobster An old man - ngarbe. Crayfish yapit. An old woman - winnungoork. Mosquito - Ply - Snake The Blacks - A Blackfellow - ■ lirre. ■ biityik. koornmil. koole. koole. A baby A White man Children Head - - po-pop. - wamakit. - poorp. A Black woman - paibebook. Bye - - mir. Nose - ■ kaa, E^r - - wirmbool. NATTI-YALLOOK AND STUART-MILL. 0 No. 208H. — Natti-Yallook and Stitart-Mill- -contirmed. Mouth wooro. Boomerang - Teeth - Ua. Hill - Hair of the head ngarnook. Wood - wi. Beard - ngagne. Stone - - laa. Thunder - - mumdar. Camp - - lar. Grass - Tongue Stomach Breasts boait, - tohalle. - pilinyook. - karbok. Yes - No - I - ye-ye. - nge-nge. - wokok. Thigh - - kaar. You - - waan. Foot - - chinna. Bark - Bone - - kalkok. Good ■ Blood - - korook. Bad - Skin - - mltchook. Sweet - Fat - - papoolok. Food - Bowels Excrement - War-spear - - koonna. - kooioon. Hungry Thirsty Eat - - Beed-spear - - ohark. Sleep - . Throwing-stiok - kaarik. Drink - . Shield - - malkar. Walk - Tomahawk - - partik. See - - Canoe - - yoo-gooip. Sit - . Sun - Moon - Star - Light - Dark - Cold - Heat - - ngawe. - yel. - toort. - paarip. - boroin. - mootelong. - woorokal. Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are the Blacks ? I don't know windja kooli - windja? Day - Night - - paarip. - boroin. Plenty Big - - - martook. Fire - - wi. Little - - Water - katchin. Dead - Smoke - boort. By-and-by - - Ground - cha. Come on Wind - - mai-a. Milk - - Rain - - woUa. Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts 2 Wife - K2 " 515 516 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 208 1.— MOUNT EMU. By Sir Samuel Wilsok. Kangaroo - koraa. Hand - - Opossum wille. 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - kaal. 3 Blacks - . Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck- Pelican yowarr. maree. bearp-bearp. - patyangal. One - Two - Three - Pour - - kyap. - boolait. - boolait boo kyap - boolait boo boo- Laughing jackass kowark. lait. Native companion gutun. Pather - mamay. White cockatoo katyakar. Mother - papay. Crow - waa. Sister-Elder - tyatgay. Swan - Elgg . . Track of a foot Pish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly . . Snake - goonoowarra. mirk. - baray. „ Younger - Brother-Elder - noway. ,, Younger yaparte. - layray. mooroo. - kurumil. A young man An old man An old woman A baby A White man - tringit te koolay - mategooly. - matebangerago. - poopoop. - amaikeek. The Blacks - koolay. Children - poopoop. A Blackfellow - koolay. Head - - poorop. A Black woman - byang, byango. Eye - - myrr. Nose - Ear - - wirmbool. MOUNI EMU. No. 2081.— Mown Emtt — continvied. Mouth wooroo. Boomerang - Teeth - leea. Hill - Hair of the head ugarra. Wood - Beard - ngayay. Stone - Thunder - Camp - Grass - Yes - Tongue No - Stomach I Breasts You - Thigh - Bark - Foot - Good - Bone - Bad - Blood - Sweet - Skin - Pood - Fat - Hungry Bowels Thirsty Excrement - Eat - War-spear - Sleep - Reed-spear - Drink - Throwing-stick Walk- Shield- Tomahawk - See - Sit Canoe - Sun - Moon - Star - Light - Dark - - Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are the Blacks? Cold - I don't know Heat - Plenty Day - Big - Night - Little - Fire - Dead - Water Smoke Ground Wind - Rain - God - boodudyall. By-and-by - Come on Milk - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey Ghosts karal. Wife - 517 518 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 208j.— MOORABOOL— JIBBERIN LANGUAGE. By the Writbk. Kangaroo - - koim. Hand - - mirnuk. Opossum - woUert. 2 Blacks - - polagi kooli. Tame dog - - kal. 3 Blacks - polagi koinmet ta Wild dog - - kooli. Emu - - kowir. One - koinmet. Black duck - - tolom. Wood duck Two - polagi. Pelican - birdungal. Three - polagi koinmet. Laughing jackass kowaruk. Pour - polagi polagi. Native companion porenget. Father bitjung. White cockatoo - kinnap. Mother ngardung. Crow - - wa. Sister-Elder wooranark. Swan - - koonoowarra. ,, Younger Egg - - kie. Brother-Elder waartoong. Track of a foot „ Younger waangut. Fish - Lobster koein. A young man goolgun. Crayfish Mosquito - tchoriong. ngaioong. An old man An old woman pidjarongjnedok. mudogoork. Fly - ■ chogot. A baby Snake - koornmil. A White man ngammaigi. The Blacks - boorogn. Children - A Blackfellow kooli. Head - - - moork. A Black woman - baiargook. Eye - mir. Nose - kaanatuk. Ear - wirnaatuk. MOORABOOL. 519 No. 208j. — MooEABOOL — JiBBEEiN LANGUAGE — Continued. Mouth - wooro. Boomerang - - Teeth - leanatuk. Hill - - - Hair of the heac - ngarmooretuk. Wood - wiin. Beard - Stone - - laark. Thunder - - mundara. Camp - - karong. Grass - - paraark. Yes - - e-or-ge. Tongue - galanatuk. No - - noolam. Stomach - gtongatuk. I - Breasts - baab. You - - Thigh - - karingatuk. Bark - - moorat. Foot - - chinnongatuk. Good - - koonibenyook. Bone - - Bad ~ - noolam (?). Blood - - Sweet - Skin - - mityatuk. Food - _ Fat - - maamboolatuk. Hungry - Bowels - Thirsty - Excrement - - Eat - - koodjalla. War-spear - - kaarp. Sleep - - kombangat. Reed-spear - - jaark. Drink - - ngobiith. Throwing-stick - daar, murreone. Walk - - yannoik. Shield - malga. See - . Tomahawk - - kalbalerak. Sit - . Canoe - - korong, yaoot." Yesterday - - taleo. Sun - - mering. To-day . Moon - - yert. " J Star - - toortberang. To-morrow - - Light - - yeramb. Where are the Dark - - moorgal. Blacks? Cold - - motoongating. I don't know - Heat - - kongat. Plenty - dedarbil. Day - - yeramb. Big - - - Night - moorgal. Little - - Fire - - wiin. De3,d - - dedangatoo. Water - ngobik. By-and-by - - Smoke - bolt. Come on - yanna, worrewa Ground - jaar. ko-ko. Wind- - kutgirt. Milk - ■■ - Rain - - Eaglehawk - - God - - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - BOOK THE TWENTY-FIRST. BOOK THE TWENTY-FIRST. PREFATORY REMARKS. The language of which specimens of four dialects are given in this book was spoken by twelve or fourteen tribes. Its vocabularies have many words which agree with those in the last book. With the Ngooraialum tribe (language No. 209a) I was well acquainted when a young man, and knew something of their language. Concerning the country occupied by the tribes dwelt on in this book, I have received the following information from Albert A. 0. Le Souef, Esq., who had, in the early days of the colony, excellent oppor- tunities of being well informed on the subject. He says : — " Starting from the first available country on the Upper Goulburn, as far down as the present Yea or Doogalook, and taking the Miller's Creek country (where the Plenty River tribe came in), the Bootherboolok had their habitations, and numbered, I should think, some one hundred souls. Then down the river to the Old Crossing Place (now Tabilk) came the Natrakboolok Blacks, occupying both banks of the river. This tribe would also, I am of opinion, number one hundred persons, old and young. All the country from the Dividing Range, where Heathcote now is, and Pyalong, belonged to the Nerboolok, one of their principal haunts being the curious little hUl near Bradford, known as the Sugarloaf. This tribe, I think, must have numbered fully two hundred souls. From the Old Crossing Place, on the Goulburn, down to about the present Toolamba, was owned by the Ngooraialum; below Toolamba the strong and numerous Bangerang tribe owned the river, as you are aware, to its junction with the 524 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Murray. The Ngooraialum stood rather in dread of the Bangerang, and never, I think, felt very comfortable if camped mnch below what is now Murchison. On the north of the river they went back to the Seven Creeks and the present Violet Town, where they met the Upper Broken Eiver and Ovens Blacks. On the south they owned the country which at present constitutes Whroo and Eushworth, and met the Pimpandoor on the Wongulta and Colbinabbin Plains. The Ngooraialum, Bootherboolok, Natrakboolok, and Nerboolok were very much mixed up by intermar- riages, and often fought together against the Bangerang and Pimpandoor. I think the Ngooraialum mustered two hundred souls, old and young, and that the total number of the four tribes would be six hundred. My information about the location of the tribes I obtained from an intelligent Natrakboolok, Ned Narrabin by name ; the numbers I have given are from my own observation, but I had considerable opportunities of judging, and I don't think I am far wrong. I may say that I think the estimate of the entire population given in Brough Smyth's work very much below the actual number. The four tribes I have spoken of formed a sort of petty nation; they spoke the same language, and, as I have said, fought side by side, though separated into distinct tribes, each owning its own territory." It is now about thirty-four years since I last heard Ngoo- raialum spoken, and the following Additional Words and Phrases are all I can call to mind: — Stringybark-tree - - . . irip. Gum-tree . - - . . beal. Box-tree birtpool. Yam - mo-i-yool, barum. Yam-stick ... - - wolo-ain. Mamia - - - - - - laap. Ruddle or red ochre - - noro-noro. As damper, or bush bread, was baked in the ashes, in the same way that the Blacks converted a certain sort of red clay in to ruddle, the Ngooraialum called damper noro^ and PREFATORY REMARKS. 525 inthage noro mitta Cowel (give bread Mr. Curr) was at one time a very common sound in my ears. Indian com - - - - - narangat. Blanket - . . . . yallanebirong- Plain waark. Blacks outside of those known to bukkeen. the tribe Creek ------ yellami. Names of Greeks in the Countet of the Noooeaiaium. Eaglehawk Creek Dog Creek Opossum Creek Crayfish Creek yellami Poongil. yellami Erangen. yellami WoUert. yellami Boongangooloom. yellami goloro. Ring-tailed opossum - - - pigil. Lyrebird booUum-boollum. A sort of duck - - . . koonabbil. Ibis ..--.. paipadjerook. Women baadjerboolok. Yellam, bark of a tree and also camp, seems to have been changed into ilium, to express the people who dwelt in any land. Thus we have Waaringulum, to denote the people who dwelt lower down on the Goulburn, which the Ngoo- raialum called Waaring; Wongatpaiillum, the tribe which dwelt at Wongat, a part of the Moira; Tidneillum, men who come from Sydney, and probably Ifgooaiillum, people of Ngoorai, contracted into Ngooraialum. Opossum-rug thathowool. Anus moom. Talk thomnge. Boys ------ kolinoro. Girls booboonark. Husband . . - - . koliin. Give me a fire-stick (or fire) - - inthaje wiin. (I have) no fire - . - - aiabuntukka wiin. Thin nelamjuk. To evacuate ----- konyoobok. None ------ ai-i-a. Sick jerrarning. Look there ----- naangano. 526 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Let us go - - - - - - yanne. Make haate ----- onde. Where (is my) wife ? - - : - indakorrin baadjur ? (I) don't know indunga. Darling, or dear - - . . oonyamnik. To-morrow I will go - - - yeramboi pooringdaring. Fetch water ----- waamduk baarn. (I'm) dry konboothinal. Reach (me my) tomahawk - - konak karagik. To-morrow I'll fight - - - yeramboi chipcherangan. To-morrow I will go to Colbinabbin- yeramboi karnambathin Kolbinabbin. There are plenty of yams there - woorthoondok poiul chondo. To-morrow I hunt emu - - - yeramboi pooringdaring baraimal. Be off - - - ■ - - tooi ! or towakjanni ! Names of Places in the Neighbourhood of Colbinabbin. WoUinjo. Ariogobarning. Toonaiba. iniumbubil. Boobarndoo (Mount Scobie). Nammerong. Yibberithoop. Koragorag (now called Crag-crag). Puramburt (now called Burramboot). Paboinboolok (Lake Cooper). Goberip. Gargarro. Kraigin. Yallook (The Campaspe). Purniwong. Beul. Woranga. Korop. Taimuruig (now called Timmering). Wongulta (called One-halter Plaia). Chirazabel. Baangyoobyne. Ttirndaim. Konela (called Cornelia Creek). PREFATORY REMARKS. 527 Names ov Men. Kolopka. Wawgroot. Berrm-berrin, or spur- winged plover. Names of Women. Poormaning. Karwitha. Tapaming. Turtool. Orgenangarook. The dialect of the tribe (now extinct for some forty years) on whose country stands the city of Melbourne was early collected by the late Daniel Bunce, and in 1856 published under the title of Language of the Aborigines of the Colony of Victoria. Mr. Bunce, who eventually became manager of the public gardens at Greelong, worked about Melbourne in the forties, for my father amongst others, as a gardener. Though we owe it to his efforts that any record of the Mel- bourne language is extant, it is necessary to say that he was quite uncultivated as regards languages ; that his vocabulary is evidently replete with errors, and can only be depended on when the most simple words are concerned. As the title of his little work shows, Mr. Bunce was under the impression that all the Victorian tribes spoke the same language. As regards the river which flows through the country which used to be occupied by the tribe under consideration, its name was not Yarra-Yarra, but Bay-ray-rung, as I have been informed by Blacks resident at Ooranderrk, whose fathers dwelt on its banks. The name Yarra-Yarra was re- ported by Mr. Wedge, a surveyor, who came upon it with a strange Black from Geelong. The latter probably when he saw it exclaimed yanna ! yanna ! or it flows ! it flows ! and that this exclamation, imperfectly noted, was accepted as the name of the river. The Melbourne Blacks used to throw the boomerang with greater skill than any others I have witnessed. In their hands it was a wonderful toy. 528 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; No. 209a.— SEYMOUR TO MURCHISON, PART OF GOULBURN RIVER, WHROO, ETC.— NGOORALALUM LANGUAGE. Bt the Writer. Kangaroo - - maram. Hand - - mirnong. Opossum - - woUert. 2 Blacks - - polabel koliin- Tame dog - - yerangen. boolok. Wild dog - Emu - - baraimal. Black duck - tolom. Wood duck - paokmoom. Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion krork. 3 Blacks - One • Two - Three - Four - - polabel koptoon koliinboolok. - kop, koptun. - polabel. - polabel kop. - polabel-polabel. White cockatoo - kaan. Father - manmoornong. Crow - - wong. Mother - bawain. Swan - - koonoowarra. Sister-Elder - paanbin. Egg - - - dirandil. ,, Younger - Track of a foot - Brother-Elder - bumumbi. Fish - Lobster - boonggangoo- loom, - kogok. - moouoloom. „ Youngc Young men- r - yen-yen-boolok. Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - • An old man An old woman A baby - thaingola. - wirkoork. - pobop. Snake - - koloonoon. A White man - ngamaigi. The Blacks - koliinboolok. Children - A Blackf ellow - koliin. Head - - kowong. A Black woman - baadjur. Eye - - merin. Nose - - kaag. Ear - - wim. SEYMOUR TO MURCHISON, BTC. 529 No. 209a.— Setmoue to Mttechison, Part or Goxjlburn Eivee, Wheoo, Etc. — NoooKAiALTJM Language — continued. Mouth - woorro. Boomerang - - Teeth - laan. Hill - - - pannol. Hair of the heac - kowung. Wood - - kaalk. Beard Stone - - moegin, batto- Thunder - - ngondabil. batto. Grass , - boai. Gamp - - yellam. Tongue - tchellang. Yes - - - ai-e. Stomach • barbagon. No - - thago. Breasts - hiring, brim-brim I - waan. Thigh - - - dering. You - - waar. Foot - - ohinnong. Bark - - - yellam. Bone - - kalgo. Good - - pondap. Blood - - kork. Bad - - mattabe. Skin - - marok. Sweet - _ Fat - - marmbool. Food - _ Bowels - koomong. Hungry - niribrooia. Excrement - - koomong. Thirsty - bekoonian. War-spear - - ko-i-oon. Eat - - - thange. Reed-spear - - djerar. Sleep - - kurnambooman. Throwing-stick - karek, marewun. Drink - - ngoban. Shield - - girab. Walk- - y-annonan. Tomahawk - - karagik. See - - nganoonan. Canoe - - korom. Sit - - allambanan. Sun - - nganmiai. Yesterday - - yulungoi. Moon - - miman.l Star - - toort. To-day - karemin. Light - karemin. To-morrow - - yeramboi. Dark - - boroiu, moolok- Where are ;he indakoriu koliin moolok. Blacks ? boolok? Cold - - motoon. I don't know - Ludiinga. Heat - uarawing, ngam- Plenty - woorthoondok. Day - mai. - karemin. Big - - •■ woortaboo. Night - - boroin. Little - - wikork. Fire - - wiin. Dead - - wimdabil. Water - baam, woUoon. By-and-by - - mallemalto. Smoke • boort. Come on - ngonde. Ground - biik, pik. Milk - Wind - - gorin. Rain - - yeul. Eaglehawk - - poongil. God - - Wild turkey - birrail. Ghosts - Wife - - baadjur. VOL. III. 2 L 530 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 209b.— HEALESVILLE, UPPER YARRA— OOEONGIR LANGUAGE. By the Weiter. Kangaroo - Opossum Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - - - Black duck - Wood duck - Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Crow Swan Egg - - Track of a foot - Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Ply - - - Snake - The Blacks - A Blackfellow - A Black woman - Nose - - koim. wollert. werangun. baraimal. tolom. bebeup. waajil. tororo. krork. ngaiook. waan. koonoowara. dirandin. baareng. boongangooloom. kogok. kurumburra. koornmil. koliinboolok. kolin. baidjarook. kaaong. Hand - 2 Blacks 3 Blacks mimong. One - - kaambo. Two - - benjero. Three - - benjero kaambo Four - - benjero on benjero. Father - maama. Mother - paapa. Sister-Elder - laandan. ,, Younger - Brother-Elder - baangain. „ Younger A young man - jeje. An old man - wigabbil. An old woman - moondegork. A baby - pobop. A White man - ngammaigi. Children - Head - - kowong. Eye - - mirn. Bar - - wim, HEALESVILLE, UPPER YARRA. 531 No. 209b. — Heaiesvillb, Uppbk Yabka— OORONGIE Language- -coTiiinued. Mouth - - woorro. Boomerang - - Teeth - - leurn. Hill - - Hair of the heae - yarre-kowong. Wood - - kaal. Beard - - yarre-umdok. Stone - - laan. Thunder - ngondabbil. Camp - - willam. Grass - - boai. Yes - - yi-yi. Tongue - tchillong. No - yootha. Stomach - boet. I - aarambik. Breasts - birring. You - - marambina. Thigh - - djereng. Bark - - willam. Foot - - chinnong. Bone - - nillung. Good - - pondap. Blood - - kork. Bad - - nuUam. Skin - - paap. Sweet - - Fat - - marmbool. Food - - Bowels - koonna. Hungry - nerebrooin. Excrement ■ - goon. Thirsty - konboonanan. War-spear - - koioon. Eat - - thanjip. Reed-spear - - jerrar. Sleep - - yimmoonan. Throwing-stick - kareg. Drink - - mooean. Shield - - jiram. Walk - - yannanan. Tomahawk ■ - moring. See - - nganganan. Canoe - ' - - korom. Sit - - allambanan. Sun - Moon - - ngiwen. - miman. Yesterday - - yellungoit. Star - - toort. To-day - yellunbo. Light - - yellembo. To-morrow - - yeramboi. Dark - - boroin. Where are the indakoliinbolokl Cold - - monmoot. Blacks ? Heat - - woloon. I don't know - indunga. Day - - yellembo. Plenty - woorthoonda Night - - boroin. Big - - Fire - - wiin. Little - - waigo. Water - - baam. Dead - - wigai. Smoke - - boort. By-and-by - - mollogo. Ground - buk. Come on ■ warewe. Wind - - Milk - - Rain - - purnmubil, Eaglehawk - - God - . Wild turkey - Ghosts 2] Wife La " 532 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 209c.— LOWER YARRA. Feom Daniel Bunch's Vocabtjlart. Kanga\:oo - Hand - - myrongatha. Opossum 2 Blacks - - Tame dog • 3 Blacks - Wild dog - One - - carnboo. Emu - Two - - benjeroo. Black duck - toolome. Three - - benjeroo vor Wood duck - carnboo. Pelican Four - - benjeroo vor Laughing jackass benjeroo. Native companion Father - marmoonth. White cockatoo - nayook. Mother - parbine. Crow - waang. Sister-Elder - moUokin. Swan - koonwarra. ,, Younger - Egg - - - dirundirri. Brother-Elder - wunthulong. Track of a foot - Fish - - - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - touit. tooiyung. bir-ma-buck. „ Young A young man An old man- An old woman A baby 3r - booboop. Snake - coornmil. A White man - allambee. The Blacks - cooleenth. Children - oothanong. A Blackfellow cooleenth. Head - - oowong. A Black woman - baggarook. Eye - - myrringatha. Nose - congatha. Ear - - kidnougatha. LOWER YAREA. 533 No. 209c. — Lower Yaeba — continued. Mouth - worongatha. Boomerang - - Teeth - - leongatha. Hill - - morack. Hair of the head- yarragong-atha. Wood - - kalk. Beard - - yarragondock. Stone - . Thunder - drumbuUabuU. Camp - - mierum, willam Grass - - poath. Yes - - um um. Tongue , No - nuther. Stomach - thoronee, bel- I ling'atha. " Breasts - brimbrimgatha. You - - mirambeena. Thigh - - thirrongatha. Bark - - Foot - - geenongatha. Good - - monomeeth. Bone - - n'yeelang. Bad - - n'yellan. Blood - - gooroomul. Sweet - - Skin - - tatbee. Food - - jinrlaTTiing, Fat - - mirmbul. thangoith. Bowels - bindirk. Hungry - nerriburdin. Excrement - - oonoug. Thirsty - War-spear - - neerini. Eat - - thangarth. Reed-spear - - Sleep - - umlna. Throwing-stick - Drink - - noobuck. Shield - - Walk - - yannathan. Tomahawk - - galbiling n'gar- See - - mirambiak rook. nangooth. Canoe - - koroug. Sit - - allambee. Sun - - noweenth. Moon - Star - Light - - miniyan. - tutbyrum. - noweenth, dur- Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - " yeUingbo. - booyboorooing. ran-durran. WTiere are the Dark - - booroonth. Blacks ? Cold - - cabbin. I don't know - Heat - - Plenty - bullarto. Day - - Big - - bullarto. Kight - booronthooith. Little - - wyeeboo. Fire - - weenth. Dead - - murmbul(?). Water - baanth. By-and-by - Smoke Ground - beek. Come on - Wind - - mornmoot. Milk - - brim-brim. Rain - - baanth mellaba. Eaglehawk - - winjeel. God - - bullarto mar- Wild turkey - miugatha. Wife - - coolenyee bag- Ghosts - garook. 634 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : No. 209d.— MORDIYALLOOK. By THE Weitee. Kangaroo - koim. Hand - murnung. Opossum willert. 2 Blacks - polabel koliin. Tame dog - werangun. 3 Blacks - polabel koptoon Wild dog - koliin. Emu - baraimal. One - kop, koptoon. Black duck - tolom. Wood duck lekolabel. Two - polabel. Pelican waeil. Three - polabel kop. Laughing jackass tharowerag. Four - polabel-polabel. Native companion korrok. Father mamon. White cockatoo ngaiyok. Mother paba. Crow - waang. Sister-Elder ladtha. Swan - koonoowar. „ Younger Egg - . -dirandel. Brother-Elder jaiait. Track of afoot bareng. „ Younger Fish - wiraap. A young man yenyin. Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - toing. An old man - wegobel. kokak. An old woman moorndigork. Fly - kawn, kaaragak. A baby pobop. Snake - kaan. A White man ngamaigi. The Blacks koliinbolak. Children pobop. A Blackfellow koliin. Head - - kowong. A Black woman badjer. Eye - - mern. Nose - - kaang. Ear - - wiring. MORDIYALLOOK. 535 No. 209d. — MoRDiYALLOOK — Continued. Mouth worong. Boomerang - Teeth liang. Hill - Hair of the head yare kowong. Wood- - kaalk. Beard yare ngunduk. Stone - - lum. Thunder ■ - morndabel. Camp- - woUum. Grass - - boait. Yes - - ngai-e. Tongue - djellan. No - - thaog, indunga. Stomach - maarp. I - boordop. Breasts - brim-brim. You - - ngulum. Thigh ■ jaam. Bark - - willum. Foot - - chinnong. Good - - monamiit. Bone - - ngem. Bad - - mattabe, pallim. Blood - - karnmool. Sweet Skin - - daap. Food - Fat - - maarmbool. Hungry - ngerebrooin. Bowels - koomong. Thirsty ' - - konboonoon, Excrement - - koomong. koondebain. War-spear - - ko-i-oon. Eat - - thaange. E^ed-spear- - djerar. Sleep - - kamambooin. Wommera - - karek. Drink- - thamok. Shield - kiarm. Walk - - yannag. Tomahawk - - kalbalenark. See - - nganak. Canoe - korong. Sit - - ngalambe. Sun - - ngamraai. Moon - - mernian. Yesterday - - yeloongoil. Star - - toortbairn. To-day - yeloombok. Light - - iram. To-morrow - yeramboi. Dark - - poorpin. Where are the windakorim ko Cold - . - taambulk. Blacks? liinolok ? Heat - - ngoiin. I don't know - indunga. Day - Plenty - woortondok. Night. - pooroin. Big - - - woortha. Fire - - wiin. Little - - wiben. Water - baarn. Dead - wiirgai. Smoke - boort. By-and-by - - mooloko. Ground - biik. Come on - - warrewi. Wind - mornmot. Milk - Rain - - pumabel. Eaglehawk - God - Wild turkey - Ghosts Wife - BOOK THE TWENTY-SECOND. BOOK THE TWENTY-SECOND. PREFATORY REMARKS. GiPPSLAND is the south-eastern portion of the colony of Victoria. Prior to the coming of the Whites, this district was a remarkably isolated one. Small-pox, which overran the rest of the colony, never reached its tribes, and, setting aside an occasional war-party which made a flying attack on some tribe on the Yarra (and, I believe, on the Strathbogie Ranges), and then retreated, and pretty frequent meetings on the Snowy River with what are called the Bidwell and Moneroo Blacks, the Gippsland tribes had no outside relations. Of these tribes, Mr. A. W. Howitt, F.G.S., has given a very interesting account in a work entitled Kamilaroi and Kurnai, which, however, differs in some important particulars from what has been communicated to me on the subject by Mr. John Bulmer, who has been many years in charge of one of the Government Reserves on which a portion of the Gippsland Blacks are domiciled. As I think Mr. Bulmer an excellent authority, I shall lay before the reader the statements which I have received from him. Mr. Howitt, in the work just referred to, sets down the Gippsland tribes as five in number, but it seems probable that there were more, as I have received from Mr. Bulmer the vocabulary of a tribe which dwelt at Omeo. This vocabulary differs from that of the Brabrolung tribe, whilst Omeo has been included by Mr. Howitt in their country. The names of the tribes given by Mr. Howitt, which no doubt are correct as far as they go, are, commencing from 540 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: the sonth-west of Gippsland, the Bratanolung, the Braiako- lung, the Brahrolung (or Brad-ow-oo-loong, as I have heard a Blackfellow pronounce the word), the Tatungolung, and the Kroatungolung. Looking at them collectively, it is im- portant to notice that three out of their five names commence with the word Bra — man — and all terminate in lung (loong?), circnmstances which, joined to the affinity of their languages, leave no doubt that these tribes, which, as we learn, so often fought and so often made friends, were closely related by blood, and, in fact, one descended from the other. Immediately to the east of the Kroatungolung, itself the most easterly of the Gippsland tribes, we have one named Birtowall, or scrub people, and Mr. Bulmer remarks that the Kroatungolung, in whose country is the Snowy River, fra- ternize with the Brahrolung ; and the Birtowall, or as they are commonly called Bidwell or Bidwelli Blacks, with the tribes of Moneroo, to whose speech their own is akin. Examining into this subject I find, in fact, that from the Snowy River west- erly to the limits of Gippsland the several languages are closely related amongst themselves, and allied to those of Central Yictoria, and through them to Wiiratheri and Kamil- aroi ; on the other hand, passing over the Birtowall language, said to be related to that of Moneroo, but of which I have not been able to obtain a specimen, we find the languages between Gape Howe and Sydney Cove differing from those of Gippsland, and strongly connected amongst themselves, in proof of which the following tables are given: — PREFATORY REMARKS. 541 ■e PI J o -^ el ■s i O -S o ^ a S ^ 2 o § i I 3 is a !=i S g 6 c5 so ' II 1 .. i t-i 3 g, 2 60 i! g ^ ^1 ^ O izi P3 M 3 o o S" 1 ■ 1 1 5 1 t .a o o rf 1 111' ' 1 1 a o ,s 1 ffl M w S M !2; w 1 s 1 i || .1 =3 11 i 1 1^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ s y ^ ^^■l sS 1 a 1 §1 1 a i ■■s o o .g § 1^ iz; M 1 1 M . , o 1 « 1 § . rt 1 § a ill w m M 1 i 1 i a ^ M ft s ■g .1 i S3 " § III rib _e g '^ s o 13 M ^ W ^ ^ 1 ' 1 d a o ° 1 1 1-5 l> Iz; i 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 3 1 .1 o bo 1 ■ i II' .g 1 bo bo § i " g a o g rt ;3^ wll ^ 1 I ' a bo ■ 1 1 :S 1 1 ,i4 1 tin 1 1 o „ ' bo ■ 1 1 1 1 ' . 1 i f - 1 II t ,=3 a S S i^ 1 1 ■§ .g -s t| 3 M O H H O H H CQ P^ A ft 542 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Table showing affinities between the Brabrolung Language and several Wiiratheri Dialects. English. Gippsland. Wiiratheri. Place where Dialect is spoken. Opossum - Wodthan - Willee Upper Castlereagh. Dog - - - Merrigang Merree a Emu - Miowera - Ouring )) Snake Toorung - Doorung - )» Stone - Wallung - Warlung - Bogan River. Breasts Beng Bere - )5 Fat - Warnewan Warnoo - >) You - Nindo Indoo >) Bad - Dinden Yingil J) Hungry Mreman - Marang - )) Skin - Yone Yulin Macquarie Kiver. Tomahawk - Gwean Berguin - 3» Moon - Wane Gewang - )» Dark - Bookang - Buddong - )> Rain - Willang - Kaling J» Yesterday - Warran - Uningwarra Dubbo. Stone - Wallung - Wallung - Bathurst. As the result of the facts set out, supported as they are by the evidence of language, I arrive at the following conclu- sions, viz., That Gippsland began to be peopled at its western extremity by Wiiratheri-descended Blacks from the valley of the Yarra ; that the first comers into this district continued to increase, and spread themselves in every direction, in which they were not prevented from so doing by mountains or dense scrubs, until they came in contact, in the neighbour- hood of Cape Howe, with tribes which had reached that locality by following the coast line from Sydney Harbour; and finally that, on the meeting of these Yarra and Sydney descended tribes, the occupation of this continent by the aboriginal race became complete at this point. It is to be borne in mind that Gippsland is all but surrounded by scrubs and mountains, which are nearly impenetrable, and PREFATORY REMARKS. 543 that it was this circumstance which cut off communication between the Blacks of that district and those of the Yarra valley, and restricted their outside relations to the Birtowall and Moneroo tribes. , What time it took for the first comers to spread themselves throughout Gippsland there is nothing to show, except that it was sufficiently long to allow of the growth of several languages, and of their descendants increasing to as many as 1,500 souls. What time has elapsed since the occupation of Australia by the Blacks became complete is another question, to which no reply can be given, except that no fact has come to light which would lead to the suspicion that the occurrence has been of recent date. Indeed, were it not for the deductions to be drawn from the languages and customs of the continent as a whole, it would be impossible to predicate that the tribes on the north coast have existed from a more ancient date than those of Gippsland, and yet there is probably a difference of several hundred years between the epochs at which the two coasts were first peopled. The last of the vocabularies which appears in this book, No. 213, has no connection with those of Gippsland. It belongs to an isolated tribe on the Upper Murray, of which but three members were left when I received it, and is inserted here for convenience' sake. A second rendering of this vocabulary, which I received from the late G. E. H. Stuckey, I have not thought necessary to insert. No. 210.— GIPPSLAND. A GOOD deal of difficulty has been experienced with the vocabularies of Gippsland, for the remnants of the tribes which spoke them, having now dwelt together for twenty or thirty years, their languages have become much mixed. Originally, there were probably six or seven distinct lan- guages in this district — of one of these, that -spoken by 544 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: the Brabrolung or Brad-ow-oo-loong tribe, four renderings are given; and of Omeo and the Snowy Eiver, one each. The following account of the Brabrolung tribe is com- piled from notes kindly forwarded by Mr. John Bulmer, who, as already stated, has lived amongst them for many years, in charge of the Lake Tyers Aboriginal Eeserve. The country of this tribe is between the rivers Mitchell and Tambo and the lakes into which they fall. "When the Whites first entered Gippsland, in 1841, Mr. Bulmer thinks the native population may have amounted to 1,000 souls, amongst whom were noticed many men and women who seem to have reached the age of seventy or eighty years. In 1862, when my informant began his residence in the dis- trict, the number had dwindled to 150, of whom 80 are now (1882) all that remain. The decrease is attributed to the causes so often mentioned in these pages. Like the other tribes of Victoria, those of Gippsland were clad in opossum- skin rugs. The girls wore a fringe of opossum-fur strings round the waist, called kiung; as did also the men, on state occasions, one made of strips of the skin of the kangaroo or some other animal. Their ornaments were necklaces made of small reeds, cut into short lengths; a netted band round the forehead; and a bone through the septum of the nose. On occasions of rejoicing, they smeared their bodies with a compound of red ochre and grease; and, when in mourning, with pipe-clay. They manufactured fishing-nets and bags out of grass, and also from the fibre of stringybark. Their tomahawks were of hard stone, brought to an edge by first chipping and afterwards by rubbing with sandstone ; their spears were tipped, sometimes with sharp flakes of flint, fastened on with the gum of the grass-tree, and at others with barbs cut out of the solid wood. They had also several kinds of clubs, one called kallak (i.e., wood) ; and two sorts of shields, one used in combats with clubs, and the other when fighting with spears. They had also Ijoomerangs and wommeras. GIPPSLAND. 545 The principal articles of food in Gippsland were kanga- roo, wallaby, native-bear, opossum, and fish ; they had also yams and several other sorts of vegetables, and it is a singular circumstance that ovens are not found in Gipps- land. Eestrictions in connection with certain articles of food, regulated by age and sex, existed as elsewhere, though of course a change of production led to variations in detail. Of small-pox, the marks of which were so common in the rest of Victoria up to 1845, no traces ever existed in Gippsland, as I have been informed by many persons besides Mr. Bulmer, who also remarks that the Blacks of that district have no name for the disease in their language. Cannibalism was avowedly practised by these tribes, to the extent of eating portions of the skin and the hands of an enemy when slain. Instances of this have been noticed more than once by White men. Mr. Bulmer remarks the very general characteristic, that the Gippsland Black did not consider the person who met him in fair fight as a real enemy, but only the individual who practised magic against him ; " he," as they said, " would seize me by the throat, and lay a net for my feet." Of the remains of such as these they would eat. The Gippsland Blacks objected strongly to let any one outside the tribe know their names, lest their enemies, learn- ing them, should make them vehicles of incantation, and so charm their lives away. As children were not thought to have enemies, they used to speak of a man as " the father, uncle, or cousin of so-and-so," naming a child ; but on all occasions abstained from mentioning the name of a grown- up person. Now-a-days, this superstition has given way, and Mr. Bulmer has been able to give me the following names of some of the Blacks at Lake Tyers Reserve: — Males: Bungil Noorut, wombat hunter ; Dango-willin ; Bungil Tambun, fish hunter; Bungil Barlijan, platypus hunter; Karemba- kyne; Karloba, crane; Bumberat, the name of a place; Wallung, stone; Bundalwaal, stinging-spear; Torrikaat; VOL. III. 2 M 546 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Benguan; Yelmri, shark. Females: Yowali; Boolgen; Labit; Turlkang. Mr. Bulmer thinks that the Gippsland tribes used to have class-names in connection with their marriage system, but that since our arrival they have been forgotten. Men used to marry women of other tribes, if unable to obtain as wives in their own, women unrelated to them. On this subject they were very particular, even third cousins being within the prohibited degrees of relationship. Polygamy was practised, and aj man had a right to the widow of his brother. If he did not care to have her, or the deceased had left no brother, his relations disposed of her as they thought fit. There is reason to believe that custom sanctioned a single man cohabiting occasionally with his brother's wife; and also a married man with his wife's sister. A man spoke of his sister-in-law as puppar-worcat, which means another wife; and when a wife died, her sister not unfrequently took her place. Girls were often married at thirteen years of age, and their mothers preferred their marrying out of the tribe, on account of the custom which required mothers-in-law and sons-in-law never to speak to each other, or almost be seen by each other, which was excessively inconvenient in daily life. Wives were generally obtained in exchange for sisters or cousins. Occasionally, however, a youth got a girl to elope with him. The pair were certain to be overtaken in a day or two at latest, when the girl received some wholesome correction, and the man a sound thrashing and some wounds. As the result of several elopements and several thrashings, it not unfrequently happened that the constancy of the youthful pair overcame the customs of the tribe, and the marriage was ratified. Children belonged to the tribe of the father. The tribes of Gippsland are fast dying out, principally from con- sumption, diseases of the liver, and other ailments common amongst them. In these tribes, the septum of the nose is pierced, and the skin scarred on the back, shoulders, and stomach, in GIPPSLAND. 547 both sexes; no teetli are knocked out, and circumcision is unknown. The Gippsland tribes, as far as can be ascertained, had no knowledge of God, and certainly no worship or religious belief of any kind. As usual, they practised sorcery, with a view to taking the lives of their enemies. The mode of pro- ceeding was to obtain possession of something which had belonged to the person whose death was desired, such as some of his hair, or excrement, or food; or to touch him with an egg-shaped piece of stone which was called bulk, and was thought to be possessed of magic powers. At other times, they would charm by means of the makthar (real name of the person); or several of them, retiring to some lonely spot, and drawing on the ground a rude likeness of the victim, would sit around it and devote him to destruction with cabalistic ceremonies. Such was their dread of proceedings of this sort, that, not unfrequently, men and women who learnt that they had been made the subjects of incantations, quickly pined away and died of fright. The Creator of all that has life on the earth they believe to have been a gigantic Blackfellow, who lived in Gippsland many centuries ago, and dwells amongst the stars. Indeed many of the stars are named after some of their people long since dead. Venus, for instance, is called Bungil Noorut, or wombat-hunter, and, as we have seen, an indi- vidual of the tribe bears the same name at the present day. They have also the tradition of a deluge, of which Mr. Bulmer gives the following particulars. Ages ago there was no water in what are now the lakes, rivers, and seas known to the Kurnai (a name which seems to have included all the tribes of Gippsland), for an immense frog had swallowed up the whole of it. This state of things, it appears, was a source of great discomfort to the animals generally, and especially to the fishes, so they held a consul- tation on the subject, and came to the conclusion that the only remedy was to make the frog laugh, and that if this could be accomplished there would soon be plenty of water. 2MZ 548 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: To give effect to this idea, every animal presented himself before the frog in the most ludicrous postures he could assume, and went through his funniest antics. For a time, however, they were unsuccessful, until the eel stood upon the tip of his tail, which so tickled the overgrown frog that he literally burst with laughing, and the water poured from him in such vast streams that there was presently a deluge, and all the Blacks would have been drowned, had not one of them. Loon by name, made a large canoe, in which he saved a great many. Why at the present day they call White men Loon, I cannot say. However, alas ! for the ingratitude of human nature, those who^ Loon had saved refused to give him a wife, in consequence of which he pipe-clayed himself in the orthodox fashion, and commenced hostilities forthwith. In this undertaking, however, he seems to have been worsted; at all events, all that is positively known is that he was transformed into a pelican, and it is owing to the pipe-clay that this bird has always been so white about the head and breast. Fire, according to the traditions of the Gippsland people, was originally obtained ages ago by their ancestors from Bimba-mrit (the fire-tailed finch) in a very curious way, and I remember having heard from the Bangerang people in my youth a host of traditions, of which I can no longer recall the particulars, but which were quite similar in character (possibly in detail) to those related by Mr. Bulmer as existing in Gippsland. The Gippsland Blacks had canoes of bark, the smooth side of the bark being outside, which, as far as I am aware, is an exceptional arrangement. The ends of the canoe were secured with string. They obtained kangaroo and emu by surround- ing and spearing them. Fish was procured with nets, spears, and also with hooks made of bone, an implement which I have not noticed in use in any other Victorian tribe. They made rough drawings of animals with charcoal on sheets of bark, and probably on rocks and in caverns. In all Australian tribes we find the corroboree, and those of G-ippsland were no exception to the rule. They likewise GIPPSLAND. 549 made tlieir striplings into young men at from sixteen to eighteen years of age, and buried their dead sometimes in trunks of trees and at others in the ground, the mourners, whilst the interment was in progress, beating their heads with their stone tomahawks until the blood flowed. Wars were generally undertaken to revenge murders, deaths brought about by sorcery, and the abduction of women. Fights were carried on in the usual way with spears, boome- rangs, and clubs. Disputes within the tribe were often settled with the club, and stiU more frequently, as Mr. Bulmer remarks, " with much talking and much lying." No form of government existed. Message-sticks were not in use. Men saluted each other when they met after an absence by placing their hands on each others shoulders. The Gippsland tribes spoke of the few outside tribes of whose existence they knew as Brajerak, from Bra = men, SLiad jerra = /ear. The four attached renderings of the Brabrolung vocabu- lary differ somewhat, owing to the cause already mentioned. The following Additional Words were kindly supplied by Mr. Bulmer: — Son - - leeth. Leaf - - jerrang. Daughter - - turtbaggan. Branch - bimdanga kal Arm - - birndang. lak. Elbow - jellung. Pipe-clay - - marloo. Thumb - yakan bret String - - ngarang. (mother of the Creek - - kaewat. hand). Plain - - bawarau. Heart - - bappak. Sand - - wathart. Liver - - wolowalak. Tail of animal - wrek. Great toe - - yakan jaan Meat - - jaak. (mother of the Lightning - - mlangbit. . foot). Bald head - - barrat poork. Toe - - kimba yarrak. Angry - - yarrak. Face - mree. Stupid - narangan. Knee - - bun. Die - - melkea. Heel - - blanjaan. Fight - - paudean. Anus - - ngrang, darn. Give - - yooa. Urine - ■ wiraak. Spit - - thupanwert. Feather - wirtwirt. Fall - - plakanwert. Cloud - - nort. Whistle - whirtbran. 550 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; Additional Woeds — continued. Make - - naratba. Plea - - nin; said not to Run - - wLndan. have been known before Excrete - gwanangang. the arrival of Speak - - thunathang. the Whites. Vomit - - kramerook. Frog - - tirtelak. Cut - - batgea. Yam-stick - - kanning. Laugh - krambalwert. String - ngarang. Jump - - kirndan. Louse - - nin. Sing - - witebalan. Red - - krookirk (see Strike - - pandan. Blood). Swim - - wiragwan. White - - taba-taba. Cry - - nung. Black - - nirnba, nimbal. Scratch - wirta. Green - - (no word exists). Thin - - - terangan. Blind - - toorlo mree. Lazy - - yardile. Deaf - - narangan wring. When - - nara. Shadow - ngowk. Here - - dthitha. Liar - - jatebolak. Go away (go you) yan imba. Red ochre - - nial. No. 210..— G] [PPSLAND. By John B gLMEK, Esq. Kangaroo - jirrah. Hand - - bret. Opossum - wadhan. 2 Blacks - - thana wert kani. Tame dog - baan. 3 Blacks - - kani booloman Wild dog - ngooran, merri- hatha kootook. gang. One - - kootopan. Emu - miowera. Two - - booloman. Black duck wrang. Three - booloman hatha Wood duck jellangoong. kotook. Pelican booran. Four - - booloman hatha Laughing jaokas s wokook. boolung. Native companion kooragan. Father - moongan. White cockatoo braak. Mother - yakkan. Crow - wagara. Sister-Elder - bowang. Swan - gidi. „ Younger - lunduk. Egg - - booyang. Brother-Elder - bramun. Track of a foot wanick. ,, Younger tunang. Fiah - kine. A young man - brawitban. Lobster waat. An old man - boordine. Crayfish - waat. An old woman . Mosquito - newan. A baby - leth. Fly - naroon. A White man - lorn or loon. Snake toorung. The Blacks kani. Children - - womba leth. A Blackfellow - bra kani. Head - - poork. A Black woman wooroat. Eye - - mri. Nose - koong. Ear - - wring. GIPPSTiAND. 551 No. 210.— GiFTSLA^tD— continued. Mouth - gaat. Boomerang - - wangin. Teeth - - nerndack. Hill - - kragnark. Hair of the head- lirt. Wood- - kallaok. Beard - yain lirt. Stone - - wallung. Thunder - ■ quarran. Camp - - bang. Grass - ban. Yes - - nga. Tongue - jellan. No - - ngalko. Stomach - booloon. I - ngio. Breasts - beng. You - - uindo. Thigh - - jerran. Bark - - yone da kallack Foot - - jane. (akin of a tree). Bone - - bring. Good - - lane. Blood - - karndobara. Bad - - din-din. Skin - - yone. Sweet - - naroon. Fat - - wamewan. Food - - napan. Bowels - tirlk. Hungry - rareman. Excrement - - gwanang. Thirsty - taraban tooloot. War- spear - - waal. Eat - - thana. B«ed-spear - - kowat. Sleep - - bairndan. Throwing-stick - kaning. Drink - - glookban. Shield - bamerook. Walk - - yangan. Tomahawk - - gwian. See - - takan. Canoe - - gre. Sit - - - neanwert. Sun - - woorin. Yesterday - - waran. Moon - - wane. To-day - jilU. Star - - brael. To-morrow - - broondo. Light - - yart. Where are the woonmanda Dark - - bookang. Blacks ? kani? Cold - - merbuck. I don't know - ngee or ngalla Heat - - quaragwan. ngat bowome. Day - - broon. Plenty - ya-il. Night - - bookang. Big - - quarrail. Fire - - towera. Little - - tarlit. Water - yarn. Dead - - tirligan. Smoke - thoue. By-and-by - - nowando. Ground - wrack. Come on - nowan. Wind ■• - krowera. Milk - - baak. Rain - - willang. Eaglehawk - - quarnameroo. God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts - mraat. Wife - - woorcat. 552 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 210.— GIPPSLAND. By the Weiteb. Kangaroo - girri. Hand - • bret. Opossum waitun,koongora, 2 Blacks - tanoward Tame dog - baain. bindagunnai. Wild dog - mirigang. 3 Blacks - poolanain da Emu - maioor, gyewi. gunnai. Black duck - wirrung. One - ngoonabin. Wood duck naidit. Two - tanoward. Pelican boorun. Three - tanowara ta Laughing jackass burndigan. ngooruk. Native companion karloo- Four - - tanoward tan- turtkurawun. oward. White cockatoo brack. Father moongan. Crow - klard, waageri. Mother yakkun. Swan - kooindrook. Sister-Elder - bowung. Egg - - booiang. ,, Younger lunduk. Track of a foot wannik. Brother-Elder - bramun. Pish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito P.y - Snake The Blacks - (no general name) dirndung- dirnduk. the same, neuwan. bi-an. toorong. wrukut ,, Younger A young man An old man An old woman A baby A White man tundung. gerai el. - boordain, warri ganna. - ngoondigallok. - taloogroong. - looun. gilgunnai. Children - groong. A Blackfellow gtmnai. Head - - brook, ngenan. A Black woman - wrukut. Eye - - mri, meeragoot. Nose - goong. Ear - - wring. GIPPSLAND. 553 No. 210.— GippSLAND — continued. Mouth Teeth - Hair of the head ■ Beard - Thunder Grass - Tongue Stomach Breasts Thigh - Foot - Bone - Blood - Skin - Pat - Bowels Excrement - War-spear - Reed-spear - Tliro wing-stick Shield Tomahawk - Canoe Sun - - ■ Moon - Star - Light - Dark - Cold - Heat - Day - Night - Fire - Water Smoke Ground Wind - Rain - God - Ghosts kaatch. ngurnduk. lirt. yeen. koorang. bun. gelling. buUun. baauk. gerrang. jaen. bring. nuruk. yoo-un. goworni. dum- gwanung. boren. waal. marrewun, - bamrook, mun. • gooiun. yuro. woorrin. nyurrun. bi-il. daibinturuk. lalit. mraerpuk. quaragwin. wurrin. buWiceluk. dower. kaUtung. ncepur, naipur. wruk. grower. willung. (no word). mrait, yootgang. Boomerang - Hill - Wood - Stone - Camp - Yes - No - I You - Bark - Good - Bad - Sweet - Pood - Hungry Thirsty Eat - Sleep - Drink - Walk - See - Sit - Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are the Blacks? I don't know Plenty Big - - Little - Dead - By-and-by - Come on Milk - Eaglehawk - Wild turkey Wife - ■ wangm. ■ grangurk. ■ dower. ■ walloong. ■ bung, ngi. ■ ngalkoo. ■ ngaioo. uidoo. ■ nunduk. • langmin. - tenbin. ■ nirroong. dooit or dwitt. ■ mremin, ganu- kin. ■ gwan. dumbin or tum- bin. • bemdin. • krooitpin. - yannin. - dein. ■ bunengin. ngendower. jillaioo. brindoo. woodun da gun- nai? woodai gi or ngalkoo. yeilmin. quarailmin. turliklin. turdigin. nowindja. koo-e-a. mwaranga-barga. kurnugmuroon. woorngil. main. 554 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 210.— GIPPSLAND. By the Revd. F. A. Haoenauee. We have seen that Paroo is the name of a river and the equivalen]t of fish , so Tamho in this language means fish and is also the name of one of the rivers. Kangaroo - koorang. Hand - - manya. Opossum - karramook. 2 Blacks - ■• boolet gamy. Tame dog - baan. 3 Blacks - - boolet-pEC kiap Wild dog - gamy. Emu - myory. One - - kiap. Black duck - woorang. Two - boolet. Wood duck- woorangy. Three - - boolet ba kiap. Pelican boorang. Four - - boolet ba boolet Laughing jackass- wookwook. ye. Native companion kooracan. Father - moongan, ma- White cockatoo braak. men. Crow - wong. Mother - yaokau, baben. Swan - Sister-Elder - bowang. Egg - - - booyoong. ,, Younger - menein. Track of a foot worn. Brother-Elder - wawin. Fish - tambo. ,, Younger Lobster kipil. A young man - brawit. Crayfish yappy. An old man - boordnie. Mosquito - naroon. An old woman - boordine woor- . Fly - - - kerramongera. cat. Snake - koran, gooroot- A baby - boboop. mill. A White man - marndell. The Blacks - gamy. Children - wambar-laath. A Blaokfellow - gamy. Head - - propoop. A Black woman - woorcat. Eye - - toorooming. Nose - - - kapung. Ear - - wooring. 1 No. 210.— GiPPSLAND— coreimMed. Mouth - wooloong. Boomerang - Teeth - nerndack. Hill - Hair of the head ■ narat. Wood - - tower. Beard - - narangyan. Stone - - waloon. Thunder - Grass - - willingnoong. - ban. Camp - - bang. Tongue - gellong. Yes - - ngai. Stomach - werriok. No - - - naatpan. Breasts - mooi. I - yetty. Thigh - - karrip. You - - yerally. Foot - - tinang. Bark - - moorook. Bone - - yarlaak. Good - - laen. Blood - kamdobara. Bad - • denban. Skin - - yooen. Sweet - - laenan. Fat - - temgatta. Food - kuwat. Bowels - noongwanang. Hungry - wecking. Excrement - - goouny. Thirsty - oonanim. War-spear - - wal. Eat - - tampaok. Reed-spear - Throwing-stick - toorooknaroong. ■ naroong. Sleep - - dora. Shield - - bammerook. Drink - - klurkpan. Tomahawk - - kallaok. Walk - - yangan. Canoe - - gree. See - - tackan. Sun - - wooreen. Sit - - kopeck. Moon - - wane. Yesterday - - nintower. Star - - brael. To-day - ugawan. Light - - werrook. To-morrow - roockoo. Dark - - pooroon, bat- Where are the winya garny? gala. Blacks? Cold - - merbook. , I don't know - waga galatiri Heat - quarra-quarrack. nyak. Day ■ - woorin. Plenty ■ yaail. Night - - bookan. Big - quanail. Fire - towera. Little - tarlitban. Water - katung. Dead - turtigan. Smoke tong. By-and-by - nowantook. Ground woork. Come on goir. Wind - kookowert. Milk - Rain - myoong. Eaglehawk - God - Wild turkey Ghosts Wife - 655 556 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 210.— GIPPSLAND. By Alfred W. Howitt, Esq., P.M., Sale. Kangaroo - - baoot, djeerah. Hand - - brett, narrung- Opossum - - wattungjwirrwy. nun. Tame dog - - bam. 2 Blacks - - buUung kumi. Wild dog - - merricun. 3 Blacks - - buUumanna kur- Emu - - myowr, crewee. Black duck - oowreng, nur- nibattagoot-tuk durt. One - - goottup. Wood duck - nark, jeelung- Two - - buUum. eetie. Three - buUum-au-batta- Pelican - poorun, wodjil. goot-tuk. - bullum-an-batta- Laughing jackass coarg. Four Native companion gooreekun. buUum. White cockatoo - brayak, ngulluk- goorung. Father - munjan. Crow - - narrookul, eu- Mother - yackan. mummurut. Sister-Elder - bowung. Swan - - giddijbabbiyung. ,, Younger - lunduk. Egg - - - booyung. Brother-Elder - tundung. Track of a foot - wannik. „ Younger bramung. Pish - - billy. A young man - browit. Lobster - An old man - boldine. Crayfish - greeur. An old woman Mosquito - - neerwun. Ely . - beeung. A baby - tally-leet. Snake - - thurung, gale- A White man - loan, cuUungurk lung. Children - - leet. The Blacks - - kumi. Head - - poork. A Blackf ellow - ku?ni. Eye - - mree. A Black woman - woorkut. Ear - - ooeng, bunnun- Nose - - ooong. gurry. GIPPSLAND. 00 No. 210 — GiPPSLAND — continued. Mouth ■ gart. Boomerang • - Teeth - nunduk. Hill - _ Hair of the heac Beard - - leet. - yane. Wood - - gallagut. Thunder - • gwarrun, toom- Stone - - wallung. boyee. Camp - - bung. Grass - - bun, neartbun. Yes - - gna. Tongue - tellung. No - - gnart-bun. Stomach - minduk. Breasts - bark. I - gniu. Thigh - - bum. You - - gnendu. Foot - - djeen. Bark - - ewn. Bone - - bring. Good - - laen. Blood - - grook, kumdoo- burra. - ewn. Bad - - dindin, denbun Skin - Sweet - - laen. Fat - - wurna-woony, Food - - tchewanny. Hungry - mrammaleg. Bowels - oraook. Thirsty _ Excrement - - gwanung. Eat - War-spear - - booring. turrum- butty. Sleep - - baindu. Keed-spear - - warl. Drink - - tarny. Throwing-stick - murrywun. Walk - - yangun. Shield - bammarook, birrcumba. See - - tarkatta. Tomahawk - - boondooba. Sit - - neeni. Canoe - - gree. Yesterday - - pookung. Sun - - wooreen. To-day - djilleye. Moon - - narrung. Star - - breel. To-morrow - - broondoo. Light - - wooreen. Where are the woolka dutta Dark - - butguUuk. Blacks? kumi? Cold - - mabruck. I don't know - nee. Heat - - Day - - wooreen. Plenty - yale. Night - - butguUuk, bo- Big - - gatty. Fire - kung. - towra, goombal- Little - - tally. lung. Dead - - turdy-gattoo. Water - yarn, gattung. By-and-by - - meerindoo. Smoke - bowndung, toon. Come on - now-wunty. Ground - wurk. Milk - _ Wind- - Eaglehawk - , Rain - God - - willung. Wild turkey - Ghosts - Wife - - 558 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 211.— OMEO. By John Btjlmee, Esq. Kangaroo - Opossum Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - . - Black duck - Wood duck- Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Crow - Swan - Egg - Track of a foot Fish - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - - Snake - The Blacks - A Blackfellow A Black woman ■ Nose - joatba. wadthan. worregal. ngurrun. tooloma. ngapalanga. (none). kookunyal. koorook. gidauo. yukumbraek. koonyack. bial. manja. thangambooloa, baranjak. moneya. miangan. titchogan. yune. yune. kowambo. Hand - - mana-mana. 2 Blacks - - warkolala yune. 3 Blacks - ■ warkolala bore yune. One - - bore. Two - - warkolala. Three - - warkolala bore. Four - - warkolala-war- kolala. Father - papang. Mother - najan. Sister-Elder - namang. „ Younger - Brother-Elder - dejan. ,, Younger A young man - warambal. An old man - jirrabang. An old woman - kowandil. A baby - narang. A White man - moomogung. Children - - wenyeran. Head - - kuttagang. Eye - • kundolo. Ear - - janya. OMEO. 559 No. 211.— Omi&o— continued. Mouth - mundo. Boomerang - Teeth - - yera. Hill - - Hair of the head - karung-karung. Wood - - baar. Beard - Thunder - yerang. - merbi. Stone - ■ dinga. Grass - - boon. Camp - - baanya. Tongue - thalan. Yes - - yayoo. Stomach , No - - karanga. Breasts ■ booyaok. I - - - nadtha. Thigh - naryalan. You - - nginda. Foot - - jiunang. Bark - - worogang. Bone - - kakaquo. Good - - koingowa. Blood - - kooroba. Bad - - kiaro. Skin - - wotquang. Sweet - yalagang. Fat - - kamboa. Food - - thangang. Bowels - kunanqua. Hungry - meria. Excrement - War-spear - Reed-spear - - nangwa. - jerambity. - yarka. Thirsty Eat ■ - jutoia. - thianang. Throwing-stiok - kallin. Sleep - - miamial (?). Shield ■ - ngamal. Drink - - yaranang. Tomahawk - - ngamba. Walk - - nana. Canoe - - worbaug. See - - bakana. Sun - - noweyo. Sit - - kako. Moon - - kabatang. Yesterday - - kakoura. Star - - jewang. To-day - yamathango. Light - - mamat. To-morrow - kambejeri. Dark - - kambijo. Where are the walo yune ? Cold - - karritt. Blacks ? Heat - - jilmin. I don't know - nari-nari miga Day - yamathango. Plenty qooranaka. Night - kambijo. Big - thorkee. Fire - watha. Little - maragalang. Water miamial. Dead - toortbamban. Smoke maniak. By-and-by - balowa. Ground thia. Come on kakow. Wind - koorokmang. Milk - Rain - japmamau. Baglehawk - God - Wild turkey Ghosts Wife - 560 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 212.— SNOWY RIVER. By John Bulmbb, Esq. Kangaroo - - jirra. Hand - - bret. Opossum - wachan. 2 Blacks - - boolong kani. Tame dog - - baan. 3 Blacks - - booloom catha Wild dog - ngooran. kootook kani Emu - ■ miowera. One - - kootook. Black duck wreng. Two - - boolong. Wood duck nembalagang. Three - - booloom catha Pelican booran. kootook. Laughing jackass kookokarrak. Four - - booloom catha Native companion balwin. booloom. White cockatoo brak. Father lang. Crow - woggara. Mother - yakkan. Swan - gidi. Sister-Elder - bowang. Egg - - booyang. ,, Younger landack. Track of a foot - ngooka janda. Brother-Elder - tandang. Fish - kine. ,, Younger brammon. Lobster krangalang. A young man - brawit. Crayfish An old man - boordine. Mosquito - tirdick. An old woman Fly - - - ngaroon. A baby - leeth. Snake - thoorung. A White man lorne. The Blacks - kani, Children wagut leeth. A Blackfellow kani. Head - - kowat. A Black woman - woorcat. Eye - mree. Nose ■ koong. Ear - wring. SNOWY RIVER. 561 No. 212.— Snowy Ki-ver— continued . Mouth - kaath. Boomerang - - wongin. Teeth - - ngerndak. Hill - - ngarkandit. Hair of the head - lirt poork. Wood - - kallack. Beard - - yaan. Stone - - woUung. Thunder ■ - quarran. Camp - - ngoya. Grass - - ban. Yes - - nga. Tongue - jellin. No - - ngatban. Stomach - booloon. I - ngio. Breasts - beng. You - - ngindo. Thigh - jerran. Bark - - ngoya. Foot - - Jan. Good - - laan. Bone - - bring. Bad - - dindin. Blood - - krook. Sweet - - laan. Skin - - yone. Food - - kindoine. Pat - - warnewan. Hungry - - mreman. Bowels - karrickguanang. Thirsty - kuan. Excrement - - guanang. Eat - - bangathang. War-spear - - waal. Sleep - - bamding. Reed-spear - - dhrak. Drink - - glucknan. Throwing-stick - kanning. Walk - - yanning. Shield - bamorook. See - - tiarwark. Tomahawk - - gwian. Canoe ■■ - gree. Sit - ning. Sun - - woorin. Yesterday - - merrin. Moon - - wane. To-day - jilli. Star - - brael. To-morrow - - preppa merrin Light - - yart. Where are the wulki thatha Dark - - broin. Blacks ? kani? Cold - - merbaak. I don't know - ngree. Heat - - quaraquarak. Plenty - nanwagut. Day - - woorin. Big - - - parrewatti. Night - - lalat. Little - - tarlit. Fire - - mrit. Water - yarn. Dead - - yurrutkatho. Smoke - thone. By-and-by - - tagut. Ground - wrack. Come on - narrawert. Wind - qrowero. Milk - - - baak. Rain - - wlUang. Eaglehawk - - quarnamerong God - - - Wild turkey - (none). Ghosts - yutgang. Wife - - - woorcat. VOL. III. 2 N 562 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 213.— UPPER MURRAY. By — Mitchell, Esq. Kangaroo - - buju Hand - - murra. Opossum - Tame dog - Wild dog - Emu - - burrar. - boa. - murra. 2 Blacks - 3 Blacks - One - - guddee. Black duck - tooma. Two - - polithup. Wood duck - mullawur. Three - - poliguddee Pelican - karwadde. Four - , Laughing jackass unbabua. Native companion berranga. White cockatoo - keaa. Crow - - - berrutha. Father Mother Sister-Elder - mama. - baba. - tiga. Swan - - miewa. „ Younger - Egg - - booa. Brother-Elder - wugug. Track of a foot Fish - - Lobster Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - Snake - - bunju. - kurewa. - oarrda. - moUula. - pemba. - j"-u- ,, Younger A young man - ewaru. An old man - muddega. An old woman - gerriga. A baby - - kubeega. A White man - waruntha. The Blacks - - yiera. Children - murraga. A Blackfellow - jere. Head - - bua. A Black woman - jaire. Eye - - me. Nose ■ - nga. Ear - - murramba. UPPER MURRAY. 563 No. 213. — Upper Murray — continued Mouth - diara. Boomerang - Teeth - - unguru. Hill - - - Hair of the head - kurrowa. Wood- Beard - - yerra. Stone - Thunder - - mundara. Camp - Grass • - kamburru. Yes - Tongue - turra. No - - - Stomach - - ianaru. I - - - Breasts - berree. You - Thigh - - munda. Bark - Foot - - gerra. Good - Bone - - keela. Bad ■ Blood - - kurru. Sweet - Skin - - wadda. Food - Fat - - puttarra. Hungry Bowels - boogu. Thirsty Excrement - - gurra. Eat - War-spear - - wonda. Sleep - Drink - Reed spear - - muthiingu. Throwing-stick - beuga. Shield - - belgamba. Walk - Tomahawk - - nundee. See - Canoe - - moutha. Sit - - - Sun - - kunda. Yesterday - Moon - - huerra. To-day Star - - teimba. To-morrow - Light - - parlee. Where are the Dark - - kiewarra. Blacks? Cold - - bouwatha. I don't know Heat - - oueba. Day - - dandigunda. Plenty Night - - tunna. Big - Fire - - kurra. Little - Water - warra. Dead - Smoke - theu. By-and-by - Ground - merie. Come on - Wind- - karrie. Milk - Rain - - neuma. Eaglehawk - God - - Wild turkey Ghosts - Wife - tawa. maee. yeo. waananga. ninna. neibee. waaree. kieyangee. muddinga. kieyangee. tunna. bungowonabee. duddumagathee . tugathee. murrongurra. kuneemanabee. yannabee. nagadee. curradabee. pamungee. yanduga. uluthlu. wonda jere ? wondaya. yuimgurru. budda. umburgunya. burrura. udarra. 2N2 BOOK THE TWENTY-THIRD. MOITHERIBAN ^n^ TOWROONBAN NCARRIMOWRO ..^ PI KKOLATPAN 3 TOCUMWALL /ANCOOTHERABAI^ """" Cou< |K„,»^ KAILTHEBAN =^,i j. ^^ SHEPPAMON n CORACOJIAC pinpan|)oor ^ V / 'murcmisom DWHRoo 0 0 F^^xl^LUM NOORILLIM BAULIESTON NERfiOOLOK P PYALONC NATRAKBOOLOK CO U t B j^ C^ BROAOFOfT Tjsed ia ie occupied, iy the 'Bangerang tribes. cmdl^/iieof'thcJ/goortUaluTiispeaicingtnbas- Z) Scale of Statute Miles, BOOK THE TWENTY-THIRD. PREFATORY REMARKS. This book treats of the Bangerang tribes, in whose country I was a pioneer settler in 1841. Properly there was only one tribe of that name, which consisted of two inde- pendent sections, the Wongatpan and Towroonban, which speaking of themselves collectively always used the term Bangerang. Besides these there were eight other tribes in the neighbourhood, which sometimes spoke of themselves, and were always spoken of by other tribes, as Bangerang. The names of these tribes and their numbers, when I first knew them in their original strength, were approximately as follows : — Wongatpan ------ 150 persons. Towroonban 50 Wolllthiga 50 Kailthiban, sometimes called Waaringulum 50 Moitheriban 300 Pikkolatpan 100 Angootheriban ------ 100 Ngarrimowro ------ 150 Toolenyagan - - - - 100 Boongatpan 150 1,200 These tribes all spoke closely-related dialects. The territory occupied by each I have set .out roughly in the map attached to this book. It will, however, be understood that the boundaries of their lands did not run in straight lines as there shown, but were very irregular and governed by natural features. The Bangerang septs, it is important to notice, were surrounded by a number of tribes which spoke what may be called for the moment a common language which differed from theirs. With these tribes (with the exception of the 568 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Pinpandoor, which had cast in its lot with them) the Bangerang lived in a state of chronic feud. In the country of the Bangerang proper, that is of the Wongatpan and Towroonban, the writer resided from 1841 to 1851, and having described their manners in a former work,* it will be unnecessary to go into the subject here. The situation, however, of a congeries of linguistically- related tribes surrounded by others whose language, closely related amongst themselves, differed from theirs, is both un- usual and worthy of notice, and could not fail to have been the result of something uncommon in the past history of the population of those parts. Another point worthy of obser- vation is that the Bangerang tribes proper called the River Goulburn Kai^e-la, and one of the tribes of their association which dwelt on that river, Kailheban, or people of the Kaiela. On the other hand, the Ngooraialum, which dwelt higher up that stream, occupied a considerable portion of its bank, and formed one of the several tribes which surrounded the Bangerang septs, called the Goulburn Waaring and the Kdilthiban, and not themselves, Waaringulum, or people of the Waaring, as though they had found them located on that river when they themselves first reached it. It is worthy of a passing notice that the Bangerang lan- guage has something in common with that of IMungalella Creek, which, with its difference from the Ngooraialum tongue, is shown in the following table : — English. Mungalella Creek. Bangerang. Ngooraialum. Kangaroo Mosquito Hair - Fire - Poora - Pootie - Popa - Boodee Purra (red kangaroo) Betha - Pokkau Biitya - Maram. ■ Kogok. Kowing. Wiin. Smoke - No - - - Toga - - - Yoorda or urda - Thonga Yoorta Boort. Thago. I don't know Wodthana - Wunna ludunga. * Recollections of Squatting in Victoria : George Robertson, Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, 1883. PREFATORY REMARKS. 569 From these circumstances and a general knowledge of the ways of the race, I am led to conjecture that, as in the case of the Darling tribes, the progenitors of the Bangerang were a party of young men, who, finding themselves without wives, absconded (possibly from Mungalella Creek) with some of the young women whom the old men had monopolized. That, in order to evade pursuit, the young people travelled on over many a mile of unknown country until they reached that expansion of the Murray called Moira, where they located themselves, and where we found their descendants living. That long (perhaps a century or two) after they had settled in that locality and spread to the Goulburn, and increased and broken up into several tribes, which spoke distinct dialects, they were overtaken by the general wave of population, which for ages had been evermore rolling south across the whole width of the continent; that the new comers, as they advanced, occupied the country on every side of the Bangerang, hemmed them in, and peopled all the lands they found untenanted, and at last completed the occupation of the continent. Whilst this was in progress, the Ngooraialum, who formed a portion of this wave of population, I have no doubt, found, as I have said, already located on the Lower Goulburn, which river they named Waaring, a strange tribe, which they called Waanngulum, or people of the Waaring. The Bangerang language has many diminutives, as naika = duck, naikidjiga = little duck; ckoonda = bird, choondoonga = little bird; pokka = dog, pokkidjiga = little dog or pup; inyanook = small, ingarnika = very small. The Pikkolatpan used to speak of the Bangerang as the Yoorta or No Blacks, but I never heard them use that term themselves. A considerable portion of the Bangerang were pitted with small-pox, some of them dreadfully so; and in 1843, or thereabouts, I saw amongst them a child absolutely suffering from that disease. One or two other children also, of not more than ten years of age, bore its marks unmistakably. Of the Bangerang tribes fifty or sixty persons are now all 570 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: that remain. The following Additional Bangerang Words occur to me: — Bird - - - choonda. Little bird - T - choondoonga. Teal - - naikidjiga. The large diver - - moonilip. ,, small diver - ■ takoma. Parrot - - - tojinja, dekola. Shag - - - - wongonga. Quail - - - borinyer. Spur-winged plover - demilborinya. Ibis - - paipadjerook. Black cockatoo - - ngaring. Scrub turkey ■ - lowan. Pigeon - - - mongobara. Emu feathers - - korawa. Pup - - pokkldjiga. Ring-tailed opossum - piinjarama. Mouse - - - naitchoonga. Kangaroo-rat - - barrinuda. Bandicoot - thalwa. Red kangaroo - - purra. Flying squirrel - - piranga. Native cat - punmaitpa. Water rat - - wowa. Rat . • bareta. Frog - - - tungoba. An imaginary snake of vast toonatpan. dimensions Very small - - - ingarnika. Fishing-net - - - baltyire. Woman's bag - - mooka-mooka. Yam-stick - kunna. Sorts of clubs - - wongoba, paringa. Net worn round the forehead maranoolin or marangoolin. Emu spear - koyir. Fishing-spear - - moola. Shield used with clubs - - malka. »> j> )) spears - - monda. Reed necklace - - jagoga. Wooden spade - - punbora. PREMTORt REMARKS. 571 Additional Woeds — cmitinued. A hooked twig with which uudema. grubs are extracted from trees Belt and strings worn by be-e-lin. girls, which , hang before and behind A twig used in opossum ji-ek-or-a. hunting Wooden water-trough - ko-koma. Back shell of tortoise - Plate of bark Horny substance on emu's waichera. breast Delf plate of the Whites String - - - - - woothool-woothool. Opossum-cloak - blganga. Blanket - yallaneborong, yallanebora Leg - - - - - moonna. Trousers - moonnoopna. Arm, wing, ana-branch of a, borinya. river Shirt - - - - - borinyoopna. Tail ... - - koogaija. Feather - - - - - tunno. Nest . - - - - manga. Beak, mouth - - woorro. Man in general - yeyir. Woman in general - - paiabia. A little boy - - maldiga. A lad whose tooth has been kogomoolga. knocked out A lad of the same age whose wonga. tooth is not to be knocked out Young woman - - - thathewa. Son kooiga. Girl yarka. Uncle ----- karangoba. Aunt baarpo. A man's back - - - mookoona. Back-bone . - - - panno. 572 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Additional Words — continued. Wrist - - - kookoora, woonanga. Ankle - - yaanga. Navel - - kakaga. Eyebrow - mimithmgin. Eyelash - - - woongo. Finger - - - kertchera. Face - maan. Moustache - - mondoorin. Whisker - - yaring. Neck - - - wanora. Rib - - kaangoort. Heart - - - tippa. Jaw - - konga. Shoulder - katin. Knee ■ - - eoringa. Liver - - potha. Anus - mootcha. Lungs - - - mamille. Long hair - - cherungunan pokkan. Short hair - thoolookan pokkan. Curly hair - - main-mait-pan pokkan. Grey hair - - taa-o-go-a pokkan. Louse - - - moonna. Flea - - moonna pokka ; i.e., dog's louse. Verbs. Dive - karoobok. Swim - yarribok. Bathe - - marribok. Make - - maa-maa. Give - i, ngooohiok. Swallow- - yaSya. Fall - taatin. Strike - - nginyuk. Evacuate the bowels - konyoobok. Scratch - - - ohlnbok. Carry - - looppa. Cut - - thai-ir-i-ehuk. Spit - toopan. Throw - - yunga. Dream - - - nuraite. PREFATORY REMARKS. 573 Additional Words — contintied. Bum ----- pai-ir. Fight nginyelerak. Stink tiginmoora. Laugh ----- karibok. Tie - - - kunne. Peel baamoongooda. Pinch - - - - pirra. Jump r - - - yaarkobuk. Blow (a fire) - - - - poornma. Whistle lertchooma. Miscellaneous Words. What? minne? Full wooroomaitoh. Tall . - - . - ohiroongoona. Coward ohi-i-moon-ook. Mad kornairmooch. Round ngarwidpa. Sick itchyoomuch. Red baathaiik, mormuch. Black thaalunun. White baatchaitpa. New wortha. Old morida, thama. Angry kolyinun. Wet waaloopka. Blind ----- yurimgura. Deaf ngamothermarmooch. Lazy or tired - - - murralaStyamooch, Taste ----- baawa. Rainbow - - - - nairanorma. Clouds ----- yooratha. Tassels worn by the men before ngora. and behind, suspended from a belt Footpath - - . - tana, tabora. Moonlight - - - . yoorunguk. Morning - . - - barperipna. Shadow moolwa. Pipe-clay . - - - tariJnga. A rogue, bad . - - mattimna. 574 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Additional Words — continued. Alie - - aiapka. Nonsense ! - yathapka! Pain ' - yittya. Hail - - nginogan. A grave - - molwan. Lagoon - - baartha. A crab-hole - - kaka. Waterhole - kolpaga. A plain - - naitya. A little plain - naityiga. The Murray River - - tongala. ,, Goulburn River - kaiela. Magpie - - ko-6rn-gain. Codfish - - boorinawa. Perch - - kongoopka. Fish like a minnow - jaawa. Large tortoise - baiadthera. Small tortoise - wadjeroSpna. Shrimp - - kandow. Prawn - - koonooga. Mussel - - rStyo. Crayfish - borpa. Sand, sandhill - maloga. Land left uncovered after being thoniga. flooded Lightning - tohiringawa. To drive away rain by means warchuka korkora of a song Mud - moppan. Cloud - - yooratha. Yam - maSela. Pine-tree - ngamara. Gum-tree - beul. Grub of gum-tree - - beulaga. Box-tree - thaunya. Manna - - kaango. Quondong - malinyodo. Flax - - yamen. Large fire at which a party wooloombara. cook together Leaf - wala. PREFATORY REMARKS. 575 Additional Words — continued. Branch ----- manooga. Native cherry-tree - - bartja. Reeds moogoo-ga. House-fly - . - - wowiinya. Sand-fly - - - - naanyoomaldyooga. Blow-fly, maggots, matter - toortooUa. Bull-dog ant - - - - ithitha. Little black ant - - lelitha. Yellow iguana - - - beljimja. Black iguana - - - wawaith. Long chirungana. Short thooloopka. Names of Men. Yallebla. Letupna. Moolidgiga. Kanipka. Barromop. Names or Women. Narrungaming. Undyarning. Mardjiga. Thore mellapurning. Turtool. Killbangaroo. Wadjibialgrook. Mirandola. Kongobla. Minniga. Windyaming. Borogoa. Names of Boys. Konebla. Mootugoa. Tungoba (frog). Mouorumbe. Barupna. Waw-ra-na-ra-be. Momogoa. Monabbi. 576 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : Additios^al Wokds — continued. Names of Plains. Kaiooga, Tetooga, called Tizziki Plain by the Whites. Goolgaila. Bunderi. Wokkida. Thathumnera. Wai-oo-na (commonly spelt Wyuna). Kotoopna. Names op Ceeeks. Baala = Broken Creek. Dirra = teeth. Kokoma = calabash. Wolola. Ti-i-a. Bathlnbina. Tongologa. Phrases. Where (are the) Blacks ? - wunnul enbena ? (I have) not seen (them) - yoorta-t-naan. (Affirmative) seen (them) - baanga-t-naan. (I) don't know - - - wunna. One man I seen - - - iawa yeyir ngata naan. Give (me) opossum - - i punna or punna i. Give (me) little water - - i inyanook wolla or woUa i inya- nook. Who (is that) person ? - - ngain nellea ? (I) don't know - - - wunna. (I) cannot see (him) - - katir naan. (Do) you see woman that? - ngaarin winyara ? * (She has a) pretty face - kalinya maan. * Ugly (that) old woman (is) - mattimna kormooka. Hungry you ? - - - moolanmook ngimia ? Hungry the stomach (and) in- mooanmook ta booli, koonna. testines My opossum here ; that is, ngi punna ondeyia. here is an opossum for you Look ! mirra ! * There is only one word to express good and pretty, and another to express uffly and bad. PREFATORY REMARKS. 577 Additional Wobds — continued. Look here ! - Mr. Richard - Look here, Mr. Richard Bellyful Desire water (I arrt thirsty) Sick I ! - How you sick ? Sick the belly Big you eat - - - - Let us sleep - - - - Coine (and) bathe - Make haste! (let us) bathe (I can) not swim - Nonsense ! - . . . Shut mouth (hold your tongue) Make haste - - - . Let us go Be off! go! - Dear you . . . . Come here . . . . Where (is) Yallebla? - Up there (I) think Moira, or I think he's gone to Moira What for go Moira, or Why did he go to Moira ? To fish - - - - Horse that one belongs to him, or that horse belongs to him (Is) Colbinabbin far off ? Near (is) Worparilla Let us go to Worparilla Give (me a) little manna Quick ! take (some) Kangaroo (is) bad - Good or the best (is) emu Where is my woman, i.e. , wife ? (She is) asleep (in the) camp - (She is) sitting (in the) camp Make haste! come on, let us walk There (are) two kangaroos VOL. III. 2 mirramna ! Mitta Itchen. miramna, Mitta Itchenna. powganowmook. thanyanuk wolla. ityoomuch nga ! minne ngan ityoomuch ? ityoomuch ta booli. tungooja ngia thuna. nanyoobok. yakorinja marribok. kakaiarro ! marribok. yoorta yarrowin. yathapka ! nappa woorroo. purri or pir. yarrabong. proma! promganja! thoma ngeni. yakkorma, kabai. Yallebla wunnul ? nelangaia imbat Moira. minyanook yanna Moira? munyooganyoonook. karakatemook nellea nellanya. KoUbinabbin boor ? kiranjamik Worparilla. annubok Worparilla. i inyanook kaango. purri ! mumma. mattimna kai-i-mer. kalinya pikkeroomdja. wunnul ngeni wiinya? nanyoobok maanoo. karno maanoo. purri ! kakaiarro, anyoobok. nelangaia boltubol kaiimer. O 578 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Additional Words — continued. Which one will you take or womogin ngiamommon? seize? Large, that one, I, or I will tungooja tungaia ngata. have that large one Who speared (them)? - - nganog baatim? That (man I) believe speared talkoobaia yimbat baatim. (them) To-day speared (I) believe - Immilang baatim imbat. Yesterday (I) believe (he) irukbiruji imbat baatim, speared (them) Lend now me reed-spear, I tomak kara ngata kama baatima will spear two boltubol. Be off ! not I will lend - - proma ! yoortachin ngata tomoon. Always I lend (to) you - - moorangoorang ngata tomoon ngoo- nook. (Do) you know (the) road Port ngia koon tabora Portpillipook ? Phillip to? Pretty face that woman (has) kalinya maan {or menn) wiinyarin. Wiinya = woman. Wiinyarin = that woman. Sore (is) my hand - - - ityoomuch ngeni beyin. He speared my back - - baatin ngeni mookoona. You hit (him with a) wongoba ngia natto wongobal. I see one emu - - - ngata naan iawa pikkeroomdja. Not one, (but) three - - yoorta iawa, boltubol ioong. There ! see ! - - - - oonya ! nao ! Hush ! - - - - - koquil ! Don't speak . - . - yoorta lo-it-pa. Shut your mouth - - - nappa wooroo. I will spear (him) directly - ngata baathima tinyoowinya. I thint he is fat. Literally, kalinya imbat woUikthia. Good believe fat I believe he is thin or bad. mattabe imbat nel-le-ya. Literally, Bad believe that one I will eat (him) presently - ngata thaitchek tinyoowinya. You (hit) that one with (your) ngia nelleya wongobal. wongoba How fat (he is) ! - - bandola wollikthia ! Come on, let us eat - - kakkaiarro thaiohimia. Haste, (I) want fire - - pir ! {or onge !) thanuk biitya. PREFATORY REMARKS. 579 AdditionaIi Words — continued. Stand back, you will break proma ! pullo nelle kama. my reed-spear. Ht., Go ! break this reed-spear Hallo ! (here is a) tomahawk - te ! ana. Whose (is it)? - - - ithal? Mine ngieni. Grass barpan. To search for grass - - barpanyanook. A minnow - - - - jawa. To fish for minnows - - jawanyanook. Pood mtindiga. To search for food or hunt mundiganyanook. or fish for food Firewood .... biitchao. To look for or get firewood biityanyoonook. Opossum .... puima. To hunt opossums - - punyanyunook. Grub - - . - . bealaga. To look for grubs - - - bealanyanook. A Black .... enben^. To go on the war-path - - enbenanyanook. Song. Ngoe immilang kai-i-mer, Yoorta yanha yooringa, Wanama wai panama, Yoorta purra woUikthia. Translation. Yea, to-day (we will have) kangaroo, Not go sun (or before sundown). Not red kangaroo fat. Angey Exclamations. Kotoopna molwa ! - - - The graves of Kotoopna ! Moneroopna moocha ! - - Thunder in (your) anus ! Yakkai ! - - - . An exclamation of pain or sorrow. Kai-kai ! - . . . An exclamation of surprise. So much for the language'of theBangerang trihes proper. Turning to the Pikkolatpan, its vocabulary was obtained from one of the tribe. Whilst many of its words are pure 2 0 2 580 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Bangerang, it will be noticed that the equivalents of the Blacks, Blackfeltow, Black woman, and no are not amongst them. It has been remarked before that when a section of a tribe broke off from the parent stem and became indepen- dent, an alteration of one or all of the above words generally took place. The Toolinyagan vocabulary has many Bangerang words. The name by which the Murray River is known to this tribe is Kaiela, which the reader is aware is applied by several Bangerang tribes to the Goulburn, their name for the Murray being Tongala. It is noticeable that this vocabulary con- tains two instances of words being changed to meet the custom of not naming the dead. Thus kangaroo used to be kaiimer, as in Bangerang, until a woman of that name died, and opossunv-rug used to be pinga, but a man called Pinga died, and the word was changed to koonya-miinya. The following are a few Additional Toolinyagan "Words: — Kangaroo-rat - - - ngarringarra. Mouse bartha. Water rat . - - . wollithola. Woman's net-bag - - - murra. Net worn on forehead - - murrungilling. Fishing-net - - - - woolwyra. Manna ----- kaango. Opossum-cloak - - - koonya-wiinya. Husband - . _ . yeyir. Blow-fly - . - . thongera. Big ant ----- kagija. Codfish booringawa. Perch' markoon, theika. Hole in the ground - - mithitha. A sore ----- koot-tha. Speaking of an elder brother - baanyoobin. ,', to an elder brother - baanyooba. Come swim (in the) water - kabbai marribok wolla. Don't talk - - - - yoorta loitpa. You lie ngeni andaik. Where is my wife ? - - wunul ngieni wiinya ? (I have) n6t seen (her) - - yoortat naan. (She has) run away - - yammin. Arm borinya. Mussel yanga. PREFATORY REMARKS. 581 In the Ngarrimowro language it is remarkable that the substantive Bawo = Blackfellow has a dual, Bawool, and a plural, Ba-wal, as a very intelligent Black woman from whom I got my vocabulary was at pains to inform me. About twenty-five years ago the equivalent of kangaroo was Poonminmir, which name a girl also bore. The girl died, and wardakow became the term for kangaroo, as the name of the dead could not be uttered for many years, in accord- ance with a custom which seems to be universal in Australia. In like manner the tribe used to say Bakka wirra = tobacco give; but a boy called Bakka having died, the phrase was altered to thong a wirra = smoke give. The word marrai = woman becomes in the plural maani/oomein. Some of the neighbouring tribes call the Ngarrimowro the Yabbala = No Blacks. This people called the Murray Kaiela, and, though they knew of the existence of the Goulburn, had no name for it. On pressing my informant on the subject, I learnt that, if she had to speak of it, she should call it Kaiela, pointing in its direction with her nose, so as to distinguish it from the Murray. Men generally point with the beard, women with the nose. The following Additional Words are Ngarrimowro: — A cloud yoorathek. Lightning - - - - chiringawik. Many women - - - - karoik maanyoomain. Codfishi ----- booroonoo. Perch ----- boongooma. Manna kanog. To swim marreohang. Gum-tree ... - tuUo. Box-tree bulloit. Diver (a bird) - - - - dai-e-Iel. A boy moolan. Arm borein. Murray River - - - Kaiyel or Kaiela. To-morrow I will go - - burriburri ngai-ir yanne. Give me some fish (fish give) - munni wirra. I am hungry . - - - moolinmi ngai-ir. Hungry you? - - - - moolinmi nginya ? Opossum is bad - - - matthir toompool. 582 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Additional Woilds— continued. Emu is good - Don't talk Hush ! - - - Many Black (will) come morrow When (will) you go? To-morrow I (will) go Come and fish Where are you going? - Where is my wife? - Not I see (her) - kalein godaiami. - yabbala loitpa. - ko-ka! to- karoik barwal yanne purri burri. - wamuk nginya yanne? - purriburri ngailr yanne. - yennera munnika. - wunnul yanne? - wunnul ngeni marrai? - yabbale ngata nakal. No. 214a.— NEAR THE JUNCTION OP THE MURRAY AND GOULBURN.— THE BANGERANG TRIBES PROPER. By the Wbiter. Kangaroo - ka3-i-mer. Hand - - be-yin. Opossum pun-na. 2 Blacks - - bol-tu-bol-yeyir. Tame dog - pok-ka. 3 Blacks - - bol-tu-bol i-oong Wild dog - w6k-id-da. yeyir. Emu - - - pikk-er-oom-dja. One - - iawa, loong. Black duck - nai-ka. Two - - bol-tu-bol. Wood duck- ung-a-wa. Three - - bol-tu-bol i-oong. Pelican ka-tin. Laughing jackass wig-il-5p-ka. Pour - - bol-tu-bol bol-tu- bol. - ka5-a. Native companion koo-noo-goo- thoo-la. Father White cockatoo - jar-ing. Mother - kam-a. Crow - wok-ka. Sister-Elder - gid-git-ka. Swan - maal-ya. „ Younger - tha-jip. Egg - - - poo-jang-a. Brother-Elder - baanyooba. Track of a foot - moo-goo-jin-na. „ Younger tha-ju-ba. Fish - - - mund-ji. A young man - pan-noop-ka. Lobster An old man - thow-mung-a. Crayfish - bi3r-pa. An old woman - kor-moo-ka. Mosquito - be-tha. A baby - ko-toop-ka. Fly - wo-wlin-ya. A White man - moo-la-wa. Snake - go-na. Children - - yar-ka, yar-kid- The Blacks - en-ben-na. ji-ga. A Blackf ellow - en-ben-na. Head - - po-ko. A Black woman wlin-ya. Eye - - me-ul. Nose - kowo. Ear -. - mar-moo. JUNCTION OF THE MURRAY AND GOULBURN. 583 No. 214 a. — Near the Junction of the Murray and Goulburn — continv^d. Mouth - - woor-roo. Teeth - - - dir-ra. Hair of the head - pok-kan. Beard - - yaar-ing. Thunder - - mon-er-a. Grass - - bar-pan. Tongue - thai-ling. Stomach - bool-i. Breasts - ba3-ir. Thigh - - moon-na. Foot - - chin-na. Bone - - lil-di-ma. Blood - - maw-wa. Skin - - wo-waid-ja. Fat - - woU-ik-thi-a. Bowels - koon-na. Excrement - - koon-na. War-spear - - jek-kor-a. Reed-spear - - ka-ma. Throwing-stick - yool-wa. Shield - - mal-ka. Tomahawk - - a-na. Canoe - - mat-tha. Sun - - ' - yoor-ing-a. Moon - - yo6r-e. Star - - toor-ta. Light - - moo-la-wa. Dark - - thal-la, moo-lok- moo-lok. Cold - - ma-tig-i-wik. Heat - - ti-check. Day - - kan-an-goor-a. Night - - thalla, moolok- moolok. Fire - - biit-ya. Water - wol-la. Smoke - thong-a Ground - wok-ka. Wind- - baang-a. Rain - - koo-kor-a. God - - Ghosts - pek-ka. Boomerang - wun-ya. Hill - yool-la. Wood - biit-cha-o. Stone - e-or-ga. Camp - niaan-oo. Yes - ngo-e. No - yoor-ta. I nge-ni, nga-ta. You - nga, ngia. Bark - yal-ma. Good - kaal-in-ya. Bad - - mat-tim-na. Sweet - - kaal-in-ya. Food - - mun-di-ga. Hungry - moo-lan-mook. Thirsty - thaan-ga. Eat - - thai-chim-i-a. Sleep - - naan-yoo-bok. Drink - - tha-goo-na. Walk - - yan-yoo-bok. See - - naSt-chook, naan Sit - kar-choo-bok. Yesterday - - iruk-biruk. To-day - immil-ang. To-morrow - - bar-per-ik. Where are the wunnul enbena? Blacks? I don't know - wun-ua. Plenty - otan. Big - - tuu-goo-ja. Little - - in-ya-nook. Dead - - ko-koo-in. By-and-by - - Come on - ya-kor-ma, ka-ko Milk - - ngoonoo-in. Eaglehawk - - won-mir. Wild turkey - kor-mi-me-bla. Wife - - nge-ni wiin-ya. 584 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 214b.— TOCUMWALL, ON THE MURRAY.— THE PIKKOLATPAN TRIBE. By the Wbitbb. Kangaroo - wortogoa. Hand - - bium. Opossum - baitya. 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - pokka. 3 Blacks - . Wild dog - One - - iawa. Emu - pikkeroomdja. Two - - balabqol. Black duck - Wood duck Three - - balabool ia. Pelican Pour ■ - balabool bala Laughing jackass bool. Native companion Father - bapo. White cockatoo - jarim. Mother - napo. Crow - wokkir. Sister-Elder - thaigip. Swan - „ Younger - baanyooip. Egg - Brother-Elder - Track of a foot - „ Younger Pish - mani. A young man . Lobster An old man . Crayfish An old woman Mosquito - Ply - A baby - Snake - A White man - The Blacks - beowka. Children - - A Blaokfellow - beowkal. Head - - A Black woman - momidgiga. Bye - - ma. Nose kowo. Bar - - marmoo. TOCUMWALL, ON THE MURRAY. 585 No. 214b. — TocuMWALL. — The Pikkolaipak Tribe — continued. Mouth - woorro. Boomerang - - Teeth - - dirran. Hill - - Hair of the head Wood Beard - - Stone - - eorga. Thunder - - murnera. Camp - - Grass - - barpan. Yes - - ngoe. Tongue No - - yalliba. Stomach - botha. Breasts I - nga, my, ngeni. Thigh- - You - - ngena. Foot - - mogoohinna. Bark - - yalma. Bone - Good - - - Blood - Bad - - Skin - - _ Sweet - - Fat - _ Food - - Bowels - Hungry - Excrement - - Thirsty - War-spear - - koyir. Eat - - maichimiak. Reed-spear - - kama. Sleep - - nanyoobok. Throwiag-stiok - Drink - - bogiak. Shield - marka. Walk - - yanyoobok. Tomahawk - - ngana. See - - Canoe - Sit •■ - Sun - - yooringa. Yesterday - - bigauga. Moon - - yoore. To-day Star - - toorta. To-morrow - - Light - - Dark - - Where are Blacks? the wunul beowka ? Cold - - Heat - - I don't know - Day - - kanenorga. Plenty - Night - .- thalla. Big - - - Fire - - biitya. Little - - Water - thethowganna. Dead - - Smoke - By-and-by - - Ground - Come on - - kakaiyarro. Wind - Milk - - Rain ■ - korkora. Eaglehawk - - God - - - Wild turkey Ghosts - Wife - 586 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 214c.— ULUPNA.— THE TOOLINYAGAN TRIBE, By the Wkitee. Kangaroo - tamjutooopna. Hand - _ Opossum - baitya. 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - pokka. 3 Blacks - - Wild dog - wokkida. One - - iawa. Emu - Two - - boltubol. Black duck - Three - - boltubol ioong Wood duck- Four - - boltubol- Pelican boltubol. Laughing jackass Father - bapo. Native companion White cockatoo Mother - napo. Crow - Sister-Elder - thaigip. Swan - ,, Younger - poo-gika. Egg - Brother-Elder - baanyooba. Track of a foot ,, Younger banyip. ' Fish - A young man Lobster - borpa. An old man - towmunga. Crayfish An old woman - kormooka. Mosquito - - A baby - kotoopna. Fly - - wowiinya. A White man Snake - ■ - - takinjoa, gona. The Blacks - - yenbena. Children - A BlackfeUow - yeyir. Head - - poko. A Black woman - paiabia or wiiny a. Eye - - meul. Nose - - kowo. Ear - ULUPNA. 887 No. 214c. — Ulupna. — The Toolintagan Tribe — continued. Mouth - wooroo. Boomerang - - kooronga. Teeth - - dirran. Hill - - Hair Of the heac - Wood - - biityao. Beard - _ Thunder - monera. Stone - - iorga. Grass - - barpa. Camp - - mana. Tongue - Yes - - ngoe. Stomach - booU. No - - yoorta. Breasts - bai-ir. I - ngeni. Thigh - - towo. You - - nginna. Foot - - mogoginna. Bark - - Bone - _ Good - - kaalinya. Blood - - maw-wa. Bad - - mattimna. Skin - _ Sweet - - thunathaich. Fat - - wolikthia. Food - -1 - Bowels - bartoogoona. Hungry - Excrement - - koonna. Thirsty - War-spear - - wnnnuga. Eat - - Reed-spear - - kama. Sleep - - nanyoobok. Throwing-stick - yoolwa. Drink - Shield - - Walk - - yanyoobok. Tomahawk - - ngana. See - - Canoe - - matta. Sit - - kartyoobok. Sun - - yooringa. Yesterday - - Moon - - yooruigeja. To-day - kanangor. Star - - toorta. To-morrow - - parparik. Light - - - Where are ;he wunul yenbena ? Dark - - Blacks ? Cold - - I don't know - ai yoort-at naan. Heat - - Plenty - ngotan. Day - - Big - - _ Night - - Little - Fire - - biitya. Dead - - kokooin. Water - woUa. Smoke _ By-and-by - - Ground ~ wokka. Come on . - - kabai. Wind - - Milk - - Rain - - korkora. Eaglehawk - - God - - Wild turkey - Ghosts , - Wife - - ngieni wiinya. 588 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No. 214d.— NEAR YnLIMA, ON BOTH SIDES OP THE RIVER MURRAY— THE NGARRIMOWRO TRIBE. By the Wkitek. Kangaroo - wardakow. Hand - pirik. Opossum toompool, korak. 2 Blacks - platir bawool. Tame dog - karnow, kamao. 3 Blacks - platir warrangen Wild dog - bawal. Emu - godaiami. One - - warrangen. Black duck wangirl. Two - - - platir. Wood duck Pelican garikart. Three - platir warrangen. Laughing jackass Pour - platir-platir. Native companion tarwirri. Pather bingalam. White cockatoo - karang. Mother nga-ga-lam. Crow - wokka. Sister-Elder ngaigerem. Swan - malai. ,, Younger thatham. Egg - - - Brother-Elder wawom, Track of a foot - ,, Younger Pish - munni. A young man Lobster An old man- Crayfish - An old woman Mosquito - burroit. Ply - Snake - A baby kothopook. komo, littagow. A White man The Blacks - bawal. Children - ngolwaiohik. A Blackfellow warrangenbawo. Head - A Black woman - marrai. Eye - ma, mawo. Nose -■ kowo. Bar - maram. NEAR YIILIMA, ON BOTH SIDES OP MURRAY. 589 No. 214:D. — ^NeAB YlIIilMA, ON BOTH SIDES OF THE RiVEK MUEKAY. — The Ngaeeimowbo Tribe — continiied. Mouth - worro. Boomerang - - Teeth - tarrawil, taiTe- Hill - - - woluntha. woli. Wood- - worogolik, kalo Hair of the head - weik. Beard - Thunder - - moolgoorook, binyakum. Stone - Camp - - moppo. Grass - belart. Yes - - ngoe. Tongue - thalla. 'No - - - yabbala. Stomaeh - botha, pondtho. I - ngai-in. Breasts - You - •■ ngenya. Thigh - Bark - - yalam. Foot - - chinna, mogo- Good - - kalein. chinna. Bad - - matthir. Bone - - Sweet - _ Blood - - Food - Skin - Fat - Hungry - moolinmi. Bowels - Thirsty - Excrement - - koonna. Eat - - thaikia. War-spear - - marreoo. Sleep - - pirtilong. Reed-spear - - thorongal. Drink - - kongaiang. Throwing-stick Shield- - palart. Walk- - See - nganyera. - nakal. Tomahawk - - nagaiak. Sit - J-4 U/4J1U/X ■ Canoe - - bootjo. " Sun - - worgo. Yesterday - - Moon - - yoori. To-day - Star - - toorto To-morrow - - purriburri. Light - _ Where are the wunul bawal ? Dark - _ Blacks? Cold - ■ poleki. I don't know - yabbal ngata Heat - - dikarti, dekki. nakal. Day - - karnawak. Plenty - karoik. Night - - yenoit. Big - - Fire - - kalao. Little - - Water - banna. Dead - - notharun. Smoke - thonga. By-and-by - - Ground - wokka. Come on - kako. Wind- _ Milk - - - Rain - - karokor. Eaglehawk - - ngarta. God - - Wild turkey - oherakal. Ghosts - Wife - - marrai. APPENDICES. APPENDIX A. THE TASMANIANS. In the short reference which I am ahont to make to the manners and customs of the Tasmanian race, I have taken as my authority a little work by the late J. E. Calder, en- titled, Some Account of the Wars, Extirpation, Habits, fc, of the Native Tribes of Tasmania. To Mr. Calder, whose kind- ness in supplying me with information on the subject was indefatigable, I am also indebted for a good deal of additional matter. Concerning the sources of his knowledge, in a letter to Colonel St. Hill, Private Secretary to His Excellency Sir Frederic A. Weld, Governor of Tasmania, through whose hands the beginning of our correspondence passed, Mr. Calder says : — " Some of this intelligence, I beg to say, I have collected orally, in the long series of years I have re- sided here ; partly from persons who of all others had the most to do with the capture and removal of our natives from the main land (G. A. Eobinson and Alexander McKay) ; and the rest from a very diligent study of the only authentic records extant, in which the history of this people, as far as it can ever be known to us, is contained ; viz. : — The many voluminous manuscript reports that are preserved in the office of the Colonial Secretary, of which there are about nineteen. This great mass of evidence, I think I may ven- ture to affirm, no one has ever gone completely through except myself, who have toiled patiently through it thrice, to master the subject perfectly. Having at all times during the last fifty years taken great interest in the race of men whom we have displaced, I have been further induced to get together into one massive vocabulary all the words (about 1,500) I could trace out of the languages or dialects once spoken by the original tribes of this country. This vocabulary — the completion of which cost me more labor than I care to boast of — I deposited in the Museum of the Eoyal Society, where I suppose it still is." VOL. III. z p 594 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: With respect to the languages of Tasmania, of which there seem to have been at least six or eight (the many points of agreement in which show them to be variations of one original tongue), the best authority is, I think, the vocabulary of the late Dr. Joseph Milligan, F.L.S., who was for some years Medical Superintendent of the Aboriginal Establishments, first at Flinders Island, and afterwards at Oyster Cove. This gentleman I knew formerly intimately, and think it weU to point out that he was unacquainted with any language but English, and so not well fitted for his task. Also the reader will notice that his ,mode of spelling is a very haphazard one. Besides, several incorrectnesses are noticeable in his pages. For instance, the translations of the numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, in his Vocabulary, do not agree with those which appear in his "Short sentences in the native languages." Nevertheless, Milligan was a, very painstaking man and very happily situated for carrying out the work. On the other hand, Jorgen Jorgenson, ex-King of Iceland, whose vocabulary is also given (and who, by-the-by, I remem- ber as an assigned clerk to my father in Hobartown), was a man of intellect and a linguist of considerable attainments, but lacked the opportunities enjoyed by Milligan. In addi- tion to the above, six other vocabularies forwarded to me by the late Mr. Oalder, two of which are new to the public, are inserted. Of the history of the Tasmanian people little is known, and it will be enough for my purpose to say that our first settlement in their island took place in 1803. Their number at that date cannot be given, even approximately. By some writers it has been set down at 7,000 and upwards, and by Milligan as not exceeding 2,000, which last estimate is probably nearer the truth. Whatever were their aggregate numbers, however, the natives we know were divided into about twenty tribes, which occupied amongst them the whole island, most parts of which were occasionally visited. At the outset of our colonization, the natives were found to be a very friendly people; but owing to the outrages and murders of the early settlers, they betook themselves, after a time, THE TASMAJSriANS. 595 to their forests, resolutely declined all farther intercourse with the Whites, and commenced a hush war of surprises and massacres, which was carried on by both sides with unmitigated ferocity. In this struggle, Mr. Calder is of opinion that a great many more Whites fell than Blacks. In the meantime, the latter, who in their native state, went, the men entirely and the women almost naked, had become accustomed to the use of blankets, in which they often slept when soaked with rain, and at other times discarded alto- gether, according to the whim of the moment. The result of this was an epidemic of lung diseases, which, within half a century, brought about the total extinction of the race. A cordon of 3,000 armed men having been drawn across a portion of the island, with a view to hemming in and capturing the tribes in those parts, and various other measures having been had recourse to for their capture or de- struction, with equal ill success, the late George Augustus Eobinson was authorized by the Governor to go with a small party, consisting chiefly of semi-civilized natives, amongst the remnants of the tribes, and induce them, if he could, to give themselves up. This at length he succeeded in accom- plishing, and brought into Hobartown, the capital of the island, by instalments, all except four, who remained at large; that is about 250* persons, who were taken to Flinders Island, where almost all of them died of lung complaints within a few years. The last survivor of the race was Trugannini, who had been, in Kobinson's hands, the chief instrument in the capture of her country people. She died in 1876, having reached the age of about sixty-four years. The following names of some of the Tasmanian tribes have been handed down to us. The Ninnee, who dwelt about Port Davey ; the Tackine, whose country was near Sandy Cape ; and on the south coast the Mo-le-oke-er-dee, the Nue-no7ir-i-e, the Tur- rer-M-gv^ov^ne, the Pan-ger-mo-ig-ke, and the Nee-l-wovr-ne. Though several writers have adverted in a passing way to the descent of the now extinct native race of Tasmania, I am not aware that any one has gone into the details of the subject. As the only question in connection with that 596 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: people wHcli comes witHn tlie scope of this work is, whether they were descended from the Australians or vice versA, I shall in great measure restrict what I have to say concerning them to that point. As usual, the evidence set before the reader will be gathered from custom, language, and physical characteristics. Beginning then, with customs, we find the following common to Tasmanians and Australians, viz.: — The manu- facture of baskets; making drawings of living objects with charcoal on smooth surfaces; smearing the person with grease, ochre, and charcoal; placing corpses in hollow trees after binding their arms and legs firmly to the body; and scarring the skin on arrival at puberty for the purpose of ornament. With the Tasmanians, however, this last practice was restricted to the males. Further, both races climbed trees by means of notches cut in the bark ; abstained from speak- ing of the dead; and required the offender against certain customs to stand to have spears thrown at him, which (shields being unknown in Tasmania) he avoided as best he could by contortions of the body, without quitting the spot on which he had taken up his position. As in Australia, also, feuds were hereditary ; freemasonry was unknown ; Albinos were not found; and no government of any sort existed. Turning to language (in connection with which Milligan's vocabulary is generally referred to when no other is specially named), we find the following points of agreement between Tasmanian and Australian speech, which I have supplemented with corresponding terms from the Negro languages of Africa, as a subject of remark, further on : — English. Tasmanian. Australian. Atrloan. You Neena . Neena - Nyn. Fire Winalea - - Wiin - Wun. Bar Mungenna - Muuga - Smoke - Boorana - - Booyoo - Buruzos. Two / Boula (Jorgenaou) 1 Bura (Lhotsky) } Boola - Buol. Tongue - TuUana ( Jorgenson) Tailing - Talam. Nose Moonar (Norman) - ■ Moolya - Mola. THE TASMANIAl^S. 597 Again, in the three sets of languages there is an absence of any coilective word for brother, but distinct words for elder brother and younger brother. Also in Tasmania and Aus- tralia we find night and darkness related ; likewise bowels and excrement; but in neither of these cases do the words in use in the two countries display any glossarial affinity. It has been shown in the first volume that the words arm and bibi, both a little varied, prevail in Australia and in Africa, signifying, in different languages, woman, mother, breasts, milk, water, and rain, and having at the present day in some of the languages of both continents two or three of the above significations. In Tasmania we meet with practically the same pecu- liarity, though the root which goes through the variations is not either of those found in the two continents, as follows: — Young woman - - - loalla puggana. Teat ----- pruggana. Breasts . . - - parugganna. Milk ----- prooganeannah. E.ain ----- pogana. Such are the points of agreement in customs and lan- guage between the Australian and Tasmanian races, so far as the evidence on hand goes. It has, however, been shown, in the chapter which treats of the origin of the Australian race, that most of these customs and the whole of these linguistic peculiarities prevail also in Negro Africa at the present day; and hence it follows that there is in reality nothing in evidence, so far, to affiliate the Tasmanian to the Australian rather than to the Negro. For if there be a few savage customs common to Australians and Tasmanians which do not exist in Africa — such, for instance, as climbing trees by means of notches — the circumstance will not carry much weight when it is recollected that the Negro has in all likelihood, probably as the result of contact with more civilized peoples, given up some customs which prevailed at the epoch at which the forefathers of the Australians may be supposed to have left the shores of the " dark continent." There exists, however, on the other hand, a good deal of evidence which leads to the conclusion that the Tasmanian 598 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: must be traced direct to the Negro without the intervention of the Australian. For instance, a number of remarkable Australian characteristics not found in Africa were all absent from Tasmania. Thus the corroboree, the boomerang, the wommera certainly, and the message-stick as far as known, did not exist there. Again, Calder notices that the Tasma- nians never eat scaled fish, which all Australians did ; and in Livingstone's Last Journals, vol. 1, p. 308, we find the Banyamwesi, on the east side of Tanganyika, practising the same abstinence. Though not bearing on this point, it may be noticed that many things common to the Australian and Negro were not met with in Tasmania, such as piercing the septum of the nose, knocking out teeth, barbing spears, the use of shields, canoes, fishing nets and hooks, and of the tomahawk. Further, the Tasmanian neither skinned nor disembowled animals before cooking, but laid them whole on the fire. Ovens also were not used by him, neither did he carve or paint his weapons ; fire was not made by friction of wood, or cannibalism or circumcision practised. If polyg- amy existed at all, it was very unusual in the island. Finally, the Tasmanian decorated his head with flowers, a custom, I believe, unknown in Australia. The differences id the languages of the two peoples are at least as remarkable as those of custom. Before particu- larizing them, it may be repeated that the number of lan- guages which existed in Tasmania is not known, but that there were several is certain, and also that they were all off- shoots of one original tongue. Now, it is to be noticed that in Australia we have, as shown in Chapter I., many words which extend, with slight variations, to from fifty to ninety per cent, of our languages, and from one end of the continent to the other. The same feature also appears in Tasmania; but the remarkable point is that in no instance does the word common in the island agree with the one prevalent in the continent when absent from the Negro languages. I will give a few instances. In Australia we have thinna, jinna, or chinna =foot, in nineteen-twentieths of the languages. In the Tasmanian languages we have also in the same sense THE TASMANIANS. 599 words from a common but distinct root, as luggaim, lug, langoon, lagarra, langoonar, langana, as the reader will see in the several vocabularies which follow. Again, one of the most widely-spread words in Australia is koonna, koodna, &c., = excrement. In Tasmania, in the same sense, we have tiamena, tiannah, tiena, tyaner, and teethaner. Again, in Australia, ma, marra, murra = hand, appear in four-fifths of the languages; but in Tasmania we have riena, reemutta, rabalga, rilia, ragurner, &c. (Roberts) reena =^ fingers, and reenatta = thumb. Milligan also mentions the sounds lock as used in Scotland and the French u as preva- lent in Tasmania, which certainly do not occur in this continent. We also know that the peculiar Australian system of counting did not prevail in Tasmania. Now, as we found the Tasmanians divided into about twenty tribes, between which, for the most part, communication was diffi- cult and ill kept up, it is to be assumed that those of their words which are general or agree in root belong to the lan- guage which the first comers to the island brought with them, rather than that tongues which for the purpose of conversa- tion had become distinct had varied from the parent speech with uniformity. In view of these facts, the only conclusion to be arrived at is, that the language which the Tasmanians brought with them to their island was not that which reached Australia. Mr. R. H, Davies, referred to by Mr. R. Brough Smyth in his Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. Ixx, has given it as his opinion that the Tasmanians originally came from the continent, and part of them from Cape' Leeuwin, grounding his assertions on their agreement in habits and weapons and on the equivalents of the word mater. With habits I have already dealt, and, I think, shown that the evidence to be derived from them is of a contrary tendency. As regards weapons, it would be difficult to say how many kinds exist in Australia; but we may enumerate spears, plain and also barbed in various ways, some thrown by hand, and others with the wommera; clubs of many patterns, some used with 600 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: one and others witli both hands ; boomerangs, shields of two distinct sorts and many patterns ; wooden swords, double and single handed; also fishing spears of various sorts ; and the tomahawk and the chisel ; many of these implements being elaborately carved and painted. On the other hand, the Tasmanians had merely a spear and club of the simplest description, and the bit of chipped quartz with which they manufactured them, ornamentation of any kind being unknown to them, so that the arms and implements of the two peoples were remarkably unlike. Touching the equivalents of the word mater, it is only necessary to produce them for their want of likeness to be recognized. Thus, in Tasmania, we have, Milligan, lierm, liamenee, lileah; Eoberts, leena; Norman, mookener; Jor- genson, leni, mogo, moka; Lhotsky, lia, lugana, moga; and Scott, mookaria. At and within a hundred miles of Cape Leeuwin the terms for water are gaba, gabbee, giap, Map, and others closely resembling them. Latham, however, in his Elements of Comparative Phi- lology, pp. 369 and 370, finds much in common between the Tasmanian and Australian languages. The Australian words on which he bases this conclusion were obtained from Scott Nind's vocabulary of the King George's Sound language, published in the Memoirs of the Geographical Society of London,, vol. 1, and the Tasmanian terms from the Voyage de V Astrolabe, vol. 7, pp. 9, 10. Mr. Latham's first section on this subject I have examined carefully, with information before me which he did not possess, with the following results : — Wound. — The equivalents given by Lathani for this word are barana at Port Dalrymple, Tasmania; and bareuk at King George's Sound, Australia; but as the word is not found in my vocabulary of King George's Sound, nor in any of the seven Tasmanian vocabularies which appear further on, it must be passed over without remark. Wood: moumbra, Tasmania, and pourn, Australia, as given by Latham. In the Tasmanian vocabularies there are THE TASMANIANS. 601 words from two roots in this sense, of whicli moomara, mumanara, and weenar, weenararme, are instances. The former of these will be seen to agree fairly well with Latham's moumhra. Nind's word pourn is incorrect, boon being the term in use, as the reader will see by reference to my vocabulary of King Greorge's Sound, vol. I., p. 389. The same word and booTia and booana also appear in the neighbouring languages. In Australia and Africa (Negro) there is frequently but one word to express tree and wood, and in this instance the Australian word boon seems to be allied to the African bono = tree. For firewood we have — Tasmania, weegena; Australia, wiin; Africa, wun. Hair : hide, Tasmania ; kaat, Australia. In the seven Tasmanian vocabularies found in this work, keelana (Jor- genson) is the only equivalent of hair which bears any resemblance to kide, unless it be Scott's word nukakala. Kaat, the Australian word given by Nind, signifies head, and not hair, for which chow is the equivalent. Hair of the head is chow-kaat. In some of our languages head and hair are expressed by the same term, but not in this. Thigh: degagla, Tasmania ; tawal, Australia. In none of the Tasmanian vocabularies is the first of these words found. The Australian word is correct. Kangaroo: taramei, Tasmania ; taamour, Australia. In Milligan's vocabulary we meet with tarrana, and in Norman's terrar, in this sense, which agree very well. With Nind's taamour I have not met, the common equivalent for kangaroo at King George's Sound and in its neighbourhood being younger or yongor. Lips: mona, Tasmania; mele, Australia. In the Tas- manian vocabularies I find for lips warlerminner and mogudelia twice ; mona dCes not occur. Probably tongue should take the place of lips, as we find the former translated mena, menne, mina, &c., in most of the Tasmanian vocabu- laries. In my vocabulary of King George's Sound lips does not occur. 602 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: No: poutie, Tasmania; poiuilt or poort, Australia. In the Tasmanian vocabularies pootsa and poohyer are tlie only words which resemble the above. Mnd's terms are incorrect, ooad being the word in use at King George's Sound. Egg: komeka, Tasmania ; kierkee, Australia. Milligan's and Jorgenson's vocabularies are the only ones which give the word egg. In them we find liena punna, pateena, and palinrm, which have something in common with each other, but bear no resemblance to koneka. In King George's Sound noorok and booy are the equivalents of egg, and not kierkee. Bone: pnale, Tasmania; nouil (bone of a bird used for sucking up water), Australia. Mnd's real translation of bone, as given in the Voyage de . P Astrolabe, is kouit. In three of the Tasmanian vocabularies found in this work we have translations of this word, none of which bear the most distant resemblance to pnale. Nind's words nouil and kouit are equally wide of the mark, queeeh and queeka being the terms in use. Skin : kidna, Tasmania ; Mao, Australia. In my Tas- manian vocabularies the reader will find translations of this word given by Milligan, Roberts, and Norman, none of which in the least resemble kidnu. Nind's word kiao, which is followed by a sign of interrogation, is equally incorrect, mop and boak being the terms in use at King George's Sound, both of which are supported by words in use in the neighbouring' languages. Two; kateboueve, Tasmania ; kadjen, Australia. Transla^ tions of two are given by Milligan, Jorgenson, Norman, and Perron. Jorgenson's calabawa somewhat resembles Latham's kateboueve; the rest have no likeness. Nind's word kadjen is evidently incorrect, koochal being the term * In several works Scott Nind's vocabulary is highly spoken of, and on this ground I recommended it to the reader in Chapter IX., though I had never seen it. Acquaintance with it has altered my estimate of its value. THE TASMANIANS. 603 From this it will be seen that, whilst the relationship between the languages of Tasmania and Australia is not questioned (for my contention is that both are descended independently from Negro languages), it is certain that the data on which Latham based his comparison was much less reliable than those now available. Neither, it must be remembered, does that eminent philologist aver that the Tasmanians were descended from the Australians, but goes on to show that the languages of Tasmania have, equally, many Papuan affinities. A few points of agreement between the Tasmanian and African languages which do not, as far as I am aware, extend to Australian tongues, are noticeable as follows : — Bvjj — Tasmanian, ludawinna, luena ; African, lewi. Mouth — Tasmanian, canea, canina, &c. ; African, kana, kanua dekanu. Tooth or teeth — Tasmanian, pegui, pegi, beyge, leeaner; African, pinyi, bei, lieno, lino, lizo. Water — Tasmanian, liena, lia, leena, &c.; African, le, lua. But whilst I have thought it desirable to consider the descent of the Tasmanians in connection with customs and language, the strongest evidence that they were not an off- shoot of the Australian race is found in the physical charac- teristics of the two peoples, which differed remarkably in several particulars. Thus the hair of the Australian from Torres Straits to Wilson's Promontory is long, sometimes straight, and at others wavy, but never woolly, and his com- plexion is black with a tinge of red. In both of these particulars the Tasmanian was strikingly different, for his hair, though long, was woolly, and his color a sooty black. Besides this, all writers on the subject agree that the two peoples differed in features in a marked manner. Now if two thousand miles of latitude failed to get rid of the roots of many words, or to modify the hair, color, and features of the continental tribes, what ground is there for assuming that a transfer across Bass' Straits brought such changes about ? 604 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Weighing the facts connected with language, customs, and physical characteristics, it seems impossible to come to any other conclusion than that the Tasmanians were of mixed Negro, but not of Australian descent. By what route and at what epoch the forefathers of the Tasmanians reached their island, and by what race their Negro ancestors were crossed, there is, as far as I am aware, no evidence to show. The following are the vocabularies of the Tasmanian languages which I have been able to obtain. The first was collected in 1803 by the French navigator, Peron : — PERON'S VOCABULARY. Afar off - - renene. Die, to - mata. Ankle- - - lure. Drink, to - - laina. Arms - - - guna-lia. Ear - - ouengi-lia. Bark - - une bura.* Eat, go and - matgera. Basket - - terri. „ I will - - madegeea. Beads - - - perelede. Eucalyptus - - tara. Beard - - - kongine. ,, seed of monodadro. Beat, to Bird - Blow - Bottle - Branch Breast - - - kindrega. - muta-muta. - bure. - luga. - porshi. - lere. ,, trunk of pirebe. Evacuate, to - tere. Bye - - - nubere. Eyebrow - - line nubera. Eall, to - - midugiya. Burn one self, to laguana. Family - tagari-lia? Call, to .- - toni. Fire - - une. Canoe - - - nenga. Fish (gadus) - punerala. Casuarina, fruit of lubada. Fucus palmatus - rugona. Charcoal - - loira. Ply . - oille. Chin - - - onaba. Give me - noki. Cloak of kang a- boira. Go away (let us - tangara. roo skins Grass - - poene. Crab - - - reuorari. Grease the hair - tane poere. Cut, to - rogeri, fordi. Hair - - cililogeni. Dance, to - - ledrae. Haliotis - caene. Dine, to (eat ?) - bugure. Hand - - rilia. * See fire, also lightning and thunder THE TASMANIANS. 605 Pbkon's VocABtri.ART — Continued Head . - ouegi. See, I - - rendera. Heel - - laidoga. Sing, to - ledrani. I- - mana. Sit down, to - medi, medito. I don't know - nideje. Slap, to - noeni. I don't under- nidejo. stand Insect, a collective paroe. Sleep, to Spear, to - Starfish - makunya. - kie. - oneri. noun which pro- Stone - - loine. hably does not exist. Possibly the name of some particular insect Strangle, to Sun - Tattoo- Tear ■ - lodamerede. - panubere.* - palere. - ure. Jump - Kick, to • - waragra. - vare. Teeth - That - - pegi- • avere. Knees - - rangalia. That belongs to paturana. Kneel, to - Laugh Leaf - - guanera. - drohi. - driu^. me That kills - This way - - mata e nigo. - lone. Lightning - Lips - Lobster - une bura. - magudilia - nuele. Three - Throw, to - Thunder - - aliri. - pegara. - bura. Louse - - nure. Tie, to - nimere. Me - Moss - - pawahi. - manura. Tongue Tree - - mene. - lupari. Nails - - touilia. Two - - bura. Navel - - line. Untie, to - - laini. Night - No - - burdunya. - nendi. Upset, to - Warm oneself, - moido-guna. to gagvui. Nose - - mugid. Water, fresh - lia. One - - marai. Weep, to - - tara. Oyster , , shell - lonbodia. - luba. ,, on - - le. What do you call wanarana? Parrakeet - - mola. that? Parrot Play, to Polish, to - Put wood on - girgra. - pass. - rina. fire treni. What's your name ? wanarana t Wife - - - cuani. Will you come ? - canglanac. Whistle, to - menne. Sand - Seaweed - gune. - roeuan. Wood - Yellow ochre - g«i- - malane. ,, dried for rori. Yes, good - - erre. eating You - - nina. * See eye. 606 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; VOCABULARY OF THE OYSTER BAY TRIBE. Dbawn up in 1826 by Thomas Scott, at that time Assistant Stieveyor-Generai- of Tasmania. Arm - - - nanimpena. Knife or flint teeroona, tra- Bird - - - datwalla. wootta. Blood - - - balooyuna. Man (white) ragina, ragi. Bread - - taoorela. rytia. Chin - - - coomegana. Marrow of a bone moomelena. Dog - - - booloobenara, Moon - wee-etta. kuayatta Mouth- moonapena. Ear - - - roogara. Neck - loobeyera. Emu - - - pandanwoonta. Nose - meegrooera. Byes - - nepoogamena. Scar (ornamental; troobenic. Feather - kaaoolegebra. SheU - kaa-ana. Fire - - - nooena. Spear - preana. Foreheac L - - druana malla. Stone - peoora. Grass - _ - rawinuina. Sun - paganubrana. Hair - - nukakala. Toombs Lake, moyenteleea. Hand - - dregena, reege- Maoquarie River bena. Thumb manamera Head - - - neeanapeua. tagina. Kaugaroo(boomer) rena. Trees - moogootena. jj (brush) - lena. Water - mookaria. »s skin - bleagana. Wood (dead) - weegena. With regard to the vocabulary which follows, I was in- formed by the late Eobert Calder that the late E,. A. Eoberts published it in the Hobartown Courier of 3rd May, 1828. Mr. Eoberts' widow, who was alive in July, 1879, the time of Calder's writing to me, informed that gentleman that it comprised, she believed, the whole of her late husband's collection. Following the vocabulary, a table is inserted in which Milligan's rendering of the Brune Island language is contrasted with Eoberts'. ROBERTS' VOCABULARY. Arm - - wornena. Belly - - - lomodina. Back - - tabrina. Bird - - greigena. Bad - - poamori. Birth - - aya. Basket - tareena. Bone - - toodna. Beard - - coquina. Boy - - leuna or luena THE TASMANIANS. 607 RoBEETs' VocABULABY — Continued. Catamaran - - nungana. Morning - nigrarua. Cherries - poaranna. Mouth - canina. Child - - pugyta. Nails - - reerana. Chin - congene. Night - - luena. Cloud - T- bagota. Nose - - mudena. Cockatoo (white) - ngarana. Oyster - rauba. ,, (black)- moingnana. Rain - - boora. Cold - - malanii. Salt-water - - lena. Come here - - todawadda. Sapling - prebena. Crayfish - - nubena. Seal - - marina. Crying - taarana. Sheoak - lube. Day - - tagama. Shell-fish - - barana. Dead - - moingaba. Singing - tiana. Diver - - morana. Ship - - tedeluna. Eagle - - nairana. Skin - - tendana. Ears - - wegge. Skull - - poiedaranina. Emu - - ngananna. Sleep - - loagna. Eye - ■ nubrana. Smoke - boorana. Fingers - reena. Spittle - cackbennina. Fighting - monganenida. Spear - - preena. Fire - - ouane. Stars - - daledine. Fish - - breona. Stringy bark - toilena. Flesh - - cragana. Sun - - pannubrae. Forehead - - rougena. Swimming - - pugara. Foot - - lagarra. Talk - - palquand. Friendship - - caradi. Teeth - - beyge. Frost - - ounadina. Thigh - - teigna. Gannet - crupena. To-morrow - - ligrame. Girl - - deeberana. Tongue - mene. Go away - tagara. Tree - - weena. Good - - paegrada. Thumb - rennitta. Gum-tree - - greeta. Valley - logowelae. Hand - - nuna. Waddy - - lorina. House - - lineda. Wallaby - - tarana. Kangaroo - - leina. Warm - lagarudde. Kiss - - modamogi. Water (fresh) - leena. Laughing - - binana. White man - - reigina begutta Leg - - leurina. ,, woman - reigina loanina. Light - - unamenina. Wind - - ragalanae. Little - - moboleneda. Wombat - rogeta. Man - - nagada. Woman (Black) - louana. Moon - - weethae. Wood - mouna. THE AUSTRALIAN EACE : COMPARISON OP THE VOCABULARIES OF ROBERTS AND MILLIGAN. Boberta. MiUigan. Belly - . - . Lomodina . Lomate. Back - - - . Tabrina . Talina. Thumb - Rennitta . Reanaoonta. Fingers Reena - . Rye-na. Nails - - . . Reerana . Ryeetony^. Wallaby Tarana . Taranna. Wombat Rogeta . Rowitta. Spear - . - . Preena - . Pena. Basket - Tareena . Trenah. Swim - - - - Pugara . Pughrah. Catamaran (canoe) Nungana . Nunganah. Flesh - . - . Cragana . Palammena. Skin ..... Tendana . Lurarnnna. Nose .... Mudena . Muye, muggena. Mouth . . - - Canina . Kaneina. Chin .... Congene . Comniena (Oyster Bay). Tongue Mene - . Menn^. Ears - - . . Wegge . Wayee. Skull .... Poiedaranina Pruggamoogena (Oyster Bay). Beard .... Coguina - Cowinnd. Hand - . . . Nuna - - Reemutta. Arm - . . . Wornena . Wtihnna. Ship .... Tedeluna . Lune poina makkaba. Foot - - . . Lagarra - Lugganah. Man (Black) Nagada . Pallawah. Woman Louana . Lowaima. Child (babe) - Pugyta . Puggata riela. Valley. Logowelae - Mara, way-lee. Kangaroo Leina - . Lena. Bird .... Greigena . Punna. Crayfish Nubena - Nub^. Eye ... . Nubena . Nubrenah. Sun ... . Pannubrae . Pallanubranah. Moon .... Weethae . Weetah. Star .... Dalediue . Romtenah. Rain .... Boora . . Porrah. Wind .... Ragalanae . Rallinganunn^. THE TASMAJSriANS. 609 Comparison oi' the Vooabulaeies or Robeets and Milligan — Eoberts. Milligan. Cold - - - Malauii Mallan^. Frost - - - - Ouuadina Oorattai. Fiire - Ouane - - - - Ngune. Water - - - - Leena - - - - Liawenee (Liena, Oyster Bay). House - - - - Lineda- Line. Night - - - Luena Nun6. Forehead Rougena Penghana. Emu . - - - Ngananna - Ngunannah. Black cockatoo - Moingnana - Menuggana. White „ Ngarana Nghara. Come here - Todawadda - Tuttawatta. Go away Tagara Tawkwabee. Laugh - - - - Binana Peninua (Oyster Bay). Cry - - - - Taarana Tarratoone. Dead - - - - Moingaba Moy^. Sing - - - - Tiana - - - - Lyenn^. Fight - - - - Moingaba Moymengana. Kiss - - - - Modamogi - Moee mir6. Talk - - - - Palquand Poieta kannabeh. Bad - - - - Poamori NoUe. Sheoak- Lube - - . - Luhbe. Gum-tree Greeta - - - - Moonah. Vocabulary of the language of a Tasmanian tribe, obtained in Hobart Town, in 1835, by Dr. John Lhotsky, from a Mr. McGeary, who was exceptionally well acquainted with the language. Oeographical Journal of Van Diemen^s Land, vol. 1, p. 47. (W.) and (E.) signify respectively the west and east side of Van Diemen's Land. All round - - metaira. Bandicoot - - padana. Arms - - - abri (W.). Belly - - kaviranara (W.) Ashamed, to be - vadabur6na. Boy - - plireni. Bad - - - katoa. Breast - voyena. Badger - - napanrena. Brother - pleaganana, 2Q 610 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABTJLABT OF THE Language of a Tasmania^ Tkibb — contimied. Canoe - - lukrapani. Grass - - rodedana, publi Cape Grimm - pilni. Grass-tree - - komtenana. Cat (native) - lila (E.). Ground - gonta. Chief - - bungana. Gull - - rowenana. Chin - - kamnina. Hair - - zitina. Circular Head - maluta. Hand - - anamana. Clouds - limeri. Handsome - - marakupa. Come, to - tipera. Hawk - - ingenana. Country - walana-lanala. „ (black) - putuna. Crow - - kella, katena. High - - vatina. Day - - megra. I- - mena. Devil - - comtana (E.), I will go and hunt mena malaga nama (W.)j latia. rediarapa (S.). I tell you - - mena lageta. Dog (native) - leputalla (E.). Island - - Urevigana. Drake - - mabena. Kangaroo - - lelagia (W.). Drink, to - - lugana. Kangaroo's pouch krigenana. Dry - - katribintana. Kangaroo-rat - riprinaua. Ear - - pitserata. Knee - - minebana. Earth - - natta. Know, to - - tunepi. Elbow (?) - - rowella (W.). Leg - - latanama. Emu - - rakana. Less - - tavengana. Evacuate, to - legard. Little - - lavara. Eye - - lepina. Low - - lintece. Eyebrow - - tipla (W.). Magpie - kenara. Face - - niperina, Man (White) - lusivina. manarabel (W.). „ (Black) - vaiba. Father - mumlamana. Mersey River - pirinapel. Fight - - menana. Moon - - vena. Fine day - - lutragala. Mother - tattana (W.). Fire - - lope. Mountain - - trawala. Flying - pinega. Mutton-bird - yavla. Foot - - langana. Neck - - denia (W.), Fog - - mina. lepina. Forest - lovregana. Night - - levira. Frog - - pulbena. Nose - - minarara. Frost - - oltana. Oak (native) - lemena. Get, to - mengana. Old man - lalubegana. Girl - - sudinana. One side - mabea. Go, to - kableti. Opossum - milabaina. Goose - - robengana. Pelican - trudena. THE TASMANIANS. 611 VoOABULABy OP THE Language of a Tasmanian Trtb^— continued. Porcupine - - tremana. Stop, to - mekropa,ni. Port Sorell - - panatani. Stout - - canola. Posteriors - - wobrata. Sultry - - ratavenina. River - - waltomana. Sun - - piterina. Rivulet - raontemana. Swan - - rowendana. Rook - - megog. Teeth - - yana. Run, to - moltena, meUa. Seal - - kateila. Thigh - - tula. Shout, to - - karni. Tongue - mena. Sit down, to - mevana. Walk, to - - tabelti. Snake - - katal. Water (fresh) - lugana. Snow - - oldina. moga. Star - - potena, marama. „ (salt) - moahakall. Stone - - nami. Wood - - mumanara (E.) NOEMAN'8 VOOABULAKY. The following vocabulary, which has never been in print, was forwarded to me by the late J. E. Calder. It was col- lected by the late Revd. James Norman, at Port Sorell, Tas- mania, at which place he resided for many years as minister. In what tribes the words recorded were in use is not known. Though they differ very considerably from MilHgan's, it will be seen, nevertheless, from the table which follows the vocabulary, that there are a certain number which agree. It will have been noticed that in some of the Australian languages we have wee or ween in the senses of sun, fire, and wood. In the Tasmanian languages we have sometimes the equivalents of moon, rainbow, word, ashes, and fire from the same root : — Ant (large) - tyanerminngr, Bark (s.) - moom6r6. wayfinennSr. Baskets (native) ■ tringhgrar. Ascend (v.) - tacoamar, poakalar. tangaruar. meerar, Back (s.) - - kanntirar. parnellar. karndurrSnar. Be quiet carranBr. Bark, to - t6Iarnt6r. Birthplace moleddemer 2Q2 612 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Norman's Vocabulary — continued. Beef r - parkallar. Big - - - jackSromenar. Bite, to - ISeanngr. Black beetle - tarrargar, noonghenar, wollibbem«r. Blood - myagiirmeenSr, w.yatgrmeenSr, pentfirwartener Blow, to - - 16coongh6har, loangare. Bone - trarmenar, triannar, p6narth6nar. Bread - tooreeligr. Break (see Kill). Breasts - narrargoonar, trarwSrlamSr, tSburcarlooner. Bring, to - - worrar. ,, water - mokgniir. woortinar. Bush - meethSnar, pungalannar. Calf (of leg) - warkellar. Caress, to - - kayerpangurner. karngrminnSr. Cat (domestic) - wyamingherwu- ngherner. Catamaran (raft) loocroppSrngr. Chief - - nSandrarngr. Child (Black) - poornethenar. Climb, to - - tarrarnarrar, croanghinnSe. Clothing - tiiernar, tiiernarnar. Cockatoo - - toonanarnee. Cold - - krarwarlar. Come - - teeangr. Conveyance - leearmoorar. Convalescent - taggttrpeelar, niim6n6peetar. Copulate - - trokSnur. Cramp - worgoodiack. Crow - lunySr, mok6r6r. teeandfiroodg- nar, tritinyiir. Cry, to - terrar. Cuts in skin (orna- potthgnar. mental) Cut, to - tatraanghmgr, oongttrtSrpoolgr. Dead - - blagurdediiir, wordiSck. Deception - - parm6r6uco. / garb6rebob6r6. Descend, to - mabberkennar, congurlunhiner. Dig, to - martiSlcootSnar, nongrmeenar. Dirty - pleggttrlgrmin- ngr, triagtlrbii- ghgmg. Dive {v.) - togurlongurber- ner. Dog - - moograr. Drink, to - - tgmokeniir. Dull— stupid - toanngr. Ear - - teemiirladde- nang. Earth • - triagurbugume, plegurlamer. Eat - - tegiirngr. Exclamations of allar! nomebeu! surprise Exclamation to nee! nee! draw attention Evil spirit - - lagueroppeme. Excrement - - tyangr,teethangr Expression of peulinghenar, salutation plegagenar. Eye - ■ plegtirlgthar. nebbglteethg- nar, neurikee- nar. THE TASMANIANS. 613 NoKMAn'a VocABULABY — contmued. Pall down - - nebbertaltick, Gum - - marnar, moonar. nayendree. „ -tree - - warterooenar. Fiddle - lagapack, lagrer- planduddenar. minner, langa- Hair - - lagumerbamer. mark. Hang (execute) - troguiligurdick. Fire - - partroller. wartherpoo- Fire-tail (a bird - pootherenner. thertick. Fire a gun, scourge linghgnSe. Hand - - rajurner, nar- Flatulent - - tickamar, tee- neruienner, agumauneme. partererminner. He, she - narrar. Flea - - neunar. Fold up Food - - languennee. - gibbly. Head - - neucougular, neugolar, Foot - - langoonar. peecarkerlein- Forehead - - monur, noon- armer. Here - - lumbe. ghiner. Frightened - - terrewartenar. Horse - - parcoutenar. Frog - - rollaner. House - - leebrSrne, Ply . - neboolyttnar. 16p6nam6. marnar, mar- Hungry (stomach plonerpurtick. pooemartenar. empty) Give away, to - parragOnee, teaghener. Hut - - peungumee, nartick. Iguana - martheriddenar. rappee. leenar, peelen- Go, to - tagurner, trar- nar, meethen- wemar. nar. ,, back, to - canghgnS. It - niggur. ») " " - topeltee. Jaw (under) - camuner. ,, away - - parrarwar. „ (upper) - naarwinner. Goat - - martillarghellar. Kangaroo - • - terrar, woolar. Good - - narrarcooper. illar, pleathe- Good-bye - - woUighererper- nar. namer. -rat - keuperrar. Grape - ttirrurcurtar. ,, sinew - laerpenner. ttirroeurthenar. Kill or break - craokerpucker, Grass - - rorertherwar- tamur. tener. Kiss, to - mellkener. .. (long) - troonar, niingur- pigurner. mlnner. Knead, to - - trallerpereener. Grub, found under naxnar, namar- benghemar. roots of trees nann6. narrynar. 614 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Nobman's VocABUiABY — contmuid. Knee - namerpenner, Nice or palatable leekener. pleanerpenner. troanghener. Laugh pilleurmolar, No - nummerwar. pickernar, mac- „ good - nouddiock. kererpillarne. Nose manSwurra,r, Lazy - warterpoolyar, moonar. nemeener. One - marrarwan. Leg - plegurner, borar, parmere. lurerener. Open - leearway, Lips - wurlerminner. leeangwuUfir- Look ! - - tronecartee! aiy. Look, to labberar. Opossum - woUmmemer, „ at me labberar meener. tarrarnderrar. Magpie callecotoghener. Peach warterooramar. trubrarnar. beemguoganar. Man. (White) loderwinner. Peppermint- tree - meetherbar- „ (Black) wibar. benar, mSIghe- Me - meener. nar. Mimosa (prickly) pavemlnner, Pig - - - comecartinguner. rapprinner. prpbrithener. Moon (see Sun). Pigeon larnar, larrenar. More weeminer. Picture - neemerteekener, Mouth - mokerleebrer. loteeberneener- Move - - lingurninne. ner, loteeghe- Music nayameroocSr- nar. nee, neberle Plenty - parmerprar. camee. Posteriors - oatorar, war- Mushroom (not plennar, neerar, bererteener. eaten by the neeraik, meero- Pregnancy - tragardick. Blacks) rar. nomercurtick, Musket - partroUarne (see planewooraok. Fire), leunar, Presently - - parconiack, loeenar. peemar. Mussel - poackerler, par-. Prick, to - - troonghenne. uellar, war- Pull to (a boat) - pargonee. keller. wayabberner, Mosquito - - mokerer. lucroppemer. Mutton - martillar. Put or place {y.) - plangener. Nails - teiiminer, mar- „ OTa.(v.)- • toanohinnee, thereroomenar. mokenurmin- Neck - pleallergobber- ner. ner, loorener. Rain - - toorar. THE TASMAOTANS. 615 Norman's Vocabulabt — continued. Raw (relating to pleenduddiack. Spit, to mamerminner. meat) mancar. petherwartenar. Roast, to - meerorar, Stare or track larngerner. mamgumer. Starfish - maenkoo. Rub, to - newmertew- maarkanner. ghenar. Stay - - ulvugheme. Run, to - noonghenar. Stone - - teewartear, lar- Salt-water or sea mokenur, trarwerlar. nar, peurar, noeenar. Scorbutic com- peunerminner, Stomach - ploner. plaint, name of leallerminner. plaangner. Seaweed - penneagurner. Stomachful plonerboniack. ueoonendenar. Strike - lugurnarmoonar, See - - neunkenar. riagumer. Sick - - loneroner. Strong noomeanner. memunrack. Suck - marrarwar. Sing, to - camerwelegur- Sun and moor tooweenyer. ner. (left undistin - larthethelar. Sit down - crackernee. guished) warkellenner. Shake hands - - namermeriner. larthertegurner parlerlermin- Swim, to - - tringhener. ner. Take oflF, to licanghener. Shake, to . peeng wartenar. licoorar. Shut - - pomeway, pewterway. Thighs trungermar- teener, kaar- Skin - . neeamurrar. wgrrar. loantagamar, Tiger (native) crimererrar. moomtenar. Toadstool - - mayerkeperlar- Sky - tooreener. lee. Sleep, to - logurner. Tobacco pyagurner. Smoke - noonwartenaT. Toe - lagurner. eularminnfir. To-day larthertegurner. Soldier (a corrup tooyar. Tooth - - leeaner. tion) Tongue - - trarwerner, Song, sung by wo - mazguricker- kanewurrar. men in a stand- oamer. Touch, to - - narnermmner. ing posture Trinket ■ derenner. Sprat - - pellogannor. ueandrarner. ploo-criminnur. Three wyandirwar. Speak, to carraee. There mamder. Spear - arlenar, peear- ner, pleeplar. Throw, to - perrerpenner, lugurperneller. 616 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Norman's Vocabulary — continued. Two - - pyanerbarwar. Wing of bird podriinnar, Unfinished - - permayniertick. paranerrar. Urine - - moonghenar. We - warrander. Vomit, to - - neugonar, wyangurner, penagherer- meener. Woman, anything teebrarmokenur appertaining to Wombat - - probriddener. Waddy (club) - Hilar. Wood weenar. Walk, to - - pooplanghenack, weenarnarue. warkcrooner. Wood ashes weentiennar. Wash, to - Water Wattle-tree Wind - legurner. - mookenner. - moonar. - linghenar, teeverluttenar, langurnerrar. Whistle, to Whiskers - portroltiennar. peucannor, ploogaminner, peunoonghener. carmeener. Wipe, to - - nagunner, nabruckertar- Yes - paruxar, parwarlar. ner. You - neener. Words in the Vocabularies op Norman and Milligan which agree more ok less. English. Norman. MUUgan. Nose - - - . Noonar Mununa. To dine Togurlongurberner Tonelunto. „ eat - Tegumer - Tuggaua. Rain - - - . Toorar - . - Porrar. To laugh - Pickemar - Foenghana. ,, sleep Logumer - Lony. Stone - - . - Lamar Loinah. Spear - - - - Peearner Pena. Dung or excrement Tyaner Tiena. Bad - - - - Nouddiock - Noweiaek. You - - - - Neener Neena. Me - - - - Meener Meena. Sick - - - - Memunrack Micrackanyaeh. To strike - Luguruarmoonar Luggana golumpte. Flea - - - - Neunar Non^. Gum-tree - Moonar Moonah. One - - - - Marrarwan - Marrawah. THE TASMANIANS. 617 Words in the Vocabulabies of Noeman and Milligajt which AGREE MORE OB -LESS— -Continued. English. Norman. MilUgan. Spit - - . - Mamerminner - Kamena meena. Mushroom . Neerar * - Nearana. To climb . Croanghinnee Krony6. Opossum . Tarramderrar - Tarripnyenua. Kangaroo . Terrar Tarra-na. My blood . Wyattermeener - Warrgata meena. To blow . Loangare - Loinganah. Wind - . Linghenar - - - Lewan. To kiss - Melikener - MiewaM. Frog - RoUaner Ralla. Basket . Tringherar - - - Tughbranah. Two - . Payanerbarwar - Piawah, Three - . Wyandirwar Lea winnawah. Urine - . Moonghenar Mungana, Fly - . Mamar Monga. Hand - Ragumer - Riena. Foot - . Langoonar - Luggana. Wood - - Weenar - - Winna, wiena. NAMES OP NATIVES GIVEN IN THE REVD. MR. NORMAN'S VOCABULARY. Ben Lomond Mob. Leemogannar, the Chief. Women's Names. Teemee. MallangarparwarleenSr. Pebbfirpooter. MaytyennSr. Poor6rtennSr. Men's Names. Prignapannar. PeunSroon6roon6r. Trallarpeenar. Parth6rn6rpenn6nSr. CamgrleetSnar. FldannSroongr. TeethSrwubb61ar. Neemgtirannar. Meemoolibb6rn6r. Teeturt6rar. Plan^garrJirtoothSnar. May'ennar. 618 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Ben Lomond Mob.- Teeth6rpoon6r. TeewSrlfirpoonfir. Troon'6th6rpoon6r. TerrSrpeen6rlangtirnar. . Poorooneenar. LeenSrSleangMnSr. Larwarlarparwarleenar. Penn6rSrparwurlemiar. Larklgtinar. TewtSrpuiiuar. NaggtirpaimSr. PuflnSrweeghiinar. Treearpaimgr. PeniiSroongr. LoonSrminnfir. Tinghergrperrar. WarthSrlookgrtermar. PoothgrSrterrar. Teew6rl6rpoon6r. Plengtirr6rterrar. Pring'urtoolSrar. Tarth6rtildr6r. M6wSrtennar. TeethgrmoopSlrar. RangitrmannBr. TreegtirparmSr. -Men's Names — continued. Eb'b61rann6r. N6and6r6rpoon6r. Keet6rpoon6r. Teelutt6rar. Teugttrgrpanngr. M6remiar. CuppSrlangiinar. Peiiruppgrleenar. Py'angtlr6rt6rrar. NeenSrcleenfir. Wart6rlook6rteimar. Ting'lirgrperrar. Parl6rtSrw6pittSn6r. Carw6rt6rwiim6r. Lar'gimnar. Teeth6rmobb6rlar. Peuneroon6r. Ldartennar. Peb'bgramar. Pling'thootgnar. Par'lgrpeupSrtertenar. War't6rnamm6rtmn6r. Trar'nSreenSr. Nam^keramigr. Wart6rmeelutt6rween6r. Note. — Sexes of the Big River tribe not distinguisbed. Big RrvER Mob. Mont'grpeelyartSr, the Chief. PerrSrparcootSnar. I TgreetSe. VOCABULAEY BY JORGEN JORGENSON. The following vocabulary is extracted from the Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science, vol. 1, p. 309 et seq., where the following statement occurs: — " The major part of the follow- ing list of native words was extracted from documents in the Colonial Secretary's Office, by the late Jorgen Jorgenson." Those marked with an asterisk were furnished by the Revd. Thomas Dove, lately resident in Flinders Island. Those in italics are from L'Entrecasteaux, taken in 1792: — THE TASMANIANS. 619 I 3 ,5 Ph . s ■§ "3 J3 § i J5 8 I ■.c i o .U 1 I I .a I I I I I .B Id W ^ I I I I ^ I I I I I I h-1 e 1 I ! I .a -a s I I I I .& ■73 c3 PM 3 ^ I I I I I bB •^ • « ^ -a fi. '% M ^ 2 § -^ P ^ (» eS cd I— 4 c3 eg ri v . 0) , 4 1 i 1 1 s E^ ^ s I I I i3 d d 60 S a 13 PQ P5 o i a o o o m m m fi « t4PE3dc3aie3pd PQWPQFqOOOO ^ .g I § I II I I I i3 •8 I J I .g 53 ;3 >> l-j H M H^l * * s ^ 8 t I I I I I M i3 .g o 1-1 o o I 1 I I I ;^ i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I eg c8 ■^ ^ eS o o Ph Pi ^ ^ g ^ ^ w I ^ "3 '2 si a 2 S o .a ^ !» p. & b rt 4J fp] OOOO O U t-i J-t J-* j-f JS ^ 622 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: s S a 8 .1 C3 m ° 6 4 8 i I I I I I I I a I ^ 1 bo .SP 0 g f 1 1 < I 3 a I I I I I I .g IS /^ o H * I I I 1 r I i g. .g o 1 1 J • t>> 1 1 ]a .s 1 1 g h-l ^ 1-1 o Ph o 1 It 60 O 13 fi fi ft R n n 1^ THE TASMAOTLAlNS. 623 1 I I -8 ■f is r-n 6 te; I 8, ^ >o ^ ■?f ^ )>)>. HHHHHHHW 2 -a ^ 0 ^ 43 fe fe fe pa Ph |i| IB ja .b .sa .a 1=1 N f^ 624 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; ■a ■e ^ I Is-- I I I Mill i3 60 o I I pi w O I 15 ^ I i I I I I 1 I I 1-5 .g M a I g I I I I I I I I I I. C3 3 I I I I S ^ » I i l-S « ;g Pm ^^ ^ k; Pm t> iJ .a 13 -5 I I I 1 a }-4 x> ^ ^ i N 1 o an m , ^^ i 1 4^ 60 O o o ^ o :3 f^ fR |i( N fq N l==H (n o 5 a o 9 S o ja o C5 C5 THE TASMANIANS. 625 3 ^ 1 3 •»■ ce 1 1 ^.1 oT » a S= b -1 ^ ^ ^ Hi M ^ a, M i^ ^fe- rn ^ ts 8 S fl B hi. ^ S e3 eS p3 s S i ^ I I i3 o H . I I I I I I I I , *^ I I . I . _=^ I I I I I I I >> I I 1 I I I I I I "^ ]^ * I? . . . , , , , . ^ § I I ' § i ■ i i MO OPhi-:io ■< FmHPh c3 3 « .2 1 1 § § 1 si 0) ta PQ 14 I-] h^ 1 |il4 §-i 1 1^1 ifg il^ ■ 1 C5 C50C00W W W MnHfilMliltilMfl VOL. m. 2 E 626 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: S 1^ I I I 13 n c fli 3 M & ^ (^ S i3 P3 ;3 8 t:ub rS ^ ^ 6D e« fTt a 1 an 1 i-:| ^ ^ ,^3 I I I I I I I I . I I I I c3 an a Hi I !^ I O J § M ! I I I I I I ^ (3 g I i I I i 1 I S Si M ? -S .g a I tl I 3 I bo bo Hi tJI ^ ^ k) >^ THE TASMANIANS. 627 1 * 1 «: e 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S ce 1 1 1 1 1 * § 1 1 1 1 o 0) f2 1 1 A 1 II 3 1 ' ' '«' u ,Q 1 1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 >> 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I t 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 c3 s ^ ■2 (S ^ 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 ■ r * 1 1 ■ ■ 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 ' a C3 c3 4^ la S 1 1 1 1^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 % 1 1 • 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 s< ea 1 ca i S c3 1 1 p3 1 tS ■ ■ 5^ ■ • ■ ■ rt <3 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 ^ ^ 1 1 1 i 1 i 1 g 1 1 1 1 1 1 o o 3 3 ft 1 S 1 ^ ^ ' ■ • ' • ■ • ■ ■ ■ • ' • ' ' • ' ' • ' ' ' 2" • • • J • ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ' • • • • ' ' 03 CO ' ' ' i 1 , ^ '5 (3 o .3 03 ;§ DO 3 1 1 g .2 1 1 [3 1 & ffl 1 1 S3 1 § 1 09 1 3 a 'S 1 3 3 •3 3 ^ ^ 1 S ^ 1 S 1 s s s § g 1 § ^ ^ 2B 2 628 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: a Id >> So § h^ PM S g^ g Oh o 1 O I I MM c3 C3 I 1 I I I •rt -2 "a Ph M S Ph c3 ;2! s s M M M 11 § s 1 I I I CD CD 1^ Hi i3 a 1 c3 .a 1 s ,^ ,g ^ !^ tS s tn CD O O 09 CD O += U O Ph ee (D PM f^ P^ PM CD .g J S Pm Ph THE TASMANIANS. 629 *. I I I I 1.1 ill §> M g -a „;. a *■ ^ cS ■ I I ■ I I I I 1 I I M 1 I I , . .. PM cS &b g a g, >n ^"fS ^ |Zi rt h4 I I I I III I i i I - 1 , g I I M i 111 111 ^ ^ § ^ S ■ ^ , „ , , , "g , , . S . . . . .-a 8 . ■ ■ ... 630 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: 1^ i> -S (? S a N i^ I I I § h3 I I I I I I I CO R I I I I 1 P^ s s rt H a c8 eS 60 « .H M g Ph Ph § la I I !» 5 S f t 2 &" ^ I , f I ■ • t , , pSi . I g I I I I I I 632 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; i I e SI. C u a « B ^ ja « •e i 1 H ' Iz; cd a ja .a 0 H H o a & a 0 ^ I 11 I I I I I S s Iz; I I I ^ I I I . I I I I I I I I ^ S 1 I -^ I -s I I 1 I I I ilO o I I I i 9 -^ - . " S = 1 =1 1 a . 1 1 11-2 g" a ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ = 1 fS ^g J J ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -So § § ^ ^ >H >H >H THE TASMANIANS. 633 Words in which Jorgenson and Milligan agkeb more or less. J. Jorgenson. Milligan. Arm - - - - Houana Wihima. Basket Terri TiUe. Beard Canguin^ - Cowinn^. Black man Palewaredia Pahleah. Come - - - . Tarrabilyie Tallya-lea. Crow - - - - Lina - . - - Lietenna. Cry - - - - Targa Tagara toomiack. Ear . - - - Ouagui Wayee. To eat Tuwie Tughlee. Egg - - - - Palinna Pateenah. Bye - Nuber^ - - - Nubr^. Fight - Memana Miamengana. Fire . - - ■• Unee - - - - Nguue. FUt - Reannemana Ree-trierrena. Flyblow - MouTiga Mongana (fly). Foot - - - - Langana - - - Luggana. Frost - - - - Ulta - - - - Oolrah. Grass - - - - Roonina Rouninna. Moon - - - - Weena Weenah leah. Mouth Canea Kaneinah. Mutton-bird Youla YoUa. To run Reugnie Ren^. . Snake Pouranna - Bawaimah. Spear - - - - Prenna Perenna. Star - - - - Moordunna Rhomdunna. Stone - - - - Lonna ... Lonna. Strong Ralipianna RuUa ruUanah. Tongue - - - Mene - - - - Mennfe. Two . - - - Boula - - . - Pooalih. Wallaby - Tara - - - - Taranna. Wind Leewan Lewan. You - Nana Neena. 634 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS OF ABORIGINAL TRIBES OF TASMANIA. Bt Joseph Mlllioan, F.L.S., etc. English. Tribes from Oyster. Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Eeoherohe Bay, and the South of Tasmania. Noriih-weBt and Western. Abscess - Lieemena - Limetd - - - WallamaH. Absent Malumbo - Taggara Wakannara. Abstain - Miengpa - Parraw^ Wannabea tongh. Abstract (to Nunamara - — — deduct) Accompany Taw4- . Tawglea mepoilea. Acid (taste) No-wieack Noilee - - - 'GduUa. Acrid (taste) Peooniack - Mene wuttd or men^ ruggara — Add to or put - Prolong - Poggoa nee wughta Poilabea. Across (to put or Prolon-unyere - Wuggara tungald Tienenable place) poingh. Adult man ' - Puggana min- yenna' Pallawah Pahlea. „ woman, - Lowall min- Nienat6 and Noallea. yenna lowanna Afraid Tianna coith- yack TiennawilM - Camballet^. Afternoon - Kaawutto - Nunto-n6 Kaoonyleah. Aged (literally, Tinna-trioura- Naggataboy^ 'Gnee-muckl^. rotten-boned) tick Agile Meuakarowa Narra warraggara — Ah ! - Ah! - - - Mile-n6 — Air - - - Oimunnia - Rialannah - — Altogether Nuntyemtick Mabbyl^ - — Aloft - - Muyanato - Crougana wughata THE TASMANIANS. 635 VOCABTJIiAB,y OF DiALBCTS OF AbORIQINAL TbIBES OF TASMANIA- continued. English, Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mo\mt Eoyai, Brune Island, Eeoherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. ATnatory(rakish) Einnyowalinya - Lingana looa renowa — Anger Miengconnene- chana Poin^ mOonaland - — Angle (crooked Wien-powenya - Wiena and — like the elbow) wienenna Ankle - - Munnaghana Munnawana- — Anoint Yennemee - Euggara — Another - Tabboucack Neggana — Answer (to) Ouneeprap^ Oghnemip^ and — Ant (blue) Pugganeiptietta - oghnerap^ — Ant (small black, Ouiteitana - Moyberry - — strong smelling) Ant (largest Tietta Tit6 - — black, venemous) Ant (red body. Nowateita - Lalla and loattera — with black head and tail) Ant-eater - Mungyenna Munny^ — (Echidna setoBa) Apparition Wurrawena krottomiento- neack Ria-wurrawa Aquiline - Muunna pugga- MaitinguW - — (Boman-nosed) winya Arm - - - Wu'hnna - Wu'hnna — Ashamed - Leiemtonnyaok - Lienut^ — Aha ! you are Annyah ! Keetrelbea- — sulky all of a Teborah ! noomena, penig- sudden gomaree ! Ashes Tontaiyenna Toiberry Ronghtuly n^. Ask - Ongheewammeno Oghnamile^ - OnabeamabbeM. THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABULAKY OP DiALECTS OP ABORIGINAL TRIBES OP TASMANIA — continued. English. Tribea from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribea about Mount Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and North-west and Western. Asleep Tugganick - Longhana - Nenarongabea. Awake (to open Cra,Tinymongthe^ — — the eyes) jj " ■ Wennymongthe^ Nunneoine- roidukat^ ~~' Awake him, Lientiap^ - — Uletiap^. rouse him Ay (yes) - Narramuna Narrawa Narro baro. Azure (sky) " - Noorbiaok - Warra-n^ Loarauneleah, Awake (rouse ye. Lientable, tagga Nawatd, pegrate. Takkawugh n^. get up) muna ! wergho ! Babe Cottrulutty^ Puggata riela Rikent^. Bachelor - Pugganara mitty^ Lowatimy - Paponnewatt^. Back (the) Me-inghana Talinah Teerannelee- leah. Backward - Lenere Talire - Kelabatecorah. Bad (no good) - Noweiack - Noile - Ee-ayngh-la- leah. Ba,Tidy-legged - Lackaniam- paoick Rentrouet^ - — Bandicoot - Tieunah Tenghanah or Lugoileah mun- tenna-ne goiaah leah. Bark (of a tree) Poora, poora-nah Warra - - - Poora leah. Barren (woman) Kaeeto kekra- bonah Lowa puggatimy - Lopiteneeba. )» »» Nangemoona Loakennamald — Baskets Tughbranah Trenah TiU^. Bat - Peounyenna L^rynah — Battle Miemyenganah - Mialungana - Mungymeni leah. Beard Comena puren- nah Cowinn^ Comen6-waggel^. Beardless - Comena-ranyah - Co-win-timy Cominerah leah. THE TASMANIANS. 637 Vocabulary of Dialects of Aboriginal Tribes of Tasmania— continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Beat (to strike) - Legganegulump- Lugguna Menghboibee t^ rat^. Beau (coxcomb) - Pugganatereety^ Pallowah-tutt^ - Papponn^ tughte leah. Beauty(fine-look- Lowannarelap- Nire-lowa - Noanoughanoatt^ iag woman) that-y4 ji >» " Lowanna-eleeba- naleah Loa-minery - — Bark of tree flap- Poorakunnah - Lowarinnakimnah — ping Bed (sleeping- Oortrackeomee, Orragurra wurina, — place in the noonameena orragurra nemony bush) Before Mealtetriangule- beah Prungee — - Behind Mealtitta lerreu- titta Talina — Belch (to) - Luonna^kunua - Loona kanna — Belly - Tree-^rina - Lomate — Big (large) - Teeunna - Papla - — Bill (bh-d's) Meunna Peegra - — Bird - Puggunyenna - Punna - — Bite - Ralkwomma Rebkarranah — Bitter Laieeriack - Poina noily - — Bkmdfordia no- None in the dis- Remind — bilis trict Black Maback or ma- ba,TiTia Loaparte — Blood (my) Warrgata meena Coccah — Blossom Maleety^ - Nannee purillabe- nannee — Blow-fly - Mongana r Monganah - — 638 THE AUSTEu^IAN EACB ; VOCABTJLAIIT OE DIALECTS OF AbOBIGINAL TkIBES OF TASMANIA — continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Blow (with the Loyun6 Loinganah - — mouth forcibly) Boil (Furuncvlus) Lieemena - Lieematah - — Bosom (woman's) Parugganna Parugganah - — „ (man's) - Puggamenyera - Parrungyenah or liatimy — Boy (small child) Melangyenna - Puggatah paw-aw^ — „ (large „ ) Cotty-mellity^ - Poilahmaneenah - — Bread Pannaboo - Pannaboo na ■ — „ (give me Tienna miap^ Tiengana m.& pan- Tunghmbibdtun- some) pannaboona naboo garingalea Breast (chest) - Meryanna - Toorinah — Brook Manenge-keetan- Wayatinah - — Broom (a besom) Perrutty^ - Beroieah Brother (little) - Nietta mena or nietarrana Piembucki - — „ (big) - Puggana tuantit- tyah Peegennah - — Brow (forehead) - Rogoona - Roie-runnah — Brushwood Weena-keetyen- Looranah — Bum (hurt by fire) Punna meena Wuggatah - _ Bury (to) - Parraw4 pean- gluntapoo Pomanneneluko - — Buttock Liengana - Nunnah — By-and-by Piyerd Gunnyem waub- beraboo — Buzz (like a fly; Mongana - Monga,Tia.h - also name of fly) Come along, I Talpyawadyuo Tattawattah onga- — want you tuyenacunna- mee neena THE TASMAISriANS. 639 Vocabulary of Dialects of Aboriginal Tribes of Tasmania — continued. Tribes about Mount English. Tribes from Oyster Royal, Brune Island, North-west and Bay to Pittwater. Recherche Bay, and Western. the South of Tasmania. Call - - . - Ronnie Ronnypalpee — ■ Canoe (catama- Mallanna - Nunganah - Nunghuna. ran) Carcase Miackbourack - Miepoiyenah — Cat (large native) Luyenna - Luyenna Limna or laboib^. „ (small „ ) Pringreenyeh - Lapuggana - Labaggyna or naboineen^l^. Catarrh Teachrymena, Manah, Teachreena, teaknonyak tekalieny teeakunny. „ yn.ih.Dysp- Takkaruttye Mannah larree Poorannacalle. rum. Caterpillar Eianna Peenga- — (small) Cavern Lielle woUngana Poatina — Caul - Roongreena Meena or loarinah- Mena lowallina or kuttamoileh. Cease (to) - Myeemarah Parraw^ — Charcoal - Maweena - Loarra — Chase (to) - Rhinyetto - Lerypoontabee — . Chirrup (to) Tetyenna - Telita - — Chin - Conmienna Wahba — Chine (backbone) Myingana-tenena Turarunna - — Cider from Euca- Way-a-linah Way-a-linah — lyptus Circle Lowamachana - Riawiinna - — Claw (talon) Kurlugga.ria Kulluggana - — Clay - Pannogana ma- Utty6 Pappalye mallee - Crazy (cranky) - Tagantyenna or Tannatea Wayepoeele, or muggana pug- poietanat^, or goonyack kongatun^, or kongatueele. Clean - Pannyealeebna - Mallea - - - 640 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABtTLAEY OF DiALECTS OF AbOBIGINAI. TBIBES OF TASMANIA — continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount ■Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. CUmb (to) - - Krony^ Kroanna — . Clutch (to) Tiackbooraok - Tigyola — Cold - Tunack Mallan^ — Come (to) - Talpeyawadeno, tallya-lea Tuttawatta- — Conflux (crowd) - Tirranganna menya Palabamabbyl^ - — Conflagration - Kawalooohta Loiny or una par- oina — ■ Conversation (a Rhineowa mun- Poyara kunna nUe- — great talking) gonagunea pog- ganakarn^ mena j» Karnyalimenya - Karnamooualan^ - — )j Karnalirya Kamalar^ - — Cord(asmallrope) Metakeetana Mit4 - Corpse (a dead Myack boorrack Moyd or mungy^ - carcase) Correct Onnyneealeeby^ - Nirabe - - - Cough Tachareetya Mannaladdy — Coxcomb (a flne- Puggana tareetya, Pallawah tutty, — looking fellow) puggatimy pena pallawahpamary Cockatoo (white) Weeanoobryna - 'Nghara — „ (black) Menuggana 'Nghay rumna, - Crevice or fissure LiellowuUingana Riengeena - — in rooks Creek Manenya kee- tanna Liapota — Cross - OeUupoonia ura- poonie Poir^ tungaba — Crow - - - Lietenna - Taw wereiny — Cry (weep) Naoutagh bou- Moi-luggataj — rack, tagara tarra toone toomiack THE TASMANIANS. 641 VOCABITLART OF DiALEOTS OF ABORIGINAL TbIBBS OF TaSMANIA- continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Beoherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Cut (to) - Lowgoone - Toagarah Cape Portland Tebrycunna — — (language) Creak (from fric- Temata kunna Eetakunna - — tion of limbs of trees) Dance Kianna riacunha Rialangana - — Dark - Taggremapack - Nune meene larra- boo — Daughter - Neantym^na LoggataW meena - — Daylight - Taggremaranny^ LuggaraniaM — Dead - Mientung bour- racka»(imerack bourrack Moy^ - Deaf - Guallengatick guanghata Wayeebed^ - — Deep (water) Loa maggalangta Kellatie — Demon Mienginya - Ria warrawah noiW Pawtening-eelyl^. Demur (grumble) Kokoleeny kon- qua — ' " Den (of wild ani- Lienwollingena - Riengenapoatina - .— mals) Depict (draw a de- Macooloona Pallapoirena- — sign in charcoal) Deplore (to lament Tagrunah kamul- Moaluggata kanna- — as at an Irish uggana proie wake) Desire (to) - Oonaoragniack - Poykokarra - — Desist (to) - Parrawureigu- nepa Parawuree - ~ Dine (to) - Pooloogoorack - Tuggara nowe - - — Dirt (mud of a Panogana ma- Mannana mally^ - — whitish color) leetya VOL. Ill, 2S 642 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABULABY OV DiALECTS OF AbOKIOINAL TrIBES OF TASMAOTA- contimied. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Dirt (mud dried) Pengana rutta - Mannana rull6 — jj " Pengana - Mannana -■ — Dirty - Mawpaok - Mawpa — Displease (to Lieneghi mia- PoinawalU - — make angry) wero or kukun- na poipuggeapa Dispute (to) Rinnea guanettya Kanna moonalan^ — Distant Manlumb^ra Kantogganna w^b- bery ~~~ Dive (to) - Ton6 lunto Togana lea-lutah — Diversion (sport, LeenyalM - Luggara riaw^ — play) Dizzy Mongtantiack - Nubretanyt^ — Dog - Kaeeta Panoin^] — Dove (wild Mongalonerya - Moatah — pigeon) Dravj- (to pull) - Ko-ulopu - Menghana - — Dream Neaoha puggaroa- mee Neaggara — Drink Lougholee - Nugara — Drop (water) Liemkaneack Mikany — Drown Tong bourrak - Tong poyer^ — Drowsy Tuggan^m^nui- ack Nueenddy - — Dry - Rongoiulong bourrack, roungeack Kamaroide - Duck (gender not Wiekennya Woaroir^ — distinguished) Dug - . - Paroogualla Paruggana - — Dull (stupid dolt) KouUangtaratta Poyetannyt^ — Dumb Manemmenfoa - Menawdly - — Dung (excrement; Tiamena - Tiena - — THE TASMANIANS. 643 VOCABTJIiABY OP DiALECTS OE AbOBIOINAL TkIBES OP TaSMAUIA- continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Recberche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Dusk - Kaoota Panubratony — Dust - Pughrenna — — Dwarf Wughwerra pae- etya Nuggatapaw^ Dysentery or Tiaqu^imy^ Tiamabbyl^ — Diarrhoea East Bay Neck - Lueenalang'ta - Lueenalanghta - — Eaglehawk Neck Teeralinnick Teralinna — Eagle - Gooalanghta Weelaty — • Eagle's nest Lieemunetta Lleewughta - — Ear - Mungenna - Wayee — Early (in the Tuggamarannye Nunawenapoyla - — morning, at twi- Ught) Earth (mould) - Pengana - Mannena — Earthquake Wughyranniack Munna potrunne - — Earthworm LoUah LoUara- — Eat heartily Telbeteleebea - — — Eat (to) - Tughlee,tuggana Tughrah, tuggranah — Echo - Kukanna wurra- wina Kannamydt6 Eel - - L^ngomenya Lingowenah- — Effluvia - Membreac - Poin4 noU6 - — Egg - - - Liena punna Pateenah — Elbow Wieninnah- Wayenumah — Elf or fairy (fond Nang-inya - Nungheenah or — of children and noilowanah dances in the hills, after the fashion of Scotch fairies) Eloquent (talka- Munkann^ra Kannamoonalan^ - — ■ tive) walah 2 S 2 644 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABULAET OF DiALECTS OE ABORIGINAL TkIBES OV TASMANU- continiied. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. ■ 1 Ember (red hot) Toneetea - Weealuttah - — Embowel (to dis-) Parrawd tiak- rangana Parratibe - — Embrace (Plato- Talwattawa or Tallawatta - Moilaten^. nic) rugana wurra- naree, Ramuna reluga- nee Emmet (small Ouyeteita - Lallah - — ant) Emu - Punnamoonta - 'Ngunannah - — Encampment Lena wughta ro- taleebana Tiine rotali - ~" Enfeeble (to) - Miengotick, mienkomyack MungaweW - Enough (suffi- Miemer^meM Narramoiewa — cient) Entrails - Regana tianna or tiakrangana Poin^ - — Evening - Kaoota Kawootah - — Exchange - Tientewatera Tay eneb^ or tayene — nent^ or tiang- nyelutera tetewemyna Excrement Tiamena Tiannah — Expectorate Teagarea kragan- eack Manna mdred^ — Extinguish Pariier^ - Patingunab^ — Exudation - Wialina, or wal- lenah, or walla- menula Wialina Exuvia (skin of a Lierkanapoona Liergrapoinena - — snake) or lierkapoona Eye - Mongtdna Nubr6 or nubrenah — THE TASMANIANS. 645 Vocabulary of Dialects or Aboriginal Tribes of Tasmania- contmued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Brune Island, Kecherohe Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Eyebrow ■ Lyeninna poor- inna Leeininn^ — Eyelash Mongtalinna Nubrd tongany — Eyelid Moygta genna - Nubre wurrine - — Eyry - Malanna meena Tiinenah — Falmoutli and . Kunawra Kunna George's River Face - Niengheta - Noienenah - — „ (fine)- - Niengheta elap- thatea Noiena nir^ - " Facetious - Poigneagana Pen^ or penamab- beW " Faeces Tianana Tianah — Faint- Mongtaniack Nubretannet6* - — Fairy - Mummibuckan- nyaornanginya Murrumbukannya Falsehood - Maneentayana - Laninga noiW Fang (canine Wugherinna ru- Payee rotyW or ■ tooth) gotoleebana coorina Far - Tongoomela, Lomawpa, tomalah lewatenoo, or nangummora Fat - Niennameena - Pangana wayede^ „ man - Poonan[iena moonta Pallawah proina - „ woman Nienna langhta - Lowa proina — Father Noonalmeena - Nanghabee or nan- ghamee Feast - Tuggely petta- leebea Tuggety proibee - Feather - Fuggerinna Lowinn^ Feeble Tuggemboonah - 'Ngattai - * See the translation of dizzy, also of ej/e.— E. M. C. 646 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE : Vocabulary of Dialects of Aboriginal Tribes of Tasmania- continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Boyal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Feel (to pinch) - Wughanee - Winghanee - — Fern - Lawitta-brutea - Tughanah - — Fern-tree - Nowarraoommi- nea Lapoinya — Fetch (to bring) - Knnnywattera - Kanna watta — ,, (a spirit) - Preolenna - — — Fever Miempeooniack - Mie luggrata — Few - Luowa Potalughy^ - — Fiend- Winnya wainet- tea or miengin- nya Winneluaghabaru Fight - Miamengana Moymengana — Filth - Leuymebry^ Lin^ poine noil^ - — Fin (of a fish) - Wunha - Purgha lamarina ■ — Finger Ri-ena Rye-na Reeleah, Fire - Tonna 'Ngune' Wiimaleah. Fire-tail (bird) - Lyenapontendiah Lyekah — Fire in the bush Kawurrinna Lienah — grass Firm (not rotten) Weerutta - WeerulU - — Firmament (sky) Warratiima WarraugaW loruu- — Fish (a) - Mungunua - na Peeggana „ (cray) - Niinnya - Nub^ - Nubjma. Fist - Ree-trierrena - Ree-mutha - — Five - Pugganna - Marah - — Flambeau - Poorena maneg- gana Leewurrfi — Flank Poolominna Poolumta and tia- wal^ — Flea - - - Lowangerimena - None - — Flay - Relbooee traw- mea Lergara leawarina — THE TASMANIANS. 647 VOCABULABY OF DiALECTS OF AbOEIOINAL TkIBES OF TASMANIA— contimied. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Fleet (swift) - Wurrangata poonalareety^ Loongana - — Flesh (meat) Wiaugata - Palammena - — Fling - Peaw6 PAkara — Flint - Trowutta - Mungara — „ (black) - . Mora trona - — Float (to) - Lia ruoluttea - Puggata or ranny- — Flog - Luggana pooga- ran6 ana Lunghana - — Flounder(flatfiRh) Lerunna - 'Ngupota-metee - — Flow (as water)- Lia tarightea Lia teruttena — Fleece (or fur of Pooeerinna Longwinny - — animals) Fly (like a bird) - Koomela - Coaggara — „ (insect) Mongana - Monga — Foam (froth) - Kukamena-mena Lia Uratame — Fog - Mainentayana - Warratie Pulangal^. Foolish (or fool)'- Mungana paon- yack Noilee - Louneeat^. Foot - Luggana - Lugganai - Lugh. „ (right) Lugga,na elee- bana Lugga worina Malleear^. „ (left)- Luggana aoota - Lugga oangta Oolatyneeal^. Pootmark of Puggalugganna - Pallowa lugganah Pah lug. Black man Footmark of Bia luggana Reea lugganah - Matyena lugh. White man Ford of a river - Teeattakannawa Penghana — Forehead - Raoonah or rogo- unim Uenya Roee roeerunna - Biioona. Forest ground - Teeatta kanna- marranah Wayraparattee - Pallanyneen^. 648 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Vocabulary of Dialects of Abokiqinal Tribes of Tasmania — continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Forget Poeenabah - Wannabayooerack Lyinneragoo. Four ■ Pagunta - Wullyawa - — Fragrant (smell) - Noya leebana - Poin^ nire - Polimganoanat^. Freestone - ' - Boatta or potha malleety^ Potta mallya Poningalee. Fresh-water Liena eleebana* hiemxi- Li^ nonghat^. Friend Kaeetagooana- Lapoile lu nagree- Matetd loguat- menah nah moolanah tame. Frigid (cold) TiiTinaf.lr - Malland 'Ptunarra. Fright Tian-cottiack - Tianawilly - Micumoolaka. Frog - Rallah Tattounepuyna - Lora. Frost - Parattah - Oorattai Oolrah. „ (hoar) Parattiana - Oorattai — Fuel - Wielurena - Ooeena or winna - Ooee. Full (after a Riawaeeack Ma teelaty - Mapilriagunara. meal) Full (a vessel Rueeleetipla Kanna - Yeaokanara, filled) Fun (sport)- Riawena - Luggara Riaw4. Fundament Leieena Loi^ loiuing^ — Fur of animals - Pooarenna - Longwiuny - Waggel^. Fury - Leenangunnye or koananietya Liapooneranh Neenubrulatai. Gale - Ralanghta - Rallana proiena - Loweeny ruUoi leah or loweeny loileah. Gape - Granriacunna - Granua canaibee - 'Ngana kankapea oolralabeah oa- Ghost- Wurrawana Riawarawapah - pueeleah. Teeananga winn6. Girl - Lowana keet- anna or kotto- malletye Longatyl^ - Noamoloibee. • Literally, water good,—E. M. C. THE TASMASriANS. 649 VOCABCLAET OE BlALECTS OF ABORIGINAL TbIBES OE TaSMANIA- continued. Engliah. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Bnine Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Glutton - Lemyouterittya Pamoonalantutte - Tuggattapeeatto. Good person Kekanna elan- goonya Nirree - Kanna noangat^. Go - - - Taw4 - Tawkwdbee - Taw^. Good (things) - Noona meena Ooraimabil^ - Noonamoy. Goose (wild) Weienterootya - None - None. Gosling Kaeeta boena — — Grandmother - Lowan karei- Ooaimena or wye- Neenambee. mena mena Grass - Rouninna - Nemon^ Probluah. Great-bellied Lowallaomnena - Paggata lowatta Lomalle^. (with child) lutta Green Norabeetya Nobeetya mallya • Mallabeabu. Greeting (a) Yah ! tahwatty- wa ! Yah ! nun'oynd - Yah! Grin (to make Monapaooniack Moyetungali Boabenneetea. faces) paareetye Grinder (back Wuggarinna Payelughana Yennaloigh. tooth) ryana Gristle Comyenna - W^yal^ P&gai. Groin - Mungalarrina - Tramina Tarrant. Ground Pyengana - Mannina Nattie. Grow (as a tree, Myallanga bou- Mangapoier^ Mallacka. child) rack Growl Na,nn^aquanhe - Nunnaquaima- Dyekkanamee- peiere nera. Grub - - Menia or mung- wenya Larraminnia Langw^. Gull - - - Lueeteianna Lieppetah - Payngh. Gulp (to) - Tongwamma Tongan^ Tonnabea. Gum(wattle-tree) Munganna - Eeeatta Reeattawee. Gum-tree (Euca- Lottah Moonah Loyk^. lyptus) 650 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE; VOCABULABY OF DiALECTS OF ABORIGINAL TeIBES OF TASMANIA — continued. ■ English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Gums (of the "Ngenna - CArena - - - Kattamoy. mouth) Gun (musket) - Leryna or le langta Pawleena - RulM. Gunpowder Lerytiana - Pawleenatiana - Lughtoy. Glow-worm, or Puggangalewa or Payaleena - — phosphorescence monghtamena Hen (native) Mienteroonye - Riaooon^ Reeakallingalle. Hold your tongue, My-elbeerkam- Kanna moonalan^ Wannabee or be patient, by- maor-mealkam- mentakuntiby or kannebo. and-by mah konnyab Hail - Pratteratta Tur^lai — Hair - Poinglyenna Poiet^ longwinne — ,, (matted Poinghana - Poina - — with ochre) Halo (round the Weetaboona Panoggata - — moon) Halt (limponleg) Ungunniack 'Nganee — Ham or hough - Pryenna - Tabba - — Hamstring (the)- Metta Tapmita — Hand- Riena Reemutta — Harlot Pugganatingana or meneterut- tye Patingana - Hastily (quickly) Lemya or tug- , gana Coth^ - Hawk Nierrina - Pengana — Head - Oolumpta - Poiet^ - — Headache - Oongena liaok - Poiete merede and poingata — Heal - Raick bourrack - Nir^ - — Heap (to make) - Prokny nunty mente Teeat^ - — THE TASMANIAJTS. 651 Vocabulary of Dialects of Abokiginal Teibes of Tasmania- continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Kttwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. Nori;h-west and Western. Hear (to) - Toienook boo- rack WAyee - — Heart- Teeackaaa war- rana Teggana — Heat - Peooniac - Lughrah — Heave (to pant) - Tengoonyack Teggalughrata — Heavy Miemooatick Moorah — Heel - Tokana or tog- gana Tokana — Help - Nelumie - Lagrah — Hide (to conceal Lyeemena kamei Muggrah kangaroo) Hide one's self - Mur kamiah Muggrah — Hill (little one) - Poimena - Layet^ paawd — „ (mountain) - Poimena tyen- kanganarrah tienare warrah Layet^ proigh Hit - Menny Merrh^ — Hither and Pughawee nya- Tackra, tungal^, — thither wee tungal^ Hoar-frost - Tyeebertia crao- kana Warattai " Hoarse Lonypeack Lonnabeead^ — Hole (like wom- Lowa lengana - 'Ngeanah — bat burrow) Hot - Peooniack - Lughrata — House Lenna Line - — Howl (in distress, Tuggermacama Coekata — ■ like a dog) or myluggana Humid (wet, Malleeack - Layekah — damp) Hunger Meeoongyueack - Teecotte — Husband - Puggan neena - Pah-neena - ~ 652 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VoCABUIiABT OF DIALECTS OF AbOEIOINAIi TfilBES OF TASMANIA- English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Hurt (with spear) Mayannee raye- Roaddah , — „ (with waddie) ree Payalee Loipun4 — Ice ' - Paratta RuUai imgaratin^- Ralloileah. 111 (sick) - Crackanaeeack - M&ddd and mery- dyneh Managanurrah. Imp - Winyawaumetya Ria warapp^ noiW — Impatient - Telwangatea leah Kannamoonalann^ — Inactive (indo- Meallee touerra- Rannah moorinah — lent) getta Indolent (lazy) - Mimooneka nen- taoa nepoony Rannah moorinah "^ Infant Malangenna Puggetta — „ (female) - . Lowa luggeta — „ (newly Cotruoluttye Puggata riale Lapoitale or la- born) poittendayl^. Inform (to tell) - Oana - Oanganah - — „ (tell me)- Oana mia - Ongaua meepa — Instant (quick) - Krottee Koatt^ — Instep Lugga poola mena Lugga umen6 — • Intimidate - Tienoooty^ Tienweal4 - — Intersect - Unginnapuee Poany puer^ — Intestines - Tiacrakena Lomatina — Invigorate - Neingtera tero- ontee — — Jawbone - Yangena ■ Wahba and wab- ranna Ninenna leah. Jealous Pachabrea - Mahrewealai and — longhe poin^wealai Jerk - Co-uW Cokura . - — Juice of a plant Miangatenty^ - Miengaleena — (red) THE TASMANIANS. 653 VOCABULABT OF DIALECTS OF AbORIGINAI, TeIBES OF TASMANIA — continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Reoberohe Bay, and the South of Tasmania North-west and Western. Juice of a plant Tuggara malee- Taramena - (white) ty6 Jump - Wughallee- Warrakara - — Juvenile - Croatta meleety^ — — Keep - Tialapu^ - Tiagarra — Kill (deprive of Mien^miento Lungana — life) Kiss (to) - MiewalW - Moee mir^ - — Elnee - Mienna Ranga - Rawinna leah. Kneel MealW mianaber- Leetarangah Wannabaya ra- r^ minnaerybee. Knuckle - Reekateninna - Ria puggana Releenula leah. Kangaroo (brush) Lyenna Lena - Ku leah. (ioie) - Tumnanna - Rarryna Piaclumm^. J) " " Nawitty^ - Tarra na Tarr leah. Lad - Puggannaeree- bana Pa-ga-taUna- Lake (lagoon) - Miena, mena Lia mena — Lame - Playwarrungana Luggamntte or raggamuttah — Lance (wooden Perenna - Pena - — spear) Large (big) Pawpela - Proina nughabah - — Last (to walk last Loente wannela - Mituggara mura- — in file) wamena Laugh Poeenyeggana - Poenghana - Peninna. Lax (diarrhoea) - Tiacloinnamena - Tia noileh - — Lazy (see Indo- Mienoyack Ru^td - Rudanah, lent) Leaf - Porutty^ - Proi^ - Parocheboina. Leafless Poruttye-mayeck and paruye- noye-maeck Paroytimena Parochyateemna. 654 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VoCABtTLABT OF DIALECTS OF ABORiaiNAL TeIBES OF TASMANIA — continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount EoJ'al, Bnine Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasbania. North-west and Western. Lean Tughenapoonyac 'Ngattai - 'Ngatta. Leap (see Jump) Waighalleh Wurragara - — Leech Pyenna Pangah Liawena. Left hand - Riena-aoota 'Ngotta Oottamutta. Leg (left)'- - Leoonyana - Luggunagoota Luggrangootta. „ (right)- - Leoonyaeleebana Warrina nir^ Luggra-nird. Lick (with the Neungulee - Nugra mainre — tongue) Light of a fire - Tonna kayinna - - Unamayna. Lightning - Poimetty^ - Poimataleena Rayeepoinee. Limp (see Tiame) Wughmia elee- — — right foot bana Limp (left foot) - Playwughreua - Raggamuttah — Load - Mangeluhwa Munghe mabbely - — Lobster (fresh- Tayatea Tay-a-teh - — water) Log (wood) Wyee langhta - Weea proingha - — Long - Rogoteleebana - RotuU - — Look (to gaze) - Reliquamma Lutubrenem^ — Loud (to speak) - Kuggana langhta Kann^ proine wag- gaba — Low - Lunta Pranako — . Lie (falsehood) Manengtyangha tyangamoneeny rappar^ Linughd noili " Locust (V.D.L.)- Ganammeny^ Ganemmanga Row^ leah. Long way - Murramajiattya ouamarumpto Noina muttaina - — Maria Island Tiarramarramo- nah Tiarerrymeealonah — Magpie Poierrynienna - Reninna CurraillyM. Maim Mennanwee — — Man (Black) - Pugganua - Pallawah Pah-leah. THE TASMANIANS. 655 VOCABTJLABY OF DlAlECTS OF AbOKIGINAL TbIBBS OF TASMANIA — continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and ;he South of Tasmania, North-west and Western. Marrow Moomelinah Lebrana Me - - - Mina - Meenah — " Menstruate Teebra wangha- tamena — — Midday (or noon) Tooggy malangta Toina wunnah — Milk (of aborigi- Proogwallah Prooga neannah - — nal woman) Milt of fish Lowalinnamelah Perina - — Mirth LeeneaW - Penamoonalane - — Mischief - Puoynoback Tannate — Moon - - - Wiggetena - Weetah Weenah leah. Moonlight - Wiggetapoona - Weetapoona- Weenapooleah. Moss - Lagowunnah — — Mother Neingmenna Neeminah - Neena moygh. Moth- Commeneana — — Mouse Terangat6 mu- Pugganarottah - Ptoarah leah. Mouth nuggana Kakannina Kaneinah Kapoughy leah. Mud, sediment - Kokereakokelee- ty6 Manannywayleh - ' Murmur - Mannyaquanee - Kanaroiluggata - — Mushroom - Neatyranna Neirana — Mole-cricket Nawywemena - — — Mutton-bird YoUa - YoUa - — (sooty petrel) Mutton-flsh Magrannyah — ■ — (smooth) Mutton-fish Yowarrenah — — (rough) Mount Eoyal - Tulun^ — (country inter- vening between there and Port Cygnet) 656 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABTJLART OF DiAlBCTS OF ABORIGINAL TeIBES OF TaSMANIA- continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Brune Island, Eecherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Nail (finger) Tonye Ryeetony^ - Wante leah. ., (toe) - - Peyerrena - Lugga-tonny^ Perrarmme. Navel Mienanuggana - Tunoh — Near ... Malumnyella R4n^ - — Nautilus shell Wietatenana Weettah Weena runnah. (Argonauf) Nettle Miatowunna- meena Miny - — Nest (bird's) Malunna - Liai - — „ (little . Pund lind — bird's) Never Noye myack or noeeack Tirneh or tuny — New (not old) - Oroatte - BoiM - — Night Tagruaunena Nun6 - Dayna leah. Nip (to pinch) - Reloy^ tonyer^ - Rddeekatah - — Nipple Prugga poyeenta Pruggapogenna - — No - Parra garah Timeh, or timy, or pothyack Mallya leah. Noise - Kukanna walla- monyack Kanna - — Nose - Mununa - Muye or muggenah Muanoigh. Now (at this Croattee - time) Ochre (red) Ballawin^ Ballawin^ - . One-* - Marrawah - Marrawah - _ Orphan KoUyenna - Wah-witteh - Outside Tuleuteena Pratty-toh - Owl (large) Tryeenna - Kokatah Tayaleah, kokanualeah. ,, (little one) - Laoona Wawtronyte — * It is to be remarked that the translations of 1 and 2 agree very weU in these vocabu- laries, but that those of 3, 4, and 6 disagree.— E. M. C. THE TASMANIANS. 657 VOCABTJLART OE DiALECTS 0^ ABORIGINAL .TrIBBS OF TASMANIA — continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Kttwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Oyster Bay — High land behind Pottry munatta - — — Oyster Bay Opossum (black) Nualangtamab- Tonytah Temytahtemyta bena malughlee. (ringtail) Tarripnyenna - Pawtella Pawtellunna nuckelah. ,, (mouse) Lowowyeima Leena - Papnoolearah. Ore of iron, iron Latta Lattawion^ - — glance (used by the aborigines as a black paint) Pain - Crackanyeack - Mayrude — Pahn of the hand Rielowolingana - Reea-rarra - — Parrot Cruggana - Cruddah — Parrakeet - Welleetya Wellya — Paw - Luggantereena - Togga-n^ - — Peak (St. Valen- . - Natone. tine's) Peak (a hill) - Poymalangta Letteen^ — Pelican Treoontalangta - Toyn^ — ■ Penguin - Tomenyenna Tong- Wynne - — Perspire - Regleetya - Laywurroy - — Pet (pettish) - Lowabereelonga Poyneh — Pigeon Mooaloonya Mootah — Place (a) - Lenna Lin^h — „ (this) - . Tiin^ poynena — Plant Mellangbourack — — Play - LyaneW Luggarrah - — Point of spear - Poyeenta - Poyeenna — Pool or lagoon - Mienameena Kannah — Porcupine - Mungyenna Mungy^ Mungynna ka- nagale. 2 T 658 THE AUSTRALIAN BACK VOCABULABY OF DIALECTS OF ABOKIGINAL TbIBBS OF TASMANIA- continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Porpoise - Minga-oinyah - Poyrennah - — Pregnant - Lowalloomanye- nea Lomatilutta - - Prickly - Mona-meenee - Moyn^na — Punk WuUugbetye Rarra - — Pebble rolled Kughaweenya - Tramutta — quartz Piper's River dis- Oramakunna Oramakanna — trict Port Davey . Poinduc — Penis Lubra, mattah- prenna Leena - Pubes (mons ve- Maga Maga,ria — neris) Quaflf (drink) - Lowelly - Nugarah — Quail Terranguatta - T^na terrangutta Tena teewarrah. Quiet — — — Run together R^niS nunempt^ - Loongana - — (race) . Rage - Neoongyack Leecot^ . — Rain - Pokana or pog- ana Porrah - „ (heavy) - Prog^a-langtha - Porra - - - — Rainbow - Weeytena - Wayatih — Rascal Nowettye-elee- bana Pawee - - - — Rat - - - Lyinganena Tooarrana - — Ray (stingaree) - Leranna - Pirem6 — Red - Tendyagh or tentya Koka - — Repair Trulee Peruggareh - — Respire Tyackanoyack - Taykalyngana - Retch (to vomit) Nutyack - Nukatah — THE TASMANIANS. 659 VOCABTTLABY OF DIALECTS OF ABORIGINAL TbIBES OF TASMANIA — continiKd. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Rib - Tolameena Ten6 - Rise - Takumuna - Peggaruggarua - — Eipe - Crang-boorack - Pegarah — Root (tree) Remeenyd - Monalghaua or pughweady ~~ River (little) Menace keetan- nah Lia-pootah - Rock (large) Lonah or loel- anghta Loynee broyee Rod (small) Weenah keetan- nah Weea pawee - . " Roll (to) - - Wangana weepoo- tah Roe of fish - Leena bunna — — Rotten wood Tr^oratick - Tawnah — Rough Payralyack RulM — Round like a ball Mieawiack Mattah — Row (a long one) Raondeleeboa - Reekara — Rub (rub in fat) - Mimga.TiTiemoee - Ruggarra — Ruddy cheeks - Miypooetanyack, Koka - — - mientendyack Run - Ren^ - Legara - - - — Rush - . Roba - — Ringlets (cork- Pow-ing-aroote- Poeena - Poenghana. screws, with red leebana ochre) Sexual inter- Loanga metea or — — course poanga metea Sea-horse (Hip- Lay-an-unea Poolta - — pocampus) Salt on the rocks Lienowittye, — by the sea side liopackanapoona Sand - Mungara mena - 'Nguna- THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABULABY OF DiALBCTS OF AbOBIOINAL TRIBES OF TASMANIA— continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Koyal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Sap - Miangatentya, mianginalleetya — — ,, (milk white) Poor-wallena — — Scab - Loryomcna or loiamena Lowid^ Scales (of fish) - Poerinna - Lowinna Nangeimamoi. Soar - Trugatepoona - Mungerapoona Toolengennaleah. Scarify Lowoon^ - Towatt^ — Scent Mebryack - PoanoiW — Scratch Larr^ - Larr^ - — Sea (ocean) Lienna wuttya and lyaleetea Panamuna - Leah U. Seal (Phaca), Naweetya Wayanna (white — black, on Sandy belly) beach) Seal (black, on Pienrenya - — — rocks, white- bellied) Seal(3andybeach) Prematagomo- neetya — See (to behold) - Mongtone - Nubraton^ - — Serious (sad gaze) Lelgany-guonga - Manatta ruUa — Serpent Loieua or lounabe Loina - Rau-anah. Shallow - Waylearack Rohet^ — Shadow Wurrawina tietta Maydena - . Belanyleah. Sharp (like a Lyetta Nenah - — knife) Sheoak-tree Luggana-brenna Luh-be — Skin - Lurentanena Lurarunna - — Ship - Lotomalangta loo- Lun6 poina mak- Loallyb^. mena kaba Shore - Malompto Locoota — ,, (sandy beach] Koynaratingana - — — THE TASMANIANS. 661 VOCABULAET OF DIALECTS OP ABORIGINAL TeIBES OF TASMAKIA — continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Brune Island, Kecherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Go ashore . Taw^ loccoto Shoulder - Puggarenna Parangana - — Shout (yell) Kukanna wurra- renna Palla-kanna - Shower (of rain Pokanna kuanna Tungatinah - — Shrub Tarra coonee Tarrara manniS - — Sick Miorackanyach, miycracknata- reetya Mim&ed^ - Side (the) - Lietelinna Taynna — Sinew (kangaroo) Metah (met-ah) - Mitah - — Sing - Lyenny Lyenn^ — Shag (cormorant) Moora Moora - — Sing a song Lyenny riacunna — — Sink - Tomla, tome, boorcka " ~ Sit down - Mealpugha- — — Sister Nowantareena - — — Skin - Tarra meenya - — — Skull - Pruggamoogena - — — Sleep - Lony - — — ,, (very sound; — — — Smile - Pughoneoree — — Smoke Progoona or proo- ana Sneeze Lonughutta — — Smooth Panninya - — — Snail - — ( — — Snore - Teakanarraloneah Roggara — Snake Loiena Loinah Rounna rawan- nah, pallawa royanah, roal- labeah. 662 THE AUSTRALIAN EACE : VOCABULAKY OV DiALECTS OF ABOKIGINAL TkIBES OF TaSMANIA- continued. English. Tribes from Oyster . Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Bnine Island, Becberche pay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Snow - Parattianah Turrana Sole (of foot) - Lug-yenna Lugga-lunnah — Song - Biaeunnah - Lunariabe - Riacannah. Soon - Leemya Koth6 - — Snow - Paratta — — Son - Malangena - Puggatah - — Sour - No-wiyack Nolle - - — Spark Tonypeprinna - Powitt^ Pughweenyna weimyale. Spawn Manunghana Manungana - — Spear (wood) Perenna - Pe-na - - - Pana, pilhah. Spew - Nuka Nukara Nugryna. Speak Pueellakanny Poeerakunnabeh - Pooraeaimaby. Spider Tangana - Waytanga - — Spine - Myingeena ter- rena Tuherarunnah — Spit - Tyackaree-meena Kamena meena - Kaimonamoee. Sport (play) Riawena - Riaw^ - - . Riaw^ wayboree. Spring (wattle Pewenya poeena Luggarato paw6 - Lughra-pawee. blossom season) Squall Balangta - Rallana proee Raali poyngnah. Stamp (with the Taoonteckapd - Taoonteckap^ — foot) Stand (stand up) Taokamuna Cracka-wughata - Pegrettywergho. Starlight - Teahbertyaerack- Oarattih — Shooting star na Puggareetya Pachareah - Star - Teahbrana - Romtenah - Rhomdunna or miabeemenah Steal - Maneena langa- tick Maneena layaw^ - — Step - Luggana marah - Luggacanna - — Stomach - Teenah - Teena Teenah. THE TASMANIANS. 663 VOCABULAEY OP DiAlECTS OF AjBOEIGINAL TRIBES OF TASMANIA- continued. ■ English. Tribea from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Brune Island, Eeoherohe Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Stone Loautenuina Loinah, lonna Loind. Stoop Puggana narrat- yaok ?uggananarrangab^ — Stop - Poyeer^ Kuneeam^ - — Straight - Ungoyeleebana - Tunghabd - — Strike Luggana golumpt^ Lunghana - — Strong Oyngteratta RuUa ruUanah RamanarraW. Stump of a tree - Pomya kunnah - Ortawenah - Weealynghana. Stupid Koallangatick - Oyelarraboo - Wayeelarraboo or puggytemoorah. Sun - Pugganoobra nah Pallanubra nah - Panubrynah, pukkanebrenah tonah leah. Suck - MoW MokrA prugh — SuUen Lowattobeolo ka- kannete monna periuna Iowa peree longha Poininna Summer - Wingytellangta - Lughoratoh - Sunrise Puggalena par- Panuboine roeela- rack boorack poerack Sunset Wiety tongmena - Panubra tongoiee- rali Suspiration (sigh) Teangonyack - Takon^ — Survivor - Lugga poerannea — Swallow {a bird) Waylelimna Papalawe „ (act of Tony quamma - Tonganah deglutition) Swan Kelangunya Pagherittah - Sweat Malleeack reg- leetya reglee poona Leghromina - Swell - Lienyack - Lineh - Swim - Puggely - Pughrah 664 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABULAET OP DiALECTS OP ABORIGINAL TkIBES OF TaSMANIA- ccmlimjied. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Switch Tarra koona Tarraweenah Tail - Manna poonee - Pugghnah - — Take - Nunn6 Nunnabeh - — Talk - Pueelcanny Poieta kannabeh - — Tall - Takkaro deleea- bano righ elee- bana Rotulih Talon - Kuluggarua Kuhluggana — Tame - Riaputheggana - Tiagropoineena - — Tarantula (large Ne-ungalangta - Temmatah - — spider) Taste - Wughn^ - Ween6 — Teal - Ryennatiabroo- tea Weahwanghrutah — Tear - Tagarrena - Tarragatt^ - — Teat - - Pruggana — Teeth - Wugherrinna - — — Thirsty Rukannaroon- yack Kukannaroite^ - — Throw Myengy - Menghana - — Thumb Rianaoonta Ryanaootta - — Thumb-nail Tony^ Toiena — Thunder - Poimettya - Papatongun^ — Tick - Loangaritea Prammannah — Tie (a knot) Kukannaboee - Pilangootah - — Tide . - Luggatick - Lughruttah - — Tiger (V.D.L.) Lagunta - Ka-nuTinah - — {ThyJacinus cy- nocephahis) Timber (large) - Wyelaugta Wee a proinah - — ,, (small) - Wyena We'rapaw^ - — Tired - Pryennemkoot- tiack Kakara wayalee - " THE TASMANIANS. 665 VOCABULAKT OP DlAlECTS OF AbOKIOINAL TbIBES OF TASMANIA— continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Eecherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and Western. Three Lea winnawah - Talleh Toothless - Wugherinna nor- myak Payeatimy - — Tooth Wughrinna Pay-ee-a — Talk (much Mealpeal kamma Kukanna moona- speaking) or kukannah lane, or kunrare, li&eah or kunmoonera Tongue Kayena Menn^, or mayna, or maynerinah — Top Tulendeeno Waghata — Topaz (crystal) Tendeagh - Mughra mallee - — Tor (apeaked hill) Poymalyetta Layattinnah — Torch Poorena moneg- gana Lee wurr^ - Touch Neungpa - Wingauah - — Touch-wood (rot- Weitree ouriatta Weeawanghratta - — ten wood) Tough Lughteeac - RulU ^ — Track (footmark) Puggataghana and tughana- loumeno Luggaboin^ - Ti-ample (to) - Tyentiah - Teeantibe - _ Transfix (to) Myenny-pinga- ter-reluteo Menaoitete - Travel Tackamoona Tackramoonina - — Tree - Loatta — — „ (fall of a) - Poengboorack - Moona punganse - — Tremble - Mieniutyac Tien^w^leh - — Trickle Kukkamena meena Truggara True - Gonyneealeebya 'Nghana kannanir^ — Try (to) - - Wughne^ - Ween4 - — Tug (to, at a rope Koy-ule Kottub^ — or string) 666 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABULAEY OP DIALECTS OP ABOEIOINAL TkIBES OF TaSMANIA- continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania. North-west and ■ Western. Tumble Mientongka Mieparragama — Turn (to) - Wughannamee - Miewangana — Tusk (canine Wuggerinnarota- Payee, & rotyW - — tooth) leebana Twig - - - Loatta keetana - Weea wunna — Twins Maiynabyeck Meinna-na - — Twilight - Teggrymony keetana narra longboorack Nunto ueenah Twirl (twist) - Wughannemoe Oaghra — Twitch (pluck) - KoM - Ko-kra — Two - Pia wah - Pooalih — Ugly- -- - Mowatty nielee- baua Noailee nuggabah — Urine Mungana - Munghate mungha- beh — Uxorious - Lowa puggelan- — nye Vale or valley - Ma-ra cominya Mara-way-lee — Vanish Poyena potatty- ack Tlembugh - Vassal (serf) Pueetoggana mena Potaigroee narana — Venomous - Ree punner^ Nunghboorack — nunghapa nungabah Venom Maria mena Kamona moina - — Vent - Loa lingana 'Ngeenah — Vertex Toganee Togari - — Warratah (plant Kiuntah — — Telopea trun- cata) Wallaby - Lukangana TarRnna Noguoyleah. Warm even to Reggooleetya Lewurra moina - — perspiration THE TASMAJSTIANS. 667 VOCABULABY OP DiALECTS OF ABORIGINAL TulBBS OF TaSMANIA- continued. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Royal, Bruiie Island, Rfichercbe Bay, and the South of Tasmania, North-west and Western. Water (fresh) - Liena- Liawenee Lia winne and lileah. „ (cold) - Lietinna Liawenee — „ (warm) - Liena peoonya or liena peeonyack Lialughrana - — Wood, firewood - Wiena andwuma, Muggra web^ and mattaweb^ — WoTna,Ti Lowanna - Ne-eanta and! low- anna Nowaleah. „ (handsome) Loanna eleebana Loa-nir6 lyady- — and loa niry waiaok „ (young) - Krotto meleety^ Loalla puggana - — „ (adult) - Puggya malleet- ya Longatallinah ' „ (aged, old) Payanna - Nena ta poiena - — Wombat - Raoompta ro- woomata Rowitta ~ Wake Lientiack - Weeny — Wade Woimenniae Mowerrenah — Wail (to lament) Tegryma kan- nunya Moeluggrana Waist Pooalminna Pooaryumena — Wait Myelpoyer^ Krattab^ - — Walk Tahlyooner^ Lawtaboorana — War - Kennamoimenya Moimenganmabeli — „ (skirmish. Marana Moeemuttd - — one or two kUled) War (battle, all Moeelughawa - MoeemabbyM — killed but one or two) Warm Peoonyaok Lughreto — Wart Cr^man poena - Ta winn6 ~ THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: VOCABTOAEY OF DiALBCTS OP ABORIGINAL TkIBES OF TASMANIA — English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Eecherche Bay, and the South of Tasmania, North-west and Western. Wash (to) - Nonebnoi Mannugra - — Wattle-tree 'Nghearetta Manna — Wave Legleetya men- gyna Leaturi Weak Koomyenna Mia wayleh - — Weed Pannabon brut- ty^ Tallaratai - Weep Tagarramena Tarra wayleh — Well (spring) - Loy-ulena 'Ngyena — Wet (rainy) May-niack Lay-ka — What ? Telingha? tebya? Pallawaleh?- Tarraginna? What's that ? - Telmgha? - — — When andwhere? Namelah naye- leh? Wabbara ? - — Wherefore, speak — — — low, let nobody hear Whisper - Kukana punye- Poeta kantia pa- — para waybah Whistle - Purra kunna Munnakanua Plubeah. White Malleety^ Mallee Mungyanghgar- rah. Whiz (like a ball, 'Ngona kunna - Payngunnana or Nangoinuleah, &o.) poyngunna kunna Whore, fomi- - Panubr^ mabbyM — catrix Widow Wurrawa no- atty^, wurrawa lowanna Nena tura tena - " Wife (newly mar- Kroatta langu- Poyalanun^- Waggapoony- ried) nya nurrah. Wind Rawlinna Rallinganunn^ - Lewan. „ (high) - Raalanghta Eallinga proiena - ^ Lewanhock. THE TASMANIANS. Vocabulary op Dialects of Abokiqinal Tribes of Tasmania — contirmed. English. Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pittwater. Tribes about Mount Eoyal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the South o( Tasmania. North-west and Western. Windpipe - Lonna Lonna and loar- inna — Wing Poilinna Maykana pounghra — Wink Mentroiaok Nubra rottd - — Winter - Tunna Turra — Wrinkle - Niangt^ nepoony Pelanypooneh — Wrong Miengana - Nuyeko — Wrist Rapoolmena Riapoolurapta — Woe's me, ah me Paygra waylea- beh kum leah Taqueat^ Yawn Granna kunna - Leakanny - — Yes - Murramoona, Narra warrah, nar- Narro barro. narrawallee raway narra lua- wah Yesterday Nfetegga men- yena Neea nunnawa — You - Neena Neena or nee — Young (little) Kaeetenna mal- Puggata paweena — boy lang yenna Young (little) Lowanna kaee- — — girl tenna SHORT SENTENCES IN THE NATIVE LANGUAGE. Give me a stone Give him a stone I give you some water I will not give you any water You give me food You do not give me food - - Lona or loina tyennabeah mito. - Lonna tyennamibeah. - Liaa tyennamibeah. - Noia meahteang meena neeto Imah. - Tyennabeah tuggen^. - Noia meah teang meena neeto tuggen^. 670 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Short Sentences in the Native Language — continued. Give me some bread- - - - Tyenna miapd pamiaboona, or teen- gananna ma pannaboo, or tunghm- bib^ tungaringaleah. We will give you a stick - - - Tyennamibeah weena. We will not give you a stick - - Noia tyennamibeah weena. Give me some bread to eat, I am Teeanymiape tuggand, meeongy- hungry neeom^, or teeanymeiape teeaoot- tym'na, or teeampiap^ matughala mapilrecottai. This is my hand . - . - Reena narrawa ! Sing a song - - . i - - Lyeimd riakunna or rialinghana. Where is your father ? - - - Ungamlea nangdena ? My father is here . . - . Nangamea numb^. He is my father . . - . Nangamea uumb^. He is not my father - - - - Miangunana. Tell your father of this - - - Onnabea nangato. We go to see the river - - - Nialomiah manaiah. I like to drink the water - - - Monna langarrap^. I make the boat go fast Parapeitaleebea malanna talea war- rangat^. The ship goes upon the sea - - Tiretya teeakalummala. The waves make the sea rough - - Leea Ibetyah poinummeah. You see the sea over the hill - - RoogoomaM linoiyack. Go down from the hill - - - Rongtan^ tyungerawa. Run over the ground - - . - Ringipyanganaweber^. Do not run along the road - - Parraw^ ringap^. The man feeds the dog - - - Ty^nnabeah kaeetabeah. The woman makes a basket - - Lowanna olM tubbrana. The woman is very fair - - - Lowa maleetya. The child eats his food . - . Teeana malangeebeah. The child is small - - - . Malangeebeah. The horse runs on the ground - - Pangooueah r^ne pateleebea. The horse kicks the child - - - Pangooneah paraingumenah. One ------- Marrawah. Two Piawah. Three ------ Luwah. Four - - - PaguntawuUiawah. Five ------- Pugganna marah. I shall go to my house - - - Tugganna lunameatah. I strike the horse - - - - Pella pangooneah. Touch his hand ----- Rientonnabeah. Do not touch his hand - - - Tall^ talld parraw^. THE TASMANIANS. 671 Short Sentences in the Native Language— con^mwed. Cut down the tree Tell him to go to the house Speak to the man - - . He is in the house - - . They jump over the river - They walk through the river Run along the side of the river - They swim in the river They sink in the river We drink water . - . He cuts his hair with flint My brother has a long arm My sister is very tall He has two children - - - Take a stick and beat the dog - The dog is beaten with a stick - The sun is rising - - - The sun is set already The moon is risen - - The moon is not seen The moon is behind the cloud - You stand behind the tree They climb up the tree The swan swims in the water - The water is very warm The water is not warm Salt-water - - - - - Fresh-water . - - - He is a good man He is a bad man Come and drink the water This water is salt That water is fresh - Milk comes from the cow - Send him to get milk I saw the tree yesterday - I have cut my finger - He limps with one leg He sees with one eye My face is very black Make the horse run fast - - Ungana puy^ lot^. - Tall^ lenutoo. - Oonah beah. - Lunaretah. - Wuggala menaye. - Yang^ menay6. - Taw^ rant^ weber^. - Puawd menay^. - Tong^ menay^. - Loa liy^. - Tuggana pugheranymee trautta. - Nietta mena oon root' elebena. - Nienta mena tuggara root' eleebana. - Malang-piawah. - Tial wee pella kaeeta. - Pella kaeetah naootamena. - Puggule^na partebara. - Puggule^na toomla pawa. - Ooeeta poona. - Ooeeta mayangti byeack. - Ooeeta toggana warratena lunta. - Mangana lutena. - Orong^ lotta. - Kalungunya tagumena liyetitta. - Lia pyoonyack 16. - Lia tunnack. - Lia noattye. - Lian eleebana or liana eleebana. - Puggana tareety^. - - Tagantyaryack. - T'all^ le loolaka lia. - Lia noattyd - Liana eleebana. - PrughwuUah packalla. - Rang^ prughwullah. - Lotta mont^ meena cottd. - Ri^ poy^ pueningyaok. - Raggamuttah. - Taggunnah. - Raoonah mawpack. - Pangoonya ren^ wurrangatd. 672 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Short Sentences in the Native Language— conirauerf. When the warm weather is come - Nente pyoonta. It is now cold weather . - - Tunna. They are White men (the men are Riana. Kianowittyd. white) This woman is very white - - Lowana eleebana.* Bring him and put him down here - Nunnalea pooranamby, or kanna wattah ponnaw^i or kannawuttah ponnapoo. Come along, I want to speak to you - Talpyarwadeno tuyena kunnamee, or tutta wuttah onganeenah, or tun- neka makmma talmatieraleh. Aha ! you are sulky all of a sudden - Anyah ! teborah ! keetrelbya uoo- mena peniggomaree. Hold your tongue, or be patient, by- Mealkamma, or metakantibe, or kan- and-by nyah mielbeerkammah, or kanna moonalau^ wannabee kannybo. Come here ------ Tia neber^ or tialleh. Walk naked - - - - - Tia reea lugungana. ^ Go ashore .'----- Tawe loccato. Make a light, I want to see you - Men6 le monghtiapee monghtoneel^ matangunabee nubratonee. Run together (a race) - . - Rene nunempt^ (yr leongana. Stay or keep a long way off - - Onamarrumnebere, or crackn^ lo maba, or kelaba row^. Awake, rouse ye, get up ! - - - Tientable taggamunna, or nawatty ! pegraty ! wergho ! or takka wughra ! Don't wake him, let him sleep - - Tialenghpalontun-narrajOrkunnyam tilanga bah, or kunnyam narrar loyea. Whisper, speak low, let nobody hear Kukanna lenagangpa nunty pate- inuyero or onabeah dayaleah. Some Abobiginal Names of Places in Tasmania. Cape Portland District - - - Tebrakunna. Country extending back from Ringa- Warrentinna. rooma township Douglas River ----- Leeaberryaok or Leeaberra. * Eleebana does not mean white ; see vocabulary. It frequently occurs in this vocabu- lary, and evidently means good. This word and no other will fit in every instance. — E.M.C. THE TASMANIANS. 673 Some AboeiqinaIj Names of Places in Tasmaku.— continued. Nicholas's Cap ----- Mita winnya, Kurunna poima- langta. Doctor's Creek (East Coast) - - Wuggatena menennya. Long Point ----- Wuggatena poeenta. Salt-water Lagoon near the Coal Mungarattya. Mines Governor's Island - . - . Tittamariaok. George's Elver District - - - Kunarra-kunnah. Maria Island ----- Tiarra-marra-monah. Mount Royal and Port Cygnet, coun- Talund. try lying between Oyster Bay ----- Poyanannupyack. High lands behind ditto - - - Pothy munatta. "St. Valentine's Peak, on Surrey Naton^. Hills, Peak like a Volcano," of Flinders Piper's River District - - - Orramakuuna. PortDavey ----- Poynduc. East Bay Neck ----- Lueena langhta muracomyiaok. Eaglehawk Neck - . - - Teeralinnack or Tera-linna. Hampshire HUls District, in the Pateena. North-west Barren Joey Island - - - - Roobala mangana. Glamorgan District - - - - Tebranuykunna. Port Arthur ----- Pr^maydena. Macquarie Harbour - " " " Parralaongatek. Recherche Bay Leillateah. Port Esperance ----- Raminea. Southport- ----- Lamabb^le. Brime Island ----- Lunawanna-elonnah. South Arm - - - - - Reemer^. Huon Island Prahree. Betsy Island ----- Temeteletta. Three-hut Point - - - - Taoonawenna. Tinder-box Bay Renna kannapughoola. Brown's River Promenalinah. Arch Island Boora tingaW. Tamar River ----- Ponrabbel. Piper's River ----- Wattra karoola. Swan Island ----- Terelbess^. Arthur River Tunganrick. Sohouten Island - - - - Tiggana marraboona. VOL. III. ^ ^ 674 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: Some Aboriginal Names of Places in Tasmama- Cape Grim Kennaook. Mount Cameron (West Coast) - - Preminghana. Mount Hemskirk - - - - Roeinrim or Traoota munatta. Mount Zeehan ----- Weiawenena. Circular Head Monattek w Romanraik. Frenchman's Cap . . - - Mebbelek. Albatross Island ... - Tangatema. Hunter's Island ... - Reeneka. Pieman's River ----- Corimia. District north of Maoquarie Harbour Timgarick. Lake St. Clair ----- Leeawulena. Huon River -...-- Tahun^-linah. Satellite Island ----- Wayaree. Derwent River ----- TeemtoomeM menennye. Mount Wellington - - - - Unghaniahletta or Pooranetter^. Clarence Plains ----- Nannyeleebata. Crooked Billet and on to the Drome- Unghanyenna. dary Range of Hills between Bagdad and Rallolinghana. Dromedary Jordan River ----- Euta linah. Lovely Banks ----- Tughera wughata. Ben Lomond ----- Toorbunna. South Esk River - . . - Mangana lienta. Lagoon or summit of Ben Lomond - Meenamata. St. Patrick's Head - . - - Lumera genena wuggelena. Some Names of Aborigines of Tasmania. Men. Tonack A native of Macquarie Harbour. Wureddy or Ooareddy Paoblattena (literally, wombat) - A native of North-west District. Kakaunawayreetya (literally, joey of A native of Oyster Bay. the forester kangaroo) Bonep A native of Macquarie Harbour, Kellawurumnea - - - - A native of Pittwater. Lanney - - - - - - A native of the North-west. Kunnarawialeety^ - - - - A native of Oyster Bay. Meenapeckameena - - - - A native of Lovely Banks. Maywedick or Maywerick - - A native of Port Davey. Redaryioick , - , . - A native of Circular Head District. THE TASMANIANS. 675 Women. Taenghanootera (literally, weeping A native of George's River, bitterly) Worromonoloo (Uterally, boughs) - A native of Piper's River Road Dis- trict. Rammanaloo (literally, little gull) - A native of Cape Portland. Wuttawantyenna (literally, nausea) - A native of Bast Bank of Tamar River. Plooranaloona (literally, sunshine) - A native of George's River. Tenghanoop A native of Port Davey. Trooganeenie A native of Mount Royal. Metakartea A native of North-east Quarter. Tiabeah A native of Brune Island. Koonya A native of Sorell. Pueelongmeena A native of Oyster Bay. Unghlottymeeua - - - - A native of North-east. Rayna - - . . . . -A native of Pieman's River District. Penghanawaddick - - . - ^^ ^^ ^^ APPENDIX B. THE OVENS, CAVES, PAINTINGS, AND SCULPTURES OP OUR BLACKS, AND ALSO THE QUESTION OP WHETHER THE PRESENT RACE WERE THE PIRST INHABITANTS OP AUS- TRALIA. In the territories of most of the tribes in the southern half of the continent we meet with what bushmen call Blacks' ovens, of which none are found in the North. They consist of accumulations of ashes, stones, or lumps of burnt clay and the debris of food. I have seen them in use at many places long distances apart, and constantly at Col- binabbin for nearly ten years. At that place they were used for baking kangaroo, emu, opossums, crabs or yabhe, yams and other roots. The larger animals were sometimes cut up, and at others cooked whole in them, the entrails always, and the skin sometimes, being first removed. The food, when cooked, was not eaten at the oven, but was taken to 2 u 2 676 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: the camp, often 200 yards off. In other districts, however, when the ground was wet, the Blacks nsed sometimes to camp as well as cook on their ovens or ash-heaps. The excavation with yam-sticks of graves three or four feet deep in the hard clay of this country being a laborious task, the Blacks occasionally buried their dead in ash-heaps not much in use, as digging in them is easy; and hence human skele- tons are sometimes found in them. On the sea-coast, and on the banks of some of our rivers, are found large heaps of shells, mixed with charcoal, the refuse of the feasts of many generations. In some which have been explored, a few stone tomahawk-heads and bone awls have been found. It is remarkable that, though in the northern half of the continent cooking is a good deal carried on by means of the oven (i.e., a trench in which a fire is made, and heaped with stones or lumps of clay), which is the origin of our ash-heap, no accumulations of cinders, &c., have been made there, and ash-heaps do not exist. Probably the practice of cooking frequently at fixed spots, which has produced the ash-heap, was not an original one with our Blacks, nor in vogue for a very long period after the landing of the first progenitors of the race on the north-west coast of Australia. Whether the ash-heap, such as we find it here, exists in any other country, I am not aware. The examinations which have been made of these mounds (of which the largest I have seen are about eighty yards in circumference and five feet high in the centre) go to show that, during the period they* have been in use, the implements and mode of cooking of those who used them have undergone no change. Taken in connection with the middens left behind them by savage peoples in other parts of the world, who have become extinct, or whose descendants have emerged from barbarism, do they not lead to the conclusion that, in the main, the prehistoric savage of the lowest type in some other countries resembled in many respects the Australian of to-day? In other words, in studying the long-isolated Australian, who OVENS, CAVES, PAINTINGS, SCULPTURES, ETC. 677 has, it has been shown, preserved in great measure the manners which he brought with him to these shores, possibly in a prehistoric era, do we not obtain the most reliable picture possible of the lower families of prehistoric man generally? In two respects, however, the Australian ash- heaps differ in their contents from the middens of many savages, as neither stone arrow-heads nor fragments of pottery are found in them. Stone spear-heads, however, which are occasionally used in some tribes, wiU no doubt be sometimes met with. Whilst on the subject of our ash-heaps, which, save language and rude drawings found in caverns, are almost the only antiquities met with in our continent, the reader must be informed that a few specimens of paintings in caverns, and two sculptures on rocks, of a good deal better execution than those usually met with, also exist, and have been described by some of our writers as of very ancient date, and as belonging in all probability to a race which preceded the present one. The paintings and one of the carvings in . question were discovered by Lieutenant Grey, the explorer, about seventy miles from Hanover Bay ; the other sculpture by Austin, also an explorer, about 200 miles inland from Gantheaume Bay on the west coast. The paintings represent men and women wearing clothes, which it is important to notice, as all the tribes within hundreds of miles of the locality go naked. Concerning them, the Eevd. J. E. Tennison Woods, in his admirable History of the Discovery and Exploration of Australia, vol. 1, p. 412, says: — "Near the furthest point which Grey reached, some remarkable painted figures were found on the walls of two sandstone caves. They were much better executed than anything that the natives are able to do now, and their antiquity seems to be unquestionable. Some of the figures were dressed in robes reaching down to the feet, and both hands and feet were painted a deeper red than the rest of the body; the face was draped in white, with holes left for the eyes, and all had a double ring round the head 678 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: like the aureole of a modern saint. Three colors were used — red, blue, and yellow; and, in addition to many other figures, there was a kind of writing very much like the characters in use among the natives of the Indian Archi- pelago. Whatever may he said of these strange drawings, it is quite certain that they refer to a time when the savages made use of clothing, and were more civilized than at pre- sent they are. Near one of the caves, a very good profile of a man's head was cut deeply in the rock: the type of the head was not Australian, and was well executed. The natives seem to be very fond of these places as an encampment, and in that respect they resembled all the painted caves found upon the west, north, and north-east coast." In speaking of the profile head. Grey, its discoverer, says, vol. 1, p. 206 : — " The only proof of antiquity it bore about it was that all the edges of the cutting were rounded and perfectly smooth, much more so than they could have been from any other cause than long exposure to atmospheric influences." How long it wotild take to effect such smooth- ing on a sandstone slab exposed to the terrible annual rains, which Grey, vol. 1., p. 97, describes as having cut down the sandstone table-land itself forty feet, and probably more, is a matter for consideration. Probably fifty years would have accomplished it. Speaking of the most elaborate and artistic of the paintings discovered. Grey, vol. 1, p. 202, says : — " It would be impossible to convey in words an ade- quate idea of this uncouth and savage figure." On the whole. Grey's description does not lead me to assign much of art or antiquity to his paintings and sculpture. Touching the sculptures discovered by Austin, the Eevd. Mr. Woods, in his History referred to above, vol. 2, p. 220, says: — "On the 21st September they lost two horses from exhaustion and thirst, but on the same day, in lat. 27° 43', long. 118°, found a spring near a cave in a quartzite cliff. This cave had some singular carvings in it. There were repre- sojatations of seven left hands, of the ordinary size, with one large right hand above. On the left there were five pairs of OVENS, CAVES, PAINTINGS, SCULPTURES, ETC. 679 kangaroos' feet, and the feet of three emu. They were very- well executed, and had just the appearance of impressions made by the objects they were intended to represent. The surface of the rock seemed to have been stained by some fluid. They were evidently ancient, avd quite beyond the capacity .of the present race of natives. This was shown by several rude imitations which had been more recently made beneath them, and Mr. Austin found underneath a stone instrument, which had been used in the modern attempts. They evidently belonged to the description of carvings found by Grey near Hanover Bay." Setting aside the circumstances that no proof of the antiquity of these carvings is given, and that the capacity of the present race in such matters is made to rest on a single attempt at imitation, the passages quoted seem to suppose that our Blacks once wore clothes, or that a people some- what superior, who did, went before them in this continent. I have met with another writer who hazards the last of these conjectures. The passage will be found in Mr. R. Brough Smyth's Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 2, p. 222, and is as follows: — "It has been stated by Professor Huxley that the natives of Southern and Western Australia are probably as pure and homogeneous as any race of savages in existence. And yet there are some slight indications of another and possibly a more ancient people having at one time dwelt in Australia. These consist of certain red marks on the walls and roofs of caves, chiefly the imprints of human hands, as though a hand had been immersed in red dye and then pressed against the side of the cave. These 'signs-manual' are generally accompanied by some other marks or drawings." As I have often myself seen the Blacks imprinting their hands stained with red ochre on suitable surfaces in this way, I cannot accept such marks as a proof of antiquity. Being strongly of opinion that our Blacks had no prede- cessors in this continent, but practically occupied it alone untU the period of our colonization, and the matter being of 680 . THE AUSTRALIAIT RACE: importance, I think it necessary to state shortly the grounds of my opinion. To begin with, it is easier to suppose that a few of the Malays who frequent our northern and western coasts, or other shipwrecked persons of a more advanced race than our Blacks, joined a tribe here a,nd there (as we know several of our own countrymen have done), accompanied it into the interior, and executed the rough drawings and sculptures in question, than that a race of some culture should have existed here and left no traces behind it but the trifling ones under consideration. Nor is this idea of strangers amongst our- coast tribes far-fetched, as Grey himself lays particular stress on his having met near the caverns in which he found his paintings a few individuals almost white. Speaking of the Blacks he met with. Grey says in his Jour- nals of Two Expeditions of Discovery, vol. 1, p. 253-4: — "They never speared a horse or sheep belonging to us, and judging by the degree of industry shown in the execution of some of their paintings, the absence of anything offensive in the subjects delineated, and the careful finish of some articles of common use, I should infer that, under proper treatment, they might easily be raised very considerably in the scale of civilization. "A remarkable circumstance is the presence amongst them of a race, to appearance totally different and almost white, who seem to exercise no small influence over the rest. ... I saw but three men of this fair race myself, and thought they closely resembled Malays ; some of my men observed a fourth." Grey then quotes two or three other writers who mention the same occurrence in the northern portion of the continent. To pass on. The reasons which lead me to believe that our Blacks were practically the only people by whom this continent was inhabited prior to our colonization are these: — 1st. That, save the trifling works of doubtful and perhaps recent origin, just mentioned, all the remains of man found here unquestionably belong to the present race of Blacks. OVENS, CAVES, PAINTINGS, SCULPTURES, ETC. 681 2iid. Had a second race ever existed, the mode of warfare in use would have rendered their extirpation most unlikely, as we never hear of more than one or two persons falling in any battle. Neither the conquest of territory nor the extirpation of enemies are objects sought in the wars of our Blacks. Theirs is the Gladstonian policy — "Kill and scuttle." 3rd. It has already been pointed out, vol. I., pp. 27, 28, as well as in other places, that in several portions of Australia, vast distances apart, language has but one word to express the Blacks and kangaroo. That the Blacks, in fact, in some instances, at the present day (and language shows this to have been more common formerly), whether in jest or earnest, speak of these animals as men. This, it may be assumed, would hardly have been the case had the first comers or their descendants found another race of human beings in the country. Two other noteworthy aboriginal works have come to my knowledge. The first is a fish-trap, made by a number of walls constructed of large stones in the bed of the Barwan, near Brewarrina, if I recollect right. These walls are irregu- lar in their course, and enclose spaces which may be likened to the walls, rooms, passages, and courts of a large building. When the river is in flood, they are many feet below the surface ; but when at its usual summer level, they rise above the water and form a sort of labyrinth, in which the fish lose their way, and are easily captured. The other work was described to me as a mound about 100 feet or yards long, I forget which, made to resemble a huge snake. Its locality is (or was, for when I heard of it, it was hardly recognizable) close to the Murray Eiver, some twenty miles below Euston, but on the other side. It was said by the Blacks to have been made to charm away the smaU-pox, which raged in those parts probably in about 1820 or 1830. 682 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: APPENDIX C. YULE ISLAND VOCABULARY. By ABTHtTE Onslow, Esq. This and the several vocabularies parison with the Australian languages, tiact that I am in doubt of many contributed by that gentleman. which follow are inserted for corn- Mr. Onslow's writing is so india- of the words in the vocabularies Kangaroo - Hand - - eema. Opossum 2 Blacks - . Tame dog - waia. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - One - - hia Emu - Black duck - Two - - rua. Wood duck - Three - - eta. Pelican Four - - banee. Laughiag jackass Father - anarpaka. Native companion Mother - White cockatoo - Sister-Elder _ Crow - Swan - „ Younger - Egg - - - hahoewa. Brother-Elder - Track of a foot - ,, Young er Fish - - - chee-ohee. A young man - Lobster An old man . Crayfish An old woman ^ Mosquito - Fly. -• - A baby - Snake evaw. A White man - hahow poorena. The Blacks - Children - - meore. A Blaokfellow - hahow. Head - - A Black woman - babene. Bye - • Nose ■ Bar - - vak. YULE ISLAND. 683 Yule Island Vocabijlabt — contirmed. Mouth - Boomerang - Teeth - - etaka neeta. Hill - Hair of the head - bouee. Wood - maoheo. Beard - - Stone - petava. Thunder - Camp - Grass - - Yes - Tongue - miaka or mia. No - - - Stomach - I . - - - Breasts - tatooka. You - Thigh - - Bark Foot - - hapoo. Good enoka. Bone - - Bad - - - akee. Blood - - Sweet - . - Skin - - - Food - aneane. Fat - Hungry Bowels - Thirsty Excrement - - Eat - kana. War-spear - - parooma, arawa. Sleep - . - parooa. Reed-spear - - Drink - Throwing-stick - Walk - Shield - See - koeta. Tomahawk - - wapeeva. Sit - - - Canoe - Sun - Moon - Star - Light - Dark - Cold - - arohee. - baroura. - ngeo, ngawa. Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are the Blacks ? I don't know baroo. mara. Heat - - Plenty Day - - Big - Night - . - - Little - Eire - - evoba. Dead - haree. Water Smoke Ground Wind - Rain - God - - beg, bay. - anoo. - bouda. - abeva. By-and-by ■ Come on Milk - Baglehawk - Wild turkey mi, mieno Ghosts - Wife - 684 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: APPENDIX D. WARRIOR ISLAND, TORRES STRAIT. By Arthue Onslow, Esq. Kangaroo - - usale. Hand - - rapa. Opossum - - 2 Blacks - _ Tame dog - - omi. 3 Blacks - . Wild dog - - One - - woorapoo. Emu _ Two - - ocasara. Black duck - - kete-kete. Wood duok- - Three - - ocasara woora- Pelican _ poo. Laughing jackass Pour - - ocasara ocasara Native companion Father - outati. White cockatoo - Mother - ngonopoo. Crow - - Sister-Elder - Swan - - ,, Younger - - , Egg - - - oolookakoo. Brother-Elder - ngontoboiop. Track of a foot - ,, Younger ngontoboiop. Pish - - wape. A young man - konquick. Lobster - An old man - okalaka. Crayfish Mosquito - Fly - - - boule. An old woman A baby - ouwepe. - makekack. Snake - - taboo. A White man - miakakaloom. The Blacks - - Children - kacke. A Blackf ellow - koopekoopekame. Head - - queek. A Black woman - koopekoopepe. Eye - - taan. Nose ■• - peetee. Ear - - korsi. WARRIOR ISLAND, TORRES STRAIT. 68^ Waekior Islaot), Torres Strmi— continued. Mouth - erakoot. Boomerang - - Teeth - - tang. HiU - - Hair of the head - yalbo. Wood - - wata. Beard - - yatta. Stone - - mata. Thunder - - kee or ree (?). Gamp - - Grass - - Yes - - ah, wah. Tongue - ngae. No - - loinga. Stomach - mita-mita. I - ngie. Breasts - soo-soo. You - - ngee. Thigh - - Bark - _ Foot - Bone - Blood - Skin - Fat - Bowels Excrement - - timoot. - koolka. - tarriget. - tiboo. - kooma-kooma. Good - Bad - Sweet - Food - Hungry Thirsty - kapoi. - atai. - arake. - mookeanike. War-spear - - kalaka. Eat - - pootee. Reed-spear - Sleep - - unika. Throwing-stiok - Drink - - mooke kiwan. Shield - Walk- - ngiuserik. Tomahawk - - tooik. See - - emanoo. Canoe - - koola. Sit - tanol. Sun - Moon - - kayka. - mulpal. Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are the Blacks? I don't know - matawarabon. Star - Light - Dark - Cold - Heat - - teto. - kay-pramek. - koopikee. kaloope. - nikoloni. Day - batang. Plenty - moola. Night - koopilkee. Big - - kasa. Fire - moe. Little - - makke, makketa Water mooke. Dead - - ooma. Smoke skopkowane. By-and-by - - tomoki. Ground patalak. Come on - hie-hie. Wind - kegoba. Milk - - Rain - aree-aree. Eaglehawk - - God - Wild turkey - Ghosts Wife - - THE AUSTBALIAN RACE: APPENDIX E. MOATTA TRIBE— MOUTH OF THE RIVER KATAW. Peom D'Albertis' New Guinea. — (Vol. 2, p. 388.) Kangaroo - Opossum Hand - 2 Blacks - - tupata. Tame dog - umo. 3 Blacks - - Wild dog - One - - Emu - Two - _ Black duck - Three - _ Wood duck Pelican Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Four - Father Mother Sister-Elder - Crow - „ Younger - Swan - Brother-Elder - Egg - Track of a foot - Pish - - - Lobster arimina. „ Younger A young man An old man Crayfish An old woman ■ Mosquito - A baby - mere. Fly - A White man - turicarubi Snake - The Blacks - A Blackfellow - harubi sarimissa. Children Head - - epuoo. A Black woman - upi. Eye - - idamari. Nose - - - uadi. Ear - - epate. MOUTH OF THE RIVER KATAW. 687 MoATTA Teibb — continued. Mouth ■ magata. Boomerang - - Teeth - ibonora. Hill - - Hair of the head - epuromuo. Waterfall - - cami-cami Beard - - bagamua. Wood - - Thunder - Grass - - gururu. Stone - Camp - - nora, api. Tongue - Yes ■ - io. Stomach - dopi-autuburo. No ■ - puai. Breasts - amo. I - - - mo. Thigh - - emado. You - - ro. Foot - - airupata. Bark - - Bone - - Good - - adina. Blood - - arima. Bad - - - ubana. Skin - - tama. Sweet - - Fat - - Food - - Bowels - tuburo. Hungry- - Excrement - - Thirsty - War-spear - - Eat - Reed-spear - Throwing-atick Shield Tomahawk - Canoe - Sun - Moon - Star - Light - Dark - - emoa. - pe^. - ibiu. - gamuno. - oroi. Sleep - Drink - Walk - See - Sit - Yesterday - To-day To-morrow - Where are - utua. - odio. - agoitogo. - omia. - duomuto. - uah-roito. the Cold - - Blacks ? Heat - - I don't know - Day - - duo. Plenty - Night - - uo. Big - - Fire - - era. Little - - Water - - tupobo. Dead - - Smoke - tema. By-and-by - Ground - driomoro. Come on - Wind - - hu-hu-a. Milk - Rain - - uiari, viare. Eaglehawk - - God - _ Wild turkey - Ghosts . Wife ■ - 688 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: APPENDIX F. PORT DOREI, NEW GUINEA. Extracted from Le Voyage de VAstroldbe. Kangaroo (d'Aroe) kopem. Hand - roua pimci Opossum - 2 Blacks - Tame dog - naf. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - naf. One - Emu - Black duck - Wood duck Pelican Two - Three - Four - Laughing jackass Native companion White cockatoo - Father Mother manngop nabarak. Crow - orono. Sister-Elder Swan - „ Younger - Egg - - - Brother-Elder - Track of a foot - „ Younger Fish - tenn. A young man Lobster An old man Crayfish An old woman - Mosquito - A baby Fly - - - A White man Snake Children romgoun The Blacks - (singular). A Blackfellow (of kokston. Head boumberi. Dorei) Eye - robena. A Black woman - bihenn. Ear - knamee Noae - snomferi. knaramci. PORT DORBI, NEW GUINEA. Poet Dorbi, New Guinea — continued Mouth - soamberi. Boomerang - Teeth - - naci namci. Hill - Hair of the head - senembourem, Wood - snoumbourahem. Stone - ierou, kerou. Beard - - souabour. Camp - Thundei; - - Yes - ia. Grass • - No - - - daouer. Tongue - kaprerembreri. I. . . . Stomach - anderoumei. You - Breasts - andendi (sing). Bark - Thigh ■- - koria, mer (leg). Good - ibie. Foot - - vamia, ouemei Bad - ihieba. vamia. Sweet - Bone - - Food - Blood - - ouamaiere. Hungry Skin - - ourek. Thirsty Fat - - ibieba. Eat - kanann. Bowels - Sleep - ceneff. Excrement • - Drink - souari, souaiean War-spear - kohinomen. Reed-spear - • Walk - - oivambrainn Wommera or (marcher). throwing-stick See - Shield - ada. Sit - kokaen. Tomahawk - - Yesterday - Canoe - - To-day Sun - - ori. To-morrow - mecer, apap. Moon - Star - Light - . - Dark - - Where are the Blacks ? I don't know Cold - - Plenty Heat - Day - Night - Fire - Water - pack. - ioreff. - ouaier. Big - Little - Dead - By-and-by • - Smoke Come on - Ground - saprop. Milk - - ouaier soussia. Wind- Rain - God - Ghosts - mekenn. Eaglehawk - Wild turkey Wife - ■ VOL. III. 2 X 690 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: APPENDIX G. THE LOYALTY ISLES. By J. PlTZQEKALD, JtTN., ESQ. Kangaroo - Hand - nackiningoo. Opossum 2 Blacks - - natamauli endua Tame dog - goria. 3 Blacks - ■ - natamauli en- Wild dog - dauloo. Emu - One - - sigai. Black duck - Two - - endua. Wood duck - Pelican Three - - endauloo. Laughing jackass Four - - bati. Native companior 1 Father - paw-paw. White cockatoo - Mother - tati. Crow - manoo. Sister -Elder - ngoruangoo. Swan - ,, Younger - Egg - - - attulula. Brother-Elder - teingoo. Track of a foot - ,, Younger Fish - nika. A young man - tourafe. Lobster An old man - marige. Crayfish - An old woman - itarique. Mosquito - balirique Fly - bangoo. A baby - pipia. Snake - mata. A White man - nouver. The Blacks - Children - - A Blackfellow - natamauli. Head - - nbougoo. A Black woman - keroi. Eye - - matangoo. Nose - nangisoongoo. Ear - - nalingangoo. THE LOYALTY ISLES. 691 Loyalty Islw— continued. Mouth ■ nowokangoo. Boomerang - _ Teeth - - batingoo. Hill - . Hair of the head- lelungoo. Wood- - nakapoosonia. Beard - assioolua. Stone - - vatoo. Thunder - - tavaie. Camp . Grass - - numinoo. Yes - - yaw. Tongue - No - - ngerai. Stomach I - gitiou. Breasts ■ You - - ningoo. Thigh - Bark - - Foot - - melingoo. Good - - Bone - - navatingoo. Bad - - Blood - - nunda. Sweet - Skin - - navilina. Food - - huvinung. Fat - - - bouldia. Hungry - - apitanloo. Bowels . Thirsty - Excrement - . Eat - - guniguni. War-spear - - naiou. Sleep - - matoaroo. Eeed-spear- - Drink - nimoonoo. Throwiag-stiok - nakow (?). Walk - - surata. Shield - See - . Tomahawk - - tangantoo. Sit - . Canoe - aroua. Yesterday - Sun - - elow. To-day - massusse. Moon - - massina. Star - - massone. To-morrow - - natamai. Light - . Where are the Dark - - nemalingoo. Blacks ? Cold - - malani. I don't know - endongosabona Heat - - pavitouloo. Plenty - Day - - liadi. Big - - Night - baungi. Little - - Fire - - nakapoo. Dead - . Water - noi. By-and-by - . Smoke - nassona. Ground - natanoo. Come on - Wind - nalang. Milk - - Eain - - ousa. Baglehawk- - God - - Wild turkey Ghosts 3 3 Wife - w2 692 THE AUSTRALIAN EACB ; LOYALTY ISLES. Additional Words. Go away — be off - - - - boua. ^ I'll go away - . - . . bussava. Where are you going ? - - - epki bougisan ? I am playing about - - - - gatoobaroo. I will go too ----- bussava. Are you tired ----- epitivitoolo. Well ! go to sleep - . - . ningoo matoroo. By and by I'll sleep - - - bogundoo dakouba matoroo. Where is my husband ? - - - epai uanoi ginou ? You will see him by-and-by - - bunusi bogundoo. I see two women . - - - ginou bunusi keroi endoua. Where is my spear? - . - epai naio ginou? Give me one spear - - - - botuao naio sigai. Give me two spears - - - - botuao naio endona. Come and see my canoe - - - engabe bunusi aroua ginou. Don't talk batibasa. I am lazy memali. Iguana ------ olai. Plea oontu. Nut ..-.--. nangai. Taro natali. Coooanut ----- naniou. Pine apple baroo. Banana ------ nandi. Knife ------ mass masse. Jam _---.- nouie. Sugar numboroi. I don't know ----- endongosabona. Gun soui. Powder pouroo. Bullet baulo. Cap - capa. Bow nasou. Arrow nitipa. Where are all the women ? One woman is at home - - - keroi sigai endoi egobou. THE LOYALTY ISLES. 693 Two women are at home - keroi endona endoi egobou. Where is Tommy ? - - Tommy epai ? I have not seen him to-day - audi bunusi massusse. I am hungry - - - - - epitouloo. Give me some food - - batooaoo epitouloo. Here it is .... - newaie. Come and fish .... - bandirotangoo. No, let us hunt pigs - engeroi gangabusi wangoo. Salt-water .... - natassi. Ship - aroua nouver. Leaf - ■ - - : - noululakou. Blaokfellow .... - natamauli enungoda. Whatman? - - - . - natamauli loua ? Pig-skin - nauwilina wangoo. Go and walk, you lazy fellow - - bussi wussi memali. I am sick .... - assasana. I am well . . . - - tapuia. Tom is dead - . - - - Tom emati. Tom was almost dead, but got well Tom emiti emaramouri. again Numbers. 1, sigai. 6, elatissa. 2, endua. 7, larua. 3, endauloo. 8, elatooloo. 4, bati. 9, chaloveti. 5, lima. 10, cherooalima 694 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: APPENDIX H. DUKE OF YORK ISLAND, NEW BRITAIN. By the Revd. George Beown. Vowels sounded — a = o^, e as a in gate, « as e in me, o as English o, u as 00 in wood, g a^ng ia rang. When " my" is affixed it means that the noun is not used in an abstract form; e.g., tamag, my father; tamam, your father; tamana, his father; and so on through all the dual, triad, and plural numbers. There is no term for father simply. The italic k is sounded as English g. Kangaroo - Hand - - limag (my). Opossum kapul. 2 Blacks (men) - ruadi a muana. Tame dog - a pap. 3 Blacks ,, - tuludi a muana Wild dog - a pap lomlom. tuludi a tara. Emu - One - - ra. Black duck - Two - - ruadi. Wood duck - Pelican Three - - tuludi. Laughing jackass Four - - waatdi. Native companion Father - tamag (my). White cockatoo - muara. Mother - nag „ Crow - a kok. Sister-Elder - teglik „ Swan - „ Younger - teglik „ Egg - - - kiau. Brother-Elder - teglik ,, Track of a foot - a kaun. ,, Younger - teglik ,, Ksh - eian. A young man - barman. Lobster ' - An old man - takana muana. Crayfish aurugut. An old woman - takana tebuan. Mosquito - a namu. Ply - a lag. A baby - a nal. Snake - a ui. A White man - a madar. The Blacks - a kum tara. Children - - a kum nat. A Blaokfellow - a muana. Head - - loirg (my). A Black woman - a tebuan. Eye - - matag „ Nose gigirog (my). Ear - - taligag „ DUKE OP YORK ISLAM), NEW BRITAIN. 695 Dttke of York Is LAND — continued Mouth - auag (my). Boomerang - - Teeth - lokog ,, Hill - - tagai tiltil. Hair of the head - weug „ Wood - - diwai. Beard - kabenawag (my). Stone - - a waat. Thunder - - pakpakuru. Camp - - ki wan wan. Grass - - uali. Yes - - - yu. Tongue - kamenawag(my). No - - pate. Stomach - balag ,, I - Jan. Breasts - tuig „ You - - - ui. Thigh - kakig Bark - - panina. Foot - kakig Good - - auakak. Bone - - uru. Bad - - pikoina. Blood - - kap. Sweet - - namian. Skin - Fat - - pamg (my). - bira. Food - - utna na winagan Bowels - alakum balag Hungry - molo. (my). Thirsty - maruk. Excrement - - tak. Eat - - wagan, ani. War-spear - - bele. Sleep - - inep. Reed-spear - - bele. Drink - - inim. Throwing-stick - (none). Walk - - wan. Shield- - - (none). See - boboi. Tomahawk - - maden. Sit - - ki. Canoe - - afa. Yesterday - - na bug. Sun - - make. To-day - kumari. Moon - - kalag. To-morrow - - na bum. Star - - nagnag. Where are the Light - - keke. ' Blacks? Dark - - marum. I don't know - jan pai au nu- Cold - - - mudian. nuri. Heat - - uan. Day - - keke. Plenty - magoro. Night - - marum. Big - - - gala. Fire - - augan. Little - - kinalik. Water - pala danim. Dead - - mat. Smoke - a mi tubal. By-and-by - - kalik ma ku. Ground ■ pia. Come on - wanurin. Wind - - - dadeip. Milk - - polo na tu. Rain - - bata. Eaglehawk - - manikulai. God - - nara (?). WUd turkey - Ghosts - tebaran. Wife - - tebuan. 696 THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: APPENDIX I. MALAY. From the Dictionary of John Ckawfued. Kangaroo - Hand - tangan, asta. Opossum 2 Blacks - Tame dog - anjing, asu. 3 Blacks - Wild dog - Emu - Black duck - sarigala. suwari. itik, bebek. One - Two - asa, satu. duwa. Wood duck - Three - tiga. Pelican undan. Four - ampat. Laughing jackass Father bapa, pa, rama. Native companion Mother ama. White cocliatoo ■ kakatuwah. Sister-Elder kaka. Crow - Swan - Egg - - Track of a foot - gagak, balar. talor. bakas-kaki. „ Younger - Brother-Elder ,, Youugei adik parampuan abang, kakak. ^ adik, adanda. Fish - ikan. A young man bujang, jaka. Lobster An old man Crayfish - uudang-karang. An old woman Mosquito - namuk, agaa. A baby anak-kachil. Fly - - Snake - The Blacks - A Blackfellow lalat. ular. orang. laki. A White man Children - Head - ulu, kapala. A Black woman parampuan, suri. Eye - mata. Nose - idung. Ear ■ dawun talinga. MALAY. 697 Malay — continued. Mouth - mulut. Boomerang - Teeth - - gigi- Hill - - bukit, gunung, Hair of the head - rambut. prawatta, giri. Beard - - janggut, ramos. Wood - ■ utan, alas, kayu. Thunder - - alintar, guntur. wana. Stone - - batu. Grass - Tongue - romput. - lidah. Camp - Yes - - pondok. - iya, ya, bhkan, Stomach - prut, ati, padul. baU. Breasts - susu, inang. No - - tiyada, tak, jan- Thigh- - - kaki. gan, &c. Foot - - kaki, duli, pada. I - - aku, kita, kami. Boue - - tulang. &c. Blood - - darah. You - - ang, kaw, mu, lu, Skin - - kulit. &c. Fat - ■ lamak. Bark - - kulit-kayu. Bowels - prut. Good - - bayik, salih. Excrement - - tai. Bad - - jabat. War-spear - - tumbak, watang. Sweet - - manis. Eeed-spear - Food - - makanan, sara, Tlirowing-stick . parbakalan. Shield - tameng, prisai Hungry - lapar. (and others). Thu-sty - aus, daaga, &c. Tomahawk - - kapak, wadung, Eat - - makan, santap. tabar. Sleep - . sidor, lena, adu. Canoe - Sun - - sampan, jukung, ladang. - mata-ari, surya. Drink - Walk - See - - minum. - jalan. - tengok, liat, non- tan Moon - samas. - bulan, Chandra, Sit - - daduk, lanquk, &c. - kalmarin, - ari-ini. Star - kamar. - bintang. Yesterday - To-day Light - - chahya, trang. To-morrow - - esuk. Dark - - kalarp, galap. Where are the Cold - - dingin, sajuk. Blacks ? Heat - - panas, angat. I don't know - Day - Night - - ari, dina, yura. Plenty - kalimpaban. - malara. Big - Little - - basar, agung. - kachil. Fire - - api. Dead - - mati, ilang. Water - ayar. By-and-by - - sabantar-lagi. Smoke - asap. Come on - mari. Ground - tanah, bumi. Milk - - suau. Wind- - angin, bayu. Eaglehawk - - Rain - - ujan. Wild turkey - God - • - tuhan, allah. Wife - - bini, parampu- Ghosts - sumangat. wan, estri. THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: APPENDIX J. AFRICA.— YORUBA LANGUAGE. From the Dictionary of the Revd. T. J. Bbown. Kangaroo - Hand - owo. Opossum 2 Blacks - - Tame dog - adza. 3 Blacks - - Wild dog - adzako. One - - a, eni, ui, kan, Emu okan. Black duck Two - - edzi, medzi. Wood duck Three - - eta, meta. Pelican Pour - - erin, merin. •■ Laughing jackass Native companion Father Mother - baba, oba. - abiamo, iya, White cockatoo - Crow - Swan - Egg - Track of a foot - aluko. kanakana, hoho, alukanrin, eyin. ese, ikpa, ikpase. Sister-Elder ,, Younger Brother-Elder „ Young yeye, iye. - arabiri. - arabiri. - ara, aburo, egbon. er ara, aburo, egbon. - omo-agbo, omo owo. Fish - Lobster Crayfish - Mosquito - Ply - Snake dedza, kpedza. ede. esinsin. edzo, mauamana, A young man An old man An old woman A baby A White man The Blacks - sebe. Children - ewe, madzesi, omo. A Blackfellow - okuri, enia. Head - - eri, ori. A Black woman ■ obiri. Eye - - odzu. Nose - imo. Ear - eti. AFRICA. 699 Africa. — Yokuba Language — continued. Mouth - - enu. Teeth - - akoko, ehin, eyin. Hair of the head - iron. Beard - Thunder Grass - Tongue Stomach Breasts Thigh - Foot - Bone - Blood - Skin - Pat - Bowels Excrement - War-spear - Reed-spear - Throwing-stick - Shield - Tomahawk ■ Canoe - Sun - Moon - Star - Light - Dark - Cold - Heat - Day - Night - Fire - Water Smoke Ground Wind - Rain - God - Ghosts - ironghong. - ara. - ikoriko, ogbug- bu. - ahon, awon. - aiya. - aiya, ige, omu. - itele, tete. - ese. - egun, egungun. - edze. - ara. - sanra. - ifon. - imi, igbe. - eain, oko. - akpata, ganiki. - gamugamu. - fatele, oko, okpere. - orun. - osukpa, osu. - irawo. - imole. - su, sisu, sokun. - amudi, otu, otutu. - erun, gbigbona, oru. - idzo, odzo. - oru. - ina. - omi, odo. - eii, fin, efin. - ile. - afefe, efufu. - edzi, odzo. - olorun, olodu- mare. - oro, iwin. Boomerang - - Hill - - oke. Wood - - igi. Stone - - okuta, oko. Camp - - do, budo. Yes - ■ behe, ni, e. No - - kurumu, nadwo I - emi, mi, mo. You - - iwo, nyi. Bark - - ekpo. Good - - dara, re. Bad - - buru. Sweet - don. Food - - ondze. Hungry - alaiyo. Thirsty - ongbe. Eat - - dze. Sleep - - sun, togbe. Drink - - mo, mu. Walk - - rin. See ■ - ri, wo. Sit - - fidibale. Yesterday - - ana, lana. To-day - loni. To-morrow - - ola. Where are the Blacks ? I don't know - Plenty - okpo. Big - - - tobi, lara. Little - - kere, die, kiun. Dead - - ku, dake. By-and-by - - nigbosi. Come on - wah, so, wole. Milk - - wara. Eaglehawk - ' Wild turkey ■ Wife - - aya, abileko. END OF VOLUME III. INDEX. In this Index, ordinarily, only a few references are made to any particular subject ; thus, the mention of small-pox may occur in fifty different places in this work, only five of which may be referred to in the index. Aboriginal life less free than civilized life, I., 51. Aboriginal race, extinction of,I., 100. Aboriginal reserves in Victoria, I., 104. Aborigines of Victoria, by R. Brough Smyth, errors in, I. , 237. Abstinence from animal food, in, the sex of the animal considered in some tribes. III., 91. Adelaide River, tribe and vocabu- lary, I., 260. Adelaide, tribe and vocabulary, II., 148. Albert and Tweed, between, vocabu- lary, III., 231. Albinos, non-existent, I., 40. Alice Springs, vocabulary, I., 411. Alice River, vocabulary, in., 70. All things in Nature disiributed into ten classes. III., 461. Andaman words compared with Australian, I., 187. Antiquity of the Australian race, I., 206. Athletic powers of Australians, I., 41. Australia divided into three areas, I., 194. Australian Black, the, a cross of the Negro and some other race, I., 152, 182, 185. Australians homogeneous, but with remains of cross-breeding, I., 36. Baffle Creek, vocabulary. III., 128. Bags, ni., 156. Ball-playuig, I., 167. Ballina and Lismore, vocabularies, III., 290. BaUomie,Baleandoon,Nogara,Neran, Weir, and Moonie Rivers, vocabu- laries, in., 258. Bangerang (proper), vocabulary, m., 582. Barcoo River, near Blackall, vocabu- lary, m., 72. Barcoo, Blackall, vocabulary, IH., 76. Barcoo, Tambo, tribes and vocabu- laries, m., 78. Barter, I, 77; n., 46. Barwan, Gwyder, and Namoi Rivers, Moree,Nundle,Wee-waa,Barraba, Bogabrie, and Meek^, tribes and vocabularies, HI., 304. Bedsteads, 11., 331. Beltana, tribe and vocabulary, n., 118. Belyando and Cape Rivers, between, tribe and vocabulary. III., 18. Belyando River, tribes and vocabu- laries, m., 26. Betrothals, early, I., 271, 291, 338, 343. Black, Moimt, vocabulary, n., 486. Blacks and Whites, first contact of, I., 100. Black trooper's, a, account of his tribe, in., 78. Blackwood, vocabulary, I., 360. Blood relationship, I., 111. Boiling food, I., 289. Bone, wood, spear, one term for, III., 438. Boolcoomatta, vocabulary, H., 176. Booloo River, Lower, vocabulary, n., 42. Boomerang, I., 146, 169; II., 143, 182 ; m., 19, 97. 702 INDEX. Botany Bay, vocabulary, III., 413. Boyne River, tribe and vocabulary, III., 121. Boys, Black, carried off by the Whites, III., 72. Breasts, woman, milk, mother, water, rain, some of these words synonymous, I., 178, 273, 292, 300, 303, 307, 356, 382, 388, 391, 414,418,420; III., 98, 196. Brewarrina and Barwan, vocab- ulary, III, 330. Bridgemanon class-marriage, I., 113. Brisbane River, Upper, vocabulary, III., 210. Brisbane River, vocabulary. III., 212. Broad Sound, vocabulary, III., 52. Brother and sister, singular nomen- clature, I., 118. Brown River, vocabulary, III., 100. Buckley, William, life and adven- tures of, I., 57. BuUoo River, Thargominda, tribe and vocabulary, II,, 36. Bumbang, vocabulary. III., 452. Bunbury, Geographe Bay, &c., tribes and vocabulary, I., 352. Bunce, Daniel, his vocabulary, I. , 3. Burdekin,Head of, tribe and vocabu- lary, II., 432. Burkekin, Mouths of, vocabulary, II., 454. Burdekin, Lower, vocabulary, II., 488. . Burdekin, various vocabularies, II., 492. Burke River, tribe and vocabulary, II., 346. Burke Town, vocabulary, II., 298. Burials, I., 87, 164, 272, 330; II., 38, 62, 183, 248, 342, 409, 476; III., 22, 28, 91, 123, 354. Bustard Bay, vocabulary. III., 126. Caledon Bay, vocabulary, I., 276. Cannibalism, I., 77, 89, 252, 290, 376; II., 18, 62, 119, 179, 331, 346, 396, 400, 403, 474; III., 20, 120, 545. Canoes, I., 148, 269, 273; II., 427; III., 4. Cape River, tribes and vocabulary, II., 468. Cape River, Upper, tribe and vo oabulary, II., 464. Cape York, not the point of first landing, I., 203. Cape York, tribe and vocabulary, I., 278. Caps of gypsum, II., 238. Caste depends on the mother, I., 69. Champion Bay, vocabulary, I, 316. Charlotte Waters, tribe and vocabu- lary, I., 416. Charters Towers, vocabulary, II., 458. Child-birth, easy, I., 70. Children, dead, carried about by mother, I., 89. Children named after the fingers, in., 29. Chisel, I., 147. Circumcision, I., 74, 75, 159, 196, 368, 402, 403, 411, 422; 11., 19, 38, 55, 112, 136, 144, 148, 171, 326, 389. Clarence River, vocabulary. III., 332. Clarke River, vocabulary, II., 436. Class-marriage, I., 110, 290, 298, 321, 417; n., 37, 48, 307, 376, 425, 427; in., 26, 45, 65, 91, 162, 223, 270, 271, 272, 305, 461. Class-marriage in Asia, Africa, and America, I., 111. Class-names, Australian, Kubby and Yunagree, found in Africa, I., 177, Cleveland Bay, tribe and vocabulary, II., 442. Cloncurry River, tribe and vocabu- lary, II., 330. Clothing, none in the North, I., 93; III., 45. Clubs, I., 146; III., 544. Cocoanut trees, old, II., 294. Collective terms, I., 13. Colors, names for. III., 338. Comets, I., 50. Comet River, tribe and vocabulary, III., 96. Compass, points of, I., 83, 311, 339, 397, 407; II., 142. Condamine and Charley's Creek, vocabulary. III., 220. Consumption, I., 227, 336, 402; II., 37, 119, 144, 258, 307, 474; III., 96, 223, 252. Cook, Captain, term Kangaroo, I., 27. Cooper's Creek, tribe and vocabu- lary, II., 24. Corroboree, the, I., 89, 93, 255, 403; II., 178; III., 167, 170. Councils of old men, I., 52. Creation, I., 45, 253; II., 47. Crests or Kobong, I., 99. INDEX. 703 Culgoa, vocabulary, III., 328. Cultivation by New Noroia Blacks, I., 79. Cultivation not practised by Austra- lians, I., 78. Customs, punishments for breach of, I., 60 J ni., 546. Customs, superstitions, &c., coimnon to Australians and Africans, I., 158 to 170. Dalrymple Kange, near, vocabu- lary, n., 440. Barliiig River, Bourke, tribe and vocabulary, 11., 186. Dartmoor, vocabulary, III,, 484. Daughters, I., 61. Dawson, J., on government, 1., 55. Dawson River, vocabulary. III., 102. Day of meeting, how fixed, lU. , 460. Dead child carried about by mother, ni., 252. Dead, the names of, never men- tioned, I., 338. Death believed to be the result of old age or sorcery, 1., 48. Deaths of kinsfolk, survivors an- swerable for, I. , 289. Decline of the race, I., 209. Decrease in number of aborigines, II., 257. Deluge, a, tradition of. III.. 547. Denison, Port, tribe and vocabulary, in., 4. Diamantina, Head of, vocabulary, ni., 12. Diamantina, Lower, tribe and vo- cabulary, 11., 371. Diamantina and Middleton Creek, vocabulary, III., 14. Diseases, I., 208, 209, 256; II., 258; III., 44, 165, 274. Division of all things into two classes, III., 45. Division of tribes into two primary classes. III., 65. Dogs, II., 47. Doubtful Bay, vocabulary, I., 392. Drink, to, translated water eat, I., 325, 335, 341, 351, 355, 361, 372, 378, 388, 391 ; in., 50, 98, 100, 104, 231. Drinks, artificial, I., 83 ; III., 306. Drinking water, mode of, I., 167. Duke of York Island, vocabulary, III., 694. Dumaresque or Upper Maclntyre, III., 264. Dwellings, I., 97. Ear, pierced for ornament, II., 390. Eastern shore of Lake Torrens, vocabulary, II., 126. Eat, never, in common, I. , 82. Eclipses, I., 50, 400; II. 450. Education of aboriginal children, I., 71, 105. Elliott, Mount, tribe and vocabulary, II., 448. Elopements, I., 108 ; III., 546. Emu call, the, II., 472. Emu killed by poisoned water, I., 377. Emu speared, III., 22. Endeavour River, vocabulary, II., 392. Bucla, tribe and vocabulary, I., 400. Evelyn Creek, tribe and vocabulary, IL, 152. Evil spirits, I., 298 ; 11., 475. Excrement, names of places derived from equivalent of, I. , 33. Exogamous and endogamous tribes, L, 111. Expedition Range, Dawson, Fitzroy, Mackenzie, and Isaacs Rivers, part of, tribes and vocabulary, III., 58. Extraction of aboriginal race, I., 100. Eyre, E. J., on marriage, I., 129. Eyre's Sand Patch, tribe and vo- cabulary, I., 394. Pasting, a sign of sorrow, I. , 289. Fat of slain enemies worn in beard, I., 290. Felony, law of, II., 53. Fifty miles below Bourke, vocabu- lary, II., 224. Fights, feminine. III., 157. Fights, tribal, I., 331, 339. Fighting, curious method of. III., 121. Finger, joint of, of female, ampu- tated, L, 73, 74. Finger, point of, amputated. III., 144, 154, 223, 406. Finger and thumb of the dead tied together, I., 324, 332, 348. Fire by friction, I., 167, 331. Fire and camp, synonymous, I., 362, 384. Fire and wood, the same word for, L, 275, 293, 305, 389, 416; IIL, 7, 13, 17, 233, 247, 257, 385, 583. Fish and Rivers called Paroo and Booloo, II. , 3. Fishing, mode of, II., 144. 704 INDEX. Fison on olass-marriage, I., 119. Flinders, Upper, vocabulary, II., 460. Flinders and Clonourry, tribe and vocabulary, II., 340. Flour from grass-seeds, I., 289 ; 11., 3, 47, 78. Food, I., 54, 79; H., 18, 37, 46, 75, 112, 253, 427, 473 ; III., 27, 90, 159. Food, restrictions on, I., 54, 72, 81, 166, 289, 296 ; III., 20, 64, 91, 97, 138, 159, 223, 252, 273, 305, 545. Fort Cooper, vocabulary. III., 40. Four, the equivalents of , I., 392. Freemasonry does not exist, I., 93. Gason, Sam., on terms of relation- ship, I., 135- Gawler Range, vocabulary, II., 130. Genealogical tree, I., 321. Ghosts, I., 44, 87, 330, 339; II., 443. Giles, Ernest, on cannibalism, I., 77. Gippsland, tribes and vocabulary, III., 539, 543. Glenelg, Upper, and Wannon, vo- cabulary, III., 478. Glenelg above Sandford, vocabu- lary, III., 480. Globe, the, ideas about, I., 83. God, Australians, have they a know- ledge of? I., 44, 158, 253; U., 239,249, 475; III., 146,305. Gonn Station, vocabulary. III., 506. Goulburn Eiver, Yarra, Ac, tribes and languages. III., 523. Government, I., 52; II., 20, 38, 246 333. Grammar, III,, 111, 212, 238. Great Australian Bight, vocabulary, 1., 407. Green boughs, token of peace, I., 86. Grey, Sir George, paintings dis- covered by, I., 96 ; erroneous statement by, 67 ; on marriage, 118, 128. Gunbower Station, vocabulary, III., 508. Hair, I., 39, 182; III., 153. Hair and grass, terms have some affinity, II., 296. Hairless family, a, I., 40; III., 258. Hand, foot, remarks on their equiv- alents, I., 189. . HaU-caste Australians, I. , 42. Halifax Bay, II., 424. Hamilton and Georgina Rivers, &c. , tribe and vocabulary, II., 350. Hamilton, ^near Boulia, vocabulary, II., 364. Hamilton, vocabulary. III., 486. Hawkesbury River, vocabulary, ni., 360. Head and hair expressed by one word. III., 150, 210. Head of Gilbert, vocabulary, II., 416. Head of Hamilton River, tribe and vocabulary, II., 360. Head of Mitchell, tribe and vocabu- lary, II., 402. Head of Walsh, tribe and vocabu- lary, II., 408. Head of Walsh, near, vocabulary, II., 414. Healesville, Upper Yarra, vocabu- lary, 111., 530. Herbert, vocabulary, II., 422. Hinchinbrook Island, tribe and vo- cabulary, II., 418. Hopkins River, vocabulary. III., 492. Horsemen, Australians as, I., 41. Howitt, on division of game, I., 81. Hunter River, tribe and vocabulary, III., 352. Husband's power over wife, I., 109, Hyde Clarke, I., xv. Illustrations, I., xix. Incantations, II., 74. Infant buried with deceased mother, I., 352. Infants, light-colored at birth, I., 40. Infanticide, I., 70, 76, 104,272,402; ,11., 37, 46, 143,182; HI., 96. Irwin and Murchison, tribe and ' vocabulary, I. , 368. Itch, pustular, I., 208; II., 73, 261. Jervis Bay, vocabulary. III., 420. Junction of Darling and Murray, tribe and vocabulary, II., 238. Junction of Goulburn and Murray, tribes and vocabularies, III., 567. Junction of Lachlan, Murrumbidgee, and Darling, vocabularies, II., 285. Kaalk or Kalk, meaning bone, wood, spear, III., 500. Kamilaroi grammar, I., 20. Kangaroo, different terms for, ac- cording to age and sex, I., 386. INDEX. 705 Kangaroo and Black man expressed by one term, I., 27, 277, 322, 326, 332, 340, 344 ; HI., 119, 210, 230, 330. Kataw River, New Guinea, vocabu- lary, IH., 686. Kent District, vocabulary, I., 390. Keppel Bay, Calliope River, Curtis Island, ni., 114. Kerang, vocabulary, in., 512. Kidney fat lost by incantation, I., 47. King George's Sound, tribe and vo- cabulary, I., 386. King and Georgina, junction of, II., 366. Knife, I., 147, 337. Kojonup and Etioup, tribe and vo- cabulary, I., 348. Kopi, II., 238, 366. Kopperamana, vocabulary, II., 108. Kulkyne, vocabulary. III., 454. Kumbo, a personal and class name, I., 112. Lake Boga, vocabulary, HI., 502. Lake Boga, near, vocabulary, III., 504. Lake HLndmarsh, vocabulary, III. , 474. Lake Wallace, vocabulary, in., 476. Land, property of individual, but used by tribe, I., 64. Lands, tribal,boundaries not marked, I., xviii. Landing, first, and spread of Aus- tralians, chapter on, I., 190. Landing, first, in Australia, anterior to first landing in New Guinea, I., 204. Landing of Australians, first, point of, I., 200. Landing of Australians, first, as- signed by tradition to the north- west coast, I., 198. Language, disturbance of, on north coast, I., 247. Language, a few Malay affinities on north coast, I., 248. Languages, aboriginal, chapter on, I., 3. Languages, Australian, letters used in spelling, I., 3. Languages, Australian, from one source, I., 5. Languages, Australian, all closely related, I., 5. Languages, Australian, disturbance of, on north coast, I., 5. Languages, number of, in Australia, L, 12. Languages contain inflexions not found in Aryan tongues, I., 19, 20. Languages of Australia and Africa, resemblances between the, I., 170. Law of common responsibility, I., 70. Laws of hunting, I., 81. Leg, speared as a punishment, I., 349. Leichhardt, Dr., on poisonous vege- tables prepared for food, I., 80. Leichhardt and Gregory Rivers, be- tween, tribe and vocabulary, n., 322. Leichhardt, below Kamilaroi Sta- tion, vocabulary, U., 316. Leichhardt, Kamilaroi Station, tribe and vocabulary, n. , 318. Leichhardt River, near the sea, vocabulary, II., 314. Limbs of the dead tied up, I., 44, 330. Limitation of population, II., 19. Linguists, Australians as, I., 11. List of works on Australian Blacks, chapter on, I. , 235. Lockhart, C. G. N., on class-mar- 'riage, I., 112. Logan Creek, tribe and vocabulary, in., 36. Longevity, I., 336; n., 378, 402, 408; in., 19, 45, 79, 122, 138, 252, 304. Love-letters, III., 176. Lower Macleay, vocabulary, III., 334. Lower Warrego and Paroo Rivers, tribes and vocabularies, II., 182. Loyalty Isles, vocabulary, III. , 690. Lubbock's Origin of Civilization, errors in, I., 236. Lynd River, tribe and vocabulary, n., 400. Maoumba River, tribe and vocabu- lary, I., 422. Maiming the youth of both sexes, L, 73. Malay, vocabulary, in., 696. Malays,!., 37, 247, 271. Mallee Cliffs to Wentworth, vocabu- lary, II., 282. Manhood, the rank of, attained, I., 54, 72, 73, 255, 306, 377, 403, 417; n., 144, 183; ni., 145, 166, 252. 2 T 706 INDEX. Manna, I., 83. Manners and customs, chapter on, I., 36. Manning River, vocabulary. III., 350. Map, remarks on, I., xviii. Maraohowie, vocabulary, 11., 132. Maranoa, part of, tribes and vocabu- laries, in., 251. Marriage, chapter on, I., 106. Marriages between blood relations forbidden, 1., 106; III., 4, 353. •See also heading Glass-marriage. Marriages, I., 297; Hi, 19, 112, 136, 245, 332. Marriages, early, II., 144, 182, 307, 342, 403; IH., 4. Mary River, tribe and vocabulary, in., 152. McLennon's Studies of Ancient His- tory, I., 68. Meenong or Meernung tribes, I., 195, 200. Menindie, vocabulary, II., 234. Mental characteristics of Austra- lians, I., 42. Message-sticks, I., 150, 256. 291, 306, 332, 381, 386; II., 179, 183, 332, 427, 477; III., 5, 37, 79, 97, 253. Messengers, I., 149, 377. Middle Norman, tribe and vocabu- lary, n., 310. Milky Way, I., 50, 403; II., 475; III., 91. Minung or Meening tribes, I., 367, 394, 400. Missionaries, I., 104. Mitchell, Major, incorrect vocabu- lary, I., xvii. Modes of sitting, I., 39. Moneroo or Manera, vocabulary, in., 429. Monogamy, II., 294, 371, 378. Monsters in rivers, belief in, I., 166, 181. Montagu, G., on terms of relation- ship, I., 138. Mooraijool, vocabulary. III.. 518. Moorhouse's grammar and vocabu- lary, I., 10. Moral feelings of Australians, I., 43, 100. Mordiyallook, vocabulary, III., 534. Moreton Bay, Eraser's Island, &c., vocabularies. III., 130. Moreton Plains, vocabulary. III., 472. Mother-in-law and son-in-law, mu- tual avoidance of, I., 97; III., 139, 163, 461, 646. Moulmein, vocabulary. III., 500. Mount Emu, vocabulary, III, 516. Mount Freeling, tribe and vocabu- lary, II., 44. Mount Gambler, tribe and vocabu- lary, III., 460. Mount Hope, vocabulary. III., 510. Mount Remarkable, tribe and voca- bulary, II., 136. Mount Rouse, vocabulary, IH., 488. Mount Serle, vocabulary, II., 116. Mount Stirling, vocabulary, I., 384, Mourning, II., 36; IH., 21, 45. Mouth of De' Grey River, tribe and vocabulary, I., 287- Mouth of Leichhardt, tribe and vocabulary, II., 300. Mouth of the Murchison, tribe and vocabulary, I., 310. Mouth of Murray to Lacepede Bay, tribe and vocabulary, II., 242. Mozambique languages, I. , xv. Mummies, I., 88; III., 273. Murray, Upper, vocabulary, HI., 562. Mutilations, personal, made by force, I., 52. Nakedness, shame of, II., 472. Name, original tribal, of the first Australians, I., 28. Names of aborigines, I., 252, 269, 270, 278, 299, 348, 378, 396, 417; II., 4, 19, 38, 113, 159, 179, 182, 195, 326, 367, 401, 438; III., 4, 59, 91, 97, 224, 334, 545. Names of infancy relinquished, I., 72. National life unknown in Australia, I., 192. Natti-yallook, vocabulary, HI., 514. Ned's Corner, vocabulary, II., 280. Negative adverb, peculiarities con- nected with, I., 15, 33, 196; II., 118, 285, 389; III., 3, 55, 102, 152, 222, 230, 258, 304, 363, 417, 438. Negative, mode of replying in the, III., 247, 493, 501. Negro, the, homogeneous in mental, physical, and linguistic charac- teristics, I., 154. Nerang Creek, vocabulary. III., 240. Nets, bags, baskets, awls, water- bags, &c., I., 151. Neutral ground, a, II., 293, INDEX. 707 New Norcia, Black farmers of, I., 79. New Norcia and Cape Leschenault, tribe and vocabulary, I., 318. Newcastle, tribe and vocabulary, I., 324. Newcastle, 200 miles north-east of, tribe and vocabulary, I., 380. Nicholson River and the coast, between, vocabulary, II., 296. Nickol Bay, tribe and vocabulary, I., 296. Nipples cut off, I., 76. Nockatoonga, vocabulary, 11., 34. Nogoa River, tribe and vocabulary, III., 90. North of Lake Eyre, vocabulary, II., 14. North-west of Barrier Range, vo- cabulary, II., 173. North-west Cape, tribe and vocabu- lary, I., 302. North-west of Lake Eyre, vocabu- lary, II., 12. North-west comer of New South Wales, tribe and vocabulary, II., 158. Northampton, vocabulary, I., 314. Nose pierced, I., 71, 73, 164; II., 37, 53. Nullabar Plain, I., 395, 400. Numerals, I., 31, 205. Occupations of women, I., 99. Ochre and grease, anointing with, II., 18, 36; ni., 19, 252. Omeo, vocabulary. III., 558. Origin of Australian race, chapter on, L, 152. Origin of this work, I. , xiii. Ornaments, personal, I., 94; II., 36, 80, 143, 464, 471; III., 4, 19, 36, 90, 122, 252, 272. Ornamentation and art, I., 94. Ovens, L, 82; IL, 37, 148. Ovens, caves, &c., and the question of whether the present race were the first occupants of the Austra- lian continent. III., 675. Paintings and carving, I., 95; II., 403, 476. Palmer River, tribe and vocabulary, n., 396. Paper-bark, covering at night, I., 251, 270. Papuans, I., 205. Papuan, African, and other lan- guages, table showing points of resemblance, I., 187. Paroo and Warrego, tribes and vo- cabularies, m., 270. Peak Downs, tribes and vocabulary, III., 64. Peake Telegraph Station, vocabu- lary, II., 10. Peopling of Australia, I., 185. Personal appearance of Australians, I, 37. Personal property, I., 66. Perth, tribe and vocabulary, I., 328. Piangil, vocabulary. III., 448. Pinjarra, vocabulary, I., 346. Pipe-clay, UI., 138. Pitcheree, L, 83, 417, 422; II., 19, 24, 38, 39, 152, 371, 377, 379; HL, 273. Point at which first Australians landed, I., 200. Point at which the peopling of Aus- tralia became complete. III., 542. Police, and their atrocities, I. , 101 ; n, 330,424, 469; III., 44. Polygamy, I., 106, 110, 192, 338, 377; IL, 246, 403, 474; IIL, 546. Polygamy and abduction of women, factors in spread of race, I., 192. Port Darwin, tribe, customs, and vocabulary, I., 250. Port Dorei, New Guinea, vocabu- lary, in. 688. Port Essington, tribe and vocabu- lary, I., 268. Port Jackson, or Sydney Harbour, tribe and vocabulary, III. , 406. Port Lincoln, vocabulary, II. , 8. Port Mackay, tribe, I., 113. Port Mackay, tribe and vocabulary, in., 44. Port Macquarie, vocabulary. III., 338. ., Port Pirie, vocabulary, II. , 140. Porter's Range, vocabulary, II. , 456. Portland, Lake Condah, &c., vo- cabulary, in., 490. Princess Charlotte's Bay, tribe and vocabulary, II. , 389. Property, personal, of women recog- nized, I., 66. Quarrels of women, I., 331. Queanbeyan, vocabulary, III., 424. QueenbuUa, Ashford, &c., vocabu- lary, m., 298. Questions, list of, and replies by Teuton, II., 189. 708 INDEX. RafiBes Bay, tribe and vocabulary, I., 270. Eain and wind makers, I., 273. - Rain-makers, I., 48; 11., 66, 168, 183, 403; III., 144. Rats, plague of, II., 341. Ravenbourne Creek, vocabulary, III., 84. Ravenswood, vocabulary, II., 484. Red ochre, expeditions for, II., 70. Relations, domestic and foreign, of tribes, I., 60. RelationsMp, terms of, I., 123, 135 to 142; II., 113, 118, 307, 426; III., 65, 364, 499. Richmond River, vocabulary, lU., 286. Ridley on class-marriage, I,, 113. Ridley's Kamilaroi grammar. I., 20. Rockhampton, vocabulary, III., 54. Roper River, tribe and vocabulary, I., 276. Rosendo Salvado, Bishop, lengthy report on the health of Blacks at his Mission Station, I., 228. Routes, three, by -which the race spread over the continent, and characteristics of the tribes of the three routes, I., 194, 196. Sandford, Upper, tribe and vocabu- lary, I., 375. Scars, ornamental, I., 73, 94, 272, 338, 402, 417; II., 37, 183, 474; III., 36, 73, 97, 223. Scarring, not tattooing, I., 159. Scrubby Creek, vocabulary. III., 42. Sculpture, specimen of, I., 96. Senses of Australians, I., 40. . Seymour, Templeton, and Concurry Rivers, tribe and vocabulary, II., 326. Seymour to Murohison, vocabulary, III., 528. Shark Bay, tribe and vocabulary, I., 306. Shaw River, tribe and vocabulary, I., 294. Shields, I., 146._ Shoes worn in night attacks, I., 148. Sickness and remedies, I., 98. Signs and signals, communication by, I., 26, 93, 255; II., 418; IH., 91. Sixty miles west of Menindie, II., 174. Skins of the dead carried about, 111., 136, 147, 166. Small-pox amongst Australians, I., 210, 221, 252, 256, 271, 290, 296, 302, 369, 376, 380, 402; H., 37, 73, 136, 148, 182, 260, 332, 432; III., 79, 97, 114, 122, 138, 252, 406, 545. Smyth's, R. B., Aborigines of Vic- toria, errors in, I., 237. Smyth, R. B., on government, I., 52 53. Snake-bites, I., 257; H., 266; III., 306. Snowy River, vocabulary, III., 560. Sons, I., 61. Sorcery, I., 45, 47, 50, 85, 160, 324; II., 38, 246; III., 27, 147, 547, 549. Spear and tree, equivalents of, affi- nity, m., 275, 281, 283. Spear and wood, equivalents of, affi- nity, II., 349; m., 81, 85, 87, 281, 283. Spears, I., 144, 329. Spread of the tribes from north to south, I., 197. Stars, superstitions about, I., 50; resting-place of the dead, 255 ; III., 29. Stone, bone, wood, spear, &c., affin- ity of their equivalents, III., 251. Stones for grinding grass-seeds, I., 149. Stradbroke and Moreton Islands, tribes and vocabularies, III., 222. Strangway Springs, vocabulary, II., 110. Streaky Bay, vocabulary, II., 3. Strzelecki, Count, theory about child-bearing, I., 310; II., 263. Strzelecki's Creek, tribe, II., 44. Sunstrokes and snake-bites, II., 330. Superstitions, minor, I., 50; III., 29, 176. Swan Hill and Tyntynder, vocabu- lary, in., 439. Swan Hill, 50 miles south of, voca- bulary, m., 446. Swords, I., 146 ; H., 143, 402 ; III., 4. Table of New Guinea and other languages, I., 187. Tables of remarkable resemblances in languages of Australia and Africa, I., 179. Table showing connections of Negro languages, I., 155. Taplin on Folklore, II., 166. INDEX. 709 Tasmanians, the, their customs, languages, and descent, III., 593. Tatiarra country, vocabulary, III., 456. Teeth knocked out, I., 72, 73, 164; II., 18,54, 183, 198; IH., 97. Tenterfield and Glen Innes, vocabu- laries, ni., 294. Terms of relationship, II., 307. Terrible rite, 1., 72, 74, 75, 196, 368, 411, 422; II., 19, 61, 112, 171, 326, 367, 389. Teulon, G. N., on terms of relation- ship, I., 139. Teulon's contribution, II., 186. Thomson, Barooo, and Whitula, tribes and vocabularies, II., 374. Thomson, Upper, vocabulary, III., 10. Thomborough diggings, vocabulary, II., 412. Thumbs of the dead tied togfither, 1., 87. Thunder, I., 402. Tintinalagi, vocabulary, II., 230. Tobacco, effect of, on native women, II., 263. Toeumwall, vocabulary. III., 584. Toes of corps, big, tied together, in., 91. Tolarno, vocabulary, II., 236. Tomahawks, I., 147, 329; II., 18, 36, 375, 471. To-morrow, day after to-morrow, yesterday, III., 242, 251, 286, 331, 359. Tongs, 1., 149. Tongue, eat, , and drink, aflSnities between, II., 39. Tongue, eat, food, relations of. III., 364. Torrowotto tribe and vocabulary, n., 178. Totems, I., 98; III., 91. Tower Hill and Cornish Creeks, vo- cabulary, III., 8. Traditions of the origins of tribes, II., 165. Trees with water in roots, I., 83. Tribal customs, compliance with or death, I., 62. Tribe, number of persons in, I., 66. Tribes, associated, I., 62, 67. Tribes or burra. III., 26. Tweed River, vocabulary, III., 242. Twofold Bay, tribe and vocabulary, 111,434. Ulupna, vocabulary. III., 586. Umbertana, tribe and vocabulary, II., 112. Upper Burnett, vocabulary, III., 150. V, the letter, IH., 339. Vegetables, catalogue of, 11., 78. Victoria Plains, vocabulary, I.,- 322. Vocabulary,- common, chapter on, I., 27. Vocabularies, early ones, often in- correct, I., xvi. War, I., 84, 256; II., 38, 477. Warburton Kiver, tribe and vocab- ulary, II., 18. Warrego and Paroo, tribes and vo- cabularies, III., 270. Warrior Island, vocabulary, III., 684. Water obtained from roots of trees, I., 83, 397. Water-bags, I., 331. ; II., 427. Water-buckets, III., 96. Weapons and implements, I., 143. Weary Bay, tribe and vocabulary, II., 393. Weinteriga, vocabulary, 11., 232. Wellington and North-west Bend of the Murray, vocabulary, II.', 274. Wells, II., 327. West of Lake Eyre, vocabulary, II., 16. Westaway, E,., on terms of relation- ship, I., 139. Western River, vocabulary. III., 16. Whites supposed to be returned ancestors of Blacks, I. , 339. White man and ghost, one word for, I., 51 ; III., 50, 62, 80, 214. Widows, I., 271; 11., 197, 425, 432; III., 21. Widows carry about bones of de- ceased husbands, III., 65. Wiiratheri dialects, III., from 363 to 401. Wilcannia, vocabulary, II., 226. Witchcraft. See Sorcery. Wives obtained in exchange for daughters and sisters, I., 17. Wollengong, vocabulary, III., 417. Women, I., 40, 70, 99, 107, 109, 129, 271, 338, 369; II., 182, 332; ni., 22. Wommera, I., 145, 269 ; II., 144, 182, 426 ; III., 90. 710 INDEX. Wonoka, vocabulary, II., 124. Wood, bone, spear, one word for, III., 438. Woodford, vocabulary, III., 482. Words, several in same sense, I., 14. Works, list of, which treat of our Blacks, chapter on, I., 235. Wounds, I., 256; II., 180, 262; in., 22, 29. Yarra, Lower, vocabulary. III., 532. Yass, vocabulary. III., 426. Yes — a tribe named from the affir- mative, III., 264. Yesterday. See To-morrow. Yiilima, vocabulary. III., 588. York, tribe and vocabulary, I., 336. Yorke's Peninsula, tribe and vocab- ulary, n., 143. Yoruba, vocabulary, HI,, 698. Yule Island, vocabulary. III., 682. Jl Melbourne: John Fibres, Government Printer. f^:r '■'.■.■■'-i!;'- WSSi