REED ORGAN MUSIC
PUBLISHED BY
OLIVER DITSON & CO., BOSTON, C. H. DITSON & CO., NEW YORK.
It was FROM THE LIBRARY OF of this
iiis who
REV. LOUIS FITZGERALD BENSON, D. D. perfect
I music . of the
BEQUEATHED BY HIM TO ig -^^ell
THE LIBRARY OF "S® °^
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ). By
it plan, ts own, y at all
from the reputation of that work. Messrs. Emerson & Matthews are thorough
men, and understand tlie public taste as well as any. Give their worli a careful examination.
Clarke's Dollar Instructor for Reed Organs.
Doubtless a large, complete, thorough "method" is best, for all who have time to devote to practice. But a multitude of persons who have access to Reed Organs, would like a little knowledge, enough to be able to play easy music, and to accompany songs; and have no leisure for anything more.
For such learners the Dollar Method is prepared. It contains a very entertaining and easy course, illustrated by a, large number of taking melodies for practice, which practice thus becomes a pleasure and recreation.
Winner's Nev School for Melodeon, Price 75 cents.
A Melodeox is simply a small Reed Orgax, and, of course, this School is for tho Instrument, whatever you please to call it. Winner's School is smaller, cheaper, and still easier than "Tho Dollar Instructor," and contains a very pleasing coUectioix of popular airs.
Recreations for Cabinet Organ, Melodeon, Xc. Price $1.50.
These are true Organ pieces, selected with exquisite taste, and will please all lovers o* raliued music. Not difficult.
Division
Valuable Music Books for Schools,
PUBLISHED BY
Oliver Ditson & Co., Boston, C. H. Ditson & Co., New York.
Either Book mailed, post-paid, for Ketail Price.
AMERICAN SCHOOL MUSIC READERS.
By L. O. Emerson and W. S. Tilden. In Three liooks.
These Music Headers are well fitted for use in connection with the new and im- proved methods of teaching music by note in schools.
The theoretic part has peen prepared by IVIr. W. S. TiLDEN, who has had valuable experience as Music Teacher in the schools of Boston and vicinity.
In Book I, which is for Primary Schools, we have a three years' course of study very plainly laid out, with abundant direc- tions to teachers, and a large number of sweet songs for the little ones to sing by rote and by note. Price 35 cents.
In Book II, the course above indicated is continued, and becomes a little more theoretic. The book is fitted for the use of the younger scholars in Grammar Schools. Price 50 cents.
In Book III, part singing is introduced, and the ear is trained to harmonic singing. For higher classes in Grammar Schools. Price 50 cents.
HOUR OF SINGING.
By L. O. Emerson and W. S. Tilden. For High Schools. Price $1.00.
Until recently, it could not be said that there was really any music book especially adapted for High Schools. There were, to be sure, excellent collections of music which could, after a fashion, be used in teaching. Still the instructor in Music had no proper text-book until the appearance of the " Hour of Singing." Its adapted- ness to its place and work was so apparent, that it was at once, without question, adopted in a large number of High Schools and Seminaries ; and has also, to a certain extent, been used by the higher classes of Grammar Schools.
THE HIGH SCHOOL CHOIR.
By L. O. Emerson and W. S. Tilden. Price $1.00. $9.00 per dozen.
The "High School Choir" is similar, in general design, to the very popular "Hour of Singing," which has been almost univer- sally used in High Schools. The presejit work is in no way inferior to its prede- cessor, is entirely fresh and new, and is re- ceived with decided favor.
CHOICE TRIOS.
For Female Voices. By W. S. Tilden. Price $1.00.
The music is all of a high order, is not very difiicult, and excellently selected and arranged for High Schools, Seminaries, Academies, &c.
(
Collections of School Songs.
CHEERFUL VOICES.
By L. O. Emerson. Price 50 cents.
'J'iie book contains a well written Ele- mentary Course, with abundance of agree-, able exercises and tunes for practice ; and also a large and varied collection of Songs, Rounds, &c., with thirty pieces of Sacred Music for opening and closing school.
MERRY CHIMES. By L. O. Emerson. Price 50 cents. Has an excellent reputation among School Song Books.
THE GOLDEN WREATH.
By L. O. Emerson. Price 50 cents.
The success of this fine book has been a surprise, moi'e than a quarter of a million copies having been sold. To tliat number of persons, therefore, its face is as that of a familiar friend.
THE NIGHTINGALE.
By W. O. & H. S. Perkins. Price 50 eta. A very appropriate name for a favorite collection of School Songs.
THE GOLDEN ROBIN.
By W. O. Perkins. Price 50 cents.
Well chosen and good songs ; more tha» two hundred of them , and the nsual ele- mentary course, with attractive exercises.
Cantatas for School Exhibitions.
Musical progress, both among young and old people, depends so much upon musical enthusiasm, tliat there seems to be almost a necessity for introducing Concerts and Exhibitions into the music-teaching course of schools. To give brilliancy and success to these affairs, nothing can be better than such Cantatas as are mentioned below : The Flower Queen. C. F. Root. $0 75 The Cnlpi'it Fay. J. L. Ensign. 1 00
The Twin Sisters. H. G. Saroni. 50 Fairy Bridal. Hewitt. 50
The Pic Kic. J. R. Thomas. 1 00
Festival of the Rose. J. C. Johnson. 30 Flower Festival on the Banks of
the Rhine. J. C. Johnson. 45
Spring Holiday. C. C. Converse. 75
Quarrel Among the FloAvers.
Shoeller. 35 Juvenile Oratorios. Containing " The Festival of the Rose," " The Indian Summer," and " The Children of Jerusalem." Three Cantatas. By J. C. Johnson. 60
4)
VALUABLE MUSIC BOOKS
PUBLISHED BY
Oliver Ditson & Co., Boston, C. H. DItson it Co., New York,
EI3^ Either Book sent, post-paid, for the Ketail Price. .^^^
:ichardson's New Method $3 75
hild's (The) First Music-Book 75
Vinnei's New School for the Piano- forte 75
iVinner's Perfect Guide for the Piano- forte 75
?laidy's Technical Studies. Cl'h, $2 00 ;
boards 1 50
Burrowes's Piano Primer. Cloth,45cts ;
boards 30
Clarke's Catechism 38
Five Thousand Musical Terms 75
Opera Bouffe. Boards 3 00
The Tuner's Guide GO
Modern School for Organ. Zundel 4 00
Rink's Organ School. Complete 6 00
Organist's Portfolio. 2 vols. Each,bds 2 50 250 Voluntaries and Interludes. Zundel 2 00 Clarke's New Method for Heed Organs 2 50
Carhart's Melodeon Instructor 1 50
Root's School for the Cabinet Organ . . 2 50
Recreations for the Cabinet Organ 1 50
Zundel's Melodeon Instructor 2 50
Carcassi's Method for Guitar, $3 00;
Abridged 2 00
Haydens New Method for Guitar 3 00
Winner's New School for the Guitar. . 75 Campagnoli'sViolinlMethod. Complete 6 00
Listenuin's Modern Violin Method 3 00
Modern School for Violin. Fessenden 2 50
Winner's New School for Violin 75
Berbiguier's iMethod for Flute 3 00
Winner's New School for Flute 75
Winner's Dance Music for Flute and
Piano 75
Party Dances, Woha and Piano. Win- ner 75
Flute and Piano Duets. Winner 75
'"'^ioliii and Piano Duets, Winner 75
uu Beautiful ISIelodies for Violin 75
00 Operatic Airs for Flute 75
ioniberg's Violoncello. Complete 3 00
>>iedham's Instructor for Double Bass 3 00
V^rbuckle's Cornet Instructor 3 00
Vinner's New Schools for Accordeon,
Clarionet, Flageolet, and Fife. Each 75 Vinner's Perfect Guide for German
Concerthia 75
>uckley's Banjo Guide 75
)ulcimer Instructor 50
Vnny Drum and Fife Book 75
>raper's Fife Melodies 60
Jassini's Art of Singing. Complete,
$4 00. Abridged 3 00
•anseron's A B C. Abridged 1 00
Itandard Singing Scliool. Southard. . 3 00
Amphion. Part-songs, for MaleVoices $5 00 Arion. Part-songs, for Male Voices. . 4 00 Chorus Wreath. Sacred and Secular.. 1 50
Greeting. L. O. Emerson 1 50
N. Y. Glee and Cho. Book. Bradbury 2 00 Young Mens' Singing Book. Root and
Mason 1 50
Carmina Collegensia. (College Songs) 2 25 100 Comic, 100 Irish, and 100 Scotch
Songs. Each 60
American Tune-Book 1 50
Choral Tribute. L. O. Emerson 1 50
Greatorex Collection. Cloth. $175; bds 1 50
Harp of Judah. L. O. Emerson 1 50
Jubilee. Wm. B. Bradbury 1 50
Key Note. Bradbury 1 50
Modem Harp. White & Gould 1 50
New Carmina Sacr.a. Lowell Mason . 150 Temple Choir. Bradbury, Seward,
Mason 1 50
Sabbath Guest. Emerson & Morey.. . 1 60
Mason & Hoadley's New System 3 00
Leader. Church Music Book, Palmer
& Emerson 1 38
Song Monarch. For Singing Schools.
Palmer & Emerson 75
Thomas's Quartetts. J. R. Thomas . . 2 50 Perkins's Anthem Book. W. O. Per- kins 1 50
River of Life. For Sabbath Schools.
Perkins & Bentley 35
Clarke's Dollar Instructor lor Seed
Organs 1 00
Esther. Cantata. Dramatized by
Seagur 50
Belshazzar. Cantata. J. A. Butter-
tield 1 25
Jubilate. Church Music Book. L. O.
Emerson 1 50
Trial by Jury. Comic Cantata, Sul- livan 1 00
Emerson's Method for Reed Organs.. . 2 50 Hour of Singing. For High Schools.
Emerson & Tilden 1 00
Choice Trios, For High Schools, W.
S. Tilden 1 00
American School Music Readers. Em- erson & Tilden. Book 1, 35 cts;
Book 2, 50 cts ; Book 3 60
Cheerful Voices. Collection of School
Songs. L.O.Emerson 50
Shining River. Sab. Schools. Perkins 35 Living Waters. Praise Meetings.
Hodges 30
Nat. Hymn & Tune Book 40
High School Choir. Emerson & Tilden 1 00
1 (fV\r<r^
A
/
DICTIONARY
MUSICAL INFORMATION,
CONTAINING ALSO A
VOCABULARY OF MUSICAL TERMS,
LIST OF MODERN MUSICAL WORKS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES
FKOM 1640 TO 1876.
yy
BT JOHISr W. MOOEE.
BOSTON:
NEW YORK: C. H. DITSOX & COMPANY. PHILADELPHIA: J. E. DITSON & CO. CHICAGO : LYON & HEALY.
Copyright, 187G, by Oijvkk Ditsox & Co.
PREFACE.
In preparing this Dictionary of Musical Information, my desire has been to make it meet the popular demand for a book of reference concerning musical persons and subjects not mentioned in any other published work, and to furnish it at a price sufficiently small to place it in the hands of all persons in any way interested in musical affairs. To do this, it was necessary to abbreviate every arti- cle as much as possible, in order to crowd the largest amount of information into the smallest practicable space. I have done this in the belief that five lines read with interest is better than fifty lines read with indifference, and worth more to the careful reader than five hundred lines to the careless.
The labor of condensing articles, of sifting a great mass of material, and saving the very best of all, is a task requiring much patience and perseverance ; and, when faithfully performed, the zealous worker is astonished to find his accumu- lation of rubbish, on the one side, so very large, and the amount of refined mate- rial so very small on the other ; but, when he reflects that his stock of pure gold is worth infinitely more than the great mass of rejected matter from which he has selected it, he is the better satisfied, and is richly rewarded for his exertions.
The reader will find that I have compressed each one of the many thousand articles presented in this Dictionary into as few lines as would clearly express the important facts. My object has been not alone to spread the glory and enhance the fame of those who have attained to places of high honor in the world of musical art to-day, but to equally call attention to those who are destined to occupy these places in the future. The already honored do not need notice as do their struggling successors ; but I have collected my notices in the interests of all.
I have omitted many names : some, because I have failed to receive solicited information in regard to them; a very considerable number because they are mentioned in the first volume of my "Complete Encyclopaedia of Music," or in the Appendix to that work, this year added, to which reference can be made. This Dictionary has been compiled from still later material, and is the only con- densed biographical musical Avork that has appeared in this country. It contains the names of many thousand persons and things connected with the art of music; and a large proportion of the information has been written expressly for this pub- lication, and is such as has never appeared in any other form. The lives of some of the eminent musicians of our time are made familiar in individual sketches and autobiographies, as well as in encyclopaedias and other works ; but there ia
3
PREFACE.
not in existence any otlier small, cheap, popular modern dictionary of general musical information, nor is there any work that preoccupies this field.
In addition to the information contained in the regular alphabet of pages, and under the many different heads, this Dictionary furnishes a Vocabulary of Musi- cal Terms, in which it will be seen that I have made the attempt of giving the pronunciation of words, as well as the definitions ; and this novel feature will supply a want often felt, and give the work an extent of usefulness which no pre- vious publication of the kind possesses. I have pronounced a large number of the commonly used terms ; and for definitions not given, I refer the reader to my Encyclopaedia. Another new feature presented in this work is A List of the Pop- ular Modern Musical Works iniblished in the United States : giving the familiar title of each publication, with the name of the author or compiler, when known, and the year in which many of the older works appeared ; omitting minor works, and periodicals. This list will be found particularly valuable for reference in regard to titles of books and the names of authors in America. It is impossible for me to know whether my list is complete, or whether in all cases I have given the full titles ; but I have given the names of all important works that have come to my notice, including publications from 1640 to 1875, the number being several thousand.
It would be something marvellous in the annals of book-making, if this Dic- tionary was free from errors. Every possible effort has been made to avoid them ; but, in gathering information from so many different sources and contradictory authorities as I have been compelled to examine, it would be a matter of sur- prise, if all the statements should be perfect. The numerous fountains from which I have drawn ray knowledge were not, perhaps, all pure ; they could not reasonably be expected to be so ; but I have depended upon those which are considered the best, and the least exposed to suspicion. I have spared neither time, labor, nor expense, in tr\ing to obtain simple dates of the times and places of the birth and death of persons deceased, as well as the birthplaces and the dates which concern the living who are mentioned in this work; and this has proved a slow and very difficult undertaking. For various reasons, it is next to an impossibility to procure needed information of this character ; and, for many of the dates which I have obtained, I found it necessary to wait for months, and, in some instances, years. There are persons who will not disclose their ages while living ; and, for dates concerning persons deceased, I have many times applied to persons interested, and to friends or relatives, without success. Many of the omissions of dates which may be wanting have occurred in consequence. I regret this the more, because such records, in brief notices, are next in impor- tance to the names of persons, and to what may be said concerning them. I have, in many instances, recorded the age of individuals, and thus the time of birth is disclosed.
I take this opportunity to acknowledge my obligations to a large number of musical friends in this country and Europe for valuable information and extended notices of musicians, as well as for the aid they have given me in making this work what its title indicates, — a "Dictionary of Musical Information."
John W. Moore.
Ma>'CHEstee, N.H., January, 1876.
A DICTIONAEY OF MUSICAL INFOEMATION.
A. This letter has heen used as a tone name since 340 B.C. ; it has been known as La, the sixth in the ascend- ing scale of C, since Guido Aretina (1022) invented his mode of notation.
Aakon", of Cologne, born in Scot- land ; introduced the Gregorian night chant into Germany; died 1052.
Aakon, son of Amram, was a lead- ing Jewish singer; died 1451 B.C., aged 123.
Abbey, A. J., author of several col- lections of music in New York since 1850.
Abbot, Asahel, author of "TAe Wal- denses''^ and other works, New York, 1850 to 1870.
Abbott, Majrie, oratorio singer ; Em- ma A. Abbott, opera singer at St. Petersburg, 1873 ; natives of New York.
Abbreviated Chords are some- times marked "tremolo," and are re- iterated rapidly.
Abbreviations in music: invented or first used by Handel, to save time and space in writing.
Abecedarian Hymns are arranged like the Hebrew acrostic poetry : verses alphabetical.
Abeille, J. C. L., bom at Bayreuth Feb. 20, 1751; organist and composer; successor of Zumsteeg ; died 1832, aged 81.
Abel, C. F., born at Coethen, 1724; a famous composer and performer ; died in London, Jan. 22, 1787.
Abel, Louisa [Louisa Scheibel], born at Stuttgard, 1837; married G. Abel, organist, Paris ; gave concerts in this country, 1858.
Abell, Edith, appeared in opera at Geneva, 1871.
Abercorn, Earl of, wrote a " Trea-
tise on Harmony f^^ enlarged by Dr. Pe- pusch, 1731.
Aberdeen Cantus. The earliest singing book in Scotland ; by T. David- son, 1602, 4to., 50 leaves.
Abert, born at Gastorf, Bohemia, 1832 ; famous opera composer at Stutt- gard.
Aborigines. — The primitive inhab- itants were very fond of music, and readily learned to sing ; their music and instruments, though rude and simple, were peculiar.
Absurdity of Foreign Words. Henry Laws, an English composer, to show the absurdity of using foreign words, set an index of the popular Ital- ian sonr/s to music ; it sold largely as a rare Italian song.
Abt, Franz, born Dec. 21, 1819, at Eilenburg, in the Prussian province of Saxony. His father was a musician, and clergyman of the Lutheran Church. Franz studied music at Leipsic, and became known as a song-writer in 1838. In September, 1841, he married, and was leader of the orchestra at the Zurich theatre ; became a teacher in 1842, but was little known until his song, " When the Swallows Homeward Jly,^^ carried his name to all parts of the civilized world. In 1865 was concert-master at Bruns- wick, and conducted the great festival at Dresden. He came to this country 1872, and was present at the Peace Ju- bilee, Boston, where he directed the performance of some of his own mu- sic, arriving in New York May 2, where a testimonial concert was given for his benefit, at Steinway Hall, May 18. He was received at Philadelphia, Penn., by the German societies, with torch- light procession and cannonade. May 15, 1872. 5
'^ . j/iA> . 2./ , / ir; y . ,/V>r>TiLn-^ , /i . 9
^7 ' ^
6 A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
Abuse of Minstrelsy. In the reign of Edward II., a law was passed to restrain the minstrels, as vagrants, from entering the houses of the wealthy, exacting meat, drink, clothes, or other gifts.
Abyssinian Music. This race were advanced in music, and used six mu- sical instruments, — the sistrum, lyre, tabor, flute, kettle-drum, and trumpet.
Abyssinian Trumpet, made of a reed iive feet and a half long.
Abyssinian Flute is played like our clarinet.
Abyssinian Lyre has from five to seven strings.
Abyssinian Sistrum, made of metal plates, oval form.
Abyssinian Tabor and Drum, used for warlike purposes.
Academies of Music are ancient in- stitutions, and have existed since 1324; numerous in Europe, but more in Italy than any other country.
Academy, Musical. The earliest known, 1324 ; known at Yincenza, 1500 ; at Paris, 1669; in England, 1710; in America, 1833.
Accentor. Originally the vocal or instrumental performer who took the leading part.
Accompanied Madrigals were those written for voices and instru- ments; and these were the immediate precursors of the opera.
Accomplished Singer. Written by Cotton Mather, Boston, Mass., 1721, to allay the excitement in regard to the lawful use of music in church.
Accordeon, a well-known musical instrument now manufactured in this country as well as in France and Ger- many.
Actions for Piano. Mechanism attached to the keys, causing the ham- mers to strike the strings.
AcTis, Abbe, wrote '"' Observations on the Ear and the Echo;' 1788.
Actors. Musical actors are singers who represent human nature by action, speech, and musical intonation.
Acts of Worship. Invocation, prayer, praise, and singing ; singing may be accompanied by instruments of music.
Adam, Adolph Charles, born at Paris, 1803; entered the conservatory, 1817; composed several operas; went to London 1832, but soon returned to Paris, where he died, May 2, 1856, aged
53. His remains were followed to the grave by three thousand persons ; and at his death he left some music and his memoirs for publication. He was a very active composer; and among his operas are ^^ Richard Coeur de Lion}' ''Xe Pos- tilion de Lo7ijumeau;' ^^ La Chalet;^ and many other popular operas.
Adams, Chas. R., tenor singer; born in Boston, Mass ; sang in opera at Ber- lin, and in several European theatres.
Adams, F. W., violinist, born 1787; made at Montpelier, Vt., from the old- est obtainable woods, 140 ^^ Ancient Cre- monas Revived;'' died 1859.
Adams, Miss Jane, born in Craw- ford sdyke, West of Scotland, wrote " There is nae Luck about the House,'* and published it 1734. She died in the town hospital of Glasgow, April 3, 1765.
Adams, O. S., Lyons, N.Y. ; author of ^^ Amadeus," an opera, 1874.
Adams, Samuel, born Sept. 22, 1722 ; died Oct. 8, 1808, when governor of Massachusetts, sang with Billings, and assisted him in preparing his music- books.
Adams, Sarah, author of the hymn "Nearer, my God, to Thee," 1848.
Adams, Zabdiel, born in Braintree, Mass., Nov. 5, 1739; published a tract on music, 1771 ; preached 37 years, and died March 1, 1801, aged 62.
Adrien, a monk of Canterbury, was the first who taught the Romish music for the service of the Church in Eng- land, 1703.
^OLUs' Harp. An ancient instru- ment, much like the ^olian harp ; introduced from the East into England during 1700.
African Music. Though the peo- ple are barbarous in some parts of the country, they are musical, and use sev- eral instruments with skill ; and M. Bow- dich heard in the interior the Alleluia of Handel performed with harp accompani- ments.
Afzelius, the venerable collector of Swedish folk-songs, died at Eukoping, 1873.
Agathon, a Greek singer, lived 400 B.C. ; his style of singing was prover- bially excellent.
Agraffe. The name given to a method of stringing instruments, where the wire passes through the agraffe, then over a bridge to the pin, dividing the se- vere tension.
Agricola, John, of Erfurt, pub-
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
lished many motets, also canticles for the principal festival, 1601.
Ahner, Henky, born 1823 in Sax- ony; trumpeter, who came to America 1848 ; died at Chicago Feb. 3, 1858.
Ahrend, Thomas, born at Magde- burg, 1829; celebrated after coming to America, South and West, as a teacher, and settled in Baltimore, Md.
AiBi.iNGEB, Joseph K., born in Ger- many, 1765, composer and conductor at Munich ; died May, 1867.
AiCHSPALT, Peter, celebrated as a y street singer; became archbishop of Mentz ; died June, 1380^-^^
Aiken, Jesse B.J^hiladelphia, in- vented three new-shaped patent notes, ^ 184)^, and has published music-books frdm 1847 to 1875.
Aiken, John, born at Kibworth; fa- mous for his ^^ Essays on Song Writing; " died Dec. 7, 1822.
Aiken, John D., Spartansburg, Penn., invented, 1850, a monster viol, consisting of fifty smaller ones, strung like the violin, and played with keys like the piano-forte.
Ainsworth, Henry, born in Eng- land; known generally by his " Version of the Psalms,^' set to music at Amster- dam, 1550: this collection was brought to this country by the Puritans, and used until the printing of the Bay Psalm-Book; died at Amsterdam, 1622.
AiRD, James, Glasgow, author of much instrumental music in Scotland, 1770 to 1784.
Akers, Paul,, invented and perfected a mechanism for recording improvised music for the piano-forte, 1858.
Albani, Emma [Emma La Jeunesse], born at Plattsburg, N.Y., 1850. Her fa- ther, Joseph La Jeunesse, was a French music-teacher of Montreal, Can., where he married the daughter of a wealthy Scotchman, and afterwards settled in Plattsburg. Emma was the oldest of six children, and was trained in early life in the study of music by her father, and displayed remarkable talents for the divine art from the most tender years. _ Removing to Albany, where Emma was" engaged to sing, her progress attracted attention, and she was sent to Europe. She made her first appearance in opera at Messina, Sicily, under the assumed name of Emma Albani, with success; she then had engagements at Malta, Florence, and at the principal opera- houses of Italy ; later she sang in Lon-
don and St. Petersburg, and has since ranked with the first artists in Europe. She returned to America, October, 1874.
Albani, Matthias, a renowned vio- lin maker of the Tyrol, 1654.
Albee, Amos, teacher and composer, Medfield, Mass., author of " 27te Nor- folk Collection,'' 1795.
Albert, Henry, born at Lodestein, 1604 ; a learned composer ; his music is still used in Prussia; died 1668.
Albert, Prince, born Aug. 26, 1819 ; married Feb. 10, 1840 ; composer of songs and church music ; died Dec. 14, 1861.
Albertazzi [Miss Howson], born in London 1812; famous as a singer from 1837 ; died 1847 ; her father was a music- master in London.
Alberti, a violinist engaged by Fran- cis I. of France, 1530.
Alberti, a guitarist at Paris, 1796.
Alberti, Dominico, a Venetian ; as- tonished Farinelli in Spain by his talent in singing ; he set some operas to music, and composed thirty-six sonatas; died at Rome.
Albertus, Magnus, author of two treatises on music ; died 1280.
Albigenses. The people of Albi were the second to introduce metrical psalmody, 1210.
Albion and Alb anus, by Dryden; first performed in London, 1685.
Albinoni, Thomas, composed 33 ope- ras for Venice; a violinist, 1694 to 1730.
Alboni, Marietta, born at Cesena, 1826; achieved her musical reputation at an early age at Milan ; travelled through Europe, and came to the Unit- ed States, June, 1852 ; after her brilliant career in the large cities of America, she returned to Europe May 28, 1853.
Albrecht, of the German ia Musical Society, owned in 1857 the best musi- cal library in America, 665 volumes, at Philadelphia.
Albrecht, J. L., director of the mu- sic in the principal church of Mulhau- sen, died about the year 1773; published many didactic works on music.
Albrechtsberger, John George, born at Klosterneuburg, Feb. 3, 1736; was in 1772 member of the Academy, Vienna, and became a most learned con- trapuntist; composed much, and wrote many works concerning harmony and composition; died March 7, 1809, aged 73.
Alcman, of Sparta, invented choral dances, and excluded hexameters from
8
A DICTIOKABT OF MUSICAL INFORMATIOl^.
verses to be sung to the lyre ; afterwards called lyric poetry.
Alcock, John, doctor of music, was born in London, April 11, 1715; he com- posed songs, church music, glees, an- thems, instrumental music, chants, &c., and obtained the prize at the Catch Club ; died at Lichfield, 1806, aged 91.
Aldovandkini. This Italian musi- cian composed seven operas for Bologna and Venice, between the years 1696 and 1711.
Aldrich, Henry, an English com- poser ; born 1647 ; died 1710 ; his library is at Oxford College.
Alessandro, Romano, a singer in the Pope's chapel, 1560; a performer on the viol; composed motets accom- panied by many instruments; also in- vented canzonets for four and five voices.
Alexander, a native of Asia Minor, was the founder of a sect of persons who thought it a religious duty to keep awake day and night to sing music, be- lieving that constant singing would fit them for heaven ; died 430.
Alexander, of Russia, established nineteen theatres for the performance of opera, 1858.
Alexandre, M., claimed, in Paris, 1853, the invention of a new musical in- strument called the " Orgue (V Alexan- dre,^^ with three finger-boards, and the power of combining the effects of a full orchestra; exhibited at Bologna, 1856. See Debain.
Alfieri, a musician and poet: the scenes of his ^^Timoleon^^ are very fine; composed when listening to soft music, or immediately after having heard it.
Alford, Rev. Henry, born in Lon- (k-^fdon, 1810; published ^^ Psalms and ^ ' Hymns;' 1844.
Algemeine Musikalische Zei- TUNG, commenced at Leipsic, Germa- ny, 1798.
Alix, of Aix, in Provence, about 1650, constructed an automaton figure having the shape of a human skeleton, which, by means of concealed mechan-, ism, had the appearance of playing on the guitar. After its exhibition, a ru- mor arose that Alix was a sorceror, and in league with the Devil ; he was arrest- ed, tried on the capital charge of magic, or witchcraft, condemned, and burned alive, together with his wonderful au- tomaton, 1664.
Allan, Madame Caradori, bom
U^/u^
at Milan, 1800; went to England, and under the name of Caradori made her debut at the King's Theatre, Jan. 12, 1822; became known there and at the concerts of the Philharmonic Society, and as the composer of some pleasing romances ; married Mr. Allan, secretary of the theatre, 1823 ; sang in opera with Formes; sang in Vienna and other places with success ; came to New York, September, 1837; appeared at the Park Theatre, and was pronounced a finished vocalist and fine actress ; in 1840, made a concert tour through the United States; returned to New York; went again to England; sang at Naples and elsewhere; retired from the stage, and died 1865, aged 65. See Caradorl
Alleghanians, a New England con- cert company formed in 1848 ;"have con- tinued to give concerts in this and other countries with success to this time.
Allegranti, M., one of the most famous singers of her time, 1771 ; sang in Italy, Germany, England, and other countries, in oratorio and opera.
Allegri, Giovanni Battista, or- ganist and composer of motets, Venice, 1700.
Allegri, Gregorio, born at Rome, 1590 ; became one of the most excellent composers of his age; his '^Miserere" is still sung ; died Feb. 18, 1652.
Allen, Chester G., born in West- ford, Otsego Co., N.Y., Feb. 15, 1838; teacher, composer, and editor of ^^ New- York Musical Gazette.' '
Alley, Joseph, known as a manu- facturer of Enharmonic organs^ New- buryport, Mass. ; the instrument was invented, 1848, by Alley & Poole, and is the first successful attempt to solve the problem of perfect intonation.
Allison, Richard, of London, was one of the composers who adapted the Psalms to music, 1594; published a col- lection of music, 1606.
Alphabet of the musical scale ; the seven first letters of the alphabet were used in music by Gregory, and applied by Guido. The Greeks used their alpha- bet of 1620 characters in music.
Alpine Horn, made of the bark of a cherry-tree, and like a speaking-trum- pet used to convey sounds to a great distance ; peculiar to Alpine hunters.
Alpine Melodies. The songs of the Tyrol have a wildness peculiar to mountain music, and are unl.'ke the music of any other people.
{/WVt *>^<Ut| LO '' ?^^ (TkJT/.
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
Alpius, born at Alexandria, Egypt, 360 ; wrote an account of the manner in which the ancients composed their mu- sic; the characters used numbered 1620.
Altist, the person who sings or plays the alto primo part.
Alto Flute, used in some bands to play the tenor part.
Alto Viola, a small tenor viol upon which the alto is played.
Amadio, Car., published some Ital- ian dramas 1669.
Amanu, Weinlich, directress of the famous European Ladies' Orchestra, forty performers ; first appeared in Ber- lin i873.
Amati. Four persons of this name, celebrated makers of violins, lived at Cremona, — Andrew, and two sons, Je- rome and Antony ; also Nicholas, a son of Antony. Of these, Andrew and Je- rome became celebrated, 1650.
Amati, Andrew, made the celebrat- ed twenty-four instruments for King Charles IX., consisting of six violins, six seconds, six tenors, and six violon- cellos; and these made the factory fa- mous. He was assisted in his work by Nicholas, the head of the family.
Amati, Jerome, eldest son of An- drew, became a famous violin-maker; his instruments differ in some respects from those of his father and grandfa- ther.
Amati, Antony, brother of Jerome, followed the same business, and made similar instruments.
Amati, Nicholas, the younger, son of Antony, made some very choice vio- lins. These four are generally the per- sons spoken of as makers of Amati vio- lins. One other person of the name is sometimes mentioned.
Amati, Hieronimo, who had a son named Nicolo, are of the same family; and both made violins after 1662.
Ambros, a. W., born in Manth, Bo- hemia, 1816 ; pianist and composer ; known in this country by his published works.
Ambrose, St., introduced what is called the ^^ Cantus Ambrosianus^^ into his church at Milan, about the end of the fourth century ; said by St. Augus- tine to have brought this manner of singing from Greece. St. Ambrose only used the four authentic modes : the four plagal were afterwards added by St. . Gregory.
Ambrosian Chants. These came
from the East, 374, and were such as were used by the primitive Christian Church.
Amedei, an Italian, composed, joint- ly with Orlandi, the opera of "^r.sace."
Amicis, Anna De. An Italian singer, born at Naples, 1740; married a secre- tary of the king ; held the first rank in opera, and retired in 1771.
Amodio, a., born at Naples, 1831; known in Europe and in this country as an opera singer; died near Havana, June, 1861. His brother Frederico is also famous as a singer.
Amoyt, Pere, author of " The Music of the C-hinese,'' mentions most of their musical instruments.
Amphion, a Theban, and the eldest of the Grecian musicians, married in Lydia, where he learned music, and brought the art to Greece.
Anacreon, born at Teos in Ionia; lived 500 years before Jesus Christ; is said by Athenaeus to have invented the instrument called Barbiton ; died by be- ing choked with a grape-stone.
Ancient Chants exist, written as early as 900; but the notation resem- bles only figures, similar to short-hand characters, and cannot now be read cor- rectly.
Ancient Concert, established in London, 1774; in Dublin, 1834.
Ancient Instruments. A sackbut^ one of the instruments often mentioned in the sacred writings, was found at Pompeii, in the ashes of Mount Vesu- vius, from which has been fashioned the modern trombone.
Ancient Time-beating was by the foot, which was lifted up and beat down to mark the time; the foot was fur- nished with wooden or iron shoes ; later oyster-shells and bones were used to mark the time.
Ancient Tragedy was accompanied by instruments of music to regulate the tones of the voice.
Ancilia, shields upon which the an- cients beat the time to their music, as the moderns beat the drum.
Anderson, John, of Edinburgh, composer of songs and dance-music, 1790; living in 1839. Thomas, of Kelso, a Border piper. The song '■'John An- derson^^ was written 1578, and is in Queen Elizabeth's virginal-book.
Andre, John, born at Offenbach in 1741. His first work was an opera called *' TJie Porter y'' which was played at
10
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION
Frankfort. **Erwin and Elmira^^ fol- lowed, and later, at Berlin, composed many operas, sonatas for the pianoforte, violin, and violoncello, and other mu- sic ; died 1799. He established the most famous music warehouse in Europe.
Andke, John Antony, born at Of- fenbach, 1775; pianist and violinist; became known as a composer 1793, when he made a musical tour in the Rhine cities ; composed much music, and published a *' General Treatise on Music,^' six volumes.
Androides, an automaton in the form of a human being, so contrived that it will perform upon musical in- struments by means of machinery.
Anerio, F., born at Rome, 1560; a voluminous composer; died 1630.
Anfossi, p., born 1736; a composer of operas at Rome, where he died 1795.
Angelic Hymn. So called because it begins with the song of the angels at Bethlehem ; it has been sung in the Eastern churches since 139, and in England for 1,500 years.
Anglo-Saxon Instruments. Harp, viols, trumpets, horns, organs, pipes, bells, and others.
Angri, Elena, born on the island of Corfu. May 14, 1824; sang in London, 1849, 1850; came to this country 1856, and gave concerts with Thalberg.
Anschutz, Carl, born in Germany ; came to the United States 1857 ; an ac- complished musician; died in Boston, Jan. 23, 1870.
Apollonicon, built in London, Eng., 1849, intended to produce the effect of several united bands.
Appleton,Thomas, of Boston, Mass. , was with W. M. Goodrich, organ-build- er, 1807, and afterwards with Babcock and two brothers named Hayt; com- menced the business, and continued to make organs and piano-fortes until 1820, when he began to build on his own ac- count.
Aptommas, M., born in South Wales, 1829 ; settled in New York as a teacher ; is celebrated as a harpist.
Arab Instruments. Those in use on the Nile are, the drum, open at one end, carried utider the arm, and beat with both hands; a reed-pipe; and pipes which resemble the sound of the bagpipe.
Arabian Music is mostly in the minor mode, rude and barbarous ; they use various instruments. In 1873 a
hymn and tune book was prepared in Arabic ; the book is now used in the mission churches, and is the first music written to be read backward; it was prepared by Dr. Lewis, of the Syrian College.
Arbuthnot, Dr. John, wrote several anthems, printed in 1712; he wrote also several burlesque poems ; died 1735.
Arch-Lute. A theorbo or large lute ; formerly of great repute as a solo instru- ment ; still used in Italy.
Arditi, Luigi, born at Crescentino, Piedmont, 1822 ; a composer and violin- ist ; travelled through Europe, and came to this country, September, 1846; made a tour of the States, and returned to Europe, 1856.
Apollino, invented by A. Plimpton, Medway, Mass., 1820; it combined the organ, orchestra, band, harp, imitation of birds, drums, cymbals, and musical glasses.
Appy, Henri, born at the Hague, 1828; violinist; gave concerts in Ger- many, France, and in this country 1851.
Arcadians. A people who made mu- sic a branch of their education, and con- sidered it infamous to be ignorant of the science.
Arians. a sect known to have used metrical psalmody previous to 1210.
Arion. a lyric poet and musician of Methymna, in the island of Lesbos, who flourished about six hundred years be- fore the Christian era ; he invented the dithyrambic measure, and composed many hymns.
Ariosti, Attilio, born about 1660, at Bologna ; early known in Gennany ; arrived in England 1716, where he intro- duced the viola d^ amour, a new instru- ment, and composed several operas ; gave Handel lessons on the harpsichord at Berlin.
Armonica. The name given to an instrument constructed by Benjamin Franklin, afterward known as musical glasses.
Armstrong, Jennie, born in Wis- casset, Me. ; became famous as a singer in Italy, 1873, under the name of Avi- gliane.
Armstrong, Richard, retained the full power of his voice at the age of sixty, and performed his own accom- paniments on the piano-forte, in Lon- don, after that time.
Arne, Dr. Thomas Augustine, was born March 12, 1710, in London; be-
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
11
came early celebrated as a composer, and established his reputation by set- ting Milton's " Comus^' to music — light, airy, and original; he composed many songs, and nearly all his attempts were successful ; died March 5, 1778, aged 68.
Arne, Michael, son of Dr. Arne, at the age of eleven years could perform music at sight; he composed several operas, and ranked high among English performers.
Arnold, J., author of an English col- lection of psalmody, 1773, which was used in this country.
Arnold, Dr. Samuel, an English musician and composer; born in Lon- don, Aug. 10, 1739; composed for the theatre, the church, and also oratorio music; succeeded Dr. Nares as organ- ist ; died at Westminster, Oct. 22, 1802.
Arnold, Samuel, Jr., a composer of musical dramas and operas, London, Eng., 1794 to 1824; died Aug. 16, 1852.
Arpa, a harp. Arpa doppia, dou- ble harp.
Artot, Joseph, a celebrated violin- ist; born at Brussels, Feb. 4, 1815; visited this country, and gave concerts, 1844 ; died at Paris, July 20, 1845.
Asaph, a musician of the tribe of Levi, in the age of David. Twelve Psalms bear his name, but it is not generally thought he composed them.
Ascher, Joseph, born 1830 ; pro- duced many piano-forte compositions; was pianist to the French Empress, and decorated by the queen of Spain ; died of brain disease, June, 1869, aged 39.
Ashe, Andrew, born at Lisburne, Ireland, 1759 ; famous as a pianist ; director of the Bath concerts, and a composer ; his wife was an oratorio singer, and his daughters excellent per- formers on the piano-forte and harp.
Ashley. Four brothers, — the Gen- eral, a violinist, died near London, 1818; John James, composer and au- thor, for seven years director of ora- torios in London ; Charles, violoncel- list and one of the original members of the Philharmonic Society; Richard, the principal tenor at the York musical festival, 182.3.
Ashley, John, of Bath, Eng., bas- soonist and vocalist for nearly half a century ; a composer of many songs and other music.
AsHWELL, T., a church composer in the time of Henry VIII. Many of his works are still presei-ved at Oxford, Eng.
AspuLL, George, born 1820 ; remark- able as pianist and singer from the age of five years ; died Aug. 20, 1832.
Assyrian Music. Assyria, from re- cent investigations, was the parent of musical science ; from this country the Hebrews, Egyptians, and other Eastern nations, derived their knowledge of mu- sic, vocal and instrumental.
AsTORGA, Baron E. D'., a Sicilian composer; went to Eng., where he wrote several much esteemed cantatas, &c.
Atabal. The name of the Syrian, Arabic, and Moorish tambourine: it is like the Spanish kettledrum.
Atterbury, L., the celebrated Eng- lish glee composer, born 1740 ; died 1800, aged 60. Francis, born 1062, was a noted musical writer ; died 1731.
Attwood, Thomas, born 1767 ; organ- ist and composer; wrote many operas and other works ; died March 24, 1838.
Auber, Daniel Francois Esprit, born at Caen, Jan. 29, 178^; one of the % — most prolific of the French composers ; received many marks of regal and im- perial favor ; became famous as an opera composer; died MayAl871, aged 87. His J ">- melodies are known all over the civil- ized world.
Aubert, violinist and composer at Paris, died 1758; his son was first viol- inist at the opera until 1771, when he retired with a pension. P. F. Olivier Aubert, born at Amiens 1763, wrote some musical works, and published many instrumental compositions; was a violoncellist.
AuGiER, Emile, a French composer of operas ; born at Valence Drome, Sept. 17, 1820.
Augustine, St., born in Africa ; wrote six books on music, wliich were printed at Lyons, 1586, eleven hundred and forty-six years after his death, which took place A.D. 440.
AuLD, Alexander, Columbus, O., composer and compiler of four collec- tions of music from 1847 to 1875.
Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, em- ployed a musician of Gotha to copy for him many musical instrumental works in score. The collection was finished 1663, and consisted of music by the Bach family and others; it was in the University at Helmstadt, 1856; and the works dated back to 1650, being fifty years older than any then known as coming from the Bach family. When Sebastian Bach, late in life, collected
12
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
the musical posthumous works of his ancestors, he was not able to find a piece composed previous to 1693.
Austin, Adam, born at Edinburgh, Nov. 28, 1726 ; a celebrated song-writer ; died 1774.
Austin, St., established a school for instruction in ecclesiastical music at Canterbury, Eng., in the ninth century.
Automaton Carillon. A two-oc- tave chime of bells, invented 1868 by E. Scherr, of Philadelphia, Penn. ; it can perform any music within its compass.
Automaton Vocalist. A German artist constructed a speaking machine, which talks and sings with distinctness ; it is a life-like figure ; the machinery is operated by keys like those of a piano- forte ; the inventor is M. Faber.
Automaton Clarinet Player. This figure plays upon the clarinet and cornet, — thirty- two tones on the clari- net, and sixteen on the cornet ; invent- ed by Mr. Van Oeckelen, an organ- builder in Holland.
Automaton Lady Minstrel and Bird, constructed by Obed M. Cole- man, of Barnstable, Mass., while living at New Bedford ; this figure performed on the accordeon as the bird sang.
AuTOPHON. An instrument con- structed by Charles Dawson, of Lon- don, 1849 ; can perform any music sup- plied to it; constructed on the principle of a barrel-organ.
AvENA. The third kind of musical instrument used by the ancients; it succeeded the instruments formed of horns of animals; it was a straw or reed.
AvisoN, Charles, organist and au- thor ; born 1710 ; died 1770.
Ayrton, Edmund, born 1734 at Rip- ton, Eng. ; organist and composer ; wrote much music while master at the royal chapel ; died 1808.
Ayton, Sir Robert (sometimes writ- ten Aytoun), born in Fifeshire, Scot- land, 1570; aproHfic composer of songs; died in London, March, 1638, aged 68.
B.
B. De Nevers, a French musician, first applied the tone name si to this letter.
Babbi C, violinist and composer, 1780 ; Gregorio was a tenor opera singer, Lisbon, 1775.
Babbini M. tenor siuger in opera, London, 1785.
Babcock Samuel, one of the early teachers and composers of sacred music in this country, was of Watertown, Mass., and his compositions hold their place in the collections of common psalmody to this time; he published, 1795, " The Middlesex Harmony.^'
Bacchanalian Songs, were first sung at the Greek mysteries and festi- vals of Bacchus ; they are now sung in Germany, France, England, and other countries. The Roman Senate abol- ished such songs 186 years B.C.
Bacchus, the conqueror, left music, dancing, and poetry at Thrace; wrote the first musical catechism ; established a music school, and exempted from military duty all skilful musicians. There was a god of song by this name.
Bach Veit, the founder of the Bach family was a native of Presburg, in Hun- gary, and was noted for his skill upon
the guitar. There are many individuals of this name, whose lives spread over a period of two or more centuries ; a brief notice of the most famous would occupy an extended space.
Bach, John Sebastian, born March 21, 1685, at Eisenach, was a very great musician; wrote an enormous list of works, in every form of sacred music, orchestral compositions, chamber music, &c. ; died at Leipsic, July 30, 1750, in the sixty-sixth year of his age.
Bach, Carl Philipp Emmanuel, born at Weimar, March 14, 1714 ; music- director at Hamburg, a prolific com- poser, great in all departments ; as a writer of songs, odes, psalms, &c., he surpassed all his cotemporaries ; died at Hamburg, of consumption, Sept. 14, 1788.
Bach, John Christian, born in Leipsic, 1735 ; organist and composer at Milan, Italy; appeared in London, Eng., 1739, as a virtuoso on keyed instruments ; became a composer of operas, and died Jan. 1782.
Bach, Heinrich, born at Wechmar, 1615 ; became famous as an organist and musician ; was settled at Arnstadt, 1643, and died 1692.
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
13
Bach, Hans, eldest son of Veit, city musician at Wechmar; died 1626. Bach, ^gidius, born 1645 ; organist at Erfurt; died 1717.
Bache, Sarah, daughter of Benja- min Franklin; born at Philadelphia, September, 1744; a famous harpist; in 1777, when the enemy approached the city, she took refuge in the country ; she wrote her father "that the rapacious crew had stolen and carried off his harps, bells, viol da gamba, &c. ; but the Armonica is safe."
Bachmann, F. W., violinist and com- poser, Berlin, 1824.
Backers, A., a German, and early maker of piano-fortes; there is one in London bearing the inscription, Amer- icus Backers, factor and inventor, 1776.
Bacon, L. W., New Haven, Conn., author of a collection of church music and a book for social worship, 1854.
Bacon, Lord, wrote upon "Dan- cing to Song, Acting in Song," and ** Choirs;" also directions to singers.
Bader a., a tenor singer, associated with Spontini's Opera; died at Berlin, Ger., May 14, 1870, aged 81.
Badger, Thomas, Jun., commenced in Boston, April, 1820, the first musical paper in this country, " The Euterpeiad,'^ edited by John R. Parker.
B ADiALi, an opera singer of renown ; died at Bologna, 1865, aged 66. His brother Frederico, also a popular opera singer, died in New York, August, 1855.
Bagioli a., born at Bologna, 1794; came to this country with the Mon- tresser opera company, 1832; the first Italian troupe that came here ; he settled and died in New York, Feb. 11, 1870, aged 76.
Bagpipe, an instrument which has long been a favorite with the natives of Scotland; it has been much used in other countries; even the Greeks and Romans were acquainted with it. Bag- pipers flourished from 1700 to 1800 in Scotland.
Baif, J. A. De, established an acad- emy of music and wrote several musical works ; died at Paris, 1591.
Baildon, a celebrated English glee composer, from 1760 to 1780.
Bailey, Thomas (sometimes printed Bayley), Newburyport, Ma: s.,publislied, 1755, ''A Complete Melody in Three Parts,'^ which had a great sale; was afterwards connected with the produc-
tion of several other books of music; was a composer of psalmody; published ^^ Universal Harmony, ^^ 1774; and was at one time connected in business with Daniel Bailey.
Bailey, Daniel, Newburyport, Mass., a composer and publisher of music; produced his ''New and Com- plete Introduction to the Grounds and Rules of Music,'' in Two Parts, 1764; published " The Essex Harmony, or Mu- sical Miscellany,'' 1785; in this work he was assisted by his son, and mentions himself as " author of 'Select Harmony,' a book of anthems in quarto, and a set of tunes to bind in psalm-books."
Baillie, Grisell, born Dec. 2.5, 1665 ; author of a book of original songs with music; died in London, Dec. 6, 1746. Alexander, author of "Insti- tutions of Music," " Airs for the Flute,'* and a " Treatise on Harmony," 1735.
Baillot, p., violinist, born near Paris, 1771; published much music; died 1842.
Baini, a. G., born at Rome, 1775 ; a famous musical historian, singer, and director; died 1844.
Baker, J. C, born at Salisbury, N.H., August, 1822, well known as of the family of vocalists in concerts ; Clara L., wife of George E., famous vocalist, died at Waukegan, 111., Aug. 11, 1858.
Baker, John, a London organist, came to Boston, 1850; built an organ there, and moved to Cleveland, O. Baker, G. J., of the Society of British Musicians ; died 1851. 'Thomas^ came to New York with Jullien's^^^r^iestra, 1850. T. M., of Chariestown, Mass., in 1822 issued " MusiQOt' Cabinet."
Baker, TnoMAsf an English vio- linist; author of " Modern Instructions for Piano-forte;" came to New York, 1850; composer and conductor; a rela- tion of George IV.
Baker, B. F., born at Wenham, ^ Mass., July 10, 1811 ; held many conven- ^ tions; was six years Vice-President of -^ the Handel and Haydn Society, Boston ; a teacher in the public schools ; princi- pal of the Boston Music School ; a com- poser of much music, and editor of a large number of church music, school instruction, glee, and other music books. ^
Balfe, M. W., born in Dublin, May t-^ 15, 1808; became principal violinist in .^ the Drury Lane orchestra, London, ^ 1823; in 1825 went on the stage as an '^ opera singer ; married a prima donna, '^
14
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
Lina Rezer, and became a composer of operas, of which his *^ Bohemian GirV was the most successful. He sang in New York, 18o4; in 1857, published *' A New Singing Method;^'' died in Hertfordshire, Eng., Oct. 21, 1870, in his sixty-third year. He had made two visits to this country, and was intend- ing to come here again in 1871.
Balfe, Victoria, born in Paris, Sept. 1, 1837; opera singer in London and St. Petersburg; married Sir John Cramton ; died at Madrid, Jan. 22, 1865.
Ballad, originally signified a dance, accompanied by a chant, and was panto- mimic ; also a history in verse, sung to the harp or viol.
Ballad Music. England is the great manufactory and mart of this kind of music, and the terai is now applied to all sorts of modern songs. The word implies a brief, simple tale or history.
Ballalaika. a Sclavonian instru- ment of two strings, common among the Russians, Tartars, Egyptians, and Arabians ; it is of the guitar kind, and very ancient.
Ballet, introduced in the time of Isabel of Arragon, but first became fashionable in the time of Catherine de Medici. Ballet dancers first appeared on the stage 1661.
Baltzar, Thomas, born at Lubec, 1638 ; died 1663 ; was master of the band of "four and twenty fiddlers, all in a row," time of Charles II.
Bamerino, Francisco, an Italian, claimed as the first composer who set an opera to music ; it was called the ^^ Conversion of St. Paul," and was per- formed at Rome, 1460.
Bancroft, Silas A., of Boston, Mass., a teacher and composer, pub- lished several collections of church music and a "Social Glee Book" with William Mason, 1848, in which some of his compositions appear.
Banfi, G., an Italian lute-player, taken prisoner by pirates, and sold as a slave; the Bey of Tunis was so en- chanted with his playing that he pur- cliased him and gave him liberty; he then took service with the king of Spain, composed much music, and died 1670.
Banister, John, was the first Eng- lish violinist of note; succeeded Balt- zar as band-master to King Charles ; he was the first to establish lucrative con- certs in London; died Oct. 3, 1679.
His son, John, was a violinist, and one of King William's band; also a com- poser; died 1725.
Banjo. A rude imitation of the guitar united with tambourine, having five strings. The name is the corrupted and softened form of the bandore, a Greek instrument.
Banti, B. G., born at Georgi. 1759; a famous singer in England, France, Italy, and Germany; died at Bologna, 1806, leaving her larynx to the academy.
Barbers anciently were musicians also, and instruments were kept in all well-ordered shops.
Barclay, John, born at Muthill, Scotland, 1734; author of many fine songs ; died at Edinburgh, July 29, 1798.
Bargiel, Waldemar, born at Ber- lin, 1827; teacher and composer; pub- lished a large number of works for the piano-forte.
Barilli, Luigi, born at Modena, 1767 ; known from his connection with opera from 1805 to his death. May 26, 1824.
Barilli F., a celebrated composer at Rome; died in Madrid; his widow mar- ried S. Patti, and was the mother of Adelina and Carlotta Patti. The moth- er was a celebrated singer and actress ; she died 1849.
Barilli, A., son of Francisco, came to this country 1846. Clotilda, his sis- ter, came with him, and married in New York ; died in the West Indies. Antonio returned to Rome, his native city, 1874. Ettore, Nicola, and Alfredo, born in Florence, came to New York, 1855. The family were all more or less cele- brated as musicians.
Barker, Nathan, violinist, com- poser, and director ; known as manager of the Barker Family concerts.
Barlow, Joel, "born at Reading, Conn., 1755; published his version of Psalms 1785; died Dec. 22, 1812, near Cracow on his way to Paris.
Barmann, H., clarinetist at the court chapel in Munich for more than forty years; died June 11, 1847, aged sixty-four.
Barnard, Anne, born Dec. 8, 1750 ; author of "Old Bobin Gray," 1771; died May 8, 1824.
Barnard, John, born in Boston,
Nov. 6, 1681 ; in 1752 made a version of
I psalms with the music ; settled at Mar-
blehead ; introduced new music there ;
' died Jan. 24, 1770, aged eighty-nine.
^ QuYv/U, (y-A^J^.iyd^
'^.y)^, j. ^^yio.c-^c^:,
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
15
Barnes, L. B., a member of the Handel and Haydn Society, Boston, for twenty years; secretary fifteen years; and president four years; compiler of ** The Congregational Harp,'''' and '* The Chapel;^'' also a composer of songs. Resigned his office 1875.
Barnet, James G., a distinguished musician and composer, received the degree of Doctor of Music from Yale college, 1869, while a teacher in Hart- ford, Conn.
Barnett, John, born at Bedford, Eng., 1802; an opera singer and com- poser of popular music.
Barrel Organ, a contrivance to produce music by the turning of a barrel or cylinder, as in a music-box or hand-organ.
Barth, Herr, a noted singer in the Imperial chapel, is particularly cele- brated as having saved to posterity Beethoven's song, '''■Adelaide.''^ He chanced to call on the great composer at the moment the song was thrown to the fire ; catching it, before it burned, Barth sang it. Beethoven listened at- tentively, and then observed, "My dear Barth, we will not burn it."
Bartholomew, the librettist of Men- delsohn's oratorios, also prepared the books of ^^ Eli,'' and ^^ Naaman," for Costa, and the words of the " Ode to the Sultan ;" died August 18, 1867.
Bartleman, J., the celebrated bass singer, was born in Westminster, Sept. 19, 1769; sang at Freemason's Hall, Ancient Concerts, and Hanover Square rooms; died April 15, 1820.
Barton, Sarah W., an American vocalist, appeared in opera at Warsaw, 1872.
Baryton, an instrument of the vio- lin tribe, midway in size and compass between the viola and violoncello.
Bass, Thorough. The first treatises on Thorough Bass were written early in the seventeenth century, but it was not until the publication of later works by Rameau and others that the system acquired its modern significance.
Bass Clarinet, an instrument an octave below the clarinet in B\f, in the same form, but much larger.
Basset Horn, like a large sized haut- boy in shape, and formerly used instead of the clarinet.
Bassetto, a tenor viol, or small bass viol, — violoncello. y Bassini, Carlo, bom at Cuneo,
Italy, 1815; commenced his career as solo violinist in Europe; visited South America, 1837; came to the United States 1838, and in 1839 conducted opera in New York ; finally settled there, and published " The Art of Singing,'* and some other musical works; died Nov. 25, 1870, aged fifty-five.
Bass Oboe, an instrument like the bassoon, invented in Ferrara, Italy, 1539.
Bassoon, a bass instrument used in orchestras and called fagot, or fagotto ; it is blown with a reed, through a brass tube.
Bass Horn, an instrument formerly much used in bands; there is also a French horn called bass horn ; the two are entirely different.
Bass Violin, an instrument formerly used, and having a distinct part written, for it.
Bass Yiol, properly violoncello ; one of small size has been called basa violin.
Bastians, celebrated as the organist at Haarlem, Holland, and a composer.
Baton. First used in London, super- seding the foot or fiddle bow, 1826, at Covent Garden, by Weber.
Battishill, Jonathan, born in London, 1738; composer of operas, sa- cred music and glees; married Miss Davies, vocalist, who died 1775 ; Battis- hill after this composed many songs ^ died at Islington, Dec. 9, 1801.
Battista, Yincenzo, a well-known composer of operas for the Naples thea- tres, died 1873.
Baumgartner, August, organist and composer, died at Munich, Sept. 27, 1862.
Baxter, Lydia, born in Petersburg, Rensselaer County, N.Y., Sept. 2, 1809; author of many songs and Sunday-school hymns, some of which have had a wide circulation; wrote the song " The Gates Ajar," which has been sung in Amer- ica, England, and Scotland ; died in New York City, June 23, 1874.
Baxter, invented the method of lengthening a common metre hymn, by introducing words in German text or black letter, which could be sung, or omitted; and Cotton Mather arranged some psalms on this plan, to be sung as common, or long metre.
Bayadeers, of India; these singing and dancing girls use the guitar and tom-toms as accompaniments to the voice, and wear anlde-bells and foot-
16
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
chains, which they jingle in concert with the music.
Bayly, Thomas Haynes, born near Bath, Eng., 1797; was a most successful song-writer; published *^ Bayly's Melo- dies ; " his songs are very popular to this day; died of jaundice, 1889.
Bay Psalm Book, a work compiled by several of the Puritan clergymen of the country, was the first book printed in the American colonies; it was pub- lished at Cambridge, Mass., 1640; was re-printed in London, Eng., 1737, and in Scotland, 1738. It was printed by Stephen Daye, from a clear, new type, imported for that work, and was also known by the name "iVeio England Version;'^ in 1647 some ^^ SpiritvAil Songs'^ were added to the American work; the music used for singing was mostly written upon leaves bound in with the psalms, and was mostly copied from Ravenscroft's Collection; tunes from Ainsworth and other English com- posers were also used.
Bazoche Clerks, a company of mu- sicians organized in the time of Philip the Fair ; their orchestra, 1442, consisted of drums, trumpets, hautboys, and bas- soons.
Becker, Prof. C. F., a distinguished organist of the Leipzig Conservatory; born 1814; in 1856 presented his library of thirty-six hundred works on music to the city on condition that it be called the ^^ Becker Library.''
Beeche, Von, of Vienna, composed much vocal and instrumental music be- tween 1780 and 1802 ; died 1803.
Beecher, Joseph, of New York, invented a new species of piano-forte, 1856 ; the movement is around a hollow cylinder, and it has two key-boards.
Beethoven, Louis Van, the greatest composer of the time in which he lived; excelled in every species of composition ; born in Bonn, on the Rhine, Dec. 17, 1770 ; the deafness which withdrew him from the world made him awkward and retiring; he lived in his own art, and the body of this prince of musicians was accompanied to its rest by its own creations ; he died March 26, 1827, aged fifty-six. A bronze statue of the great man was inaugurated in Boston Music Hall, March 1, 1856; his monument is at Bonn, and was repaired in 1853.
Belcher, Samuel (or Supply), of Farraington, Me., published, 1794, " The Harmony of Maine ; " an origiQal com-
position of psalm and hymn tunes ; was a teacher of music. This man, or one of his name, published at Hallowell, Me., where he then resided, 1830, " Har- mony of Music."
Belknap, Jeremy, born in Boston, Mass., June 4, 1744, issued in 1795 a " Collection of Psalms and Hymns," sev- eral of them being written by himself; died of paralysis, in Boston. June 20, 1798.
Bell, Rev. Dr., bom in England, 1563; composer for the organ and vir- ginal ; also for the voice ; died 1622.
Bell Harmonicon, an adaptation of musical bells to the piano-forte in such a manner as to be played with it.
Bellak, James, born at Prague, 1814 ; came to this country and settled in Philadelphia, Pa., as dealer in mu- sical wares.
Bellini Vincent, a dramatic com- poser, born Nov. 3, 1802, at Catania, Sicily ; early went to Naples and became known as a composer; his first opera was performed 1824; in 1828, "ia Stra- niera" attracted the attention of all Italy; in 1833, he founded his fortune and his fame with ^^ Norma" ''^ La Sonnambula," and '■^ Puritani ;" died Sept. 23, 1835, aged thirty-three.
Bellows Organs, superseded hy- draulic instruments, 514.
Bells have played an important part in civilization ; they were known to the Hebrews, and have been used in every country and by all people more or less. Musical bells are used in Europe and in this country. Change ringing of bells is ascribed to one Anable, who invented the art and died in 1755. Bells are ranked by musicians among the most musical instruments of percussion ; and the carillons, or music-bells, are played by means of keys, like those of the piano-forte.
Bendel, Franz, born in Hungary 1835; settled in Berlin as a pianist, where he married, and became court musician; came to this country, and played at the Peace Jubilee, 1872.
Benedict, Jules, born at Stuttgard, Germany, of an Israelite family, Dec. 24, 1804; in the spring of 1825 he was maestro di capella at Naples (mar- ried a Neapolitan lady, 1835, and went to England, where he first stamped his reputation) ; became director at Drury Lane, London, and produced several operas, in 1838; came to the United
l/l"^ (U-^^r^^ , t , A^ vu . / H h
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
17
States, 1850, with Jenny Lind (as con- ductor of her concerts) ; on returning to England he formed a vocal association, conducted opera, and was found worthy of knighthood, which honor was at the same time conferred upon W. S. Ben- nett.
Benjamin, Jonathan, of Northamp- ton, Mass., published, 1799, a collection of music entitled " Harmonia, CcBlestis,^' with most of the tunes figured for the harpsichord and organ, both which in- struments were then beginning to at- tract attention in this country.
Benkekt, G. F., born in German- town, Pa., April 11, 1831; became early known as a composer ; was made famous in Germany by the production of his grand mass, conducted by Lindpainter.
Bennet, John, born 1555 ; one of the best English madrigalists (seems to have had a melody more phrased and chan- tante than most of his contemporaries). Besides his madrigals for four voices, published in 1599, he contributed largely to the compositions inserted in a work published by Thomas Ravenscroft, in
Bennett, WTs.'^^^n at Sheffield, England, April 13, 1816; went to Ger- many ; returned to London in 1839, and obtained the highest reputation as a com- poser, pianist, and teacher; married Miss Wood, pianist, who died 1866, leaving three children; the honor of knighthood was bestowed on him and Jules Benedict at the same time; was made " Doctor of Music ' ' June 30, 1856. Died in London, Feb. 1, 1875; buried in Westminster Abbey.
Berens, M., a native of Hamburg, residing at Stockholm since 1845 ; com- poser of much piano-forte music; in 1860 conductor of the theatre, where he produced three operas. ^ Berge, William, came to this coun- ■ try from Germany, 1846; organist and composer. New York; ranks as one of the most gifted performers.
Berger, Louis, a celebrated pianist and pupil of Clementi, born at Berlin in 1777. He published a valuable work, --eiititled '■^ Bouze Etudes pour le Piano- forte:"---.^^
^ Beegmann; Garl, a well known Ger- /man conductor of luiisic and opera in / New York, and a comp^S^Wv^of merit;
came to Boston,
ductor of the Germania Musical Society. Berkeley, George, born at Thom-
astown, Ireland, 1684 ; came to America 1729 ; presented an organ to the town of Berkley, Mass., 1733; but the select- men, considering it " an instrument of tlie devil for the entrapping of the souls of men," declined the gift, and it was later conferred on Trinity Church, New- port, R. I.
Berlioz, Hector, born at Cote St. Andre, France, December 11, 1803; was a remarkable musician, and filled a largo space in the world's regard; went to Paris when a boy ; began his career as a chorus singer (soon marked out his own course, and followed it without re- gard to the opinion of others); was a composer of many musical works, and became distinguished as a literary writer and musical critic; died at Paris, March 9, 1869. His wife was Miss Smithson, an English actress of great beauty, who died 1854.
Bernhard, of Germany, invented pedals for the organ, 1470.
Bertheaume, born at Paris, 1756; the violinist of his day; practised much alone, in the garret of his aunt's house his only companion being a huge spidei, which always let itself down from the roof upon the instrument to enjoy the music; this spider came as usual one day when the aunt was present, who, being alarmed, brushed the insect to the floor and killed it. The young man, horrified at the loss of his friend, sank to the floor in a fainting fit. Died 1802.
Bertini, Henry, born in London, October 28, 1798; chiefly known in this country for his celebrated " Method for the Piano-forte,'^ and for some excellent exercises for students, formerly much a^ ,^^ used. ^'i<^
Berton, p. M., born in France; re- markable for musical talent from the age of four years; composer, organist, director, and opera singer from 1744 to 1780 in Paris ; died 1780. His son. Hen- rich, born in Paris 1767, composed thirty operas, several oratorios, and much other music.
Best, W. T., pianist, organist, and teacher; known as the author of a ''Modern SchooV for the organ, and by some compositions.
Bethune, Thomas Green (Blind Tom), born near Columbus, Geo., May
25, 1849; was blind from birth; from 1848^ 63-ceft=a infancy had the power of imitating
sounds ; before he could talk could imi- e any muste Jie heard ; became f ami-
u>
n
A DICTIONAKT OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
liar with the piano-forte at the age of five years ; composed his " Bain Storm " after hearing, as he said, "what the rain, wind, and thunder said to liim;" was a slave, and purchased by Perry H. Oliver, 1850, who brought him before the public as a pianist, 1858; has per- formed in the principal cities of Amer- ica, and has gone to Europe, where he has attracted attention.
Bevin", Elway, an eminent English musician, flourished in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and James I., pub- lished a " Brief e and Short Instruction of the Art of Musicke,^' to teach how to make discant of all proportions that are in use, etc., 1631.
Bexfield, Dr. W. R., an accom- plished composer and organist; author of the oratorio, ^'Israel Bestored,^^ a v^olume of church anthems, several glees, and other compositions; died Nov. 28, 1853, at his residence, Monmouth Road, Bay water, Eng., aged 28.
Beyer, a Gei-man, invented the c/lass- chord at Paris, 1785 ; a new instrument like the piano-forte, with glass instead of strings. Anthony, musician and composer, died at St. Stephen, N. B., May 15, 1857, aged 76.
Beyer, Fred, a well known com- poser and arranger of music, author of a celebrated " Method for Piano ; " died in Germany, April, 1863.
Beza, Theodore, born atYezelai, in the Nivernois, 1519; revised "" MaroVs Psalms,''' 1545, and made additions to them; also "admirably fitted them to the violin and other musical instru- ments;" died Oct. 13, 1605.
Bigot, Madame Marie, a German pianist, born at Colmar, March 3, 1786 ; was the first to introduce Beethoven's music into France ; political causes com- pelled her husband to reside in Paris, where she opened a school for instruc- tion in music, aided by Cherubini and Auber; died Sept. 16, 1820.
Billings, William, born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 7, 1746; was the author of six books of church music, nearly all original : he composed much fugue mu- sic after the then English style, and ex- ceeded his models; his books were very popular ; he kept a music store in Bos- ton, was a zealous patriot, and the words to which he set many tunes com- bined religion and patriotism, and were sung in the tent by the soldiers as well as in the church, and were powerful in
exciting the spirit of liberty; died in Boston, Sept. 26, 1800.
BiLLiNGTON, Elizabeth, born in England, 1770; celebrated singer and pianist; several eminent composers wrote for her, and her fame was great in all Europe; died at St. Artien, near Venice, 1817. Thomas, her husband, a musician and composer, died at Naples, 1794.
Bird, Joseph, Watertown, Mass., published, in 1849, " Gleanings from the History of Music,'' from the earliest ages to the commencement of the eigh- teenth century. He was unable to pre- pare all that he designed to publish in season to present his work at the time it was promised, and gave notice that he would resume his work and prepare a second volume. This he did not do, howevei-, for want of encouragement from publishers ; but he published some other musical works of value, and one singing book.
Bird, William, organist of Lincoln Cathedral, born 1543, composed a vast quantity of vocal music between 1575 and 1611 ; died 1623, aged 80. His organ and virginal compositions are innumer- able ; nearly seventy of his compositions were in Queen Elizabeth's virginal book.
Birmingham Musical Festival, established as a public charity, to found a hospital, September, 1768 ; none but English vocalists were engaged as prin- cipals; orchestra 70, chorus 40. The Triennial Festival was organized 1778; its second meeting was held in 1784 ; and since that time it has been held trienni- ally, except in 1793, when the theatre, in which the Festival was always held, was destroyed by fire.
BiscACCiANTi (Eliza Ostinelli), born in Boston, 1825, became celebrated as an opera singer; now resides in Rome, where she has one son living, who is a subaltern officer of volunteers in Italy, stationed near Rome. The immense sums of money she had earned, the jewels and ornaments given her, and even the golden crown bestowed upon her, perhaps prevented her return to her native city.
Bishop, Anna, wife of Sir Henry R. Bishop, born in London, was educated at the Royal Academy of Music, in Lon- don. Her first appearance in public was at a concert given by Bochsa, July 5, 1839; made a tour through Europe between 1839 and 1843; gave in that
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION". 4o^7^M^ ^^-^
time 260 concerts ; from 1843 to 1846 re- mained in Italy; went to England 1847, and tlience, 1855, to Australia; in 1858, af t«r visiting North and Soutli America, she returned to England ; in 1859 came again to the United States and visited Canada, remaining until 1805; in 1868 was in California ; from thence she vis- ited China, Egypt, etc., and has since been in California, Australia, and Eng- land. Her visit and reception in the large cities of the United States will be remembered by the thousands who heard and admired her.
Bishop, Henry Rowley, born in London, 1782 ; in 1806 commenced the course of composition which distin- guished him; in 1809 produced the music for an opera; in 1810 became composer and director of the music at Covent Garden, where he remained until 1823, producing many operas and much music ; he composed more than seventy theatrical pieces, and a long catalogue of popular music of all kinds ; was pro- fessor of harmony and composition at the Royal Academy; in 1839 Bachelor of Music and conductor of the concerts of anelent music; earned more money than any English composer, and died poor ; no Englishman has composed so much music, and few better; was pro- fessor at the Universities of Edinburgh and Oxford, and was knighted by the Queen, 1842. In 1836 he married the well known Madame Anna Bishop, and they separated on account of her deter-
^ mination to sing in public; a son and ft daughter came of this marriage. Died
^ May 1, 1855. . BissELL, T., born in England ; known
r^ as a music-teacher, organist, and com-
:^ poser, Boston, Mass., published one or two collections of church music.
"^ Black Letter Psalms were those
of Cotton Mather, in blank verse, fitted unto the tunes commonly used ; so that while each psalm looks exactly like prose, and may be read as such, it is in fact modulated so that it may be sung as li/ric verse ; the measure was length- ened by words in black letter ; the cho- rister had only to say '■'■ siwj with the black letter,'^ or, " sing without it," and the choir could get along very well, using common or long metre.
Blacklock, Thomas, born at An- nan, 1721 ; celebrated as a song-writer ; died at Edinburgh, July, 1791. Blake, Geo. E., born 1775; was, at
the time of his death, the olde.^t music publisher in America; commenced the business in Philadelphia, 1802, and for many years engraved with his own hands all the plates of the music he published ; died Feb. 24, 1871, aged 96.
Blake, Timothy, of Barnstead, N.H., fife and drum major for the five vears' war of 1812, died Dec. 30, 1872, aged 82.
Blaze, F. H. J. C, born at Cavillon, December 1, 1784; celebrated as a critic and musical writer; adapted many Ital- ian and German operas to the French stage ; died 1853.
Blewitt, John, composer of panto- mime music and popular comic songs ; wrote for Di'ury Lane and for Vauxhall Gardens, also for the English glee clubs : was the composer of upwards of two thousand original pieces of music, and a pianist; died in London, September, 1853, aged 73.
Blind Tom. (See Thomas Greeit Bethune. )
Blow, John, doctor of music, born 1648, at North Collingham, England; was, in 1685, musician to James IL, and master of the choristers of St. Paul's Church; was a composer of anthems, church music, songs and other music (his compositions and his scholars who arrived at eminence have rendered his name venerable among the musicians of England) ; died in London, Oct. 1, 1708.
Blumenthal, J., born at Hamburg, 1829; settled in London, where he be- came famous for orchestral compositions and other works.
Board of Music Trade. In 1856, the music business of the United States had become of such magnitude and im- portance that parties engaged in the music publishing department found it necessary to form a Board of Music Trade, and to adopt a uniform plan of transacting business. The Board seeks first to protect the interests of dealers and teachers.
BocHSA, R. N. Charles, born at Montmedi, France, 1789; a celebrated harpist and composer (among his com- positions are several operas ; went to England 1817, where he published much harp music ; in 1822 was director of the oratorios, and a life governor of the Royal Academy of Music) ; came to the LTnited States with Madame Anna Bishop ; visited Mexico, South America,
A DICTIONAKY OF MUSICAL INTORMATIOK.
California, and Australia ; he died at Sydney, Jan. 7, 1857, aged 68.
BoEHM, Theobald," inventor of the "Boelim flute," so called, the most celebrated of German flutists ; was born in Bavaria in 1802, and belonged to the band of the king at Munich ; composed all forms of music for the flute, some with orchestral accompaniment.
Bohemia. The music-loving Bohe- mians, in 1810, formed an association for the promotion of music, established a conservatory, which H. D. Weber di- rected 25 years, and introduced music in the lunatic asylum as a means of cure.
BoiELDiEU, F. A., the world-renown- ed musician, born at Rouen, Dec. 15, 1775 ; excelled as a pianist and compo- ser; died at Jarcy, near Paris, Oct. 9, 1834. His second wife, a brilliant opera singer, died in Paris, January, 1854.
BoNAwiTZ, J. H., born at Durkheim, Dec. 4, 1839 ; known as the composer of several operas ; came to this country 1872; his '^ Bride of Messina '' has been performed in Philadelphia.
Bond, Capel, of Coventry, England, leader of the Birmingham Festival, 1768 ; organist ; died 1790.
Bond, H. F., invented a machine for ruling paper and recording music as per- formed upon the piano-forte, 1840.
BoNDiNi, a native of Bologna, pro- duced Italian opera at Dresden, 1776 ; Mozart wrote '^Don Juan " for him ; died 1796. His daughter, Marie Anna, born at Dresden, Oct. 18, 1780, pianist and vocalist, married L. Barilli, and died 1813. Terese, his other daughter, was court singer at Dresden, 1782.
Bonnie Doon. Robert Burns says, " There is an air, 'The Caledonian IlunV s Belif/ht,' to which I wrote a song, ' Ye Banks and Braes o' Bonnie Boon,'' &c. ; " letter dated November, 1794, It has been stated that one Mr. Clark composed the air, and that it could be played only on the black keys.
Book of Psalms in metre, plain and easy for the tunes ; by William Barton, London, 1644.
Books. One of the earliest books printed, known to have musical nota- tion, was bv Gafor of Lodi; printed 1487. (See Psalmody.)
Boot, F., of Boston, Mass., composed some quartets for stringed instruments, and other compositions of merit, at Florence, Italy, 1853; also composer of -jiany songs.
BoRGHi, Adelaide, one of the most
accomplished singers on the lyric stage, was indebted to Rossini for her musical education ; became permanently located at Milan.
Borneo Island Music. In their scale the semitones fall between the 2d and 3d, and 4th and 5th ; they use an instrument made of three reed pipes, and capable of producing harmony.
BoRTNiANSKY, cliapel master to the emperor, in Russia, from 1782 to 1826, employed contra-bass voices in his choral masses, to sing an octave below the other basses; was a composer; died 1826.
Bosio, Angiolina, an artist whose triumphs were brilliant, born at Turin, Aug. 20, 1829; visited this country 1850, and was one of the most accomplished singers who had appeared here ; died at St. Petersburg, April 12, 1859.
Bottesini, born at Crema, Lombardy, 1823; known as a performer on the double bass, and as an orchestral con- ductor; has produced an opera, '' Ali Baba," in London, 1873; his visit to this country in 1853, with M. Jullien, and subsequent visit with Madame Son- tag to Mexico, will be remembered.
Boucher, Alex., born in Paris, 1778; known as a violinist at the concerts of Catalan! ; director of music to Charles IV. of Spain, and well-known in Russia, Germany, and Poland ; died in Paris, January, 1862.
Bourgeois, L., one of the first to set French psalms to music after Marot ; published 83 psalms at Paris, 1561. France soon became flooded with psalm- ody as America has since been.
BowDiCH, M., wrote an account of African music and instruments. In which he describes the mandoline of five strings, and a harp of eight strings, upon which he heard a portion of Handel's Hallelujah Chorus performed.
Bow-Harpsichord, invented by Gar- brecht, of Konigsberg ; it was performed upon by means of a bow under the strings.
Bow Instruments in use have most- ly four strings, which are made to vi- brate by passing a bow over them, pro- ducing tones from forte to piano ; the strings are shortened by placing the fingers upon them and pressing them upon the finger-board, thus producing all required sounds possible with the compass of the strings.
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
21
BowKER, Dextee, a member of the Handel and Haydn Society since 1846 ; died in Boston, 1873.
BoYCE, Dr. William, ranks at the head of the English Cathedral composers of the last century. He was born in 1710. At the age of 24 he was elected organist at St. Michael's Church in Lon- don, and organist and composer of the King's Chapel. He died Feb. 17, 1779. . Bradbury, William B., born in .^ York, Me.^816, early became a teacher of music ; in 1847 went to Leipsic and studied there; returned in 1849, and devoted his attention to teaching, com- posing, and to the publication of church music books, glee books, Sunday-school books, and other musical works, to the number of more than thirty volumes; in 1849 commenced manufacturing piano-fortes, and died at Moiitclair, N. J., Jan. ^, 1868, aged 52.
Brady, Nicholas, born at Bandon, Ireland, Oct. 28, 1659; celebrated in connection with Nahum Tate as a ver- sifier of the psalms, 1092 ; wrote an ode for the feast of St. Cecilia, performed in London, Nov. 22, 1852; died in Rich- mond, near London, May 20, 1726.
Braham, John, born of Jewish pa- rents in London {Abraham), 1774; cele- brated as a concert, opera, and oratorio singer and composer; held during life the first rank among English stage sing- ers; came to the United States 1840, and, though then advanced in years, his power, compass of voice, and majesty of execution were astonishing; sang in opera, in oratorio, and in the concert room in Boston ; his success as a vocal- ist was without precedent, and he was also renowned as a composer ; he wrote many songs and operas ; died in London, Feb. 17, 1855, aged 81.
Braham, A., son of John, born in London, 1821, became known as a tenor singer at Edinburgh, and came to this country with Catharine Hayes.
Brainard, Silas, born at Lempster, N. H., Feb. 14, 1814; an excellent flute player; in 1834 went to Cleveland, Ohio, and in 1836 founded the house of S. Brainard & Sons ; he was author of a *^ Violin Instructor'^ and some other musical works; died April 8, 1871, aged 57.
Brattle, Thomas, Esq., of Boston, Mass., in 1713 procured an organ from Europe, which he presented to the Queen's Chapel: but so great were the
public prejudices then existing in Bos- ton that this organ remained seven months in the porch of the church before it was unpacked.
Brazilian Music. Yocal and in- strumental music are cultivated, and some composers are known. The Em- peror has a fine band, and pianists and guitarists among this people excel ; the national songs are of Portuguese origin.
Bridgman, Charles, foV eighty-one years organist at Hertford, Eng., a term unexampled in the annals of the musi- cal world; three generations of the inhabitants of that town were indebted to him for the cultivation of their musi- cal talents and tastes; died October, 1873, aged 95.
Brignoli, a celebrated tenor singer, came to this country in 1855, and sang with success in New York and else- where.
Bristow, George F., a talented pian- ist, violinist and composer, born in Brooklyn, New York^l825; his first ^^• symphony was performed by the Phil- harmonic Society ;. he composed some ^^ , ^a music for Jullien^ orchestra; ^^ Eip Van Winkle,^' for the Pyne and Harri- son troupe; an oratorio, '^Praise of God,''' 1860, and other music, performed in New York ; has written and published many orchestral works since 1870.
Britton, Thomas, born 1654; from 1678 to 1714 he entertained the intelli- gent world of London at his musical weekly soirees, always gratuitously; died Sept. 15, 1714.
Broadwood, . James, a celebrated piano-forte maker in London. His in- struments were considered as excelling in workmanship and tone.
Broadwood, John, in 1773 entered into partnership with the son of Shudi, whose sister he had married in 1769. This firm was afterwards known as John Broadwood & Sons, and later as James Broadwood.
Bromfield, Edward, Jun., born in Boston, Mass., 1723; at the age of 22 he built the first church organ made in this country; it "was accurate, had two rows of keys, and many hundred pipes ; it exceeded in workmanship any that had ever come herefrom Europe;" died in Boston, Aug. 18, 1746, aged 23.
Bronson. Oliver, (also written Brun- soN and Brown jon), was a teacher of music in various parts of New England ; a composer of some excellent music,
22
A dictio:n'ary of musical information
and publisher of " Select Tunes and An- thems,^^ 1783; also, ^'- Select Harmony. ^^
Brough, W. F., born in Ireland, 1787 ; famous bass singer; came to this coun- try with Mrs. Wood, 1847, and was in- strumental in bringing many operatic celebrities here ; died at Liverpool, Eng- land, 1857.
Brown, Bartholomew, born in Ster- ling, Mass., Sept. 8, 1772; with K Mitchell, compiled the old ^''Bridge- water Collection ; " died in Boston, April 14, 1854, aged 82.
Brunner, Charles T.,born at Chem- nitz, Saxony, Dec. 12, 1792, was cele- brated as a musician, composer, and teacher.
Buck, DuDLEY,an eminent composer, teacher, and conductor; became known by his compositions, and as an organist ; removed to Boston, where he has pro- duced many valuable works ; was born in Hartford, Connecticut, educated in Germany, and ranks high as an organist and composer.
BUCKMINSTER, JOSEPH StEVENS, WaS
born in Boston, Mass., May 26, 1784; published a collection of hymns in 1808, in which those of Watts and others were mutilated without notice; died June 9, 1810, aged 26.
BuELOw (or'BuLow), Hans Guido, Von, born in Dresden, Saxony, Jan. 8, 1830; made several musical tours in Europe ; became professor of the piano- forte department at the Berlin Conserv- atory, 1854 ; married a daughter of Liszt, and was appointed court pianist; was divorced 18(59, and went to Florence, w^here he received decorations and high honors.
Bugle. The old instrument was lim- ited to a few tones, but by the addition of keys its capabilities are equal to many other wind instruments. The notes upon the bugle were anciently called mots, and are distinguished, not by mu- sical characters, but by written words, in the old treatises on hunting.
Bugle with Pistons. This has a lower compass ; it is much better than the keyed bugle, and produces a good effect in playing certain melodies of slow movement.
Bull, Dr. John, a celebrated musi- cian ; born in Somersetshire, Eng., 1563 ; was professor at Gresham Ccjllege ; after- wards settled at Lubec ; wrote more than two hundred vocal and instrumental compositions ; died at Antwerp, 1628.
Bull, Ole Bornemann, the cele- brated violinist, born in Bergen, Nor- way, 1810; well known in all musical countries ; the excitement he created in this country, 1844, has been kept fresh in the memory of our people by his oc- casional appearance since; has resided much in this country, and is esteemed not only as a great violinist, but as a man and citizen.
BuRDETT, Riley, vocalist and vio- linist; born in Putney, Vt., 1819; at present known by his reed organs.
Burgmueller, Norbert, born at Dusseldorf, Ger., Feb. 8, 1810; was so highly esteemed as a musician, that, when he died. May 7, 1836, Mendelssohn wrote a funeral march for the occasion.
BURGMULLER, FERDINAND, bom in
Magdeburg, 1804; became celebrated as a musician ; went to Hamburg and com- posed much music.
BuRNEY, Dr. C, born at Shrewsbury, 1726 ; author of a history of music and other works ; died 1814, aged 88.
BuRRowEs, John Freckleton, pu- pil of William Horsley, Mus. Bac. Ox- on. ; born in London on the 23d of April, 1787 ; first became known to the public by the production of an overture and several vocal pieces, with full orchestral accompaniments, at the Hanover Square concerts, and subsequently by an over- ture at the '' Philharmonic," of which society he was one of the original asso- ciates.
Busby, Thomas, doctor of music, was born in Westminster in 1755 ; his first essay in composition was an oratorio, called '■'The Prophecy,''^ performed with some applause at the Haymarket Thea- tre in 1799; the other principal works of Dr. Busby consist of a collection of sacred music entitled, " TJie Divine Hctr- monist.^' Dr. Busby has also published a small musical dictionary and a gram- mar of music; a ^'General History of 3Iusic,^' being an abridgment of those of Burney and Hawkins ; and in 1814, a '^Musical Biof/rajjhy, or Memoirs of the Lives and Writings of the most eminent Musical Composers and Writers who have flourished in the different Countries of Eurox)e during the last three Centuries.^'
Butterfield, J. A., born in Hert- fordshire, Eng., May 18, 1837; became known as a vocalist and violinist; came to this country, and settled at Indian apolis, Ind., where he became a teacher, composer, and publisher ; he has written
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
23
vocal and instrumental music, and one or two popular cantatas.
BuxTEHUDE, famous as an organist from 1035 to 1707 ; was a teacher in the Bach family. Died at Lubeck.
BuxTEHUDE, D., celebrated organist, at Lubeck, from 1(390 to 1710; Bach vis- ited him to hear him play, and to study his method.
o.
C, the letter to which Guido applied the tone-name ut, now called do ; the first of the scale in C.
Cadecasa, the original Zerlina in ^^ Don Giovanni," and for seventy years a celebrated singer ; died at Milan, No- vember, 1869.
Caffarellt, Gaetano Majorano, a celebrated Italian singer, born in 1708; went to England in the year 173S; amassed much money by his jirofession, and purchased the duchy of Santo Do- rato, in the kingdom of Naples ; died in 1783, aged 80.
Calamus, Pastoralis, a simple reed ; one of the first known musical instru- ments of antiquity.
Calkin, G., inventor of an "Indica- tor," placed over the key-board, telling the names of the notes ; those on the lines red, those on the spaces black.
Callcott, John Wall, born at Ken- sington, England, 1766; was self-edu- cated, and became an organist 1783; took his doctor's degree, 1800; wrote his ^^ Musical Grammar," 1805; wrote a mu- sical dictionary and a work on musical biography, and numerous compositions, besides anthems, services, odes, &c. ; died May 15, 1821, aged 55.
Calliope, an invention by which steam-whistles are made to perform the office of organ-pipes; introduced by I. C. Stoddard of Worcester, Mass. ; it was improved upon by A. L. Denay of New Orleans, 1857; and a ^^ Steam Organ" was invented by James Burkett, of Eng- land, 1835.
Calvin, John, born at Noyon, in Picardy, July 10, 1509. Until recently, no one has had the hardihood to dispute the statement made by Hullah in his History, and repeated in almost every recent lecture on sacred music, that " Calvin, unlike Luther, seems never to have recognized music as a means of religious expression; scarcely, even, to have appreciated it as an aid to devo- tion ; and the music of his followers has suffered accordingly." But the Euing
Lecturer of the Anderson! an University has recently written a letter to an Eng- lish musical journal, in which he claims that Calvin labored harder even than Luther himself to introduce church music not only into France, but also into England. In 1538-40, Calvin, Miles Coverdale, and the Wedderburns met in exile in Saxony, and sat at the feet of Luther. The German singing of praise surprised and delighted them all ; and Calvin immediately set to work to do for his own people what Luther had done for the German-speaking people. He first put into French metre the 25th and 46th Psalms, and got them set to music at Strasbourg ; tliese he took to his congregation on his return to Ge- neva. They became so popular that he then engaged Clement Marot to render all the Psalms into French verse ; but the poet died after having completed fifty-one. Calvin then applied to Beza, who finished the woi-k. Luther had only rendered sixteen into German verse. Luther also set his Psalms to popular German ballad-tunes ; but Cal- vin employed Guilleaume Franc, of Strasbourg, to compose music which he considered more appropriate for the words. The first English Psalter was printed at Geneva in 1556, and bears on the title-page Calvin's name and his express sanction. Died May 27, 1564.
Cambert, an organist and composer ; born at Paris, 1628 ; the first French mu- sician that set an opera to music, 1659 ; afterwards wrote several operas, but was rivalled by LuUi ; died in London, 1677.
Cameron, D., the celebrated piper of Edinburgh, from 1838 to 1868. Died at Inverness, March, 1868.
Campagnoli, B, violinist; bom in Italy, Sept. 10, 1751 ; died 1827.
Campanini, Italic, born in Parma 1846; made his d^but in Russia, where he remained three years ; went to Milan, and achieved most signal success on the continent as a tenor singer ; appeared at
24
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
Drury Lane, London, 1872; came to America 1873.
Campbell, S. C, born in Hartford, Conn., 1830, barytone of the Parepa opera troupe; died at Chicago, Nov. 28, 1874. He had gained fame at home and abroad.
Campenhout, Van, a Belgian musi- cian, Avho composed the music to the *' Brahanconne,^' or national hymn ; was promoted to the office of chapel-master, and presented with a gold snuff-box by the king. The words were written by Jenneval, a French actor, who died 1830.
Campoeese, a famous singer in France and England, 1817 to 1823.
Campea, a,, born at Aix, in Pro- vence, 1660; a composer for .30 years; died at Versailles, July 29, 1744.
Cannabich, C, violinist, was in 1778 one of the best solo players in Ger- many.
CajS^non were used as a musical ad- junct in Dresden, 1645; at St. Peters- burg, 1778 ; at Boston, by Burditt, 1858 ; by Gilmore, 1872.
Cantus Ambrosianus, introduced at Milan in the 4th century.
Canzonets, for four and five voices, were first introduced, 1560, by Alessan- dro Romano ; also the use of many in- struments as accompaniments.
Capua, Rinaldo di, born at Naples, 1703; was the first who introduced in- strumental symphonies in Italy; it has been claimed that he was the inventor of accompanied recitative, because he used it.
Caradoei. See Allan, Madame. She married Mr. Allan, August, 1823.
Caeafa, Michel, born at Naples, Nov. 17, 1785; wrote in his youth, for amateurs, an opera called "IZ Fantas- ma,'^ and composed, about 1802, two cantatas, " II Natale di Giove,^' and ^^ Achille e Deidamla ;^' in 1814 pro- duced his first opera, called " II Vascelle V Occidente,^^ at the theatre Del Fonde; and many successful works afterwards to 1833; his " Semircwiis'^ and "■ Masa- niello^^ are among the best operas. A short time before the death of this old composer, his wife died ; and July 27, 1872, one of the most prolific writers of the century died also.
Carey, G. S., son of Henry, born in England 1743; travelled forty years, singing his own compositions; died July 4, 1807.
Carey, H., musician; born 1663; composer of " Sally in our Alley,'' and many other songs and cantatas ; died at Cold Bath Fields, England, 1743.
Carhart, Jeremiah, widely and ex- tensively known as an instrument mak- er in this country, as early as 1836; while studying the construction of the accordeon, discovered that the tones were much better when the wind was drawn through the reeds than when it was expelled through them, and applied this knowledge in constructing the me- lodeon; took out a patent for his im- provements, 1846; died August, 1868.
Carillons, a small instrument fur- nished with bells; also a number of bells so arranged as to give forth musi- cal sounds, and upon which music can be played by hammers striking the dif- ferent bells. The name has been given to the tunes played, as well as to the set of bells.
Carlbeeg, Gotthold, born in Ber- lin, 1838 ; came to New York, 1859, and Avas engaged as a writer for the " Staats Zeitung ; " in 1865 was conductor of concerts in Berlin; in 1869 wrote two works on the culture of the voice, at Vienna ; became director of opera in Tri- este ; in 1870 conducted at Warsaw and St. Petersburg ; in 1871 returned to New York, with the concert company of Prince Galitzin.
Carols. The custom of singing car- ols at Christmas dates from the time of Gilbert, 1521, or from the time when the common people ceased to under- stand Latin. Telesphorus, who died A. D. 138, ordered that an Angelic Hymn be sung in church the night before Christmas.
Caereno, Teresa, born in Caraccas, Venezuela, Dec. 22, 1853, of Spanish parents; sang with correctness at the age of two years; at five, commenced playing the piano-forte; made her ap- pearance at Music Hall, Boston, Mass., Dec. 22, 1862, aged nine years, having previously played, a piece for four hands, with her teacher, in New York; she improvised with great facility, and her compositions are of remarkable beauty.
Caeeoy, Eustache i)u, was born at Beauvais, and was chapel-master under Henry III. and Henry IV. ; he contrib- uted powerfully to the conversion of the latter, and, during the king's objurga- tion at the church of St. Dennis, caused a magnificent Te Deum to be executed.
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
25
Gary, Annie Louise, born at Wayne, Me., 1842; could sing before she could talk plainly; went to Boston, 1859, and sang there and in other cities until 1866, wiien she went to Europe ; sang at Milan, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Ham- burg, Brussels, and other German cities, and later in Paris, everywhere with success ; returning to this country with Mile. Nilsson, she appeared in New York, Sept. 19, 1871, sharing the honors of the fair Swede, whose soaring soprano was well supported by Miss Cary's rich contralto.
Castellan, born at Lyons, France, 1823; appeared in opera at the age of sixteen; was in Mexico, 1842; came to this country, 1843; sang in London, 1846, and returned here in 1855; since which she has remained in London and Paris. Meyerbeer wrote the part of Bertha, in " The Prophet,^'' for her.
Castil, G., composer and author; born at Montefiascon, 1721 ; resided at the court of Joseph II. ; wrote several operas, the hero of one being Cicero, who sings a comic parody of his cele- brated speech " Quosque tandem,^^ &c. ; died in Paris, Feb. 7, 1808.
Castello, Daeio, a composer of in- strumentaJt music, published at Venice, in the years 1627 and 1629.
Catalani, Angelica, born at Sini- gaglia, near Rome, 1783 ; appeared as a singer at Venice when fifteen years old ; married Mons. Valebreque; sang in Spain, where the price of tickets to her concert was six ounces of gold; next sang in Paris ; and then remained in England until 1815, when she returned to Paris at a fabulous salary ; from this point she visited all parts of Europe, meeting with prodigious success ; for twenty-two years she held a high rank among musicians, and, having amassed a fortune, she founded a free music- school for girls at Florence, on condi- tion that they should add Catalani to their names ; in 1849 went to Paris, and died in Paris July 12, 1849, aged m, leaving $1,600,000 to her three chil- dren.
Catel, C. S., a French musician, born 1773; famous for his ^^ Treatise on Harmony ;^' died at Paris, 1830.
Cecilia, Saint, a Roman lady of liigh descent, doomed to suffer martyrdom; the chosen patroness of musicians ; from her skill in singing is especially regarded as the patroness of sacred music.
Celtic Music. Like birds, the Celts delighted in tuneful melodies ; they did not practise part-singing, and used the Greek scales.
Cervalet. a small bassoon, blown through a reed like that of the haut- boy.
CiiA. A Chinese instrument having the chromatic scale.
Channel, Maky, one of the singers that welcomed George Washington to Boston; died there June, 1855, aged 90; was born in England.
CiiAPPELL, William, Esq., author of a collection of '"'■Ancient EwiUsh Melo- die/^,'' and other works, London. Eng.
Characters, to indicate expression in singing, were introduced in this country 1812.
Charity Music. The first instance of the introduction of music in aid of charity was in 1709, for the benefit of the sons of the clergy in England.
Charles L, a famous performer upon stringed instruments. Charles IX., a violinist and vocalist; he had a viol of such capacity as to contain several sing- ers who sang inside while he played bass and sang tenor. Charles the Bold was, like his father and grandfather, a musi- cian and composer. Charles V. was a musician and critic ; his choir consisted of 15 good singers.
Chauncey, Nathaniel, of Durham, Conn., published, 1727, an ''''Essay on singing the Songs of the Lord ; " after preaching in that place for fifty years, died there at an advanced age.
Cheney, Moses E., born Dec. 10, 1812 ; known as a teacher for many years; was one of the " Cheney Family,^' who all acquired reputation as singers and musicians ; was a composer and le- gislator; had a method of his own, and repudiated that of the books; was the founder of musical conventions in Ver- mont, and a lecturer on music.
Cheney, Simeon P., musician and teacher; went to reside at Dorset, Vt. ; well known as a musician in New Eng- land: there were also in the family, Joseph Y., Elizabeth E., and Nathaniel, all good singers.
Cherub INI, Maria L. Z. Salvator, born at Florence Sept. 8, 1760; was a composer at the age of thirteen years ; wrote constantly for the theatre and the church ; went to London 1784, and set- tled in Paris 1788; wote many operas for France and England; in 1822, be-
26
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
came director of the Conservatoire; was invested with the Grand Cross of the LeG;ion of Honor, and died full of honors March 15, 1842.
CiiE\^"s System substitutes numer- als for the letters ; the same as that of Rousseau and by Souhaitty, but aban- doned as useless.
CiiiCKERiNG, JoxAs, bom at New Ipswich, N.H., April, 1797; spent much of his leisure in learning to sing, and to play such instruments as were in use; was very ingenious, and was employed to tune the first piano he ever saw, and succeeded; went to Boston, 1818, and was employed by Mr. Osborn, piano- forte manufacturer ; played the clarinet and bass-drum, and sang in church; became a maker of piano-fortes, and founded the well-known house of Chick- eri ng & Sons ; and was the friend and assistant of musical artists in Boston and elsewhere; in 1852 his establish- ment was destroyed by fire, but was soon rebuilt. He was a leading man in all musical improvements, and held offices in the societies of the city ; died at Boston, Dec. 9, 1853, leaving four chil- dren ; the sons continue the business.
Chimes, a collection of bells struck with hammers. AVTien sevei-al bells are placed in the same tower, and are care- fully tuned to each other, they are called a peal of bells. At Antwerp, Holland, the chime of bells on the great cathedral are played upon, then; being a different tune for every hour of the day ; and they play the entire music of an opera, giv- ing a short strain at the quarter-hour, and a longer one at the half-hour. So the people hear music all day and all night.
Chixese Flute, made of bamboo, and bound with silk to prevent its cracking.
Chinese Music. It is claimed by tins people that music has been a study among them for 2,200 years, and that the empire is full of tunes : but their system is so elaborate that other nations cannot understand their notation.
Chiroplast, guide for the hand in piano-forte playing.
Chladni, Ernst Floeens Fried- rich, born at AVittenburg, 1756 ; wrote a ^'Treatise on Acoustics ;^' invented the euphon, 1789, which consists of glass cylinders to be rubbed longitudinally with the fingers moistened, somewhat like the harmonica; the clair-cylindre, 1800, contains a fingerboard and a cylin-
der of glass, turned by means of a pedal and a wheel ; died 1827.
Choir Organ is the smaller or softer- toned organ.
Choir Singing was practised in the Jewish Temple, where alsh originated the antiphonal chant. In England 24 persons formed a choir, 1194.
Choir of David consisted of 4,000 singers under 280 leaders, with instru- mental accompaniments.
Chopin, Frederic, born in Warsaw, March 1, 1810; became a very celebrated composer and pianist; his piano-forte compositions are various and numerous ; many of them are notturnos, ballads, impromptus, scherzos, polonaises, ma- zurkas, waltzes, and boleros; has also written concertos and sonatas ; after a long and painful sickness, he died Oct. 17,1849.
Chorley, Henry Fothebgill, was born in 1808, and when young went to reside in London, having studied music previously; he became connected with " The Athenoium,''^ and for thirty-five years conducted the musical department of that paper. Among his many pub- lished works, his '^ Modern German Mu- sic,'^ ^"Modern Operas,'' and " Thirty Years' Musical Recollections," are well known. He wrote many librettos and songs (which latter show a certain cul- ture and refinement remarkable; died of heart disease, Februa^'y, 1872, aged 64.
Christ Church Chime, Boston ; a present from John Rowe, of England, 1744; it consists of eight bells, is over a century old, and perfect. Many tunes are performed upon this chime.
Christ Church Chime, Philadel- phia, welcomed George Washington; rang the royal birthdays ; rang when independence was proclaimed; pealed joyfully when the Constitution was adopted ; and has heralded more than 100 Christmas festivals.
Chromatic Musical Hand. Guido distinguished the sounds by the joints of the fingers ; five fingers representing the staff of five lines with the four inter- mediate spaces ; sharps are represented at the root of the fingers, and flats at the tips of the fingers.
Chromatic Tuning-fork, an instru- ment consisting of two forks so marked, and adjusted with a movable slide, as to produce all the tones of the chromatic scale.
Chute, Lionel, a music-master, came
' ' ' ' / ' T •
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMiVTION.'
^/r^>
27
.^^-T
to this country, 1630. Thomas, born 1690, taught music in Salem, Mass. Andrew, born Sept. 15, 1789, was a composer and teaclier in Nova Scotia, 20 years; died in Canada West, Feb. 17, 1862. William E. , born in Nova Scotia, 18o2 ; a teaclier and composer, also col- lector of ancient books on music; has taught in New England, West, and South, and in Canada, where he now resides.
CiMAROSA, DoMiNico, born at Naples, 1754 ; became early celebrated as a dra- matic composer, and wrote many operas between 1779 and 1792; was originally a baker, and had hardly finished his apprenticeship when he began to com- pose operas; died at Venice, Jan. 11, 1801.
Circassian Music. Having no writ- ten language, this people have treasured up their history in music: their songs recount the traditions of antiquity, which are thus handed down, by sing- ing, from one generation to another.
CiTHARA, an ancient instrument, like the lyre, with three strings, which were in time increased to twenty-four.
CiTHARA HisPANicA. Spanish guitar.
Clangor Tubarum, a Roman mili- tary trumpet : a sample of it was found at Pompeii.
Clarinet, a wind instrument of the reed kind, the scale of which includes every semitone; invented by J. C. Denner, Leipsic, 1695.
Clarion, a bugle-horn formerly used in cavalry music and in some orchestras ; a Moorish octave trumpet.
Clarke, W^illiam H., author of a '^ New Method for Beed Organs,'''' is an organist and a church-organ builder at Indianapolis, Ind., 1874.
Clarscu, or Clar-seach, one of the several Irish harps.
Clavecin, Clavichord, Clavier, all names for an old keyed, stringed in- strument, superseded by the piano- forte.
Clavicord, a name for the clavi- chord, a keyed instrument like the spinet.
Clementi & Co., manufacturers of wind instruments, London. Their in- struments were considered as the best in their day. Their flutes were very popular in the day of Nicholson, after whose plan, and under whose immediate direction, they made great numbers. - Clementi, Muzio, a celebrated pia-
nist and composer; born at Rome, 1752; early acquired a great reputation in all Europe ; resided mostly in London, but some in Paris ; composed nuich ; became wealthy, retired, and died at Worcester, Eng., March 10, 1832, aged 83.
CoLsoN, Pauline, for several years the reigning and admired prima donna of the French Italian opera in New York, New Orleans, and Boston, where she came in 1858 with the Strakosch company.
Comer, Thomas, born at Bath, Eng- land, 1790; went upon the stage 1818, and in 1821 appeared at the Covent Garden Theatre, where he played until 1827, when he came to this country, and made his appearance at the Bowery in New York ; two years later he came to Boston as musical director at the Tre- niont Theatre, where he prepared the operas in which Mr. and Mrs. Wood ap- peared ; was afterwards mvisical director at the Boston Theatre; many popular airs of his composition are still fresh in memory; was well known in Boston as " Honest Tom Comer; " was a member of the best orchestras and musical soci- eties; composed much music, and re- mained in Boston thirty-five years ; died July 28, 1862, aged 72.
Concert in Action. On the 13th day of July, 1645, a concert in action was given at Dresden, and all the artists of Germany, Switzerland, ihe Vaud, Poland, and Italy, were invited to unite with their pupils in the great festival ; many thousands assembled, and a bat- tery of artillery assisted. A double fugue, representing the Assyrians flying before the victorious Israelites, closed the per- formance.
Concert of Ancient Music, estab- lished in London, England, 1776, under the direction of a body of noblemen.
Concert-giving originated in the reign of Charles II. The first were in ale-houses, then in taverns, and even- tually in public rooms and halls for the purpose of making money from entrance- fees. Italian singers were employed as early as 1676.
Concone, M., well known in the musical world as a teacher of vocal music, and by liis writings; chapel- master of the king of Italy; died at Turin, July, 1861.
Conservatory of Paris, founded by Sarette, 1795.
Contra-Basso, the double bass ; an
-v? ^ y-^ Y^*
^Atny^'^c.
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
instrument in the form of the violon- cello.
Contra Bassoon, very large, but in the form of the faqotto; one is used in the Grand Opera, Paris.
Contra-Fagotto, an octave below the fagotto, or small bassoon ; made in the same form.
I Conventions, called musical, ori- ' ginated in New Hampshire, with the Central Musical Society; the first one was held at Concord, N.H., September, 1829 ; it was conducted by Henry Eaton Moore. Moses E. Cheney claims to have held the first in Vermont.
Cooke, Dr. Benjamin, a celebrated English musician, born 1734, and in 1780 was organist and master of tbe boys of Westminster Abbey. Dr. Cooke com- posed many beautiful vocal pieces ; died 179.3.
CoRELLi, A., born at Bologna, 1653: founder of the Roman school of violin- ists ; composed much for his instrument ; died at Rome, Jan. 18, 1713.
Corn de Chasse, the French horn,
CoRNELLi, Adelaide, vocalist, widow of the celebrated tenor Rubini, died on the 36th of January, 1874, at Milan; left all of her large fortune to tbe town of Romano, in Lombardy, the birthplace of her husband, to be em- ployed in founding, 1st, an orphan asy- lum for boys, with a school-farm ; 2d, a college of eight classes ; 3d, a home for musical artists.
CoRNETTiNO, a Small cornet or octave trumpet.
CoRNO, OR CoRNi. French horn or horns.
CoRNO Ingles'^. English horn, a reed instrument like the hautboy.
CORNMUSE, OR CORNAMUSA, the old
bagpipe.
CoRRi, D., born at Rome, Oct. 4, 1746 ; famous composer; died at Hampstead, England, May 22, 1825 ; his wife was a celebrated vocalist. Natale, born at Rome, 1765; famous teacher; died at Weisbaden, June 24, 1822. Montague, burn at Edinburgh, 1785; celebrated composer of theatre aad military music. Hayden, composer and organist ; died In Dublin, Feb. 18, 1860, aged 75. Dus- sek, an opera singer ; died at Brompton, England, 1870.
Costa, Michele, born at La Cerra, near Naples, 1810; but a resident of Lon- don, England, since 1830, when he be- came conductor of the orchestra at her
Majesty's Theatre, and director of the Philharmonic Society; wrote ^'■Bon Car- los,'''' '^ Meiek-Adel,'' ^^ Eli,'' and other works, and became very popular and wealthy ; was director of Covent Garden Opera, 1847 ; since 1849, director of the Birmingham Festivals.
Counterpoint was first applied as the name of polyphonic music, by De- muris. Previously it was the custom for musicians to improvise parts to accom- pany the melody ; and this practice be- came so offensive in church music that it was abolished by a papal decree.
CovERDALE, MiLES, born in York- shire, England, 1487 ; was the first to pre- pare Psalms in verse for the purpose of being sung; his "GoosUy Psalmes and S})irltuall Sonr/es " were published in London, England, 1538; in tbis edition the first verse of each psalm is accom- panied by musical notes ; died 1568.
Cramer, John Baptist, son of Wil- liam ; boi'n in Germany, but went to England when young ; became a pianist, and travelled on the continent, and gave concerts in the capital towns ; became known as a composer, 1791, and pub- lished some works at Paris; became celebrated as a teacher as well as com- poser ; was unrivalled as a pianist ; his works are very numerous and cele- brated ; died in London, April 16, 1858, aged 87.
Cremonas, violins made at Cremona, in Italy.
Croft, William, born at Nether Eatington, Warwickshire, 1677 ; became early known as an organist and com- poser; in 1711, published his '^ JDivine Harmony ;" in 1715 was made doctor of music in the university at Oxford ; pub- lished much choral music ; died Aug. 27, 1727, aged 50.
Crotch, Dr. William, born at Nor- wich, England, July 5, 1775; was an extraordinary musical genius ; at the age of twenty-two was a professor at Oxford where he received the degree of doctor of music ; published much music, and was a profound theorist ; published, among many valuable works, several treatises on harmony and comiDosition; died at Taunton, England, Dec. 29, 1847, aged 72.
Crouch, F. Nicholls, a popular Eng- lish composer; author of the song ^'■Kathleen Mavourneen;" born in Eng- land, July 31, 1808; was engaged as vio- loncellist in the King's Theatre, Lon-
A DICTIONAEY OF MUSICAL mFORMATIOK.
29
don, in 1817; lie came to America about 1848, and was engaged in the same capacity in one of the Italian opera troupes about the year 1848; he has since been established as a successful teacher in Portland, Me., where he was at the head of several musical societies, and active in the getting-up of classical performances, such as oratorios, madri- gals, and chamber music; afterwards removed to Washington, D.C., and thence to Virginia.
OuxNiNGHAM, Allaw, musician, born at Blackwood, Scotland, 1784 ; au- thor of "Relics of Nithsdale and Gallo- way Song;" died Oct. 20, 1842. Wil- liam F.," born at Kettering, England, Oct. 25, 1803 ; came to America, 1841 ; composer and director; died at Phila- delphia, Jan. 14, 1871. Peter, son of Allan, composer in London, 1847.
CuEwiN, John, of London, England, known by his Tonic Sol Fa system, in which Do stands for the key-note of all keys.
Cutler, Henry Stephen, Mus.
Doc, born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 7,
1825; edited ''Trinity Psalter,'' 1863;
J published " Trinity Anthems,'' original
music, 186G; organist at Boston, and later of Trinity Church, New York ; now at St. Ann's, Brooklyn, and on Satur- days at the Temple Emanuel Synagogue, New York.
Cutler, William Henry, Mus. Bac. Oxon., born in London, 1792 ; celebrated as a singer, organist, and teacher of music; composed much music for the church ; purchased the right to use Logier's system ; opened a school, and taught with great success.
Cymbals were originally bells, and were struck from the outside.
Cyrus, after the conquest of Babylon, established a number of Magi to sing in honor of the gods.
Czerny, Carl, a highly gifted au- thor and composer; born at Vienna, Feb. 21, 1791 ; became celebrated as a piano-forte performer and teacher, 1805 ; continued to teach for more than thirty years ; produced a great number of compositions ; published many practical works ; wrote many exercises, and was author of a treatise on the composition of all kinds of music, both vocal and instrumental ; died at Vienna, July 15, 1857, aged GG.
D.
'•^
D is the second note in the scale of C, called Ee.
Dab ABIE, M., of the Grand Opera, Paris; sang in the original caste of many works ; died 1853, aged 55.
Dagomirsky, a., composer of op- eras ; born at St. Petersburg ; died 1869.
Daifaori, S., an operatic singer, known favorably in London some years ; died there, Apri'l, 1870.
Dalayrac, N., born at Muret, in Languedoc, June 13, 1753; composed several operas, one of which was per- formed at a festival in honor of Benjamin Franklin ; died at Paris, Nov. 27, 1809.
Damon, William, set the whole book of psalms to music, 1579; one of the earliest collections of music in four parts.
Damoreau, Laure Cinthie Mon- talant, born in Paris, 1801 ; was a famous opera singer ; visited this coun- try 1844; died in Paris, March, 1863.
Danby, J., English glee composer; born 1758 ; died while a concert was per- forming for his benefit.
Ij
^
Dance, Wm., born 1755, was one of the founders of the Philharmonic So- ciety, London; composer and director; taught music for forty-eight years.
Dancing was practised by the early Christians in religious services ; psalm- tunes were danced in the time of Charles IX.
Danican, P. A., established the "Con- j ^^ cert Spirituel" lit Faris, 1725; the per- v ^ formers were from the Royal Acad- %^ > emy. ^"^ '^
Danican, F. a., born at Dreux, Sept. { 7, 1727; chapel-master of Louis XV., and composer; died in Loudon, Aug. 30, 1795.
Dannreuther, E., bom in Stras- ^^ bourg, 1844 ; came to this country 1853 ; 4 famous as a pianist. A ^
D'Aponte, L., born at Anoda (some^ (2! say Creda), 1748; writer of librettos for ^ Mozart; came to this country 1803; as- N'
ii
opera
^ ,
/Cw .JM^ lvr~ 2>^?>a.vw.
^. -4-t^
/ ^^
sisted in bringing the Garcia vyi^v^xc.^ troupe to New York, 1825 ; died August, > / 1838, aged 90. f 6
Dareis, a bass singer, at Marseilles, >^
A
80
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL IKFORMATION".
continued to sing until J 02 years of age, 1825.
Dakius, M., a tenor singer at the fu- neral of Louis XV. ; died at Rouen, Feb- ruary, 1838, aged 103.
Darley, W. H. W., born in New York, Sept. 9, 1801 ; director, composer, and organist; editor of cliurch music books; died July 31, 1872; was organist fifty years.
Darley, F. T. S., composer and di- rector; born in Philadelphia, where his works have been performed.
Darling, Geo. S., of Watertown, N.Y., invented, 1872, a new system of notation; the principle being to repre- sent iu the staff the key-board ; the spaces indicate the white keys, and the lines the black ones.
Dauney, W. B., at Aberdeen, 1800; author of ^^ Ancient Scottish Melodies,'^ 1838 ; died July 28, 1843.
Davenant (or D' Avenant), of Eng- land, wrote twenty-five o%)eras, the first produced after the Restoration, 1050; died in London, 1088.
David, Felicien, born at Cadenet. France, March 8, 1810; chiefly known by his great composition, ** The Desert,''^ 1844.
David, Ferdinand, was born in Hamburg, Jan. 19, 1810, and ranked among the first of German violinists ; was also a teacher and composer. At the age of thirteen he was studying under Spohr's guidance, and in 1825 became known as a performer. He played the first violin at the theatre in Berlin, Dorpat, and Leipsic; was the leader of the Gewandhaus band ; helped Mendelssohn to found the Leipsic Con- servatory, 18-13, and worked there many years as a professor, sending forth many violinists who became celebrated, com- posing many effective pieces and works — a " Violin School,^^ and one comic op- era, *' Hans Wacht,'' 1852. He suffered sickness for some time, and unexpect- edly died, July 19, 1873, at Kloster, a small village in Switzerland, where he was staying for the benefit of his health.
David, M., established opera in New Orleans before it was known in any other place in the United States.
Davies, Miss, born 1740; famous prima donna, and performer on the har- monica of Dr. Franklin ; died 1772, Ce- cilia, her sister, born 1757, an opera singer, second only to Billington ; died 1803.
Dawson, C, of London, author of several works on music, 1844; con- structed the " Autophon,^' 1849, capable of performing mechanically any number of musical compositions.
Debain, a., born 1809; in 1840 in- vented the mechanical pianist, and other wonderful mechanism; obtained damages of M. Alexandre for using his invention.
De Beonis, Giuseppe, born at Lu- go, 1795 ; in 1813, sang in opera at Mo- dena ; became a favorite in Italy, France, and England ; came to this country, and was successful here; died in New York, August, 1849, aged .54.
De Begnis, Madame, formerly Mile. Ronzi, was a celebrated singer, and after her marriage sang with De Begnis, everywhere with success ; died in Italy July, 1853, aged 53.
De Beriot, M. Charles August, born at Louvain, Belgium, Feb. 20, 1802; at the age of nineteen went to Paris, and soon became known there and in London as a violinist; travelled with Malibran in Italy, and married her, March, 1830; after her death he settled at Brussels, where, in 1842, he was ap- pointed professor at the conservatory; became partially paralyzed and wholly blind, but to the last his violin was his constant companion ; was comparatively little known to the present generation, though one of the most talented violin- ists of the world ; died April, 1870, aged 08.
Decani side, in the cathedral, is the left, where the dean is always seated; the opposite is the Cantoris.
Deems, J. M., born in Virginia, Jan. 9, 1818; composer of an opera and an oratorio. New York.
Degenhard, C. G., musician and composer, Buffalo, N.Y. ; died, 1870.
Dehn, Siegfried Wilhelm, born at Altona, in Holstein, Feb. 25, 1800; be- came conservator of the musical division of the Royal Library of Berlin, March 24, 1842; travelled to collect books, &c. ; played the violoncello many years at Leipsic and at Berlin; was director of the '*Do/7i C7<or," and had great knowl- edge of musical works ; later was royal librarian, and editor of many valuable publications; died April, 1858, aged 58, leaving a wife, one son, and one daugh- ter.
Delgardo, one of the most popular violinists in Paris, 1808, was formerly
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
31
a Louisiana slave ; he escaped into Mex- ico, became leader of an orchestra there, and later appeared in Paris.
Delille, O., a famous opera-singer; born in Paris, 1830; after singing in France, England, Italy, and other coun- tries, came to America, November, 1851.
Dellamaiua, Domenico, born at Marseilles of an Italian family, com- posed a grand opera at eighteen years of age, which was represented in that city; went to Italy, where he composed six comic operas and some other works, all given within the space of two years, and attesting the fecundity and superi- ority of his talent. He died suddenly, m his oGth year, at Paris, 1800.
Delpiiat, M., celebrated as the pro- jector of the first '"'•monstre concerf^ in France, 1791, as a part of the funeral honors paid to the officers who were killed at Nancy, when the overture to " i)e»iopAon," by Vogel, was executed by twelve hundred wind instruments ; was the oldest instrumental musician in France at the time of his death, which took place at Lyons, 1855, when he was 99 years and 300 days old. A medal, in the shape of a flute, was decreed to him by the city of Nancy, which, on his death-bed, the old musician begged to have placed in his coflin.
Dempster, Wm. R., who achieved a world-wide reputation as a ballad singer and composer, visited this coun- try 1840; published, 1842, a collection of his songs and ballads; gave concerts in all the principal cities and towns; died at his residence in London, March 7, 1871.
Demunck, E., bom in Belgium; fa- mous violoncellist ; received the Haben- eck medal at Paris, 1870.
De Mukis, John, claimed as a native by Italy, France, and England; was a musical writer 1404; was the first to adopt the word "counterpoint," the first to use the minim, or half-note, and used the different marks of time. The invention of the time-table is given to him ; but it was made in France, at Liege, 1083.
Denev, a. L., of New Orleans, 1857, made an improved " Calliope,^' the steam pressure being reduced from 150 to 50 pounds ; it has a keyboard similar to a piano-forte, and the performer can play any desired composition upon it; the sounds are thus made more agree- able ; died in London, March, 18G4.
Destkuction of Music and Ob-
GANS. Nearly all the music-books and organs in England were destroyed by Cromwell's army, during the grand re- bellion. The cathedral service was abol- ished 1043; music- books burned, 1G46.
Dettingen Te Deum, writtcii by Handel to celebrate a victory of the British over the French, 1743. George II. commanded the army in person ; and it was this English king who set the example of standing up dvn-ing the per- formance of the Hallelujah Chorvis, a custom yet observed in England.
Devil's Sonata, one of Tartini's best compositions ; written in 1713, after dreaming that he heard it performed by his majesty.
DiACELLi, Anton, a well-known mu- sician, and publisher of music ; was born at Matsee, 1781 ; his name is much as- sociated with that of Beethoven ; he composed the so-called Diabelli Waltz, which served Beethoven for a theme for thirty-three variations, which, together, form one of the most original, imagina- tive, and masterly of his piano-forte works. Diabelli composed much instru- mental music at Vienna, in all forms. He is known in this coimtry, amongst amateurs, on account of the many piano- forte pieces he has published, and for his studies for four hands. He died at Vienna, April, 1858, aged 77.
Diapason, heard when all the stops of an organ and all the registers are open, is" what ancient writers mean when tliey use the word ; it is also the octave ; and modern instrument-makers use the word as the name of certain stops.
Diatonic Pitch-pipe. A wooden box regulated by a slide, and also a small brass pipe, which, when blown into, will produce the separate tones, D, F, A, and C, as desired.
Diatonic Flute. An improved in- strument invented by A. Siccuma, of London, 1830 ; the tones being fingered by keys, and thus equalized and made perfect.
DiBDiN, C, bom at Southampton, Eng- land, March 15, 174:3; wrote twelve hun- dred songs for liis own concerts ; died at Camden, near London, July 25, 1814. Thomas, born in London, 1771 ; wrote more than a thousand songs, and com- piled those of his father for publication; died Sept. IG, 1841. Henry E., organ- ist and composer, Edinburgh ; compiled six hundred specimens of clixircli mu-
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
sic from the English, Scotch, and Gen- eva psalters, for four voices.
DiCKOXS, a celebrated English singer, born 1778; when six years old could play Handel's overtures; sang in opera in England, Scotland, and Ireland ; died 1833.
DiCTioxARiUM MusiCA, by John Hoyle, musician, London, 1770; 112 pages.
DiDiEE, Mlle. Nantier, born at St. Denis, in the Isle of Bourbon, 1832 ; was early a pupil of Duprez at the Consei'- vatoire, Paris; made her debut at the Academic; studied in Italy; appeared at Turin ; returned to France with an Italian company, and sang in the prin- cipal cities; visited London, ani sang there with Grisi. In 1855 was engaged as contralto at the New York Academy of Music ; but, failing in this country to receive the encouragement expected, returned to Europe ; and died at Madrid, in the fall of 1867, after a long and pain- ful illness.
Dies Ir^, said to have been com- posed by Francis, 1250; it is claimed was by Thomas di Celano, who died 1253; upon this composition Mozart founded his " Eequiemy
DiRUTA, GEROJfiMO, born at Perugia, 1580; organist atChioggia in a Venetian state; published, 1615, the first known instruction-book for the harpsichord ; it contains a summary of the knowledge possessed by the artists of that period.
DiSTix, M., for several years princi- pal trumpet-player in the private band of George IV. ; after the invention of saxhorns, by A. Sax, improved some of these instruments, and, having taught his four sons to play, travelled through Europe, giving concerts as the Distin Family; they came twice to this coun- try, the last time, 1846, with increased fame; since which they have been in London.
Doctor of Music, a degree created at Oxford, England, and conferred on Hamboys, 1451.
DoDwoRTH, Thomas and Allan, father and son, New York, well known as the managers of Dodworth's Band, organized 1825 ; later, led by Harvey B. Dodworth; all composers and perform- ers.
DoEHLER, T., born at Naples, April 20, 1814 ; famous pianist and composer ; died Feb. 21, 1853.
Donizetti, Gaetano, born at Ber-
gamo, Sept. 27, 1799; early became a composer, and has been greatly ad- mired for his operatic and other works ; was a professor at the Naples Academy ; became insane, and died at Bergamo, April 8, 1848.
Donizetti, Giuseppe, brother of the composer; was director of the military music of the sultan, and died in Con- stantinople, February, 1856.
D'Ortigue, M. Joseph, born at Ca- vaillon, 1802; composer, writer, critic, ^ and editor of a journal of religious mu- sic from 1858 to 1860; died in Paris, J January, 1867. -1
Dorus-Gras, Emilie, a French smger j born in Valenci3nnes, 1813; made her --^ dehid at Brussels, 1830 ; went to Paris, ^ where she was the leading prima donna for twenty years; marrie'd M. Gras, an ^ eminent violinist, 1833, and retired from J the stage. T
Douglass, Victor, composer of t French operas ; born 1784 ; was author j- of several musical works, and instructor^ of some of the first artists of France; __^ died at Paris, February, 1864, aged 80. ~*
DowLAND, J., born 1562; the rarest T musician and composer of liis time ; died J 1615; was lutanist to the king of Den- ) mark. r
Down, down, derby down, in the < original is ^' Dun, dun, dearagan dun,'' a and means, " To the hill, to the oaks, to ^ the hill ; " a call to worship. x.
Draghi, a., composer; born at Fer- rara, 1642; wrote eighty-three operas;- died 1707.
Draghi, G. B., born in Italy; a fa- vorite court musician to Charles II. and to James ; composer of operas ; music- teacher to Queen Anne.
Dragonetti, Domenico, a celebrated performer on the double bass ; born in Venice, 1771 ; became famous in his own country; went to London, where he re- mained without a rival during life ; died April 16, 1846.
Dragonetti, Pietro, a performer on the double bass ; excelled in accompany- ing bands ; was an excellent performer on a guitar with steel strings.
Drama and Music. A sacred drama was performed at Padua, 1243 ; the Pas- sion of Christ, at Friale, 1298; Myster- ies in Germany, 1322; in England, 1378; in France, 1379 ; tlie first play performed in Boston, 1750, but a law was passed forbidding this "device of Satan to se- cure immortal souls;" though, in 1792,
v/^w t^ Alr%-C^
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>7^,'Ov>v>^, Cu^^
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
38
an exhibition-room was opened, in which dancing and singing were permitted.
Dkayton, Henri, born in Pliiladel- phia, Peun., 1822; went to Paris at an early age, and was soon engaged as 6a.s'8o of the Italian opera at Antwerp ; be- came well known in England, where he made his reputation ; in 1859, having written some plays and operas, he mar- ried, and returned to this country, and gave here entertainments known as "parlor operas;" in 1869 he was with the Richings Opera Company, in New York, where he died of paralysis, July 30, 1872.
Drayton, Michael, horn at Ather- ston, England, 1568 ; wrote a description of England in thirty songs ; died, 1631.
Dreyschock, Raimond, the well- known violinist; born in Zack, 1818; died in Leipsic, 1869. Alexander, his brother, a musician and composer, died 1870.
Drouet, Louis, born in Holland; flutist in London ; chapel-master to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg, 1840 to 1855; author of " Part ant pour la Syrie,^^ commonly ascribed to Queen Hortense ; died at I3erne, Switzerland, October, 1873, aged 81.
Drum. The great drum built for the Peace Jubilee, 1872, was twelve feet in diameter, thirty-six in circumference, and weighed about six hundred pounds ;' it was too large for use, but a curiosity, and was built in Farmington, Me., by Woodman & Williams. The first drums heard in France were used at the en- trance of Edward III. into Calais. First used in opera by Gluck ; used by Spon- tini, 1808 ; later by Rossini.
DuBUisoN, a celebrated French com- poser in the reign of Louis XIV. ; died 1712.
DuiFFOPRUGEAR, G., a Tyrolcse ; the earliest violin-maker at Bologna, 1510.
Dulcimer, originally a pipe of reed; then two pipes connected by a leather sack or skin; now a triangular instru- ment, consisting of a chest with fifty wires over a bridge fixed at each end; the strings are struck with iron rods.
DuLON, F. L., flutist and musician to the Emperor of Russia, 1796.
DuNi, E., born at Matera, Naples; fa- mous composer at Rome and in Paris ; died 1775, aged 66.
DuNSTAN, St., composed music in four parts, 940, though singing in parts was little known until some years after ;
said to have invented counterpoint; maker of the ^olian harp, and maker of several organs for English churches.
DuPREZ, G., one of the greatest tenor singers; born at Paris, 1805. Caro- line, his daughter, born at Florence, 1832, is a celebrated vocalist in Paris.
Dupuis, T. S., celebrated organist; born in England, 1733; died 1796.
DuRAND, GuiLLAUME, bom at Puy- misson, 1230; was made a doctor of music at Paris ; became a professor at Bologna ; wrote the first book published upon m<^tallic types, Feb. 6, 1496.
DuRANT, W. F., a well-known bass singer; born at Fitchburg, Mass., 1820; died at St. Louis, Mo., March 8, 1860.
Durante, F., the pupil and subse- quent rival of Scarlatti, was born at Grumo, 1693 ; died at Naples, 1755. He was not distinguished as a dramatic composer. His talent was exercised chiefly in church and chamber music, and he was more skilful as a contrapun- tist than as a melodist.
DussEK, Adalbert, a distinguished performer upon the viola d^ amour, at Prague ; was a virtuoso upon that instru- ment, 1745; became a priest; died 1768.
Dussek, F. B., born at Czaslau, March 13, 1766; became organist at Laibach, Germany ; has composed many- concertos, sonatas, and solos.
Dussek, John Louis, teacher and music-seller, London; was born at Czaslau, Bohemia, Feb. 9, 1761 ; died at St. German-en-Laye, near Paris, March 20, 1812; was the composer of much piano-forte, harp, violin, and other music.
Dussek, Wenzel, born in Bohemia, 1750 ; became celebrated as an organist and bass singer; died in Moravia (where he became school rector), 1801.
DuvERNOY, J. B., pianist and com- poser, Paris, France; M. C. of the op- era comique ; died 1872.
D WIGHT, John S., a graduate at Cam- bridge, Mass., 1832; a translator and publisher of German poetry, and well- known musical writer and critic; editor of " Dwiglit'.s Journal of Music, ^' and of many musical publications ; his life has been devoted, in a quiet way, to fostering and encouraging the highest forms of art.
DwiGHT, Rev. Josiah, in 1725 pastor of the church in Woodstock, Mass. ; wrote "^n Essaij^^ in favor of regular singing, published in Boston.
Dyer, Oliver, a composer of music,
£,,Jlih^ <f^t^/^,2),,^. }^ /A /y^^Jyi^ <^^. i'^^--^- ^- <'(
34
A DICTIONAEY OF MUSICAL INFORMATIOlSr.
and publisher of some musical works; was in 1852, with R. S. Willis, con- nected with the ^^ Musical Times,'^ New York. Dyek, Samuel, of Baltimore, Md.,
published, 1820, a valuable collection of " Sacred Music,''^ containing 244 pieces ; was a good musician and composer; '■'■ BT/er^s Anthems'''' were celebrated and much used in the United States.
E.
E. In all respects exactly the same in itself, major or minor.
Eagee, John, born at Norwich, Eng- land, 1782; famous patron of Logier's system, and composer.
Eames, J., the arranger of the great "Westminster Abbey festival; died in London, Dec. 10, 1851, aged 68.
Ear. Sounds must succeed each other at an interval of a second and one- ninth in order to be distinguished or heard clearly.
Earl of Westmoreland, composer and patron of music, London ; died October, 1859.
Earliest mention of music, Gen- esis iv. 21; Earliest organ, that of Jubal ; Earliest English song, 1250, "Summer is a-comingin;" Earliest Psalms in America, "The Bay Psalm- Book." Earliest attempt to render the Psalms into English verse, for the pur- pose of singing, 1538; musical notes were appended to these psalms in 1539.
Early Fathers approved themselves to God by celebrating his praises with psalms, hymns, and other solemnities.
Eastcott, Lucy, of Springfield, Mass., sung at Florence, Naples, and in London, 1857.
Eastern Music, though to us a com- bination of discordant sounds, is to the less refined but more acute ears of the natives pleasing and melodious. There are many proofs that music came from the East ; and in some parts of Asia they use very curious instruments.
Eaton, E. K., born in Candia, N.H., Aug. 1, 1814; musician and composer; author of several works, such as orches- tral and other instruction books.
Eben, Henrietta, born in Germany, 3837; famous vocalist; came to this country with Jullien ; died April, 1859.
EccARD, a German composer, born at Muhlhausen ; chapel-master at Berlin, 1608; sometimes credited as author of Luther's Judgment Hymn ; he probably harmonized it, but it was composed before his time.
EccHEiA, harmonious vases, used by the Greeks and Romans ; tuned fourths, fifths, and eighths.
EccLES, J., born 1669, composer of the music for Congreve's odes,&c. ; died 1735.
EccLEs, Solomon, an English violin- ist and composer; turned Quaker, and destroyed his instruments and music; died 1673.
Ecclesiastical Modes, or the old Church tones, were borrowed from the Greek secular music ; the twelve church tones are something like our diatonic scale.
Echoes. Repeated echoes happen when two obstacles are placed opposite to one another ; as parallel walls, for ex- ample, which reflect the sound succes- sively.
Edward IV. incorporated a band of minstrels : his musical establishment was the origin of the Chapel Royal and of the Queen's band; his musicians were educated as singers, and performers upon instruments, at the best schools and colleges.
Edward VI. established metrical psalmody in his reign, in the same manner as it was sung in the parochial churches, under the direction of Stern- hold and Hopkins ; constantly employed seventy-three musicians at his court, and was himself a performer on the lute ; he also had forty-one gentlemen of the chapel, and had music before dinner and after dinner.
Edson, author of "ienox," wrote many excellent church tunes; was a teacher and composer of Massachusetts, and assisted in compiling some of the early collections of music.
Effect. To produce a good effect should be the study of every composer and performer; to do this requires genius, science, and judgment.
Effendi, Hafis, composed a patri- otic war- song in 1853, to stimulate the enthusiasm of the Ottomans against the Russians ; it became very popular, and has become a national hymn.
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
35
Egyptian Flute, simply a cow's horn with four or more finger-holes.
Egyptian Harp, mentioned in the boo.t of Genesis, with the timbrel, cis- triim, tabor or tabret: many instru- ments were known in Egypt.
Egyptian Music. The Egyptians first brought music to a degree of per- fection; it was much cultivated, and many instruments of music were in- vented in that country; from Egypt music spread far and wide over the earth.
EiCHBEEG, J., born at Dusseldorf, 1826 ; violinist and conductor ; came to New York, 1857, and to Boston, 1858 ; has composed five operas, all produced hi Boston.
Eisteddfod is a national congress of Cambrian bards, minstrels, historians, and artisans, which has annually as- sembled at the ancient royal castle of Carnarvon, the birthplace of Edward II., the first Prince of Wales. The eis- teddfod was revived in 1819, being held in the month of August, and annually conducted by as many as three cele- brated bards. In 1802 an essay on the history of the literature of Wales from the earliest periods to that time, with critical and comparative remarks on the poetry of the different periods, and short biographies of the chief bards, was read, and a prize awarded the author. There were fifteen thousand persons present on the occasion.
Electric Music has been produced from five piano-fortes by the use of the electric battery, in Pesth ; and an elec- tric organ was erected in London, 18G8, for producing echoes, &c.
Electric Piano, an instrument in- vented by Thomas Davenport of Salis- bury, Vt., 1851; its strings are vibrated by means of electro-magnetism.
Elevation of Pitch. It is notori- ous that the constantly increasing eleva- tion of the diapason has created incon- veniences from which composers, artists of every class, and manufactur- ers of instruments, suffer alike; the diapason has been raised, since 1780, at least one entire tone. Opera music was originally even lower in pitch than sacred music ; at the request of eminent French composers and musicians, in 1859, it was decreed by the Government that the pitch should, in tbat country, be lowered and made uniform.
Eleven Bells, a chime in Cincin-
nati, O., cast by Hanks, 1850; weight inclusive, 18,000 pounds.
Eliot, Sir Gilbert, born in Scot- land, was the first to introduce tho German flute in his country, 1725, having learned it in France; died 1777.
Eliot, John, born at Nasing in Essex, England, 1604; came to New England, 1631, and assisted in translat- ing the Psalms into English metre; also made the Psalms into Indian verse, and taught the Indians to sing; the singing was congregational, and they all sang one part ; some of the Indians under Eliot became good singers. He resided in Roxbury, Mass., 57 years; died 1690, aged Sil
Elizabeth, QuEEN,was a singer, and performer on the lute ; and it has been supposed that she was also a performer on the violin ; all the children of Henry VIII. were well instructed in music. Elizabeth and James I. sustained the cathedral music until the reign of Puritanism.
Ellerton, John Lodge, born in the county of Chester, England, 1807; became known in 1828 as a musician, and received at Oxford the degree ^^ Magister Artiiim;'' produced twelve operas, an oratorio, six masses, and, besides hymns, anthems, and motets, about three hundred songs ; he also composed much instrumental music of various kinds ; his orchestral works were often performed in London.
Elvey, George J., born at Canter- bui^y, England, 1816; took his degree as doctor of music, 1831 ; became organist at Windsor, 1835; has composed a great amount of church music, chants, and anthems, and much secular music.
Elouis, J., a composer of songs, with accompaniments for the harp or piano- forte, which may be performed with the voice or without it; to this volume was added several airs with variations by the same author; a second volume is dated 1807.
Emerson, Luther Orlando, born at Parsonsfield, Me., Aug. 3, 1820 ; became a teacher and composer when young, and published a collection of church music, 1853; since which time he has been constantly employed as conductor of conventions, and as a com- piler of books, and as a composer; has been very successful as a composer and teacher. His books of church music and for schools are many, and he has pub-
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
lished both vocal and instrumental music largely.
Emidea, a negro, born in Guinea; sold as a slave ; went with his master to Lisbon, learned the violin, and became a member of the orchestra; afterwards impressed, and made to play on board ship for seven years, when he was released at Falmouth, England, and became celebrated as a composer.
Emphasis is distinguished from ac- cent. Accent, for instance, on the piano- forte, requires pressure as the note is struck, and after: emphasis requires force at the very time of striking the note.
Engelke, formerly associated with Jullien in Europe, came to this country 1861, and gave concerts in Philadelphia ; became known as a musician, and pro- duced there the best orchestral scores of Jullien.
English, Benson A., born at Macon, Ga., February, 1849; at the age of two years could beat any tune upon the drum, whistling at the same time the air; was for several years exhibited as a wonder.
English Music, if we look for any of a distinctive character, is to be found in the glees and madrigals, which are the finest the world possesses.
English Opera. The earliest per- formance was in 1636, under the man- agement of Davenant; it was solely musical, because the action of plays was prohibited. In 1793 an English- man brought the English opera to America, and his company performed in Philadelphia and in Washington; in 1818 the Phillips company came over; in 1820 Davis established an opera company in New Orleans; in 1821 Mrs. Holman brought a company to New York; in 1832 came the Woods, and Dunn and Hudson company; the Se- guins came in 1838; then the Pyne and Hari-ison troupe, Madame Bishop, and the Richings opera troupe. Since then many other companies liave been formed, and it is now certain that the American people can produce and sustain opera.
English Organists at Westminster Abbey : John Howe, 1549 ; John Taylor, 1562 ;"Robert White, 1570; Henry Leeve, 1575; Edmund Hooper, 1588; John Parsons, 1621; Orlando Gibbons, 1623; Thomas Day, 1625; Richard Portman, 1633; Christopher Gibbons, 1660; Al-
bertus Bryne, 1666; John Blow, 1669; Henry Purcell, 1680; John Blow, 1695; William Croft, 1708; John Robinson, 1727; Benjamin Cooke, 1762; Samuel Arnold, 1794 ; Robert Cooke, 1803 ; George E. Williams, 1815 ; Thomas Greatorex, 1819; James Turle, 1831.
Engraved Plates, for printing, were used by Feniguerra of Florence, 1488 ; the use of them for music print- ing is mentioned 1503, and later.
Enharmonic Organ, aii instrument built by Effingham Wilson of England, 1856; he also published " The Theory and Practice of Just Intonation,''^ as illustrated on his new organ. See Eu-
HARMONIC.
Enharmonic Scale, a name bor- rowed from the Greek authors, so called from its supposed perfection ; it has been applied to an organ invented by Joseph Alley, of Newburyport, Mass. ; this scale divides the intervals of an octave into fifty-three parts.
Enjalbert, M. Michael, a cele- brated organist of Paris ; died 1872, aged 92 ; he was organist at the coronation of Napoleon I., at Notre Dame.
EouD, an Arabian guitar, producing intervals not known in our system of sounds.
Epigonium, an instrument of anti- quity, having forty strings.
Eppstein, Julius, born at Agram, Austria, 1834; went to Vienna, 1850; and in 1858 l3ecame celebrated as a pianist, playing at Josef Helmesberger's concerts ; since, a professor at the Vien- na Conservatory, and member of the Cathedral Union and Mozarteum.
Erard, Jean Baptiste, brother of Sebastian, became associated in the manufacturing business with him, and under this firm their establishment be- came the first in all Europe ; they re- ceived a patent from Louis XVI. He died 1826.
Erard, Sebastian, founder of the piano-forte and harp manufactories at Paris and London, which still bear the name ; was born at Strasbourg. April 5, 1752; had wonderful inventive powers, and made many new instruments ; was the inventor of the double-action harp ; died Aug. 5, 1831.
Erard, Pierre, nephew of the pre- ceding, was born at Paris, 1796; went to London, when quite young, to direct the manufacture of Sebastian Erard' s harps ; after the death of his uncle he
/ -
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
37
became his heir, and took charge of the manufactory in Paris, where, in 1834, he exhibited several new models of piaros; has since lived alternately at London and Paris, directing the two great establishments which he has in- herited ; died Aug. 3, 1855.
Ebben, Petep., a well known organ- ist and organ-builder of New York, died May, 18G1, aged 91. He played for many years the organ at Trinity Church.
Ekk, Adam Ludwig, cathedral organ- ist and music-teacher at Wetzlar; in 1812 removed to Worms, and settled at a small village called Dreieichenhain, near Darmstadt; was a superior organist, and gave organ concerts with success in many of the Catholic cities of the Rhine ; died in 1820.
Erk, Ludwig, born at Wetzlar, Jan. 6, 1807 ; studied with Rinck, and in 1826 was appointed music-teacher in a semi- nary at Meurs ; whence, in 1835, he was called to Berlin, and appointed to the same office in the Royal Seminary. In 1836 he had charge of the Dusseldorf festival, w^liere from 400 to 800 teachers would assemble for instruction. He is celebrated for having gathered together a large number of German popular songs, which he arranged and pub- lished.
Ernst, Heineich Wilhelm, born 1814, and at an early age exhibited ex- traordinary talent; studied at Vienna, made a professional tour, and travelled without fixing his quarters anywhere. His most brilliant career began in 1840. He married Mile. Siona Levy, a French lady, and became known as one of the most brilliant violin virtuosos of his time. He seemed an inspired artist; but his health failed him, his violin became dumb, and this severed the nerve of his life. He died at Nice, Oct. 8, 1865.
Eenest II., Augustus Charles John Leopold Alexander Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg Gotlia, Avas born June 21, 1818, ascended the throne in 1844, and gave much attention to music; he com- posed four operas, ^^ Zaire,'''' represented 1840, at Berlin; " Tony,^^ represented at Dresden; ^^ Casilda,^^ played in all the German theatres and at London; and '■'■Santa Chiara,^^ 1855. He was a brother of Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria; and married the Princess Alexandrina Louisa Amelia Fredcrica, daughter of the Grand Duke of Baden.
EssEB, Heineich, born at Mannheim,
1818; was kapellmeister at the Court Opera Theatre, Vienna, 1847, where ho was president of the Ilaydn Verein, 1869, when he removed to Salzburg; was a thorough musician and excellent director; wrote songs, operas, psalms, symphonies, and chamber-music: died at Salzburg, June 3, 1871, aged 53.
Esquimaux Music. Their tunes are few and extremely monotonous ; they uncover the head when singing, and close the eyes as in prayer; they sing in good time, have accurate ears, good voices, and are delighted when they hear instruments.
EssiPOFF, Annette, pianist, a native of Russia; took the prize, 1860, at the St. Petersburg conservatory, for exe- cution and sight-reading; has appeared at Vienna, London, and other places, 1874, and plays from memory; is the second wife of M. Leschetizky, also a famed pianist.
Est, or Este, Thomas, known for his "Whole Book of Psalms," publi-shed 1594. It has this note : " Euery Psalme or dittie in this booke hath his tune or note in 4 parts; composed by 10 Sundry Authors, whose names are set to those tunes which they have made; beeing men of perfect knowledge in the Science of Musicke." These men were I. Dou- land, E. Blaucks, E. Hooper, I. Farmer, R. Alison, G. Kirby, W. Cobbold, G. Farnaby, M. Cavendishe, and E. John- son. The tunes are printed in the style of the time, with bars at the end of each line, arranged for cantus, tenor, altus, and bassus ; the tenor being the melody. His son Michael was the author of several musical worlds.
Euclid, flourished 277 B.C.; his "Introduction to Hannonics^' is much prized.
EuHARMONic Organ, invented by Joseph Alley and H. W. Poole, at New- buryport, Mass., 1848; for which is claimed perfect intonation: it gives all the tones of the ancient enharmonic scale, dividing the octave into fifty-three parts; it is tuned according to the mathematical ratio of vibrations, and furnishes the precise intervals of every key.
JEuiNG, William, of Glasgow, Scot- land, born 1788, established glee and madrigal singing in that city; owned a musical library of 5,000 volumes, of which about 3,000 were musical works of reference, such as histories, biogra-
38
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATIOK.
phies, treatises, dictionaries, and gram- mars ; he founded a lectureship of mu- sical science at Glasgo^y, in the Ander- sonian University ; died May, 1874, aged 86.
EmLENSTEiN, Kael, an eminent per- former on the Jews-harp ; born at Heil- bronn, Wurtemberg, 1802 ; at the age of six years constructed a violin, but, being refused the liberty of performing on any instrument, for four years practised the Jews-harp, which he could conceal;
finally tuned a series of harps so that he could play in any key, and in 1825 attracted large crowds to his concerts in London and elsewhere.
Expression pleases the ear, enforces the sentiments of the language, strikes the imagination, affects the mind, and commands the passions.
EYKE2T, M. Van, composer of an ora- torio called "iitci/er," died 1861;, at Elberfeld, where he had long bee.:i or- ganist, aged 45.
F.
F, the fourth in the scale of C, named by Guido, Fa.
Fa, la, la, anciently much used as a chorus to old English ballads, is writ- ten in Welsh, "/a/, Za," fed meaning a circle or sum, and la a day, and both words expressing the completion of a day; chanted at sunset.
Fabbri, Agnes, born in Vienna. Her maiden name was Agnes Schmidt ; came to New York 1860, and sang in opera and at concerts ; died in San Francisco, Cal., June 19, 1873.
Fabbri, Kichard Mulder, profes- sor at the Conservatory of Music, and member of the Philharmonic Society, Paris ; removed to Geneva, and became, 1873, director of the conservatory there.
Faber, born at Freiburg; invented the speaking-machine and other won- derful automatons.
Fairfax, Robert, an English com- poser, 1500 ; left a curious and valuable manuscript, which has been preserved, consisting of very ancient English songs, not to be found elsewhere. It is in the British Museum.
Fairlamb, J. Remington, author of several Te Deums and much other church music ; was for some years U. S. consul at Zurich, where he produced an opera, *' The Interrupted 3Iarriaf/e,^' first conceived in Switzerland ; received a gold medal from the king of Wurtem- burg.
Falk, Louis, born in Germany ; came to Chicago, 111., 1889, and has fame as an organist and composer.
Fal, lero, lero, loo, was " Fal, lear, luadh dh,'" in Welsh, and hailed the rising sun above the sea.
Falsetto, or Head-note. The Tyr- olese produce this tone in perfection.
The violinist divides a string by a pecu- liar touch to produce the harmonic ; the falsetto singer shortens his vocal cords so as to pass instantly from one to his harmonic.
Families and Troupes, travelling and giving concerts in the United States. The number is large ; in New England alone there are over fifty ; and there are over thirty companies of minstrels in addition, comprising from four to five hundred white men, who black their faces and sing every evening except Sunday. It is estimated, that, with the bands and orchestras that travel with them, there are now over two thousand persons employed in giving concerts from town to town ; add to these the travelling instrumental performers, street musicians, and hand-organ wan- derers, and there is quite au army of music-makers on the road.
Farinelli, called also Carlo Bros- ciii, whose voice and abilities surpassed the limits of all anterior vocal excel- lence, was born at Naples Jan. 24, 1705 ; resided twenty years at the court of Spain ; visited several countries, and was everywhere greeted with favor ; set- tled at Bologna, 1701: died there, July 15, 1782, aged 77.
Farmer, Henry, known as a com- poser by his mass in B-flat.
Farrini, 1700, mounted the harpsi- chord with catgut strings, instead of wire, in order to produce a more mel- low and sweet quality of tone. He was a manufacturer, and to this instrument gave the name Clmictlierium.
Faure, considered the most perfect singer in Europe, 1858, remained at the oi33ra in Paris.
Fa V ART, born 1710 ; a prolific writer
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A Di:!TIO]S"ART OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
of operas and ariettas ; was employed to v/rite and sing songs in the French army; died 1792. His best works were pnbiished 1S09.
Fayles, or PiiYLAS, born in Ger- many; became leader, composer, and arranger of music at the old John- street Theatre, New York ; and in 1789 wrote for his orchestra, the ^^Presi- dent's March.^' This tune was used by Fox in 1798, and afterwards known as " Hall Columbia.^ ^
Felsted, Samuel, organist of St. Andrew's, Jamaica; in 1775 composed ^^Jonah,'^ an oratorio, disposed for a voice and harpsichord; it was printed in London, and performed in Boston, Mass., 1789, in presence of George Wash- ington.
FeltpvE, Count Alphonse de, com- poser of popular music; in 1850 pro- duced two comic operas, both of them successful; died 1854, just after com- pleting his third opera.
Feltre, Duke Edgaed de, a com- poser and a patron of the arts, who died a few months after his brother above named, bequeathed his gallery of pic- tures to the town of Nantes ; and his own, as well as his brother's musical productions, go to the library of the Paris Conservatory of Music.
Fenton, Lavinia, born in London, 1708; made her debut, 1726; the "i'ej- gars'' Opera^^ established her reputation as a singer; quit the stage, and married Charles, the third Dul^e of Bolton, 1731, and died 1740, aged 32.
Feiieaei, an Italian composer of operas ; became suddenly famous by his "Pipe^^," a comic opera, which, in 1858, made its way all over Italy.
Feeraei, Carolina, in 1857, at the age of eighteen, completed the words and music of an opera, which was, in the same year, produced at La Scala.
Feeeaei, Caelo, a celebrated violon- cellist and composer for his instrument; published six solos for the violoncello at Paris.
Feeeaei, Dominico, brother to the preceding, was a violin pupil of Tartini, and published at London and Paris some violin music, which was much esteemed ; died on a passage from Paris to London, in 1780.
Feeeaei, Giacomo Gotifeedo, born in the Italian Tyrol, 1759; became a singer, player upon instruments, and a celebrated composer ; went through It-
aly, France, and England, writing for the church and theatre, and finally set- tled at Edinburgh as a composer and teacher.
Feeeaei, Madame Yictoiee, was born in 1785. From the age of seven years she studied music, and acquired such proficiency on the piano, that at nine years old she was introduced to Haydn, and performed before him.
Feeeoni, Pieteo, wrote a Valuable work on the construction and use of the organ, 1807. ^
Fesca, Friedeich Eenst, concert master, violin virtuoso, and composer in all styles ; born, in Magdeburg, Feb. 15, 1789; wrote much for' the theatre and the church; visited Ems, 1825, for his health, and died there, INlay 24, 182G.
Festa, Luigi, a celebrated Italian violinist, and composer for his instru- ment ; resided at Naples about the year 1805.
Fescennine Veeses. Nuptial songs of Rome, afterwards epithalamiuni.
Festival. There was a musical fes- tival at Dresden, July 9, 1615, 576 in- struments, 919 choristers ; one in Eng- land, 1701 ; one in Vienna, Nov. 7, 1887, 1,100 performers ; one in Boston, Mass., 1857, 690 singers, 78 instruments; since which the Peace Jubilee has been the largest.
Fetis, FEANgois Joseph, a learned musician theorist, critic, and journalist, also known as a composer; born at Mons, in Belgium, March 25, 1784; wrote many very valuable musical works ; continued to compose music, to write books and treatises, and to give lectures upon music, during his life; died at Brussels, March 26, 1871, aged 87.
FiLOMENO, JosEFiNA, violinist ; bom in Valparaiso, Chili, S.A., September, 1853 ; gave concerts in South American cities and in France at the age of six years ; came to the United States, 1800, and has given concerts in all the princi- pal cities. She has a reputation, also, as pianist.
FiEST Italian Opera in Paris, 1577; first French, 1646; first specimens of music prhiting from wooden blocks, 14S7; from engraved plates, 1488; musi- cal types were made 1500; first music type in this country, 1786; first organ used in Boston, 1713; first organ built in Boston, 1745 ; first singing school in Boston, 1720; first opera company, 3825;
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A DICTIOXAKT OF MUSICAL INFORMATION".
first Italian opera, 1832; first music store ill Boston, 1791.
Fischer, Joseph, basso at the Eoyal opera from 1810 to 1818 ; went to Italy ; became manager at Palermo ; returned to Manheim, where he had made his reputation, 1810, and sang there at the age of 60 ; died, Oct. 1862, aged 82.
FiscHEE, Z.,born at Vv^urzburg, 1730; made instruments that were considered preferable to the Italian violins ; died 1812.
FiscHOFF, Joseph, born 1804; ap- pointed professor in the Conservatorium at Vienna, and became famous as an instructor and collector of music; left many manuscripts and scores ; had the largest musical library (private) in Europe, containing more than 6.000 numbers ; died at Vienna, August, 1857, aged 53.
Fish, W., born at Norwich, England, 1775 ; celebrated as a composer for the theatre and as a practical musician.
Flagg, Josiah, celebrated as a com- poser, performer, and concert manager, in Boston, Mass. ; published a collection of music, 116 tunes, 1764; was the founder and leader of a hand of music in the town, Oct. 18, 1773, and gave sev- eral concerts in Faneuil Hall, at one of which there were over fifty performers.
Flemish Music was anciently only a tissue of chords, destitute of ideas ; they made their music as they made their pictures, — a great deal of labor, a great deal of patience, and nothing more; yet the Netherlands during two centuries produced a succession of great musicians, whose labors and discoveries contributed much to the art from 1500 to 1700.
Flexomi:n^us, invented in Philadel- phia, Penn., 1873, is a revival of the digi- torium, or mute piano-forte, intended to aid the fingers in becoming flexible.
Flotow, FrviEDEicii VON, born in Mecklenburg, Germany, 1812; went to Paris Avlien young, and became a popu- lar composer of German operas ; '' Ales- sandro Stradella^^ first gave him celeb- rity; followed by ^^ Martha,^' which gave him a position and a lasting repu- tation; it was introduced in this coun- try by Madame Bishop, and the over- tures to these two Avorks are much played in this country.
FoPvKEL, J. N., born 1749; his works are the highest authority among musi- cians ; he wrote from 1774 to 1800.
FoPvMES, Theodore, a tenor singer, celebrated for his excellent voice, and for ability to sing English, German, French, and Italian words with fluency ; became insane at Dusseldorf, 1873.
FopMES, Carl Jean, a German vocalist; born at Muhlheim, on the Rhine, Aug. 7, 1818; made his debut at Cologne, 1842 ; in 1844, became basso at the opera in Vienna ; sang in London, 1849, in opera and oratorio; came to this country, and sang in New York, Dec. 2, 1857.
Forrest, Amos, of Hallowell, Me., invented tlie mechanism which enables the organist to face the congregation with the key-board, stops, &c., before him, 1849. r^K^A^^
Foster, S. C.,^born July 4, 1826, at Pittsburg, Penn. ; the finder of many melodies which have borne his name all over the world ; died Jan. 18, 1864.
Four and Taventy Fiddlers all IN A Row. The common opinion of this band was, that it consisted of four and twenty treble violin;^, because it was thus ridiculously alluded to by De Urfey, in one of his songs ; but it was composed of bass, tenor, contra-tenor, and treble instruments ; though all were included under the general denom- ination of violins. A band of this kind was established by Louis XVI., and was at the time the most famous of any in Europe. Charles IL also had a band of this kind, John Bannister, leader.
FouRNiER THE YouNGER, bom in Paris, 1712; improved the art of print- ing music with movable types, wrote an important essay on the art of music- printing ; died at JParis, Oct. 8, 1768.
Fowler, J. A., born at Lebanon, Conn., 1822; known as the author of much vocal and instrumental music.
Fra Diavolo was Michael Pozzo, a Neapolitan robber, and leader of the band who favored the Bourbons of Naples ; in his last battle he threw open the prisons, and was joined by the lazza- roni, but was taken prisoner, and was hanged. Many romantic tales are told of his chivalry. The opei'a is identified with the history of early -mysteries, and is exhilarating, peculiar, and enlivening.
Franck, Johann Wolfgang was not an artist by profession, but a jiractising physician in Hamburg. Between the years 1679 and 1086, he brought four- teen operfts upon the stage in the- afore-
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
41
mentioned city ; is said then to have re- paired to Spain, where, at tlie court of Charles II. as favorite of the king, lie lost his life through the intrigues of those envying his position.
Franco, a monk of Cologne, was the first who composed secular airs, called roundelays, in the eleventh century.
Franklin, Mrs., a celebrated orato- rio singer; made the tour of the United States Avitli Braham, the English tenor; died in Washington, 1873, aged 70.
Franklin, Benjamin, born in Bos- ton, Jan. 17, 1708 ; inventor of the har- monica, and a musical critic ; died 1790.
Franz, Robert, born at Halle, June 28, 1815; known mostly by his songs; director of the Sing-Akademie and the university.
Frazer, the vocalist who came to this country with the Seguins, many years ago, died in Philadelphia, June, 1863.
Frederick the Great was a musi- cian and composer ; dedicated four hours a day to music ; composed 100 flute solos, and Quaiitz composed for him 300 con- certos.
French Music. The French are the only people who have sustained a na- tional opera ; Paris has been for the last century the centre of the operatic world. There are great names among her composers ; though most of them have written for the comic opera, yet in grand opera they have excelled. They were distinguished as harpsichord play- ers earlier than either the Italians or Germans, and have done much for both vocal and instrumental music. In France there were minstrel kings as early as the thirteenth century.
Frery, Desiree, celebrated at the age of sixteen as a violinist, was en- gaged at the conservatory, Paris, 1852.
Freyburg Organ. This famous instrument, at Freyburg, Switzerland, has 7,300 pipes, some of them 35 foot; and 64 stops ; said to be very powerful and effective.
Fribourg Organ, in the cathedral St. Nicholas, Switzerland, was built by Mooser, 1834; it has 4 manuals, 2 pedals, 68 registers, and 4,165 pipes.
Froberger, J. Jacob, born at Halle, Saxony, 1631 ; celebrated in Europe as an organist, and for his works published from 1695 to 1714, after his death.
Frost, Eben H.. was born at Grotoii, Mass., Dec. 7, 1825; his father was a
music-teacher, and quite noted among musicians of his day. Eben early re- ceived musical instruction, and for several years was a teacher, choir-leader, and director in Boston ; married Frances Hurd, pianist and organist, born in East I3oston, October, 1826. For several years before his death, Mr. Frost was known as a compiler of psalmody, and as a conductor of musical conventions. Died at Fitchburg, Mass., Sept. 7, 1866.
Fry, William Henry, born in Philadelphia, Penn., August, 1815; be- came known as a composer, 1854; in 1849, went to Paris ; on his return settled in New York, where he wrote concert overtures, violin quartets, the opera '''Leonora'^ performed in Philadelphia, a " Stabat Mater,'' and other composi- tions; in 1853, he delivered a course of lectures on music, employing Italian vocalists, a chorus of 100 voices, an orchestra, and a military band, to illus- trate his topics; losing much money; died at Santa Cruz, Dec. 21, 1864.
Fugue Music originated in England, and was introduced in this country about the time that choirs were general- ly formed, 1770; it was written by Claude Goudimel, 1565. Billings was the first to introduce fugue psalmody into iVmer- ican choirs. He said, "There is more variety in one piece of fuguing music, than in twenty pieces of plain song."
FuMAGALLi, Adolphe, bom in Italy, 1829; began to attract attention as a pianist at Paris, 1853, when Berlioz spoke of him as " excelling upon his instrument. " He possessed fine taste, had the power of rapid execution, and promised to become one of the marvels of his time. He settled in Paris, but died at Florence, May, 1856, while on a musical tour in his native country, in the midst of his artistic triumphs, aged 27 years.
Funeral Bells. It was an ancient custom in Brittany, to send boys round from door to door, with small bells, to announce when a death had occurred, and to give notice of the day and the hour at which the funeral was to take place. The boys were attired in blade cloaks, and attended the funeral proces- sion, tinkling their bells as they passed along, and asking the prayers of Chris- tians for the soul of the deceased.
Funk, Joseph, author of several music-books, and composer of psalmody, well known in the South and West, died
42
A DICTIONAKY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION
at Singer's Glen, Va., Dec. 24, 1863, aged 86.
FuRSTENAU, Caspar, flutist, born at Munster, 1772; died 1819. Anton B., master of the flute, son of Caspar, born 1792. MoRiTZ, son of Anton, born at Dresden, 1824, famous as a flutist in all Europe.
Fux, J. J. , a celebrated contrapuntist, born at Styria, 1660; his compositions were numerous. Charles VI. defrayed the expense of some of his works, and had him carried on a litter from Vienna to Prague, in 1723, to superintend an opera ; died 1750.
G.
G, the name of the fifth note of the scale of C. The lowest tone of Guido's scale, which commenced on G.
Gablee, M., born at Spalt, in Fran- conia; known by his treatise on the tone of instruments ; died at Wemb- dingen, 18G5.
Gacrieli, a., organist; composed much from 1572 to 1590. Cathabina, born at Rome, 1730; in 1775 considered the best female singer in the world. Feancesa, of Ferrara, second only to Mara in 1786.
Gade, IST. W., composer; born in Co- penhagen, Denmark, Oct. 22, 1817; his productions have greatly occupied atten- tion in Germany since 1840.
Gaelic Jacobite Songs have come down to our time ; but they are now a sealed book to their countrymen ; they are uniformly plaintive and melancholy.
Gaeetxee, Cael, violinist ; came to Phi-ladelphia, Penn., 1858; was the first to introduce parlor concerts, on the plan of the European Court.
Gafor, or Gafueius, F., born at Lodi, 1451; author of several books on music, which were standard works in all Europe ; died 1520.
Gaillaed, J. E., born at Zell, 1687; famous composer; died 1749.
Gaixsboeough, TnoMAs, born at Sudbury, 1727; known in England as the purchaser of every instrument that he heard well played.
Galen, Pieeee, of Bordeaux, France ; taught music by the Meloplast method, using a board with ruled lines, without notes; upon the lines was a clef; pointing to a line or space, the pupils took tiie sound, as if an actual note was seen there.
Galitzin, Geoege IST., an eminent Russian composer, who visited New York Math his orchestra, to perform Russian music, 1871, and gave a series
of concerts there; died at St. Peters- burg, Oct. 2, 1872.
Gallenbeeg, Hugo, celebrated as a musician; long a resident of Vienna; died, January, 1867. Beethoven dedi- cated his "■Moonlight Sonata^' to his mother, tlien Giulietta Guicciardi.
Gallenbeeg, father of the above, was a composer of ballet music, and for many years manager of the San Carlos Theatre, Naples.
Galleey Seats, known in this coun- try as singers' seats, 1779.
Galli, F., a famous singer, born at Rome, 1807; went to Paris, 1821, and received from ten to thirty thousand dollars a year, yet died poor, 1853.
Gamble, John, chapel-master and composer to Charles II., after H. Lawes ; author of several musical works, 1655 to 1659.
Gamut Boaed, an invention of H. T. Merrill, of Galena, 111., to facilitate the learning to read piano-forte music, 1839.
Gaebett, Richaed, of Boston, Mass., 1839, published Thomson's hymn of " The Seasons,^' to which he composed the music and orchestral parts ; it was performed by the Boston Musical Insti- tute.
Garcia, J. R., a well-known musi- cian ; born at Dunkirk, France, but re- sided in England ; came to Boston, 1830, where he held a leading position as a musician for many years. He was a man of rare attainments and pleasing traits of character; died at the High- lands, Tuesday, April 9, 1872, leaving one son and five daughters, all well- known singers or musicians. Amelia, a native of the West Indies ; born 1848 ; became known as a singer in New York; died at New Orleans, 1871.
Garcia, Manuel, celebrated tenor singer and teachei-; born at Seville, Spain, Jan. 21, 1775 ; came to America,
Xj-jd , UO (iryi. ^ ^i
'/V
J
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
43
1824, with an opera troupe; died at Paris, Jufae 2, 1832. Manuel, jiin., born in MaVlrid, 1805 ; a professor at the conservatory, Paris. Pauline V., born in Paris, Jtily 18, 1821 ; accompanied her sister, Madame Malibran, to tlii» country ; a f a^nous singer ; died at Tu- rin, May, 187
GaPvDinee, \ William, of Leicester, England, borntlTG^^ well known as the author of " Gardlner\s Music of Na- i^}>^ iurc,'\^' Music and Friends,''^ ^'Sights in Tcahj,^^ and other musical works; died, Nov. 16, 1853, aged eighty-seven.
Gaspeeini, an esteemed musical critic, scholar, poet, and musician ; died at Paris, May, 1868. His writings were perused with eagerness by amateurs of music.
Gassiee, Pepita, a gifted artist, who sang in opera, 1858, at New York ; first made her appearance in London as El- vira, in "£rn«?ii,'' 1845; was a singer and actress ; died in Madrid, November, 1866.
Gassiee, Signoe, known as a superb barytone in opera ; died, 1872.
Gastoni, Abbe, invented, at Milan, 1786, what he called the ''Giaiifs Ilarp,''^ consisting of seven strong iron wires, stretched from the top of a tower sixty feet high, to another building, tuned to the notes of the gamiit ; its music, in a storm, was heard several miles.
Gathy, August, author of a valua- ble "■Musical Lexicon,'''' a well-known German musical critic in Paris, who wrote much for the French and German papers; died in Paris, April, 1858.
Gaztambide, an eminent composer of comic operas; born at Navarre, 1822; was a performer on the double bass at the theatre when twelve years old ; be- came leader of the orchestra, and then manager ; wrote much, and some of his operas reached their hundredth per- formance ; died at Madrid, 1868, aged forty-six.
Gazzaniga, Marietta, was born at Yoghera, in Lombardy, Juiie 8, 1826; made her debut at La Scala, Milan ; in
1844 sang at Florence and Leghorn ; in
1845 and"l846, at all the Italian theatres ; in 1857, came to this country, appearing at Philadelphia, Boston, and New York; went to Havana, and sang there to crowded houses.
Gazzaniga, born at Cremona, 1743; a voluminous composer; wrote a ^^ Don
Juan, " performed in London, when D'Aponte Avas poet there; died 1817.
Gebiiard, F. a., violinist; born at Moscow, 1779 ; performed there more than tbirty years ; died 1859.
Geer, Joseph, born in Gosport, Eng., Aug. 30, 1768; went early to reside in London ; came to New York, 1820, and was of the orchestra at Park Theatre ; removed to Boston, 1824; was celebrated as a performer on the doulilo bass ; his solo, " The Harmonious BlacksmtUi,^^ was performed often by request; he played at the different theatres, and at orchestral concerts for more than twen- ty years, and was well known as " Old Geer " by all theatre-goers ; was crushed by a loaded team while crossing Milk street, Sept. 10, 1853, and died the same evening, aged eighty-five.
Gelinek, G., a performer on the double bass at the Grand Opera at Paris, and composer of a collection of waltzes, &c., for the harp, published about the year 1798.
Gelinek, Hermann Anton, called Cervetti, was born in Bohemia in 1709; was a celebrated violinist, and spent much of his life in France and Italy; died at Milan in 1779.
Gelinek, Abbe Joseph, a good pianist, and admired composer for his instrument, was born in Bohemia in 1760 ; published much piano-forte music, especially airs with variations.
Gellert, M., a celebrated poet and musician; wrote some for Mozart ; born at Hainichen, Saxony, 1715; died at Leipsic, 1769.
Geminiani, Francesco, violinist; born at Lucca, 1666 ; went to London, published a number of valuable works upon music, some operas, canzonets, and concertos ; died in Dublin, Sept. 17, 1762, aged ninety-six.
Geneeali, a famous composer of comic operas; born at Rome, Oct. 4, 1783 ; died at Navarre, 1832.
Gensen Horn, made from the horn of a chamois, or wild goat ; its tone was like the hautboy.
Gentleman and Ladies' Musical Companion. Daniel Bayley, Newbury- port, Mais. ; "collected, corrected, and made plain" by John Stickney, 1774.
Gentleman's Harp. The king, the king's musicians, and all gentlemen owned and played the harp in Wales; a gentleman's harp could not be seized for debt, because the want of it would have
44
A DICTIONAEY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION
reduced him from bis ranli to that of a slave.
George II. set the example, never since departed from by English au- diences, of standing up during the per- formance of the '^Hallelujah Chorus.''^ He was a man of deep musical sympa- thies.
j George III., of England, was a lover
! and patron of music, member of a quin-
tet club, and performer upon the violon-
1 cello; composed some fine songs, and
jwas a supporter of the concert of an-
yCient music, of oratorio, and a performer
iOn the harpsichord.
j George IV., of England, sustained
'the best private band of music in Eu-
'rope, consisting of forty-two members,
all first-rate artists. It was directed by
Christian Kramer, a composer of great
ability.
George V., king of Hanover, born in Berlin, May 27, 1S19, was a composer and writer on music. Many of his com- positions were for piano-forte and for the voice.
Gerbert, Martin, author of a his- tory of church music and other works ; born in Austria, 1720 ; died 1793.
Germast CniME Bells, an instru- ment resembling the lyre in form, hav- ing, in the place of strings, steel bars tuned to various tones, which are struck with a hammer.
German-Flemish Festival, insti- tuted in London, 1846.
German Music. The Germans, un- til recently, have been more of a specu- lative than a practical people ; and in their effcrts to thoroughly grasp the principles that underlie the" dramatic art, and embody them in their works, they have generally failed to realize their aims. It cannot be said that Ger- man composers, as a class, have shown as much productivity in the opera as in other branches of music, notwitbstand- ing that the greatest representatives of the musical drama have been Germans. It may be truly afiirmed that the one opera of Beethoven is worth more to the life of music than a score of operas by Donizetti or Auber ; and that the serious, thougbtful efforts of Gluck have been more fruitful of good results to the art than the prolific routine of Italian ope- ratic composers. Yet it remains a cu- rious fact, that no German master has founded a dramatic school in his own country that might be compared with
the Neapolitan school, or the French comic opera. Both Gluck and Mozart had more numerous followers among the French and Italians than at home. Mozart was undoubtedly influenced by Gluck, and Beethoven by Mozart : yet neither followed in the others footsteps so closely as to be identified as depend- ent. Beethoven's "Fidelio" marks a return of the opera in Germany from its universal height, accomplished by Mo- zart, to a national German character. Those who came directly after Beetho- ven in time did not follow this truly national and modern direction, but chose, instead, a more narrow and in- significant course, which led to the so- called "romantic opera."
Germania Musical Society came to Boston, Mass., in 1848, with Carl Bergmann as conductor, and William Schultze as leader. This band was con- sidered the best that had yet visited that city ; and they stimulated and fixed that love of music in its highest form v.hich had just been implanted in the hearts of the people.
Gernsheim, Frederic, born in Par- is, at the age of ten years was known as a remarkable pianist; but chiefly cel- ebrated for his skill at improvisation, playing full harmony.
Gernsheim, Fritz, a rising Prussian composer; has already acquired reputa- tion as a writer for orchestra.
Gervinus, one of the brightest liter- ary ornaments of Germany, and a fine musician ; wrote many valuable musical works ; died November, 1871.
Gervold, a singer and teacher; in 787 established a music school in the monastery of St. Waudrille, after the manner of St. Gregory.
Gestewitz, F. C., composer and di- rector ; born in Germany, 1753 ; died at Dresden, 1805.
Gestours. Itinerant minstrels, who interlarded their songs with jokes and funny sayings.
Gesualdo, C, an extremely learned, ingenious, and popular composer of Venosa, kingdom of Naples, 1595 to 1625.
Gevaert, Vitus, of Paris, France, invented, 1872, an appliance, by the aid of which an organist touching but one key will produce a full chord ; it is called the "Harmonista."'
Gevaert, M., a young Belgian artist, self-taught in music and harmony, com-
A DICTIOKAEY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION.
45
menced writing in tlie sand upon the ground, thus forming a musical lan- guage which he could understand; fi- nally studied books, became a composer in 1852, and in 1844 one of his operas was performed in Paris; has written other successful works; has since be- come director of the Brussels Conserva- tory.
Gewandhaus Concerts, established in Leipsic, 1743 ; has maintained one of the best orchestras in the world.
Gheuses, the name of the party which, in 1566, demolished the organs and destroyed the music-books at Ant- werp and elsewhere.
GiAPvDiNi, Felice, violinist and com- poser, born at Turin, 1716; went to Rome, Naples, and England, where he was orchestral leader ; composed for the theatres, and taught music; died at Moscow, Dec. 17, 1796, aged 80.
GiBBOXS, Orlando, one of the most celebrated EngUsh musicians ; born at Cambridge, 1583, died 1628. Edward, organist and composer, Bristol, 1592, and Royal Chapel, 1604. Ellis, com- poser, London, 1600. William, Nov. 19, 1567, was one of the "wc<?/^e.s'" of Cambridge, with the fee of forty shil- lings ; was the father of Orlando. Christopher, organist and chorister to Charles 11. , died 1676.
Gibson, C. C, violinist, borninllen- niker, N, H. ; composer of songs and orchestral music.
Gilbert, Davies, author of " An- cient Christmas Carols,^'' with the tunes, 1522 ; famous in England.
Giles, Nathaniel, born near Wor- cester, England ; organist to Charles I. ; died 1633.
Gilles, Jean, vocalist and composer ; born at Tarascon, in Provence, 1669; died 1730.
Gilliers, Jean Claude, born in Paris, 1667; violinist and composer; was the creator of that national French form of the musical drama, the comic opera ; died in Paris, 1737, aged 70.
Gillot, J., a collector of ancient violins ; born in Sheffield, England, Oct. 11, 1790; died at Birmingham, 1873.
Oilman, John W., Exeter, N. H. ; was one of the pioneer engravers of music, 1764, when the diamond-shaped notes were used.
GiLMORE, Joseph, a colored man, born in Lancaster, Penn, ; once a ser- vant of General Washington, and a
ZY./<^f. A^^^ /W^-7 4
pensioner ; became celebrated as a mu- sician; died September, 1858.
Gilmore, Patrick S., bom near Dublin, Ireland, 1829; came to Canada with an English band ; found his way to Salem, Mass., and became leader of a brass band there ; went to Boston at the age of twenty years, and became known as a leader of bands in that city, and in 1859 organized Gilmore's Band, went to New Orleans, and in 1864 organ- ized a grand festival there, using voices, instruments, and caimon; was tlie great mover in the Peace Jubilees of Boston, 1869 and 1872, after which he settled in New York ; his compositions are numerous and popular.
GiLSON, C, born at Durham; com poser at Edinburgh, 1756 to 1759.
Giovio, Gi AM., wrote a work concern- ing organs, 1803.
GiRAC, E., came to this country from the Paris Conservatoire, and was a teacher in a Western college; in 1853, editor of the New York Musical World; author of an ^'Appendix and Notes " to the American edition of Marx's Musical Composition ; a choir-master, musician, critic, and composer; died in Paris, Dec. 25, 1869 ; was one of the faculty of Notre Dame.
Girad, H., composer to the king of Saxony; born 1846; came to this coun- try with his band, fifty-six men, all using metal instruments, 1872.
GiRARD, M. Narcisse, the successor of Habeneck at the Grand Opera, Paris, and director at the Societe de Concerts; died at his post while con- ducting- the " Iluguenots,^^ Feb. 2, 1860.
Gitteth, an instrument of the harp kind.
GiUGLiNi, Antonio, a celebrated Italian tenor singer at the Scala, in Milan ; became chamber-singer at Vien- na, 1860.
Glaeser, Franz, born 1792; chapel- master at Vienna; in 1831 conducted music in Berlin, and in 1849 was con- ductor at Copenhagen; composed " The Ea^ile' s Eyry " ( " Des Adler' s Ilorst " ) .
Glagol, a wind instrument for mili- tary bands, invented by H. Rott, of Prague, 1861.
Glasses. Musical glasses are of dif- ferent forms, tuned by filling more or less with water.
Glatz, Franz, became known as a German tenor-singer 1874, and was se-
46
A DIOTIO^AHY OF MUSICAL IKFORMATIOH.
lected by Wagner as a solo-singer at Bay- reuth.
Glee. The glee was introduced into England after the catch, and was de- rived from the ancient madrigal ; it was perfected by Webbe.
Gleemen, a name apphed to persons before tlie Norman conquest, af terwp.rds known as minstrels; tliey were not only singers, but jugglers and merry-makers.
Glinka, Michael von, born near Smolensk, 1804; in 1830 went to Italy, nnd in Milan published some canzonets for piano and stringed instruments, and a variety of instrumental music ; in 1835 returned to St. Petersburg, and composed there several operas which made him famous ; lie then travelled in Spain until 1852, when the emperor of Russia bestowed on him the manage- ment of the opera and the chapel, and h<j composed sacred music ; died in Berlin, Feb. 15, 1857, aged 53.
Glockenspiel, a box in which little bells are hung; invented in Germany, and used by Mozart in the *' Magic Flute.''
Gloria in Excelsis. This was called "The Morning Hymn" by the early Chrijtians, and may be found in the original Alexandrine manuscript in the British Museum ; it dates back to the middle of the fifth century. There is a copy in the city library of Zurich, written on purple-stained vellum, in uncial letters of silver, with the chief words and arabesques in gold, and prob- ably belongs to the seventh century. Both these copies agree, word for word, and letter for letter, except that the last mentioned is defaced and illegible in spots, and the writing and vellum both stop at the middle of its line 17, or line 37 of the Alexandrine copy — the rest of the MS. being gone.
Glover, Catheri^te M., widely known among musicians ; wife of (). W., the musical composer; died in London, Nov. 5, 1872.
Glover, Charles W., born in Ire- land ; a well-known composer of songs and duets; died in London, 1863.
Glover, Howard, composer of Eng- lish operas and songs, 18(35; was musi- cal critic for the London Morning Post ; wrote many musical essays of value; came to this country 1873; in 1874 brough out his "Taw, O'Shanter^' at Boston, Mass.
Glover, Miss, taught music to mul-
titudes in England, simply by represent- ing seven letters upon a horizontal line, which letters stood for representations of sound ; when semitones occurred they were marked recZ, and the octaves were also marked.
Glover, Stephen, born in Ireland, Dec. 7, 1814 ; celebrated as a song-writer ; early went to reside in London ; much of his music has been republished in this country.
Gluck, Christopher, born at Wei- denwangen, July 2, 1714; was by nature gifted with great musical talents; be- came a skilful performer on instru- ments, and early celebrated as a com- poser ; was the regenerator of the modern musical opera ; an opera of his, written when he was seventy years old, was the crowning triumph of his system of writing ; after a long life of usefulness, he died Nov. 25, 1787.
Gnugab, a name formerly applied to the organ.
GoBATi, a composer of operas, born 1850, was unable to procure the means of bringing out his first opera; his father, however, believing the work had merit, sold his farm to enable the son to produce "/C?o/i" at Bologna, 1873; and thus made the fortune of his son and himself.
God Save the King, the English national anthem, is of French origin, and had been used for centuries as a vintage hymn in the South of France ; it has been traced back to 1682 in Scot- land, and to 1676 in England.
GoDDARD, Arabella, daughter of Thomas Goddard, of London, England, was born at St. Sevan, near Brittany, Jan. 12, 1836; appeared as pianist at the age of eight years, and in 1854 made a concert tour through England and Ger- many; she married W. J, Davison, mu- sical critic of the '^London Times,'' and since 1856 has been called ^^ Queen of the Piano-forte ; " she came to this coun- try, and played at the Peace Jubilee, Boston, 1872; returning to London, she retired from the stage, 1873, with the intention of travelling round the world,
Godfbey, Daniel, jun., son of the celebrated band-master, has composed '• Queen Mab " for the Haymarket Thea- tre, London, produced there 1874.
Godfrey, DANiEL,enjoys a high repu- tation as a composer and band-master in England; came to this country, 1872, as leader of the English Grenadier
A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION".
47
Guards' band, and attended the Boston Peace Jubilee. There are three bands attached to the Household Brigade in London, under the lead of three broth- ers, — the Coldstream, the Scots Fusi- \eei', and the Grenadier Guards ; the latter has fifty-eiglit members, and is of ancient origin.
GoLDBECK, Robert, born at Pots- dam, Prussia, 1831; after becoming known as a pianist went to Paris, Hun- gary, and England, giving concerts with ^ success ; came to this country as a teacher; was for some time employed by Dr. Tourjee at his conservatory ; be- came known as a composer in New York by his orchestral and other works, 1863.
GoLDONi, celebrated as a dramatic writer; born at Venice, 1707; wrote some musical tragedies and comic operas; died 1793, aged 86.
GoLDSCHMiDT, Otto, bom in Ham- burg, and enjoyed reputation as a musi- cian in Germany before coming to this country as accompanist for Jenny Lind, whom he afterwards married; was an officer of the Royal Academy of Music, London, and known as a composer of music.
Goldsmith, Oliver, born in Ire- land, Nov. 10, 1728; was fond of music, practised it, and during his Continental tour performed on the flute to pay for a meal and lodging; died in London, April 4, 1774.
GoLLMiCK, Adolph, bom at Frank- fort-on-the-Main, 1824; famous as a musician and composer ; settled in Lon- don, England.
GoLLMiCK, H. C, born at Dessau, 1797; a celebrated writer on musical subjects; died at Frankfort, January, 1867, aged 70.
GoMEESAL, Mrs., born in England, Aug. 30, 1844; a daughter of William Ribben, composer; was the first repre- sentative of the Grand Duchess at Philadelphia; came to Boston, Mass., ■with her husband, William Gomersal, the comedian, and sang in opera at the Boston Theatre ; died at Sheffield, Eng- land, May 9, 1871 ; was well known as an actress and vocalist.
GooDALE, E., published, 1817, at Hallowell, Me., "The Ilallowell Col- lection of Sacred Ilusic,'^ 216 pages; strongly recommended by the Handel Society of Maine.
Goodrich, A. J., born at Chilo, O.,
May 8, 1847; known in California as a pianist and composer; later editor of a musical paper in New York ; author of a work on liarmony and other subjects ; composer of over eighty vocal and in- strumental pieces.
Goodrich, Ebenezer, learned the business of bviilding organs of his bro- ther William, in Boston, and then commenced manufacturing on his own account.
Goodrich, William M., born in Templeton, Mass., 1777; went to Bos- ton 1799, and commenced business as an organ-builder; was a self-taught me- chanic and musician; became exten- sively known by his organs, and died 1833.
Goose, Mother, was born and re- sided in Boston, Mass. ; her daughter married Thomas Fleet, a Boston printer ; he, in her name, published, in 1719, " Songs for the Nursery : or. Mother Goose's Melodies for Children;" price, two coppers. Fleet was publisher of the " Weekly Behearml,^' and, later, of the ^^ Bo.'^ton Evening Post.''
GORDiGiANi, one of the excellent composers of Italy; died at Florence, April, 1800.
GoRiA, Alex., born 1823, became early celebrated as a pianist and com- poser. His Nocturne and Etude in E-flat produced for the publishers thirty l^hou- sand francs ; his other works found large sales, but he died in poverty, at Paris, June, 1860.
Gore, Neil, a distinguished Scotch violinist and composer, died March 1, 1807.
Goshen (Ind.) Philhaemoxic So- ciety, organized Sept. 16, 1853.
Gospel Harmonist. Thomas Whit- temore, Boston, 1841.
GossEC, Francis Joseph, born at Vergnies, in Hainaut, 1733; was self- educated ; went to Paris, became leader of a band, and began to compose operas ; was professor of harmony at the con- servatory; continued there as a com- poser to "the age of 78, when he was re- warded with a pension.
GoTTSCiiALK, Clara, a singer and pianist, 1873, gave piano-forte concerts in London, Paris, and New York, per- forming the compositions of her brother, the late L. M. Got-tschalk.
GoTTSCiiALK, Lotus MoREAU, a Crc- I . ole, born in New Orleansy.1829. Went ^'^ to Paris and gave concerts, 1845; in
48 A DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL INFORMATION".
1853, he returned to tlie United States, and became celebrated as a composer and pianist. After giving concerts in all the principal cities lie made a tour Ihrough South America, and settled at Brazil : died at