DICTIONARY

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

SMITH

DICTIONARY

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

EDITED BY

SIDNEY LEE

VOL. LIIL
SMITH STANGER

LONDON

SMITH, ELDER, & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE

1898

[All rights reserved}

LIST OF WEITEES

IN THE FIFTY-THIBD VOLUME.

G. A. A. .

J. G. A. .
J. A-N. . .
W. A. J. A.
G. F. B. B. ,

M. B

B. B

T. B. . . .
E. L. B. . ,
J. 8. B.. . .
G. C. B. . ,
T. G. B. . ,

G. 8. B. . ,
A. B. B. . ,
G. W. C. .
E. L C.. . ,

W. C-B. . ,

E. C-B. . . ,

E. M. a .

A. M. C. .
G. A. J. C.
T. C. ...
W. P. C. .
L. C. . . .
J. A B. .

B. D. . . .

C. L. F. .

G. A. ATTXEN.
J. G. ALGEB.

THE Bzv. JOHN ANDEBSON.
W. A. J. ABCHBOLD.
G. F. BUSSELL BABKEB.
Miss BATESON.
THE BEV. BONALD BAYNE.
, THOMAS BAYNE.
THE BEV. CANON LEIGH BENNETT.
J. SUTHEBLAND BLACK.
THE LATE G. C. BOASE.

THE BEV. PBOFESSOB
F.B.S.

G. S. BOULGEB.

THE BEV. A. B. BUCKLAND.
G. W. CAMPBELL.
E. IBVING CABLYLE.
WILLIAM CABB.
EENEST CLABEE, F.S.A.
Miss CLBEKE.
Miss A. H. CLEEKE.
PBOFESSOB G. A. J. COLE.
THOMPSON COOPEB, F.SA.

W. P. COUBTNEY.

. LIONEL GUST, F.S.A.
J. A. DOYLE.

, BOBEET DUNLOP.

C. LITTON FALKINEB.

C. H. F.
T. F. . .

w. a. .

B. G. . .

A. G. . .

B. E. G.
J. C. H.
J. W. H.
J. A. H.

C. A. H.
P. J. H.
T. F. H.

F. C. H.

W. H. .
, C. K. . .
C. L. K
J. E.
J. K. L.

G. S. L.
L S. L. .
E. L. . .
S. L. . .
B. H. L,

( E. M. L.
. J. H. L.

. . G. H. FlBTH.

. . THE BEV. THOMAS FOWLBB, D.DM
PBESIDENT OF COBPUS
CHBISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD.

. . THE LATE WILLIAM GALLOWAY.

. . BICHABD GABNETT, LL.D., C.B.

. . THE BEV. ALESANDEB GOBBON.

. . B. E. GBAVES.

. . J. CCTHBEBT HADDBN.

. . PBOFESSOB J. W.

. . J. A. HAMILTON.

. . C. ALEXANDEB

. . P. J. HABTOG.

. . T. F. HENDEBSOS.

B. THE BEV. PBEBENDAEY HINGES-
TON-BAKDOLPH.

. . THE BEV. WILLIAM HTJNT.

. . CHABLES KENT.

. . C. L. KlNGSFOEJ>.

. , JOSEPH KNIGHT, F.S.A.

. . PBOFESSOB J. K. LATJGHTON.

. . G. S. LAYABD.

. . L S. TjTCA31A\f.

. . Miss ELIZABETH LEE.

. . SIDNEY LEE.

. . B. H. LEGGE.

. . COLONEL E. M. LLOYD, B.E.

. . THE BEV. J. H. LUPTON, D.D.

List of Writers.

E. C. M. .
H. E. M, .

L. M. SL .

A. BL M. .

C. M. . . ,
0, W. M.,
S. M. . . .
J. B. il. .

B. N, , . .
A. N. . . . ,

GKLF.G.N.,

D. J. OTX

F. M. O'B. ,
J, H. 0. . .

A. F, P. ,

B. P, . . .
D'lL P

E. L. B. . .
W. E. B. . ,
J. If. B. . .
H. K . . . ,

. E. C.

TEE EIGHT Hos. SIB HEBBEET
M.P.

. MlSS MlDDLETGS.
A. H. MiLLAB.

. COSMO MON-KHOCSE.
G. W. Moos.

. NOEMAS MOOBE, M.D.
JT. BASS MULLISGEB.
MES. NEWMAECH.
AUBUBT NICHOLSON.
G. LE GBIS

D. J.

F. M. O'BONOGHTJE, F.S.A.

THIE EST. CASOH OTEBTON.
A. F. POLLAEB.

HlSS BlBTHA POBTEB.

D'Ascr POWEB, F.B.C.S.
Mss. EAI*FOEB.
W. K. EHOBSS.
J. M. Biso.

ir: Eac.

E. F. E. . . THE REV. E. F. RUSSELL.

F. S THE REV. FBANCIS SANDEBS,

T. S THOMAS SECCOMBE.

W. A. S. . . W. A. SHAW

C. F. S. . . Miss C. FELL SMITH.

L, T. S. . . Miss LUCY TOULMIN SMITH.

T. W. S. . . His HONOUB JUDGE SNAGGE.

L. S LESLIE STEPHEN.

G-. S-H. . , . GEOBGE STBONACH.

C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON.

J. T-T. . . . JAMES TAIT.

H. R. T. . . H. R. TEDDEB, F.S.A.

. H. V. . . COLONEL R. H. VETCH, R.!
OB.

', F. W. . W. F. WALLIS.

A. W. W. . A. W. WABD, LL.D.

W. W. W. . SUBGEON - CAPTAIN W. W

WEBB.

C. W-H. . . CHABLES WELCH, F.S.A.
W. E. W. . W. R. WILLIAMS.

B. B. W. . . B. B. WOODWABD.

W. W. » . . WABWICK WEOTH, F.S.A.

DICTIONARY

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

Smith ;

SMITH. [See also SMYTH and SKYTHE.]

SMITH, AARON (d. 1697 ?), solicitor to
the treasury, of obscure origin, was men-
tioned as a seditious person in a procla-
mation of 1 June 1677. A frequenter of
the Rose tavern, he associated with such
dangerous men as Titus Gates and Hugh
Speke. He also got to know Sir John
Trenchard, and sought the acquaintance of
the knot of mtriguing politicians who re-
ceived pay from the Prince of Orange. His
success may he deduced from the fact that
he was number forty-five in Dangerfield's
list of the forty-eight members of the Green
Ribbon Club in the summer of 1679 (DAHeEB-
EDBLB, Discovery of the Designs of the
Papists, 1681). On 30 Jan. 1682 he ap-
peared at the king's bench bar on a charge
of providing Stephen College [q. vj with
seditiouspapers for the purposes of nis de-
fence. He was tried for this offence in the
following July, and found guilty of deliver-
ing libellous papers to College and using
disloyal words. He managed to escape
into hiding before sentence was pronounced,
and spent the year in active plotting. He
had by this tune obtained the confidence
of the leaders of the disaffected party, and
the council, consisting of Monmouth,
Russell, Essex, Sidney, and Hampden, des-
patched him in January 1683 to confer
with their friends in the north. When the
government got wind of the Rye House
plot, they found means of laying hands
upon Smith, who was arrested in Axe Yard
on 4 July and committed to the Tower.
He was thought to be deeply implicated in
the plot, but so little could be proved
against hi™ that he was on 27 Oct. sen-
tenced for his previous offence to a fine of

VOL. un.

: Smith

5001. 9 two hours in the pillory, and to re-
main in prison pending security for good
behaviour. He seems to have thought
himself lucky in getting off so easily (LiTT-
TBELL, i. 285). Though mentioned in Nathan
Wade's list of the members of the c King's
Head Club ' in October 1685 (HarL MS.
6845), it is not improbable that Smith spent
the next four years in or within the rules of
the king's bench prison, from which he was
released in March 1688 (LTTTTRELL).

William was no sooner on the throne
than Smith preferred his claims to sub-
stantial reward. Carefully hidden as his
influence had been, he had been the * Mephi-
stopheles * of whig intrigue since 1678 ; and
on 9 April 1689, with a cynical disregard
for propriety, William made this fanatical
partisan solicitor to the treasury, a post of
rapidly increasing consequence, to which
were added the functions of public prosecutor
(cf. R. HOHTH, Autobwgr*} Large sums were
entrusted to him for the purpose of prosecu-
tions, and there is little doubt that Smith
would have been content to pose as the
Fouqtder-Tinville of the English revolution.
Happily, about ninety per cent, of his charges
were thrown out by the grand juries, while
he was greatly restrained in his activity by
the jealousy of the attorney-general, Sir
George Treby [q. v.] In November 1692
he was summoned before the House of
Lords to explain the procedure which had
been followed upon the arrest of Lords
Marlborough and Huntingdon. With such
contemptuous roughness was he cross-ex-
amined, *y* ye modest man takes it soe
much to heart, y* an affidavit wase this day
made in y* House that he wase not in a
condition to appeare' CHatton Corresp. iL
186).

Smith

But upon his old friend Sir John Tren-
ehard ~q. v.] becoming secretary of state (for
the northern department) in 1693, Smith's
activity against suspects and Jacobites was
redoubled. On preliminarv evidence of the
slenderest kind lie travelled down to Lanca-
shire with two informers, Taafe and Lnnt (for
whom he had appeared as bail on a charge
of bigamy), two men of execrable character.
A few compromising letters and some arms
behind a false fireplace were discovered, and
five Lancashire gentlemen were arrested ;
but Ferguson and other pamphleteers alluded
to the plot as a ridiculous sham; Taafe
changed sides at the last moment, and at
the trial at Manchester in October 1694 the
prisoners were acquitted. Smith was charged
by the hostile party with having { fashioned
all the depositions ' of the witnesses for the
prosecution, and by his own side with having
thoroughly mismanaged the affair. Large
sums of money passed through his hands,
and he was widely suspected of malversa-
tion, ^ In February 1696 he was closely
questioned by the House of Commons as to
fiis accounts. Failing to deliver his ac-
counts to the commissioners appointed to
examine them by 18 Feb., he was ordered to
be taken into custody, and on 25 July 1696
lie was dismissed from his employments.
Four months kter he attended at the bar of
the house and ^leaded illness. He was
given an extension of date until 16 Jan.
lfi&7. But he failed to put in an appear-
ance, fuad thenceforth drops into obscurity,
or more probably died, early in 1697.

[LtLttrelTs Brief Eist. Relation, vols. i, ii in,
*na iv. passim ; Burnet's Hist, of Ms own
Tims, ii. 474 ; Koger North's Autiobiogr. ed.
Jesscpp; Kingston's True Hist., of several De-
signs sad Conspiracies, 1698 ; Jacobite Trials in
Manchester, 1694, ed, Beainont (Chatham Soe )
PP« *k 94 sq. ; l£d Eeaycm's Papers (Hist
moa. Lomna. 4th Rep. App. IT. passim, 14th
Hep. App. vi 8£-7) ; JCsanilaVi Hist, of Eag-
Isjid; JUake's Hist, of Eagkid, vi. 529; Sit
inUft First Whig, pp. 49, 84, 155, 197, 200.
Tti* indexes to LsUreil and to the three works
Itsfc motioned Make the earioas mistake of COE-
fimiw the disreputable aud insolvent Aaron
Smith with John Smith (1655-1723) [q. v.l
who became chancellor Of the exchequer in 1699
j first speaker of the British
^ g

5 Smith

The alleged facts were proved by competent
witnesses ; Smith's defence was that he was
an unwilling agent. The story which he re-
lated in court was that, having been for about
two years in the West Indies, he shipped as
first mate on board the Zephyr brig, which
sailed from Kingston for England in the end
of June 1822. The master, an ignorant and
obstinate man, had been warned against the
leeward passage, which, however, he preferred
as the shortest. The warning was justified,
and the brig was taken possession of by a
schooner manned by Spaniards and half-
breeds, who plundered her of whatever seemed
valuable, forced the master by threats of
torture to deliver up what money he had on
board, and then let them go, detaining Smith
to act as navigator and interpreter, in which
capacity he was compelled, by threats and
actual torture, to act at the plundering
of the Victoria, the Industry, and other
vessels. After several months' detention he
succeeded in escaping, but at Havana was
recognised as one of the pirates, arrested,

and thrown into prison ; and as he refused

_„ __ 11 , •» -I . i I-* , -

SMITH, AARON (jf. 1823), seaman,
was <m 19 Dec. 1823 tried at the Old Bailey
m WMHW ehmrgps of piracy in the West

/ **«** Peered
wfte» ^irood, and
to the value of 30,0007., and

of Smvmg plundered the ship Industry.

or was unable to bribe the Spanish magi-
strates, who offered to release him on pay-
ment of one hundred doubloons, he was
handed over to Sir Charles Rowley [q. v.],
the English, eommander-in-chief at Jamaica,
and was brought to England in irons on
board the Sybflle. His tale, in part sub-
stantiated by witnesses, carried conviction
to the judge, who summed up strongly in
his favour ; and the jury, without hesitation,
returned a verdict of * Not guilty.' He was
described as ' a very genteel-looking young
man, apparently about thirty years old/ 'The
Atrocities of the Pirates: a Faithful Nar-
rative of [Smith's] Unparalleled Sufferings
i during his Captivity in Cuba' (1824), was
j apparently a much embellished record by a
sympathising friend.

1 ^ During the following years Smith con-
tinued at sea, and had command of a vessel
in the China trade. In 1834 he retired and
i lived in London, doing, apparently, a little
business as an underwriter, and aJUo, it was
said, as a bill discounter. On SI Jan. 1850
he attended a meeting at the London Tavern,
called to petition parliament to do away
| with 'head money7 for Borneo pirates, i.e.
j money paid by the government in lieu of
j pnze-moneyforpiratesoniciallyswomtohave
j been killed. It was said that the pirates had
I no existence, and that harmless fishermen or
, people picked up on shore were killed for the
head money. Smith— described as a burly
seafaring man— stood up to contradict this,
and said the pirates were very real ; he him-
j self had been attacked by them and his ship

Smith

very nearly taken. The statement was re- !
ferred to 'in the House of Commons on
23 May, in the debate on the navy esti-
mates, and Mr. Cobden remarked that Smith
was himself a pirate and deserved to be {
punished as such. The speech was reported !
in the f Times ' of the 24th, and on the 25th !
a Mr. E. Garbett wrote, in Smith's name, to |
Cobden, requesting an interview. This Cob-
den refused, and an angry correspondence
followed (Times, 1 June), which brought up i
•a Captain Cook, who wrote to say that
Smith was certainly a pirate ; that he him-
self had been captured and Hi-treated bj
him (ib. 20 June). On this Smith brought
an action for libel against Cook, who pleaded
justification, and the case virtually resolved
itself into trying Smith over again for acts "
of piracy said to have been committed j
twenty-eight years before, for ^ which he \
had already been tried and acquitted. But ;
by this time Smith's witnesses were either ;
dead or lost sight of; there was no official ;
report of the former trial, and Smith's l Nar- j
rative T was clearly padded with a romantic
love adventure, and necessarily open to sus- ,
picion. Eventually, however, a verdict was •
given in Smith's favour, but with damages I
of only 101. (ib. 10 and 13 Dec.) He was,!
at this time living in Camden Town, where
he still was in 1852, after which his name
disappears from the t London Directory.'

[Times, 20 Dec. 1823; Morning Chronicle,
20 Dec. 1823.] J. K L.

SMITH, ADAM (1723-1790), political
economist, born at Kirkcaldy on 5 June
1723, was the only child of Adam Smith,
writer to the signet, by Margaret, daughter
of John Douglas of Strathendry, Fifeshire.
The father, a native of Aberdeen, had been
private secretary to Hugh Campbell, third
earl of Loudoun [q. v.], who in 1713gave
Torn the comptrollership of customs at Kirk-
caldy. The salary was 40£. a year, probably
much increased by fees. The elder Smith
died in April 1723 (he has beea confused
with a cousin, also named Adam Smith, who
was living in 1740; see RAE, Adam Smith,
p. 3). The younger Adam Smith was brought
up by his mother, and the bond between
them came to be exceptionally close. When
about three years old lie was carried off by
gipsies, but speedily recovered (DTJGALD
STEWART, Works, x. 6). He was a delicate
child, and already inclined to the fits of ab-
sence of mind which were a lifelong charac-
teristic. He was sent to the burgh school of
Kirkcaldy, and was beginning Latin by 1733,
as appears from the date in a copy of 'Eutrc-
pius with bis name. A-mong his school-

Smith

fellows was John Oswald (afterwards bishop
of Raphoe), brother of James Oswald ~q. v.
The brothers Adam, the architects, who'lired
in Kirkealdy, were also friends of his boy-
hood. Smith was sent to Glasgow for the
session of 1737-8, and studied there for
four sessions. He learnt some Greek under
Alexander Dunlop Fq.v.'j and acquired taste
for mathematics uncler Ivobert Simson [q. v.],
to whom he refers with great respect Qtoral
Sentiments, pt. iii. chap, 2). Matthew,
father of Dugald Stewart, whom he couples
with Simson as a first-rate mathematician,
was a fellow-student and lifelong friend,
The most important influence, however, was
that of Francis Hutcheson, whose teaching
both on moral and economic questions had
considerable affinity to the later doctrines
of his pupil. A letter written by David
Hume to fiutcheson (4 March 1740) shows
that a * Mr. Smith ' had made an abstract
of the * Treatise of Human Nature/ by
which Hume was so well pleased as to
send a copy of his book through Hutcheson
to the compiler. "Whether 'Mr. Smith'
was Adam Smith is, however, uncertain.
Smith obtained a Snell exhibition to Balliol
College, Oxford, in 1740. The exhibitions
were then worth 40/. a year. According to
the founder's will, the exhibitioners were to
take orders in the episcopal church in Scot-
land. The regulation was not enforced
after the union. According to Stewart,
however, Smith was intended to take orders,
but did not find the * ecclesiastical profession
suitable to his taste.' Smith went to Ox-
ford on horseback in June 1740, and stayed
there without interruption till 1746. His
name does not appear in the list of graduates,
but Thorold Rogers infers from the title of
*dominusj given to him in the buttery
books that he took the B.A. degree in 1744.
Smith's famous remarks upon the English
universities in the * Wealth of Nations *
imply that he owed little to the official
system of tuition. He read? however, in-
dustriously for himself; he had access to
the college library, obtained a wide and
accurate knowledge of Greek as well as
of English literature, and employed himself
in translations from the French with a view
to the improvement of his style. MfCulloch
reports * on the best authority ' that he was
once found reading Hume's * Treatise/ and
severely reprimanded. Letters from Smith
to his mother, quoted by Brougham, show-
that he had suffered from 'an inveterate
scurvy and shaking of the hand/ and had,
as he thought, cured himself by tar- water.
He also speaks of a t violent fit of laziness *
which had confined him to his elbow-chair

Smith

for three months. He was probably over-
worked and solitary. The Scottish students
were regarded with dislike at Oxford, and
the only friend mentioned is John Douglas
(1 721-1807 1 [q. v.], also a Fifeshire man, and
afterwards bishop^of Salisbury. Smith re-
turned tr> Kirkcaldy in 1746. He was ac-
quainted with Henry Home, lord Kames
q. T.", and, at Kames's suggestion, gave a
course of lectures upon English literature in
1748-9. These were afterwards burnt by his
own direction ; but tiey had been seen by
Hugh Blair "q. v,], who acknowledges in his ,
own lectures that he had taken * some ideas '
from them, and was thought to have taken
them too freely. Smith, as appears from
various allusions in his writings, held the
ordinary opinions of the leading critics of
his time. He preferred Bacine to Shake-
speare, and specially admired Swiffc, Dryden, ,
Pope, and Gray. He told a contributor to
the ' Bee ? that he had never been able to
make a rhyme, but could compose blank verse
4 as fast as he could speak.' He naturally
shared Johnson's contempt for blank verse,
When Boswell reported this coincidence,
Johnson replied, i Had I known that he loved
rhyme so much ... I should have hugged
him/ Smith probably edited the edition of
the poems ^of William Hamilton (1704-
1754) Tq. v.j of Bangour, published at this
time (KAEt pp. 49-51). Smith repeated his
literary lectures for three winters, and gave
also some lectures upon economic topics.
These are known only from a quotation
by Bugald Stewart, which shows that he
was strongly opposed to government inter-
ference with f the natural course of things.'
Smith appears to have made 1001, by a
course of lectures (BuETOtf, Hume, ii. 46),
and his reputation presumably led to his
unanimous election to the chair of logic at
Glasgow on 9 Jan. 1751. He began his
official lectures in October. They were
ehiefiy ^ devoted to £ rhetoric and belles-
lettres.' He also acted as substitute for
Cimigie, the professor of moral philosophy,
W!M> was sent to Lisbon for his health, and
died in the following November. Upon
Craigie's death, Smith was transferred to
tfee dbair of moral philosophy (29 April
£5S* **? „*» supported by his Mend
Waiim Cullea [q. v,], also professor at
Glasgow, and both of them desired that
B&yid Hume might succeed to the chair of
30fic ; but Smith admits that this would be
Jf^sst public opinion. Smith's new pro-
fessorship seems to have been superior in
pant of money to the old one. There was
«3i endowment of about 7<W. a year: the fees
wwrnted to about 100/.; and Smith had a

Smith

house in the college, where his mother and
his cousin, Jane Douglas, lived with him.
He moved to two other houses in succession
during his professorship; but they were-
demolished with the old college buildings.

There were some three hundred students
in the college, of whom about eighty or
ninety attended the moral philosophy class.
Most of them were preparing for the ministry,,
and about a third were Irish presbyterians.
Smith gave lectures during the session at
7.30 A.M., followed by an * examination ' at
eleven, besides some private lectures. John
Millar (1735-1801) [q, v.] describes his
course to Dugald Stewart. It included four
topics : natural theology, ethics, containing
the substance of his f Moral Sentiments/ the
theory of those political institutions which
are founded upon * justice,' that is, of
jurisprudence, a treatise upon which is
promised, though it was never completed, at
the end of the ' Moral Sentiments ; ' and of
the political institutions founded upon ' ex-
pediency/ a topic which corresponds to the
' Wealth of Nations.' Millar says that hia
manner, i though not graceful, was plain,
and unaffected; ' that he spoke at first with
hesitation, but warmed up as he proceeded,
especially when in view of possible con-
troversy, and then spoke with great anima-
tion and power of illustration. He used,
according to the elder Alison (SINCLAIR,.
Old Times and Distant Places, p. 9), to
watch some particular student of expressive
countenance, and be guided by such hearer's
attentiveness or listlessness. The lectures
became famous, especially after Smith's-
publication of the ' Moral Sentiments.' Lord
ohelburne sent his younger brother Thomas
to study under Smith, and Voltaire's friend,
Theodore Tronchin, a physician at Geneva,
sent a son for the same purpose in 1761.

Smith, as Mr. Rae shows from, the college
records, took a very active part in business
during his professorship. He was employed
to conduct various legal matters, such as a
controversy with BalLiol over the Snell exhi-
bitions. He was 'quaestor* or treasurer
from 1758 to 1764, and curator of the
chambers let to students ; he was dean of
faculty from 1760 to 1762 ; and in 1762 was
appointed vice-rector, in which capacity he
had to preside overall college meetings. The
number of quarrels among the professors, of
which Reid complains upon succeeding
Smith, shows that this position was no sine-
cure. Smith was a patron of James Watt,
who was enabled by the college to set up as
mathematical-instrument maker in Glasgow
in spite of the trade privileges of the town ;
he advised Eobert Foulis [q. v.Jwhen start-

Smith ;

ing an academy of design at Glasgow, and '
supported the university typefoundry esta- I
blished by his friend Wilson, the professor
of astronomy. It is remarkable that Smith
was active in the opposition carried on by the j
university and the town council to building
a theatre in Glasgow. Smith approved of ;
playgoing; he speaks strongly in the j
* Wealth of Nations ' against the fanatical
.dislike of the theatre, and agreed with Hume
in supporting John Home in the agitation
about 'Douglas.' He may, as Mr. Rae
suggests, have had excellent reasons for dis-
criminating between theatres at Glasgow i
and theatres at Paris \ but his motives must I
be conjectural. Smith also took a leading !
part in protesting against the claim of a pro- ,
lessor to vote upon Ms own election to
another professorship, and in favour of the
deprivation of another for going abroad
with a pupil in defiance of the refusal of his ;
•colleagues to grant leave of absence.

Smith joined in the social recreations eha- ,
racteristicofthetime. He belonged to a club j
founded byAndrew Cochrane, provost of Glas-
gow, for the discussion of trade (CAKLYLE,
Autobiogr. p. 73). Sir James Stewart Denham
[q. v.] found soon afterwards that the Glas-
gow merchants had been converted by Smith
to free-trade in corn ; and such matters had
doubtless been discussed at the club. Smith
was also a member of the Literary Society
of Glasgow, founded in 1752; and on 23 Jan.
1753 read a paper upon Hume's * Essays on
•Commerce' (Rlaitland Club Notes and Docu-
ments). He and his friend Joseph Black,
the chemist, joined the weekly dinners of
the 'Anderston Club/ and Watt testifies
that he was kindly welcomed at this club
by his superiors in education and position.
-Smith's orthodoxy seems to have been a little
suspected at Glasgow, partly on account of
Ms friendship with Hume.

It does not appear precisely at what time
this friendship began. Hume did not settle
.at Edinburgh until Smith was leaving for
Glasgow. In 1752 they were in corre-
spondence, and Hume was consulting Smith
about his essays and his projected history.
•Smith frequently visited his friend at Edin-
burgh. He was elected a member of the
Philosophical Society, to which Hume was
the secretary upon its revival in the same
year ; and in 1754 was one of fifteen persons
present at the first meeting of the Select
Society, started by the painter Allan Ram-
say, which became the * Edinburgh Society
for encouraging Arts, Sciences, Manufac-
tures, and Agriculture in Scotland/ Smith
presided at a meeting on 19 June 1754 ; and
gave notice of discussions upon naturalisa-

Smith

tion and upon the policy of bounties for the
export of corn. Many economic topics were
discussed at this society (see Scots Afoy.
for 1757), which also, like the Society
of Arts (founded in 1753 in London), of-
fered premiums in support of its objects and
manufactures. It moreover proposed to
teach Scots to write English, and incurred
ridicule, which probably led to its extinction
in 1765 (see CAMPBELL'S ' EUenborough J in
Lives of the Chancellors). Smith also con-
tributed to the * Edinburgh Review' of
which two numbers only appeared. He re-
viewed Johnson's ( Dictionary * in the first
number, and in the second proposed an ex-
tension of the ; Keview ' to foreign litera-
ture, adding an account of the recent writ-
ings of French celebrities, including Rous-
seau's * Discourse on Inequality.' Suspicions
as to the orthodoxy of the writers, and an
erroneous belief tnat Hume was concerned
', in it, led to the discontinuance of the * Re-
, view ? (TriLEE, Life of Kames, i. 233). In
j 1758 Sunae was anxious that Smith should
i succeed to an expected vacancy in the chair
! of the i Law of Nature and Nations,' in the
! gift of the crown. The holder, he thought,
I was willing to resign it for 8007., and 4 the
I foul mouths of all the roarers against heresy ?
j could be easily stopped. Smith, however,
did not become a candidate. In 1762 Smith,
was an original member of the * Poker Club,'
so called because intended to stir up public
opinion on behalf of a Scottish militia,
though in practice it seems to have done
little beyond promoting conviviality.

In 1759 Smith published Ms * Theory of
the Moral Sentiments.' The book was warmly
welcomed by Hume, who reported its favour-
able reception in London (Letter of 12 April
1759), and was highly praised in the e Annual
Register * in an article attributed to Burke.
Smith was henceforth recognised as one of
the first authors of the day. He visited
London for the first time in 1761. It was
probably on this occasion (see RAE, p. 153)
that he accompanied Lord Shelburne on the
journey, and urged Ms principles with such
1 benevolence ' and * eloquence ' as perma-
nently to affect the mind of his companion
(STEWAET, Works, ^ 95). It is probable
also that a famous interview took place at
this time with Dr. Johnson. They certainly
had a rough altercation at the house of Wil-
liam Stranan, Smith's publisher. Scott after-
wards told a story according to which the
two moralists met at Glasgow, and ended a
discussion relating to Smith's account of
Hume's last illness by giving each other the
lie in the coarsest terms. The story involves
palpable anachronisms, as Johnson's only

Smith

visit to Glasgow was before Hume's death.
This is gratifying to biographers who are
shocked by the anecdote. That something
of the kind took place at Strahan's, however,
is undoubted, and may have been the foun-
dation of Scott's story (BoswELL, Johnson,
ed. Hill, iii. 331, T. 369 ; other versions are
in Wilforforce Correspondence, 1840, i. 40 n.,
and Edinburgh Review, October 1840; see
BAE, pp, 155-8).

Among the admirers of Smith's ' Moral Sen-
timents ' was Charles Townshend (1725-1767)
He was stepfather of Henry Scott,

third duke of Buccleuch [q. v.], and told Hume
as soon as the book came out that he should
like to place the duke under Smith's charge.
fie visited Smith at Glasgow in the summer.
In October 1763, when the duke was about
to leave Eton, the offer of a travelling tutor-
ship was made accordingly, and accepted by
Smith. He was to have his travelling ex-
penses, with 3002. a year and a life-pension of
the same amount. He applied for leave of
absence in the following November, under-
taking to pay over Ms salary to a substitute,
and returning to his pupils the fees for his
class. He had to force the money upon
than (Tram, Kernes^ i. 278). Soon after
starting upon his travels he sent in his resig-
nation (RAE, pp, 168-72).

Smith left London for Paris with the duke
in, February 1764. The^r met Hume at Paris,
and proceeded almost immediately to Tou-
krose. They were joined in the autumn by
the duke's younger brother, Hew Campbell
Scott, and stayed at Toulouse for eighteen
months, making a few excursions. They
visited Montpelfier during the session of the
states of Languedoc ; and Smith, though he
could never talk French perfectly, went
into society and was pleased with many of
the provincial authorities. In August 1764
the partv started for a tour through the
•tnrfh of France and went to Geneva, where
they spent two months. Smith saw Voltaire,
for wfeora ae always had a profound respect.
Wtei Bogers in 1789 spoke of some one as
* & Voltaire,* Smith replied emphatically, * Sir
there feaa been but one Voltaire* (Table
^«<rf*.p.46). He also met Charles
iKmnetand Georges Louis Le Sage, the pro-
gsaor ofpiiysies. In December he went to
-ram ; Hume left shortly afterwards, but in-
fro**»*. bmith to his Parisian Mends.
punig the nert ten months Smith bad much
with hilosohers in Parisian

\ i? ~ ~* — -t— w«*j, Morellet,
i ae became especially intimate
__™«j translated tlje 'Wealth of Na-
tKjas, Comaorcet say sttoTurgotnot only

6 Smith

[ discussed economic questions with Smith, but
! continued to correspond with him afterwards.
Stewart (Works, x. 47) denies, and appa-
rently on sufficient grounds, that this corre-
spondence ever existed ; and no letters have
been found. At a later period, however,,
j Smith certainly obtained a valuable docu-
! ment through Turgot's 'particular favour'
(SINCLAIR, Correspondence, i. 388). The in-
fluence of the French economists upon Smith's.
opinions has been much discussed ; but it is
, clear that the facts of the intercourse at this
1 time throw no doubt upon the view that
; Smith reached his main theories indepen-
dently j and that he was influenced only
| so far as discussions with eminent men of
; similar tendencies would tend to clear and
stimulate his mind. He told Rogers in 1789-
, that he thought Target (CLAYDEK, Early-
Life of Rogers, p. 95) to be an honest man,
but too little acquainted with human nature-
! — a remark which may have been suggested
! by Turgot's later career.
j ^ "While in Paris Smith had some concern
j in Hume's quarrel with Rousseau [see under
ETOE, DAVID, 1711-1776], and was anxious,
as long as possible, to prevent Hume from
making the affair public. A story is told of
1 Smith's love of an English lady at this time,.
j and the love of a French marquise for Smith.
Neither passion was returned (CTTEKIE,
Corresp. 1831, ii. 317). Stewart also men-
tioned a disappointment in an early and long
attachment to a lady who survived him
( Works, x. 97), but nothing more is known
of any romance in his life,

On 18 Oct. 1766 Smith's younger pupil,
Hew Campbell Scott, was murdered in the-
street in Paris. Smith at once returned with
i the remains, reaching Dover on 1 Nov. He
stayed in London superintending a third
edition of the ' Moral Sentiments ' and read-
ing in the British Museum. On 21 May 1767
he was elected F.E.S. He had by this time-
returned to Kirkcaldy, where lie lived with
his mother and his cousin Jane Douglas, wha
had retired thither from Glasgow after his
resignation of the professorship. Smith was
now occupied with the composition of the
* Wealth of Nations.' He visited the Duke of
Buccleuch, who had been married on 3 May
1767, and whose settlement at Dalkeith. was
the occasion of a great entertainment. The
duke testified afterwards that they liad never
had a disagreement,and the friendship lasted
fall Smith's death. Smith then stayed
quietly at Eurkcaldy, and in February 1770-
4 Hume writes to him of a report that he was
: going to London with a view to the publi-
1 cation of his book. Smith, however, was .
delayed IE Ms work, partly by ill-health ?

Smith

Smith

and Hume in April 1772 complains that he
was i cutting himself off entirely from human
society.' In 1772 his friend William Pol-
teney recommended him to the directors of
the East India Company as member of a
commission of inquiry into their administra-
tion to he sent to India. Smith, in a letter
of 5 Sept. 1772 (BAE, p. 253), states his
willingness to accept the appointment, but
the scheme was soon afterwards abandoned.
Smith mentions that his hook would have
been ready for the press but for bad health,
for * too much thinking upon one thing ' and
other t avocations ' due to public troubles ;
probably, as Mr. Eae suggests, liabilities
incurred by the Duke of Buccleuch through
the failure of Heron's bank. Smith went to
London with the manuscript of his book in
the spring of 1773, leaving directions with
Hume as to the disposal of his other manu-
scripts in the event of his death. He was
in London frequently, if he did not stay
there continuously, during the next four
years (IUE,p. 263). In 1775 he was elected
a member of * The Club ;' he is mentioned by
Horace Walpole, Bishop Percy, and others ;
and it is said that he often met Franklin
and carefully discussed chapters of the
' Wealth of Nations ' with Franklin, Dr.
Price, and * others of the literati ' (WATSOS, !
Annals of Philadelphia, i. 553). Various
passages in the book show that it was under-
going revisions at this time. ' The Wealth
of Nations ' was at last published on 9 March !
1776. He seems to have received 500/. from
Strahan for the first edition, and published
the later editions upon half profits (EAE, p.
285). The book succeeded at once, and the
first edition was exhausted in six months.
According to Mr. Rae it was not mentioned
in the House of Commons till 11 Nov.
1783, when Fox quoted a maxim from that
'excellent book' (ParL Hist, aadii. 1152).
As Fox admitted to Charles Butler (Jtemmi-
scences, i. 176) that he had never read the
book and could never understand the sub-
ject, the allusion is the stronger testimony !
to its general authority. It was never even
* mentioned in the House again' (that is, of
course, in the very imperfect reports) ' until
1787,' nor in the House of Lords till 1793.
During the American war, however, Lord
North, in imposing new taxes, seems to have
taken some hints from the * Wealth of Na-
tions,' especially in the house-tax (1778) and
the malt-tax (1780) (see RAB, pp. 290-4 ;
and DOWELL, Taxation, ii. 166-73). Pitt
studied the book carefully, applied its prin-
ciples in the French treaty of 1786,, and '
spoke of it with veneration when introduc-
ing his budget on 17 Feb. 1792 (ParL Hist.

xxix. 834). Whether it be true or not, as
Buckle said, that the * Wealth of Nations'
was, * in its ultimate results, probably the
most important that had ever been written '
{Hist. Civilisation, i. 214), it is probable that
no book can be mentioned which so rapidly
became an authority both with statesmen
and philosophers.

Hume wrote a warm congratulation, with
a judicious hint of criticism. His health
was breaking, and Smith had intended to
bring him from Edinburgh after the publica-
tion of his ( Wealth of Nations.7 Hume,
however, started by himself, and met Smith,
on his way northwards, at Morpeth. Smith
had to go onto Kirkcaldyto see his mother,
who was ill. Hume committed the care
of his posthumous publications to Smith,
and especially desired hiim. to guarantee the
appearance of the * Dialogues on Natural
Religion.' Smith made difficulties, on the
ground of the probable clamour and possible
injury to his own prospects. He promised
to preserve a copy of the book if entrusted
to him; but different arrangements were
finally made by Hume for the publication.
Smith refused to receive a legacy of 2QGJ
left to "Hirn by Hume, only, as he thought,
in consideration of the performance of this
task. Smith, however, promised Hume that
he would correct the other works, and add
to the autobiography an account of Hume's
behaviour in his last illness. Smith was
present at a final dinner which Hume gave
to his friends in Edinburgh on 4 July 1776.
The * Life,' with the promised account of
the illness in a letter to Strahan, was pub-
lished in 1777. Smith spoke in the strongest
terms of Hume's virtues, to the great offence
of the orthodox. The letter appeared to be
intended to show how one who was not a
Christian could die. Smith probably did
not appreciate its significance to others. He
was attacked in a scurriloiis ' Letter to
Adam Smith ... "by one of the people
called Christians/ Le. George Home fq. v.],
afterwards bishop of Norwich. Of this he
never took notice.

In January 1777 he was again in London,
but returned to Kirkcaldy, and ^ there re-
ceived his appointment as commissioner of
customs in December following. The ap-
pointment may have been due to the Duke
of Buccleuch, or, as Mr. Eae (p. 320) thinks
probable, to Lord North and Sir Grey
Cooper, the secretary of the treasury, in re-
cognition of the suggestions about taxes in
the < Wealth of Nations.' The appointment
' was 6Q0Z. a year, and the Duke of Buccleuch
• refused Smith's offer to resign the pension.
Smith was therefore now well off, and took

Smith

Panmure House in the Canongate (still stand-
ing), where he settled with his mother, his
cousin Miss Douglas, and David, son of an-
other cousin, Colonel Eobert Douglas of
Strath endry. He had a good library, and
entertained his friends simply, especially at
Sunday suppers. He read Greek, and took a
weekly dinner at the l Oyster Club/ of which
he and his friends Joseph Black and James
Hutton the geologist were the chief members.
He was one of lye commissioners, and at-
tended to his duties regularly. Scott gives
some singular anecdotes of the absence of
mind for which he was always remarkable,
and especially of one occasion upon which he
automatically imitated the military salute
made by a stately porter (f John Home' hi
3/2*?. Works) vol. sis.) He was becoming in-
firm ; and though bis duties were not severe,
they occupied him sufficiently to prevent him
from completing new original "work. He apo-
logises to his publisher in December 1782 for
his idleness (Bus, p. 362). He was now, how-
ever, preparing a third edition of the e Wealth
of Nations/ to which he made considerable
additions. He was consulted by William
Eden (afterwards Lord Auckland) and the
secretary to the board of trade in 1779 in
regard to free trade with Ireland (Letters in
BAE, pp. 850-4, from English Historical Ee-
raw of April 1886), and in 1783 in regard to
the regulations of the American trade. Smith
was a steady whig, and heartily approved of
Fox's East India BilL In 1784 Burke passed
through Edinburgh on his way to be installed
as loft rector of Glasgow. 'Burke,' as
Smith saM (BissET, ii. 429), £ is the only
man I ever knew who thinks on economic
subjects exactly as I do without any previous
communication having passed between us/
They were at ^tMs time in political agree-
ment, and Smith, after receiving Burke at
Edinburgh, accompanied him to Glasgow
and upon an excursion to Loch Lomond
(pAXixx* University of EdMurgh, L 42).
Burke was elected a fellow of the Koval
Society of Edinburgh in June 1784. This
society had been founded in the previous
year, superseding the old Philosophical So-
ciety. ^Saita was one of the four presidents
^ the toary branch, Robertson, Blair, and
tosnio Gordon being his colleagues. In
August 1786 Bnrie again visited Scotland
in company with Windham, and renewed
a*s intercourse with Smith.

a Smith's mother died on 23 May 1784 in her
nnwtietii year. His grief was so intense as
to nopnae his friends, and WES the more
t^mg^&s his ownjiealth was declining. In

I serious alarm. In April he

5 Smith

went to London to consult John Hunter.
He was much wasted, but -was able to go
into society. He met Pitt on several occa-
sions. They dined together at Henry Dundas's
house at Wimbledon, when Pitt told hj*n to
, be seated first ; e for we are all your scholars '
i (KAY, Edinburgh Portraits, p, 75). Greorge
Wilson reports to Bentham (14 July) that
Smith is ' much with the ministry/ and en-
gaged in some researches for which the
clerks at the public offices are to give him
every facility. Wilberforce also talked about
the society recently started for extending
the Scottish fisheries (WIIBEBFOBCE, Corre-
spondence, i. 40). Smith observed, ' with a
certain characteristic coolness,' that the only
result would be the loss of every shilling
invested. He was not far wrong.

In November 1787 Smith was elected lord
rector of Glasgow. He acknowledged the
honour in a warm letter of thanks to the
principal (RAH, p. 411), and was installed on
12 Dec., but he gave no inaugural address.
In 1788 he was in much better health. He
lost his^cousin, Jane Douglas, who had lived
with him for many years, in the autumn.
In 1789 Smith employed himself upon a re-
vision of the 'Moral Sentiments/ the pre-
vious editions of which had remained un-
altered. The suppression of a reference to
Rochefoucauld, whom he had coupled with
Mandeville, was criticised, very needlessly,
as a concession to a private friendship with
Rochefoucauld's grandson (STEWART, x. 46 n.)
The suppression of another passage, in which
he had said that the Christian doctrine of the
atonement coincided with natural religion
was brought to notice in consequence of a
reference to the original edition by Arch-
bishop Magee. On hearing of the suppression
Magee said that it was a proof that Smith
had been seduced by the infidel Hume. The
statement that the < Criterion ' of his friend
John Douglas was written to meet Smith's
difficulties as to the miracles is regarded as
doubtful by Mr. Rae (p. 129), who observes
that it cannot be traced beyond Chalmers's *
'Dictionary/ There can in any case be no
doubt that Smith was a sincere theist, and
that he especially lays great stress upon the
doctrine of final causes. It is probably as
clear that he was not an orthodox believer
His characteristic shrinking from « clamour'
explains his reticence as to deviations from

•r -£••—-.«•**«. j_ru.u JJULB warm, acunira-
tion for Hume, Voltaire, and Rousseau was '
scarcely compatible with complete disap-
proval of their religious doctrines ; and not
to express such disapproval, had he felt it,
would have been cowardly rather than reti-
cent He no doubt shared the rationalism of

9

Smith

most contemporary philosophers, though in
the sense of optimistic deism. Smith argues,
in the ' Wealth of Nations/ that society is
so constituted that each man promotes the
interests of all "by attending to his own inte-
rests, and in the l Moral Sentiments ' that
sympathy induces us to approve such con-
duct as tends to this result. In both cases a
belief in the argument from design is clearly
implied.

In the spring of 1790 Smith was plainly
failing. When he became aware of his
state he sent for his friends Hutton and
Black, and insisted upon their burning six-
teen volumes of his manuscripts. They did so
without knowing what were the contents.
Smith's mind seemed to be relieved. He
afterwards had some friends to supper, as
usual, but was forced to retire early, using
a phrase which has been variously reported j
(CLATDES-, Samuel Jtogers, p. 168 ; STEWABT, j
x. 75 n. j SnrcLAJE, Old Times and Distant \
Places). It cannot be known whether he !
adjourned the meeting to another place or
to another and a better world. He died on
17 July 1790, and was buried in the Canon- j
gate churchyard. !

Smith left; Ms property to his cousin, I
David Douglas (afterwards Lord Beston),
who was to follow the instructions of j
Hutton and Black in regard to his works, |
and to pay an annuity of 20Z. to Miss Janet j
Douglas, and on her "death 400Z. to Andrew !
Cleghorn. Hia property was less than had [
been expected from the modesty of his j
establishment ; and Stewart found the cause :
to be that he had secretly given away sums |
' on a scale much beyond what would have |
been expected from his fortune.'

Smith, according to Stewart, never sat for
his portrait, though a painting by T. Collopy
in the National Museum of Antiquities at
Edinburgh has been taken to represent
Smith because the ' Wealth of Nations * is
inscribed on a book in the picture. Tassie,
who had seen Smith, executed two medal-
lions in 1787. From one (with a wig), now
in the National Portrait Gallery of Scotland,
a drawing was made by J. Jackson, engraved
for publication in 1811, and also engraved
for editions of the 'Wealth of Nations/
Other engravings are by J. Beugo in the
' Scots Magazine J for June 1801, and by H.
Horsburgh for M'Culloch's edition of the
4 Wealth of Nations,' 1828. Another (with-
out a wig), now in the possession of J. K.
Findlay, esq., of Edinburgh, has not been
engraved. Two portraits were drawn by
Kay for the f Edinburgh Portraits/

Smith's library passed to the heirs of ids
nephew. Part now belongs to the nephew's

Smith

grandson, the Rev. Dr. Bannerman, who hi
1884 presented a portion to New College,
Edinburgh ; part to another grandson, Pro-
fessor R. O. Cunningham, who presented a
portion to Queen's College, Belfast. Other
books were sold. Mr. James Bonar com-
piled a catalogue (1894) of these and of such
other books as could be traced. This in-
cludes about 2,200 volumes, or probably
about two-thirds of the whole. The cata-
logue marks the passages in which Smith
quotes the books named. Mr. Bonar also
gives a plan of Smith's house at Xirkcaldy,
a copy of his will, and an account of his
portraits by J. M. Gray.

Smith's * Wealth of Nations ' is generally
admitted to have originated the study of
political economy as a separate department
of scientific inquiry. It is therefore dis-
cussed in every manual and history of the
subject. Its merit is due on one side to the
great range of his historical knowledge, to
the ingenuity and sound judgment with
which he applies his principles to a number
of concrete cases, and to the literary skill
which makes him always animated, in spite
of digressions and a diffuse style. On the
other side, his exposition of abstract prin-
ciples, though inevitably imperfect, owed
part of its success to the completeness with
which it represented the dominant tendencies
of contemporary thought, and especially the
revolt against obsolete restrictions of all
kinds. The * Smithianismus ' of German
writers was supposed to represent the un-
qualified acceptance of the laissez-faire
theory ; and Buckle's enthusiastic panegyric
represents the view taken at the time by a
zealous adherent of that doctrine. Smith
was too practical to accept the view as abso-
lutely as his disciples. His sympathy with
the general tendency has incidentally sug-
gested much controversy as to his relation
to previous writers of similar views. The
most elaborate investigation of his obliga-
tions to Ms predecessors will be found in
Professor Hasbach's ' Untersuchungen iiber
Adam Smith' (1891). Smith's relation to
the French economists, already discussed by
Dugald Stewart, was elucidated by the re-
ports of his Glasgow lectures in 1763, pub-
lished with, an introduction by Mr. Cannan.
The report, though very imperfect, shows
the manner in which Smith had treated the
subject before his visit to France, and the
subject's relation to his general scheme. Mr.
Cannan sums up his view by saying that
Smith had worked out his theory upon the
division of labour, money, prices, and diffe-
rences of wages before going to France, but
had acquired from the * physiocrats' the

Smith

perception that a * scheme of distribution '
was necessary, and l tacked Ms own scheme
f very different from theirs) on to his already
existing theory of prices ' (Lectures, p.^xxsi).
Other monographs upon Smith's relations to
other writers are Oncken's *A. Smith and
Immanuel Kant ' (1577), Feilbogen's ' Smith
and Turgot '{1S93); and Skarzynski's 'Adam
Smith afs Moralphilosoph und Schopfer der
Xationalukonomie/ Many other references
are given in Cossa's * Introduction to the
Study of Political Economy' (English, 1893),
and a Ml bibliography, by Mr. J, P. Ander-
son, is in the appendix to Mr, Haldane's

* Adam Smith,'

Smith's works are : 1. Articles upon John-
son's Dictionary, and the general state of
literature of Europe, in Nos. 1 and 2 (all
published) of the (old) i Edinburgh Review/
1755; the review was reprinted in 1818.
2, 4 The Theory of Moral Sentiments/ 1759 ;
to the second edition (1761) was added a

* Dissertation on the Origin of Languages ; 7
a sixth edition, * with considerable additions
and corrections/ appeared in 1790 ; a French
translation was published in 1764, and one
(by Blavet) in 1774. 3. * An Inquiry into
the Mature and Causes of the Wealth of
Nations/ 1776, 2 vols. 4to ; the 2nd (1778)
is unaltered ; the 3rd (1784), in 3 vols. 8vo,
has f additions and corrections/ which were
separately printed in the same year ; the
4tn and t5th, reproductions of the 3rd, ap-
peared in 1786 and 1789 ; and a 9th in 1799.
A French translation by Blavet was pub-
lished in 1 781, after appearing in the * Journal
de r Agriculture' (1779-80); a second, by
Roucher and the Marquise de Condorcet, in
1790; and a third, by Gamier, in 1802 (re-
published in 1843 with commentaries). A
Danish translation by Draby e was published
in 1779-80; a German, by J. F. Schuler, in
1776-8 ; and one by Garve by the end of

. tlie century. The Italian translation was
published in 1780; a Spanish translation in
179S, though it had been previously sup-
pressed in Spain by the inquisition ; and a
Jktdb translation; in 1796. An edition by
W* Bayfair, in 3 vols. 8vo> appeared in 1805;
em by D. Biieaanan, in 4 vols. 8vo, appeared .

10

Smith

(18^8), weal tbrough four editions, and was
ig^Hisiea k 1 vol. in 1863; one (by E. G.
Wakefekl) appeared, in 4 vols., in 1835-9,
one by Tteold Rogers, in 2 vols., in 1869,

says « Rulo^hkal Subjects ' (with Bugald
StewartVLife' prefixed), 1795, published
% his executes. The first three are
upon * the principles which lead and direct
pu3&iiQf&ieal inquiries/ as illustrated by

the history of ' Astronomy/ of * Ancient
Physics/ and of ' Ancient Logic and Meta-
physics.' The others are upon the ' Nature
of that Imitation which takes place in what
are called the Imitative Arts;' upon the
' Affinity between Music, Dancing, and
Poetry;' upon the 'Affinity between certain
English and Italian verses/ and ' Of the Ex-
ternal Senses/ 5. l Lectures on Justice,
Police, Revenue, and Arms . . . by Adam
Smith . . . reported by a Student in 1793/
edited by Edwin Cannan, 1896. The < Col-
lected Works ' were published in 1812-11,
5 vols. 8vo.

[The Life of Adam Smith, by Mr. John Kae,
1895, is an admirable and exhaustive account of
all the known facts. Mr. Rae has examined the
i records and papers belonging to the universities
I of Glasgow and Edinburgh and the Royal So-
ciety of Edinburgh. He has also examined
manuscript sources of information in various
places, and has collected all references in print.
The chief original authority is the Life by Du-
, gald Stewart, read to the Royal Society of Edin-
burgh in 1793, prefixed to various editions of
Smith's Works and in Stewart's Works, vol. x. ;
the Life in W. Smellie's Literary and Cha-
racteristical Lives (1800, pp. 211-97) is trifling;
a later Life (by W. Playfair), prefixed to an
edition of the Wealth of Nations in 1806, adds
little; later Lives, by J. R. M'Culloch and
! Thorold Rogers, are prefixed to their editions of
the same. See also Brougham's Philosophers of
the Time of G-eorge III, pp. 166-289 ; Rogers's
Historical Gleanings, 1869, pp. 95-137 ; McCosh's
Scottish Philosophy, 1875, pp. 162-73 ; and
Life by Mr. R. B. Haldane in Great Writers
Series, 1887. Burton's Life of Hume gives
much interesting information. Various anec-
dotes and references are in A. Carlyle's Auto-
biography, pp. 297-81 ; Tytler's Life of Kames,
i. 233, 266-71 ; Dalzel's University of Edin-
burgh, 1862, i. 21, 42, 63, 84 ; Sir John Sinclair's
Life (i. 36-43), and Correspondence (i. 387-90) ;
Caldwell Papers (Maitland Club, 1854), n. i.
131, 190; Duncan's Notes and Documents
(Maitland Club), pp. 16, 25, 132; Strang's
Glasgow and its Clubs, 1857, pp. 17, 21, 28;
Clayden's Early Life of Samuel Rogers, pp. 92,
110, 167; Windham's Diary, pp. 59, 63; Arch-
deacon Sinclair's Old Times and Distant Places,
pp. 9,&c.; Walter Scott's MisceU. Works, 1834,
xix. 339-42 (review of John Home) ; Thomson's
Life of Cullen, 1859, i. 71, 273 ; Paujas St. Fond's
Voyage ... en Ecosse . . .,* 1797, ii. 277, &e.;
MoreUet's Memoires, 1821, i. 136-8; Notes and
Queries, 9th ser. i. 322 ; J. A. Farrer's Adam Smi th
(1881), in the English Philosopher Series, is an
account of the Moral Sentiments.] L. S.

SMITH, ALBEET RICHARD (1816-
I860), author and lecturer, son of Richard
Smith, surgeon, who died on 12 Feb. 1857,
aged 78, was born at Chertsey, Surrey, on

Smith

Smith

24 May 1816, and was educated at Mer-
chant Taylors' school from November 1826
to 1831. At an early age he studied at the
Middlesex Hospital, and in 1838 he became
a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries
and a member of the College of Surgeons.
Late in 1838 he joined his father in practice
at Chertsey. On 4 Jan. 1840 he commenced
contributing to the 'Medical Times' 'The
Confessions of Jasper Buddie, a Dissecting
Boom Porter/ a series of articles signed
'Rocket.'

In 1841 he settled at 14 Percy Street,
Tottenham Court Road, London, with a view
to medical practice, from which, however,
he was soon diverted by his literary preoccu-
pations. As an author he showed excep-
tional versatility in turning to account his
powers of humorous observation. In March
1841 he published in Bentley*s * Miscellany '
(pp. 357-81) 'A Rencontre with the Brigands/
To i Punch' he was an early contributor, send-
ing articles entitled ' Physiology of the Lon-
don Medical Student1 (2 Oct. 1841) and the
'Physiology of London Evening Parties7
(1 Jan. 1842). His first drama, 'Blanche
Heriot/ was produced at the Surrey Theatre
on 26 Sept. 1842, He soon after commenced
in ' Bentley ' (1842, xii. 217 et seq.) the best
of his novels, * The Adventures of Mr. Led-
bury.' Between 1844 and 1846 he wrote,
in conjunction with others, several extrava-
ganzas for the Lyceum Theatre, the series
including < Aladdin/ August 1844; 'Valen-
tine and Orson,' Christmas 1844; ' Whitting-
ton and his Cat/ Easter 1845; all of which,
owing mainly to the acting of Mr. and Mrs.
Keeley, were very successful {Era Almanack,
1875, p. 6), He also adapted for the same
house * The Cricket on the Hearth/ December
1845, and the 'Battle of Life/ 21 Dec. 1846.
For the Adelphi he wrote ' Esmeralda/ a bur-
lesque, 3 June 1850, and for the Princess's
* The Alhambra/ an extravaganza, 21 April
1851. During the same period he acted as
dramatic critic of the 'Illustrated London
News/ edited 'Puck' (1844), wrote many
popular songs for John Orlando Parry, and
brought out ' Christopher Tadpole * as a
monthly shilling serial (1848).

In 1847 he proposed to David Bogue, the
publisher, to write a series of social natural
histories, to be published at a shilling each,
after the style of the Paris Physiologies. The
series was started with ' The Natural History
of the Gent/ and the success of this brochure
was very great, the edition of two thousand
being sold in one day.

In 1847, in conjunction with Angus Be-
thune Reach [q. v.J, Smith brought out a six-
penny monthly called ' The Man in the Moon/

with which he was connected until 1849.
In the same year he edited ' Gavami in Lon-
don ' (republished as * Sketches of London.
Life and Character/ 1859). In 1850 he edited
from April to August five numbers of the
' Town and Country Miscellany,' and from
July to December 1851, 'The Month/ with
Leech's illustrations.

Meanwhile Smith had found a new voca-
tion. In 1849 he went on a tour to Constan-
tinople and the East. On his return in 1850
he published * A Month at Constantinople.*
Shortly afterwards he made his first appear-
ance before the public at Willis's Rooms, on
28 May 1850, in an entertainment written
by himself, called'The Overland Mail' (Illus-
trated London News, 1850, xvi. 413). On
12 Aug. 1851 he made an ascent of Mont
Blanc, and on 15 March 1852 (ib. 1852, xx.
243-4, 291-2, xxi. 565) produced at the Egyp-
tian Hall in Piccadilly an entertainment
descriptive of the ascent and of Anglo-con-
tinental life, which became the most popular
exhibition of the kind ever known (Black-
wood's Mag. 1852, Ixxi. 35-55, 603). From
that time until 6 July 1858 he continued at the
Egyptian Hall his career of success as a public
entertainer, giving various new sketches of
character and illustrations by William Bever-
ley, but always keeping Mont Blanc as the
central point of attraction. On 24 Aug. 1854
he gave his performance before the queen and
the prince consort at Osborne House.

In Juty 1858 he started for Hong Kong,
and on his return published * To China and
Back/ 1859. On 22 Dec. 1858 he commenced
a new entertainment under the title of
' China,' which was also very popular. His
last appearance at the Egyptian Hall was on
Saturday, 19 May ; he died of bronchitis at
North End Lodge, Fulham, on 23 May 1860,
and was buried in Brompton cemetery on
26 May. He married, on 1 Aug. 1859, Mary
Lucy, who had been an actress, and was
elder daughter of Eobert Keeley, the come-
dian. She died on 19 March 1870.

A lithograph of Smith at Chamonix, by
C. Bougmet, belongs to Mr. Ashby-Sterry.

Smith's novels are still popular. They
are: 1, *The "Wassail Bowl/ 1843, 2 vols.
2. * The Adventures of Mr, Ledbury and MB
Friend Jack Johnson/ 1844, S vols. 3. ' The
Adventures of Jack Holy day, with something
about his Sister/ 1844. 4. < The Fortunes
of the Scattergood Family/ 1845, 3 vols.

5. 4The Marchioness of Brinvilliers/ 1846.

6. f The Struggles and Adventures of Chris-
topher Tadpole at Home and Abroad/ 1848.

7. * The Pottleton Legacy : a Story of Town
and Country Life/ 1849. 8. * Wild Oats and
Bead Leaves/ 1860,

Smith 12

Smith's satiric essays, -which "were illus-
trated by John Leech? Crowquill, Kenny
Meadows, Gayarni, and H. K. Browne, were
published In successive volumes bearing the
titles : * Beauty and the Beast/ 1843 ; ' The
Pliysblogv of "Evening Parties/ 1843; < The
Natural History of the Gent/ 1847; 'The
Natural History of the Ballet Girl/ 1847;

* The Natural History of Stuck-up People/
1647 : ' The Natural" History of the Idler
upon Town/ 1S43 ; i The Natural History of
the Flirt/ 1648 ; < A Bowl of Punch/ 1848 ;

* Comic Sketches,' 1848 ; i A Pottle of Straw-
berries,* 1545; iThe Miscellany, a Book for
the Field and Fireside/ 1850 ; *< Comic Tales
and Sketches/ 1852 ;' £ Picture of Life at
Home and Abroad/ 1852; 'The English
Hotel Nuisance/ 1855 j f Sketches of the
Bay/ 1856, two series, consisting of pirated
reprints of < The Flirt/ &c.; 'The London
Medical Student, 1861, edited by Arthur
Smith. He also wrote: 4A Handbook of
Mr, Albert Smith's Ascent of Mont Blanc/
1852, four editions, and edited 'The Mont
Blanc Gazette/ 1858.

ABTKI^B W. "W. SMITH (1825-1861),
brother of the above, was born at Chertsey
in 1825, and educated for the medical pro-
fession. With talents which, might have
qualified him for attaining high honours in
science and literature, he devoted himself to
the interests of his brother. Besides having
the entire management of the entertainments
at the Egyptian Hall from 1852 to 1860, he
had confided to Mm by Charles Dickens the
direction and arrangement of his readings
in 1858; he also planned the second series
of readings in 1861, but lived to attend only
the first six in St. James's Hall. Dickens
said of him, * Arthur Smith was always every-
where, but his successor is onlv somewhere 9
(FoESTEK, C. Dickens, 1874, iii. 145, 548).
He was one of the committee of the Thames
Fisheries Protection Society, and in 1861
wrote for it a brochure calle"d * The Thames
Angler/ He edited the t London Medical
Student J in 1861, and contemplated issuing
a collected edition of his brother's writings.
He died at 24 Wilton Street, Belgrave Square,
London, on 1 Oct. 1861, and was buried in
cemetery (Era, 6 Oct. 1861, p 9*
>, Zjfe, 1891, pp. 73, 261). '

^[Host H&ae, I860, with a Memoir by E.
Yates, pp. rU-xixvi ; Illustrated Times, 8 Dec!
1855, pp. 437-8, with portrait; Illustrated
Lmido& Kews, 1844 XT. 889 with portrait, 1853
xnL 498 with portrait, 1860 sxxri. 516, §34
•with portrait ; Illustrated News of the World
1S£3, ToL j, portrait xti.; Era, 27 May 1860
HS 9, 10, 10 Jane p. 10 j Lancet, I860, 1. 535 \
BrawiBg-room Bortr^it Gallery, 1st ser. 1859 i

Smith

[ portrait xxxv. ; Lennox's Celebrities 1 have
\ kno-wn, 2nd ser. 1877, ii. 5-20; Hodder's Me-
•' moriesof my Time, 1870, pp. 87-97; Yates's
1 Recollections, 1885, pp. 151-68; Reynolds's
Miscellany, 1853, x. 276-7, with portrait;
i Blancbard's Life, 1891, pp. 31, 728; Slater's

1 Hare Editions, 1894, pp. 260-8; Goodman's The
| Keeleys, 1895, pp. 193, 224-34, 342-5, withpor-
j traits of A. R. Smith and his wife ; Spielmann's
| History of Punch, 1895, pp. 49, 591; Fort-

! nightly Review, May 1886, pp. 636-42; Lon-
| don Sketch Book, January 1874, pp, 3-6, with
I view of the Egyptian Hall, and Cuthbert Bede's
| Twelfth Night characters there at Christmas,
I 1855 ; see also Mr. Hardup's Ascent of the Mont
j dePiete, by Albert Snuff, in Yates and Brough's
Our Miscellany, 1857, pp. 157-68.] G-. C. B.

SMITH, ALEXANDER (Jl. 1714-1726),
, biographer of highwaymen, called himself
I ' Captain Smith,' but is known exclusively
i for the compilations executed for the book-
sellers during the reign of George I, which
| suggest that he was better known as a fre-
quenter of police-courts and taverns than in
military circles. It is not improbable that
his industry was stimulated by the success
• obtained by Theophilus Lucas [q. vj from
his 'Lives of the Gamesters/ published in
1714. The works issued in Captain Alex-
ander Smith's name were : 1. < A Complete
History of the Lives and Robberies of the
most notorious Highwaymen, Footpads,
Shoplifts, and Cheats of both Sexes in and
about London and Westminster7 (2nd edit.
London, 1714, 12mo, supplementary volume,
1720, 12mo j another edit., 2 vols. 1719, 12mo ;
1719-20, 3 vols. 12mo) ; this curious work,
which commands a high price, commences
with a humorous account of Sir John Falstaff,
and gives details, frequently no less mythical,
about the Golden Farmer, Nevison, Duval,
Moll Cutpurse, and a score of other notorious
persons. The supplement of 1720 includes
a i Thieves' Grammar/ 2. < Secret History
of the Lives of the most celebrated Beauties,
Ladies of Quality, and Jilts, from Fair Rosa-
mond down to this Time, ' London, 1715,

2 vols. 12mo. 3. ' Court of Venus, or Cupid
restored to Sight/ London, 1716, 2 vols.
12mo. 4. < Thieves' New Canting Dictionary
of the Words, Proverbs, Terms, and Phrases
used in the Language of Thieves,' London.
1719, 12mo. 5. * The Comical and Tragical
History of the Lives and Adventures of the
most noted Bayliffs in and about London
and Westminster. . .discovering their strata-
gems and tricks, wherein the whole Art and
Mistery of Bumming is fully exposed/ Lon-
don, 1723, 8vo j 3rd edit. 1723. This shilling
brochure bad a great sale, mainly on account
of the extreme coarseness of the drolleries,

Smith

Smith

which reaches its climax in the account of
the indignities inflicted upon a bailiff caught
within the liberties of the Mint (this is
effectively utilised in the opening chapters of
Ainsworth's t Jack Sheppard'). 7. ' Memoirs
of the Life and Times of "the famous Jonathan
Wild, together with the Lives of modern
Rogues. . .that have been executed since
his death/ London, 1726, 12mo (with cuts).
8. i Court Intrigue, or an Account of the
Secret Memoirs of the British Nobility and
others/ London, 1730, 12mo.

[Smith's "Works in British Museum Library;
Lowndes's BibL Man. (Bohn), p. 2417; Watt's
Bibliotheca Britannica; Allibouejsl)ict.of Engl.
Lit,] T. S.

SMITH, ALEXANDER, D.D. (1684-
1766), Roman catholic prelate, bornatFoeha-
bers, Morayshire,in 1684, was admitted into
the Scots College at Paris in 1698. He re-
turned to Scotland in deacon's orders in 1709,
but was not ordained priest till 1712. From
1718 to 1730 he was procurator of the Scots ]
College at Paris. In 1735 he was consecrated |
bishop of Mosinopolis m partibus infidelium, \
and appointed coadjutor to Bishop James i
Gordon, vicar-apostolic of the Lowland dis- j
trict, on whose death in 1746 he succeeded j
to the vicariate. He died at Edinburgh on ,
21 Aug. 1766.

He published two catechisms for the use
of the catholics of Scotland. These received
the formal approbation of the holy office on j
20 March 1749-50.

[London and Dublin "Weekly Orthodox Journal,
1837, iv. '84; Stothert's Catholic Mission in
Scotland, p. 9 ; Brady's Episcopal Succession,
iii. 459.] T. 0.

SMITH, ALEXANDER (1760P-1829),

seaman, mutineer, and settler. [See ADAMS,
JOHN.]

SMITH, ALEXANDER (1830-1867),
Scottish poet, was the son of Peter Smith, a
lace-pattern designer in Kilmarnoek, where
he was born on 31 Bee. 1830 (Notes and
Queries j 8th ser. xii. 311). His mother,
whose name was Helen Murray, was of good
highland lineage. In his childhood the family
removed to Paisley, and thence to Glasgow.
After a good general education, and some
hesitation as to whether he should not study
for the church, Smith learned pattern-design-
ing, at which he worked both in Glasgow
and Paisley. His literary tastes quickly
developed ; his mind was usually busy with
verse, and he proved apparently an indifferent
designer of lace patterns. Some of his most
intelligent Glasgow friends reckoned "him also
but a sorry poet, in spite of the distinction

he gained in the local debating club, the
Addisonian Society; and it was only after
he had submitted some of his work to George
Gilfillan [q. v.] that his characteristic indi-
viduality came to be recognised. Through
Gilfillan's instrumentality specimens of his
verse appeared in 1851-2 in the * Critic' and
the ' Eclectic Review.' From the first his
work was the subject of keen controversy,
and the appearance of his * Life Drama J in
1853 provoked a literary warfare. Re-
ceiving 100Z. for his book, Smith deserted
pattern-designing, and visited London with
his friend John Nichol, afterwards professor
of English literature at Glasgow. Passing
south they saw Miss Martineau at Ambleside,
and Mr. P. J. Bailey at Nottingham. In Lon-
don they made the acquaintance of Arthur
Helps, G. H. Lewes (who strenuously up-
held Smith's work in the 'Leader'), and
other persons of note. Returning, Smith was
for a week the guest of the Duke of Argyll
at Inverary. Here he met Lord Dufferin,
whom he subsequently visited in Ireland.
After editing for a short time the £ Glasgow
Miscellany ' and doing other journalistic and
literary work in Glasgow, he was appointed
in 1854 secretary to Edinburgh University.
Smith's official work occupied him daily
from ten to four, and he gave his evenings
to literature and society. He was perhaps
the founder — he was at least a member — of
the Raleigh Club, at which on occasional
evenings men of letters and artists smoked
together. His salary of 150Z. as university
secretary was increased to 200?. on his under-
taking the additional duties of registrar and
secretary to the university council. la the
winter of 1854 he made the acquaintance of
Sydney Dobell, then soj ourning in Edinburgh,
and they collaborated in a series of sonnets
on the Crimean war. This co-operation em-
phasised the attitude of both writers, whose
style as £ spasmodic J poets had just been cari-
catured in * Blackwood's Magazine J for May
1854. After his marriage in 1857 Smith

fassed his summer holidays in Skye,his wife's
ome. Skye influenced the literary produc-
tion of his best days. Meanwhile his official
and literary work went on, and as family de-
mands increased he found prose more readily
profitable than verse, and contributed to
newspapers, magazines, and encyclopaedias.
Incessant labour overtaxed his strength. He
became seriously £11 in the late autumn of
1866, and he died on 5 Jan. 1867 at Wardie,
near Granton, Midlothian ; he was buried in
Warriston cemetery, Edinburgh. His friends
erected over his grave an lona cross, having
in the centre a bronze medallion with profile
by the sculptor Brodie,

Smith

Smith

Smith married, in 1857, Flora Macdonald,
of the same lineage as her famous namesake,
and daughter of Mr. Macdonald of Ord in
Skye. His wife, with a family, survived him.
His eldest daughter, gracefully introduced
into his Skye lyric , * Blaavin/diecl two months
after him,

The * Life Drama and other Poems/ pub-
lished in 1853, reached a second edition
that year, and passed into a third in 1854,
and Into a fourth in 1855. Marked hy
youthful inexperience, and extravagant in
fbrm and imagery, the poems (especially the
title-piece ) abound in strong gnomic lines and
ciisplav fine imaginative power. In April
1853 John Forster elaborately reviewed the
book in the & Examiner/ prompting Mat-
thew Arnold's opinion that Smith t has cer-
tainly an extraordinary faculty, although I
think that he is a phenomenon of a very
dubious character J (AE5OLD, Letters, i. 29).
* The latest disciple of the school of Keats/
Clough called Kim hi the * North American
Beview1 for July 1853. < The poems/ said the
critic, * hare something substantive and life-
like, immediate and first-hand about them '
(C&ocvH, JVtfSfil&maMWjp.SoS). The lead-
ing periodicals of the time were agreed as to
the striking character of the poems, but they
differed regarding their absolute merits. In
May 1854 an ostensible review of a forth-
coming volume to be entitled 'FirmiEan'
aroused attention and curiosity in * Black-
wood/ and in the course of tlie year there
was published * Firmilian, or the Student of
Badajoz: a Spasmodic Tragedy, by T. Percy
Jones.* It was so good that Mr. Jones was at
first accepted as a new bard, but it presently
appeared that the work was an elaborate jest
by Professor Aytoun, who satirised in * Fir-
milian ? the extravagances of Mr, P. J. Bailey,
Detail, and Alexander Smith. * Spasmodic '
was so happily descriptive of the peculiarities
ridiculed that it instantly attained standard
value (Sra THEOBOEB MAETIN. Memoir of
A$fam, p. 146).

* Somnets on the Crimean War,' by Smith
*ad Detail, appeared in 1855. They are
forgotten. As a sonneteer, while he was
tfeugktfEl aifed readable, Smith lacks fluency
and tewjny of movement. la 1857 he
issued * C% Poems,' in which he touches a
tigfe Im* with * Glasgow,7 * The Boy's Poem/
and eepeekly * Squire Maurice,1 probably his
most compact and impressive achievement in

.r

1857), found evidence im the ' City Poems'
of 'mutilated property of the bards/ and
torn arose a sharp discussion over charges of
iarifim freely laid against Smith. Even
Bi (probably by the han4 of Shirley

Brooks) was stirred to active interference,
and entered for the defence. The charge was
at once as valid and as futile as a similar accu-
sation would be against Milton, for example,
. and Gray, and Burns. The question is dis-
I cussed with adequate fulness in an appendix
s to t Last Leaves/ a posthumous volume of
Smith's miscellanies, edited with memoir by
his friend, P. P. Alexander. In l Edwin of
Deira ' (Cambridge and London, 1861, 8vo),
Smith writes an attractive and spirited poem,
exhibiting commendable self-restraint and a
! chastened method. Unfortunately, the poem
' challenged attention almost simultaneously
with Tennyson's ' Idylls of the King/ and it
is surprising that, under such a disadvantage,
it reached a second edition in a few months.
Still, Smith did not escape the old charge
of plagiarism and imitation. He was even
blamed for utilising Tennyson's latest work,
though his poem was mainly, if not en-
tirely, written before the ' Idylls ' appeared
(ALEXASDEB, Memoir, p. Ixxxii). Envious
comparisons thus instituted were inevitably
detrimental, and a fine poem has probably
never received its due.

Smith wrote the life of Cowper for the
eighth edition of the ' Encyclopaedia Britan-
nica/ 1854, To a volume of * Edinburgh
Essays/ 1857, he contributed a sympathetic
and discriminating article on * Scottish Bal-
lads J (republished in * Last Leaves 7). This
essay Thomas Spencer Baynes characterised
at the time as * beautiful/ adding, * His prose
is quite peculiar for its condensed poetic
strength7 (Table Talk of Shirley, p. 53).
Although Aytoun enjoyed the fun of ridi-
culing the excesses of the ' Spasmodic School/
( he had (like Blackie and the other univer-
j sity professors) a real admiration for Smith,
whose work he introduced to 'Blackwood/
1 Other outlets were also found — * Macmillan J
the^ Museum/ Chambers's 'Encyclopaedia''
various newspapers — and in 1863 appeared
* Dreamthorp: a Book of Essays written in
the Country/ Occasionally florid in style,
nor wholly destitute of trivial conceits, these
essays embody some excellent descriptive and
literary work. In 1865 he published ' A
Summer in Skye/ a delightful holiday
book, vivacious in narrative, bright and
picturesque in description, and overflowing
with individuality. For Messrs. MacmS
fan's * Golden Treasury Series' he edited,
m two volumes, in 1865, the < Poetical
Works of Burns/ prefixing a memoir which
is second only to Lockhart's in grasp and
appreciative delineation. A graphic but
somewhat unequal story of Scottish life,
largely autobiographical, and entitled 'Alfred
Hagart'sEoosehold/ with sequel/ Miss Dona

Smith

Smith

IM'Quarrie/ was republished from 'Good
Words/ in two volumes, 12mo, 1866, and
Svo, 1867. In 1866 he edited Howe's * Golden
Leaves from the American Poets/ In 1868
•appeared fLast Leaves,' edited by Patrick
Proctor Alexander.

[Brisbane's Early Years of Alexander Smith,
1869; Alexander's Memoir in Last Leaves;
Memorial notice in Scotsman of 8 Jan. 1867 ;
James Hannay's Reminiscences in CasselTs Mag.
1867; Sheriff Nieolson's Memoir in Good
Words, 1867; Gilfillan's G-allery of Literary
Portraits, 3rd ser. ; Life and Letters of Sydney
Dobell ; Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning,
•ed. Kenyon, 1897, vol. ii.; Macmillan's Mag.,
February 1867.] T. B.

SMITH, SIB ANDBEW (1797-1872),
director-general army medical department,
the son of T. P, Smith of Heron Hall, Eoz-
burghshire, was born in 1797. He commenced
the study of medicine with Mr. Graham, a
surgeon in the county, with whom he served
an apprenticeship of three years. He after-
wards studied medicine at the university
of Edinburgh, attending the Charles House
Square Infirmary, the Royal Infirmary, and
Lying-in Hospital. He graduated M J). on
1 Aug. 1819, taking as the subject of his
thesis ' Be variolis secundariis.' He entered
the army as a hospital mate on 15 Aug. 1815.
FTia intelligence and energy soon brought
him into notice, and his rise was rapid.
Becoming temporary hospital mate on 15 Aug.
1815 and hospital assistant on 14 March
1816, he went to the Cape in 1821 and re-
mained there sixteen years, being promoted
assistant surgeon 98th foot on 27 Oct. 1825,
staff assistant surgeon on 23 Feb. 1826, and
staff surgeon on 7 July 1837. In 1828, at
the request of the government and com-
mander-in-ehief of the Cape, he reported on
the bushmen, and in 1831 on the Airtazooloo
and on Port Natal. In 1834 he superintended
an expedition for exploring Central Africa
from the Cape, fitted out by the Cape of Good
Hope Association (expedition 1834-6), and
was directed to negotiate treaties with the
native chiefe beyond the northern boundary
of the colony. For several years he per-
formed the duties of director of the govern-
ment civil museum at Cape Town without
salary. He received the thanks of the home
government for these services. His scientific
researches in southern Africa he embodied in
many able papers on the origin and history
of Bushmen, and in his t Illustrations of the
Zoology of South Africa/ 1838-47, 4to, 5 vols.
Some copious and valuable notes regarding
the aborigines of South Africa and the diffe-
Tent Kaffir tribes have not been fully pub-
lished. On all questions relating to South

Africa he was regarded as an authority, and it
was due to his representation and counsel that
Natal became a colony of the British crown.
After returning to England in 1837 Smith
acted as principal medical ofiicer at Fort
Pitt, Chatham. On 19 Dec. 1845 he was made
deputy inspector-general, and in 1846, at the
instance of Sir James McGrrigor, the director-
general of the army medical department, he
was transferred to London as * professional
assistant.' He was promoted inspector-gene-
ral on 7 Feb. 1851, and on 20 Feb. following,
when Sir James retired, Smith was appointed
by the Duke of Wellington his successor as
inspector-general and superintendent of the
army medical department. On 25 Feb. 1853
he was nominated director-general of the
army and ordnance medical departments.
During the Crimean campaign he was accused
of dereliction of duty in the press and else-
where, and grave imputations were cast upon
his department. The evidence and docu-
ments laid before the Sebastopol and other
committees did much to vindicate his reputa-
tion as an administrator. He resigned his
post as director-general, owing to impaired
health, on 22 June 1858, and was on 9 July
; following created K.C.B.
> Smith was elected a fellow of theWernerian
j Society in 1819, an honorary fellow of the
1 Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of (rlas-
I gpw in 1855, of the College of Surgeons of
| Edinburgh in 1856, of the Medico-ChSnirgical
; Society of Aberdeen in 1855, and a doctor of
I medicine fionoris causa, of Trinity College,
; Dublin, in 1856. Acuteness of mind and
varied axxsomplishments left their impress on
every enterprise he embarked upon. He died
on 12 Aug. 1872 at his residence in Alexander
Square, Bronipton. His portrait in oils now
hangs in the ante-room of the officers* mess,
Netley, Hampshire.

[Lancet, 1872 ; British Medical Journal, 1872;
Medical Times and Gazette, 1872; Cstelogne
Brit, Mns. Library; Boyal Society's Cat. of
Scientific Papers ; Army Lists ; Kecord of ser-
vices preserved at the War Office ; Men of the
Eeign ; AHihone's Diet, of Engt Lit.]

W. W. W.

SMITH, ANXEB (1759-1819), en-
graver, was born in 1759 in Cheapside,
London, where his father was a silk mer-
chant. He is said to have owed his curious
Christian name to the fact that he was re-
garded as the * anchor 7 or sole hope of his
parents. He was educated at Merchant
Taylors' school, and at first articled to an
uncle named Hoole, a solicitor ; but, show-
ing singular skill in making pen-and-ink
copies of engravings, he was transferred to
James Taylor, an engraver, with whom he re-

Smith

maimed until 1782. Subsequently he became
an assistant to James Heath (1757-1834)
[q. Y. ] In 1787 Smith obtained his first inde-
pendent employment from John Bell (1745-
1881} [q. T. ', for whose series of 'British
Poets ' jbe engraved many of the illustra-
tions. He became one of the ablest of Eng-
lish line engravers, his small plates being^
specially distinguished for correctness of
drawing and beauty of £nish. Through his
relative John Boole ~q. v.", the translator,
he became known to Alderman Boydell,
who commissioned Mm to engrave oSTorth-
cote's picture of the i Death of Wat Tyler; '
the print was published in 1796, and earned
for Mm Ms election as an associate of the
Koyal Academy in the following year. In
1798 he executed a large plate from Leo-
nardo da Vinci's cartoon of the Holy Family
in the possession of the academy. During
the remainder of his life Smith was ex-
tensively employed upon the illustrations
to fine editions of standard works, such as
MacHin's Bible, 1800; BoydelTs « Shake-
speare* (the smaller series), 1802; Kears-
leyV Shakespeare/ 1806; Bowyer's edition
of Hume's e History of England/ 1806 ; and
Sharpens * British Classics/ He engraved
many of B, Smirke's designs for the
'Arabian Nights/ 1802; <Gil Bias,' 1809;
and 'Bon Quixote/ 1818; and was one of
the artists employed upon the official publi-
cation, * Ancient Marbles in the British
Museum.' His latest work was a large
plate from Heaphy's picture, * The Duke of
Wellington giving Orders to his Generals/
which he did not live to complete. He
died of apoplexy on 23 June 1819. Smith
married in 1791, and left a widow, one
daughter, and four sons ; two of the latter
are noticed below. His sister Maria, who
was an artist, and exhibited portraits be-
tween 1791 and 1814, married William Ross,
a miniature-painter, and was the mother of
Sir "William Charles Boss [<j. v.]

FEBBESICK WILULOC SMITH (d. 1835),
tculptor, second son of Anker Smith, was
bom at Kmlieo, London. He studied at
the Boyal Academy, and was the first pupO
of Sir Francis Legate Chantrey [q. vj He
began to exhibit in 1818, sending a bust of
Ms father, and in 1821 gamed the academy
gpld medal with a group of Hsemon and An-
tigeme ; in 1824 £e exhibited a beautiful
gro«p of a mother and child from the * Mur-
der of the Innocents/ and he also modelled
some excellent busts of Chaatrey, Brunei,
Allan Cunningham, and others, appearing
at the academy for the last time m 1828.
Staith was a sculptor of great talent and
promise, but died pissnaturely at Shrews-

16

Smith

bury on 18 Jan. 1835 (Gent. Mag. 1855, i.
327).
His younger brother, HEEBEBT LUTHER

the Royal Academy and British Institution
from 1830 to 1854 ; later he was employed as
a copyist by the queen. He died on 13 March
1870.

[Redgrave's Diet, of British Artists ; Sandby's
History of the Royal Academy; Knight's
Cyclopaedia of Biography; Dodd's manuscript
Hist, of Engravers in Brit. Mns. (Addit. MS.
33405) ; Athezueum, 1835, p. 75.] F. M. OT>.

SMITH, AQUILLA, M.D. (1806-1890),
Irish antiquary, born at Nenagh, co. Tip-
perary, on 28 April 1806, was the youngest
child of William Smith of that town, and
of Catherine Doolan, his wife. He received
< his education first at private schools in
Dublin, and afterwards at Trinity College.
He embraced the medical profession, in
which his career was distinguished. He
received the degree of M.D. Tionoris causa
from his university in 1839, was king's pro-
i fessor of materia medica and pharmacy in the
, school of physic from 1864 to 1881, and from
1851 to 1890 represented the Irish CoUege
of Physicians on the council of medical edu-
cation.

Smith was an active member of the Eoyal
Irish Academy from 1835 until his death in
1890, and was reckoned in his lifetime the
best authority on Irish coins, of which he was-
a large collector. At his death his collection
of Irish corns and tokens was acquired by the
academy for 350/. The Numismatic Society
i acknowledged his services by conferring its
I medal upon him in 1884. Smith was a copious
j writer on antiquarian subjects, mainly numis-
i matics. Hia more important contributions to
the department of archaeology were published
in the 'Transactions and Proceedings of the
Koyal Irish Academy/ 1839-53; 'Trans-

n^J-C^^n ^Jf xl, ~ TTMn-- A .-1 ^1 • T n

1863-83, and by the Irish Archaeological
Society. Of his papers on medical topics,
the most valuable is his account of the
* Origin and Early History of the College of
Physicians in Ireland/ published in the
'Journal of Medical Science' (vol. six.)

JMemoir by J. W. M., privately published ;
private information.] C. L. F.

,^ ARCHIBALD (1813-1872),
mathematician, born on 10 Aug. 1813 at
Greenhead, Glasgow, was the only son of
James Smith (1782-1867) [q. v.], merchant,
of Glasgow, by his wife Mary, daughter of
Alexander Wilson, professor of astronomy

Smith

Smith

in Glasgow University. Archibald entered
GtegowJJniversity in 1823, and distinguished
Himself in classics, mathematics, and physics.
He proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge,
whence he graduated* B.A. in 1836 and
M.A. in 1839. In 1836 he was senior
wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, and
was elected a fellow of Trinity College, He
entered the society of Lincoln's Inn, and was
called to the bar in Hilary term 1841. He
practised for many years as an equity
draughtsman in Stone Buildings, Lincoln s
Inn, and became an eminent real-property
lawyer. While still an undergraduate Smith
communicated to the Cambridge Philoso-
phical Society a paper on Fresnel's wave-
surfacej in which he deduced its algebraical
equations by the symmetrical method, one
of the first instances of its employment in
analytical geometry in England. In No-
vember 1837, in conjunction with Duncan
Farquharson Gregory [tj. v.j, he founded the
Cambridge 'Mathematical Journal.' Be-
tween 1842 and 1847 Smith, at the request
of General Sir Edward Sabine [q. v.l, deduced
from Poisson's general equation practical for-
mulae for the correction of observations made
on board ship, which Sabine published in the
* Transactions 'of the Ptoyal Society. In 1851
he deduced convenient tabular forms from the
formulae, and in 1859 he edited the i Journal
of a Voyage to Australia/ by William Scoresby
the younger [q. v. ], giving in the introduction
an exact formula for the effect of the iron of
a ship on the compass. In 1862, in conjunc-
tion with Sir Frederick John Owen Evans
[q. v.], he published an * Admiralty Manual
for ascertaining and applying the Devia-
tions of the Compass caused by the Iron in a
Ship * ^London, 8vo). This work was trans-
lated into French, German, Russian, and
Spanish. In recognition of his services
Smith received the honorary degree of LL.D.
from the university of Glasgow in 1864, and
in the following year was awarded a gold
medal by the Royal Society, of which he had
been elected a fellow on 5 June 1856, In
1872 he received a grant of 25000/. from
government. In addition he was elected a
corresponding member of the scientific com-
mittee of the imperial Russian navy. Smith
died in London on 26 Dec. 1872. In 1853
he married Susan Emma, daughter of Sir
James Parker of Rothley Temple, Leicester-
shire. By her he had six sons and two daugh-
ters. His eldest son, James Parker Smith, is
M.P. for the Partick division of Lanarkshire.
A portrait is prefixed to the Russian edition
of the i Manual on the Deviation of the Com-

pass,

Besides the works mentioned, Smith was
VOL. LUI.

the author of : 1. £ Supplement to the Rules

for ascertaining the Deviations of the Compass

• caused by the Ship's Iron,' London, 1855,

| 8vo. 2. f A Graphic Method of correcting

the Deviations of a Ship's Compass/ London,

1855, 8vo.

[Proceedings of the Boyal Society, vol. xxii,
-^PP* PP- i-xziv ; biographical sketch prefixed to
the Russian edition of Smith's Manual on the
Deviation of the Compass, St. Petersburg, 1865;
Ward's Men of the Eeign; Irving's Book of
Scotsmen; Law Times, 11 Jan. 1873; Gent.
Mag. 1867, i. 393 ; Burke's Landed Gentry, 8th
edit. ; Imard's Ghrad. Cantabr.] E. I. C.

SffiTH, AUGUSTUS JOHN (1804-

1872), lessee of the Scilly Islands, was son of

James Smith (b. 1768, d. at Ashlyn Hall,

Hertfordshire, on 16 Feb. 1843)," by his

second wife, Mary Isabella (b. 1784, d.

Paris, 14 Feb. 1823), eldest daughter of

! Augustus Peehell of Great Berkhamstead.

i He was born in Harley Street, London, on

] 15 Sept. 1804, entered at Harrow school

j about 1814, and matriculated from Christ's

; Church, Oxford, on 23 April 1822, graduat-

: ing B.A. on 23 Feb. 1826. By inheritance

j he was the owner of considerable property

I in Hertfordshire and Buckinghamslure, and

he obtained a lease under the crown for

ninety-nine years, contingent on three lives,

from 10 Oct. 1834, of the Scilly Islands. For

this lease he paid a fine of 20,000/., and

undertook the payment of an annual rent of

4QZ. and of some stipends.

Very early in life Smith interested him-
self in the working of the poor laws, and
advocated a system of national education on
a broad basis. After the passing of the Ee-
fonn Bill in 1832, when three members
were assigned to Hertfordshire, he was
asked to stand for that constituency, but de-
clined the request. He published in 1836
an * Apology for Parochial Education on
Comprehensive Principles * as illustrated in
the school of industry at Great Berkham-
stead, in -which he anticipated the adoption
of a conscience clause, and in 1841, after
having actively promoted for four years a
suit in chancery, he obtained the reopening
of the free grammar school at Great Berk-
hamstead. "When the second Earl Browulow
enclosed with strong iron fences about a third
of the common land of that parish which was
in front of the earl's seat, Ashridge ParkT
Smith engaged a band of navvies from Lon-
don who pulled the fences down. This inci-
dent attracted much attention at the time,
and was the subject of a poem (' A Lay of
Modern England ') in l Punch J for 24 March
1866. He vindicated his opposition to the
enclosure in £ Berkhamstead Common : State-

Smith

Smith

ment by Augustus Smith/ 1866. In 1870 " History of the Family of Smith ' from Not-
he obtained an injunction against any future tinghamshire, which was printed in 1861.
enclosure of the common. From 1868 to He explained his views on parliamentary

1872 he was engaged in controversy with — *—- -'-- ' "• -•—•---•» ^^-^-- ^

the board of trade and Trinity House on
lightships and pilotage.

Smith's action at Stilly, though despotic
attended by beneficent

in character, was
results. The church

at St. Mary's, the

reform in ' Constitutional Reflections on the
present Aspects of Parliamentary Govern-
ment/ 1866.

[Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cormibl ii. 660-
661, 671, iii. €92, 1004, 1337; Boase's Col-
leetanea Cornub. pp. 905, 1463; Parochial Hist.

principal island, was completed at his ex- Of Cornwall, iv. 342-8 ; Illustrated London
pense, and when that at St. Martin's was News, Ixii. 318 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. ; Free-
nearly destroyed by lightning in 1866, it mason, v. 477, 489-90.] W. P. C.
was rebuilt mainlv at his cost. He built a

pier at Hugh Town in St. Mary's, and con- SMITH, BENJAMIN (d. 1833), en-
structed for his own habitation the house of graver, was a pupil of Francesco Bartoloezi
Tresco Abbey, with its grounds and fish- [q. v.], and practised wholly in the dot or
ponds. His *red geranium beds' are de- stipple manner. For some years he was
" * ' n "" n " '" largely employed by the Boydells, for whom

all his important plates were executed;

scribed as * a fine blaze of colour a mile off
at sea * (MoBinfEB COLLIXS, Princess Clarice,
i. 97). He consolidated the farm-holdings
and rebuilt the homesteads, but would not
allow the admittance of a second family in
any dwelling ; he weeded out the idle, and
stringently enforced education. These im-
provements cost 80,000?., and during the
first twelve years of his term absorbed the
whole of the revenue. They were set out
by Mm in a tract entitled t Thirteen Years'
Stewardship of the Isles of Stilly/ ^1848,
and were described by J. A. Froude in his
address at the Philosophical Institution at
Edinburgh on 6 Nov. 1876 « On the Uses of
a Landed Gentry ' (Short Studies on Great
Subjects, 3rd ser. p. 275).

Smith contested in 1852, in the liberal
interest, the borough of Truro in Cornwall,
but was defeated by eight votes. In 1857

were

these include five after Romney, T. Banks,
and M. Browne, for the large l Shakespeare '
series ; Sigismunda after Hogarth, 1795 ; the
portrait of Hogarth with his dog Trump,
1795; portrait of Lord Cornwaflis, after
Copley, 1798; portrait of George III, after
Beechey (frontispiece to BoydelTs * Shake-
speare;1 portrait of Napoleon, after Appiani ;
f The Ceremony of administering the Oath to
Alderman Newnham at the Guildhall/ after
W. Miller, 1801 ; and several allegorical and
biblical subjects after John Francis Rigaud

q.v.] and Benjamin West [q.v.J Among
smith's smaller plates, some of which he pub-
lished himself, are portraits of Lord Charle-
mont ; Barrymore and William Smith, the
actors ; and Charles and Anne Dibdin. His
| latest work, * Christ and his Disciples at

he was returned without a contest, and he ! Emmaus/ after Guercino, is dated 1825. He
represented the constituency until 1 865, by , died in very reduced circumstances in Judd
which time his views had "been modified. ! Place, London, in 1833. Among his pupils
He was president of the Royal Geological j were William Holl the elder [q. v.], Henry
Society of Cornwall at Penzance from 1858 Meyer [q. v.], and Thomas Uwins [q.v.] A

watercolour portrait of Smith is in the print-
room of the British Museum.

[Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists.] F. M. O'D.

to 1864, and he held the presidency of the
Royal Institution of Cornwall at Truro from

November 1863 to November 1865. His ad-
dresses and papers for these societies are
specified in the * BibHotheca Cornubiensis.'
As provincial grandmaster for the freemasons

SMITH, formerly SCHMIDT, BERNARD

- , (1630 ?-1708), called4 Father Smith/ organ-

of Cornwall from July 1863, he promoted builder, born about 1630 in Germany, pro-
ihe establishment of a county fund for aged bably learnt his art from Christian Former of
mad infirm freemasons. After a severe illness j Wettin, near Halle (RDOATTLT). Accompan-
lie died at the Duke of Cornwall hotel, Ply- ' ied by his nephews, Smith settled in England
month, on 31 July 1872, and was buried in in response to the encouragement held out to
the c&urtjhyard of St. Buryan, Cornwall, on foreigners to revive organ-building in this
6 Aug. His will and seven codicils were country. Upon his arrival, about 1660, Smith
proved in March 1873, and the lesseeship proceeded to erect an organ for the then ban-
tu the Scilly Isles was left to his nephew, queting-room of Whitehall. The specification
Tliomas Algernon Smith-Bomen-Smith. A of this, his earliest work, is given in Grove's
statue of him stands on the hill above Tresco * Dictionary ' (ii, 591). His appointment as
G&rdans. organ-maker in ordinary to Charles II would

compiled a *True and Faithful date from this period, together with a grant

Smith i

of rooms formerly called f The Organ-builder's ;
Workhouse,' in Whitehall Palace itself.

The opening of Smith's new organ for
Westminster Abbey in 1660 was recorded
by Pepys: 1 30 December (Lord's Day) . . .
I to the Abbey, and walked there, seeing the
great confusion of people that come there
to hear the organs ' (PEPYS). The commission
for Wells Cathedral organ in 1664 changed
for a short time only the scene of Smith's
.activity, for he returned to supply organs to
St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 1667, St. Giles's- ;
in-the-Fields, 1671 (the last payment in 1699
being made to Christian Smith), and St. Mar-
garet's, Westminster, 1675. Smith accepted
in 1676, and held until his death, the post
of organist to this church. Before 1671 he
-completed the organ for the new Sheldonian
theatre at Oxford at a cost of 120/. (WooB,
Life, and Timeg, ed. Clark, ii. 523), The
date of Smith's work at St. Mary's, Ox-
ford, and the theatre, is uncertain, but the
organ for Christ Church was erected in 1630.
St.Peter's, CornMQ,and St. Mary Woolnoth
were in 1681 supplied with Smith's organs ;
that for Durham Cathedral, begun in 1683,
was practically finished by 1685, but quar-
ter-tones and other improvements were added
(cf. Dr. Armes's note in G-BOVE'S Diet.
ii. 593), and the final pavment, bringing the
total to 800/., was received in 1691 (specifi-
cation in History of the Organ}.

The erection of this magnificent instru-
ment almost coincided in point of time with
the famous competition in organ-building
carried on at the Temple Church, when the
rivalry between Smith and Eenatus Harris
[q. v. J became a matter of public interest.
The order for the Temple organ was given
to Smith in September 1682. Harris, bring-
ing influence to bear upon certain benchers,
obtained leave to build and submit his instru-
ment to the judgment of the committee.
By virtue of the stress in competition, both
organs were supplied with the newest stops:
the cromorne, the vox humana, and the
double courtel, while Smith (and possibly
Harris) divided certain keys into quarter-
notes, communicating with different sets of
pipes, so that G sharp and A flat, and D sharp
and E flat were not synonymous sounds
(BtrBKEY ; McCBOBY). On 2 June 1685 the
Middle Temple made choice of Smith's organ,
a choice confirmed by the decision of the
joint committee. The deed of sale by which
Smith received 1,000£ bore the date*21 June
1688 (specification in History of the Organ,
and GBOVE, Diet.)

The superiority of Smith's work was now
so far established that after their meeting
of 19 Oct. 1694 the committee for thebuHd-

) Smith

ing of the organ in St. Paul's Cathedral
treated immediately with Smith. Xo doubt
a claim was put in by Harris prior to his
crabbed queries during the construction of
Smith's instrument, and Ms later appeals
(sounding the patriotic note) to be allowed
to erect a supplementary organ. Assailed
from without, Smith was not secure from
opposition within. Wren, after fruitlessly
disputing the position of the organ, refused
to enlarge the case, his own design, with a
view to the reception of the full number of
stops. At length, on 2 Dec. 1697, the organ
was formally opened at a service in thanks-
giving for the peace of Ey swick (specification
in SIMPSON'S Documents; GBOVH, Diet.)

The setting up of an organ for Trinity
College chapel, Cambridge, was attended
with the inevitable dissensions. While the
master and fellows were disputing, Smith
died in 1708, leaving his organ to receive the
last touches from Sehrider. Smith's appoint-
ment as organ-maker to the crown was con-
tinued in the reign of Anne, and ceased only
with his death, which took place before
17 March 1707-8. On this date his will was
proved by Elizabeth Smith, alias Houghton,
his wife. He left one shilling apiece to his
brothers, sisters, nephews, and nieces. A
portrait of Smith is in the Oxford music
school, and is printed by Hawkins.

About forty to fifty organs are known to
have been Smith's. They ajre, besides those
already described: St. Mary's, Cambridge
(University), 1697 ; Ripon Cathedral; St.
David's, 1704; St. Mary at Hill, 1693 ; St.
Clement Danes ; St. George's Chapel, Wind-
sor; Eton College chapel ; Southwell colle-
giate church ; Chapel Bioy al, Hampton Court ;
Manchester Cathedral choir organ; St.
James's, GarlickMthe ; St. Dunstan's, Tower
Street (removed to St. Albans Abbey) ;
High Church, Hull; All Saints', Derby;
St. Margaret's, Leicester; West Walton,
Norfolk; All Saints', Isleworth ; Pembroke,
Emmanuel, and Christ's College chapels,
Cambridge ; St. Katharine Cree, Leadenhall
Street; Chester Cathedral; St. Olave's,
Southwark; St. Martin's, Ludgate Hill;
Danish Church, Wellclose Square; Sedge-
field parish church, co. Durham ; Whalley,
Lancashire; Hadleigh, Suffolk; Chelsea
old church ; and St. Nicholas, Deptford.

Smith undertook nis works with extreme
conscientiousness and a fastidious choice of
material, and a pure and even quality of
tone was maintained through the series of
stops (cf. BtnasrEY). He used for the Temple
organ a composition of tin and lead in the
proportions of 16 to 6, or rather less than
three-fourths tin (RZCBAITLT) ; but no metal

02

Smith

20

Smith

pipes were made for Roger North's organ at
Ilougham (Burney in REES'S Cyclopc&dia,&?t.
4 North').

Smith's daughter married Clnistopher
Schrider, one of his workmen, who after-
wards built organs for the Royal Chapel of St.
James, 1710; St. Mary Abbott's. Kensing-
ton, 1716 ; St. Mary, Whiteehapel, 1715 f MAL-
COLH) ; St. Martin-in-the-Fields, 1726 ; St.
Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey ; Whitehurch,
Shropshire, and Westminster Abbey, 1730.

The repairing of organs was an employ-
ment chiefly pursued by Smith's nephews,
whose work was known all over the country.
In 1702 one of them, Gerard Smith, put in
order and superintended the removal of an
organ in Lincoln Cathedral (MAUDISON). He
built church organs for Bedford parish, 1715 ;
All Hallows, Bread Street, 1717 ; Finedon,
Northamptonshire, 1717; Little Stanmore ;
and St. G-eorge's, Hanover Square,

Of Christian Smith, organ-builder, of Hart
Street, Bloomsbury, it may be assumed that
he was brother to the great organ-maker, as
one of his instruments (at Norwich) is dated
1643. He built for Tiverton church, Devon-
shire, 1696; and Boston church, Lincoln-
shire, 1717,

[Hopkins and Bimbault's History of the
Organ, 1877, pp. 102-38; Hawkins's History
of Music, with portrait, p. 691 ; Burney's Hist.
of Music, iii, 436 et seq.; Grove's Diet, of
Music, iii. 539, and for pitch and specifications,
ii. 590 ; Dr. Sparrow Simpson's Documents rela-
ting to St. Paul's Cathedral, pp. bd, 161-4, 167;
Pepys's Diary (Braybrooke), vol.i. ; Walcott's St.
Margaret's, pp. 67, 77; North's Hemoires of
Musieke, pp. xv» 20 ; Mrs. Delany's Correspon-
dence (containing some notes on Smith's method
of construction, vhieh are ascribed to Handel),
iii. 405, 568, iv. 568; Chamberlayne's Anglic
Notitia, 1 700 ; Jones and Freeman's Hist, of St.
David's, pp. 95, 369 ; Warren's Tonometer, p. 8 ;
Harding's Hist, of Tiverton, i. 90, iv. 10 ; .Register
of Wills, P.G.C., ' Barrett,' p. 72 ; Malcolm's Lon-
droram Redivivnm, iv. 447 ; Webb's Collection
of Epitaphs, ii. 76 ; McCrory's A. few Notes on
tlus Temple Organ.] L. M. M.

SMITH, CHAKLES (1715 P-1762), Irish
county historian, born about 1715, was a
native of Waterford, and followed the calling
of an apothecary at Dungarvan in tliat county.
In 1744 he published, in conjunction with
Waltar Harris [q. v.], the editor of Ware's
*Worfe/&MstoryofthecountyDown. This
was the first Irish county history on a large
scale ever written. The preface to this book
contains the outline of a plan for a series of
Irish county histories, which appears to have
led in 1744 to Ms foundation at Dublin of the
Ffeysim-Historieal Society for the purpose of
fttfvMIng topographical materials for such a

series. With the imprimatur of this body were
published successively Smith's important his-
tories of Waterford and Cork. The history
of Kerry was published independently after
this society had broken up. Although en-
cumbered with much irrelevant matter, these
volumes form a valuable contribution to-
Irish topography, of which Smith may be-
regarded as the pioneer. Smith's statements-
of fact are generally to be trusted, though it
•was said of him in the counties of which he-
was the historian that his descriptions were
regulated by the reception he was given in
the houses he visited while making his
investigations. His books are warmly com-
mended by Maeaulay, who frequently refers-
to them in his * History' (1855, iii. 136 n.)

In 1756 Smith, with a number of eminent
physicians, founded at Dublin the Medico-
Philosophical Society, a learned association
which survived till 1784. Of this body
Smith was the first secretary, and the author
of a ' Discourse ' setting forth its objects. Its-
memoirs or -minutes are preserved in part at
the Hoyal Irish Academy, and in part at the-
Irish College of Physicians. Smith died at
Bristol in July 1762.

His works are: 1. *The Antient and
Present State of the County of Down/ 1744,
in collaboration with Walter Harris. 2. 'The
Antient and Present State of the County and
City of Waterford/ 1746. 3. < The Antient
and Present State of the County and City of
Cork/ 1750. 4. < The Ancient and Present
State of the County of Kerry/ 1756.

[Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography;
notice by M. J. Hurley in Waterford Society's
Journal, No. 1 ; Dublin Mag. 1762; Minutes of
the Physieo-Historical Soc. (unprinted), in B. L
Academy; Memoirs of Medico-Philosophical
Soc. (unprinted).] C. L. F.

SMITH, CHAELES (1713-1777), writer
on the corn trade, born at Stepney in 1713,
was the son of Charles Smith, a mill-owner of
Croydon, Surrey, by his wife Anne, daugh-
ter of James Marrener of Fange, Essex, a
naval captain in the service of the East
India Company. Charles was educated at
the grammar school of Katcliff, Middlesex,
entered his father's business, realised a for-
tune, married and settled at Stratford in
Essex, and became a county magistrate.
From an early period Smith devoted much
attention to the subject of the corn trade and
to the laws regulating it. The scarcity of
1757 turned public attention to the subject,
and a strong feeling arose against the farmers
and dealers of corn, whose avarice was con-
sidered to have caused it. In consequence,
in the following year, Smith published ( A
Short Essay on the Corn-trade and Corn-

Smith

21

Smith

laws/ in winch, lie demonstrated that, in a f
country largely dependent on home supplies,
variations in price were the natural outcome
of good or bad seasons. This treatise was '
followed in 1759 by ' Considerations on the
Laws relating to the Import and Export of
Com/ and by ; A Collection of Papers rela-
tive to the Price, Exportation, and Importa-
tion of Corn.' These papers, which were *
republished with notes in 1804 by George
Chalmers under the title of * Tracts on the j
Corn Trade/ show an intimate acquaintance •
with the subject, and are written with much !
clearness and ability. They earned the praise !
of Adam Smith, and are valuable from the j
light they throw on the English com trade '
in the eighteenth century. Smith was killed
by a fall from his horse on 8 Feb. 1777. \
fie married, in 1748, Judith, eldest daughter
of Isaac Lefevre, son of a Huguenot refugee. '•
By her he had two children : Charles Smith of ,
Buttons, near Ongar in Essex, M.P, for West- 1
bury in Wiltshire in 1802, and a daughter. <
[Memoir by George Chalmers, prefixed to ,
Tracts on the Corn Trade ; Chalmers's Biogr. :
Diet. 1818; Georgian Era, iv. 463; M'Culloch's
Literature of Political Economv, p. 68 ; Smith's ;
Wealth of Nations, 1839, p. 224.] E. I. C. i

SMITH, CHARLES (1 749 f-1824), '
painter, born about 1749, was a native of;
the Orkneys and a nephew of Caleb White- j
foord [q. v.] After studying at the Koyal \
Academy, where he was befriended by Sir »
Joshua Reynolds, he attempted to establish
himself as a portrait-painter in London, but
lost his patrons in consequence of his extreme
and violently expressed political opinions.
About 1783 he went to India, where he re- j
xnained some years, and after his return j
styled himself * painter to the Great Mogul/ 1
From 1789 to 1797 Smith resided chiefly in j
London, and was an exhibitor at the Boyal
Academy, sending mythological and fancy
-compositions as well as portraits. In Octo-
ber 1798 a musical entertainment entitled *A 1
Day at Rome/ written by Smith, was unsuc- ;
«cessf ally performed at CoventGardenTheatre, |
and he subsequently printed it. In 18G2 he j
published t A Trip to Bengal, a musical en- j
tertainment.' He died at Leith on 19 Dec.
1824. A portrait of Smith, in oriental
•dress, painted by himself, was mezzotinted
by S. W. Reynolds, and a small plate, also
by Reynolds from the same picture, is pre-
tfxed to his * Trip to Bengal.'

[Miller's Biogr. Sketches ; Eedgrave's Diet, of j
Artists ; Royal Academy Cat] E. M. O'D.

SMITH, CFAELES (1786-1856), singer, j
l)orn in London in 1786, was grandson of !
Edward Smith, page to the Princess Amelia, | greatgrandfather.

and son of Felton Smith, a chorister at
Christ Church, Oxford. At the age of lire,
owing to his precocity, he became a pupil ot
Costellow for singing. Later, in 1 79t>, on the
advice of Dr. Arnold, he became a chorister
at the Chapel Royal under Ayrton, and sang
the principal solo in the anthem on the mar-
riage of Charlotte Augusta Matilda, the prin-
cess royal, to the Prince of Wiirtembertr on
18 May 1797 [see CHABLOTTE, 1766-lfete],
In 1798 he was articled to John Ashley, and
in the following year was engaged to sing at
Ranelagh, the Oratorio, and other concerts.
In 1803 he went on tour in Scotland, but, his
voice having broken, he renounced singing
temporarily, and devoted himself to teaching
and organ-playing, in which he was suffi-
ciently proficient to act as deputy for Knyvett
and John Stafford Smith at the Chapel Koyal
and for Bart leman at Croy don. On the latt er's
retirement, Smith was appointed organist
there ; but shortly afterwards he went to Ire-
land with a theatrical party as tenor singer,
and on his return, a year later, he became
organist of the Welbeck chapel in succession
to Charles Wesley. In conjunction with
Isaac Pocoek [q, v. j, he next turned his atten-
tion to writing for the theatres, and pro-
duced in rapid succession the music to the
farces ' Yes or No ? (produced at the Hay-
market on 31 Aug. 1808 and published next
year) ; * Hit or Miss ' (produced at the Lyceum
on 26 Feb. 1810) ; * Anything New* (pro-
duced on 1 July 1811); and * The Tourist's
Friend,' a melodrama; but withdrew from
theatrical matters when Pocoek left Drury
Lane. In 1813 he was singing bass parts
at the Oratorio concerts ; in 1815 he married
Miss Booth of Norwich ; and in 1816 went
to fill a lucrative post at Liverpool. He ulti-
mately retired to Crediton in Devon, where
he diexl on 22 Nov. 1856. He was an excel-
lent organist and a fine singer. Many of his
compositions enjoyed a considerable vogue,
the most popular being a setting of Camp-
bell's * Battle of Hohenlinden,' 'a work of
rare and extraordinary merit/

[Quarterly Mns. Mag. and Eev. ii. 214;
Georgian Era, iv. 304-5 ; Diet, of Musicians,
1824.] E. H. L.

SMITH, SIB CHAELES FEUX (1786-
1858), lieutenant-general, and colonel com-
mandant of royal engineers, second son of
George Smith of Burn Hall, Durham, by his
wife Juliet, daughter and sole heiress of Ki-
chard Mott of Carlton, Suffolk, was born on
9 July 1786 at Piercefield, Monmouthshire.
Elizabeth Smith [q. vj was his sister, and

George Smith (1693-1756} [q. v.] was his
He joined the Royal

Smith 22

Military Academy at Woolwich oa 15 June

1801, and received a commission as second
lieutenant in the royal engineers on 1 Oct.

1802. On the 9th of the same month he was
promoted to be first lieutenant. He was sen-
to the south-eastern military district, anc
was employed on the defences of the south
coast of Kent.

On 16 Bee. 1804 he embarked for the
West Indies, where he served under Sir
Charles Shipley [q. v.l, the commanding roy a'
engineer. He was promoted to be seconc
captain on 18 Xov. 1807. In December 1807
he accompanied the expedition under Genera]
Bowyer from Barbados against the Danish
West India Islands, and took part under
Shipley in the operations which resulted in
the capture of St. Thomas, St. John, and
Santa Cruz. In January 1809 he accom-
panied the expedition under Sir George Beck-
with to attack Martinique, and took part
under Shipley in the attack on, and capture
of, Pigeon Island on 4 Feb., and in the siege
and capture of Fort Bourbon, which led to
the capitulation of the whole island on
23 Feb. He was severely wounded on this
occasion, and on Ms return to England on
SI March 1810 he received a pension of 100£
per annum for his wounds.

On 25 Oct. of the same year Smith em-
barked for the Peninsula, and joined the
force of Sir Thomas Graham at Cadiz, then
blockaded by the French. In the spring of
1811 an attempt to raise the siege was made
by sending a force by water to Tarifa to
march on the flank of the enemy, while at
the ^sa-me time a sortie was made by the
garrison of Cadiz and La Isla across the
river San Pedro. Smith was left in Cadiz
as senior engineer officer in charge of it, as
well as of La Isla and the adjacent country,
during the operations which comprised the
battle of Barossa (5 March 1811). In spite
of this victory the siege was not raised, and
tlie British retired within the lines of La Isla.
Smith's health suffered a good deal at
Cadiz, and he was sent to Tanfe, near Gi-
braltar, where he was commanding royal
engineer during the siege by the French,
eagat thousand strong, under General Laval
Colonel Skerrett commanded the garrison,
wtoh was made up of drafts from regiments
at Gibnutar and Spanish details, numbering
pme 2,300 men. The outposts were driven
m on 19 Dec., and in ten days the French
batteries opened fire. During this time Smith
wa^busymakiiigsiiehpreparationsashecould
for tiie defence of a very weak place. When
&>wever? a gaping breach was made by the
French after a few hours' firing, Skerrett
called a council of war, proposed to abandon

Smith

the defence, to embark the garrison on boaro!
the transports lying in the roadstead, and to
sail for Gibraltar. Smith vehemently opposed
the proposal, and prepared to make the most
desperate resistance. Intimation of the state-
of affairs was sent to the governor of Gi-
braltar, who promptly removed the transports-
and so compelled Skerrett to hold out. He-
also arranged to send assistance from Gi-
braltar. On 31 Dec. 1811 the French made,
an unsuccessful assault. Bad weather and'
a continuous downpour of rain greatly
damaged the French batteries and trenches,
and supply became difficult owing to the-
state of the roads. On the night of 4 Jan..
1812 it became .known to the garrison that
the French were preparing to raise the siege,-
and on the morning of the 5th the allies as-
sumed the offensive, drove the French from
their batteries and trenches, and compelled
them to make a hurried retreat, leaving
everything in the hands of the garrison.
By general consent the chief merit of the
defence has been given to Smith. Napier,
in his ' History of the War in the Peninsula r
(iv, 59, 60), points out that though* Skerrett
eventually yielded to Smith's energy, he did
it with reluctance, and constantly during
the siege impeded the works by calling off*
the labourers to prepare posts of retreat..
'To the British engineer, therefore, belongs
the praise of this splendid action.'

Smith was promoted for his services at
Tarifa to be brevet major, to date from
31 Dec. 1811. He was promoted to be first
captain in the royal engineers on 12 April
1812, and^ returned to Cadiz, where he was
commanding royal engineer until the siege
was raised in July of that year. In the
following year he took part in the action of
Osma (18 June 1813), the battle of Vittoria
(21 June), and the engagements at Villa
Franca and Tolosa (24 and 26 June), when
le had a horse shot under him. He accom-
panied Sir Thomas Graham on 1 July to
:ake part in the siege of San Sebastian. On
ihe visit of the Duke of "Wellington on the*
5th, he attended him round the positions as
senior officer (for the time being) of royal en-
gineers, and his proposed plans of operation,
net with Wellington's approval. The place
:ell on 9 Sept., and, having been mentioned
in Graham's despatch, Smith was promoted
o be brevet lieutenant-colonel on 21 Sept.
1813 'for conduct before the enemy at San.
Sebastian.7

Smith arrived in Belgium and Holland
from the south of France in July 1814
and reached England in August. He was
knighted by the prince regent on 10 Nov.,
andonthesame datehe received permission to

Smith

Smith

accept and wear the crosses of the royal orders
of Carlos m and San Fernando of Spain,
given to form by the king for his services in
the Peninsula, particularly at the defence of
Tarifa. On 28 April 1815 he was appointed
commanding royal engineer of the Sussex
military district. On 4 June he was made a
companion of the order of the Bath, military
division. He received the gold medal with
clasp for Yittoria and San Sebastian. The
previous pension of 100/. for his wounds at
Martinique was increased to 300Z. a year on
18 June 1815, as he had partially lost the
sight of an eye in the Peninsula.

On 19 June 1815 Smith joined the British
army in Belgium as commanding royal en-
gineer of the second corps, marched with it
to Paris, and took part in the entry into
that city on 7 July. He was one of the
officers selected by the Duke of Wellington
to take over the French fortresses to be occu-
pied by the British. He remained with the
army of occupation and commanded the
engineers at Yineennes. He was one of the
officers who introduced stage-coaches-and-
fbur into Paris. The coaches used to meet
opposite DemidofFs house, afterwards the
Caf6 de Paris. He was also a great sup-
porter of the turf, and was the first to im-
port English thoroughbred horses for racing.
His trainer was Tom Hurst, afterwards of
Chantilly. He organised races at Yincennes,
and the racing there was considerably su-
perior to that under royal patronage in the
Champ de Mars. Smith was a noted duellist,
and was equally at home with rapier, sabre,
and pistol. Although never seeking a quarrel,
he never permitted an insult, and he killed
three Frenchmen in duels during his stay
in Paris. He was also an expert boxer. He
returned to England on 8 Nov. 1818.

Smith was employed in the south ol Eng-
land as commanding royal engineer until
1 Jan. 1823, when he was appointed com-
manding royal engineer in the West Indies,
with headquarters at Barbados. With eleven
different island colonies occupied by troops,
he had only five officers of royal engineers
under him, and was obliged to supplement
his staff by TTmlrmg eleven officers of the line
assistant engineers. A commission sent from
England in 1823 to report on requirements
in the West Indies recommended the addi-
tion of fourteen military engineers to the
establishment, to enable the work to be
properly carried out. Smith was promoted
to be lieutenant-colonel in the royal en-
gineers on 29 July 1825, and to be colonel
in the army on 22 July 1S30. During the
fourteen consecutive years which he passed
in the West Indies he was acting governor

of Trinidad in 182S, in 1S30, and during the
whole of 1831. In 1833 he was acting go-
\ vernor of Demerara and Berbice, and in 1834
i of St. Lucia. He commanded the forces in
the West Indies from June 1836 to Fe-
] bruary 1837. He was promoted to be colonel
! in the royal engineers on 10 Jan. 1837. He
1 received the thanks of Lord Hill, the general
commanding-in-chief, for his exercise of
military command in the West Indies.
I On 8 May 1837 Smith was appointed
commanding royal engineer at Gibraltar,
where in 1838 he was acting governor and
commanded the forces. He returned to Eng-
land in the summer of 1840 to go on par-
ticular service to Syria, for which duty he
had been specially selected. He embarked
in the Pique frigate on 9 Aug. 1840, arriv-
j ing at Beyrout on 1 Sept. A landing was
i effected on the 10th, but Smith was too ill
| to take active command. He was invested,
by imperial firman dated 30 Sept. 1840, with
; the command of the Sultan's army in Syria,
and on 9 Oct. following was given by the
British government the local rank of major-
\ general in Syria in command of the allied
\ land forces. "After a bombardment Beyrout
surrendered on 11 Oct. On 3 Nov. Smith
; took part in the attack on? and capture of,
t St. Jean d'Acre, where he was severely
1 wounded. Upon him devolved the duty of
repairing the injuries done to the fortifica-
! tions by the British fire and of putting the
i place in a state of defence again, in addition
i to the adoption of measures for the tempo-
| rary administration of the pashalic of Acre.
Smith returned to his command at Gi-
braltar in March 1841. For his services in
Syria he received the thanks of both houses
of parliament and also of the government,
through Lord Palmerstpn; the sultan pre-
sented him with the Mshan Ichtatha and
diamond medal and sword. He was granted
one year's pay for his wound at St. Jean
d'Acre. He was promoted to be major-
general in the army on 23 Nov. 1841, re-
turned home £rom Gibraltar on 15 May
1842, and was made a knight commander of
theBath (military division) on 27 Sept. 1843.
On 1 June 1847 Smith was granted the
silver medal, then bestowed upon surviving
officers of the wars from 1806 to 1814 for
their services. He had also a clasp for Mar-
tinique, and received the naval medal for
Syria. He was employed on special ser-
vice as a major-general on the staff in Ireland
during the disturbances of 1848. He was
promoted to be lieutenant-general on 11 Nov.
1851, and colonel-commandant of the corps
of royal engineers on 6 March 1856. He
died at Worthing, Sussex, on 11 Aug. 1858.

Smith ;

Smith married, first, in 1821, a daughter
of Thomas Bell, esq., of Bristol (she died at
their residence in Onslow Square, London,
on 18 June 1649): and, secondly, in 1852,
the eldest daughter of Thomas Croft, esq.
There was no issue of either marriage.

[War Office Hecords ; Despatches ; Eoyal En-
gineers' Records ; London G-azette ; Xapier's
H;st, of the War in the Peninsula; Jones's
Sieges in Spain ; Porter's Hist, of the Corps of
Boyal Engineers; Conolly's Hist, of the Eoyal
Sappers and Misers ; Wrottesley's Life and
Correspondence of Field Marshal John Bur-
goyne ; Letters of Colonel Sir Augustus Simon '
Frazcr diirkg the Peninsular and "Waterloo
Campaigns ; Sperling's Letters of an Officer of
the Corp* of Koyal Engineers from the British
Army in Holland, Belgium, and France, to his
Father from 1813 to 1816; Gent Mag. 1812,
1815, 1858 ; ABE. Epg. 1858; Proc. Eoyal United
Service Institution, 1835; Reminiscences of Capt
Grooow, formerly of the Grenadier Guards, &c~
related by Himself, 1862.] E. H. V.

1869), soldier and writer on natural history,
a descendant of a Flemish protestant family
of good position called Smet, was born at
Vrommen-hofen in East Flanders (then an
Austrian proTince) on 26 Dec. 1776. At an
early age he was sent to school at Richmond,
Surrey, but on the outbreak of revolution
ia the Low Countries in 1787, returned to
Flanders, and pursued Ms studies in the Aus-
trian academy for artillery and engineers at
MalinesandatLouvain. After having served,
under tie patronage of Lord Moira, in the
British forces as a volunteer in the 8th light
dragoons, and as a comet in Hompesch's
hussars, he joined in December 1797 the 60th
regiment of the British forces in the West
Indies, and was for ten years brigade-major
uiiderlTajor-general CannichaeL In 1809 he
was on recruiting service at Coventry, and
stxm afterwards was engaged as deputy quar-
temaster-general in the Walcheren expedi-
te He served with distinction in Holland '
'-1— ^capturing thefortress of Tholen,

• ^Tom, with a handful of

— ^ .«-**«***v»f In January 1 81 1 lie was

«piB si Coventry, and was then captain in
tto QOi regiment, but was called away from
tJmpcwtiQn to active service, and the preface
to iisi work on ancient costume is dated from
* km ma&stfB ship Horatio, in tie Ham-Pot
m tlw coasfc of ZedauL ft Dec. 1813/ T-

4 Smith

never again actively employed. He received
the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1830,
and was also a knight of Hanover. On
settling into private Bfe he fixed his home
at Plymouth, and devoted the rest of his life
to studious labours. He began sketching
before he was fifteen years old, and from
that time was unwearied, whether lie was
voyaging down the coast of Africa or ex-
ploring the West Indies, in making drawings
and in accumulating scientific data. History,
zoology, and archaeology were his favourite
subjects of research. He left behind bim
twenty thick volumes of manuscript notes
and thousands of his own watercolour draw-
ings, which were always at the free disposal
of a student. Many of his manuscripts,
chiefly consisting of unpublished lectures
and papers, are in the library of the Ply-
mouth Institution. His library overflowed
into every room of his house. Some account
of his collections is given in the l Transac-
tions of the Plymouth Institution ' (i. 255-88).
l A club of west-country artists and lovers
of art was originated by Smith at Plymouth,
. and called 'The Artists and Amateurs'
| (Bsimusr, Miscellany, Ixii. 197-8, 301). He
frequently lectured at the Plymouth Athe-
naeum, and he designed in 1837 the modern
t seal for the borough of Plymouth (WoETH
Hist, of Plymouth, 1890, p. 197). '

1 Smith was a pall-bearer at the funeral of
the elder Charles Mathews, often gave infor-
mation to Macready and the Eeans on the
proper costumes for the pieces they were
about to bring on the stage, and supplied Sir
Charles Barry with designs for the heraldic
decorations of the houses of parliament. He
used to be constantly with the Cuviers in
Paris, and Sir Bichard Owen was an mti-
matefriend(^o/O^ew,i.l82-4). Landor,
durmg his visits to Charles Armitage Brown
at Plymouth, became acquainted with Smith,
whose daughters fell in love with the poet
CFoKSTHB, Life of Landor, ii. 387-8; cf.
Bath Chronicle, 30 Jan. 1890, p. 6). A very
pleasant picture of Smith's family life is given

iv» 4- li»\ jf C? «.____» TT t /•-**• I-*"-., *"*

<xw

s totk* roads and towns in the
tawt of the Ardennes. He was sent in
18ie on a mission to the United States and
«•"•;*» and his scheme for the defence of

~r ~~v v* —'**** u-u. cuaauju.^ JLU.B JUS in. Yen

Seven Homes 'of Mrs. Kundle-Charles

^"/^S'r Smith was dected F.K.S. in
1824 and FJLS. in 1826.

After an active life he died at 40 Park
btreet, Plymouth, on 21 Sept. 1859, and was
, buried in the family vault at Pennycross.
He married in 1808, Mary Anne Mauger,
daughter of Joseph Mauger (pronounced
™ -* Guernsey. She lied tefore 1841.

U«JT • , vv **** **"-c wanuce 01

fc&ac& was printed by the government.
*»fe retired on half-paym 1820, and was

. .

issue was one son, Charles Hamilton
bmith (a captain in the British army, who
accepted a grant of land in Australia and
o»a there), and four daughters, three of
whom survived him ; the eldest, Emma who

Smith 21

never married, was her father's companion j
and assistant until his death. ;

Smith's portrait, painted bv Edward Opie,
belonged to Mrs, Rendel in 1868 (Cat Nat \
Portraits at South Kensington, 1868). An •
engraving by James Scott was published at !
Plymouth in 1841. j

A great naturalist and an accurate and
unwearied artist, Smith was a student of '
profound knowledge in many branches of
learning. His writings comprised: 1.* History :
of the Seven Years' War in Germany by !
Generals Lloyd and Tempelhoff. With Ob- j
servations, Maxims, &c., of General Jomini. i
Translated from the German and French/
voL i. n.d. [1809]. 2. < Secret Strategical '
Instructions of Frederic the Second. Trans- j
lated from the German,3 181 1. 3. * Selections .
of Ancient Costume of Great Britain and Ire- '
land, Seventh to Sixteenth Century,' 1814. i
4. * Costume of Original Inhabitants of the i
British. Islands to the Sixth Century. By I
S.RMeyrick and C.H. Smith/ 1815. 5. 'The !
Class Mammalia, arranged by Baron Cuvier, i
with Specific Descriptions by tedward Griffith^ I
C. H. Smith, and Edward Pidgeon,' 2 vols.
1827. 6. 'Natural History of Dogs,' vol. L
1839, vol. ii. 1840. Afterwards reissued in
1843 as vols. iv. and v. of the * Naturalists'1
Library.' 7. ' Natural History of Horses,*
1841. In 1843 this was vol. xii. in the < Na-
turalists' Library.' 8. ' Introduction to the
Mammalia,' 1842 ; issued in 1843 as vol. i. in
the same 'Library.' 9. ' Natural History of
the Human Species/ 1848. This volume was
devised to harmonise with the publications
in the ' Naturalists' Library.' Prefixed to
it was his portrait. It was reprinted at
Boston, U.S. A., in 1851, with an Introduction
by Samuel Eneeland, jun. M.D. Most of his
works were illustrated by his own drawings.

Smith wrote the military part of Coxe's

* Life of the Duke of Marlborough,' and the
plansofthebattlesandcampaignsweremainly
constructed under his inspection. From the
knowledge of military affairs displayed in
this work it excited jNapoleon's interest at
St. Helena. A narrative of the retreat of
Napoleon from Moscow was written by him
in French, and is said to have been dissemi-
nated abroad by the English government.
The articles on subjects of natural history
and warfare in Kitto's * Cyclopaedia of Bibli-
cal Literature7 were contributed by Smith ;
that on *War/ in the eighth edition of the

* Encyclopaedia Britannica,* was his compo-
sition, revised by Major-general Portlock;
and he was the author of the introductory
paper on i the Science of War' in the ' Aide-
Memoire of the Military Science by Officers
of the Royal Engineers.'

> Smith

Smith contributed to the * Transactions
of the Linnean Society,' 1822, pp. 28-40, an
article on the ' Animals of America allied to
the Antelope," and a paper by Mm i On the Ori-
ginal Population of America ' appeared in the
'Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal for
1645,' pp.1-20. He issued in 1840 a i Model
of a proposed Statistical Survey of Devon and
Cornwall, arranged in Tables ; ' the scheme
included a bibliography of the counties.

[Worth's Plymouth (1890 edit.), pp. 471-2 ;
Proc. of Linnean Soe. 24 May 1860 pp. xxx-xsxi ;
Proe. of Royal Soc. vol. x. pp. xxiv-ri ; Trans.
Devon. Assoe. xxiii- 379-80 ; Kyland's Memoir of
John Kitto, pp. 563-6 ; information from Sidney
T. Whitefordj esq., his grandson, A Memoir of
Lieutenant-colonel Smith, written in French, was
published at Ghent abont 1860 ; it contains a
good lithographed portrait,] W. P. C.

SMITH, CHARLES HARRIOT (1792-
1864), architect, bom in London on 1 Feb.
1792, was the son of Joseph Smith, monu-
mental sculptor, of Portland Road, Maryle-
bone. Leaving school at the age of twelve,
he entered his father's business, employing
himself in drawing and modelling after work-
ing hours. In 1813 he became a life mem-
ber of the Society of Arts, and in the fol-
lowing year entered the Royal Academy,
where he passed through all the classes, and
in 1817 obtained the academy gold medal
for bis * Design for a Royal Academy.'
Acquiring a knowledge of geology, minera-
logy, and chemistry, he became an autho-
rity on building stones, and was in 1836 ap-
pointed one of the four commissioners for
the selection of a suitable stone for the new
houses of parliament. Smith executed the
ornamental stone-carving of the Royal Ex-
change, of the National Gallery, and of Dor-
chester and Bridgewater houses. In 1855 he
was elected a member of the Royal Institute
of British Architects. He died in London
on 21 Oct. 1864, leaving one son, Percy
Gordon Smith, architect for many years to
the local government board.

Smith contributed numerous sessional pa-
pers to the Royal Institute of British Archi-
tectSjOf which the most important was entitled
*Iitholpgy, or Observations on Stone used
for Buildings,* 1842. He also wrote an
essay on linear and aerial perspective for
Arnold's * Library of the Fine Arts/ He
frequently exhibited in the Roval Academy
designs in architecture, portrait-busts, and
monumental compositions.

[Diet, of Arch. 1887,7x1.93; Builder, 5 Nov.
1864; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Journal of
Society of Arts, 16 Dec. 1864 ; Gent. Mag. 1864,
ii. 805; Papers read at the Royal Institute of
British Architects, 1864-5, p. 8.] B. L 0.

Smith

Smith

SMITH, CHARLES JOES (1803-1838),
engraver, was born in 1803 at Chelsea,
where Ms father, James Smith, practised as
a surgeon. He was a pupil of Charles Pye
^q, v.j? and became a good engraver of book
illustrations of a topographical and anti-

over some reclaimed land adjoining his pro-
perty, and won the case.

At a very early date in his life Smith felt
the passion of collecting Roman and British
remains, and, with the encouragement of

•LuuaaraiiyijLB UA a i\jy\jgi:a>]jiinjcu. amm. «UU.UA- Alfred John Kempe [q. v.J, his i antiquarian
quarian character. He executed a few of the godfather/ his desires grew apace. For
later plates in Charles Stothard's * Monu- twenty years during the excavations of the
• ~^ •*••'•* ' rt •• •• soil of London or the operations of dredging

the Thames, he was on the alert for

later plates in unaries aioinara s --u-onu-
mental Etfigies/ the views of houses and
monuments in E, Cartwright's 'Rape of

1X1.UJJ.UXU.1: 11 to JLU. J-l. V^OilU *Y J.igii«J O J.VU^r^ VJL

Bramber/ 1830., and several of the plates
from illuminated manuscripts for Dibdin's
i Tour in the Northern Counties of England/
1838. In 1S29 Smith published a series of
* Autographs of Royal, Noble, and Illus-
trious Persons/ with memoirs by John
Gough Nichols [q.v.land later undertook
another serial work, i Historical and Literary
Curiosities/ which he did not live to com-
plete. He was elected a fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries in 1837, and died of para-
lysis in Albany Street, London, on 23 Nov.
1838.

quities, and his energies were amply re-
warded. The knowledge of his acquisitions

[Gent. Mag. 1839, i. 101 ; Redgrave's Diet.
of Artists.] F. H. O'D.

SMITH, CHARLES ROACH (1807-
1890), antiquary, born at Landguard Manor-
house, near Shanklin, Isle of Wight, on
20 Aug. 1807, was the youngest child of ten
children of John Smith, a farmer, who
married Ann, daughter of Henry Roach of
Arreton Manor in the same island. The
father died when the child was very young,
and his maternal grandfather's house at Arre-
ton became his second home. The mother
died about 1824. The lad went to the school
of a Mr. Crouch at Swathling, and when the
master migrated to St. Cross, near Winches-
ter, Charles followed him. About 1820 he
went to the larger establishment of Mr.
Withers at Lymington.

In 1821 Smith was placed in the office of
Francis Worsley, a solicitor at Newport,
Me of Wight, but soon tired of this occu-
pation. The army was then suggested for
to, but in February 1822 he was appren-
ticed to a Jb. Follett,* chemist at Chichester
After remaining there for about six years he
TO* to the firm of Wilson, Ashmore, & Co.,
e&mists at Snow Hill, London, and then set
up for himself at the comer of Founders'
Umrt, Lothbury. His premises were taken
jw by the city at a great loss to him, and
he removed to 5 Liverpool Street, Finsbury
Urcus, yfeare fee dwelt from 1840 ^ l^

The business had now dwindled, and he pur-
chwed, ttt place of retirement, the small pro-

m action
and chapter of Rochester

.. V".V«.vyW.. JL.-4A.W 1 \ I, 1 W »» J.^I\AQ O VAIL JJ.J.O ClUU UUCJ. tlUJUS

spread far and wide when he published in

1854 a l Catalogue of the Museum of London
Antiquities/ which he had obtained. His
fellow-antiquaries urged that the collection
should be secured by the nation, but his
offer of it to the British Museum in March

1855 at the price of 8,OOOJ. was declined.
A cheque for that sum was sent to him by
Lord Londesboro ugh, but, as the antiquities
would not be kept intact, the cheque was
returned. In the next year they were trans-
ferred to the British Museum for 2,000£, and
they formed the nucleus of the national col-
lection of Romano-British antiquities. Smith
was by this time accepted as the leadino-
authority on Roman London. °

_ The gar den at Temple Place was in later life
his chief recreation, and his energies found
full vent in the cultivation of its grounds. He
especially applied himself « to pomology and
to the culture of the vine in the open ground/
making considerable quantities of wine from
the grapes which he reared. His pamphlet * On
the Scarcity of Home-grown Fruits in Great
Britain/ which first appeared in the i Pro-
ceedings of the Historical Society of Lanca-
shire and Cheshire ' in 1863, passed into a
second edition, and fully a thousand copies
were distributed in France and Germany.
in this tract he advocated the planting of
the waste ground on the sides of railwavs
•with dwarf apple trees and with other kinds
of fruit, and this suggestion was adopted to
a considerable extent abroad and to a limited
degree in England.

Smith belonged to many learned societies
at home and abroad. He was elected F.S. A.
on 22 Dec. 1836, and much of his earliest work
was contributed to the ' Arch&ologia ' (cf
Literary Gazette, 6 Nov. 1852, pp. 828-9).
For more than fifty years Smith took a keen
interest in the work of the London Numis-
maticSocietyj from 1841 to 1844 he was one
ot its honorary secretaries, and from 1852 he
was^an honorary member. To the 'Numis-
matic Chronicle' he made a variety of con-
tnbutions, and he received in 1883 the first
medal of the society, in especial recognition
ot nis services in promoting the knowledge

Smith

Smith

of Romano-British coins. In conjunction
with Thomas "Wright he founded the British
Archaeological Association in 1843, and he
frequently wrote in its journal. After his
retirement to Strood he actively assisted in
the work of the Kent Archseological Associa-
tion, and contributed many papers to the
* Archseologia Cantiana.7 For many years
he compiled the monthly article of f Anti-
quarian Notes 'in the l Gentleman's Magazine.'
He was a writer in the e Athenaeum/ in the
' ^Eliana' of the Newcastle Society (of which
he was a member), and in the * Transactions '
of several other antiquarian bodies. "When,
through the medium of his friend, the Abbe
Cochet, he intervened successfully with Na-
poleon III for the preservation of the Roman
walls of Dax, a medal was struck in France
in his honour to commemorate the event
(1858).

Smith, was unmarried, and a sister kept
house for him. She died in 1874, and
was buried in Frindsbury churchyard. After
a confinement to his bed for sis days, he
died at Temple Place on 2 Aug. 1890, and
was buried in the same churchyard on 7 Aug.
At a meeting, early in 1890? of the Society
of Antiquaries, it had been proposed to
strike a xnedal in his honour, and to present
Mm with the balance of any fund that might
be collected. The medal, in silver, was
presented to hiiri on SO July (only three
days before his death), and there remained
for "him the sum of one hundred guineas. A
marble medallion by G. Fontana belongs to
the Society of Antiquaries.

Smith's "works comprised : 1. e List of Bo-
man Coins found near~Strood/ 1839. 2. * Col-
lectanea Antiqua : etchings and notices of
ancient remains/ 1848-80, 7 vols. The
articles are chiefly on Koman remains, coins,
ornaments, and monuments, in England,
France, and Italy. The c notes on the an-
tiquities of Treves, Mayenee, Wiesbaden,
Bonn, and Cologne ' in the second volume,
the details in volume iii. of the * Faussett
Collection of Anglo-Saxon Antiquities/ and
the account in the next volume of the public
dinner to Smith at Newport, Isle of Wight,
on 28 Aug. 1855, were issued separately in
1851 , 1854, and 1855 respectively, 3. * An-
tiquities of Eichborough^ Beculver, Lymne
in Kent/ 1850. A supplement on Lymne
(in which he was assisted by James Elliott,
jun.) came out in 1852, and one on Pevensey,
with the aid of Mark Anthony Lower, was
issued in 1858. 4. *Inventorium Sepul-
chrale :* the antiquities dug up in Kent, 1757-
1773, by Bev.BryanFaussett,1856. 5. 'Illus-
trations of Roman London/ 1859. 6. ' The
Importance of Public Museums for Historical

Collections/ 1860. 7. < Remarks on Shake-
speare, his Birthplace/ 1868; 2nd edit. 1677.
8. i Rural Life of Shakespeare/ 1870 ; 2nd
edit. 1874 ; a third edition was afterwards
in preparation. 9. * South Kensington Mu-
seum Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon and other
Antiquities discovered at Faversham by
William Gibbs/ 1871. 10. 'Address to
Strood Institute Elocution Class/ 1879.
11. * Retrospections, Social and Archaeo-
logical/ 1883, 1886, and 1891, 3 vols. Pre-
fixed to volume i. is the medallion bust of him
{ from the marble by Signor Fontana.' His
portrait is the frontispiece of volume iii.,
which was edited from page 186 by Mr.
John Green Waller.

A list of * Isle of Wight Words, Super-
stitions, Sports/ &e., by Roach Smith and his
brother. Major Henry Smith, R.M., was pub-
lished by the English Dialect Society as part
xxiii. (series C. original glossaries).

[Hen of the Time, 12th ed. ; Athenaeum,
9 Aug. 1890, p. 202 ; Isle of Wight County Press,
2 Aug. 1S90 ; Times, 14 Aug. 1890, p. 9 ; Proc.
Soc. of Antiquaries, 1889-91, pp. 310-12; Por-
traits of Men of Eminence, vol. v. ed. Walford,
pp. 13-15; Proc. of Numismatic Soc. in Nu-
mismatic Chronicle, s. 39, xi. 18-21 ; Jonm. Brit,
ArchseoL Assoc. xlvi. preface, pp. 237-43, 31S-
330.] W. P. C.

SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1S06>
poetess and novelist, the eldest daughter of
Nicholas Turner of Stoke House, Surrey, and
Bignor Park, Sussex, by his wife, Anna
Towers, was born in London on 4 May 1 749
at King Street, St. James's. When Char-
lotte was little more than three years old her
mother died, and the child was brought up by
an aunt, who sent her at the early age of six
to a school at Chichester, and afterwards to
another at Kensington. The education thus
received was exceedingly superficial, and
ceased entirely at the age of twelve, when
Charlotte entered society. Two years later
she received an offer of marriage, which was
refused by her father on the score of her
youth. In 1764 the father married a second
wife, a woman of fortune. Charlotte's aunt
at that time had an aversion to stepmothers,
and hurriedly arranged a marriage for her
niece with Benjamin Smith, second son of
Bichard Smith, a West India merchant, and
director of the East India Company. The
wedding took place on 23 Feb. 1765, The
youthful couple (the husband was only
twenty-one) lived over the elder Smith's
house of business in the city of London, and
Charlotte was in enforced attendance on an
invalid mother-in-law of exacting disposi-
tion. The marriage was not one of affection ;
both parties had been talked into it by oifi-

Smith

Smith

cious relatives, and it is not surprising that pole, Mrs. Siddons, and the two Wartons.
Charlotte found life dreary. Her father-in- There were altogether eleven editions of the
law,' on the death of his wife, married Char- t poems, the last dated in 1851.
lotte's aunt. But the circumstances of Mrs. Smith's

Charlotte was now free to indulge her family scarcely improved. They lived for a
desire of living in the country. Her father- j while in a dilapidated chateau near Dieppe in
in-lawj however, entertained a high opinion j France, and there Mrs. Smith translated Pre-
of her 'abilities, and offered her a consider- | vest's 'ManonLescaut3 (1785), and wrote the
able allowance if she would live in London | * Eomance of Real Life/ an English version

and assist him in his business. He had on
one occasion when he was libelled employed

of some of the most remarkable trials from
' Les Causes Celebres ; ' it appeared in 1786,

her to write a vindication of Ms character, j About this time the family returned to Eng-
a task that she fulfilled admirably. But land and settled at Woolbeding House, near
a town life had never pleased her, and in Midhurst in Sussex. Mrs. Smith soon de-
177-ij with her husband and seven children, cided that a separation from her husband
she went to live at Lys Farm, Hampshire. ' would be best for all concerned. The only
Her husband was at one time high sheriff of i reason assigned was incompatibility of
Hampshire (cf. UEsmiLsreffi, Life of M. E, j temper, and the children remained with the
Mitford, iii. 148 ; letters ofM. R, Mitford, \ mother. The husband and wife occasionally
ed. Chorlev, 2nd ser. L 29). But his ex- met and constantly corresponded ,* Mrs.
travaganee'and his attempts to realise wild i Smith continued to give her husband pecu-
and ruinous projects, propensities somewhat niary assistance, but firmly refused to live
kept in check while he was living in his with him again. He died in March 1806.
father's house, began to cause his wife un- In 1788 Charlotte Smith published her
easiness. She once expressed to a Mend a first novel, ' Emmeline, or the Orphan of
desire that her husband should find rational ! the Castle,' in 4 vols., and it was so success-
employment. The friend suggested that his ful that her publisher, Cadell, supplemented
enthusiasm might be directed towards reli- ' the sum originally paid. It was admired by
gion. * Oh!' replied Charlotte, ' for heaven's , Sir Egerton Brydges and Sir Walter Scott,
sake do not put it into his head to take to j The latter indulgently declared the ' tale
religion, for if he does he will instantly begin i of love and passion7 to be i told in a most
by building a cathedral* (NICHOLS, Illustra- j interesting manner,' praised the mingling of
to»j»,viiL 35). In 1776 the elder Smith died, ! humour and satire with pathos, and considered
leaving a complicated will. The ensuing liti- ! that the ( characters both of sentiment and
gation increased the pecuniary difficulties of of manners were sketched with a firmness
Charlotte and her husband ; the Hampshire | of pencil and liveliness of colouring which
estate was sold, and in 1782 Smith was im- j belong to the highest branch of fictitious
prisoned for debt. His wife shared his con- ' * * """ "

finement, which lasted for seven months.
For some years Charlotte Smith had been

in the habit of writing sonnets, and it oc-
curred to her that her compositions might

narrative.' Hayley was even more extra-
vagant in his praises (cf. NICHOLS, Lit.
lllustr. vii. 708). Miss Seward, on the other
hand, found it a servile imitation of Miss

Blarney's « Cecilia ; J and stated that the cha-

afford a means of livelihood. She showed ! racters of Mr. and Mrs. Stafford were drawn
fourteen or fifteen of them to Dodsley, and [ from Mrs. Smith and her husband (Letters,
afterwards to Billy, but neither would pub- ii. 213). A second novel, ' Celestina/ in

lish them. She then appealed to Hayley —
kmowm to her by reputation, and a neigh-
bour of iier family in Sussex — who permitted
Im to dedicate to him a thin quarto volume
of sonnets (* Elegiac Sonnets and other Es-
says *). It -was printed at Chichester at her

own expense, and published by Dodsley at
Hayle/s perswiom in 1784. The poems
iotidfavtmr Witt the public; a second edition
was called for tlie same year, and a fifth in
1789. They were reissued with a second

4 vols., came out in 1792, and was charac-
terised as ( a work of no common merit ' (cf.
NICHOLS, Lit. lllustr, vii. 715), and a third,
' Desmond,' in 3 vols., in 1792. The character
of Mrs. Manby in the last is said to repre-
sent Hannah More (SEWARD, letters, iii.

329). In 1792 Mrs. Smith visited Hayley
at Eartham, and met there Cowper, and
probably Romney (HAYLEY, Memoirs, i,
432). 'The Old Manor House,' in 4 vols.,

, % ,~ . , - - -~ - ••-•— - , considered by Scott her best piece of work,

volume and plates by Stothard, under the appeared in 1793.

fi w T™ ^^ fd ^ p°ems»> { Failil^ kealtl1 was now added to the ever

in i/w. ABQOHJT tke subscribers to that I present jecxrniary and fanuly troubles. But
r^ i T •** rttfatetonv, | Mrs. Smith's cheerful temperament enabled
Umrles James Fox, Horace Wai- , her to abstract herself from her cares, and

eilfcioii were the

Smith 5

publish a novel each year till 1799. Cald-
well, writing to Bishop Percy in 1801, says :
* Charlotte Smith is writing more volumes of
"The Solitary Wranderer "for immediate
subsistence. . . . She is a woman full of
sorrows. One of her daughters made an
imprudent marriage, and the man, after be-
having extremely ill and tormenting the
family, died. The widow has come to her
mother not worth a shilling, and with three
young children ' (XiCHOLS, Lit. Illustr. viii.
38). In 1804 appeared her l Conversations
introducing Poetry,' a book treating chiefly
of subjects connected with natural history
for the use of children. It contains her
versions of the well-known, poems *The
Ladybird1 and 'The Snail/ During the
latter years of her life Mrs, Smith made
many changes of residence, living at London,
Brighthelmstone, and Bath, In 1805 she re-
moved to Tilford, near Farnham in Surrey,
where she died on 28 Oct. 1806. She was
buried in Stoke church, near Guildf ord ; a
monument by Bacon marks her resting-
place. Of her twelve children, eight survived
her. Her youngest son, George Augustus,
a lieutenant in the 16th foot, died at Surinam
on 16 Sept., five weeks before his mother ;
another son, Lionel [q. v.], was a distin-
guished soldier.

If there is nothing great in Mrs. Smith's
poems, they are * natural and touching * (cf.
LEIGH HTJ^T, 3£en, Women, and Books, ii.
139). Miss Mitford told Miss Barrett that
she never took a spring walk without feeling
Charlotte Smith's love of external nature and
her power of describing it (cf. L?ESTEA.NGE,
Life of M> H. Mitford, iii. 148), and in a
letter to Mrs. Hofl and declared that ' she had,
with all her faults, the eye and the mind of
a landscape poet' (Letters of M. JR. Mitford,
ed. Chorley, 2nd ser. i. 29), As a novelist
she shows skill in portraying1 character, but
the deficiencies of the plots render her novels
tedious. Her English style is good, and it
is said that whenever Erskine had a great
speech to make, he used to read Charlotte
Smith's works hi order to catch their grace
of composition (L'EsrBA.HSE, Life of M. JS.
Mitford, iii. 299).

Her portrait was painted by Opie. A draw-
ing from the picture by G. Glint, A.R.A., was
engraved by A. Duncan and by Freeman.
There is an engraving by Ridley and Holt
of what seems to be another picture, and an
unsigned engraving in which Mrs. Smith is
represented in a curious dress. Her head in
outline appears in * Public Characters*
(1800-1).

Other works by Charlotte Smith are : 1.
'Ethelinde, or the Recluse of the Lake/

9 Smith

5 vols. 1790 ; 2nd edit. 1814. 2. 'The Ban-
ished Man/ 4 vols. 1794. 3. { Moatalbert/
1795. 4. ' Marchmont.7 5. ' Rural Walks/
6. l Rambles Farther/ 1796. 7. - Minor
Morals interspersed with Sketches,' 2 vols.
1798; other editions 1799, 1800y 1816,
1825. 8. e The Young Philosopher/ a novel,
1798. 9. < The Solitary Wanderer/ 1799.
10. * Beachy Head/ a poem, 1807.

[Scott's biography, the iacts for Trhich were
eomnranieated to him by Mrs. Dorset, a sister
of Charlotte Smith, in Miscellaneous Prose
Works, i. 349-59, is the chief authority ; see also
Elwood's Literary Ladies, i. 284-309; 3Inthiasrs
Pursuits of Lit. pp. 56t 58,] JE. L.

SMITH, COLVIN (1795-1875), portrait-
painter and royal Scottish academician, born
at Brechin in Scotland in 1795, was son of
John Smith, merchant, manufacturer, and
magistrate of Brechin, a descendant of the
i family of Lindsay, alias Smith, heritable
1 armourers to the "" bishop of Brechin. His
I mother was Cecilia, daughter of Richard
| Gillies of Little Keithock, Forfarshire, and
sister of Adam, lord Gillies fq. v.", and John
Gillies (1747-1836) [q. v.j *" When young,
Smith went to London and became a student
in the schools of the Royal Academy , and also
studied, under Joseph ^Tollekens [q. v.] He
then travelled abroad, and studied the works
of the old masters; making friends at Home
with Sir David WilMe [q. v.], whose portrait
he painted. On Ms return he settled about
j 1826 in Edinburgh, where he purchased the
j studio and gallery in York Place which had
been erected by Sir Henry Raebum [<j. v.]
His powerful family connections quickly
! gained hi-rn employment at Edinburgh, and
many of the most prominent personages in
that city sat to him. He first appears as an
exhibitor at the Royal Institution, Edinburgh,
in 1826, 1828, and 1829, but subsequently,
along1 with twelve other artist members of
the institution, he transferred his interests
to the (Royal) Scottish Academy, where he
continued to exhibit during the remainder
of his life. Golvin Smith is best known for
his portraits of Sir Walter Scott, the first of
which was painted in 1828 for Lord-chief-
commissioner William Adam [q. v.] This
was considered so successful that several of
Scott's friends had replicas painted for them,
about twenty in all, for some of which Scott
gave separate sittings to please his friends.
Among other notable people painted by
Smith were Lord Jefirey (considered the best
likeness of him), Henry Mackenzie, Sir James
' Mackintosh, Robert, second viscount Hel-
ville, Lord Neaves, John, lord Hope, and
others. Smith's portraits were remarkable for
correct drawing, simplicity of treatment, and

Smith :

a considerable grasp of character, rather than
for the more pleasing graces of pictorial art.
He was but a rare contributor to the London
exhibitions. Smith exhibited for the last
time in 1870, and died in his own house at
ISdinburgh on 21 July 1875.

[Cat. of Scottish National Gallery, Loan Ex-
hibition of Scottish National Portraits, Edin-
burgh, 1884, and Sir Walter Scott Centenary
Exhibition, 1872 ; Loekhart's Life of Sir Walter
Scott; Sir Walter Scott's Journal, voL ii.;
Imng's Eminent Scotsmen; Redgrave's Dic-
tionary: information from Messrs. Adam and
Cecil Gillies-Smith and J. L. Caw.] L. C.

SMITH, EDMUND (1672-1710), poet,
born in 1672 either at Hanley, the seat of
the Lechmeres, or at Tenbury in Worcester-
shire, was only son of Edmund Neale, a
London merchant, by Margaret, daughter of
Sir Nicholas Lechmere fa. v.] The father fell
into poverty and soon died, and the boy was
brought up by a Mnsman, whose name was
Smitt — doubtless Mathew Smith of Lon-
don, who married Margaret, Sir Nicholas
Lechmere's sister. His guardian treated
him as his own child, and he adopted his
surname (cf. E. P. SHIBLEY'S Hanley and
ike House of Leckmere, p. 19). Educated
at Westminster under Dr. Busby, he was
elected to both Trinity College, Cambridge,
and Christ Church, Oxford, but decided to
proceed to Oxford, where he matriculated
25 June 1688, aged 16. He was a promising
lad, and was soon well read in the classics
and in modern literature. His contributions
to collections of Oxford verse on the birth of
the Prince of Wales in 1688, on the coronation
of William HI and Mary, and on William's
retzirnfrom the battle of the Boyne won him
a high reputation (cf. NICHOLS, Select Collec-
tion, ii. 62, vii. 105-8). In 1691 he wrote an
excellent Latin ode in alcaics on the death of
Dr. Edward jPocoeke fa. y.], the orientalist
( Mma Anglkan&t vol. ii.) Johnson, who
knew the poem by heart, declared it to be
unequalled amongmpdernwriters(BoswELL,
Ztjfe, iiL 269). Smith's carelessness about
his dress, combined with his handsome ap-
pearance, gave him the nicknames of * the
aaaclsome sloven ' and * Captain Hag ' (Gent .
J%. June 1780, p. 280). On 24 Dec. 1694
he was publicly admonished by the authori-
ties of Christ Church for licentious conduct
and was threatened with expulsion. He pro-
ceeded M,A. on 8 July 1696, and on 8 Nov.
1701 was chosen to deliver the annual ora-
tion in praise of Sir Thomas Bodiey, founder
of the Bodleian Library. The manuscript of
ins speech—beautifully written, to imitate
tjpography— is still preserved in the library.
It was published by William Bowyerinl711

50 Smith

(cf. MAOBAY'S Annals of the Bodleian Li-
brary, p. 151). Meanwhile Smith's irregu-
larities did not abate, and on 24 April 1700
the dean and chapter declared his place
1 void, he having been convicted of riotous
behaviour in the house of Mr. Cole, an
apothecary/ Further action was delayed.
But, on failing in his candidature for the
, office of censor of Christ Church, Smith
avenged his defeat by lampooning the dean,
Br, Aldrich. On 20 Dec. 1705 the patience
of the authorities was exhausted, and the
sentence of expulsion was carried into effect
(cf. Gent. Mag. 1822, ii, 223). Driven to Lon-
don, where he had already in 1690 entered
himself as a student at the Inner Temple,
Smith sought to make a livelihood by his pen.
He professed himself a champion of the
whigs, and Addison, who is said to have in-
vited him to write a history of the revolu-
tion, at once befriended him. But he made
influential friends among all parties.

On 21 April 1707 his tragedy of ' Phaedra
and Hippolitus' — an artificial and bombastic
effort modelled on Racine's ' Phedre ' rather
than on Seneca's 'Hippolytus' — was pro-
duced at the Haymarket Theatre, and was
acted four times. The prologue was written
by Addison, and the epilogue by Prior. The
chief actors of the day — Betterton, Booth,
Mrs. Barry, and Mrs. Oldfield— took part in
it. Despite such advantages, the public were
demonstrative in their hostility, and the
piece was 'hardly heard the third night*
(cf. GEKEST, ii. 368 s<j.) The critics, how-
ever, were loud in their praises. * Would one
think,' wrote Addison in the 'Spectator,'
No. 18, 'it was possible (at a Time when
an Author lived that was able to write the
"Phsedra and Hippolitus") for a People to
be so stupidly fond of the Italian Opera, as
scarce to give a third Day's Hearing to that
admirable Tragedy ?' George Stepney fa. y.l
in a published epistle, complimented Smith
on Ms dramatic talents. Lintot purchased
the piece for publication at the current rate
of 50Z. (11 March 1705-6), and Halifax
agreed to accept the dedication which Smith
wrote aftermany months' delay. He was too
indolent to present the dedication in person
to his patron, and thus lost BOOL Prior
described the dedication as nonsense, and
attributed a decline in Smith's powers to his
close association with Steele and Addison.
Eight revivals of Smith's tragedy are noticed
by Genest. In one of them," at Covent
Garden, on 7 Nov. 1754, Peg Woffimrton
played the heroine.

In 1708 Lintot published an elegy by
Smith on John Philips, who was his friend
at Oxford. Johnson places it < among the

Smith

Smith

best elegies which our language can show ;
an elegant mixture of fondness and admira-
tion, of dignity and softness.''

Anxious to" try Ms fortune again on the
stage, Smith designed a tragedy on the subject
of Lady Jane Grey, and his friend, George
Duckett JJ-v."1, invited frim to his house at
HarthamJ \Viftshire, in order that he might
concentrate his attention on the work. But
indulgence in strong ale * rendered him ple-
thoric/ and prescribing for himself a purge,
of the dangers of which an apothecary warned
him, he defiantly drank it off with fatal '
effects. He was buried at Hartham in July
1710.

Duckett inaccurately told Oldmixon that
Smkh was employed "by Aldrich, Smalridge,
and Atterbury to garble Clarendon's history
before it was published. He is said to hare
left in manuscript translations from Pindar
and Longinus. * Two quires of hints ' which
he had gathered for his tragedy of Lady Jane
Grey were examined by Nicholas Howe ~q. v.], (
but Howe made no use of them when he !
wrote his play on the same theme. His !
works — his poem on Philips, his tragedy, and i
his 'Oratio Bodleiana,' with some odes — were J
issued in 1719, with a life by William Oldis- j
worth [q. v.] Another edition, including the j
poems of John Armstrong, appeared in 1781.
Smith's poems also appear in Dr. Johnson's ,
and in Chalmers's f Collections.' j

In 1751 F. Newbery published in quarto
*Thales, a Monody, sacred to the memory of j
Dr. Pococke. In imitation of Spenser. From j
an authentic Manuscript by Mr. Edmund i
Smith, formerly of Christ's Church, Oxon.""
This poem, in the Spenserian stanza, is a para-
phrase in English, apparently by another j
hand, of SmitlfsLatin ode on the same theme. I
In the advertisement prefixed the editor states
that he ' has several othervery valuable pieces
of Mr. Smith in his possession which he in-
tends shortly to communicate to the public.7

Smith's writings justify a very moderate
estimate of his abilities. But his fame, owing
to the praises of his friends, survived through-
out the eighteenth century. Johnson de-
scribed him as i one of those lucky writers
who have, without much labour, attained
high reputation, and who are mentioned with
reverence rather for the possession than the
exertion of uncommon abilities,'

[Oldisworth's Life, prefixed to Phaedra and
Hippolitus, 1719, 3rd edit.; Johnson's Lives of
the Poets, ed. Cunningham, ii. 41 et seq. ; Welch's
Alumni Westmon. pp. 211-12 ; Foster's Alumni
Oxon.] S. L.

SMITH or SMYTH, EDWARD (1665-
1720), bishop of Down and Connor, born at
Lisburn in Antrim in 1665, was the son of

James Smyth of Mountown, co. Down, by
his wife Franeisea, daughter of Edward
Dowdall of Mountown. He became a scholar
at Dublin University in 1678, and graduated
B.A. in 1631. In 1684 he proceeded M.A.
and was elected a fellow. He afterwards
obtained the degrees of LL.B. in 1887, B.D.
in 1694, and D.D. in 1696. In 16SS, when
Dublin was in possession of James II, he
fled to England, where he was recommended
to the Smyrna Company, and made chaplain
to their factory at Smyrna. He returned to
England in 1693 with a considerable private
fortune, and was appointed chaplain to Wil-
liam HE, whom he attended for four years
during the war in the Low Countries. On

3 March 1695-6 he was made dean of St.
Patrick's, Dublin. In 1697 he became vice-
chancellor of Dublin University, and on.
2 April 1699 he was consecrated* bishop of
Down and Connor. He died at Bath on

4 Nov. 1720. He was twice married. By
his first wife, his cousin Elizabeth, daughter
of William Smyth, bishop of Kilmore, he
had Elizabeth, who married James, first earl
of Courtown. By his second wife Mary,
daughter of Clotworthy Skefiingtan, third
viscount Massereene [q. v.], he had two sons,
SkefSngton Randal and James.

Smyth was elected a fellow of the Royal
Society in 1695. He was also a member of
the Philosophical Society of Dublin. He
was the author of several sermons,, and con-
tributed various papers to the l Philosophical
Transactions* of the Royal Society, chiefly
relating to oriental -usages.

[Ware's Irish Bishops, ed. Hams, p. 214 ;
Ware's Writers of Ireland, ed, Harris, p. 273 ;
Thomson's Hist, of the Eoyal Soe, App. iv. ;
Pearson's Chaplains to the Levant Company,
1883, p. 34 ; Burke's Landed Gentry, 6th edit.
ii. 1482.] E. L G.

SMITH, EDWARB (1818 ?-1874\ phy-
sician and medical writer, born at Heanor,
Derbyshire, about 1818, was educated at
Queen's College, Birmingham, and graduated
at London University, MJB. in 1841, M.D.
in 1843, and B.A. and LL.B. in 1848. Next
year he visited north-east Texas, to examine
its capacity as a place of settlement for emi-
grants, and published an account of the jour-
ney and a report with charts of temperature
ani the new constitution of the state (Lon-
don, 1849, 12mo). In 1851 he passed the ex-
amination for the diploma of fellow of the
Koyal College of Surgeons of England ; in
1854 he became a member of the Royal
College of Physicians, London, and in 1863
was elected a fellow of the college.

Physiological chemistry occupied much of
his attention. In 1856 he read his first

Smith

Smith

paper Wore the Royal Society (cf. Proceed- created local government board, Smith was
inos vol yiii-yOnlnquiriesintotiieQuantity transferred to the medical department, with
of Air inspired through the Day and Night, the title of assistant medical officer for
and under the Influence of Exercise, Food, poor-law purposes. His official reports,
Medicine, and Temperature.' This he fol- which were published as parliamentary
lowed up with kindred contributions— < In- papers, dealt, among other subjects, with
quiries into the Phenomena of Respiration ; ' l Metropolitan Workhouse Infirmaries and
* Experiments on the Action of Food upon Sick-wards,' 1866, and « The Care and Treat*
the Respiration' ($. voL ix.) ; * Experimental ment of the Sick Poor in Provincial "Work-
Inquiries into the Chemical and other Phe- houses/ 1867. He resided in London, first
nomena of Respiration, and their Modifica- at No. 6 Queen Anne Street, but afterwards
cations by various Physical Agencies '(publ. at 140 Harley Street. He died of double-
1859, with two plates) j and l On the Action pneumonia on 16 Nov. 1874.
of Foods upon the Respiration during the Smith possessed a rare faculty of sys~
Primary Processes of Digestion ' (pubL 1859, tematising his knowledge and great facility
two plates). In 1859 he also invented an as a writer. His chief publications, in addi-
instrument to measure the inspired air, and tion to those already mentioned and to his
to collect the carbonic acid in the expired contributions to periodicals, were : 1. 'Struc-
air. These researches on respiration won tural and Systematic Botany,' 1854 ; with
for him the fellowship of the Royal Society new title-page, 1855. 2. ' Natural feistory
on 7 June 1860. Later on he read a paper of the Inanimate Creation/ 1856, 8vo (with
before the society ' On the Elimination of D. L Ansted and others). 3. ' Practical Die-
Urea and Urinary "Water, in relation to the tary for Families, Schools, and the Working
period of the Day, Season, Exertion, Food, Classes/ 1864, 8vo; 3rd and 4th editions,
Prison Discipline, Weight of Body, and other 1865, 8vo. 4. 'Health and Disease, as in-
influences acting in the Cycle of the Year 7 fluenced by the Daily, Seasonal, and other
(Pk& Trans^ with five plates, 1861). The Cyclical Changes in the Human System/
last paper which he read before the society 1861, 8vo. 5. * Reports to Privy Council on
was entitled * Remarks upon the most correct the Dietary of Lancashire Operatives, and of
Methods of Inquiry in reference to Pulsation, other Low-fed Populations/ &c., 1862-3.
Respiration, Urinary Products, Weight of 6. ' How to get Fat/ 1865, 8vo. 7. 'Foods/
the Body, and Food* (Proc. voLxi. 1860-2)! in ' International Scientific Series/ 1872.

Meanwhfle Smith, in 1853, held the office
of lecturer and demonstrator of anatomy at
the Charing Cross Hospital school of medi-
cine, and was appointed in 1861 assistant
physician to the Brompton Hospitalfor Con-
sumption, In 1862 he published * Consump-

tion: its Early and Remediable Stages;'
he had previously published several papers
on the pulse and the use of certain remedies
in phthisis.

Dietetics formed the subject of most of his
subsequent literary work. In the appendix
to (Sir) John Simon's * Sixth Report' he pub-

A Manual for Medical Officers of Health/
1873; 2nd edit. 1874 9. < A Handbook
for Inspectors of Nuisances/ 1873, 8vo.
10. 'Health: a Handbook for Households
and Schools/ 1874, 8vo.

[Lancet, 1874; Medical Times and G-azette,
1874 ; Churchill's Medical Directory ; Brit. Mus.
Cat. ; Royal Society's Cat. of Scientific Papers ;
Records of the Royal Society and University of
London.] W. W. W.

SMITH, ELIZABETH (1776-1806),
oriental scholar, second child and eldest

li&hed * A Report to the Privy Council on. the daughter of George and Juliet Smith, was
Food of the lowest-fed Classes in the King- born at ~

dom * (1862). As a consequence he was con-

at Burn Hall, a family property near

Durham, in December 1776. Sir Charles

suited by the government on poor-law and Pelix Smith [q. v.l was her brother. A clever
jmson dietaries, and was appointed medical and bookish child, she was never at school,,
olieer of the pooi4aw board. In his official and was chiefly educated by her mother,
capacity he placed poor-law dietaries on a whose accomplishments do not seem to have
scientific practical basis. He also did much been literary. At the beginning of 1782 the-
work in looming, hygienicaJly, the struc- family moved into Suffolk, to be near a blind
tural arrangements of workhouses and work- relative, who died in 1784. They were then
"home infirmary. In its regulations on the at Burn Hall till June 1785, when the father,
subject of cubic ^aee the poor-law board who was partner in a west of England bank-
maody adopted Smith's opinions, although ; ing firm, took Piercefield Park, near Chep-
tfaey differed from those generally accepted f stow, Monmouthshire. By this time Eliza-
by the medical profession. In 1871, when beth had made good progress in music. For
tiepooi4aw board was merged in the newly , three years from the spring of 1786 she was-

Smith

33

Smith

under a governess, who taught her French
and a little Italian. All her other linguistic
attainments were of her own acquiring. Her
father had a good library, and she read with
avidity, especially the poets. Devoting some
hours before breakfast each morning to study,
she improved her Italian, and by 1793 could
read Spanish without difficulty.

The declaration of war by France (1 Feb.
1793) produced a financial crisis which
proved fatal to several banks, Smith's among
the number. In March he gave up Pierce-
field, and in 1794 took a commission in the
army, serving for some years in Ireland.
Elizabeth spent seven or eight months at
Bath, where her friend Mary Hunt en-
couraged her to study German and botany.
At the end of the year she began Arabic and
Persian. She began Latin in November
1794, and by February 1795 had 'read
Caesar's Commentaries, Livy, and some vo-
lumes of Cicero,' and was { very impatient to
begin Virgil.' After she and her mother
joined her father at Sligo, she picked up an
Irish grammar at Armagh, and at once
began to study it. She must have begun
Hebrew soon after returning to Bath in
October 1796, as she was translating from
Genesis in 1797. In 1799 she- found at
Shirley a Syriac Xew Testament, printed in
Hebrew characters, and could f read it very
well.' Buxtorf 's ' Florilegium * she carried
always in her pocket. In the summer of
1799* the family settled at Ballitore, co.
Kildare, removing in May 1801 to Coniston,
Lancashire, where Elizabeth ended her days.
In May 1802 she met Elizabeth Hamilton
( 1758-1816) fq. v.], who thought that * with
a little of the Scotch frankness . . . she would
be one of the most perfect of human beings/

Evidently she was overtaxing every
faculty. She died at Coniston, after a year's
decline of health, on 7 Aug. 1806, and was
buried at Hawkshead, where there is a
tablet to her memory in the parish church.

Miss^ Smith's powers of memory and of
divination must have been alike remarkable,
for she rarelyconsulted a dictionary. Trans-
lation from Hebrew was her * Sunday work/
With her intellectual accomplishment went,
we are assured, facility in women's work,
like cooking and needlework, and she was a
horsewoman. Her verses have no merit,
and her reflections are of the obvious kind,
gracefully expressed. Her translations are
flowing an,d good. Among her philological
collections were lists of words in Welsh,
Chinese, and African dialects, with some Ice-
landic studies. The folio wing were published
from her papers: 1. 'Fragments, in Prose
and Verse . , . with some Account of her

VOL, LUI,

' Life, by H. M. Bawdier,' &c. 1503, Svo (por-
trait) ; contains translations of Jonah n. and
* Habakkuk ill. ; numerous editions, the latest
j being 1842, Svo. 2. ' Memoirs of Frederick
I and Margaret Elopstock, translated from
the German/ &c. 1808, 8vo (from materials
supplied by Dr. Mumssen of Altona); in
many issues this is treated as a second
volume of Xo. 1. 3. f The Book of Job,
! translated/ &c., 1810, Svo, edited by Francis
j Randolph [q. v.], himself no great hebraist,
j on the recommendation of Archbishop Wil-
| liam Magee [q. v. 1, who read the manuscript,
j and thought it t£e best version of Job he
j knew ; dedicated (18 Jan, 1810) to Thomas
| Burgess, D.D. (1756-1837) [q. v.] 4. <A
j Vocabulary, Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian/
! &c. 1814, 8vo ; edited, with 'Praxis on the-
j Arabic Alphabet/ by John Frederick Usko,
I vicar of Orsett, Essex, who notes that the
authoress had no predecessor in this sys-
' tematic collation of the three languages;
j prefixed is letter (1 July 1814) by Bishop
> Burgess. Selections from the authoress's
i didactic writings are in 'The Ladv's
I Monitor/ 1828, Svo.

i [A somewhat confused Life by Henrietta,
Maria Bowdler [q. v.], a personal friend from
1789; Jones's Christian Biography, 1829, pp.
385 sq. ; De Quinee/s "Works, ed. Hasson, iu
404 ; Notes and Queries, 25 Jan, 1868, p. 76.]

A. a.

SMITH, ERASMUS (1811-1691), edu-
cational benefactor, son of Sir Roger Smith,
alias Heriz or Harris (d. 1655, aged 84), of
Husbands Bosworth and Edmondthorpe,
Leicester, by his second wife, Anna (d. 1652,
aged 66), daughter of Thomas Goodman of
London, was born in 1611 (baptised 8 April)
at Husbands Bosworth ( Reg, ) Henry Smith
— * silver-tongued7 Smith [q. v.] — was his.
uncle. Erasmus was a Turkey merchant,*
and a member of the Grocers' Company
of London. A petition in the state papers,
without date, calendared * 1662 May ? ' sets
forth that the petitioner, Erasmus Smithr
had been for twenty-two years ( a servant in
ordinarie' to the long's 'royal father,' had
' also served His Majesty's Royal Father in
the warres, for which there were great arrears
due to him/ and asks for the place of carver
in ordinary to the queen. His service was
probably of a purely business character. In
1650 he appears in the state papers as an
army contractor, supplying large quantities
of oatmeal, wheat, and cheese for the troops
in Ireland and in Scotland. Under the
confiscating acts of 1642 he was an adven-
turer of 300/. towards prosecuting the war
against the Irish insurgents of 1641; for
this, at the CromweHian settlement of 1652,

B

Smith

34

Smith

he received 666 acres of land in co. Tipperary.
He subsequently largely increased his hold-
ings, tOl they reached in 1684 a total of
46,449 acres in nine counties. ^ He early pro-
iected a scheme for the education of children
on Ms estates ' in the fear of God, and good
literature, and to speak the English tongue.'
His petition of 22 June 1655 contemplates
the establishment of five free schools. On
28 April 1657 he was elected alderman of
Billingsgate ward, and sworn on 5 May; but
on 26 May he obtained his discharge on
paying a fine of 420/. By indenture of 1 Dec.
16o7 he founded five grammar schools, having
bursaries at Trinity College, Dublin, and five
elementary schools. Of eighteen trustees, the
first in order was Henry Jones, D.D. [q. vj,
followed by five nonconformist divines, offi-
ciating in Dublin as independents, and in-
cluding Thomas Harrison (/. 1658) [q. v.]
and Samuel Mather [q.v.]; the children
were to be taught the assembly's catechism.
The trustees, reduced to seven, stiH headed
by Jones, now bishop of Meath, obtained
royal letters patent (3 Nov. 1667) directing
them to pay 1QOJ. a year to Christ's Hospital,
London, adding an apprenticeship scheme,
reducing the grammar schools to three, and
dropping the assembly's catechism. On
Smith's petition a royal charter (26 March
1669) incorporated a bodv of thirty-two go-
vernors, including as official governors the
two primates, the lord chancellor of Ireland,
the two chief justices, the chief baron of the
exchequer, and the provost of Trinity Col-
lege. Further powers were given by an act
of the Irish parliament (1723) and by a royal
charter of 27 July 1833. In 1794 the Fagel
library was purchased by the governors for
8,000/., and presented to Trinity College.
The estates now administered by the go-
vernors contain over 12,400 acres, yielding a
Tental (1892) of over 9,100Z., with funded
property amounting to 14,679J. Besides the
-payment to Christ's Hospital, payments are
made in aid of lectureships, fellowships, and
-exhibitions at Trinity College; grammar
schools are maintained at Drogheda, Galway,
and Tipperary, a high school and a com-
mercial school at Dublin, where also twenty
boys are maintained at the Blue Coat Hos-
pital ; and thirty-eight elementary schools
for boys, with four for girls, are kept up.
The scheme of a new constitution was pre-
pared in 1892 by the educational endow-
ments (Ireland) commission, but has not
advanced beyond the draft stage.

Smith's London residence was at Clerken-
well Green. He bought from Sir William
Scroggs (1652 P-1695) [see under ScRoess,
*Sir v\ ILTJTAM] Weald Hall in the parish of

South Weald, Essex. He died between
25 Aug. and 9 Oct. 1691. His will directs
his burial beside his wife, at Hamerton,
Huntingdonshire (the burial register is defec-
tive). He married Mary, daughter of Hugh
Hare, first Lord Coleraine [q. v.], and had
six sons and three daughters. His fourth
son, Hugh Smith (1672-1745), of Weald
Hall, married Dorothy, daughter of Dacre-
Barret Lennard of Belhouse, and had issue
two daughters ; Lucy, the younger (d. 5 Feb.
1759), married (17 March 1747) James Stanley
lord Strange (1717-1771), who took (1749)
the name of Smith-Stanley, which is retained
by the earls of Derby, his descendants [see
under STANLEY, EDWAED SMITH, thirteenth
earl].

His portrait is at Christ's Hospital and
has been engraved by Q-eorge White, who en-
graved also the portrait of his wife, ' Madam
truth,' from a painting by Kneller, 1680.

[Webb's Compendium of Irish Biog., 1878, pp.
484 sq.; Granger's Biog. Hist, of Eng., 1779, iii.
404 sq., iv. 183; Burke' s Extinct Baronetcies,
1841, p. 492; Debrett's Peerage, 1829, i. 98 sq.;
Burke's Peerage, 1895, p. 413 ; Morant's Essex,
1768, i. 119 ; London Direct, of 1677 (1878 repr.);
Endowed Schools (Ireland) Eep,, 1858 ; Social
Science Congress Eep., 1861 ; Educational Endow-
ments (Ireland) Comm., Erasmus Smith Endow-
ments, Draft Scheme, No. 144 (14 May 1892);
Cal. of State Papers (Dom.), 1650, 1662, 1665;
Smith's will at Somerset House ;priv. inf.] A. GK
' SMITH, FRANCIS (Jl. 1770), painter,
was born in Italy, presumably of English
parents. He became associated with the
notorious Frederick Calvert, seventh lord
Baltimore [q. v.], whom he accompanied on a
visit to the east in 1763, and for whom he
made some interesting drawings of the
ceremonies of the court of Constantinople
and of various oriental costumes. A set of
plates from these, engraved by E. Franker,
Vitalba, and others, was published in Lon-
don in 1769. Smith exhibited a view of
Vesuvius with the Incorporated Society of
Artists in 1768, and in 1770, 1772, and 1773
was a contributor to the Eoyal Academy,
sending a panoramic view of Constantinople
and its environs, and views of Naples and
London. He died in London before 1780.

[Edwards's Anecd. of Painting; Redgrave's
Diet, of Artists ; Exhib. Cats.] F. M. O'D.

SMITH, SIB FRANCIS PETTIT (1808-
1874), inventor of the screw-propeller for
steamships, only son of Charles Smith,post-
master of Hythe, by Sarah, daughter of Fran-
cis Pettit of Hythe, was born on 9 Feb. 1808,
it is said at Copperhurst Farm, close to
Aldington Knoll, about six miles from Hythe.
Vain search has been made for Ms baptism

Smith

35

Smith

entry in local parish registers. He was edu-
cated at a private school at Ashford in Kent,
&nd began life as a grazing farmer in Bomney
Marsh, afterwards removing to Hendon, Mid-
dlesex. In boyhood Smith acquired great
skill in the construction of model boats, and
displayed much Ingenuity in contriving me-
thods of propulsion for them. Continuing
to devote much of his spare time to the
subject, he in 1 835 constructed a model which
was propelled by a screw, actuated by a
spring, and which proved so successful that
he became convinced that this form of pro-
peller vfould be preferable to the paddle-
wheels at that time exclusively employed.

The scheme of using some form of screw
ss a propeller had been advocated by Robert
Hooke [q. v.] as early as 1681, and by Daniel
Bernouilli and others in the eighteenth cen-
tury. On 9 May 1795 Joseph Bramah [q. v.]
took out a patent for a screw propeller, but
did not apparently construct one. But be-
tween 1791 and 1807 John Cos Stevens, an
American mechanician, made practical ex-
periments with a steam-boat propelled by a
screw at Hoboken, New Jersey. Moreover,
simultaneously with Smith's first efforts,
Captain John Ericsson, a Swede, was actively
working in the same direction. i

Smith was wholly ignorant of these en- I
deavours. Impressed with the importance
of the appliance, of which he believed himself j
the sole discoverer, he practically abandoned j
his farming, and devoted himself with whole- j
hearted enthusiasm to the development and
perfecting of his idea.

By the following year (1836) he had con-
structed a superior model, which was exhi-
bited in operation to friends upon a pond on j
his farm at Hendon, and afterwards to the \
public at the Adelaide Gallery, London. On j
31 May in the same year he took out a i
patent, based upon this model, for * propelling !
vessels by means of a screw revolving beneath
the water at' the stern. Six weeks later, on
13 July — it is curious to note — Captain Erics- j
son took out, also in London, a similar patent.
Smith quickly perfected his invention. With
the pecuniary assistance of Mr. Wright, a
banker, and the technical assistance of Mr.
Thomas Pilgrim, a practical engineer whose
services Smith engaged, he soon constructed
a small boat of ten tons burden and fitted
her with a wooden screw of two turns,
driven by an engine of about six horse-
power. This was exhibited to the public
in operation in November 1836. An acci-
dent to the propeller led him to the conclu-
sion that a shortened screw would give more
satisfactory results, and in 1837 a screw of a
single turn was fitted. With a view to

proving the efficiency of this method of pro-
; pulsion under all circumstances, the little
; vessel was taken to Ramsgate, thence to
, Dover and Hythe, returning in boisterous
j and stormy weather. The propeller proved
I itself efficient to an unexpected degree in
i both smooth and rough water.
I ^ The attention of the admiralty was now
| invited to the new invention, to which at the
! outset the sentiment of the engineering world
I was almost universally opposed. The admi-
i ralty considered it to" be desirable that ex-
j periments should be made with a larger vessel
| before recommending the adoption of the screw
i in the navy. Accordingly a small companv
j was formed, and the construction of a new
' screw steam er, the Archimedes, resolved upon.
This was a vessel of 237 tons, fitted with a
' screw of one convolution, propelled by engines
of eighty horse-power, the understanding with
i the admiralty; being that her performance
; would be considered satisfactory if a speed of
; five knots an hour were maintained. Double
this speed was actually achieved, and the
! vessel, after various trials on the Thames
i and at Sheerness, proceeded to Portsmouth
' where she was tried against the Vulcan, one
I of the fastest paddle steamers in her ma-
; jest/s service, with the most gratifying result.
1 This was in October 1839, and in the following
year the admiralty experts deputed to conduct
a series of experiments with her reported that
they considered the success of the new pro-
peller completely demonstrated. The admi-
ralty would not even then, however, defi-
nitely commit themselves, and it was not
until a year later— in 1841— that orders were
given for the Rattler, the first war screw
steamer in the British navy, to be laid down
at Sheerness. In the meantime the Archi-
medes was taken to the principal ports in
Great Britain, to Amsterdam, and across the
Bay of Biscay to Oporto, everywhere ex-
citing interest, and leaving the impression
that the value of the screw had been fully
proved. When at Bristol Isambard Kingdom
Brunei [q. v.] was invited to visit the vessel,
and he was so satisfied with the new propeller
that the Great Britain, the first large iron
ocean-going steamer, which was originally in-
tended to be fitted with paddles, was altered
to adapt her for the reception of a screw.
The Rattler was launched in 1843, and on
18 March 1841 Smith's four-bladed screw
was tested in her with complete success.
Orders were soon given for twenty war
vessels to be fitted with it under Smith's
superintendence. The hitherto accepted
theory that the screw could not economi-
cally compete with the paddle because of
the loss of power arising from the obliquity

Smith 3<

of its motion was also completely refuted,
and its universal adoption for ships of war and
ocean steamers became a mere question of
time.

Smith acted as adviser to the admiralty
until 1850, but derived from^ his work for
the government and from his commercial
operations very inadequate remuneration. ^In
1856 his patent — upon which an extension
of time had been granted— expired, and he
retired to Guernsey to devote himself once
more to agriculture, But he was in!860com-
pelled, by lack of pecuniary means, to accept
the post of curator of the patent office mu-
seum, South Kensington. This office he
held until his death. Some recognition of
his services was made by Lord Palmerston in
1855? when a pension of 200/. was conferred
upon him, and in 1857 he was the recipient
at St. James's Hall of a national testimonial,
comprising a service of plate and a purse of
nearly 3,000£, which were subscribed for by
the whole of the shipbuilding and engineer-
ing world* Later, in 1871, the honour of
knighthood was conferred on him. He was
an associate of the Institution of Civil En-
gineers, member of the Institute of Naval
Architects, and of the Royal Society of Arts
for Scotland ; also corresponding member of
the American Institute. He died at South
Kensington on 12 Feb. 1874. He was twice
married: first, in 1830, to Ann, daughter of
William Buck of Folkestone, by whom he
had two sons ; and secondly, in 1866, to
Susannah, daughter of John Wallis of Boxley,
Kent. His widow and two sons survived
him.

[On the Introduction and Progress of the
Screw Propeller, 1856 (consisting of biographical
notices of Smith published in various journals
ic 1855) ; WoodcrorVs Origin and Progress of
Steam Navigation, 1848; 1>eatise on the Screw
Propeller by Bourne ; Smiles's Industrial Biogr. ;
Men of the Reign; Illustrated London News;
Times, 17 Feb. 1874.] W. F. W.

SMITH, GABRIEL (d. 1783), engraver,
was bom ha London, and there obtained his
earliest instruction. About 1760 he accom-
panied William Wynne Ryland [q. v.] to
Paris, where he learnt the method of en-
graving hi imitation of chalk drawings, and
on his return to England executed a series
of plates in this style from designs by
Watteau, Boucher, Le Bran, Bouchardon,
and others, which were published by J.
Bowles with the title, * The School of Art,
or most complete Drawing-book extant/
1765. In and about 1767 Smith engraved
in the line manner, for BoydeU, *Tobit and
the Angel * after Salvator Rosa, * The Blind
leading the Blind' alter Tintoretto, 'The

5 Smith

Queen of Sheba's Visit to Solomon'' aft
E. Le Sueur, and 'Boar Hunting' afh
Snyders. He also engraved a portrait of tl
Rev. John Glen King, F.R.S., after Falcone
and etched, from his own drawings, <M
Garrick in the Character of Lord Chalkstor
in the Farce of Lethe/ and < Mr. Foote i
the Character of the Englishman returne
from Paris/ He died in 1783.

[Strutt's Diet, of Engravers ; Dodd's man:
script Hist, of Engravers in British Musem
(Addit. MS. 33405); Redgrave's Diet, of Artists

F. M. O'D,

SMITH, GEORGE (1693-1756), nonjui
ing divine, son of John Smith (1659-1715
[q. v.], prebendary of Durham, was born a
Durham on 7 May 1693, and was name*
after his godfather, Sir George Wheler o
Charing, Kent,f ather-in-la w of his uncle, Pos
thumus Smith (Smith MSS.) After receiv
ing his early education at Westminster, wheri
he boarded at the house of Hilkiah Bed
ford [q. vj, whose wife was sister of Smith5!
mother, Mary, daughter of William Copper, hi
matriculated at Cambridge, as a pensioner o
St. John's College, in 1709. His name, how-
ever, was on 15 Nov. 1710 entered at Queen'*
College, Oxford, where his uncle, Josepl
Smith (1670-1756) [q. v.], afterwards pro-
vost, was then a fellow, and he matriculatec
there on 18 April 1711. His tutor was Ed-
ward Thwaites [q. v.], afterwards Regius
professor of Greek and a considerable Anglo-
Saxon scholar. He was for a time a studenl
of the Inner Temple. On his father's death ir
1715 he inherited a good fortune, and in 1717
bought New Burn Hall, near Durham, where
he thenceforth resided, the adjoining estate
of Old Burn Hall having been bought by his
uncle Posthumus in 1715. He had studied
Anglo-Saxon and early English history while
at Oxford, and when only twenty-two under-
took with modest misgiving to complete the
edition of Bede's historical works, on which
his father had laboured for many years, and
left unfinished at his death. He carried out
this difficult task with remarkable success,
adding many valuable notes to his father's
work. This splendid folio edition was pub-
lished at Cambridge in 1722. He received
orders in the nonjuring church, and in 1728
was consecrated bishop, with the denomina-
tion of Durham, by Henry Gandy and others
of the section that rejected the { usages '
adopted by a portion or the nonjurors from
the communion office of 1549. In 1731 he
' joined Thomas Brett [q. v.] in advocating a
'' reunion among the nonjurors, and in answer-
, ing a representation made by those opposed
| to it; and assisted the two Bretts, who

Smith

37

Smith

belonged to the other section, in consecrating
Tlioinas Mawman. Again, In 174:1, he joined
the younger Brett and Mawman in conse-
crating Robert Gordon, the last bishop of the
regular nonjurors. He died on 4 !Xov. 1756,
and was buried in the churchyard of St.
Oswald's, Durham, an English inscription
being placed on his tomb and a Latin in-
scription on a monument to him in the
south aisle of the church. He was a man
of learning and high character. \

By his wife Christian, who died on 23 July
1781, aged 79, and who was the eldes't ;
daughter of Hilkiah Bedford, Smith had a
numerous family, twelve of his children dying
in infancy, and his eldest son being John
Smith, M.D., of Burn Hall, "who married
Anne, daughter of Nicholas Shuttle-worth of
Elvet in St. Oswald's parish in 1750, and
died in 1752, aged 29, leaving a son named
George, who bought Piereefield, Monmouth-
shire, became a lieutenant-colonel, and was
father of Sir Charles Felix Smith fq. v."1 and ,
of Elizabeth Smith [q. v.l " " I

Besides his edition of Bede, Smith wrote j
some anonymous pamphlets, of which are !
known : 1." * An Epistolary Dissertation ad- [
dressed to the Clergy of Middlesex ... by :
way of Reply to Dr. Waterland's late Charge '.
to them, by a Divine of the University of ''
Cambridge/ London, 8vo, 1739. 2. ' A. Brief j
Historical Account of the Primitive Invoca-
tion/ £c., London, 8vo, 1740. 3. < A Defence
of the Communion Office of the Church of i
England,* &c., *in a Letter to a Friend/
Edinburgh, 1744 ; published with a preface
by another writer. 4. * Britons and Saxons
not converted to Popery7 (South MSS.)
o. 'Remarks upon the Life of the Most
Rev. Dr. John Tillotson, compiled by Thomas
Birch, D.D./ London, 8vo, 1754. He gave J
Thomas Carte [q. v.] some help in writing j
his * History of England ;' and also aided j
his brother-in-law, Thomas Bedford (d. 1773)
[q. v.]. in preparing his edition of Symeon of
Durham *s 'Libelltts de exordio . . . Dunhel-
mensis Eeclesise.* His portrait is in thelibrary
of St. John's College, Cambridge.

[Nichols's Lit. Aneed. i. 170, 234. 704-5, and
Lit Hhistr. v. 157 ; Surtees's Hist, 'of Durham,
iv. 76-7, 96, 98 ; preface to Smith's edition of
Bede; Lathbury's Hist, of the Conjurors, pp.
360, 370, 378-81, 396, 466 ; information kindly
supplied by Rev. J. E. Magrath, provost of
Queen's College, Oxford, chiefly from manu-
scripts relating to Joseph Smith, provost of
Queen's, in his possession.] W. H.

SMITH, GEORGE (1713-1776), land-
scape-painter, was born in 1713 atChiehester,
where his' father, William Smith, was a
tradesman and baptist minister. He was

the second and most gifted of three brother?,
who all practised painting and were known
as < the Smiths of Chiehester.' When a b :> y
he was placed with bis uncle, a cooper, but,
preferring art, became a pupil of his brother
William, whom he accompanied to Glouces-
ter ; there and in other places he spent some
years, painting chiefly portraits, and then
returned to his native 'city, where, under the
patronage of the Duke" of Richmond, he
settled as a landscape-painter. He depicted
the rural and pastoral scenery of Sussex and
other parts of England in a pleasing but ar-
tificial manner, "based on the study of Claude
and Poussin, which appealed to the taste of
the day, and he was throughout his life a
much-admired artist. His reputation ex-
tended to the continent, where he was known
as the ' British Gessner.' In 1760 Smith
gained from the Society of Arts their first
premium for a landscape, and repeated his
success in 1761 and 1763. He exhibited
with the Incorporated Society of Artists in

1760, but in 1761 joined the Free Society,
of which he was one of the chief supporters
until 1774 : in that year only he was a con-
tributor to the Royal Academy. Smith's
works, which are now chiefly met with at
Goodwood and other country houses of Sus-
sex and Hampshire, were largely engraved
by WooUetfc, Elliott, Peake, Vivares, and
other able artists ; a series of twenty-seven
plates from his pictures, with the title ' Pic-
turesque Scenery of England and "Wales/
was published between 1757 and 1769. A
set of fifty-three etchings and engravings by
him and his brother John, from their own
works and those of other masters, was pub-
lished in 1770. George Smith was a good
performer on the violoncello and also wrote
poetry; in 1770 he printed a volume of
* Pastorals,7 of which a second edition, accom-
panied by a memoir of him, was issued by
his daughters in 1811 . He died at Chichegter
on 7 Sept. 1776.

JOHN SHITH (1717-1764),younger brother
of George, was his pupil, and painted land-
scapes of a similar character; the two fre-
quently worked on the same canvas. John
exhibited with the Incorporated Society of
Artists in 1760 and with the Free Society
from 1761 to 1764. In 1760, again in

1761, he was awarded the second premium
of the Society of Arts, and in 1762, when
his brother George was not a candidate, the
first; Ms 'premium* landscape of 1760
was engraved by "Woollett, He died at
Chichester on 29 July 1764.

WILLIAM SMITH (1707-1764), the eldest
of the brothers, born at Gmldford in 1707,
was placed by the Duke of Richmond with

Smith 2

a portrait-painter in London, and for a time
practised portraiture, first in London and
then for eight or nine years at Gloucester.
On his return to the metropolis he ^ painted
fruit and flowers with success until his health
gave way, when he retired to Shopwyke,
near Chichester. There he died on 4 Oct.
1764.

The three brothers all lie in the church-
yard of St. Paneras, Chichester. A portrait
group of them, painted by William Pethier,
was engraved in mezzotint by him in 1765.

[G. Smith's Pastorals, 2nd ed. 1811; Daily's
Chienester Guide, 1831, p. 96; Redgrave's Diet,
of Artists ; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1893 ;
Seguier's Diet, of Painters ; Nagler's Kiinstler-
Lexikou.j P. M. O'D.

SMITH, GEORGE (1797 P-1850), captain
in the navy, born about 1797, entered the j
navy in September 1808 on board the Princess i
Caroline of 74 guns, and, remaining in her for j
upwards of four years, served in the North
Sea, Baltic, and Channel. In February 1813
he was moved into the Undaunted with Cap-
tain Thomas Ussher [q. v.], whom he accom-
panied to the Duncan of 74 guns in August
1814, On 20 Sept. 1815 he was promoted
to be lieutenant. He afterwards served in
the Mediterranean and on the coast of South
America till his promotion, on 8 Sept. 1829,
to the rank of commander. In 1830 he was
appointed to superintend the instruction of
officers and seamen in gunnery on board the
Excellent at Portsmouth, and was advanced
to jK>st rank on 13 April 1832. His con-
nection with the gunnery school at Ports-
mouth led him to invent a new method of
sighting ships' guns, a lever target, and the
paddle-box lifeboats, which were widely
adopted upon paddle-wheel steamers. In
June 1849 he was appointed superintendent
of packets at Southampton, where he died,
unmarried, on 6 April 1850. He was the
author of 4 An Account of the Siege of Ant-
werp ' £1833) and some minor pamphlets on
professional subjects.

[O^Byrae's Kav. Biogr.Dict. ; G-entMag. 1850,

J.I. L.

SMTES, GEORGE (1800-1868), historian
and theologian, born at Condurrow, near
Camborne, Cornwall, on 31 Aug. 1800, was
the son of William Smith, a carpenter and
small former at Condurrow (d. 1852), by
Ms wife, PMlippa Moneypenny (d. 1834).
He was educated at the British and Foreign
schools at Fttbnouth and Plymouth, to which
town his father retired in 1808, when the
lease of his^small farm expired. In 1812 he
returned with his parents to Cornwall, and
was employed for several years in farm work

\ Smith

and carpentering. Having accumulated
small sum of money, he became a builder
1824, and still further increased his
sources. He married at Camborne chun
on 31 Oct. 1826, Elizabeth Burrall, youngi
daughter of "William Bickford and Sus
Burrall. Bickford was a manufacturer, w
afterwards invented t the miners' safety fus
and Smith became a partner in his enfr
prises, taking out separately or in conjunctii
with his fellow-adventurers several paten
for improvements in that article. Throng
his business he amassed a considerable fo
tune.

Smith's energy largely contributed to tl
completion of the Cornwall railway, whk
ran from Plymouth to Truro and Falmout
and he was the chairman of the compar
to January 1864. All his life he was
diligent student, and he was famed througl
out Cornwall for has powers in speakin
and lecturing. In 1823 he became a Iocs
preacher among the Wesleyan methodistf
and for many years before his death wa
one of the leading laymen in that societj
He was a member of the Eoyal Asiatic So
ciety, of the Society of Antiquaries (23 Dec
1841), of the Eoyal Society of Literature
and of the Irish Archaeological Society. L
1859 he was created LL.D. of New York.

Smith died at his house, Trevu, Camborne
on 30 Aug. 1868, and was buried in th<
1 "Wesleyan Centenary Chapel cemetery 01
; 4 Sept. His widow died at Trevu or
\ 4 March 1886, aged 81, and was buried ir
; the same cemetery on 9 March. They ha<3
four children, the eldest of whom, William
Bickford-Smith, represented in parliament
i the Truro division of Cornwall from 1885 to
i 1892.

The writings of Smith included : 1. ' An
Attempt to ascertain the True Chronology of
the Book of Genesis/ 1842. 2, < A Disser-
i tation on the very Early Origin of Alphabeti-
; cal Characters,' 1842, 3. ' EeHgion of Ancient
| Britain to the Norman Conquest/ 1844 ; 2nd
edit. 1846; 3rd edit, revised and edited by
his eldest son, 1865. 4. ' Perilous Times, or
the Aggressions of Antichristian Error, 1845^
an attack on tractarianism. 5. ' The Cornish
Banner : a Eeligious, Literary, and Histori-
cal Register/ 1846-7; published in monthly
numbers, July 1846 to October 1847, both
inclusive, at the cost of Smith. 6. ' Sacred
Annals : ? vol. i. 'The Patriarchal Age/ 1847
(2nd edit, revised, 1859) ; voL ii. 'The He-*
brew People/ 1850; vol. iii. 'The Gentile
Nations/ 1853. The three volumes were re-
issued at New York in 1 850-4. 7. * Wesleyan
Ministers and their Slanderers/ 1849 ; 2nd
edit, 1849, referring to the charges of the-

Smith

39

Smith

*Fly Sheets' and the action of the expelled Relations with China; London, 1557, 8
ministers, Dunn, Everett, and Griffiths 5. £ Ten Weeks in Japan/ London, 1861,8

(Bibl. Cormtb. iii. 1163). 8. ' Doctrine of — -- — — - - —

the Cherubim/ 1850. 9. i Polity of Wesley an
Methodism exhibited and defended/ 1851.
10. 'Doctrine of the Pastorate/ 1851; 2nd
edit. 1851. 11. ' Wesleyan Local Preachers'
Manual,' 1855. 12. k Harmony of the Divine

8vo.

. &VQ.

[Times, 16 Dec. 1871 ; Men of the Time, 7th
edit.; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 17 15-1 SS6; Crock-
ford's Clerical Directory.] E. I. C,

SMITH, GEORGE (1840-1876), Assyrio-
logist, was born at Chelsea of parents" in a

1857 ; voL ii. * The Middle Age/ 1858; vol. to learn "bank-note engraving. Hisimagina-
iii. f Modern Methodism/ 1861, a work of tion had been fired from an early age by the
permanent value ; the second and revised accounts which he had read of the oriental
edition came out in 1859-62, and the fourth explorations of LayardandRawlinson,andhe
edition appeared in 1865. 14. * The Oas- frequently spent the greater portion of his
siteridesj or the Commercial Operations of dinner hour at the British Museum, while Ms
the Phoenicians in Western Europe, with spare earnings were devoted to the purchase
particular reference to the British tin trade/ ; of books on Assyrian subjects. Sir Henry
1863. 15. i Book of Prophecy : a Proof of Uawlinson was struck by his intelligence
the Plenary Inspiration of Holy Scripture/ ! and enthusiasm, and in 1866 gave him per-
1865. "" ---- - — -> —

16."* Life and Eeign of David,* 1868.
A companion work on Daniel was left in-
complete.

[Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. ii. 662-4
(where particulars are given of his sermons and
patents and of several publications relating to
him); Boase's Collectanea Coronb. pp. 906-7; the tribute paid
City Eoad Mag. iii. 338-42 ; West Briton, 3 ! Shalmaneser

mission to study the paper casts in his work-
room at the museum. Concentrating Ms
attention at first upon the arma-la of Tiglath
Pileser, Smith achieved his first success by
the discovery of a new and confirmatory text
which enabled him to assign a precise date to

A short account of this dis-

and 10 Sept. 1868 ; Cornish Telegraph, 27 Jan.
1864, pp. 2-3.] W. P. C,

SMITH, GEORGE (1815-1871), bishop

covery was published by Smith in the f Athe-
naeum7 (1866, ii.410); and, being encouraged
by Kawlinson. and Dr. Birch, he next set to-
work upon the cylinders containing the Ms-

of Victoria, born in 1815, was the only son j toryof Assurbanipal(Sardanapalus),andwas
of George Smith of Wellington, Somerset, j gradually enabled to introduce some order
He matriculated from Magolalen Hall, Ox- I into the confusion which had reigned among-
ford, on 17 Dec. 1831, graduating B.A. in I those documents. His remarkable success led
1837 and M.A. in 1843. He was ordained j Rawlinson to propose to the museum trusteea
deacon in 1839 and priest in the following j that Smith should be associated with himself
year. In 1841 he became incumbent of Goole, j in preparing a new volume of the *Cunei-
Yorkshire, and in 1844 he undertook a mis- j form Inscriptions of Western Asia/ The
sion of exploration in China for the Church suggestion was adopted, and in January 1867
Missionary Society. On his return he pub- Smith entered upon his official life at the
lished the results of Ms expedition under the ; museum, and definitely devoted himself to
title f A Narrative of an Exploratory Visit | the study of the Assyrian monuments. The

to each of the Consular Cities of China, and
to the Islands of Hong Kong and Chusan/
London, 1847, 8vo. He was consecrated
bishop of Victoria in Hong Kong on 29 March
1849, resigned the see in 1865, and died
on 14 Dec. 1871, at his residence at Black-
heath, Kent. He married a daughter of
Andrew Brandram, rector of Beckenham,

first fruits of his labours were the discovery
of two inscriptions — one fixing a date of the
total eclipse of the sun in the month Sivan in
B.C. 763, and the other the date of an invasion
of Babylonia by the Elamites in B.C. 2280;
while, in a series of articles in the * Zeitschriffc
fiir agyptische Sprache/ he threw a flood
of light upon later Assyrian history and the

J.JULLVJkJ.V IT J_»J.tUJ. \JJ-ti-iJ-Lj itA-t-VJ. \Jt. -l-tol,-.Jl-ir:.ll.HflillI, «JJ. J.J.giit( U.JLFUU. jLOnUCJ. ^3kO*3 J 0. J.CUJL .ULLOltUJ. T diiVA VU.<?

Kent, and secretary of the British and 1 politicalrelations between Assyria andEgypt.

Foreign Bible Society. In 1870 Smith was appointed senior assistant

Besides the work mentioned, Smith was to Dr. Birch, the keeper of oriental antiquities,

the author of: 1. * Hints for the Times/ and during 1871 he published Ms invaluable

London, 1848, 16mo. 2. ' A Letter on the 'Annals of Assur -bani-pal,' transliterated

Chinese Version of the Holy Scriptures to and translated, an expensive and laborious

the British and Foreign Bible Society/ Hong work, issued at the cost of J. W. Bosanquet

Kong, 1851, 8vo. 3. i Lewchew and the Lew- and H. Fox Talbot. On 6 June in this same

chewaDs/London;1853,8vo. 4. i Our National year Smith read before the newly founded

Smith 4'

Society of Biblical Archaeology a valuable
introductory paper on the « Early History of
Babylonia' (Transactions, I. i. 28-92), and •
this was followed, on 7 Nov., by a paper on
'The Reading of the Cypriote Inscriptions,
the Cypriote syllabary, as determined by
him,proving a solid basis for the subsequent
studies of Birch, Brandis, and others. It was
in 1872, however, that Smith made the dis-
covery which caused his name to be almost
a household word in Great Britain— his dis-
covery, namely, among the tablets sent home
by Layard, of the f Chaldean Account of the
Deluge,' his translation of which was read
before a meeting of the Society of Biblical
Archeology held on 3 Dec. 1872, at which
Mr. Gladstone was present (id. n, i. 213-34).
The interest of the discovery was accentuated
by the modest way in which it was announced.
In consequence of the wide interest taken
in Smith's discoveries, the proprietors of the
* Daily Telegraph' newspaper came forward
and ofered to advance one thousand guineas
for fresh researches at Nineveh, on condition ,
that Smith should conduct the expedition. '
The offer was accepted by the trustees of the
British Museum, and Smith started for the
east on 20 Jan. 1873, on six months* leave
of absence. He reached the ruins of Nineveh
on 2 March, and entered upon the field of
active research which had been inaugurated
by Botta in 1842, and by his own fellow-
countrymen, Layard and Rawlinson. With
at expedition he unearthed the missing
pnente of the Deluge story from the so-
iled 'library' at Kouyunjik, and returned
to England with an important collection of
objects and inscriptions. The prop-ietors of
the * Daily Telegraph' now presented the
firman (necessary for the prosecution of the
research) and the excavating plant to the
trustees of the British Museum, who deter-
mined to take advantage of the time remain-
ing before the expiry of the firman by
despatching Smith once more to the scene
of the excavations. In spite of vexatious
difficulties thrown in his way by Ottoman
officials, he succeeded in bringing home a
Urge number of fragmentary tablets, many
of them belonging to the great Solar Epic
ra twelve boofes, of which the episode of the
Deluge forms the eleventh lay. He reached
hosae (by way of Aleppo and Alexandria) on
9 Joae 1874, and early next year published
an account of his travels and researches in
'Assyrian IKscovepes* (London, 8vo, with
maps and iBustrations), which he dedicated
to his chief, Dr. Birch. The remainder of
1875 was occupied in piecing together and
translating a number of fragments of the
highest im|K>rtanee, relating to the Creation,

> Smith

the Fall, the Tower of Babel, and simil
myths held in common by the Chaldeans ai
the people of the Pentateuch. The results i
these labours were embodied in his ' Chaldea
Account of Genesis' (London, 1876 [1875
8vo; again ed. Sayce, 1880, 8vo; Germa
version, Leipzig, 1876, 8vo).

The value of these discoveries induced th
trustees of the British Museum to send Smit.
on yet another expedition to excavate th
remainder of Assur-bani-pal's library a
Kouyunjik, and so complete the collectioi
of tablets in the museum. He aceordinglj
started for Constantinople in October 1875
and, after much trouble, succeeded in getting
the necessary firman. In March 1876 he left
for Mosul and Nineveh, in company with Dr,
Eneberg, a Finnish Assyriologisfc. "While
detained at Aleppo on account of the plague,
he explored the banks of the Euphrates from
the Balis northwards, and at Jerabolus dis-
covered the ancient Hittite capital Carche-
mish. After visiting Deri (or Thapsacus)
and other places, he made his way to Bagdad,
where he procured between two thousand
and three thousand tablets, discovered by
some Arabs in an ancient Babylonian library
near Hill ah. From Bagdad he went to
Kouyunjik, and found, to his intense disap-
pointment, that it was impossible to excavate
on account of the troubled state of the
country. Meanwhile Eneberg had died, and
Smith, worn out by fatigue and anxiety,
broke down at Ikisji, a small village sixty
miles north-west of Aleppo. He was brought
to Aleppo through the agency of the British
consul, James Henry Skene, from whose wife
hereceivedeverypossibleattention,butaftera
short rally he died at the consulate on the even-
ing of 19 Aug. He left a widow and family,
for whose benefit a public subscription was
set on foot by Professor Sayce, and in October.
1876 a civil list pension of 150Z. was settled
upon Mrs. Smith, in consideration of her hus-
band's eminent services to biblical research.
In addition to the works mentioned, Smith
published : 1. 'The Phonetic Values of Cunei-
form Characters,7 1871, 8vo. 2. < History of
Assurbanipal/ 1871, 8vo. 3. ' Notes on the
Early History of Assyria and Babylonia/
1872, 8vo. 4. ' Ancient History from the
Monuments : Assyria/ 1875. 5. < The Assy-
rian Eponym Canon,' London, 1875, 8vo; an
invaluable pioneer work on Assyrian chro-
nology. 6. 'Ancient History from the Monu-
ments: Babylonia' (posthumous), London,
1877, 8vo ; 2nd edit., revised by Sayce, 1895.
7. 'The History of Sennacherib7 (for the
; benefit of Mrs. Smith), 1878, 4to.

[Memoir by Professor Sayce in Nature, 1 4 Sept.
1876; Smith's Assyrian Discoveries; Trans-

Smith

Smith

actions of the Soc. of Biblical Archaeology, vols.
i.-v. ; Tiir^s, 4 Dec. 1S75. 5, 7, 10 and 13 Sept.
!S78 ; Daily Telegraph, 11 Sept. 1876: Levant
Herald, 4 Sept. 1S75; 3IecaLt*s Bibliotheque du
Palais de Mnive, IS SO, p. 1 7 ; Kasrozin's Chaldea,
pp. 42 seq. ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] ~ T. S.

SMITH, GEORGE (1831-1895), of Coai-
viile, philanthropist, "bom at Clayhills, Tun-
stall, Staffordshire, on 16 Feb. 1831, was the
son of William Smith (1607-1872), brick-
maker, by his wife, Hannah Hoilins ( GKO-
SABT, Hanani, or Memories of William Smith,
1874, with portrait). At nine years of age
George commenced working at* his father's
trade, carrying about forty pounds weight of
clay or bricks on his head. The labour lasted
thirteen hours daily, and to it was some-
times added night-work at the kilns. He
managed to obtain s,ome education, and saved
his earnings to buy books. In this manner,
while still a young man, he raised himself
above the level of his associates. While
manager of large brick and tile works at
Humberstone in Staffordshire in 1855, he
visited Coalville in Leicestershire in 1857,
where he discovered several valuable seams
of clay. His imprudence in revealing his
discovery prematurely prevented his reaping
the full benefit of it ; but in the capacity of
manager he succeeded in forming a large
business there.

During this time he persistently advocated
the necessity of legislation on behalf of the
brickmakers. He lectured on the degrada-
tion, immorality, and ignorance of the work-
men, and on the cruelties to which the
children were subjected. In one instance a
boy weighing fifty-three pounds had to carry
a load of forty-four pounds of clay upon his
head. In 1863 he obtained the support of
Robert Baker, C.B., an inspector of factories,
and from that time his efforts were unceasing.
He created a powerful impression at several
of the social science congresses, particularly
those of 1870 and 1872. In 1871 he pub-
listed £The Cry of the Children J (London,
8vo, 6th edit. 1879), which roused the interest
of Anthony Ashley Cooper, seventh earl of
Shaftesbury [q. v.j, and of Anthony John
Mondella. In the same year an act (34 &
35 Viet. cap. 104) was passed, providing for
the inspection of briclsyards and the regu-
lation of juvenile and female labour therein.
In recognition of his services Smith received
a purse of sovereigns, accompanied by an
address at a meeting presided over by Lord
Shaftesbury. He had, however, roused con-
siderable ill will within the trade, and to-
wards the close of 1875 he lost his position
of manager at Coalville.

In 1873 Smith turned Ms attention to the

conditions of life of the one hundred thou-
sand men, women, and children iivinar oa
canals and navigable rivers. He found
drunkenness and immorality alarminglv rife
among them. In 1874 Mr." John Morley ad-
mitted an article by him on the subject to the
' Fortnightly Review,' and in the^foTbwing
year he published { Our Canal Population":
a Cry from the Boat Cabins/ London, Svo.
In 1876 he failed to dissuade Lord Sandon,
in his first Education Bill, from applying the
two-mile limit to children living in canal
boats, but in the following year, in conse-
quence of his representations, George Sclater-
Booth (afterwards lord Basing) "q. v.l intro-
duced the Canal Boats Bill, which came into
force on 1 Jan. 1878. This act enforced the
registration of all canal boats under the name
of a place where there was a school for the
children to attend, as provided by the ele-
mentary education acts. It also regulated
the sanitary conditions of life on board. The
act, however, left too much to the discretion
of local authorities to insure any great ame-
lioration of the condition of the canal popu-
lation. In 1881 a bill to amend its provi-
sions and render it more workable was blocked
by Sir Edward Watkin and others, but it was
passed in 1884. By its provisions the local
authorities were required to make annual
reports to the local government board, and
the board to parliament. The local autho-
rities were instructed to enforce the attend-
ance of the children at the schools? and an
inspector of canal boats was appointed.

For several years Smith had sought to draw-
attention to the condition of the gipsy chil-
dren, and after the passing of the Canal Boats
: Amendment Act he gave all his time to that
subject. In 1880 he published ' Gipsy Life :
i being an Account of our Gipsies and their
Children,' London, Svo, a work containing
much information on the history of the race
in England. A Moveable Dwellings Bill,
• framed in accordance with Smith's views, was
several times introduced into parliament by
Messrs. Charles Isaac Elton, Thomas Burt,
; and Matthew Fowler. It provided for the
| registration of travelling vans and for the
[ regulation of the sanitary condition of the
' dwellers. The education of the children pre-
sented such difficulties that it was left for
further consideration. Despite Smith's en-
thusiastic energy, the opposition the "bill
encountered was too determined to permit
its passage.

! After his dismissal from his post at Coal-
ville in 1872, Smith passed thirteen years in
; great poverty. In 1885 he received & grant
from the royal bounty fund, with which he
i purchased a house at Crick^ near Eugby.

Smith <

In 1886 he formed the * George Smith of
Coalville Society 'at Rugby, the members of
which were to assist in furthering his phi-
lanthropic works. Smith died at Crick on
21 June 1895. He was twice married, first
to Mary Mayfield, by whom he had three
children , and, secondly, to Mary Ann Lehman.

Besides the works mentioned, Smith's most
important publications were : 1. l Canal Ad-
ventures by Moonlight/ London, 1881, 8vo.
2. ' I've been a Gipsying, or Rambles among
our Gipsies and their Children,' London,
1883, 8vo. 3. ' Gypsy Children j or a Stroll
in Gypsydom,' London, 1889, 8vo ; new edit,
1891. 4. 'An Open Letter to my Friends ;
or Sorrows and Joys at Bosvil, Leek,' 1892,
8vo,

[Hodder's G-eorge Smith of Coalville, the
Story of an Enthusiast, 1896, -with portrait ;
George Smith of Coalville: a Chapter in Phi- |
lanthropy, 1880, with portrait; Times, 24 June !
1895 ; Graphic, 1879 p. 508 with portrait,
1895 p. 778 with portrait ; Illustrated London
Kews, 1895, p. 798, with portrait; Biograph,
Hay 1879, pp. 316-38 ; Fortnightly Review,
February 1875, pp. 233-42.] E. I. C.

SMITH, GEORGE CHAELES (1782-
1863), known as t Boatswain Smith,' was
born in Castle Street, Leicester Square,
London (now Charing Cross Road), on
19 March 1782, and was apprenticed to a
bookseller in Tooley Street from 1794 to
1796. In the latter year he was apprenticed
to the master of an American brig, but when
at Surinam, Guiana, was pressed into the
English naval service. According to his
own account, he was soon appointed a mid-
shipman ^in the Scipio, and in 1797 a mid-
shipman in the Agamemrion, serving in the
jSorth Sea fleet, fie then became master's
mate, was present in the battle of Copen-
hagen in 1801, and in 1803 left the navy
From 1803 to 1807 he was a student under
the Rev. Isaiah Birt at Devonport, and a
preacher to sailors and fishermen at Ply-
mouth, Dartmouth, and Brixham. In 1807
b*s was chosen pastor of the Octagon baptist
chapel at Penzance, where he served until '
1S25, and again from 1843 to 1863. In 1822 !
he converted the chapel into the Jordan '
baptist chapel. Between 1812 and 1816 he
built six chapels in villages around Penzance,
and educated men to supply them.

But his energies were chiefly devoted to
providing soldiers, and especiaUy sailors, with

behalf philanthropic institutions. On m£
sions connected with these objects he often
u* fc« .1—, at pen2ance4 ^Qm March

Smith

wards he brought to England two French
ministers, through whom he introduced the
Lancasterian system of education into France.
He commenced open-airpreaching inDevon
and Somerset in 1816, encountering much
opposition, but his efforts led to the forma-
tion of the Home Missionary Society in 1819.
In 1817 he began prayer meetings and preach-
ing on board ship among sailors on the
Thames, when the Bethel flag was first used
as a signal for divine service on board a
vessel. He opened the first floating chapel
for the sailors on the Thames in 1819, and
soon after established similar ship-chapels in
Liverpool, Bristol, and Hull. In 1822 he
commenced open-air preaching hi Tavistock
Square, London, and, carrying out similar
services all over the provinces, set an ex-
ample which has since been widely fol-
lowed. He formed the Thames Watermen's
Friend Society for giving religious instruc-
tion to watermen, bargemen, and coal-whip-
pers in 1822, and a society for river and
canal men at Paddington, where he also
opened a chapel. In 1823 he originated the
Merchant Seamen's Orphan Asylum for
Boys, which is now a flourishing institution
at Snaresbrook. In 1824 he formed the
Shipwrecked and Distressed Sailors' Family
Fund, which is now continued as the Ship-
wrecked Mariners' and Fishermen's Society
In 1824 Smith formed the London City
Mission Society, and in the same year opened
the Danish Church, Wellclose Square, Lon-
don Docks (which had been closed for twenty
years), as the Mariners' Church. In 1827

^ unary cap-

m with the English army in Spain. After-

* u ~~- — — •*******>-* o V.U.UJ.I^.LL. JLJU JLOjS/

he established the London Domestic City
Mission for holding Sunday services and
visiting the poor in their houses. He claimed
to have established in 1828 the first tempe-
rance society in England, and in 1829 he
commenced the Maritime Penitent Female
Refuge, now carried on at Bethnal Green.

On the site of the Brunswick theatre,
Wellclose Square, of the falling down of
which on 28 Feb. 1828 he printed an account,
Smith erected the Sailors' Home, the first
establishment of the kind, it is believed in
the world. In. 1830 he established the
bailors' Orphan Homes for Boys and Girls.
To pay the expenses of these establishments
he made open-air preaching tours through
Great Britain, having with him twelve
orphan boys, six dressed as sailors and six
as soldiers, who were trained to sing hymns
and patriotic songs. At this time he fantas-
tically entitled himself < George Charles
Smith, B.B.U.' (i.e. Burning Bush Uncon-
sumed) In 1861, at the age of eighty, he
visited America on the invitation of the
Mariners Church and the superintendent of

Smith

43

Smith

the Sailors" Home, New York. He preached
there and at Boston, Philadelphia, and Salem.

He died in poverty at Jordan House, Pen-
zance, on 10 Jan. 1863 ; the coastguard, the
naval reserve, and two thousand people
attended his funeral on 16 Jan. lie married,
in June 1806,Theodosia (d. 1866), daughter
of John Skipwith. By her he had a nume-
rous family.

His name is found on upwards of eighty
publications, chiefly small books and tracts.
An almost complete bibliography is given in
Boase and Courtney's i Bibliotheca Cornu-
biensis 7 (pp. 664-9, 1337). Some of his most
popular works were: 1. * The Boatswain's
Mate/ a dialogue, 1812, many editions. 2. ' The
Prose and Poetical Works of the Rev. G. C.
Smith/ 1819, a collected edition of twenty-
four pieces. 3. ' Intemperance, or a General
View of the Abundance, the Influence, and
the horrible Consequences of Ardent Spirits/
1829. He also edited *The Sailor's Maga-
zine/ 1820-7, and 'The New Sailor's Maga-
zine and Naval Chronicle/ 1827, which, under
various changes of name, he conducted to
1861.

TnEOPHiLrs AHIJAH SMITH (1809-1879),
philanthropist, eldest son of the above, was
born in Chapel Street, Penzance, on 2 July
1809. In June 1824 he was apprenticed to
Thomas Vigurs, a printer. From 1831 to
1837 he was employed under his father in
the Sailors' Society, and during that time he
assisted informing the English and American
Sailors7 Society at Havre. In conjunction
with Messrs. Giles and Grosjean, he in 1835
inaugurated the first temperance society in
London, and in 1839 formed the Church of
England Temperance Society. From 1840
to 1847 he was assistant secretary to the
Protestant Association, and from 1847 to
1861 secretary of the Female Aid Society.
In 1860 he originated the midnight meeting
movement, and was the secretary from 1861
to 1864. Finally he was the secretary of
the Protestant Association from. 1865 to
1868. He was permanently crippled by a
railway accident in 1868, and died at Cardi-
gan Road, Richmond, Surrey on 13 Jan.
1879. He married, first, in June 1836, Annie,
daughter of James Summerland ; secondly,
Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Cronk. He
published an account of his father in 1874
under the title of £ The Great Moral Refor-
mation of Sailors.*

[Gent. Mag. 1863, i. 260, 890-1 ; Congre-
gational Year Book, 1862, p. 223; Cornish
Telegraph, 14 Jan. 1863, p. 3, 21 Jan. p. 2 ;
Baptist Mag. 1848, xl. 293, 563, 690; Boase's
Collect. Corrmb. 1890, p. 907; The Cornishman,
29 Bee. 1881, p. 8.] G-. C. B.

SMITH, GERARD EDWARD (1804-
1881), botanist and divine, born at Camber-
well, Surrey, in 1804, was sixth son of Henry
Smith. He'entered Merchant Taylors' school
in January 1814, and St. John's College,
Oxford, as Andrew's exhibitioner, in 1822 ;
he graduated B.A. in 1829. Before being
ordained he published his principal botanical
work, * A Catalogue of rare or remarkable
, Phanogamous Plants collected in South
; Kent/ London, 18*29, which is dated from
! Sandgate. The ' Catalogue,' which occupies
i only seventy-six pages, is arranged on the
; Linnsean system, deals critically with several
; groups, and has five coloured plates drawn
i by the author. Smith was vicar of St.
i Peter-the-Less, Chichester, from 1835 to
I 1836, rector of North Marden, Sussex, from
i 1836 to 1843? vicar of Cantley, near Don-
! caster, Yorkshire, from 1844 to 1846, per-
I petual curate of Ashton Hayes, Cheshire,
from 1849 to 1853, and vicar*of Osmaston-
! by-Ashbourne, Derbyshire, from 1854 to
I 1871. He died at Ockbrook, Derby, on
I 21 Dec. 1881.

| Smith was the first to recognise several
. British plants, describing Statice occidentalis
I under the name 8. binercosa in the ' Supple-
1 ment to English Botany ' (1831, p. 63), and
| Pilaff o apiculata in the * Phytologist ' for
i 1846 (p. 575). His herbarium, which does
i not bear witness to any great care, is pre-
I served at University College, Nottingham.
j Smith contributed ( Remarks on Qphrys '
to London's * Magazine of Natural History T
} in 1828 (i. 398) ; * On the Claims of Alynum
' calycinum to a place in the British Flora ' to
the 'Phytologist' for 1845 (ii. 232); a pre-
face to W. E. Howe's i Ferns of Derbyshire *
in 1861, enlarged in the edition of 1877;
I and * Notes on the Flora of Derbyshire * to
i the 'Journal of Botany' for 1881. Besides
j the South Kent Catalogue and two sermons
he published separately : 1. * Stonehenge, a
j poem,' Oxford, 1823, 8vo, signed 4 Sir Oracle,
! Ox. Coll./ and intended to be humorous,
! 2. 'Are the Teachings of Modern Science
I antagonistic to the Doctrine of an Infallible
: Bible ? 7 London, 1863, 8vo. 3. * The Holy
I Scriptures the original Great Exhibition for
i all Nations/ an allegory, London, 1865, 8vo.
, 4. c What a Pretty Garden ! or Cause and
Effect in Floriculture/ Ashbourne, 1865,
16xno.

[Robinson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School,
ii. 197 ; Foster's Alumni Ozon. 1715-1886; Jtrar-
; nal of Botany, 1882, p. 63.] Gv S. B.

SMITH, SIB HARRY GEORGE
WAKELYN,baronet (1787-1860), the victor
at AHwal and governor of the Cape of Good

Smith

44

Smith

Hope, fifth of thirteen children, was born on
28 June 1 787 at Whittlesea in the Isle of Ely,
where his father, John Smith, was a surgeon
in fair practice. His mother, Eleanor, was
daughter of George Moore, minor canon of
Peterborough. A sister, Mrs. Jane Alice Sar-
gant, who kept a school at Hackney, and died
23 Feb. 1869, was the author of 'Ringstead
Abbey,' a novel (1830); of a drama ' Joan
of Arc ; ' and many religious and political
tracts. A younger brother, Thomas Lawrence
Smith (if 92-1877), joined the 95th regiment
on 3 March 1 808; served with much distinction
throughout the Peninsular war ; took part in
the battle of "Waterloo; and, riding in front of
his battalion, was the first British officer to
enter Paris on 7 July 1815. From 1824 to
1855 he was barrack-master under the board
of ordnance — until 1838 in Ireland and then
at Chatham. From 1 855 he was principal bar-
rack-master at Aldershot, but in 1868, when
he was made C.B., he retired from the army.
Of his seven sons, six entered the army and
one the navy. Another of Sir Harry's bro-
thers, Charles Smith (1795-1854), served at
Quatre Bras and Waterloo, where he was
wounded, but retired early from the army.

Harry received a commission as ensign in
the 95th foot, afterwards the rifle brigade,
on 17 May 1805, and, being promoted to be
lieutenant on 15 Aug. the same year, was
quartered at Shorncliffe. In June 1806 he
embarked for service under Sir Samuel Auch-
muty [q. v.l in South America, In January
1807 a landing was effected at Maldonado,
near the mouth of the La Plata river, after
some fighting, and the suburbs of Monte Video
were occupied. On the 20th the enemy made
a sortie with six thousand men, when the
riflemen suffered severely. The attack, after
a breach had been made on 3 Feb., was led
by the riflemen and the place captured.
Smith also took part on o July in the disas-
trous attack onBuenos Ayres, and he returned
with his regiment to England, arriving at
Hytne in December 1807.

In the autumn of 1808 'Smith embarked
with some companies of the second battalion
&»r the Peninsula, and landed at Coruna on
26 Oct. In December he was brigaded with
the 43rd and 52nd foot under Brigadier-
general Robert Craufurd [q. v.], and served
throughout the retreat to and the battle of
Coruna on 16 Jan. 1809. Embarking the
same night, he arrived at Portsmouth on
tfee 21st, and, after spending two months at
wmttlesea, proceeded to Hythe.

In May 1809 Smith sailed with the 1st
feafct&kon under Lieutenant-colonel Beck-
wjt&lor Lisbon, where they landed on 2 July,
ana joined Brigadier-general Bobert Crau-

furd's brigade, Smith was seriously wounded
at the action of the Coa, near Almeida on
24 July 1810. In March 1811 he commanded
a company in the pursuit of Mass£na from the
lines of Lisbon, and was engaged in the ac-
tions of Redinha on the 12th, of Condeixa on
the 13th, and of Foz d'Aronce on 15 March.
He was appointed to the staff as brigade-
major to the 2nd light brigade of the light
division in March 1811. In this capacity
he was engaged in the action of Sabugal on
3 April, the battle of Fuentes d'Onoro on
5 May, and at the siege and at the storm of
CiudadRodrigo onl9Jan.!812. After being
promoted to be captain on 28 Feb. 1812, he
was at the siege and at the storm of Badajos
on 6 April, The day after the assault two
handsome Spanish ladies, one the wife of a
Spanish officer serving in a distant part of
Spain, and the other her sister, a girl of
fourteen years of age — Juana Maria de los
Dolores de Leon — claimed the protection of
Smith and a brother officer, representing
that they had fled to the camp from Bada-
jos, where they had suffered violence from
the infuriated soldiery, having had their ear-
rings brutally torn from their ears. They
were conveyed by Smith and his friend
to a place of safety, and the younger became
Smith's wife. She accompanied him to the
end of the war. She was well known after-
wards in English society.

Smith took part in the battle of Salamanca
on 22 July 1812, the battle of Vittoria
21 June 1813, the passage of the Bidassoa
7 Oct., the attack on the heights of Vera and
in the battle of Sarre, the attack upon the
position of St. Jean de Luz and the heights
of Arcangues in November, the battle of
Orthez on 27 Feb. 1814, the combat at Tarbes
on 20 March, and the battle of Toulouse on
10 April 1814.

On the termination of hostilities with
France, Smith was appointed in May assis-
tant adjutant-general to the force sent under
Major-general Ross to carry on the war with
America, He sailed from Bordeaux on board
the fleet of Rear-admiral Pulteney Malcolm
[q. v.], which carried the expedition, on
2 June. After calling at St. Michael's and
at Bermuda, where additional troops joined
them, they arrived in Chesapeake Bay early
in August, landed at St. Benedict in the
Patuxent river on the 19th, and marched
on Washington. On the 24th Smith took
part in the battle of Bladensburg and in the
capture and burning of Washington. Before
Ross was killed in a skirmish near Balti-
more on 12 Sept. [see Ross, ROBEBT], Smith
was sent Jbioine with despatches in recog-
nition of his services, and was promoted to be

Smith

45

Smith

brevet major on 29 Sept. 1514. He left
England ag-ain at once, with reinforcements
under Sir Edward Michael Pakenhain ~q. v.~,
and joined the British land and sea forces
before New Orleans on 25 Dec. Pakenham.
took the command ashore, and Smith resumed
his duties as assistant adjutant-general. In
the unsuccessful attack on Xew Orleans on
8 Jan. 1815 Pakenham was killed. Sir John
Lambert assumed the command, appointed
Smith his military secretary, and employed
him to negotiate with the enemy. During the ,
night a trace for two days was with difficulty ;
effected by Smith, who* passed and repassed I
frequently between the opposing forces. j

Smith sailed in the fleet with the eipedi- ;
tion, on 27 Jan., to attempt the capture of;
Mobile, one hundred miles to the eastward j
of New Orleans. Troops were landed toj
attack Fort Bowyer and on He Dauphine, on '
the opposite side of the entrance. On the j
completion of the siege approaches to Fort !
Bowyer, Smith was sent in with a summons i
to surrender. The commandant, having:
elicited from Smith that the place would I
certainly be taken if stormed, capitulated
on 11 Feb. On the 14th hostilities ceased,
news having arrived that preliminaries of
peace between England and the United!
States had been settled at Ghent on 24 Dec.
1814. When intelligence of the ratification ;
of the treaty arrived on 5 March, the force J
embarked, and Smith reached England ini
time to proceed to the Netherlands as assist-
ant quartermaster-general to the sixth divi-
sion of the army of the Duke of Welling-
ton. Smith was at Waterloo, and accom-
panied the allied army to Paris. He was
made O.B., military division, and promoted i
brevet lieutenant-colonel from 18 June 1815. <
He received the Waterloo medal, and the !
war medal with twelve clasps for the Penin-
sula. Subsequently he filled the post of
major de place at Cambray, where the Duke !
of Wellington fixed his headquarters during I
the occupation of France by the allied troops. |
*He returned to England in 1818, and served !
with the 2nd battalion of the rifle brigade in
Ireland. On 19 Dec. 1826 he became un- !
attached.

On 23 Xov. 1826 Smith was appointed de-
puty quartermaster-general of the forces in
Jamaica. On 24 July 1828 he was transferred,
in the same capacity, to the Cane of Good
Hope, under his old commander in the Pen-
insula, Sir Galbraith Lowry Cole [a. v.], at
that tune governor and commanding the
forces in the Cape Colony. On the outbreak
of the Kaffir war, at the end of 1834, Sir
Benjamin D'Urban [<j. v.1, who had succeeded '
Sir Lowry Cole, appointed Smith to "be colonel

on the staff and commandant of the regular
and burgher forces, and second in command
in the colony from 1 Jan. 1335. Smith at once
rode from Cape Town to Graham's Town,
accomplishing the seven hundred miles, over
a rough and roadless country, in the extra-
ordinarily short period of six days. The feat
is still deservedly remembered in the colony
as ** an historical ride.' In February he left
Graham's Town with a force of eleven hun-
dred men to clear the country between
the Fish and the Keiskainma rivers. On
12 Feb. he fought a successful action with
the Kaffirs. In March he prepared a central
camp at Fort Willshire, where three thou-
sand troops were assembled before advanc-
ing. He had another successful action with
the Kaffirs on 7 April at T'Slambies Kopt
and towards the end of the month carried
on operations in Hintza's country across the
Kei river. Hintza, the chief of the Amakosa
Kaffirs, gave himself up as a hostage, but
played false, and endeavouring to escape on
12 May, when riding with bmith on the
march with his column, was pursued and
overtaken by Smith, who dragged him from
his saddle. Hintza, however, managed to
get away, and was shot the same day in the
bush by Lieutenant George Southey, whom
he was about to assegai. On 28 May Smith
took a column of six hundred men to clear
the country near the sea and examine the
mouth of the Buffalo river. On 4 June he
made another expedition, scouring the country
about the river Keiskamma, when the war
practically came to an end.

The Kei river was made the new boundary,
and the country between the Great Fish and
the Kei rivers was annexed and secured by
a series of forts. On Sir Benjamin DTFrbaa
leaving the front for Graham's Town on
10 June, he appointed Smith to command the
troops and to administer the new province
of ' Queen Adelaide/ as he named it. On
17 Sept. a formal treaty with the Kaffir
chiefs was concluded by Smith at Fort Will-
shire, and a commission, over which Smith
presided, was appointed to carry it into
effect. As chief commissioner Smith de-
nned tiie boundaries of the land given to
each tribe, and reduced the country to order.
Having completed this work, he returned to
Capetown and resumed his duties as deputy
quartermaster-general on 13 Sept. 1836, Un-
fortunately, the labour of the commission,
was speedily undone by the action of Lord
Glenelg, secretary of state for the colonies.
Although Glenelg wrote to Smith in Sep-
tember 1887 praising the latter*s * zealous,
humane, and enlightened administration/ he
considered the Kaffirs the aggrieved party

Smith 4

and their invasion of the colony justifiable,
and ordered the territory which had been
annexed to be restored to them.

On 10 Jan. 1837 Smith was promoted to
be brevet-colonel. On 6 March 1840 he was
appointed adjutant-general of the queen's
army in India. On 13 May 1842 he was
brought into the 3rd foot, but was again un-
attached on 20 Aug. 1843. ^ In December of
this year he took part as adjutant-general in
the Gwalior campaign under the commander-
in-chief in India, Sir Hugh (afterwards Lord)
Gough [q. v.l, and for his distinguished ser-
vices at the battle of Maharajpur on 29 Dec.
was thanked in despatches and made a knight
commander of the Bath.

Early in December 1845, on the Sikh in-
vasion," Smith was with Gough at Ambala.
He was given the command of a division
with the honorary rank of major-general.
He took a prominent part in the battle of
Mudki on 18 Dec., and again, distinguished
himself at the battle of Firozshah on 21 and
22 Dec. He was mentioned in despatches
for his * unceasing exertions ' on both occa-
sions. On 18 Jan. 1846 Smith, with a bri-
gade, reduced the fort of Dharmkote and
captured the town, containing a large supply
of grain. He then marched towards Ludiana,
and, by means of some very delicate com-
binations, executed with great skill but
severe loss, he effected communication with
that place. On 28 Jan. he encountered the
Sikhs in open battle at Aliwal, and, leading
the final charge in person, he drove the enemy
headlong over the difficult ford of a broad

river (the Satlaj), taking over sixty pieces of
ordnance (all that the enemy had in the field),
and wresting from him his camp, baggage,
and stores of ammunition and of grain. The
Duke of 'Wellington, in the House of Lords
(3 April 1846), said of Smith's conduct at
Aliwal: *I never read an account of any
affair in which an officer has shown himself
more capable than this officer did of com-
manding troops in the field/ Of Smith's
despatch announcing his victory Thackeray
wrote in his essay * On Military Snobs: * * A
noble deed was never told in nobler lan-
guage.1

Smith rejoined headquarters on 8 Feb., and ]
on the lOtt commanded the first division of
Infantry at the crowning victory of the cam-
paign—the battle of Sobraon. Smith was
commended in despatches, both by the com-
niander-in-chief and by the governor-general,
Sir Henry (afterwards Viscount) Hardinge,
who took part in the campaign. A treaty was
reluctantly concluded by the Sikhs, by which
the country between the Beas and the Satlaj
jrivers was annexed, by the British, and on

Smith

20 Feb. Smith arrived with the army at
Lahore, the Sikh capital.

Smith was promoted to be major-general
in the East Indies on 1 April 1846. For his
services in the Sikh war, and especially for
his victory at Aliwal, he was created a
baronet and given the grand cross of tlie
Bath. He received the thanks of both houses
of parliament, of the East India Company,
and of the Duke of Wellington, commander-
in-chief ; the freedom of the cities of London
and Glasgow was conferred on him, and oa
9 Nov. of the same year he was promoted to
be major-general. In 1847 he was granted
the honorary degree of LL.D. at Cambridge,
at the installation of the prince consort as
chancellor (cf. CLARZ and HTTGHES, Life, of
Sedgwick).

On 18 Jan. 1847 Smith was gazetted
colonel of the 47th foot, and on 16 April of
the same year he was transferred to the rifle
brigade as colonel-commandant of the 2nd
battalion. He returned to England, and on
3 Sept. 1847 was appointed governor of the
Cape of Good Hope and its dependencies, and
promoted to be local lieutenant-general to
command the troops there. On his arrival at
the Cape on 1 Dec. 1847 Smith was most
enthusiastically received. "War with the
Kaffirs, which had been going on for some
time, had just ended in the capture of Sandili
and other chiefs. Smith hastened to King
William's Town, where he arrived on 23 Dec.
He inspected the 1st battalion of his own
regiment quartered there, and held a meeting
of all the Kaffir chiefs, releasing Sandili and

the others. He issued a proclamation ex-
tending the Cape Colony to the Orange
river on the north, and, on the East, to the
Keiskamma, from the sea to the junction of
the Chumie river, and then along the Chumie
to its source. He announced himself, as re-
presentative of the queen, the head chief of
the Kaffirs. The chiefs made their submission,
and Smith ordered the annexed territory to
be called British Kaffraria, Smith then
visited Natal, and sacceeded in stopping an
exodus of the Dutch, or Boers, due to the
support of the natives by the British go-
vernment.

Pretorius, the Boer leader, objected to a
proclamation issued by Smith when in camp
on the Tugela, which extended British sove-
reignty over the country between the Vaal
and Orange rivers. Early in July 1848
Pretorius raised a commando and, establish-
ing himself at Bloemfontein, expelled the
British resident. Smith, who was at Cape-
town when the news arrived, acted with
vigour, directed a column composed of two
companies of the rifle brigade, two of the

Smith

47

Smith

4":!:, and two of the 91st regiments, -with.
two squadrons of Cape mounted rifles, to
march ir.3Hi Graham's Town to Colesberg ; lie

himself me: them near the Orange river on
il Aug. 1*4$, and on the 29th of that
month fie arrived with the column at Boom

departure for England, and issued a very
complimentary and characteristic s-eneral
order. Daring this year there were vamin^s

himself me: them near the Orange river on of a Kaffir rising, Smith summoned a meet-
ing of chiefs, and went to King William's
Town* The head chief, Sandili^ refused to

thrown up. He attacked in the middle of, reached Capetown when he received accounts

the day and stormed the position. The Boers, , which made him hasten back to the frontier

who were better mounted and whose guns t "

were heavier than Smith's, were completely I

beaten, and broke and fled. Manv of the

with all available troops. On 24 Dec. a
! column of troops, moving to arrest the deposed
I chief, was attacked with some success near

fanners crossed the Taal with Pretorius and I Keiskanrma Hoek, and on Christmas day a

founded the Transvaal state (recognised in
1S52) ; the remainder returned to their farms
and waited the course of events. Smith
continued his pursuit the following day
towards Bloemfontein, where lie arrived on
5 Sept. and reinstated the British resident.
Families from the Cape moved into the
Orange river country, and occupied the lands
of those who had crossed the Vaal, and the
territory eventually became (1854) the Orange
Free State.

During 1848 and 1849 there was consider-
able e:ieitement at Capetown, caused by the
proposal of the home government to form

a penal settlement there. After a very strong
representation had been made by Smith as

horrible massacre of the Europeans of the
villages of Johannesburg, Woburn,and Auck-
land in the Chumie valley took place. At
the same time Smith was besieged at Fort
Cox by nearly the whole force of the Kaffirs.
On 29 Dec. 'Colonel Somerset failed in an
attempt to relieve Smith, and on the 31st
Smith sallied out with all his troops, and,
making a dash through the enemy, succeeded
in reaching King "William's Town, A large
body of Hottentots of the Kat river joining
in the rebellion made it the more serious,
particularly as they acted in small bodies,
raiding the country in which the farms and

villages were scattered at considerable dis-
tances. Smith could do little without rein-
governor to Earl Grey on the subject, point- j forcements, but while awaiting them he called
ing out the ill feeling and opposition that all the loyal inhabitants, both European and
had been raised, and intimating that he native, to arms, concentrating the women
would resign if the proposal were forced and children where they could be protected,
upon the colony rather than carry it out, j He took the field in person on 18 March j
Earl Grey decided that the^ convicts who and went to the relief of Fort Hare, which
had already sailed in the Neptune, which he accomplished by a clever movement, and
was detained at Pernambuco, should be landed j then, with a rapidity which astonished the
at the Cape?> but that no more should be sent, j Kaffirs, marched on Forts Cox and White,
On the arrival of the Neptune on 20 Sept. I defeating the enemy in a spirited engagement

TQ4f* 4.1^ *~n: _* l.,.™~ __J j.t__ i- T> • .i» P. , •> J . * . RTP v-itii.

1849, the tolling of bells and the sounding
of the fire-alarm gong announced the un-
welcome news. Shops were closed and
business suspended. A committee was formed
to prevent the landing of the convicts, and
was supported by the community. It was
resolved not to furnish the Neptune, nor
indeed any one connected with government,
with supplies. Smith acted with great for-
bearance. He frankly told the people that
neither he nor the troops would so hungry
so long as they had arms in their hands, but
he did his best to induce the home govern-
ment to send away the Neptune, and in the
meantime he would not allow the convicts
to be landed. His representations resulted
in the arrival of orders in February 1850 to
send the convicts in the Neptune to Tasmania.
On 31 May 1850 Smith inspected the 1st
battalion of the rifle brigade prior to its

Reinforcements began to arrive in May, and
Smith organised columns to scour the country
and attack some of the strongholds of the
enemy in the mountains; but on 7 April
1852 Smith was superseded by Lieutenant-
general the Hon. George Cathcart,the home
government being dissatisfied with the slow
progress made in crushing the rising. This
action of the secretary of state for the co-
lonies did not add to his popularity.

On 18 Nov. Smith was a pall-bearer at the
funeral of the Duke of Wellington at St.
Paul's. On 21 Jan. 1853 he was appointed
to the command of the western military
district, and made lieutenant-governor of
Plymouth. He was promoted to be lieu-
tenant-general on 20 June 1854, and on
29 Sept, of the same year was transferred to
the command of the northern military dis-
trict, with headquarters at Manchester, whick

Smith

he held until 30 June 1859. He died without
issue on 12 Oct. 1860, at his residence in
Eaton Place West, London. B^s widow died
on 10 Oct. 1872. Both he and his wife were
"buried in the cemetery at Whittlesea, his
native place. By way of memorial to him
the chancel aisle of St. Mary's, Whittlesea,
was restored in 1862, and a marble monu-
ment with his bust was placed there. The
aisle is known as i Sir Harry's Chapel ' (cf.
SWEETING, Churches of Northamptonshire and
Cambridgeshire). The sabre Smith wore from
1835 to 1857 is now the property of Queen Vic-
toria. The South Airican towns Harrismith
(Orange Free State), Ladysmith (Natal),
Whittle,sey, and Aliwal commemorate
Smith's connection with Cape Colony.

Smith was not devoid of the self-assertion
characteristic of men who fight their own
way in the world and owe their successes
solely to their own energy and ability ; but
he was popular with his colleagues and sub-
ordinates, who were fascinated by his daring
energy and originality, and admired his rough
and ready wit.

A crayon portrait by Isabey belongs to the
Baroness Burdett-Coutts; another, in oils,
belongs to Mrs. Waddelow of Whittlesea.
Smith is a prominent figure in W. Taylor's
picture "The Triumphal Reception of the
Seikh Guns/ engraved by F, C. Lewis and
C. G. Lewis. A photograph of Smith was
engraved.

[War Office Records ; Obituary Notices in the
Annual Register and Gent. Mag. I860; Des-
patches; Alison's Hist of Europe; Cope's Hist,
of the Rifle Brigade ; Napier's Hist, of the War
in the Peninsula; Siborne's Hist, of the Waterloo
Campaign; Alexander's Excursions in Western
Afnca and Narrative of a Campaign in Kaffir-
land in 1835-6; Hough's Political and Military
Events in India ; Trotter's Hist, of India, 1844-
1862; TheaTs Compendium of the Hist and
Geography of South Africa; King's Campaign-
ing in Kaffirland, 1851-2; Ward's Five YeL
in Kaffirland, with Sketches of the late War
1848.] B. H. V. '

» HENRY (1550 ?~1591), puritan
known as < silver-tonged Smith '
eldest son and heir of Erasmus Smith of
Husbands Bosworth, Leiees-
^J^ ^ "Kkwrf one Wye
aughte of one Balard, was born about
at Withcote Leicestershire, the seat of
an^ather}JolinSmith(^154e). Eras-

St!l &T-] Was to "W- He wS
admitted a fellow-commoner of Queens' Col-
%e, Cambridge, on 17 July 1573, but does
^ ammr to have matrickted/ and so?n

*s Smith

iL 103). He continued his studies with
Richard Greenham [q. v.], rector of Dry
Drayton, Cambridgeshire, who imbued him
7SS£ IF1^0 Triples. On 15 March
lo/o-b newas matriculated at Oxford as a
member of Lincoln College, and graduated
B.A. on 16 Feb. 1578-9 (FOSTEB Mum»f
Oxon. 1500-1714, IT. 1372). He caimot be
identified with either of two students of tha
same names of Hart Hall, who proceeded
M.A. in 1579 and 1583 respectively. The
puritan divine terms himself 'theologus*
(never M.A.), and is so described by others.
Although he was heir-apparent to a We"
patrimony, he resolved to enter the ministry
but, owing to conscientious scruples with
regard to subscription, he determined not to
undertake a pastoral charge and to content
himself with a lectureship. Thomas Kash
relates that Smith, before entering into the
* wonderful ways ' of theology, ' refined, pre-
pared, and purified his wings with sweet
poetry' (Pierce Pennilesse, ed. Collier, p. 40),
none of which, however, is now known'
For some time he officiated in the church
of Husbands Bosworth, but it is uncertain
whether he obtained the rectory, which was.
in his father's patronage. In 1582 he brought
to his senses one Robert Dickins of Mans-
field, a visionary, who pretended to be the
prophet Elias; and on this occasion he
preached a sermon, afterwards published
under the title of 'The lost Sheep is found/
Subsequently he preached in London and
its vicinity with great success, and in 1587
he was elected lecturer of St. Clement Danes,
without Temple Bar, by the rector and con-
gregation. Smith's father had married, as
his second wife, Lord Burghley's sister Mar-
garet, widow of Roger Cave, esq., and
Burghley, who resided in the parish of St.
Clement Danes, aided his candidature. He-
soon obtained unbounded popularity, and
came to be regarded as the ' prime preacher
of the^nation.' "Wood says he was ' esteemed
the miracle and wonder of his age, for his pro-
digious memory, and for his fluent, eloquent,,
and practical way of preaching' (Athene
Oxon. -i. 603) ; and Fuller states that he
was commonly called fthe silver-tongued
Smith, being but one metal in price and
purity beneath St. Chrysostom himself*'
(Church Hist, bk ix. cent. xvi. p. 142).
Fuller remarks that 'persons of quality
brought their own pues with them — I mean
their legs to stand there upon in the allies.1
In 1588 Aylmer, bishop of London, was-
informed that Smith had spoken in deroga-
tion of the Book of Common Prayer, and had
not subscribed the articles. Nor did he hold
a license from Aylmer, his diocesan. The>

Smith

49

Smith

b"r!ir;p accordingly suspended him from
g. Smith addressed a brief vindica-

tion to Lord Biirghley, in which he stated
that the bishop Lad himself called upon him
to preach at St. Paul's Cross, and denied
that he had spoken against the prayer-book.
He said be yielded Els full consent to aE
the articles *of faith and doctrine/ but he
avoided reference to matters of discipline.
The parishioners sent a testimonial and sup-
^ttearion on his behalf. Lord Burghley ac-
tively interposed in his favour, and he was
restored to his ministry (SiBTPB, Life of
Aylmer, ed. 1701 pp. 152-6, 1821 pp. 100-3 ;
LamdQwne MS. 81, art. 26 ; MABSDE^, Early
Puritans, p. 181).

During the last illness of William Har-
wardj rector of St. Clement Danes, and
again on his death, strenuous efforts were
made by the parishioners to obtain for Smith
that benefice* which was in the patronage
t>f Lord BmgHey; but Kichard Webster,
B.D., was instituted on 22 May 1589, pro-
bably after Smith had declined the prefer-
ment, Owing to ill-health he resigned his
lectureship about the end of 1590, and re-
tired to Husbands Bosworth. During his
sickness he occupied himself in preparing his
works for the press, and in revising his ser- !
mans, some of which had been * taken by
characterie * and printed, without his consent,
from these imperfect shorthand notes (Notes
and Queries, 8th ser. x. 189). His collected
sermons he dedicated to Lord Burghley, but
he died before the collection was published.
Smith was buried at Husbands Bosworth
on 4 July 1591 (Parish Register). His
lather survived him many years.

Although puritanically inclined, Smith
was in sympathy with the church of Eng-
kad, and regarded the followers of Brown
and Barrow as enemies of the church. His
sermons are noble examples of "RnglTgh
prose and pulpit eloquence. They are free,
in an astonishing degree, from the besetting
vices of his age— Yiileparity and quaintness i
and affected learning (MABSBEST).

The bibBographr of Smith's works is be-
wildering, The i Collected Sermons ' passed
through the following editions: London,
1592, Svo, 1593, 159$ 1595, 1599, 1604, ;
1607? 1609, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1617-19,
1020-3, and 1631-2. Another edition of the
* Sermons/ including the * Prayers ? and other
works with a very meagre life of the author
by Thomas Fuller, B.D., appeared at London
in 1657, and again in 1675, 4to. Both edi-
tions are very scarce, especially the former;
the latest edition was printed at London in
£ vols. STO in 1866.

Among bis other works are: 1. 'A prepa-
im,

rative to marriage: The stunzne whereof
was spoken at a contract and enlarged after.
Whereunto is annexed a treatise of the Lords
Supper, and another of usurie,' London, 1591 ,
16mo; Edinburgh, 1505, Svo. 2. 'Juris-
pmdentise, Medicinse et Theologies Dialogue
doleis,' London, 1592, STO. In Latin hexa-
meters and pentameters. Published by his
kinsman, Brian Cave, who dedicated" the
work to Ms uncle, Thomas Cave, esq., of
Baggrave, Leicestershire. 3. £ Titse Suppli-
cium: sive de misera Hominis conditione
querela/ London, 1592, Bvo : in Latin
sapphics. This is annexed to the l Dialogus/
Azi English translation appeared under the
title of * Micro-Cosmo-Graphia ; The Little-
"Worlds Description : or, the !Map of Man
(From Latin Saphiks of that Famous, late,.
Preacher in London, Mr. Hen. Smith) trans-
lated [into English verse] by losvah Sylves-
ter,'printed with 'The Parliament of Ver-
tues Boyal/ London [1614], 8yo? and re-
printed in *Du Bartas his Diuine TVeekes
and Workes/ London, 1621, fol. 4. fiG-oda
Arrow against Atheists/ London, 1593, 4to,
with Ms sermons ; London, 1614,1621,1632,,
4to, and 1872, Svo; translated into Latin,,
Oppenheim, 1594, Svo.

His portrait has been engraved by T.Cros%
James Basire, and by an unknown engraver.

[Life, by Thomas Fuller ; Addit. MS. 24490,
p. 392; Ames's Typogr. Antiq., ed. Herbert;
Bailey's Life of Fuller, pp. 201, 609, 752;
Brook's Pttritacs, ii. 108 ; Burton's Iieicester-
shire, p. 313 ; Granger's Biogr. Hist, of England ;
Harington's Epigrams, iii. 16; Hohnes's B^caip-
tive Cat. of Books ; Hunter's Bhtstr. of Shake-
speare, ii. 49, 21 1 ; Lansdowne MS. 982, art. Ill;
Nichols's Leicestershire, ii. 185, 389-91, 468,
889, plate tczi; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. iii.
222, yi. 129, 231, vii. 223, 2nd ser. vizi 152, 254,
330, 501, is. 55, 285; Eetrospectiye Eeview,
2nd ser. ii. 11 ; Tanner's BibL Brit.] T. C.

SMITH,HENBY (1620-1668?), regicide,
born in 1620, was the only son of Henry Smith
of Withcote in Leicestershire, descended from
the family of Smith, alias Heriz or Harris,
in Nottinghamshire, to which belonged
Erasmus Smith [chv.] and Henry Smith
(1550P-1591) fq.vri His mother was daugh-
ter of Henry SHpwith of Gotes, Leicester-
shire. Henry- the elder dying in 1623, the
future regicide became a ward of the king. He
matriculated at Oxford from Magdalen Hall
(now Hertford College) on 26 Jan. 1637-8,,
and graduated B.A. from St. Mary H^l an
9 June 1640. In the same year he became
a student of Lincoln's Inn. He represented
the comity of Leicester in the parliament of
1640 as a* recruiter;* he was probably elected
in the place of Henry, lord Grey de Kmthin.

Smith

5°

fq. Y.I who was called to the upper house as
Earl of Kent in November 1643, Attaching
himself to the cause of the parliament, Smith
received a place in the six clerks' office, and
was added to the committee for compound-
ing on 18 Dec. 1648. He joined in a protest
against the votes for a treaty with the king
in the Isle of Wight on 20 Dec. 1648. Smith
was one of the judges at the trial of Charles I,
attended all the sittings (10-29 Jan, 1648-9),
both in the Painted Chamber and in West-
minster Hall, and signed the death-warrant.
He sat as a recruiter in the restored Rump
of 1659.

At the Restoration he was excepted from
the general act of oblivion (9 June 1660),
but surrendered himself in pursuance of the
king's declaration (6 June), and was put
into the charge of the serjeant-at-arms on
19 June. He was excepted from the In-
demnity Bill of August 1660, with the sav-
ing clause of suspension of execution till a
fortlier act should have passed. He was
arraigned at the Sessions House, Old Bailey,
on 10 Oct. 1660, when he pleaded not guilty,
and appeared to defend himself on 16 Oct.
He pleaded youth and ignorance, and asserted
that he had no recollection of having signed
the death-warrant. When confronted with
his signature, he was unable to say whether
the writing was his own or not, but confessed
that it resembled it. He handed in a petition
for life, in which the part he had taken in
the proceedings against the Mng were attri-
buted to * ye threatenings of those that then
ruled ye army with noe less than loss of life
and estate, and incessant importunity offsuch
as had relacon to him and power over him.7
He was included in the act of attainder of
December 1660, as one of those condemned
but under respite. On 25 Nov. 1661 a bill
for the execution of the attainted persons
was read in the commons, and Smith (with
others) was called to the bar of the house.
He threw himself on the mercy of the mem-
bers, begged for their mediation with the
Mng, and for the benefit of the Mug's procla-
mation, upon which he had surrendered him-
self, liaving been advised that by so doing
fee would secure his life. On 7 Feb. 1661-1
be was brought to the bar of the House of
Lords, when he agpain pleaded compelling
oreumsfcances and Ms surrender. Smith was
not executed, and is usually stated to have
ctied in tlie Tower of London; but he had
probably Mb the Tower before November
1666, as his name is not included in a list of
thirty-eight pristmers confined there at the
time (Cal State Papers, 1666-7, p. 235).
He appears to have been in the Old Castle
at Jersey in February 1667-8. His wife, a

Smith

daughter of Cornelius Holland [q. v.l tke
regicide, died of the plague in rooms attacked
to the six clerks7 office in August 1664
Smith is believed to have left an only
daughter. J

Smith seems to have been weak and
cowardly. His entry at Lincoln's Inu would
point to some legal education ; but in Ms
speech of 16 Oct. 1660 he disclaimed all
knowledge of the law. Heath (Chrvnkk,
p. 200) speaks of him as ' Henry Smith, a
lawyer, but a mean one.'

[Nichols's Leicestershire, ii. 391, 889, iii. 626;
Nichols's Topographer and Genealogist, iii. 255^
260 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Official
Lists of Members of Parliament, i. 490 ; Walker's
Hist, of Independency, ii. 49 ; Masson's Hilton,
iii. 533-4 ; Cal. of Comm. for Compounding, p,
135; Commons' Journals, iii. 594, viii. 61, 68,
139, 319 ; Lords' Journals, xi. 380 ; Hist. MSS.
Comm. 7th .Rep. pp. 155-6, llth Eep. ii. 4; Cal
State Papers, 1660-1 p. 558, 1667-8 p. 229;
Noble's Lives of the Eegicides; Nalson's Trial of
Charles I, passim ; Exact and Impartial Ac-
compt of the Trials of Twenty-nine Eegicides,
pp. 28, 254.] B. P.

SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN
(1826-1883), mathematician, born in Dublin
on 2 Nov. 1826, was the youngest of the four
children (two sons and two daughters) of
John Smith (1792-1828), an Irish barrister,
who married, in 1818 Mary, one of fourteei
children of John Murphy, a country gentle-
man living near Bantry Bay. The mathe-
matician was named after his father's law
tutor, Henry John Stephen [q. v.J After
the elder Smith's death, in 1828, his widow
removed to the Isle of Man in 1829, and
settled at Ryde in the Isle of Wight in 1831.

Henry Smith, who was a delicate child,
taught himself some Greek at the age of four,
and at seven became absorbed in Prideaux's
6 Connection/ His education was entirely
conducted by his mother, a highly accom-
plished woman, until 1838, when he was
placed under Ms first tutor, Mr. R. Wheler
Bush, who was astonished by his classical
proficiency. In 1840 Mrs. Smith came to
reside at Oxford, where Henry became the
pupil of Henry Highton [q.v.] Next year he
went to Rugby, where Highton had been ap-
pointed a master; but in 1843, after the death
of his brother Charles of rapid consumption,
he spent the winter at Nice, and the following
summer by the Lake of Lucerne, Never-
theless he won the Balliol scholarship easily
on 30 Nov. 1844, and at the examination
made the acquaintance of Benjamin Jowett,
then tutor, who became his lifelong friend.
* He was,' wrote Jowett, * possessed of greater
natural abilities than any one else whom I

Smith

Smith

have inown at Oxford. He had the clearest
and mo»t lucid mind, and a natural expe-
rience of the world and of human character
Lsrdly ever to be found in one so young/

Smith passed the years 1845-6 on the
continent. At Rome" where he suffered a
severe illness, he acquired a sound knowledge
of Hainan antiquities and inscriptions, and
& satisfactory command of Italian, German,
and French" While still convalescent he
attended lectures in Paris, at the Sorbonne
and the College de France, and was the de-
lighted auditor of Arago and Milne-Edwards.
He resumed his Oxford career at Easter 1847.
It proved of almost unexampled brilliancy.
He gained the Ireland University scholarship
in 1845 ; he took a double first-class, and was
elected a fellow of BaUiol in 1849 (B. A. 18oO,
M.A. 1855). In 1850 lie accepted a mathe-
matical lectureship at Bailiol College, and ob-
tained the senior mathematical scholarship in
1851. Up to this date he was undecided
whether to pursue classics or mathematics,
and showed as much aptitude for the one as
for the other. 4 1 do not know,' John Con-
ington [q. v.] once said, ' what Henry Smith
may be "at th,e subjects of which he professes
to know something ; but I never go to him
about a matter of scholarship, in a line where
he professes to know nothing, without learn-
ing more from him than I can get from any
one else/ He continued to lecture on mathe-
matics at Bailiol till 1873, when he resigned
his fellowship and lectureship on receiving
a sinecure fellowship at Corpus Christi Col-
lege. He was elected an honorary fellow of
BalKo! in 1882.

In 1853 there seemed a danger of his
being diverted to chemistry. Bemg called
upon to lecture on the subject, he studied
under Professor Story-Maskelyne, with
whom he formed an enduring friendship,
and reached the conviction that the pro-
perties of the elements are so connected by
mathematical relations as to be discoverable
by reasoning in anticipation of experience.

Smith was elected in 1860 to the Savilian
chair of geometry, and became both F.R.S.
and F.K. A,S. in 1861, He acted as president
of the mathematical section of the British
Association at Bradford in 1873, and of the
Mathematical Society of London in 1874-6.
In 1877 he became the first chairman of the
meteorological council in London ; and at-
tended, as its representative, the interna-
tional meteorological congress at Rome in
1879.

On the death of his mother, in 1857, he had
been joined at Oxford by his sister, Eleanor
Elizabeth Smith (1822-1896), a woman of
exceptional ability and judgment, whose

main energies were devoted to philanthropic
and educational objects, and their house was
the scene of much genial hospitality. During
the vacations Smith travelled in Italy, Greece.
Spain, Sweden, and Norway, and attended
the meetings of the British Association. In
1874 he was appointed keeper of the uni-
versity museum. The office i gave hirr? a
pleasant house, a small stipend, and not very
uncongenial duties.1 But much of his time
was still taken up with educational business,
He was for many years a member of the Heb-
domadal Council, as well as of innumerable
boards and delegacies. From 1870 he sat on
the royal commission on scientific education,
and in great measure drafted its report. In
the same year he accepted the post of mathe-
matical examiner at the university of Lon-
don, and was in 1871 appointed by the Royal
Society a member of the governing body of
Kugby school. In commenting on his nomi-
nation in 1877 as one of the Oxford Univer-
sity commissioners, Sir !M. E. Grant Duff
spoke of him in the House of Commons as

* a man of very extraordinary attainments/
even apart from the special qualifications im-
plied by his position in the first rank of
European mathematicians, while 'his con-
ciliatory character made him, perhaps the
only man in Oxford who was without an
enemy.' He received the honorary degrees of
LL.D. from the universities of Cambridge
and Dublin.

In 1878 Smith unsuccessfully contested
the parliamentary representation of the uni-
versity of Oxford in the liberal interest. He
was a ready and telling speaker, but his
candidature was urged on academic rather
than on political grounds.

Smith's health had strengthened as he grew
up ; but in 1881 it began to be impaired by
overwork. He died unmarried on 9 Feb.
1883, aged 56, and was buried at St. Se-
pulchre's cemetery, Oxford, His death
evoked a chorus of eulogies. * Among the
world's celebrities/ in Lord Bowen's opinion,

* it would be difficult to find one who in
gifts and nature was his superior.' He im-
pressed Professor Huxley *as one of the
ablest men I ever met with ; and the effect
of his great powers was almost whimsically
exaggerated by his extreme gentleness of
manner, and the playful way in which Ms
epigrams were scattered about. I think that
he would have been one of the greatest men
of our time if he had added to his wonder-
fully keen intellect and strangely varied and
extensive knowledge the power of caring
yery strongly about the attainment of any
object/

Smith was, in fact, devoid of ambition and

Smith

Smith

initiative. His strong sense of public duty obvious injustice _ at the sitting of the a

almost compelled him to accede to the in- demy on 16 April 1883 (Comptes Bend

numerable demands upon his time ; and the xcyj. 1096).

work for which he was supremely fitted was

constantly pushed on one side by tasks

within the range of ordinary capacity. Many

of his intimate friends scarcely knew that he

was a great mathematician. Some of his

witticisms are worth preserving. Thus, to

Smith had a remarkable power of verbah
position in abstruse mathematical subjects,
great number of his researches, never writt
out for publication, were thus laid before ti
British Association and the Mathematic
Society. Only their titles have been pn

the remark, * What a wonderful man Buskin served (for a list of them, see Dr. Glaisher
is, but he has a bee in his bonnet/ he replied 'Introduction7 to SMITH'S Mathematics
'Yes, a whole hive of them; but how pleasant Papers, p. 76). He was less concerned t
it is to hear the humming ! ' In appearance record than to obtain new results. * Mos
Smith was tall and good-looking, with an air of his mathematical work he did in his he&
------ - 'by sheer mental effort. . . . The fact that h<

manner to all classes was singularly urbane.
A bust by Sir Edgar Boehm is in the Na-
tional Portrait Gallery^ and an engraved
portrait is prefixed to his ( Collected Mathe-
matical Papers/

As a mathematician, Smith was thegreatest
disciple of Gauss. He resembled him, in the
finish of his style, in the rigour of his de-
monstrations, above all in the special bent
of his genius. *The Theory of Numbers'

of his mathematical production.' f More-
over, the high standard of completeness
which he exacted from himself in his pub-
lished writings added considerably to the
effort with which his finished work was pro-
duced ' (ib. p. 87). Unfinished results ac-
cumulated, and, towards the end, inspired
him with uneasiness about their fate.

Smith left forty mathematical notebooks,
more than a dozen of which were filled with

predominantly attracted him ; his magnum records of original theorems, suggestions or
opus was to have been a treatise on the sub- divinations ; but in too disjointed a eondi-
ject, his preliminary studies for which were j tionto be rescued from oblivion by print. His
embodied in his masterly 'Keport on the "" V1*~T-~J — -^ ^ — *—~ ^

Theory of Numbers/ presented to the British
Association in six parts, during 1859-1865.
This is an account of the progress and state
of knowledge in that branch, with critical
commentary and original developments. Two
final sections remained unwritten. The most
important advance in the higher arithmetic
since Gauss's time was made in Smith's
papers, *0n Systems of Linear Indeterminate
Equations and Congruences' (Phil. Trans.
cli. 293, 1861), and <0n the Orders and
Genera of Quadratic Forms ' (fb. clvii. 255,
1807), with a supplementary communica-
tion, in which he extended and generalised
the results already enounced. Through an
unaccountable oversight, the problem which
lie had thus completely solved, was proposed
by the French Academy as the subject
of their ' Grand Prix des Sciences Mathe"-
malkpes' lor 1882. Smith was induced
to eoimfete by the assurance that full jus-
tice slioald be done to Ms earlier investiga-
tkna ; bat the promise was f brgotten, Two
mouths alter his death two prizes were
awarded — oue to & memoir in which Smith
had given the demonstrations of his former
theorems, tibe other to the woart of a com-
$M3titor who might itave followed tke indica-
tkms which Smith h&d previously published
M. Bert rand offered a partial apology for this

published writings were, however, brought
logether under the editorship of Dr. Glaisher,
and issued from the Clarendon Press in 1894,
with the title, e The Collected Mathematical
Papers of Henry John Stephen Smith, M.A.,
F.K.S.' (2 vols. 4to); and biographical
sketches and recollections by Dr. Charles
Henry Pearson fa. v.], Professor Jowett,
Lord Bowen, and Mr. Strachan-Davidson,
besides a mathematical introduction by the
editor, were prefixed. The contents of the
volumes fall under three headings : (1) geo-
metry; (2) the theory of numbers; (3)elliptic
functions. The memoirs are models of form.
The reasonings wrought out in them are of
invincible strength, and the clear-cut sym-
metrical manner of their presentation attests
both labour and genius. Their author fol-
lowed Gauss's maxim, Pauca sed matura.

Smith contributed to the 'Oxford Essays *
in 1855 a brilliant paper on the * Plurality
of Worlds ; ' wrote a memoir of Professor
Conington, prefixed to his 'Miscellaneous
Writings' (London, 1872); and an introduc-
tion to the * Mathematical Papers of Wil-
liam Kingdon Clifford * (London, 1882).

[Authorities cited; Times, 10 Feb. 1883, sad
(for Miss Smith) 18 Bepfc, 1896; Fortnightly
Beview, rraaH. 663 (6-Msher); Monthly Notices
Royal Astronmaieal Society, xliv. 138 ; Hsfcore,
16 Feb. 18&3 (Spottiswoode), and 27 Sept 1894

Smith

S3

Smith

); Athenaeum, 17 Feb. 1SSS ; Aca-
demy, 17 Feb. ISS3; Comptes Kendus, scvi.
1055 (Jordan); B&cse Ball's Short History of
Mathematics, p. 424 ; Fester's Alumni Oxon. ;
Knc^y School Beaister. i. 224; Proceedings
London Math, Society, adv. 322.] A. M, C.

SMITH, HORATIO, always known as
HQEACE < 1779-1649), poet and author, born
in 1779, was second son of Robert Smith j d.
1 332;, and younger brother of James Smith
1 1775-1839) "q. v." A sister was the mot her of
3Iaria Abdy "q.v, J The father, Robert Smith,
was born at Bridgwater, Somerset, where his
father, Samuel, was a custom-house officer,
on 22 Nov. 1747; he entered a solicitors
office in London in 1765, and married in
1773 Mary, daughter of James Bogle French,
a wealthy London merchant. She died, aged
55, at her husband's residence in Basinghall
Street, on 3 NOT. 1804. Robert Smith was
for many years solicitor to the board of ord-
nance, a post he resigned in 1812, and he
was elected F.B.S. on 24 Xov. 1796, and a
fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He was
eighty-five when he died, on 27 Sept. 1832,
afSt Anne's Hill, Wandsworth (Gent. Mag.
1832,ii.573; cf. ib. 1804, ii, 1078 and 1050,
containing a poem by H[orace] Sjrnith] upon
his mother's death).

Like his brother, Horace was educated at
a school at Chigwell, kept by the Rev. Mr.
Burford, but, unlike James, was placed in a
merchant's counting-house. Less attentive
to business than to the drama and the amuse-
ments of the town, he produced a poem lament-
ing the decay of public taste as evinced in
the neglect of the plays of Richard Cum-
berland, who, highly flattered, hunted him
out of his counting-house and introduced
him to literary society. He published
two novels, ' The Runaway * in 1800, and
*Trevanion, or Matrimonial Ventures,' in
1802. A third, * Horatio, or Memoirs of the
Davenport Family/ followed in 1807. Mean-
while, in 1802, Smith joined with Cumber-
land, Ms brother James, Sir James Bland
Burges, and others in writing for * The Pic
Nic/ a magazine which was edited by the
notorious William Combe [q. v.], but had
only a brief existence. At Cumberland's
request, Horace and James wrote several
prefaces for plays in * Bell's British Theatre,7
edited by him ; and their acquaintance with
Thomas Hill led both, but especially James,
to( contribute for four years to his ( Monthly
Mirror.' They acquired a character as wits,
ancl as gay, though not dissipated, yonng
men about town, but were little known to
tie public, when they suddenly found them-
selves raised to the pinnacle of contem-
porary amputation by the utterly unforeseen

success of their ; Rejected Addresses M 9! 2 ».
These were parodies of the most popular
'• poets of the day in the guise of izBaelniiry
addresses from their pens which purp jrted
to have been prepared in competition for a
prize that had been offered by the managers
on occasion of the reopening* of Drury Lane
Theatre after its destruction by fire (10 Get,
; 1512). Horace Smith himself had been a
serious competitor, and the commission had
; been entrusted to one of the poets parodied,
Byron. The idea had been suggested to the
Smiths by the secretary to the theatre, Mr.
! Ward, Sheridan's brother-in-law, who, having
seen the addresses submitted bona jide, had
been struck by their prevailing silliness,
no less than sixty-nine competitors having
invoked the aid of the Pbcenix, The brothers
had great difficulty in finding a publisher,
until at last John Miller, of Bow Street,
agreed to print at Ms own expense, and give
, them half the profits, * if any.' The volume
I appeared on the day of the* opening of the
: theatre, with the title i Eejected Addresses,
i or the Xew Theatrum Poetarum T ( 18th edit.
; 1833, with new preface by Horace Smith).
! Success was instantaneous, and in truth
there has been nothing better of the kind in
the language, excepting only Hogg's inimi-
table parody of Wordsworth, * The Flying
Tailor.' In the 'Rejected Addresses' the
best parodies were those of Cobbett and
Crabbe, and were the work of James Smith,
who also wrote the hardly less successful
parodies of Words worth and Southey. Horace
Smith's best are those of Byron and Scott,
and the delectable nonsense of *A Loyal
Effusion' by William Thomas Fitzgerald
[q. v.] Horace inserted his genuine rejected
poem under the title of * An Address with-
out a Phoenix/ Neither brother did any-
thing half so good again, though each, has
bequeathed a considerable amount of comic
verse, never destitute of merit, but always
courting comparison with tiie similar pro-
ductions of Thomas Hood, and hopelessly
distanced by them. Their only subsequent
joint production, entitled * Horace in Lon-
don, by the authors of Eejected Addresses,*
appeared in 1813.

After his apprenticeship in tlie counting^
house was over, Horace Smith went on the
stock exchange. He was probably a good
man of business, for lie throve so fast as to
be able to retire in 1820, and was blamed
for throwing away the prospect of a fortune.
But when the panic of 1825 came, he em~
gratulated himself on his good sense* Before
retiring he had gained tie friendship 0f ^oets
and performed numberless generous actions.
His good sense and conciliatory disposition

Smith

54

Smith

are admirably shown in his letter to Sir
Timothy Shelley on the temporary stoppage
of Shelley's income. He was Shelley's guest
at Marlow in 1817, and he was probably the
first to communicate Keats's death to the
poet in March 1821. Shelley wrote of him
IB his epistle to Maria Gisborne :

Wit and sense,

Virtue and human knowledge, all that might
Make this dull world a business of delight,
Are all combined in Horace Smith.

To Leigh Hunt he was equally friendly and
equally serviceable, joining with Shelley in
the Yam effort to rescue Mm from his em-
barrassments. His endeavours, however, to
follow in the footsteps of these poets were
not always fortunate. Nevertheless, 'Ama-
rynthus the Nympholept,' a pastoral drama
in imitation of Fletcher (1821), is full of
pleasant fancy. Not much can be said in
favour of his other serious poems (first col-
lected as * Poetical Works,' London, 1846,
2 vols. 8vo), except the fine lines on occa-
sion of the funeral of Campbell in West-
minster Abbey, when, late in life, the deep
feeling aroused by the recollection of a long
friendship supplies the deficiencies of poetic
art. There is, however, a class of poems in
which Smith really excels, those halfway
between the serious and the humorous. One
of these, * An Address to a Mummy/ has
deservedly gained great popularity, and is an
admirable example of the mutual interpene-
tration of wit and feeling.

On his retirement from business, Smith
set out to join Shelley in Italy, but on hear-
ing of his death stopped short at Paris and
lived for three years at Versailles; on his
return he settled at Brighton. He now
added Cobden to the list of his friends, and
became a warm advocate of free trade. He
aided Camjjbell in the <New Monthly J and
John Scott in the * London Magazine/ Some
of his pieces were collected as * Gaieties and
Gravities ' (London, 1825, 3 vols. 8vo). But
about the same year he gave up periodical
literature to resume Ms early pursuit of
novel-writing. In 1826 he produced * Bram-
faletye House, or Cavaliers and Koundheads/
a romance in Scott's style, connected with
a ruined mansion of the name still exist-
ing in Ashdown Forest, Sussex. It ranks
among the best imitations of Scott, and has
been frequently republished. 'The Tor
Hill' and *Eeuben Apsley/ two good his-
torical novels, followed in 1826 and 1827,
and in 1828 he varied his style by im>
tating Lockhart and Croly in « Zillah, a Tale
of the Holy City * (London, 12mo). Both
this work and *Tor HOI' were translated

into French by Defaueonpret, the translator
of Scott and of Mrs. Eadcliffe. A severe
attack on 'Zillah' in the < Quarterly* gained
him the friendship of Southey, after he had
done penance for 'some impertinences re-
garding Wordsworth.' His later novels
rarely historical in subject, obtained little'
success; they include i The New Forest ?
(1829), 'Walter Colyton ' (1830), 'Gale
Middleton' (1833), 'The Involuntary Pro-
phet' (1835), 'Jane Lomax' (1838), 'The
Moneyed Man' (1841), 'Adam Brown*
(1843), and ' Love and Mesmerism ' (1845).
A posthumous fragment from his pen, pro-
fessedly but not really autobiographic, ap-
peared in vols. Ixxxvi. and Ixxxvii. of the
'New Monthly Magazine.7 His other writings
include ' First Impressions,' an unsuccessful
comedy (1813); 'Festivals, Games, and
Amusements, Ancient and Modern' (1831), a
useful compilation ; and ' The Tin Trumpet,
(1836), a medley of remarks, ethical, political,
and philosophical. It was published under
the name of Jefferson Saunders, but Smith's
name appeared on it in 1869 when it was
issued as No. 8 in Bradbury and Evans's
* Handy Vol. Series.' Keats, in a letter
written in February 1818, mentions having
seen in manuscript a satire by Smith entitled
' Nehemiah Muggs, an Exposure of the Metho-
dists/ but it does not appear to have been
published. He died at Tunbridge Wells on
12 July 1849. He left three daughters, of
whom the youngest Laura (d. 1864) married
John Bound of West Bergholt, Essex.

All contemporary testimony respecting
Horace Smith is unanimous as regards the
beauty of his character, which was associated
not only with wit, but with strong common-
sense and justness of perception. His is a
remarkable instance of a reputation rescued
from undue neglect by the perhaps excessive
applause bestowed upon a single lucky hit.
Thackeray wrote warmly of Smith's truth
and loyalty as a friend, and, after his death,
he frequently visited his daughters at Brigh-
ton ; after the youngest of them he named
his Laura in ' Pendennis.'

A portrait of Horatio and James Smith in
early life by Harlow is in the possession of
Mr. John Murray. A portrait of Horace by
Masquerier and a miniature are now the
property of Ms eldest daughter.

[Memoir by Epes Sargent, prefixed to Eejected
Addresses, New York, 1871; Fitzgerald's edition
of Eejected Addresses, 1890 ; New Monthly
Magazine, vol. xlix.; G-ent. Mag. 1849, ii. 320;
Athenaeum andLiterary Gazette, July 1849 ; S, C.
Hall's Memoirs, 1 877 ; Dowden's Life of Shelley ;
Marzials and Merivale's Life of Thackeray, p.
228 ; Walter Hamilton's Parodies.] E, G-.

Smith

55

Smith

SMITH, HUGH t d. 1 790). medical writer,
son of a aursreon and apothecary, was born at
Heinel Heznpstead in Hertfordshire. He
studied medicine at Edinburgh University,
and obtained the degree of M.6. on 22 April
1753. He at first "practised in Essex, but :
came to London in 1759, and fixed his resi- !
deuce in Mincing Lane. la 1760 he com-
menced a course" of lectures on the theory
and practice of physic, which ^ere nume-
rously attended. These, together with the ?
publication of * Essays on Circulation of the _
Blood, with Reflections on Blood-letting/ ,
1761, gave Mm a wide reputation. In 178:2
he was admitted a licentiate of the College
of Physicians. In 1765 he was elected phy-
sician to Middlesex Hospital, and in 1770
was chosen alderman of the Tower ward, a
dignity which his professional duties com-
pelled'him to resign in 1772. About this
time he removed to Blaekfriars and devoted
himself chiefly to consulting practice at home.
He was accustomed to give two days of the
week to the poor, from whom he would take
no fee. He also assisted some of his patients
pecuniarily. In 1780 he purchased a country
residence at Streatham in Surrev. He died
at Stratford in Essex on 26 Dec. 1790, and
was buried in the church of West Ham.
Besides the work mentioned above, he '
wrote i Formulae Medicamentorum,' London, I
1772, 12mo. He must be distinguished from i

Hr&H SMITH (1736?-! 789), possibly his
son. The latter graduated M.D. at Leyden
on 11 Nov. 17557 and practised at Hatton :
G-arden, London. He married the daughter \
of Archibald Maclean, a lady of fortune, who S
inherited Trevor Park, East Barnet. He j
died, aged 53, on 6 June 1789, and was '.
buried in East Barnet church. He was J
author of: 1. k The Family Physician/ Lon- j
don, 1760, 4to; 5th edit. 1770. 2. 'Letters
to Married Women/ 3rd edit. London, 1774, j
12mo ; republished in France, Germany, and \
America. 3. * A Treatise on the Use and
Abuse of Mineral Waters,' London, 1776,
8vo ; 4th edit., 1780. 4. * Philosophical In-
quiries into the Laws of Animal Life/
London, 1780, 4to. 5. 'An Essay on the
Nerves/ London, 1780, 8vo. * i

[For the elder Hugh Smith, see Life prefixed i
to Formula Medieazaentonim, ed. 1791 ; Euro- !
peanMag. 1791, i.21; Gent Mag. 1 790, ii. 1154,
1213. For the younger Hugh Smith, see Gent.
Mag. 1789, 3. 578; Clntterbtick's Hertfordshire,
i. 156; Lysons's Environs, IT. 23, 259. They j
are confused together in Hunk's ColL of Phys.
ii. 241 aadin Georgian Era, ii. 566.] K. I. C.

SMITH, HUMPHREY (A 1668), quaker,
was bom probably at Little Cowarne, Here-
fords-hire, "where Ms father was a prosperous

• farmer. He was brought up strictly in the
i church of England, and well educated,
, although he can hardly be the Humphrey
\ Smith, son of John, of the parish of Edvin
Ralphe (seven miles from Cowarne), who
j matriculated at Jesus College, Oxford, on
\ 8 Sept, 1834, aged seventeen, and graduated
B.A. on 3 July 1636 (FOSTER, Alumni Qxon.
early ser. p. 1372).

lie soon occupied a farm worth SO/, a
year, and married. He early began preach-
ing, perhaps as an independent ; George Fox
says i he had been a priest/ His addresses
were l admired* by hundreds, and he preached
daily in the pulpits. After a time fhis
mouth was stopped * owing to doubts of his
own sincerity, and he held his last meeting
at Stoke Bliss, a village near Cowarne.

About 1654 he fell in with the quavers,
and before long gave up his occupation to
be ready for the 'call to go hither and
tMther preaching. On 14 Aug. 1655 he was
arrested at a meeting in Bengeworth, close
byEvesham, and contined for some weeks in
a noisome cellar, the only aperture in which
was four inches high. He seems to have
specially annoyed the magistrates before
whom he was brought for examination by
the figurative statements that he * came from
Egypt ' and * walked not the earth.1 G-eorge
Fox visited "him in prison (Journal, 1891, i.
253).

On 9 Feb. 1658 Smith was charged with
misdemeanour for being at a meeting at
Andover, where he was the first quaker to
preach. He was committed by Ju<%e Wind-
ham to Winchester gaol until he would give
security for his good behaviour(C&/. State
Papers, Bom. 1658-9, p. 158). He remained
there until after March 1659, composing seve-
ral of his books in prison. During 1660 ne
was at liberty. In May he wrote down a re-
markable ' "Vision* (published London, 1660,
4to), which he had of the great fire of 1666,
and of the famine and fear which followed
the appearance of the Ihitch fleet in the
Medway (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. viL 80,
182 ; Cotttctitia, 1824, TO. 174-6).

On 14 Oct. 1661, whne proceeding west
to visit his only son Humphrey (afterwards
of Saffron Walden, Essex), he was arrested
at a meeting at Alton, HampshireT and again,
lodged in Winchester gaol. Here he re-
mained 'from sessions to sizes, and from
sizes to sessions/ until in April 1663 he
was attacked with, gaol fever, and died in
prison on 4 May 1663, A last letter to
his son, dated 23 April, was printed as a
broadside in 1663, and is in Ms works, pub-
lished by the latter, London 1683, 4to. A
fellow prisoner, Nicholas Complin, contri-

Smith =

bated a short narrative of his imprisonment,
written 21 June 1663. To some pages of
verse Smith appended an apology for writ-
ing in i siefeter, it being apt to beget light-
ness in the reader' "of. art. PEEEOT, JOHN .
The following were separately published :
1. * Something* in Reply to Edmund SHpp's
"The World's Wonder,"or the Quaker's Blaz-
ing Star." &C.' London^ 1655, 4to. Skipp
was a preacher at Bodenham, Herefordshire.
-> ' The Sufferings ... of the Saints at
Evesham T r!656" , 4to. 3. * An Alarum sound-
ing forth/ 1658, 4to. 4. * Divine Love t
spreading' forth over all Nations/ London, i
n.d., 4to. 5. < The True and Everlasting i
Kule,'1658,4to. 6. l Hidden Things made j
manifest by the Light/ 1658, 4to, reprinted '
1664. 7. < To all Parents of Children/ 1660,
STO; 2nd edit., 1667, 8. 'For the Honour
of the King/ 1661, 4to. 9. l Sound Things
asserted/ 1662, 4to. 10. < Forty-four Queries
propounded to all the Clergymen of the
Liturgy, by One whom they trained up/
1682, 4ta.

[Complin's Faithfulnessedfthe Upright, 1663 ;
Smith's Collected "Writings, 1683 ; Bevel's Hist,
of the Bise, &c.» i 175, ii, 73 ; Basse's Sufferings,
i. 150, 166, 167, 206, 229T 233, 234, ii. 50-8 ;
Tnke's Biogr. Notices, ii. 181; Collectitiae or
Pieces adapted to the Society of Friends, 48, 54;
Smith's Cat, of Friends' Books, ii. 586-94.]

0. F. SL

SMEEH, JAMES (1605-1667), divine
and poet, born at Marston-Morteyne, Bed-
fordshire, in 1605, was son of Thomas Smith,
rector of Marston. He matriculated from
Christ Church, Oxford, on 7 March 1625-3,
aged 18, but soon migrated to Lincoln Col-
lege, After graduating, he took holy orders
and accompanied Henry Kich, earl of Hol-
land, as chaplain, when the earl was sent
with a fleet and army to reinforce Bucking-
ham at the Isle of Ehe". He subsequently
acted as chaplain to Thomas Wentworth,
earl of Cleveland, who was also engaged in
the expedition to France. Smith was appa-
rently a genial companion, and from an
early period attempted the lighter forms of
poetry. He corresponded in verse with Sir
John If eanies [q. v. j He came to know Philip
MassJmger, who, in versesaddressedto Smith,
caBed aim Ms son. On the execution of
Joim Felton (1695 M628) fa. v.l he penned
an epitaph in verse (Ashmole MS. 36, f. SI ;
cf. Mnsarum Deticia).

Smith proceeded B J). in 1883, and next
year became rector of Wamfleet All Saints,
Lincolnshire. In 1639 he removed to
Kmgfta NymptOB, Devonshire, amd in the
game year resumed Tfvis former posfe of chap-
Iain to the Bar! of Holland when the

5 Smith

latter went north in command of the cavalry
engaged in the first war with the Scots.
During the civil wars and under the Com-
monwealth Smith managed to remain at
King's Nympton unmolested. But Ms sym-
pathies were always with the royalists, and
at the Restoration he was not forgotten.
He was made archdeacon of Bamstapie in
1660 and canon of Exeter in 1661, proceed-
ing D.D. at Oxford in the same year. In
1662 he was also appointed precentor of
Exeter Cathedral, and turned his literary
capacity to account by writing words for
anthems, which others set to music. Before
the year ended he resigned all other prefer-
ments on being instituted to the rectory of
Alphington. In 1664 he also became rector
of Exminster. He died at Alphington on
22 June 1667, and was buried in the chancel
of King's Kympton.

Smith's verse, the sportive tone of which
contrasted oddly with his profession, was
widely circulated in manuscript. Many
specimens of it were incorporated, apparently
without his permission, in a series of antho-
logies of contemporary poetry. These vo-
lumes owed their vogue to the licentious
pieces included by the publishers; but
although in some cases it was stated that
most of their contents came from the pen of
Smith and Mennes, very few of the poems
are signed, and there is no evidence that
Smith was responsible for the more blatantly
coarse contributions. The earliest of these
publications, in which work by Smith and
Mennes appeared, was * Wits* Recreations,
selected from the finest Fancies of Moderne
Muses,* 1640 ; other editions, with slightly
different title-pages, bear the dates 1641,
1654, and 1663. There followed a second an-
thology, entitled i Musarum Deliciss, or the
Muses's Recreation ; containing several pieces
of Sportive Wit by Sr J. M. and Ja. S.J
(28 Aug. 1655 ; new edit. 1656), The pub-
lisher, Henry Herring-man, informed the
reader in a prefatory advertisement that, in
order to regale * the curious palates of these
times/ he had collected on his own respon-
sibility * Sir John Mennis and Dr. Smithes
drolish intercourses.' A third anthology, of
like character, was t Wit Restored, or several
select Poems not formerly pnblisht/ London,
1658. This opens with a series of poetical
letters avowedly addressed by Smith to his
friend Mennes, * then <xmiinaiiding a troop of
horse against the Scots.7 Another piece was
inscribed to Mennes * on the Surrender of
Conway Castle.* A separate title-page intro-
duces Smith's longest extaofc production,
1 The Innovation of Penelope amd Ulysses.
A Mock Poem by J. &' Ife is prefaced by

Smith

57

Smith

c~ xraendatory poems by Massinger, Jasper
31ayne, and otter friends, and by 'poems ad-
dressed by the author to himself. The volume
concludes with the * Eebell Scott/ by John
Cleveland. These three anthologies were
printed together by Thomas Park in 1817,
aci ajain by James Camden Hotten in 1574,
under the general title of " Husarum Deliciee."
Smith's and Mennes's names were less
justifiably associated with a fourth collec-
tion, * Wit and Drollery : Jovial Poems never
"before printed by Sir J~ohn~ M[ennes~,
J~ames~ S'mith", Sir William' D avenant',
JlD'onne* and'ct her admirable Wits,1 Lon-
don Tfor Xathaniel Brook, 18 Jan. 1655-6 ;
another edit. 1661). ' These poems (accord-
ing to the publisher's advertisement), never
before printed, are a collection from the best
wits of what above fifteen years since were
begun to be preserved for mirth and friends/
Probably very few of the pieces are by Smith.,
and in the direct production of the compila-
tion he was as little concerned as Donne. It
seems to have been edited by John Phillips
11631-1706) rq.y", Milton's nephew. <Ghoyee
Drollery' (1656 ; reprinted by the Rev. J. TV.
Ebsworth in 1876)j a somewhat similar effort,
was, with the rare * Sportive "Wit/ another
of Phillips's ventures, suppressed by order of
the council of state in 1656. (Copies of
* Sportive Wit f are at Britwell and in the
Bodleian). It is possible that Smith was in-
voluntarily represented to a small extent in
both volumes.

[Wood's Athense, iii. 776 ; Foster's Alumni j
Hassan's Milton, Y. 260-2; see art. MENSBS,
Sir JoHzr.] S. L.

SMITH, JAMES, D.D. (1645-1711),
Boman catholic prelate, born at Winchester
in 1645, was educated in the English College
at Bouay, and was created D.I). on 5 Feb.
1079-80. He was appointed president of
Douay College, in succession to Dr. Francis
•Gage [q. v.]? OB 28 Aug. 1682, and while occu-
pying tnat post he succeeded to a large paternal
estate, the chief part of which he granted to
& younger brother. In 1687 he was nomi-
nated By James II to be one of the four
vicars-apostolic of England, each of whom
had an annual stipend of 1,000£. out of the
royal exchequer, with 5QQ/. upon entering
into office. He was elected by Propaganda
o® 12 Jan. 1678, and was consecrated at
Somerset House on 13 May (G.S.) 1688 as
Msk>p of Calliopolis in parf&w* After Ms
coBseeratioai he went to his vicariate, arriving
cm 2 Aug. at York, where he was received
with great ceremony by the secular and
ipjptkr clergy, who sang the Te Deuin pub-
licly. IB one of his visitations Smith was

' deprived of his large crozier by Thomas Os-
borne, earl of Danby and first duke of Leeds
"q. v.", who deposited it in York Minster.
This "beautiful work of art was exhibited

1 before the Society of Antiquaries on "2B Feb.
IcsSS (Proc. Soc. Antiq. '2nd ser. xii. 105).
On the flight of the Mug, Smith left York
and sought refuge in the house of Francis
Tunstalf, esq. of "WyeliiFe, who afforded him
hospitality and protection till the time of his
death. In 1700 it was contemplated that
he should be promoted to the carcfinaiate and
to the office of Protector of England, which
had been vacant since the death of Cardinal

i Howard: the Duke of Berwick and Dr, George
Witham were commissioned irom St. Ger-
mains to solicit this appointment irom Cle-
ment XI. Smith died at WyeliiFe on IS May
1711. Dodd characterises* him as 4a fine
gentleman, a good scholar, and a zealous
prelate.'

His name is subscribed t o f A Pastoral Letter
from the four Catholic Bishops to the Lay
Catholics of England/ on the re-establishment
of Catholic episcopal authority in England,
London, 1688 and 1747, 8vo. *His portrait,
engraved from the original picture in the
chapel-house at York, appeared in the * Laity's

| Directory' for 1819.

j [Brady's Episcopal Succession ; Catholic Mis-
cellany, 1827, vii. 243 ; Dodd's Church Hist. iii.
468; Notes and Queries, 1st ser.vii. 243, 3rd
ser. xii. 278 ; Palmer's Life of Cardinal Howard,
pp. 2G3-6; Panzani's Memoirs, pp. 365, 373,
399.] T. C.

SMITH, JAMES (1775-1839), author
and humourist, born in London on 10 Feb.
1775, was elder brother of Horatio Smith
[q.v.] Like his brother, he received his
education at Chigwellj buty instead of being-
sent to business, entered his father^ office
and succeeded him as solicitor to the board
of ordnance in 1812. Like Horatio, James
greatly preferred theatrical and literary
amusement to the dry details of business,
but, like him too gave business an attention
particularly exemplary under the circum-
stances, and eventually attained considerable
eminence in his profession. His first pro-
duction was a hoax, being a series of letters
descriptive of alleged natural phenomena
which imposed upon the * Gentleman's Maga-
zine.' He was closely connected with nis
brother in his literary undertakings, writing
in particular the larger and better portion
of the metrical imitations of Horace, which
appeared in Thomas Hill's * Monthly Mirror/
and were subsequently collected and ptifch-
Hshed under the title of ' Horace in London*
(1813). To the i Bejected Addresses' (1812)
he contributed Nos. 2, 5, 7, 13, 14, 16, 17,

Smith

Smith

18 Tsee under SMITH, HOEATIO". James
Smiths contributions to these famous pa-
rodies were perhaps the best, though not
the most numerous, but he appeared con-
tented with the celebrity they had brought
Mm, and never again produced anything
considerable. Universally known, and every-
where socially acceptable, ' he wanted/ says
his brother, '"all motive for further and more
serious exertion/ He produced, however,
the text for Charles Mathews's comic enter-
tainments, * The Country Cousins,' 'The Trip
to France/ 'The Trip to America' (1820-2),
and the two latter brought frim in 1,000£
* James Smith/ said Mathews, * is the only
man who can write clever nonsense.' He also
produced much comic verse and prose for
periodicals, not generally of a very high order,
but occasionally including an epigram turned
with point and neatness. His reputation
rather rested upon his character as a wit and
diner-out ; most of the excellent things attri-
buted to him, however, were, in the opinion
of his biographer in the ' Law Magazine/
impromptus fcdts a lomr. He was less
genial than Ms brother, * circumscribed in
the extent of his information, and, as a na-
tural consequence, more concentrated in him-
self * Oot?a o -wrri •*•£»•*• \t\ fTia * ^Tinur "XCnrstTilir

a writer in the *Xew Monthly
Magazine.1 When in his office * he looked
as serious as the parchments surrounding
him,7 Keats, after dining with both the
Smiths and their Mends, left with a con-
viction of the superiority of humour to wit.
James Smith, nevertheless, was a general
favourite, and tempered his powers of sarcasm
with much good nature. He died, unmarried,
at his house in Craven Street, Strand, on
24 Dec, 1839, and was buried in the vaults
of St. MartinVin-the-Fields. His * Comic
Miscellanies' were edited in 1840, with a
memoir, by his brother (London, 2 vols.
12mo).

A ^portrait by Lonsdale was bequeathed
by him to the Torrholme family. Smith also
figures in the * Maclise Portrait Gallery ? (ed.
Bates, p. 277).

[Memoir by Horace Smith, 1841 ; Law Mag.
vol. satin. February 1840 ; New Monthly Mag.
voL term, 1849 ; Kejected Addresses, edited
by Petty Fitzgerald, 1890.] E. <3L

SMITH, JAMES (1789-1850), of Beans-
ton, agricultural engineer, bora in Glas-
gow on 3 Jan, 1789, was son of a merchant
of that city, a native of Galloway by birth,
W&Q died two months after James's birth.
He was brought up by his maternal uncle,
Archibald Buchanan, a pupil of Arkwright,
and managing: partner of the cotton works
at Deanston, Perthshire, till his removal to

the factory of Catrine in Ayrshire. After
I studying- at the Glasgow University, Smith
' was, at the age of eighteen, put in charge of
, the Deanston works. He quickly improved
and reorganised the factory, which had be-
come dilapidated since the departure of his
, uncle. He was also at this time planning a
j reaping-machine, and in 1811 he had a work-
ing model made. Xext year he competed
v unsuccessfully for a premium of 500/. offered
j by the Dalkeith Farmers' Club for an effec-
j tive one-horse machine. Smith's reaper
; differed in principle from the type in use at
| present. It was not pulled but pushed from
j behind, and the corn was cut by means of a
j cylinder revolving horizontally (see illustra-
tive plate, frontispiece, Farmers Magazine,
xvii. 1816). In 1813 Smith made a second
attempt with a two-horse machine. Again
the judges refused to award him the pre-
mium; but the ingenuity of his invention
was acknowledged, and it attracted much
attention from agricultural societies at home
and abroad, including the Highland Society
of Scotland and the Imperial Agricultural
Society^ of St. Petersburg. Considerable
discussion took place as to its merits and the
priority of invention, which was also claimed
by Archibald Kerr, a mathematical instru-
ment maker in Edinburgh.

Smith had devoted his attention at a very
early period to land draining. "When, in
1823, he came into possession of the farm at
Deanston, he at once set to work to experi-
ment upon it with a system of deep and
thorough drainage, He drained the farm
throughout the whole of its extent by means
of parallel trenches placed from sixteen to
twenty-one feet apart, and thirty inches deep,
which were filled up with broken stones to a
depth of one foot. A coating of thin turf
was then laid over the stones, and the re-
maining eighteen inches were filled in with
earth to permit of the working of the plough.
The partial failure of this system led
Smith to his second and supplementary inven-
tion of the subsoil plough, by means of which
the barren lower strata of the land were broken
up and fertilised without being intermixed
with the richer surface soil. By these methods
the unproductive Deanston farm, formerly
overgrown with rushes, furze, and broom,
was in a few years brought into a state of
garden cultivation. The word * Deanstonis-
ing * passed into common use to signify deep
ploughing and thorough draining. The farm
was visited by a large number of agricul-
turists from all parts of the kingdom, as well
as from the continent of Europe and America.
Especially was this the case after 1831, when
Smith published a paper on, * Thorough Brain-

Smith

59

Smith

ing and Deep Working.7 In 1834 lie was
examined before a committee of the House
of Commons on agricultural depression, on
the subject of his system of cultivation,
which in the opinion of Mr. Shaw Lefevre,
chairman of the C3ininittee, was * the only
thins1 likely to promote the general improve-
ment of agriculture/ Another high autho-
rity, John Claudius London "q. v.~, referred
to "it in the ' Gardener's Magazine' as ''the
most extraordinary agricultural improve-
ment of modern times.'

In addition to the subsoil plough, Smith
invented a turn-wrest plough and the web-
chain harrow. He also experimented in
manures, and devoted much attention to
engineering operations, mechanism, and ma-
nufactures. He constructed the water-wheel
at the Shawswater cotton mill, Greenock,
and the "bridge at Gargunnoek on the Carse
of Stirling. He also invented and patented
an improved self-acting mule. But it was
in connection with the factory of Deanston
that his talent for invention and organisation
found greatest scope. He increased the
water-power at the command of the factory
by constructing a weir on the river Teith.
This weir was of such height as to prevent
the passage of the salmon up the river.
Smith removed the difficulty "by the inven-
tion and construction of the * salmon ladder/
which deserves a prominent place among his
inventions (see JEdmd. Rev* 1873, cxxxvii.
172). The factory itself he enlarged, and
built a model village for the accommodation
of his workpeople.

Suddenly, in 1842, he abandoned his em-
ployment at Deanston, and, coming to Lon-
don, established himself there as an * agricul-
tural engineer' (Quarterly Itev. 1844, Ixxiii.
490 sq.) Soon afterwards he was appointed
one of the commissioners for the inquiry into
the sanitary condition, of large towns. He
was an advocate of the use of sewage water
for agricultural purposes, and his paper on
this subject was published in the appendix
to the s Keport * of the health of towns com-
mission. After two years of investigation
and experiment to determine the practica-
bility of his scheme for the utilisation of
London sewage, parliament was approached
on the subject, but nothing was done.

Smith was about this time largely em-
ployed, especially during the railway mania
of 1844, in the examination and valuation of
land intended to be used in the construction
of railroads.

He died unmarried, on 10 June 1850, when
on a visit to his cousin, Archibald Buchanan,
at Kmgencleuch in Ayrshire. He had many
inventions in view at the time, and was

, taking out a patent for a sheep dip of a new

| composition intended to supersede the sys-

| tem of £ tarring.7 He had also extensive

\ plans for improvements in farmsteadings, for

( the better housing of cattle, and for watering

; the fields in time of drought.

; _ There is a small full-length portrait of

, him by Ansdeli in the possession of the

! Royal Agricultural Society of England, and

a fife-$ize half-length portrait now in the

; South Kensington 31useum. The latter is

reproduced in the * Farmer's Magazine ' for

: September 1846 (facing page 191).

', [Farmers ]*Iagazine» Ediabargh, 1812 xiii.

441, 1813 xiv. 397, 1814 xv. 10, xvii. 1, 94,

160, 261, 318, 450; London, (1846) (2nd ser.),

xiv. 191, (1850) xsii. 66 ; Quarterly Journal of

Agriculture, xvii. 457; Mark Lane Express,

17 June 1850.] E. C-E.

SMITH, JA3IES, known as « Smith of
Jordanhiil ' (1782-1867), geologist and man
', of letters, was born at Glasgow 15 Aug.
; 1782. He was the eldest son" of Archibald
Smith (d. 1821), West India merchant, and
Isobel Ewing (d. 1855, aged 100), He was
| educated at the grammar school, Edinburgh,
| and the university of Glasgow, and became
; a sleeping partner in the linn of Leitch &
Smith, West India merchants. Science, lite-
rature, and the fine arts were, however, the
business of his life, and he was a collector of
rare books, particularly those relating to
early voyages and travels. He was also an
enthusiastic yachtsman, one of the earliest
members of both the Royal and the Royal
Northern Yacht clubs ; his first cruise in his
own vessel being made in. 1806, and his last
in 1866. He was for a time an officer in the
Renfrewshire militia, and happened to be
on duty at the Tower of London during the
imprisonment of Sir Francis Burdett [q, v.l
Smith's fondness for the sea and practical
knowledge of navigation were indirectly help-
ful in his scientific and literary work. His
earliest published paper was on l A Whirl-
wind at Roseneattr (Edinb. PML Journ.
1822, p. 331); his next on 'A Vitrified
Port' (Trans. Soy. Soc. EdM. x. 79), dis-
covered accidentally on landing from his
yacht in the Kyles of Bute. The raised
beaches and other indications of compara-
tively recent changes in the relative level
of sea and land, so conspicuous on the west
coast of Scotland, next attracted his atten-
tion, and he perceived that the molluscs
which occur in them differ in certain respects
from those now living on the same coast.
An explanation of this fact was sought in
cruises for dredging in the northern seas,
when he ascertained that species now extinct
in Scottish waters were still living in more

Smith

Smith

arctic regions. This led him to maintain, j
in a paper read to tht: Geological Society of ;
London in IfcStJ, that in Britain, at a time
comparatively recent, the temperature had J
be^n much lower than at present.

Jordanhill, near Gk?gow, was Smith's ;
residence, but from 1639~to 1848 regard for |
the health of some members of his family ;
caused him to spend much, timeout of Britain, [
and he wintered successively at Madeira, j
Gibraltar, Lisbon, and Malta. He seized the !
opportunities of studying the geology of these j
places, and communicated the results to the ':
Geological Society of London, in the journal ;
of which lie also published a paper (iii. 534) on j
changes of land and sea in the Mediterranean, J
especially as indicated by the well-known j
Temple of Serapis near fozzuoli. Glacial '
questions were resumed in a paper to the same j
society in 1845, and the subject was continued *
in 1847 and 1848. Here, while admitting the
former existence of glaciers in Britain, he
eombatted the extreme Yiews as to the ex-
tension of land-ice which then were being
advocated by Agassiz, and he preferred to
attribute much of the boulder clay to the
action of coast-ice during a period of sub- J
mergence. Altogether he appears to have j
written sixteen separate papers on scientific |
subjects, most of them published in the j
journal of the above-named society. In j
186:2 he republished the majority of them,
alter some revision, in a small volume en-
titled * Studies in Xewer Pliocene and Post-
Tertiary Geology/ which indicates the impor-
tance of his contributions to this branch of j
the science,

But Smith's most important book was
historical rather than geological, viz. his
* Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul,' pub-
lished in 1848 (4th edit. 1880). His prac-
tical knowledge of seamanship fitted Kirn to
discuss this question, and his treatise is one
of the highest value, in regard not only to
the place of the shipwreck, but also to some
wider questions. He maintained that in-
ternal evidence proved the account to have
feeen written by an eye- witness and a lands-
man,, iBpadiating the idea that the island
was Helida in the Adriatic, and identifying
the koOity of the wreck with St. Paul's
Bay, Malta, to which it had been tradi-
tionally assigned. Smith read the proof-
fihotfto ol CoMvbeare and Howson's elife of
St. Paid/ which embodies his conclusions
respecting ibe wreck. Smith's treatise was
tr&aslated into German, and is generally
recognised as a standard authority on ancient
shipbuilding aad navigation. Incidentally
Smxfeii was led into a oiBeussacm relating to
tihe authors of the synoptic gospels, and in a

later treatise (* Dissertation on the Origin
and Connection of the Gospels,' 1853) "he
worked out the question by a minute com-
parison of the parallel passages in the three
authors, maintaining that St. Luke, in
writing his gospel, made use of the other
two, viz. that by St. Matthew, and a Hebrew
original (probably written by St, Peter)
afterwards translated by St. Mark.

He was elected F.G.S. in 1836 and F.Pt.S.
in 1S30. HewasalsoF.B.S.E.andF.Pt.G.S,,
fellow and for a time president of the Geo-
logical Society of Glasgow, and for many
years president of the Andersonian Uni-
versity, of which he was an active supporter,
presenting its museum with valuable collec-
tions. He enjoyed excellent health till the
spring of 1866, when he had a slight paralytic
stroke; he recovered from this, but another
at the end of the vear proved fatal on
17 Jan. 1867. In 1809 he married Mary
(d, 1847), daughter of Alexander Wilson
and granddaughter of Professor Alexander
Wilson of Glasgow. Archibald Smith [q. v.]
was their son*

A photographic portrait was prefixed to
Smith's < Voyage of St. Paul7 (2nd edit.
1880).

[Obituary Notices, Glasgow G-eol. Soc. Trans,
ii. 228 ; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxii. ; Proc.
p. advi; Proc. Roy. Soc. 1868, p. xlii ; Boy. Soc.
Cat. of Papers.] T. G-. B.

SMITH, JAMES (1805-1872), merchant,
son of Joshua Smith, was born in Liver-
pool on 26 March 1805. He entered a mer-
chant's office at an. early age, and, after re-
maining there seventeen years, commenced
business on his own account, retiring in 1855.
He studied geometry and mathematics for
practical purposes, and made some mechani-
cal experiments with a view to facilitating
mining operations. His attention being
called to the problem of squaring the circle,
in 1859 he published a work entitled * The
Problem of squaring the Circle solved'
(London, 8vo), which was followed in. 1861
by 'The Quadrature of the Circle: Corre-
spondence between an Eminent Mathema-
tician and J. Smith, Esq./ London, 8vo.
This was ridiculed in the * Athenaeum ' (1861,
i. 627,664,674), and Smith replied in aletter
which was inserted as an advertisement (ib.
L 679). From this time the establishment
of his theory became the central interest of
his life, and he bombarded the Royal Society
and most of the mathematicians of the day
with interminable letters and pamphlets on
the subject. De Morgan was selected as his
peculiar Yietim on account of certain reflec-
tions he had cast GIL Tntm in the * Athenaeum.*

Smith

Smith

Smith was not content to claim that he was
able graphically to construct a square equal
in area to a given circle, but boldly laid
down the proposition that the diameter of a
circle was to the circumference in the exact
proportion of 1 to 3*1:?5. In ordinary busi-
ness matters, however, he was shrewd and
capable. He was nominated by the board of
trade to a seat on the Liverpool local marine
^joaxd, and was a member of the Mersey docks
and harbour board. He died at his residence,
Barkeiey House, Seaforth, near Liverpool, in
March f $72.

Besides those mentioned, his principal
works were: 1. *A Nut to Crack for the
Headers of Professor De Morgan's u Budget
ofParadoxes," 'Liverpool, 1863?8vo. 2. < The
Quadrature of the Circle, or the True Batio
between the Diameter and Circumference
geometrically and mathematically demon-
strated,7 Liverpool, 1865, 8vo. 3. { Euclid
at Fault/ Liverpool, 1868, 8vo. 4. < The
Geometry of the Circle a Mockery, Delusion,
and a Snare/ Liverpool , 1869, 8vo." 5. s Curio-
sities of Mathematics/ Liverpool, 1870, 8vo ;
2nd edit. 1870. _ 6. fThe Batio between
Diameter and Circumference demonstrated
by Angles/ Liverpool, 1870, 8vo.

[Smith's Works; Men of the Time, 7th edit.
p. 741 ; Be Morgan's Budget of Paradoxes,
passim ; AUibone's Diet, of English Literature.]

E. L C.

SMITH, SIB JAMES EDWAJKD (1759-
1828), botanist, was born, at Norwich on
2 Dec. 1759. He was the eldest child of
James Smith, a wealthy nonconformist -wool

the whole of the library, manuscripts, her-
barium, and natural history collections made
"by him and by his father were offered to
Banks for a thousand guineas. Banks de-
clined the offer, but on his recommendation

; Smith purchased it, with his father's consent.

: Subsequent offers from John Sibtiiorp "q. v."
and from the Empress of Russia were re^
ceived by the executors. In September 1784
Smith took apartments in Paradise Row,
Chelsea, where the Liniuean collections ar-
rived in the following month. The total

i cost, including freight, was 1,0882. It is
stated (Memoir and Correspondence of Sir
J. E. Smith, edited by Lady Smith, i. 126)
that Grustavus III of Sweden^ who had been
absent in France, hearing of the despatch of

. the collections, vainly sent a belated vessel
to the Sound to intercept the ship which
carried them. This probably apocryphal
story is perpetuated on the portrait of Smith
published in Thornton's f Temple of Plora.'

* With no premeditated design of relin-
quishing physic as a profession* (op. cit. p.
128), Smith now became entirely devoted to
natural history, and mainly to botany. During
the following winter Banks and Dryander
went through the collections with fitn at
Chelsea, and Pitchford urged him to prepare
1 & Flora Britanniea, the most correct that
can appear in the Liinsean dress* (op. tit p.
130). Elected a fellow of the Royal Society
in 1785, he made his first appearance as an

Smith was at first educated at home. He
inherited a love of flowers from his mother,
but did not begin, the study of botany
as a science until he was eighteen, and
then, curiously enough, on the very day of
Linnets death (Transactions of the Liiwean
Soc. vol. vii.) He was guided in his early
studies by his friends, James Crowe of Laken-
ham, Hugh Rose, John Pitchford, and Bev.
Henry Bryant; and, though originally de-
stined for a commercial career, was sent in
1781 to the university of Edinburgh to study
medicine. Here Be studied l»tany under
Dr. John Hope, one of the earliest teachers
of the Luuisean method, won a gold medal
awarded by him, and established a natural
history society. In September 1783 he came
to London to study under John Hunter and
Br. William Pitcairn, with an introduction
fern Dr. Hope to Sir Joseph Banks [q. v.],
t&em president of the Royal Society, On the
the younger Linnaeus in^that year

title of l Reflexions on the Study of Nature,5
in 1785. In June 1786 he started on a con-
tinental tour, and after obtaining a* medical
degree at Leyden (23 June), with a thesis J3>e
Generatione/ he travelled through Holland,
France, Italy, and Switzerland. He visited
AHamand and Van Eoyen aft Lesyebn, the
widow of Bouseeau (for whom, as a botanist
of the Linnaean school, he had a great admi-
ration), Broussonet at Monfepeilier, Gerard at
Cottignae, the Marquis Durazzo at Genoa,
Mascagni the anatomist at Sienna, Sir Wil-
liam. Hamilton aaid the Duke of Gloucester

at Naples, Bonnet, Be Saussure, and others
at Geneva, La Chenal at Basle, and Herman
at Strasburg, At the same time he care-
fully examined the picture galleries, the her-
baria, and botanical libraries eti route. His
tour is folly described in the three-volume
< Sketch ' which he first published in
1793.

Before his departure Smith appears to have
broached to Ms friends, Samuel GoodeEfJiigli
[q. v.], afterwards bishop of Carlisle, and
Thomas Harsham the idea of auperseding
a somewhat somnolent natural histey so-

Smith 6:

ciety, of which they were members, by one j
bearing the name of Linnseus. On his return [
to England in the autumn of 1787, he left f
Chelsea, with a view to practising as a phy-
sician in London, and in 1788 took a house
in Great Mariborough Street, There the first ,
meeting of the Linnean Society was held
en 8 April 1788. Smith was elected pre- ;
sidentj and delivered an * Introductory Bis- I
course on the Rise and Progress of Natural
History/ Marsham became secretary, Good-
enoufjli treasurer, and Dryander librarian.
The society started with thirty-six fellows,
sixteen associates, and about fifty foreign ,
members, mostly those naturalists whose j
acquaintance Smith had made during his 5
tour. Banks joined the new society as an
honorary member. From this period Smith
gave lectures at his own house on botany
and zoology, numbering among his pupils
the Duchess of Portland, Viscountess Cre-
morne, and Lady Amelia Hume, and about
the same time he became lecturer on botany
at Guy's Hospital. In 1789 he republished,
under the title of * Reliquiae Rudbeckianse/
those wood-blocks of plants, jaregared by
Olof Rudbeck for his * Campi Elysii/ which
had escaped the great fire at Upsal in 1702,
and during the four following years he issued
parts of several illustrated botanical works,
which, owing to want of patronage, he failed !
to complete. In 1790, however, he began the ;
publication of what has proved his most en- j
during work, though as Ms name did not ap- j
pear on the first three volumes, it is still often \
known as Sowerby's * English Botany/ from \
the name of its illustrator, James S-owerby !
[q.v.] It formed thirty-six octavo volumes, ,
with 2,592 plates, comprising all known Bri- .
tish plants, with the exception of the fungi ; i
its publication was not completed until 1814. i
In 1791 Smith was chosen, oy the interest of '
Goodenough and Lady Cremorne, to arrange
the queen's herbarium, and to teach her and
her daughters botany and zoology at Frog-
more; but some passages in his 'Tour,'
praising Rousseau, and speaking of Marie-
Antoinette as Messalina, although they were
removed from the second edition, gave offence
at court. Soon after his marriage, which
took place in 1796, Smith retired to nis native [
city, only coming to London for two or three
months in each year to deliver an annual
ecrarse of lectures at the Royal Institution,
which he continued down to 1825, He was,
however, annually re-elected president of the
Linnean Society until his death. After he
had completed his important * Flora Bri-
t&nniea/ in three octavo volumes, 1800-4,
Sniitawas chosen by the executors to edit
tfc® * Flora Grs&ea* of his friend, John Sib-

s Smith

thorp [q. v.] He published the * Prodromus*
in two octavo volumes in 1806 and 1813, and
completed six volumes of the ' Flora' itself
before his death. In 1807 appeared the first
edition of his most successful work, 'The
Introduction to Physiological and Systematic
Botany/ which passed through six editions
during the author's lifetime. In 1808, on
the retirement through illness, which termi-
nated fatally, of the Rev. William Wood,
who had contributed the botanical articles
to Rees's £ Cyclopaedia' down to 'Cyperus/
the editor applied for assistance to" Smith.
He wrote 3,348 botanical articles, among
which were fifty-seven biographies of emi-
nent botanists, including Adanson, Clusius,
Peter Collinson, and William Curtis. All
were signed ( S.7 as he disliked anonymous
writing. In 1814, when the prince regent
accepted the position of patron of the Linnean
Society, Smith received the honour of knight-
hood. In 1818 his friend, Thomas Martyn
(1735-1825) [q.v.], professor of botany at
Cambridge, who was then over eighty years
of age, invited him to lecture for fri™ ; but
the university authorities objected, on the
ground that Smith was a Unitarian. The
incident led him to write two somewhat
acrimonious pamphlets.

What has been described as his *last and
best work/ 'The English Flora/ occupied
Smith during the last seven years of his life,
the first two volumes appearing in 1824, the
third in 1825, and the fourth in March 1828,
on the very day when he was seized with his
fatal illness. The * Compendium/ in one
volume, appeared posthumously in 1829, and
the fifth volume, containing the mosses by
Sir W. J. Hooker, and the fungi by the Rev.
M. J. Berkeley, in 1833-6, Smith died in
Surrey Street, Norwich, on 17 March 1828,
and was buried at Lowestoffc, in the vault
of the Reeve family. He married, in 1796,
Pleasance, only daughter of Robert Reeve of
Lowestoffc; she is separately noticed [see
SMITH, PLEASA^CE, LADY].

Sprengel's eulogy of Smith as peyo. KV&QS
RpirawStv is extravagant, but his easy,
fluent style, happy illustration, extensive
knowledge, and elegant scholarship, both in
his lectures and in his writings, did much
to popularise botany. His possession of the
Linnsean collections invested him, in his
own opinion, with the magician's wand,
and he set a value on his judgment in all
botanical questions which his own attain-
ments did not wholly warrant (B. D. JACXSOISV
Gmdeto the Literature of Botany, p. xxxvii).
But his ownership of the Linnsean treasures
secured him a great influence abroad, and
he was elected a member of the Academy

Smith

Smith

of Sciences at Paris, the Imperial Academy

* Naturae Curiosornm/ and the academies of
Stockholm, Upsal, Turin, Lisbon, Philadel-
phia, and New York. His name was comme-
morated by Dryander and Salisbury in Alton's

* Hortus Kewensis ' by the genus Smithia^ a ;
small group of sensitive leguminous plants. '
His library and collections, including those
of Linnaeus, were offered by his executors to
the Linnean Society for 4,0007., and ulti-
mately bought by private subscription for ,
S,000/,, and presented to the society.

There is a bust of Smith by Chantrey at the
Linnean Society's apartments, an engraving
from which forms the frontispiece of the * Me- ;
moir ; * another engraving, by Audinet, ap- ,
peared in the * Gentleman's Magazine * for \
1828, and was reissued with the date 1S31
In Nichols's * Literary Illustrations/ voL yi,
and there is a folio engraving in Thornton's
4 Temple of Flora.' 1

Smith was the author of several hymns in j
the collection used in the Octagon ^Chapel, (
Norwich, of which he was a deacon at the :
time of his death. He contributed a paper
*On the Irritability of Vegetables' (to the
4 Philosophical Transactions '} ; ' De Filicum ]
generibus' (to the * Memoirs of the Turin
Academy/ 1790-1, pp. -401-22) ; fifty-two
papers to the 'Transactions of the Linnean
Society/ vols. i.-xiii., and a slight memoir
of John. Bay [q. v.] to Derham's * Memorials* j
of Bay in 1846. The following are his !
independent works: 1. 'Reflections on the ;
Study of Nature/ translated from Linnasus's |
preface to his * Museum Begis Adolphi Fre-
derici/ London, 1785, 8vo ; Dublin, 1786. j
2. * Dissertation on the Sexes of Plants, from
the Latin of Linnseus/ London, 1786, 8vo ;
Dublin, 1786. 3. fDissertatio qusedam de
Generatione complectens/ Leyden, 1786.
4, * Disquisitio de Seru Plantarum cum annot.
J. E. Smith et P. M. A. Broussonet/ from
Linux's * Amoemtates Academicae/ voL x.,
London, 1787, 8vo. 5. * Introductory Dis-
course on the Bise and Progress of Natural
History/ from the 'Transactions of the Lin-
nean Society/ i. 1-56, London, 1791, 4to,
translated into Italian by G. Fontana,Pavia,
1792, 8vo, and into Greek, with notes, by
Bemetrios Poulos, 1807, 8vo. 6. * Beliquise
Budbeckianse/ London, 1789, fol. 7. * Plan-
tarum Icones hactenus ineditse/ three fasci-
<mli, 1789, 1790, and 1791, foL, with seventy-
five platen and seventy-five pages of Latin
text. 8. * Icones pictse Plantarum rariorum/
three fasciculi, 1790-3, foL, with eighteen
<eolon3red plates and thirty-six pages of Latin
and English text. 9. < English Botany/ 36
vole. 8vo, 1790-1814, with 2,592 coloured
plafcas by James Sowerby. 10. * Spicilegium

Botanicum/ two fasciculi, 1791-2, fol., with
twenty-four coloured plates and twenty-two
pages of Latin and English text. 11, ' Linmei
Flora Lapponiea^Tiondon, 1792.8vo. 12. * Spe-
cimen of the Botany of New Holland/ Lon-
don, 1793, 4to? with sixteen coloured plates.

13. < Sketch of a Tour on the Continent/
London, 3 vols. Svo, 1793; 2nd edit. 1807.

14. £ Natural History of the rarer Lepido-
pterous Insects of Georgia, from Observations
by J. Abbot; 2 vols. fol. 1797, which ap-
peared simultaneously in both English and
French. 15. * Tracts relating to Natural
History/ London, 1798, 8vo, including re-
prints " of 1, 2, and 5. 16. t Flora Bri-
tannica/ London, 3 vols. Svo, 1800-4; with
notes by Johann Jakob Boemer, and ad-
ditional English localities by L. W. Dill-
wyn, Zurich, 1804-5. 17. f Compendium
Florae Britannic^/ 1800 ; 2nd edit. 1816 ; 3rd
edit. 1818; 5th edit. 1828 ; < in usum Flora*
Germanic®/ Erkngen, 1801. 18. < Exotic
Botany/ London, '2 vols. Svo and 4to, 1504-

1805, with 120 coloured plates bv Sowerby.

19. 'Flora Grseca/ vols. L-viL fol. 1806-28,

20. ' Prodromus Florse Grsecse/ 2 vols. 8vo,

1806, 1813. 21. ' Introduction to Physio-
logical and Systematic Botany/ London,

1807, Svo; 2nd edit. 1809: 3rd edit. 1814;
4th edit. 1819; 5th edit/ 1825; 6th edit.
1827 ; 7th edit., edited by "W. J. Hooker,
1833; another, edited by William Macgil-
livray, 1838 ; American edit., with notes by
J. Bigelow, Boston, 1814, Svo ; translated
into German by Joseph August Sehultes,
Vienna, 1819. 22. 'Tour to Hafod/ fol.,
1810, with fifteen coloured views ; only a
hundred copies printed. 23. e Lachesis Lap-
ponica/ translated from Linnaeus, London,
2 vols. 8vo, 1811. 24. 'Beview of the Modern
State of Botany/ chiefly taken fromlinnseus's
*Prselectiones' as published "by Giseke, from
the second volume of the supplement to the

* Encyclopaedia Britannica,* London, 1817,
4to, pp. 48, reprinted in Lady Smith's

* Memoir/ ii. 441-591. 25. * Considerations
respecting Cambridge, more especially re-
lating to the Botanical Professorship/ 1818,
8vo. 26. * A Defence of the Church and Uni-
versities of England against such injudicious
Advocates as Professor Monk and tie Quar-
terly Beview/ 1819, 8vo. 27. * Grammar of
Botany/ 1821; 2nd edit. 1826; American
edition, by H. Muhlenberg, New York, 1823 ;
German edition, "Weimar, 1822. 28. * Corre-
spondence of Linnaeus and other Naturalists/
London, 1821, 2 vols. Svo, 29. * English
Flora,JLondon,4vols.8vo,1824-a. 30. 'Com-
pendium of the English Flora/ London, 1829,
Svo; 2nd edit., edited by W. J. Hooker,
1836, 12mo.

Smith 64

Smith

[Memoir and Correspondence, by Lady Smith,
2 vols. 1832; Nichols's Illustrations, vol. vi,;
Georgian Era, iii. 230 : Nicholson's Journal.]

G. S. B.

SMITH, JAMES EIJMALET, com-
monly blown as ' Shepherd Smith/ (1801-
1857), divine and essayist, son of John
Smith of London, by his wife Janet, daugh-
ter of James Thomson, was born at Glasgow
on 22 NOT. 1801, and was the brother of Dr.
Robert Angus Smith [q, T.] The family was
numerous and the father in narrow circum-
stances. A fervent, disputatious, well-read
but poorly taught man, moving and breathing
in an atmosphere of theology, it was his
ambition to see all his sons in the ministry,
which had the good effect of making him
anxious about their education. By the aid
of the university of Glasgow, James Smith
acquired a fair amount of general knowledge
and a degree, and went forth at the age of
seventeen to become a private tutor and a
probationer for the church. He continued
to teach in various families until 1829, but,
though occasionally preaching, made no
serious attempt to enter the Scottish church.
Already estranged in sympathy from that
bodv, he fell about 1827 under the influence
of John Wroe fa. v.l, the Southcottian* pro-
phet/ He took up his residence with Wroe
at Ashton-under-Lyne in 1829, and remained
there nntil 1831, when he returned to Scot-
land. He had soon tired of "Wroe, whom he
nevertheless subsequently described as a
very remarkable man, and set up a doctrine
of his own, which might be described
as a mystical universalism. On his return
to Scotland he for a time practised painting,
for which he evinced much talent, but only
with a view to raising funds to take him to
London, where he arrived in September
1832. He opened a chapel, charging a penny
for admission, and circulating tracts and lec-
tures. At first he appeared to have consider-
able success, but as the novelty of his views
wore off he connected himself with Robert
Owe® £q. v.], and lectured at the socialist
institution in Charlotte Street, editing at the
same time various socialist journals. A
breach with Owen soon ensued, and at the
3®$L of Aiagust 1834 Smith established his
mm QJEam, 'The Shepherd; in which he
iisc^seett the subjects that interested him
ia feis^own way. He came to examine the
Ms own opinions, and quietly
_ much that he now recognised as
and -eccentric. The substance of his
nevertheless remained the same,
and might be described as oriental pantheism
teanritated mto Scotch. The chief peculi-
arity was Ms style, homely and conversa-

tional, yet like that of no other man It

"SSt-*^ ^ m^trat^ of his doctrine
ol u I indifference of good and evil that upon
the suspension of < The Shepherd/ he should
take refuge with the 'Penny Satirist' for
which, however, he wrote only the leading
article. He was enabled to return to his
own e pulpit, which he called newspaper'
(CABLYIJ3), by the generosity of two ladies
Mrs. Chichester and Mrs. Welsh, who in that
day spent large sums in fostering enthusiasm
and eccentricity of every sort. Smith also
took up Fourierism, and wrote in its organ
the * Phalanx/ but ' longed to get out of it '
and soon got into one of the most remarkable
ventures in the history of cheap periodical
literature, 'The Family Herald/ the first
number of which appeared on 13 May 1843.

This celebrated publication, issued weekly
at one penny, and mainly devoted to fiction
of a very popular type, was, according to the
prospectus, 'the first specimen of a publi-
cation produced entirely by machinery,
types, ink, paper, and printing.' It met with
an immediate success, and provided its
ex-Southcottian, ex-Owenite, ex-Fourierist
contributor, hitherto one of the obscurest of
public teachers, with a platform from which
he came to address weekly half a million
readers. Smith's sphere was the leading-
essay and the answers to, frequently ima-
ginary, correspondents, under cover of which
he contrived to bring his own views before a
very numerous public. As long as he re-
mained connected with the ' Herald/ and the
connection lasted until his death, there never
was a number without something worth
reading. He became ambitious, however, of
a more select audience, and produced in 1854
his only book of importance, ' The Divine
Drama of History and Civilisation/ a striking
and grandiose view of the development of
human destiny as it presented itself to his
untrained but fertile imagination. His
posthumous c Coming Man/ not published
until 1873, repeats the ideas of Ms principal
work in the form of a novel. From this
point of view it is ineffective, but it is valuable
from its portraits of some of the socialist
lecturers and religious enthusiasts whom the
writer had known. He died of decline during
a visit to Scotland in June 1857.

Though an enthusiast, Smith was by no
means a fanatic, and his enthusiasm was quali-
fied by a copious infusion of Scottish shrewd-
ness. The general drift of his speculation
is well expressed by a reviewer in the * In-
quirer:* 'In the divine government of the
world, all ages, all nations, all mythologies,
all religions, all fanaticisms, all social phe-
nomena, moral or abnormal, have had an ap-

Smith 6=

p^n^ed place and function, a brief or abiding
j» irpcfee to fuliil, and a spiritual miming
ffvnibolically to convey/ >

* r$h<5pbe;"d Smith the "Culv&rsalist : the Story ,
of aJiiiid. By i his nephew) W. Anderson Smith,
1SCO, whiah is based on his correspondence with
his family and with :he late Lady Lytton, whose
mother. Mrs. "Wheeler, had been'one of his first
pairons upon his e- mias to London.] E. G,

SMITH or SMYTH, SIB JEREMIAH
(d. Iti75|, admiral* grandson of John Smyth
of Much Warlingfield, Suffolk, and third son -
of Jeremiah Smyth of Canterbury, was pre-
sumably settled at Hull as a merchant and
shipowner, living at Birkin, where Ms wife,
Frances, died in her fortieth year, on 3 Sept. ;
1656. 'Whether he served in the parlia- '
mentary army during the civil war is un-
certain ; in connection with the sea service
his name first appears as one of the signa-
tories to the declaration of confidence in
Cromwell made by the admirals and cap-
tains of the fieet on 22 April 1653. He had
then been recently appointed captain of the
Advice, a ship of 42 guns, which he com-
manded during the summer and in the battles
of "2 and 3 June, and of 29 and 31 July. In
December he was appointed to the Essex, a !
new ship, and during the next three years ,
seems to have had the command of a small j
squadron for the police of the North Sea. j

In 1664 Smyth was appointed to the i
command of the Mary, from which, on the ;
imminence of the Dutch war in the spring j
of 1665, he was moved to the Sovereign, and j
sent to the Mediterranean as commander-in- !
chief of a small squadron. He is said by
Chamock to have been ordered to hoist the j
union nag at the main when clear of the i
Channel, but this seems very doubtful. On i
his return he was appointed admiral of the }
Hue squadron in the grand fieet, and, re- j
plaining with the duke of Albemarle when j
the fleet was divided, took part in the i Four (
Bays' Fight/ 1-4 June. The same month he J
was knighted (cf. PEPYS, Diary t iv. 439). j
He was still admiral of the blue squadron j
in the battle of 2r5 July, where, by with- J
drawing from the line, he tempted Tromp
to follow biin with a very superior force,
thus weakening the Butch line of battle.
It was doubted at the time, and may be
doubted still, whether this was done of set
purpose in consequence of some accident or
of shoal water, or from being beaten out of
Ms station. Sir Robert Holmes [q. v.], who
jubd got separated from the red squadron and
joined the blue, fiercely maintained that it
was cowardice, of which a court-martial fully
acquitted Smyth. The quarrel, however, eon-
taued with bitterness, and extended through

V0I* UZJU

; Smith

all ranks of the fleet, Albemarle taking part
with Smyth, and Prince Rupert with Holmes.
It is said that between the two there was a
duel, which in itself is not improbable, though
there is no evidence of the fact. In 1667
Smyth commanded a small squadron in the
North Sea to prey on the enemy's commerce,
while the Thames and Medway were left
open to the enemy's fleet, and in 16*38 was
vice-admiral of the fleet under Sir Thomas
Allin ~q. v.] in the Channel. In the follow-
ing year he "was appointed one of the com-
missioners of the navy as comptroller of the
victualling, and this office he held till Ma
death at Clapham in October or November
1675. His body was brought from Clapham
toHemingbrough, where> in the church, is a
monument to his memory. His will, dated
13 Oct., was proved on 13 Nov. In 1662 he-
bought Prior House in Hemingbrough, near
Selby ; he afterwards bonght various pieces
of land in Hemingbrough and the neighbour-
hood., and in 1668 he bought the manor of
Osgodby. He married, for a second wife,
Anne, daughter of John Pockley of Thorp
TVilloughby, and by her had three sons.

[Charnoek's Biogr. Xav. i. 1S6 ; Calendars of
State Papers, Bom. ; Burton's Hist, of Heming-
brough, edited by Eaine, pp. 322-4.]

J. K. It

SMITH, JEREMIAH (& 1723), divine,
was minister of a congregation at Andover,.
Hampshire^ and in 1 708 became co-pastor with
Samuel Rosewell [q. v.] of the Silver Street
Presbyterian Chapel, London. He took a
prominent part in the debates at Salters'HaH
in 1719 concerning the Trinity, and was one
of four London ministers who wrote * The
Doctrine of the Ever Blessed Trinity stated
and defended,' He was author of the por-
tion relating to the l Epistles to Titus and
Philemon' in the continuation of Matthew-
Henry's * Exposition,* and published, with
other discourses, funeral sermons on Sir
Thomas Abney (1722) and Samuel Rosewell
(1723). He died on 20 Aug. 1723, aged
nearly seventy. Matthew Clarke preached
and published a funeral sermon,

[Wilson's Dissenting Churches in London*
1810, in. 58; Williams's Memoir of Matthew-
Henry, 1827, pp. 232, 233, 80S.] C. W. S.

SMITH, JEREMIAH (1771-1854),
master of Manchester grammar school, son of
Jeremiah and Ann Smith, was born at Bre-
wood, Staffordshire, on 22 July 1771, and
educated under Dr. George Croft at Brewood
school. He entered Hertford College, Ox-
ford, in 1790, and graduated B.A. in 17&4,
M.A. in 1797,B.D. in lS10,and B.B. in 1811.
He was ordained in 1794 to the curacy of

Smith

66

Smith

Edgbaston, Binningliam, which, he soon ex-
changed for that of St. Mary's, Moseley. He
was also assistant, and then second master,
in King Edward's School, Birmingham ; and
on 6 May 1807 was appointed high master of
the Manchester grammar school, a position
he retained for thirty years. An enduring
memorial of the success which distinguished
his career as a schoolmaster exists in the third
volume of the i Admission Register of the
"Manchester School,' which was edited "by his
eldest son. While at Manchester he held suc-
cessively the curacies of St. Mark's, Cheetham
Hill, St. Greorge's, Carrington, and Sacred
Trinity, Salford, and the incumbency of St.
Peter's, Manchester (1813-25), and the
rectory of St. Ann's in the same town (1822-
1837). He also held the small vicarage of
Great Wilbraham, near Cambridge, from
1832 to 1847, and was from 1824 one of the
four 'king's preachers' for Lancashire, a
sinecure office which was abolished in 1845.
His sole publication was a sermon preached
before the North Worcester volunteers in
1805.

He died at Brewood on 21 Dec. 1854.
There is a portrait of him, from a miniature
by G. Hargreaves, in the * History of the
Inundations in Manchester' (vol. ii. 1831),
and in the * Manchester School Register'
(vol. iiL) Another portrait, by Colman, is
in the possession of the iamily.

He married, at King's Norton, Worcester-
shire, on 27 July 1811, Felicia, daughter of
William Anderton of Moseley Wake Green,
by whom he had eight children.

His eldest son, JEBBMIAH FINCH SIQTH
(1815-1895), was rector of Aldridge, Staf-
fordshire, from 1849, rural dean of Walsall
from 1862,and prebendary of Lickfield Cathe-
dral. He published, besides many sermons
and tracts, the valuable and admirably edited
* Admission Register of the Manchester
School/ 3 vols., 1860-1874, and « Notes on
the Parish of Aldridge, Staffordshire,' 1884-9,
2 pfs. (Manchester Guardian, 17 Sept. 1895).

The third son, JAMES HICKS SMITH (1822-
1881),bamster-at~law,wasauthorof : 1. 'Bre-
wood, a BSsumS, Historical and Topographi-
cayi867. 2. * Reminiscences of Thirty Years,
by &a Hereditary High Churchman/ 1868.
3. * Brewood Church, the Tombs of the Gif-
ferds/ 1870. 4. f TheParishin History, and
in Church and State/ 1871. 5. 'Collegiate
and other Ancient Manchester/ 1877 (Man-
Chester 6var&m45m.l8&%*, CkurckMevie®,
6 Jan. 1882).

Isaac Gregory Smith (&. 1827), prebendary
of Hereford Cathedral, and John George
Smith ($. 1829), bamster-at4aw, were re-
spectively fourth and fifth sons,

[Manchester School Register (Chetham Soe.)
vol. in.; Simms's Bibliotheca Staffordiensis
1894.] C. W, S. '

SMITH or SMYTEDE, Sra JOHK(1534?-
1607), diplomatist and military writer, born
about 1534, was eldest son of Sir Clement
Smith or Smythe, who resided at Little
Baddow, near Chelmsford, Essex; owned the
manor of Rivenhall and other property in
the same county; was knighted in 1547; was
1 chidden ' by Edward VI for hearing mass
in 1550 ; and died at Little Baddow on
26 Aug. 1552 (MORAKT, Essex-, NICHOLS,
Lit. Remains of Edward F7,pp, cccvi, 310).
Sir Clement married Dorothy, youngest
daughter of Sir John Seymour of WoIfHall,
Wiltshire, and sister of Edward Seymour*
duke of Somerset [q. v.], and of Jane Sey-
mour, Henry VHPs C[ueen [see JAJTE], John
was thus first cousin of Edward VI, but
he fully cherished the Roman catholic senti-
ments with which his father imbued him.
Wood states that he was educated at Oxford,
fbut in what House 'tis difficult to find,
because both his names are very common.1
The ascertained facts of Sir John Smith's
career render it impossible to identify him
with any of the three Oxford graduates
named John Smith who matriculated be-
tween 1537 and 1551. It is certain that he
took no degree. Dissatisfied with the pro-
testant policy that was favoured by his royal
cousin and by his mother's family, he probably
left England at an early age to seek hisfortune
abroad. According to his own account, he
served as a volunteer or soldier of fortune in
France while Edward VI was still king ( Dis-
courses, p. 23). For nearly twenty years fol-
lowing he maintained like relations with
foreign armies and saw active service not
only in France, but in the Low Countries,
where he enlisted under the Spanish flag,
and in the east of Europe. In 1566 he fought
against the Turks in Hungary, and came under
the notice of the Emperor Maximilian II. A
man of much general intelligence, he became
an expert linguist, especially in Spanish, and
lost no opportunity of studying the art of
war as practised by the chief generals of the
continent. Despite his catholic predilections,
he remained devotedly attachea to the inte-
rests of his own country,and often disavowed
sympathy with catholic priests.

In 1572 the queen granted him the manor
of Little Baddow, with, the advowson of the
church there (MoBAOT, ii. 21) ; and in 1574
he received, through Sir Henry Lee, while
still abroad, an invitation from the English
government to return home and enter the
government service. * Refusing very great
' entertainments that lie was offered by certain

Smith

Smith

gr-at and foreign princes/ he at once accepted
tb? offer. At iirst lie tad no ground to
complain of the trust reposed in him. He
went to France In April 1576 to watch
events. In his despatches home he gave dis-
paraging accounts of the beauty of the ladies
of the French court when compared with that
of Queen Elizabeth. He was knighted in the
same year, apparently on revisiting London
< METCAWE, Knights^ p. 130). In the spring
of 1577 he was entrusted with a diplomatic
mission of high importance to Madrid. He
was directed to explain to Philip EE Eliza-
beth's conduct in the Netherlands, to renew
her offer of mediation between Spain and the
revolted provinces of the Netherlands, and to
demand for English traders off the coast of
.Spain and elsewhere protection from the as-
saults of Spanish ships (FBOTDE, History , x.
389-91 ). Philip and Alva received him com-
placently, but Quiroga, archbishop of Toledo,
the inquisitor-general, haughtily scorned his
advances. At the end often months, however,
Smith ret urned home with friendly assurances
from Philip, and the diplomatic relations be-
tween the two countries seemed to be placed
on a permanently amicable footing (cf. Leyces-
ter Correspondence, p. 93). Smith's * Collec-
tions and Observations relating to the con-
dition of Spain during his residence there in
1577,' chiefly in Spanish, are preserved in
manuscript at Lambeth (No. 271).

Thenceforth Smith's life was a long series
of disappointments. He sought further offi-
ekl employment in vain. A querulous tem-
per ana defective judgment doubtless ac-
counted for the neglect. His importunate
appeals to the queen and her ministers did
not improve his prospects. He had borrowed
money of the queen and was hopelessly in-
volved in pecuniary difficulties. On 21 Sept.
1578 the queen released * unto him the mort-
gage of his lands upon the debt which he
oweth her ' on condition that he gave a bond
for the payment of 2,OOQf. at Michaelmas
twelvemonth (NICOLAS, Life of J&atton, p.
93; cf. Oz£ State Papers, Dom. 1547-80. p.
646). ^

In view of the threatened armada, Smith,
whose reputation as a soldier remained high,
was directed to train the regiments of foot
soldiers raised in his own county of Essex.
He boasted that he admitted to his troops
only men of proved respectability, but other-
wise evinced little discretion. When in July
1568 he brought his detachment to the camp
at Tilbury, he pointed out to Leicester, the
©omniander-in-chief, the defective training of
the res* of the army. Leicester, though he
privately held much the same view, resented
's seTere eiiticisBas, and Smith inoppor-

tunely asked for leave of absence on the
ground of ill-health, which necessitated a
; visit to 'the baths/ The request was refused,
1 and he continued to give voice to what Leices-
ter denounced as 'foolish and vainglorious
paradoxes.' After a review by Smith of the
, Essex contingent, * he entered again (accord-
ing to Leicester) into such strange cries for
1 ordering of men and for fight with the
! weapon as made me think he was not well *
fttoTLm,VnttedSct&erfandg,u.4:&2-3). The
armada was soon dispersed at sea, and Smithfs
services were not put to further test.

On 28 Jan. 1589-90 he wrote to Burghley
from Baddow, sensibly warning him of the
j danger of permitting the formation of regi-
| ments for foreign service from men of * the
* baser sort.' He complained of his longneglect
1 at the hands of the queen, and vainly begged
permission to visit the spas and foreign coun-
tries for a year or two, and to assign his lands
so as to pay off his debts to the queen and
others, and to maintain his wife and family
( Gal, Hat fold MSS. iv. 4, 5). To distract Ms
mind from his grievances he composed be-
tween 1589 and 1591 i four or five little books'
treating of * matters of arms/ and in 1590
' he published one of them, consisting of a
series of discourses on the uses of military
j weapons. He strongly favoured the eon-
1 tinned use of the bow in warfare, and drew
from his foreign experience much interesting
detail respecting the equipment of armies at
home and abroad. The work was entitled
'Certain Discourses written by Sir John
Smythe, knight, concerning the formes and
} effects of diuers sorts of Weapons, and other
j verie important matters Militarie greatlie
mistaken by diuers of our men of warre in
these dates, and chiefly of the Mosquet, the
Galiuer, and the Long-bow ; as also of the
great sufficieneie, exceBencie, and wonderful
effects of Archers ; with many notable ex-
amples and other particularities by him pre-
sented to the Nobilitie of this Eealme, and
published for the benefite of this his native
Countrie of England/ 4tof London (by Richard
Johnes), 1590. In the dedication, which he ad-
dressed to the English nobility, and in other
sections of the work Smith gave vent to his
resentment at failing to obtain regular mili-
tary employment, and charged Leicester and
others of the queen's advisers with incompe-
tence and corruption. These charges were
brought to the queen's notice, and she di-
rected that all copies of the book be l called
in, both because they be printed without
privilege, and that they may breed much
question and quarrell* (Sir Thomas Heneage
to Burghley, 14 May 1590). In a long letter
to Burghley, 20 May 1590, Smith hotly pro- -

Smith

68

Smith

tested against this indignity, and rehearsed i not to go a mile from it without special license.
Ms grievlmces anew. On 3 June he addressed I This condition was enforced till the end of
himself in similar terms to the queen, and no the queen's reign (id. pp. -414-18 ; Letters of
further restriction seems to have heen placed j Eminent Literary Men, Camden Soc, pp.88-
on the book's circulation. Smith's views on i 97 ; Cal State Papers, Dom. 1595-7, pp. 235
the value of archery were attacked ahout- \ seq., 1598-1601, pp. 2, 17,408,417). He was
1591 by Humfrey Barwick in his * Breefe buried in the church of Little Baddow on

discourse concerning the force and effect of
all manuall weapons of fire.'

In 1594 Smith published a second military
treatise of a more practical character than
its forerunner ; it was called l Instructions,
Observations, and Orders Militarie, requisite
for all Chieftaines, Captains, and higher and
lower men of charge, and Officers, to under-
stand, knowe, and observe. Composed by
Sir John Smythe, knight e, 1591, and now
first imprinted, 1594,' London, by Richard
Jones, 4to. It had some sale, and was_ re-
issued in the following year. The dedica-
tion, inscribed to the * knights, esquires, and
gentlemen of England that are honorablie
delighted in the arte and science militarie,'
displayed much knowledge of history.

At length, on 2 March 1595-6, Smith
obtained the permission he had long sought
to sell Little Baddow, and Anthony Pen-

1 Sept. 1607 (Iteff.)
[Authorities cited.]

S. L.

SMITH or SMYTH, JOBDNT (d. 1612), the
Se-baptist and reputed father of the English
general baptists, was, according to the prin-
cipal authorities, matriculated as a sizar of
Christ's College, Cambridge, on 26 Xov. 1571,
graduated B.A. in 1575-6, was afterwards
elected a fellow of his college, and commenced
M.A. in 1579 (CoopEE, Athente Cantabr. iiL
38 ; DEXTEE, True Story of John Smyth, p. 1),
Francis Johnson (1562-1618) [q. v.] is said
to have been at one time his tutor (Yoirtfs,
Ckron. of the Pilgrim Fathers, 1844, p. 450).
But Johnson was not matriculated as a pen-
sioner at Christ's College until April 1579,
The suggestion that the Se-baptist was the
John Smith of Christ's College who com-
menced M.A. in 1593 does not seem well sup-

nyng of Kettleberg, Suffolk, purchased it I ported (AEBEE, Story of the Pilgrim Father^
on 30 April (MoEA^n:). Smith continued to 1897, p. 131). Smyth was ordained a clergy-
reside in the village. In June 1596 he was man by William Wickham, bishop of Lincoln
at Colchester with Sir Thomas Lucas, who | between 1584 and 1595. In a sermon ad
was training the county militia. In their clerum preached by him on Ash Wednes-
company was Smith's kinsman, Thomas day 1585-6 Smyth advocated a judaical ob-
Seymour, second son of Edward Seymour, j servance of the Sabbath. He was conse-
earl of Hertford [q. v.], and brother of Ed- \ quently cited before the vice-chancellor of
ward Seymour, lord Beauchamp, a claimant the university and heads of colleges, and^ in
to the royal succession. On the morning of the end he undertook to interpret his opinion
13 June Smith rode into the field where the j of such things as had been by him doubt-
pikemen were practising, and bade the sol- i fully and uncertainly delivered, more clearly,

diers forsake their colonel and follow Sey-
mour and himself. * The common people/
he added, l have been oppressed and used as

in another sermon ad clerum, first submit-
ting it to the vice-chancellor for his approval
(CoopEE, Annals of Cambridge, ii. 415). The

bondmen these thirty years; but if you will ! Se-baptist must not be identified, as has been

go with me I will see a reformation, and you
shall be used as freemen* (STETPE, Annals,
iv. IS). The words were at once reported
to Lord Burghley. Smith was arrested on

alleged, with the clergyman named Smith
who was confined for eleven months in the
Marshalsea in 1597 ; the Christian name of
that divine was William. The Se-baptist

& charge of treason and sent to the Tower. ! was preacher or lecturer in the city of Lon-
*•" • • ' -•* * **-- ^-— -'---•«-- ! coin from 1603 to 1605. During the latter

year he separated from the established church
after nine months of doubt and study. Ao-

Whea examined in the Star-chamber on
14 June, he confessed the truth of the facts
as reported, but pleaded that he had supped
too generously for the state of his health the
night before. On the 26th of the month he
sent an abject apology to Burghley, offering
to confine himself thenceforth to "his house
at Little Baddow, and to publish a confession
of his fault in the market-place at Colchester.
No further steps were taken against him, but
lie remained in the Tower till February 1598,
when the queen directed that he might repair
to his house ia Essex on giving good security

cording to his own account, he held at Coven-
try, with Masters Bod, Hildersham, and
Barbon, a conference 'about withdrawing
from true Churches, Ministers, and Worship
corrupted/ In 1606 he established a con-
gregation of separatists at Gainsborough.
This church or congregation was not orga-
nised on the lines of the l Holy Discipline/
but upon original principles. Its pastor
held that Scripture knew of but one class of

Smith

Smith

*r>]er=. In opposition to the * Holy Discipline1
theory of the three separate ofSces of pastor,
trader, End elder, Smyth was known to
WzIIiazo. Brewster jj. vf, and the s gathered
church* meeting at Brewster's residence,
Scrooby Manor, Nottinghamshire., was formed
on lines suggested by Smyth.

In or about 1606 Smyth, -with his wife and
children and his congregation, left Gains-
borough and went to Amsterdam, where they
joined Francis Johnson ~q. v.j and Henry
Ainsworth ~q_. v.~, who had been his tutor.
His arrival produced farther dissension in the
already agitated English congregation at that
place. * Smyth imbibed with avidity the doc-
trines held "by the Dutch remonstrants, and,
throwing off* the CaMnistic doctrines, em-
braced Arminianism. At the same time his
peculiar sentiments on baptism, with his
practice, procured for him the appellation of
the Se-baptist, because at a solemn religious
service, held probably in October 1608, he
performed the rite of baptism upon himself
and afterwards baptised others, to the num-
ber of about forty. His opinions, which
frequently and rapidly changed, involved him
in controversy with Joseph Hall (afterwards
bishopX Henry Ainsworth, Richard Bernard,
John Robinson, Richard Clifton, John Paget,
and Francis Jessop. He was a fearless and
an able, though by no means a courteous,
disputant. He styled the ' ancient exiled
church y at Amsterdam the i ancient brethren
of the separation,' and his own community
he called *the brethren of the separation
of the second English church at Amster-
dam.*

A few months after he had baptised him-
self, Smyth moved on to another plane of
thought and action, first suspecting, and
then affirming, that they had all been in
error in holding the right to baptise and —
in his own phrase — to church themselves.
Further modification of his theological views
accompanied and exaggerated this difficulty,
which soon constrained the majority of tne
new church to excommunicate Smyth and
twenty or thirty who thought with him.
Smyth and his excluded friends sought ad-
mission into a church of the Mennonites,
who, however, refused to receive them.
Thereupon he and his little congregation
took refuge in a room at the baci of the
'great cake-house* or bakery belonging to
Jan Hunter. Meanwhile, some time after
his arrival at Amsterdam he began to prac-
tise physic. He died there of consumption
in August 1612, and on 1 Sept. was buried
in the Nienwekerke. On 20 Jan. 1815 what
msmiaed of his company was admitted into
one of the Mennonite churches. For a short

j time a separate English service was held by
: them in the cake-bouse, but they&^on 1;^-
came absorbed among the Butch, leaving no
1 trace in history of separate existence.

The somewhat shadowy claim popularly
t advanced in Smith's behalf to be the father of
the English general baptists appears to rest on
his authorship of some of the earliest exposi-
; tions of general baptist principles that were
; printed in England. The titles of his pub-
\ lished works are : 1. £ A True Description out
of the Word of God of the Visible Church/
1589; reprinted in Allison's * Confutation,'
inLawne's 'Brownism turned the inside out-
ward' (1603i, in Wall's 'More Work for
the Dean' (1681), and separately 1641, 4to.

2. * The Bright Morning Star, or the Resolu-
tion and Exposition of the Twenty-second
Psalm ; preached publicly in four sermons at
Lincoln," Cambridge ( John Legat); 1603, 8 vo.

3. * A Patterne of True Prayer. A learned
and comfortable Exposition or Commentarie
upon the Lords Prayer/ London, 1605 and
1624, Svo,4o2 palest Dedicated to Edmund
Sheffield, lord Sheffield (afterwards Earl of
Mulgrave). Apparently every copy of the

, first edition has disappeared. 4. * The Diffe-
rences of the Churches of the Separation :
containing a Description of the Leitourgie £
; Ministerie of the Visible Church,' 1608, 4to.
, 5. * Parallels, Censures, Observations, apper-
j taining to Three several Writings: (1) "A
! Letter to Mr. Richard Bernard, by John
, Smyth ;" (2) " A Book entitnled The Sepa-
ratists Schism, published by Mr. Bernard ; "
(3) "An Answer to the Separatists Schism,"
by Mr. H. Ainsworth/ London, 1609, 4to.
6. * The Character of the Beast, or the False
Constitution of the Church discovered in
certain passages betwixt Mr. E. Clifton
, and John Smyth concerning true Chris-
1 tian Baptism of New Creatures or New-born
I Babes in Christ : and False Baptism of
j Infants born after the Flesh. Referred to
j two propositions : (1) That Infants are not
| to be baptised; (2) That Antichristians
j converted are to be admitted into the True
; Church by Baptism,' 1609, 4to. 7. £ A
Beply to Mr. E. Cl yffcon's " Christian Plea/5 '
1610.

In the library of York Minster there is a
tract without title or date, and believed to
be unique, containing *The last book of
John Smith, called the Retractation of his
Errors and the Confirmation of the Truth ; J
and ' The Life and Death of John Smith/
by Thomas Pigott; as well as John Smyth's
* Confession 01 Faith,' in one hundred pro-
positions. The last was replied to by John
Bobinson of Leyden, in his * Survej of the
" Confessions of Faith," * The whole tract

Smith 7°

was reprinted in Bobert Barclay's * Inner Life
of the Religious Societies of the Common-
wealth/ London (1876, pp. 117 and 118).

[Arber's Story of the Pilgrim Fathers, 1897,
p. 630 ; Bodleian Catalogue, iii. 498 ; Brook's
Puritans, ii. 195 ; Crosby's Hist of the English
Baptists, i. 91-9, 265-71, Appendix, p. 67;
Belter's Troe Story of J. Smyth, the Se-Baptist,
Boston, 1881; Bernard on Euth, ed. Grosart;
Bishop Hall's Works ; Pratt), vii. 171 ; Hanbury's
Hist. Memorials of the Independents ; HoweLL's
State Trials, xxii. 709 ; Hunter's Pounders of
New Plymouth, pp. 32 seq. 1 60 ; Ivimey's Hist,
of the English Baptists, i. 113-122, ii. 503-5;
deal's Puritans, i. 302, 349, 422 ; Notes and
Queries, 4th ser. vi. 529 ; Strype's Annals, iii.
341, iv. 134 foi; Taylor's Oeneral Baptists, i.
65 seq. ; Watt's Bibl. Brit, under 'Smith ;' Wil-
son's Dissenting Churches, i. 21, 28 seq.] T. C.

SMITH, JOHN (1563-1616), divine, born
at or near Coventry, Warwickshire, in 1563,
was educated at the Coventry grammar
school recently founded by John Hales, and
elected at the age of fourteen to a Coventry
scholarship at St. John's College, Oxford. He
proceeded MA. in 1585, and BD. in 1591.
He was made a fellow of his college, and
highly valued in the university * for his piety
and parts.' He was chosen lecturer at St.
Paurs Cathedral, in the place of Lancelot
Andrewes fq. v.], and became minister of
Clavering, Essex, in 1592. He died in No-
vember 1616, leaving benefactions to St.
John's College, to Clavering parish, and to
ten faithful and good ministers who had been
deprived on the question of ceremonies. He
obtained a license to marry Frances, daughter
of William Babbington of Chorley, Cheshire,
on 21 Oct. 1594 (FOSTEE, London Marriage
Licenses, p. 1244).

He was authorof : 1. * 'Afl-oXoyta T7js*A-yyX<ay
'E*ieXg<nW . . .Apologia Ecclesise Anglican®
Grsece versa interprete J. S./ Oxford, 1614,
12mo ; this was a Greek version of Bishop
Jewel's 'Apology,' and was published again
with the Latin in 1639, 8vo (cf. MABAH, Early
Oxford Press, pp. 97, 214). 2. ' Essex Dove,
presenting the world with a few of her olive
branches ; or, a taste of the works of that
HeverendjFaithfull, Judicious, Learned, and
holy Minister of the Word, Mr. John Smith
. . .delivered in three several! Treatises, viz.
(1) His Grounds of Beligion ; (2) An Exposi-
tion on the Lord's Prayer ; (3) A Treatise of
Repentance/ 3 parts, London, 1629, 4to, 2nd
edit, enlarged, London, 1633, 8vo, 3rd edit.,
corrected and amended, London, 1637, 8vo.
3. * An Exposition of the Creed, delivered
in many afternoons Sermons, and now pub-
lished by Aothoajr Palmer/ London, 1632,
foi Palmer married Smith's widow. The

Smith

seventy-three sermons in this volume include
the * Explanation of the Articles of our
Christian Faith7 mentioned by Wood as a
separate book.

[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1 500-1 714 ; Clark and
Boase's Register of University of Oxford, i. S3>
ii,78,iii.9S; Wood's Athense Oxon. ii. 188, Fasti*
i. 217; Morant's Essex, ii. 614 ; Colvile's "War-
wickshire"Worthies,p. 698 ; Brit. Museum Library
Cat. ; Bodleian Library Cat.] B. B,

SMITH, JOHN (1580-1631), soldier and
colonist, baptised in the parish church at
"Willoughby in Lincolnshire, on 6 Jan. 1579-
1580, was son of George and Alice Smith of
that place. His father was buried on 3 April
1596, shortly after which he went to seek his
fortune in the French army. In 1598, how-
ever, peace was made between France and
Spain, and Smith then offered his services to-
the insurgents in the Low Countries, with
whom he remained for three or four years.
About 1600 he returned to England and
•abode at home in Lincolnshire for a short
time, studying the theory of war and prac-
tising the exercise of a cavalry soldier. La
1600 Smith again sought foreign service, and
went through, according to his own vivid
testimony, a number of startling adventures*
Mr. Palfrey, in his * History of New Eng-
land ' (vol. i.), showed that Smith's stories-
of his career in eastern Europe harmonise
to some extent with what we know from
independent chroniclers ; but this is denied
by later investigators, and especially by Alex-
ander Brown in his memoir of Smith (6?e~
nesis^ of United States of America). Ac-
cording to Smith's own account, which may
be credited with a substratum of fact at any
rate, he first voyaged to Italy in company
with a number of French pilgrims bound for
Eome,and having been thrown overboard as
a huguenot, was rescued by a pirate or pri-
vateer, with whom he served for some time.
Then, travelling through Italy and Dal-
matia, he reached Styria, and took service-
under the Archduke of Austria. He asserts-
that he did specially good service when th&
imperial army was endeavouring to raise the
siege of f01umpaghj (Limbaeh) by intro-
ducing a system of signalling between them
and the garrison, and afterwards helped by
like means to bring about the fall of Stiihl-
weissenburg. After this he killed three-
Turkish champions in a series of single com-
bats fought in sight of the two armies, and:
for this he received a coat of arms from
Sigismund Bathori, prince of Transylvania^
under whom he was then serving. At the*
battle of Rothenthurm he was taken prisoner,,
sold for a slave, and sent to Constant!-

Smith

Smith

nople. Befriended by a Turkish lady of \ [q. v.l, an arrogant man of no special capacitv
quality, he was removed to Varna in the | was deposed, a proceeding in which Smi:h
Black £ea. There, after much cruel treat- , took a leading part. Winrfeld was" sue-
ment from his master, a pasha, Smith killed ceeded by John Eatcliffe. "He held office
his tyrant and made Ms escape. After long | for one year, and Smith then (10 Sept. 100*)
wanderings through Europe he reached Mo- ! became the titular head of the colonv, as he
roecQ, and. there falling in with an English had been almost from the outset its guiding
man-of-war, came home in 1605. } and animating spirit, With resolute disci-

In the next year ^ he purposed to join an j pline Smith introduced something of order
English settlement in Guiana, but the scheme : and industry among the thriftless and help-
was frustrated by the death of Charles Lee, ; less settlers. They built houses and finished
the intended leader of the colonists. Smith t the church, fortified the settlement at James-
then entered on the best known portion of ' town, and took some steps towards support-
his career, the conduct of the Virginian [ ing themselves by tillage and fishing,
colony, and was among the 105 emigrants During the summer of 1608 he explored
who, on 19 Bee. 1606, set out from Black- i the coasts of the Chesapeake as far as the
waH to found Virginia. They sailed in three ! mouth of the Patapsco, and further explored
ve^elsj the Susan Constant, under Chris- , the head of the Chesapeake. On these two
topher Newport jj. v. J ; the Godspeed, under i voyages Smith computed that he sailed three
Bartholomew Gosnold _q. v/ ; and the Dis- thousand miles. From his surveys he con-
eovery, under John Katcliffe see under structed a map of the bay and its environs
SICKMMOBE^ Smith is described in the list , (see No. 2 below). His dealings with the
of passengers as a planter. By a most un- natives were marked by honesty and good
happy arrangement the names of the council, ; judgment.

of whom Smith was one, were sealed up in a , In August 1609 a fresh party of colonists
box not to be opened till the settlers reached ( arrived, deprived unhappily of their leaders
America, and the temporary control during j by a storm which separated the fleet rsee
thejoyage was vested in Captain Newport. SOMEES, SIB GEGB&E! Further dissensions
hmith m some unrecorded fashion came into j arose, leading to cabals against Smith and to
conflict with him, was put under arrest, and, j difficulties with the natives. In the following-
although a member of the council (under the ( September Smith was badly hurt by the
sealed orders, which were opened on arriving accidental explosion of a bag of gunpowder,
in Chesapeake Bay on 26 April), was at first | and left the colony, never to revisit it
not allowed to act. Nevertheless, from the j Henceforth he took no part in the proceed-
outset he did good service. The settlers, ! ings of the Virginia Company, but devoted
wno had come in search of an Eldorado, himself to encouraging in England colonisa-
such as thatpictured in the popular play of tion and the establishment of fisheries in
• Eastward Ho ! (1605), had neither the in- what was afterwards known as New Enir-
teliigence nor the industry to support them- land. Thither he sailed with two ships on
•elves by tillage, and they had to subsist on a voyage of exploration in 1614, On his

•fllti CTlT»-.-«1 l^lf-i OTlllI^'L. *-T,,*._ -» — ..tJ 1 1 __ J_ 1 t T"» « jn** -. —*-»

return he presented to Prince Charles a map
of the coast from the Penobscot to Cape
Cod, in which the real contour of the New-
England coast was for the first time indi-
cated. In this the territory south of the
Hudson was called New England, and among
other English names adopted that of Ply-
mouth was assigned to the mainland oppo-

the supplies which they could buy, beg, or
steal from the natives. In the various ex-
peditions into the country in search of food
Smith proved himself an energetic and effec-
tive leader. In one of these, in December
1607, he was taken prisoner, and was re-
leased, according to a statement made by
himself many years later (see his publica-

, „. "3 f+\ i * * -"— -~— i .M-ivfcujjj. ?•» u*j cwjaigiicri-t uv UJJLG IMfVI HI Mi 11.1.1 VIppO*"

tions JN os. 5 and 7), through the intervention site Cape Cod, two names which by a happy
of the Indian princess Pocahontas [see under i chance so well fitted in with the fedura
KOMI, JOBS], The whole incident is matter of the later settlers as to be permanently
of controversy. In all likelihood Ms rescue adopted.

Smith now became ultimate with one of
the chief patrons of New England explora-
tion, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, and in 1615 he
made two attempts to visit New England,
The first failed tnrougli a storm in which
SmitVs ship was dismasted. At the next
attempt he was taken by a French ship of
•war, and, after serving with his captors
against the Spaniards, was set free. In 1617

by Pocahontas owes the general acceptance
which it long enjoyed to the fact of its un-
questioned adoption in 1747 by Stith, the
irst historian of Virginia. Ilater writers
have pointed out that it is at least wholly
inconsistent with the story told by Smith in
his earlier publications (cf. No. 1 and No. 2),
Meanwhile, in September 1607, the first
elected president, Edward Maria "Wingfield

Smith 7

he made a last attempt, but the three vessels !
in which he and his company were embarked j
were kept in port by bad weather, and the j
expedition was abandoned. Henceforth !
Smith's exertions on behalf of Ajnerican !
colonisation were confined to the produc- |
tion in London of maps and pamphlets. He j
died in June 1631, and was buried in St. j
Sepulchre's Church, London. His will, which j
was proved on 1 July, is at Somerset House
(P.C.C. St. John, 89). It is printed in Mr.
Arber's edition of his works.

Much controversy has arisen as to the
truth of the stories published by Smith
about his own adventures. But the modern
historian, while recognising the extravagance
of the details of many of the more picturesque
of Smith's self-recorded exploits, is bound to
give full weight to his record of his more
prosaic achievements — in laying the solid '
foundations of the prosperity of the new
settlement of Virginia. Of his works those
numbered 2 and 4 below contain numerous
passages professedly written not by Smith
nmnself, but by those who were associated
with mm in Virginia.

SmithTs published writings are : 1. * A true
Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents
of Kote as hath passed in Virginia since the
first planting of that Colony/ 1608; ed. C.
Deane, 1866. 2. < A Map of Virginia, with
a Description of the Country,' Oxford, 1612
(cf. MADAK, Early Oxford Press, pp. 83-5).
3. * A Description of New England/ 1616; i
other editions 1792, 1836, 1865 ; translated
into German 1628. 4. i New England's j
Trials/ 1620; 2nd edit. 1622 • other editions
1836, 1867. o. 'The General History of
Virginia, Summer Isles, and New England/ '
1624; other editions 1626, 1627, 1632. '
6. f An Accidence, or the Pathway to expe-
rience necessary for all Young Seamen . . ./
1626; republished in the next year, enlarged
by another hand, under the title of ' The '
Seaman's Grammar;' other editions under
the latter title 1653 and 1691. 7, ' The True
Travels, Adventures, and Observations of
Captain John Smith in Europe, Asia, Africa, f
and America, from Anno Domini 1593 to '
1629, together with a Continuation of his
General History of Virginia/ &e., 1630:
other editions 1732, 1744, and 1819 ; trans-
lated into Butch 1678, 1707, and 1727.
8. * Advertisements for the Unexperienced
Banters of New England,* 1631; edited
for the Massachusetts Historical Society
1792, and translated into Dutch 1706 and
17.J7.

A portrait of Smith was engraved by
Simon Pass in 161$, 'at. 37/ and prefixed
to Ms later works, Copes and reprodoc- ,

2 Smith

tions of this form the frontispiece to most
of the modern ' Lives.'

[A complete list and fall account of Smith's
writings is in Mr. Arber's introduction to the re-
print of them in the English Scholar's Library
(1884). After Smith's own works, which consti-
tute our sole authority for many of his exploits,
the most valuable contemporary sources are
Newport's Discoveries in Virginia (first pub-
lished in 1860 in Arch, Americana, iv. 40-65}
Wingfield's Discourse of America ($.'pp. 67-!
163), and Spelman's Relation of Virginia (Lon-
don, 1872). Slightly later in origin are Eobert
Johnson's New Life of Virginia (1612) and
Whitaker's G-ood Newes from Virginia (161 a).
These chronicles of eye-witnesses were followed
in the eighteenth century by Keith's History of
Virginia (1738) and by the important History
of the First Discovery and Settlement of Vir-
ginia, by William Stith, Williamsburg, 1747. A
much less trustful view of Smith's statements is
taken by Mr. Edward Duffield Neill in his Vir-

t'nia Company in London (1869) and his valuable
Qglish Colonisation of America (1871). Similar
suspicion, with varying degrees of reservation,
is expressed in Coit Tyler's History of American
Literature (1879), in Mr. J. A, Doyle's English
in America (1881-2), in Professor S. B. Gar-
diner's History (vol. ii. 1883), in Winsor's His-
tory of America (vol. iii. 1886), and in the later
editions of Bancroft's History of the United
States. An extremely pessimistic view of Smith's
character and influence is taken by Alexander
Brown in Genesis of the United States of America
(voL ii. 1890).

Puller, in his Worthies of England, was the
first to give a biographical account of Smith,
whose exploits formed the subject of numerous
* marvellous ' biographies, especially in America,
during the next two hundred years. A type of
these is that by J. Bilknap, published atBoston in
1820, with startling coloured illustrations. More
serious productions were the lives by George S.
Hillard (in vol. ii. of Sparks's Library of Ame-
rican Biogr. 1834), by Mrs. Edward Eobinson
(London, 1845), by W. Gilmore Simms (New
York, 1846), and by George C. Hill (New York,
1858). But the first critical investigation of
Smith's career was that made by Charles Deane ia
his Notes on Wingfield's Discourse of America,
printed at Boston in 1859, and in his edition of
Smith's Eolation, issued in 1866. The line of
xewaieh thus indicated was followed up with
much ingenuity by the Virginia Historical So-
ciety, which published in 1888 its invaluable
Abstract of the Proceedings of the Virginia
Society in London, The new evidence adduced
by these biographical investigations led to the
rewriting of the early chapters of the history of
Virginia by Neill and others (see above). It
also bore fruit in the ultra-iconoclastic Life and
Writings of John Smith, by Charles Dudley
Waraer(1881). An attempt at strict impartiality
is maintained in the Memoir by Charles Kilt-
ridge True (New York, 1882) and in Appleton's

Smith

73

Smith

Cvalo; ablia ^ American Biography (vol. T. i
!§SS • . But Smith lias found warm defenders of j
the substantial truth of his story in Professor j
Arter IE his Memoir of John Smith in the }
Encyclopaedia BriUnnica (9th edit. 1887) and '
k his editics of Smith's Works ; in W. Wirt ;
Henry {Address to Virginia Hist. Soc. February j
18S2'*: :c Mr, John Ash ton, who published a ,
riehdvf of Smith's Adventures and DiseoTirses (
in ISS3 ; and in J. Poindexter in Captain John i
Smith and his Critics (1893). For a fuller ;
account of the evidence as to the credibility i
of the Pocahontas episode, see nnder ROLFS, •
JOHN.] J. A. D.

SMITH or SMYTH, JOHN (1567- j
1640 1. genealogical antiquary, the son. of 1
Thomas^Smyth of Hoby, Leicestershire, and J
grandson of William Smyth of Humberston '
in Lincolnshire, was born in 1567 and edu- !
eated at the iree school, Derby. His mother,
Joan, was a daughter of a citizen of Derby
named Eichard Alan. From Derby Smyth
proceeded in 1584 to Callowden to attend
upon, Thomas, son and heir of Henry, seven- ;
teenth lord Berkeley. He studied under
the same tutor, and went up with the young ,
lord to Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1589.
In 1594 Smyth removed to the Middle }
Temple, and two years later, having com- j
pleted his studies there, returned to the j
Berkeley family as household steward, a ;
post which he exchanged in 1597 for the j
more lucrative and dignified office of steward I
of the hundred and liberty of Berkeley.
About the same time he took up his resi-
dence at Nibley in Gloucestershire, where,
in process of time, he acquired two adjacent
manor-houses, i adorned with gardens and
groves and a large park well wooded/ So
bountiful were tne Berkeleys to him that
the family fool is said on one occasion to
have tied Berkeley Castle to the church with
twine 4 to prevent the former from going to
Jfibley.' As steward of the manor, Smyth
had charge of the muniment -room at the
castle, and, devoting himself with assiduity
to the rich treasures which centuries had
accumulated there, he was led eventually to
write a history of the lives of the first twenty-
one lords of Berkeley, from the Norman
conquest down to 1628. Smyth sat for
HidQniist in the parliament of 1621, but he
took no part in politics in the stormy times
that were coming, and died at Nibley, on
the eve of the troubles, in the autumn of
1&4Q. His first wife, Grace, a native of
Kibley, died in 1609, without issue, and
Smytt married as his second wife (9 Jan.
1809-10) Mary, daughter of John Browning
of Cowley, By this marriage he had five
sows and three daughters. His eldest so%

John, was buried in Xibley church in
aged 81. John Smith or Smyth (1602-
1717) [q.v.~, the playwright, is 'believed to
have been a great-grandson.

Smyth's style is quaint and somewhat
rude, "and his orthography very irregular;
but, irrespective of the allusions to the im-
portant public events in which the Berkeley
family participated, his * Lives' are very
valuable for the light they reflect upon the
social condition of the people in mediaeval
times, the methods of cultivation adopted,
the simplicity of manners, and the fluctua-
tions of prices. As an antiquarv the author
showed an accomplished knowledge of an*
cient documents and public records. Bug-
dale embodied a large portion of his work in
his * Baronage of England/ 1675-6. After
1676 the documents were practically undis-
turbed at Berkeley Castle until, in 1821,
Thomas Dudley Fosbroke rq. v.] published
his * Abstracts* and Extracts of Smyth's
Lives of the Berkeleys/ London, 4to. * The
first-rate archaeological character of the docu-
ments was now established. In vol. v. of
the * Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeo-
logical Society's Transactions ' (1880-1), Mr.
James Herbert Cooke published a valuable
monograph on * The Berkeley MSS.and their
Author/ and two years lateral 883-5) the same
society published in extenso *The Berkelev
MSS. ... by John Smyth of Nibley/ edited
by Sir John Maclean, 3 vols. 4to. Smyth
left a number of other works in manuscript,
of which he made a schedule at the end of
the * Lives of the Berkeleys/ Of these only
three appear to be extant : 1 (at Berkeley
Castle), * A Register of Tenures by Knight
Service, mainly in the county of Gloucester ; *
2 (at Condover Hall, Shropshire), the first
portion of 'Three Bpokes in folio, containing^
the names of each inhabitant in this countT
of Gloucij how they; stood charged witk
armor in a* 6W Jacobi ; T and 3 (also at Con-
dover), * Abstracts of all the Offices or In-
quisitions post mortem and of ad Q^od
damnum in the co. of Gloucester from
10 Henry m to 28 Henry VIII.1

[Wood's Athena Oxoru ed. Bliss, iii. 1030 ;
Foster's Alumni Oxoa. 1500-1714; Hyett acd
Bazeley's Manual of Gloucestershire Lit. ii. 23 ;
Atkyns's Gloucestershire, 1712, p. 303; Fos-
broke's Gloucestershire, i. 468 ; Rudder's New
History of Gloucestershire, 1779.] T. S.

SMITH, SIB JOHN (iei6-1644),*oyalist,
bora in 1616 at Skiltsin the parish of Stud-
ley, "Warwickshire, was fourth son of Sir
Francis Smith of Queeniborough, Leicester-
shire, by his wife Anne, daughter of Thomas
Markham of Kirkb j Beler and of Alkrton,
Nottinghamshire* His eldest brother, Sir

Smith

74

Smith

Charles Smith, was elevated to the peerage
In 1643 as Baron Carrington of Wootton
Wawen in "Warwickshire and Viscount Car-
rington of Barreford in Connaught (Gr. E.
C[oKAT3Oi], Complete Peerage, ii. 167).

He was brought up a Roman catholic, his
earlier education being entrusted to a kins-
man. At a later date he was sent abroad to
Germany to complete his studies. He always
had a strong disposition for a military life, and
Tentured to return home without leave, to
urge his relatives to permit him to follow his
bent. His projects, however, were received
with no favour, and he was sent to resume his
studies in the Spanish Netherlands. He soon
joined the Spanish army which was defend-
ing Flanders against the French and Dutch.
He distinguished himself by several deeds of
daring; but hearing of the Scottish disturb-
ances, he resolved to return to England and
offer his services to Charles I. He received
a lieutenant's commission, and was victorious
in a skirmish with the Scots at Stapleford in
the neighbourhood of the Tees, After the
conclusion of the treaty of Bipon,on 28 Oct.
1640, he retired to his mother's house at
Ashby Folville in Leicestershire, "When the
English civil war broke out he joined the
royalists and was made a captain-lieutenant
under Lord John Stewart (d. 1644) [q.v.] On
9 Aug. 1642 he disarmed the people of Kilsby
in Northamptonshire, who had declared for
parliament, and on 23 Sept. he took part in
the fight at Powick Bridge. At Edgehill
his troop was in Lord Grandison's regiment,
on the left wing. In the battle the royal
standard-bearer, Sir Edmund Yerney [a. v.],
was killed and the standard taken. Smith,
with two others, recovered it. For this
service he was knighted on the field, being,
it is said, the last knight banneret created in
England. He also received a troop of his
own, and was appointed by Lord Grandison
major of his regiment. Being sent into the
south, he was taken prisoner on 13 Dec. by
Waller in Winchester Castle, and did not
obtain his liberty till the September follow-
ing. On his release he proceeded to Oxford,
and was made lieutenant-colonel of Lord
Herbert of Raglan's regiment of horse [see
SOUEBSBT, EBWAEB, second MABQFIS OF
WQBCESTBB]. In 1644 he was despatched
to the western army, as major-general of
the horse trader Lord John Stewart. On
29 Marclt the royalists under Patrick Ruth-
Ten, «arl of Forth [q. vA engaged the parlia-
mentarians under Waller at Cheriton in
Hampshire, The rashness of Henry Bard
(afterwards Viscount Bellamont) [q. v.] in-
volved the royalist cavalry la a premature
engagement. Smith was mortally wounded,

and the dismay occasioned by his fall is said
to have hastened his companions' retreat.
He died the nest day, and was buried on
the south side of the choir in Christ Church
Oxford. An elegy on him appears in Sir
Francis Wortley's 'Characters andEleoies*
London, 1646, 4to. b '

[The fullest biography is in Edward Walsing-
ham's BritannicEe Virtutis Imago, 1644, Oxford;
but it is too eulogistic to be altogether trust-
worthy, and it differs in many instances from
other contemporary accounts. Other authorities
are Ludlow's Memoirs, ed. 1 751 , Edinburgh, i. 42
95 ; Lloyd's Memoires, ed. 1668, p. 658 ; Claren-
don's History of the Rebellion, vi. 85, viii. 15,
16 ; ftugent's Memoirs of Hampden, ii, 298-300;
Gardiner's Great CM1 War, i. 49-50, 326;
Colrile's Worthies of Warwickshire, p. 699 ; Le
Neve's Monumenta Anglicana, i. 213.] E. I. C«

SMITH, JOHN (1618-1652), Cambridge
Platonist, was born at Achurch, near Oundle
in Northamptonshire, in 1618. Of his parents
his biographer only states that they }iad
1 long been childless and were grown aged/
In 1636 he was entered as a pensioner at
Emmanuel College, at that time the lead-
ing puritan foundation in the university. He
| proceeded B.A. in 1640, M.A. in 1644; and
' in the latter year (11 June) was transferred
i by the Earl of Manchester, along with seven
other members of his college, to Queens'
College, 'they having bine examined and
approved by the Assembly of Divines sitting
in Westminster ... as fitt to be fellowes r
(SEAELE, Hist, of Queens' College, p. 548).
His college tutor at Emmanuel was Benjamin
Whichcote [q. v.] (afterwardsprovost of King's
I College), who not only directed hisstudies,but
! aided him, with his purse. At Queens' College
i he lectured with marked success on f mathe-
j matics/ although it is doubtful whether the
term implied anything more than arithmetic.
I His chief reputation, however, was acquired
as one of the rising school of Cambridge
Platonists. John Worthington [q. v.] assigns
him the praise of being both Blicaios and
ayatfos, i.e. of being not only just and up-
right in his conversation, but also genuinely
good at heart, and doubts whether more to
admire his learning or his humility. Smith
died of consumption on 7 Aug. 1652, and
was buried in ids college chapel. Although
only in his thirty-fifth year, he had already
become known as a * living library,' his ac-
quirements being chiefly in theology and the
oriental languages. His papers were handed
by his executor, Samuel Cradoek, fellow of
Emmanuel, to Worthington, who published
such of them as were * homogeneal and re-
lated to the same discourse/ under the title of
4 Select Discourses ' (London, 1660), a volume

Smith

75

Smith

still read and admired for Its refinement of
thought and literary ability. His funeral
germoBwaspreachedbySimQnPatriek(162&-
1707) "q. T. , one of the younger fellows of
Queens ancf Ills warm admirer. Smith, "be-
queathed his library to the society.

"Copy of Select Discourses in library of St.
Join's * College, Cambridge, with manuscript
B&tes by Thomas Baker ; Patrick's Autobiogr.
pp. 17, 22, 247; Searle's Hist, of Qneens' Col-
lege* PP- 550» '*>6S > Tulloch's Rational Theology
ia England, vol. ii.J 3* B. M.

SMITH, JOHN </. 1633-1673), writer
on trade, was apprenticed to Matthew Cra-
ciock, a London merchant, a member of the
Society for the Fishing Trade of G-reat
Britain, and afterwards became himself a
merchant of London. In 1633, while still
an apprentice, lie was sent by Philip Her-
bert, earl of Montgomery and fourth earl
of Pembroke [q. v.j, to visit the Shetland
Islands, and to make a report on their trade
and industries. He remained in the Orkneys
and Shetlands more than a year, and drew
up an interesting account of the general
condition of the islands and their chief in-
dustry, the fishing trade, which he published
as * The Trade and Fishing of Great Britain
displayed; with a Description of the Islands
of Orkney and Shetland, by Captain John
Smith/ London, 1661, 4to.
* In 1670 Smith published a more elaborate
work, in which his former treatise was in-
cluded, entitled * England's Improvement
ReviVd : in a treatise of all Manner of Hus-
bandry and Trade, by Land and Sea,7 London,
4to. This work is 'prefaced by a eulogistic
notice from John Evelyn [q. vj The chief
attention of the writer is devoted to forestry,
but it also deals with live-stock and the re-
clamation of waste land. It is very practical,
and is not concerned with economic theory.
Another edition was published in 1673.

[Smith's 'works; Donaldson's Agricultural
Biography, p. 34.] E. L C.

SMITH, JOHN (1630-1679), physician,
was born in TSii cfcingfofl.™ sHira in 1630, He
entered Brasenose College, Oxford, on 7 Aug.
1647, and graduated B.A. in 1651, M.A. in
1653, and M.D. on 9 July 1652. He was ad-
mitted a candidate of the College of Physi-
cians on 22 Dec. 1659, and a fellow on 2 April
1672. He died at his house in Great St.
Helen's, Bishopsgate, in the winter of 1679,
and was buried in the parish church.

He was the author of * Ttynwco/jua Bcun-
X«^: King Solomon's Portraiture of Old
Age. Wherein is contained a Sacred Ana-
tomy both of Soul and Body. And a Perfect
Account of the InBrmities of Age, incident

to them both. Printed by J. Hayes for

S. Thomson, at the Sign of the Bishop's
. Head in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1666/ A
: second edition appeared in 1676, and a third
1 in 1752. The book consists of a commen-
5 tary on Ecclesiastes sii. 1-6, and seeks to
; show that Solomon was acquainted with
' the circulation of the blood.
j The author has been doubtfully identified
I with John Smith, doctor in physic, author
j of < A Compleat Practice of Physiek. Where-
1 in is plainly described the Nature, Causes,
i Differences, and Signs of all Diseases in the

Body of Man. With the choicest Cures for

the same/ London, 1656.

plunk's Boll of the Boyal Coll. of Physicians, i.
: 366; "Wood's Athenae Oson., ed. Bliss, Hi. 1200;
j Foster's Alumni Oxon., 1500-1714.] E. I. C.

j SMITH, JOHN 0?. 1673-1680), ' philo-
: math/ was the author of: L * Stereometric,'
, London, 1673, Bvo. 2. ( Hprological Dia-
, logues, in three parts, shewing the nature,
j use, and right management of Clocks and
\ Watches ... by J. S., clockmaker/ London,
1675, 12mo. To the same John Smith is
also attributed a technical treatise entitled
3. * The Art of Painting, wherein is included
The whole Art of Vulgar Painting, accord-
ing to the best and most approved Rules for
preparing and laying on of Oyl Colours . . »
with directions for painting Sun Dials and
all manner of Timber work/ London, 1676,
8vo ; the second impression, with some
alterations and useful additions, 1687, 8vo ;
4th ed. < The Art of Painting in Oyl ... to
which is now added the Art and Mystery
of Colouring Maps and other Prints with
Water Colours/ London, 1705, 12mo; other
editions 1706, 1723, 8vo ; 9th ed. 1788, 4. * A
Complete Discourse of the Nature, Use, and
right managing of that Wonderful instru-
ment the Baroscope or quick silver weather
glass/ London, 1688, 8vo. 5. * Horolo^ical
Disquisitions concerning the Nature of Time/
ifec.,Ix3ndon,1694J8voj2nded.l708. 6.'The
Curiosities of Common Water, or the advan-
tages thereof in preventing and curing many
distempers. Gathered from the Writings of
several Eminent Physicians, and also from
more than 40 years' experience/ London,
1722, 8vo; Srd^ed. 1723; 10th ed. eurante
Ralph Thoresby. This was an elaborate
compilation from medical writers, such as
Sir John Eloyer [q. v.], Joseph Browne (jC
1706) [<j.v.], Daniel Duncan [q.v.j, and others,
advocating hydropathy and in praise of tem-
perance and common-sense treatment. It
had not only a large circulation in England,
but was translated into German and into
French as ' Traite* des Vertus de FEau com-

Smith 76

Smith

Paris, 1725; 2nd ed. 1626 [1726];
3rd ed. 1730.

[Smith's Works in the British Museum ; Wal-
lace's Anti-Trinitarian Biogr. 1850, i. 246,
289 sq., iii. 389 sqq.] T. S.

SMITH, JOHN (1659-1715), divine, was
grandson of MATTHEW SMITH (1589-1640),
a barrister of the Inner Temple, and a strong
adherent of the royal prerogative, who was
in 1639 appointed a member of the council
of the north. He left behind him in manu-
script some i valuable annotations ' on Little-
ton's l Tenures/ and two dramatic pieces,
' The Country Squire, or the Merry Mounte-
bank : a Ballad Opera,' and i The Masquerade
du Ciel : a Masque.' The last-named was pub-
lished in the year of his death by his eldest
son, John Smith of Knaresborough (the
divine's uncle), who subsequently fought
under the command of Prince Rupert at
Marston Moor in 1644 (cf. CIBBEB, Lives of
the Poets, ii 324). A younger son, William
Smith, married in 1657 Elizabeth, daughter
of Giles "Wetherall of Stockton, and was
father of the subject of this article.

John Smith, born at Lowther in West-
moreland on 10 Nov. 1659, was one of
eleven brothers, all of whom rose to promi-
nent positions. William, a well-known phy-
sician of Leeds, died in 1729,- George, a
chaplain-general in the army, died in 1725 ;
Joseph Smith (1670-1756) [q. v.] became
provost of Queen's College, Oxford; and
Posthumus, an eminent civilian, died in
1725. John was educated by his father at
Bradford, Yorkshire, under Christopher Ness
or Nesse [q. v.], where he made little progress,
and subsequently at Appleby school, whence
he was admitted to St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, on 11 June 1674. He distinguished
himself at college, where he graduated B.A.
1677, M.A. 1681, and D.D. July 1696, and
was, on leaving St. John's,ordained deacon and
priest by Archbishop Bichard Sterne [q. v.]
In July 1682 he was admitted a minor canon
of Durham, and shortly afterwards collated to
the curacy of Croxdale, and on 1 July 1684
to that of Witton Gilbert. From 1686 to
16^ he acted as chaplain to Lord Lansdowne,
tfee English ambassador at Madrid. In 1694
lie was appointed domestic chaplain to Na-
thaniel Grew [q. v.], who in the following
year collated him to the rectory and hospital
of Gateshead, and on 26 Sept. 1695 to the
seventh prebendal stall in Durham CathedraL
la 1696 he was created D.D. at Cambridge,
and three years later was made treasurer of
D-srhadj to which the "bishop added in July
1704 the rectory of Bishop- Wearmouth.
Hare Ke rebuilt the rectory and restored the

chancel of the church, but he spent the larger
portion of his time at Cambridge, labouring
at an edition of Bede's £ History' which he
did not live to complete. In 1713 his health
began to fail, and he died at Cambridge on
30 July 1715. He was buried in the chapel
of St. John's College, where a monument was
erected, with an inscription by his friend.
Thomas Baker (1656-1740) [q. v.], the histo-
rian of the college. John Smith married in
1692 Mary, eldest daughter of William Cooper
of Scarborough, who gave his daughter a
portion of 4,500/. ; by her he had, with four
other sons, George (1693-1756) [q. v. j, who
inherited his father's scholarly tastes, and
brought out from his materials in 1722 the
'Historise Ecelesiasticse Gentis Anglorum
Libri Quinque, auctore Venerabili Baeda . . .
cura et studio Johannis Smith, S.T.P.,' Cam-
bridge University Press, fol., which was ad-
mittedly the best of the older editions of Bede.
Besides some published sermons, John Smith
projected a history of Durham, and furnished
some materials to Bishop Gibson for his edi-
tion of Camden, and to James Anderson (1662-
1728) [q.v.] for his < Hist orical Essay ' in!705.

[Le Neve's Fasti, iii. 315; Biographia Bri-
tannica; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 233; Hutchin-
son's Durham, i. 61, 198; Surtees's Hist, of
Durham, ir. 76; Nicolson's Letters, i. 224;
Chalmers's Biogr. Diet, xxviii. 119; Allibone's
Diet, of English Lit.] T. S.

SMITH or SMYTH, JOHN (1662-1717),
dramatist, born in 1662, was son of John
Smyth of Barton in Gloucestershire, and
probably great-grandson of John Smith or
Smyth (1567-1640) [q.v.] In 1676 John
became a chorister of Magdalen College, Ox-
ford, and matriculated on 10 July 1679, gra-
duating B.A. in 1683, and M.A. in 1686.
In 1682 he became a clerk of the college,
and in 1689 usher of the college school. He
died at Oxford on 16 July 1717, and was
buried in the college chapel.

He was the author of t Win her and take
her, or Old Fools will be Medling: a
Comedy, as It is acted at the Theatre Royal
by their Majesties Servants,* London, 1691,
4to. This play, which was issued anony-
mously, was dedicated < to the Bight Honour-
able Peregrine, Earl of Danby/ by Cave
Underbill the player [q. v.], for whom the
part of Dulhead seems to have been specially
written. It contains an epilogue by Thomas
D'Urfey [q. v.] The plot bears some re-
semblance to that of Shad well's * Virtuoso/
and the character of Waspish appears to be
modelled on that of Snarl in that comedy
(GBNEST, ii. 13).

According to Wood, he was also the author
of: 1, *Odes Paraphras'd and imitated, in

Smith

M'scellanv Poems and Translations by Ox-
ford Hands/ London, 1685, STO. 2. l Searro-
nides, or Virgil Travesty: a Mock-Poem on
the second Book of Virgil's ^neis, in Eng-
lish Burlesque/ London, 1691, 8vo.

"Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, iv. 601 ;
Beer's Biographia Dramatics, i. 678, iii. 411 ;
Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714: ; Blozam's
Magdalen Coll. Eeaister, iii. 221 ; Xotes and
Queries, 9th ser. i. 322.] E. I. C.

SMITH, JOHN (1655-1723), politician,
born in 1655, son of John Smith (d. 1690)
of South Tedworth or Tidworth in Hamp-
shire, matriculated from St. John's College,
Oxford, on 18 May 1672, but did not take
a degree, and was admitted student at the
Middle Temple in 1074, although he was
not called to the bar. As the son and heir
of the owner of * a good estate/ he entered
upon political life, and represented in par-
liament : Ludgershall in Wiltshire, 1678-9,
1680-1, and in the Convention parliament of
1688-9; Beeralston in Devonshire, Decem-
ber 1691 to 1695; Andover in Hampshire
for eight parliaments (1695-1713) ; and East
Looe in Cornwall from 1715 to his death.
Smith was throughout life a staunch whig
and a firm adherent of the protestant cause ;
but from his excellent address and as * a very
agreeablecompanionin conversation ? (MAcncr,
Secret Services, Koxburghe Club, 1 895, pp. 90-
91) he remained on good terms with the tories.
He wasabold speaker, with keen views which
lie expressed with clearness, and filled many
important posts with reputation. In the
Convention parliament he was the leading
whip for the whigs ; during the debates of
the session 1693-4 he took an active part in
the proceedings ; he was a lord of the treasury
from 3 May 1694 to 15 Nov. 1699, and chan-
cellor of the exchequer from the last date to
29 March 1701. But he disapproved of the
* partition ' treaty, and for some years was
out of office ; but on 24 Oct. 1705 he was
elected speaker of the House of Commons,
beating William Bromley [q. v.] by forty-
three votes (Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Hep.
app. v. p. 183). In 1706 he was one of the
commissioners for arranging the union with
Scotland, and in October 1707, when the
house assembled, with the addition of the
Scottish members, he was re-elected speaker
without a contest; but on 1 Nov. 1708 he
resigned the post to Sir Blchard Onslow.
From November 1708 to August 1710 he
again held the post of chancellor of the ex-
chequer, and on his retirement he secured
for himself a lucrative place as one of the
four principal tellers of the exchequer, which
lie kept until death.

77 Smith

Sunderland was the object of his detesta-
tion, and Godolphin was his especial friend.
He acted as a manager in the impeachment
of Sacheverell, and is said to have been the
messenger by whom Queen Anne sent the
letter dismissing Godolphin from her ser-
vice. Afterwards he joined the adherents
of Sir Jtobert Walpole, in opposition to the
ministry of Stanhope, and in 1719 resisted
the proposal for limiting the numbers of the
members of the House of Lords. He died
on 30 Sept. 1723, and was buried near his
father in the old church of South Tedworth
on 4 Oct., a marble tablet being erected to
I his memory and to that of his father and
j eldest son by his fourth son, Henry Smith,
He is described as of * middle stature, fair
complexion f (AtiCKY, Secret Services, pp. 90-
91). His estate afterwards passed to Thomas
Assheton of Ashley Hall, near Bowden in
Cheshire, who took the name of Smith. His
| daughter Mary married in 1705 the Hon. Bo*
| bert Sawyer Herbert, second son of Thomas
j Herbert, eighth earl of Pembroke.
j [Foster's Alumni Oxon. ; Manning's Speakers,
1 pp. 408-12 ; Members of Parliament, Official
{ Return; LuttreU's State Affairs, iv. 495, 520,523,
| v. SO, 32, 605, Yi. 27, 226, 604, 616, 633; Ittae-
; anlay's Hist. iv. 508; information from Eev.
H. E. Delme-Radcliffe.] W. P. C.

SMITH, JOHN (1657-1726), judge, son
of Roger Smith of Frolesworth, "Leicester-
shire, was born on 6 Jan. 1657? and matri-
culated from Lincoln College, Oxford, on
12 Sept. 1676, at the age of nineteen (FosTEE,
Alumni Oxon?) He entered GrayTs Inn on
1 June 1678, was called to the bar on 2 May
1684, and, having been made a serjeant-at-
law on SO Oct. 1700, was appointed a justice
of the common pleas in Ireland on 24 Dec.
1700, but was transferred to be a baron of the
court of exchequer in England on 24 June
1702. In the leading case of Ashby T. White,
arising out of the Aylesbury election, he gave
his decision in opposition to the judgment of
the majority of the court of queen? bench,
and concurred in the view expressed by Lord-
chief-justice Sir John Holt [q. v.] in favour
of the plaintiff Ashby whose vote the return-
ing officer, White (the defendant), had de-
clined to record. On appeal to the House of
Lords, the judgment was reversed, and the
opinion of toe chief justice and Baron Smith
was confirmed (State 7>Mrfe,xiv. 695 ; HALT
IAK, Constitutional Htst iii. 271-4). In
May 1708 he was selected to settle the court
of exchequer in Scotland, subsequently to the
union with England, and for that purpose
was made lord chief baron of the exchequer
in Scotland, being still allowed (though an-
other baron was appointed) to retain his

Smith i<

place in the English court, and receiving
500Z. a year in addition to his salary. He
was re-sworn on the accession of George I as
a baron of the English exchequer, although
he performed none of the duties, and enjoyed
both his "English and his Scottish office until
his death on 24 June 1726, at the age of
sixty-nine. Smith was much attached to his
native village of Frolesworth, where^by his
will, he founded and endowed a hospital for
fourteen poor widows of the communion of
the church of England, who were each to
have 12L a year and a separate house,

[Niehols'sLeieestershire; Eoss's Judges of Eng-
land; Foster's Gray's Inn Registers.]

W. E. W.

SMITH, JOHN (1652 F-1742), mezzotint
•engraver, was born at Daventry, Northamp-
tonshire, about 1652. He was articled to an
obscure painter named Tillet in London, and
studied mezzotint engraving under Isaac
Beckett [q. v.] and Jan Vander Vaart [o^. v.]
He became the ablest and most industrious
worker in mezzotint of his time, and the
favourite engraver of Sir Godfrey Kueller,
whose paintings he extensively reproduced,
and in whose house he is said to have resided
for some time. Smith's plates, which are
executed in a remarkably brilliant and effec-
tive style, number about five hundred, and
of these nearly three hundred are portraits
of distinguished men and women of the
period between the reigns of Charles II and
George II, from pictures by Lely, Kneller,
Wissmg, Dahl, Biley, Closterman, Gibson,
Murray, and others. The remainder are
sacred, mythological, and genre subjects after
Titian, Correggio, Pannegiano, C. Maratti,
G. Schalken, E. Heemskerk, M. Laroon, and
others. Previous to 1700 his plates were
mostly published by Edward Cooper [q. v.],
but about that date he established himself
as a printseller at the Lyon and Crown in
Covent Garden ; he there published his own
works and also reissued many of those by
Beckett, Lens, Williams, and others, cleverly
Tetotiching them and erasing the original en-
gravers* names. Smith's latest print appears
to have been the portrait of the youthful
Duke of Cumberland, after Highmore, dated
17S9. On giving up business he retired to
Ms native county, where he died on 17 Jan.
1742 at the age of ninety. He was buried
in the churchyard of St. Peter's, Northamp-
ton, where there is a tablet to his memory
and that of his wife Sarah, who died in 1717.
The bulk of his copperplates eventually came
into the hands of Boydell, who reprinted
tliem in large numbers. A portrait of John
in which he appears holding his en-

5 Smith

graving of Kneller, was painted and pre-
sented to Mm by that artist in 1696, and he
executed a print from it in 1716 ; it has also
been engraved by S. Freeman for Walpole'a
'Anecdotes.' The original is now in tlie
National Portrait Gallery.

[Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (Dallaway
and Wornnm) ; Chaloner Smith's British Mezzo-
tinto Portraits ; Dodd's manuscript Hist, of
Engravers in Brit. Mils. (Addit. MS. 33405).]
P. M. O'D.

SMITH, JOHN (Jl. 1747), anthor of

* Chronicon Busticum-Commerciale, or
Memoirs of Wool,' was born about 1700,
and educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
He was admitted pensioner of the college on
18 Dec. 1718, fellow-commoner on 31 Jan.
1721-22, and his name was taken off the
books on 18 Dec. 1724 (Register of Trimty
Sail). In 1725 he graduated LL.B. He
entered the church, but devoted himself very
largely to the study of the development of
the woollen industry, especially in England,
The result of these researches was published
in 1747, in two octavo volumes, as 4 Chroni-
con Busticum-Commerciale, or Memoirs of
WooU A second and more limited quarto
edition was issued in 1757 (the library at
Trinity College, Dublin, has a copy of the

* second edition ' with the date 1765). Smith
opposed the restrictions on the exportation ot
wool, and it was chiefly on this point that
his conclusions were attacked by William
Temple of Trowbridge, a zealous whig who
wrote under the pseudonym of I. B,, M.D.
Smith replied to Temple's attack in a pam-
phlet * The Case of the English Farmer and
his Landlord. In answer to Mr. Temple's
(pretended) Refutation of one of the princi-
pal Arguments in "Memoirs of WooL"*
This pamphlet was printed at Lincoln, and
dedicated to the ' nobility, gentry, and clergy T
of Lincolnshire. The dispute centres in the
main round the question of the price of wool
in England as compared with its value on
the continent. Smith defends the statement
in the « Memoirs' (p. 516 of edit, of 1747)
that * English wool in England is not sold
to its intrinsic worth.*

In Lincolnshire Smith, according to his
own statement, spent a great part of his life
(f Lincolnshire where I am most conversant/
Semew of the Manufacturer ls Complamts
against the Wool Grower, 1753, p. 7). He
held, however, no living1 in Lincolnshire,
and the date of his death is uncertain, unless
he can be identified with the Rev. John
Smith, who died in 1774, possessed of several
livings in the south of England.
^ -Smith's great work is a laborious compila-

* tion from many sources of facts bearing

Smith 79

the historv of the wool trade. He

Smith

upon — „

rives a digest, with copious extracts of the
literature — especially the English literature

on the subject from the early seventeenth !

century onward. The book has always been
regarded as a standard work, and is referred
to in terms of high praise by Arthur Young
in his 'Annals of Agriculture' (vi. 506):
* The history of wool, in England, has been
admirably written by Smith, with so much
accuracy 'that scarcely any measure relative
to that commodity can be stated which has
not been fully explained and considered on the
most HberaTand enlightened principles ; not
deduced from vague theories, but from the
clear page of ample experience.1 More re- j
cently M'Culloch. has described it as £ one j
of the most carefully compiled and valuable
works' ever published with regard to the
history of any branch of trade (M'CirL-
LOCH, Literature of Political Economy, 1845).
In addition to this work, and the * Aiiswer *
to Temple's ( Refutation ? referred to above,
Smith also wrote * A Review of the Manu-
facturer's Complaint against the Wool-
grower/ 1753, dealing with certain minutiae
of his favourite subject, such as the effect of
pitch and tar marks on the wool of sheep.

[Register of Trinity Hall; Brit. Mus. Cat.;
Smith's Works— see especially the list of sub-
scribers to the 1747 edition of Memoirs of
Wool, from which several important facts may
be gleaned. The identification of John Smith,
LL.B. of Trinity Hall, with John Smith, LL.B.,
the author, is a conjectural one, though rendered
practically certain by the facts that Professor
F. DiekJns, LL.D. of Trinity Hall, the master
(Dr. SSmpson), seven fellows, and the Library of
Trinity Hall, are all entered as subscribers to
the Memoirs, and that the degree of LL.B. of
Cambridge was that specially in vogue among,
and was practically limited to, Trinity Hall men
at that period.] E. C-B.

SMITH:, JOHN (1747-1807), antiquary
and Gaelic scholar, was born in 1747 at Croft
Braekleyin the parish of Glenorchy in Argyll-
shire. He studied for the ministry at the
university of St. Andrews, and was licensed
by the presbytery of Kintyre on 28 April
1773, On 18 Oct. 1775 he was ordained as
& minister at Tarbert, and in 1777 he was
presented by John, duke of Argyll, to the
parish of Eolbrandon, as assistant and suc-
cessor to James Stewart. In 1781 he was
translated to the highland church at Camp-
beltown, and in 1787 received the honorary
degree of B.D, from the university of Edin-
l>nrgh. He died at Campbeltown on 26 June
1807. In 1783 he married Helen M'DougaU,
who died on 6 May 1843. By her he had two
SOBS, John and Donald, and three daughters,

Smith was an accomplished Gaelic scholar,
and took part in translating the scriptures
into Gaelic, besides publishing Gaelic trans-
lations of AUeine's * Alarm to the Uncon-
verted/ Joseph Watts's Catechism, .and other
small religious works. He also revised a
metrical version of the Psalms in the same
tongue, which was used in the southern high-
lands. His other works include: 1. * Gaelic
Antiquities/ Edinburgh, 1780, 4to ; this work
contained an English translation of Gaelic
poems, some of which purport to be by Ossian
[q.v.] : French and Italian versions of Smith's
translation were made in- 1810 and 1813 re-
spectively. §. 'View of the Last Judgement/
Edinburgh, 1783, Svo; 4th edit. London,
1847. 3. * Sean Dana, or Ancient Poems of
Ossian, Orran, Ulann, iSre.' Edinburgh, 1787,
8vo. 4. * Summary View and Explanation
of the Writings of the Prophets/ Edinburgh,
1787, 12mo ; ed. by Peter Hall, London,
1835, 12mo. 5. f Life of St. Columba, from
the Latin of On mm in. and Adamnan/ Edin-
burgh, 1798, 4to. 6. < General View of the
Agriculture of the county of Argyll/ 1798,
8vo. ^8. ;An Affectionate Address to the
Middling and Lower Classes on the present
Alarming Crisis/ Edinburgh, 1798, 12mo.
9. * Lectures on the Nature and End of the
Sabred Office/ Glasgow, 1808, 8vo. He also
edited Robert Lowth's * Isaiah/ London, 1791,
12mo, and wrote the article on the parish
of Campbeltown for Sinclair's * Statistical
Account.*

[Scott's Fasti Eecles. Scot ra. i 36, 69;
Edinfcmrgh Graduates, p. 246 ; New Statistical
Account, vn. ii. 93.] E. I. C.

SMITH, JOHN (1790-1824), missionary,
son of a soldier killed in battle in Egypt,
was born on 27 June 1790 at Both well, near
Ket tering in Northamptonshire. All his edu-
cation ae derived from occasional attendance
at a Sunday schooL At the age of fourteen
he entered the service of a biscuit-maker in
London named Blunden, His master dying
in 1806, Davies, his successor, took him as
an apprentice, and assisted hirn to improve
his education. Under the influence of the
Rev. John Stevens he became earnest in
matters of religion and zealous for study.
He was accepted by the London Missionary
Society, and in December 1816 was ordained
as successor to John Wray at Le Resouvenir,
near Bemerara or Georgetown, in British
Guiana. He arrived at Denierara on 23 Feb.
1817. and in his first interview with the
governor, Major-general John Murray, the
latter threatened that if he taught any negro-
slave to read he should be banished. iSot-
withstanding the undisguised hostility of

Smith s

the white population, he laboured among
the negroes with considerable success. In
August 1823 his health broke down, and he
was recommended by his doctor to leave the
colony. On 18 Aug., however, a rising of
the negroes took place, and three days later
Smith was arrested for refusing to take up
arms against the negroes. He was tried by
court-martial on the charge of having pro-
moted discontent among them. On the worth-
less evidence of terrorised slaves he was found
guilty, and sentenced to be hanged. His exe-
cution was postponed until the pleasure of
the home government should be known. But
he was confined in the meantime in an un-
healthy dungeon, and died there on 24 Feb.
1824. His wife Jane, whom he married about
the time of his ordination, died in 1828 at
Rye in Sussex. They had no children.

When the news of Smith's imprison-
ment reached England, popular interest was
aroused. The publication of the documents
connected with the case by the London Mis-
sionary Society intensified the excitement,
and upwards of two hundred petitions on his
behalf were presented to parliament in eleven
days. On 1 June 1825 his trial was debated
in the House of Commons. Lord Brougham
brought forward a motion condemning the
action of the Demerara government, and as-
serted that ' in Smith's trial there had been
more violation of justice, in form as well as
in substance, than in any other inquiry in
modern times that could be called a judicial
proceeding.' After an adjournment, how-
ever, the motion, which was opposed by go-
vernment, was negatived by 193 to 146.

fWallbridge's Memoirs of the Rev. John
Smith; Gent. Mag. 1824, ii. 281 ; Speeches de-
livered in the House of Commons regarding the
proceedings at Demerara, Edinburgh, 1824;
Minutes of Evidence on the Trial of John Smith,
London, 1824 ,* Statement of the Proceedings of
the Directors of the London Missionary Society
in the ease of Ber. John Smith ; Missionary
Chronicle, March 1824 ; The London Missionary
Society's Report of the Proceedings against
John Smith, London, 1824; The Missionary
Smith, London, 1824 ; Hew Times, 11 April
1824; C. Boston's Memoirs of Sir Thomas
Fowell Buxton, pp, 138-40 ; Edinburgh "Review,
iL 244 ; Eclectic Review, 1848, ii. 728 ; Black-
pool's Hag, June 1824.] E. L C.

SMITH, JOHSf (1749-1831), water-
colour-painter, known as ' Warwick1 Smith,
was born at Irthington, Gumberland,in 1749,
and educated at St. Bees. Becoming known as
a skilful topographical draughtsman, he was
employed njjon Middiman's ' Select Views in
Great Britain,' and obtained the patronage
of fche Earl of Warwick, with whom he

o Smith

visited Italy about 1783 ; hence he came to
be styled l Warwick' and 'Italian* Smith,
In his subsequent works, which were largely
views in^ Italy, he gradually abandoned the
simple tinting to which watercolour work
had hitherto been limited for a more effective
mode of colouring, the novelty and beauty of
which created much admiration. Smith
joined the Watercolour Society in 1805,
and was a large contributor to its exhibitions
from 1807 to 1823, when he resigned his
membership; he was elected president in
1814, 1817, and 1818, secretary in 1816, and
treasurer in 1819, 1821, and 1822. Of his
engraved works, which are numerous, the
most important are : ' Select Views in Italy '
1793-6; 'Views of the Lakes of Cumber-
land/ twenty aquatints by Merigot, 1791-5 j
and illustrations to Byrne's i Britannia
Depicta/ W. Sotheby's i Tour through Wales,'
1794, and * A Tour to Hafod,' 1810. Smith
died in Middlesex Place, London, on 22 March
1831, and was interred in the St. George's
burial-ground in the Uxbridge Eoad. Good
examples of his work are in the British and
South Kensington Museums.

[Roget's Hist, of the 'Old Watercolour *
Society ; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists.]

P. M. OD.

SMITH, SIR JOHN (1754-1837), general,
colonel-commandant royal artillery, was born
at Brighton, Sussex, on 22 Feb. 1754. He
entered the Royal Military Academy at Wool-
wich on 1 March 1768, and received a com-
mission as second lieutenant in the royal
artillery on 15 March 1771. In 1773 he
went to Canada. He was at Fort St. John
when the American generals Schuyler and
1 Montgomery attacked it in September 1775.
The fort was garrisoned by some seven hun-
dred men under Major Preston, who, after a
gallant defence, surrendered it on 3 Nov.
Smith, who had been twice wounded, became
a prisoner of war.

Smith was exchanged in January 1777,
and joined the army under the command of
Earl Percy at Bhode Island, and shortly
after was transferred to the army at New
York under the command of Sir William
Howe. He took part in the operations to-
draw Washington from his defensive posi-
tion on the Rariton river. He accompanied
Howe's force to the Delaware and Chesa-
peake, and was present at the battle of
Brandywine on 11 Sept. 1777, at the cap-
ture of Philadelphia on 26 Sept., at the
battle of Germanstown on the Delaware on
3 Oct., at the attack on Fort Island on
• 22 Oct., and at the siege of Mud Island and
\ capture of it on 16 Nov. The last achieve*

Smith

Si

Smith

meat completed the removal of all obstacles
to the free navigation of the Delaware by
the royalists. In May 1778 Smith was en-
gaged In the operations for the destruction
of American men-of-war in the Delaware
river, driving back the Americans at Bill's
Island, and burning the Washington (32) and
the Effingham (28), with fifty-four smaller
Tessels. He took part in the battle of Mon-
jnouth or Freehold, under Sir Henry Clinton,
on 27 June, and marched with the army the
following- day to X ovesink, near Sandy Hook,
where it arrived on the 30th. Thence the
fleet under Lord Howe convened Smith and
Ms companions to New York in July.

Smith was promoted to be first lieutenant
on 1 July 1779. On 11 Feb. 1780 he arrived
with Sir Henry Clinton's force from New
York at the harbour of Edisto, on the coast
of South Carolina. The islands of St. James
and St. John, which stretch to the south of
Charleston harbour, were seized at once;
but it was not until 1 April that Clinton |
broke ground, and Smith's duties as a gunner
became heavy. On 11 ]tfay Charleston sur-
rendered. In September Smith went with
the army to Charlottesburg in North Caro-
lina, and accompanied it in its retreat to
South Carolina at the end of the following
month. Early in 1781 he moved with Corn-
wallis towards the borders of the Carolinas,
and later into Virginia, where he took part
in the battle of Guildford on 15 March, and
in the other actions of the campaign, which
ended in the British occupation of Yorktown.
He was engaged in the defence of Yorktown
in October, and on its capitulation on the
19th of the month again became a prisoner
of war. He was, however, given his parole,
and returned to England.

Smith was promoted to be captain-lieu-
tenant on 28 Feb. 1782. In 1785 he went
to Gibraltar, and was stationed there for five
years. He was promoted to be captain on
21 May 1790, and appointed to command the
6th company of the 1st battalion royal
artillery at home. On 1 March 1794 he
was promoted to be brevet major, and regi-
mental major on 6 March 1795. In the
latter year he joined the army under Lord
Moira at Southampton as major in command
of the royal artillery drivers, and as second
in command of the artillery under Brigadier-
general Stewart for foreign service. Towards
the end of 1795 he went to the West Indies
in 4he expedition under the command of Sir
Ralph Abercromby [q. v.] He took part in
the attack on the island of St. Lucia and
in the sieg^ of Morne FortunS (38 April to
24 May 1796), when the French capitulated,
and in the attack and capture of the island of i

TOL, no,

St. Vincent on 8 and 9 June of the same
j year. He commanded the royal artillery at
I the capture of Trinidad from the Spaniards
, (16 to 18 Feb. 1797), and at the unsuc-
, cessful attack on Porto Rico in March. He
then commanded the royal artillery in the
West Indies, the strength being thirteen
companies; he was promoted regimental lieu-
1 tenant-colonel on 27 Aug. 1797, when he
returned to England in consequence of ill-
t health.

j In September and October 1799 Smith
commanded the artillery of the reserve under
I the Duke of York in the expedition to Hol-
! land. He took part in the battles of 2 and
S 6 Oct. near Bergen, was mentioned in
despatches, and received the thanks of the
! commander-in-chief for his services. The
; convention of Alkmaar terminated opera-
i tions, and Smith returned to England on
i 3 Nov. He was promoted to be regimental
colonel on 20 July 1804, and the same year
I was appointed to the command of the royal
! artillery in Gibraltar. There he remained
i for ten years, and twice temporarily com-
! manded the fortress. He was promoted to
j be brigadier-general on 6 May 1805, and
j major-general on 25 July 1810.
! Smith returned home in 1814, was ap-
| pointed colonel-commandant of a battalion of
i royal artillery on 3 July 1815, and was pro-
; moted to be lieutenant-general on 12 Aug.
I 1819. He was made a knight grand cross of
j the military Guelphie order on 10 Aug. 1831,
i for services in America, the West Indies,
the Continent, and Gibraltar. On 27 Jan,
1838 he was transferred to the royal horse
artillery as colonel-commandant, and was
promoted to be general on 10 Jan. 1837.

Smith was three times shipwrecked dur-
ing the course of his service, losing on each
occasion every article of baggage. He died
at Charlton, Kent, on 2 July 1837.

[Despatches ; Boys! Artillery Eecords ; Royal
Military Calendar; Duncan's History of the
Eoyal Artillery ; Stedman's Hisfc. of the Ameri-
can War, 2 vols. 4to, 1794 ; Cast's Annals of
the Wars of the Eighteenth Century; (rent.
Hag. 1837, ii. 531 ; Proceedings of the Boyal
Artillery Institution, vol. XT. pt. ii. ; "Kane's List
of Officers of the Eoyal Artillery; Lndlow's War
of American Independence.] It. BL V.

SMH?H? JOHN (1797-1861), musician,
was born at Cambridge in 1797, and educated
as a chorister in one of the chapel choirs.
In 1815 he entered the choir of Christ
Church, Dublin, and on 9 Feb. 1819 was ap-
pointed a vicar choral of St. Patrick's Cathe-
dral. He also held the offices of chief com-
poser of state music, master of the king's
band of state musicians in Ireland, and com-

Smith 8:

poser to the Chapel MQ¥al? BuMln. He pos-
sessed a fine tenors refcuste vej§e, and con-
siderable gifts as a oompeser of ehureh music.
His most important wQrfe was as Qf fttOBO;
' The Revelation,' la If 37 he pushed a
volume of cathedral m$s!e, comprising ser-
vices and au&ew. a ' ^ea! Qrtater ' and a
' Magnificat ' and Nune Bisaittis ia B flat,
which are well knewn & English cathe-
drals. Of his seaute musie, the trio «O
Beata Yirgine' (1846?) and the quartet
* Love wakes and weeps* attained consider-
able popularity, Smith died in Dublin on
12 Nov. 1801, and was succeeded in his pro-
fessorshio by Dr, (afterwatfls Sir Robert)
Stewart [q.v,]

[Grove's Dictionary of Music, iii. 540 ; Musical
Timea, 1 Jan. 1862.] S-- N.

SMITH, JpHN ABEL (1801-1871),
banker and politician, born in 1801, was the
eldest son of John Smith of Blendon Hall,
Kent, a member of the banking family of
which Robert Smith, first baron Carrington
[q . v.~j, was the head. His mother was Mary,
daughter of Lieutenant-colonel Tucker. He
was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge
(B.A. in 1824 and M.A. in 1827), and joined
the fondly banking firm of Smith, Payne, &
Smith, of which he became chief partner.
He entered parliament as M.P. for Midhurst
in 1830, but at the general election in the fol-
lowing year he was returned for Chichester,
for which he sat till 1859. He was again
elected in 1863, and retained his seat till
1868, when the borough lost one of its repre-
sentatives (Official Returns of Members of
Parliament^ vol. ii. index). A staunch liberal,
he took an active part in the first Reform
Bill, and was one of the leaders of the party
•which advocated the admission of Jews into
•parliament. In 1869 he introduced a bill
for a further limitation of the hours during
Tvhich public-houses might be kept open.
He died on 7 Jan. 1871 at Kippington, near
.Sevenoaks. He was a magistrate for Mid-
dlesex and Sussex.

In 1827 he married Anne, daughter of Sir
/Samuel Clarke-Jervoise, bart., and widow of
Ralph William Grey of Backworth House
in Northumberland, by whom he had two
jsons, Jervoise, born in 1828, and Dudley
Robert, born in 1830.

[Ward's Hen of the Eeign, p. 872; Times,
11 Jam 1871; Bute's Landed Gentry, 4th

E.LC.

SMITH, JOHN CHALONER (1827-
1895), civil engineer and writer on British
mezzotints, was born in Dublin on 19 Aug.
1827. His father was a proctor of the eccle-

2 Smith

siastical courts, and married a granddaughter
of Travers Hartley, M.P. for Dublin in the
Irish parliament. Chaloner Smith was ad-
mittect to Trinity College, Dublin, in 1848^
and in 1849 graduated B. A. He was articled
to George Willoughby Hemans the engineer,
and in 1857 was appointed engineer to the
Waterford and Limerick railway. In 1668
he obtained a similar position from the Dub-
lin, "Wicklow, and Wexford Railway, and
held it till 1894. He carried out some im-
portant extensions of the line, andwasmainl?
responsible for the loop-line crossing the
Liney, connecting the Great Northern and
South-Eastern railways of Ireland.

But beyond his reputation as an engineer
Chaloner Smith will be remembered for his
notable work on 'British Mezzotinto Por-
traits . . . with Biographical Notes' (Lon-
don, 1878-84, 4 pts.), which consists of a
full catalogue of plates executed before 1820,
with 125 autotypes from plates in Smith's
possession. The latter were also issued
separately. The print-room at the British
Museum contains an interleaved copy with
manuscript notes. Smith was an enthu-
siastic collector of engravings, principally
mezzotints, which were sold after the com-
pletion of his book. Some of the best of the
examples (especially those by Irish en-
gravers) were purchased for the Dublin
National Gallery through the liberality of
Sir Edward Guinness (now Lord Iveagh),

For many years Chaloner Smith took a
deep interest in the question of the finan-
cial relations between England and Ireland,
and published two or three pamphlets on
the subject. Just before Ms death he was
examined before the royal commission which
was appointed to consider the question. He
died at Bray, co. Wicklow, on 13 March
1895.

[Irish Times, 15 March 1895; information
from Rev. Canon Travers Smith of Dublin.]

D. J. O'D,

SMITH, JOHN CHRISTOPHER (1712-
1795), musician, born at Anspaeh in 1712,
was the son of John Christopher Schmidt, %
wool merchant of that city. ^ The father, an
enthusiastic amateur of music, threw u]j his

1 business in 1716 and followed his friend
Handel to England in the capacity of

. treasurer. Four years later he sent for the
family he had left behind him in Germany,
His eldest son, John Christopher, was seat
to school at Clare's academy, Soho Square.
He showed considerable aptitude for music,
and at thirteen Handel offered to give him
his first instruction in the art. He was,
says F&tisj the only pupil Handel ever took

Smith !

pUe JJnuersdU des Musicians, viii.

Smith also studied theory under Dr.
John Christopher Pepusch [q.v-] and Tho-
mas Roseingrave [see under ROSEISTGBA.VE,
PASTEL]. Very early in life he was esta-
blished as a successful teacher. At eighteen
his health suffered from excessive application
to music, and the physician Dr. Arbuthnot
invited him to spend the summer at his
house in Highgate. The rest proved bene-
ficial, and the symptoms of consumption
were arrested. At Highgate Smith had the
advantage of meeting Swift, Pope, Gray, and
Congreve. In 1732 he composed an English
opera, * Teraminta,' and the following year
& second opera, < Ulysses.' Subsequently he
spent several years on the continent.

In 1751 Handel's sight became affected,
and, at his desire, Smith returned to Eng-
land to fill his place at the organ during the
oratorio performances. He also acted as the
composer's amanuensis, and Handel's latest
compositions were dictated to him. In 1750
he was appointed first organist of the Found-
ling Hospital. Smith was intimately ac-
cpiainted with Garrick, who was instrumental
in producing his opera, *The Fairies,' at
Drury Lane in 1754. This musical drama,
which was adapted from * Midsummer
Night's Bream,' had an excellent reception.
A similar work, arranged from the 'Tem-
pest,* was less appreciated, though the song
'Full fathom five* became permanently
popular.

Handel bequeathed to his old pupil all his
manuscript scores, his harpsichord, his por-
trait by Itenner, and his bust by Roubiliac.
When Handel announced a wish to alter the
bequest, and present his manuscripts to Ox-
ford University, Smith declined an offer of a
legacy of 3,OOOZ. by way of compensation.
Alter Handel's death in 1759 Smith, with
the assistance of John Stanley, carried on the
oratorio performances until 1774, when, the
attendance having greatly fallen off, he gave
up the conductorship and retired to his house
in Upper Church Street, Bath. He com-
posed several oratorios, ' Paradise Lost/ 'Re-
becca/ * Judith/ 'Jehoshaphat,' and 'Re-
demption/ as well as the Italian operas
* Dario/ * H Ciro riconosciuto/ and * Issipile.'
He taught the harpsichord to the Dowager
Princess of Wales, one of his most generous
patrons, whose death in 1772 he commemo-
rated by a setting of the burial service. Out
of gratitude for the many favours received
from the roval family, Smith presented
George HI with Handel's manuscript scores
— which are now at Buckingham Palace —
as well as Handel's harpsichord and the
bwt by Roubiliac, which are now preserved

3 Smith

at Windsor Castle. Smith died at Bath on
3 Oct. 1795.

[Anecdotes of Smith and Handel by the Rev.
William Coxe, containing a portrait of Smith
engraved from an original picture by Zoffanv ;
Mason's Gray, 1827, p. 415; Bnrney's History
of Music ; Bockstro's Life of Handel ; Grove's
Dictionary of Music.] B. N.

SMITH, JOHN GHORDON (1792-1833),

?rofessor of medical jurisprudence, born in
792, was educated at Edinburgh and gra-
j duated in the university in 1810 with the
j highest honours in medicine. He entered
the army as a surgeon, and was attached
to the 12th lancers at the battle of Water-
loo, when he received the thanks of Colonel
Ponsonby, whose life he saved, for his ser-
vices to the wounded. He retired from the
army on half-pay when peace was con-
| eluded in 1815, and settled in London.
j Here he found it difficult to establish him-
* self in practice, as he held a Scottish de-
, gree only, and was therefore not entitled to
| practise in England. He accepted the ap-
: pointment of physician to the Duke of
j Sutherland, and resided with Ttrm for four
I years, occupying his leisure in composing a
i work on forensic medicine. At the same
i time he acted as surgeon to the Royal West-
I minster Ophthalmic Hospital He also lec-
| tured on medical jurisprudence at the Royal
Institution of Great Britain in 1825 and
again in 1826, and at the Mechanics' Insti-
tute ; and in 1829 he was elected the first
i professor of medical jtirisprudence at the
London University (now University College)
in Grower Street. None of the licensing
bodies in London required any evidence of
instruction in forensic medicine, and there
was consequently no class. Smith lectured
for two years, and then resigned his office.
For a time he edited the 'London Medical
Repository.' He died in a debtor's prison,
after fifteen months' confinement, on 16 Sept.
1833.

An ardent reformer in politics as well as
medicine, Smith was an enthusiastic pioneer
of the study of medical jurisprudence, which
(Sir) Robert Christison [q.v.] was endea-
vouring at the same time to set on a scien-
tific basis. Smith fought hard, but again
unsuccessfully, to place Scottish and Eng-
lish degrees and licences in medicine upon
an equal footing.

He published, besides various contribu-
tions to the f Edinburgh Medical and Sur-
gical Journal ; T 1. * De Asthmati/ Edin-
burgh, 1810, 2. * The Principles of Foreosle
Medicine; 8vo, London, 1821; 2nd edit.
1824; 3rd edit, 1827. 3. 'An Analysis of
Medical Evidence,' London, 8vo, 1825,

Smith s4

Smith

4. * The Claims of Forensic Medicine/ 8vo,
1829. 5. t Hints for the Examination of
Medical Witnesses/ 12mo, 1829.

[Obituary notice in the Lond. Med. and Surg.
Journ. 1833, iv. 287; additional information
kindly given by 3Ir. Henry Young, assistant-
secretary to the Royal Institution of Great
Britain.] B'A. P.

SMITH, SIB JOHN MARK FREDE-
EICK (1790-1874), general, colonel-com-
mandant royal engineers, son of Major-
general Sir John Frederick Sigismund Smith,
K.C.H., of the royal artillery (d. 1884), and
grand-nephew of Field-marshal Baron von
Kalkreuth, commander-in-chief of the Prus-
sian army, was horn at the Manor House,
Paddington, Middlesex, on 11 Jan. 1790.
After passing through the military school at
Great Marlow and the Royal Military Aca-
demy at Woolwich, Smith received a com-
mission as second lieutenant in the royal en-
gineers on 1 Dec, 1805, and in January 1806
joined his corps at Chatham.

In 1807 Smith went to Sicily. He served
in 1809 under Major-general Sir A, Bryce,
the commanding royal engineer of the force
of Sir John Stuart [(j. v. j, at the siege and
capture of the castle of Ischia and at the cap-
ture of Proeida in the Bay of Naples. He also
took part, in the same year, in the capture
of the islands of Zante and Kephalonia under
Major-general Frederick Rennell Thackeray
fq. v.], commanding royal engineer of the
force of Sir John Oswald. Smith was deputy-
assistant quartermaster-general and senior
officer of the quartermaster-general's depart-
ment under Sir Hudson Lowe [q. v.] in 1810,
in the battle before Santa Maura. He re-
signed his staff appointment from a sense of
duty in order to serve as an engineer officer in
the trenches during the siege of Santa Maura
under Oswald, the only engineer officer in
addition to Thackeray and himself, Captain
Parker having been wounded. This deficiency
of engineer officers threw upon. Smith all the
executive work during the most arduous part
of the^siege, and he had no relaxation from
duty in the trenches until the place sur-
rendered. Not only, however, did he receive
no special recognition of his services, but the
officer who toon his place upon the staff was
given the brevet promotion which Smith
would have received, had he not resigned the
staff ap|K)intment to undertake a more diffi-
cult and dangerous duty. He was mentioned
in Sk John Oswald's despatches, and some
years afterwards an effort was unsuccessfully
made to get him a brevet majority for his ser-
vices at Santa Maura,

Smith was promoted to be second captain

on 1 May 1811. He served in Albania and
in Sicily, and in 1812 returned to England to
take up the appointment of adjutant to the
corps of the royal sappers and miners at their
headquarters at Woolwich on 1 Dec, He
held this appointment until 26 Feb. 1815. He
was promoted to be first captain on 26 Aug.
1817, and in 1819, on the reduction of the
corps of royal engineers, was placed on half-
pay for seven months.

During the next ten years Smith was em-
ployed on various military duties in Eng-
land. He was promoted to be regimental
lieutenant-colonel on 16 March 1860, and
was appointed commanding royal engineer
of the London district. In 1831 he was
made a knight of the Royal Hanoverian
Guelphic order by William IV, a knight
bachelor on 13 Sept. of the same year, an
extra gentleman usher of the privy chamber
in 1833, and on 17 March 1834 one of the
ordinary gentlemen ushers. The last post he
held until his death. On 2 Dec. 1840 he was
also appointed inspector-general of railways,
in which capacity he examined and reported
on the London and Birmingham and the
other principal railways before they were
opened to the public. In 1841 Smith, in
conjunction with Professor Barlow, made
a report to the treasury respecting railway
communication between London, Edinburgh,
and Glasgow. Smith resigned the appoint-
ment of inspector-general of railways at the
end of 1841, and became director of the
roval engineer establishment at Chatham on
1 Jan. 1842.

On 5 July 1845 Smith and Professors Airy
and Barlow were constituted a commission
to inquire whether future parliamentary rail-
way bills should provide for a uniform
gauge, and whether it would be expedient or
practicable to bring railways already con-
structed or in course of construction into
uniformity of gauge, or whether any other
mode of obviating or mitigating the serious
impediments to the internal traffic of the
country could be adopted. On 30 March 1 846
he was appointed one of the five commis-
sioners to investigate and report upon the
various railway projects in which it was pro-
posed to have a terminus in the metropolis
or its vicinity. On 9 Nov. 1846 Smith was
promoted to be colonel in the army, and on
1 May 1851 he was moved from Chatham
to be commanding royal engineer of the
southern district, with his headquarters at
Portsmouth.

In July 1852 Smith was returned to par-
liament as member for Chatham in the con-
servative interest, but in March 1853 he was
unseated on petition. He was promoted to

Smith t

5* major-general on 20 Jan. 1854. In 1855
ie was transferred from Portsmouth to the
•cmmand of the royal engineers at Alder-
is!. He was appointed public examiner
rnd inspector of the Military College of the
Cast India Company at Addiscombe in 1856.
[a March 1857 he was again returned to
p&rli&ment as member for Chatham. He re-
signed his command at Aldershot, finding
Eiis time fully occupied with parliamentary
isd kindred duties. He was a member of
&e royal commission on harbours of refuge
in 185s, and of the commission on promotion
and retirement in the army. He was again
returned as member for Chatham at the
election of April 1859, and continued to sit
for that borough until 1868. He was pro-
moted to be lieutenant-general on 25 Oct.
1859, colonel-commandant of royal engineers
on 6 July I860, and general on 3 Aug. 1863.
Smith" died on 20 Nov. 1874 at his resi-
dence, 62 Pembridge Villas, Netting Hill
Gate, London, and was buried in Kensal
Green cemetery. He was a fellow of the
Royal Societv, an associate of the Institution
of Civil Engineers, and a member of many
learned bodies, A good engraved portrait
appears in Yibart's l Addiscombe ' (p. 297).

famith married at Buckland, near Dover,
on 31 Jan. 1813, Harriet, daughter of Thomas
Thorn, esq. of Buckland House. There was
no issue.

Smith was the author of 'The Military I
Course of Engineering at Arras/ 8vo, Chat-
ham, 1850, and he translated, with notes,
Marshal Marmont's ' Present State of the
Turkish Empire/ 8vo, London, 1839 ; 2nd ed.
1854.

[Despatches ; London Gazette; Eoyal En-
gineers* Eecords; War Office Eecords; Eoyal
-Eagi&eers' Journal, 1874, obituary notice;
3Birates of Proceedings of the Institution of
€irll JBugiiieers, vol. xrxix., obituary notice;
Porter's History of the Corps of Boyal En-
gineers; Conolly's History of the Eoyal Sappers
•and Miners; Vibart*s Addiscombe, its Heroes
-and Hen of Note ; Parliamentary Blue-books.!

E. H. V.

SMITH, JOHN OEKEN (1799-1843),
Tfood engraver, was born at Colchester in
1799. About 1818 he came tip to London,
and was for a short time in training as an
architect. On coming of age in 1821 he in-
herited some money, -with a portion of which
be bought a part^roprietorship in a weekly
i»wsp&per, * The Sunday Monitor/ on which
Douglas Jerrold fq. v.j worked as a com-
positor. The rest he invested in the purchase
« Bosses, the title of which proved bad,
"•^ ^y the time he was twenty-four he found
!f penniless.

; Smith

William Harvey [q. v.], the draughtsman
on wood, came to Ms assistance, and in-
structed him in the art of wood-engraving.
Smith showed great aptitude and soon found
employment, the only complaint being that
some of the printers of that date declared
that his * cuts ' were too fine to print. After
much hack-work, he was employed by Leon
Gunner of Paris to engrave a number of the
blocks for his beautiful edition of f Paul et
Virginie ' (1835). Wood-engraving had not
revived at this time in France as it had under
Bewick and his successors in England. In
1887 he prepared engravings for Seeley and
Burnside's ' Solace of Song/ which marked
a new departure in wood-engraving1. In
it high finish, tone, and delicacy of graver
work contrast with the crisp, somewhat hard,
though admirable work of Clennell, Nesbit,
and Thompson. "Where, however, there was
gain in refinement, there was doubtless a
loss in virility.

There followed, besides much other work, in
1839, Herder's < Cid/ published at Stuttgart,
and an English edition of ' Paul et Virginie ; 7
in 1840 Dr. "Wordsworth's * Greece;' in
1840-1 < Heads of the People,' by (Joseph)
Kenny Meadows [q. v.] ; in 1839-43 Shake-
speare's t Works/ with nearly 1,000 designs
by Kenny Meadows. Of the last two works
Smith was part proprietor with Henry Vize-
telly and the artist. In 1842 he took into
partnership the eminent wood-engraver Mr.
W. J. Linton, with whom, under the style
of * Smith &, Linton,' much good work was
produced for the * Illustrated London News/
Among the books engraved by them was
* Whist, its History and Practice/ illustrated
by Meadows (1843).

Smith died from a stroke of apoplexy on
15 Oct. 1843, at 11 Mabledon Place, Burton
Crescent, London. In 1821 he married Jane
Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph Barney [q. v.]
His widow survived him with four children.
The son, Mr. Harvey Edward Orrinsmith
(the name is now so spelt), at one time prac-
tised wood-engraving, but subsequently be-
came a director of the fen of James Burn £
Co., bookbinders.

A portrait of Orrin Smith was engraved
for Gunner's * Paul et Virginie/

[Vizetell/s Glances Back; Bryan's Diet, of
Painters and Engravers ; information from Mr.
Harvey E, Qrrmsmith.] G. S. L,

SMITH, JOHN PEINCE (1774F-1822),
law reporter, only son of Edward Smith of
Walthamstow, Essex, born about 1774, was
admitted on 15 Nov. 1794 a student at Gfoa/s
Inn, where he was called to the bar on
6 May 1801. He practised on the horns

Smith

86

Smith

circuit, and as a special pleader and equity
draughtsman, and was one of Daniel Isaac
Eaton's counsel on his trial for blasphemous
Libel on 6 March 1812. He was appointed
in 1817 second fiscal in Demerara and Esse-
quibo, and died at Demerara in 1822, leaving
a son (see below) and a daughter.

Among Smith's works were : 1. 'Elements
of the Science of Money founded on the
Principles of the Law of Nature,5 London,
1813, 8vo. 2. * Practical Summary and Re-
view of the Statute 53 Geo. in, or Law for
the Surrender of Effects, and for the Per-
sonal Liberation of Prisoners for Debt,7 Lon-
don, 1814, 8vo. 3. « Advice for the Peti-
tioners against the Corn Bill,' London, 1815,
8vo,

Smith edited: (1) 'The Law Journal/
London, 1804-6, 3 vole. 8vo; (2) 'An
Abridgment of the Public General Statutes,
44-6 Geo. in,' London, 1804-7, 3 vols. 8vo ;
(3) 'Reports of Cases argued and deter-
mined in the Court of King's Bench, 44-6
Geo. HI/ London, 1804-7, 3 vols. 8vo.

JOH2T PEEKCE SMITH, the younger (1809-
1874), political economist, son of the pre-
ceding, born at London on 20 Jan. 1809,
accompanied his father to Demerara, and
was placed at Eton in 1820. On his father's
death he entered the employ of Messrs.
Daniel, merchants, of 4 Mincing Lane, which
he quitted in 1828. After two years of irre-
gular occupation as banker's clerk, parlia-
mentary reporter, and journalist, in London
and Hamburg, he obtained on 5 April 1831
the place of English and French master in
Cowle's Gymnasium at Elbing. Resigning
this post in 1840, he remained at Elbing,
and, resuming journalistic work, gained no
little celebrity by his able advocacy of free-
trade principles in the ' Elbinger Anzeigen/
Removing to Berlin in 1846, he married
Auguste, daughter of the eminent banker,
Sommerbrod, and was elected a member
Df the Free Trade Union in the same year,
and common councillor in 1848. He took
an active part in the proceedings of the
economic congresses at Gbtha (1858), Hano-
ver (1862), and Brunswick (1866), was de-
puty for Stettin in the Prussian House of
Representatives (1862-6), and president of
the Berlin Economic Society from 1862, and
of the standing committee of the Liibeck
Economic Congress from 1870 until shortly
before Ms death. In 1870 he was returned to
the Reichstag for Anhalk-Zerbst. He died
at Berlin on 3 Feb. 1874. His 'Gesam-
melte Werken/ ed. Braun, Wiesbaden, and
Michaelis, with ' Lebensskizze ' by Wolff,
appeared at Berlin, 1877-80, 3 vols. 8vo.
His only English work is ' System oi Poli-

tical Economy by Charles Henry Eager
LL.D. Translated from the German ' Lon-
don, 1844, 8vo. *

['Lebensskizze' by Wolff, above mentioned-
Gray's Inn. Eeg.; Law List, 1802; Eider's Bri-
tish Merlin, 1818-22; G-ent. Mag. 1822 ii 646-
EowelTs State Trials, xxxi. 953 ; Diet. Lmn*
Authors, 1816; Brit. Mns. Cat. J. M E °
SMITH, JOHN PYE (1774-1851), non-
confonnist divine, only son of John Smith
bookseller, of Angel Street, Sheffield, by
Martha, daughter of Joseph Sheard, and sister-
in-law of Matthew Talbot of Leeds fee
BATHES, EDWAUD, 1774-1848], was born in
Sheffield on 25 May 1774. Without regular
school education he picked up a considerable
knowledge of the classics, and of English and
French literature, by desultory reading in his
father's shop. As he evinced no precocious
piety, it was not until 21 Nov. 1792 that lie
was admitted to membership in the con-
gregational church to which his parents be-
longed. Meanwhile (April 1790) he was
apprenticed to his fathers business, and in
1796 he served his literary apprenticeship as
editor of the * Iris ' newspaper during the
imprisonment of his friend, James Mont-
gomery [q. v.] He appears also to have
had transient relations with Coleridge and
"William Roscoe [q. v.] On the expiry of his
indentures he gave up business, and, after
studying for nearly four, years under Dr,
Edward Williams at the Rotherham Aca-
demy, was appointed in September 1800
resident tutor at Homerton College, where,
besides the liters humaniores, he lectured on
Hebrew, the Greek Testament, logic, rhe-
toric, mathematics, and the more modern
branches of science. Ordained on 11 April
1804, he was advanced in the summer of
1806 to the theological tutorship, which he
held until shortly before his death, on 5 Feb.
1851. He was buried in Abney Park
cemetery (15 Feb.) Pye Smith was D.D. of
Yale College, LLJX of Marischal College
Aberdeen, F.R.S. and F.G.S.

Pye Smith married twice : first, at Tun-
bridge, on 20 Aug. 1801, a daughter of
; Thomas Hodgson of Hackney, who died on
j 23 Nov. 1832; secondly, at Islington, on
12 Jan. 1843, Catherine Elizabeth, widow of
the Rev. William. Clayton. By his first wife
he had four sons and two daughters; by
his second wife no issue.

Without brilliance or metaphysical depth,

Pye Smith had no small learning, industry,

and versatility. Though ignorant of German

until he was past middle life, and though

much of his time was frittered away m .

* ephemeral controversies, he made in his

. 'Scripture Testimony to the Messiah ' (Loa-

Smith i

to 1818-21, 2 vols. 8vo, subsequent edi-
rioas, 1859, 1837, 1847, 3 vols.) a solid con-
tribution to the defence of the Trinitarian
dbetrme, and in his ' Rektion between the
Holv Scriptures and some parts of Geological
Science/ London, 1839, 8vo (oth edit, in
Bohn's Scientific Library, 1852), he did
more than any other British theologian of
his day to bring the exegesis of Genesis into
accord with geological fact. This work was
warmly commended by Whewell, Herschel,
Sedgwick, and Baden PowelL

For nearly balf a century he was a frequent
contributor to the * Eclectic Keview/ Among
his minor works were: 1. 'Letters to the
Bev. Thomas Belsham on some important
subjects of Theological Discussion/ London,
18G4, 8vo. 2.' The Reasons of the Protestant
Eeligion,5 London, 1815, 8vo. 3. 'Four
Discourses on the Sacrifice and Priesthood
of Jesus Christ, and on Atonement and Re-
demption,' London, 1828, 1842, 1847, 8vo.
4. * On the Principles^ of Interpretation as
applied to the Prophecies of Holy Scripture/
London, 1829, 8vo.

[Gent. Hag. 1801 ii. 764, 1843 i. 312,
1851 i 668 ; Congregational Yearbook, 1851,
p. 233; Sketch prefixed to Bohn's edition
of ' The Relation bet-ween Holy Scripture and
some parts of Geological Science ; ' Medway's
Memoirs of the life and Writings of John Pye
Smith, 1858.] J, M. E.

SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752-
1812), portrait and miniature painter and
mezzotint engraver, the youngest son of
Thomas Smith (d. 1767) [q. v.j, known as
* Smith of Derby/ landscape-painter, was
bom at Derby in 1752. He oegan liie as an
apprentice to alinendraper in his native town,
but about 1767 he came to London, and,
while still serving as a shopman, devoted his
leisure to the practice of miniature-painting.
He also attempted engraving, and his earliest
plate, a portrait of Pascal Paoli, after Henry
Bemhridge, is dated 1769. He made rapid
progress in this art, and soon gained a high
position. Many of his plates from the works
of Beynolds, Bomney, and others, as well as
from nis own designs, are among the master-
pieces of mezzotint engraving. His portraits
after Sir Joshua Beynolds include those of
Lady Catharine Pelham-Clinton, Lady Ger-
trude Fitzpatrick, the Hon. Mrs. Stanhope,
«Q&ey Palmer (the 'Girl with a MufT),
Mrs. Carnae, Mrs. Montagu, Mrs. Musters,
Mademoiselle Baeeelli, Madame Schindlerin,
and Lady Hamilton as a Bacchante ; also
PHlippe < Egalite/ duke of Orleans ; Henry
Dumdas, viscount Melville ; William Mark-
ham, archbishop of York ; Richard Bobinson,
ftrdkbishop of Armagh; John Beane Bourke, ;

i ' Smith

archbishop of Tuam and earl of Mayo; Dr.
Joseph Warton ; John Gawler and his sons;
I Master Herbert as Bacchus ; and Master
Crewe as Henry VUL Other portraits by
Smith are: The Gower Family, f Nature J
(Lady Hamilton), Mrs. Kobinson f * Per-
dita'), and "The Clavering Children/ after
George Romney ; ' The Fortune Teller/ after
, the Bev. Matthew William Peters, B.A. ;
George IV, when prince of Wales, after
Gainsborough ; Sir Joseph Banks, after Ben-
jamin "West, P.R.A., John, earl of Eldon,
j Mrs. Siddons in the character of ' Zara/ and
' JohnPhilpot Curran, after Sir Thomas Law-
rence; Napoleon I, after Andrea Appiani;
1 Sir Bichard Arfcwright and *The oynnot
Children/ after Joseph Wright of Derby ; the
Walton family ('The Fruit Barrow '), after
Henry Walton ; James Heath, A.R.A., after
; Lemuel Abbott; and * The Watercress Girl/
after Johann ZofFany, R.A, Among the
most important of his subject plates are:
<TheCaEingof Samuel/ < The Infant Jupiter/
' The Student/ and ' The Snake in the Grass/
after Sir Joshua Beynolds ; ' Ezzelino of
Bavenna musing over the body of his mur-
dered wife/ * BeHsarius and Parcival/ ' Lear
and Cordelia/ 'The Three Witches/ and
'Lady Macbeth/ after Henry Fuseli, R.A. ;
'The Cherubs/ after William Pether; 'Age
and Infancy/ after John Opie, R. A, ; * Wis-
dom directing Beauty and Virtue to sacri-
fice at the Altar of Diana/ after Richard
Cosway, RA.; *A Lady at Haymaking/
'Palemon and Lavinia/ £Cymon and Iphi-
genia/ and * Rosalind and Delia/ after "w il-
Earn Lawranson ; * Mercury inventing the
Lyre/ after James Barry, K.A.; ' Edwin/
from Beattie's * Minstrel/ after Joseph.
Wright of Derby ; * A Promenade at Carlisle
House/ 1781; and 'Christmas Gambols'
and several others after the works of George
Morknd, whose boon companion he was,
and whose portrait he engraved.

Smith likewise carried on an extensive
business as a publisher of engravings, and
employed Girtm and Turner to colour prints.
Desirous of himself becoming a painter, he
neglected engraving when at the zenith of
his fame, ana turned his attention to draw-
ing crayon portraits, which he executed with,
great rapidity and success. Six of these are
in the South Kensington Museum. Among
others he drew small full-length portraits of
Charles James Fox and of Earl Stanhope.
He visited York and other provincial towns,
where he found many patrons. His iatesr
works, however, were very slight, and some-
times finished in an hour. He also painted
some fancy subjects in & ^?}e resembling
those of MorlaM and of WbeaHey. His

Smith

Smith

works appeared at the exhibitions of the
Incorporated Society of Artists, the Free
Society of Artists, and the Royal Academy
between 1773 and 1805.

Smith died at Doncaster, where he resided
during the last three years of his life, on
2 March 1812, in his sixtieth year, and was
buried in Doncaster churchyard. He pos-
sessed great artistic talent, combined with a
humorous and convivial temperament, which
led him much into society and often into
dissipation. A bust of him was modelled
by Sir Francis Chantrey, R.A., whose early
talent he had encouraged. William Hilton,
R.A., and Peter De Wint were among his
pupils.

John Rubens Smith, his son, painted
portraits in the style of his father, and ex-
hibited at the Roy al Academy between 1796
and 1811.

Emma Smith, his daughter, was born
about 1787. She painted water-colour draw-
ings and miniatures, and exhibited at the
Itoyal Academy between 1799 and 1808.
She was also for a time a member of the
Associated Artists in "Watercolours, and
had five drawings in their first exhibition
in 1808.

[Gent. Mag. 1812, i. 488; Redgrave's Diet,
of Artists of the English School, 1878; Bryan's
Bict of Painters and Engravers, ed. Graves and
Armstrong, 1886-9, ii. 508 ; John Chaloner
Smith's British Mezzotinto Portraits, 1878-83,
pp. 1241-1321 ; Exhibition Catalogues of the
Boyal Academy, Incorporated Society of Artists,
and Free Society of Artists, 1773-1805,1

E. E. G.

SMITH, JOHN RUSSELL (1810-1894),
bookseller and bibliographer, was born at
Sevenoaks, Kent, in 1810, and was ap-

Erenticed to John Bryant of Wardour
treet, London. He took a shop at 4 Old
Compton Street, Soho, devoted himself to
English topography and philology, and
issued in 1837 his useful ' Bibliotheca Can-
tiana ; or a Bibliographical Account of what
has been published on the History, Anti-
quities, Customs, and Family History of the
County of Kent ' (large octavo). The titles are
classified with collations and notes. Smith
left two copies, with manuscript annotations,
to the British Museum. Among" his sup-
porters was John Sheepshanks £q.v.], the
well-known collector, "frig l Bibliographical
List of the Works that have been published
towards illustrating the Provincial Dialects
of England,' arranged under counties, 8vo,
appeared in 1839, as well as '"Westmoreland
and Cumberland Dialects: Dialogues, Poems,
Songs, and Ballads by various Writers in
the Westmoreland and Cumberland Dialects,

now first collected, with a copious Glossarv '
8vo.

In 1842, on the occasion of the schism in
the Archaeological Association, one section
of the members, including Thomas Wright,
Mark Anthony Lower, HaUiwell-PhillippsJ
and Henfrey , transferred their publications to
Russell Smith. Increase of business caused
Russell Smith to move to 36 Soho Square.
Among the books he published there were
Nares's l Glossary ' (edited by Wright and Hal-
ttwell-Phillipps),BarnesV Dialect Poems and
Grammar/ Yemen's * Guide to the Anglo-
Saxon Tongue/ and Bosworth's * Anglo-
Saxon Dictionary/ abridged. He is best
remembered by his i Library of Old Authors/
an mteresting "and valuable series of reprints,
chiefly of sixteenth and seventeenth century
literature. The volumes, which were neatly
printed by the Chiswiek Press in small
octavo, were for the most part carefully
edited, and were issued between 1856 and
1875.

Among the catalogues of secondhand
books issued by Russell Smith may be
mentioned one of topographical prints,
drawings, and books printed before 1700
(1849), 'Shakesperiana' (1864), 'Ameri-
cana' (1865), tracts, twenty-six thousand
in number (1874), and engraved Portraits
(1883). He contributed the first complete
list of English writers on fishes and fishing to
R. Blake/s * Historical Sketches of Angling
Literature' (1855). Some copies were
separately issued as * Bibliographical Cata-
logue of English Writers on Angling and
Ichthyology ' (1856).

Smith retired from business about 1884,
when his stock and copyrights were sold.
The e Library of Old Authors ' was disposed
of to William Reeves for 1,000/. He died
on 19 Oct. 1804, at Kentish Town, aged 84.
His industry and literary taste are noticed
by Saunders (Salad for the Social, 1856,
p. 46), and his * integrity in the publishing
way r by WT. C. Hazlitt (Four Generations of
a Literary Family v 1897, ii. 367). A portrait
after a photograph is prefixed to his 'Cata-
logue of Engraver! Portraits ' (1883).

[Athensram, 10 Nov. 1894, p. 644 ; Book-
seller, 6 Nov. 1894, p. 1025; Allibone's Diet.
1870,ii.2148.] H.E.T.

SMITH, JOHN SIDNEY (1804-1871),

1 legal writer, son of John Spry Smith of
9 Woburn Square, London, was born in

; 1804, and held a situation in the six clerks'
office in the court of chancery until 23 Oct.

j 1842, when the establishment was abolished.

; He soon after entered Trinity Hall, Gam-

^ bridge, and graduated B.A. 1847 and liA.

Smith

89

Smith

. He was called to the bar at the
Middle Temple on 7 Nov. 1845, and prac-
tised in the court of chancery. He died
at Sidnev Lodge, Wimbledon, Surrey, on |
14 Jan. 1871. I

In 1834-0 he published, in two volumes, j
* A. Treatise on the Practice of the Court of j
Chancery/ a very useful work, the seventh j
edition of which" he brought out in conjunc- j
tion with Alfred Smith in 1862 ; there was j
al^o an American edition (Philadelphia, s
1839). Smith likewise wrote < A Handbook !
of the Practice of the Court of Chancery/
1848 (:2nd edit. 1855), and * A Treatise on the
Principles of Equity/ 1856.

fMatric. Eegist. Trinity Hall, Cambridge;
IaV Times, 1871, iv. 369-, Hardy's Catalogue
of Lord Chancellors, &c. 1843, p. 116.] G-. 0. B.

SMITH, JOHN STAFFORD (1750-
1836)j composer and musical antiquary, son
of Martin Smith, organist of Gloucester
Cathedral, was born at Gloucester in 1750.
He received Ms earliest musical instruction
from his father, and subsequently became a
pupil of Dr. Boyce and a chorister of the
Chapel Royal under James Nares [q. v.] In
1784 he was appointed a gentleman of the
Chapel Royal, and in 1785 a lay vicar of
Westminster Abbey. In 1802 he succeeded
Dr. Arnold as one of the organists of the
Chapel Royal, and from 1805 to 1817 held
the office of master of the children. He
published five collections of glees, many of
which have enjoyed well-deserved popu-
larity. * Let happy lovers fly,' l Blest pair of
syrens/ i "While fools their time/ and e Return,
blest days/ all gained prizes between 1773
and 1777; other familiar compositions by
Smith are * What shall he have that killed
tlie deer ? ' * Hark, the hollow woods resound-
ing/and the madrigal, 'Flora now calleth
forth each Sower.' In 1779 he published a
collection of English songs composed about
2500, taken from manuscripts of that date.
In 1793 appeared a volume of anthems, and
in 1812 his most important work, * Musica
Antiqua/ a collection of old music from the
twelfth to the eighteenth centuries. Sir
John Hawkins, in the preface to his * History
of Music/ acknowledges the valuable assist-
ance which Smith gave him in the prepara-
tion of the work. He died on 20 Sent. 1836.
la 1844 his interesting library was dispersed
at an obscure auction-room in Gray's Inn
Ko&d, and — no connoisseurs being present —
many valuable manuscripts were lost to the
musical world,

[Crrore's Dictionary of Music, iii. 540; Fetis's
Btograpkie Universelle des Musiciens, viii. 222;
Haaiaaim's Hist, of Music, p. 1276.] R. N.

SMITH, JOHN THOMAS (1766-1833),
topographical draughtsman and antiquary,
son of Nathaniel Smith, a sculptor who after-
wards became a printseller at the sign of
Rembrandt's Head in May's Buildings, St.
Martin's Lane, was born on 23 June 1766 in
a hackney coach in which his mother was re-
turning home from a visit to her brother in
Seven Dials, London. His father was then
chief assistant to Joseph Nollekens, E. A., the
sculptor, whose studio young Smith entered
in 1778, but left it in 1781 to become a pupil
of John Keyse Sherwin [q.v.], the mezzo-
tint-engraver. At the end of three years he
gave up engraving and found employment in
making topographical drawings of London
for Mr. Orowle, and others in the neighbour-
hood of Windsor for Mr. Richard Wyatt. He
had thoughts of going on the stage, bat
eventually settled down in 1788 as a drawing-
master at Edmonton. In 1791 he began the
compilation of his favourite work, i Anti-
quities of London and its Environs/ which
was finished in 1800. He returned to London
in 1795, and for some time practised as a
portrait-painter and engraver. In 1797 he
published ' Remarks on Rural Scenery/ with
twenty etchings of cottages by himself, and
in 1807 the * Antiquities of Westminster/
for part of which the descriptive text was
written by John Sidney Hawkins [q. v.] ; but
a disagreement having arisen between him
and Smith, it was continued by the latter,
who prefixed an ' Advertisement ' describing
the dispute. Smith's statement was chal-
lenged by Hawkins in a * Correct Statement
and Vindication ' of his conduct, which was
answered by Smith in a f Vindication * (1808),
to which HawMns issued a * Reply' (1808).
( Sixty-two additional Plates * to this work
were published in 1809. There followed
'The Ancient Topography of London/ b€gnn
in 1810 and completed in 1815.

In September 1816 Smith was appointed
to succeed William Alexander (1767-1816)
[q. vj as keeper of the prints and drawings in
the British Museum, and retained that office
until his death. His official duties did not
interfere with the continuance of his lite-
rarv work. In 1817 he published t Vagabon-

_ . » , •* . A -»tr i • i ft"*1 J3

through the Streets of London,' illustrated
•with portraits of notorious beggars drawn
and etched by himself from the life; an in-
troduction was written bv Francis Donee
[ q, v.l His last and best known work was
* Nollekens and his Times/ issued ia 182&
This has been said to be * perhaps the most;
candid biography ever published in the Eng-
lish language/ and was probably influenced
by the smallixess of the legacy left to him by

Smith 9°

Nollekens, who appointed him co-executor
of his will with Sir William Beechey and
Francis Douce. A new edition, with an
introduction by Mr. Edmund Gosse, ap-
peared in 1894." After Smith's death there
appeared Ms < Cries of London ^ (1839), with
plates etched by himself, edited by John
Bowyer Nichols "jj, v.j ; his entertaining and
discursive ' Book" for a Eainy Bay' (1845);
and his ' Antiquarian Bamble in the Streets
of London' (1846), edited by Charles Mackay
rq. v."i

Smith died at 22 University Street, Totten-
ham Court Road, London, from inflamma-
tion of the lungs, on 8 March 1833, and was
buried in St. George's burial-ground in the
Bayswater Road.

A three-quarter portrait was painted by
John Jackson, R.A. A drawing by the same
artist was engraved by William Skelton
[q. v.l and prefixed to the f Cries of London,7
1839.

[Smith's Book for a Rainy Day, 1828 ; Memoir
by John Bowyer Nichols, prefixed to Smith's
Cries of London, 1839 ; Short Account, by Ed-
mund Gosse, prefixed to Smith's Nolleiens and
his Times, 1894; Gent. Mag. 1833, i. 641-4;
Bedgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the English
School, 1 878 ; Bryan's Dictionary of Painters
and Engravers, ed. G-raves and Armstrong,
1886-9, ii. 508.] E. E. O.

SMITH, JOHN THOMAS (1805-1882),
colonel royal engineers, second son of George
Smith of Edwalton, Nottinghamshire, and
afterwards of Foelallt, Cardiganshire, by his
wife Eliza Margaret, daughter of Welham
Davis, elder brother of the Trinity House,
was born at Foelallt on 16 April 1805. He
was educated at Repton and at the high
school, Edinburgh, entered the military col-
lege of the East India Company at Addis-
combe in 1822, and received a commission
as second lieutenant hi the Madras engineers
on 17 June 1824, He was promoted to be
first lieutenant on the following day, and
went to Chatham for a course of instruction
in professional subjects. Smith left Chat-
ham on 4 Feb. 1825, and arrived at Madras
on 2 Sept. of the same year.

On 28 A]>ril 1826 Smith was appointed .
acting superintending engineer in the public
works department for the northern division
of the presidency, and on 2 May 1828 he
was confirmed in the appointment. He there-
upon began a series of investigations in re-
ference to lighthouse-lanterns, devising a
reciprocating light. Smith suggested to
government the improvement of the light-
house at Hope's Island, off Coringa, and at
the end of 1833 his services were placed at
the disposal of the marine board, with a view

Smith

1 to the improvement of the lighthouse a*
Madras On II Feb. 1834 ffl-Ldth^
pelled Smith to sail for England on leave of
absence. Before his departure the governor
in council informed him in very compli-
j mentary terms that the marine board had
I adopted his plans for remodelling the light-
I houses both at Madras and at Hope's Island
j He was promoted to be captain on 5 March
i 1835.

Smith remained in England until 28 July
1837, and in the same year he was elected a
fellow of the Royal Society. He was given
an extension of furlough to superintend the
manufacture of apparatus for the Madras
lighthouse. He employed his leisure in the
translation of J. L. Vicaf s valuable treatise
on mortars and cements, to which he added
the results of many original experiments, and
saw the work through the press before leaving
for India. It appeared as < A Practical and
Scientific Treatise on Calcareous Mortars
and Cements, Artificial and Natural, with
Additions/ 8vo, London, 1837. On his return
to Madras on 13 Dec. 1837 he was appointed
to^ the command of the Madras sappers and
miners, but remained at Madras on special
duty. On 20 March 1838 he was appointed
to the first division of the public works de-
partment, comprising the districts of Gan-
jam, Rajamandry, and Vizagapatam, and on
24^ April he took charge of the office of the
chief engineer. He served on a committee
to inspect and report upon the state of the
Red-hill railroad and canal, and he surveyed
the Ennore and Pulicat lakes, to ascertain
the practicability and cost of keeping open
the bar of the Kuam river by artificially
closing that of the Ennore river ; thereby
the^whole of the waters collected in the
Pulicat lake would be turned into the Xuam,
a measure which he considered would afford
peculiar facilities for cleansing the Black
Town, besides improving the water com-
munication between Madras and Sulurpet.
Meanwhile he superintended the erection of
the Madras lighthouse, which was begun in

1838 and completed in 1839. On 5 April

1839 Smith was appointed to the sixth divi-
sion of the public works department, and on
7 May to officiate as superintending engineer
at Madras.

On 24 Sept. 1839 Smith was relieved from
all other duties to enable hi™ to inspect and
report upon the machinery of the mint at
Madras. On 7 Feb. 1840, the date of the re-
establishment of the mint, Smith was ap-
pointed mint-master, and by a thorough re-
formation of the whole establishment soon
brought the mint into a high state of effi-
ciency. The satisfactory-results obtained by

Smith <

Smith's skilful adaptation to steam power
of the old and simple mint machinery driven
for flpifflftl power were referred to in a finan-
eil despatch of 16 March 1841 to the court
of directors as highly creditable. On 13 Jan,
1B48 he visited the Cape of Good Hope on
leave of absence, returning to the mint on
28 Dec. 1847. An innovation which Smith
introduced of adjusting the weights of the
blinks by means of the diameters of the
pieces, instead of by their thickness, resulted
IB his design of a very ingenious and beauti-
ful machine, by which twenty or a hundred
blanks could be weighed to half a grain and
deposited in a separate cell by a single person
with two motions of the hand. After the
pieces had been thus sorted they were passed
through a set of circular cutters, which re-
moved a certain weight according to the
excess of each over the standard. By this
means almost the whole of the blanks were
obtained of the exact weight without further
correction. This machine gained an award
at the London International Exhibition of
1851.

Smith was promoted to be major on
2 March 1852, and lieutenant-colonel on
1 Aug. 1854. About this time he made
some ingenious inventions, which he pro-
posed to apply to the demolition of Crpn-
stadt; and he also invented a refracting
sight for rifles. On 21 Sept. 1855 he was
appointed mint-master at Calcutta. The fol-
lowing year he went to England to arrange
about copper machinery for the mint, and did
not go lick, retiring on a pension, with the
honorary rank of colonel, on 23 Oct. 1857.
After his return to England he devoted him-
self to currency problems, and favoured the
introduction 01 a gold standard into India.
He was deputed to attend the international
monetary congress held in Paris in 1865, be-
sides taking active part in the proceedings of
many learned societies.

Smith was for a longtime consulting engi-
neer to the Madras Irrigation Company ; he
was also a director of the Delhi bank and of
the Madras Railway Company, of which he
was for some years chairman. On 17 May
1866 he wasappointed a member of the consult-
ing committee, military fond department, at
the India office, which post he held until the
committee was abolished on 1 April 1880.
He died at his residence, 10 Gledhow Gar-
dens, London, on 14 May 1882. Sir Arthur
Cotton observes of "him : * He was one of the
moet talented, laborious, clear-headed, and
scmnd-judging men I have ever met with, or
known of by other means.' He married, on
27 June 1837, Maria Sarah, daughter of E.
Tyser, M JX, by whom he had five sons (for

c Smith

the eldest of whom see below) and eight
daughters. A portrait is in possession of
his daughter-in-law, Mrs. Percy Smith.

Smith, who was a member of many learned
bodies, was author of: 1. i Observations on
the Management of Mints/ 8vo, Madras, 1848.
2. e Observations on the Duties and Respon-
sibilities involved in the Management of
Mints/ 8vo, London, 1848. 3. ' Report on
the Madras Military Fund, containing ISTew
Tables of Mortality, Marriage, &c.? deduced
from the Fifty Years' Experience, 1808-1858/
by Smith, in conjunction with S. Brown and
P. Hardy. 4. * Kemarks on a Gold Currency
for India, and Proposal of Measures for the
Introduction of the British Sovereign/ 8vo,

' London, 1868. 5. i Silver and the Indian
Exchanges,' 8vo, London, 1880.

Smith initiated the * Professional Papers
of the Madras Engineers/ and edited vols.
i. ii. and iii, of * Reports, Correspondence,
and Original Papers on various Professional
Subjects connected with the Duties of the
Corps of Engineers, Madras Presidency ' (4to,
Madras, printed between 1845 and 1855 ; the
third edition of the first four volumes was
printed at the American Press, Madras, in
1859). Smith contributed to these volumes
many papers, mainly on mintage and light-
house construction.

' The eldest son, PEECT GTTILLEHABD
LLEWELLTST SMITH (1838-1893), was born at
Madras on 15 June 1888, became a lieutenant
in the royal engineers on 28 Feb. 1855, served
in South Africa from August 1857 to January
1862, was promoted captain on 31 Dec. 1861,
and was employed on the defences of Portland
and Weymouth until 1869, and on the con-
struction of Maryhill Barracks, Glasgow, until
1874. On 5 July 1872 he was promoted to be
major, and in 1874 was appointed instructor
in construction at the School of Military En-
gineering at Chatham. He was promoted to
be lieutenant-colonel on 20 Dec* 1879, in
which year he became an assistant director
of works under the admiralty at Portsmouth.
In October 1882 he succeeded Major-general
Charles Pasley [q.v.] as director of works
at the admiralty, and during ten years of
office carried out many important works,
both at home and at Malta, Gibraltar ? Ber-
muda, Halifax, and Newfoundland. He was
promoted to be brevet colonel on 20 Dec. 1883,
He retired from the military service on 31 Dec.
1887 with the honorary rank of major-gene-
ral, but retained his admiralty appointment.
He died at Bournemouth on 25 April 1S&3.
He was twice married : first to a daughter
of Captain Bailey, R.N.; and, seeoadly,
in 1886, to Miss Ethel P&rkyas. He was
the author of * Notes on Building Con-

Smith 5

struetion,' published anonymously, 1875-9,
in 3 vols. STO. It is the best book on the
subject published in this country. A fourth
volume, on the i Theory of Construction,'
was published in 1891. *He contributed to
vols. xvi. and xviii. new ser, of the *Profes-
sionalPapersof the Corps of Boy al Engineers.

[India Office Eecords ; obituary notices in
Eoyal Engineers' Journal, 1882, 1893; Times,
17 May 18S2; Proceedings of the Royal Soc.
vol. xxiiv. 1 SS2-3 ; Minutes of Proceedings of
the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. Lrxi.
1882-3, and in Yibart's Addi&combe, its Heroes |
and Men of Xote ; Allibone's Diet, of English
Literature; Indian Government Despatches ;
Professional Papers of the Corps of Eoyal Engi-
neers ; Professional Papers of the Madras Engi-
neers.] B. H. V.

SMITH, JOHN WILLIAM (1809-
1845), "legal writer, born in Chapel Street,
Belgrade Square, London, on 23 Jan. 1809,
was eldest son of John Smith, who was
appointed in 1830 paymaster of the forces
in Ireland. "His mother was a sister of
George Connor, master in chancery in Ire-
land. After exhibiting remarkable precocity '
at a private school in Isleworth, he passed
in 1821 to "Westminster School, where he was
elected queen's scholar in 1823. He en-
tered in 1826 Trinity College, Dublin, where
he obtained a scholarship in 1829, and was
awarded the gold medal in classics in the ,
following year. He joined on 20 June 1827
the Inner Temple, where, after practising
for some years as a special pleader, he was
called to the bar on 3 May 1834. In the same
year appeared his * Compendium of Mer- <
cantile Law,* London, 8vo? a work distin-
guished equally by profound learning and
luminous exposition. l An Elementary View
of the Proceedings in an Action at Law '
followed in 1836, London, 8vo, and 'A
Selection of Leading Cases on Various
Branches of the Law,' a work of incalculable
benefit to the student, in 1837-1840, Lon-
don, 2 vols. 8vo. From 1837 to 1843 Smith
was lecturer at the Law Institution, and in
1840 was appointed to a revising barrister-
sMp. He practised for a time on the Oxford
circuit and at the Hereford and Gloucester
sessions, but latterly only in the metropolis,
where he died of consumption induced by
overwork oa 17 Dee. 1845. He was buried
in Kensal Green cemetery, and a tablet was
placed to Ms memory in the Temple Church.

In Smith an ungainly person, a harsh
voice, and awkward manners served as a
foil to mental endowments of a high order.
To a veritable genius for the discovery and
exposition of legal principles he added a*
large erudition not only in the ancient

2 Smith

; classics, but in the masterpieces of English
Italian, and Spanish literature. He was ako*
well read in theology and a devout Chri-
tian. Smith's ' Mercantile Law ' reached "a
third edition in its author's lifetime ; later
editions by Dowdeswell appeared at London
in 1848, 1855, 1871, and 1877, 8vo, and bv
Macdonell and Humphreys in 1890, London
2 vols. 8vo. The ' Elementary View of the
Proceedings in an Action at Law' reached a
fourteenth edition byFoulkes in 1884, Lon-
don, 12mo ; and the ' Leading Cases,' a tenth
edition, edited by Chitty, Williams, & Chittv,
in 1896, London, 2 vols. 8vo. Other (posthu-
mous) works by Smith are: (1) 'The Law
of Contracts: in a course of lectures de-
livered at the Law Institution; with notes
and appendix by Jelinger C. Svmons,' Lon-
don, 1847, 8vo ; subsequent editions by Mal-
colm in 1855 and 1868, and by Thompson
in 1874 and 1885, 8vo. 2. ' The Law of
Landlord and Tenant: being a Course of
Lectures delivered at the Law Institution ;
with notes and additions by Frederic Philip
Maude/ London, 1855, 1866,1882, 8vo.

[Westminster School Reg. ed. Barker and
Stenning, p. 213; Law Mag. xxxr. 177; Law
Times, vi, 473 ; Warren's Mise. ed. 1855, i. 116-
184, and Law Studies, ed. 1863 ; Albany Law
Journ. vi. 393.] J. 3d. E.

SMITH, JOSEPH (1670-1756), provost
of Queen's College, Oxford, fifth son of "Wil-
liam Smith, rector of Lowther, and younger
brother of John Smith (1659-1715) [q. v.],
was born at Lowther, Westmoreland, on
10 Oct. 1670. On his father's death when five
years old, Ms mother removed to Guisbrough
in Yorkshire, where he attended the gram-
mar school. Thence he proceeded to the
Public school at Durham, and on 10 May
689 he was admitted a scholar of Queen's
College, Oxford. In 1693 he was chosen a
tabarder and graduated B.A. in 1694. He
proceeded MA. by diploma in 1697, having-
accompanied Sir Joseph Williamson [q. v. 1,
his godfather, who was one of the Britisli
plenipotentiaries, to Byswick as his private
secretary. On 31 Oct. 1698, in his absence,
he was elected a fellow of the college. Soon
after his return in 1700 he took holy orders
and obtained from the provost, Dr. Timothy
Halton [q. v.], the living of Iffiey, near Ox-
ford. In 1702 he was chosen to address
Queen Anne upon her visit to the university.
In 1704 he was elected senior proctor, and
dubbed f handsome Smith' to distinguish
him from his colleague, Thomas Smith of
St. John's. In the same year Dr. Hal ton died,
and Smith's friends proposed him as a can-
didate. He, however, would not hear of it,
but gave all his interest to Dr. William Lan-

Smith

93

Smith

aster fa. v., wo had formerly been his
tutor, and who was accordingly elected. The
new provost presented him to Russell Court
dispel and to the lectureship of Trinity
Chapel, Hanover Square, which he held until
1731, These promotions brought Smith to
town, where he became chaplain to Edward
VBliers, first earl of Jersey [q. v.], who,
before his death in 1711, introduced him to
the queen, gave him several opportunities of
preaclung before her, and obtained for him
the promise of the first vacant canonry in
the church at Windsor. In 1708 he took
the degrees of B.D. and D.D., and on 29 Nov.
was presented by the college to the rectory
of Knights Enham and to the donative of
Upton Grey in Hampshire. In 1716 he ex-
changed Upton Grey for the rectory of St.
Dionis, Lime Street, London.

On the accession of George I he was
again introduced to court by the Earl of
Grantham, and was made chaplain to the
Princess of Wales, afterwards Queen Caro-
line. In 1723 Edmund Gibson [q. v.], bishop
of Lincoln, an old college friend, appointed
him to the prebend of Dunholm, and on Gib-
son's transfer to the see of London he gave
him the donative of Paddington. In 1724
he was appointed to the lectureship of the r
oew church of St. George's, Hanover Square,
and on 8 May 1728 Gibson gave him the
prebend of St. Mary Newington in the
cathedral church of St. Paul's.

But in 1730, on the demise of John
Gibson, Dr. Smith, without any solicitation
on his part, was chosen provost of Queen's
College. He was particularly pleased with
this appointment and devoted himself to the
service of the college, of which he improved
both the discipline and instruction. In 1731
he drew up a statement of its architectural
condition with an icbnography of the whole
(this was an expansion of a statement first
issued in Provost Gibson's time), and ordered
cuts of the buildings by M. Burghers (d.
1727) to be engraved in quarto. Through the
good offices of Arthur Onslow [q . v.], speaker
of the House of Commons, and of Colonel
John Selwyn [see under SELWYIT, GEOB&B
AUGUSTUS, 1719-1791], Queen Caroline's
treasurer, he obtained from her majesty a
beneiaction of 1000Z. towards adorning the
college. In recognition of this gift he had
the queen's statue, in marble, f placed over ,
the gateway in an open temple, supported
by eight duplicated columns, crowned with
entablatures on which stand eight arches
covered with a tholus/ He also induced Lady
Elizabeth Hastings [q. v.] to settle several
exhibitions on the college. His zeal obtained,
an, oider in chancery which forced Sir

Orlando Bridgeman to pay over a donation
of Sir Francis Bridgeman's. His exertions
also procured the foundation of eight addi-
tional fellowships as well as four scholarships
by John Michel of Richmond in Surrey.
Dr. Smith died in Queen's College on
23 Nov. 1756, and was interred in the vault
under the new chapel. In 1709 he married
Mary Lowther, youngest daughter of Henry
Lowther of Ingleton Hall in Yorkshire and
of Lowther in Fermanagh, and niece of
Timothy Halton, the former provost. She
died on 29 April 1745. By her he had three
children: Joseph, an advocate of Doctors'
Commons ; Anne, married, first, to Pre-
bendary Lamplugh, a grandson of the arch-
bishop, and, secondly, to Captain James
Hargraves ; and William, who died young,
His portrait was painted by J. Maubert and
engraved by Bernard Baron [q, v.] (BROMLEY,
Catalogue of Engraved Portraits, p. 280),
and there is a life-size bust over his monu-
ment near the entrance of Queen's College
chapel. The college has a large collection
of his manuscripts and letters.

Smith was the author of: 1. * Modern
Pleas for Schism and Infidelity Reviewed/
London, 1717, 8vo. 2. < A Modest Eeview
of the Bishop of Bangor's Answer to
' Dr. Snape/ London, 1717, 8vo. 3. 'Some
Considerations offered to the Bishop of
Bangor on his Preservative against the Prin-
ciples of the Nonjurors/ London, 1717, 8vo.
4. * The Unreasonableness of Deism/ London,
1720, 8vo. 5. * Anarchy and Rebellion/
1720, 8vo. 6. ' A View of the Being, Nature,
and Attributes of God/ Oxford, 1756, 8vo ;
besides several sermons. To him has also
been attributed £ The Difference between the
Nonjurors and the Present Public Assem-
blies/ 1716, 8vo, which provoked the reply,
( Joseph and Benjamin ; or Little Demetrius
tossed in a Blanket/ London, 1717, 8vo,
Some manuscript notes of Smith's also are
preserved in the copy of the * Ifcesigned and
, Resolved Christian ' (1689, 4to), by Denis
GrenviHe, in the Grenville collection at the
British Museum.

[Notes kmdlyfenished by the Bev. Dr. J. B.
Magrath, provost of Queen's College, Oxford;
Biographia Britannica, vi 3734-3744; Chal-
mers's Biogr. Diet. 1816; Wood's Antiquities,
ed. Guteh, i. 170 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-
1714 ; AlKboae's Diet of Engl. Lit.] E. I. C.

SMITH, JOSEPH (1682-1770), British
consul at Venice, born in 1682, took ap his
residence at Venice at the age of eighteen,
and was apparently engaged in commerce
there, He made a wide reputation as a col-
lector of books, manuscripts, pictures, coins,
and gems. He patronised painters, and

Smith

94

Smith

among his protege's were tlie Florentine
Zucearelli and the Venetian Zais. Horace
Walpole sneered at him as 'the merchant
of Venice/ who knew nothing of his books
except their title-pages (WALPOLE, Letters,
i. 239-307), but the censure seems unde-
served. In 1729 Smith prepared an edition
of Boccaccio's l Decamerone,' which was pub-
lished by Passinello (EsEET, Bibliographical
Dictionary,!. 201). It is so nearly an exact
reproduction of the rare edition of 1527 that
only those who are acquainted with the
minute differences can distinguish the copy
from the original Of Smith's edition only
three hundred copies were printed, including
a few on large paper,* these latter are ex-
tremely rare, a nre having destroyed a por-
tion of the edition (see Corai Gio. BATISTA
BALDELLI BONI'S Vita di G. Boccaccio,
Firenze, 1806, p. 311). About the same
time Smith issued a * Catalogue Librorum
Rarissimorum ' (without date), which was
limited to twenty-five copies. The volumes
noticed were in Smith's own possession.
A second edition, containing the titles of
thirty-one additional books, was published in
Venice in 1737. Of his general library a cata-
logue was printed at Venice in 1755, under
the title ' Bibliotheca Smithiana, seu Cata-
logus Librorum D. Josephi Smithii Angli.'

Ikleanwhile in 1740 Smith was appointed
British consul at Venice, and was thence-
forth known fa.TmHa.rly as Consul Smith.
He retained the post till 1760. In 1765
George m began to form his library by
purchasing Smith's books en bloc for 10,OOOZ.,
and they now form an important part of the
king's library at the British Museum. Smith
continued to collect, and at "Ms death the
books which he had acquired subsequently to
the sale of his library to George HI were
sold at public auction in London by Baker
& Leigh in January and February 1773, the
sale occupying thirteen days. His art trea-
sures also were bought by George HI for
20,0001 (see ED. EDWABDS'S Lives of the
Founders of the British Museum, 1570-1870,
A valuable portion of his manu-

scripts was purchased for Blenheim Palace by
Lord Sonderland, who gave, according to
Humphry Wanley's * Diary/ 1,500/. for them
(lawdowne MS. 771, fol. 34). Smith's an-
tique gems were described and illustrated in
A. F. Gori's * Dactyliotheca Smithiana,'
2 vols, folio, 1767.

Smith died at Venice on 6 Nov. 1770,
aged 88. About 1758 he married a sister of
Jonn Murray, resident at Venice, and after-
wards ambassador at the Porte (see LADY

ETLEY-MoOTiGTfs Letters and

1896, iL 319).

[Supplement to Dr. T. P. Dibdin's Biblio-
mania, ed. 1842, pp. 33-5 ; Scots Mag, 1770
p. 631 ; information from the foreign office and
from the British Consulate at Venice.]

G-. V. M.

SMITH, JOSHUA TOULMIN,who after
1854 was always known as ToFLicDr SMITH
(1816-1869), publicist and constitutional
lawyer, born on 29 May 1816 at Birmingham,
was eldest son of William Hawkes Smith
(1786-1840), of that town, an economic and
educational reformer. His great-grandmother
was sister to Job Orton [q. v.j, and his
great-grandfather Dr. Joshua Toulmin [q,v.~
Joshua was educated at home and at a private
school at Hale, Cheshire, kept by Charles
Wallace. An eager student of literature and
philosophy, he was at first destined for the
Unitarian ministry, but that vocation was
abandoned in favour of the law, and at
sixteen he was articled to a local solicitor.
Removing in 1835 to London, he was entered
at Lincoln's Inn with a view to the bar.
Meanwhile he showed a precocious literary
activity. At seventeen he wrote an f In-
troduction to the Latin Language' for a
class at the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute,
and in 1836 produced a work on l Philosophy
among the Ancients.'

^ Marrying in 1837 Martha, daughter of Wil-
liam Jones Kendall of Wakefield, he went to
the United States, first settling at Detroit,
then at Utica, and afterwards in Boston.
At Boston he lectured, chiefly on phrenology
and on philosophy. Attracted by Rain's pub-
lication at Copenhagen of the narratives of
early Icelandic voyages to America, he pub-
lished in 1839 f The Discovery of America
by the Northmen in the Tenth Century,' a
study from the originals, which he was the
first to introduce to English readers; the
work gained him the diploma of the Royal
Society of Antiquaries of Copenhagen. Seve-
ral other minor publications, educational and
historical, occupied his pen till, in 1842, he
returned to England, and, settling at High-
gate, near London, resumed his legal studies,
and was called to the bar in 1849. At this
period he found recreation in the pursuit of
geology. Especially directing his attention
to the upper chalk, he printed a series of papers
(Ann. and Map. of 'Natural History r, August
1847-May 1848, issued as a volume 1848) on
i The Ventriculidae of the Chalk.' The mono-
graph, which was illustrated by his own
pencil, was based on laborious microscopic
investigations ; it established the true cha-
racter, hitherto imperfectly known, of the
class of fossils of which it treated, and still
remains a chief authority on the subject. This
work drew round "him the leading geologists

Smith

95

Smith

of the day. When the Geologists' Associa-
tion was formed Toulmin Smith was invited
to be president, but, beyond delivering the
inaugural address (11 Jan. 1859), he took
little active part in its proceedings.

Meanwhile, in the autumn of 1847, when
the dreaded approach of cholera roused atten-
tion to matters of health, Smith became leader
of effective action in his own neighbourhood
at Highgate ; and his inquiries iiito the for-
mer law and practice on the subject of local
responsibilities were the beginning of efforts
extending over many years, with consider-
able success in spite of difficulties, to raise
the sanitary condition and municipal life of
the suburban parish where he lived. He
watched the course of public legislation, and
brought his researches into constitutional
law, joined to his local experience, to bear
upon it by weighty speech and untiring pen.
He strongly opposed the Public Health Act
of 1848, an opposition which subsequent
events justified. Reform of the corporation
of London, the sewerage and administration
of the metropolis, highway boards, the main*
tenance of public footpaths, the functions of
the coroner's court, the volunteer movement,
parish rights and duties, and the church-rate
question are some of the subjects on which
his research and action between 1850 and
1860 were incessant. In 1851 appeared his
•* Local Self-Government and Centralisation/
$ deduction of English constitutional prin-
•ciples from the national records ; and in 1854
'The Parish: its Obligations and Powers:
its Officers and their Duties/ by the second
-edition of which (1857) he is perhaps best
known.

Meanwhile his sympathy was strongly
drawn to the Hungarians "in their gallant
•struggle for liberty in 1848-9, and among
other aids to their cause he published ( Paral-
lels between . . . England and Hungary'
(1849), in which he compared the funda-
mental institutions of the two countries.
Through many years, and to his own detri-
ment, he continued a firm friend to Hungary,
successfully defended Kossuth in the suit as
to paper money brought against him by the
Austrian government in 1861, issued two
important pamphlets on the then political
"position of the country, and was the only
person who dared to publish in England the
Ml text of Beak's speeches (Parliamentary
Remembrancer, vol. iv.)

Smith declined an invitation to stand as
candidate for parliament for Sheffield in
1852. la 1854 he, with Mr. W. J. Evelyn,
M.P. for Surrey, and the Rev. M. W. Malet,
formed the Anti-Centralisation Union, and
wrote the thirteen papers issued during the

three years of its existence.
a wider means of instructing

He then took
_ the public on
the attempts and methods of modern legis-
lators, by the establishment of the 6 Parliamen-
tary Remembrancer ' (1857-1865), a weekly
record of action in paniament, with valuable
historical commentaries and illustrations.
The great labour entailed by this periodical
— which he conducted single-handed, only
helped by his family — added to his other
undertakings and his practice at the parlia-
mentary bar, finally broke down his health.
He was drowned while bathing at Lancing,
Sussex, on 28 April 1869, and was buried in
Hornsey churchyard. His wife survived
him with two sons and three daughters. The
great aim of Smith's life was to spread a
knowledge of the historic principles of local
government and true democratic liberty, and
of the means of adapting them to modern
needs.

Besides the works mentioned he published :
'Laws of England relating to Public Health/
1848 ; f Government by Commissions Illegal
and Pernicious,' 1849 ; ' The Law of Nui-
sances/ 1855, which went through four edi-
tions, the last in 1867 ; * Memorials of Old
Birmingham/ two vols. viz. c The Old Crown
House,' 1863, and 'Men and Names/ 1864;
and edited several acts of parliament. His
historical work on 'English Gilds/ which
has exercised a wide influence, was completed
after his death (Early EngL Text Soc. 1870).

[Eegist. and Magazine of Biography, 1869, ii.
88 ; family papers ; personal recollections.]

L. T. S.

SMITH/ JOSIAH WILLIAM (1816-

1887), legal writer, only child of the Re?.
John Smith, rector of Baldock, Hertfordshire,
was born on 3 April 1816, and graduated
LL.B. from Trinity HaU, Cambridge, 1841
(^^s^^GraduatiCantabngienses). He en-
tered himself a student of Lincoln's Inn on
9 Nov. 1836, where he was called to the bar on
6 May 1841, and chiefly practised in the court
of chancery. He was the draughtsman of
the ' Consolidated General Orders of the High
Court of Chancery >(lS60)J<and also edited
Fearne's * Contingent Remainders ' and Mit-
ford's * Chancery Pleadings/ But he is best
remembered as the author of the ' Manual of
Eomty' (1845), 'Compendium of the Law
ofKeal and Personal Property ' (1855), and
' Manual of Common Law and Bankruptcy '
(1864). These works, clearly and concisely
written, went through many^ editions, and
are standard works. In addition he com-
piled several small manuals of devotion and
a < Summary of the Law of Christ* (1859
and 1860). Having attained the rank of

Smith

96

Smith

queen's counsel on 25 Feb. 1S81, Smith "was
chosen a bencher of Lincoln's Inn on 13 March ;
following, and in September 1565 became '
county-court judge for Herefordshire and ;
Shropshire t circuit Xo. 27). He was a judge r
of Terr strong individuality, resented being ;
overruled by a superior court, and on one \
occasion, shortly before his retirement, de- j
clared his reason for not giving leave to i
appeal to be that if he was overruled the court •
would be deciding contrary to law and |
justice. This drew down upon him a re- !
bnke from the court of queen's bench, Jus- '
tlce Mellor pronouncing him 'an extraor- <
dinary specimen of a county-court judge/ ;
Credit was, however, given him for good in- J
tentions. Smith, who was a JJP. for Here- \
fordshire, retired from the bench on a pen- !
sion in February 1879. He died at Clifton on !
10 April 1887, and was buried at Baldock. t
He married in 1844 Mary, second daughter
of George Henry Hicks, M.B., of Baldock

[Foster's Men at the Bar ; Debrett's Judicial
Bench ; Lav Journal.] W. E. W.

SMITH, KATHEEINE (1680?-! 758?),
vocalist. rSee TOFTS.]

SMITH' SIB LIONEL (1778-1842), Heu-

tenant-general, born on 9 Oct. 1778, was the
younger son of Benjamin Smith of Liss in
Hampshire, a West India merchant (d. 1806),
by his wife Charlotte Smith [q.v.j, the poetess.
In March 1795 Lionel was appointed, with-
out purchase, to an ensigncy in the 24th regi-
ment of foot, then in Canada; in October of
the same year he obtained his lieutenancy.
While in America he attracted the notice of i
the Duke of Kent, who materially assisted (
his advancement. After being quartered in j
Canada for some time, his regiment was re- !
moved to Halifax in Xova Scotia, and thence
he was ordered to cross to the west coast of
Africa to quell an insurrection in Sierra
Leone. In May 1801 he obtained his company
in the 16th regiment, and in April 1802 was
promoted to the rank of major. In the same
year he proceeded to the West Indies, and
was present at the taking of Surinam, Esse-
quibOjBerbice, and other foreign possessions.
He became lieutenant-colonel in June 1805,
in the 18th regiment, but about 1807 was
transferred totne command of the 65th, then
at Bombay, In 1809 and 1810 he conducted
expeditions against the pirates who infested
the Persian Gulf, and received for Ms ser-
vices the thanks of the imaum of M useat. In
1810 he was present with his regiment at the '
reduction of Mauritius, and obtained Ms full
"colonelcy in June 1813. On 17 £Tov. 1817
lie commanded the fourth division of the
army of the Beccan at the capture of Poonah,

and in the following year he was
wounded in the cavalry action at Ashta
On 12 Aug. 1819 he was advanced to the rank
of major-general, but, after serving for some
time on the Bombay staff, he left India, and
on 9 April 1832 was nominated colonel of
the 96th foot. On 3 Dec. of the same year
he was created K.C.B., and in October 1&S4
was appointed colonel of the 74th regiment.
From 27 April 1S33 he was stationed at
Barbados as governor and Commander-in-
chief of the Windward and Leeward Islands
The recent enactment- of the Emancipation
Act had produced much bitter feeling among
the Europeans, and Sir Lionel incurred mucn
unpopularity by Ms sympathy with the
coloured population. His attitude towards
the House of Assembly was uneonciliatory,
and he was charged with unconstitutional
procedure. In 1836 he succeeded the Marquis
of Sligo as captain-general and commander-
in-chief of Jamaica, and in the same year
was appointed a knight grand cross of the
order of the Gruelphs of Hanover. In Jamaica
he found even greater difficulties than in
Barbados. The expiration of the term of
apprenticesMp and the complete emancipa-
tion of the slaves in 1838 were followed by
an attempt on the part of the planters to
keep the negroes in subjection by charging
them heavy rents for their huts, by pervert-
ing1 the vagrancy laws, and by ejecting
offenders from their estates. By these means
they drove large numbers of labourers to
tracts of virgin land, -where they could live
in independence. Sir Lionel endeavoured to
restrain these abuses, but his measures only
hastened a crisis, and earned for him the
hatred of the proprietors and managers of
estates. On the publication of an imperial
act * for the better government of prisons in
the West Indies/ framed with a view to-
preventing the ill-treatment of negroes, the
House of Assembly declared its rights in-
fringed and refused to legislate. Lord Mel-
bourne was defeated in the British parliament
in an attempt to pass an act to suspend the
constitution of Jamaica, and for a time mat-
ters were at a deadlock. In 1839 a modified

Metcalfe [q, v.] was selected to succeed him
as governor.

While governor, Sir Lionel was appointed
a lieutenant-general hi January 1837, and in
February he succeeded George Cooke as
colonel of the 40th regiment. At the corona-
tion of Queen Victoria he was included in
the list^of baronets, and in 1840 he succeeded
Sir William Nicolay as governor of the
Mauritius. In 1841 he was created G.CJX,

Smith

97

Smith

and lie died at Mauritius on 3 Jan. 1842.
He was twice married. By Ms first wife,
Ellen Marianne (d. 1814), daughter of Thomas

_ ' Kilkerry, co. Kerry, he had two
iufiifers, Ellen Maria and Mary Anne. On
$0 >VOT, 1819 he married Isabella Curwen,
youngest daughter of Eldred Curwen Pot-
timger of Mount Pottinger, co. Down, and
sister of Sir Henry Pottinger [q. v.] She
died three days after her husband, leaving
four children, Lionel Eldred, Augusta, Isa-
bella, and Charlotte.

[Gent. Mag. 1842, ii. 93-4; Animal Begister,
1842, pp. 242-3 ; Dodd's Annual Biogr. for 1842,
pp. 4-8; Burr's Appeal to the Marquis of
Hastings, 1819 ; Asiatic Annual Begister, vol.
ad. Chron. p. 161, vol. xiL Chron. p. 122 ;
Asiatic Monthly Journal, ii. 341 ; Mill's Hist,
of India, ed. Wilson, vii. 315-18, viii. 309-11 ;
Patoa's Records of the Twenty-fourth Regiment,
p. 332 ; Schombiirgk's Hist, of Barbados, 1848,
pp. 450-75 ; Gardner's Hist of Jamaica, 1873,
pp. 394-404.] B. L C.

SMITH, MATTHEW (Jl. 1696), in-
former, nephew of Sir William Parkyns [q. v.],
was connected with several good Jacobite
families. He obtained an ensigncy in Vis-
count Castleton's regiment of toot in May
1693, but he was discharged from the regi-
meat in the following January. Thereupon
he took rooms in the Middle Temple, sought
the society of Jacobites, and acquired know-
ledge of their intrigues. During the summer
of 1695 he signified to Charles Talbot, duke
of Shrewsbury [q. v.], and to James Vernon
[q. v.j, then undersecretary of state, that he
was willing to traffic in such information as
lie possessed. In December (seven or eight
weeks, that is to say, before it was revealed
by Thomas Prendergast [q. v.]) he threw out
a number of obscure but unmistakable hints
of a plot for the assassination of William ;
but Sbewsbur/s vigilance was benumbed
bv a guilty consciousness of his own in-
trigues with the exiles. When the conspiracy
had been proved, Smith accused Shrews-
bury and Vernon of crassly neglecting the
intelligence which he had famished. The
ciiarge would have had little consequence
but for the feet that it coincided with the
damaging statements which were beingj circu-
lated by Sir John Fenwick [q. v.] and Ms wife,
tod with the strenuous efforts being made by
Lord Mosmouth (afterwards Earl of Peter-
twoiya) to convict the whig leaders (and
especially Shrewsbury and Marlborough) of
complicity in Jacobite intrigue [see Moa-
s»Atnrr» CHXKLBS]. Monmouth's aim was
to |prafe the facts supplied by Smith, and
whica contained a suferafrum of truth, upon
**"" * " confession, by which means he

hoped to obtain a powerful leverage against
his enemies. Smith, however, was a weak
tool, and his main object was to blackmail
Shrewsbury and Ternon, whose correspon-
dence during October and November 1696 was
full of anxiety as to his proceedings. The
king himself relieved them from suspicions
which he could not afford to entertain. He
told Smith that he had been cognisant of
his warnings, but had decided to ignore them ;
at the same time he sent him 5QL through
Portland, and promised him a place in
Flanders. So reckless, however, was Smith
in erploiting his new sources of wealth, that
before a week had elapsed he was thrown into>

: the Fleet prison for debt. Thence Somers
rescued Tmn and e quieted him/ and on
10 Dec. Yernon gave Mm another twenty
guineas. It was indispensable to keep him
in a good humour pending his examination
by the House of Lords. This took place
on 11 and 13 Jan. 1697, when Smith held
Ms tongue as to anything that he knew to

' the disadvantage of Shrewsbury and Marl-
borough. He was also extremely reticent as-
to his relations with Monmouth, but com-
plained of the ingratitude with wMch his
revelations had been received. The house

' decided that his reward was sufficient, inas-
much as his object had been to keep well
both with the conspirators and the govern-
ment. His patron Monmouth was shortly
afterwards committed to the Tower, on tbe-
presumption that he had endeavoured to
suborn false witnesses against his private
enemies. Smith, in the meantime, withdrew
into retirement, and published his * Memoirs

' of Secret Service . . . humbly offered to the
Hon. the House of Commons' (London, 1699,
8vo), in wMeh he bitterly complains of Ms
treatment by Shrewsbury and Vernon. It
caused a sensation by its outspoken language,,
and in spite of some attempts made by Peter-
borough to screen Ms discreditable ally, Smith
was on 12 Dec. 1699 committed to the Gate-
house by order of the upper house. His
book was answered by Richard Kingston in
1700, whereupon Smith retorted in * A Beply
to an Unjust and Scandalous LibeP (1700),
and Kingston followed suit with * Impudence,
Lying, and Forgery detected and chastised,
in alrfcejoinder to a Keply' (1700), in wMch
he stigmatised Ms adversary as a squire of
Alsatia, while he attributed his adroit use
of invective to the assistance of a skilled
hand, that of the * Infamous Town-poet, Tom
Brown,' who had, however, little, if anything,
to do with, the controversy. Nothing further
is known of Matthew Smith.

[Vemon Correspondence, ed. James, psssam ;
House of Lords' Journals, xvi. 63-4; ^

Smith 9$

Smith

English Army Lists, i. 331 ; LuttrelTs Brief
Hist. Belation, iv. 591; Burners Own Time;
Macauky's Hist, of England ; Stebbing's Peter-
borough, pp. 30 seq. ; Smith's Memoirs ; Brit.
Mus. Cat. ; see art. PBEXDEHGAST or PEKDES-
<JASS, Sir THOMAS.] T. S.

SMITH, MICHAEL WILLIAM (1809-
1S91 ?, general, was the posthumous son of
Sir Michael Smith, bart. (1740-1808), master
of the rolls in Ireland, by his second wife,
Eleanor, daughter of Michael Smith, his
eousin-german. He was bora on 27 April
lS09j four months after his father's death,
and was commissioned as ensign in the 82nd
foot on 19 Xov. 1830. He became lieutenant
on '21 Feb. 1834, and exchanged into the loth
hussars on 29 Aug. 1835. He was promoted
captain on 23 April 1839, and in November
obtained a first-class certificate at the senior
department of the Royal Military College,
Sandhurst. He afterwards served for several
years hi India, becoming major on 9 Feb.
1847, and lieutenant-colonel on 8 March
1850. ^

During the Crimean, war he commanded
Osmanli irregular cavalry, and received the
Medjidie (second class). He was made
colonel in the army on 28 Nov. 1854. He
had exchanged from his regiment to half-pay
on 25 Aug. 1854, and on 16 June 1857 he
became lieutenant-colonel of the 3rd dra-
goon guards, which served in India during
the mutiny. In 1858 he was placed in. com-
mand of a brigade of the Bajputana field
force, and was detached from the main body
of that force to assist Sir Hugh Rose (after-
wards Baron Strathnaim [<j. v.] in his opera-
tions against Tantia Topi. On 17 June
he attacked the mutineers between Kotah-
ki-serai and Grwalior, and drove them back
after some severe fighting, in which the
iamous rani of Jhansi was killed. He took
part in the capture of Gwalior on the 19th,
In August he was sent against Man Singh,
rajah of INarwar, who had rebelled against
Sindhia. His own force proved insufficient,
but he was soon joined by Sir Bobert Cor-
nelia Kapier [q.v.j (afterwards Lord Napier
of Magdala), who had succeeded Hose in com-
mand of the Central India force ; and he took
part in the siege and capture of Paori, and
an the subsequent pursuit of Tantia TopL
In November he surprised the camp of Man
Singh at Kooadrye. He was several times
mentioned in despatches (London Gazette,
5 Get. 1858, 31 Jan., 24 March, and 18 April
1859). He received the medal with clasp,
and was made CJ3. on 21 March 1859, and
was given a reward for distinguished service
on 6 April I860,

He feft his regiment and went on half-

pay on 25 April 1862, a
| the command of the _ w^m

j the local rank of major-general He held
' this command till 1 June 1867. He waa
promoted major-general on 4 Julv !£84 Her
tenant-general on 19 Jan. 1873,'and general

placed on the retired list. He had *l^

given the colonelcy of the 20th hussars on

22 ]Nov. 1870, and was transferred to his old

regiment, the loth hussars, on 21 \u2

1883. He died at West Brighton on 18 Aorii

1891. In 1830 he married Charlotte, elfe

daughter of George Whitmore Carr of Ard-

ross, and he left one son, Major "WiBkia

Whitmore Smith, B.A., and one daughter.

Smith was not merely a practical soldier

but^ thought and wrote with originality OQ

military, especially cavalry, topics. He was

i author of: 1. *A Treatise on Drill and

' Manoeuvres of Cavalry/ 8vo, London, 1865

2. l Cavalry Outpost Drill, with a Chapter
on Cavalry Skirmishing,' 8vo, London, 1867

3. < Modern Tactics of the Three Arms*
(with illustrations by himself), 8vo. London,
1869. 4. < A New System of Perspective/
8vOj 1881.

[Times, 22 April 1891 ; Foster's Baronetage-
Malleson's Indian Mutiny.] B. M. L, *

SMITH, MILES (d. 1624), bishop of
Gloucester, son of a butcher, was bom afe
Hereford, and became, about 1568, a stu-
dent of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, from
which college he migrated to Brasenose,
He graduated B.A. in 1573 and M.A, in
1576, proceeding BJD. in 1585 and D.D, in
1594. About 1576 he was made a chaplak
or petty canon of Christ Church ; in 1580 he
obtained the prebend of Hinton in Hereford
cathedral, and in 1595 he was made a pre-
bendary of Exeter cathedral. He also held
the rectory of Hartlebury, and, possibly , that
of Upton-upon-Severn, in Worcestershire.

Smith was a distinguished classical scholar,
but his chief reputation was made as an
orientalist. 'Chaldiac, Syriac, and Arabic/
says Wood, were 'as familiar to him almost
as his own native tongue.* He acted as one
of the translators of the authorised version
of the Bible, and took part in the translation
of the prophetic books, but he and Thomas
Bilson [q. v,], bishop of Winchester, were
appointed to make a fma? revision of the
text of the Old Testament, and to Smith was
assigned the honour of writing the preface to
the completed work. As a reward for his
labour he was appointed bishop of Glouces-
ter, and consecrated at Croydon on 20 Sept.
1612, *

In theology Smith held puritam views.

Smith

99

Smith

His dislike of ceremonial observances at-
tracted the notice of James I, Smith having
allowed Gloucester Cathedral to fall into
decsv while he retained the communion
table in the middle of the choir. To correct
these irregularities, James in 1616 appointed
Laud to the deanery of Gloucester, with
instructions to bring about a reformation.
Laad, without consulting the bishop, sum-
moned the chapter, and laid the king's com-
mands before them. He induced them to
give orders for the repair of the cathedral
and for the removal of the communion table
to the east end of the chancel. The conse-
quence was a tumult among the townsfolk
and the clergy of the district, which Smith
aggravated by declaring that he would not
enter the cathedral again till the causes of
ofence had been removed. Laud, however,
secure of the countenance of the king, re-
mained steadfast, and the puritans were
obliged to relinquish a hopeless contest
I LAO, Works, v. 495 ; HEYUK, Cyprianus
An&licus, p. 70).

Smith died on 20 Oct. 1624 (WiLUB,
Grffefrafe, < Gloucester,7 p. 74; LE NEVE,
Fasti, L 439). He was twice married. By
hie first wife, Mary Hawkins, of Cardiff, he
had two sons : Gervase, of the Middle Temple,
and Miles.

Smith was the author of a volume of ser-
mons published in London (1632, fol.) He
also edited the works of Gervase Babington
fq. v.], bishop of Worcester (London, 1615,
lot), and wrote a commendatory preface to
BaMagton's *Certaine plaine, briefe, and
comfortable Notes upon every Chapter of
Genesis' (London, 1596, 4to). In 1602 one
of Smith's sermons was published, without
his consent, by Bobert Burhill [q. v.]y under
the title of * A learned and goclly Sermon,
preached at Worcester, at an Assize, by the
ilev. and learned Miles Smith, Doctor of

A near kinsman of the bishop, MILES
SMITH (1618-1671), son of Miles Smith, a
priest in Gloucester, matriculated from Mag-
d&fefc College, Oxford, on 20 March 1634-5,
graduated B.A. on 8 Dec. 1638, and was
omted B.CJL,. on 4 Aug. 1646, From 1634
to 1641 he was a chorister at his college. He
was & royalist, and, suffering for Ms opinions,
feeeaoie a retainer of Gilbert Sheldon fq. v.]
On the latter being made archbishop of Csn-
teflmry in 1660, Smith became Ms secretary.
He died on 17 Feb. 1670-1, and was buried
im the chancel of Lambeth church. He was
the author of 'The Psalms of King David,
piffrnphrased into English Meetre/ London,
1 688, 8vo. This was based on the £ Para-
ptaae of the Psalms' by Henry Hammond

[q. v.] He had one son, Miles, a gentleman
commoner of Trinitv, who died at Oxford on

17 Oct. 1682 (WOOD, Athenee Oxen. ed. Bliss,
iii. 951, and Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 94;
FOSTEE, Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714).

[Wood's Athense Oacon. ed. Bliss, ii. 359, 863 ;
Stephens's Preface to Smith's Sermons; Fune-
ral Sermon, by Thomas Prior, affixed to Smith's
Sermons ; Barksdale's Memoirs, decade 111;
Lansdowne MS. 984, f. 39 ; Chambers's Biogr.
Illustrations of Worcestershire, p. 84 ; Foster's
Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Fowler's History of
Corpus Christi College, pp. 150, 156, 163;
Anderson's Annals of the English Bible, ii. 376,
378.] E. L a

SMITH; SEE MONTAGU EDWAKD

(1809-1891), judge, was the eldest son of
Thomas Smith, solicitor and town clerk of
Bideford, Devonshire , "by his wife, Margaret
Colville, daughter of M. Jenkyn of St. Mawes,
Cornwall, commander in the royal navy.
He was born at Bideford on 25 Dec. ISO®,
and was educated at the grammar school of
his native town. He started in life as an
attorney, but was admitted to Gray's Inn on
11 Nov. 1830, and was called to the bar on

18 Nov. 1835. Smith joined the western
circuit, and on 11 May 1839 was admitted
to the Middle Temple. He was appointed
a queen's counsel in Trinity vacation 1853,
and was elected a bencher of the Middle
Temple on 22 Nov. in that year. After un-
successfully contesting Truro in January
1849 and July 1852, he was returned for
that constituency in the conservative inte-

j rest at the general election in April 1859.
• He occasionally spoke in the house on legal
topics, hut took little part in the debates.
In the session of 1861 he brought in a "bill
for the limitation of crown suits f ParL De-
bates, 3rd ser. cbdil 1584-6), which received
, the royal assent on 1 Aug. (24 & 25 Viet.
j cap. 62). In 1863, and again in 1864, he
I called the attention of the house to the in-
j sufficient accommodation in the law courts
1 (ParL Debates, 3rd ser. clrsii 605-7, ctai.
363-6). He served as the treasurer of the
Middle Temple in 1863. He was appointed
a justice of the common pleas by Lord West-
bury on 7 Feb. 1865, and duly received the
order of the coif. He was knighted on 18 May
following. After sitting in the common pleas
for six. years and a half he was (November
1871) appointed, under the provisions of 34 &
35 Viet. cap. 91, a member of the judicial
committee of the privy councE, with a salary
of 5,00Q£ a year. He was appointed a com-
missioner under the Courts of Justice Build-
ing Act, 1865, on 20 June in that year (P&rl
Paper*> 1871, vol. iz.), and a member of tbe
universities committee of the privy council

Smith

100

Smith

on 12 Dec. 1S77 (London Gazette, 1877, ii.
7241). He resigned Hs judicial office on
12 Dec. lSSl,and died, unmarried, atXo. 32
Park Lane, London, on 3 May 1891.

Smith was a sound lawyer and a per-
suasive rather than an eloquent advocate.
He excelled in clear analysis of facts and
authorities, and made an accurate and pains-
taking judge.

[Ann. Keg. I SO I, ii. 161 ; Men and Women
of the Time, 13th edit p. 832; Boase's Col-
lect. Coronb. 1S90, pp. 909-10; Foss's Bio-
giapbia Jnridica, 1870, p. 61 7 j Foster's Kegister
of Admissions to Gray's Inn, 1889, p. 441 ;
Shaw's Inns of Court* Calendar, 1878, p. 8 ;
Foster's 3Ien at the Bar, 1885, p. 434; Block's
Table of Judges, &c., 1887, pp. 9, 16, 23 ; Times,
5 and 8 Hay 1891 ; MeCalmont's Parliamentary
Poll Book, 1879, p. 256 ; Dod's Parl. Companion,
1865, p. 290 ; Official Return of Lists of Mem-
bers of Parliament, ii. 446 ; Haydn's Book of
Dignities, 1890.] G. F. E. B.

SMITH, PHILIP (1817-1885), writer on
ancient history, son of William Smith of
Enfield, and younger brother of Sir Wil-
liam Smith [q. v.], was born in 1817. He
was educated at Mill Hill school, and en-
tered Coward College as a student for the
congregational ministry in April 1834. He
graduated B.A. at London in May 1840. He
was professor of classics and mathematics !
in Cheshunt College from 1840 to 1850, and \
pastor of the congregational church at Cross- i
brook from 1840 to 1845. From 1850 to
1852 he was first professor of mathematics
and ecclesiastical history in New College,
and from 1853 to 1860 headmaster of Mill ,
Hill school. The remainder of his life was
spent in writing for his brother's dictionaries
and in historical work. He was editor of the
< Biblical Review7 from 1846 to 1851, and a \
frequent contributor to the i Quarterly Be- I
view/ while his brother William was its ;
editor. He died at Putney on 12 May 1886. j

Smith published : 1. * A Smaller History ;
of England/ London, 1862, 8vo ; 28th edit. !
1890. 2. * A History of the Ancient World/
the only portion published of a projected * His-
tory of theWorld/ London, 1863-5, 8vo. 3. <A :
Smaller Ancient History of the East/ Lon- ;
don, 1871, 8vo. 4. f The Student's Ancient
History/ London, 1871, 8vo. 5. * The Stu-
dent's Ecclesiastical History/ London, 1878-
1885, 8va, He also edited: 1. 'The Pos- j
thumous Works of John Harris, D.D./ 1857, |
8vo. 2. Schliemann's ' Troy/ 1875, 8vo, I
3. Brugsch's 4 History of Egypt/ 1879, STO : !
new edit. 1881. j

[Information communicated by Dr, Samnel
Newth of Acton ; Athenaeum, 1 885, i. 664 ; Times,
IS May 1885 ; Smith's Works.] E. (X M.

SMITH, PLEASAXCE, LIBY (1773-
1877). centenarian, fifth child of Robert (4
15 July 1815, aged 76) and Pleasance (4
27 March 1820, aged 81) £eeve of Lowestoft"
Suffolk, was born at Lowestoft on 11 Mar
1773. Her mother shortly before marriage
had recovered with difficulty from small-pox*
having been treated by being wrapped in
scarlet flannel and kept in & heated room
without fresh air. The first child of her
parents was Pleasance, born 1766, who lived
five or six hours; the second, in 1767, a
daughter, still-born ; the third, in 1763, a
son, who lived a few hours ; the fourth, Ro-
bert, born in 1770, who died 9 May 1840.
The family bible has this entry by theTather-
'llth May 1773.— The said "Pleasance was,
delivered of a daughter about one in the
afternoon, and [she] was baptized by the
name of Pleasance.' The Lowestoft parish
register, under the heading f Christenings in
Lowestoft, A.D. 1773/ has the following at

L393: 'May 12. — Pleasance, daughter of
bert and Pleasance Eeeve. — John Arrow,
Vicar.' Subsequently (1778) was born a son,
James, who died 26 June 1827. Pleasance
was trained by both her parents to a love of
nature and of literature ; her love of poetry-
was innate. She married, in 1796, (Sir) James
Edward Smith [q. v.], had no child, and sur-
vived her husband nearly forty-nine years.
Soon after her marriage she was painted, as
a gipsy, by Opie. In 1804 William Roscoe
[q. v.] wrote to his wife that i he who could
see and hear Mrs. Smith without being en-
chanted has a heart not worth a farthing.*
The impression of her stately beauty in middle
life is still a memory in Norwich, her home
from 1797. In 1849 she removed to a house
built by her father in High Street, Lowestoft.
On her hundredth birthday in 1873 a dinner
was given in the Public Hall, Lowestoffc, tc
aged poor of the neighbourhood, and she re-
ceived from the queen a copy of ( Our Life in
the Highlands/ with the autograph inscrip-
tion : <To Lady Smith, on her 100th birthday,
from her friend Victoria R., May llth, 1873/
Up to this time she scarcely knew the mean-
ing of illness ; her colour was fresh, she had
kept nearly all her teeth, and her eyes were
bright, though the sight was beginning to
fail. On 16 Feb. 1873 she had written : * I
can yet see the landscape. This is a great
| alleviation, but I cannot see the lines I at-
I tempt to write/ She continued, however,
i to write letters till barely a fortnight be-
| fore her death. She had curious optical
j illusions, seeing- spectral figures which en-
! larged as they receded ; fortunately this
j only caused her amusement. Her hearing
j was almost unimpaired to the last, and her

Smith

ICI

Smith

meffiorv was singularly accurate and tena-
cious ; "a few days before her death she re-
pented a great part of Gray's < Elegy.' She
serer lost her interest in political and lite-
rary topics, or her sympathy with modern
movements ; did not think the past age
better than the present, and met fears of
the dangerous tendencies of modern science
with the remark. £ I am for inquiry.' Among
her friends were Sarah Austin [q. v.], Wil-
liam \VheweU"q.T.~, Adam Sedgwick [q. v.],
and Arthur Penrhyn Stanley [q.T.] In the
•winter of 1873-4 she had a severe "attack of
bronchitis, but got quite well again; and
till near the end of 1876 entertained her
friends at table, and took almost daily drives
in her carriage. Her strength was weaken-
ing, and in January 1877 she sank rapidly.
On Saturday, 3 Feh. 1877, she asked to be
Carried down to her favourite room ; the wish
could not be gratified ; half an hour later she
passed calmly away. She was buried on
v Feb. beside" her husband, in her father's
vault in the churchyard of St. Margaret's,
Lowestoft In the church there is a window
to her memory. She published * Memoir and
Correspondence of the late Sir J. E. Smith/
&c. (1832, 8vo, 2 vols.) Tradition ascribes
to her a share in the composition of her
husband's hymns.

[Times, 5 Feb. 1877; Christian Life, 10 Feb.
1877 p. 73, 17 Feb. 1877 p. 87; Spectator,
17 Feb. 1877, article on * The Ideal of Old Age ; '
James's Memoir of Thomas Madge, 1871, p.
291 ; tombstones at Lowestoft ; personal recol-
lection.] A. G-.

SMITH, RICHARD, D.D. (1500-1563),
described by Wood as 'the greatest pillar
for the Boman catholic cause in his time,'
was bom in Worcestershire in 1500. In
the title-page to his treatise, t Be Missse
Saeriiicio,' he styles himself * Wigornensis,
Angins, saerse theologies professor/ and Bale,
•who knew him personally, numbers him
among English writers. Stanihurst and
Tssher erroneously assert that he was the
son of a blacksmith, and that he was a na-
tive of Rathrnacknee, a village in Ireland
three miles from Wesford. He was elected
» probationer fellow of Merton College, Ox-
ford, in 1527, was admitted B.A. on 5 April
in that year, and commenced M.A. 18 July
1530 (Oxford Unit. Register, i. 146). He
becaane the public scribe or registrar of the
university on 8 Feb. 1531-2, was appointed
the first regius professor of divinity on the
foundation of that chair by Henry VITE,
TO admitted BJX 13 May 1536, and D.D.
10 July the same year. On 9 Sept. 1537 he
was admitted master of Whittington Col-
lege, Londo^ and he was one of the divines

i who were commissioned in that year to com-
1 pose ' The Institution of a Christian Man/
| Archbishop Cranmer collated him to the
| rectory of St. Dunstan's-in-the-East (Xsw-
| COTTBT, Repertorium, i. 334). He was also
j rector of Cuxham, Oxfordshire, principal of
I St. Alban's Hall, and divinity reader in
j Magdalen College.

On the accession of Edward YI he com-

?lied with the change of religion, and on
5 May 1547 he made his recantation at St.
Paul's 'Cross, declaring that the authority of
j the bishop of Rome had been justly and
| lawfully abolished in this realm (SxBYpE,
i Cranmer i, p. 171, app. p. 84, fol.) This state-
ment he repeated at Oxford on 24 July, but
he maintained that, while retracting, he did
not recant (STRYPE, Memorials^ ii. 39, seq. ;
Lit Item. o/Edw. VI, p. 214). He was ac-
| cordingly deprived of his regius professorship,
j being succeeded by Peter Martyr. Early in
| 1549 he had a famous disputation with Peter
I Martyr at Oxf M(Orig. Letters, Parker Soc.
ii. 478-9). A few days later Smith was im-
prisoned. He was released on finding secu-
i rity for good behaviour, but fled first to
j St. Andrews in Scotland, then to Paris, and
j afterwards to Louvain, where he was received
j with solemnity on 9 April 1549 (AISDBEJLS,
' Fasti Academid Studii Generalis Lovarden.-
stSf 1650, p. 80); he was afterwards ap-
pointed public professor of divinity in Lou-
vain university.

On Mary's accession he was not only re-
stored to his professorship at Oxford and
to the mastership of Whittington College,
out appointed one of her majesty's chap-
lains and a canon of Christ Church (LB
NEVE, Fasti, ii. 530). He was one of the
witnesses against Archbishop Cranmer, his •
former friend, was the principal opponent of
Ridlev in the disputation held at Oxford on
7 April 1554, and took part in the disputa-
tions with Latimer (see FOXE, Actes). When
those prelates were about to be burnt he
preached a sermon before a large auditory
near Balliol College on the text, f If I give
my body to be burnt, and have no charity,
it profiteth nothing/

After the accession of Elizabeth he lost
ail his preferments, and was committed in
1559 to the custody of Archbishop Parker,
who induced him to recant what he had
written in defence of the celibacy of priests
(cf. DOBB, Cknrek History, ii. 101). Accord-
ing to Jewel he was removed from Ms pro-
fessorship owing to a charge of adultery
being brought against him (Zurich Letter^
i. 12, 45). Smith's attempt to take refuge
in Scotland failed. Subsequently, 'giving
Matthew [Parker] the slip/ he reachedBouay,

Smith

102

Smith

and was constituted dean of St. Peter's
Church in that city by Philip II, king of
Spain, who made Mm one of the royal chap-
lains. The new uniYersity of Douay was
solemnly installed on 5 Oct. 1562} and Smith
was appointed chancellor (^Records of the
English Catholics, voL i. p. xxvii). He was
also professor of theology. He died on 9 July
(N.S. ) 1563, and was buried in the lady-chapel
within the church of St. Peter, Douay.

His works are: 1. 'The Assertion and
Defence of the Sacramente of the aulter,1
London, 1546, Svo, dedicated to Henry VHL
2r i A defence of the sacrifice of the masse,'
London, I Feb. 1546-7, 8vo, also dedicated
to Henry VIIL 3. * A brief treatyse set-
tynge forth diuers truthes necessary both to
be belieued of chrysten people, & kept
also, whiche are n»t expressed in the scrip-
ture but left to ye church by the apostles
tradition,' London, 1547, Svo ; to this Cran-
mer replied in his * Confutation of Unwritten
Verities; 1558, 4. < A godly and faythfuU
retractation made and published at Paules
Crosse in London, by mayster Rich. Smyth/
London, 1547, 8vo. 5. * A Playne Declara-
tion made at Oxforde, the 24 daye of July
. . . jc.Bjdvij,' London, 1547, Svo. 6. *A
Confutation of a certen Booke, called a de-
fence of the true and Catholike doctrine of
the saeramet, &c., sette fourth of late in the
name of Thomas [Cranmer] Archebysshope
of Canterburye,'ff. 166, printed abroad [1550],
8vo ; to this Cranmer again replied. 7. * De-
fensio ccelebatus sacerdotum, contra P. Mart./
Louvain, 1550, SYO, This volume contains
also * Confutatio quorundam artieulorum de
rotis monasticis Pet. Martyris ItalL1 As the
work was disfigured by many typographical
errors, both the treatises were reprinted with
the following title, l Defensio Saeri Episco-
porum& Sacerdotum Coslibatus contra impias
& indoetas Petri Martyris Yermilii nugas &
calumnias/ Paris, 1550, 8vo. 8. * Diatriba de
hominis justificatione edit a Ozonise aduersus
Pet. Martyrem/ Louvain, 1550, Svo. 9. < A
Bouclier of the catholike fayth of Christes
church,' 2 parts, London, 1555-6, Svo. Dedi-
cated to Queen Mary. 10. t A sermon by
Dr. Smith, with which he entertained his
congregation in queen Mary's reign/ was
published in 1572 by Richard Tottel, who
affirmed that he was both eye and ear wit-
ness (MoBfcAF, Pkcenix Britanmcm, p. 18).
11, * jDe Miss® Saerificio succincta q^usedam
enarratio, ae brevis repulsio prsedpuorum
a2^umentorum, qua Phil. Melanchthon et
alii sectarii objeceruat aduersus illud et Pur-
gatorium,* Louvain, 1562, Svo. 12. <De
Infantium Bapti&mo, contra Jo. Caluinum,
ae de operibus supererogationis, et merito

mortis Christi, adversus eundem Caluinum et
ejus discipulos/ Louvain, 1562, Svo ; Cologne
1563, Svo. IS. ' JRefutatio luculenta eras&i «
esitiosse haeresis JohannisCalvini& Christop
Carlili Angli,quaastruunt Christum nonde*
scendisse^ ad inferos alios, quam ad infemum
infimum/ printed abroad, 1562. 14. £ Eefu»
tatio J. Calvini erroris de Christi merito et
hominis redemptione/ Louvain, 1562, Svo,
15. ^Confutatio eorumqusePhiL Melanchthon
objicit contra Missse sacrificium propitiato-
rium . . . Cui accessit et repulsio calumnianim
Jo. Caluini, et 31usculi, et Jo. Juelli eontn
missam, ejus canonem, et purgatorium/ Lou-
vain, 1562, Svo. 16. { Defensio compendiaria
et orthodoxa sacri externi et visibilis Jesu
Christi Sacerdotii. Cui addita, est sacrato-
rum Catholie^e Ecclesije altarium propug-
natio, ac Caluinianae Communionis succuicta
Refutatio/ Louvain, 1562, Svo. 17. <Be-
ligionis et Regis adversus exitiosas Calvini,
Bezse, et Ottomani coniuratorum factiones,
defensio prima/ Cologne, 1562, Svo. 18. i Re-
futatio Locomm communium Theologicorum
Philippi Melanchthonis/ Douay (Jacques Bos-
card), 1563, 8vo ; dedicated to Philip, Hng of
Spain. 19. 'Delibero hominis arbitrio adver-
sus Jo. Caluinum, et quotquot impie illud aufe-
runt, Lutherum imitati/ Louvain, 1563, Svo.

[Bale, De Scriptoribus, ix 46 j Bloraia's
Magd. Coll. Beg. viii. 128; Bodleian Cat.;
Brodriek's Memorials of Merton College, p.
408 ; Burnet's Hist of the Reformation ; Cham-
bers's Biogr. Illustr. of Worcestershire, p. 60 ;
Dixon's Hist, of Church of England ; Foster's
Alumni Oson. early ser. iv. 1378 ; Foxe's Actes
and MOD. ; Letters and Papers of Henry VIII,
ed, Gairdner; Humfredus, Vita JueUi (1573),
p. 42 ; Lansdowne MS, 981, f. 19; Le Neve's
Fasti ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bonn) ; Molactis,
Historiae LovaEiensitun, ii. 787 ; Kewcourt's Re-
pertorium, i. 494 ; Pits, Be Anglise Scriptoribtis,
p. 761 ; Stanihurst's Description of Ireland, pre-
fixed to Holinshed's Chronicle, p. 43 ; Tanner's
Bibl. Brit.; Strype's Works (general index);
Ussher's Dissertation, prefixed toIgnatiiEpistc^aB
(1644), p. 123 ; Ware's Writers (Harris), p. 96 ;
Wood's Athenae and Fasti Oxonienses.] T. C.

SMITH, RICHARD (1566-1665), bishop
of Chalcedon, was born at Hanworth, Lin-
colnshire, in 1566. He was sent to Trinity
College, Oxford, about 1583; but, there be-
coming a Roman catholic, he repaired in 1586
to Rome, where he entered the English Col-
lege and studied under Bellarmine. In 1£87
he engaged to return to England as a mis-
sionary, and in 1592 he was ordained. Ar-
riving at Valladolid in February 1595, fee
took his doctor's degree and was professor
of philosophy till 1598, when he settled
at Seville as professor of controversy. In
1602-3 he visited Douay, where an uncle, a

Smith

103

Smith

ersiciaa, died during his stay. In 1603 h
ded la England. Thence after some year
be was sent to Rome to obtain the settle-
ment of disputes "between the regular anc
secular clergy, and he thus came into co]
lisIonwithBobertParsons(1546-1610)[q.v/
jfho said of him, {I never dealt with an;
isan in my life more heady and resolut
m his opinions/ Quitting Home withou
laving effected his purpose, Smith arrived in
Paris, where he presided at the College
tTArras over a small company of Englisl
priests, engaged there, from 1613 to 1631, in
writing controversial works. On the death
of the vicar-apostolic for England and Scot
Itud, William Bishop [q. v.], Urban VIII, by
the advice of Barloe, prior of the English
College at Douay, chose Smith as his suc-
cessor, and on 12 Jan. 1625 he was conse-
crated to that office as bishop of Chalcedon by
tie papal nuncio in Paris, Cardinal Spada.

He entered on his post in April 1625, re-
ading mostly at Turvey, Bedfordshire, in a
house belonging to Anthony Browne, second
Yiseount Montague. For two years harmony
prevailed among the Eoman catholics in Eng-
land, but Smith then became embroiled with
the regulars by claiming the full episcopal
prerogatives enjoyed in catholic countries.
He required the regulars to obtain his license
for hearing confessions, he remodelled the
chapter, and he created a probate court and
ordered visitations of private houses. Some
of these innovations gave umbrage to the
catholic nobles, as rendering them liable to
prosecution for misprision of treason. The
pope was appealed to, and on 16 Dec. 1627
condemned some of Smith's pretensions. The
amrrel brought bin\ under the notice of the
English government, which, on 11 Dec. 1628,
Issued a proclamation for his arrest, and on
24 March folio wing offered a reward of 100/.
for his capture. The object, however, seems
t© h&ve been merely to frighten Mm into
jmetHde, for he was in perfect security at the
French embassy, wherehis sermons drew large
eomgregatlons. When, however, the "pope
ordered the suspension, pending his decision,
of controversial writings and disciplinary
Measures, Smith, in 1629, retired to France
*EK! apprised the nuncio of Ms readiness to
ws^n, but when called upon for his resig-
aa&os he refused to give it. The Vatican
tbeoeeforth ceased to recognise him, and Pan~
auai's mission to England led to the virtual
wppreeaioa oC the episcopate. Cardinal
SacMiett conferred on Smith the sinecure
afefeey of Ctiarroux in Poitou, and offered him
afeeBaem Ms palace at Park, The Sorbonne
also eiaea witk Mm, sad Cardinal de Gondi,
«N&tafi% of Paris, delegated ordinations to

him. In 1630 an unfounded rumour of Ms
return to the French embassy at London
elicited an offer by a Frenchman to the Eng-
lish government to inveigle and arrest him.
On the death of Richelieu in 1642, Smith, de-
prived both of a home and the aobey, found a
refuge at the English Austin nunnery in Paris?
wMch he had assisted in founding, and there
he remained till Ms death on 18 March 1655.
He was buried in the convent chapel, and
Ms tomb was preserved till the removal of
the community to Neuilly in 1860. He be-
queathed to the nuns St. Cuthbert's pastoral
ring, wMch in 1856 was presented to Ushaw
College, and a chaplet styled < My Lord,1
wMch each nun in rotation holds for a week,
using it Jn prayers for the welfare of the
community and the restoration of Catholicism
in England. An original portrait of Smith
is at Neuilly.

Smith wrote: 1. e An Answer to T. Bels
late Challeng named by him the Downfal of
Popery/ 1605, 8vo. 2. 'The Prudentiall
Ballance of Religion,' 1609, 16mo. 3. < Vita
. . . Dominss Magdalense Montis-Aeuti in
Anglia Comitissse' [i.e. Magdalen, second
wife of Anthony Browne, first viscount Mont-
ague, q. v.], Rome, 1609, 8vo ; a German
translation appeared at Augsburg in 1611
and an English one at Douai (?) in 1627.
4. * De Auetore et Essentia Protestanticse
Ecclesise et religionis libri duo/ Paris, 1619,
8vo; English translation 1621, 8vo. 5. *Col~
latio Doctrinse Catholicorum ae Protestan-
bium cum Expresses S. Scriptures/ Paris,
1622, 4to ; English translation, 1631, 4to.

6. * Of the Distinction of Fundamental and
not Fundamental Points of Faith/ 16^.&ro,

7. * Monita quaedam utilia, pro Saeerdotabus,,
Seminari&tis, Missionariis AngliflB/ Paris,
L6^47, 12mo. 8. 'A Treatise of the best
Sonde of Confessors/ London, 1651, l^mo.

9. ( Of the al-suffieient Eternal Proposer of
Hatters of Faith/ 1663, 8vo, 10. f Floram
listoriBeEcclesiasticse gemtis Angloram libri

septem . , . collectors R. Smitheo/ Paris,

1664, fol.

[Podd's Church Hisfcoiy is the chief authority,
and has been paraphrased or abridged by ail
tibsequent catholic historians, who, like him,
side with Smith ; but some additional facts are
pven by C&loz, Convent de Bellgieuses Auglaises
Paris, 189L See also CaL State Papers, Bom.,
625-31 ; Carre's Piefcas Parisiensis ; Mem. oC
i^Dzani; Bailer's Memoirs; Wood's Atheuse
XOB. iii 384; Welcbs's Chron. NcAes ; Flana-
gan's History of tfae Oiureh in Eoglaisd, J8§0;
Jrad/s Episcopal Scuscessioa.] J. Q-, A.

SMITH OT SMYTH, RICHAEB (1^0-
675), book-oollecfeor and antibor of ' OMfca-
/ son of &»* Eev* Kicbard Smith of Ajbiiag-

Smith

104

Smith

don, Berkshire, by his wife Martha, daughter j ' The Wonders of the "World collected out of
of Paul Dayrell, esq., of Liliingston Payroll, j divers approved Authors ; J Sloane is/3^.
Buckinghamshire, was born at Liliingston ' Of the First Invention of the Art ofPrintl
Dayrell, and baptised there on^ 20 Sept. j ing,' Sloane 31S. 772; 'Observations con-
1590. He was sent for a short time to Ox- j ceming the Three Grand Impostors/ Sloans
ford, but did not matriculate, and was after- j MS. Iu24.

wards articled to a solicitor in the city of I His portrait, engraved by W. Sherwin la
London. On 15 Oct. 1644 he was admitted ; very rare (GBAXGEB, Biogr. Hut. of En®
to the office of secondary of the Poultry j land, 1824, v. 186;. '

Conipter, which was worth about 700/. a j [Ayseough's Cat. of MSS. ; Bromley's Cat of
year. On the death of his eldest son, John, | Engraved Portraits, p. 129; Dibdm's Bibl
in 1655 he sold his office and lived in retire- | Decameron, iii. 74; Sir H. Ellis s Preface to the
ment, spending most of his time in his library, j Obituary; Grazebrook's Heraldry of Fish, pref.
Wood says 'he was constantly known every I P- xijj.J Notes and Queries, 1st ser, ii. 389, 2nd

' ser- '

.
day to walk his rounds among the booksellers' \ ser- ™- 112»

- S7; Wood's Afhen*

shops (especially in Little Britain) in Lon- Ox°n- (Bliss) J Yeo well's Memoir of Oldys, p.
don. and by his great skill and experience 96<J T. C.

he made choice of such books that were not ; SMITH, PJCHABD BATED (1818-
obvious to every man's eye.' He was also a I 1861), chief engineer at the siege of Delhi,
great collector of manuscripts, and he anno- i born on 31 Dee. 1818, was son of Richard Smith
tared many of the books in his extensive \ (1794-1863), surgeon, royal navy, of Lass-
library. For a long time he resided in Little i wade, Midlothian, where *he was in good pri-
Moorfields. He died on 26 March 1675, and J Tate practice, by his wife, Margaret Young
was buried in the church of St. Giles, Crip- 't (1800-1829). He was educated at the Lass-
plegate. 1 wade school and at Dunse Academy, entered

By Ms wife Elizabeth, daughter of George j the military college of the East India Corn-
Dean of Stepney, Middlesex, he had five i pany at Addiscombe on 6 Feb. 1835, and
sons and three daughters. ! passed out at the end of his term, obtaining

His valuable library was dispersed by j a commission as second lieutenant in the
auction in 1682, and produced 1 ,41 4/. 12s. 11^. ! Madras engineers on 9 Dec. 1836, He went
A copy of the sale catalogue, 'Bibliotheca to Chatham for the usual course of professional
Smithiana/ with manuscript prices, is pre- ; instruction on 2 Feb. 1837 and left on 4 Oct.,
sflT-roi} 'm the British Museum. A manu- having obtained six months' leave of absence

to enable him to improve himself in civil en-

served

script catalogue of his books, with notes and

observations in his autograph (1670), ap- i gineering and geology. He arrived at Madras
pears in Thomas Thorpe's * Catalogue of on 6 July 1838, and was posted to the corps
V. «„«««•«+« » ic«w v* im of ^a^ras sappers and miners, joining the

headquarters in the Nilgiri Hills on the 13th
of the same month. He was appointed acting

Manuscripts/ 1S36, So. 104.

He is now chiefly known as the compiler
of: 1. ' The Obituary of Pdchard Smyth . . .

being a catalogue of all such persons as he j adjutant to the corps on 20 £eb. 1839. On
knew in their life : extending from A.D. 1627 j 12 Aug., on an increase to the establishment
to A.D. 1674 ; which is extant in Sloane MS. ' of the Bengal engineers, Baird Smith was

in the British Museum, Xo. 886. A few*" *—-••• --> • , ~« « .

extracts are preserved in the Harleian MS.
3361, in the handwriting of John Bagford;

and a selection, perhaps to the amount of a
fourth part, was printed by Peck in his £ De-

transferred to that corps, and on 23 Sept. was
appointed adj utant. A week later he became
temporarily an assistant to Captain M. R.
Fitzgerald of the Bengal engineers in the

________

siderata Curiosa.' The whole work was edited public works.
by Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., for the Camden ' ~ " * "
Society in 1849.

Smith was also author of 2. ' A Letter to
Dr. Henry Hammond, concerning the Sence

canal and iron bridge department of the

of that Article in the Creed, He descended
into HeH/ written in 1659, and printed, with
Hammond's reply, London, 1684, 8vo. He
left in manuscript a £ Collection of Arms be-
longing to the name of Smith, in Colours,*
8vo ; such a collection, in 2 vols. 8vo, is now
in the library of the College of Arms, but
whether it be the same is not quite clear.
Smith's manuscript remains also included

On 6 Jan. 1840 Baird Smith was appointed
temporarily a member of the arsenal com-
mittee. On 12 Aug. he was appointed
assistant to the superintendent of the Doab
canal, Sir Proby Thomas Cautley [q. v.] On
28 Sept. he went to Dakha to relieve Captain
Hunter in the charge of the 6th company of
the Bengal sappers and miners on the march
from Silhat to Danapur, He was relieved
of this charge on 21 Jan. 1841. He was pro-
moted to be first lieutenant on 28 Aug. 1841.
On 30 Oct. 1844 his meteorological observa-
tions, which were considered * highly credit-

Smith

105

Smith

able,' were mentioned in a despatch from

the Bengal government. When Sir Proby

Omtiey commenced the Ganges canal worli

in 1843, Baird Smith was left in charge,

under Mm, of the Jamna canal.
On the outbreak of the first Sikh war

Baird Smith, with the other officers of the

canal department, joined the army of the

Satlaj. Although he made rapid marches,

he arrived in camp a few days after the

tittle of Firozshah (22 Dec. 1845). He was
attached to the command of Major-general

Sir Harry George Wakelyn Smith [q. v.J, r. .„„„. ^ ^^«,,

whom on 18 Jan. 1846 he accompanied j gation in Northern Italy. Baird Smith was
to Bharmkote, and thence towards Ludlana. ( promoted to be brevet-captain on 9 Dec.
He was with him at Badiwal and at the j 1851. In January 1852 he finished his re-
b&ttle of Aliwal (28 Jan. 1846). In Sir port on Italian irrigation, which was printed
Harry Smith's despatch of 30 Jan. he men- under his supervision in two volumes and
tioES that *' Strachey and Baird Smith of the
engineers greatly contributed to the com-
pletion of my plans and arrangements, and j
were ever ready to act in any capacity ; they \

rived a fortnight later. He was presei
the battles of Chilianwala (13 Jan. 1__
and of Gujrat (21 Feb.) He was honourably
mentioned for his services in the despatches
reporting the passage of the Chenab and the
battles of Chifianwala and Gujrat.

The war being ended and the Punjab
annexed, Baird Smith returned to irrigation
work on 12 March 1849. On 10 Feb. 1850 he
obtained furlough to Europe for three years.
In October the court of directors commis-
sioned him to examine in detail (with a view
to reproduction in India) the canals of irri-

are two most promising and gallant officers J
(cf. London Gazette Extraordinary, 27 March
18^8). Baird Smith returned with Sir Harry
Smith to headquarters on the evening of
8 Feb., and was on the staff at the battle of
Sobraon on 10 Feb. He received the medal
for Aliwal with clasp for Sobraon. He was
one of the selected officers who accompanied
the secretary to the government of India on
20 Feb., when the Maharaja Dhuleep Singh
was publicly conducted to his palace in the
citadel of Lahore. On the termination of
the campaign Baird Smith returned to his
canal duties. In addition, on 12 Aug. 1848
he took over temporarily the duties of super-
intendent of botanical gardens in the North-
West Provinces during the absence of Dr.
Jameson,

The second Sikh war gave Baird further
opportunities of distinction. On 26 Nov.
1848 he was attached to the army of the

Punjab, which was en
the new Sikh revolt.

in repressing

-Ie had previously

joined the headquarters of the army at Firoz-
pur, and having been detached with Briga-
dier-general Colin Campbell to watch the
movements of Sher Singh on the Chenab,
was with Campbell at the action of Ram-
nftgar on 22 Nov. He then joined the force
of Sir Joseph Thackwell [q. v.], consisting of
twenty-e%ht guns, four regiments of cavSry,
tad seven regimentsof infantry, with baggage
and trains, Under his direction the force
crossed the Chenab at Wazirabad, The opera-
tion commenced at 6 P.M. on 1 Dec, and was
completed by noon on the 2nd. Baird Smith |
took part in the action at Sadulapur on the

published the same year (f Italian Irriga-
tion, being a Report on the Agricultural
Canals of Piedmont and Lombardy/ Edin-
burgh and London, 8vo, 2 vols. plates atlas

foL 1st edit. 1852). A second edition was
issued in 1855. Presentation copies of Baird
Smith's work were placed by the Sardinian
government in the Royal Academy of Science
at Turin, and the king of Sardinia offered
Baird Smith the insignia of a knight of the
order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus. The
regulations of the British service did not
admit of the acceptance of this honour, but
the court of directors expressed to Smith
their high satisfaction with the manner in
which he had executed his commission, and
permitted him to visit the irrigation works
of the Madras presidency before returning
to duty. He arrived in Madras on 1 Jan.
1853, and soon afterwards published a de-
scription of the irrigation works of that
presidency (' The Cau very, Kistnah, and Go-
davery, being a Report on the Works con-
structed on these Rivers for the Irrigation of
the Provinces of Tanjore, Guntoor, Masuli-
patam, and Rajahmundry, in the Presidency
of Madras/ 8vo, London, 1856).

On 10 March 1853 Baird Smith was ap-
pointed deputy superintendent of canals,
North-West Provinces. He was promoted
to be captain on 15 Feb. 1854, and the fol-
lowing day to be brevet major for service
in the field. On 17 May he was appointed
director of the Ganges canal and super-
intendent of canals in the North- West Pro-
vinces, in succession to Cautley, with the
temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel while
holding the appointment. Hence it was tb&t
at the outbreak of the mutiny Baird Smith
was living at Rurki, the irrigation head-

f j quarters, some sixty miles from Mirat; and

:T and marched with ThaekweH to Helah, when Major Fraser, commanding the Bengal
Lord Goagh with the main army ar- sappers and miners, was ordered, on 18 May

Smith

106

Smith

1857, to proceed with five hundred men by
forced marches to Mirat, he took his men, at
Baird Smith's suggestion, by the canal, and
was thus enabled to reach 3Iirat on the 15th
in a perfectly fresh condition. Unfortunately
they mutinied the next day, and Fraser was
killed. Baird Smith meanwhile was assist-
ing in defensive measures for Rurki ; the
workshops were converted into a citadel, in
which the women and children were accom-
modated, while the two companies of sappers
and miners left at Eurki were placed in the
Thomason College buildings. It was known
that the Sirmur^battalion under Major Eeid
was coming to Rurki from Dhera on its way
to Mirat, and fearing that the Rurki sappers
would imagine their arrival to be a hostile
demonstration against them, Baird Smith
sent word to Reid to march straight to the
canal and embark in boats, which he had
ready for him, without entering RurkL
Baird Smith's foresight and prompt action
on this occasion were generally considered
to have saved Rurki and the lives of the
women and children there, Always hopeful,
on 30 Hay Baird Smith wrote to a Mend in
England : i As to the empire, it will be all
the stronger after this storm, and I have
never had a moment's fear for it ... and
though we small fragments of the great
machine may fall at our posts, there is that
Titality in "the English people that will
bound stronger against misfortunes and
build up the damaged fabric anew.'

In the last week of June Baird Smith was
ordered to Delhi to take up the duties of
chief engineer. He improvised a body of six
hundred pioneers to follow him, and, being
pressed to hasten his arrival so as to take
part in the assault, started on the 27th, and
reached Delhi at 3 A.M. on 3 July to find that
the assault had been, as usual, postponed.
He had already an intimate knowledge of the
city, and he at once examined the means of
attack. He found both artillery and ammu-
nition and also the engineer party quite in-
adequate for a regular and successful siege,
and urged ineffectually upon the general
commanding, as had already been done by
others, an immediate assault by storming and
"blowing in certain gates. Baird Smith con-
sidered that if the place had been assaulted
at any time between 4 and 14 July it would
have been carried. On the 5th Sir Henry
William Barnard [q.r.], dying of cholera, was
succeeded in the command by Major-general
Reed, who was at the time ill. Reed would
not take the risk of an assault, and before he
resigned on 17 July two severe actions had
been fought and had so weakened the British
that the chances of a successful assault had

been much diminished, if not altogether d«>
stroyed. Baird Smith, however, sedulously at-
tended to the defence of the Ridare. strengrt hen-
in^ the position by every possible means.

Since the beginning of the month a retro-
grade movement had been discussed, and wbtn
Brigadier-general (afterwards Sir ) Archdab
Wilson [q. v.] assumed command on 17 Julv
it required all Baird Smith's energy and en-
thusiasm to sweep away Wilson's doubts, and
to persuade him, as he wrote to him, *to
hold on like grim death until the place is
ours.' At the same time Baird Smith as-
sured him that as soon as a siege-train of
sufficient magnitude and weight to silence
the guns on the walls of Delhi could be
brought U£, success would be certain. On
12 Aug. Baird Smith, who was in bad health,
was struck by the splinter of a shell in th«
ankle-joint, but he did not allow either the
wound or his sickness to interfere with his
duties as chief engineer.

The siege train arrived on 5 Sept., and in
consultation with Captain (afterwards Sir)
Alexander Taylor, his second in command,
Baird Smith submitted a plan of attack which
General Wilson, despite his divergence from
Smith's views, had already directed him to
prepare. It was supported by Colonel John
Nicholson and Neville Chamberlain, the adju-
tant-general, and the assault was decided
upon. Wilson recorded that he yielded to
the judgment of his chief engineer. Thus a
heavy responsibility fell upon Baird Smith.

The first siege battery for ten. guns was
commenced on the rright of 7 Sept. ; others
rapidly followed, until fifty-six guns opened
fire. The attacking force completed its work
triumphantly. After a heavy bombardment
practicable breaches were made, and the
assault took place on 14 Sept. A lodgment
was made, but at heavy loss, and the pro-
gress inside Delhi was so slow and difficult
that Wilson thought it might be necessary
to withdraw to the Ridge, but Baird Smith
asserted 'We must retain the ground we
have won.* He deprecated street fighting,
and by his advice the open ground inside
the Kashmir gate was secured, the college,
magazine, and other strong forts gained, and
progress gradually made, under cover, till the
rear of the enemy's positions was reached,
and the enemy compelled to evacuate them
on the 2Gfch, when headquarters were esta-
blished in the palace.

Baird Smith had been ably seconded in
all his exertions by Captain Alexander
Taylor, and he expressed his obligations in no
stinted terms. The picture, however, which
is sometimes presented of Baird Smith dis-
abled, and in the background, while his

Smith

107

Smith

second in command did all the work, is in-
correct. The error originated no doubt in
Taylor's energy and zeal in carry ing out Baird
Sinith's orders, and in Nicholson's deathbed
exclamations that if he lived he would let
the world know that Taylor took Delhi.
Wilson's despatch stated that in ill-health,
and while suffering from the effects of a pain-
ful wound, Baird Smith devoted himself with
the greatest ability and assiduity to the con-
duct of the difficult and important operations
of the siege, and that his thanks and acknow-
ledgments are especially due to Baird Smith
for having planned and successfully carried
out, in the tace of extreme and unusual diffi-
culties, an attack almost without parallel in
the annals of siege operations (MALLESON,
History of the Indian Mutiny) . The rewards
bestowed upon Baird Smith were in no way
commensurate with his great services. He
was promoted to be brevet lieutenant-colonel
(a rank he already held temporarily) on
19 Jan. 1858, for service in the field; he
was made a companion of the Bath military
division on the 22nd of the same month ; he
received the medal and the thanks of the
several commanders under whom he served,
and of the government of India (London
Gazette, U and 24 Nov. and 15 Dec. 1857,
and 16 Jan. 1858).

It was not until 23 Sept. that Baird Smith
gave up his command at Delhi, and went by
slow marches to BurM, where he arrived on
the 29th, suffering from scurvy, the effect of
exposure and work, aggravated by the state
of his wound. He was laid uj> for some
weeks, and then went to Mussuri to recruit
his health. On his recovery he was appointed
to the military charge of the Saharanpurand
Mozaffarnagar districts, which he held along
with the appointment of superintendent-
general of irrigation.

On 1 Sept. 1858 Baird Smith was appointed
mint master at Calcutta, in succession to
Colonel John Thomas Smith [q. v.] On

25 Jan. 1859 he became a member of the
senate of the university of Calcutta. On

26 April the same year he was appointed
aide-de-camp to the queen, and promoted to
be colonel in the army. Prom 5 Aug. to
October 1859 Baixd Smith officiated as se-
cretary to the government of India in the
public works department. The appointment
of mint master afforded him leisure for other
public services, which made his manifold
powers of usefulness better known and ap-
preciated. His crowning1 service was the
Carrey of the great famine of 1861, the pro-
vision of relief, and the safeguards proposed
to prevent such disaster in futae. Tk&
labour and fatigue of long journeys, in-

vestigations, and reports, followed by the
depressing wet season, renewed the illness
from ^ which he suffered after the capture of
Delhi. He was carried on board the Candia
at Calcutta, and died on 13 Dec. 1861. His
body was landed at Madras and buried
there with military honours. A memorial
of him was placed in Calcutta Cathedral,
the epitaph being written by Colonel Sir
Henry Yule [q. v.] A memorial was also
erected at Lasswade, Midlothian.

Baird Smith married, on 10 Jan. 1856, in
the cathedral at Calcutta, Florence Elizabeth,
second daughter of Thomas De Quincey [q. v.]
His widow and two daughters, Florence May
and Margaret Eleanor, survived hi™, Of his
two brothers, John Young (d. 1887) was a
deputy surgeon-general in the Bombay army,
and Andrew Simpson, a colonel in the In-
dian army, saw a good deal of active service
in Upper India.

Besides the works mentioned Baird Smith
published : 1. * Agricultural Resources of the
Punjab ; being a Memorandum on the Appli-
cation of the Waste Waters of the Punjab to
Purposes of Irrigation/ London, 8vo, 1849.
He contributed * Report of some Experiments
in Tamping Mines * to the i Papers on various
Professional Subjects connected with the
Duties of the Corps of Engineers, Madras
Presidency,' edited by Colonel John Thomaa
Smith [q.v.],YoL L 1839, and 'Some Be-
marks on the Use of the Science of Geology '
to i The Professional Papers of the Corps of
Royal Engineers/ Corps Papers Series, 1849.

Baird Smith left unpublished notes for a
history of the siege of Delhi, which are em-
bodied in * Richard Baird Smith, a Biogra-
phical Sketch, by Colonel H. M.Vibart/ Lon-
don, 1897, 8vo.

[India Office Records; Despatches; London
Gazette ; private sources ; Memoir in Vibart's
Addiscombe, its Heroes and Men of Note;
Kaye's Hist, of the Sepoy War in India ; Malle-
son's Hist, of the Indian Mutiny; Medley's Year's
Campaigning in India; An Officers [Narrative
of the Siege of Delhi; Colonel SasroaL Bewe"
White's Complete History of the Indian Mutiny ;
Boswortli Smith's Life of Lord Lawrence ; Nor-
man's Narrative of the Campaign in 1857
against the Mutineer at Delhi ; article by Sir
Henry Forman in the Fortnightly Magazine,
April 1883 ; Letter from Baird Smith to Coloael
Lefroy, BJL., published by the latter in the
Timesr II Stay 1858; Lord Boberts's Forty-one
Yeais in India; Holnies's Hist of the Mtitimj;
Thackeray's Two Indian Campaigns; Thaefc-
weiTs Second Sikh War.] B. JBL V,

SMJ3S, KICH&RD JOBOST (1786-
1855), actor, commonly known as 0 Smith,
the Sftn of anactor named Smitk, wk&a Boras,

Smith

1 08

Smith

confounds with * Gentleman* Smith [see
SMITH, WILLIAM, 1730 r'-1819^ was born in
York in 1780. His mother, whose maiden
name was Scrace, played leading parts in
D ublin. After being all but killed in Dublin
by Beddish, who as Castalio ran Mm, while
playing Polydore, through the body, the
father brought his wife in 1779 to York-
shire. At Hull and York under Tate Wil-
kinson, Mrs. Smith appeared as Beatrice and
speedily became a favourite. She accom-

?anied Tate Wilkinson to Edinburgh, and in
791 made, as Estifania, her first appearance
in Bath.

Young Smith is said to hare been first
seen in Bath as Ariel in Dr. Hawkesworth's
1 Edgar and Emmeline.' He played there
other juvenile parts. Put into a 'solicitor's
office, he neglected his duties, spending his
time in the painting-room of the theatre, and
finally ran away and embarked from Bristol
as a sailor for the Guinea coast. He had some
romantic adventures, assisting upon the river
Gaboon in the escape of some slaves, an inci-
dent related in f A Tough Yarn,' which he pub-
lished in Bentley's * Miscellany.' The gover-
nor of Sierra Leone, struck by his painting,
offered to befriend him, but the captain of
the vessel refused to release him. Returning
to Bath, he found his parents obdurate, and
again ran away, rambling in Wales and Ire-
land. Seized in Liverpool by a press gang, he
was taken on board the receiving ship, but
was released on stating that he was an actor,
and giving as proof a recitation. Engaged
by the elder Maeready as painter, prompter,
and actor of all work, he was rewarded with
twelve shillings weekly^ and all but lost his
life in a snowstorm while travelling on foot
from Sheffield to Rochdale. He then went to
Edinburgh and Glasgow theatres, returning
to Bath in 1807, and playing in the panto-
mimes.

His performance as Robert in the panto-
mime of * Raymond and Agnes ' attracted
the attention of Robert William Elliston
[q. v.], who engaged him in 1810 for the pan-
tomime at the Surrey. Taking in * Bom-
bastes Furioso ' the part of Bombastes, va-
cated through illness by another actor, he
gave an exhibition of intensity such as esta-
blished his position in burlesque. A perfor-
mance of * Obi,' in the melodrama of t Three-
lingered Jack/ got him his sobriquet of * 0 '
(otherwise Obi) Smith. In 1813 Smith ac-
companied Elliston to the Olympic, where
he played Mandeville in the * False Friend/ a
role in which Edmund Sean [q.v.l was to
have appeared. After acting at the Lyceum,
he is said to have been engaged in 1828 at
JDrury Lane, at which house he had pre-

1 viously been seen in pantomime. He al^o
1 seems to have played at Covent Garden. Hi*
performance in the i Bottle Imp ' at the Ly-
ceum attracted attention, leading Mm to
complain, but half in jest : t For the last five
* years of my life I have played nothing but
| demons, devils, monsters, and assassins, and
this line of business, however amusing it
may be to the public or profitable to mana-
gers, has proved totally destructive of my
peace of mind, detrimental to mv interests,
and^ injurious to my health. I £nd myself
banished from all respectable society ; what
man will receive the Devil upon 'friendly
terms, or introduce a demon into his family
circle ? My infernal reputation follows me
everywhere/ A writer in the 'Monthly
Magazine ' declares him eminent in assassins,
sorcerers, the moss-trooping heroes in Sir
Walter Scott's poems, and other wild, gloomy,
and ominous characters in which a bold, or
rather a gigantic figure, and deep sepul-
chral voice could be turned to good account.
Smith had, however, some control over ten-
derness, his performance at the Lyceum, in
the ; Cornish Miners/ of a maniac who
visits the pave of his dead child, being
very pathetic. At Drury Lane he was, 011
10 Nov. 1824, the^ first Zamiel in Soane a
version of * Der Freisehutz/ "When, in 1828,
Yates and Mathews took the Adelphi, Smith
joined the company. With this theatre his
subsequent reputation was chiefly connected.
j In the < Black Vulture/ October 1859, he
I played the villain so named. In 1831, at
j the Adelphi, Edinburgh, he superintended
] the production of the * Wreck Ashore.' In
January 1833 he played at the Adelphi,
| London, a part contrasting strongly with
! those of which he complained, namely, Don
Quixote in the piece so named. He had also
j a part in Holl's < Grace Huntley,' In 1836
he played in an adaptation of Bulwer's
*RienzL' He was Newman Noggs in an
adaptation of * Nicholas Nickleby.' In 1839
he was Fagin in i Oliver Twist/ and in Janu-
ary 1843 Hugh in t Barnaby Eudge.' Among
numerous characters played at the Adelphi
were Murtogh in ' Green Bushes/ the part
of a Mendicant in the i Bohemians, or the
Rogues of Paris/ October 1843; the Miser in
an adaptation of * A Christmas Carol * in
February 1844; Laroche inE. Stirling's adap-
tation £ Clarisse, or the Merchant's Daughter/
in September 1846; Mongerand in HolFs
* Leoline, or Life's Trials,* in February 1840 ;
Pierre in Peaked * Devil of Marseilles, or
the Spirit of Avarice/ in July 1846; and a
cabdriver, a pathetic part, in Peake's ' Title
Deeds/ in June 1857. In June 1843 he had,
at the Lyceum, given a characteristic per-

Smith

109

Smith

formance in a piece entitled e The Dice of
Death;' and on 1 April 1853 he played at
the Adelphi in * Mr. Webster at Home.' On
20 April 1854, at the same house, he was
3Iusgrave in Tom Tailor and Charles Keade's
'~Two Loves and a Life/ and this appears to
bave been his last original part.

About 1826 Joseph Smith, the bookseller
of Holborn, having produced a set of thea-
trical engravings, applied to x O Smith, the
fkmous comedian/ for an account of the Eng-
lish stage, to accompany the plates. An
agreement was accordingly drawn up, but
tie author eventually deemed his prospect
of credit from the work to be unsatisfactory,
and withdrew from the undertaking. He
nevertheless continued to accumulate mate-
rials, such as theatrical prints, newspaper
cuttings, magazine articles, playbills, cata-
logues, &c., relating to stage history, and
also to interleave and annotate theatrical
memoirs. Before his death his collections
filled twenty-five large quarto volumes. Of
these, vols. xx-xxiii. comprise a manuscript
* Dramatic Chronology ; ' the remainder con-
sist chiefly of printed matter, scantily anno-
tated, but interspersed with many valuable
prints. The twenty-five volumes are now
in the British Museum Library, catalogued
under Smith's name as * A Collection of
Material towards a History of the Stage,'

Smith died, after a long illness, on Thurs-
day, 1 Feb. 1855, and was buried on the 8th
in Norwood cemetery. A portrait accom-
panies the memoir in the ( Theatrical Times.'

[The preceding particulars, some of them of
very dubious authority, are extracted from G-e-
nest's Account of the Stage. Tallis's Drawing-
Boom Table-Book of Theatrical Portraits ; Thea-
trical Times, i. 121 ; Scott and Howard's Life
of Blanehard ; Dibdin's Edinburgh Stage ; Dra-
matic and Musical Review, various years; Era
Almanack, various years; Era Newspaper, 4 and
11 Feb. 1855.] J. K.

SMITH, ROBERT (fl. 1689-1729),
schoolmaster, was educated at Marischal Col-
lege, Aberdeen. At the time of the revolution
John Murray, second marquis, and afterwards
first duke of Atholl [q. v.J, procured a small
grant to endow a school at Kerrow, in Glen-
shee, in the parish of Kirkmichael, Perth-
shire, and Smith was chosen as master. The
heritors, however, showed no zeal to provide
aim with a dwelling, and, after waiting in
vain for some months, he showed his resent-
ment bv publishing * A Poem on the Build-
ing of tie Schoolhouse of Glenshee/in which
lie roundly abused the lairds for their ne-
glect* This provoked a reply from a whig
poet, Jasper Craig, who, Smith insinuates,
"was & disappointed candidate for the post.

Several poetical rejoinders were forthcoming
on either side, but Smith surpassed his anta-

fonist both in coarseness and bad verse. In
729 Smith removed from Glenstee and
was schoolmaster at Grlamis in Forfar. He
had a son, Hobert Smith, schoolmaster at
Kinnaird in Perthshire ; some of his verses
appear in Nicol's 'Rural Muse,* 1753, of
which there is a copy in the Advocates' Li-
brary, Edinburgh [see NICOL, ALEXASDEB],
Smith published: 1. e Poems of Contro-
versy betwixt Episcopacy and Presbytery:
being the substance of what passed 'twixt
him and several other Poets j As also, Several
Poems and Merry Songs on other Subjects.
With some Funeral Elegies on several > oble-
men and Gentlemen, two Parts/ 1 714, 12mo.
It contains two prefaces, one to the * TVorld/
the other to the c Header.' Copies are in the
i British Museum, in Sir Walter Scott's library,
i and in the library of the Free Church Col-
| lege, Edinburgh. The last contains in addi-
tion a printed address in verse to i William
I Seton, the younger, of Pitsmedden/ 2. 'The
Assembly's Shorter Catechism in Metre. For
the Use of young ones. By Mr. Robert
Smith, Schoolmaster at Glammis,' Edin-
burgh, 1829, It contains also the Lord's
Prayer and the Creed in verse. Cnly one
copy is known to be extant, which, in 1872,
was in the possession of William Bonar, of St.
Michael's Alley, Comb ill, London, Limited
reprints of both works have been issued by
Thomas George Stevenson — of the former in
1869 and of the latter in 1872.

[Stevenson's prefaces to Smith's worts; Notes
and Queries, 4th ser. iv. 321 ; Nicol's Rural
, Muse contains several curious particulars con-
cerning Smith and Craig.] E. I. C.

SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768), mathe-
matician and founder of Smith's prizes afc
Cambridge, was born in 1689, and probably
at Lea, near Ghunsbprough, to which living
.Ms father was instituted in October 1679.
His father, John Smith, had married Hannah
(d. 1719), the aunt of Eoger Cotes [q. vj ; he
became rector of Gate Burton, Lincolnshire,
and was buried at Lea on 28 Bee, 1710.
Bobert was educated at the Leicester gram-
mar school, and admitted pensioner at Trinity
College, Cambridge, on 28 May 1708, and
, scholar on IS May 1709. At Trinity he was
under the care of Cotes, his cousin, who was
then Plumian professor of astronomy, and
lived with him as his assistant. He graduated
B.A. 1711, M.A. 1715,LL.D, 1723, and D JX
perliteras r^ww!789. He was elected minor
fellow, 1714, major fellow, 1715, saHecte
quartus, 1715, lector lingua Latins^ 1724,
lector lingua Grseeae, 1725, lecx '- :—

Smith

no

Smith

1727, and senior fellow, 11 June 1739. He
took pupils at Cambridge, was master of me-

Fluxions,' 1758, At the contest between
Lords Hardwicke and Sandwich for the

ehanics to George n, and Held the post of i of high steward of the university of ram-
mathematical preceptor to William, duke of , bridge, he was a supporter of Sandwich.' He
Cumberland, from June 1739 to July 1740. ! was consequently introduced by Churchill
Smith, like his cousin Cotes, was through- i into the poem of the ' Candidate ''(lines *
out life the l decided partizan' of Kichard &>ft\ **

Bentley, the master of Trinity, in his struggles
with the fellows.

On 16 July 1718 Smith was elected to
succeed Cotes" as Plumian professor of astro-

620) as

Black Smith of Trinity; on Christian ground
For faith in mysteries none more renowned.

t A recluse and a student, Smith, whose

Homy, and on 21 May 1718 he was admitted j health was for many years precarious, lived
F.R.S. Early in 1739 the observatory over , in the lodge with an unmarried sister, Eliz-
the great gate of Trinity College, for the use : mar (1683-1758), who was buried is the
" ante-chapel at Trinity, and with a niece.

He was fond of music, and played the violon-
cello. Smith died in the lodge on 2 Feb.

of the professor, was completed under his
direction (BKSTLEY, Correspondence, ii. 448,
4ol? 786), The telescope in the library,

which is described in Smith's work on i Op- j 1768, and was buried on the south side of the
ticks,7 and is shown to strangers as Sir Isaac j communion table in the college chapel, where
Newton's telescope, was made for him. He i he is commemorated by a Latin epitaph, A
retained the professorship until 1760. j funeral oration in Latin on his death was de-

Smith was literary executor to Cotes, and j liveredbytheEev.ThomasZouchinthechapel
communicated notes for the memoir of him | on 8 Feb. (ZoucH, Works } 1820, i. 438-43).
in the £ General Biographical Dictionary ' of ! Eichard Cumberland records that he was
Lockman and others (1736, iv. 441-5). In \ thin in frame, with an aquiline nose, a pene-
1722 he edited and augmented with, some of ; trating eye, and shrill nasal voice. A bust
ln\R nwn thfiArpTnR fiotfts'V? < Harmrmia Men- of Smith by P. Scheemakers was placed in

the library of the college in 1758, with the
inscription t Praesenti tibi maturos largimor

his own theorems Cotes's ' Harmonia Men
surarum et alia opuscula Mathematics,' &&&
in 1738 he edited, with notes, his cousin's

t Hydrogtatical and Pneumatical Lectures* of honores.7 A portrait of him, painted bfVan-
Cotes. The first work was dedicated to J>r. j derbankinl730,andgivenbyTnomasRiddelI,
Mead, the second (which was republished in | one of the fellows, in 1827, hangs in the lodge ;
1747 and 177o, and translated into French j another, painted by J. Freeman in 1783, and
by Le Monnier in 1720) to the Duke of Cum- said to have been given by the Rev. Edward
berlancL He projected, but did not proceed | HowMns in 1779, is in the hall. It waspro-
with, the publication of others of his cousin's j bably paid for by moneys bequeathed by How-
works. The monument to Cotes's memory, ! kins for that purpose,
with the epitaph by Bentley, was erected at i Smith's benefactions to the university and

the cost of Smith, and he presented to the
library of the college in 1 758 a marble bust
of his cousin by P. Scheemakers.

At Bentley's death Smith was appointed,
on 20 July 1742, master of Trinity College,
and he also acted in 1742-3 as vice-chancellor
of the university. As master his ' equitable
and judicious conduct healed all wounds
and conciliated all parties* (Moss:, Life of
Jtentley, ii. 420). His acts of kindness were
numerous, and his influence in the university
was considerable, He recommended John
Colson [q. v.|to come to Cambridge, and ob-
tained for him In 1739 the Lucasian chair.
He advised Kichard Cumberland to apply
Mmself to mathematics, and supported his
claims to a fellowship. His encouragement
gave Bishop Watson, when an undergraduate,
* a spur to his industry and wings to his am-
bition,' for which the bishop always revered
Simth's memory. Israel Lyons, the younger,
was aided by him in his studies, and in re-
turn dedicated to Smith hia t Treatise of

to Trinity College were munificent. To the
former he left by will the sum of 3,500?.
South Sea stock, part of the interest to be
applied in a dinner to the trustees, and of the
remainder, half to the Plumian professor, and
half between two junior B.A.s who have
made the greatest progress in mathematics
and natural philosophy. The Smith's prizes,
which now amount to about 23£ each, * proved
productive of the best results, and at a later
time enabled the university to encourage
some of the higher branches of mathema-
tics.' The college, to which during his life-
time he had presented many pictures and
sculptures, obtained under the will the sum
of 2,000^. of the same stock, which was ordered
to be sold on 15 Dec. 1770, and applied to-
wards the new combination-room in the great
court, and the painted window, containing
nearly 140 square feet of glass, at the south
end of the library. The grotesque design
(by Cipriani) for the window, which was
completed by 1775, represented George III

Smith

III

Smith

under a canopy, giving a laurel chaplet to Smith wrote 'Three Observations 'upon it
Sir Isaac Newton, while Bacon is at the which were not published,
king's feet.

Smith published two works. ^ The first was
<A compleat System of Opticks, in four
books/ 1738, 2 vols. ; dedicated, with unusual
warmth of expression, to Right Hon., after-
wards Sir Edward Walpole, a personal friend
at Cambridge, through whose aid the work
was started and finished, and under Smith's

will and codicil Walpole received legacies of . . , ,,_,_,.,

2,QQOZ. South Sea stock. The ' elementary ; 841 J Byrom's Poems, ed. Ward, vol. i. pt. ii. p.
parts' of these volumes, selected and arranged ^'^?'-j' ^^^S?™*?' ?ort£oll"°,' P' 9?*
for the use of students at the universities, "" " ~~~ """ "" "*

were published separately at Cambridge in
1778. They were translated, with additions,

[G-ent. Mag. 1768, p. 94; Willis and Clark's
, Cambridge, ii. 500, 547-50, 583, 600, 606;
Rouse Ball's Mathematics at Cambridge. 1889
pp. 91-101 ; Wordsworth's Scholse Academics,
, pp. 67, 236 ; Corresp. of Newton and Cotes, pp.
xvi-xix, 199, 200, 227-9 ; Brewster's Memoirs
of Newton, ii. 319-20; Hartshorne'a Cambr.
Book Rarities, pp. 275, 481, 484-5; Byrom's
Eemains, i. 296, 623-34, ii. 34, 135, 206-7, 833-

° s

*• 203» ^01-2; Cumberland's

' l8 2dit' pp' 70' 107~9 > **«*<***
^formation from

into German by Eaestner in 1755, and into
French, with additions, by Dural le Roy, * w. r. o%

At Brest in 1767, with a supplement in 1783, SMITH, BOBEBT, first BABOS Ousame-
and by L. P. P. [Le. le Pere Pe"zenas] at TON (1752-1838), the third but eldest sur-
Avignon in 1767. Benjamin Bobins [q. v.} viving son of Abel Smith (d. 1788) by his
published a criticism upon them in 1739. wife Mary, daughter of Thomas Brrd of
From this treatise on optics, Smith went by Barton, Warwickshire, was born at Notting-
the nickname of i Old Focus/ Smith's second ham on 2 Feb. 1752 and baptised at St.
Tolunie was * Harmonics, or the Philosophy Peter's on the 21st. His father, a member
^f \r,,0;™i Q™,^ > Tr/m ^«j;^^j ^ ^. of the banking firm of Smith, Payne, & Co.

of Nottingham and London, sat in parlia-
ment for Aldborough in 17^4, St. Ives in
1780, and St. Germains in 1785. On the
death of his elder brother Abel in 1779
Robert succeeded him as member of parlia-
ment for Nottingham, which he represented
in five successive parliaments, until his ele-
vation to the peerage in 1797. From tie
first he attached himself to the fortunes of
the younger Pitt-, and a close friendship
sprang up between the two. In 1786 Pitt
selected Smith to examine into the state of
his disordered private affairs (STAKHOPE,
Life of Pitt, ed. 1879, i. 223). According
to Wraxall, Smith's character was ( without
reproach and his fortune ample/ but he
' possessed no parliamentary talents* (Pte~
tkumows Memoirs, 1836^i 66-9). He was
generous in the use of his wealth, aad ose
of his benefactions was to place considerable

of Musical Sounds/ 1749, dedicated to the
Duke of Cumberland ; 2nd edit. 1759, and
postscript, 1762. The latter was inscribed
to Sir Edward "Walpole. Both works were
of the highest value. They were recom-
mended to Gibbon by George Lewis Scott
[q.y.], with the words that the treatise on
optics entered 'into too great details for
beginners,' and that the volume on har-
monics * is the principal book of the kind'
(GIBB02?-, Miscellaneous Work's 1837, pp.
232-8). **

^ Smith left numerous papers on Cotes and
Newton to the Rev. Edward Howkins, who in
1779 bequeathed them to the college. From
them was collected the * Correspondence of
Newton and Cotes,' edited by the Rev. J.
Edleston in 1850, and afterwards republished
at Amsterdam. Twenty to thirty letters
from Newton to Cotes were borrowed from
Smith by Conduitt for his projected life of

Newton, and never returned (BEKTLET, Cor- sums of money in the hands of the, -poet
ii. 776-7). Letters to Smith Cowper for the benefit of the poor at Gluey

T, Life and Works of Cowper, i
On 11 July 1796, as a reward for Ms

., . -, lity and the support which he secured to

Janaes BradleyV Works and Correspondence ' Pitt through Ms pocket-boroughs Midhurst
(18§2)^ pp. 401-3. His name frequently ', and Wendover, Smith was created Boron
occurs in the diaries of John Byrom, with Carringtx>ii of Bolcot Lodge in the peerage of
whom he was contemporary at Cambridge, Ireland, and om 20 Oct. 1797 Baron Camsg-
&nd Byrom's verses on John Gilbert Cooper's ton of Upton, Nottinghamshire, in the Ea^-
* Epistles from Aristippus in retirement/ in lish peerage. According to Wraxall, tte
& letter to Dr. S — , are supposed to be ad- was the only instance in which George HFa
dressed to Smith. When Zachary Grey [q.v.l objections to giving English peerages to
P&blished an ' Examination of the Fourteenth those engaged in trade were owreoi®©; bd
ChapteroC Newton's Observations on Daniel,' also insinuates that the fajoaour was tte

Smith

112

Smith

regard of financial assistance rendered by
o -tl *„ TKtt flarrinirton refuted this
Smith to Pitt. °a°n

«
1802

in the

' PsTo exiv P. 456). In
of' thTbFnque ports,
of Deal, and in
uoe e Heutenant-

colonel oTSe second battalion of the Cinque
colonel oi ine SBUJ"f " ., 1Rfv> v~ enter-

ports /£™^ * f*g vcSb e Abbey,
tamed Ptt at his MB*, WycomDe^ £ y

OrfL lid i 1819TL.D? ofcambridge

SriSd^ He was also a^ice-presidentof
Umrersity. xie ! waa r

These nave been recently remTestieated
without reference to Smith's work by 0. E.
Benham and others ('An Artificial Spec-
Mo?,' Nature, vol. 1. [1894-5] paasL ,.
Another brother, James Elimalet smith,
is separately noticed, and a third brother,
Micaiah Smith (1807-1867), vas a minister
of the Scottish Mrk, and an orientalist.
At nine Angus wnt to the Gksgow
ar school, and at thirteen to the

ow University, where he received a
educad but ^ j^ broAer

John, read Priestley's and other scientific

works. On leavmg the university he became

several families ui succession, first

lulu. YVOaS uiu.J.c*j. ">« -»-"5«- i-j— i«o/i

Garrington married, first, on 6 July 17«0,
Anne, eldest daughter of Lewyns Boldero
Barnard of Cave Castle, Yorkshire ; by her
he had one son, Robert John, born 16 Jan.
1796, who succeeded to the peerage, took the
aame Carrington instead of Smith by royal
license, dated 26 Aug. 1839, and died on
17 March 1868, being succeeded by his eldest
son, Charles Robert, the present Lord Car-
rington, who changed the family name
from Carrington to Carington. The first
lord had also seven daughters, of whom the
second, Catherine Lucy, married Philip
Henry, fourth earl Stanhope, and was
mother of Philip Henry, fifth earl Stanhope
fq T], and the seventh, Emily, married
Lord Granville Charles Henry Somerset.

[Annual Eegister, 1838, p. 225 (by Carring-
ton's grandson, Earl Stanhope); Gent. Mag.
1838, ii. 545-6, 678 ; Official Returns of Members
of Parl.; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886;
Burke's and 6L E. C.'s Peerages; Stanhope's Life
of Pitt passim ; Wraxall's Posthumous Memoirs,
1836 ;'£ife of Wilberforce, i. 77; Martin's
Stories of Banks and Bankers.] A, P. P.

SMITH, ROBERT ANGUS (1817-
1884), chemist, born in Glasgow on 15 Feb.
1817 was twelfth child and seventh son of
John Smith of Loudoun, Ayrshire, and his
wife Janet, daughter of James Thomson, a
millowner at Strathaven (see W. ASDEBSON
SMITH'S £ Shepherd3 Smith, p. 13).

AB elder brother, John (1800-1871), mas-
ter at Perth Academy, wrote a paper on the
* Origin of Colour and Theory of Light ?
(Memoirs of Manchester Lit. ami Phil. Soc.
[31 L 1, 1859), which contains original and
stil unexplained experiments on the pro-
duction of colour phenomena by rotating
discs marked with black and white patterns.

and worked under him at that town during
1839-41, proceeding PhJ). in ^1841. He
was a fellow-worker there with A. W,
Hofmann (1818-1892), Lyon (now Lord)
Playfair, Dr. Edward Schunck, F.R.S., and
John Stenhouse [q. v.] During his stay he
gave much time to philosophy as well as
chemistry. On his return to England at the
end of 1841 he published a translation ^ of
Liebig's work 'On the Azotised Nutritive
Principles of Plants/ An early inclination
towards a theological career revived, but was
abandoned ; and in 1842 he became assistant
to Dr. Playfair, who was at the time professor
of chemistry at the Manchester Royal Insti-
tution. Dr. Playfair's interest ^in the work
of the health of towns commission, of which
the sanitary reformer, Edwin (afterwards
Sir Edwin) Chadwick (1801-1890), was the
moving spirit, led Smith to gay attention to
sanitary chemistry, and to this subject he de-
Toted the greater part of his life. He decided
to settle as a consulting chemist m Man-
chester, and on 29 April 1845 he was elected
member of the Manchester Literary and
Philosophical Society, of which he was pre-
sident from April 1864 till April 1866. In
1847 he published his first paper ^ on air
(Memoirs of the Chemical Society, ui. 311),
in which he made the important suggestion
that the organic matter given out in re-
spiration may be more injurious than the
carbonic acid. He collected the moisturjJ
condensed on the window-pane of a crowded
room, and examined the residue left after
evaporation. In the same year he reported
to the metropolitan sanitary commission on
this subject ; and also examined water de-
rived from peaty soil. In 1848 (Brit ^^
Report, p. 16) he pointed out that the or-

Smith i]

I^matterintroduced into natural waters is I
got rid of in nature, especially in porous soils, j
IT means of oxidation, nitrogenous matter |
being partially converted into nitrates. This i
theory he supported by numerous subsequent j
experiments. In 1849 he examined various i
problems connected with sewage, and made i
important suggestions, which are still^ under j
discussion, with regard to its canalisation
and treatment.

In 1851 Smith began his most extensive i
research. The fact that the ratio between the |
amounts of oxygen and nitrogen present in
the air varies exceedingly little under the '
most varied conditions of time and place had ;
led to the impression that chemical analysis J
was unable to discover the impurities of town |
air which were made evident by their effect
oa human health, and even in certain cases
by smell. Smith set himself systematically j
to combat this notion, and began by making j
a series of determinations of the sulphur i
compounds introduced into the air by the |
combustion of coal (Brit. Assoc. Report, \
1851, pt. ii. p. 52). He followed this work !
up later by numerous determinations of j
other impurities — e.g. ammonia and carbonic j
acid. In 1856 Smith published a memoir !
of John Dalton (1766-1844) [q. v.], which j
embraced a history of the atomic theory from
early times. The book displays erudition,
common-sense, and impartiality of judgment
wherever the issues were simple ; but Smith
had not sufficient clearness of mind or of
style (in spite of occasional happiness of ex- |
pression) to make a first-rate historian, and he
railed to explain the genesis of Dalton's ideas ,
(see ROSCOE and HABBE^'S New View of the ,
Atomic Theory). In 1857 he was elected !
F.R.S. In 1859 he lectured on the organic
impurities of the air before the Royal j
Institution, and described an ingenious me- j
thod for a comparison of the relative \
amounts in different places. In 1864 Smith j
contributed to the report of the royal mines
commission an elaborate examination of the
sir of mines and a comparison with that
from various districts in large towns, and a
physiological investigation of the effect of
carbonic acid. In the same year Smith was
elected chief inspector, under the Alkali
Aet of 28 July 1863, which provided for
tl^e inspection of alkali-works and other '
classes of factories (extended by the act of
1872), and for the infliction of fines when
excessive amounts of acid vapours, likely to
<laanage health and vegetation, were emitted.
Saithperfonned his duties with tact and skill,
iaasuriag the co-operation of the previously
hostile manufacturers in the working of the
«t, which he showed to be to their financial

3 Smith

benefit. TTis twenty annual reports (con-
tinued till his death) contain a large amount
of information on the condensation of hydro-
chloric acid and kindred subjects.

In April 1865 Smith proposed an ingenious
* minimetric 7 method of estimating carbonic
acid in the air. In 1869 he published a book
on 'Disinfectants and Disinfection,' con-
taining a summary of other work, together
with experiments of his own performed for
the cattle plague commission. In it he
recognised the fact that Pasteur's work on
germs would revolutionise the subject, but
it was only later that he became practically
acquainted with Pasteur's methods. Smith's
work led to the manufacture on a large
scale by Ms friend Mr. Alexander McDou-
gall of a useful disinfectant powder, con-
sisting of a -mixture of calcium sulphite
and calcium phenate. In 1872 Smith pub-
lished his £ Air and K-ain, the beginnings of
a Chemical Climatology,7 in which he col-
lected a large amount of experimental
material from his previous papers. Less
attention has been paid to this work than it
deserves, partly because of its defects in
composition (of which Smith was conscious),
partly because Pasteur's work has diverted
attention from the inorganic impurities of
air. In the same year he published a study
on peat-formation (Memoirs of Manchester
Lit. and Phil. Soc. [5] iiL 281).

After going in the autumn of 1872 to Ice-
land in the yacht of his friend, the chemist,
James Young (1811-1883) [q.vj, he wrote
an essay ' On some Ruins at EUida Vatu
and Kjarlanes/ and a book, 4 To Iceland in
a Yacht 7 (privately printed in May 1873).
In the same year he paid a visit, also with
Young, to the island of St. Kilda, which he
described in l Good Words ' for 1875, and in
a pamphlet, * A Visit to St. KildV (privately
printed in 1879). In 1876 he edited < The
Chemical and Physical Eesearclies of Thomas
Graham 7 [q. v*], with a useful analysis of the
separate memoirs, and an introdnction on
Graham's place as a chemist. The book was
privately printed at the expense of Young
for distribution among chemists. In 1884 the
introduction was republished, together with
many of Graham's letters and explanatory
notes by Smith, under the title* An Account
of the Life and Works of T. Graham,1 In
1879 Smith, who "was passionately devoted
to archaeology, and especially to Scottish
archaeology, published anonymously a book
on * Loch jEtive/ where he had spent many
vacations, and on the legend of the * Sons
of Uisnach; f a second edition appeared with
his name, posthumously, in 1885. Hie work^
which is written in dialogue form, is valuable

I

Smith

114

Smith

for its description of the vitrified fort of Dun j
MacITisneachan, and its recognition, in anti- ]
cipation of 'William Forbes Skene [q. v.~ in "
his s Celtic Scotland,' of the extremely early j
and close connection between the populations '
of western Scotland and north-east Ireland (
(Professor BOTD DATVEESS).
In 1530 Smith proposed to measure the |

* actinism of the sun s rays ' by their effect i
on a dilute acid solution of potassium iodide, |
from which they liberate an amount of iodine j
that is approximately proportional to the in-
tensity of the light and length of exposure. !
This method, originally invented by Dr. j
Albert E. Leeds, though independently dis-
covered by Smith, is of considerable practical
value, and was employed by the Manchester
air analysis committee in 1891-2 (Proceedings \
of the Manchester Field Naturalist J Society, \
1892, p. 87). In 1883, at the request of j
the Manchester Literary and Philosophical !
Society, Smith published, under the title j

* A. Centenary of Science in Manchester,' an i
interesting sketch of the history of the so- |
•ciety (not altogether accurate in detail), with ;
notices of many of its members. Smith j
and Mr. Bobert Bawllnson, C.B., had been '
•appointed the first inspectors under the !
Rivers Pollution Act of 1876 ; Smith wrote !
two official reports in this capacity, in 1882 '
and in 1884 (published posthumously). In
the latter report he showed incidentally i
that under certain conditions the fermenta- '
tion of sugar by the microbes found in water j
produces hydrogen, of which the amount i
evolved varies, c&teris paribus, with the
water ; and he made one of the first applica- i
tions of Dr. Robert Koch's f gelatine ' method
for determining the number of microbes in j
water. He also invented a process for lining j
iron waterpipes with an impermeable var- |
nish which is widely used (Rivers Pollution '
Commission, 6th Rep, (1874), p. 221). He !
was made an honorary LL.D. of Glasgow in !
1881, and of Edinburgh in 1882. In spite j
of declining health during the last few years
of Ms life, Smith retained almost to the last
has active habits of work. He died on 12 May
1884 at Colwyn Bay, North Wales, and was
buried in the churchyard of St. Paul's, Kersal,
Manchester. He was unmarried ; his niece,
Miss Jessie Knox-Smith, had for some years
previous to his death lived with him and helped
him with his literary work.

It is scarcely an exaggeration, to say that,
"'as the chemist of sanitary science,* Smith
worked alone' (THOBPE); but the work of
which he was the pioneer in this country is
now being largely developed in many direc-
tions. He was of so unnifSed a temper that
lie was called by his friends 'Agnus,' and

was of an exceptionally kindly, winning-, and
generous disposition.

A bronze bust of Smith was sculptured in
18S6 by T. Xelson Maclean, and presented
to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society by his friend Dr. Schunck; and
another bust by Brodie belonged to another
friend, James Young, A bust of him is also
in the library of the Owens College. His
countenance was of the pure Gaelic type.

The * Boyal Society's Catalogue * gives a
list of forty-eight papers by Smith ; in addi-
tion to these and the books mentioned
above, he published anonymously various
articles in "Ore's t Dictionary ? and the
f Chemical News/ and many articles on an-
tiquarian subjects.

His library, which was rich in works on
chemistry and on Celtic literature, was
bought by the ( Angus Smith Memorial
Committee' and presented to the Owens
College, Manchester, after his death.

[Besides the sources quoted, Smith's own
works; Obituaries in Manchester Lit. and
Phil, Soe. Proceedings, sxiv. 97, and Memoirs [3]
x. 90, by Dr. Edward Schunck, F.E.S. ; Nature,
accc. 104, by T. E. Thorpe; Manchester Guar-
dian ; Manchester Courier and Manchester Ex-
aminer for 13 May 1884; Chemical Soe.
Journal, slvii. 335 ; Chemical News, ad. 222, i,
200; Ber. der dentschen Chem. Gesellschaft, by
A. W. Hofmann, xvii. 1211; "W. Anderson
Smith's 'Shepherd' Smith, passim ; Thompson's
Owens College, pp. 232-3 ; Biograph and Review,
v.l 42; G-. Seton's St. Kilda, p. 334; Catalogue
of the Library of the Surgeon-general's Office,
U.S.A, xiii. 217 ; Brit. Mus. Cat ; Eoscoe and
Hard en's New View of Dalton's Atomic Theory ;
Dr. J. C. Thresh's Water . . . Supplies, pp. 20,
207 5 Eeport on the Progress ... of Manufac-
turing Chemistry ... in South Lancashire, by
E. Schunck, K Angus Smith, and H. E. Eoscoe,
Brit. Assoc. Eeport, 1861, p. 108 ; private infor-
mation from Professor Boyd BawMns, A. E.
Fletcher, esq. (late chief inspector under the
Alkali Act), E F. Gwyther, esq., Professor
Strachan, and Dr. Edward Schunck, Frank
Scudder, esq. (for many years Smith's assis-
tant).] P.J.H.

SMITHJtOBEBTABCHIBALI)(1780-
1829), musical composer, son of Bobert Smith,
silk-weaver, was born at Reading on 16 Nov.
1780. His father, a native of East Kilbride,
Lanarkshire, had been a silk-weaver in Pais-
ley, whence dull business sent him to Bead-
ing. Here he married Ann WMtcher, who
succeeded to a small property and the interest
of a little money, which was invested for
her son after her death. Ignoring Bobert's
precocious musical talent, his father appren-
ticed Mm to silk-weaving. He early joined
a church choir in Reading, and played on

Smith *

flu^e or clarionet in the band of a volunteer
raiment. In 1600 the family removed to
Pakev, where father and son became muslin-
wearers. For a time dislike of his occupa-
tion and environ ment depressed Smith, and
threatened his health, but recognition of Ms
musical gifts, and particularly the friendship
of the poet Tannahill, gave him fresh
stimulus. He joined a volunteer company,
played in its band, and composed its marches
and quick-steps. _ . ;

Becoming a teacher of music, Smith was ,
in 1S07 appointed leader of psalmody in the '
abbey church, Paisley, and soon formed an •
excellent choir. Dr. Boog, the incumbent j
of the parish, introduced him to Dr, Young, j
minister of Erskine, Renfrewshire, from j
whose extensive and exact knowledge of j
harmony he profited. In 1817 he success-
fully conducted his first public performance
of sacred music in the abbey church, an
innovation which became a precedent. In j
August 1823 Smith was appointed musical
conductor in St. George's Church, Edinburgh,
the minister of which was Dr. Andrew Thom-
son(1779-1831)[q.v.],anaccomplishedmusi-
cian. Smith straightway obtained an ex-
cellent professional standing in Edinburgh,
His health, however, failed while still busily
•employed in Edinburgh in teaching, com-
posing, and editing j he died there on 3 Jan.
1829.

Smith married, in 1802, Mary MaoXicol, a
native of Arran, who survived him with five
children.

As a boy Smith wrote out notes of music
that interested him, and in later years he
displaved great facility in reproducing airs
to which he had listened. He early set to
music some trifling verses of his own, and a
song by Burns's eldest son. In * Devotional
Music, original and selected,* 1810, twenty-
four of the numbers are Smith's. His setting
of Tannahill's songs, especially of * Jessie, the
Flower o' Dumblane J (1816), brought him re-
nown. This air, said a contemporary critic,

* has no common claim to general admiration.
The descant consists throughout of the most
graceful and euphonious intervals, and the
cadence at the words " the flow> o' Dum-
bl&jae v is remarkably beautiful and happy *
{A European Magazine,* January 1816). His

* Scotish Minstrel, a selection from the vocal
melodies of Scotland ancient and modern/
waa published in six volumes, 1821-4, and
reached a third edition, 1838-43, It is one
of the best works on its subject, and many
of the striking anonymous melodies are attri-
butable to the editor. Songs by Tannahill,
and others appropriately set by* Smith, first
appeared in this work. * The editor erred in

5 Smith

allowing certain female coadjutors, without
acknowledgment, to tamper with the original
words of some of the older songs. The k Irish
Minstrel/ with similar musical equipment,
appeared in one volume in 1625. In 1826
Smith published a practical i Introduction
to Singing.' A first volume of Smith's * Se-
lect Melodies, with appropriate Words,
chiefly original, selected and arranged, with
Symphonies and Accompaniments for the
Pianoforte/ appeared in 1827. Ambitious
and comprehensive, this work includes ex-
amples of the greatest song-writers, but was
not completed. Many pieces by contem-
porary lyrists are anonymously set by Smith
himself. To one of these/ MotherwelFs
pathetic * Midnight Wind/ Tom Moore gave
special praise. Smith further published :
1. l Sacred Music for the Use of St. George's,
Edinburgh.' 2. 'The Sacred Harmony of
the Church of Scotland ' { 1820). 3. 4 Sacred
Music, consisting of Tunes, Sanctuses, &c.,
sung in St. George's Church ' (1825 ; other
editions, 1830?, 1856, and 1567). 4. < An-
thems for George Heriofs Day.' His music,
virile, strenuous, and fluent, is still heard
in the Scottish churches. His setting of the
anthem i How beautiful upon the moun-
tains * has been often reprinted.

[Memoir of E. A. Smith, prefixed bj P. A.
Kamsay to his edition of TannahiU's works;
Sample's Poems and Soogs, and Correspondence
of Robert Tannahill; McCouechy's Life of
Motherwell; Harp of Eenf rewshire ; Brown's
Paisley Poets.] T. B.

SMITH, EOBEKT HENRY SODEK

(1822-1890), keeper of the Art Library,
South Kensington, was born on 2o Feb.
1822. His father, Kobert Smith of Birleton,
Haddingtonshire, was a captain in tlie 44th
regiment, and served for some years in India.
On his return he received the appointment of
Athlone pursuivant-at-arms under Sir Ber-
nard Burke, and settled in ^Dublin.

The son, Robert Henry, was brought up
in Scotland, and then sent to Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, with a view to his ordination,
but that design was not fulfilled. He became
tutor to John Charles Pratt, earl of Breck-
nock (afterwards third Marquis Camden),
and formed a lasting friendship with his pupil.
On 1 March 1857 he was chosen a member
of the staff at the South Kensington Museum,
London, was appointed assistant keeper of
the art museum and library on 25 June
following, and became keeper of the national
Art Library on 3 April 1868, The library
was in an embryonic stage in 1857 when
Smith entered on his work, and he was
really the organiser of this branea of th&

Smith

116

Smith

museum, In which he gave a free rein to Ms
keen instinct as a collector.

A lover of nature in every form, Smith
made a special study of the ^ freshwater
shells. In antiquarian pursuits he was
equally interested in English and oriental
pottery, and of both he formed large collec-
tions. He also paid much attention to the
history and forms of finger rings. As a juror
he drew up the report on the porcelain at
the exhibition of 1871. He also prepared
the catalogue of the jewellery exhibited at
South Kensington in 1872. He officially
edited and partly compiled, for the use of
students, several classified lists of books
dealing with various arts and art industries,
which are represented in the South Kensing-
ton Museum. He resided at 65 The Grove,
Hammersmith, but died, unmarried, in a
private nursing home near Cavendish Square,
on 20 June 1890.

With his friend Professor A. H. Church,
Smith brought out in 1890 some poems
entitled ' Flower and Bird Posies.'

[The Academy, 5 July 1890, p. 16, signed 5,
i.e. G. Drury E. Fortnum. ; Athenaeum, 28 June
1890, p. 839 ; Times, 23 June 1890, p. 6 ; Illus-
trated London News, 12 July 1890, p. 53, with
portrait ; information from "W, H. James
Weale, esq.] G. C. B.

SMITH, ROBERT PAYNE (1819-
1895), dean of Canterbury. [See PATHOS
SMITH.]

SMITH, ROBERT PERCY, known as
'BoBrs' SXITH (1770-1845), advocate-gene-
ral of Bengal, born in 1770, was eldest son
of Robert Smith, and brother of Sydney
Smith "q. v." He entered Eton College in
1782, and be'came very intimate with John
HookhamFrere [q.v.j, George Canning jq.v.],
and Henry Richard Yassall Fox, third lord
Holland [q.v.] With them in 1786 he started
the school magazine entitled 'The Micro-
cosm/ which ran for nearly a year, and pro-
cured for Smith an introduction to Queen
Charlotte. In 1788 he became a scholar on
Dr. Battie's foundation, and in 1791 obtained
Sir William Browne's medal for the best
Latin ode. In the same year he entered
King?s College. Cambridge, and graduated
B.A. in 1794 and M.A. in 1797. On 4 July
of the same year he was called to the bar of
Lincoln's Inn. In 1803, through the influ-
ence of William Petty, first marouis of
Lansdowne [q v.], and Sir Francis Baring
[q. v.], he obtained the appointment of ad-
vocate-general ot Bengal. In seven years he
returned to England with a fortune, and
settled in London. While in India he allowed
iis brother Sydney 100/. a year, and on his

return lent him 5007. towards the expenses
of his move into the country, and gave lOG/.
a year to support Sydney's eldest son at West-
minster.

In 1812 Smith entered parliament as mem-
ber for Grantham, but made no reputation as
a speaker. At the general election of 1813
he contested Lincoln unsuccessfully, but two-
years later he won the seat and sat as the
representative of the borough until his retire-
ment after the dissolution of 1826.

Although Robert Percy never attained the
fame of his brother Sydney, with whom he-
always maintained very affectionate rela-
tions, yet those who were intimate with both
held that i Bobus * equalled, if he did not
surpass, him in the very qualities for which
the younger was renowned. He was a man
of great originality, a profound thinker, and
of wide grasp of mind. His wit was pro-
verbial, and his conversation provoked the-
admiration of Madame de Stael. His lan-
guage was characterised by Canning as * the
essence of English,7 and Landor declared that
his Latin hexameters would not have dis-
credited Lucretius. He died on 10 March
1845 at his house in Savile Row, London.
His country residence was at Cheam, Surrey.
In 1797 he married Caroline, daughter of
Richard Vernon, M.P. for Tavistcek. She
was half-sister of the mothers of the third
Lord Holland and of the third Lord Lans-
downe. By her Smith was father of Robert.
Vernon Smith, baron Lyveden [q. v.]

A number of Smith's Latin verses were-
published by his son under the title of i Early
Writings of Robert Percy Smith/ Chiswickr
1850, 4to.

[Reid's Life and Times of Sydney Smith,
pp. 4-14; Annual Register, 1845, p. 258;
obituary notice by Lord Morpeth in the Morn-
ing Chronicle, March 1845, reproduced as a pre-
face to Early Writings; Harwoods Alumni
Etonenses, p. 357; Memoirs of Sir James*
, Mackintosh,!. 137, 208.] E. I. C.

SMITH (afterwards TEENOK ), ROBERT
VERNON, BABOS- LYVEDES- (1800-1873),
who was the nephew of Sydney Smith [q. v J,
the witty canon of St. Paul's, was the only
surviving son of Robert Percy Smith (4 Bobus r
Smith) [q.v.] He was born on 23 Feb. 1800,
and, having spent several years at Eton, ma-
triculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on
2 Feb. 1819? graduating B. A. (second class in
classics) 1822, and the same year became a.
student of the Inner Temple, but was never
called to the bar. Smith married, on 15 July
1823, Emma Mary, daughter of John, second
earl of Upper Ossory, and, being attracted
by a political career, was chosen at a by-elec-
tion for Tralee in June 1829, and re-elected

Smith

117

Smith

the following year. On the accession of the | counted the most accurate disputant and
whigs to power under Earl Grey, he accepted ; profound philosopher in the universitv'
oice as a junior lord of the treasury in | (WooD. Athena Oxon. ii. 283). He died oa
November 1830, and discharged its duties j 17 June 1620, and was buried in the chapel
until the fall of Melbourne's first administra- j of ]Magdalen College.
tion in November 1834. ^ In Melbourne's j Besides contributing verses to the univer-
second ministry he was joint secretary to j sity collections on the death of Henry, prince
the board of control for the affairs of India, of *Wales, 1612, and on the marriage of the
April 1835 to September 1839, and under- Prince Palatine, 1613, he was author of a
secretary of state for war and the colonies popular elementary manual of logic, entitled
from, that date till September 1841, being , 'Aditus ad Logieam, in usum eorum qui
sworn a member^of the privy council on , primo Academiam salutant,' Oxford. 1613

1621, 1627, 1633, 1639, &c., 8vo.

[Bloxam's Keg. of Magd. Coll. v. 29 ; Oxford
Univ. Beg. vol. ii. pt. iv. 388 ; Foster's Alumni

fWrvn ftaWlxr ea-» ITT 1 9QA . "\Trt/3 ..«'« /\_/* _j

press ]

i>. 1380;

Madan's Oxford

SMITH, SAMUEL (1584-1662?), ejected

21 Aug. 1841. When Lord John Russell

formed his first ministry in 1846, he did not

apportion any office to Smith, who, how-

ever, joined "his government as secretary-

at-war during the last three weeks of its

existence, 6 to 28 Feb. 1852. Under Lord

Palmerston he was president of the board of f ,

control, with a seat in the cabinet from j divine, born near Dudley about 1584t was

February 1855 to March 1858, during the ; the son of a clergyman. In the beginning of

eventful period of the Indian mutiny. At ! 1603 he entered St. Mary Hall, Oxford, as a

the general election of 1831 he was elected batler, but left the university without a degree.

iLP. for Northampton, for which he was j He was presented to the living of Prittlewell

afterwards re-elected ten times (at every j & Essex on 30 Nov. 1615 by Robert, lord Rich

election except one at the head of the poll), j [see under Pacn,PiOTEaopE,LAi)YBiCH]. On

but vacated his seat on being raised to the I the outbreak of the civil war Smith retired

peerage as Baron Lyveden on 28 June 1859.
By royal license on 14 July following he re-
ceived permission to use the surname of Ver-
non only instead of Smith, and to bear the
arms of Yernon quarterly in the first quarter
with his paternal arms, his issue having pre-
viously been similarly authorised by royal
license on 5 Aug. 1845. Lyveden, who was
for many years a metropolitan commissioner
in lunacy (established pursuant to 2 and 3
Will.^ Fv , c. 107), had his country seat at
Farming Woods, near Thrapstone,Is orthamp-
tpnshire, of which county he was a deputy
lieutenant. He was created a G.C.B. on
13 July 1872, and died on 10 Nov. 1873.

Lvveden edited in 1848 'Horace Wai-
pole s Letters to the Countess of Ossory/and
in 1850 the f Early Writings ' of his father,
His speech in proposing the second reading '
of the Church Rates Abolition Bill in the '
House of Lords was printed in 1860,

[Official Eetnra of Members of Parliament ;
Foster's Peerage ; Alison's Autobiography ; Fos-
ter's Alumni Oxon J W. E. "W.

SMITH, SAMUEL (1587-1620), writer
on logic, born in Lincolnshire in 1587, was
entered as a commoner at Magdalen Hall.
Oxford, on 19 Oct. 1604, and became a fellow
of Magdalen College in 1608. He graduated
BJL on 25 Jan. 1608-9, M.A. 23 May 1612,
•and bachelor of medicine 15 April 1620.
He was appointed junior proctor of the uni-
on 28 April 1620, being then < ac-

to London for safety, and identified himself
with the presbyterians. He became famed
as a preacher, and in 1648 received from
parliament the perpetual curacy of Cound
and Cressage in Shropshire, on the death
of Richard Wood, the rector, sequestered
for delinquency (Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep.
i. 26 #). On his settlement in the county he
was appointed an assistant to the commis-
sion for the ejection of * scandalous and
ignorant ministers and schoolmasters.' In
1654 he was temporarily appointed to jjreaeh
in Hereford Minster and the adjacent
country, in place of Richard Belamaia (Cat.
State Papers, Bom. 1654, p. 224). On the
Restoration he was ejected from Ms living1
at Cpund, The date of Ms death is un-
certain. Wood says that he was living in
1663, but if he be identical with Samuel
Smith of Sandon in Essex, as Galamy be-
lieves, he was buried on 2 April 1662 (0&-
tuary of J&cfard Smyt&, ed. Ellis, p. 55).

Besides many separate sermons, Smith
published : 1* * Bavid's Repentance, or a
plain and familiar exposition of the Fiftv-
first Psalm/ London, 1618, 12mo, which
went through many editions. About 1765 a
so-called thirty-first edition was printed au
Newcastle-on-I^ne, which bears no resent
blance to the original work. 2. * Joseph and
his Mistress: five Sermons,' London, 1619,
8yo. 8. ' Christ's Last Supper, or the Boo-
trine of the Sacrament : five Sermons,* LOB-
don, 1620, 8vo. 4. 'The Great Assbe; ortlie

Smith i

Day of Jubilee,' London, 1628 (4th ed.) ; 1642,
12mo ; 47th ed. 1757, 12mo. 5. ' The Ethio-
pian Eunuch's Conversion, the sum of Thirty
Sermons/ London, 1632, 8vo. 6. £ David's
Blessed Man : a short exposition of the First
Psalm/ London, 1635, 8vo ; several editions.
7. ; Malice Stript and "VvTiipt/ an attack on
the Quakers, wMch called forth in answer

* Innocency cleared from Lyes, in Reply to
" Mab'ce Stript and "Whipt," ' by I. B., Lon-
don, 1658, 4to, and as a counter rejoinder,

* Innocents no Saints, or a Pair of Spectacles
for a dark-sighted Quaker/ London, 1658,
4to. 8 'A Fold for Christ's Sheep/ 32nd ed.
London, 1684, 8vo.

Wood says he had seen many editions of
Smith's { Christian's Guide, with Rules and
Directions for a Holy Life.'

[Wood's Athens Oxon, ed. Bliss, iii. 656;
Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Calamy's
Nonconformist's Memorial, ed. Palmer, ii. 214,
iii. 144; Chambers's Biographical Illustrations
of Worcestershire, p. 115; Notes and Queries,
3rd ser. iv. 501, iii. 200, 501 ; Bodleian Library
Cat.] E. I. C.

SMITH, SIB SIDNEY (1764-1840), ad-
miral, [See SMITH, SIB WILLIAK SIDNEY.]

SMITH, STEPHEN (1623-1678), quaker,
born on 19 Sept. 1623, was a foreign mer-
chant, and in the early part of his life lived
for a time at Scanderoon, the port of Aleppo
in Asia Minor. Returning to England, he
married, and lived at Pirbright. There, in
1665, he became a quaker through the preach-
ing of George Whitehead [q. v. j His brother,
John Smith of Worplesdon, Surrey, was first
convinced. Stephen was imprisoned at South-
wark with Whitehead and others for a month
in 1668 for holding a meeting at Elsted. In
1670 he was fined 24/. for preaching in the
street at Guildford, the quakers being at the
time barred out of their meeting-house.
George Fox stayed with Smith soon alter, and
speaks of his losses (Journal, ed. 1891, ii.
130). A few months later, while preaching
at Ratclifie, Smith was arrested by soldiers
and sent to Newgate for six months. In
1673 3?ox held a meeting of several hundreds
of persons at his house. Gabriel or Giles
Oifiey, the vicar of Worplesdon, in which
parish, he held land, sent brm to the Mar-
shalsea prison for six months for non-pay-
ment of tithes. OiSey also seized his five
head of cattle in 1677, in lieu of 50*. tithe
due. A few years later Smith travelled
with Fox in Somerset, where they drew up

* a breviat of sufferings * for that county to
present to the judges at Gloucester. Smith
died on 22 Sept. 1678 ; he was buried at
Worplesdon on the 26th, His wife Susanna

[8 Smith

i survived him. Three or four children prede-
ceased him. He was author of: 1. •' A Trum-
pet sounded in the Ears of Persecutors/
\ 1670, 4to. 2. ' A Proclamation to all t he-
Inhabitants of England concerning1 Fastinz
i and Prayer/ 1672-3, 4to. 3. 4 The Blessed
i Works of the Light of God's Holy and
i Blessed Spirit/ 1673, 4to. 4. 4 Wholesome
; Advice and Information/ 1676, 4to; here he-
contrasts the conduct of the Turks with tlat
i of some Christians.

j [Whitehead's Christian Progress, pp. 291,.
j 319, 320; Whitings Persecution Exposed, p.
; 12 ; Marsh's Early Friends in Surrey and Sussex,
| p. 20 ; Basse's Sufferings, i. 431, 699, 7uO ; Fox's-
i Journal, ed. 1891, pp. 203, 264, 318; Smiths
I Cat. of Friends' Books, ii. 599; Registers at
j Devonshire House.] C. F. S.

SMITH, STEPHEN CATTERSOX
(1806-1872), portrait-painter and president
of the Ptoyal Hibernian Academy, born at
Skipton in Craven, Yorkshire, on "12 March
I 1806, was son of Joseph Smith, artist and
j coach-painter, and Anne, his wife, daughter
I of Stephen Catterson of Gawflat, Yorkshire.
i His parents removed early in his life to-
j Hull, and at the age of about sixteen Smith
; came up to London to support himself by the
• practical study of art. Obtaining admission
', to the schools of the Royal Academy, he
i distinguished himself in the competitions
i there, and afterwards studied in Paris. He
first attracted notice by Ms skill in drawing
i portraits in black chalk, many of these being
published in lithography by Richard James
: Lane, A.R. A. [q. vj He made drawings of
i this class for H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent,
! of Queen Victoria (as princess), the duchess
herself, the King of Hanover, and other-
members of the royal family. He then re-
! moved for a few years to Yeovil in Somerset-
j shire, returning, however, to London about
i 1838, when he exhibited some portraits at
! the Royal Academy. About 1840 he received
i some commissions to paint portraits in Ire-
j land, which led him to settle first at London-
derry, and afterwards at Dublin, where he-
spent the remainder of his life. At Dublin
! Smith quickly became the leading portrait-
i painter of the day, and was considered very
i successful with Ms likenesses both in male
j and female portraits, painting something in
! the manner of Sir Thomas Lawrence [q. v.]
I Nearly every distinguished person in Ireland
| sat to Smith during his career in Dublin, in-
! eluding all the lord-lieutenants of Ireland for
thirty years. In 1854 he painted from the
, life a full-length portrait of Queen "Victoria
j for the corporation of Dublin. Many of his
( portraits were engraved. Smith was elected
an associate of the Royal Hibernian Aca-

Smith

119

Smith

demy of Arts on 11 May 1844, a full mem-
ber on 13 Sept. following, and was elected
president on 7 March 1859, holding this post
until 1864. He was re-elected in 1868, but
held the post for only a few months. He
continued topaint up to the time of his death,
which occurred suddenly on 20 May 1872.

Smith married, in 184*5, Anne, daughter of
Bobert Titus Wyke, an English artist, resid-
ing at Wexford* She was herself a minia-
ture-painter. By her Smith left six sons and
four daughters, of whom Stephen Catter-
gon Smith (a member of the Royal Hiber-
nian Academy and practising in Dublin) and
Bobert Catterson Smith (practising in Lon-
don) also adopted art as a profession.

[Private information.] L. C.

SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845), canon of
St. Paul's, born on 3 June 1771 at Woodford,
Essex, was the second son of Robert Smith.
The latter had lost his father, a London
merchant, in early youth. He retired from
business, married Maria Olier, daughter of a
French refugee, left her at the church door to

* wander over the world/ and, after returning,
bought, spoilt, and then sold nineteen dif-
ferent places in England, ultimately settling
at Bishop"^ Lydiard, Somerset, where he died
in 1827, aged 88. Mrs. Smith was vivacious,
modest, and beautiful, resembling Mrs. Sid-
dons. The Smiths had four other children :
Robert Percy Smith (known as * Bobus ') [q, v.],
born in 1770; Cecil in 1772; Courtenay in
1773, and Maria in 1774. The sister, after
her mother's death in 1802, took care of her
father till her own death in 1816. The
boys showed talent at an early age, especially
by incessant argumentation. In the interests
of fraternal peace the father sent Robert and
Cecil to Eton, while Sydney and Courtenay
west to Winchester. Sydney, after some time
under a Mr. Marsh at Southampton, was ad-
mitted upon the foundation at Winchester
on 19 July 1782. He was bullied and half
starved, and had to write * about ten thousand
Latin verses,' which were probably worse than
his brother's, and which he at any rate re-
gretted as sheer waste of life and time. He
and Courtenay, however, won so many prizes
that their schoolfellows sent in a round-robin
refusing to compete against Mm. He was

* prefect of the hall* in his last year, and on
5 Feb. 1789 became a scholar of New Col-
lege, Oxford. At the end of his second year's
residence he succeeded to a fellowship, which
then brought 1QO£ a year. On this he sup-
ported himself without help from his father,
and managed to pay a debt of 301. for his
fefcot&er Courtenay. Nothing is known of
Smith's Oxford career, He spent some months

| during this time in Normandy, where he had
I to join a Jacobin club in ord"er to avoid sus-
picion, and became a good French scholar.
j His father thought that he had done enough
i for his family by supporting i Bobus1 during
his^ studies for the bar, and obtaining Indian
writerships for Cecil and Courtenay. He
told Sydney that he might be * a tutor or a
parson.' Sydney, who had wished to go to
the bar, was compelled to take orders. He
was ordained in 1794 to the curacy of Nether
Avon on Salisbury Plain. The squire of the
\ parish was Michael Hicks Beach of William-
] strip Park, Fairford, Gloucestershire. Beach
helped Smith in plans for improving the con-
dition of the poor in that secluded parish,
and in setting up a Sunday school, then the
novelty of the day. He took a great liking
to the young curate, and in 1797 asked foinr?
to become travelling tutor to his eldest son,
Michael, the grandfather of the present Sir
M. Hicks Beach, A scheme for a sojourn
at Weimar was given up on account of the
war, and Smith ultimately took his pupil to
Edinburgh, which he reached in June 1798
(STUABT J. REID, p. 39). Many other young
men in a similar position were attracted to
Edinburgh at this time by the fame of Dugald
Stewart and the difficulties of access to the
continent. Smith, always the most sociable
of men, formed many intimacies with them
and with the natives. Though he made end-
less fun about the incapacity of Scots to take
a joke without t a surgical operation,1 they at
least appreciated the humour of Smith him-
self. He formed lasting friendships with
Jeffrey, Brougham, Francis Homer, Lord
Webb Seymour, and others, and before
leaving became an original member of the
< Friday Club' with Dugald Stewart, Play-
fair, Alison, and Scott. He was on the most
cordial terms with his pupil, and wrote letters
full of fun and sense to the parents. In
1800 he went to England to marry Catherine
Amelia, daughter of John Pybus of Cheam,
Surrey, a friend of his sister's, to whom he
had long been engaged. The marriage took
place at Cheam on § July 1800. The lady's
father was dead, and, though her mother ap-
proved, her brother Charles, at one time a
lord of the admiralty, was indignant, and
broke off all relations with his sister. Smith's
whole fortune consisted of * six small silver
teaspoons ; 7 but his bride had a small dowry,
which he settled upon her. Mr. Beach pre-
sented the Smiths with a cheque for 75G&
Smith gave 100/. to an old lady in distress,
and invested the remainder in the tecls.
He then returned to Edinburgh. His papil
had entered Christ Church, but was replaced
by a younger brother. Smith had a second

Smith

120

Smith

pupil, Alexander Gordon of Ellon Castle.
For each of them he received 400/. a year,
the ( highest sum which had then been given
to any one except Dugald Stewart ' (LADT
HGLLAXD, p. 98). During Ms stay at !
Edinburgh he preached occasionally at the
Charlotte Chapel, and published in 1800 six
of his sermons. Dug-aid Stewart declared
that Smith's preaching gave him ' a thrilling
sensation of sublimity never before awakened
by any oratory1 (ib. i. 127).

In 'March 1802 Smith proposed to his
friends Jeffrey and Brougham to start the
i Edinburgh Review' (accounts in detail are
given by Smith in the preface to his Col-
lected Articles ; GOCEBTTKS", Jeffrey, i. 12t5-
137; and in BBOTTGHAM'S Life and Times,
i. 251, 252), suggesting as a motto ( Tenui
Musam meditamur avena.* Though not for-
mally editor, he superintended the first three ,
numbers. Smith contributed nearly eighty
articles during the next twenty-five years •
(see list in LADY HOLLAR, voL i. App.) The ,
great success of the review brought a repu- ;
tation to the chief contributors. Smith's ;
articles are among the best, and are now the
most readable. Many of them are mere
trifles, but nearly all show his characteristic :
style. He deserves the credit of vigorously ;
defending doctrines then unpopular, and now i
generally accepted. Smith was a thorough
whig of the more enlightened variety, and 1
his attacks upon various abuses, though not ,
in advance of the liberalism of the day, gave i
him a bad name among the dispensers of
patronage at the time. T7is honesty and !
manliness are indisputable. Smith now re-
solved to leave Edinburgh, in spite of a ;
request from the Beaches, with whom he :
always retained his friendship, that he would ;
continue his tutorial duties. He resolved to
settle in London, in order to make a more
permanent position. He settled after a time
at a small house in Doughty Street, and i
looked about for a preachership. His wife '
sold some jewels presented to her by her i
mother for 500/. He presumably made some- j
thing from the ( Edinburgh Review/ and he !
derived assistance from his brother * Bobus.' j
Lady Holland says, however, that Sydney's j
finances at this period are * enigmatic * (p. 123).
Congregations to which he gave two or three
* random sermons* thought him mad, and the
clerk, he says, was afraid that he might bite.
Sir Thomas Bernard [q.v.] took a morefavour-
able view ofhis style, and obtainedhis appoint- j
ment to the preachership at the Foundling i
Hospital, worth 50/. a year. He also preached j
alternately at the Fitzroy Chapel and the
Berkeley Chapel. His fresh and racy preach-
ing filled seats and the pockets of the proprie-

tor. Through Bernard he was also invited to
lecture upon 6 Moral Philosophy ' at the Itoyal
Institution. He gave three courses in 1804,
1805, and 1806, receiving 50/. for the first
and 120/. for the second, which enabled him
to move into a better house in Orchard
Street. The lecturer modestly professed to
aim at no more than a popular exposition of
' moral philosophy,' by which he meant Scot-
tish psychology; but the ingenuity and
humour of his illustrations, and his frequent-
touches of shrewd morality, made them sin-
gularly successful. Albemarle Street was
impassable. Galleries had to be added in
the lecture-hall. There was such < an uproar/
says Smith (LADY HOLLAND, ii. 487), as he
' never remembered to have been excited by
any other literary imposture.' Mrs. Marcet
was alternately in fits of laughter and rapt
enthusiasm, and Miss Fanshawe [q. v."1 bought
a new bonnet to go to them, and Vrote an ode
to celebrate the occasion. Smith's friendships
lay chiefly among rising lawyers and men of
letters. He provided weekly suppers at Ms
house, with leave for any of his circle to drop
in as they pleased. He belonged to the { Kijig
of Clubs' founded by his brother and Mackin-
tosh, which included Komilly, Sam Rogers,
Brougham, and others, chiefly of the whig
persuasion (Life of Mackintosh, i. 138). Smith
was naturally introduced at Holland House,
the social centre of all the whig party, his
sister-in-law being Lord Holland's aunt.
Smith was for once shy when entering the
august house of which the true whig spoke
with ' bated breath/ but soon learnt to hold
his own even with Lady Holland. When
the whigs were in power in 1806, Erskine,
at the request of the Hollands, gave Smith
the chancery living of Foston-le-Clay, eight
miles from York, worth 500/. a year. His
preachership at the Foundling Hospital made
residence unnecessary, and, after settling that
a clergyman should go over from York to
perform services, he continued in London.
In 1807 he published the Plymley letters in
defence of catholic emancipation — his most
effectual piece of work. Sixteen editions
were printed in the year. The letters were
anonymous. The government, he says (pre-
face to Works), took pains, without success,
to discover the author. Somehow or other
the authorship came to be guessed, he adds,
though he f always denied it,' The secret
was probably not very serious, and was cer-
tainly known to his friends, Lords Holland
and Grenville (LAJ>T HOLLAND, i. 131), who
agreed in pointing out that Swift, the only
author whom it recalled, 'had lost a bi-
shoprick for his wittiest performance/ When
the * residence bEP was passed in 1808

Smith

121

Smith

the archbishop of York called upon Smith.
to attend personally to Ms parish. Kb clergy-
man had resided for 150 years, and the par-
sonage-house was a ' hovel,' worth 50/. at
the highest estimate. Smith had either to
exchange his living or to build with the help
of Queen Anne's bounty. He took his family
to Heslington, two miles from York, in
June 1809. He could thence perform his
duties at Foston, and try to arrange for an
exchange. As an exchange could not he
effected, he resolved to build in 1813, though
the archbishop ultimately excused him, and
finally moved into his new house in March
1314. The exile from London was painful,
and Smith's biographers appear to think that
he was somehow hardly treated. He took
his position, however, cheerfully, and settled
down to a country life.

Smith was his own architect, and built a
comfortable parsonage-house and good farm
buildings. He bought an 'ancient green
chariot/ which he christened the 'Immortal,*
to be drawn by his carthorses; had his
furniture made by the village carpenter;
caught up a girl 'made like a milestone,'
christened her ' Bunch/ and appointed her
butler. He made her repeat a quaint cate-
chism, defining her various faults. Her
jeal name was Annie Kay, and she nursed
him in his last illness. His servants never
left J"'TT> except from death or marriage.
He learnt farming, and wrote an amusing
account of his first experiments to the
'Farmers' Journal' (given in Constable and
his Correspondents) iii. 131 «,) He bred
horses, though he could seldom ride with-
out a fall. He was full of quaint devices ;
directed his labourers with the help of a
telescope and a speaking-trumpet; and
invented a 'universal scratcher7 for his
cattle. He became a magistrate, got up
Blackstone, and was famous for making up
quarrels and treating poachers gently. He
had attended medical lectures at Edinburgh,
and by his presence of mind had saved the
lives of more than one person in emergencies.
He now set up a dispensary and became
village doctor. He helped the poor by pro-
viding them with gardens at a nominal rent,
still called ' Sydney's Orchards ' (S. 3". REED,
p.^184). He was on the friendliest terms
•with the farmers, whom he had to dinner,
And learnt, in Johnson's phrase, to Halk of
routs,' He studied Rumford to discover the
"best modes ^ of providing cheap food for the
poor, and his ingenious shrewdness recalls
Franklin, whom he specially admired (LADY
HOLMSB, ii. 136}. Smith found time for a
good deal of reading, laying out systematic
jslaaB for keeping up his classics as well as

reading miscellaneous literature. He was
writing French exercises in the last year of
his life (MooBE, Diaries^ vii. 370). He
had to work in the midst of his family. He
was devoted to children, lived with his own
on the most ^intimate terms, and delighted
them with his stories. Smith's retirement
and comparative poverty cut him off from
much social intercourse ; but he occasionally
made trips to London or Edinburgh, or
received old friends on their travels. He
became specially intimate with Lord Grey,
to whom he paid an annual visit at Howick,
and with the fifth and sixth earls of Car-
lisle, whose seat, Castle Howard, is four
miles from Foston. His position was im-
proved by the death of Ids father's sister
in 1820, who left him a fortune of 400/.
a year. The Duke of Devonshire, at Lord
Carlisle's request, soon afterwards gave
him the living of Londesborough, to be
held till Ms nephew (a son of Lord Carlisle)
should be of age to take it. Smith kept a
curate, visiting the parish, which is within a
drive, two or three times a year. He now,
for the first time, was at his" ease. Anxiety
about money matters had hitherto been a
frequent cause of depression (Lu>Y HOLLAND,
i. 254). His opinions or other causes had
excluded him from preferment. In the
spring of 1825 meetings of the clergy of
Cleveland and Yorkshire were held to pro-
test against catholic emancipation. Smith
attended both, and made his first political
speeches. He proposed a petition in favour
of emancipation, which received only two
other signatures, and at the second meeting
was in a minority of one. The change of
ministry in 1827 improved his chances.
After Canning's death he wrote to a friend
in power, stating his claims (LiDY HOLULND*
L 258). At last, in January 1828, Lord
Lyndhurst, the chancellor, though a politi-
cal opponent, gave him a prebend at Bristol,
from private friendship. Smith confessed
frankly Ms delight on at last finding the
spell broken which had prevented his prefer-
ment. He confessed with equal frankness
that he was f the happier ' every guinea he
gained (LADY HOULASD, i. 273). He gave
up writing in the * Edinburgh Eeview ' as
not becoming to a dignitary. He offended the
corporation of Bristol by preaching in favour
of catholic emancipation j and a sermon on
5 Nov. 1828 induced them to give up for
many years their custom of celebrating the
day by a state visit to the cathedral. He
now exchanged Foston for Combe-Flaarey,
Somerset, six miles from Taunton. to which
he moved in 1829. He brought hk old ser-
vants, while he could now for the first tinae

Smith

Smith

afford a library, began at once to rebuild Ms
parsonage, welcomed his old friend Jeffrey,
and soon made friends of his parishioners.
He attended reform meetings, and on '
II Oct. 1631 made Ms famous speech at ,
TanntoDj comparing the House of Lords to
Mrs. Partington resisting the Atlantic Ocean.
Mrs. Partington at once became proverbial.
Lord Grey had, in the previous month, made
him canon-residentiary of St. Paul's. He
had now made up his mind that he was un-
equal to a bishopric, bat, as his daughter ',
tells us, he was deeply hurt that his friends
never gave him the opportunity of refusing ;
one (LADY HOLLAND, i. 262)." Henceforth !
he had to reside three months of the year ]
in London. He showed himself to be a good i
man of business in cathedral matters, and
his sermons were admitted to be forcible
and dignified. He was, however, chiefly
famous for his social charm, He was ac-
quainted with everybody of any mark, and
a iamil iar figure at the Athenaeum dub.
On the death of his brother Courtenav, in
1839, he inherited 50,000/., and took a house,
No. 56 Green Street^Grosvenor Square (pulled
down in December 1896), where he could
fully indulge his hospitable propensities.

Smith's reforming zeal showed its limits
on the appointment of the ecclesiastical com-
mission. He found himself ' arguing against
the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishop
of London for the existence of the National
Church/ namely, in the 4 Letters to Arch-
deacon Thomas Singleton * [q. v.], published
in 1837. Xobody could put more wittily the
argument that, by levelling church incomes,
the inducements to men of ability to become
clergymen would be seriously diminished.
He of course did not object to reform £in
the abstract/ but to a given reform. Smith,
however, though a good whig, had a
thorough aversion to radicals or levellers,
and had expressed similar opinions in early
articles (LJJDY HOLLAND, i. 324 ; and article
on < Curates' Salary Bill ').

Smith wrote a pamphlet against the
ballot in 1839. His last literary perfor-
mance was a petition to the United States
congress ia 1843 complaining of the state of
Pennsylvania, which had suspended the
interest on its bond; he published it in
the * Morning Chronicle/ and followed it
by letters which made some sensation in
both countries. Payments were resumed
soon after his death. The last years of his
life., however, passed peacefully; and his
letters show the old spirit to the end. In
the autumn of 1844 he was brought from
Combe-Florey to be under the care of his
son-in-law, Dr. Holland. He died at Green

Street on 22 Feb. 1845. and was buried at
Kensal Green.

Mrs. Smith died in 1852. Four of SmitL's
children survived infancy. Saba, bom in
1802 (a name which he invented in ord-r
that she might not have two commonplace
names), married Dr. (afterwards Sir) Henry
Holland in 1824, wrote her father s life, and
died in 1866 ; Douglas, born 1805, was dis-
tinguished at Westminster and Christ
Church, and died on 15 April 1829, to L:s
father's lasting sorrow ; Emily, born in 1507,
married Nathaniel Hibbert of Munden
House, Watford, on 1 Jan. 1828, and died
in 1874; Windham was born in 1813, and
survived Ms father.

Bishop Monk of Gloucester said (see thir 1
Letter to Singleton) that Smith had got his
canonry for being a scoffer and a jester.
The same qualities were said by others to
have prevented his preferment in the vir-
tuous davs of tory ministers. His jesting
is undeniable. People, as Greville says
(Journals72nd ser. ii. 273), met him prepared
to laugh ; and conversation became a series
of i pegs ' for Smith ( to hang his jokes on/
His drollery produced uproarious merriment.
Mackintosh is described as rolling on the
floor, and Ms servants had often to leave
the room in fits of laughter (MooKB, Jour-
nals, vol. vi. p. xiii ; BROUGHAM , Life and
Times, i. 246). If he sometimes verged upon
buffoonery, he avoided the worst faults of the
professional wit. His fun was the sponta-
neous overflow of superabundant animal
spirits. He was neither vulgar nor malicious.
*' You have been laughing at me for seven
years/ said Lord Dudley, * and have not said a
word that I wished unsaid r (LA3>Y HOLLAND
L 417). He burnt a pamphlet of Ms own
wMch he thought one of * the cleverest he
had ever read/ because he feared that it
might give pain to his antagonists (ib. ii.427).
His wildest extravagances, too, were often
the veMcle of sound arguments, and his
humour generally played over the surface of
strong good sense. His exuberant fun did
not imply sconing. He was sensitive to the
charge of indifference to the creed which lie
professed. He took pains to protest against
any writing by his allies wMch might shock
believers. He had strong religious convic-
tions, and could utter them solemnly and
impressively. It must, however, be admitted
that his creed was such as fully to account
for the suspicion. In theology he followed
Paley, and was utterly averse to all mysti-
cism in literature or religion. He ridiculed
the £ evangelicals/ and attacked the metho-
dists with a bitterness exceptional in his
writinga He equally despised in later days

Smith

123

Smith

the party then called 'Puseyites.' He was
far more suspicious of an excess than of a
defect of zeal. His writings upon the esta-
blished church show a purely secular view of
the questions at issue. He assumes that a
clergyman is simply a human "being in a
gurplice, and the church a branch of the
civil sendee. He had apparently few cleri-
cal intimacies, and his chief friends of the
'Edinburgh Eeview' and Holland House
were anything hut orthodox. Like other
clergymen of similar tendencies, he was
naturally regarded "by his brethren as some-
thing of a traitor to their order. Nobody,
however, could discharge the philanthropic
duties of a parish clergyman more ener-
getically, and his general goodness and the
strength of his affections are as unmistak-
able as his sincerity and the masculine force
of his mind.

A portrait in oils, by E.TL Eddis, belongs
to Miss Holland.

An engraving from a portrait of Smith is in
later editions of his i "Works ; 7 and one from
a miniature is in the t Life ' by Mr. Beid. A
caricature is in the Maclise Portrait Gallery.

Smith's works are: 1. Six Sermons,
preached at Charlotte Chapel, Edinburgh,
1800. 2. Sermons, 1801. 3. < Letters on
the Subject of the Catholics to my brother
Abraham, who lives in the Country, by
Peter Plymley/ 1807-8; collected 1808.
4. Sermons, 1809, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. < Letter to
the Electors on the Catholic Question,' 1808.
6. ' Three Letters to Archdeacon Singleton/
1837-8-9, collected. 7. 'The Ballot,' 1839.
8. < Works/ 1839, 3 vols. 8vo. A fourth
volume in 1840. Later editions in 3 vols.,
1845, 1847, 1848. The « Travellers' edition '
appeared in 1850, and was reprinted in 1851
and 1854. The i Pocket edition,' in 3 yols.
8vo, 1854; the 'People's edition/ 2 vols.
cr. 8vo, in 1859 ; and a new edition, in 1 vol.
cr. 8vo, in 1869. This collection includes the
Plymley and Singleton letters, most of the

* Edinburgh Review' articles, the 'Ballot7
pamphlet, notices of Mackintosh, and Homer,
a few sermons, speeches, and fragments.
9. l A, Fragment on the Irish Roman Catho-
lic Church/ 1845 (six editions). 10. 'Ser-
mons at St. Paul's, the ^Foundling Hospi-
tal, and several churches in London/ 1846.
11. ' Elementary Sketches of Moral Philo-
sophy/ delivered at the Royal Institution in
1804, 1805, 1806 (privately printed and
afterwards published in 1850) ; some sermons
were separately printed, * Selections * were

C* ^ished in 1855, and his « Wit and Wis-
* in 1861. Smith wrote an account
of English misrule in Ireland, which made

* so fearful a picture* that he hesitated to

publish it. In 1847 Mrs. Smith showed it
to Macaulay, by whose advice it was sup-
pressed as a repetition of grievances since
abolished, and likely to serve demagogues
(LADY HOLLAND, i. 189).

[The chief authority for Smith's life is A
Memoir of the Reverend Sydney Smith, by his
daughter, Lady Holland, with a selection from
his Letters, edited by Mrs. Aiistin, 2 rols. 8voT
1855 (cited from 3rd edition). This contains
many anecdotes collected by Smith's widow, and,
after her death, prepared by his daughter. A
Sketch of the Life and Times of Smith, by Stuart
J. Eeid, 1884 (cited from 2nd edition}, supplies
a few facts with additional information from the
family. See also Honghton's Monographs(1873),
pp. 259-93 ; Crabb Robinson's Diary, iii. 97,
148, 187, 197, 215, 344; Ticknor's Life and
Letters,!. 265,413,414, 417,418, ii. 146, 150,214,
216 ; Moore's Journals, iv. 52, 53, v. 70, 75, 80, vi.,
xii. 263, 264, 315, vii, 13, 15, 150, 173 ; Constable
and his Literary Correspondents, iii. 131, 132,
&c. ; Brougham's Life and Times, i. 246-54= ; G-re-
ville Memoirs (first series)? iii. 39, 44, 166, 317,
394 (second series), ii. 273-4 ; Homer s Memoirs,
i. 151, 293, 299 ; Princess Liechtenstein's Hol-
land Honse, i. 99, 159, 162, ii 131; BarhamT&
Life and Letters (1870), ii. 167-8; Notes and
Queries, gth ser. i. 322.] L. S.

SMITH, THEYRE TOWNSEND(1793~
1852), divine, son of Thomas Smith of Mid-
dlesex, was born in 1798. He was originally
a presbyterian, and studied at Glasgow Uni-
versity, hut being convinced by reading
Hooker that episcopacy was the scriptural
form of church government, he resolved to
enter the English church. He accordingly
matriculated from Queens* College, Cam-
bridge, on 4 Jan. 1823, graduating B JL. in
1827, and M.A. in 1830. After serving^a
curacy in Huntingdonshire and another in
Essex, he was appointed assistant preacher
at the Temple in 1835. In 1839 and 1840 he
filled the post of Hulsean lecturer at Cam-
bridge, and in 1845 he was presented to the
living of Newhaven in Sussex. In March
1848, when Loms-Philifpe took refuge in
England after his deposition, Theyre Towns-
end received him on his landing at New-
haven. In the same year Thomas Turton
[a. v.], bishop of Ely, who had expressed
great approbation of his lectures, collated
him to the vicarage of Wyinondham in Nor-
folk. In 1850 lie was appointed honorary
canon of Norwich. He died on 4 May 18t3J
at Wymondham.

He married Eebeeea, second daughter of
Thomas Williams of Coate in Oxfordshire

Smith was the author of: 1. 'SeniKWJ
preached at the Temple Church and before
the University of Cambridge/ Lcssebn, 1838,
8vo. 2. i Hulsean Lectures for the Year

Smith

124

Smith

1839,' London, 1840, 8vo. 3. { Hulsean Lec-
tures for the Year 1840,' London, 1841, 8vo.
4. * Remarks on the Influence of Tractarianism
in promoting Secessions to the Church of
Rome,' London, 1851, 8m 5. ' The Sacrifice
of the Death of Christ/ London, 1851, 12mo.

[Gent. Mag. 1852, ii. 97, 317; English Be-
vies, srii. 445 ; Burke's Landed G-entry, ed.
1850, ii. 1599 ; information kindly supplied by
the master of Queens' College, Cambridge.]

E. I. C.

SMITH, SIB THOMAS (1513-1577),
statesman, scholar, and author, eldest son of
John Smith (d. 1557), by his wife, Agnes
Charnock (d. 1547), a native of Lancashire,
was born at Saffron Walden, Essex, on
23 Dec. 1513 (Arch&ologia, xxxviii. 104).
The father, who claimed descent from Sir
Roger de Clarendon, an illegitimate son of
the Black Prince (Essex Visitations, Harl.
Soc. pp. 710-11), was a man of wealth and
position. In 1538-9 he served as sheriff of
Essex and Hertfordshire, and in 1545 the
grant of a coat-of-arms was confirmed to
him (SrarPE, Life of Sir T. Smith, pp. 2-3 ;
see many references to him hi Letters and
Papers of Henry FJZ7, esp. vol. Iv.) A
younger brother, John, was mainly instru-
mental in procuring a charter of incorpora-
tion for Safiron Walden in 1549.

Prom Thomas's circumstantial account of
his own infancy (extant in Addit. MS. 325),
he appears to have been a child of weak
health, but was strongly addicted to reading
history, to painting, writing, and even to carv-
ing. He was educated at a grammar school
{Letters and Papers, iv. 1314), probably at
Saffron Walden, and before May 1525 was
placed under the care of Henry Gold of
St. John's College, Cambridge. Among
other instructions as to his education, his
father desired Gold to teach him * plain song,
which, afore he went to grammar school, he
could sing perfectly, and had some insight
in his prick-song ' ($.) In 1526 he entered
Queens' College, and about Michaelmas 1527,
apparently through Cromwell's influence, he
was appointed king's scholar (jb. p. 3406).
On 25 Jan. 1529-30, being then B.A.,he was
•elected fellow of Queens'. He graduated M. A.
iu the summer of 1533, and in the following
autumn, having been appointed a public
reader or professor, he lectured on natural
philosophy in the schools, and on Greek in his
own rooms. Among his pupils were John
Ponet [q.v.], afterwards bishop of Winchester,
and Eichard Eden [q. v.l In 1538 he became
public orator, and soon afterwards came under
the notice of Henry TUT, before whom,
shortly after Queen Jane's death, he and his
friend John Cheke [q. v.] declaimed on the

question whether the king should marry an
Englishwoman or a foreigner. In the same
year he was sent by the university to ask the
king to grant it one of the dissolved mona-
steries, and to found a college £ as an eternal
monument of his name ? (ib. xni. ii. 496 ).

In May 1540 Smith went abroad to pursue
his studies ; he was not therefore, as Tanner
says, the Thomas Smith, clerk of the council
to the queen, who, with William Gray, late
servant to Cromwell, was on 4 Jan. 1540-1
committed to the Fleet * for writing invec-
tives against one another ' (NICOLAS, Acts of
the Privy Council, vii. 105, 107 ; Letters and
Papers, xv. 21). After visiting Paris and
Orleans, Smith proceeded to Padua, where
he graduated D.C.L. On his return in 1542
he was incorporated LL.D. at Cambridge.
Smith now took a leading part in reforming
the pronunciation of Greek. The early re-
nascence scholars had adopted, from modern
Greeks, the corrupt method of pronouncing
q, I, and ? all as !, and Smith sought to re-
store the correct pronunciation of TJ and I.
The attempt caused a prolonged agitation in
the university ; Smith, Cheke, and their ad-
herents were called e etists,5 and their oppo-
nents ' itists ' (Rowbotham's pref. to COME-
Nius, Janua- Linguarum ; HAXLAM, Lit. of
Europe, i. 340 ; A. J. ELLIS, English Pro-
nunciation of Greek, 1876, pp. 5-6). Gardi-
ner, as chancellor of the university, ordered
a return to the old pronunciation, and in
reply Smith wrote an epistle to him dated
12 Aug. 1542, and subsequently published
(Paris, 1568, 4to) under the title i De recta et
emendata Linguae Graecae Pronuntiatione/
To it was appended Smith's tract advocating
a reform of the English alphabet, and extend-
ing the number of vowels to ten, a scheme of
which is printed in the appendix to Strype's
< Life of Smith,' p. 183.

In January 1543-4 Smith was appointed
regius professor of civil law at Cambridge ;
in the same year he served as vice-chancellor
of "the university, and became chancellor to
Goodrich, bishop of Ely, by whom, in 1545,
he was collated to the 'rectory of Levering-
ton, Cambridgeshire, and in 1546 was or-
dained priest (Arch&ologia, xxxviii. 106).
According to Smith's own statement, which
is not confirmed by Le Keve, he received a
prebend in Lincoln Cathedral. Shortly be-
fore the end of Henry's reign he was deputed
by the university to secure Queen Catherine
Parr's influence in preventing the acquisition
of college property by the king.

Smith had early adopted protestant views,
and had distinguished himself in protecting
reformers at Cambridge from Gardiner's hos-
tility. The accession of Edward VI accord-

Smith i

ingly brought him into greater prominence,
and 'in February 1546-7 he entered the ser-
vice of Protector Somerset, whose brother-in-
law, Sir Clement Smith of Little Baddow,
Esses [see under SJIITH, SIB JOHX, 1534 f-
1607", "was perhaps a relative of Thomas
Smitn. The latter was made clerk of the
privy council, steward of the stannary court,
and "master of the court of requests which
the Protector set up in his own house to
deal with the claims of poor suitors. Smith
set out with Somerset on the Scottish ex-
pedition (August-September 1547), but was
laid up at York with a fever. Before the
end of the year he became provost of Eton
and dean of Carlisle. On 17 April 1548
he was sworn one of the two principal
secretaries of state in succession to Paget,
his colleague being Sir William Petre ~q. v.l
In the following June he was sent "on a
special mission to Flanders, to negotiate for
the levy of mercenaries, and to secure as far
as possible the support of the emperor in the
impending war with France. He reached
Brussels on 1 July, but met with little suc-
cesSj and returned in August. In October
he was employed in formulating the English
claims of feudal suzerainty over Scotland. In
the following January he took an active part in
the examinations of Sir William Sharington
~q. v.l and Thomas Seymour, lord Seymour
of Sudeley Jq. v.l Soon afterwards he was
knighted. He was likewise consulted about
the reform of the coinage, and advised the
prohibition of ' testons/ He was a member
of the commissions appointed to visit the
universities (November 1548), to examine
Arians and anabaptists (April 1549), and
to deal with Bonner (September 1549). His
proceedings on the latter were especially
obnoxious to Bonner, who was imprisoned in
the Tower for his behaviour to Smith.

Smith remained faithful to the Protector
to the last. He was with him at Hampton
Court in October, and accompanied him
thence to Windsor, where, on the 10th, he
was removed from the council and from hia
post of secretary, and deprived of his pro-
fessorship at Cambridge. On the 14th he
was imprisoned in the Tower, whence he
was released on 10 March 1549~t50, on ac-
knowledging a debt of S,000/. to the king.
In the same year he was summoned as a
witness against Gardiner, and, with. Cecil,
drew up the articles for the bishop to sign ;
but he seems to have used his influence in
Gardiner's favour, a service which Gardiner
repaid tinder Mary's reign. In May 15V51
Smith accompanied Northampton on Ms em-
bassy to the French court. He returned in
August, and in October was placed on a

25 Smith

I commission to * rough-hew the canon law/
: But for the most part he lived at Eton,
where his relations with the fellows were
: somewhat strained. Early in 155:? he was
! summoned before the council to answer their
complaints; but in the following autumn
: Northumberland and his principal adherents
dined with Smith at Eton and decided the
i dispute in his favour. In October he was
selected to discuss with the French commis-
sioners the claims for compensation on the
part of French merchants.

In August 1553, a month after ^Tar/s ac-
; cession, Smith was summoned before the
queen s commissioners, but Gardiner's friend-
ship secured him from molestation, and he
| even obtained an indulgence from the pope
! (STBYPE, p. 47). On 8 Sept. he was re-
| turned to parliament as member for Gram-
pound, Cornwall. In the following yeart
! however, he resigned the provostship of Eton
and deanery of Carlisle quasi sponte7 as he
| says himself, and perhaps in order- to marry
I his second wife. For the remainder of
j Mary's reign he lived in retirement, busv
with his studies and building. The accession
of Elizabeth once more brought Him public-
employment. On 22 Dec. 1558 he was.
placed" on a commission * for the eonsidera-
| tion of things necessary for a parliament,''
and on 6 Jan. 1558-9 was elected member
for Liverpool. He was also a member of the-
ecclesiastical commission to revise the Book
of Common Prayer, which met at his house
in Cannon Bow, Westminster. In the fol-
lowing year he was in attendance on Joh%
duke of Friesland, son of the king of Sweden,
during his visit to England, and in 1580
wrote a dialogue on the question of the
queenfs marriage, which is extant in Addit,
MS. 4149, Ashmole MS. 829, and Cambr.
Univ. MS. Gg, 3, and is printed in the Ap-
pendix to his life by Strype (pp. 184-250).

In September 1562 Smith was sent am-
bassador to France, a post of great difficulty
and some damper, owing to the civil war
between the Guises and the Huguenots,
Elizabeth had decided to help the latter and
herself at the same time by seizing Havre,
and Smith's position at Paris was threatened
by the Guise party. From 28 Aug. to 1 7 Sept .
1563 he was even imprisoned at Melun. His
task was rendered more difficult by the re*-
tention of Sir Nicholas Throgmorton [q. •?.]
as joint ambassador, and the lack of con-
fidence with which the two were treated by
Elizabeth, coupled with mutual jealousy , led
on one occasion to a violent out Weak befcweea
them (Lettres «fe Catherine «fe JfMiet*, il
171 ; HETBT M, BAIM», Mm ®f ike &w$we-
128). At length, om IS April 1564,,

Smith

126

Smith

the peace of Troves was signed between Eng-
land and France. Smith remained two years
longer in France,, following the court. In ;
May 1564 he set out to visit Geneva : in No-
vember he was at Tarascon. and in January ,
1564-5 was ill at Toulouse. He returned to (
England in May 1566. Between three and !
four hundred letters from him describing his
embassy are calendared among the foreign •
state papers, and these are supplemented by \
numerous references in the i Lettres de Ca- |
therine de Medicis/ 5 vols., printed in l Col- j
lection de Documents inedits,' 1880-95. On ;
22 March 1566-7 Smith was again sent to *
France to make a formal demand for the
surrender of Calais, returning in June.

After an ineffectual suit for the chancel-
lorship of the duchy of Lancaster, which was
given to Sir Ralph Sadler [q. v.1, and after
spending three years in retirement in Essex,
Smith was on 5 March 1570-1 readmitted a
member of the privy council. In the autumn
of that year he was commissioned to inquire
into the conspiracy of the Bake of Norfolk,
and in the examination of two of the duke's
servants torture was used, much to Smith's
disgust. Early in 1572 Smith was once
more sent as ambassador to France to dis-
cuss the marriage of D'Alencon with Eliza-
beth, and the formation of a league against
Spain. During his absence he was in April
made chancellor of the order of the Garter
in succession to Burghley, and on the 15th
of that month was elected knight of the
shire for Essex. Soon after his return he
was on 13 July appointed secretary of state.
In the same year he persuaded Elizabeth
to send help to the Scottish protestants.
During the following years, besides his official
work, Smith was engaged in his project for
a colony at Ards, co.^Down (cf. A Letter . . .
wherein is a large discourse of the peopling
. , . the jfirdes . . . taken in hand by Sir T.
Smthj 1572), and his experiments for trans-
muting iron into copper. For the latter
purpose he formed a company, called the
'Society of the Kew Art,' which was joined
by Burghley and Leicester, but was soon
abandoned, after involving all the parties in
considerable loss. In 1575 he accompanied
the queen in her progress, and in the same
year procured an act ' for the better mainte-
nance of learning7 (FULLER, Hist. Camfir,
p. 144). ^ His health failed in March 1575-6,
when Ms attendance at the council ceased,
and he died at Theydon Mount, Essex, on
12 Aug. 1577. He was buried in the chancel
of the parish church, where a monument
was raised to his memory, with inscriptions
printed by Strype. By his will, dated 18 Feb.
1576-7, and printed in Strype, lie left his

library (of which Strype prints a catalogue)
to Queens' College, Cambridge, to whhH" he
had in 1573 given an annuity for the mainte-
nance of two scholars. Verses to Smith are
in Leland's * Encomia ? (p. 87), and Gabriel
Harvey [q. v.], apparently a kinsman, pub-
lished in 1578 a laudatory poem on him, en-
titled ; Gabrielis Harveii Taldinatis Smithus
vel Musarum Lachrvmse pro obitu ciarissimi
Thomse Smyth ? (cf.' HAEVET'S Letter-6oQ&\
Camden Soc. 1884).

A portrait of Smith, by Holbein, is at
Theydon Mount, and a copy made in 1856
by P. Fisher was presented "to Eton College
by Lady Bowyer Smijth. An engraving &y
Houbraken was prefixed to Birch's 4 Lives/
another by James Fittler, A.R.A., after a
drawing by William Skelton, to Strype's Life,
1820, and a third to Gabriel Harvey's < La-
chrymae pro Obitu,' 1578. Another 'portrait
is at Queens' College, Cambridge.

Smith was twice married, first, on 15 April
1548, to Elizabeth, daughter of William Car-
kek or Carkyke, who, born on 29 Nov. 1529,
died without issue in 1552 ; and, secondly,
on 23 July 1554, to Philippa, daughter of
John Wilford of London, and widow of Sir
John Hampden(tf. 21 Dec. 1553) of Theydon
Mount, Essex ; she survived him, dying with-
out issue in 1584. Smith's principal heir was
his nephew "William (d. 1626), son of Ms
brother George, a draper of London. It has
been suggested that he was the l W. Smithe T
to whom has been attributed the authorship
of 'A Discourse of the Common Weal,' 1581 ;
but there is no evidence to support the con-
jecture (LofosTD, discourse, p. 35; cf. art.
STAFFOED, WILLIAM, 1554-1612). William's
son Thomas was created a baronet in 1661,
and was ancestor of the present baronet,
whose family adopted the spelling Smijth.
Sir Thomas's illegitimate son Thomas, born
on 15 March 1546-7, accompanied his father
on his French embassies, and was subse-
quently placed in charge of his father's colony
at Ards, where he was killed, in an encoun-
ter with the Irish, on 18 Oct. 1573, leaving
no issue.

Smith has generally been considered one
of the most upright statesmen of his time.
He adhered to moderate protestant views
consistently through life, and his fidelity to
Somerset is in striking contrast with the
conduct of most of his contemporaries. That
his morals were somewhat lax: is proved
by his confession that his illegitimate soa
was bomjust a year after he took priest's
orders. He shared, the prevailing faith in
astrology, a volume of his collections on
which subject is extant in Addit. MS. 325.
]Sor was he quite free from the prevailing

Smith

127

Smith

passion for worldly goods. In a letter (Harl.
5/5. 6989, ff. 141 et seq.) written to the
Ii uchess of Somerset, who had countenanced
Charges of rapacity and bribery brought
Bg-ainst him,, Smith gives an account of his
income. From his professorship he derived
40/. a year, from the chancellorship of Ely
SO/., and from the rectory of Leverington
36/.; but though he kept three servants.
4 three summer nags, and three winter geld-
ings/ he spent but 307. a year, and saved the
Test. His fee as secretary of state was IQQL
a, year, and his income from Eton varied from
%6l in one year to nothing in the next. On
Ms resignation of it and the deanery of Car-
lisle, which produced SOL a year, Queen
Mary allowed him a pension of 100Z. He
purchased from the chantry commissioners
the * college of Derby/ worth 34£. a year.
He built a new mansion at Ankerwick, near
Eton, 1551-3, and commenced another, Hill
Hall, Theydon Mount, Esses, with which
his second wife was jointured.

As a classical scholar Smith was the rival
of Cheke, and his friends included the chief
scholars of the time both, in England and on
the continent. He was also an accomplished
4 physician, mathematician, astronomer, ar-
chitect, historian, and orator.' Besides Ms
tracts on the reform of the Greek and Eng-

published at Oxford in 1820. On this is mainly
based the unusually full account in Cooper's
Athene Cantabr. i. 368-73. But neither Strype
nor Cooper, though referring to it, made any
use of Smith's volume of astrological collections
extant in Addit. MS. 325. This contains valuable
autobiographical details, -which supplement and
correct Strype in many essential particulars, e.g.
the date of his birth, Ms ordination, &c. At-
tention was first directed to it by John Gough
Nichols, who in 1859 published in Archseologsa,
sxxviii. 98-126, the principal additions thus
supplied. Some information was added in the
Wiltshire Archseol. Mag. xviii. 257 et seq., where
Canon Jackson published some letters from
Smith extant among the Longleat Papers. See
also, besides authorities cited, Gairduer's Letters
and Papers of Henry VIII; Gal. State Papers,
Dom. Foreign and Venetian Ser. ; CaL Hatfield
HSS. j Haynes and ^Turdin's Burghley Papers ;
Acts of the Privy Council, ed. Dasent, 1542-
1577; Lettres de Catherine de Medieis, 1880-
1895 ; Lit. Remains of Edward VI (Koxburghe
Club) ; Wriothesley's Chron. (Camden Soc.) ;
Parker Corr. (Parker Soc.) ; Corr. Polit. de Odet
deSelve, 1886; Stow's Annals and Holinshed's
Chron.; Camden's Elizabeth, ii. 318-19 ; Foxe's
Actes and Monuments ; Puller's Church Hist,
ii. 254 ; Burnet's Hist. Reformation, ed. Pocock ;
H. M. Baird's Eise of the Huguenots, 1880,
vol. ii. passim; Hume's Courtships of Queen
Elizabeth, 1897 ; Granger's Biogr. Hist. ; Tan-

lish languages, and on the marriage of Eliza- ' ner'sBibl. Brit, -Bib. ; Le Here's Fasti, ed. Hardy ;
beth, mentioned above, and his voluminous j Official Return of Members of Parl. ; HkrwcxxTs
diplomatic and private correspondence, se- Alumni Eton. pp. 4etseq.; Maxwell-Lyte's Hist,
lections of which were published in Digges's i Eton ColL ; Oeasy's Eminent Etonians ; Lloyd's
«CompleatAmbassador,'1655,andinWrightfs State Worthies; Jttoawls EssexL Lipecomb's

jon's His of ^m}l ^England.] A2?. P.

* Queen Elizabeth/ 1838, Smith translated
^Certaigne Psalms or Songu.es of David/
extant in Brit. Museum Royal MS. 17 A.

rvii., and wrote tracts on the wages of a j

Roman foot-soldier and on the coinage, both SMITH, Snt THOMAS (1556P-1809),
of which are printed in Strype's Appendix, j master of requests, born at Abingdon, Berk-
But his principal work was his * De Re- shire, about 1556, was the son of Thomas
publica Anglorum ; the Maner of Governe- I Smith, who is probably to be identified with
ment or Policie of the Realm of England/ the Thomas Smith WHO was mayorof Atag-
which he wrote in English during1 his first d0ninl584{CW,iS^^jP<9gi>tfr^,Ik>iii.l581-'^),
embassy in France. It is the most important ' p. 177). He must be distinguished from Sir
description of the constitution and govern- Thomas Smith or Smy the (1558 f-1625)
ment of England written in the Tudor age. i [q-T.l governor of the East India Company,
It was first printed at London in 1583, 4to,- j and from the letter's father, Thomas Smythe
it passed through eleven editions in English ! (d> 1591), * customer f of the port of London
' *- " ^ * - " J ™ l (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1581-91, passim).

fle was educated at Abingdon grammar
school and at Christ Church, Oxford, where
he was elected student in 1573, graduated
B.A. in December 1574, and IkLA. in Jt
1578. He was chosen public orator

in little more than a century, viz, 1584, 1
1594, 1601, 1609, 1621, 1633, 1635, 1640,
and 1691. Tee editions from 1589 onwards
have the title 'The Common Welth of Eng-
land.* Latin translations were published
in 1610? 1625, 1630, and 1641. A Butch

version of the portions dealing with parlia- ! 9 April 1582, and proctor on 29 April 1584.

ment appeared at Amsterdam in 1673, and
ft German version at Hamburg in 1688.

Soon afterwards ne became secretary to Ko-
bert Bevereux, second earl of Essex [|.

[Strype's Life of Sir T. Smith was first' pab- and in 1587 was appointed clerk of tfee
lisbed in 1698. Tfoe edition qtsoted abwe is that privy eoumeiL In December 15@1 he wrote

Smith

128

Smith

to Cecil urging Essex's claims to the chan-
cellorship of Oxford University (MrBDis,
pp. 649-50). He represented Cricklade in
the parliament of 1553-9, Tarn worth in that
of 1593 (cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep.
App. i. -330 a)f and Aylesbury in that of
1597-8. On 30 Sept. 1597 he received a
grant of the clerkship of parliament, in suc-
cession to Anthony Wyckes, alias Mason ~see
under MASOX, SIB »ToHS"]. He kept aloof from
Essex's intrigues, and on 29 Nov. 1-509 was
sent by the lords to summon the earl before
the privy council (CoiLiN'S, 3fem. of State, ii.
126, 129). On the accession of James I he
received further promotion, perhaps owing to
hisfriendship withCarleton, Edmondes, Win-
wood, and Bacon (SpEDDEST G, Letters and Life
of Bacon, iv, 138-9). He was knighted at
Greenwich on 20 May 1603, and in the fol-
lowing month was granted the Latin secre-
taryship for life, and the re version to thesecre-
taryshipof the council of the north. On 8 June
1604 he obtained the manor of Wing, Rutland,
and in 1608 he was made master of requests.
On 20 May in the same year he received a
pension of 100£ He died on 27 Nov. 1609
at Ms residence, afterwards Peterborough
House, Parsons Green, Fulham, and -was
buried on 7 Dec. in the chancel of Fulham
church, where a monument, with an inscrip-
tion to his memory, is extant (FATJLKJTEB,
Fulham, p. 73). He married Frances (1580-
1663), daughter of William Brydges, fourth
"baron Chandos, and sister of Grey, fifth baron
[q. v.] His only son, Robert, died a minor,
and his only daughter, Margaret, married
Thomas, second son of Robert Carey, first
earl of Monmouth [<}• v.] Smith's widow
married Thomas Cecil, first earl of Exeter
[q. v.], and survived till 1663. By his will,
dated 12 Sept. 1609, Smith left 100/. to the
poor of Abingdon, and a similar sum to the
Bodleian Library.

[CaL State Papers, Bom. 1580-1609 passim ;
Gal Hatfield MSS. pts. iv.-vi ; Lansd. MS. 983,
f. 145 ; Addit. MS. 22583, ff. 56, 67, 78 ; Official
Eeturn of Members of Par! ; Winwood's Me-
morials, il35» 57, 198, 399; Collins's Sydney
Papers, passim ; Birch's Memoirs of Queen Eliza-
beth, i. 112, ii. 38-9; Spedding's Letters and
Life of Bacon, i. 294, iii. 366, Iv. 138-9;
D'Ewes's Journals ; Camden's Elizabeth, vol. iii. ;
Wood's Athenae Oxon. ii. 53 ; Brown's Genesis
U.SJL IL 1018 ; Clark's Reg. TJnir. Oxon. n. i.
250, ii. 134, iii. 44 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon, 1500-
1714; Faulkner^ FrOham, pp. 73, 283-5; Col-
lins's Peerage, iii, 133.] A. K P.

SMITH or SMYTHE, SIB THOMAS
(1558 ?-l 625), merchant, governor of the
East India Company, born about 1558, was
second surviving eon of Thomas Smythe of

; Ostenhanger f now TVestenhangerj in Iventr
by his wife Alice, daughter of Sir Andrew
1 Judd. His grandfather, John Smythe ot
; Corsham, Wiltshire, is described as yeoman,,
.' haberdasher, and clothier. His father carried
! on the business of a haberdasher in the city
. of London, and was l customer ' of the port
of London. He purchased Ostenhanger of
] Sir Thomas Sackville and much other pro-
i perty from Bobert Dudley, earl of Leicester;
i he died on 7 June 1591 ? and was buried at
Ashford, where there is a beautiful monu-
ment to his memory (engraved in Gent. Mag..
\ 1835, i. 257). His elder son, Sir John Smythe
: or Smith (1556P-1608) of Osrenhanger,Vas
I high sheriff of Kent in 1600, and was father
: of Sir Thomas Smythe, first viscount Stransr-
i ford "see under SOOTHE, PEECY CLrsrdSr

• SID2TEY, sixth Visccrar STBASTGKFOSD].

j Thomas, one of thirteen children, was
j brought up to his father's business. In 1580
I he was admitted to the freedom of the Haber-
! dashers' Company and also of the Skinners'*
i He rapidly rose to wealth and distinction.
i When the East India Company was formed
; in October 1600, he was ^ elected the first
I governor, and was so appointed by the char-
j ter dated 31 Dec., though at this time he held
j the office for only four months (STEVENS,,
| Court Records of the East India Company,
j 1599-1603). In 1599 he was chosen one of
I the sheriffs of London. In February 1600-1
1 he was believed to be a supporter of the Earl
j of Essex [see DEVEBETTX, ROBBET, second
, EABL OF ESSEX], who on 8 Feb. went to his-
; house in Gracechurch Street. Smythe went
! out to him, laid his hand on his horse's-
! bridle, and advised him to yield himself to
; the lord mayor. As Essex refused to do this
and insisted on coming into the house,

• Smythe made his escape by the back door
and went to confer with the lord mayor.
Afterwards he was accused of complicity
with the earl's rebellion, was examined
before the council, was discharged from his-
office of sheriff, and was committed to the>
Tower (CaL State Papers, Dom, 1601-3, 13f
18, 24 Feb.) His imprisonment was for but
a short time ; and on 13 May 1603, on the-
accession of James I, he was 'knighted. In
1604 he was appointed one of the receivers-
for the Duchy of Cornwall (ib. 11 April),
and, in June, to he special ambassador to

r the tsar of Kussia. His grandfather, Sir
Andrew Judd, was one of the founders of
the Muscovy Company, and he himself would
seem to have been largely interested in the-
Muscovy trade. Sailing1 from Gravesend on,
13 June, he, with his party, arrived at Arch-
angel on 22 July, and was conducted byway
of Kholmogori and Yologhda [cf.

Smith

129

Smith

ai sallri ::r I- ;-'.i
In 1^'.^ "^ml"*:* TJ.
E>t In I..iC:s:j

v. •wb-rr^ t!«? emperor
'~, ir«-. :f tL*1 irin>r li-
n-w pr;ri>;r^ f:r tie

L- -prln^ went on to
r-fc-irr'-i"t3 AreLan^l
r. i on - May,

lect^d «rsv~:ni~r '£
ni<,wi:!i 3ne Ireak,
< '£::i the c^? till July
:;ir^ the compi^y's trad?

By her he had :<ae drive

l^IS-19 L~Vi.i a;p';n:ed jne of the ctrcm:*-
«lin%r? £;<r trie -ettl^irtn: of tlie difference?
with the Dutch. which, however, after 50ine
rears of dijeasslja, remained, for the time,
implied 1 C-J/, »S?>7*« Paper ',«?, Dom. 5 Jan.
1619, 6r Itec. I*3:f4'. His connection witli
the East India Company and th*? Muscovy
Company led him to promote and support
voyages "for the discovery of the ^orth-
TVest Pas^are, and Ms nsme, a? riven by
"William B&irEn "q. v." to Smith's Sound,
stands as a memorial to all time of his en-
lurhteneci and liberal energy. In 1609 lie
obtained the charter for the Virginia Com-
pany, of which he wa,3 the tr^aiia-er, an
office which he held till 1620, ^vhen, on
being charged with enriching himself at the
expense of "the company, and on a demand
for inquiry, he resigned 'see SASDTS, SIB
EBWIK-. 'The charges against him, which
were urged with great virulence, were for-
mally pronounced to be false and slanderous,
though Smythe was not held to be altogether
free from blame (Cai. State Papery "!s"ortK
American, 16 July 1622, 20 Feb., 8 Oct. 1629,
23 April, 13 May, 15 June 1625) ; and the
renewed inquiry was still going1 on, when he
died at Sutton-at-Hone in Kent on 4 Sept.
1625. He was buried at Button, where, in the
church, there is an elaborate monument to
Bis memory. The charges against Mm had
met with no acceptance from the king; to
the last he was consulted on all important
matters relating to shipping and to eastern
trade ( VaL State Papers, Bom. 11 Bee. 1624J,
and for serer&l years was one of the chief
commissioners of the navy, as also governor
of the French End Somer 'islands companies.

Smythe anmssed a large fortune, a consider-
able part of which he devoted to charitable
purposes, and, among others, to the endow-
ment of the free school of Tonbridge, which
was originally founded by his grandfather,
Sir Andrew Judd. He also establi&hed
sweral charities for the poor of the parish
of Toabridge. He was three times married.
The first two wives must have died com-
paratively young and without issue. He was
aJremdv married to the third, Sarah, daughter
of William Blowt, whan lie was sheniF of

TOE* mi,

nr.TLarri^d In !6ir7 • and tLr?-? ;,n.v **v

"^T!!1"'!!! •••"^m tO £&%"*; pT^'QxC^'i*^1!! .L^Tij* *Ji*

T1-,. ^Trt-w* BL~S^ •>"* I- "'ix •Wtr^V. ."^
Jl »A*. *. * <i*.?«. !rJ»i» *J*r *l -'*<X* t-jjJ,* * <.*ir ;i

be ro j g-::, rcarrl--! an I had : - '^> TL^ fai

srran'i&cn^Sir Silney Stafford -SiLyth^ i 170.

177? i "q. v." The naai*r. wLIcli i? often >p^It
"?ni:rh,"wa,-"alway? written Sasythe by tie

man Liirs^If, as*wdl as by tl>j collateral
fax ily •- f S * ran rf : r -I,

A por^riit h^njrir tc« rL*:- Skinnrrs'
pan\ ha* bees identic d with Sniythe, th
it has "been sjippj-ri t :» be rather that of *Sir
Banitl J'idd. An en^rivin*: by Simon Pass
Is inserted in the C-rr-enville copy of Smith's
• Yoiaar-? ar*d Ent^rainruen* in It iL-hia ' t Lon-
don, 1600, 4:o i. It Ls r-pr&inced in Wad-
mare's memoir 'Is-?--.

Sn:T±e of Qsreriiai^r r-rr.rtfrlfron Ar^la&o-
loerla Crctiani. 1352'; M:i.rkh.iEif3 Yoyoes cf
WilliariBifir. V.th a xjy of the p:rtrait; by
Pass (HaKnyt Soc.). pp. :i-ir : L^froy's Hist.
of the Bernnias (Haklnyt Soc ', Index; Cal.
State Papers. Dom., Eist Indies. North America;
Hist MSS. Comm. 8th Bep. App. pt. ii. ; notes.
Mcdly supplied by William Foster, esq,, of the
Mia* Office.] J, K. L.

SMITH, THOMAS (jf, 1600-1627),

soldier, of Berwick-upon-Tweed, as he styles
himself on the title-page of the first edition
( 4tof 1600) of * The Art of Gunnery : where-
in is set forth a number of serviceable
secrets and practicall conclusions belong-
ing to the Art of Gunnerie, by Aritlmietieie
skill to be accomplished : both pretie^
pleasant and profitable far all such as are
professors of the &ame facultie.' In the
dedication to Peregrine Bertie, lord Wil-
loughby, 'lord-governor of the town and
castle "of Bemick-upon-Tweed, mud lord-
warden of the east marches of England,* ^
describes himself as 4 but one of the meanest
soldiers in this garrison/ though he claims
to h&T6 been * brought up Irons ehildinxxi
tinder a Taliant captain in military pro-
feassion, in which I have had a desire to
practise and learn some secrets touching the
orders of the field and training of soldiers,
&B also concerning the art of managing and
shooting in great artillery.* From the open
preference which he eires to theory ofer
practice it may he inferred that % he* never
fmeMed with the enemy in the field/ la
1627 h& pubiishwl * Certain Additions to
t&e Bodke <^ Gtmnery, with & Sepply of

Smith

130

Smith

Fire-Workes ' (4to), in which lie still styles '
himself 'Soldier of Berwielx-upon-Tweed,'
He speaks also, in 1600, of having written
* two or three years since/ f " Arithmeticall
Military Conclusions," and bestowed on my
Captain, Sir John Carie, knight : the which, i
God sparing my life, I mean to conect and
enlarge and perhaps put to the press.' It
does not seem to have been published. j

[Smith's -works in Brit. Mus. Libr. ; Hazlitt's
Collections, ii. 643.] J. K. L.

SMITH, THOMAS (1615-1702), bishop
of Carlisle, born in 1615, son of John Smith
of ^Vhltewell in the parish of Asby? Cum-
berland, after education at the free school,
Appleby, matriculated from Queen's College,
Oxford," on 4 Nov. 1631, aged 16. Having
graduated B.A. in 1635 and M.A. in 1639, i
lie became a fellow of his college and distin-
guished himself as a tutor. He was a select ;
preacher before Charles I at Christ Church,
Oxford, in 1645. When that city fell he * re- j
tired to the north/ where he married Catha- j
rine, widow of Sir Henry Fletcher of Hutton !
in Cumberland, and only emerged on the
^Restoration, proceeding B.D. on 2 Aug. |
1660, and D.D. by diploma in the following i
November. He was appointed chaplain to !
•Charles 31, and was rewarded with the first !
-prebendal stall in Carlisle Cathedral (Novem- l
T>er 1660). Within a few months of this he [
was collated to a rich prebend in the cathedral ;
•of Durham, the prebendal house attached to j
which he restored. On the promotion of Guy !
Oarleton [q. v.] to the see of Bristol, Smith j
was instituted dean of Carlisle (4 March |
1671-2), in which capacity he rebuilt the I
deanery and presented the cathedral with an I
organ. In conjunction with his first cousin, j
Thomas Barlow fq. v.n, bishop of Lincoln, '•
and Randall SanHerson, he gave 600/. for |
the improvement of Appleby school. j

The profusion with which he endowed j
•Carlisle grammar school, the chapter library, !
and the cathedral treasury (as well as dona- '
tions to his old college at Oxford and to the
•poor), made him highly popular. He suc-
•ceeded Edward Kainbowe as bishop in 1684
(consecrated 19 June), and died at Rose
•Castle on 12 April 1702. A fiat stone near
-the altar in the cathedral is inscribed to his
•memory. A number of his letters are calen-
dared among the Rydal MSS. (Hi*t. MSS.
Comm. 12th Rep. App, viL passim). His
•portrait was engraved by J. Smith after an
oil-painting by Stephenson, a full-length,
now preserved at Rose Castle. He was
succeeded at Carlisle by another fellow of
Queen's, the great antiquary, William Nicol-
«on [q. v.J

[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; "Wood's
Athenas, ed. Bliss, iv. 892 ; Le Neve's Fasti, iii. ;
Kicolson and Burn's Cumberland, ii. 290 ; Cum-

, pp.

182, 231-2 ; Carlisle's Endowed Grammar
Schools, i. 17*5, ii. 695 ; Noble's Continuation of
Granger, i. 82.] T. S.

SMITH, THOMAS (d. 1703), captain in
the navy and renegade, the son of English
parents," was born at sea between Holland
and England, and was brought up in Xorth
Yarmouth. Between 1680 and 1890 he
commanded different merchant ships, and in
1691 was commander and one-third owner
of a ship trading from Plymouth. He then
entered on board the Portsmouth galley and
was rated by Captain (Sir)WilliamlVTietstone
[q. v,] as a midshipman. His knowledge of
the French coast proved useful, and Smith
was led by "Whetstone, and afterwards by
Captain John Bridges, to expect promotion
through their recommendation ; but on
Bridges being wounded and sent to hospital,
Smith was put on shore by the first lieu-
tenant, who was acting as captain, and re-
ceived nothing but his pay ticket as midship-
man. In 1693 he shipped as pilot of the St.
Martin's prize, and, being discharged from
her, married a widow with five young chil-
dren, whom he was called on to maintain.
He then got the command of a transport and
carried stores to Kinsale, where he was en-
gaged by Captain John Lapthorne as pilot
of the Mercury, which was going- off Brest
to gain intelligence of the French fleet.
Smith was put on shore and returned with
exact details of the enemy's fleet, for which
service he was paid a grant of SO/., and
was promoted to command the Germoon on
22 Sept. 1696. In the G-ermoon he continued
for two years, carrying despatches to the
West Indies, and was then ordered to go out
with Kear-admiral John Benbow [q.v.];
but was afterwards superseded, and for three
years was left unemployed, nor could he get
his pay. After the accession of Queen Anne,
much to his disappointment, as having ex-
pected something better, he was appointed
to the Bonetta, a small sloop employed in
convoy service in the North Sea — a paltry
command which did not, he alleged, com-
pensate him for the loss he had sustained by
being kept waiting so long.

The grievance was no doubt a real one,
and was not uncommon both then and long
afterwards. Smith endeavoured to take the
remedy into his own hands, and when he
had been in the Bonetta about fifteen months,
he was charged by his officers and men with

Smith

Smith

r.*:^. - L2t as Lir:nr rr ?L
"-"-"* i~ * "'*'t, , * ", ' £" *, *, * " * * r"

c : aura in i, ~r;::i a tir^ 0! *.x zc:i

apwarl- :f TW^
d-m jr^al.'InjtLe | ;-re

Ji^ tt*T« '. ,.»-!*•*: -*. Ln.r.i.i'i.i

board pn:t* fLg-hlp, bit was refi^dlsy S:r
Cbwl>ley Shjv^L. the C'ini&asder-in-ehLef
of the 2e»rt ; and In February 171^1-7, b^inz
alanst d-=*thiite. he took a pa-*a*:e In a
Swedish ship sbcund to Lisbon, wLt-re h.*?
thriiiirht he had scm-r :r.t*r~«r. Off thr I«le
of Wight, however, :Le Swede wai over-
tabled by a Dunkirk privateer, ani ?aiith
was taken our of her and carried *o D inkirk.
There, apparently without much pre^iag,
he entered the French service, an I was
appointed to serve — probably as pilot — on
board the admiral-galley of the sqzi&dron
which captured th$ Aiarhtinarale o5* Harwich
on 24 Aug. 1707 ^see J^BVT, SETH*.

When Jenny was brought on board the
admlml-g-alley,* he saw" and recognised
Smith and threw himself on him, sword
in hand, exclaiming' * Traitor, you. shall not
escape me as you. £ave done the hangman.'
Jermy, however, was seized and held back,
but when Smith angrily desired that the
prisoner might be sent to another galley,
ne was disdainfully told that lie might go him-
self if lie liked. " The squadron had been
intended to attack Harwich, and Smith now
urged that the attempt should be made,
Hie French admiral, De Langeron, refused,
a$ the galley? had suffered severely in the
engagement with the ^Nightingale. On their
return Smith laid a formal complaint against
Be Langeron, whose reasons were held^to be
sufficient. He then suggested that, with the
Nightingale and another ship then at Dun-
kirk, he should be allowed to make the at-
tempt. He accordingly reeeired a commis-
sion to command the Nightingale, and on
24 Dec. he put to sea, in coin|>any with the
Squirrel, another English prize." On the
forenoon of the 27th, as they were approach-
ing Harwich, they were sighted and chased
by Captain Nicholas Haddock fq. y.1 in the
lludlow Castle. After a eha&e or ten hoars
the Nightingale was overtaken, and after a
short resistance was captured. The Squirrel
escaped. Smith, it was said, had wished to
Wow up the ship, but was forcibly preyented
by Ma men. %\ hen taken, he wa^s put on
«aore at Hull, whenee_ he was sent up to
London, tried at the Old Bailey on 2 June

dieted by law,

:::" wh.lfc *vr~ .§ in.i.in^yi bv the Ixi" -f the
Pay- crij^ili " — -rr*,: * "J. K. Z,

SMITH, THOMAS tl^A-inCO, non-

jurinz divine and *cLolar, the son of John
•Smith, a L'.'a'iin raersLant, w&* born in the
pari-li of ALhuILows Barking, on 3 June
i*jf>v?« jrx*2 "Wi,1- 3,''j,3iit v^J, tjftti^r o* C^[ liters. &
! CcIIezre, Oxf^ri, -:n 7 Au?. 1057. and matri-
'eilrel a* --=rvit r on L'9 Oct. f'.Il.i.viaj,
sradiiLitii:^ B.A. "s l>j March 16^1, and

* 31, A. :a 13 Oct. l*->33« in which y»?ar he was

• cession to Timothy Parser, He WJLS elected

, r^r'n *:-.r^.*V'f-.V •-,** Afi^aVrr r-'1^- in
I p* j.ja^v jiirv-*^-* • \v .'i jtia,«,_id**r;l L-v -.^^^r lH

1666 wb-ri: Le resigned thy sch>:'Isia*ter-
^hip ', actual fallow in 10*j7, ani dean Ia
, 1674, tl* yt^r ia wliicb. lie graduate! B.D.

i he prx'tre*led D.B. In 1 6 S3, and became
j bursar of the college in l/>86.
j Meaawhile, in 16f>3, Smith went oat to
j the east as chaplain to Sir Daniel Harvey,
i ambassador at Constantinople, whence he
| returned after a sojourn of three years, bring-
" ing with Mm a number of Greek manuscripts,
three of which he presented to the Bodldaa
Library. He now dtvoted several years to
the expression of his opinions and observa-
tions upon the affairs of the Levant, and
especially upon the state of the Greek church,
and he gained the name at Oxford of * Jtabbi f
Smith or * Tograi ' Smith* Though he lacked
the profoundly tolerant spirit of his contem-
porary, Sir Paul Rycmut >ja. v.], he seems to
have shared his project of a rapprochement
with the eastern church. In 1*)7Q he was
once more abroad, tra veiling" in western and
southern France, and in the following rear
he was urged by Bishop Pea-rson, Dr. fell,
and others to undertake another journey to
the east in quest of manuscripts; but Smith's
scholarship was not fortified with an adven-
turous spirit, and he declined the risks of
another journey. He held for akmt two
years (167 8-9^ the post of chaplain to Sir
Joseph Williamson [q-v.j, one of the two
secretaries of state. \Vood states that * fee
performed a great detl of drudgery ' for Wil-
liamson for years, but was 4 at length dis-
missed without any reward/ He returned
to Magdalen upoa his election as vice-pre-
sident ia 1682, with a view to following up
Ms career at Oxford. He failed, in spite of
an appeal to the visitor, to obtain the post

Smith

132

Smith

of lecturer in divinity at the college, to
which a junior fellow, Thomas Bally, was pre-
ferred. As a sort of consolation he was, on
20 Dec. 1664, presented by the president and
fellows to the rectory of Standlake, but he
soon resijmed this preferment , and in January
1687 he "was collated to a prebend in the
church of Heytesbury, Wiltshire. When
the president of Magdalen (Dr. Glerke) died
on :>4 March 1657," Smith at first vainly
endeavoured, through Bishop Samuel Parker,
to obtain the king's recommendation as his
successor. When he learned James II's in-
tention of imposing a president of his own
choosing on the college, he soon determined
to submit unreservedly. But this postponed
his ejection for only a very short period.

In August 1688, as an ' anti-papist,' but
'under the pretence of non-residence,' he
•was deprived of his fellowship by Dr. Gif-
fard. He was restored in October 1688, but
te detested the revolution that ensued, and,
losing touch with the other fellows, he left
Oxford finally for London on 1 Aug. 1689.
His fellowship was declared void on 25 July
1692, after he had repeatedly refused to
subscribe the oaths to William and Mary.
After some vicissitudes he settled in the
household of Sir John Cotton, the grandson
of the great antiquary, and after his death
in 1702 enjoyed for a time the hospitality of
Ms elder son. For twelve years at least, he
seems to have had the principal charge of
the Cottonian manuscripts. He himself was a
judicious collector both of printed books and
manuscripts, so that for some years previous
to his death, as Hearne observes, f his know-
ledge of books was so extensive that men of
the best reputation, such as have spent not
only hundreds but thousands of pounds for
furnishing libraries, applied themselves to
him for advice and direction, and were glad
when they could receive a line or two from
him to assist them in that office.' During
this period he had several learned corre-
spondents in Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor.
He was one of the later friends of Samuel
Pepys, for whose l bravery and public spirit '
lie had the highest esteem. Among those
who invoked Smith's aid informing' a library
was Archbishop Narcissus Marsh [q. v.] (see
letters in MAKT, Church of Ireland, ii. 110
sqq.) His chief correspondents at Oxford
were Hearne and Humphrey Wanley [q. v.]
Although Smith was impeded in his studies
by the difficulty of consulting scarce books, he
at the same time stoutly defended the policy
of refusing to lend books, as adopted at the
Bodleian Library ; and bluntly refused to lend
to Wanley the * invaluable 'volume of Saxon
charters from the Cottonian Library, a book

which had ( never been lent out of the house'
— ' no? not to Mr. Selden, nor to Sir William
Bugdale ' (cf. Smith's interesting letters "7]
in Letters of Eminent Lit. 3/era, Camden Soc.
pp. 238 sq.) Smith appears to have moved
from the Cottons' at Westminster before his
death, which took place on 11 May 1710 in
Dean Street, Soho, in the house of his friend
Hilkiah Bedford rq. TV He was buried on
the nmht of Saturday, 13 May, in St. Anne'a
Church, Soho. He left Hearne a large col-
lection of books and papers. On Hearne's
death, on 10 June 1735, fifteen of Smith's
manuscripts came to the Bodleian Library,,
and with them copies of Camden's i Britannia*
and * Annales,' with manuscript notes by the
author. The rest of Smith's manuscript*
came to the library with the mass of Hearne's

* Collections ' included in the Rawlinson be-
quest of 1755, and consisted of 138 thin
volumes of notes, extracts, and letters, with,
a full written catalogue in two volumes.

Smith's works were: 1. 'Diatriba de
Chaldaicis Paraphrastis eorumque Versioni-
bus ex utraque Talmude et Scriptis Eabbi-
norum concinnata ' (a scholarly work, show-
ing the writer's early bent towards oriental
learning), Oxford, 1662, 8vo. 2. ' Syntagma
de Druidum Moribus ac Institutis,' London,
1664, 8vp. 3. i Epistolse duee: quarum altera
de Moribus et Institutis Turcarum agit,
altera septem Asise Ecclesiarum notitiam
continet/ Oxford, 1672, 8vo ; two more
epistles were added and printed at Oxford
with a revised title in 1674, 8vo, and the
whole translated by the author in 1678 as

* Remarks upon the Manners, Religion, and
Government of the Turks, together with a
Survey of the Seven Churches of Asia as
they now lie in their Ruins, and a brief
description of Constantinople,' London, 8vo,
A few comment s derived from Smith's account
of the i Seven Churches ' are appended to the

* Marmora Oxoniensia ' of 1676. A portion
of his account of Constantinople appeared in
the * Philosophical Transactions,' No. 152,
with a continuation on t Prusa in Bithynia *
in No. 153 (cf. EAT, Collect, of Voyages and
Travels, ii. 35). 4. *De Graecse Ecclesise
Hodierno Statu Epistola/ Oxford, 1676,f,8vo,
translated by the author as ' An Account of
the Greek Church under Cyrillus Lucaris
. . . with a relation of his Sufferings and
Death/ Nos. 3 and 4 were printed together
as 'Opuscula Thomse Smithii,' Rotterdam,
1716. 5. *De Causis et Remediis Dissi-
diorom/ Oxford, 1675, 4to ; this was trans-
lated bv the author as *A Pacific Dis-
course/ lUmdon, 1688, 8vo, and doubtless
exercised some influence upon the nonjur-
ing scheme of 1716 for a closer union with

Smith

am*d in I'L* £r? at A^Iirnrr.7; \rn
Ho JL?« on ivi Oe:. I 7^1 i cf. Acte? an 1 ^mV%
i*n i ser, au. «>irf ; NICHOLS. Z#. .Izve't v.
114/, a 'Rcr^rtl HuntingtonI n^cnon E.
Beniari; Vitje/L:-iiiGa,1704,*VQ. 10.' Vit.t
usrundarn Eriiditlssianrim et

jus

Virorum * • i.f . James Lusher, J. Cosin, Henry
Brigrs John Bainbrigge, John Greaves, Sfr
Patrick Ycun?, Patrick Young, junior, and
Dr. John Itee », London, 1 707, 4to. 11. -'Col-
lectanea de Cyrllio Lucario . . ," (including
a dissertation on some old GrtlicKlox hymns ST,
London, 1707, &VQ. Besides some minor
discourses and sermons,, lie edited * S. Ignatii
KpistoUe Genuine Annotationibus illus-
trate; Oxford, 1 709, 4to, and translated from
the French 4 The Life of St. Mary Magdalen
<s£ Paxzi, a Carmelite Nun,' London, 1657,
4to. In addition to the letters already men-
tioned, several are printed in i Letters from
the Bodkian Library,' 1813S and In the 4 Euro-
pean Magazine/ Tol. xxxii.

[Wood's Atheiiae Ozoa. ed. Bliss, IT. 598;
Foster's Alnnani Oroa. 1500-1714; Bloxairfs
Eeeist. of Magdalen Coll. Oxford, iii. 182 et seq.,
And Magdalen College and James II (Oxford
Hist. Soe. ^ passim ; Aubrey's Bodleian Letters,
1813, 8ro; Hearne's Cblleetions, ed, Doble,
passim ; Tririer's Ua Patriarch© de Constanti-
nople, Paris, 1877 ; Oxoaiana, iiS* 114-20;
Nichols's Literary Aneed. i. 14 sq., Ti. 298 ; WU-
mof« Life of Hough, p. 53 ; Maeray's Annals of
th» Bodlekn Library j Biogr. Britannica ; Wrang-
h&m's Zouch, ii. US; Kotos and Queries, 9th
«sr. i. 323 ; Brit, MBS. Cat.] T. S.

SMITH, THOMAS (d. 1762), admiral,
by repute the Illegitimate son of Sir Thomas
Lyttelton, Imrt, and half-brother of George,
first lord Lyttelton [q. v.], was on 8 Feb.
1727-8 appointed by Sir Charles Wager
f q. T,] to be junior lieutenant of the Royal
lik. In June he was moved to the Gosport,
with Captain Buncombe Brake, In No-
Tember 1*28 the Gosport was lying off Ply-
mouth, inside Brake's Island, when on the
,23rd, the French corvette Giroude came into
the Sound, apparently to avoid a fresh
.southerly gale, and to pick up any news that
4be eoald about the anticipations of a wax,
6mith was sent on board iier, as officer of
*ihe ard, to ask whence she came and
bound, and was told from Hatre to

mith pr,:-

r-tum-l M Li- =h:p. After KX day? in

ani as *Lr passed tL^ G^-port, arnitL. wLr>,
tuoiigL. L-r j^nLr ll-at^nant, bapp^ntrd ti
b* C';rn:ri,inl;i;g o:Hci-r, in th? sb«*enee of
pnkr &ni th-i ctl-r lieutenant?, hailed h*r
in French aci I^lred Ler captain * to haul
in hi* prnn;ir;t in r«pect to the king of
Gr^&t Britain** colours." The Frenchman
answered tLat hi ^ojli n-vt, but would
salutt: the citadel ; on which .Smith told Mm
that -was nothing to him, int tL*t if he did
no£ La'jJ dawn id5 {--nnan^ Le -Loold be
obliged to compel Lin;, On this tL* French-
man Lauled d^wn LI:- p^nnast and shortly
afterwards £r&d a sil^t^ of eleven guas,
whlcli Jsfmitli, not kncwinr c: any agree-
ment between Llm and tLe c.tai-1, aiiwered,
gun for gun, tLe citadel also answering1 It,
as had been previ-n-ly arranged. The Freiicli
' captain afterwards ccmpluined of tLe insult
to which he had betn s-abj^cttd, and Smith,
Brake, and the captain of tLe Winchester
I in Hamoaze were called on for an explacm-
tion. OE their reports^ which are in virtual
agreement with the Frenchman's letter,
| Smith was summarily dismissed from the
j navy? 27 March 17^9, by the king's order, for
having * exceeded his" instructions.' On
| 12 May following he was restored to his
rank and appointed second lieutenant of the
Enterprise, from which on 14 Oct. he was
discharged to half-pay, and on 5 May 1780
he was promoted to be capt&in of the Success.
The circumstances of this incident were,
even at the time, grossly exaggerated by
popular report. Smith wag described aa
having been commanding olEeer of the Gos-
port when the Gironde eame into the Sound,
and a$ having fired into her at once to com-
pel her to lower her topsails to the king's
flag. By the popular voice he wa$ dubbed
by the approving name of *Tom of Ten-
thousand (a title which had fifty years
before been conferred on Thomas "Thynne
and it was said thatt though, in

Terence to th« French ambassador^ he was
tried by coiirt-martial and dismissed the
service, he was reiast&ted the next day, with
the rank of poet -captain,

From May 1733 to October 1740 j

commanded the Dnrsiey g&Uey on the ^,

station and in the Mediterranean ; £n>j»
January 1 740-1 to April 1742 he was captain
of the BomBey, for the protection of tha

Smith

Smith

Newfoundland fisheries ; but Chamock's
statement that while In command of her he j
was tried by court-martial on a charge of <
converting the ship's stores to his own use
appears to be unfounded. In October 1742
he was appointed to the Princess Mary, ;
which in 1744 was one of the fleet under Sir !
John Norris j}. v." off Dungeness, and after- ;
wards under "Sir Charles Hardy (the elder) '
rq. v.], and Sir John Balchen ~q. T.] on the
coast of Portugal. From the P'rincess Mary
Smith was appointed in November 1744 to j
the Royal Sovereign, as commodore and I
Commander-in-chief in the Downs, and ;
during July and August 1745, off Ostend. j
In September 1745 he was appointed com- j
mander-in-chief at the Xore ; and on 11 Feb.
1745-0 commander-in-chief at Leith and on i
the coast of Scotland, with the special duty
of preventing communication between Scot-
land and France. He held this post till
January 1746-7, when he was placed on
half-pay. On 15 July 1747 he was promoted '
to be rear-admiral of the red, and on 18 May j
1748 to be vice-admiral of the white. In ;
August 1755 he was appointed commander-
in-chief in the Downs, where he was pro-
moted on 8 Dec. 1756 to be vice-admiral of !
the red, and on 24 Feb. 1757 to be admiral
of the blue.

"When on 28 Dec. 1756 the court-martial
was convened at Portsmouth for the trial of
Admiral John Byng ^q. v.], Smith, as the |
senior flag-officer available, was appointed
president, and as such had the duty of pro- ,
nouncing the sentence on 27 Jan. 1757, and !
of forwarding the recommendation to mercy.
When the question of absolving the members
of the court from their oath of secrecy came
before the House of Commons, Smith wrote
to his half-brother, Sir Richard Lyttelton, :
begging him to support the application. <
Similarly, he wrote to Lord Lyttelton ; but !
when examined before the House of Lords i
and asked if he desired the bill to pass, re- j
plied, * I have no desire for it myself. It will
not be disagreeable to me, if it will be a relief
to the consciences of any of my brethren/
In October 1758 he retired from active
service, and died on 28 Aug. 1762. He was
not married. He is described by "Walpole,
when before the House of Lords, as * a grey-
headed man, of comely and respectable
appearance, but of no capacity.' There is,
in fact, no reason to suppose that he was
more than a good average officer ; his pecu-
liar fame is entirely based on the exaggerated
report of the Gosport-Gironde incident, which
in itself seems to have been caused primarily
by a misunderstanding of instructions.

Smith's portrait, by Eiehard Wilson, B. A,,

is in the Painted Hall at Greenwich; it has-
been engraved.

[The memoir in Charnock'sBiogr. Nav, iv. 209,
is grossly inaccurate ; the facts are here given
from the official documents in the Public Record
Office, and especially, copy of the complaint of
M. de Jeyeux, captain of the Gironde, in Homa
Office Records, Admiralty, No. 55 ; Burchett to
Drake, 4 Feb. 1728-9, in Secretary's Letter-
Book, No. 86, p. 347 ; Brake to Burchett, 7 Feb.,.
in Home Office Records, Admiralty, No. 66;
Smith to Burchett, 23 Feb. 1728-9,"^.; Admi-
ralty report on the ease, 3 March, ib. ; Duke of
Newcastle to the Admiralty, 27 March 1729, in
Secretary of State's Letters, Admiralty, No. 21 ;
Commission and "Warrant Looks, Paybooks, &c.;
see also Beatson's Nav. and Mil. Memoirs ; Wai-
pole's Memoirs of George II, ii. 359 ; Shenstone's
Poems, 1778, i, 187.] J. K L.

SMITH, THOMAS (d. 1767), landscape-
painter, was born and chiefly resided at
Derby. He was self-taught, but attained to
considerable proficiency, and, as one of the
earliest delineators of the beauties of Eng-
lish scenery, enjoyed a great reputation in
his day. He was generally called ' Smith of
Derby"1 to distinguish him from the Smiths
of Chiehester. He painted views of the most
interesting and picturesque places in Derby-
shire, Yorkshire, and other parts, many plates,
from which, by Yivares, Elliott, Scot in, and
other able engravers, were published by him-
self and Boydell. A collection of these,,
with the title l Recueil de 40 vues du Pic
de Derby et autres lieux peintes par Smith
et gravies par Vivares et autres/ was issued
in 1760. In 1769 Boydell published a set of
four views of Rome, painted by Smith from
sketches by James Basire (1730-1802) [q. v.] -r
also six plates from his designs illustrating-
the mode of training racehorses. Smith
handled the graver himself, and in 1751 pro-
duced a l Book of Landskips ; } he also en-
graved from his own pictures a set of four
views of the lakes of Cumberland, 1767. He
died at the Hot Wells, Bristol, on 12 Sept.
1767. Smith had two sons, Thomas Correggio
and John Raphael Smith [q. v.] ; the former
practised for some years as a miniature-
painter, and died at Uttoxeter in middle life ;
the latter is separately noticed.

! [Edwards's Anecdotes of Painting; Mason's
Gray, 1827, p. 308 ; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists;,
Nagler's Kimstler-Lexikon.] F. M. O'D.

, SMITH, THOMAS ASSHETOX (1776-

| 1858), sportsman, son of Thomas Assheton

i Smith (1752-1828), was born in Queen Anner

Street, Cavendish Square, London, on 2 Aug.

1776 [for ancestry see SMITH, JOHK, 1655-

1723], He was educated at Eton (1783-94),.

Smith

Smith

and while there fsusrht Jack Clusters id.
», afterward? a well-known iportsinan. '
was In r-iiiene^ at Christ Church.
Oxford, as a g^ntleirin commoner, from
February 1795 until 179S; bat did not gra-
duate. "He sat is pirii^mentj in the conser-
vative interest, f:r Andover, 1&21-31, and
far Carnarronsbir«, 1532-41, Hi* life was
almost entirely d~v:trd to sport. In youth
he was an active cricketer. While at Eton
in 1793 he was in the school cricket eleven.
and at Oxford he played with the Bulling-
don Club. He first appeared at Lord's on
11 July 17&6, in the match Bullmgdon
Club versus Marylebone Club ; he made fifty-
two in his first innings and fifty-nine in ins
second, He was frequently seen at Lord's
up to 1821. Still more conspicuous was he
in the hunting field. From 1S06 to 1816 he
was the master of the Quorn hound* in
Leicestershire, and from 1&16 to 1824 of the
Burton hounds in Lincolnshire. His first
pack in Hampshire was introduced at Penton,
near Andover, in 1S26, and consisted of a
selection from Sir Richard Button's and other
kennels. In 1S34 he purchased a large por-
tion of Sir Thomas BurgHey's hounds, and
in 1842 he added the "Dufie of Graft on s
entire pack. He usually had at this time
about one hundred couple of hounds in his
kenneL He hunted his own hounds four
days in the week, and sometimes had two
packs out at the same time. He maintained
this large establishment entirely at his own
expense, and conducted all his arrange-
ments with great judgment. After the death
of his father, he in IcSO removed his stable
and kennels to Tedworth, where he'extended
& lavish hospitality to his fox-hunting neigh-
bours. In 1832, in consequence of the Re-
form riots, he raised a corps of yeomanry
cavalry at his own expense; he was the
captain, and the troopers were chiefly his
own tenants and small farmers.

On 20 March 1840 he accepted an invita-
tion to take Ms hounds to Kolleston, Henry-
Greene's seat in Leicestershire, where he
was received by an assembly of two thousand
horsemen and acclaimed the first fox-hunter
of the day (Sporting Mag. June 1840,
pp. 130-2). In 1845 he built a glass con-
servatory at Tedworth, 315 feet long and
40 feet wide? in which he took horse exercise
is bis later years. He continued in the
bunting field up to his eightieth year.

Besides his residence at Tedwortht be
owned an estate in Carnarvonshire with a
bouse called Taenol. There yachting occu-
pied much of bis attention. He was for
many years, until 1830, a member of the
Hoyal Yacht Squadron, and during that

period five sailing yacht,* wtr*bTiil* :~r\ia.
In 1*30 h* quarrelled with th* clii' c-2>

ffiittee^n their refuel to tidnnt steam jicht^i,
and ecianii?$I mei liob^rt Napier » 17.^1 -
1^76 1 "q. v." of GI:i,^,w t3 hilli f;r him
a. steam yacht, christened the Mtnai, 4>.O
tons and 1-0 Lorse-power, TL1» was rh«s
first of t-frht ftearx: yachts built for Lira
between l**Jj ^ni IS-"I. In 1540 the Flre-
Hnz was coc.»rruc*ed fcr him according to
hi= o^rn mod-1, with loccr and very fine hollow
water-lines. He claimed to hare bwn the
oriEinator of this wave-line c>" nttrucrion, but
to John Seott Riissell "q. v.~ belongs some of
the credit of the invention."

Among- other improvements upon Ms
Welsh estate, Smith erected the Victoria,

Hotel at Llanberisj enl^r^d and Improved
Port Binorwic, wjrked the Victoria slate
quarries, ar.i constructed the Padara rail-
way, He died at Vaenol, Carnarvonshire,
on 9 Sept. lS»y% and was burial at Ted-
worth, He married, on •& Get. 1S-7, Matilda,
second cbujnter of William "Webber of
Binfield Lodg-?. Berkshire, but hul no issua,
His widow di^d at Compton-Br^set, near
DevIzesT on IS May 1^59.

[Earilej-Wilniot's BeminiscenceB of T, A.
Smith, 1882. with portrait; XimrccTs Hunting
Bemlniseences, 1843, pp. 294-303 ; Belme Kad-

,clife'sTh«» Noble Science, 1893, pp. 21, 329;

i J. X. Fittfs Corerside Sketches, 1878, passim;

' Cecils Eeeords of the Chase, 1877, pp. 107,
249-51 ; IHnatrated London 5ews, 1856, xxix.

J 571 ; Gent. Mag. 1858, ii. 532 ; Liliywhite**

j Cricket Scores, 1S62T i. 21)3; Practical Mag.

I 1873, ii* 280; Buike's Lauded Gently, 1894.]

i 0, C. B.

j SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD,
| M.B. (1788-1861), sanitary reformer, was
j born at Martock, Somerset, 012 21 Dee. 1788,
His studies for the ministry were encou-
raged by "William Blake (1773-1821) rq,T.]f
of whom he wrote a touching memoir. Ac-
cording to family tradition, Ms ministry iras
first exercised among eyanrelical dissenters
in the west of England. Haying become a
widower, and intending to combine with the
preachers office the practice of medicine, he
entered as a medical student at Edinburgh
i in October 1812, and in lS"oTember took the
Fseant charge of the nnitarian congregation
; [see FFETSS, JAMBS] then meeting in Skin-
ners* Hall, Canongate, where he rai^ad the
attendance from twenty to nearly two hun-
dred, In June 1813 he began a coiirse of ibrt-
nightly evening lectures on unrrersal re-
storation ; these were published by subscrip-
tion as i Illustrations of the Divine Gorera-
ment* (Glaugow, 1818, 8vo; 8th edit*
called 5th, 1B66, l'2mo), and form & closely

Smith

136

Smith

reasoned treatise, rising on occasion to pas-
sages of remarkable eloquence. The main
thesis is that pain is corrective. The work
won the favour of poets; Byron, Moore, j
"Wordsworth, Crabbe were its warm ad- '
mirers. On 25 July 1S13 he assisted in the
formation of the Scottish Unitarian Associa-
tion, became its first secretary, and published
an i Appeal' (1815) in defence of its cause.
In 1814 his congregation moved to an old
episcopal chapel (Si. Andrew's ) in Carnib- I
ber's Close, High Street. He graduated ;
M.D. on 1 Aug. 1816, publishing his thesis,
* De mente morbis l&sa,' with a dedication ;
to Thomas Belsham "q.v.j In the same year ,
he succeeded Samuel Fawcett 5"see under i
FA.WCETT, BEXJTAMES'J; as minister it Vicarage «
Street Chapel, Yeovfl, Somerset, practising j
also as a physician. He published a few j
bennons of merit ; his funeral sermon (1821) j
for Thomas Howe (1759 P-1820) is specially ;
noted by Dr. James Martineau (Study of
Religion, 1888, i. 398). In 1850 he removed j
to London, devoting himself to the medical j
profession, yet still preaching occasionally, j

Southwood Smith was admitted a licen- !
tiate of the College of Physicians on 25 June ;
1821 (fellow, 9 July 1847). He was one of j
the projectors of the * Westminster Review,' (
and wrote for its first number (January !
1824) an article on Bentham's system of
education. In the same year he contributed
an article, ' The Use of the Dead to the
Living/ advocating facilities for dissection ; !
this was reprinted in 1824 and subsequently.
In 1824 he was appointed physician to tfie '<
London Fever Hospital and subsequently to j
the Eastern Dispensary and to the Jews' I
Hospital. He was one of the original I
committee (April 1825) of the * Useful \
Knowledge ' society ; wrote for it a * Trea-
tise on Animal Physiology ' (1829, 8vp), ;
contributed to its * Penny Cyclopaedia*
(1832-45) the chief articles on anatomy,
medicine, and physiology ; and added to its
publications a treatise on * The Philosophy <
of Health' (1835-7, 12mo, 2 vols.; llth |
edit. 1865, 8vo). Meanwhile he had em-
bodied the^result of devoted labours for his
public patients, in ward and home, in f A
Treatise on Fever' (1830, 8vo), which at
once toot rank as an authority. To epidemic
fever he largely traced the impoverishment
of the poor, and showed that it is pre-
ventible. From this work dates his remark-
able career as a sanitary reformer.

Jeremy Bentham [q. v.] had by will left
his body to Smith, to be the subject of dis-
section and an anatomical lecture. Smith
performed this task at the anatomy school,
Webb Street, Maze Pond, on 9 June 1832,

delivering a lecture, of which two editions
were published in the same year. It em-
bodied a sketch of Bentham's philosophy and
an account of his last moments. A thun-
derstorm shook the building durinar its deli-
very, yet Smith proceeded 4 with a'clear un-
faltering voice, but with a face as white as
that of the dead philosopher before him.*
Brougham, Mill, and Grote were present.
The skeleton, dressed in Bentham's clothes,
with a waxen head, was kept in a mahoganv
cabinet in Smith's consulting-room at Fins-
bury Square; when he left this, it was
transferred to University College, Gower
Street, where it still remains.

In 1832 Smith was placed on the central
board for inquiry into the condition of fac-
tory children, an inquiry the precursor of
the existing factory acts." More than once
the poor-law commissioners sought his aid in
typhus epidemic ; hence his reports (1835-
1839) on the preventible causes of sickness
and mortality among the poor. His first re-
port on sanitary improvement (1838) began
a series, presented at intervals till 1857.
In 1839 he was a main founder of the
' Health of Towns Association/ gave evi-
dence on this subject (1840) to a committee
of the House of Commons, and served
(1840) on the children's employment com-
mission. He did much to found (1842) the
'Metropolitan Association for improving the
Dwellings of the Industrial Classes/ which
built the first * model' dwellings, designed
to exclude epidemics by due sanitary con-
ditions ; gave evidence (1844) before a com-
mission of inquiry into the health of towns,
was on the metropolitan sanitary commission
(1847), and was appointed (1848) medical
member ^of the * general board of health,'
giving his services gratuitously at first, but
receiving a permanent appointment in 1850,
when he gave up professional practice. His
reports on quarantine (1845), cholera (1850),
yellow fever (1852), and on the results of
sanitary improvement (1854) were of world-
wide use.

In 1855 he delivered two lectures on
4 Epidemics' (1856, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1866,
8vo) at the Edinburgh l philosophical institu-
tion;* on this occasion he revisited Skinners*
Hall, then occupied by one of the ragged
schools established by Thomas Guthrie, DJ>.
[q.v/[ His unsparing devotion to philan-
thropic labour had told upon his constitu-
tion, and he seemed an older man than he
was; his speech was slow, but his rich voice
and dignified manner made his delivery very
impressive. Though he had earned the gra-
titude of nations, he retired on a very mocb-
rate pension. In October 1861, having re-

Smith

Smith

covered from a serious Illness, lie went to
winter at Florence. At the beginning of
December a short attack of bronchitis proyed
fatal. He died on 10 Dec. 1561, and was
buried In the protestant cemetery outside the
Pcrta Plnti, Florence, where is a monument
to his memory with medallion portrait. His
bust, executed (1856) at Florence by J, Hart,
is In the National Portrait Gallery, pre-
sented t February 1872) by a committee for
the purpose. He was twice married, and
left by his first marriage (to Miss Eeade)
two daughters : by his second marriage (to .
& daughter of John Christie of Hackney) an ,
only son, Herman (d. 23 July 1897, agecl 77),

[Monks Coll. of Phys. 1878, iii. 235 sq.; !
Monthly Repository, 1813 p. 536, 1815 pp. 118,
653, 1821 pp. 262 sq. ; lurch's Hist. Presb. and
Gen. Bapt. Churches in West of Eag!. 1835,
p. 218; Home's New Spirit of the Age, 1844,
vol. i. (article * Lord Ashley and Dr. Sonthwood
Smith'); Christian Reformer, 1860, p. 720;
Obitnarv from the Lancet, December 1861 ;
Inquirer, 21 Dec. 1861 p. 936, 31 July 1897
p. 503; Nonsubscriber, February 1862, pp.
18 sq. ; personal recollection.] A G-.

SMITH, WALTER (/. 1525), wrote in
verse an account of a roguish adventuress
named Edyth, daughter of one John Han-
kin? and widow of one Thomas Ellys. Smith's
-work was entitled *The Widow Edyth;
Twelue merry Gestys of one called Edvth,
the lyeng Wydow.' It was * emprintecl at
London at the sygne of the aneremayde at
Pollis gate next chepeside by J. Rastell
23 March MvCixv.' The printer notes that
at the date of publication the heroine was
still alive. The work is divided into twelve
chapters, each called a ' mery jeste/ The
coarse tricks which the widow is described
as playing on tradesmen, tavern-keepers, and
servants of great men, including the bishop
of Bochester and Sir Thomas More, are some-
times diverting, but their narrator displays
few literary gifts. The work is of the
greatest rarity. A copy was noticed in
4Bibliotheca Smithiana/ 1686, and in the
catalogue of the Haxleian collection, but it is
doubtful if any now survive. Of a reprint
issued by Hichard Jones ia 1573, two copies
are known — one in the Bodleian Library,
and the other in the Huth Library. A modern.
reprint is in W. C. Eazlitt's * Old English
Jest Books,* 1864, ToL iii.

[Ames's Typogr. AntSq, ©d. Dibdin, iii 87 J
Collier's BiUiogr. Cat, iL 357; Hazlitt's BibKogr.

& L.

Theatre, in partnership with cth^r authors
employed by Philip Henilow* ~q. v,~, the
theatrical manager. From tl e latter's * 1'iary '
it appears that he was associated "bttween
1001 and 1603 In the composition of the fol-
lowing thirteen piece?, none of which, seem
to have been puilished, and none are now
extant. Their titles are : 1. k Tie Conquest of
the West Indies ' \ with Day and Haugktou),
1601. 2. 4 The Rising of Cardinal \Yolsey '
(with Chettle, Dray ton, and Munday")t, 1601.
3. 'Six Clothiers*' (with Hatlhwsy and
Haughton), 1601. 4. * Too Good to be True,
or the Northern Man ' t with Chettle and
Hathway), 1601. 5. 'Love parts Friend-
ship * ('with Chettlej, 1602, 6. * As merry
as may be ' (with Day and Hathway), 16Gi?f
written for the court and for the" 'earl of
Worcester's men at the Itose. 7. * Albert
Galles ' (with Heywood u 1002 ; possibly the
title should be i Archizallits/ " fe. * Marshal
Osric ? (completed by Heyvcsod, and doubt-
fully assumed by Fleay'to be identical ia
its revised form* with" Hey^ood's * Royal
King and Loyal Subject ,'* London, 1037,
4to), 1602. 9. i The iT tiii* BrotLers,' 1602.
10. *Lady Jane" (with Chetile, Deklier,
Heyrvood, and Webster j, 1602. 11. 'The
Black Bog of Newgate ' (with Bay, Hathway,
and 4the other poet,' probably Haughtoa),
1602-3. 12. f The ITnfortunate General, a
French History ' (with Day, Hathway, and
t the other poet *), 1603. 13, * An Italian
Tragedy/ 1603.

To Went worth may be ascribed the extant
play, by '"W. Smith,' called * The Hector of
Grermanie, or the Palsgrave, Prime Elector.
A Xew Play, an Honourable Hystorie. As
it hath beene publikely Acted at the Bed
Bull and at the Curtaine, by a Companie of
Young men of this Citie. Made bf "W.
Smith, with new Additions. London, printed
by Thomas Creede for Josias Harrison, and
are to be solde in Pater-coster Row, at the
Signe of the Golden Anker,* 1615, 4t«x
Written in 1613, it was dedicated to ^

SMITH, WBSTWORTH Qt 1601-
1623), dramatist, wrote many plays for the
Admiral's company of actors at the Rose

Right Worshbfull the great FaYGJ-er of the
Muses, Syr Joan Swinaerton, Kniffht, some-
times Lord Mayor of this honouralble Cittia
of London/ Baker is mistaken in asserting
that this was the last play acted at the
Curtain. From the dedication we learn
that the author also wrote * The Freeman's
Honour,* another piece not known to be ex-
tant, which lie says was l acted by the Ser-
vants of the Kingfc Majesty to dignify the
worthy company of Merchant Taylors *
(Fu&ir, Ewgr, Ckt&n.* ; NICHOLS, IVx^rewe*
of Jamee J, iL 732 V An endeayour h*s beaa
made to place both these plays t« tlia credit
of another dramatist named William Smith,

Smith

138

Smith

for -whose existence no satisfactory proof is
forthcoming. "Warburton asserts that one
of the pieces destroyed by his cook was ' St.
George for England by William Smith,7 and
that the same writer was also the author
of * Hector of Germanie,' of ' The Freeman's
Honour,' and of ' The Fair Foul One, or the
Baiting of the Jealous Knight/ which was
licensed by Herbert in 1623 for performance
at the Bed Bull Inn. But Warburton seems
to have expanded on his own authority the
initial < W.' in < W. Smith ' on the title-page
of 'St. George' into William instead of
Wentworth. The only writers of the time
named William Smith of whom we have
contemporary evidence were the sonnetteer
and the herald, neither of whom is there
the smallest reason for crediting with the
authorship of plays fsee SMITH, WILLIAM,
fl. 1596; SMITH/ WILIJAM, 1550 P-1618],
All the plays assigned in the early seven-
teenth century to * W. Smith ' were in
all probability from the pen of Wentworth
Smith.

To Wentworth Smith have been unwar-
rantably ascribed the three plays — * Locrine/
* The Puritan,* and £ Cromwell ' — which were
published in Shakespeare's lifetime under
the initials of* W. S.' These pieces, together
with *Oldcastle,f 'London Prodigal/ and
'Yorkshire Tragedy' (which were fraudu-
lently issued as by fW. Shakespeare7), were
included as Shakespeare's work in the folio
of 1664. There is no cine to the authorship
of any of these six plays, and the initials
c W. S./ like Shakespeare's full name, were
placed on the title-pages by the publishers
merely to give purchasers the false impres-
sion that Shakespeare was their author.

[Henslowe's Diary, pp. 185, 204, 206, 207, &c.;
Warner's Dnlwieh MSS, pp. 21, 24, 157 ; Pleay's
Chronicle of the English Drama, i. 160, 300,
ii. 249-51 ; Laagbaine's Lives of the English
Dramatic Poets, ed. 1712, p. 134; Baker's Bio-
graphia Dramatica, i. 676, 677, ii. 11, 250, 287,
238, 333 ; Ealli veil's Dictionary of Old English
Plays, passim.] E. I. C.

SMITH or SMYTH, WILLIAM (1460 ?-
1514), bishop of Lincoln and co-founder of
Brasenose College, Oxford, born about 1460,
was fourth son of Robert Smyth of Peelhouse
in the parish of Prescot, Lancashire. His
father appears to have been a country squire
of moderate estate. It is a probable tradi-
tion that William was educated in the house-
hold of Margaret, countess of Richmond and
Berby, mother of Henry VII and second wife
of Thomas Stanley, first earl of Derby [q.v.], at
Knowsley, within which parish his birthplace
is situate [see BEATTFOBT, MAESAEET], The
Lady Margaret maintained a sort of private

I school, * certayn yonge gentilmen at her find-

1 yng ' being educated at Knowsley by Maurice

| West bury, whom she had brought" from Ox-

j ford for that purpose. Smyth's biographer,

I Churtpn, after completely disproving Wood's

assertion that Smyth was a migrant from

Oxford^to Cambridge, inclines to identify him

with William Smyth, a commoner of Lincoln

College in 1478. He would then probably

be about eighteen years old. In that case

| he must have been only twenty-five when

I he, being already qualified by the degree of

bachelor of law, was appointed (20 Sept.

1485) to the lucrative office of keeper or

clerk of the hanaper of the chancery for

life, with a salary of 40Z. yearly in excess

, of that enjoyed by his predecessor, a knight,

• besides an allowance of eighteenpence a day
: when in attendance on the chancellor (CAHP-
! BELL, Materials, i. 16). The fact that this
j grant was made within a month after the

1 battle of Bosworth, and that it was fol-
lowed a few days later (2 Oct.) by prefer-
ment to a canonry of St. Stephen's, West-
minster ($. p. 71), shows that Smith's friends
must have been active as well as powerful
at the new court. Among the state papers
is one belonging to 1485, showing the issue-
of 200/. to William Smyth, keeper of the
j hanaper, for the custody of two daughters of
j Edward IV. Another document of 24 Feb*
1 1486 recites that this 200/. was delivered by

• Smyth to the Lady Margaret, who * of late
i hadde the keping and guiding of the ladies,

daughters of King Edward the iiiith.7 On
j 17 Feb. in the same year he is described as
1 a member of the king's council. Smyth's
first parochial preferment was on 13 May
1486 to the living of Combe Martyn, north
Devon, in the gift of the crown (ib. L 434 ;
Pat. Roll, 1 Hen. VH, pt. iii. nu 13). He was
S also presented, under the style of the king's
chaplain, to the living of Great Grimsby on
4 May 1487 (#. 2 Hen. VII, pt, ii. m. 8). In
1491 lie was made dean of the collegiate and
royal chapel of St. Stephen's, Westminster,
This preferment he had resigned before 1496.
On 14 June 1492 he was presented by the
Lady Margaret to the rectory of Cheshunt,
Hertfordshire. This he held for two years,
resigning it on his promotion to a bishopric.
In the same year (1492) Smyth, together with
Richard Foxe [q. v.], then bishop of Exeter,
and Sir Elias Dawbeney, was made a co-
feofieeof her estates in Somerset and Devon
for the performance of Lady Margaret's wilL
_ At the beginning of 1493 Smith was made
bishop of Coventry and Lichfield. He had
been entrusted with the custody of the tem-
poralities of the see since 30 March 1491, his
predecessor, Bishop John Hales, having died

Smith

139

Smith

on the last day of 1490, with liberty to apply
its reTenues to bis own use without rendering
account to the crown (Exch.Q. R. Mem. Roll,
21 Hen. Til, inter brena^ Easter Term
m. iiii.) The Lichn'eld registers show that
he at once diligently entered upon his epi- ;
scopal duties, but within three months he
was acting as a member of Prince Arthur's !
council in the marches of Wales. This ne- j
eessitated the nomination by him, after the ;
example of Foxe and other contemporary '
prelates, of a smfragan bishop, Thomas Fort, '
bishop of Achonry in Ireland, in 1494. He ,
presumably resigned at the same time Ms
office of keeper or clerk of the hanaper, his
successor, Edmund 3Iartyn? who also fol-
lowed him as dean of St. Stephen's, being '
appointed to the place on 6 Feb. 1493 (Pat.
Roll, 8 Hen. VII, pt. ii. m. 18). While bishop I
of Lichfield, Smyth refounded the ruinous
hospital of St. John, originally a priory of :
friars, but transformed by him into an alms-
house and free grammar school. To it he
annexed the hospital of Denhall or Denwall in
Cheshire, and secured for it liberal patronage
from Henry VH. This hospital of St. John
still survives at Liehfield as a monument to ,
Smyth's memory. t

On 31 Jan. 1496 Smyth was translated to '
Lincoln, at that time the most extensive
diocese in England, stretching, as it did,
from the Humber to the Thames. But he j
was generally an absentee, resident at Lad- j
low or Bewdley in attendance upon Prince
Arthur, though he found time in the first '
year of his episcopate to make a visitation at
Oxford. Even as long after his translation
as 1500, when he proposed to make his first |
entry into his cathedral city, affairs of state :
recalled him to Bewdley ; nor was his visita- '
tion carried out until the spring of 1 501 . The i
wealth now at his disposal enabled MT?TC in j
the same year to acquire private property in j
laud, and he purchased an estate at St.
John's, Bedwardyn, near Worcester.

On 22 Aug. 1501 Smyth was appointed
lord president of Wales, upon the reform of
the administration of that principality, with
a salary of 20/. & week, equivalent to about
12,0002. a year of our money, for a table for
himself and the council. He had already for i
some years presided at Prince Arthur's eoun- \
ciL His new office was one comprising both
administrative and judicial functions. On
5 Nov. 1500, within a few days after Cardinal
Morton's death, Smyth, who had previously |
been recommended for the post in 1495 by 1
Henry VII, was elected the cardinal's sac- 1
cessor in the chancellorship of Oxford Uni- j
versity. He resigned it in August 1503. j
Buring his chancellorship in September 1501 J

the Prince of Wales (Arthur), with Smyth in
| attendance, visited Oxford. In April 1502
the prince died in Ludlow Castle, and Smyth
3 officiated at his funeral in Worcester Cathe-
dral. He still remained lord president of
; Wales, and retained the office during Hfe ;
but there are indications that after Prince
! Arthur's death his attention was less ab-
sorbed by Wekh affairs. In 1503 he took
part in the investiture of Warham, of whom
he had been an early patron, as archbishop of
Canterbury. In November 1504 he joined
in a celebrated decree of the Star-chamber re-
gulating the relations of the staplers and mer-
chant adventurers. On 3 June 1505 he was
condemned by the commissioners of sewers
at Newark, Nottinghamshire, to pav a fine
of eight hundred marks (533/. 6». Sd.) for
erecting weirs and mills in the Trent * to the
noysaimee of the passage of boats and other
vesselles.* The fine was remitted by the king
on the following 11 April {Ezch, Q. J2. 31>m.
Roll, 21 Hen. YII, E. T. inter breiia,
m. i.) At some time towards the close of
Henry \TTs reign Smyth's wealth invited ex-
tortion of the kind generally associated with
the names of Sir Eichard Enipson [q. v.] and
Edmund Dudley [q.v.~ An information was
laid against him that he had paid English
gold to a foreigner, presumably for exporta-
tion abroad, in violation of the statute of
1488-9 (4 Hen. Til, c. 23). He was con-
demned in the immense sum of IjSOQ/., the
penalty being double the amount of gold
alienated by the offender. Of this sum, it
appears from an account rendered by the exe-
cutors of Henry VII, Smyth paid in ready
money two instalments of 100£ and 1,20Q£
respectively. Henry VIE having left instruc-
tions that this and other extortions from
dignified ecclesiastics should be restored,
Smyth received the money back again about
15G9 (State Paperg^Dom.l Hen. VIII, 77t>).
But his apprehension of a continuance of
similar proceedings led him to procure for
himself a pardon, dated less than three weelts
after Henry YIITs accession, for every con-
ceivable common-law or statutory offence
which might have been committed by him,,
beginning with homicide and ending with
breaches of the manufacturing regulations
( JWk. Q. M. Mem. &>U, 1 Hen. Ym, Trinity
Term, m. vii.)

In 1507 Smyth began a series of benefac-
tions which elicited Fuller's eulogy that *• this
man wheresoever he went may be followed
by the perfume of charity he left behind him/
In the course of this year he founded & fel-
lowship in Oriel College ; lie established a.
free school at Farnworth in LaseasMre,
where he added a south aisle to

Smith

140

Smith

and lie presented two estates to Lincoln
College, the manor of Bushbery, or Ailleston,
near Brewood,in Staffordshire, and the manor
of Sencleres in Chalgrove, Oxfordshire. _ In
the same year he first formed the design,
in concert with Pdchard Sutton [q.v.j, of
founding a new college in Oxford. The
earliest steps towards effecting this purpose
were taken by Sutton, but in 1509 Bishop
Smyth appears in conjunction with Sutton
as lessee of a stone quarry at Headington,
and is represented by an inscription on the
foundation-stone of Brasenose College to have
laid it, together with Sutton, on 1 June of the
same year. The core of the new foundation
was Brasenose Hall, dating at least from.
the thirteenth century. This Smyth rebuilt.
With it he incorporated other adjacent halls,
and gave to the whole the name of < the king's
hall and college of Brasenose/ at first some-
times designated * the king's college of Bra-
senose,' or ' Collegium Regale de Brasenose.1
The charter of foundation is dated 15 Jan.
1512 (RoEEB, xiiL 320). In the following
ye jjr Smyth transferred to the new college the
estates of the dissolved priory of Cold Norton,
Oxfordshire, purchased by Mm from the dean,
and convent of St. Stephen's, Westminster, to
whom they had been granted. He added an
estate nearOrford, known asBasset's fee. The
objects of his new college, as set forth in the
charter, were ( to study philosophy and sacred
theology ... to the praise and honour of
Almighty God ; for the furtherance of divine
worship, for the advancement of holy church,
and for the support and exaltation of the
Christian faith.' It was to consist of a prin-
cipal and twelve fellows, all of them born
within the diocese of Coventry and Lichfield,
with preference to the natives of Lancashire
and Cheshire, and especially those of Prescot
in Lancashire and Presbury in Cheshire.
Apparently the principal and all the fellows
were to be in holy orders. The first statutes
were drawn up by Smyth himself, largely
borrowed from those of Magdalen, and pre-
scribing both the diet and dress of the members
of the house. The severity of Smyth's rules
was somewhat mitigated after his death, by
his surviving co-founder, Sutton, at the re-
quest of the college. Meanwhile Smyth took
part in the conversion of the property of
another religious house to educational pur-
p»oses,liavingin 1510 assisted in the suppres-
sion of the priory of St. John, Cambridge,
with a view to the foundation of St, John's
College, Cambridge.

The deaths of Smyth's patrons, Henry VII
and the Lady Margaret, took place respec-
tively in April and June 1509. The person
foremost in Henry VELTs council at this time

was Richard Foxe [q. v. ], bishop of Winches-
ter, who, together with Smyth, was among
the executors of Henry VH. With Foxe
Smyth had had frequent official relations, and
in 1509 joined with him, Fitzjames, bishop
of London, and Oldham, bishop of Exeter,
in the successful assault upon the jurisdic-
tion of the archbishop of Canterbury's pro-
bate court [see WAEHAM, WILLIAM]. On
the other hand, there were differences of
opinion between them, Foxe favouring the

I liberal tendencies of * the new learning.' The
sense of rivalry disclosed itself in riotous
attacks, in which a former principal of
Brasenose Hall was concerned, upon the
builders of Foxe's new college of Corpus
Christi. Although Smyth retained till his
death his office of president of Wales, his
name, after his patrons' deaths, practically
disappears from the domestic state papers.
Foxe's influence was probably the cause of
his retirement. He seems to have spent
his later years within the limits of his vast
diocese. His will is dated 26 Dec. 1513.
He died at Buckden in Huntingdonshire,
one of his ten palaces as bishop of Lin-
coln, on 2 Jan. 1514. In his will he de-
sired to be buried in his cathedral, and he
left certain sums for religious services. To
the college of Brasenose he bequeathed, for
the use of the chapel, the books, chalices,
and vestments of his domestic chapel. These,
of which an inventory was left, appear never
to have come into possession of the college.
They were probably appropriated by Wolsey,
his successor in the see, one of the charges
against whom was that he * had the more

1 part of the goods of Dr. Smyth, bishop of
Lincoln,' as well as of other bishops whom
he succeeded, * contrary to their wills and to
law and justice.' Smith also bequeathed
IOOL to the hospital of St. John Baptist in
Banbury, where another of his episcopal
palaces was situate, and certain sums to his
relatives. The residue of his goods was to
be disposed of by his executors in works of
piety and charity for the welfare of his soul
The will was proved on 30 Jan. 1514. He
was buried in a stone coffin, one of the
latest instances of this practice, under a
marble gravestone, inlaid with a rich brass
effigy and inscription. This was destroyed
during tne civil wars, but a copy made in
1641 by Sir William Dugdale is extant. A
mural monument near the west door of the
cathedral, erected by Dr. Ralph Cawley, prin-
cipal of Brasenose in 1775, bears along Latin
inscription to his memory.

Smyth was one of the enlightened states-
men-prelates of his age. He evidently

. shared with, his lifelong friend, Hugh Old-

Smith

Smith

ham ~g. v.], *tbishop of Exeter, some of the |
dislike and! suspicion of the regulars then '
current even among ecclesiastics. During !
the short time that^he was at Lichfield he
t~WT.ce rejected the incompetent presentees '
of monastic houses to livings, and made a /
visitation of the religious foundations within ;
his diocese. Xot long after his translation
to Lincoln in 1499, we find him suspending !
the abbot of Oseney, and enforcing a re- i
formation of that house. That he was a |
man of learning is apparent from his elec-
tion as chancellor of Oxford, and from the '
specimen of his Latin composition which has
survived. Though a contemporary of Eras-
mus and Foxe, he does not seem, if we may j
judge by the statutes of Ms college, to have j
been alive to the importance of Greek. On
the contrary, his design seems to have been ,
to establish an ecclesiastical and conserva-
tive institution adhering to the traditional
studies of scholastic philosophy and theology. ;
In this respect his statutes differ amazingly
from the far more progressive provisions
which Foxe drew up for his college of Corpus.
Button's mind, it is evident, was cast in the
same mould as that of Smyth, and it can |
readily be believed that he deferred entirely
to the guidance of the former chancellor of |
the university. It can be understood, there-
fore, that Smyth displayed no liberal ten-
dencies in his theology, and in 1506 he is
recorded to have enforced the law against j
heresy both by imprisonment and burning, j
But John Foxe "q. v.j, the martyrologist, who
as a Brasenose man was probably indisposed |
to be severe upon the founder of his college, |
records of Smyth * that in the time of the !
great abjuratio"n, divers he sent quietly_home !
without punishment and penance, bidding I
them go home and live as good Christian men ]
should do.J Judged by the high standard of j
clerical duty held by Latimer, Smyths what- ;
ever his wishes may have been? was an f un- I
preaching prelate.* " He must have been too
absorbed in business of state, at any rate ,
down to the death of Prince Arthur in 1505,
to exercise any effective personal supervision
over his immense diocese, ^or can he ba
acquitted of the prevailing ecclesiastical vice
of nepotism. His biographer CHurton devotes
a chapter to his kinsmen and the ecclesi-
astical preferments he heaped upon them. :
Three of his nephews he made archdeacons
in his diocese, appointing one of them, Wil-
liam Smyth, archdeacon of Lincoln, to the
most valuable prebend, it is said, in England.
Annther of them, Gilbert Smyth, he made a ,
prebendary in 149Sf nearly six years before
Be took sutdeacon's orders! Matthew Smyth,
the last principal of Brasenose Hall, and the \

first of Brasenose College, in all probability
a relation of the bishop, was presented by
Mm to a prebend in Lincoln Cathedra! io.
1508, though he -was not ordained sub-deacon
till 1512. One of Bishop Smyth's last acts
was to grant a lease, probably on beneficial
terms, of the manor of Xettleham in Lin-
colnshire to Richard Smyth, doubtless a
kinsman, Chnrton complains that in Smyth's
time the cathedral of Lincoln was * peopled
with persons of the name of William, Smyth/
and, from what we know of the bishop's care
for his kinsmen, it is not unfair to suspect
that most of them were relatives whom he
indemnified in this way for the diversion of
the bulk of his property to his college.

In the appendix to the fourth report of the
Historical Manuscripts Commission (1874,
p, 173) it is stated that in a bundle of sixty
papers belonging to the dean and chapter of
\\ estminster,, chiefly letter* addressed to Sir
fteginald Bray "q.v.*, are some letters from
the' bishop of Lincoln \ Smyth I. These letters
had previously been seen by J. A. Manning-,
author of the * Lives of the Speakers* in 1S51
(p. 146 1, but have since disappeared from
their place in the muniment-room of the
abbey. The bishop's portrait, which hangs
in t lie hall of Brasenase, is unfortunately un-
dated. A replica exists at his hospital at
LicMeld, The picture apparently represents
him in his closing years. The eyes are fine,
and the cast of countenance one of serene in-
telligence.

[Ftdler's Worthies; Wood's Athroae 0x<m.;
Churton's Lives of Smyth and Sutioa, Oxford,
1800; Campbell's Materials for the Hist, of
the Bei^n of Henry VII ; Stale Papers, Bom.
Henry VIII, rols. i. ii.] I. S. I*.

SMITH, WILLIAM (jC 1596), poet,
avowed himself a disciple of Spenser, and in
1596 published a collection of sonnet*, en-
titled 'Chloris, or the Complaint of the
passionate despised Shephe&rtL,* printed by
Edmund Bollxfant, 15^6, 4to. The volume
opens with two sonnets, inscribed *T0 the
most excellent and learned shephemrd, Collin
Cloute' (i. e. Spenser }, and signed * \V. Smith,'
In a third sonnet addressed to Spenser at the
clo&e of the book Smith c&Us Spenser the
patron of his maiden verse. The intervening
pages are occupied by forty-ei^ht sonnets,
very artificially constructed, and by a poem of
greater literary power, in twenty lines, called
fc Conns Dreaine of the faire Chloris/ One
of the fionnets, i A Xotable Description of th@
World/ had been previously published in
4 The Phcenix-nest/ 1593, and there bore
the signature *W. S, ^entlenmn.' * Conns
Drea-me * was transferred to 4 England'* Heli-
con* (1600 and 1614). Two copies of Smkaf8

Smith

142

Smith

rare volume are now known : one Is in the
Bodleian Library; the other, in the Huth
Lihrary, formerly belonged successively to
Narcissus Luttrell and to Thomas Park. It
was reprinted in Mr. Edward Arber's 'Eng-
lish Garner,' viii. 171 sqq.

There is no means of determining' whether
the writer is identical with the ( W. S.7 who
prefixed verses fin commendation of the
author ' to Grange's * Golden Aphroditis,'
1577, or with the ' W. S.7 who paid Breton
a like compliment in his « Wil of Wit,7 1606.

Heber owned a manuscript entitled *A
New Yeares Guift, or a posie upon certen
flowers presented to the Counresse of Pem-
brooke by the author of " Chloris, or the
passionate despised Shepherd ; " ' it is now in
the British Museum, MS. Addit. 35186.

' A booke called Amours by J. D., with
certein other Sonnetes by W. S.,' was
licensed for publication by Eleazar Edgar,
3 Jan. 1599-1600 (ABBEB, Transcript, iii.
153). Collier suggested that * J. D.' was a
misprint for *M. D.,' and that this entry
implied an intention on the part of the pub-
lisher to reissue Michael Drayton's * Sonnets'
which the poet had entitled * Amours' in the
first edition of 1594, in conjunction with a
collection of sonnets by 'W. S.* — initials
which Collier identified as those of Drayton's
friend, Shakespeare. Shakespeare's * Sonnets *
were not published till 1609. It seems more
likely that the publisher Edgar contemplated
a republication of Smith's collection of son-
nets with some work (since lost) by Sir
John Davies Tq. v.], but the point cannot be
decided positively.' Edgar does not seem to
have actually published any book which can
be identified with the description given in
the Stationers' < Registers/ Nine years later
Edgar published a prose treatise of a different
calibre by an author signing himself * W. S.'
It was entitled * Instructions for the in-
creasing of Mulberie Trees and the breeding
of Silk-wormes * (London, 1609, 4to, with
illustrations).

Smith appears to have usually signed his
name t W. Smith,* and some plays bearing
that signature have been assigned to William
Smith, but these were in all probability the
work of "Wentworth Smith [q. v.]

[Collier's Bibliographical Account; Ritson's
Bibliographia Anglo-Poetiea ; Hunter's MS.
Chorus Vatum in Brit. Mas. MS. Addit. 24489,
p. 78.] S. L.

SMITH, WILLIAM (1550P-1618),
herald, born about 1550 at Warmingham in
Cheshire, was a younger son of Eandle Smith
of Oldhaugh. in Warmingham, by his wife
Jane3 daughter of Ralph Bostock of Norcroft

in Cheshire. The Smiths of Oldhaugh were
a branch of the Smiths of Ouerdley in Lan-
cashire. William is said to have been edu-
cated at Oxford. He may be the William
Smith who graduated B.A., 8 Feb. 1566-7,
at Brasenose College, which was founded by a
collateral ancestor, William Smith or Smyth
(1460 P-1514) Jq. v.] In March 1561-2
his mother died, and in July 1568 he
paid a visit to Bristol. About 1575 Smith
became a citizen of London and a member
of the Haberdashers' Company. He pro-
ceeded to Germany about 1578, and for some
years kept an inn at Niirnberg with the sign
of the Goose. On the death of his father, on
6 Oct. 1584, he returned to England, and in
1585 took up his residence in Cheshire. On
23 Oct. 1597 he was created rouge dragon
pursuivant on the recommendation of Sir
George Carey, knight marshal. He never
attained higher office, owing partly to a lack
of amiability and a sharp tongue. He died
on 10 Oct. 1618, and was buried, as Wood
thinks, hi the churchyard of St. Benedict,
near Paul's Wharf. About 1580 he married
Veronica, daughter of Francis Altensteig of
Niirnberg. By her he had two sons — Wil-
liam, born in 1581 ; and Paul, born in 1588
— and three daughters, Jane, Frances, and
Hester.

Smith was the author of: 1. * The Vale
Eoyall of England, or Countie Palatine of
Chester; containing a Geographicall De-
scription of the said Countrey or Shyre, with
other things thereunto appertayning. Col-
lected and written by William Smith,' 1585
(Ashmolean MS. 765; Rawlinson MSS. B.
Nos. 282-3), which was published in 1656
by Daniel King [q. v.], together with another
work with a similar title by William Webb,
under the title 'The Vale Royall of Eng-
land . . . with maps and prospects, per-
formed by W. Smith and W. Webb,' Lon-
don, fol. 2. 'The Particuler Description of
England, with Portratures of certaine of the
cheifest Citties and Townes.' The manu-
script, which is among the Sloane MSS.
(No. 2596) in the British Museum, was pub-
lished by Henry B. Wheatley and Edmund
W. Ashbee, London, 1879, 8vo.

Smith also wrote the following unpub-
lished manuscripts : 1. * Genealogical Tables
of the Kings of England and Scotland, and
the Sovereigns of Europe, to the years
1578-9, with their arms, in colours,7 1579
(Bawlinson MS. B. No. 141). 2. '1580
Anglise Descriptio,' dedicated : * Ajnplissimo
Viro, D. Christophoro Fhurero, Reipub. Nori-
bergenss. senatori Prudentiss. (Brit. Mus.
Add. MS. 10620). 3. < How Germany is
devyded into 10 Kreises, that is to say Cir-

Smith

143

Smith

cutes, and the names of all such Estates as
dwell in ech of them particulerly," Xiirnberz, '
1582 iBrit. Mas. Harl. MS. 994). 4. < The '
Armes and Descents of all the Bakes, Mar-
quesses, Erlls, Viscounts, and Lords created
in England since the tyme of the Conqueror
until this present yeare 1584 ' (Brit. Mua.
Harl. MS. 6099).* o. Heraldic ' tracts and
miscellanies, 15S6 (Rawlisson MS. B. Xo.
120). 6. ' Baronagium Anirli^; 15S7 I Harl.
MS. 806); another copy, Io97 (Harl. MS.
1160). 7. 'A Brief Description of theFamous
Cittie of London/ 158S {Harl. MS. 0363).
8. *A Treatise on the History and Antiquities
of Cheshire,' 15S8 (Harl. MS. 1046, £ 122-
168). 9. ' German Coats collected by Wil-
liam Smith during his abode in Germanv;
1591 (Fhilipot's Press, College of Annk
10. * A Breef Description of the famous Cittie
of Xorenherg,' 1594 (circa) (Lambeth MS.
508). 11. l The Xames of all the Knights
in England that served [in Scotland] under
Edward I, with the Blazon of their Armes/
1597 (Harl. MS. 4628). 12. « The Visitation
of Lancashire: made in 156",' lo9S (Harl.
MS. 6159). 13. < A Book of Miscellaneous
Pedigrees; 1599 (Philipot's Press. College
of Arms). 14. ' Stemmata Mag^aatum; 160Q
(Harl. MS. 6156). 15. * Cooke's orders for the
feast of St. George.' Enlarged by Smith,
1600 ( Ashmolean MS. 1108 i. 16. : Book of
Coates and Creasts,* 160:2 {Harl. MS. 5807).

17. * A large alphabet in blazon, beginning
with the letter 13,' 1604 (Harl. MS. 2092).

18. ' "W. Smith's Alphabet of Arms; ltiG4
{Harl. MS. 5798). 19. * The XII Worship-
full Companies or Misteries of London; 1605
(Moule's «Bibliotheca Heraldica; p. 1(M).
20. *The Visitation of Dorsetshire; copied
by Smith, 1612. 21. * The Armes and De-
scents of all the Kinges of England ' (Bni,
Mus. Add, MS. 27438). There are also
several smaller manuscripts by him extant. '

[Wheatle/s Introduction to the Particular
Bescripcion of England * Wood's Athen* Oxon. i
-ed. Bliiss, ii. 233 ; G-ough's British Topography, i
i. S7, 91, 247 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, i. S2, iii. ]
123, 141 ; Noble's Hist, of the College of Anns, ;
p. 217.] B. I. C. 1

SMITH, ^TLLIAM (f 1073), quaker, !
a native of Besthorpe, XottinghamsMre, was
son of a yeoman of good estate. He was well
•educated, served for several years as chief
•constable, and became an independent pastor,
In 1658 he joined the Quakers, and in the
same year he replied to the anabaptist Enoch
Howitt's * The Doctrine of the Light within
„ . . examined,1 in * The Lying Spirit in the
Mouth of the False Prophet; London, 1658,
4to. Howitt retaliated with i The Beast that
was and is not, and yet is,1 London, 1639,

4to. Smith also suffered in
ment for nine weeks for non-payment of
tithes. On the Restoration Smita wrote * An
Alarum beat in the Holy Mountain.' an
address to Charles II, which is printed in
4 The Copies of several Letters which were
delivered to the Bonar," London, 1660, 4to,
He was arrested while preaching at Wor-
cester in March 1661, and for refusing- the
oath of allegiance was detained some time
in prison, where he wrote at least five of his
book,?. Others were written in Nottingham
gaol, where he was rnanj times confined
between 1661 and 1665. Smith published
his account of hi? imprisonment for non-
payment of tithe, at the instance of William
rdcklingrton of North Collington, In 4Hie
Standing Truth/ 1663, Svo ("reprinted in
Cropper's *S 'offering's of the 'Quakers in
Xott?,' 1^0rt. He died on 9 Jan. 1673, He
was twice married. By his first wife. Anne
(d. 1659), he had seven" children. Elizabeth
Newton of Nottingham, his second wife,
whom he married on 11 March 1660, sur-
vived hire.

Smith was a voluminous writer. His chief
works are: 1. *The Faithful "Witness, or a
Hand of Love reacted forth," 1659, 4to;
pan in answer to Jonathan Johnson, &
baptist of Lincolnshire. 5. * The Morning'
^ atch, or a Spiritual Glass opened,* 1660,
4to. 3. *The >«ew Creation brought forth
in the Holy Order of Life/ 1661, 4to,
4. 'Universal Love' jseparate_ addresses to
persons in every class of life", 1663, Svo ;
reprinted 1668. * 5. < A New Pnmm*r,' 1663,
Svo; reprinted 1665f with 'Something of
Truth,' &c. ; both reprinted 16S8, 8vo. 6. * A
Briefe Answer ' to f Shetinah [riij in which
John Stillingfleet attacked " the quakers,
1664, 4to- i . *A New Cfttechism/ 1665;
another edition 1667. 8. i The Baptists
Sophistry discovered,' 1 672-3, 4to, in answer
to * The Quakers Subterfuge* by Ralph Japes,
baptist, of \Tillingham,LincolnBhire. Smith's
collected works were published in 1073, folio,
under the title of * Balm from Giletd,' with
j a dedicntory epistle from Ellis Hookas, the
j first recording clerk of the society. The
pagination of the volume is irres?ular, owing
to the book being printed in ditfemu places
(see note at end of contents). Some extracts
were published by George Eichardson (1773-
: 1662 1 "q.v.n, Xewimstle, 1^5.
! Another WIXJIAH SMITH (Jf. 1660\ sue-
: cessively of Sileby and Market Harborough,
Leicestershire, was author of * The Wisdom
of the Earthlv Wise confounded,1 1679, 4to:
an answer toftomaa Wilson, rectorof Arrow,
Warwickshire, who wrote against thequakers

Smith

144

Smith

Ms kou.se at Sileby George Fox held^ great
meetings in 1655 and 1677 (Journal^ i. 2517
ii. 259)"

[Balm from Gilead, 1675 ; Besse's Sufferings,
i. 552 ; ¥ox's Journal, ii. 81 ; Cropper's Suf-
ferings of the Quakers in Nottinghamshire,
xv. ; "Smith's Cat. Friends' Books, if. 601-12;
Registers at Devonshire House, Bishopsgate
Strict.] C. F. S.

SMITH, WILLIAM (d. 1696),jictor, was
a barrister of Gray's Inn, and joined the
Duke of York's company, under Sir William
D'Avenant, a year alter its formation. He
was a man of social position, and acknow-
ledged as such in aristocratic circles and in
his profession. At Lincoln's Tnn Fields, at
Dorset Garden, and ultimately at the Theatre
Royal and the new house in Little Lincoln's
Tnn Fields, he held a position in the first
rank, and created many original parts of
primary importance. His name appears on
8 Jan. 1663 to the part of the Corrigidor (sic) in
Sir SamuelTuke's 4 Adventures of Five Hours.'
He was on 28 May Lugo in Sir Robert
Stapleton's * Slighted Maid ;' on 1 Jan. 1664
he was Buckingham in a revival of * King
Henry Yin,' and on 13 Aug. the Duke of
Burgundy in * Henry V/ hy the Earl of
Orrery, "in Etherege's * Comical Revenge,
or Love in a Tub,' n® was Colonel Bruce; in

* The Rivals/ D'Avenant's alteration of the
( Two Noble Kinsmen/ Polynices; and
Antonio in a revival of Webster's *' Duchess
of Main? On 3 April 1665 he was Zanger
in Lord Orrery's 'Mustapha.' After the
cessation of performances on account of the
plague, he distinguished himself on 7 March
1667 as Sir William Stanley in Caryl's j

* English Princess, or the Death of Richard !
the Third.' On 14 Nov. preceding, Pepys
writes: 'Knipp tells me how Smith of the
Duke's house hath killed -a man upon a
quarrel in play, which makes everybodv
sorry, he being a good actor, and, they say,
a good man, however this happens. " The
ladies of the court do much bemoan him,
she says J (Diary, ed. Wheatley, vi. 62).

In ' Sir Martin Man-all, or Feigned Inno-
cence/ by Dryden and the Duke of New-
castle, 16 Aug. (second time), Smith was
Sir John Swallow. On 6 Feb. 1668 in t She
would if she could/ by Etherege, he was
Gourtall,and on 5 May Stanford in Shad well's

* Sullen Lovers.' The piece had, says Downes,
a wonderful success, and was played before
the court at Dover. In Caryl's * Sir Solomon,
or the Cautious Coxcomb/ played in 1669,
he was Young Single. Betterton's ' Amorous
"Widow 7 followed in 1670, showing Smith as
Cunningham. Foscaris in Edward Howard's

' Women's Conquest ' was seen in 1671, as
was Sharnofsky in Crowne's 'Juliana, or the
Princess of Poland.'

The new theatre in Dorset Garden was
opened by the Duke's company, under Lady
D'Avenant, with *Sir Martin Marrall/ on
9 Nov., when Smith presumably played his
original part. He was here Prince of Salerne
in Crowne's i Charles Till, or the Invasion
of Naples.' At Dorset Garden Smith re-
mained until the junction of the two com-
panies in 1682. lie was in 1672 Woodlv in
Shadwell's 'Epsom Wells j'Pisauro in Arrow-
smith's 'Reformation;' Banquo, one of his-
great parts, in 'Macbeth/ converted into
an opera; Don Antonio in Nevil Payne's
' Fatal Jealousy ;' Philander in Mrs. Behn's.
' Forced Marriage.' The year 1673 saw him
as Ruffle in Nevfi. Payne's * Morning Ramble/
Careless in Ravenscroft's ' Careless Lovers/
Muley Hamet in Settle's ( Empress of
Morocco/ Horatio in a revival of ( Hamlet f
1674 as Quitazo in Settle's ( Conquest of
China by the Tartars/ and Tyridates in
' Herod and Mariainne ; ' and 1675 as Clo-
tair in Settle's 'Love and Revenge.' In
Settle's * Ibrahim the Illustrious Bassa/
1676, he was Ibrahim ; in Etherege's * Man
of the Mode, or Sir Fopling Mutter/ Sir
Fopling ; in Otway's e Don Carlos, Prince of
Spain/ Don Carlos ; in D'Urfey's 'Fond Hus-
band/ Rashley j in Ravenscroft's Wrangling
Lovers/ Don Diego ; in D'Urfey's * Madame
Fickle/ Manley; and in Settle's * Pastor
Fido, or the Faithful Shepherd/ Mirtillo,
the faithful shepherd. Antiochus in Ot-
way's * Titus and Berenice ' was apparently
the first novelty in 1677, in which year
Smith was also the first Csesar in Sedley's
* Antony and Cleopatra;' Willmore the
rover in Mrs. Behn's 'Rover;' Perdicas in
Pordage's 'Siege of Babylon;' Philip in Mrs.
Behn's ' Abdelazer, or the Moore's Revenge/
Ulysses in Banks's i Destruction of Troy *
belong to 1678, as do Lodwick Knowell in
Mrs. Behn's ' Sir Patient Fancy ;7 Malagene
in Otway's t Friendship in Fashion/ Henry
Raymond in D'Urfey's 'Squire Oldsapp/
Peralta in Leanerd's 'Counterfeits/ and
Alcibiades in Shad well's * Timon of Athens,
or the Man-Hater.' Genest, with some
reason, supposes that he was Woodall in
Dryden's'Limberham/the cast of which has
not survived. To 1679 belong Adrastus in
Dryden and Lee's 'CEdipus;' Hector in
'Troilus and Cressida, or Truth found
too late/ altered by Dryden from Shake-
speare j and Sir Harry Fillamour in Mrs.
Behn's * Feigned Courtezans.' In 1680 he
was Machiavel in Lee's 'Csesar Borgia/"
Chamont in 'The Orphan/ Marius Junior in

Smith

145

Smith

Otway's 4 Eht-ry and Fall of CVm? Maria-*

floa;r the ac >'p*^'I adaprat i'~n of* Ii ^m- ,-• ini
Julie* \ B^ifcrt in BTrf-y% "Viru',i*
Wife/ WhCnun in Mrs. Behn's 6 Rev-rnr-/

and 31 areian In L**/? ; Th-^d :>*ri»/ Th- y^r
1691 lei of with rb- fcF;r=t Part :f H-nrr YL"
altered by €'r:>wn~, in wh!eL Sm'.tli w;i- tie
Duke of Mittblk. In *1^ ^ e<>n<l par*' of th?
6 ame pi ay be wa ? Hi ward Pla nt a * e a^ *" . II*?
TOL% berid**. Ed*rar in Tste's alteration of
* Lear," Wiilin-r* In th~ ^eeoni par* of Mrs.
Brim's * River/ Titos In Lee'~ * Luei'i* Junris
Bra*n?/ Court ice in Otway's * ^oliier"?
Fortun -/ and Lorenzo in Bryan's * *pan:=h
Friar.' The fallowing year I l*3?i? j witnessed
the junction of tire two companies. Bef :*K
this event occurred Smith was. at Dor^t
Grarden, the original Pierre in Otway\
'Venice JRre^envd,1 Sir Cliarl-? lun/nv?
inlT Crfey's * Royalist,* King H^rry in Bank?"*
1 Virtue Betrayed, or Anna B alien/ D:-n
Carlos in MrsI Behn's * False Count/ and
Ramble in Ravpnscroft*!? * London C'ickjid*/
After the union he was, a^ th* TIi^iT*
Royal, Grillon in Drrden's *I)uke of Gx=e/

fn the memorandsiin of a^r-em-n:. 14 Oct.
1 168:?, the name of Smith is joined witli those
of Dr. Charles D'Arenant "q. r._ ani Tn onias
Betterton rq.T." on the one sil-, a^ a^ain^t
Charle? Hart ?fl. Iti^i "q, v/ and Edward
Kynaston "q. v." ^B th* other "see BETTEETON,
THOMAS". Smith's connf^ction with the united
companfes was soon serer&d, though the
retirement of Harris left ncme but Betterton
to dispute his supremacy. He played, at
the TIi*;a*re Royal, Leon in * Rule a Wife
and have a Wife/ and Cassius in 'Julius
Cffisar/ neither of them original parts ; and
was the first Constant ine in L^e's * Con-
Stan tine the Great/ Court ine in Otway's
( Atheist/ and Lorenzo in Southerners * Dis-
appointment/

After James ITs accession his name dis-
appears from the bills for eleven years. Cibber
mention? the circumstances unoVr which his
retirement took place. Smith, * whose cha-
racter as a gentleman could have been no way
impeached had he not degraded it by being
a celebrated actor/ was struck behind the
scenes by a man of fashion with whom he
had a dispute. James Uf on hearing a full
account of the circumstances, forbade the
offender hia presence. This was resented
by the mohocks of the court, and a party
was formed to humble the actor. On his
appearance Smith was received with a chorus
of cat-calls. Convinced that he would not be
allowed to proceed, he composedly ordered
the curtain to be lowered, and * having- a
competent fortune of his own, thought the
conditions of adding to it by his remaining on

TCI*. TOI,

*!ie «t,i£e even t*o d* ar, ani iV-n; rha* day
entirely quitted it' iCisiiEU, Ap>'sfy* «-i.
LOWM. i. 7i4'. Sinitli i-; -i;I to L^v^ t^n
rr-a*ly at*acLed fo Jame= II, wl;>- army,
'-iCC'nr I ing1 ti Chfctwx)-!, the actor ;"ln-d as
aT*)luat*ser upon the o;i:br-jtk of th* revo-
l*-itijn, in company with tw,, attesiinta.

On the v-c^-l'jn of *he actor? from the
TLfcdtTfi Fi.,.valin lt>^-*, Smith wa»s prerailed
-•n by Bt-n-rton an I 3Ir^. Barry, his old
a-'ociatt:,*, a.- well as by frienis :^f high rank,
and at tLe J:r-ect int-rr^^iin r-f Con^reve,
to return tc rL- stare. On the opening of
the theatre In Little Line-In*? Inn Field,*,
with Conr>- v^ "5 ^ Lore f ?r Love/ Smith took
tLe part of scandal. He was received with
muchen^hTi-ia^ai. In ItT:*] he played War-
ner IE a revival of "Sir Martin Marrall/ and
wa.? tie criminal Cyaxare= In Bank-"* " Cyrus
the Gr^at/ " On tile d^y -jf the fourth repre*
*^ntati"jn Le -vd^ tik-s III, azii died shortly

th Is btlltv^d "31 Lav^ La a

Ldt Otway ;-ay* in- Venice Pre-
served 'cf rhe fi^^re .jf Pierre 1= s^ppjsed to-
depict Smith, wio TT^= intended for tnia part.
Don Carlos, another :£ Smith's original parts,
U de-enbrd as a • tall abls slave/ Barton Boc*th
"q.v." wrote a Latin epitaph on Smith, placed
under *his picture/ \Vnat portrait is re-
ferred to, however, cannot now be ascer*
tained. Booth's lines describe him as an
excellent player in the reign of Charles Hr
the Mend of Betterton, and almost his equal ;
a man of no ignoble family nor destitute of
polite learning-, Smith's unbroken friend-
ship with Betterton reflects high credit upon
him? as does indeed all that is known con-
cerning him. He is one of the most in-
teresting and distinguished Sgures of the
, .Restoration stage.

} [G-enact's Account of the English Stag*

(esp. ii. 97—8, with list of original puts) ;

; Doimes's Borons Anglicana? ; CurlFs History of

\ the English Stage, assigned to Betterton;

! Cibber's Apology, ed, Lowe ; Life of Barton

: Booth, by Theophilns Cibber; Chet wood's His-

tory of the Stage; Boras's Annals of the S:;ig&».

"

SMITH, WILLIAM f 1651 r-1735 1, an-

1 tiquary, born about 1*>51, was the son of

"^ illiam Smith of Easby, near Hiehmond in

Yorkshire, by his wife Anne, daughter of

i Francis Layton of Kawden, master of the

jewel-house" in the reign of Charles I. On

*?8 May 16*38 William matriculated irom

University College, Oxford, and graduated

B.A.. in 1&7:2» proctfeding M.A. on 18 March

'' 1674-0. La 1673 he was appoint^ rector

j of Goodmanham in Yorkshire, in 1675

| elected a fellow of University College, and

L

Smith

145

Smitn

in >"7- "rrrj !V-1 51 A. a* CarAr: 1^. In

:^.T. f;r three years in fcba capacity of his
r-ai-.-?, In Jun-e 17-^> bw rxk deacon's

*';!, .:; I." H- li-'i .n Kt^iiiVr 17^.

aerj.^^.*' ~ • 1 ! -. &ro_', aM^i*:* lie appears to

5r^/ L n^ v; * „ i-rl: ? if: 1. * The Annals
** L*nlv -*i.*T C -l^jir," N-.-wcas* !e-i;p: n-

W 4* fe "* \- 'OT'-a "-" i*-4, T T«~r 1*"JM-* HTA

aJo-lfc.*,! A^rrtuil* *'""* Ip"- L"! J>L*"» 1 * <-t7. C*O.

Ii J 3,1* " XTT'"* *W-,'!1* T**.r ' ^.11 in-iH l"n"TlpT T*>"

rvSATcl:" - J.TO rh- ar-jLlTr^of :h^? university
tnl ~f h> oTa c"'!lr j*--, which are in pos&js-
feion of thfc S"<c.t*5 i' An* I'latriea-,

A cnnreasp.'mry WILLIAM SMITH \Jt*
17if6i, sunvir.jr to rh«* B j-cal Africiin Coxn-
ay. proc^eil *o Afrlci'in 17i'ti to make
'«*T* and draf** • f the English forts and
r*!.** in *"Tu!r,tra. lii Ll> return lie
r*l !htv r^nr,- of lu« laUjiirs in a
^... *rntrJ^I 'Thirty iiiJVrtnt Draughts
nf Gu.n^ji/ London, f'l He al*o Itft an
weCiUnr cf his viai* in. a nifiau»cripT, pub-
l]*h^i in 1744 -ini-r th* ritle of * A New
\ uyiijc : j i.Tiun^jau* in ^Lli'h hL nwn obser-
a*u-'n* ^*fcrp eke-I o:it with long extracts

Coa.-* r'f G t;r/ra.' TL^ imvorancy of tli

^ ^

|>arr of tb? u*.m^he aofoally written by
Smith :.* v^-ry ?1:/L* i Piss-ribuS, lv/^-

-j, ii.

[Gect. Mag. 1SS3, ii. 1^; Foter's ^bmni
OJEOJS, 1.>"J-17H: T:i rasly Ccrresy. ; Notes
an i Queries, fiih ser. ii 13" • Nidbcl*s Ula^tra-
ticns of Literature. T. 4S3,] E. I, C.

SMITH, WILLIAM (ini-17S7>, trans-
lator from the Greek, was born on 30 May
1711 at "WoTOssttr, where his father,
Hieliard Smith, was reetor of All Saint*'

CimrelL He entered Worcester grammar
school { Queen Elizabeth's) in 172:?, and pro*
,^^^ ;n |7£g to yew College, Oxford. He

& B. /Vkrjt**T«Tkni*ai**!' /•»•? TJ'rtVi^-.'wrf. T ^.—,^.1.

.

He ffmduatdl B,A. in 1732, MTA. in 17«7,
tndB.D.uidD.B.inl75d. Soon after taking
his bachelor's degree, Smith had the grood for-
tEGt: of !>ecomiiig known to James Sianlev
earl of Derby, and he resided with ;

Hi: nr«t|;ill:c%^ n, a tran^Lxtrn cf * Lr,n-
ziri :5 n tLe S^blin^," app^-are-i in 173?, and
^tahlisLel hL* rtp«t-at::ii as a classical
?cL "lar. In 1743 h^ "was app".ii:t«-i cliaplala
t L :I Ij-rty. tie succe??'-r "f his f.ncer
latrT., 2j;d in 174S headmi^trr of Brent-
w . :*d gramxar sch . L The Ii& ( :f a peda-
r- rue proved diftasteful, and .Smith re=igiied
at the cl'?a cf a year.

In 17o3 he became one cf the ministers
n£$r. Ge-'.rze1?, L:vtrp-«'L and in the same
year Ta^ published his translation of Thucy-
didtrs. In 170S, mainlr through the influence
of Lrrd Derby, he was presented to the
deanery of Cliester, with which lie htld other
preferments. He resigned St.Ger.rsre's^LiTer-
po* 1, in 1767, and Holy Trinity, Chester, in
17 sO, but he was rectcr of Handley from
1766 to 1767, and of West Kirby from 1780
to 1787. Smith died at Cib^ter on 12 Jan.
1757, and was buried in the south aisle of
the cathedral, where a monument was erected
to his memory by his widow, Elizabeth, of the
Heber family cff Essex. He left no children.

Smith spoke Latin fluently, and was an
excellent Greek and Hebrew scholar* He is
best known by his translations from the
Gr«k : 1. * Lpnginus on the Sublime, with
Notes and Life,' London, 1739, 8vo; the
test edition is the fourth, which appeared in
1757 ; subsequent editions, 1770, 1SOO, and
1819. This was based upon the Latin edi-
tion of Zachary Pearce "q. v.l, 1724 ; though
much praised at the time, and read by Ed-
xnund Burke among others, Smith's version
has been as completely superseded as those
nf his predecessors, «L Hall (1662) and
Leonard Welste&d ^q. v.", which he censured,
the text of Longinus navlng undergone a
complete recension since his day. 2. £ His-
tory of the Peloponneaan War, from the
Greek of Thucydides, with Notes/ 2 vols.
17*5^ 4to ; 1781 ; 4th edit. 1805 ; and seve-
ml American editions. A mediocre effort,
in which the ruggedness and conciseness of
the original are lost (cf. Gent Mag. 1860, ii.
513 J. A rumour was formerly current that
Lord Chatham had contribute^, the i Funeral
Oration ' in Book ii., * but the hand of the
great orator is nowhere discernible* (JowsrTj
Tkveydvkt, Introd. p. viii). S. * Xenophon's
History of Greece, by the Translator of Thucy-
dides; 1770, 4tOj 1781, and 1812. Smith
aliso published * Xine Sermons on the Beati*
tudes ' (London, 17S2, 8vo », and his fi-iend,
Thomas Cranej issued after his death * The
Poetic Works of William Smith, DJ).J

Smith

147

Smith

-' of whicl* lu.il alr-a^y
'

a brief m-molr :£ "lie

a; jr-nxed to Li* translation

T^tfT"sA:^r;^:C'3::i:, 1715-2 5«3- Ors^roi'*
fS,vre : eil: G^L*. 31.2. 17£a,ii. 745:
Ckn:^>:s ^^Ter^r* li^grr. pp. 431-2:
War&s cf tie L-'irnad. May 1739; Calmer? s
B: jgr. Di?t. : AUIoone's Lwt. of Ecgllsh Lit. ;
Brit. 31ns. Cat" F. S.

SMITH, 1VILLIAM \ 1730 r-I Sl^ t,
actor, commonly known as * Gentle man *
^inltli, the son of William Smirh. a wL Re-
sale grocer and l^adeal^r in tlte ei* j r-f Lon-
don, "was born in London abutit 17#,;. He
was educated at Eton und^r Dr. Somber, an I,
with a Tiew to entering the eLureh. wa* itd-
mitted on ^3 Oct. 1747, azeJ uVer =Ixte-n.
at St. John's C/il^ge, Cambrlige. Htre
Ms conduct was irregular, anl at tie close
of a drunken frolic it; -r;appfcd a^ tli-i pr»
tor an unloaded pistol. Rtrf^/.iiz tc sub-
mit to the puniaLnitfnt Impcfet-j, he caait? to
London and put himself under tL* t'lirion
of Spranger Barn* [q_. vf, tnro::gh wh:m he
obtained "an engagement at Co rent Gurdrn.
There, as Theodbsiu? in Lee's 4 Tkeodnjias/
he made hh fir=t appearance, S Jan. 1753, to
the Varanes of Bamr and the Athenais of
Mrs. Cibber ; the p-eff -.nuance was repea^d
on the three foil ^wing days. On 13 teb. h^
•WBS Polrdore in the"* Orphan,* and on the
21st the original Southampton In Junes's

* Earl of Essex/ After an uninterrupted
run of sixteen nights the piece last named
was withdrawn in favour of • All for Love/
in which Smith was Dolabella. For his

on 7 April he played Abudah h^the
of Damascu*/ flis impersonations
had '"hitherto bet^n tragic. On ^ Oct. he
made, with Orlando in k As you like it,' his
first appearance in comedy, and on 26 NOT.
played Young Mirabel in "the " Inconstant.'
On* the first appearance on the stage of Mrs.
Gregory M Hermione in the i Diatrest Mother,'
10 Jan.'175-A, Smith spoke aprolojarue, and on
the^Othor -2nd was the original 3Iasidorus
in McXamara Morgan's * Philoclea/ He was,
23 Feb., the orginal Anrelian in Francis's

* Constantine,* and played during the season
Axalla in i Tamerlane/ Loveless in the

* Relapse,* Myrtle in the4 Conscious Lovers,'
Carlos in * Love makes a Man/ and Valen-
tine in * Lore for Love/ At Covent Garden
Smith remained until the close of the season
of 1773*4. While there lie created the fol-

.
ppl';?/ Vj Mar^I: 17-V» ; Gl^valv^n in

c'jfclas' r.n it? production in London,

3larch I7«'7 i*Le part hii preyiou-Iy
n p lijc 1 IE Ei;i: VurzL by Lore - : Palador,
erw:^ rT,iIlerl :-. in Hawl-iin**!? al*eranon
rtrllri*?/' 15 Feb. 17-^5*: Belltield in
"ft * No one'i En^my but his own/
*17»'4 : >Sir Charles Somerrille in the
JIL-t^k-; r.y Mrs. GrifHrhf, 9 Jan.
Bellf'ri la Murphy's fc School for
;ar^/ 10 Jan. 17rJ7 ; DJH Antonio in
-rxh-Vs," Hull's adaptation of the
nti*rr5 of Five Hours," 31 Jan.:
e? in k CyrW HooleV adaptation
:r ai M-*^tai;o,*5 Bee. 17G*; Lord Clair-
\'ille In th1- " 5i»ter/ by 31r^, Ltennox, 1« Jan,
I7'-»'-*: Or-r^te- In LTU "Warw-i^k's adhpta-
ti-n £r:ra Voltaire, 13 March : Bt-ln^ld
; iLi:T in C irnberland's h Brothers,* i Bee. :
"rmantfe in H->:>*s adaptation so named,
•j* Feb. 1770: Atiia^anl in CraJock"rf
'Z-jfitriie/ II I»ec* 1771; ]>,rl Seaton in
Mr-. Gr:r!:!l^s *WitV in the Right,'
G» 3Iarcri 177-*; Athelm^li in Ma-on's
•Elfrlia," isl 5oT. ; Alrin:-r in Murphy"?
I ^e* so caaied. 23 Feb. 1773 ; King Henry
Li Huirs " H-inry II," 1 3Iay; and'Captain
Bootkby in K-irick's 'Daeniftt/ 20 Get,
Tearing tL^-e yeurs ht; kad be«n seen hi a
kr^e variety of parts, among wkicli the fol-
lowing stand conspicuous : Hippolitus in
" Phaedra/ Juba in * Cato," Antony in *

Cjesar.* Henry V, Romeo, Comus, HotspurT

Hastings, Oswyn in * Mourning Bride/ B&fi-
tard an"d Ed^arin*Lear/ ArcSer, Lott&rio.

Hamletj Youn^ Bt;vil» G)riolanusf Lord Fop-
i pington. Sir Harry \Vildair, Demetrius m
i * Humorous Lieutenant/ Falconridge, Pierre,
I Copper Captain, Richard IIIt Bajtxet,
j Mirabel in * Way of the World/ Iagof
i Antony In *A11 for Loye/ Alexander the
: Great/ Castalio, lachimo. Lord Toimly,
: Macbeth, Volpone, and Bon Selmstian.

To Gamek Smith wrote a letter, dated
; ^4 Aufif. 1773, giving a list of fifty-two p^rta
I in which h*^ was rb&dy at short notice to ap-
I pear. This means, says Boadten, a rrcollec-
| tion of twenty-five thousand lines. The
, letter in question, forms one of a cQrre*pon-
; den.ce in which Smith, who had quarrelled
! with Colman, set*ks an eng-ag-ement, but
i wransrl^s whether the terms shall be twelve
i pounds or guineas per w«ek. Garrick is very
1 acrimonious, and Smith finally a little abject.
| Smith asked Garrick to destroy the corre-
, spondence, which however still exists. In

an address to the public at Covent Garden?

10 March 1 774, as Macbeth, he spoke, accord-

ing to the manager's notebook, some vem*,
1 apparently of Ms own composition, announc-

Smith i-

ins hi « Intent i*n tn play Macbeth an ! Richard

jF/m'Jiv, but to tl-v-'ti him?-!? to fix-hunt-
ing and cam try purvt:t* :
Then take the ?:r *r*It of ny ::ttle £-;! i?.
Anl tAMu- *b- c:mf :•!* tLit "CL^rm^t viells.

He al-o -i-tlarv.i 'ya^e erroneously i that
h- hi,d --rTti rhr p'lr.Ii'? thirty-five year?,
TV r^Lr-m-ir :h*? contemplated had a
dura*r'U ~f barely m'-re than six months.

3ui!*h*2 £rst app^aris.c& at l&r;iry Lane
ws* !xn*I*: "tinier LT3.rr.c>i, i- ^&pt» 1» *4, n*
Ri;htri III, !acL;in% Hamlet, Orestes in
s Elfifra/ Ha.;tinz? in k Jane Shore,' Duke
In * M .-a.- ;r* f T Me&sir*/ Bajazet, and other
par? f'II"'W-<!, and h** was the original
Edwin, -arl cf Northumberland, in Dr.
Franklin"? * Manila,.* 1*1 Jan* 1775, and
Vv-ii^ri'i'X In J^ph-on"? * Bragranza," 17 Feb.
Hi* o%Ler n*w p&rt? at Drarv Lane consisted
of Ge^rjp Haryrart In Mrs. CowkrV Run-
way,' 15 F*b. 177*5 ; Arzac** in Ayscough'a
s Semiramis,' adapted frcm Voltaire, 13 Dec. :
Lorele^s in Sheridan",- 4 Trip to Scarborough.,1
24 F*b. 1777 : Charly? S-irface in the * Sclml
for Scandal." S 31 ay ; a part unnamed in
the * Roman 5-acritice* of William Shirley,
1^ X^c, : Pala^l^sT^ In J-pb^jn^s * L«aw of
jr,* ^ F^b. 177?*; Almaimon in
* Zorai'Ia," 1-3 B*?c« ; Acamas in
4 Royal Suppliant »/ adapted fcy D-slap firom
Euripld^^. 17 Frb» 17S1; Hamet in Pratt "3

* Fair CIrca*,»ian/ ^7 NOT.; Morley In

* Variety," i^'.rn^d hesitatingly to Richard
Griffirh! 1C Feb. 17-if; Montaiu- in Hull's

* Fatal IntprnewV It; NJT,; >t. Valori in
Cumber l.md',r * Cancelite." - Dec, 17S4;
Cliff-- rd in Burj^yne"* *TI»rires*,' 14 Jan.
17^J; and Errarjn in Belap's adaptation
from Earipides ;The Capt:Te«/ 9 March.
Amone other parts in vhich he was first
wen mt Drury Lane are BOB Felix. Captain
Absolute, Ford, Alwin in the * Countese of
Salisbury,* and King Arthur,

He made his last professional appearance
on the stage as Charles Surface, 9 June
1788, after which he retirt-cL settling at Bury
St. Edmunds, He returned to the stage of
Drary Lane for one night, 18 May 1798,
playing Charles Surface for the beneiit of
Kiiur. He died, 13 Sept, 1819, in his house
at Bury Sfc, Edmunds. His fortune, de-
clared under 18,000/M he left principally to
Ms widow, Ms wiH foein^ Droved on 14 £>et.
1819, At Ms request his funeral was with-
out pomp, and no stone or other indication
is weted to show his place of sepulture.
He al&o directed that no biographical record
should be issued alter hb death. Smith
fe»d married, in May 1754, Elkabeth, widow
of IMlaad Gourtenay ; she was second daugh-

^s Smith

ter of Edward Richard Montazn, viscount
Hinchinbr jk*;, and was thus a >"^r of John

M-:ntaju, the notorious fourth earl of Sand-
wich "q. T,] Great outcry being raised con-
cern: iij the disgrace to the family, Smith.
cfiferef to retire from the stage if an annuity
eq^al to the income he mride fcy his profes-
sion were given him. This proposal was
declined, and the lady died on 11 Dec. 176i'.
He subsequently married another widow, of
humbler station, but possessed of consider-
able property, who survived him and forgave
him a solitary but too notorious escapade,,
when in the spring- of 1774 he went to Paris
in company witli Mrs. Hartley, his Ladv
Macbeth.

Smith's youthful reputation as a £buek/
the circumstances of his early life, and his
marriage to the sister of a peer, conspired to
secure him the appellation of ; Gentleman/
He deserved the name, however, for other
reasons. He was by no means deficient in
tact, and his rancour against the critics had
less of absurdity in it than is common with
the generality of actors. His manners were
polished ; his voice, though monotonous, was
distinct, smooth, and powerful ; his person
was pleasing and his countenance 4 engag-
ing ; ' he was always easy and never deficient
in spirit. In tragedy he did not stand fore-
most, though his Richard HI was held a
fine performance, and his Hamlet, Hotspur,
Lothario, Edgar, and Henry V won recog-
nition. In characters less essentially heroic
he was esteemed. His Kitely was held better
than Ganidk's. and his Leon, Oakly, Ford,
Clllford, Falconbridge, and lachimo were
warmly commended. His chief success was
in gay comedy. His original performance of
Charles Surface is held never to have been
equalled, and in Plume, Archer, and other
characters he had few successful rivals.
Churchill, in the * Rosciad,' speaks of

Smith, the genteel, the airy, and the smart.

Daring his long connection with the stage
Smith only twice acted out of London dur-
ing the summer season. There seems some-
thing like affectation in Ms boast that he had
never played in an afterpiece and never
worn a beard or gone down a trap ; but he
is said to have had a clause in his engage-
ments that he should not be called on to act
on a Monday in the hunting season. Horse-
raeing and hunt ing were his delight : he some-
times hunted in the morning", and took relays

! of horses so as to act at night, riding once^t
is said, eighteen miles in an hour. When
he came from his retirement to plav Charles
Surface for King's benefit, thougk nearly

i seventy years old and portly in figure, he

Smith

149

Smith

re int.

In rL? M'ltLtTTi c:I^ct:c

*,und Ian llr,rl- of & jrr<

Sa^tL. a* CLirlrS S.irf.ce in **.L~ »rre*n
sc-rn-,' TrltL Kirr as *> P-ter, Pdla^r i=

J-t-f h i .rue:, -"ni Mrs. Al^rt^ as JUIr
Teiii^. Print- :f tie ?a:ne characters wrr-v
pu^Ii^hed by J:!L Harrz? in 1*7 S. 'snl Say-r
in ITS?, A portrait cf Sirztl a- Lic-Lis;:, hy
William LHwran»cn Las alsofcetn ^r^ra^i,
A permit ly II pjn-rr • 17*? ? was pr-^nt-i
t : the r.itkn ? y ^ereant Ta.Idy in i^J7,&nd
TTei* fr'sri'i^rr'^ .1 ii"*. m i»Jife */*S,IIGIISI 4,0 ..1^
National P:rtrait Gallery in 15&3 ! Csf. 1S9^',
p. S£9_. J:Ln Jaekssn'drr-S-l^Sl.* "q.v.",
at the initanee of Sir Gecrge Btaim^iir.
went down to Bury In 1S11 to paint a por-
trai* of Smith,, then over *ri^iity years oi
ag'e; this was engraved by William A, E.
Ward ~q. v.~s and p;iMIilied in 1619.

[Gencst's Aceotintof the English Stage ; Mana-
ger's Note-Book; Thespian Bietionarj; Giili-
land's Dramatic Mirror; Theatrical Inquisitor,
1S19; Clark Kns^ll's Bepresentative Actors;
Boaden's Life of Mp, Jortian, i. 122 ; O'Keeife's
Becollecriona ; Smith's Cat.; Garrick Corre-
spondeace ; Dari^s's Life of Garriek ; Button
CooVs Hours with the Players ; Gt*orgi«tn Era ;
Wilpolc Letters, ed. Cimnlngham ; Bosweli's
Jobo«on» ed Hill ; Taylor's Records of mj Life ;
note from K. F. Scott, eeq., cf St. John's, Cam-
bridge.] J. K.

SMETH, WILLIAM (I756-183S), poH-

tician, only son of Samuel Smith, of Clap-
ham Common, a merchant of London, and
Ms wife, M&rtna Adams, was born on 22 Sept.
1756, His family belonged to the Isle of
Wight, and had owned a small estate there
since the reign of James L He was edu-
cated at the college of Darentiy, and earl?
acquired a taste for literature and art, widen
was exhibited in after life in his fine library
and collection of pictures. On 2 April in
the general election of 1784 he was elected
H.P~, for Sudbury in Suffolk, and sat till the
dissolution la June 1790. He was not re-
elected, but obtained a saat for Camelford,
Cornwall, on 8 Jan. 1701, on the vacancy
caused by the death of Sir Samuel Hannay,
and sat till 1796. In the next parliament
he was elected on 25 May 1796 for Sudbory,
but after the dissolution on 29 June 1&02 he
was elected on o July 1802 for Norwich.
He did not obtain a seat in the next parlia-
ment, which sat from 15 Dec. 1806 to
£9 April 1S07, but on 4 May 1807 he was
jBg;ain elected for Norwich, and re-elected in
the four successive parliaments of 1812, 1818,
1#2Q, and 1^26? retiring1 from parliamentary
life at the dissolution of 24 July 1830, He

t part •;£ tit- dty

tL^ -It:C*ara*
The iir,*t isLj-
t'X-k jart JK
tiiat or. 31r.
r^jeal cf :h
lie sjttke at
*TCt in ir^t*
Lord Xort:i
*1> ,-ame s:;l
last in a grea

; I j*i i-f tLtiir pr p^rty aftt-r
n of American ind-j^ndence.
rt'^nt deLat* in which £ truth
rj. HL^t'jry, v;I. xxv. ^*4» wa*
feanfov^ mc^uE in 17?7 for a
Teit and Corporation Acts,
r^a* i-n^h on the same sub-
wlen L^ w&s answered, by
in 17t*0 on Fox's motion on
rot : on 1 MarcL 1791 L* spoke
delate in wLicL Borif , Jtox,
and Pitt spok* ^namo*iLnfor leave to bri&g
in a bill for the relief cf catholic diaSent«r»,
ani twice en the same till in April 1791. la
1 792 he attacked Burke on Fox's motion for
the repeal of certain penal statutes respect-
ir*j religious opinions, ani a^raiu attacked
him on the address of tLanks zn 13 Dec.
1792, Lat oftea afterwards quoted Lim and
spoke of him with re^-pecr. lie took part in
almost every discussion on religious dis-
abilities till the repeal of the Test and Cor-
poration Acts in le^S, when he was vice-
chairman at the banquet on 8 May 1858
held to celebrate the repeal, under the presi-
dency of the Duke of Sussex. In a speech,
made in 1790 in defence of Dr. Priestley, he
stated that he was himself a Unitarian dis-
senter, and in 1792, in another dehate on
religious disabilities, *th&t as long as his
name was William he would stand np for
his principles.* His position as chairman of
the deputies of the three denominations and
as the chief adrocate of their interests in
parliament, and the frequent length of his
speeches, were satirised in a political poem
of the time :

i At length, when the candles barn few in their

i sockets,
Up gets William Smith with both hands in Ins

•; pockets,

On a course of morality fearlessly enters,
With all the opinions of all the Dissenters.

On 2C> May 1786 he supported the motion of
Sir William Dolben on the African alave
bill, and in 1789 spoke in favour of William
Wilberforce's resolution oa the slave trade.
In 1791 he spoke at great length in the same
caus-e, giving much varied information on.
slavery, and the speech seems to have pro-
duced some effect on Pitt, He frequently
used classical quotations, and on this oc~
j casion quoted MacroHus, perhaps tfee only
instance in whieh t&at author has bees

Smith i

in the HCHW of Commoni. ^Ile
i to support Wilberforce'a motions
till the abolition of slrrer? in the British
colottiei. He snpport«sd Mr. Grey's motion
of ffcrIkm*»atJurY reform ia 1795, and again
ia May 17i>7, then stating that ha ^hid at-
tended erery mating on the subject for
twwity-two "years, and rored for aimil&r
resolutions to the end of his parliamen-
tary career. In the debater on Fox's ra-
»lstk>n af&inst war with France, on 18 Feb.
1793, and IE all dtbatta connected with the
fwolutioji in France, he spoke and voted
with the new whip, and he waj elected a
aaaaber of the Whig Club, from which Burke
and Windluun had retired, on 12 Jan. 1796.
He had been mentioned as a proper y&wm
to r^»esit the eif y of Loedoii, and juitified
tiiis opinion br attention to fij^aca and
oiiMr ao»aeraal quest icms, CM 3 Feb.
1797 he m&di a r^M on a propoMd loan,
ft»d osi 32 F«bn after a T«TT long wpweh,
forty resolutiona in iavo-ir of opn
t lor pveramfcnt loams. His t:rst
wta p^ aad rawirad twenty-
i ia the aJSrmitive, and 171 n^*-B.
Om 10 May 1«O5 he opposed th® com re^iz-
lation UUt sjia ic 180S diaam^d the _
larm feiH Ht §mf|K>rted m 1802 Mr, Defmt's
Ml to pfi@Te®t biiU-bftitinir with a quota-
tion &&» CH'id, bst agr«d with Windham
oa W Jam, 1806 ia o^pwing the mrofwsad
jtoeral ksiKmrs to Pitt. H« voUa for the
t3Ewp^ehm*?nt of Lord Melyille, and $|MAe
in l^iromr of tlM dinmiisal of tha Ihw d*
fork from the command of the anaay. In
1817 h« ©sprt^sed tome indignation at the
tee between the views of Bdbeit
f , aa lauztNite and writer in the *Qimr-
r,' and as author of * Wat Tyler,*
*a ©ftrfy effort which had just been printed
viibofit Somthey^ permission. Soathey re-
torled ia * A Letter to William Smith, Esq.,
MJV Smith was made a commissioner
vf h%kland roads and bridg-es, and in
tkat capacity trarelled through tha high-
Ipdb ia tint first years of this eeatury, aad
was hoepiUbiT ent^rtAin^d by the chiefs at
Castle Grtnt , Dun ve,&ran; and alaewherB. It
a&kd to his p^poknty that his faiher had
boos lpw§ fca Flflfti MttioSo^ald fc[. T. J wbea
^fee WMI is tfe© Tower, wodinjr i^p t@ft aad

so Smith

begins his reeoliecticms with an account of
a dinner at William Smith> on 19 March.
; 1796, where the com^tnT consisted of Ch^rk^
! Jamtsi Fox, Dr. P&n% ^iemey John Cour-
: ten*?, Sir Francia Baring, Dr. Aikin, Sir
I James Mackintosh, and Sir Philip Francis.
; Bogers presented Mrs. Smith in 1792 with a
handsome copy of the 4 Pleasures of Memory/

«E^ Heyaolds sometimes dinwi at his lions®.
He wast^Beco^piirck^r of the picture
of Mrs, Si^attaw the Tragic Muse, now in
the coliectwn of thfc Ihike of Weetmic^ter,
aj^ he poia^s^ two fine Rembr&r^t3. He

. field, Sir James Mackintosh, Thomas Clark-
' son, and ZacEary Macaulay were fireqnent
! ria terns at his bouBe ; Wilfoerforce was hp
j friend and associate througbout life, and his.
I portrait is drawn b? the skilful hand of Sir
' James Stephen in his famous essay on the
; Cltpham sect. He lived in Alderman-
! bury when he began public life* and after-
' wards at Clapliam Common. During the
parliament of 1812 he bought a house and
estate at Parndon in Es^^x, while his town
house was for many years before and after
i that time in Park Street, Westminster. He-
| died on 81 Ma? 1835 at the house of his-
' eldctft fen, Benjamin, 5 Blandford Squarer
1 a district demolished in 1697 for the Great
1 Central railway. Sir James Stephen says :
What he had nearly completed fourscore
, ha could still gratefully acknow-
that he had no remembrance of any
ily pain or illnese, and that of the Tery
erows family of whieh he was the head,
every tsember still liTed to support and to-
g iaddaa hk old age ; and yet, if hs had gone
amirning all his days, he couM scarcely
hare acquired a more taider pity for the
miserable, or have laboured more haMtn&Uy
for their relief.' H© marrM, on IS Jan. 1781r
Frances Co&pe, and had fire eons and five-
daughters, of whom the youngest died at
iixty-nme, two lived to more than seraaty-
fire, six. to mow than eighty, and one to-
more than niroty.

Hi$ portrait and that of his wife by Opie
are at Scaknd?, Sussejc. and there ia a fiill-
togth portrait, pftint^i by H» Thompson^
B.A., for hk cos^itnents, in St. A®drW»
Rail, Xorwicli ; both hare been engraTed.
Rig f&mily also p-:«8e»s a painting repre-
eenting him as a boy talking to his iktber.

BKSJAJOIT Smrm (178S-1800X fa® ^^sfe
son, was bom on 28 April 1783, married
Anne Lon^n, and dieJ m 1@ April 1860.
Ha crmtesttd Norwich at ihe election of July
18-37, when Sir William Scarlett and Lord
BcHiro were saccesoful. Scarlett's election
was declared void, and he became member
on 14 May 1S3& At the next election, on
38 June 1841, Sfflith wasr^tmr^d with Ijcyd
Douro, and continued to sit until the dis-
solution in 1847. He was am active gup-
porter of the liberal party and of the repeal

Smith

15*

Smith

of the corn laws. He was & patron of
William Hunt, the watereolour-painter, He

wa» painted placing chess with Ms son
"William L^ign Smith, at whose house of
Crowham, Sussex the picture is preferred,

[Short Memoir, priratelj printed,
I $35 ; Parliamentary History and Hansard's
Debate; Wilberforce's Life of Willrnm Wilber-
foree, 1838 ; Eecollections by Samuel Kogers,
2nd ed. 1859; Sir Jamas Stephens Eways in
Eeel««i&stical Biography ; Burden's 8onth«yf
18T9; Whig Club Bulers List, London, I7$i;
family papers ami information.] N. M.

SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839), geolo-
gist and erril engineer, was bom on 28 March
1769 at Churchill, Oxfordshire. His father,
John Smithj who had some local repute as
a mechanician, was descended from & race of
small fanners owning their land ; his mother
was Anne Smith of Longeomptoa, Glouces-
tershire. William was the eldest child, two
other boys and a sister completing the family.
In 1777 his father died; his mother married
aijain and surrived till 1 807. William received
his education at the Tillage school. He was
eren then a collector of fossils, given to quiet
solitary rambles, but of studious habits, and
was occasionally helped in getting books by
an uncle, also named William. With these
he taught himself some geometry, and such
elementary knowledge as was required for
BUTT eying. He was thus fitted to become
assistant, at the age of eighteen, to Edward
Webb of Stow-on-the-Wold* in whose k>Q8e
lie lived. Webb was a snrreyoir in good
business, self-Uught, but ingenious as a
mechanician and stimulating as a teacher.
Under this master Smith in flie course of his
employment gained a good knowledge of
the ao&s and underlying rocks in O:dfocdsMre
and tlie adjoining counties, till in 1793 he
was entrusted with the surrey of a canal
through the Somerset coal-Sell Tfeara
he produced so favourable an impression
on his employers that in 1794 he accom-
panied two of them on a journey undertaken
to inquire into the eonstruetkai and work-
ing of canals. This gave lim an invalu-
able opportunity for fie had already begim
those investigations into stratigraphy which
ultimately broug-at Mm fame and porerty.
The party went &s far north as Newcastle-
on-Tyne, going and retarniBg by differeat
routes. Thus Smith not only ertended
M* knowledge of the geology of England,
but also was able to verify bis ideas m to
tfee succession of th.e ^rata. AHer Me r^-
turn ^wfte^tiniio^ly ^ployed till 1799
oe the works of the Somerset Ooal Canal;
but as early as 1796 be had sJtetciied in out-

line a general work on the stratification of

Britain. Thia, on the conclusion of his en-

1 gagement, assumed a more definite form, *o

that he announced his intention of publish*

; ing, for he was convinced that lie had found

, the key to stratigraphy— TII. the ideBtifiea-

tioo o? strata by their fossil contents. He

, lived for a tins© at High Littleton* "but in

; 179»> he renioTed to Btth, near to which ia

1798 he bought a small property. Hia g**o-

lexical in veitigntions were greatly encoura^* d

by the Rev. Benjamin Richard^nof Farleigk,

near Bath, and the Kev. Jc^*ph Townsend

[q. T.] of Pewsey: and in 1799 the fcMrmtr,

m the house of the latter, wrote at Smith's

dictation a list of the strata in order of suc-

cession, from the chalk downwards to titt

( coal measures. This document now "belongs

| to the Geological Society of London, to whom

' it was presented in 1831.

Meanwhile Smith foeemzne more widely

known as an engineer. His magf ery of se»n-

. tific principles, hia success in dealing with

j difficulties in drainage and &11 other qiies-

| tions connected with water, led to his King

( summoned to distant localities, and enabled

Mm to increase Ms scale of charges. Bat

I whatever might be earned was swallowed

j up by the expenses of the map of the strata

\ in England and Wales, on whih ha was now

definitely ©n|£apd. In 1801 lie is«»ed a pro-

spectus of a work on the natural order of

j tie rarioiia strata la Ea^ksd md "Wa^s,

but failed to carry oat the project- He wm

con&ulted by Francis Kussell, fifth diike of

Bedford [q, T.], but was almost imm.ediai^ly

deprived % pTejnatnre death of one wk>

would hare Wm a moet helpful patrpai.

Hip name, however, wat rapidly becoming

known in scientific circles. The next duie

was & fei«d; Arthur Yona^ [f, T.], msse-

tajry to the hoard of agriculture, eoosulted

him; William Oawsiiav [q. T.t 'tifee iroa

king/ and % Joseph Baiw fq- T. J gare

golsetAiitial help towanlfi the

Mi map, but ostward
to impede the &eeomplisiimenfe of his de-
8t01T in 1806 hs overcame Ms n?lue-
to auth^rsKip, and p^bikhed ' Obe^r-
s on the Utility, Form, and Manage-
ment ©f Watof Mei^bws/ HtrwiA, 8vo;
and he received during tbe preyi ous jear &
medal from the Society of Arts to Kts BUC-
ceee in draining' Pri&ley Bog. By tMa time
lie had almost & moa&oly of work for

engaged IB travelling, sometiroes
tm tlKMisand miliss in & year, aod
before te days of railways. Araoag-
important eagine€fiag works, he waa

Smith

152

Smith

the nftroUaad of Ewt Norfolk, from Haj»-

m^mf$ to Yarmouth, and in improving iti?
antiiafe. Thi* oocupit-d him at intervals
from 1 KJO to 1 "09. In 1 * 1 u hi* ^nic^s w«re
reqahwd in Bath, th* prosperity of which was
fihrt*t*n«l by a fail are of its hot spring's,
Tli^ir waT*fr**fcad found a new channel ; this
Smith dvtKt^J and stop|**J, *o that they
Bowed tar, rt* L'uj'buslT than before. At the
6*ni# tijn<? hy su^ef-ssMly checked an influx
of water into a coal-pit at Bath?a*ton, to
which some prr%n§ had attributed the
failure at the springs; and in 1811-12 he
was employed in stepping some serious leak-
ages in the Somerset Coal Canal.

Meanwhile he had removed his geological
collection* to London, placing them in *
bmm in Buckingham Street, btrand, which
he Imd rented from 1806, and was endeavour-
ing to complete his gwlogical map. Among
other difEcultiea uuader which he laboured
must be reckoned the want of a topographi-
cal E3«p suitable for geological colouring-.
Thja was OTercosne by tike eate.rprise of Wil-
luus 0*iy fa. Y.J. who in 181$ had nuder-
takea to piiblkh Smith's niAp, sod hid&new
t*3f©f*af«mi one (4 fe^t high bv 6^ wide)
•Bf&md for the ptcrpoee. At last the work
wa* eoKgleted, was submitted to the Society
of Arts, reeeiYad from them a premium of
*£„ and wa# piMisJW on 1 Aug. 1815.
* From that hour the fame of its author as a
great original discoverer ic Eiigiish g&okjgy

WM SaeWWl ' (1. FBIUUtn).

Tha irst marked public tribate to Smltlfa
»«$rrici^ to ®cieBee waa In 1818 froia Dr.
William Henry Fit ion rcj. v.J in an artkk
tm tlie fwgrem of EBglish polc^y (JSstes^,
Jfer. xxix, p. SJO). Mmmwhile lie was bumly
aagmged in Suffolk md Norfolk om drmisafe
©fetation®, in Yorkshire pl&naing canals, and
in the Forest of Beau aa a surveyor of the
«o*Mtoid. But in 1816 he Waa to i^ne a

work entitled * Strata idmtiBad by Organised
Fonil%' whidi, toweTer, gtw^d al the ^mr&

r ; and next year fee p^Mislied * A Stntti-
fnfkml S^^M c^Orgaaii^d Fossils,' eom-
|UI from his own collection, which bad
beea perehaaed for the British Museum early
r. A gf^opeal m&® m
published m 1819T and
of at 'New Geological Atk* of
«^ Wai^' &c., w»s begun the
year (®bt part.6 a^«ir®a» the last m

with hi* suaall estate near Bath. Pe-
cuniary difficulties at last became so prewing
that in the autumn of 1819 he was obliged
to giTe up his hou&e in London, to sell ms
books and everything he possessed; even his
papers, drawings, and maps would have
gone had they not been secured by the kind-
ness of a friend. At the time he was en-
sragtd in Yorkshire : but the blow, though
ensured with apparent fortitude, was a sore
one, and after that he came but seldom to
London. To add to his anxieties, his wife's
health failed, and in the next year her mind
i became deranged.

| For some yearg after this Smith had no
; regiilar home, but moved about as his pro-
fessional engagements or his geological in-
vestigations dictated, chiefly in the north of
England, haying for & time as companion his
} nephew, John Phillips (1800-1874) [q. *,]
I He lingered long at KirkbyLon&dale. Hence-
forth geology , not withstanding straitened cir-
cuiaitaBees, evidently more and more en-
|roa$ed his thoughts. In 1854 he made, at
York, Ms irst attempt as a lecturer, and was
encouraged by the results to appear mtheli&e
capacity ia Hall, Sheffield, and Scarborough,
After this he fixed his residence at Sear-
^ where he designed the museum, im-
the water supply, and worked at geo-
B&t OT63>exerti0n in examining a
it displayed on the north side of the Castle
Hill brought on muscular paralysis in his
leg*. This eo&fraed him to his bed during
tlie imrly part of 1835, but at gradually passed
away in tlbe emirse of the year.

At kit, m 1828 lie settled down at Hack-
a©88 as lamd Reward to Sir John V. B.
JoiosMow. Tb® kttar used every friendly
ewl^Ttmr to stimulate Smith to OTMisa
| more of feis Tasfc stores of geological infor-
» siatkm; tmtf tkm^ii so re«dy to impart know-
!®<%e lo riacK^ by word of mouth, h© had
am mvmmm to psrW-slieets. * Mr. Siaitli
meditated and wro^a, l»it did iiot arrange his
p«p«B: aud, excepting a beautiful gwlogical
»af dlfe Hackneys e^ate, executed in great
i detail and with eitreme exactitude, nothing
of importance c&me from his hands to iha
«Wk' (J. P»jEaaf% Mmwirg, f. 11S>
Bat Smith's poeitk.n m the ^fatber of
1

Ba* wfeia Ms fame was spreading and his
proJessioR*! prospects were still good, ill-
to.raew&a&^trttlmfid. He kid sfcerileed
ill M» wrabp, «w» 'km fitde jp^i»»y, ia
ft d? fei« map, a^\ad ia<rdhr©d
specaktion COB-

IB February Ipi the ammsSL of the
cal Sociery voted him tlte Woll^ston medAL
asd Profa«ffior Acbm 8©%w«^ [§, T.J lie
president, look the apportunity of this, the
int award, to @xpal*ate mym Sm$&* sea?~
Tk@s k> tibe sc^ica Tbe medal itaeif had
not then been made, so it was actually pre-
smted to Mm at Oxford during tbe seooiid
ineetii^ of th« British Associatiae, when he

Smith i

al»o received the welcome news that the
gOTernment. at the instance of the represen-
tatives of British science, had granted him
& pension of 1QOL a year. When the asso-
ciation visited Dublin in 1835 he receired
the honorary degree of LL.D. from Trinity
College. 7

He resigned his post with Sir J. V. B.
Jphnstone in 1834? but continued to act as
his scientific adviser, and in 18S8 was em-
ployed bv the government as one of a email
commission to select the stone for the new
houses of parliament. When the report was
signed he had nearly completed his seventieth
year, but an increasing deafness was almost
the only indication of old age. In August
1839 he was specially invited to attend the J
meeting of the British Association at Bir- !
mingham. On his way thither he stayed |
with some friends at Northampton. A cold
of which he had made light assumed a serious
form ; he sank rapidly, and died on the 28th
of the month. His grave is at the west end
of St. Peter's Church, on the walls of which
& memorial tablet and bust have been placed.

A strongly made man of good stature,
Smith enjoyed on the whole good health,
though in mid life he suffered from ague,
contracted during his work in the marsh-
lands, and from about his fiftieth to Ms six-
tieth year was troubled with gravel ; this,
however, was cured *by temperance and
camomile tea.* His equanimity, patience,
industry, and memory were alike remarkable;
so also was his ingenuity in all mechanical
devices for overcoming' professional difficul-
ties. His geological knowledge was freely
imparted, so that, notwithstanding his re-
luctance to publish, his labours bore fruit
in the hands of other workers, and his posi-
tion as the real founder of str&tigra^ical ,
geology has neYer been questioned. 5

According to his own stmtenent (Jlf«- -
m&fr% p. 125), three portraits of Smith were ^
painted; the best, completed at a single sit-
ting, byM,Fourau, was presented by his grand- jj
nepSbew, W. Smith of Cheltenham, to tte
Geological Society, wldeit also possesses &
cast of the bust in St. Peters dnroli,
Horthamftom. Otter portraits aie by Solo- j,
mm Wifiiaios and John Jackson (1778-

3 Smith

SMITH; WILLIAM aaoe-idrej, *—

seller, son of a Locdon print-teller, WM b*>ni
on 11 July 1806 in Lisle Street, Leicester
Square. He proceeded to Cambridge Uni-
versity, but oa the death of his father in
1&35 he and his brother George succeeded to
the business, and he was obliged to abandon
his studies there. In 1836 he purchased
the collection of engravings formea by John
Sheepshanks [q. T, ] The Putch and riemieli
portions, which were considered to be the
most perfect in Europe, he sold to the British
Museum for 5,0002, , although he reeeiYed
larger oSers from Holland. This was the
first of & series of large transactions in which
Smith rendered eminent services to the pint-
room. Among the collections which readied
the Museum through his exert ions were those
of * Mr. Harding of Finchley ' (a rery fine
all-round collection) in 1841, of Coning ham
(engraTings by early German and Italian
artiste) in 1&44 and 1645, selections from
the Aylesford and Woodburn collect ions in
1847, and some etchings of the utmost rarity
by Eembrandt, procured at Baron Terstolk's
sale at Amsterdam in 1847.

In 1848 Smith and his brother retired from
business. From that time his kbours * were
wholly honorary and patriotic,* He took &
prominent part in establishing the National
Portrait Gallery, being appointed an or%mal
trustee, and chosen deputy chairman in 1858.
He was also actively ^jgaged IB the manage-
ment of the Art Union of London. At one
time he interested himself in acquiring «®
historical series of watercdour drawings %
British ftrtist£T but, learning tlmt the m*aar
gars of South Kensington Museum were

in his lifetime, to select wktt ti»y pleased,
and ptwented the mm£$®&ef t© the National
Gallery of Ireland,

Hewaa elected a fbHov of tlie Society of
Antiauariee in 1852.

Smltb died cm 6 Sept. 1876, ani wm
buried at Kensiil Green ceiaeterr. His cal-
iections, wMdb iaduded many rare cata-
logaes of g&lleries asd exliibitioBs, with
copious manuscript &&&&&* 1m bequeathed to
the libriry of m& South K^isWtoa Mn-

16 Sept, 1876; Attecaram, 1875, ii

[€hsikie*8 lafo of E-LMffidikeii; Ufa mA I «* 5 ^» «* toaiei, Sih «r, m. %$® ; "
Letters of Sedgvick (Ciark iiid Brakes); Obi- '
t^ry Notice, PitiC. 0e©i Soc. ii. K8 ; turn. 3
Gooi. See. i 325 ; a«>log._ Mag. T*V ser, 18&2, ;

4; drnztarij Bcv, advii iM«i; Bttl 'j
anacT, 114, zbL S4% Mil, 113-19 ; Mci®«m» 1 "we^
of WiB iam Smkii, LLJJ, by Jaim Phi!! ipe, _ -mm*

j«6*

8km WnjJAM

? bora is 1813, was the eldast

Pb ilip [<j. T.]

eaat
the

Smith

154

Smith

law %i a profusion, and WM articled to Mr.
I'torker, a. well-kaown solicitor. While thus
*#»pI0ired* lie arqu.rwl by hi« own exertions
so thorough a knowlwl & of the cliasica that,
eotmn^ UniTt-rntt Colin?*, &« gained the
Irst pru^ in th« Greek and Latin clawes.
II*? wai mtt'rtrd at Gray's Inn on 3 May
1S!X), but, iso n abaniorunsr the pursuit of
law, WAinfc a master at University College
xjlxool un.lt-r IV-maa Hewitt Key [q. T/,
aad It wa* from Key that fee learntd many
principle which lie afterwards used in his
cUatical grammars and exercise- books. He
early engvged in writing on scholarly topics,
and in frl&inz Latin and Greek classics.
He contributed article* to the * Penny Cyclo-
pedia/ and edited the 'Apology1 and other
workf of Plato, and a selection from Tacitus,
But it was w a collector of classical informa-
tion ivt a ksJeo^rafAIeal form that Smith first
made a recitation. In 184:2 there appeared
the * Dictionary of Greek and Roman Anti-
,' wMeli wat in ccnsidermbk part
fey y»®el£ For ©pwank of half a
t£ift work held its own as the test of
its kind wMdi English ^bolarship had pro*
daced ; and, a law moaths before Ms totfe,
Sttfeii kftd the satisfaction of publishing a
naw editkm^ whkh estends to double the
ftiee of tbe original book and is BOW accepted
br all scliokp m a wc^rk of aatbonty on
A@8al>j«M^s witk whicli It deak. The * Die-
t ioniry of G reek and lioman Biography T was
in 1849, and that of * Greek and Ro-

man Gef>graphy ' In 1857. IB the compila-
tion of tiiese valuable works he associated
witb Mmaelf the ebief aefeolars of tli® <iay.
Tb® ptiblicat; ioa of hia * smaller ' achool dio-
tiooahea of Latin and ckfi^ieal $abjectB began
ill 18t50. Im 1853, in conjunction with tlie
r, John Murray (1^B-189*J) [q.
d Ms * Frinci|«a ' seii@«» the met
of whkh» orieimated fey Himielf, has been
wkbly adopted by t&e lemdiiag fessadiers
. A senssof^St^feat'sMammla
aad Lit©rataref i>110wed. Ha
himself wrote tie * Student's Greece ? (IBM).
* pmtwl work in whicli fee engafec!
tke *MM© I^ti&iiary* (180CW1), a «nfe-
that lad km alreedj trt*t^d lexko-
John Kittofq.T.1; but Smith
a ff hicrhsr stJiitdard of fecbolftr-
emb^ced a wider ran ffe of topics.
He also edited witiix^rchdeacoa Cbeetham a
* Dictionary of Christian Antimmies ' (1S75-
with Dr. Wace a ' Dictknuur of

(@€ wlisA Sfc awrp Gboro was Hi© jAt
editor) wa3fiGki^ "W IB^a He placed
ftfiek^orateJyaaaotJit^^nDn of Gibbon,
iadtiding the note* of Milmaa and Orn^ k

*fig-ht volumes IB 1&54-5. In 1^67 he became
e^iitor of the * Quarterly Review/ and re-
tained the post until Ms'death. Under his
direction the reputation of the * Review *
wan fully maintained.

Smith was a member of the commission.
on copyright ( 1375), and in 1657 was elected
a member of th* general committee, and on
11 March 1361* registrar of the Royal Lite-
rary Fund. From 1653 to 1869 he w&#
ek^ieal examiner in London University,
and was member of the senate from 1869.
In 1&70 he received the honorary degree of
D.CJL st Oxford, and in 1890 at Dublin.
He was also honorary LL.D. of Glasgow,
and honorary Ph.D. of Leipzig, and was for
many years a member of* The Club/ In 1892
he reluctantly accepted the honour of knight-
hood. He died in London on 7 Oct. 1893.
He married in 1834 Mary, daughter of James
Crump of Birmingham.

Smith's remarkable success as an editor of
wotka of the most varied kind bears testi-
mony to Ms quick discernment of the public
need; to Ms ability In the choice of his
assistants ; to Ms skill as an organiser : and,
aboTe all, to the taet, judgment, and courtesy
which enabled him to work with men of all
ctegrees awl of varied character in a spirit of
perfect harmony and friendliness. His name
will always be associated with a reviyal of
ebssieal teaching in this country.

[Tunas, 10 Oefc. 1893; Athaaiemm, October
3, j> 434; Annual Begister, 1893, pt ii. p.
; Foster's Alumni 0xm. 1715-1886; pri-
vate iafanaaaf km,] E. C, 1C.

SIIITH, WELMAM,LL,B. (1816-1896),
actuary and translator of Fichte, was born in
UTwpooloC Spottkh mrents on ^)D©c. 1816.
His father dying whu© b« was aa infant, he
was bromgiit up at Edinburgh in the house of
his maternal grandlktaer, Kobert Cnmming,
wb©t tl»«g!i a descendant of John Brown,
(1627M&8&X tha martyr of the covenan^
was akaaelf a d^eiple ©f James Piirres [q. vj
Ap^renttct^l to & bookseller in his thirteenth
y«ar, aH^r aemBf mvm years fee was fe"
another seven ye&rs engaged as clerk in a,
newsj^per oiii^e. IB lm& lie entered the
insitrance business m bead derk to th&
Briiish Guarantee Aseoei&tioEu In 180 he
became manager of the English and Scottish
Law Life Assurance Assoeijtt jon? a post
which he held with the highest distinction
lor larty~lYe years, retmoF in 1808, wlbea
fe«s beeaia a &eet©r. H© neeanM a Mbw
of OM» I»titnt@ of Aetmms of Oimt Britaia
and Ireland in 1840, and of Scotland lit
1866. In 1869 fee served on tlie eomiaitt^
for calleeuoa of the mortality eiperieaces of

Smith 15

British life offices. From 1879 to 1881 he !
was chairman of the Association of Scottish
Managers, and as such drafted the Married |
Women's Policies of Assurance (Scotland) !
Act, 1880.

Smith made his mark in letters and
philosophy as the translator (1845-9) and
biographer (1&4£) of Johann Gottlieb Fichte
jlTtf2-1814), with whose idealism he was in
strong sympathy. He had no classical tastes
or training, but was widely read in French
and German, as well as in English litera- ,
tare. His familiarity with modern Euro- '
pean thought was extended by foreign travel.
In 1846 he was one of the founders of the
Edinburgh Philosophical Institution, and
was long its most active vice-president and
chairman of its directors. The selection of
its library and the arrangements for its
winter lectures owed much to his insight
and enterprise, and to his admirable com-
bination of courage and strong sanse. The ;
honorary degree of LLJX, conferred upon
him by Edinburgh University in 1872, was
a well-earned tribute to one who* without
tfe® aid of an academic careerT had done
much to foster the true spirit of modern
culture.

In politics a strong liberal, he took aa
active {>art in the second return of Macaulay
fe Edinburgh (1852), in the election of t
Adam Black [q. v.] as Hacaulay's successor
n.866), and in the successive elections of Mr.
Gladstone for Midlothian. He was a J.P.
for Midlothian. For some time he was am
ol&ee-bearer, subsequently an attendant, at
St. Mark's Chapel (Unitarian). Amonp his
closest friends were Kobert Cox [q. v. j and
William Balkntyne Hodgson [q. v.] His
genial humour, generous kindness, and stead-
fast will made Mm a powerful personality
in tfee circles in which lie moved. He dieS
al Ms residence, Lennox Lea, Onroe, Micl-
lottojai, on 28 May 1896, and was buried at
the Delta cemetery, Edinburgh, He marrM
(1S44) Martha (d. 18 May 1887), dangler ®£
Kotert Hardie, manager of the Edinburgh
University printing press, and fad nine chil-
dren, of whom seven survived 3$im.

His translations of Fichte (forming part
of * Tlie Catfeolie Se»e«*f mMidW fey /ote
Chapman) comprise: 'The Nature of the

'The Vocation of Hie SehoW 1S£7, 8ro ;

1847, 8vo; 'H* Yoeatbn of Has/
* m© Way towards

Smith

L_™J, 29 May 1896, SO May 1896 (fetter
by W. T, 0airduer, MJD.); Chrutun Uf«,
0 Jane 18^6, p, 278 ; personal knowledge.]

A.G.

(1766-1836), Irish judge, and pamphlet«r,
born on 23 Jan, 1766, was the eldest mm of
Sir Michael Smith, an Irish lawyer of emi-
nence, who, after sitting for eleven years in
the Irish parliament, was from 1794 to 1801
a baron ol the court of exchequer, and from
1801 to 1806 master of the rolls in Ireland.
Sir Michael was created a baronet in 1799,
in recognition as well of his son's parli&men-
tary sendees to the government as of his
own judicial eminence, and died on 17 Dec.
1808, haTing retired from the bench in 1806.
William Casae Smith was the only son of
Sir M ichael and of Mary , daughter and bebrees
of James Cusnc of Coolmiue, Oa Ms mother's
death he assumed the additional surname of
Ctisac. He was educated at Etoa and at
Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated in
1 788. While at the uniTersity Smith became
acquainted with Edmund Burke, with whom
he corresponded (BtrsKE, Gwr&pQndeme, iy.
37), at whose house he passed some of his
vacations (PEIOB, Life &f Burke, iL), aad to
whom he dedicated in 1792 two pamphlets,
entitled * The Right® of Artisans* and * Tfaa
Patriot1 (Burke. Cfem»
He was called to the Iris
rapidly aeqmlriBg a aub

m 366).
bar in 1788, and,
s^al

made a kisg '» eomisel im 1796,
year he entered parliament for tbe
of Donegal. Th^gh holding liberal vk ws
on catholic emAncipatioa, as migfet be ex-
pected from a disciple of BtukeT he l
a sfam% sm|»orter c^f tki gon
was one ol thss ir^ ml »oel
vocates of tin uBion, Mb
usbn cbbate in 1790 wms efite^m^ one of
the ablest on tk&t side, mid was pafctiisiied
as a pampMet (C**tltr&i$h Ocrretprndextv,
IL ISO), He was &n luHive nknaber of the
mmontyc^ the Irish l^nrhickfaTcmred the
nniof^and the author of a protest agitiBst
the action oft be m»jority(^,i.S44}. Several
letters and pampKl^whiek Rewrote it the
time w«re republifihed in 'Tracts on the
UMM* m 18SL

IB B^cswtor 1W fibdlk w^ aff«wt©i
sclicitor-g^aer&I. mUe fa^Hing that cv&ee
he was Appoint^} deputy ji^^^
went the Bortb-eiust circuit as the
of hi5 own f^th^. In 1S01 lie

Insh public. la Iiifi

Smith

156

Smith

lit fare ofFrtiw to l7Conn41 and the popular
party In eQ&*#4Uvnctt of the strong language
to «taploy«d in ehur^ag ^rand juries at me
aMixefl, in condemnation of the tithfe agita-
tion, and Ms conduct ww brought before
parliament. jSmlth was a man of eccentric
h*bit«. and wa# in tL*j Labit of Holding his
court at inconTenitrnt hours. O'Connell skil-
fully trailed himself of this to support his
political objection?. On 13 Feb. 1S#4 it was ;
i**oktd by th* House of Commons, at thy !
I»*t&nce of O'Onnell, to appoint a select 1
committee * to inquire into the conduct of
Baron Smith in rwpect of his neglect of duty |
as a judge, and the introduction of political
topic* in his charges to grand juries.' It
wa* soon felt, howeTer, that such a resolu- :
tion threatened the independence of the
judge*. Smith's friends brought forward
tfce question afresh a week later, when the
moitttioa was rweimded by a majority of
sis:, dboefi j through the exertions of Frwe-
IKK (afterwards Sir Frederick) ^mw [% T.]
He received congratulatory addresses on this
occasion &QW nearly every grand jury in
Irelauad. Smith surrived this for two years,
dymg at luft sm&7 Newtowm, in the King's
€&w*W. o® 21 Aitt, 1836. Ha manwd, ia
1737, Biwter, daughter of Thomas Berry of
Ifeliih, Qw»a'» Ccwity.

Smith was a cultivated and active-minded
man. His political writiags on tee union
and other questions are marked frf grm&
TJgxjur of thought, tihcmgk the style is some-
what turgid. A^PaullhickPeewdeaPIi©
iisrod a small volume of verse entitled i The
of Neapolis ' (Dmfelia, 1836). Ilia
(Bubfin, 1830) w^e pirately
without as aotMr's aanse; wiiila
' Metajiiysic Ramblas ' (in three * jstrolls *
parts, 18^5-6) appeared as by * Warner
Cfanrtian Search.' Lnder these pseudonyms
and that of * A Yeoman,' fee issued many
other essays, tracts, and addresses of no clis-
tiactive merit. The Bale of iiis valuable
library took place in Dublin In 1837, &nd
^<^^ped lour cbys.

Tsi^ifcAJi BAasr CusACfE-SnifH (1795-
186&)r eecottd son of the above, beoimeT like
Ids laite aad grandf atiter, a disringTiished
lawyer «wi Jn%& He received his edu-
caticai at Tr^ty Oolege, Ihiblin, where he
^T»dEAt*d in 1813. In 1819 he wa^ called
to tbs latr, tad receiyed a silk gown in
1830. la September 1842 he was appointed
sol«3t€a^eiiersl for Ireland in Sir Kobert
JPftdTs **ti&i^&fe!'fttio&, aad is NoTember of
tlie s&xae year s^c:eeded France Black-
bume ||. v,] as attOrrney-g^BeraL la tkis
Sis most important duty was Id COB-
of O'Conaell, whom

be fnceeeded in cxmTictiBg before the Irish
judges, though the conviction was subse-
quently reT^rsed in the House of Lords.
in the cour&e of the trial Smith, who was a
hot-t«mptml manT committed the indiscre-
tion of challenging one of the uppoeing
counsel to & duel. The matter was brought
before the court, wh^n Smith publicly apolo-
gised. It was considered that the memory
of this unfortunate incident cart him the
Iri*h chancellorship later in his career. He
was christened by 0'ConntII, who had a
talent for nicknames, 4 Alphabet' Smith and
; The Vinegar Cruet." From 1843 to 1846
Smith sat in the House of Commons as
member for Ilipon, having preTiouslv con-
teated Yoaghal unsucctssfully against O'Con-
nell's son. In the latter year he succeeded
BlacMmrne in the otfice of master of the rolls,
andretmined this position till his death, which
occurred suddenly at his shooting-lodge at
Blairgowrie in Scotland on 13 Aug. 1866.
Smith was a man of harsh manners and
rough exterior, hut his abilities were of a
Mgi order. Sir Robert Peel considered his
speeeh in the Houae of Commons in 1844,
in defence of his action as attorney-general
in Ae 0*Conneil prosecution, as ranking,
with Cannings Lisbon embassy speech and
Plimket's on catholic emancipation in 1821,
among the tfere© speeches most effectire for
t&eir immediate purpose which he ever
Iktened to (Qmrtxrty Eemew^ cxxx, 199).
He married, in 1837, Louisa, daughter of
11b*>!na€ Smith-Barry of Fota, co. Cork, and
his grandson is now heir-presumptive to the

[For Sir William Smiih: M^dden^ Irelaod
mid iti E^br% ii. tS-142; WiM* l^rm of B-
Ja^rbfa M&me&, vi 257 ; Whiteei4e'a Early
S&>t£b*s, p. 274 ; Webb's Cc^ipendinm ; Barke's
Peerage aad Bfciwtey. For T. B. (X Smith :
O'Ckamor Mood's Merors of a 3Lif e ;

15-16 A^. 1866.] C. L. P.

SMITH, WILLIAM HENEY (1808-

187^), philoac^te-, po^, and mis«^liaeoiis
writer, sw €/ R^ard Smith, bamstap-afc-
law, was bom at Tsarth End, Bimmer-
gniitli, in January 1808, of parents in easy
circumstances. He wag educated at Radley
school, then a noacooformist institutioa, and
afterwards at Glasgow University, where he
made many valuable friends and imbibed
the habits of thought which influenced his
subsequent life. Altar his father's death in
1823 be was placed with Slmron Turner to
study law, a&d served oat hm articles «a
a solicitor with excessive dktiste. He was
afterwards called to the bar, and went circuit
tea while, but obtained no practice. Havbig

Smith

Smith

ft umall independence, lie mainly led the life
of a reeliise man of letters, reading, thinking,
writing, and enjoying the friendship of Mill,
Maurice, and Sterling, haying assisted the
litter two when they edited the * Athenaeum.*
Caroline Fox notices his personal likeness to
Maurice. His jioemp * Guidone * and * Soli-
tude T were published together in 1836, and
about the same time he reviewed Bulwer and
Landor in the ' Quarterly.11 In 1839 he pub-
lished his * Discourse on fethics of the School
of Paley/ which was, in Professor Ferrier's
opinion/ one of the best written and most in-
geniously reasoned attacks upon Cudworth's
doctrine that ever appeared.* In the same
year he began his connection with * Black-
wood's Magazine/ continued to nearly the
end of his life. He contributed altogether !
1*26 articles on the most diverse subjects, !
stories, poems, essays in philosophy and poll- ;
tics, but principally reYiews and criticisms,
all Taluable, and all distinguished by ele- ;
gaace and lucidity of style. His norel,
* Ernesto/ a story connected with the con- |
gpiracy of Fieseo, had appeared in 183*5. It i
lias considerable psychological but little nar- j
mtiYe interest. Similar qualities and defects I
characterise his tragedy of * Athelwold J
(1842), although it was greatly admired by
Mrs. Taylor, the Egeria of Stuart Mill, whose
scrap of criticism is one of the reij few ;
•utterance® of hers that haTe found their way !
into print. Macready produced a curtailed '
Tersion in 1843, and his and Helen Faueit's
acting procured it a successful first night ;
more was hardly to be anticipated. It was
published in 1846 along with ' Six Willi&ja
Orichton/ another tragedy, aad '(xuidone* !
and * Solitude.* From this time Smith lived
chiefly at Keswick in the Lake district. Im j
1851 he unexpectedly receired a® otor from j
Professor Wilson to supply temporarily Me i
place as professor of moral philosophy at
Edinburgh,, but be was ditSdent, and had
begun to write ' Thoradale/ and tlie tenqpt-
mg offer was declined. * Hionidmle, or tibe
C«»ikt of Opinions,* was publ^^d » 1^7,
taid, notwithstanding its length and occa-
sional abstrusenese, speedily gained accep-
t*nc« with thoughtful readers. In ihe pp-
vious year ha had become acquainted with
Jm future wife, Lucy Caroline, daogiiter of
George Cuniming, M.O., whom he married at
St. JoliBfs GhuvA, Nottiair EBIl,o® 5 Morcfe
1851. * GraYi»tarsi, or T^^fels o® Good
and Evil/ was publislied in the same year.
It confirmed and extended the repotation
aoquireKl by 'Tfecvrndale/ bat Smith owes
mttch more to Ms wife's beatttifml and aJeo-
tiooAte record of tlkeir married life, aimoe*
devoidof incident as it is. Hi* health began

to decline in 1869, and be died at Brighton
on 28 March 1672. Mrs. Smith a arrived
until 14 Dec, 1881. Apart from her memoir
of her husband, her literary work had prin-
cipally consisted of translations from the
German,, both in prose and Terse,

Xert al^er the biography which has em-
balmed his name, Smith will chiefly be re-
membered bj his philosophical dialogues,

* Thorndale * and * GraTenhurst.' The mu-
tual relation of the books is bdical€d by
the author ^ himself when fee eaj-s th»t
4 Thorndale f is a conflict of opiakma and

* Graveiiharst * a harmony. No nj&n was
better qualified by innate c&ndopr and iEDyar-
tiality to balance conflicting opisicms against
each other, or by acut^ness to exhibit tfa«
strong and weak points of all. The aclectk
character of hie mind aided the difusioa of
the books ; ever? one found much that earn-
mended itself to him, while less popular view
were expressed with an urbanity which dis-
armed hostility, and the hesitation to draw
definite conclusions was an additional attrac-
tion to a public weary of dogmatism. If these
really charming compositions haTe become in
a measure obsolete, the chief reason is the
importation of physical scienee as an element
in moral discussions, but their classic ele-
gance will always secure tliem an homoiirable,
if not an influential, place in the history of
modem ^ecaktiom. Smith's dramatic gift
was not meonsidtTAhle ; his personages are
well individualised both in his dialccTies and
his dramas. Of the latter, *Sir Wilkw
Crichton/ a play of the stormy times oC
James II of Scot'laml, is the more eSeetire.
; Athelwold ? is a clear imit&tioQ of the style
of Sir Henry Taylor, and, liie the
'Edwin &e Fair,9 Mm%B J*wt$ibm

stige. Both plays are full of wisdom,
tif oily erpr^sed, kit neither is Tery
nor Twrjr reoL

of Will i^ Sm ith, % hii
dnt^d priTa£*lT m 2S73, «n
wards pretxed 10 the second «ii tio® of (Jra;T©B-
fcrat, WU; "fhe ^«ry «^ Wili*® ami
Smith, by Gwrge H. Meiri&ffi, 1S8S, a
of tiie m«m«r with oe^i^os additions frcra t he

tnitiogs itadiritb m porfeniit from a b«dt
thorocgh d^cripiioa and a^lm of '

of a

') k

by M. Joseph Milsawi ia oee
«eajs tilled ' I^ttA^tHrft
Ihjoo, 1S93, pp 173-
It 0*

WILUAM HBNMT
km

Smith

1*8

Smith

ift. Mary Ann*,- Cj> >p*r.

Hi* parent* w?re «riet merh-'uliatj-. Mcith
WE* Hluc*tfd entirely at home, except for

*o«e most hi in IsJH ?pent 13 s bonnier at
T»Ti*t<ock /rrammar school, of which his
bf»*l>-r-in-Uir, fheTtev, W, B^aL was Lead-
i»*.*trr. At »jetet~n be expre*fled a strong
WjUh to g"> to Oxford tnd prepare for holy
oni- r«. but, «ii *IrfVr»-iiefc to Lis father's

tlw4 strand. Though keenly disappointed,
vnunsr Smith applied himpelf resolutely to
Win*;**, and twame his father's partner in

l*4*i» The elder Smith, by his energy and
bui*Ines6 instinct, had secured already the
position of leading newsagent in the country.
But his st&tngth was failing, and the manage-
ment of theconeern pawed gradually into his
tea's hands. Th« development of railways
afforded an opportunity which the young
man was not slow to seize

any attempt to extend the enterprise be-

ys^ the ©ostaesof as itgen^y for the sale of

the dWferemt railway companies for the ridu
to erect bookstalls at their st&tkm,i, and in
1851 ^cured a monopoly of tkm on the

< eenrpalou? care devoted to excluding all
pernicious literature, which had hitherto
made time railway bookstalls notorious,
young Smith got tm aaiw of * the North-
Western Missionary/ and by 186$ this re^u-
tation had secured for the firm the exclusif e
right of selling hooka and newipapers oa all
the important railways in Engine!. The
«peaJ of the newspaper stamp duty in 1854
ga?e am enormous impetus to the circulation |
of journals, and W. H. Smith & Son were i
in a portion to derive immediate advantage ;
frona it. ^Previous to That, the Great Indus- i
teal Exhibition of 1851 had inaugurated the |
sjorelty of open-air adT©rti$ement. Smith
was fin* in toe ield, and secured, at what
ir«s ©outdared by his father an extraYajrant
0Kti*y, ft lease of the blank walls in all tha
principal railTrar stations. The jm>fits
8*f*iSl$r fpww till they became prodigious,
Neit came the circulating lihrair, arising
nAtar«LiljOYitoftheb<xte*)]ba^Q^B. At
ti» rareseat day it conUioB upwards of three
Immd tfeousajaa rolumes. Last of all, by
arraBg^Bent with Messrs, Chapman 4 Hsll „
th$ pardwies of co^jT%hts and the pablica-
tiofi aCdb«af * j$!^-m&b®& * eilitkms w^e
und^rtftjEeBT a hntncli of business whkh was
di*po**l ^ in 1881 to Mmm Wa^ 4 Lock,
t elte ^ffiith tei b 1806* Imviiif te
i ftt the h«td ^ &Ttflry krge and te«mtm

Meanwhile the younger Smith had been
taking an increasing share in public and
philanthropic business, In 1849 he became
onw of the mtnacring' committee of King's
College Hospital, in 18»>5 lie was elected to
the metropolitan board of works, and on
the formation of the bishop of London's
fund in 1661 he was appointed one of a
small working committee. He held also the
offices of treasurer of the Society for Pro-
moting- Christian Knowledge and of the
London Diocesan Council for the Welfare of
Young1 Men. He remained, till the close of
his life, a munificent subscriber to philan-
thropic schemes, especially those conducted
by the church of England.

Naturally inclined to liberalism in politics,
owing- to t£e connection of his family -with
the Wesleyan body, Smith perhaps owed his
first approach to "the conservative party to
Ms rejection as a candidate for election to
the Seform Club in 1863, He accepted an
isTitatipB to stand for "Westminster in 1865
as s liberal-conservative against Captain
Grosyeaof (whig1) and John Stuart Mill
(radical). He was left at the bottom of the
pall ; but^m 1868 (the franchise haying been
extended in the meantime to householders in
boroughs) he was returned to parliament for
the same constituency by a majority of 1,193
orer GTOSTOTOT and 1,513 over MilL In this
year tie inform liberalism of the metropo-
litan representatives was broken by Smith's
eleetkm, and that of a conservative for one
ofthelcmreitys^a. Thfiexpmditureonthe
Westminster election had been eiionnaus.
South'! relum was petitioned against, and
the indiscret km of his agents proved well-
nigh iatal to his retaining the seat ; hut, as
the * Times ' observed in a leader on the Yer-
dict, i a good character has, to Mr. Smith at
any rmte, proved better thaa riches. It may
be a question whether the latter won the seat
for him, btxfc there can be mo question that
the former has saved it,'

Once in parliament, Smith devoted himself
with energy to soeial questkjas, malting Ms
maiden speech on a motion relating to
pauperism and vagraaey. At no tlsae aa
eloquent or even a fluent speaker, Ms repu-
tation for combined philanthropic awl busi-
nesslike qualities caused Mm to be heard
with respect. Tlie iatrodactloii of tie BdN&-
cation Bill in 1 870 Irouj^bfc him into Ifcequeiifc
consultation with William Edward Forsfcer
fa. T,J who had eharg© of it ; and he aaad
Lord S^adom (now Earl oC Hamra% ) were

vvmmmtt t@ afeaadkm then- projeet of ereatfsig
twofttj-ihna school boards Ibr the metropolis
and to substitute & single large one. Smith

Smith

*59

Smith

•WM elected a member of the first
school board in 1&71, and a resolution framed
by Mm was adopted IB a compromise on
the vexed question of religions teaeaing in
school*.

On Mr. Disraeli forming Bis administration
in 1874, Smith was offeree! and accepted the
post of secretary to the treasury; and in
1«77S on the death of George \\*ard Hunt
[q, Y,]» he joined the cabinet as first lord of
the admiralty. This office had generally
been held by persons of high rank, and Dis-
raeli incurred some sharp criticism from his
own party by conferring1 it on a London
tradesman (tne incongruity of the choice
found popular expression in the comic opera
of 'BLM.S. Pinafore^ by Messrs, Gilbert
and SulliTan). But Smith's appointment
belied ail mi&givings and proTed a complete
success. In the trying time when war with
Kussia seemed inevitable, and the cabinet
was weakened in the early part of 1678 by
the secession of the Earls of Derby and Car-
naxroH, Smith showed much firmness in coun-
cil. Slow in forming a judgment, he had
the enviable gift, once it was formed, of ad-
hering to it without anxiety.

After Mr, Gladstone's great victory at the
|K>lls in 1880, the official conservative oppo-
sition in the House of Commons proved too
mild and inoffensive for the younger members
of the party. Of these, Lord Randolph
Cfeurchifl, Mr. Arthur James Balfour, Sir
John Gorst, and Sir Henry Dmmmond
Wolff, who were known as the 'Fourth
Party/ made frequent attacks on their
ksacbrs, Smith, Sir Stafford Henry Noarthoote
(afterwards earl of Iddasleigii) [a. v.]r amd
&Ilic3iard(nowYi8eoiint)&06S. Mr. Glad-
stone's ministry resigned olSee after tlieir
defeat in June 1885 on the beer duties,, and
Lord Salisbury formed a cabinet to complete
the scheme of redistribution of seals ren-
dered necessary by the Reform Act. Sm hb
became secretary of stale for war. West-
minster, which had previously Fetorod two
memkeite, was divided by the mew Recllatii-
bution Act into three single-seated con-
stituencies. Smith appropriately chose to
represent the Strand oifioMM, lor which lie
1 was returned by 5?645 against vote j

in November 1885. In December Lord CAT- j
B*Tfon resigned tite vicero jalfcy of Ireland j
and Sir Will iam Hart Dyke that of chief
secretary. The latter was a difficult post
toilL Lord Selisbtiry tamed to Smith, who
entered opon the inte of tib* in-

wai oTertkrown in Jus*? Is***-; on
tion by the Hoo«« of Commoni of tiij* bill
for conferring home rale upon Ireland, In
tiw general eleetion which followed ^mith
his majority in the Stmnd difimoa
As & member of Lord S»Iisbiiry?s
second adminutrafionT he returned to the
wtr^ office. Lord Randolph Churchill fee-
coming chancellor of the exchequer and
leader of the House of C&mmom. Thorous"hly
as Smith had earned the conBdewse of Ms
colleagues and the esteem of the house, few
people flu*pect*<l him of pD^eswng the pe«m-
liar gifts essential to a feader of the kw^.
Yet, whea Lord Randolph C^archill sn^JaaJ j
re^iraed the leadership oa 23 B^c, 1888,
Lord Salisbury turned to Smith ornea aiore.
Ha became first lord of the tmasarr and
leader of the House of Commons, while Mr,
Goschea joined the cabinet as chancellor of
the exchequer. Despite the mediocrity of
his oratorical power, Smith's leadership "wts
an undoubted success. His judgment was ad-
mirable, and all parties acknowledged in Mm
& conscientious politician remarkl by his
great wealth irora all suspicion of anxiety
for office. The work of p&rlkjnent kaa
grown unmanageable ; sittings were pi?o-
longed to extravagant hours ; tne Irkfa par^r
h&<f acquir^. a mw impc^tance fey their alli-
ance with the liberal party, tuc! W k®fc
aon€ of their poirar of prafcnciiag cblMte [see

four sessions and fait of a fifia Smith wis
inee^aantly at his post ; latterly, during tbe
s*^I&nofl801?itwajsobTioustiat kisheAltfe
ws« giving wmy under llie strain. Hie last.
attend&nceintheHouseof Commons was o®
10 July. G® m&m*
to AVaWr Caeile, bi^
warden of the Cinqaa pcrtaT to w&ieit lit
had been appointed on the preyioee 1 May.
He died thtre os 6 OCT. 180L

jpifrw £@MSA feav® Sdc^r&ci so Bindi isouss*
resj»e€t from tfee House of Oosaiaons; hs
owed it to no brilliast qitalities m debate,
bac to sterliagr sound eense and p^rt^t. Ln-
tegrky. 'PiiDcV « its weekly Aetcte of
parliament, coaferrtd on him t he ^briquet of
IAUT ** **• •

A portrait of Smitk I® middle
G^om3 Ilickm<:«idt b^iongs to Ms

d&Cdttt and rea%a»-
Mr. Gladstpae men
s® prtmfo minister, but

„ ... . , „ ^ , »®d

marble basta were ex ecu tad altar his deadi
for the Hoose of Comiaaoas and tJb^ CsLritoa
Ciub.

Ln l^B Smith marri^ Emily, widow of
"~ " wim Ai^bw Laai^L«wi
Fred«riet Dnw^ Ihta-
ekdfto the cotmcU of the daehr of
Sike wms crested oa It Nov.

Smith

160

Smith

to Smith's heirs. The eldest son, the Hon.
William Frederick Danvers Smith, on his
father's death, became head of the great
business in the Strand, and M.P. for the
Strand division of Westminster.

[Maxwell's Life and Times of the Right Hon.
W. H. Smith, MJP., 1893.] H. E. M.

SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON
(1846-1894), theologian and Semitic scholar,
born at New Farm, Keig, in the Vale of
Alford, Aberdeenshire, on 8 Nov. 1846, was
eldest son of William Pirie Smith, free
church minister of Keig and Tough, a man
of intellectual -vigour and learning, who had
formerly been a teacher in the West End
Academy, Aberdeen. Robertson Smith's
mother, Jane, was daughter of William
Jtobertson, who for many years had been
head of the same academy. Smith's literary
and scientific tastes declared themselves at
an early age. He never went to school,
but, with a younger brother, George, was
educated at home by his father with a view
to entering Aberdeen University. He was
elected to a bursary there in November
1861, obtaining at the close of his under-
graduate career the town council's medal for
* the best student/

At a very early age William definitely
chose the ministry of the free church of
Scotland as his vocation, and this deliberate
choice was greatly strengthened in his deeply
religious and conscientious nature by the
death of his brother and constant companion
George within a few weeks after his gradua-
tion in 1865. Illness compelled William to
postpone entering New College, the theolo-
gical hall of the fee church in Edinburgh,
till November 1866 ; but the interval was
devoted partly to the study of German (in
which he ultimately acquired great profi-
ciency) and partly to successful competition
for the Ferguson scholarship in mathematics,
open to all Scottish graduates of not more
than three years' standing. At New College
lie was a most important contributor both in
essay and debate to the work of the theolo-
gical society. As a theological student he
passed two summers in Germany. In 1867
ne was at Bonn under the roof of Professor
Schaarschmidt, whose lectures in philosophy
lie attended, as well as those of Lange, Kamp-
nansen, and Koehler in theology. Pliicker,
the eminent mathematician, he also met, and
-with. Pliieker's assistant, Klein, he formed
an acquaintance which afterwards ripened
into dose friendship. The summer of 1869
was syent at Gottingeu, where he heard
Lotze in philosophy and Ritschl and Bertheau
in tlieology. By Riteehl especially he was

powerfully and permanently influenced, pro-
nouncing his lectures on theological ethics-
* by far the best course of lectures he had
ever heard;' Ritschl, on the other hand, bore
written testimony to Smith's i zeal for science,
many-sided knowledge, and extraordinary
versatility/ During the last two winters
(1868-9 and 1869-70) of his theological
course hi Edinburgh he held the post of as-
sistant to Professor P. G. Tait, professor of
natural philosophy in the university, and in
connection with his work in the physical
laboratory he published more than one paper
that attracted some attention in the i Pro-
ceedings ' of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,
of which he became a fellow. Another im-
portant influence belonging to this period of
his life was that of John Ferguson McLennan
fq. v.] (' one of the best friends 1 ever had/
he wrote in 1883), whose researches in pri-
mitive social institutions always had a strong
fascination for Smith, and 'gave definite
direction to much of his own work at a later-
period.

In May 1870 a vacancy occurred in the ,
chair of oriental languages and exegesis of
the Old Testament in the Free Church Col-
lege of Aberdeen. Smith was chosen by the
assembly to fill the post. His inaugural
discourse, ' What History teaches us to look
for in the Bible* (published in November
1870), indicated the lines that he proposed to-
take as a professor. In 1875 he was ap-
pointed a member of the Old Testament
revision committee, and while actively ful-
filling the duties attached to his chair, he
found time to attend regularly the com-
mittee's meetings in London, as well as ta
prepare numerous articles and reviews, or
summaries of contemporary continental lite-
rature, for publication in the theological
quarterlies. The summer of 1872 was again,
spent in Gottingen, mainly in working at
Arabic with Lagarde. Lagarde assured his-
pupil at the close of the session that he had
nothing more to teach him. At Gottingen
he now became personally acquainted with.
Wellhausen^ and saw something of Benfey
and Clebsch. In the course of the summer
he also had some intercourse with Riehm,.
Diestel, and Fleischer.

When, in 1870, arrangements were made
for the issue of a ninth edition of the * Ency-
clopaedia Britannica,7 the editor, Professor
Spencer Baynes of St. Andrews, invited
Smith to contribute on subjects bearing upon
biblical criticism, and especially on that of
the Old Testament. The subject was a some-
what delicate one ; in no department had the
interval between the eighth and ninth edi-
tions been more fruitful in new questions or

Smith

161

Smith

in new answers. Apart from the contro-
versies connected with * Essays and Reviews '
(I860), and with the writings of Bishop
Colenso (1863 et seq.), much valuable work
had been subsequently done by foreign scho-
lars— Graf, Noldeke, Kuenen, and others.
With the work of the latter very few in
Britain were familiar. Smith was thoroughly
competent as a scholar to deal with modern
biblical theories, and at the same time his
position and character were supposed to
guarantee that any articles written by him
would, while stating the latest results of
scholarship, be so framed as to avoid need-
less offence to those who still clung to the
time-honoured traditions of the churches,
which were still taught in the colleges.
The article * Angel/ by Smith, in vol. ii. of
the *Encydop86dia Britannica/ and that on
* Bible * in vol. iiL, both appeared in 1875, and
almost immediately it became known that
they were regarded by men of influence in the
free church with suspicion and dislike. A
committee was appointed by the assembly of
1876 to investigate the articles ; its report,
laid before the assembly of 1877, was so hos-
tile that, avail ing himself of a constitutional
privilege, Smith found it necessary to de-
mand a formal trial by * libel ' (indictment)
for his alleged heresies and errors. The pro-
ceedings that followed were protracted and
involved. As a result, Smith practically
ceased to be an acting professor in 1878.
Eventually the entire series of his * Ency-
clopaedia 7 articles — 'Angel/ * Bible/ Chro-
nicles/ * Canticles/ * David/ 'Eve/ 'Haggai/
' Hebrew Language and Literature/ as well as
an article on * Animal ^Worship and Animal
Tribes * in the * Cambridge Journal of Philo-
logy 'for 1879 (a study in totemism) — were
challenged as being written in such a way
as to suggest to the reader that * the Bible
does not present a reliable statement of the
truth of God, and that God is not the au-
thor of it.* After various vicissitudes the
written indictment in all its forms disap-
peared, but its place was taken by a vote of
want of confidence, followed by his summary
•••sssaG^ayErom his chair in June 1881.

LonjflSBfore this ignominious ending of a
harassing discussion it had dawned upon
Smith that he was occupying a somewhat
false position, andas early at least as January
1879 he wrote to an intimate friend that
he would willingly retire from the chair if
by so doing he could secure a peaceful end-
ing of the whole controversy. But he went
on to. say that he felt it due to certain
friends to carry on the struggle to the end, as
there could be no doubt that his abandon-
ment of the field would only be taken as an

LEDU

encouragement to a repetition of similar
prosecutions in the case of others. The net
; result of the famous ( case * with which his-
j name is still intimately associated in Scot-
j land consisted in the liberalising influence,,
the force of which is not even yet spent,
which it enabled him to exert on all classes
I of the community. His debating speeches,,
delivered in the course of the proceedings,
often rose to a high standard of eloquence,
and his 'Answers' to the libel were most
instructive and informing. In the winter of
* 1870-80 and again in 1881 he delivered in
1 Edinburgh and Glasgow by request two-
series of popular lectures, which were after-
wards published as the ^OldTestament in the
Jewish Church7 (1881 ; 2nd edit. 1892), and
'The Prophets of Israel' (1882; 2nd. edit.
1895). As a mark of the sympathy that
was widely felt for him during the anxious-
proceedings, a valuable gift of Arabic books
i and manuscripts was publicly presented to
i him in Edinburgh in 1881.
: Immediately after his dismissal Smith ac-
cepted an invitation to become colleague to*
I Professor Baynes, now in somewhat failing-
health, as editor in chief of the ' Encyclo-
paedia Britannica/ and he consequently trans-
ferred his residence from Aberdeen to Edin-
j burgh. He threw himself into his new duties
i with characteristic energy; and it was to
! his clearness and breadth of outlook, as well
.as to the painstaking care in the manage-
ment of details, that the successful comple-
tion of the work in 1888 was largely due.
By the consent of all who came in contact
with him, and especially of those who were
in daily communication with him in this
connection, he displayed a combination of
i qualities such as is rarely met with in work
I of this kind, demanding, as it does, know-
! ledge of men as well as of subjects, and skill
and tact in dealing with both. Nor did he
edit merely j the articles he himself contri-
buted were both numerous and important,
including such subjects as 'Levites/ 'Mes-
siah/ * Prophet/ 'Priest/ * Sacrifice/ * Tithes/
as well as articles on moat of the books of the
Old Testament,

In spite of the labour involved in seeing
the concluding twelve volumes of the c En-
cyclopaedia* through the press in the course
of seven years (1881-8), Smith fully main-
tained his interest in Semitic subjects, and
found time for much work in that direction.
The Arabic studies he had carried so far in
the early years of his professorship in Aber-
deen he had already extended during the
years of his * suspension/ the winter of 1879-
1880 being1 devoted to a prolonged stay in
Egypt with a visit to Syria and Palestine,

Smith

162

Smith

while that of 1880-1 was spent in Egypt
and Arabia, mainly in Jeddah, bub -with a
somewhat arduous excursion into the inte-
rior as far as Taif, of which he published an
account in the ' Scotsman ' newspaper. On
the death of Edward Henry Palmer [q. v.],
lord almoner's professor of Arabic at Cam-
bridge, he, on the suggestion of his friend,
Professor William Wright (1830-1889) [q.v. J,
applied for the vacant post, and the appli-
cation, which was supported by testimonials
from practically all the specialists in Europe
— including De Goeje, Guidi, Kuenen, Von
Kremer, Spitta, Wellhausen — was success-
ful. The letter announcing his appointment
reached him on new year's day 1883.

Although the somewhat light duties and •
correspondingly light emoluments of his new
office did not demand or greatly encourage
residence at the university, Smith neverthe-
less decided to settle there, and Cambridge
was his congenial home for the rest of his
life. For some time he was the guest of
Trinity College, where he had rooms in the
master's court, but from October 1885, on
his election to a fellowship at Christ's, his re-
sidence was in the fellows' buildings there.
The lord almoner's professorship he held
till December 1886, when he was elected to
the chief librarianship of the university, va-
cated by the death of Henry Bradshaw. This
in turn he exchanged in 1889 for the Adams
professorship of Arabic in succession to Wil-
liam Wright.

Apart from his c Encyclopaedia* work and
the duties of his other offices, he found time
to see through the press in 1885 a work on
* Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia/
the substance of which had been delivered
as professorial lectures. And in 1887 he
was appointed by the Burnett trustees to
be their lecturer in Aberdeen for 1888-91,
the subject assigned being < The Primitive
Religions of the Semitic Peoples, viewed in
relation to other Ancient Religions, and to
the Spiritual Religion of the Old Testament
and Christianity.' Three series were deli-
vered, but only the first was published, under
the title 'Religion of the Semites : Funda-
mental Institutions' (1889 ; 2nd edit. 1894).
In 1892 he issued a second and finally re-
vised edition of his 'Old Testament in the
Jewish Church.'

Though never of robust appearance, he
•enjoyed uniformly vigorous health until
18&0 (he was an ardent pedestrian, and no
despicable mountaineer); but early in 1890 i
obscure symptoms, suggesting the presence of
a grave constitutional malady, began to show
themselves. Gradually their true character
"became apparent, Aifcer%prolongedstaruggle,

carried on hopefully to the las{, for the most
part in unobtrusive silence, and always with
the most delicate and thoughtful considera-
tion for others, the end came, at Christ's
College, on 31 March 1894. He was buried
in the churchyard of his native parish, when
a noteworthy tribute of respect was paid by
his former fellow citizens and fellow parish-
ioners, as well as by numerous representatives
of the scholarship of England and Scotland.
Smith was the recipient of many academic
distinctions. He was created M.A. of Cam-
bridge, LL.D. of Dublin, and D.D. of Stras-
burg.

Intellectually Smith was characterised by
a singular quickness of perception and power
of generalisation, combined with unwearying
patience in treatment of details. He often
spoke gratefully of his father's training in
accuracy, and still more in rapidity, of work ;
but his power, in every investigation, of
seizing the essential and dismissing the irre-
levant was entirely his own. His ready
command of every subject he had once mas-
tered made him in private a brilliant con-
versationalist and in public an effective and
convincing speaker. If in the earlier period
of his public life circumstances had made
him rather a populariser and apologist or
1 mediator,' he ultimately took his rightful
place as an investigator and pioneer, and the
originality of the researches embodied in,
his later works is cordially acknowledged
by all whose own labours in the same field
have given them a right to judge. Many-
pupils and fellow workers have borne testi-
mony in their books to his generous help and
encouragement.

Smith bequeathed some oriental manu-
scripts to the Cambridge University library,
and all the rest of his books to the library of
Christ's College, Cambridge,

Two portraits were painted by Sir George
Reid, P.R.S.A. One, dated 1875, is now in
custody of his mother, Mrs. Smith, in Aber-
deen, but is destined (by Smith's will) for
the combination room of Christ's College,
Cambridge. The second portrait, painted in
1896, was placed by subscribers in the com-
mon hall of Free Church College, Aberdeen.

[Information from the family; personal ac-
quaintance since 1865.] J. S. B.

SMITH, SIB WILLIAM SIDNEY,
known as SIB SIDNEY SMITH (1764-1840),
admiral, born on 21 June 1764, was second
son of John Smith, a captain in the guards,
and grandson of Edward Smith, a captain
in the navy, who, in command of the Eltham,
was mortally wounded in the attack on La
Guayra on 18 Feb. 1742-3 [see KNWLES,

Smith

163

Smith

SIB CHAELES], It lias "been supposed that
the name Sidney referred to a kinship with
theStrangford family of Smythe, which had
intermarried with the Sidneys [see SMTTHB,
PEECY CLINTON SYDNEY, sixth Visccnun:
STRANGFOBB]. After a few years at school at
Tonhridge and at Bath, Smith entered the
navy in June 1777, on hoard the Tortoise
storeship, going out to North America. In
January 1778 he was moved from her to the
Unicorn, a small 20-gun frigate, which was
in company with the Experiment on 25 Sept,
1778 when, near Boston, she drove on shore,
and captured the American frigate Raleigh ;
and again, on 3 May 1779, when she drove
on shore, and captured or destroyed three
French frigates in Caneale Bay [see WAX-
I*A.C:E, SIB JAMES]. From September to No-
vember 1779 Smith was borne on the books
of the Arrogant, then fitting at Portsmouth,
and on 25 Nov. he joined the Sandwich,
flagship of Sir George BrydgesRodney (after-
wards Lord Rodney) [q« v.], and in her was
present in the action off Cape St. Yincent on
16 Jan. 1780, and in the three actions with De
Ouichen on 17 April and 15 and 19 May 1780.

On 25 Sept. 1780 Smith was promoted by
Rodney to be lieutenant of the Alcide, with
Captain (afterwards Sir) Charles Thompson
[q. vA and in her was present in the action
off the Chesapeake on 5 Sept. 1781, in the
operations at St. Kitts in January 1782 [see
HOOD, SAJOJEL, VISCQTOT HOOD], and in the
battle of Dominica on 12 April 1782. On
6 May 1782 he was promoted by Rodney to
the command of the Fury sloop, and on 7 May
1783 he was posted to the Alcmene. Early
in 1784 the Alcmene returned to England
and was paid off, and in the spring of 1785
Smith went to France, where, for the next
two years, he resided for the most part at
Caen, studying French and going much into
French society, so that he acquired perfect
familiarity with the language. His excur-
sions led him along the coast, visiting the
places which he had learnt to know from the
sea some seven or eight years before. At
Caneale a fisherman told him that he had
picked up forty round-shot near a windmill,
which, wrote Smith to his brother, * I re-
member amusing myself with firing at. Tis
an ill wind that blows nobody any good ; for
he sold them for old iron for twelve sous a
piece.'

In 1787 Smith paid a visit to Gibraltar,
and conceiving, from reports of the excessive
insolence of the emperor of Morocco, that a
war was imminent, undertook a journey
through his dominions * in order to acquire
a knowledge of his coasts, harbours, and
force/ On his return in May 1788 he for-

I warded to the admiralty a report of bis ob-

j servations, accompanied with a request that
he might have the command of a small
squadron on the coast, his local knowledge,
he submitted, making up for Ms want of
seniority and experience. As the war, how-
ever, did not take place, he went, in the
summer of 1789, to Stockholm with, six
months* leave of absence. In December he
applied for a twelve months1 extension of this
leave, but in January suddenly returned to
England, with a view to obtaining permis-
sion to accept the offer of a command in the
Swedish fleet. At the same time he charged
himself with the English ambassador's des-
patches, and with a direct message from the
fang of Sweden. It was probably this irregu-
larity which led to his cold reception by the
government, who refused to recognise him as
the self-constituted representative of Sweden,

1 and declined to give him any answer to the
message he had brought. He returned to

' Sweden without even the permission to ac-
cept the king's offers, and thus, though during
the campaign against Russia in the Gulf
of Finland in the summer of 1790 he served
sometimes with the fleet, as aide-de-camp to
the Duke of Sudermania,the Commander-in-
chief, and sometimes on shore, on the personal
staff of the king, it was only as a volunteer,
and without well-defined authority. The posi-
tion was one of great difficulty, and excited
much jealousy. JSeither the king, nor the
duke, nor any of the responsible officers knew
anything about the conduct of a fleet, and if
they escaped defeat in the action of 3-4 June,
or blundered into victory on 9 July, it was
only that tihe equal ignorance of the Russians

• permitted Smith's efforts to balance those of
the English officers in the Russian service,
or, after their death, to turn the scale [see
TBBVEHEST, JAMBS]. The armistice which

• followed the battle of 9 July led to a peace
between the contending powers, and in
August Smith returned to England. Gus-
tavus HI constituted him a Slight grand
cross of the order of the Sword, with the
insignia of which George HI formally in-
vested him at St. James's on 16 May 1792.

< Almost immediately after this he went out
to Constantinople on a visit to his younger
brother, Charles Spencer Smith, then am-
bassador to the Porte, being entrusted, he
used afterwards to say, with a secret mission,
and probably intending to volunteer for ser-
vice with the Turks, should the war with.
Russia continue. Towards the end of 1793
he received the news of the wax and the
order to return to England at once,
at Smyrna, he found there a con-
number of seamen, similarly called.

Smith

164

Smith

home, but unable to get a passage. On his
own responsibility he purchased a small
vessel, shipped some forty of them on board
her, and with her joined Lord Hood at
Toulon. When the evacuation of the place
became necessary, Smith volunteered to burn
the French ships which had to be left behind
— a duty which, in the haste and confusion
incident to the time, was carried out so im-
perfectly that several of the ships reported
as burnt and destroyed formed part of the
French fleets during the next and following
years. The distinction conferred on Smith,
an officer on half-pay, by assigning to him a
task of difficulty and distinction, added to his
own habitual and excessive self-assertion, ob-
tained for him much ill will in the fleet, and
it was freely said that he talked too much
to be of any great use. In the emergency,
however, Hood was glad to have a spare man
at hand, and sent him home with the des-
patches. He was at once appointed to the
Diamondfrigate, which, after being employed
during 1794 in the North Sea, was through
1795-6 employed on the north coast of
France, where, in command of a flotilla of
small craffc, Smith displayed unusual ability j
for partisan warfare, captured or destroyed
great numbers of the enemy's armed vessels,
and completely stopped the coasting trade.

On 18 April 1796 the ship was off Havre,
and Smith learnt that a noted privateer
lugger, which, by her superior speed and the
ability of her commander, had done much
damage to our trade, was then lying in the
port. Smith determined to send in the boats
to bring her out, and, finding at the last mo-
ment that he had no available lieutenant,
went himself in command of the enterprise, j
The lugger was taken by surprise and cap- j
tured, almost without resistance ; but when
she was in the river, with Smith on board,
she was caught by the flood-tide and swept
up some distance above the town, where, the
wind having fallen very light, she still was
at daybreak. She was then attacked by a
very superior force of gunboats and other
armed vessels and recaptured, with Smith
and, his officers and men. Smith and his
companions were taken to Havre; but,
though he was treated with proper courtesy,
tifcte proposals made by the English govern-
ment for his exchange were bluntly rejected,
an.d within a few days he was sent to Paris,
where he was closely confined in the Temple.
The French government and the French
people were greatly exasperated against him.
It was known that he had directed the burn-
ing of the shijjs at Toulon ; it was understood
tfeit, at the taoBf he held no commission, and
3fc was maintained tfeat his piratical action

put him out of the recognised category of pri-
soners of war. His eighteen months7 cruise
on the coast of France had won for Tn'm a.
dangerous notoriety ; and it was even urged
that at the moment of his capture, in a place-
where no English officer had any ostensible-
business, he was attempting to carry out
some deep-laid and nefarious j>lot for the
destruction of Havre (BARKOW, i. 199-200).
In consequence, though not harshly treated,,
he was retained a prisoner for two weary
years. He then, with the assistance of a
Colonel PhSlypeaux, an officer of engineers-
in the old royal army of France, and aided,
it was supposed, by a feminine intrigue,,
succeeded in effecting his escape, reached
Havre, and was taken off by a fishing-boat
to the Argo frigate, which landed him at
Portsmouth a few days later. Sir William
Hotham [q. v.], senior officer off Havre at the-
time, noted in his ' Characters' that he was
one morning invited by the captain of the-
Argo to breakfast. ' As he had designedly
kept the circumstance [of Smith's arrival on
board] from me, I was some minutes sitting
next to him at breakfast without at all
knowing who he was, he was so completely
disguised, and was such a perfect French-
man.' Smith had, in fact, already deceived
sharper eyes and more capable ears than
Hotham's, unless, indeed, we accept Barrow's
unsupported suggestion that the escape wa&
connived at by the Directory (i. 230).

On arriving in London, on 8 May 1798P
Smith was taken by Lord Spencer, the first
lord of the admiralty, to wait on the king,,
and a few weeks later he was appointed to
the Tigre of 80 guns, in which, in October,,
he was sent out to join Lord St. Vincent at
Cadiz or Gibraltar, but with a commission
from the foreign office appointing "him joint
plenipotentiary with his brother at Con-
stantinople, and instructions to St. Vincent
to send him to the Levant (NICOLAS, iii.
214). The anomalous position led to what
threatened to be a very serious misunder-
standing ; for St. Vincent, conceiving it to be
Lord Spencer's intention that Smith should
conduct the further operations on the coast
of Egypt, did not formally put him under Nel-
son's orders, and Smith, who was not at all
the man to minimise his authority, assumed
the airs of an independent commander, con-
stituted himself a commodore, and hoisted
a broad pennant; all which gave — as it
could not help doing — great offence to Nel-
son, on whose prerogative of command Smith
was unduly trespassing (id. iii. 213, 215).
It has indeed been asserted that there was
no such intention, either on the part of
Smith or Spencer ; but both of them had had

Smith

165

Smith

sufficient experience of the admiralty and
the navj to know the evils that might
result from an error in form. It was only
after very sharp letters from St. Vincent
and Xelson that Smith was convinced of his
mistake, and, while remaining senior officer
in the Levant, conducted the business as
subordinate to Nelson.

Meantime he had undertaken the defence
of Saint Jean d'Acre, which was to render
his name famous. On 3 March 1799 he took
over the command of Alexandria, and the
same evening learnt that Bonaparte, on his
way to Syria, had stormed Jaffa. He at once
sent the Theseus to Acre, and with her,
Colonel Phelypeaux, who, having shared his
•escape from Paris, was now serving with
him as a volunteer. Phelypeaux and Miller,
the captain of the Theseus, made what ar-
rangements were possible for the defence of
the town, and on the 15th they were joined
by Smith in the Tigre. But their prepara-
tions would have been of little value had
not the superiority at sea enabled him on
the 18th to capture the whole of the siege
•artillery, stores, and ammunition on which
Bonaparte was dependent for the prosecu-
tion of his design. The eight gunboats in
which these had been embarked were also a
most valuable reinforcement j and while the
.siege guns were mounted on the walls of
the fortress, the gunboats, supported by the
"TIgTe and Theseus, took up positions from :
which they enfiladed the French lines. To
carry on the attack the French had only
their field guns, and it was not till 25 April
that they were able to bring up six heavy l
guns from Jaffa. Time had thus been gained,
-and the defences of the town put into a
better state. On 4 May, after six weeks of
mining, countermining, and hard fighting at
-very close quarters, a practicable breach was ,
made, the mine was finished, and a general !
assault was ordered for the 5th. During
the ni^ht, however, the besieged destroyed
the mine, and the assault was postponed.
On the evening of the 7th the long-expected
reinforcement of Turkish troops from Khodes
oame in sight, and Bonaparte, seeing the
necessity of anticipating them, delivered
the assault at once. The combat raged
through the night with the utmost fury, and
At daybreak the French held one of the
towers. The Turkish ships were still some
distance off becalmed, and Smith, seeing the
•critical nature of the struggle, landed a
strong party of seamen annea with pikes,
-who held the breach till the troops arrived.
AH day the battle raged. At nightfall the
assailants withdrew. Twelve days later the
«iege was raised. *In Smith's character

; there was a strong fantastic and vainglorious
, strain ; but, so far as appears, he showed at
; Acre discretion and soundjudgment, as well
as energy and courage. He had to be much
| on shore as well as afloat ; but he seems to
j have shown Phelypeaux and, after his death,
Colonel Douglas the confidence and defe-
rence which their professional skill demanded,
as he certainly was most generous in recog-
nising their services and those of others.
The good sense which defers to superior ex-
perience, the lofty spmt which bears the
weight of responsibility and sustains the
courage of waverers, ungrudging expendi-
ture of means and effort, unshaken determi-
nation to endure to the end, and heroic in-
spiration at the critical moment of the last
assault, all these fine qualities must in can-
dour be allowed to Smith at the siege of
Acre ? (MAHA3T, Influence of Sea Power upon
the French Revolution and Empire, i. 303-4).
The news of this decisive check to the
progress of the French arms in the east was
received in England with great enthusiasm.
The thanks of both houses of parliament
were voted to Smith, and a year later a pen-
sion of 13000/. a year was settled on him.
He was given also the thanks of the city
of London and the freedom of the Levant
Company, together with a piece of plate and,
some years later, a grant of 1,5001 From
the sultan he received a pelisse and the
chelingk or plume of triumph, such as were
given also to Nelson for the victory in
AbouMr Bay. The glory so deservedly ac-
corded to Smith for his triumph at Acre
rekindled the too exuberant vanity which
the reprimands of St. Yincent and of Nelson
had previously reduced within manageable
limits. He again fancied himself com-
mandex-in-chief, independent of even the
government, and plenipotentiary, controlled
only by his younger brother, who was a long
way off, at Constantinople j and thus, setting
aside the positive orders from home that no
terms were to be made with the enemy which
did not involve the surrender of the French
troops in Egypt as prisoners of war, he took
on himself to conclude (24 Jan. 1800) the
treaty of El Arish, by the terms of which the
French, soldiers, with their arms, baggage, and
effects, were to be transported to France at
the charge of the sultan and his allies. It
was impossible for Lord Keith, who was in
chief command, to approve of such a treaty
[see EiiPBXsrsrojTE, GEOBSE KEITH, VISCOWT
KEITH] ; and the war recommenced, to be
brought to an end by the campaign, of 1801,
through which the Tigre formed part of the
squadron under Keith, and Smith was landed
in command of the seamen employed on shore.

Smith

166

Smith

After tlie surrender of Alexandria, 2 Sept.
1801 , he was sent home with despatches, and '
arrived in London on 10 NOT.

In the general election of 1802 he was re-
turned as M.P. for [Rochester, and during
1803 had, under Lord Keith, command of a
squadron of small craft on the coast of
Flanders and Holland. On 9 Nov. 1805 he
was promoted to be rear-admiral, and in
January 1806 he hoisted his flag on board
the Pompe"e for service in the Mediterranean,
where Lord Collingwood was instructed to
employ him in a detached command on the
coast of Naples. "From May to August 1806
he carried on a successful war of outposts
against the French, and another, more bitter
and not so successful, against the English
military officers, with whom he was supposed
to be co-operating, and especially against
Sir John Moore (1761-1809) [q. v.l who
was quite unable to understand the real merit
hidden Deneath so much extravagance and
vanity. Colonel (afterwards Sir Henry Ed-
ward) Bunbury [q. v.], then chief of the staff
under Stuart or Moore, tells many stories of
Smith's absurdities, and says i he was an
enthusiast, always panting for distinction,
restlessly active, but desultory in his views,
extravagantly vain, daring, quick-sighted, and
fertile in those resources which befit a parti-
san leader ; but he possessed no great depth of
judgment, nor any fixity of purpose save that
of persuading mankind, as he was fully per-
suaded himself, that Sidney Smith was the
most brilliant of chevaliers. He was kind-
tempered, generous, and as agreeable as a
man can be supposed to be who is always
talking of himself7 (Narrative of some Pas-
sages in the great War with France, p. 232).
Moore described Smith as * most impudent ; '
but Bunbury, although naturally taking the
soldier's estimate of the man, says 'the
coming of the admiral and the energy of his
first proceedings soon produced a wide effect.
Arms and ammunition were conveyed into
the mountains of Calabria j the smaller de-
tachments of the enemy were driven from
the shores, and some of the strongest points
were armed and occupied by the insurgents
and parties of English marines and seamen.
33*8 admiral spread his ships and small craft
along the coasts from Scylla to the Bay of
Naples, he took the island of Capri; ,
threatened Salerno and Policastro ; scattered
through the interior his proclamations as
G comWnder-m-chief on behalf of King Fer-
dinand/* and the insurrection soon kindled
throughout the Basilicata and the two
CHaWas, though the bands acted in general
-with little concert or collective strength'

In August Smith had instructions to put
himself under the orders of Sir John Thomas
Duckworth [q. v.], with whom he co-operated
in the futile demonstration off Constantinople-
in February-March 1807. In the summer
he returned to England, and in November
was sent out as senior officer to the Tagus,
with his flag in the Hibernia. At Lisbon
he made the arrangements for the departure
of the prince regent and the royal family to>
the Brazils, and sent several of the ships.
under his orders as a convoy to the Portu-
guese squadron. In February 1808 he was
himself sent out to Kio de Janeiro, to take-
command of the South American station, but
a bitter quarrel which broke out between
him and Lord Strangford, the English
minister, led to his being summarily recalled
in the summer of 1809. A later correspon-
dence with Canning seems to show that the
parts of Smith's conduct which Strangford
had represented as irregular were strictly in
accordance with his secret instructions ; but
in any case it was obviously impossible to-
permit the minister at a foreign court and
the commander-in-chief on the station to
be writing abusive letters to or at each other
[see SMTTHE, PEKCY CLINTON SYDOTSY].

On 31 July 1810 Smith was promoted to
be vice-admiral, and in July 1812 went out
to the Mediterranean as second in command
under Sir Edward Pellew (afterwards Vis*
count Exmouth) [q. v.] In March 1814,.
being in very bad health, he was allowed to
return to England with his flag flying in the-
Hibernia. With her arrival at Plymouth in
July Smith's service came to an end. In
June 1815 he found himself, at the critical
moment, at Brussels, and on the afternoon,
of the 18th rode out to the army, joined the-
Duke of Wellington, and rode with him from
St. Jean to Waterloo. 'Thus/ he wrote,
6 though I was not allowed to have any of
the fun, I had the heartfelt gratification of
being the first Englishman that was not in
the battle who shook hands with him/ He-
accompanied the army to Paris, where, in
the Palais Bourbon, on 29 Dec., he was in-
vested by the Duke of Wellington with the-
insignia of the K.C.B., to which he had been
nominated in the previous January. Oa
19 July 1821 he attained the rank of admiral.
During his later years he lived principally in
Paris, amusing himself with a fictitious order
of ' Knights Liberators ' or ' Knights Tem-
plars,1 which he had formed and of which he-
constituted himself president. It had for its
proposed aim the liberation of Christian slaves-
from the Barbary pirates 5 but its efibrts seem
to have been limited to correspondence*
On 4 July 1838 Smith was nominated a.

Smith

167

Smith

G.C.B. He died in Paris on 26 May 1840
and was buried at Pere-Lachaise, where
there is a monument to his memory. He
married, in October 1810, Caroline, widow
of Sir George Berriman Rumbold [q. v.], who
died in 1826, having no issue by her second
marriage.

A characteristically theatrical portrait by
Eckstein, in the National Portrait Gallery,
has been engraved. A more pleasing portrait
by Chandler has been engraved by E. Bell,

[Barrow's Life of Smith (2 vols. 8vo, 1848) was
written to a great extent from Smith's papers,
and incorporates many of his letters. It has
thus a biographical value of which the extreme
carelessness with which it has been put to-
gether cannot entirely deprive it. Howard's Life
(2 vols. 8vo) is pleasantly written, but with no
special sources of information. The memoirs in
Naval Chronicle, iv, 445 (with a portrait by
Bidley), vol. xxvi. (see Index), and Marshall's
Boy. Nav. Biogr. i. 291, are useful. See also
(Weil's Account of the Proceedings of the
Squadron of Sir S. Smith in effecting the Escape
of the Epyal Family of Portugal; Bnrke's Worts,
1823, vii. 21 7 seq. j Croker's Correspondence and
Diaries, i. 348-9 ; Nicolas's Nelson Despatches
(see Index).] J. K L.

SMITH, WILLIAM TYLER (1815-
1873), obstetrician, son of humble parents,
was born in the neighbourhood, of Bristol on
10 April 1815. He was educated at the
Bristol school of medicine, where he be-
came prosector and post-mortem clerk. He
graduated as bachelor of medicine at the
university of London in 1840, and eight
years later proceeded M.B. He became a
licentiate of the College of Physicians, Lon-
don, in 1850, and was elected to the fellow-
ship in 1859. He began his career as a
teacher in the private school of Mr. Dermott
in Bedford Square, and became, despite an
ungainly manner and bad delivery, an im-
pressive and effective lecturer and speaker.
When St. Mary's Hospital was founded,
Smith was appointed obstetric physician and
lecturer on obstetrics. He continued his
teaching there for the allotted term of twenty
years, and on retirement was elected con-
sulting physician accoucheur. He held the
office of examiner in obstetrics at the uni-
versity of London for the usual term of five
years. He resided, at first, at 7 Bolton |
Street, Piccadilly, thence removed to 7 Upper '
Grosvenor Street, and subsequently to No. 21
in the same street.

For several years he was largely depen-
dent upon literary work, and his skill as a '
writer greatly aided his professional reputa-
tion and influence. He was long engaged -
rapon the editorial staff of the * Lancet/ at
first only as an. occasional contributor, but

soon as one of its sub-editors. Among his con-
| tributions were valuable papers * On Quacks
and Quackery,' and a series of biographical
sketches of the leading physicians and sur-
! geons of the metropolS.
! At the instance of his intimate friend Mar-
I shall Hall [q. v.], he studied the applications
: of the reflex function to obstetrics, with the
: result that the practice of obstetrics became,
for the first time, guided by physiological
! principle. The results of his researches ha
reduced to the form of lectures, which he
published week by week in the e Lancet/
The earliest series he collected and issued
separately as * Parturition, and the Prin-
i ciples and Practice of Obstetrics,' 1849, a
| book which lie dedicated to HalL Some
further lectures similarly contributed to the
* Lancet' formed the basis of his £ Manual of
Obstetrics,' 1858. Both books take a place
in obstetric literature only second to the
writings of Thomas Penman the elder [q.v.],
and are the more remarkable because at the
time they were written Smith had no large
practical experience. The * Manual of Ob-
stetrics/ although defective in some practical
points, especially as regards the operations,
immediately became, and long remained, the
favourite text-book in this country.

Tyler Smith raised the position of obste-
tric medicine not only by his teaching, oral
and written, but by the foundation of the
Obstetrical Society of London. The subse-
quent success of the society was largely due
to his contributions in memoirs and in de-
bate and to his capacity for business. On
the death of Edward Rigby (1804-1860)
[q. v;] in December I860, Smith was elected
president.

Smith was associated with Thomas Wakley
[a. v.] in the establishment of the New
Equitable Life Assurance Society, one aim
of which was to secure the just acknowledg-
ment of the professional services of medical
men. He was one of the first directors (cf.
SKBieeE, JJft and Times of T&omas Wakley,
1897). When the society was united to
the Briton Life Office, he became deputy
chairman of the unitejd companies. He con-
ceived the idea of raising the ancient Cinque-
port town of Seaford to the position of a
sanatorium and fashionable watering-place.
He purchased a considerable piece of land
in and adjoining the town, and leased more
from the corporation on the condition that
he should secure it against the frequent sub-
mersion by the sea and build upon it. He
was active in promoting the foundation and
success of the convalescent hospital at Sea*-
ford, and was bailiff of the town in 1861,
1864 1867, 1868, and 1870. He

Smith

168

Smithson

strate for the town and port from 1861 to the
time of his death at Richmond on Whit-
Monday 1 873. He was buried at Blatching-
ton, near Seaford.

He married Tryphena, daughter of J.
Yearsley, esq., of Southwick Park, near
Tewkesbury, and had seven children, two of
whom died in infancy. Engraved portraits
of "Him are at St. Mary's Hospital and at the
Obstetrical Society of London.

His chief works, apart from those men-
tioned above and numerous contributions to
the * Medico-Chimrgical Transactions/ l Ob-
stetrical Transactions/ and 'Pathological
Transactions/ were : 1. ' Scrofula: its Nature,
Causes, and Treatment/ 8y o, 1844. 2. ' The
Periodoscope, with its application to Obstetric
Calculations in the Periodicities of the Sex/
8vo, 1848. 3. ' Treatment of Sterility by Ee-
moval of Obstructions of the Fallopian
Tubes/ 4. 'Pathology and Treatment of
Leucorrhcea/ 8vo, London, 1855.

[Lancet, 1873; Medical Times and G-azette,
1873 ; British Medical Journal, 1873; Churchill's
Medical Directory ; Brit. Mus. Cat.; private in-
formation.] W. "W. TV.

SMITH, WILLOUGEBY (1828-1891),
telegraphic engineer, was born at Great
Yarmouth on 16 April 1828. In 1848 he
entered the service of the Gutta Percha
Company, London, and soon after this he
commenced experimenting on covering iron
or copper wire with gutta-percha for tele-
graphic or other electric purposes. In 1849
the company had so far succeeded with the
experiments that they undertook to supply
thirty miles of copper wire, covered with
gutta-percha, to be laid from Dover to
Calais. During 1849-50 Smith was engaged
in the manufacture and laying of this line.
The trouble caused by the imperfect system
of making the joints induced him to give
this subject special attention ; in the cable
laid over the same course in the following
year, in the manufacture and laying of which
hie was actively engaged, he introduced a sys-
tem of joint-making which proved a great
success, and in 1855 he invented the present
plan of joining and insulating the conductor.

From this time onward he was engaged
either upon cable work or upon underground
land^lines. Early in 1854 the first cable to
belaid in. the Mediterranean was commenced.
He had charge of the electrical department
during its manufacture, and assisted Sir
Charles Wheatstone with hia experiments
on the retardation of signals through this
cable, while coiled at the works of Glass,
Elliott, & Co, at East Greenwich. Smith
look charge of the electrical department

during the laying of this cable between
Spezzia and Corsica, and Corsica and Sar-
dinia, and in the following year was em- ,
ployed in the manufacture and laying of a
cable between Sardinia andBona in Algeria.
On his return he became electrician and
manager of the wire department of the Gutta
Percha works, and commenced making 2,500
miles of core for a cable from Ireland to
Newfoundland, In 1858 he gave up using
coal-tar naphtha between the gutta-percha
coverings of the wires, having invented an
insulating and adhesive compound of a more
suitable nature, This compound was gene-
rally adopted and is still in use.

In 1864 the works of Glass, Elliot, & Co.
at Greenwich and the Gutta Percha Company
were formed into The Telegraph Construc-
tion and Maintenance Company, when Smith
retained his position at the works. In 1865
he accompanied the Great Eastern steam-
ship, and rendered assistance in the laying
of the cable from Ireland to Newfoundland.
Early in 1866 he was appointed chief elec-
trician to the Telegraph Construction Com-
pany, and was engaged on board the Great
Eastern during the successful laying of the
second cable from Ireland to Newfoundland,
and the recovery and completion of the cable
lost the previous year. Subsequently he took
charge of the French Atlantic cable expedi-
tion. The cable was successfully laid, but
the strain on his mind was so great that for
a time he was quite incapacitated for work.
After his recovery he experimented upon,
and improved the manufacture of, gutta-
percha for cable work. He died at East-
bourne on 17 July 1891, and was buried in
Highgate cemetery on 21 Julv,

Smith made many contributions to periodi-
cal literature and to the 6 Journal of the In-
stitute of Telegraphic Engineers/ of which
institution he was president in 1882-3. In
1891 he published ' The Rise and Progress
of Submarine Telegraphy/ in which he
described some of his own work and expe-
riences.

[Electrical Engineer, 24 July 1891, p. 85 ;
Gordon's Physical Treatise on Electricity, 1883,
ii. 299; Nature, 30 July 1891, p. 302; Times,
25 July 1891, p. 7.] GK C. B.

SMITH-IOJILL, JAMES GEOEGE

(1810-1857), brigadier general. [See
NEILT,.]

SMITHSOlSr, HABEIET CONSTANCE,
afterwards MATUOT BBBUOZ (1800-1854),
actress, born at Ennis, co. Clare, on 18 March
1800, was daughter of William Joseph Smith-
son, a man of Gloucestershire descent, who
was for many years manager of the theatres

Smithson

169

Smithson

in tlie Waterford and Kilkenny circuit.
Adopted at the age of two by the Bev. Dr.
James Barrett of Ennis, she lived with him,
apart from stage knowledge or influences,
until his death in 1809, when she was placed
at Mrs. Tounier's school at Waterford. Her
father's health failing, she was reluctantly
induced to turn to the stage, and, through
the influence of Lord and Lady Castle-Ooote,
was engaged by Frederick Edward Jones
[q. v.], and made her first appearance at the
Crow Street Theatre about 1815 as Albina
Mandeville, Mrs, Jordan's part in Reynolds^

* Will.' She also played Lady Teazle. At
Belfast on 1 Jan. 1816 she joined Montagu
Talbot's company, of which during the pre-
vious season her father and mother had been
members, and on the 3rd played Mrs. Mor-
timer, Mrs. Pope's part in Reynolds's * Laugh
when you can/ During the season, which
ended on 3 July, she was seen as Albina
Mandeville, Aurelia in Mrs. Inchbald's

* Lovers* Vows/ Floranthe in Colman's

* Mountaineers/ Lady Emily Gerald in Mrs,
C. Kemble's f Smiles and Tears/ and for her
benefit, on 1 April, as Letitia Hardy in the

* Belle's Stratagem/ to the Doricourt of her
manager, Montagu Talbot [q. v.] She was
seen to be inexperienced, but praised for
w&i'zjefc?and promise. With Talbot s company
she visited Cork and Limerick, returning to
Dublin, where she played Lady Contest in
the ' Wedding Day/ Yarico in e Inkle and
Yarico/ Cora in ' Pizarro/ Mrs. Haller and
Miss Woodburn in i Every one has his Fault.'

On the recommendation of the Castle-
Cootes she was next engaged by Elliston at
Birmingham, where she was seen by Henry
Erskine Johnston [q.v.], and through hi-m
obtained an introduction to the committee of
management at Drury Lane. There, under
the title of Miss Smithson from Dublin, she
made, as Letitia Hardy, her first appearance
on 20 Jan. 1818, The theatre was at the
nadir of poverty and in disrepute, and her
performance attracted little attention. The

* Theatrical Inquisitor/ however, spoke of her
as tall and well formed, with a handsome
countenance, and a voice distinct rather than
powerful. She ' acted with spirit, over acting
a little in the broadly comic scenes, singing
with more humour than sweetness, and danc-
ing gracefully in the Minuet de la GOUT/ As
Ellen, in the 'Falls of the Clyde/ she won
from the * Morning Herald ' a more favourable
opinion. Her voice had the ' tremulous and
thrilling tones giving an irresistible charm to
expressions of grief and tenderness,' She
played Lady Racket in * Three Weeks after
Marriage/ Eliza in the l Jew/ and other parts,
and was on 25 March the original. Diana

f Vernon in Soane's 'Rob Roy the Gregarach.'
After revisiting Dublin in the summer, she
reappeared at Drury Lane, now under the
management of Stephen Kemble at reduced
prices, and was on 26 Sept. the original Eu-
genia in Walker's ( Sigesmar t he S witzer,' She
played Julia in the * Way to get married;'
Mary in the ' Innkeeper's Daughter;7 on
3 April the original Scipio, an improvisatore,
in Buck's t Italians;' 3 May, the original
Lillian Eden in MoncriefTs ' Wanted a Wife ; '
11 May, the original Jella in Milner's ' Jew of
Lubeck ; f and the original Amestris in Jod-
drell's i Persian Heroine* on 2 June. Next
season Elliston took Drury Lane, and Miss
Smithson went to the Coburg-, where she
played Selima in a version of ' Selima and
Azur.1 On 7 Nov. 1820, as Rosalie Summers
1 in * Town and Country/ she reappeared at
Drury Lane. On the 21st she was the
original Maria in Jameson's * Wild Goose
I Chace/ on 24 March 1821 the first Rhoda in
1 ' Mother and Son/ on 2 July Lavinia in Mon-
1 eriefTs * Spectre Bridegroom,7 and on 8 Sept.
Countess in* Giraldi Duval, or the Bandit of
Bohemia.' For her benefit she played { Lydia
Languish.' She subsequently appeared in
Liverpool, Manchester, Margate, and else-
where in the provinces. Oxberry charges the
management of Drury Lane with studied
neglect in keeping her out of parts such as
, Desdemona, in which she was excellent, and
! Cordelia, Juliet, and Imogen, to which she
was well suited; but she played Lady Anne
to Kean's Richard m, and Desdemona to Ms
Othello. In Howard Payne's 'Adeline, or
the Victim of Seduction/ she was, on 9 Feb.
I 1822, the original Countess ; on 15 Feb. 1823
! she was the first Amy Templeton in Poole's
t Deaf as a Post/ Lady Percy in the t First
Part of Henry I V/ Louisa in the ' Dramatist/
Lisette, an original part in Beazley's * Philan-
dering/ Margaret m *A New Way to pay
Old Debts/ Ellen in * A Cure for the Heart-
ache/ Anne Bullen in t Bang Henry VTH/
Virgilia in ' Coriolanus' were assigned her
I during 1823-4. For three seasons longer she
1 remained at Drury Lane without adding to
her reputation. The only parts worth men-
tioning are Blanche in * King John/ Floriinel
in the ' Fatal Dowry/ Princess Eglantine in
* Valentine and Orson/ Amanda (an original
part) in ' Oberon, or the Charmed House *
(27 'March 1826), and Helen in the 'Iron
Chest' (26 June 1827).

In the meantime, through her brother,
who was manager of the English theatre at
Boulogne, Miss Smithson appeared there on
$ Oct. 1824 as Juliana in the * Honeymoon,'
and Ellen Enfield in the < Falls of Clyde.'
She also played at Calais. Subsequently she

Smithson

170

Smithson

played in the country with Macready, was
•with him in Dublin, and acted with him in
Edinburgh and Glasgow in 1829-30 ; she was
thus seen in 'Jane Shore' by Christopher
North, who describes her in the * Noctes
Ambrosianse ' as ' an actress not only of great
talent, but of genius — a very lovely woman
—and, like Miss Jarman, altogether a lady
in private life.7

In April 1828 Miss Smithson accompanied
Macready to Paris, and appeared at the Salle
Favart (Theatre Italian) in Desdemona, in
which character she made a profound im-
pression, further strengthened by her appear-
ance as Virginia in ' Virginius*' Next spring
she returned to London, and made her first
appearance at Oovent Garden as Belvidera
in 'Venice Preserved' on 11 April, when
Genest declared her much improved. In
November 1832 she was again in Paris, and
engaged the Theatre Italian and the Od£on,
acting on alternate nights; opening the
former house with 'Jane Shore/ in which
she played the heroine, and the latter with
Kenne/s 'Raising the Wind,' An effort to
engage Macready failed in consequence of
the terms he demanded, and the actress, who
was supported by an actor named Archer,
remained the chief attraction. ' Jane Shore'
ran for twenty-five nights. Macready states
that when in that piece she declared that
sjie had not tasted food for three long days,
a deep murmur { Oh, mon Dieu ! J audible
through the house, showed how complete
was the illusion she created. In Juliet and
in Ophelia she achieved her greatest triumphs.
It was the period when in Prance roman-
ticism was rampant, and Miss Smithson
raised the enthusiasm on behalf of Shake-
speare to its height. Her Irish accent, an
obstacle to her success in London, was un-
perceived in Paris, and she was for some
months the rage with the enthusiastic but
volatile public of that city. Years later her
name survived, and her pathetic outbursts
and powerful gestures were commended by
Theophile Gautier.

Among those most passionately enamoured
of her and her art was Hector Berlioz, the
musical composer, whose memoirs are full of
extravagant utterances concerning 'la belle
SfeiiBoti/tbe * artiste inspired dont tout Paris
d$bait»' Poor, and as yet unknown, he
dared to make advances to her which filled
her with consternation rather than delight.
But the snecess of the English theatre in
Paris was not sustained. A trip to Am-
sterdam and to French provincial towns —
s©ch as Havre, Boaen, and Bordeaux — had
a» effect upon Miss Smithson's finances op-
poeifee ta that desired, and he? company

had to be disbanded. Vanity had led her
into many extravagances. The Parisian
public proved fickle, and she had the mis-
fortune to break her leg above the ankle in
getting out of her carriage. Berlioz returned
from Italy in the summer of 1833, and found
her burdened with debts. He chivalrously
renewed his offer, and was married to Miss
Smithson early in October at the British
Embassy, Paris. The announcement in the
' Court Journal ' is ungraciously coupled with
the expression of a wish that the marriage
would prevent her reappearance on the Eng-
lish boards. Though Horace Smith wrote-
of her ' picturesque variety * of pose, English
opinion was almost uniformly hostile to her,
and even attributed her accident to a thea-
trical ruse. It is scarcely surprising that
she had no wish in later life to revisit Great
Britain.

A special performance was given in Paris at
the Theatre Italien with a view towards pay-
ing the debts of the bride. The programme
comprised the l Antony ' of Alexandre Dumas,
supported by Madame Dorval and Firmin,
the fourth act of 'Hamlet,' and a performance
of Berlioz's ' Symphonic Eantastique,' * Sar-
danapale/ and an overture to ' Les Francs-
Juges.' The sum obtained, seven thousand
francs, was inadequate, and the result was
mortification to the actress, who, on her
rising with difficulty from the stage as Ophelia,
did not even receive a call, and saw all the
homage accorded to Madame Dorval. She did
not again appear on the stage. Sharing her
husband's privations, she became, according
to his statement, sharp-tempered, jealous, and
exacting. In 1840 husband and wife separated
by mutual consent, and Berlioz chose another
partner. He saw his wife occasionally, and
contributed to her support. During the last
four years of her life she suffered from para-
lysis, depriving her of speech and motion.
An inscription in the cemetery of Montmartre
reads: * Henriette Constance Berlioz Smith-
son, ne6 a Ennis en Irlande, morte a Mont-
martre le 3 mars 1854.' Ten years later her
remains were disinterred and placed in a
vault in the larger cemetery of Montmartre,
next those of the second wife of Berlioz.
By Berlioz she left a son, Louis, who entered
the navy and was with the French fleet in
the Baltic in 1855, but predeceased his father;
the latter died at Paris on 8 March 1869.

A portrait of her, described as of Henrietta
Smithson, by R. E. Drummond, stippled by
J. Thomson, is among the engraved portraits
at South Kensington. A portrait of her as
Maria, presumably in the *Wild Goose
Chase/ accompanies her life in Oxberry*s
' Dramatic Biography/ A portrait as Mar-

Smithson

171

Smithson

garet in * A New Way to pay Old Debts ' is
in Cumberland's i British Theatre,' vol. vii.,
and another, a coloured print after Clint, as
Miss Dorillon in * Wives as they were and
Maids as they are,' is in Terry's 'British
Theatrical Gallery/

[Particulars of Miss Smithson's early lif e were
supplied by herself to Gxberry, and appear in
the second volume of his Dramatic Biography.
Information concerning her performances in
Ireland is kindly supplied by Mr. W. J. Lawrence,
who is engaged on a History of the Belfast Stage.
Her characters in London are taken from
Genest's Account of the English Stage. Genest,
however, omits mnch. Such few particulars as
can be gleaned concerning her performances in
Prance are taken from the Court Journal (1832
and 1833), Lady's Magazine, and Gautier*s His-
toire de 1'Art Dramatique en France. Her life as
Madame Berliozapp^ars in the M^moires de Hec-
tor Berlioz, 1878, i. 292-4 sq., and is summarised
in a paper by Dutton Cook in the Gent. Mag.
June 1879. The Autobiography of Hector Ber-
lioz, from 1803 to 1865, and published in 1884,
supplies some further details. A short memoir is
in Cumberland's British Theatre, TO!, vii. See
also Grove's Diet, of Musicians; Marshall's Cat.
of Engraved National Portraits; Clark Russell's
Bepresentative Actors; Dramatic Magazine, 1829 ]
and 1830; Pollock's Macready ; Ne^ Monthly j
Magazine, various years; Dibdin's Hist, of the i
Scottish Stage; Hist, of the Theatre Boyal, Dub-
lin, 1870 ; and the Theatrical Censor, 1818-20.]

J. K

SMITHSON, HUG-H, afterwards PEBCY,
first BUKE'OE NOBTHTJMBEBLATO of the third
creation (1715-1786). [See PEBCY.]

SMITHSON, JAMES (1765-1829),
founder of the Smithsonian Institution at
Washington, United States, was known in
early life as JAMES LEWIS or LOTJIS MACIE. j
Born in France in 1765 (the date of 1754, long i
accepted as correct, is taken from the inscrip- j
tiononhis tombstone), he was the illegitimate
sonofHughSnuthson(1715-1786), who after-
wards assumed the name of Percy [q. v.],and
was the first Duke of Northumberland of the
third creation. His mother, who was cousin
of his father's wife, was Elizabeth Hunger-
ford Keate (reputed to be daughter of Henry
Keate, uncle of George Keate [q.v.]) She
was, according to her son James, great-
ffrandniece of Charles Seymour, the 'proud1
duke of Somerset, and 'heiress * to the family
of Hungerford of Studley ; to a member of
that family her sister was married. She had
apparently been twice a widow before her
illegitimate son was born. Her first husband's
surname seems to have been Dickinson. Her
second husband was James Macie, a country
gentleman of an old family belonging to

"Weston, near Bath. Both husbands seem to
have left her well provided for. In the will of
her mother, Penelope Keate, dated 13 July

1764, she was described as * my daughter
Elizabeth Macie of Bath, widow.' Her
second husband, Macie, was therefore dead
before the birth of her illegitimate son in

1765. In 1766, on the death of her brother,
Lumley Hungerford Keate, she inherited the
property of the Hungerfords of Studley,
which was doubtless one of the sources of her
son's great wealth.

Young Smithson was brought from France
at an early age, naturalised, and entered as
a gentleman commoner at Pembroke College,
Oxford. He matriculated on 7 May 1782 as
* Jacobus Ludovieus Macie [changed to Smith-
son], 17,deCivit. Londin.— arm. Fil.7 (Add.
MS. 33412, Brit. Mus.; FOSXEB, Alumni
Oxonienses, iii. 893, iv. 1323). He is said to
have been the best chemist and mineralogist
of his year. In 1784, at the age of nineteen,
he made a geological tour to Oban, Staffa, and
the Western Isles of Scotland, in company
with Faujas de St. Fond, Count Andrioni,
and others, and noted in his journals obser-
vations on mining and manufacturing pro-
cesses. His vacations were usually devoted
to similar excursions and the collection of
minerals. He was created M. A. 26 May 1786,
and was admitted a fellow of the Royal So-
ciety on 26 April 1787, being described as
' late of Pembroke College, Oxford, and now
of John Street, G-olden Square, a gentleman
well versed in various branches of natural
philosophy, and particularly in chy mistry and
mineralogy/ Among the five fellows who
recommended him was flenry Cavend ish.. He
lodged for some timeinBentinck Street, and
there probably prepared his first scientific
paper, t An Account of some Chemical Experi-
ments on Tabasheer/ read before the Royal
Society on 7 July 1791 (PMl Trans. voL
IT-S-TI. pt. ii. p. 368). The following year he
travelled from Geneva to Italy and in Tyrol
His political views found expression in a
letter from Paris ; *The office of king is not
yet abolished,, but they daily feel the inu-
tility, or rather the great inconvenience, of
continuing it. ... May other nations, at the
time of their reforms, be wise enough to cast
off, at first, the contemptible incumbrance.'

It is not known when he received permis-
sion from the crown to change his name, but
in 1794, eight years after his father's death,
he is mentioned in the will of his half-sister,
Dorothy Percy, as Macie. She was also an
illegitimate daughter of the duke, and died
on § Nov. 1794 (UHESTEB, Registers of West-
minster, p. 453). The first public announce-
ment of tke name of Smithson is in thesecond

Smithson

172

Smithson

contribution to the i Transactions 7 of the
Royal Society, being * A Chemical Analysis
of some Calamines, by James Smithson, Esq./
read on 18 Nov. 1802 (Phil Trans, xciii.
12). This analysis quite upset the opinion
of the Abb6 Haiiy that calamines were all
mere oxides or 4 calces ' of zinc, and esta-
blished these minerals in the rank of true
carbonates. To commemorate this discovery
the name Smithsonite was conferred on a
native carbonate of zinc. Another paper,* On
Quadruple and Binary Compounds, particu-
larly Sulphurets/ appeared in the ' Philoso-
phical Magazine,' 1807 (xxis.275). His other
contributions to the l Philosophical Transac-
tions' were: i Account of a Discovery of
Native Minium ' (1806, vol. xcvi. pt. i. p. 267) ;
' On the Composition of the Compound Sul-
phuret from Huel Boys, and an Account o±
its Crystals ' (1808, voL xcviii. pt. i. p. 55) ;
'On the Composition of Zeolite' (1811,
cL 171) ; * On a Substance from the Elm
Tree called Ulmin' (1813, vol. ciii. pt. i. p.
64) ; i On a Saline Substance from Mount
Yesuvius ' (1813, vol. ciii. pt. i. p. 256) ; * A
few Facts relative to the Colouring Matters
of some Vegetables' (1817, cviii. 110). His
name disappears from the ' Philosophical
Transactions' after 1817, but is frequently to
be found in the £ Annals of Philosophy J from
1819. In 1822 he published in that journal
a paper ( On the Detection of very Minute
Quantities of Arsenic and Mercury/ descrip-
tive of a method for a long time used by
chemists. He wrote altogether eighteen
articles in Thomson's ' Annals of Philosophy '
(1819-1825). These, with the eight papers
read before the Eoyal Society, twenty-seven
in all, were issued under the title of * The
Scientific Writings of James Smithson, edited
by W. J. Rhees J (Smithsonian Misc. Cotter
tions, 1879, No, 327). In the opinion of Pro-
fessor Clarke, ' the most notable feature of
Smithson's writings, from the standpoint of
the modern analytical chemist, is the suc-
cess obtained with the most primitive and
unsatisfactory appliances. ... He is not to
be classed among the leaders of scientific,
thought ; but his ability, and the usefulness
of his contributions to knowledge, cannot be
doubted.' In an obituary notice Davies Gil-
bert^ president of the Royal Society, associated
the name of Smithson with those of Wollas-
ton, Young1, and Davy 5 * he was distinguished
by the intimate friendship of Mr. Cavendish,
and rivalled our most expert chemists in ele-
gant analyses,' Berzelius refers to Mm as
* Tun desminSralogigtes les plus experiment's
del'Europe/ He left a great quantity of un-
printed matter. About two hundred manu-
seripls were forwarded to the United States

with his effects, besides thousands of separate
memoranda. Unfortunately, with the excep-
tion of a single volume, all perished in a ore at
the Smithsonian Institution in 1865. "W. R.
Johnson, who examined the papers before the
formation of the institution, states that they
dealt not only with science, but with history,
the arts, language, gardening, and building,
and such topics i as are likely to occupy the
thought and to constitute the reading of a
gentleman of extensive acquirements and
liberal views ' (Misc. Coll. ut supra, p. 138).
His cabinet, which was also destroyed, in-
cluded some 10,000 specimens of minerals.

A large part of Smithson's life was passed
on the continent. He lived in Berlin, Paris,
Rome, Florence, and Geneva, and associated
everywhere with scientific men. Among his
correspondents were Davy, Gilbert, Banks,
Thomson, Black, Arago, Biot, and Klaproth.
In later years, when his health became
feeble, he resided chiefly in Paris, at 121 rue
Montmartre. He died at Genoa, Italy, on
27 June 1829, aged 64, and was buried in the
little English cemetery on the heights of San
Benigno, The authorities of the Smithsonian
Institution placed a tablet on the tomb, and
another in the English church at Genoa;
but on the demolition of the English ceme-
tery at Genoa in 1903, Smithson's remains
were removed to Washington early in 1904.

In his will, dated 23 Oct. 1826, Smithson
describes himself as ' son of Hugh, first duke
of Northumberland, and Elizabeth, heiress
of the Hungerfords of Studley and niece of
Charles the Proud, duke of Somerset, now
residing in Bentinck Street, Cavendish
| Square.* There was a bequest to an old
servant, and the income of the property was
left for life to a nephew, Henry James
Hungerford, also known as Dickinson, and
afterwards as Baron Eunice de la Batut
(d. 1835). Subject to these provisions, the
whole was bequeathed ' to the United States
of America, to be found at Washington, under
the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an
establishment for the increase and diffusion
of knowledge among men.' The value of
the effects was sworn as under 120,0007. in
the prerogative court at Canterbury. The
money is believed to have come chiefly from
Colonel Henry Louis Dickinson (d. 1820), a
son of his mother by a former marriage. A
legacy of 3,000 from Dorothy Percy, his
half-sister on the paternal side, seems to have
been all that Smithson received from his
father's family. Republican sympathies ap-
ipear to account for the bequest to the
United States. In 1835 the United States
legation in London was informed that the
f court of chancery was in possession of the

Smithson

173

Smitz

estate, valued at about 100,0007. Acceptance '
of tlie gift was opposed in Congress, but,
through the influence of John Quiney
Adams, Richard Bush was sent to England
to enter a suit in the name of the president
of the United States. A decision was given
within two years, and the sum of 104,9607,
in gold was delivered at the Philadelphia
mint. In 1867, inclusive of a residuary
legacy, the total amount of the bequest had
increased to six hundred and fifty thousand
dollars. The Smithsonian Institution was
established by act of Congress, approved on
10 Aug. 1846, and the first meeting of the
board of regents took place on 7 Sept. in
the same year. Joseph Henry was the first
secretary (1846-78) ; to him are due the form
of the publications, the system of inter-
national exchanges, and the weather bureau.
Under the second secretary, Spencer Fuller-
ton Baird (1878-87), the new museum build-
ing was erected, and much attention was
given to zoological and ethnological explo-
rations. Professor Samuel Pierpont Langley,
the third and present holder of the office,
established the National Zoological Park and
the Astrophysical Observatory, and has given
great encouragement to the physical as well
as the biological sciences. The special work
of the bureau of ethnology was begun in 1872.
The Smithsonian building is one of the finest
in Washington. The library forms part of the
congressional library, and comprehends per-
haps one-fourth of the national collection. The
institution publishes periodically valuable
series of scientific publications, entitled re-
spectively £ Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge' since 1848, in 4to; 'Miscella-
neous Collections' since 1862, 8vo ; and 'An-
nual Reports.' The 4 Bulletins ' of the Na-
tional Museum commenced in 1875 and the
'Proceedings' in 1878. The 'Annual Re-
ports ' of the Bureau of Ethnology date from
1878. The Bureau also issues * Bulletins/

Smithson was a man of gentle character
whose life was devoted to study uncheered
by domestic affection. He had one relaxation.
Arago, in the course of his * Eloge d'Ampere/
without mentioning Smithson byname, says :
* Je connaissais a Paris, il y a quelques annees,
nn etranger de distinction, & la fois tres-
riche et tres-mal portant, dont les journees,
sauf un petit nombre d/heures de repos,
e"taient regulierement partagees entre d'in-
teressantes recherches scientifiques et le jeu '
((Z&ww, 1854,11. 27). Ampere demonstrated
to his friend that, according to the doctrine of
chances, he was each year cheated out of a
large sum ; but Smithson was unable to forego
the stimulus of play. His writings are marked
by terse and lucid expression, and his theory

of work is well illustrated by the noble words
found in one of his notebooks, which have
been adopted as a motto for the publications
of the institution : f Every man is a valuable
member of society who by his observations,
researches, and experiments procures know-
ledge for men.7 Although Ke deeply felt the
circumstances of his birth, he was proud of his
descent, and once wrote : * The best blood of
England flows in my veins. On my father's
side I am a Northumberland, on my motherV
I am related to kings ; but this avails me not.
My name shall live in the memory of man
when the titles of the Northumberlands and
the Percys are ertinct and forgotten.* One
part of this statement has already been real-
ised, and, as the founder of the famous in-
stitution which bears his name, he is already
illustrious. The position of the Smithsonian
Institution is without a parallel in any
country.

There is an oil painting representing him
as an Oxford student (1786), and a miniature
by Johns (1816), both in the possession of
the institution. A medallion found among
his effects was marked * my likeness ' in
Smithson's hand; from this have been, en-
graved the portrait published by the institu-
tion, the great seal, and the vignette to be
seen on all its publications.

[Materials have been kindly contributed by
Professor S. P. Langley, secretary of the Smith-
sonian Institution. Mr. Gr. B. Henderson lent
some family documents. See also Smithson and
his Bequest, by W. J, Ehees, 1880, and ac-
counts by W. B. Johnson and J. E. McD. Irby
of the writings of Smithson, 1879, in Misc. Col-
lections, vol. xaa. 1881 ; Beport of E. Hash to
the Department of State, 1838; Gent. Hag.
March 1830, p. 275; Groode's Account of the
Smithsonian Institution, 1895.] E. B. T.

SMITZ, CASPAR (d. 1707?), painter, is
believed to have been a native of Flanders.
About 1660 he came to London, where he
gained a reputation for his small portraits in
oil, groups of fruit and Sowers, and especially
pictures of the penitent Magdalene, in the
foreground of which he usually introduced
a large and carefully painted thistle plant.
From his works of this class he received
the sobriquet of * Magdalene * Smith ; several
of them were engraved by John. Smith, P.
Schenk, and E. Petit. Being induced by
a lady who had been his pupil to remove to
Ireland,Smitz practised there during the latter
part of his life. Though his art was admired
and well remunerated, he was always impecu-
nious, and died in poverty in Dublin about
1707 Among Hs pupils were William
Gundy [q. v.] and James Hauberk

Smollett

174

Smollett

[Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (Dallaway
and Wornum); Redgrave's Diet, of Artists;
Nagler s Kiinstler-Lesdkon.] F. M. O'D.

SMOLLETT, TOBIAS GEORGE (1721-
1771). novelist, came of a family long pos-
sessed of much local importance in Dumbar-
tonshire. An ancestor, Tobias, grandson of
John Smollett, a prominent citizen and
bailie of Dumbarton in 1516, was slain in
February 1603 in the conflict at Glenfruin.
The family's influence had been consider-
ably extended by the novelist's grandfather,

SIB JAHES SMOLLETT (1648-1731), first of
Bonhill. Born in 1648, James was appren-
ticed in 1665 to Walter E wing, a writer to the
signet j he was elected provost of Dumbarton
in 1 683, and filled that office until 1686, when
the ordinary election was superseded by
James IL In 1685 he was chosen commis-
sioner for the burgh to the Scottish parlia-
ment, and sat no less than twelve times.
Having been an active supporter of the
revolution, he was knighted by William III
in 1698, and was appointed to one of the
judgeships of the commissary or consistory
court in Edinburgh. As a zealous advocate
of the proposed union between England and
Scotland, he was in 1707 made one of the
commissioners for framing the articles upon
which the union was based (MACZTN'NOJ?',
Hist, of tTte Union), and, after the measure
had been carried, he was the first represen-
tative of the Dumbartonshire boroughs in
the British parliament. In his old age he
lived chiefly at his seat of Bonhill, whither
a goodly number of derivative Smolletts
looked up to him as chief. Sir James died
in 1731 (his curious manuscript autobio-
graphy is in possession of the family at Bon-
hill). By his first marriage with Jane (d.
1698), daughter of Sir Aulay Macaulay of
Ardincaple, bart., he had four sons and two
daughters. He married secondly, in June
1709, Elizabeth, daughter of William Hamil-
ton, but by her had no issue. Of Sir James's
four sons, the eldest, Tobias, went into the
army and died young ; the second, James, and
the third, George, were both called to the
Scottish bar. Sir James's estates passed to
the issue of his second son, James, and when
tliat failed, in 1738, to another grandson,
Jamas, the son of George Smollett, the third
son. Sir James's youngest son, Archibald
(the n<ov*listfs father), though he remained
without a profession, took the step of marry-
ing, without his father's consent, Barbara,
daughter of Robert Cunningham of Gilbert-
fielcL As she had little fortune, the old
knight found it necessary, on forgiving them,
to sefctle upon his youngest son the life rent
of &e farm of Dalquhum, near Bonhill,

in the vale of Leven, parish of Cardross,
Dumbartonshire, making up their income to
near BOOL a year. In the old grange of
Dalquhurn were born a daughter Jean and
two sons, James and the novelist.

Smollett's father, Archibald, a cultivated
man but of weak and petulant disposition,
died about 1723. His mother — a proud ill-
natured-looking woman, with a sense of
humour and a passion for cards — seems to
have remained at Dalquhurn until 1731,
when, her circumstances being further
straitened by the death of her father-in-
law, she removed to Edinburgh and settled
in a floor at the head of St. John Street
(CHAMBERS, Traditions of Old Edinburgh).

Tobias, who was christened on 19 March
1721, received a good education at Dum-
barton school under the grammarian, John
Love [q. v.J His desire had been to enter
the army, but in this he was thwarted by his
grandfather, who had already obtained a
commission for his elder brother, James. In
1736, therefore, he was sent to Glasgow to
attend the university and qualify for the
medical profession, and on 30 May 1736 he
was apprenticed for five years to Dr. John
Gordon (Faculty Records). There is no
ground for disputing the tradition that he
was a mischievous stripling and a restive
apprentice ; but in spite of some peccadilloes
the * bubbly-nosed callant with the stane in
his pouch/ as his master called him, seems
to have gained the latter's regard, while he
succeeded in adding an acquaintance with
Greek to the fair stock of Latin he possessed.
He had already developed a taste for satire,
which he expended upon the square-toed
writers of Glasgow, and he compiled a tra-
gedy based upon Buchanan's account of the
murder of James I (the theme also of Ros-
setti's ' King's Tragedy'), and called the
* Regicide.'

During 1739 Smollett determined to seek
his fortune in London. He set out with the
tragedy in his pocket and very little else,
beyond some letters of introduction which
proved of small avail. His journey south-
wards is described with infinite spirit in the
earlier chapters of ' Roderick Random.'
How far these and subsequent chapters are
strictly autobiographic has been disputed ;
but each of four separate claimants to the
honour of being the original of Strap vowed
that he had shared with Smollett the vicis-
situdes ascribed in the novel to Random and
his comrade (cf. CHAMBER, /SWw/teta, p. 52 ra.)
He lost no time in submitting his play to
George Lyttelton, first baron Lyttelton [q. v.],
the patron of Thomson and of Mallet. Months
elapsed before Lyttelton, with vague polite-

Smollett

Smollett

ness, deprecated the honour of sponsorship for
the play, which was, indeed, exceptionally
"bad. Smollett retorted at once by * dis-
carding his patron/ exhibiting thus early the
*systema nervosum maxime irritabile* of
which he complained in later life to a French
physician. That same autumn, probably
through the influence of Sir Andrew Mitchell
(1703-1771) [q. v.l, he obtained a post as sur-
geon on board a fang's shijj. Next year he
sailed in the Cumberland in the squadron
under Sir Chaloner Ogle fa. v.] to join Ver-
non's fleet in the West Indies, and served
during the whole of the operations of thecom-
binedfleet andland forces against Carthagena
in the spring of 1741, including the terrible
bombardment of Bocca Chica. When this
enterprise was abandoned the fleet returned
to Jamaica, where part remained for further
service in the West Indies. Smollett was
with this portion during 1741 and 1742.
Residing for a whfle in Jamaica, he became
enamoured of a Creole beauty, Kancy Las-
celles, the daughter of an English planter,
whom he married some time after his return
to England, probably in 1747.

Smollett seems to have removed his -name
from the navy books in May 1744, whereupon
he settled as a surgeon in Downing Street,
Westminster. He took kindly to tavern life
and to coffee-house society, among which he
shone as a raconteur. He was a great ac-
quisition to the Scottish circle in London,
and Dr. Alexander Carlyle, during his visit
to the metropolis in 1746, dilates upon the
charm of his society. His indignation was
excited by the rigour with which the High-
land rebellion was crushed in this year, and
he penned the most spontaneous and best
remembered of his poems, 'The Tears of
Scotland.' The years 1746 and 1747 saw his
shilling satires t Advice J and * Reproof/ two
admonitions to the whig party, with whom
he was rapidly losing patience; but they
attracted little attention. In 1747 also ap-
peared his * Burlesque Ode on the Loss of a
Grandmother/ an unfeeling parody of Lyt-
telton's * Monody* to the memory of his
wife.

Smollett's marriage should have brought
Trim a dowry of at least 3,000£ invested in
land and slaves in Jamaica, but, after a
complicated lawsuit with trustees upon the
death of his wife's father, only a fraction of
this was recoverable. He seems to have
migrated from Downing Street to Mayfair
in search of practice, but his demeanour can
hardly have been of a kind to reassure
patients, while a rare facility for plain and
forcible composition seemed to beckon him
into the busiest part of the world of letters.

From the prospect of pamphleteering he
was soon to be diverted to prose fiction.
Eichardson had published his * Pamela ' in
1741, and Fielding his 6 Joseph Andrews '
in 1742. To these, however, Smollett,
when he produced the two small volumes of
f Roderick Random J in 1748, owed little
beyond the first impulse. The analytical
, method of Richardson had little attraction
for him, whale he was for the most part in-
sensible to, as he was incapable of, the literary
blandishments of Fielding. He preferred
to adapt to his purpose the * picaresque '
! method of Le Sage, to whom he frankly
i admits in the premce his obligation. His
appreciation of the l humours y of Bea Jortson
, and Shadwell is shown very markedly in
. his fondness for grotesque colouring, while
1 "many touches betrav the influence of Swiffc
| and Defoe. Smollett's hero, like ' Gil Bias,'
recounts a life of varied adventures, which he
, experiences in the company of a servant ; he
, enters the service of a physician and meets
{ with old schoolfellows, robbers, disillusions,
! and in the end an unexpected fortune (cf.
j WEBSHOVEX", Smollett et Lesage, Berlin,
1883). The novel owed its savour to its
1 studies of eccentric character. Uncle Bow-
ling in l Roderick Random,' said Thackeray,
I was as good a character as Squire Western,
[ and Mr. Morgan as pleasant as Mr. Caius,
while Strap has oftenlteen preferred to his con-
' gener Partridge. There was no authors name
on the title-page of * Roderick Random/ and
Lady Mary WortLey-Montagu, among others,
attributed the work to Fielding (in whose
name it was actually translated into French),
while many said that Fielding would have
to look to his laurels. The first use Smollett
made of his popularity was to publish * The
Regicide ' at five shillings a copy, as by Hie
* author of Roderick Random,' Lyttelton
was so intimidated by the ferocity with
which Smollett bore his triumph that * fear
of Smollett * is said to have been the primary
cause of the protracted delay in the ap-
pearance of his * Henry EL7

Smollett now became a centre of at-
traction to the group of able Scotsmen who
were in London, and especially to those of
the medical profession, such as Clephane,
Maeaulay, Hunter, Armstrong, Pitcairne,
and Smellie. The latter had the benefit of
; Smollett's literary adroitness in the revision.
j of his * Treatise on Midwifery T published in
1752 (GLAISTEE, Dr. William SmelUe and
I his Contemporaries, 1894, p. 113). SmoEetfe
I "himself seems to have still designed to com-
bine the practice of medicine with author-
ship, and in June 1750 he obtained the degree
of M.D. from Marischal College, Aberdeen.

Smollett

176

Smollett

But in the autumn of this year hs already '
had another novel in prospect, and went
over to Paris with a new acquaintance, Dr.
John Moore (his future biographer and author
of ' Zelnco 7), in yiest of materials, or rather
subjects for caricature. One of these was
found in the person of Smollett's compatriot,
Mark Akenside. Smollett published his
second novel, ' The Adventures of Peregrine
Pickle ' (1751, 4 vols. 12mo), with prompti-
tude after his return. From the outset it
met with an immense success, and was forth-
with translated into French. Lake its pre-
decessor, it was a loosely constructed series
of adventures. But the faculty of eccentric
characterisation which rendered * Roderick
Random' notable was surpassed in * Pere-
grine Pickle J in the humorous study of Com-
modore Trunnion, the description of whose
death shows SmoHettTs powers at their best
(cf. Retrospective Review, iii. 362). Two
capital defects in the story are the grossly
inartistic interpolation, for a handsome fee,
of * The Memoirs of a Lady of Quality 7 [see
VAITE, FBAHCES, VISCOUNTESS VANE], and
the debased character of the hero, the ' savage
and ferocious Pickle ' as he is called by Scott.
The work was further disfigured by the
splenetic attacks which Smollett made upon
Lyttelton (Sir Gosling Scrag), and upon
Garrick, Gibber, Rich, Akenside, and Field-
ing ; these offensive passages were removed
from the second edition. Smollett, however,
pursued his resentment against Fielding,
which must be attributed, in part at least, to
an unworthy jealousy, in a pamphlet written
in 17o2? and entitled £ A Faithful Narrative
of the Base and Inhuman Arts that were
lately practised upon the Brain of Habbakuk
Holding, Justice, Dealer, and Chapman, who
now lies at his house in Covent Garden in a
deplorable State of Lunacy ... by Draw-
cansir Alexander, Fencing Master and Philo-
math.1 The great novelist and his friend
Lyttelton were here attacked in the coarsest
strain of personal abuse.

In the meantime Smollett had migrated
to Bath, and was making a last determined
attempt to establish himself as a physician ;
but neither place nor profession was suited
to a man so frank and so combative. In
1752 he published * An Essay on the Ex-
ternal Use of Water' (London, 8vo), in
which he sought to prove that, for hydro-
pathic purposes, the mineral water of Bath
had little advantage over any other water.
He seems to have left Bath shortly after-
wards with some valuable material for sub-
sequent satire upon the medical profession
(<£ EVEBITT, Doctors, p. 282), His patience
had proved insufficient for the trials of a

struggling physician, and he returned to
London to devote himself wholly to literary
work. He established him. self at Monmouth
House, or the 'Great House/ Chelsea, an
Elizabethan mansion formerly known as
Lawrence House ; it was taken down in
1835, but before that date it was drawn and
etched by R. Schnebellie. He was a regular
frequenter of the 'Swan/ where he for-
gathered with c a circle of phlegmatic and
honest Englishmen/ The humours of
tavern life had always a rare attraction for
him. At Saltero's (to the museum attached
to which he was a 'benefactor;7 see Cat,
35th ed. p. 19) he met more distinguished
friends, and he was visited at his Chelsea
home, where the garden proved an attrac-
tion, by Johnson, Goldsmith, Sterne, Garrickr
"Wilkes, and John Hunter. Every Sunday
his house was open to ( unfortunate brothers,
of the quill/ whom he treated with * beef,
pudding, and potatoes, port, punch, and
Calvert's entire butt-beer.

One of his first exploits at Chelsea was
the personal chastisement of a man called
Peter Gordon, who had borrowed money
from Smollett and had sought to cancel his
obligations by taking up his quarters in the
king's bench prison, whence he despatched
insolent messages to his creditor. An action
brought by Gordon against his assailant was.
compromised to Smollett's disadvantage. In
the same year (1753) appeared Smollett's,
third novel, { Ferdinand Count Fathom/ his-
most sustained effort. The irony of the open-
ing chapters, the ruthless characterisation of
a scoundrel, and the description of the robbers'
hut in the forest exhibit a striking reserve
of power. Few novels have been more-
imitated.

During the whole of this year and the
next Smollett was constantly in pecuniary
difficulties ; he had anticipated his income,
and, pending the arrival of a remittance
from the West Indies, had to borrow from
his friend Dr. Macaulay. Hia embarrass-
ments seem to have reached a climax in
December 1754, when on the night of the
10th he was robbed of his watch and purse
in the stage-coach between Chelsea and
London. A few months later, in March
1755, appeared his translation of 'Don
Quixote/ at which he had been working
intermittently for many months, and for
which he had been paid soon after the ap-
pearance of 'Roderick Random/ Though
many of Smollett's humorous paraphrases-
are excellent, his claims to adequate know-
ledge of the original were at once questioned
in 'A Letter from a Gentleman in the
Country to his Friend in Town' (anon.

Smollett

177

Smollett

London, 1755). Lord Woodhouselee, in
his * Essay on Translation T (1813), stigma-
tised the work as a rifacimento of Jervas,
and this judgment is substantially confirmed
by later critics (cf. OBMSBY, Don Quixote,
iy. 420; Mr. H. E. WATTS, Quixote, i.
xxii.) Published at 2Z. 10s., and dedicated
to * Don Ricardo Wall 7 [q. Y.I it was, how-
ever, a commercial success, and was for many
years the reigning English version.

In the summer that followed its publica-
cation Smollett revisited Scotland. His
sister had married, in 1739, Alexander Telfer
of Symington, Lanarkshire, who had pro-
spered, and in 1749 bought for 2,062/. the
estate of Scotston in Peeblesshire. Thither
Smollett's mother had removed in 1759, and
thither Tobias now directed his steps. Mrs.
Smollett, runs the story, did not recognise
her son at first, but he soon betrayed him-
self by his ' roguish smile/ He also revisited
Glasgow, and saw his friend Dr. Moore.

Severe labours awaited his return to Lon-
don* A thriving printer, Archibald Hamilton,
who had been compelled to leave Edinburgh
owing to his share in the Porteous riot, de-
termined to start a literary periodical in op-
position to the * Monthly Review' of Ralph
Griffiths [q. v.], and to put Smollett at the
head of the syndicate or ' Society of Gentle-
men ' who were to direct it. The first num-
ber of * The Critical Review,1 as it was called,
appeared in February 1756. Its position was
established by capable reviews of such works
as Birch's f History of the Royal Society/
Voltaire's 'Pucelle/ Hume's 'History/ Dyer's
'Fleece/ Gray's * Odes,' Home's ' Douglas,'
and Richardson's * Clarissa.* Smollett wrote
to explain to the last two authors that he
was not personally responsible for the want
of cordiality displayed towards them. Other
victims were not so placable as Home and
Richardson. In December 1759 Smollett
unmercifully ridiculed Dr. James Grainger*s
^Tibullus/ and Graing^er, after some de-
liberation (see an ainusinjg letter to Percy,
NICHOLS, Hkutrations, vii, 263), decided on
reprisals. These took the form of * A Letter
to Tobias Smollett, M.D./ the sting of which
lay in the insultingly familiar ajmeals to
* Dr. Toby/ a name which Smollett detested.
A more abusive pamphlet came from the pen
of Joseph Reed fa. v7| In April 1761 Smol-
lett criticised tlie *Kosciadr with a free-
dom little appreciated by the then mi known
author, and Churchill lost no time in retali-
ating by a savage attack upon Smollett's
character and his plays — the productions
about which he was most sensitive. An-
other steady opponent was John Shebbeare
[q. v,], who tried to convert his * Occasional

VOL. Lin,

Critic * into an engine of systematic abuse of

Smollett and his * Scotch gentlemen critics.'

Simultaneously with his work upon the

* Critical Review/ Smollett was writing his-
large * History of England/ from the earliest
times down to 1748, at the rate of about a.
century a month. It was primarily a book-
seller's venture, designed to take the wind
out of the sails of Hume, who had published
two volumes on the Stuart period, and waa
working backwards. In this object, at least,
it succeeded when it appeared in four bulky
quarto volumes at the close of 1757. Hume
wrote ironically of his rival as seated on the-
historical summit of Parnassus, and warned
his publisher, Millar, in April 1758, of the-

* disagreeable ' effects to be anticipated from
the ' extraordinary run on Smollett/ Less
restrained was the wrath of Warburton,
who wrote of the i vagabond Scot who has-
presumed to follow Clarendon and Temple r
(Letters to Hurd, p. 278). Smollett states
with pride in his preface that he had con-
sulted more than three hundred books in.
compiling the work ; he started, he admits,
with a certain bias towards the whig prin-
ciples in which he had been educated, but
this predilection wore off as the work pro-
ceeded. He dedicated it, when finished,
without permission, to William Pitt (after-
wards earl of Chatham), who wrote him a.
polite letter.

Among the minor tasks of 1756 and 1757,.
two years during which he undermined his-
health by excessive application, were the-
compilation for Dodsley of i The Compen-
dium of Voyages/ in seven volumes (the agree-
ment is among Mr. Alfred Morrison's auto-
graphs), and the production of his farce of
sea life entitled * The Reprisal, or the Tars-
of Old England,' which had a moderate suc-
cess at Drury Lane on 22 Jan. 1757, and was
in request lor about half a century afterwards-
as a popular and patriotic piece. Largely
owing to the generosity of Garrick, it brought
the author a profit of nearly 200Z. Smollett
did penance for * Marmoset ' (his caricature-
of Garrick in Pickle) by writing a grateful
letter, and he soon afterwards passed a high
euloghrai upon the player in the * Critical
Review.' In 1758 Smollett undertook the-
superintendence of a voluminous e Universal
History/ which was to be produced in colla-
boration. One of his assistants was the-
veteran Dr. John Campbell (1708-1775)
[q.v.], whose books *no man can number.'
The work of the lesser members of the con-
federation required much polishing, and Smol-
lett felt the drudgery keenly. He himself
wrote the portions relating to France, Italy^
and Germany. About the same time he com*

Smollett

178

Smollett

menced the revision of his ' History/ which,
now appeared in weekly numbers and with
portraits. These sixpenny parts had an enor-
mous circulation (amounting, it is said, to
twenty thousand), which the publisher stimu-
lated by sending a parcel of prospectuses for
distribution in church pews, accompanied by
a douceur of half a crown to every parish
clerk in the country (TmPEBLEY, EncycL
p. 703).

Next year (1759) was signalised by two
events. La March Smollett petitioned John
Wilkes (an occasional visitor at Chelsea), on
behalf of 'that great Cham of Literature,
Samuel Johnson/ and was instrumental in
obtaining the release from the clutches of the
press-gang of Johnson's black servant, Barber.
Two months later Smollett was tried at the
king's bench, in an action brought by Admiral
Sir Charles Knowles [q. v.] lor . defamation
of character, fined 100£ for aspersing the
admiral's courage in the { Critical Review 7
(v. 439), and sentenced to three months' im-
prisonment in the king's bench prison.
There he received the visits of many Mends,
and, feed from domestic cares, carried on
his profession with a fresh access of energy.
Among his visitors were Garrick, Goldsmith,
and Newbery, who engaged Smollett's ser-
vices for the new sixpenny monthly maga-
zine he was planning. Smollett succeeded
in getting a royal patent for the new publi-
cation through the influence of Pitt, and the
first number of the ' British Magazine ' ap-
peared in January 1760. Through its earlier
numbers ran ' The Adventures of Sir Laun-
celot Greaves,' the least worthy of Smollett's
novels, embodying a squalid imitation of
4 Don Quixote/ The lawyer, Ferret, was a
caricature of his old enemy Shebbeare, More
•distinctive is the vivid bit of description with
which the story opens, Smollett once for all
discarding the conventional exordium and
setting an example which later novelists
"have not been slow to follow. Scott relates
that Smollett while engaged upon this work
was at Paxton in Berwickshire on a visit to
George Home. When post time drew near
lie retired for an hour to scribble offthe neces-
sary amount of copy. Serial publication of
a novel in a monthly magazine was an inno-
mtloiL Before the end of the same year
(1761) apjjeared the first volume of his
* Continuatioii of the History of England ; '
a second, third, and fourth appeared in 1762,
•and & fifth instalment brought the work
•down to 1765. The handsome terms in
which he aHu4es in the last volume to some
of his old enemies asd rivals — such as Aken-
«$t#e and Yielding, LytteltoHrBobertsont and
Hume— may be taken as a sign that some at

least of his animosities had been softened by
the lapse of years. The work as a whole 'is
not more confused and inaccurate than such
hasty productions unavoidably must be' (RO-
BERT ANDERSON). Meanwhile, in 1762,
Smollett undertook the editorship of the
' Briton/ which was called into existence by
the need of defending the tory minister, Lord
Bute. This was on 30 May, and on 5 June
appeared the first number of the l North
Briton ' of John "Wilkes, whose systematic
vilification of Scotland and Scotsmen excited
Smollett to such, a pitch of irascibility that
in eight months time he threw up his task in
disgust. The ' Briton ' expired on 12 Feb.
1763 ; its circulation seems never to have
exceeded 250 a week, and its chief interest is
due to the fact that it brought Wilkes into
the field (ALMOST, Review of Lord Bute's Ad-
ministration, p. 55). All the while it was
running, Smollett was wellnigh overwhelmed
by his other and multifarious editorial duties.
The tasks which he undertook at this period
included a huge geographical compendium
in eight bulky volumes, entitled ( The Pre-
sent State of all Nations,' and a thirty-eight-
volume translation of "Voltaire. A grim in-
sight into his methods of work is afforded by
Dr. Carlyle in 1759, when Smollett's literary
factory was in full swing. Dr. Eobertson,
the historian, was anxious to make the ac-
quaintance of Smollett, and an appointment
was finally made at Forrest's coffee-house.
There Smollett ' had several of his minions
about him, to whom he prescribed tasks
of translation, compilation, or abridgment.'
After dinner he gave ' audience to his myr-
midons, from whom he expected copy.' Of
five authors who were introduced, he kept
two to supper to amuse his guests. Robert-
son expressed surprise at Smollett's urbanity.
Smollett seems to have consistently lived
beyond his income (which is estimated be-
tween 1755 and 1765 at 600£ a year), but,
despite debts and the harassing conditions
of his work, he was happy in his Chelsea
home. He was specially devoted to his
little daughter, Elizabeth. * Many a time/
he says in one of his letters, * do I stop my
task and betake me to a game of romps with
Betty, while my wife looks om smiling, and
longing in her heart to join in the sport ;
then back to the cursed round of duty.' His
( Nancy and little Bet ' rarely saw the soar
visage with, which he confronted the world.
When his daughter died in April 1763, at
the age of fifteen (she was buried on 11 April
at St. Luke's, Chelsea), his grief was intense,
and, being already overwrought and suffer-
ing from nervous strain, he was never the
same man again. His friend Armstrong ad-*

Smollett

179

Smollett

-vised recourse again to the Bath waters, which
•'had been use&l to him in the preceding
winter ; ' but his wife earnestly begged him
to l convey her from a country where every j
object served to nourish grief.' He followed
her advice. * Traduced by malice, persecuted
by faction, abandoned by false patrons,* as
he bitterly complains, ancl l overwhelmed by
the loss of his only child/ he fled l with
•eagerness1 from his country, where men.
seemed every year to grow i more malicious,*
Churchill, whose malice was remorseless, had •
•just attacked him in the ' Author ' as Poblius,
4 too mean to have a foe — too proud to have
-a friend/ and once more by name in the
* Ghost.' A meaner assailant was Cnthbert
Shaw [q. v.], who, in his dull imitation of k
the * Dunciad/ entitled * The Race,' directs
thirty-two lines of feeble invective against
the * Scottish critic,*

Smollett crossed the Channel to Boulogne :
in June 1763 ; he remained at Boulogne till
September, and proceeded thence by Paris,
Lyons, and Montpellier to Nice. A pioneer
of the Riviera as a health resort, he made
Nice his headquarters from November 1763
to May 1765 (during the greater part of
which time he made careful observations of
the weather). His shrewdness anticipated
the great future that lay before the Cornice
road (afterwards designed by Napoleon), and
he foresaw the possibilities of Cannes, then
•*a neat village/ as a sanatorium. From Nice
he sailed in a felucca to Genoa, and thence
visited Rome and other Italian cities, return-
ing to England through France in June 1765.
Early next year he published his ' Travels *
in the form of letters sent home from
Boulogne, Paris, Xiee, and other places along-
his route, The book is replete with learning
and with sound and often very acute obser- ,
yation, but Smollett, who in England saw -
in Durham and York minsters * gloomy and
depressing piles/ took an even more jaundiced
view of what he saw abroad. Philip Thick-
nesse wondered that he ever got home alive
to tell the tale (Letters, 1767, 8vo; cf.
HILLAED, Sfr Months m Italy, 1853, ii. 295-
298). Sterne encountered the i choleric Phi-
listine/ probably in Italy, and gibbeted him
as i Smelfungus' in the * Sentimental Jour-
ney/ Sternes concluding bit of advice, that
Smollett should confide his grievances to
his physician, shows that he attributed his
splenetic view of things to the right cause.

In spite of his profound mistrust of foreign
doctors, Smollett had consulted physicians,
and at first upon his return he seemed much
better, but a few months in London un-
deceived him. His health was thoroughly
Undermined by chronic rheumatism, while

the pain arising from a neglected ulcer,
which had developed into a chronic sore,
helped to sap his strength. As soon, there-
fore, as his * Travels ' were out of hand, he
resolved on a summer journey to Scotland.
He reached Edinburgh in June 1766y and
stayed with his sister, Mrs. Telfer, in St.
John Street. The society of Edinburgh, then
at the apogee of its brilliance, paid due at-
tention to * the famous Dr. Smollett/ He
was visited by Hume, Home, Robertson,
^dam Smith, Blair, Dr. Carlyle, Cullen, the
Monroe, and many old friends. In company
with his mother, he went on to Glasgow,
stayed with Dr. Moore, and patted the head
of the future hero of Corona. Finally he
proceeded to the scenes of his childhood, in
the vale of Leven, and stayed with his
cousin, James Smollett, in his newly built
mansion of Cameron. Smollett's mother
died in the autumn, and, still in a very pre-
carious state of health, he proceeded to Bath,
spending- the Christmas of 1766 in Gay Street,
where Ms health at last took a turn for the
better, and -where it is quite possible that
he may have commenced a rough draft of

* Humphrey Clinker.' It is practically cer-
tain that he owed his conception of the
framework of it to a reperusal of AnsteVs
'New Bath Guide/

Li 1768 he was again in London, and with
a return of vital energy came a recrudescence
of his old savagery. His next work, * The His-
tory and Adventures of an Atom/ is a kind
of Rabelaisian satire on the whole course of
public affairs in England from 1754 to the
date of jrabllcation in 1769. He lashes oat
against king- and ministers on both sides with
equal venom. His old patrons, Pitt and
Bute, are attacked -with no less fey than old
enemies sueii as Cumberland and Lord
Mansfield, or his journalistic rival, John
Wilkes (for a key to the characters see W.
DAVIS, Sfe&md Journey rcmtd the Lzbrcery qf
& £&liomart£ac, 1826), Its publication was
followed by a serious relapse. His friends
decided that, to prolong his life, he must re-
turn to Italy, Hume generously applied to
Shelbnme for a consulate ; there were several
vacancies in. Italy, and Smollett -was well
qualified for such a post. But no such favour
was forthcoming from, a member of the

* pack,' as Smollett had designated all con-
temporary politicians (Shelburne's letter of
refusal is printed among 'Some Inedited
Memorials of Smollett ' in the * Atlantic
Monthly/ Jane 1859).

In. December 1769 he left England for the
last time, md proceeded to Ltieca. and Pisa,
then the chief accredited health resort in the
Mediterranean. At Pisa he was visited fey

Smollett

180

Smollett

Sir Horace Mann, who did what he could for
him (DoKAsr, Mann and Manners at the Court
of Florence, pp, 217-18), and was anxious to
learn his views as to the identity of Junius.
Smollett seems to have acquired a fair know-
ledge of Italian. Among the books sold
after his death by his widow were anno-
tated copies of Goldoni and other Italian
authors, along with odd volumes of Field-
ing and Sterne. During the spring of 1770
he and his wife and two other compatriots
secured contiguous villas about two miles
out of Leghorn, near Antignano, under the
shadow of Monte Nero. The site, now occu-
pied by the Villa Gamba, upon one of the
lower spurs of the mountain, commands a
beautiful prospect over the sea. Smollett
describes the situation in a letter to Caleb
Whitefoord of 18 May 1770. Here, while
tended with devotion by his wife, he gra-
dually became weaker. He was visited by
the friendly author of the f Art of preserv-
ing Health ' in the summer of 1770 (A, Short
Ramble through some Parts of France and
Italy, by Lancelot Temple [i.e. Dr. John
Armstrong], London, 1771, pp. 51-2), and
during the autumn he penned the bulk of
the immortal 'Humphrey Clinker/

Horace Walpole stands almost alone as a
detractor of * Humphrey Clinker/ which he
unwarrantably described as ' a party novel
written by that profligate hireling Smollett
to vindicate the Scots and cry down juries '
(Mem. of George HI, iv. 328). From the
first the work, which bears traces of Sterne's
influence, was regarded as a rare example of
a late maturity of literary power and fecun-
dity of humour. The workmanship is un-
equal, and the itinerary, which is largely
autobiographic, is too often the means of
introducing Smollett's contemptible views
on aesthetic subjects; but as a whole the
setting is worthy of the characters — the
kindly but irascible Bramble, the desperate
old maid Tabitha, the diverting Winifred
Jenkins (direct progenitors of Mrs. Mala-
prop), and ' the flower of the flock ' — the
pedant Lismahago. The original of the last
is said to have been a certain Major Robert
Stobo, who drew up a curious * Memorial 1
ia 1760 (reprinted Pittsburg, 1854 ; cf. Jbwr-
nal of Lieut. Swnon Stevens, Boston, 1760);
Scott, in drawing Sir Dugald Dalgetty,
admits his direct debt to Smollett (Legend
ofMontroset Introduction).

Smollett had the satisfaction of seeing his
masterpiece in print, but not of hearing the
chorus of praise that greeted it* He wrote
to his friend John Hunter in the spring of
1771 : * If I can prevail upon my wife to
eacecwfee my last will, you shall receive my

poor carcase in a box after I am dead to he-
placed among your rarities. I am already
so dry and emaciated that I may pass for an
Egyptian mummy without any other pre-
paration than some pitch and painted linen/
His last words were spoken to his wife, 'All
is well, my dear/ and on 17 Sept. 1771 he-
died at the age of fifty-one. An interesting
account of his last illness is given by the-
accomplished Italian physician, Giovanni
Gentili (Gentili MSS. in Eiccardian Library
at Florence, codici 3280 sq., cited in Pera's*
' Curiosita Livoraesi/ p. 316). Gentili com-
ments on his perfect attachment to his wife,
and his ' temperamento molto collerico, ma.
riflessivo.' He assigns his death to the night
of 17 Sept. He was buried two days after
death (the Westminster Journal of 26 Oct.
1771 contains the most circumstantial ac-
count ; the Evening Post of 17 Oct. 1771 says-
he died * on 20 Sept. at Pisa; ' cf. Scots Maga-
zine for October 1771). His grave is in the old
English cemetery in the Via degli Elisi at
Leghorn (the only town in north Italy where

and the sea lies to the west of him, as of
Fielding at Lisbon. A Latin inscription
(inaccurate as to dates) was written for his-
tombstone by Armstrong, and has recently
been recut. Three years later a monument
was erected by the novelist's cousin, Com-
missary James Smollett, on the banks of the
Leven — a tall Tuscan column, which still
attracts tourists between the Clyde and Loch
Lomond. The inscription was revised and in
part written by Dr. Johnson, who visited
Bonhill with Boswell in 1773 (Life, ed. Hill,
v. 366-8; Letters, ed. Hill, i. 286).

In November 1775 Commissary Smollett
died {Gent. Mag. 1775, p. 551), and the
novelist, had he lived, would have come into
the property, which passed to his sister, Jean
Telfer. On succeeding to the estate she re-
sumed her maiden name, and during her occu-
pation bleaching and other works sprang up
in the vale of Leven, and there came into
existence the prosperous village of Rentonr
named after the * Miss [Cecilia] RTenton]/
daughter of John Renton of Blackadder, who
appears in * Humphrey Clinker ' as one of the
belles of Edinburgh. Cecilia subsequently
married Jean Smollett's son, Alexander Tel*
fer, and was mother of Lieut.-colonel Alex-
ander Smollett, killed at the battle of Alk-
maar in 1799. The latter was succeeded at
Bonhill by his brother, Admiral John Rouett
Smollett (d. 1842), father of Patrick Smol-
lett (1804-1895).

Smollett's widow continued to live at
Leghorn, in receipt, it would appear, of a
smjftl pittance from the Bonhill family. In

Smollett

181

Smollett

September 1782 she lost the small remnant
of her property in a disastrous fire in Jamaica,
and made a pathetic appeal to the charitable
for assistance (London Chronicle, 14 Sept. ;
•cf. European Mag. November 1803). On
3 March. 1784 £ Venice Preserved * was per-
formed at the Edinburgh Theatre Royal for
her benefit, and a sum of 366£. was remitted
to her. She appears to have died soon after-
wards.

In a brochure entitled ' "Wonderful Pro-
phecies/ issued twenty-four years after his |
death (London, 1795, 8vo, p. 55), Smollett
was credited with some very remarkable
predictions alleged to have been written in
& letter addressed a few mouths before his
death, to a parson in Northumberland, l The
North American colonists/ he is said to have
•declared, * republican to a man, will embrace
the first fair opportunity entirely to shake
off; T and again : i The present political state
of France can hardly continue more than
twenty years longer . . . and, come when it
wiU, the change must be thorough, violent,
and bloody/ But there is no means of test-
ing the authenticity of this document, which
must be regarded with suspicion.

Smollett was placed in a very high rank
by his contemporaries. Lady "Wortley-
Hontagn praised her * dear Smollett1 to all
her friends (including Mrs. Delany and
•other pious people), Johnson commended his
ability, Burke delighted in * Roderick Ran- *
dom/ and Lydia Languish seems to have
had an impartial affection for all his novels.
Of later generations, Scott readily grants to *
him an equality with his great rival Fielding.
Elia makes his imaginary aunt refer with a
sigh, of regret to the davs when she thought
it proper to read * Peregrine Pickle.' pblivious
of Dickens, Leigh Hunt calls Smollett the
finest of all caricaturists. Talfourd puts
his Strap far above Fielding's Partridge,
and Thackeray gives to * Clinker * the palm
among laughable stories since the art of
novel-writing was invented. More critical
as the estimate of Hazlitt. Smollett, lie says,
portrays the eccentricities rather than the
characters of human life, but no one has
praised so well the charm of t Humphrey
•Clinker T or the ( force and mastery J of many -
episodes in * Count Fathom/ Taine would
appear to sympathise with Mr. Leslie
Stephen in a much lower estimate of Smollett
as the interpreter of the extravagant humours
•of * ponderous well-fed masses of animated
beefsteak/ Of the five great eighteenth-
century novelists, Defoe, Richardson, Field-
ing, Smollett, and Sterne, Smollett is now
valued the least ; yet in the influence he has
exercised upon successors he is approached

by Sterne alone of his contemporaries. The
tide of subsequent fictitious literature is
strewn on every hand with the disjecta
membra of 'Peregrine Pickle,' of * Count
Fathom,' and * Humphrey Clinker/ Not
only does Trunnion live again in Uncle
Toby, in John Gilpin, in Captain Cuttle ; a
similar immortality has overtaken whole
scenes in the * The Reprisal 7 and numerous
incidents in * Count Fathom ; ' while Scott
(especially in fGuy Mannering'), Dibdin,
Marryat (in < The Three Cut ters '), and Thacke-
ray (in * Barry Lyndon J) owe scarcely less
to Smollett in one direction or another than
avowed disciples such as Charles Johnstone,
the author of * Chrysal/ or Charles Dickens,
whose style is frequently reminiscent of his
less gifted and less fortunate predecessor.

Beneath a very surly exterior there was in
Smollett a vein of rugged generosity and
romantic feeling (cf. Intermediate des Cker-
cheurs et Curieux, i. 364, an excellent ap-
preciation). His dominant mood is well
expressed in his * Ode to Independence/ pub-
lished shortly after his death. He was es-
sentially a difficult man, hugging his na-
tionality, a * proud, retiring, independent
fellow/ far more disposed to cultivate the
acquaintance of those he could serve than
of those who could serve him. He was, as
his physician says, 'un uomo di talento
svegliato, sofferente gH acciacchi della vita
umanaT ma quasi misantropo.' He had a
marked dislike for modish society. He hated
ceremony of any kind, and characteristically
compared Roman Catholicism, to comedy, and
Calvinism to tragedy. Of English writers
who have any pretension to a place in the
first rank, few, if any, are so consistently
pagan. The religious point of view never
occurred to him. He was no metaphysician,
like Fielding, and the last word of his phi-
losophy, as expressed in a letter to Garrick,
was that the world was a sort of debtors*
prison, in. which fwe are all playthings of
fortune/ As a stylist, he carried on the
robust tradition of Swift and Defoe. Unlike
the majority of his contemporaries, especially
those who had crossed the Tweed, he had a
thorough grasp of English idiom, and, as
compared with Fielding, he is singularly free
from archaisms and from conceits of every
kind (cf. HAZLiTt). His manuscript was
very good and clear. Some interesting auto-
biographical letters written by him to ad-
mirers in America are printed in the * Atlantic
Monthly' (June 1859). Some of Ms auto-
graphs are in the Morrison Collection and in
the British Museum (Addit, MSS. 28275,
30877), and many are preserved at Cameron.
House, BonhilL

Smollett

182

Smollett

The "best extant "portrait of Smollett is a
half-length, painted by Verelst in 1756, which
belonged to Mrs. Smollett, and is now in
possession of the family at Cameron House.
This portrait was formerly in the posses-
sion of Lord "Woodhouselee, and depicts the
novelist in 'full dress; a stone-coloured,
full-mounted coat, with hanging sleeves ; a
green satin waistcoat, trimmed with gold
lace; a tye-wig; long ruffles and sword
agreeably to the costume of the London
physician of the time — size 4 ft. 4 in. high
by 3ft. 4 in. wide' (Cat ap. IKVI^G'S Duvn~
bartonshire). The best engraving is that by
Freeman (1831). A portrait by Reynolds
was engraved by Eavenet and by Ridley in
1777, from an original then in the possession
of D. Smith, which cannot now be traced.
An anonymous Italian portrait in oils, painted
at Pisa about 1770 (and formerly in the
possession of the novelist), belongs to the
Rev. R. L. Douglas of Oxford. Chambers
also mentions a rumour that Smollett was
painted by Fuseli. As the editor of the
'Briton/ Smollett during the spring of 1763
was the object of several caricatures, in
which ne is represented as the creature of
Bute and persecutor of the patriot Wilkes (c£
WEIGHT, Caricature History, pp. 270 seq.),
and came in generally for much of the obloquy
levelled against the Scots (see STEPHENS'S
Cat. of Satirical Prints, Nos. 3825, 3876 seq.)
The following is a list of Smollett's chief
works: 1. 'Advice: a Satire [in verse]/ Lon-
don, 1746, fol. 2. < Reproof: a Satire [in
verse]/ London, 1747, fol, These two satires
were reprinted as * Advice and Reproof/
London, 1748, 4to ; Glasgow, 1826, 12mo.
3. l The Adventures of Roderick Random/
2vols. London, 1748, 12mo; 3rd edit. 1750:
8th edit. 1770; 12th edit. 1784, with a life
[1793], 12mo; 1831, in Roscoe's 'Novelist's
Library' (ii.), with illustrations by Cruik-
shank; Leipzig, 1845 (Tauchnitz); 1857
(with memoir by G. H. Tpwnsend) ; 1836,
and frequently reprinted in the sixpenny
* Railway Library/ 'Roderick Random de
1'Anglais de M. Fielding' appeared in 1761,
Paris, 12mo,and also at Amsterdam (1762),
JrfiEsanne (1782), Reims and Geneva (1782).
4 ' The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle/ in
winch, is included ' Memoirs of a Lady of
Quality/ 4 vols. London, 1751, 12mo; 2nd
e&t. 1751 5 5th edit. 1773; 7th edit. 1784;
Edinburgh^ 4 vok 8vo, 1805, with plates by
Bowlandson; 1831, in Roscoe's 'Novelist's
Library' (iiL), with Cruikshank's plates,
London, 1857, 8vo, illustrated by 'Phiz;'
London, 2 vols. 1882 (< Sixpenny Novels ') ;
*Aventures de Sir William Pickle/ Amster-
dam, 1753 ; a German version was issued '

in 1785 5. < The Adventures of Ferdinand
Count Fathom/ 2 vols. London, 1753 l^mo •
2nd edit. 1771, 1780; London 2 vols. 8^>'
1782 [1795], 12mo. A French translation
by T. P. Bertin appeared at Paris, 'an vi>"
[1798], 12mo. 6. < A Compendium of Authen-
tic and Entertaining Voyages, digested in a
Chronological Series/ 7 vols. London 1756
12mo ; 2nd edit. London, 1766, 12mo. 7. < A
Compleat History of England, deduced from
the Descent of Julius Caesar to the Treatv
of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748/ 4 vols. London
1757-8, 4to ; 2nd edit. 11 vols. London, 1758-'
1760, 8vo ; French version by Targe, Orleans .
1759. 8. ' Continuation of the Complete His-
tory of England/ 5 vols. London, 1763-5, 8vo.
This was modified, and re-entitled * The His-
tory of England from the Revolution to the-
Death of George II (designed as a continua-
tion of Mr. Hume's History)/ in which form
it went through numerous editions, and was
in turn continued by Thomas Smart Hughes
[q. v.] ; a French version is dated Paris,
1819-22. Smollett's < Continuation ' was
also appended to a bookseller's issue of
Rapin and Tindal (1785-9). 9. < The Ad-
ventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves, by the-
Author of "Roderick Random/" 2 vols,
London, 1762, 12mo ; 5th edit. 2 vols. Lon-
don,^, 8vo; 1810, 24mo; 1832, in Roscoe's
, 'Novelist's Library' (x,), with Cruikshanka
plates; French translation, Paris, 1824.

10. ^The Present State of all Nations, con-
taining a Geographical, Natural, Commercial,,
and Political History of all the Countries in
the known World/8 vols. London, 1764, 8vo ;
another edition, 8 vols. London, 1768-9.

11. * Travels through France and Italy,
2 vols. London, 1766, 8vo (the British Museum
copy contains some manuscript notes by the
author) ; 2nd edit. 2 vols. Dublin, 1772,
12mo; another edit. 2 vols. London, 1778,
12mo. 12. 'The History and Adventures of
an Atom/ by Nathaniel Peacock [i.e. T. S.L
2 vols. London, 1749 [1769], 12mo ; 10th
edit. 2 vols. London, 1778 ; Edinburgh, 1784t
12mo ; London, 1786, 8vo. 13. ' The Expedi-
tion of Humphrey Clinker, by the Author of
"Roderick Random/" 3 vols. London, 1671
[1771], 12mo (the second and third volumes-
are correctly dated) ; 1772, 8vo ; 2 vols.
Dublin, 1774 ; Edinburgh, 1788, Svo ; 3 vols.
London, 1792, 8vo; 2 vols. [1794], 12mo^
2 vols. London, 1805, 8vo, with, ten plates
after Rowlandson; 1808, 12mo ; 2 vols.!810r
12mo; London, 1815, 24mo; 1831, 12mo,in
Roscoe's 'Novelist's Library' (i.), withCruik-
shank's plates; Leipzig, 1846, 16mo (Tauch-
nitz) ; London, 1857, Svo, -with illustrations.
by'Phiz;'London,1882,8vo; French trans-
lation, Paris, 1826, 12mo. 14. (Posthumous),

Smollett

183

Smollett

*Ode to Independence, -with Notes and
Observations,' Glasgow, 1773, 4to ; London,
1773, 4to; Glasgow [1800], 12mo.

In addition to Ids version of * Don Quixote/
Smollett executed the standard translation
of Le Sage's 'Adventures of Gil Bias of
Santillane . . . from the best French edition/
4 vols. London, 1749, 12mo (4th edit. 1773,
and very numerous subsequent editions) 5 in
conjunction with Thomas Franeklin [q. v.]
he also superintended the translation of * The
Works of M. de^ Voltaire. . .with Notes
Historical and Critical/ in 38 vols. London,
1761-74, 12mo (2nd edit, 1778); and five
years after his death there was issued in his
name a translat ion of FenelonV Ad ventures
of Telemaehus/ 2 vols. London, 1776, 12mo
(Dublin, 1793, 12mo).

Collective editions of Smollett's worts were
issued in 6 vols. Edinburgh, 1790, 8vo,
with a short account of the author (reprinted
in 5 vols. 1809, 8vo); in 6 vols. London,
1796, 8vo, with 'Memoirs of Smollett's Life
and Writings, by R. Anderson7 (seven edi-
tions) ; * Works, with Memoirs of Life, to
which is prefixed a View of the Commence-
ment and Progress of Bomance by J. Moore/
8 vols, London, 1797, 8vo (a reissue edited
"by J. P. Browne, in 8 vols. London, 1872,
8vo, constitutes the best library edition);

* Miscellaneous Works/ complete in one
volume, with * Memoir r by Thomas Boscoe,
London, 1841, 8vo ; < Works/ illustrated by
George Cruikshank, London, 1846, 8vo;

* Works . . . with Historical Notes and a
Life by David Herbert/ Edinburgh, 1870
[18691 8vo; 'Works' (i.e. prose novels),
edited by G. Saintsbury and illustrated by
Prank Richards, 12 vols. London, 1895.

The novels were issued separately, with a
Memoir by Sir Walter Scott (' Novelist's
Library/ ii. iii), London, 1821, 8vo. Se-
lections were issued in 1772, 1775, and 1832,
and in 1834 as *The Beauties of Smollett/
edited by A. Howard, London, 8vo. The
( Plays and Poems7 appeared with a memoir
in 1777, 8vo, while the 'Poetical Works'
are included in the collections of Anderson
(x.), Park (xli), Chalmers (xv.), ' British
Poets' (xxxiii.), with life by S. W. Singer,
1822 j in conjunction with the poems of
Johnson, Parnell, and Gray, edited by Gil-
fillan, 1855; another edition edited by C. C.
Clarke, 1878, and together with the poems
of Goldsmith, Jonnson, and Shenstone,
1881.

[laves of Smollett are numerous. A memoir
was prefixed to an edition of his works in 1797
by Br« John Moore (Zeluco), and this is to some
extent the basis of all subsequent biographies.
Another life by Dr. Bobeit Anderson -was pre-

fixed to the edition of 1796, but, though earlier
in date, this is mainly a secondhand dissertation
upon the novelist's character ; to the fifth edition
(1806) there is an interesting Appendix of Letters
to Smollett from Robertson, Hume, Boswell,
Armstrong, and others. A shrewd and sympa-
thetic biography was prefixed by Scott to his
edition of the Poems in 1821, and a more de-
tailed memoir by Thomas Roseoe to the Works
in one volume issued IE 1 84 1 . Far more valuable
than any of its predecessors in point of research
is * Smollett: his life and a Selection from his
Writings/ published by Robert Chambers in
1867. This was followed by a carefal memoir
by David Herbert for the Selected Works, Edin-
birgh,1870. A Life by Mr. David Hannay (vain-
able especially for the naval bearings of Smollett's
career) is included in the Great Writers Series,
1887 (with useful bibliography by Mr. J. P. An-
derson). Prefixed to the 1 895 edition of the novels
is a life by Professor Saints~bnry (with an in-
teresting development of Scott's parallel between
Fielding and Smollett), and a life by Hr. Oli-
phant Smeaton appeared in the Famous Scots
Series, 1897. There are good notices in the
Encyclopaedia Britanniea (by Professor Minto)
and English Cyclopsedia; but of more value
perhaps than any of these is the admirable
summary of facts and opinions in the Quarterly
Review (yol. ciii.), though this must be corrected
as regards some genealogical details by Joseph.
Irving's Book of Dumbartonshire, 1879, i. 290,
ii. 175 seq. The writer is indebted to the Bev.
R. L, Douglas for some interesting notes upon
the place and circumstances of the novelist's
death. See also Maeleod's Hist, of Dumbarton,
p. 157; Dr. A, Carlyle's Autobiogr. passim;
Anderson's Scottish Nation, iii. 483; Nichols's
Literary Anecd. i. 302, iii 346, 398, 759, vi. 459,
Tiii. 229, 412, 497, ix. 261, 480; Literary Illus-
trations, v. 776, vii 228, 268; Gent. Mag. 1771
p. 349, 1799 ii. 817, 899, 1810 i 597, 1846 ii.
347; Fasti Aberdonenses, p. 374; Duncan's
Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of 6-lasgow,
1896, p. 120 ; Wilkes's Correspondence, L 50 (on
SmollettTs alleged duplicity towards WiDces) ;
Churchill's Works, 1892, i. 61, 65, 68, 74, 106,
H. 5, 10, 51 ; Grenville Papers, i. 415 ; "Walpole's
Correspondence, ed. Cunningham, ii 242, 285,
341, T. 231 ; WalpoWs Hist, of the Eefga of
G-eorge TTI, ed, Barker ; Warburton's Horace
Walpole and his Contemporaries, i 393 ; Lady
Mary Woartiey-Hontagu's Letters, 1837, iii. 106,
199 ; Mrs. Delan^s life and Correspondence, ii.
6, 7, iii 34, 162, 216, 223; Davies's Garrick,
1780; BoswelFs Life of Johnson, ed. Birkbecfc
Hill, passim ; Andrew Henderson's Second Letter-
to Dr. Johnson, 177& (containing a coarse lam-
poon on Smollett) ; Memoirs of Lord Kames, i
226, 447 ; Mathias*s Pursuits of Literature, i
26 ; Matron's Hist, of England, vii 325 ; Pope's
Works, ed. Ehnn, iii* 268, 468; Manisoe's
Autographs, vi 146 (facsimile lettear to Dr. 6feorg&
Hacaulay requesting a loan) ; Brougfeai
of Letters under Georg* III, 1S55> p.

Smyth

184

Smyth

Genest's Hist, of Stage, iv. 479, x. 175 ; Baker's
Biogr. Dramatica, 1812, i. 677-9 (attributing to
Smollett, without authority, a posthumous farce,
<The Israelites/ 1785); Wadd's Nugge Chirur-
gicse, p. 259 ; John Lawrence's British Histo-
rians, New York, 1 855, vol. ii. ; Laurence's Life of
Yielding, 1855, pp. 308-11 ; Glaister's Dr. Wil-
liam Smellie and his Contemporaries, 1894, pp.
1 11-18; Burton's Hume, ii. 53 ; Hume's Letters to
Strahan,ed. Hill, 1888, pp. 38, 66, 229, 258, 281;
AUardyee's Scotland in the Eighteenth Century,!.
311 ; Chambers's Traditions of Old Edinburgh, p.
217 ;Forster's Life of Goldsmith, passim; Knight s
Shadows of the Old Booksellers, pp. 222-3;
Babeau's Les Voyageurs en France, 1885: *Un

Tooke, i. 356 ; A. Praser-Tytler's (Lord Wood-
houselee's) Essay on Translation, 1813, pp. 242,
266; Leigh Hunt's Table-Talk, 1870, p. 40;
Hazlitt's Selections, ed. Ireland, pp. 159 seq. ;
Masson's British Novelists, 1859 ; Disraeli's Mis-
cellanies of Literature, p. 54 (a sad picture of
his suffering) ; Thackeray's English Humourists ;
Fox Bourne's Hist, of Newspapers, i. 154 seq. ;
Stephen's English Thought in the Eighteenth
Century, bk, xii.pp. 42-55, 58, 71 ; Taine'sEnglish
Literature, ii. 176-9; Wright's Caricature Hist,
pp. 271-4; Tuckerman's Hist.fof English Fic-
tion, pp. 211-17; Forsyth's Novels and Novelists,
1871, pp. 279-304; Craik's English Prose Se-
lections, iv. 257-69 ; Querard's France Litt&raire,
ix. 198; Ticknor's Hist, of Spanish Lit. 1888,
iii. 513-14 ; Beavers Memorials of Old Chelsea,
1892, pp. 90-2 ; Faulkner's Chelsea, pp. 266-72 ;
Martin's Old Chelsea, 1888, pp. 138-42; Wheat-
ley and Cunningham's London, i. 380, 439, 520 ;
Hutton's Literary Landmarks, pp. 280-2;
Groome's Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland, s.v.
'Bonhill;' Notes and Queries, 2ndser. iii. 326,
3rd ser. i. 232, viii. 393, xi. 491, 5th ser. i. 384,
6th ser. i. 330, xi. 487, xii. 349, 7th ser. i. 178,
v. 58, ix. 408, xii. 205, 333; The Portfolio,
Philadelphia, November 1811 (a comparison of
Sterne, Fielding, and Smollett); Macmillan's
JMGag. xxi. 527 (an account of his doings on the
Riviera, and a testimony to his accuracy in matters
of detail) ; Atlantic Monthly, iii. 693; New York
Nation, 30 May 1889.] T. S.

SMYTH. [See also SMITH and SMYTHE.]

SMYTH, ED WARD (1749-1812), sculp-
tor, born in co. Meath in 1749, was son
of a stonecutter who went to Dublin about
1750; The younger Smyth was appren-
ticed to Simon vierpyl (whose name is
sometimes incorrectly given as Verpyle), a
sculptor, of Bachelor's Walk, Dublin, and
was afterwards employed in mantelpiece
work by Henry Darley, a master stone-
cutter. Here he attracted the notice of
James Grandon fa. v*], who engaged him to
execute the sculpture for the custom-house,
th«n in course of erection. Gandon thought

Smyth the best artist Ireland had produced,
and considered his talent remarkable in one
who had never been out of the country.
Smyth executed, besides nearly all the figures
on the custom-house, the statues of Justice,
Wisdom, and Liberty, over the eastern por-
tico of the Irish parliament-house, and later
on the figures over the southern portico of
the building. As early as 1772 he exhibited
in Dublin a model of the statue of Dr, Charles
Lucas [q. v.], now in the Royal Exchange of
that city, and among his other works were
the statues of Faith, Hope, and Charity in
the Castle chapel, and, the busts of the four
evangelists for the same building, the bas-
reliets over the entrance to the Four Courts,
and all the sculptures on the Inns of Court.
He also executed the statue of St. Andrew
on the portico of St, Andrew's Church in
Dublin, and the heads on the keystones of
the arches of Carlisle (now O'Connell)
Bridge. His wax models of figures personi-
fying the twelve most important rivers of
Ireland were exhibited in 1800-2, and won
high praise. They are now in the possession
of the Royal Hibernian Academy. Smyth
died in 1812. A portrait of him by an anony-
mous artist was sold at the Whaley sale in
Dublin, 1848.

Of Edward Smyth's many children JOHN
SMYTH (1775 P-1834P), sculptor, born in Dub-
lin about 1775, studied under his father.
Many of his works in Dublin have merit,
particularly the statues of Hibernia, Mercury,
and Fidelity over the portico of the General
Post Office (1817); the statues of ^Escula-
pius, Minerva, and Hygeia on the Royal Col-
lege of Surgeons (the royal arms of which
were also sculptured by him) ; and the monu-
ment of George Ogle (1742-1814) [q. y.] in
St. Patrick's Cathedral. He also designed
the monument of Archbishop Arthur Smythe
in that edifice, and executed some of the
sculptural work in the south transept, and
two busts by him of Irish surgeons are
in the Royal College of Surgeons, Dub-
lin. John Smyth was an associate of the
Royal Hibernian Academy, and died about
1834.,

[Gilbert's Hist, of Dublin; Mulvany's Life of
Gandon ; Pasquin's Artists of Ireland ; Dublin
Monthly Mag. for 1842 ; Dublin Directories,
1760-1834 ; Cat. of Exhibitions of- Pictures in
Dublin (deposited in Royal Hibernian Academy
and Royal Irish Academy).] D. J. O'D.

SMYTH, JAMES CARMICHAEL

(1741-1821), medical writer, only son of
Thomas Carmichael of Balmadie and Mar-
garet Smyth of Athenry, was born in Fife-
, shire in 1741. He assumed the name and

Smyth

185

Smyth

arms of Smyth in addition to his own. '
After studying for six years at Edinburgh.
University, he graduated as M.D. in 1764,
taking for Ms thesis l I)e Paralysi/ and in-
troducing into it a short history of medical .
electricity. He then visited Prance, Italy, :
and Holland. In 1768 he settled in London,
and received the appointment of physician
to the Middlesex Hospital. He engaged in
experiments with nitrous-acid gas for preven-
tion of contagion hi cases of fever, these ex-
periments being continued at the request of
the government on board the Spanish prison-
ship at Winchester, where an epidemic pre-
vailed. In 180^, for his services in this _
respect, parliament voted him a reward of
5,QOO£ His claim to the merit of the dis-
covery was disputed by Dr. James John-
stone of Kidderminster, for his father, and
by M. Chaptal, a Frenchman, for Guyton-
Morveau; but, after a keen controversy,
Smyth's claims were upheld. He subse-
quently went to the south of France for his
health, and on his return settled at Sunbury.
He was elected fellow of the Royal Society
in May 1779 (THOHSQsr, Hist, of Royal Soc.
App. p. Ivii), and was also a fellow of the
Royal College of Physicians, and physician-
extraordinary to George HI. He died on
18 June 1821. In 1775 he married Mary,
only child and heiress of Thomas Holyland
of Bromley, Kent, and had by her eight sons
and two daughters. His eldest son was
General Sir James Carmiehael Smyth (1779-
1838) [q. v.] His eldest daughter, Maria,
married, in 1800, Dr. Alexander Monro
* tertius * [q. v.]

Smyth was the author of a large number
of medical treatises illustrative of his experi-
ments. Among them were : 1. * An Account
of the Effects of Swinging, employed as a
remedy in Pulmonary Consumption/ Lon-
don, 1787, 8vo. 2. l A Description of the Jail
Distemper, as it appeared among the Spanish
Prisoners at Winchester in 1780/ London,

1795, 8vo. 3. ' An Account of the Experi-
ments made on board the Union Hospital
Ship to determine the Effect of the Nitrous
Acid in destroying Contagion/ London,

1796, 8vo. 4. 'The Effect of the Nitrous
Vapour in preventing and destroying Con-
tagion/ London, 179&, 8vo. 5, * Letter to
"William "Wilberforce ? [on Dr. Johnstone's
claim], 1805, London, 8vo. 6. * Remarks
on a Report of M. Chaptal/ 1805, London,
8vo. 7. 'A Treatise on Hydrocephalus/
1814, London, 8vo. Smyth also edited the
4 Works of the late Dr. "William Stark/
1788, London, 4to.

[G-ent. Mag, 1821, ii» 88-9 ; Anderson's Scottish
Nation.] G-. S-H.

SMYTH, SIB JAMES CAEMICHAEL,
baronet (1779-1838), military engineer, and
governor of British Guiana, eldest son of
James Carmiehael Smyth [q. v.], was born in
London on 22 Feb. 1779. He was educated
at the Charterhouse school, and entered the
Boyal Military Academy at Woolwich on
1 March 1793. He received a commission as
second lieutenant in the royal artillery on
20 Nov. 1794, and was transferred to the
royal engineers on 13 March 1795.

In May 1795 Smyth was sent to Ports-
mouth, and in April of the following year to
the Cape of Good Hope, where he arrived in
June. He served under Generals Craig and
Doyle in the operations that year against
the Dutch. He was promoted to be lieu-
tenant on 3 March 1797. He took paxt
under Generals Dundas and Vandeleur in
the operations 1798 to 1800. After a visit
to England, 1800-1, he was promoted to be
second captain on 1 July 1802. On the re-
storation of Cape Colonv to the Dutch in
1803, Smyth returned to England. In Oc-
tober 1805 he joined Sir David Baird's ex-
pedition to the Cape of Good Hope as com-
manding royal engineer. He arrived on
4 Jan. 1806. At Smyth's suggestion a land-
ing was effected on the beach near Blaauwberg
on the 7th. Smyth was detached on board
the sloop Espoir to Saldanha Bay, and was,
to Bairtrs regret, absent from the battle of
Blaauwberg (8 Jan,) On the surrender of

' Capetown, Baird appointed Smyjih acting
colonial secretary in addition to his military

> duties. He was promoted to be first captain
on 1 July 1806, and was employed in
strengthening and repairing the defences of

t Table Bay and Simon's Bay. He relinquished
the appointment of colonial secretary on
the arrival in May 1807 of the Earl of Gale-
don as governor with a complete staff, and
returned to England in September 1808. In
the following winter lie was with Sir John.
Moore at Corona, returning with the remnant
of the army to England in February. In
April he constructed Leith Fort, and on
20 Oct. 1813 was promoted lieutenant-

* colonel

In December of the same year he joined
the expedition to Holland under his relative,
General Sir Thomas Grab am. (afterward*
Lord Lynedoch) [q. v.], as commanding
royal engineer. He landed the same month
with Graham at Zeyrick Zee, and head-
quarters were established at Tolen. He was
engaged in the action of Merxem on 13 Jan.
1814, and the subsequent bombardment of
Antwerp early in February. Having care-
fully reconnoitred the fortress of Bergen-op-

^ Zoom, Smyth advised its assault, whielt

Smyth

186

Smyth

took place on 8 March 1814, when he ac-
companied the central column. Although
the assault was successful, owing1 to incon-
ceivable blunders the British retreated at
daybreak Hostilities having terminated and
the French troops having withdrawn, Smyth
on 5 May took over the fortress of Antwerp
and all the defences of the Scheldt, and was
afterwards busily engaged in the reconstruc-
tion and strengthening of all the important
fortresses evacuated by the French. He ac-
companied the Duke of Wellington and the
Prince of Orange on several tours of inspec-
tion of the works, upon which he had about
ten thousand labourers employed under a
large staff of engineer officers. Early in 1815
Smyth accompanied the Prince of Orange to
London, but on 6 March, Napoleon having
escaped from Elba, Smyth again joined the
headquarters of the English army at Brus-
sels as commanding royal engineer. Dur-
ing April and May, under the immediate
instructions of the Duke of Wellington, he
placed the defences of the Netherlands in as
efficient a state as possible against the ex-
pected invasion of the French, which occurred
on 15 June. At the battles of Quatre Bras
and Waterloo Smyth served on Wellington's
staff, and on 7 July entered Paris with him.
Smyth was promoted on 29 June 1815 to be
colonel in the army and aide-de-camp to the
prince regent. He was also made a com-
panion of the Bath, and received the orders
of knighthood of Maria Theresa and fourth
class of St. Vladimir from the emperors of
Austria and Eussia respectively. He re-
mained in command of the royal engineers
at Cambrai until December 1815, and was
then placed on half-pay.

On 25 Aug. 1821, on Wellington's recom-
mendation, Smyth was created a baronet. In
1823, in company with Lord Lynedoch, he
made a military tour of inspection of the
fortresses of the Low Countries, and in Octo-
ber he was sent to the West Indies to report
cm the military defences and engineering
establishments and military requirements of
the British possessions there. He arrived
with his^ colleagues at Barbados on 27 Nov.,
aaid visited Berbice and Georgetown in
Demerara, Tobago, Trinidad, Grenada, St.
Vincent, St. Lucia, Dominica, Antigua, and
St. Kitts, Their report was dated 20 Jan*

In the spring of 1825 Wellington selected
Saaayth. to proceed to Canada on a similar
service. He embarked on 16 April and
returned on 7 Oct. 1825. Smyth wrote a
yeiy able report upon the defence of the
Canadian frontier, dated 31 March 1826. In
the meantime, on 27 May 1825, he was pro-

moted^ to be major-general, and on 29 July-
following he became a regimental coloneL
In July 1828 he was sent to Ireland OIL
special service to report upon the state of
the Irish survey, returning in September.
With this report his career as a military
engineer closed.

On 8 May 1829 Smyth was appointed
governor and commander-in-ehief of the-
Bahama Islands, and before his departure?
George IVconferred on him. the order of knight
commander of Hanover, in recognition of the
Hanoverian engineers having been placed
under his command in the last campaign in
the Netherlands. After four years' success-
ful administration of the government of the
Bahamas, where he abolished the flogging-
of female slaves, Smyth was removed to the
more important government of British Guiana
in June 1833. He arrived at Georgetown,
Demerara, the seat of government, a short
time before the emancipation of slaves, when
much depended upon the character andability
of the governor. Unmoved by the reckless-
hostility of a section of the planters, Smyth
by a firm, impartial, and vigorous government
secured the confidence of the negroes. He
brought his personal supervision to bear so-
closely on every department in his government
that, as he himself observed, he could sleep
satisfied that no person in the colony could be
punished without his knowledge and sanc-
tion. Smyth died suddenly at Camp House,
Georgetown, Demerara, of brain fever, after
four days' illness, on 4 March 1838, es-
teemed and regretted by all classes of the
community. Lord Glenelg, the minister for
the colonies, wrote a warm eulogy of him
in a despatch to the officer administering
the government.

Smyth married, on 28 May 1816, Harriet,
the only child of General Robert Morse
[q. v.] of the royal engineers, and by her left
an only son, James Bobert Carmichael
(1817-1883), who on 25 Feb. 1841, by royal
license, dropped the name of Smyth and
resumed the family name of Carmichael
alone. The same year he married Louisa
Charlotte, daughter of Sir Thomas Butler,
bart. He was chairman of the first sub-
marine telegraph company, and died on
7 June 1883, at his residence, 12 Sussex
Place, London ; his son, James Morse Car-
michael (b. 1844) is the present baronet.

There, is a bust, by Chantrey, of Car-
michael Smyth in the cathedral church of
Georgetown, Demerara ; and a replica, also
byj Chantrey, in the town-hall of Berbice,
with inscription. They were placed there
by public subscription, Smyth's portrait was
painted by E. EL. Latilla and engraved by

Smyth

187

Smyth

Hodgetts(see ETA^S, Catalogue of Engraved
Portraits, vol. ii.)

Smyth, was the author of: 1. * Instructions
and Standing Orders for the Boyal Engineer
Department serving with the Army on the
Continent/ 8vo, London, 1815. 2. * Plans
of the Attacks npon Antwerp, Bergen-op-
Zoom, Cambray, Pe"ronne, Maubeuge, Lan-
drecy, Marienbourg, PMiHpville,and Rocroy,
by the British and Prussian Armies in 1814-
1815, with Explanatory Remarks, dedicated
to the Duke of Wellington/ fol. Cambrai,
1817. 3. ' Questions and Answers relative to
the Duties of the Non-commissioned Officers
and Men of the Eoyal Sappers and Miners/
8vo, Cambrai, 1817. 4. * Chronological Epi-
tome of the Wars in the Low Countries from
the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659 to that of
Paris hi 1815, with Reflections, Military and
Political/ 8vo, London, 1825. 5. ' Precis of
the Wars in Canada from 1756 to the Treaty
of Ghent in 1814, with Military and Politi-
cal Reflections,7 8vo, London, 1826 (printed
for official use only) ; a second edition, edited
"by his son, with a memoir of the author, was
published, 8vo, London 1862. 6. * Reflec-
tions upon the Value of the British West
Indian Colonies and of the British North
American Provinces in 1825/ 8vo, London,
1826. 7. * Memoir upon the Topographical
System of Colonel van Gorkeran, with Re-
marks and Reflections upon various other
Methods of representing Ground, addressed
to Lieutenant-General Sir Herbert Taylor,
Surveyor-General of H. M. Ordnance/ 8vo,
London, 1828. 8. ' Letter to a Member of
the Bahamas Assembly upon the subject of
Flogging Female Slaves/ pamphlet, 8vo,
Nassau, Bahamas, 1831.

[Despatches; Royal Engineers' Records; Royal
Artillery Records ; "War Office Records ; Ander-
son's Scottish Nation ; (jent. Mag. 1838, ii. 112 ;
Ann. Eeg. 1838 ; Porter's History of the Corps
of Boyal Engineers ; Conolly's History of the
Eoyal Sappers and Miners; Sperling's Letters
of an Officer — from the British Army in Hol-
land, Belgium, and France, to his Father ; Me-
moir in preface to 1862 edition of Precis of the
Wars in Canada; Demerary, Transition de
1'Eselavage 4 la Liberte, par Felix Millironx,
1843.] B. H. V.

SMYTH, SIR JOHN ROWLAND (&
1873), lieutenant-general, was fifth son of
Grice Smyth of Ballynatray, co. Waterford,
by Mary, daughter and coheiress of H.
Mitchell of Mitchellsfort, co, Cork. He was
educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and
was commissioned as cornet in the 16th
lancers on 5 July 1821. He was promoted
lieutenant on 26 May 1825, and in the fol-
lowing year was present at the capture of

! Bhartpur (18 Jan.) "On 22 April he was

made captain on the half-pay list, from.

i which he exchanged to the 32nd foot on

j 29 Nov. 1827. After ten years' service in

I that regiment, mostly in Canada, he returned

to half-pay on 6 April 1838, and exchanged

from it to the 6th dragoon guards (Carabiniers)

on 10 May 1839.

On 17 Aug. 1841 he obtained a half-pay

j majority, and on 6 May 1842 he returned to

I his old regiment, the 16th lancers. He

served with it in the Gwalior campaign of

j 1843, commanding the advanced wing of

I cavalry at Maharajpur, and in the Sutlej

campaign of 1846, during which he was in

command of the regiment. It greatly dis-

I tinguished itself at Aliwal by routing the

j Sikh cavalry and breaking up a square of

! infantry, Smyth being severely wounded

| while leading it. He was mentioned in

! despatches, and was made brevet lTftnf.A-nft.-ni~

! colonel and C.B. He received the medal

i and clasp for this campaign, having already

| received the medal and clasp for Bhartrpur

and the bronze star for Maharajpur.

Smyth was lieutenant-colonel of the 16th,

lancers from 10 Dec. 1847 till 2 Nov. 185o,

1 when he exchanged to half-pay. He had

, been given one of the rewards for distin-

! guished service on 1 June 1854, and had

1 been made colonel in the army on 20 June*

He became major-general on 22 Dec. 1860,

and Iieutenan1>general on 1 April 1870, and

was given the colonelcy of the 6th dragoon.

guards on 21 Jan. 1868.

Smyth died at Kensington on 14 May
1873. He married Catherine, daughter of
the first Lord Tenterden* and had one daugh-
ter, who married the fourth LordTenterden.
[Times, 17 May 1873 ; Brake's Landed Gentry ;
Despatches of Lord Eardinge, Lord Gt>ngh,&l»
p. 79.] K M. L.

SMYTH, JOHN TA1FOUKD (1819 P-
1851), engraver, was born in Edinburgh,
about 1819, and, after studying for a time at
the Trustees' Academy there, devoted him-
self to line- engraving. Though practically
self-taught in this art, he was eventually
able to produce plates of great merit. His
earliest published works were l A Child's
Head ' after Sir J. Watson Gordon, and < The
Stirrup Cup7 after Sir William Allan. In
1838 he removed to Glasgow, but, after re-
siding there a few years, returned to Edin-
burgh, where he worked with extreme indus-
try during the remainder of his life. Smyth en-
graved for the London * Art Journal* WilMe's-
'John Knox. dispensing the Sacrament,' Ary
Schefier's * The Comforter/ Mubead/s 'The
Last in/ and Allan's * Banditti dividing

Smyth

188

Smyth

Spoil.' He was engaged upon a plate from
Faed's ' First Step ' when he died at Edin-
burgh on 18 May 1851, at the age of thirty-
two.

[Art Journal, 1851; Redgrave's Diet, of
Artists.] F. M. O'D.

SMYTH, SIB LEICESTER (1829-1891),
general, born on 25 Oct. 1829, was seventh
son of .Richard William Penn Curzon, after-
wards Ourzon-Howe, first earl Howe, by his
first wife, Harriet, daughter of Robert, sixth
earl of Cardigan. He was educated at Eton,
and obtained a commission as second lieu-
tenant in the rifle brigade on 29 Nov. 1846.
He joined the reserve battalion at Quebec
in 1846 ; became lieutenant on 12 Nov. 1847 ;
returned to England, and went out with the
first battalion to the Cape in January 1852.
He served in the Kaffir war of that year,
and greatly distinguished himself in the action
of Berea on 20 Dec. He commanded one
of two companies which mounted almost in-
accessible heights under fire, and drove a
large force of Basutos before them. He was
hignly praised in despatches by Sir G. Cath-
cart, and received the medal.

On 23 Feb. 1854 he was appointed aide-
de-camp to Lord Raglan, accompanied him
to Turkey and the Crimea, and was present
at Alma and Inkerman, and throughout the
siege of Sebastopol [see SOMERSET, FmnaoY
JAMES HENET]. He was assistant mili-
tary secretary from 7 Oct. 1854 to 11 Nov.
1855, first under Lord Raglan, and after-
wards under General Simpson. He became
captain in his corps on 22 Dec. 1854, was made
brevet major on 17 July 1855, and brevet
lieutenant-colonel from 8 Sept., having taken
home the despatches announcing the fall of
Sebastopol. He continued to serve in the
Crimea as aide-de-camp to General Codring-
ton till 30 June 1856. He received the
Crimean medal with three clasps, the Sar-
dinian and Turkish medals, the legion of
honour (fifth class), and the Medjidie (fifth
class).

Smyth was assistant military secretary in
the Ionian. Islands from 23 Nov. 1856 to
23 Aug. 1861. He then rejoined the 1st
battalion of the rifle brigade, in which he
iiad become major on 30 April, and served
with it at Malta and Gibraltar till 4 Aug.
1865, when he went on half-pay. He had
become colonel in the army on 9 Feb. 1861.
On 12 Feb. 1866 he married Alicia Maria,
eldest daughter and heiress of Robert Smyth,
J,P. of Drumcree, co. Westmeath, and in the
following November he took the surname of
Smyth, He was made OB. on 13 May 1867.
He was military secretary at headquarters

in Ireland from 1 July 1865 to 30 June 1870
and deputy quartermaster-general there from
17 July 1872 to 26 Feb. 1874.

On 7 Feb. 1874 he became major-general
(being afterwards antedated to 6 March
1868), and on 13 Feb. 1878 lieutenant-
general. He had the command of the
troops in the western district from 2 April
1877 to 31 March 1880, and at the Cape
from 10 Nov. 1880 to 9 Nov. 1885. During
part of this time (in 1882-3) he administered
the government and acted as high com-
missioner for South Africa. He was made
KC.M.G. on 1 Feb. 1884, and KC.B. on
16 Jan. 1886. He was given a reward for
distinguished service on 1 April 1885, and
promoted general on 18 July in that year.
He held the command of the troops in the
southern district from 1 May 1889 to
25 Sept. 1890, when he was appointed
governor of Gibraltar. But after a few
months there he returned to England on
sick 16 ave, and died in London on 27 Jan.
1891, leaving no issue. He was buried at
Gopsall, Warwickshire.

[Times, 29 Jan. 1891; art. by Sir William
Henry Cope in Rifle Brigade Chronicle for 1890;
Lodge's Peerage.] E. M. L.

SMYTH, PATRICK JAMES (1826-
1885), Irish politician, was born in 1826 in
Dublin, where his father, James Smyth, a
native of Cavan, was a prosperous tanner.
His mother, Anne, was daughter of Maurice
Bruton of Portane, co. Meath. Patrick re-
ceived his education at Clongoweswood
College, where he made the acquaintance of
Thomas Francis Meagher [q. v.] The two be-
came fast friends, and in 1844 both joined
the Repeal Association. In the cleavage
between ' Old Ireland ' and ' Young Ireland/
Smyth, like Meagher, sided with the latter,
and became one of the active members of
that body. After the failure of the abortive
insurrection of 1848 he managed to escape
to America disguised as a drover. He sup-
ported himself by journalism for some years,
becoming prominently identified with the
Irish national movement in America. In
1854 he visited Tasmania, and planned and
carried out the escape of John Mitchel [q.v/]
from his Tasmanian prison (cf. MITCHEL, Jail
Journal). In 1855 he married Miss Jeanie
Myers of Hobart Town, Tasmania, and in
1856 returned to Ireland and began to study
for the bar. He was called in 1858, but never
practised. For a short time, about 1860, he
was proprietor of the 'Irishman/ an advanced
nationalist newspaper.

Smyth was made a chevalier of the Legion
of Honour on 29 Aug. 1871 in recognition of

Smyth

189

Smyth

his services to France in organising the
Irish ambulance aid to that country during
the Franco-German war.

In 1870 Smyth made an unsuccessful at-
tempt to enter parliament as a member of
Isaac Butt's home-rule party. In June of
the following year he was returned as
M.P. for Westmeath, and sat for the con-
stituency uninterruptedly till 1880, when
he became M.P. for Tipperary. In parlia-
ment Smyth's oratorical gifts were highly
appreciated. A speech delivered by him on
home rule on 30 June 1876 was published;
but he disapproved of the extreme policy of
Charles Stewart Parnell [q. v,], and became
an unsparing and bitter enemy of the land
league, which he described as a 'League of
HelLJ His popularity in Ireland conse-
quently waned, and he retired from •parlia-
ment in 1882. At the close of 1884 he was
appointed secretary of the Irish Loan Repro-
ductive Fund, but survived his appointment
only a few weeks. He died at Belgrave
Square, Bathmines, Dublin, on 12 Jan. 1885,
leaving his widow and family in straitened
circumstances. A fund was raised for their
support.

Smyth published: 1. * Australasia/ a lec-
ture ; 2nd edit. Dublin, 8vo, 1861. 2. i France
and European Neutrality,7 a lecture, Dublin,
1870. 3. < The Part taken by the Irish Boy
in the Fight at Dame Europa's School ; ' 3rd
edit. Dublin, 1871. 4. < A Pleafor aPeasant '
Proprietary in Ireland/ Dublin, 187L

5, 'Materialism/ a lecture, Dublin, 1876.

6. * The Priest in Politics, by the late P. J. .
Smyth/ 4to edit. Dublin, 1886.

[Mitchel's Jail Journal; Pigott's Remini-
seenees of an Irish National Journalist • DnSy's ,
Four Years of Irish History ; Freeman's Jour-
nal, 13 Jan. 1885; Evening Hail (Dublin),
14 Jan. 1885; information from Hr. John
(yLeary, Dublin.] D. J. 0*D,

SMYTH, RICHARD, DJX (1826-1878),
Irish divine and politician, son of Hugh
Smyth of Bushmills, co. Antrim, by Sarah l
Anne, daughter of J. Wray, was born at Der-
vock, co. Antrim, on 4 Oct. 1826. He was «
educated at the university of Bonn and at
the university of Glasgow, where he gra-
duated M,A. in 1850, and received the hono-
rary D.D. and LL.D. degrees in 1867. For
eight years he was assistant-collegiate mini-
ster of the first presbyterian church of Lon-
donderry, and in 1865 was appointed pro-
fessor of oriental languages and biblical
literature in Magee College, Londonderry.
In 1870 he became DiUprofessor of theology
in the same college. He was a supporter of
Mr. Gladstone's policy of disestablishment
in Ireland, and in 1869 was raised to the

moderatorship of the general assembly of the
' presbyterian church. In 1870 he was re-
elected moderator, and took an active part in
f settling the financial affairs of the church in
connection with the withdrawal of the reyium
donum. He was one of the trustees incor-
porated by royal charter under the Presby-
! terian Church Act for administering the com-
mutation fund. He supported the Irish
University Bill of 1873, and, as a liberal, was
' elected member of parliament for co. Lon-
donderry on 16 Feb. 3874 to support the
' general policy of Mr. Gladstone's administra-
tion, especially with respect to land tenure
and grand jury reform. He sat until his
death, which took place at Antrim road,
Belfast, on 4 Dec. 1878. He was buried at
Dervock on 6 Dec.

Besides numerous pamphlets, he was the
author of: 1. i Philanthropy, Proselytism,
and Crime : a Review of the Irish Refor-
matory System/ London, 1861, 8vo. 2. < The
, Bartholomew Expulsion in 1662/ London-
derry, 1862, 18mo,

[Men of the Time, 1875, p. 912 ; Debrett's
House of Commons, 1875, p. 220 ; Illustrated
London Ne-ws, 1874, Ixv. 52; Belfast News-
Letter, 5 Dec. 1878 pp. 1, 5, 7 Dec. p. 8.]

ft. C. B.

SMYTH, EGBERT BROUGH ^1830-
1889), mining surveyor, son of Edward
Smyth, a mining engineer, was bom at Car-
ville, near Newcastle, Northumberland, in
1830. He was educated at Whickham in
the county of Durham. Soon turning' his at-
tention to natural science, especially to
chemistry and geology, he began work about
1846 as an assistant at the Derwent Iron-
works. There he remained over five years.
In 1852 he emigrated to Victoria, Australia.
Affcer some experience on the goldfields, he
entered the survey department as draughts-
man under Captain (afterwards Sir Andrew)
Clarke, RJS. Subsequently he acted for a
brief period as chief draughtsman, and in
1854 was appointed to take charge of the
meteorological observations. In 1858 he
was appointed secretary to the board ot
science, which included the charge of the
•mining surveys of the colony. In 1860 he
was appointed secretary for mines, with a
salary of 75Q£, and acted for some time as
chief inspector of mines and reorganised the
geological survey, of which he became direc-
tor. At the beginning of 1876, owing to the
result of an inquiry into his treatment of
his subordinates, he resigned all kis offices.
He subsequently went to Jndlfi, where haa
helped to promote the disastrous * boom ' im
Indian gola-mines. He died on 10 Get . 1 889.

He

of the

Smyth

190

Smyth

logical Society in 1856 and of the Linnean
in November 1874; he was also a member
of the Soci&S GSologique de France, of the
Society of Arts and Sciences at Utrecht, and
an honorary corresponding member of the
Boston Society of Natural History.

Besides many official reports and various
lists and statistics for different international
exhibitions, Smyth was author of: 1. 'The
Prospectors' Handbook,' 8vo, Melbourne,
18637 2. 'The Gold Fields and Mineral
Districts of Victoria,' 4to, Melbourne, 1869.
3 ; Hints for the Guidance of Surveyors,'
Svo, Melbourne, 1871. 4, 'The Aborigines
of Victoria,' 2 vols. 4to, Melbourne, 1878.
He also contributed papers on mmeralogieal
and geological subjects to scientific journals
between 1855 and 1872.

[MennelTs Diet Australian Biogr. ; Colonial
Office Lists, 1858-76 ; Lists of the Linnean and
Geological Societies; Reports of the Mines De-
-partment of Victoria; Brit. Mus, Cat.; Eoyal
Soc. Cat. of Scientific Papers.] B. B. W.

SMYTH, SIB WARINGTON WILKIN-
SON (1817-1890), geologist and mineralo-
gist, was born at Naples on 26 Aug. 1817,
being the eldest son of Captain (afterwards
Admiral) "William Henry Smyth [q..v.] and
Annarella Warington, whose father, Thomas
Warington,was then British consul at Naples.
He was educated at Westminster andBedford
schools and at Trinity College, Cambridge,
graduating B.A. in 1839 and MA. in 1844.
As an undergraduate he was noted for his love
of athletic exercises, and rowed a winning
race with Oxford on the Thames in 1839.
About the same time he was appointed to
one of the travelling bachelorships on the
Worts foundation, and was away from Eng-
land for more than four years. Before leav-
ing Cambridge he had become interested in
mineralogy, and during his stay in Germany,
and Austria he attended geological lectures,
formed friendships with the geologists of
those countries, andexamined coal-fields, salt-
works, silver-mines, and bone-caves. Then
"he visited Sicily and explored Etna, wintered
on the Nile, travelled thrbugh Palestine and
northern Syria as far as the upper valley of
the Tigris, and returned to England, bring-
ing with mm as results of his wanderings a
good knowledge of foreign languages and
much practical experience in mining.

At the end of 1844 he was appointed
•mining geologist to the geological survey,
and in this capacity was engaged on field
work in the British Isles. But in 1851,
when the school of mines was organised, he
was nominated to the lectureship in mining
and mineralogy. In 1881 these duties were
but he cont§roe<$ teaching the

former subject until his death. He was ap-
pointed mineral surveyor to the duchy of
Cornwall in 1852, and inspector of crown
minerals in 1857. He also served on various
committees and commissions, and was chair-
man of the royal commission on accidents
in mines (appointed in 1879), in which capa-
city he drew up the larger part of an elabo-
rate report, embodying the result of inquiries
which had lasted over seven years. He was
knighted in 1887, and also received the
foreign orders of SS. Maurice and Lazare, of
Jesus Christ, and of S. Jago da Espada. He
was elected F.G.S. in 1845, was one of the
honorary secretaries from 1856 to 1866, pre-
sident from 1866 to 1868, and foreign secre-
tary from 1873 till his death. He was also
president of the Eoyal Geological Society of
Cornwall from 1871 to 1879, and again from
1883 onwards. He was elected KRS. in
1858, and was an honorary member of various
foreign societies.

He resided for most of the year in London,
but spent his summers, during the later part
of his life, in a house belonging to him at
Marazion, Cornwall. Por the greater part
of his life he enjoyed excellent health, but
during the last two or three years symptoms
of a weakness of the heart appeared, which
obliged him to spare himself a little. The
end was sudden. He died while sitting in
his study, at 5 Inverness Terrace, at work
upon his students' examination papers, on the
morning1 of 19 June 1890, and was buried
at St. Erth, Cornwall. In 1864 he married
Antonia Story-Maskelyne of Basset Down,
Wiltshire, a descendant of the astronomer
Nevil Maskelyne, [q.v.], who, with two sons,
survived him.

Smyth was a man of untiring industry, a
careful observer, and a cautious reasoner,
ever willing to impart the fruits of his expe-
rience to students and to fellow-workers. He
' possessed a knowledge of the mineralogy and
geology of Cornwall which was perhaps more
profound than that of any of his contempo-
raries/ and few men were better acquainted
with practical mineralogy. He was able to
impart his knowledge to others in a plea-
sant and interesting manner (* Report of the
Council of the Royal Geological Society of
Cornwall ' in Trans, xi. 253). His incessant
and laborious duties made authorship difficult,
but he contributed (on mineralogieal subjects)
to the i Memoirs of the Geological Survey,*
and wrote about a dozen separate papers,
chiefly in the 'Quarterly Journal of the
Geological Society1 and the i Transactions
of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall/
besides presidential addresses. He also pub-
lished in 1854 a pleasantly written volumd

Smyth

191

Smyth

.entitled * A Year with, the Turks,* describing
those parts of his travels which fell within
the limits of Turkey in Europe and in Asia.
Despite the disturbed state of the country
at the date of his travels, his experience of
the Turk in the rural districts, on the whole,
was favourable, and he wrote in the hope of
dispelling prevalent misconceptions. In 1866
he published a small * Treatise on Coal and
•Coal-mining,' which reached a seventh edi-
tion in 1890.

A portrait in oils, painted in 1875, is in
the possession of Lady Smyth.

[Obituary Notices in Quart. Journ. (reel. Soc,
vol. xlvii. Proc. voL li. ; Greol. Mag. 1890, p. 383 ;
information from Lady Smyth,] T. G-. B.

SMYTH, WILLIAM (1765-1849), pro-
fessor of modern history at Cambridge, was
the son of Thomas Smyth, banker, of Liver-
-pool, where he was born in 1765. After
attending a day school in the town, he went
to Eton, where he remained three years.
On leaving Eton he read with a tutor at
Bury, Lancashire, and in January 1783 he
entered Peterhouse, Cambridge. He gra-
duated eighth wrangler in 1787, and in the
same year was elected to the fellowship
vacated by Sir John Wilson (1741-1793)
Fq . v.], judge of common pleas. He proceeded
M.A. in 1790. He returned to Liverpool,
but in 1793, consequent upon the declaration
of war with France, his Other's bank failed,
and it became necessary for William to earn
his living.

Through the Mndness of Edward Morris,
a college friend, Smyth was chosen in 1793
by Jliehard Brinsley Sheridan fa. v.] as tutor
to his elder son Thomas. He lived with his
-pupil at Wanstead, at Bognor, and at Cam-
bridge, and saw much of Sheridan himself.
In the memoir that he subsequently wrote of
liis puj> iFs father he describes his intercourse
•with him as * one eternal insult,mortification,
«nd disappointment,' and writes with mingled
humour, pity, and anger of Sheridan's eccen-
"felicities and disregard of the duties of life.
Smyth's salary was usually in arrears, and his
letters of protest were unanswered* But
Sheridan's fascinating manner wlienever a
•personal interview took place rendered effec-
tive protest impossible. When Smyth ac-
•companied his pupil to Cambridge in 1803, he
Teceived bills on Brury Lane theatre in Heu
of cash for his expenses. In 1806 his pupil
went into the army, and Smyth, on being re-
leased from his post of the young man's go-
vernor, became tutor of Peterhouse. In 1807,
on therecommendation of hispoliticalfriends,
lie was appointed regius professor of modern
liistory. That office he filed until his death.

In 1825 he inherited real property, and, in
accordance with the college statutes then in
force, his fellowship was declared vacant,
much to Ms dissatisfaction. He continued,
however, to occupy his rooms in college, until
in 1847 he retired to Norwich, where he died,
unmarried, on 24 June 1 849. He was buried
in the cathedral/where there is a stained-
glass window to his memory over his grave.
The two stained Munich windows in Peter-
house Chanel, representing the Nativity and
the Ascension, were subscribed for as a me-
morial to him. There is a portrait of him in
the hall of Peterhouse, given by his brother,
the Rev. Thomas Smyth (177&-1854), fellow
of Oriel College, Oxford, from 1800 to 1813,
and vicar of St. AustelL This portrait is
lithographed in the fifth edition of his * Eng-
lish Lyrics/ edited by his brother in 1850.
The posthumous bust in the Fitzwilliam mu-
seum, by E. H. Baily, is copied from the
picture.

' Smyth was very popular and fond of
society (see his humorous lecture on* Woman,'
delivered in 1840 at Mrs. Frere's house at
Downing, and privately printed at Leeds in
the same year). He possessed great con-
versational power, was passionately fond of
music, and frequently gave concerts in his
college rooms with the aid of eminent per-
formers. These entertainments were much
sought after by members of the university.
He wrote much verse, and his 'English
Lyrics/ published in 1797, which were
warmly praised by the * Edinburgh Review,'
ran through five editions. Moore's opinion of
them was less favourable. He accused Smyth
of appropriating his metres and parodying
his songs (MooBE, Memoirs, ed. Russell, iv.
286-8, vi. 332). Smyth contributed some of
thewordstodarke WhitfieiaV Twelve Vocal
Songs,* and wrote the ode for the installation
of Prince William Frederiek as chancellor of
the university. He devoted his declining
years to a work OB the * Evidences of Chris-
tianity,,' He is * the Professor' in * Remini-
scences of Thought and Feeling' by Mary
Ami Kelty [q. v. ]

Smyth's 'Lectures on Modern History/
1840, 2 vok,, dedicated to Lord Henry Petty,

" marquis of Lansdowne, were revised by Pro-
fessor Adam Sedgwick (see CLAEK, Jjfe of

3 Sedgmck, ii. 22f), and long enjoyed a higik re-

' putationas judicious and perspicuous essays.
They supply an admirable summary of the
historical literature of the period under sur-
vey, Smyth aimed at impartiality, but he did
not possess sufficient insight or sympathy fco
achieveifc. Of like character and of equalpopti-
larity were Smyth's * Lectures on the Frenck
Revolution/ 1840 (§ voIs-X which, broke new

Smyth

192

Smyth

ground and sifted some of the earlier autho-
rities, but were very diffuse, and were far
inferior to Croker's essays on the same sub-
ject in the ' Quarterly.7 Both sets of lec-
tures were reissued, with the author's latest
corrections, in Bonn's Standard Library
(1855). Smyth's other works include ' A List
of Books Recommended,' 1817; Snded. 1828;
and ' Memoir of Sheridan/ 1840 (privately
printed, and now rare).

[Autobiography and Memoir by his brother in
Lyrical Poems, 5th ed. 1850; Q-ent. Mag.
vol. xxxii. pt. ii. p. 540 ; Byron's English Bards
and Scotch Reviewers; Athenaeum, 30 June,
1849; Registers of Peterhouse ; Kelty's Visiting
my Relations, pp. 332 sq, ; private informa-
tion.] E. C. M.

SMYTH, WILLIAM HENRY (1788-
1865), admiral and scientific writer, born in
Westminster on 21 Jan. 1788, was the only
son of Joseph Brewer Palmer Smyth, who
claimed descent from Captain John Smith
(1580P-1681) [q. v.] of Virginia, and owned
large estates in New Jersey, which, as a
royalist, he lost on the recognition of the
independence of the North American colonies.
At an early age he went to sea in the mer-
chant service, and in 1804 was in the East
India Company's ship Cornwallis, which was
taken up by the government for the expedi-
tion against the Mahe* Islands. In the fol-
lowing March the Cornwallis was bought
into the navy and established as a 50-gun
ship under the command of Captain Charles
James Johnston, with whom Smyth remained,
seeingmuch active service in Indian, Chinese,
and Australian waters. In February 1808
he folio wed Johnston to the Powerful, which,
on returning to England, was part of the
force in the expedition to the Scheldt, and
was paid off in October 1809. Smyth after-
wards served in the Milford of 74 guns on
the coast of France and Spain, and was lent
from her to command the Spanish gunboat
Mors aut Gloria for several months at the
defence of Cadiz (September 1810 to April
1811). In July 1811 he joined the Rodney
off Toulon, and through 1812 served on the
coast of Spain. On 25 March 1813 he was
promoted to the rank of lieutenant, and ap-
pointed for duty with the Sicilian flotilla,
m which he combined the service against
the French in Naples with a good deal of un-
official surveying and antiquarian research.
On 18 Sept. 1815 he was made commander,
and without any appointment to a ship was
continued on, the coast of Sicily, surveying
that coast, the adjacent coasts of Italy, and
the opposite shores of Africa. In 1817 his
work wfls put on a more formal footing by
lift appointment to the -Add, in which, and

afterwards (from 1821) in the Adventure
he carried on the survey of the Italian*
Sicilian, Greek, and African coasts, and con-
structed a very large number of charts
, which are the basis of those still in use, Some-
of his results appeared in his elaborate * Me-
moir . , . of the Resources, Inhabitants, and
Hydrography of Sicily and its Islands"
(London, 1824, 4to), which was followed in
1828 by a ' Sketch of Sardinia.7 Meanwhile,
on 7 Feb. 1824, Smyth was promoted to post
rank, and in the following November he paid
off the Adventure. It was the end of his
service at sea, his tastes leading him to a life
of literary and scientific industry.

In 1821 he became a fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries and of the Royal Astrono-
mical Society. On 15 June 1826 he was
elected F.R.S., and in 1830 was one of
the founders of the Royal Geographical
Society, He built and equipped an astrono-
mical observatory at Bedford, where for
many years he carried on systematic obser-
vations of stars. In 1845-6 he was president
of the R.A.S.; in 1849-50, of the R.G.S. ;
he was vice-president and foreign secretary of
the Royal Society ; vice-president and director
of the Society of Antiquaries ; and was-
honorary or corresponding member of at
least three-fourths of the literary and
scientific societies of Europe. He contri-
buted numerous papers to the ' Philosophi-
cal Transactions/ the ' Proceedings ' of the-
R.A.S. and R.G.S., and from 1829 to 1849-
to the ' United Service Journal/ and was-
the author of many volumes, the best known,
of which are ' The Cycle of Celestial Objects
for the use of Naval, Military, and Private
Astronomers * (2 vols. 8vo, 1844), for which
he was awarded the gold medal of the Royal
Astronomical Society ; 'The Mediterranean:
a Memoir Physical, Historical, and Nautical r
(8vp, 1854) ; and < The Sailor's Word-Book/
revised and edited by Sir Edward Belcher
(8vo, 1867). He also translated and edited
Arago's treatises on 'Popular Astronomy*"
and on * Comets/ The complete story of his-
literary activity is contained in ' Synopsis
of the published and privately printed Works
of Admiral W. H. Smyth' (4to, 1864), which
enumerates his fugitive papers as well as his-
larger works.

In 1846 Smyth accepted the naval retire-
ment, and in due course was advanced, on
the retired list, to be rear-admiral on 28 May
1853, vice-admiral on 13 Feb. 1858, and
admiral on 14 Nov. 1863. After living for
many years near Bedford, he moved about
1850 to St. John's Lodge, near Aylesbury,
where he died on 9 Sept. 1865. He married
at Jktessina,, in October 1815, Annarella,

Smythe

Smythe

OB! j daughter of T. Warington of Naples, and
bv her bad a large family. One of his sons, Sir
"^arington Wilkinson Smyth, is separately
noticed ; another, Charles Piazzi Smyth, was
for many years astronomer-royal for Scotland ;
a third is General Sir Henry Augustus
Smyth, KC.M.G. One of his daughters,
Georgiana Rosetta, is the wife of Sir
William "Henry Flower, K.C.B., F.R.S.,
director of the British (Natural History)
Museum.

[Gent. Mag. 1865, ii. 784; OTByrne's Hav,
Biogp. Diet. ; Annual Beport of the Royal Asfcro-
namieal Society, 1866 ; Proceedings of the Eoyal
Geographical Society, 1866 ; Fraser's Hag. 1866,
3. 392; United Service Mag. 1845, iii. 272;
BoeMngham Archaeological Society's Records,
1867, vol. iii.] J. K. L.

SMYTHE. [See also SMITH and Surra.]

SMYTHE, DAVID, LOBI> METHTEH
(1746-1806), Scottish judge, son of David
Smythe of Methven, and Mary, daughter of
James Graham of Braco? was born on 17 Jan.
1746. Haying studied for the law, he was
admitted advocate on 4 Au^. 1769. Smythe
was raised to the bench, in succession to
Francis Garden of Gardenstone, on 15 Nov.

1795, taking the title of Lord Methven. He
was splinted a commissioner of justiciary
on the death of Lord Abercromby, 11 March

1796, Imt resigned that office in 1804. He
died at Edinburgh on 30 Jan. 1806. Lord
Methven was credited with the highest in-
tegrity as a judge and an excellent under-
standing.

He married, first, on 8 April 1772, Eliza-
beth, only daughter of Sir Robert Murray,
bart., of Hillhead ; she died on 30 June,
1785, leaving three sons and four daughters.
By his second wife, Euphemia, daughter of
Mungo Murray of Lintrose, who was reckoned
one of the beauties of her time aad was the
subject of one of Burns's songs, he had two
sons and two daughters. Smythe was suc-
ceeded in the estate by Robert Smythe, only
fforvivmg son of his first marriage ; but as
Roh^t died in 1847 without issue, the suc-
cession fell to the elder son of the second
marriage, William Smythe (1805-1895) of
Methvea Castle.

[Brunton and Haigfs Senators of the College
of Justice, p, 541; Scots Mag. for 1806, p. 159.]

A. H. M.

SMYTHE, GEORGE AUGUSTUS
FREDERICK PERCY SYDNEY, seventh
YISOOTOT STBAJBTGFOBB and second BABOST
POTBHTTBST (1818-1857), eldest son of Percy
Clinton Sydney Smythe, sixth viscount fa. v.],
was torn on IS April 1818 at Stockholm,

where his father then resided as minister-
plenipotentiary to the court of Sweden.
George's early education beganat home under
the personal guidance of Ms father, by whose
harsh reproofs and excessive indulgence his
character was injured. At twelve he went
to Eton, his name being entered in the book
of Dr. John Keate, the headmaster, on 8 July
1830. Twice during his five years' stay he
was threatened with expulsion. Upon quit-
ting Eton in July 1885, when seventeen, he
went to read for several months under the
Rev. Julius Hare at Hurstmonceaux Rectory,
by way of preparation for Cambridge. He
was admitted on 29 Jan. 1886 to St. John's
College as a fellow-commoner ; his kinsman,
and godfather, the Duke of l^orthumber-
land, helping to defray Ms expenses at the
university. He took an effective part in the
debates of the Cambridge Union, and formed
many close friendships. Conspicuous among
his intimate associates were Lord John Man-
ners (afterwards Duke of Rutland), Beres-
f ord-Hope, Baillie Cochrane (afterwards Lord
Lamington), Frank Courtenay, and Lord
Lyttelton. In 1840 Smythe, according to
the custom then prevailing in regard to
fellow-commoners, graduated M.A. jwre
natalwm. Before going to the university
he had written both verse and prose in the
annuals and in the * New Monthly
Magazine/ and his contributions to periodi-
cal literature while he was at Cambridge
were numerous and promising.

At a by-election on 1 Feb. 1841 ha was
returned in the tory interest as member for
Canterbury. His ancestors, the Sidneys of
Penshurst, had long exercised great influence
ia that constituency. He was on 2 July
1841 returned at the geaerai election with
an increased majority. Although he broke
down on. pfrfrlprag Ms maiden speech, his many
brilliant gifts, his handsome presence, bis
gradbos manaer, soon secured him a repu-
tation among all parties in the House of
Coinmens.

He became & finished debater, and before
the end of his first session Mr. Gladstone is
said to have described Mm as one of the best
two young speakers in the House of Com-
mons (cf. Croker Paper*, iii. 8, 9 j TBE-
rmx^tZ&eo/M&eati^9n.l3&y. Smythe's
readiness of retort involved him in at least
three serious quatrels with fellow-members
of parliament, one with Johm Arthur Roe-
buck [q. v.] ua April 1844.

Smythe soon associated himself with the
active and ambitious section of the conser-
vatives, which was known as the YowBg-
England party and acknowledged Mr. Dsb-
raeS's le&diecslxip. The Young Eaglaad p®rty

Smythe

194

Smythe

_soughtto extinguish the predominance of the
middle-class bourgeoisie, and to re-create the
political prestige of the aristocracy by reso-
lutely proving its capacity to ameliorate the
social, intellectual, and material condition
of the peasantry and the labouring classes.
Outside as well as inside parliament Smythe
energetically advocated such principles. He
and Lord John Manners expounded them
with a brilliance -which extorted a compli-
ment from Cobden. At a soir&e held at the
Manchester Athenaeum on 3 Oct. 1844, under
Disraeli's presidency, Smythe, in an address
on 'The Importance of Literature/ asserted
that chis political watch was always fire
minutes too fast.' A few days later he and
his friends attended a festival at Bingley,
Yorkshire, to celebrate the allotment of land
for gardens to working men. On 11 July
1843 Smythe had denounced in parliament
* the perpetual toryness ' of England's treat-
ment of Ireland, and on 16 April 1845 he
strongly advocated the grant to Maynooth
College (Hansard, 3rd ser. I*TJTT 833-40).
Disraeli paid Smythe the compliment of
drawing from "him his portrait of the hero
of'Coningsby'(1844).

In January 1845 Smythe was appointed
tinder-secretary of state for foreign affairs in
Sir Robert Peel's second government. His
friends spoke of him regretfully as ' Pegasus
in harness/ and he described himself as * fet-
tered by party and muzzled by office/ In
1842 Smythe had spoken against free trade ;
but when Peel in 1846 accepted that prin-
ciple, Smythe, who was by nature readily
open to conviction, followed his chief. Dis-
raeli and others of Smvthe's former allies
adhered to their original position, and
Smythe's severance from them was complete.
During the great debate on the corn laws in
June 1846 Smythe advocated their abolition.
The premier highly praised Smythe's effort,
but after the discussion was over, and when.
Sir William Gregory remarked to Smythe,
'Peel gave you plenty of butter/ Smythe
characteristically replied * Yes, rancid as
usual' (GKBGOBY, Autobiography, p. 89). On
the same night Disraeli delivered his scathing
denunciation of Peel's administration as an
•organised hypocrisy/ and before the close
•of the month (29 June) Sir Robert resigned.
At the general election in the folio wing year
Smythe was again returned, on 3 Aug. 1847,
for Canterbury. During that parliament,
which lasted until July 1852, Smythe, ac-
cording to Disraeli, committed a sort of
political suicide by abstaining from all part
tn the debates. In May 1852 he fought at
Weybridge wiiih Colonel Frederick Romilly
(1810-1887^ youngest son of Sir Samuel

Romilly [q. v.J the last duel in England,
RomOly was his colleague in the representa-
tion of Canterbury, and Smythe accused him
of unfairly influencing the electors against
him. At the subsequent general election in
July Smythe received only seven votes, and
he did not sit in the house again. The elec-
tion was afterwards declared void through
bribery and the writ suspended until August
1854.

From 1847 to 1852 Smythe devoted himself
to journalism, and wrote industriously and
with brilliant effect in the leading columns of
the 'Morning Chronicle.' An attack on
Richard Monckton Milnes (afterwards Lord
Houghton) led to a challenge, but the affair
was compromised (REID, Life of Lord
Houffhton, i. 416 sq.) ' He would rather
be' (he had said in 1844) ' one of the journa-
lists who led than of the statesmen who fol-
lowed hi the path of reforms.' He had already
made a literary reputation by his ' Historic
Fancies/ which was published in 1844. It
is a miscellaneous collection of poems and
essays, the titles of which indicate the
range of its author's studies : ' The Mer-
chants of Old England/ ' The Aristocracy
of France/ ' The Jacobin of Paris/ 'The
Loyalist of La Vendee/ an elegy on ' Armand
Carrel/ and a Napoleonic dialogue between
' Fifteen and Twenty-five.' In the following
year (1845) two remarkable monographs from
his hand, on 'George Canning' and 'Earl
Grey' respectively, appeared in the * Oxford
and Cambridge Review.'

On his father's death, on 29 May 1855,
Smythe succeeded to the title as seventh Vis-
count Strangford, but took no part in the
debates of the House of Lords. Consump-
tion had manifested itself and proved incu-
rable. Early in 1857 he went to Egypt in a
vain search of health, and returned to Lon-
don in the autumn. On 9 Nov. he was
married by special license, at Bradgate Park,
near Leicester, the seat of the Earl of Stam-
ford and Warrington, to Margaret, eldest
daughter of John Lennox Xincaid Lennox,
esq., of Lennox Castle, N.B. But he was
then dying, and the end came a fortnight
later at Bradgate Park (23 Nov. ^1857)
(MALMESBTTBT, Memoirs of an ex-Minister,
2nd edit. ii. 88). He was succeeded by his
brother,PercyEllenFrederickWiUiam[q.v.],
as eighth Viscount Strangford.

Among his papers was found the manu-
script of a novel entitled 'Angela Pisani/
which he had begun writing at Venice in
1846. This was eventually published under
the editorship of his brother's widow in 1875.

The Earl of Beaconsfield described Strang-
ford as ' a man of brilliant gifts, of dazzling

Smythe

195

Smythe

•wit, of infinite culture, and of fascinating
manners7 (Lotkair, pref. 1870; but cf. GBE-
GGKi,Autobiogr. pp. ,87-90, 94-5, 123). Lord
L jttelton said of him with much truth * he
was a splendid failure.'

[Lady Strangford's Brief Memoir prefixed to
Angela Pisani, 1875 ; Disraeli's Coningsby, 1844,
and Life of Lord George Bentinck, 1851, both
passim; Ann. Beg. for 1857, p. 347 j Times,
26 Nov. 1857 ; Monody on George, LordStrang-
ford, in the present writer's Dreamland, 1862,
pp. 238-41 ; A Young England Hovel by T. H.
Escott; Eraser's Mag. 1847 ; Edward de Fon-
blanqne's lives of the Yisconnta Strangford
through Ten Generations, 1877.] C. K.

SMYTHE, JAMES MOOEE (1702-
1734), author of the * Rival Modes,* third
son of Arthur Moore [a. T.], tlie politician,
by his wife Theophila (daughter of William
Smythe of the Inner Temple, l>y Elizabeth,
-daughter of George Berkeley, first earl of
Berkeley), was born at his other's seat of
ffetcham in, Surrey in 1702. He matricu-
lated from Worcester College, Oxford, on
10 Oct. 1717, graduating B.A. from AH
Souls' in 1722. * Jemmyt as he was called,
Alienated hv* father by his foppishness and
extravagance, but he was a favourite with
his grandfather, William Smythe, who in
1718 obtained for him the reversion of his
post of receiver and paymaster to the band
of gentlemen-pensioners (Weekly Journal,
14 June 1718), and left him the bulk of his
property on his death in 1720, on condition
that he assumed the additional surname of
Smythe. It was not, however, until 1728
that the legatee succeeded in getting the
act of parliament which was then necessary
to authorise the change of style. Mean-
while, amid the dissipations of the fashion-
able society in which he had become im-
mersed, ne ran through his money, and
it was in the hope of satisfying his more
pressing creditors that he announced his
comedy of the * Rival Modes,' concerning
which his reputation as a wit raised hign
expectations. It was produced at Drury
Lane on 27 Jan. 1726-7, with Wilks, Gibber,
and Mrs, Oldfield in the leading rdles.
Young wrote to Tiekell that it met with a
worse reception than it deserved. It was,
however, played six times, and the author
received 300/. by the benefit, as well as 100&
from Lintot for the right of publication (it
passed through three editions during 1727).
A dull comedy, it is remarkable solely for
the disproportionate amount of resentment
that it excited in Pope, and the tortuous
manoeuvres to which it provoked him. The
best thing in the * Rival Modes * (which is in
parose) was eight lines of verse introduced, in

italics in the printed copies, into the second
act. Moore Smythe had seen them in manu-
script, and asked permission of their author,
Pope, to use them for his comedy. Pope
consented, but retracted permission at the
last moment. Smythe, disgusted and reck-
less, neither suppressed the lines nor dis-
1 claimed them, lite lines were subsequently
1 introduced by Pope into his ' Second Moral
I Essay/ while in his ( Bathos y some wither-
i ing remarks are made upon * J. M.1 As,
i however, Smythe did not rise to the bait,
I Pope had himself to procure an anonymous
! indignant defence of Smythe in the ' Daily
i Journal * in order to provide a text for an
| elaborate note to the *Dunciad;* the note
; explaining the genuine authorship of the
lines was appended to a ludicrous descrip-
tion of Smythe as a nameless phantom. In
his * Epistle to JDr. Arbuthnot,' among other
insults, Pope subsequently accused Smythe's
mother of unchastity (ef. Memoirs of Grub
Street, L 93, 107). These insults met with
no response until 1730, when, as a sort of
parody on Young's *Two Epistles to Mr.
Pope/ Smythe, as he was now called, issued,
in anonymous conjunction with Welsted,
a satirical * One Epistle to Mr. A. Pope,' Lon-
don, 8vo. Smythe died unmarried, and in re-
duced circumstances, at Whitton, near Isle-
worth, Middlesex, on 18 Oct. 1734 Shortly
before Ms death Pope caused to be inserted
in the ' Grub Street Journal ' an advertise-
ment respectinghis supposed disappearance,
commencing 'Whereas J. M. §., a tall,
modest young man, with yellowish teeth, a
sallow complexion, and a ffattish. eye, shaped
somewhat like an Italian. * . .'

poster's Alnmni Oxoa. 1715-1886, s. v.
*Mbore;* Gent, Mag. 17S4,p.572; Manning and
Bza/s Surrey, L 483; OnrlTsKey of theBcreciad,
1728; Pope's Works, ed. Swin and Ccmrthope,
passim ; Geoesfs Hist, of Stage, iii. 186 ; Notes
and Queries, 1st ser. x. 102, 238, ad. 98, 2nd
sear. viii. 195, 23§ ; thd Brobdignagian, 1726, p.
19 ; Brit Mns. Cat.] T. S.

SMYTHE, PERCY CLINTON SYD-
NEY, sixth VISCOUNT SmureFosp and first
BABOH PEHBHITBST (1780-1855), diplomatist,
born in London cm SI Ang. 178}, was eldest
son of Lionel, fif&i viscount (1753-1801),
who entered the army and served in Ame-
rica, but in 1785 took holy orders, and in

co. Heath. His mother, Maria Eliza, was
eldest daughter of Frederick Philips© of
Philipseburg, New York.

The family descended from Sir John Smith
or Smyihe of Ostenhanger (now Westen-
hanger), Kent, the elder brother of Sir Tho-
mas Smith or Smythe (d. 16&5) [q.T,] Sir

Smythe

196

Smythe

Thomas Smythe, son of Sir John, was made to Sweden. Before ^ leaving Stockholm,
a kniffht of the Bath in 1616, < being a two years later, he induced the Swedish
person of distinguished merit and opulent government to agree to the English pro-
fortune-7 and on 17 July 1628 was created posals for an arrangement with Denmark,
an Irish peer hy the title of Yiscount Strang- and discussed with them a new tariff highly
ford of Stanford, co. Down, He died on advantageous to England. On 7 Aug. 1820
30 June 1635, having married Lady Barbara, Strangford was appointed ambassador at
seventh daughter of Robert Sidney, first earl Constantinople. Here he joined the Austrian
of Leicester TQ v 1 minister in urging on the Porte the necessity

Percv the sixth viscount, graduated in of pursuing more conciliatory conduct to-
1800 at' Trinity College, Dublin, where he wards Eussia, and of making- concessions
won the sold medal. In 1802 he entered the to its Christian subjects, then in open revolt
diplomatic service as secretary of the lega- both in Greece and the Danubian provmces,
tion at Lisbon. In the following year he In the autumn of 1822 he went to Verona,
published < Poems from the Portuguese of and laid before the European congress the
K - -—..'* assurances he had obtained from the sultan.

translator of teaching 'the Lusian bard to
copy Moore/ and described him as
Hibernian StrangfordjWith thine eyes of blue,
And boasted locks of red or auburn hue.

sole care of Russian affairs in Turkey. He
obtained from the Porte the evacuation of
the Danubian principalities, the conclusion
of a treaty allowing Sardinian ships to enter
the Bosphorus, and the removal of the re-
cently made restrictions on Eussian trade in
the Black Sea. In return the tsar promised
the resumption of diplomatic relations with
Turkey. On IS Sept. 1824 Wellington
wrote to Strangford congratulating him
1 upon a result obtained by your rare abili-
ties, firmness, and perseverance ' ( Wellington
Corresp. ii. 308, 309). Greville charged
him with having exceeded his instructions
while at Constantinople ; but these, Strang-
ford complained afterwards, were scanty
(Journal of Meign of George IV, p. 140 ; cf.
Wellington Corresp. iv. 167). In October he

The * Poems' were frequently reissued, the
last edition in 1828, in which year a French
version also appeared (MooEE, Life of Byron,
p, 39).

Strangford soon became a persona grata
at the Portuguese court. In 1806 he was
named minister-plenipotentiary ad interim.
He persuaded the prince regent of Portugal,
on the advance of the French in November
1807, to leave Portugal for Brazil. Strang-
ford arrived in England on 19 Dec., and
drew up, by Canninr s desire, a connected ac-
count of the proceeding drawn from his own . . . . „

despatches. It was published in the ' London left Turkey. A year later Strangford went
Gazette ' of 22 Dec. In 1828 Napier, in the as ambassador to St. Petersburg at the spe-
first volume of his £ Peninsular War/ main- cial request of the tsar. He had been found
tained that the credit of the diplomatic rather too watchful an observer of Eussian
negotiations really belonged to Sir Wil- designs at Constantinople, and was trans-
Ham Sidney Smith [q. v.], and made various ferred to St. Petersburg. , He remained at
charges against Strangford. The latter issued St. Petersburg only a few months, during
( Observations ' in reply, which Sir Walter which he pressed the tsar to ^fulfil his pro-
Scott and even the whig circles at Holland raise of resuming relations with the Porte,
House thought satisfactory (Scorr, Journal, After his return from Eussia, in 1825, Strang-
31 May 1828; MOOEE, Diary, 21 May), f ord was created^ peer of the United Kmg-
¥&pier rejoined, and Strangford issued 'Fur- dom with the title of Baron Penshurst of
ther Observations.' Strangford failed to ob- Penshurst in Kent. In a speech in the House
tain legal redress for some strong reflections of Lords on 7 June 1827 he stated that
maele oa T^m in, the same connection by the he had served under nine foreign secretaries
'Sum* newspaper. Brougham appeared for (Parl. Debates, new ser. xvii. 1139). His
the defendants at the trial (^APIEE, Penw- diplomatic career closed with a special mis-
mlar War, 18&1, yL 222-3). sion to Brazil in August 1828. For the re-
Strangfordreeeivecl the order of the Bath, mainder of his life he was an active tory
aaid was sworn, of the privy council in peer, often taking part in debates on ques-
March 1808. On 16 April he was appointed tions of foreign policy. On 29 Jan. 1828 he
mvoy-extaordraary;bo the Portuguese court seconded the address (tf>. xviii. 8-11). On
. in BraziL He was made G.O.B, on 2 Jan. 11 Aug. 1831 he complained that the arrange-
5, oai liis return from the mission. ments for the coronation of William IV had
IS July 1817 1)0 became ambassador not been submitted to the privy council, but

S my the

197

Smythe

>nly to a selection from it, 'similar to
;hat which our transatlantic "brethren call a
caucus * (&. 3rd ser. v. 1170). He signed, as
Penshurst, Lord Mansfield's protest against
the Beform Bill (ib. xiii. 376), and corre-
sponded with Wellington on that bill and
on foreign affairs. On 28 Feb. 1828 he
sent Wellington a memorial recommending
an English guarantee of the Asiatic dominions
of Turkey as the most likely measure to
bring her to an accommodation ( Wellington
Corresp. iv. 286-7).

Straiigford's taste for literature remained
with him to the end. His intimate friends
included Croker and Moore, and he was a
frequent guest at Rogers's table. In his
later years he was a constant visitor to the
British Museum and state paper office, and
frequently contributed to the * Gentleman's
Magazine * and to * Notes and Queries.' He
was elected F.S.A. in February 1825, and
was a director of the society and one of its
•dee-presidents from 1852 to 1854. In 1834
he published in Portuguese, French, and
Eng^isH the * Letter of a Portuguese Noble-
man on the Execution of Anne Boleyn,* and
in 1847 edited for the Camden Society (Cam-
den Miscellany, vol. ii.) * Household Expenses
of the Princess Elizabeth during her Kesi-
dence at Hatfield, October 1551-September
1552.* He also collected materials for a life
of Endymion Porter. He was created
D.CX. at Oxford on 10 June 1834, at the
installation of Wellington as chancellor.
He was also a grandee of Portugal and a
knight of the Hanoverian order (u.GJL)

Strangford died at his house in Harley
Street, London, on 29 May 1855. He was
buried at Ashford. An anonymous portrait
belonged in 1867 to his second son (Cat
Third Loan JM&. No. 214). He married,
on 17 June 1817, Ellen, youngest daughter
of Sir Thomas Burke, bart., of Marble Hill,
Galway, and widow of Nicholas Browne,
esq. She died on 26 May 1826. Two of his
sons, George and Percy, succeeded in turn
to his tides, and both are separately noticed.

[Burke's Extiod; Peerage, 1883; Foster's
Peerage and Alumni Chcon. ; Lodge's Genea-
logy of the Peerage ; Lodge's Peerage of Ire-
land, IT. 274-80, contains serious genealogical
errors. Also Pearman's Hist, of Ashford, pp*
45-7, 79-82; Gent. Mag. 1855, ii. 90, 114;
Ann. Beg. (App. to Chroru) pp. 277-8 ; Moore's
Memoirs, i 125, iii. 1 38, 356, iv. 313, v. 188,
279, viii. 225; Stapbton's Political Life of
Canning, chapters iv. and xii, ; GastXereagn
Gorres|>. 3oi. 127, 144, 153 ; Wellington Corresp.
vols. ii. iii iv. passim ; Parl. Debates, 2nd and
3rd sec, passim; Brit. Hns. Cat. ; QTbnoghne's
Poets o€ Ireland ; Croker Papers, iii. 128, 296-

297, 343-4,361, 399-400; S. Walpole's Hist,
of England from 1815, iii. 89-92, iv. 40-1.]

Or. LE a. N.

SMYTHE, PERCY ELLEN FKEBE*
RICK WILLIAM, eighthViscotnrr STEIKG-
FOKD of Ireland, and third B^EGtf PESreKTrasr
of the United Kingdom (1826-1869), philo-
| legist and ethnologist, born at St. Peters-
i burg on 26 \ov. 1826, was third and youngest
son of Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe, sixth
Viscount [q. v.], and younger brother of
| George Augustus Frederick Percy Sydney
1 Smythe, sevesth Viscount [q.v.] Duringpart
j of his youth h& was almost blind. Srom
i the first he devoted himself to the study of
| languages. At Harrow he taught himself
Persian, and at Oxford he learnt Arabia
He matriculated from Mertom College on
17 June 1S4S? and held a postmastership
for two years. In May 1845 he was nomi-
nated by the vice-chancellor one of the two
student-attaches at Constantinople. He be-
came paid attach^ there in 1849, and was
! oriental secretary from July 1857 to October
1858. He gave assiduous attention to his
official duties, and Ms health suffered severely
from the strain of work entailed by the
Crimean war. Meanwhile he acquired a
complete knowledge of Turkish and modem
Greek, made a thorough study of Sanskrit,
and mastered every branch of oriental philo-
logy. He spoke Persian and Greek with
facility, and was versed in their dialects.
To all this he added a considerable acquaint-
ance with Celtic, competent classical scholar-
ship, and a strong taste for geography and
ethnology.

On hiB accession to the peerage on his
brother's death ia 1857 Strangford took a
house in London, but mainly continued for
four years in Constantinople, where he lived
the hie of a dervish. In 186$ he travelled
in Austria and Albania, widening Ms know-
ledge and strengthening his interest in the
eastern question. He described his OWB
position with regard to it as amti-^cXcXXjp,
but pro-dfXo^j&tatat, and thought that the
ratare of south-eastern Europe belonged to
the Bulgarians rather than to the Greeks.
He pacoclahiied hiTaiself & liberal, but took no
interest in general polities. He considered
Lord Stjadord de KedclrSe * al^urdly over-
rated.' His letters showed the liveliest sense
of humour, as well as exact and varied scho-
larship. He was a frequent contributor to
the i Pall Mall Gazette^ and the 'S&today
Review/ htit published no book during his
lifetime. He wrote, however, the last three
chapters of Ms wifeTs 'Eastern ^topea of
the Adriatic.1 In 1869 two volumes of his
* Selected Writings' were edited by Lady

Smythe

198

Smythe

Strangford. They contain, besides the three
chapters above mentioned, many contribu-
tions to the < Pall Mall Gazette7 dealing with
the eastern question, and a review, published
in the ' Quarterly ' of April 1865, of Arminius
VambSry's * Travels in Central Asia/ Among
< Some Short Notes on People and Topics of
the Day' is an interesting study of Walt
Whitman, whose writings Strangford main-
tained were l imbued with not only the spirit,
but with the veriest mannerism7 of Persian
poetry. In 1878 Viscountess Strangford also
published his ' Original Letters and Papers
upon Philological and kindred Subjects.'
Prefixed to them are letters from VambSry
and Prince Lucien Bonaparte. The former
testifies that Strangford read, spoke, and
wrote Afghan and Hindustani, as well as
Arabic, TurkisTi, and Persian. Prince Lucien
credited him with an acquaintance with Slav
tongues. At the time ofnis death Strangford
was president of the Royal Asiatic Society.
'In his own line/ says his friend Sir M.
Grant Duff, * the last Lord Strangford was
unique/ and left a vacancy in European jour-
nalism which was never filled. He died
suddenly at 58 Great Cumberland Street,
London, on 9 Jan. 1869, and was buried,
"beside his elder brother, at Kensal Green.
An elegy on him by F. T. PTalgrave] appeared
in ' Macmillan's Magazine*" in the following
month. He left no issue, and the peerages
became extinct.

His wife, EMILY Airare, VISCOUNTESS
STBAfffcFORD (£.1887), was youngest daugh-
ter of Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort [q. v.]
He married her on 6 Feb. 1862. She was a
woman of great physical energy and intel-
lectual refinement. Before her marriage she
had travelled with her sister in Egypt, Asia
Minor, and Syria, and as a descendant of the
Beauforts of the crusades, she was given by
the patriarch of Jerusalem the order of the
Holy Sepulchre (ReiD, Life of Lord Houghton,
iL 151). In 1861 she published 'Egyptian
Sepulchres and Syrian Shrines, including
some, stay in the Lebanon, at Palmyra, and
in Western Turkey, with Illustrations in
doomo-Lifchography/ 2 vols. (new edit.
1874). A review by Lord Strangford led to
tlieir acquaintance and subsequent marriage
iAtfsenamfy 2 April 1887). After her mar-
riage Lady Strangford wrote *The Eastern
£&*ores of the Adriatic in 1863, with a Visit to
J^cmtmegro/ 1864, 8vo. On her husband's
death in I8(& she went through four years'
training in a hospital in England, and de-
,YOted herself largely to nursing, ohe origi-
nated the National Societjrfor Providing
"framed Nurses dp the Poor, and in 1874
• * Hospital Tracing for Ladies.'

She took the leading part in organising a
fund for the relief of the Bulgarian peasants in
1876 (see Report, 1877), and educated several
at her own expense in England. In the fol-
lowing year she went to the seat of war hi
Turkey, in order to superintend a hospital
she had established for Turkish soldiers. On
the occupation of Strigil by the Russians,,
though troubled by the violent demeanour of
some Cossacks, she was treated with great
consideration by General Gourko (A. FORBES,
War Correspondence, 1877-8, pp. 320-1).

In 1882 Lady Strangford established and
opened at Cairo for the §t. John's Ambulance
Association the Victoria Hospital for the sick
and wounded in the war with Arabi Pasha.
On her return to England the red cross was
conferred on her by Queen Victoria. She
afterwards co-operated with Mrs. E. L.
Blanchard in the establishment of the "Wo-
men's Emigration Society in London; founded
a medical school at Beyrout, and endowed at
Harrow a geographical prize in memory of
her husband. She prepared for publication
not only her husband's papers, but also a
novel, 'Angela Pisani,' left in manuscript
by her brother-in-law, the seventh lord
Strangford, to which she prefixed a short
memoir. In 1878 she wrote a preface for
J. Finn's l Records from Jerusalem Consular
Churches/ 1878. Lady Strangford was on
her way to Port Said, where she was to open.
a hospital for British seamen, when she died
of cerebral apoplexy on board the Lusitania,
on 24 March 1887.

[For Viscount Strangford, see Burke's Extinct
Peerage; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886;
Pall Mall Gazette, 12 Jan. 1869 ; Saturday Ee-
view, 16 Jan. 1869 ; Journ. Eoyal Geographical
Soc. 1869 (Sir B. Murchlson's address); Sir 1\L
Grant Duff's Notes from a Diary, 1897, i. 134,
ii. 125-6; Works, edited by his wife. For Lady
Strangford: Times, 28 March 1887; Victoria
Mag. February 1879 (with photograph); Brit
Mus. Cat. ; Allibone's Diet. Engl. Lit. (vol. ii.
Suppl.)] G. LE G. K

SMYTHE, SIB SIDNEY STAFFORD-
(1705-1778), judge; born in London in 1705,
was descended from Sir Thomas Smith or
Smythe (1558 P-1625) [q. v.] . Waller's
*Sacharissa* was his great-grandmother [see*
SPENOBB, DOKOTHEAJ. His father, Henry
Smythe of Old Bounds in the parish of
Bidborough, Kent, died in 1706, aged 29.
His mother, Elizabeth, the daughter of Dr..
John Lloyd, canon of Windsor, subsequently
became the wife of William Hunt, and
died on 6 Oct. 1754. He was admitted
to St. John's College, Cambridge, as a fel-
low-commoner on 1 July 1721,, and gra-
duated B.A. in 1724. Having entered the*

Smythe

199

Smythe

iner Temple on 5 June 1724, he was
lied to the bar in February 1728, and
ined the home circuit. In 1740 he was ap-
>inted steward of the court of the Mug s
dace at "Westminster, in the place of Sir
homas Abney, and in Trinity term 1747
e was made a king's counsel, and was
ailed to the bench of the Inner Temple. At
he general election in the summer of 1747
te was returned to the House of Commons
or the borough of East Grinstead. He sat in
iie house for only three sessions, and there
LS no record of any speech which he made
there. In January 1749 he took part in
the prosecution of the smugglers who were
tried for murder before a special commission
at Chichester (HowELL, State Trials, xviii.
1069-1116). He was appointed a baron of
the exchequer in the room of Charles Clarke
(d. 1750) [q. v.J, and, having received the
order of the coif on 23 June 1750, took his
seat on the bench accordingly. On 7 $ov.
following be received the honour of knight-
hood. With Heneage Legge Fq.v.] he tried
Mary Blandy [a. v .1 at the Oxford assizes in
March 1752 ($>. xviii. 1117-94). While a
poisne baron he was twice appointed a com-
missioiier of the great seal. On the first
occasion, from 19 Nov. 1756 to 20 June 1757,
he was joined in the commission with Sir
John W tiles and Sir John Eardley-Wilmot.
On the second occasion, from 21 Jan. 1770
to 23 Jan. 1771, he was chief commissioner,
Ms colleagues being the Hon. Henry Bathurst
(1714-1794) [q. v. j and Sir Richard Aston
[q. v.] He succeeded Sir Thomas Parker as
lord chief baron on 28 Oct. 1772. As Parker
continued to enjoy vigorous health after his
resignation, while Smythe was often pre-
vented by illness from attending tJie court,
Mansfield is said to have cruelly observed,
* The new chief baron should resign in favour
of his predecessor/ After presiding in the
exchequer for five years, Smythe was com-
pelled in November 1777 to resign, 'owing
to his infirmities, He was granted a pension
of 2,4QO£, and on 3 Dec. was sworn a member
of the privy council. He died at Old Bounds
on 2 Nov. 1778, and was buried at Sutton-
at-Hone, Kent.

Sinythe is said to have refused the post of
lord chancellor, and to have been * the ugliest
roan of his day 7 ( Funeral Sermon preached
by the Kev. C. D. Be Coetlogon, 1778, p. 25 ;
ISICHOM, Lit. Ittustratiow, iii 809). He
was unjustly abused in print and in par-
liament for his conduct of the trial of John
Taylor, a sergeant of the Scots guards, for
the murder of James Smith, at the Guild-
ford summer assizes in 1770. It appears that
t&» jrary* after considerable deliberation,

brought in a verdict of guilty, upon which
Smythe, who had told them that it was only
manslaughter, expressed his surprise, and de-
sired that a special verdict should be drawn
up, which was duly signed by the jury.
Though his conduct was vindicated by Dun-
ning in the House of Commons on 6 Dec.
1770, and his decision was upheld by the
judges of the king's bench on 8 Feb. 1771,
the charge was reiterated by Junius in his
letter to Lord Mansfield of 21 Jan. 1772
(Parl. J&tst, xvi 1211-1301; WOODPALL,
Jwuu*, 1814, ii. 438-40). Smythe married,
in 1733, Sarah, daughter of Sir Charles Fur-
naby, bark, of Kippington in Kent, but left
no issue. Both he and his wife took a great
interest in the evangelical movement. She
died on 18 March 1790 and was buried at
Sutton-at-Hone. Two of Smythe's letters
to the Duke of Newcastle are preserved
among the Additional MSS. at the British
Museum, as well as a pedigree of the Smythe
family drawn up by Edward Hasted under
Smythe's inspection (32860 f . 444, 32906 f .
340, 5520 f. 45).

[Foss's Judges of England, 1864, viii. 369-71 ;
Martin's Masters of the Bench of the Inner
Temple, 1883, p. 73; Harris's life of Lord-
chancellor Hardwicke, 1847, iii. 95, 103 ; Sir
William Blaekstone's Reports, 1781, ii 838,
1178; Hasted's Hist, of Kent, 1797-1801, iii*
26, 58, 287, v. 274-5 ; Gent. Mag. 1740 p. 623,
1747 p. 297, 1750 pp. 285, 526; Ann, Beg.
1778 Chron.p. 227; Bnrfce's Peerage, &&, 1857,
p. 387 ; Bnrka's Extinct Peerage, 1883, p. 621 ;
Grad. Castata. 1800, p. 391 ; Notes and Queries,
8th ser. ix. 247, 416; Official Betarn of Us**
of HJP4J, ii 104; Townsesd's Csfcalogme of
Knights, 1833, p. 63 ; Haydn's Book of Dig-
nities* 1890.] G. F. E. B,

SMY!THE, WILLIAM JAMT^ (1816-
; 1887),general and colond-commfimlftnt royal
artillery, second son of Samuel Smythe,
vicar of Caramoney, Belfast, and of his wife
Margaret, daughter of John Owens of TI1-
dary, eo, Antrim, was born a£ Ooole Glebe,
Ctau&ooey, on 25 Jan. 1816. He was edu-
cated at Ajatrim until he entered the Boyal
Military Academy at Woolwich on II Nov.
1830. He reeerrod a commission as second
lieutenant in the royal artillery on SO Dee.
1833, In April 1835 he sailed for the Cape
of Good Hope, wbere he served in the Kaffir
war and received the war medal. He was
promoted to be first lieutenant on 10 Jan.
1837. He returned to England in October
the same year.

In July 1839 Smythe !>eeame secretary ot
the Boyal Artillery Institution at Wool-
wich, and filled the ofiice until ne embarked
to St. Helena in December 1841 to tabs

Smythe

200

Smythe

charge of the observatory at Longwood, and
to carry out magnetical and meteorological
observations under the direction of Captain
(afterwards General Sir) Edward Sabine
fq, v.] The results were published in two
large quarto volumes of ' Observations/
brought out by Sabine in 1850 and 1860.
Smythe was promoted to be second captain
on 5 May 1845. He returned to England in
February 1847.

In August 1848 Smythe embarked for
Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he was stationed
for a year, returning to England in August
1849, on his promotion to the rank of first
captain, dated 28 June. In January 1850
he was appointed by the Marquis of Anglesey
to take charge of young officers of artillery
on first joining at Woolwich, and to super-
vise their instruction. This new arrange-
ment led to the establishment of the de-
partment of artillery studies, of which
Smythe was the organiser, and became the
first director until July 1852. He was pro-
moted to be lieutenant-colonel on 1 April
1855.

Having a good knowledge of French and
German, Smythe was selected in October
1854 to superintend the execution of contracts
for armsin Belgium and Germany. Whilestill
holding this appointment he was withdrawn
temporarily from its duties by Lord Pan-
mure, in January 1856, to act as a member
of the royal commission sent to France,
.Russia, Austria, and Italy, to report on the
state of military education in those countries,
and to consider the best mode of reorganis-
ing the system of training British officers of
the scientific corps. The other commissioners
were Lieutenant-colonel "William Yolland
[q. v.] and the Rev. W. C. Lake (afterwards
dean, of Durham). Smythe advocated the
entire separation of the education of the
royal artillery from that of the royal en-
gineers, a plan which Yolland opposed. In
the end the report was drawn up by Lake and
the secretary, Smythe signing ' for the history
and descriptions of foreign military schools
only/ The report, in two blue-books, was
presented to parliament in 1867. It is a
mine of information, and records the well-
weighed opinions of a large number of the
most thoughtful officers of the time in both
corps, Smythe now returned to the super-
int&adenee of the foreign contracts for arms
until July 1857. He was promoted to be
brevet mtaslon I April 1858, and the same
year was a second time appointed director of
artillery "studies at Woolwich. In 18&9 he
was made a member of the ordnance select
eeaamittee.
? -, In !85i Smytie was sheeted to proceed

to Fiji as commissioner to inquire into the
circumstances of the cession ot Fiji to Engu
land, which an English consul, Mr. "W. T.
Pritchard, had obtained from King Thakom-
bau, and into the value of the group of
islands from a strategical as well as a com-
mercial point of view. The botanist, Dr.
Berthold Carl Seemann [q. v.], was attached
to the mission.

Smythe, accompanied by his wife, left Eng-
land on 16 Jan, 1860, taking with him com-
plete sets of magnetical ana meteorological
instruments and charts. After experiencing
some difficulty of transport owing to the war
in New Zealand, he arrived in a small sailing
vessel at Levuka on 5 July. He visited all
the larger islands, and ascertained that there
was no organised opposition to the cession j
but he found that the representations made
to government as to the value of the islands
were in many substantial particulars incor-
rect, while Thakombau was in no sense king
of Fiji. Foreseeing a tolerably long de-
tention in the islands, Smythe brought with
him to Levuka materials for a small house-r
which was erected, and part of it was fitted
as an observatory. Here, from 12 Jan. to
30 April 1861, he made regular magnetical
and meteorological observations, including
very careful determinations of magnetic de-
cimation, inclination, and force. Although
not the first good observations made at Frji,
Smythe's are the most extensive and com-
plete, and will probably long remain the
standard of comparison.

On 1 May 1861 Smythe made his report
from Fiji, giving his opinion that it was in-
expedient to accept the cession made by Tha*
kombau. He arrived home, via Panama, ia
November of the same year. His report was
presented to parliament in 1862 and was ap-
proved. His wife wrote a pleasant account
of the expedition in a series of letters ta
friends at home, which was published as
< Ten Months in the Fiji Islands/ 1864, 8vo,
with coloured illustrations and maps. To it
Smythe contributed the introduction, an aq-
count of an excursion to Namusi in Vita.
Levu, and the appendix, containing1 his in-
structions and report, together with his mag-
netical and meteorological observations and
remarks upon the Melanesian mission.

On 5 Aug. 1864 Smythe was promoted to
be colonel in the royal artillery. The same
year he was elected a fellow of the Royal
Society, and was for some years a member
of the meteorological committee of that so^
ciety . In 1865 he went to India on miltaa?^
duty, returning to^ England OB. two yeaa»*
leave of absence in the autumn of 1866*
On 6 March 1868 he was promoted to be

Smythies

.ajor-general, and returned to India in
'ovember, In December 1869 he finally
line home, and lived at Tobarcooran, Gara-
loney, Belfast. He was promoted to be
ieutenant-general on 1 Oct. 1877, but re-
aained unemployed. He was made a colonel-
ommandant of the royal artillery on 2 Aug.
.880, and he was placed on the retired list,
with the honorary rank of general, on
L July 1881. He died at Carnmoney, Bel-
fast, on 12 July 1887. He erected in the
churchyard of Carnmoney a lofty Irish cross
of mountain limestone, designed from the
finest examples extant, and probably the most
beautiful specimen of Irish ecclesiastical art
in the country. His grave is at the foot of
this cross.

Smythe's latter years were cMefiy given to
an earnest advocacy of 'home rule* for
Ireland so far as it was compatible with,
union with Great Britain. It was his con-
stant endeavour to promote the material de-
velopment of Ms country. He took an in-
terest in agriculture, and devoted himself
to tne study, and encouragement of the
study, of the Irish language ; and he left by
his will the reversion of 3,0001. to the Eoyal
Irish Academy in trust, the interest of which
was to be applied to the promotion of the use
of the Irish language. He left also the re-
version of an equal sum, together with his
residuary estate, to the representative body
of the church, of Ireland, He married., on
15 Dec. 1857, at Carnmoney^ Sarah Maria,
second daughter of the Rev. Robert Wint-
ringham Bland, J.P, There was no issue of
the marriage. His widow survived him.

[War Office Beoords; obituary notice by
General Sir J. H. Letroy in the Proceedings of
the Royal Artillery Institution, vol. sv. 1887 ;
Transactions and Proceedings of the Eoyal So-
ciety ; Annual Register, 1887 ; private sources.]

R. H. V.

SMYTHIES, CHARLES ALAN (1844-
1894), bishop of Zanzibar and missionary
bishop of East Africa, born in London on
6 Aug. 1844, was second son of Charles Nor-
folk Smythies, vicar of St. Mary the Walls,
Colchester, and Isabella, daughter of Admiral
Sir Eaton Travers. "When he was three
years old his father died of consumption,
and in 1858 his mother married the Rev.
George Alston, rector of Studland, Dorset,

After attenoUngtheschoolsat Milton Abbas
and at Felsted, which, he entered in January
1854 and left in December 1857 (BsBVOE,
Ahmm Fel&ted. p. 7), Smythies entered
Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1862, and
graduated B.A. in 1866. In 1868 ke went
to O^dcbsdoa Theological College, Oxford,

i Smythies

at that time under the presidency of Dr.
King, the present bishop of Lincoln. In
1869 he was ordained to the curacy of Great
Marlow, and in 1872 took up work at
Roath, a saburb of Cardiff, under the Rev.
F. W. Puller, on whose resignation in 1880
Smythies was appointed to succeed Mm as
vicar.

In 1882, on tie death of Bishop Edward
Steere Fq. v.J, Smythies declined the offer of
the bisnopnc of the universities mission to
Central Africa; but, after a year's fruitless
search and many refusals, the committee of
the mission renewed the offer to aim, and lie
accepted the perilous charge. He was con-
secrated bishop at St. Paul's Cathedral on
St. Andrew's day (30 Nov.) 1883, and in
January 1884 left for Zanzibar, the head-
quarters of the mission.

The diocese covered roughly tMrty thou-
sand square miles, and, apart from the
character of the country and its climate,
Smythies tad to face difficulties due to the
new colonial policy of Germany, within the
sphere of whose influence nearly all the
mission stations lay. From the first Smythies
devoted himself to the selection and training
of natives as clergymen, taking enormous
pains to discover their vocation and to give
them such, mental and spiritual education as
should qualify them to become tiie evan-
gelists of their own people. He was equally
careful to keep them free from that veneer of
English civilisation which so often mars the
work of native clergy in foreign missions.

He visited all the nearer stations of tire
missions every year and the remote stations
once in two years. This involved five jomv
neys on foot, performed for the most part
without white companions, to Lalre Nyasa,
which is four hundred and fifty miles dis-
tant- from the coast.

In 1888, witn a view to the suppression
of the slave trade, the coast of East Africa
was blockaded by the combined warsMps of
England and Germany, This led to much
excitement and totraroaaee amoBg the na-
tives on tite mainland. The situation fee-
came in fact so grave that the bishop was
strongly urged by the English government
to withdraw his missionaries from the scene
of danger. This lie not only declined to do,
but he set out himself for the interior of the
disturbed district to strengthen the hands of
his clergy and t&eir ccaaverts. The joanaey
nearly cost Mre his life. The steamer no
approaching tiie sltoire was fired trpoa, a&$ &
threatemiEg crowd siarrofmded the h$«®e in
wnich he toofe s&elter. He was sswed from
yioleaace fey t&e goodwill and courage of tte
insurgent chief^ Bu&hiri,

Snagge

2O2

Snagge

In 1889 Smythies became convinced that
it was impossible for one man to supervise
the work of his vast diocese, and in 1890 he
came to England to help to collect the en-
dowment needed for its subdivision. By
incessant travelling, speaking, and preaching,
the sum of 11,000£. was raised in six months,
the necessary formalities were completed,
and the Rev. Wilfrid B. Hornby was conse-
crated as first bishop of Nyasa, a title after-
wards changed to Likoma. On the division
of the diocese Smythies's title was altered to
bishop of Zanzibar and missionary-bishop of
East Africa. During his visit to England
he was in June 1890 made honorary D.D. of
Oxford University.

After his -return to Zanzibar, Smythies's
health broke down; but, in spite of physical
weakness, he set out in October 1893 upon
along tour through the villages of the far in-
terior, accompanied only by a native deacon
and a few native Christians. He cast him-
self upon the hospitality of the natives,
living in their huts and sharing their food.
The result, from a spiritual point of view,
was most gratifying, but it was physically
disastrous to the bishop : he was prostrated
by a severe attack of malarial fever. Al-
though he found his wav back to Zanzibar
and struggled on with his work for a while,
he failed to recover, and, after a brief sojourn
in the mission hospital, was sent to England
as the one hope of saving his life. On 5 May
1894 he was carried on board the French
steamer Peiho, but on the second day at sea
he died, and was buried at sundown at a point
in mid-ocean halfway between Zanzibar and
Aden.

[Private information. j E. F. R.

SKAGGE, THOMAS (1536-1592),
speaker of theHouseof Commons, was born in
1536 at Letchworth, Hertfordshire, where his
father, Thomas Snagge, was lord of the manor.
A brother Robert was abencherof the Middle
Temple, and sat as member for Lostwithiel
in the parliament of 1571, In 1552 Thomas
entered as a student at Gray's Inn, and was
called to the bar by that society in 1554.
In 1563 he was appointed ' reader/ and in
1574 became 'double reader/ He sat as
member for the county of Bedford in the
parliament of 1571, and appears to have be-
come am effective debater in the House of
Commons* On 13 Sept. 1577 the queen, in
a private letter to Sir Henry Sidney [q. vj,
nominated Snagge to the office of attorney-
general for Ireland, * being sufficiently per-
soaded of his learning and judgment in the
law wfeerein he had been in long practice
as a winselLor* (MoBffir, Patent and Close

Rolls, of Ireland, ii. 11). Snagge's patent
of appointment was dated 2 Dec. 1577.
'The Dutye that he oweth to her Mai
jestie and his Country e/ wrote "Walsing-
ham to Sidney, * doth make him leaue all
other Respects and willinglie to dedicat
himeself to that Seruice, for the which I
thinke him a Man so well chosen both for
Judgement and bould Spirit ... as hardlie
all the Howses of Court could yeld his like*
(COLLINS, Letters and Memorials of State,
i. 228). Snagge did not belie Walsingham's
expectations. Three months after his arrivalin
Dublin, Sidney wrote of him to Walsingham:
' I fynde him a Man well learned, sufficient,
stoute, and well-spoken, an Instrument of
good Service for her Majestie, and sochea
one as is carefull to redresse by Wisdome
and good Discreation soch Errors as he
fyndeth in her Majesties Courts here. So
that by his presence I find my selfe well
assisted and humblye thank yr Lordships for
the sendinge him to me, and more of his
Sorte are needed ' (ib. p. 231). Snagge held
the office of attorney-general for Ireland for
three years, returning to England in 1580,
when he was appointed serjeant-at-law.
He was treasurer of Gray's Inn for that
year, and resumed his large practice at the
bar. To the parliament 01 November 1588
Snagge was returned for Bedford town,
and was chosen speaker of the House of
Commons (12 Nov. 1588). Parliament was
prorogued on 4 Feb. 1588-9, but Snagge
continued to hold the office until the disso-
lution on 28 March 1589-90. In 1590 he
was advanced to the dignity of queen's ser-
jeant. He died in 1592, in the fifty-seventh
year of his age. He was buried at Marston-
Morteyne, where is a handsome canopied
monument to his memory, with recumbent
effigies in marble of himself and his wife.
By his marriage with a coheiress of Thomas
Dikons, Snagge acquired the large estates of
the Reynes family in Bedfordshire. His eldest
son, Sir Thomas Snagge of Marston-Mor-
teyne, was elected member for Bedford
county in November 1588, was one of the
first knights made by James I on his acces-
sion in 1603, and was high sheriff of Bedford-*
* shire in 1607.

[Manning's Lives of the Speakers of the House
of Commons ; Dngdale's Origines Juridiciales ;
O'Byrne's Representative Hist, of Great Britain
and Ireland; Blaydes's GenealogiaBedfordiensis;
Visitations of Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire
(HarL Soc.), vols. xix. xxii. ; Cal. State Papers,
Ireland, vols. box. Ix. Ixxxv. ; Holinshed's Chron.
p. 1314 ; StoVs Chron. p. 687 ; Blaydes's Bed-
fordshire Notes and Queries ; Offic. Ret. of Mem-
bers of Parliament; Calendar of the Lords'

Snape

203

Snape

ouraals, p. 138 ; Journals of the House of Com-
IOHS ; Doutfrwaite's History of Gray's Inn.]

T. W. S.

SNAPE, AMXREW, D.B. (1675-1742),
xroYost of Bang's College, Cambridge, born
it Hampton Court, Middlesex, in 1675, was
son of Andrew Snape, jun,, Serjeant farrier I
to diaries IT, The father published in 1683 I
a fine folio on l The Anatomy of an Horse/ {
with many copperplate engravings, a portrait ,
of the author, drawn and engraved by R.
White, and a dedication to the king, in
which he speaks of 'being a Son of that i
family that hath had the honour to serve the \
Crown of this Kingdom in the Quality of
Earners for these two Hundred Years.* The ;
son was admitted to Eton in 1683, and was !
elected to a scholarship at King's College, !
Cambridge, in 1689. He graduated BJL in |
1693, commenced M.A. in 16*97, and was !
created D JX cowdtiu regiis in 1705 (Graduati
Cantabr. ed. 1823, p. 438). He became lec-
turer of St. Martin's, London, and was chap- 1
lain to Charles Seymour, sixth duke of Somer- !
set [q.v.]> chancellor of the uniTersity, by
whom he was presented in 1706 to the rectory
of the united parishes of St. Mary-at-Hill and
St. Andrew Hubbard (MALCOLM, Lmdmiitm
Ifedzmmmi, iv. 416), In 1707 he was deputed
by his university to represent, on its behalf,
the faculty of theology at the jubilee of the
foundation of the university of FranMurt-
on-the-Gder, and during his stay on the
continent he preached a sermon before the
Electees Sophia. He became one of the chap-
lains in ordinary to Queen Anne, and held
the same office under George L In 1711 he
was appointed headmaster of Eton, which
flourished greatly under his management. He
was one of the principal disputants in the
famous ( Bangorian Controversy/ and in nu-
merous pamphlets he attacked with great
vehemence the principles upheld by Bishop
Hoadly [seeHoADLT,BBNJAMiK, 1676-1761 j.
The first of his * Letters to the Bishop of
Bangor* passed through no fewer than seven-
teen editions in the year of its publication
(1717). As the part which he took in the con-
troversy gave offence at court, his name, like
that of Dr. Thomas Sherlock [q.v.] (after-
wards bishop of London), was removedjrom
the list of king's chaplains (NICHOLS, £&.
Anecd. ill 211),

On the death of Dr. John Adams he was
chosen provost of King's College, Cambridge,
in February 1719. He was vice-chancellor
of tiie university in 1723-4. Early in 1737
he became rector of Enebworth, Hertford-
shire (CLTTTTEBBTJCS:, Hist, of Hertfordshire,
ii. 380), but resigned, that living in August
of the same year, when he was presented by

the chapter of Windsor to the rectory of
West Udesley, Berkshire. The latter bene-
fice he held till his death, which happened
in his lodgings in Windsor Castle on 30 Dec.
1742. He was buried in the south aisle oi
St. George's Chapel.

He married Rebecca, widow of Sir Joshua
Sharp, knight, sheriff of London, and
daughter of John Hervey, merchant, of
London.

The sermons which he published separately
were, with some additions, printed in a col-
lected form, under the title of ' Forty-five
Sermons on several Subjects/ 3 vols. London,
1745, 8vo, under the editorship of John Chap-
man,D.D.,and William Berriman, I) J), The
claims of lunatics on the humanity of the
public were nobly stated by Htm in. two Spital
sermons preached in 1707 and 1718. He con-
tributed verses to the university collections
on the death of Queen Mary, the peace of
Eyswick, and the accession of Queen Anne.
Snape was the editor of Bean Moss's £ Ser-
mons? (1732) ; but the preface, 'by a Learned
Hand,* was contributed by Zachary Grey (Ni-
CHOLS, I&t. Anecd. ii. 539, iv. 236).

There is a good mezzotinto print of him,
engraved * ad vivum * by Faber (BBOMLBr),
A smaller print was also published, but the
printsellers fraudulently reissued it as a
portrait of Orator Henley [see HBKLBY,
JOHH] (Granger Letters, p. 323).

[Cole's B2st.of Bong's College, iv. 106; Cooke's
Preacher's Assistant, ii 312 ; Notes and Queries,
2nd ser. ii. 423, 3rd ser. vi. 309, 404, 6th ser. viii.
7, 136, 213, 274, 7th ser. ix 48, 115, 197, 257,
9th ser. i. 323 ; Harwood's Alumni Etoaeases,
pp. 48, 274 ; Addit, MS. 58SO, f. 67 ; Swift's Let-
ters, 1766, ii. 55, 125; Le here's Fasti (Hardy);
Whisfeon'aMerootrs, i.245; Pate's Aatigiaties of
Windsor, p. 365; Granger's Biogr. Hisk of
Engtod ; Noble's Contra, of Granger, Hi. 1 17 ;
Georgian Era, L 492; Moakfs Idfe of BeatJtey,
i 19IJ T. 0.

SHAPE, EDMUND (JL 1576-1608),pim-
tan, took deacon's orders in 1575, but in-
dining to thft presby terian. TOWS on ordina-
tK>n, £e declared that he did not consider
himself a full minister until lie shotild bft
chosen by some particular congregation.
Upon hearing this the parishioners of St,
Peter's, Northampton, according to Ban-
croft, immediately summoned Snape to be
their minister. In 1576 Snape and Thomas
Cartwr%ht (1535-1603) [q. y.] were invited
to the Channel Islands to assist the Huguenot
ministers there in faming the necessary
discipline for their churches. They were
received -with nrach Mncbess in Jersey, amd
Snape was appointed to the chaplaincy of

Snape

204

Snatt

E

Mont Orgueil. After settling matters in
Jersey he passed over to the diocese of Exeter,
where he continued some time, and then
>robably proceeded to Oxford, where in 1581
te graduated B.A. from St. Edmund Hall,
and proceeded M.A. from Merton College on
10 July 1584. He was also incorporated
M.A, at Cambridge in 1586. Then, returning
to St. Peter's, Northampton, he in the same
year joined his brethren in the county in
their acceptance of the Book of Discipline,
although he did not actually subscribe it him-
self. He also took part in organising presby-
teries to carry out its regulations. In 1588 he
persuaded Sir Richard Knightley [q.v.l of
Fawsley to give shelter to Robert Walde-
grave, a printer, and to the printing press,
from, which John Penry [q.v.] and others
issued the pamphlets of Martin Mar-Prelate
(BRIDGES, Northamptonshire, i. 66). In 1590
the attention of government was called to
the assemblies and practices of the puritans,
who, in fact, were attempting to introduce
the discipline and usages of the Scottish and
continental presbytenan churches. Snape
was summoned, together with Cartwright
and Bother ministers, before the high com-
missioners. Among the articles against him
was one accusing him of refusing baptism
to a child because its parents had not given
it a scriptural name. Other articles charged
him with being a constant attendant on
puritan synods, with omitting in his public
ministry to read the confession, absolution,
psalms; lessons, litany, and some other parts
of the Book of Common Prayer, and with
renouncing his calling to the ministry by
bishops' ordination (STBYRS, Whitgift, iii.
242). WBen requested to take an oath ex
officiate* answer all interrogatories that might
be put to him, he and his fellow prisoners
refused on the ground that they must first
see the questions. After seeing them, they
still declined the oath, and were sent back to
prison. Certain letters which he wrote to
warn his friends were intercepted, and he ap-
pears finally to have admitted the substance
of the accusations against him. After being
eleven months in prison he and his fellow
pisoners petitioned to be admitted to bail,
Tbwfc on their refusing a form of submission
ofeed: them they were refused their liberty.
He appears, however, to have been liberated
©in haH m December 1591.

I® 159$ he was again in the Channel
Islimd% aa& in 1597 he attended a synod in
Guernsey. In 3$03 he had left Jersey, and
iiacl takenle^proeeedingsagainstthe States,
who had ehosem Mnj to teach theological
heir projected college. Thedif-
settled by an arbitration of four

persons, with the governor as umpire, The
date of Snape's death is unknown.

[Cooper's Athense Cantabr. ii. 285, 551 ; i^^.
MSS. xv. 72-6 ; Bancroft's Dangerous Positions
pp. 77, 79-83, 85, 89, 91, 92, 101, 113-15, 120*
139, 152; Brook's Cartwright, pp. 218, 337-85*
Lansdowne MSS. vol. Ixviii. art. 62; Broods
Puritans, i. 409-14 ; Heylyn's -SErius Redivivns
2nd edit. pp. 236, 240, 251, 284, 304, 305, 311 '
Mather's Magnalia, bk. iii. p. 1 0 ; Strype's Annals*
ed. 1824, iv. 101-3; Strype's Aylmer, ed. 1821*
pp. 204-14 ; Sutcliffe's Answer to Throcbnorton'
ff. 45 5-46 6, 49 a, ; Waddington's Penry, pp. 241-1
247 ; Hackman's Cat. of Tanner MSS. p. 1150 ;
Le Quesne's Const. Hist, of Jersey, pp. 157, 158;
Falle's Account of Jersey, pp. 197, 476 ; Foster's
Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; see art. CARTWEIGHT,
THOMAS, the elder.] E. I. C.

S2STATT, WILLIAM (1645-1721), non-
juring divine, born at Lewes in 1645, was
the son of Edward Snatt, minister and usher
of the Southover free school, Lewes. There
in 1629 the elder Snatt had John Evelyn,
the diarist, as a pupil. William matriculated
from Magdalen College, Oxford, on 14 Dec.
1660, and graduated B.A. in 1664. He was
collated to the rectory of Benton, Sussex, in
1672, obtained a prebend in Chichester Ca-
thedral in 1675, and the rectory of Cliffe St.'
Thomas, Sussex, in the same year. He sub-
sequently became vicar of Seaford in 1679,
and of Cuckfield and Bishopstone in 1681.
A devout and consistent high churchman, he
resigned all his preferments rather than take
the oaths to William and Mary. He came
to London, where he found friends in Hite*
kiah Bedford [q. v.] and Jeremy Collier, and,
like other nonj urors, incurred the suspicion of
' popery.' This hostile feeling was con-
firmed in April 1696, when, in company with
Collier and Cook, Snatt attended Sir Wil-

liam Parkyns [q. v.l and Sir John Friend
Fq. v.l on the scaffold. These men "
Pound guilty of high treason in con

These men had been
)iringto

assassinate William HE. Snatt and Colfier,
however, joined in pronouncing absolution,
performing the ceremony with the imposition
of hands. The nonjurors subsequently
printed the confession of the criminals, in
which the title ' Church of England ' was
appropriated to themselves. This provoked
a remonstrance from the two archbishops
and ten bishops, and on 7 April the grand
jury of Middlesex presented Siiatt, Collier,
and Cook for perpetrating a great affront to
the government and a scandal to the church
of England. Collier absconded, and issued'

Omets in his defence; but Snatt and
were committed to Newgate. They
were tried before the king's bench, and,
though ably defended by Sir Bartholomew

Snell

205

Snell

hower [q. v.], were found guilty of serious
lisdemeanour on 2 July. Such, however,
rere * the lenity of the government and his
rrace of Canterbury's moderation in inter-
eding for the delinquents,' that they were
eleased on ball in the following August.
3natt continued to live in London, where he
lied in reduced circumstances on 30 Nov.
1721, a *true confessor' of his 'distressed
srad afflicted church/

[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1 7H; ffist
Beg. 1721, Chron. Diary, p. 44; Evelyn's
Diary, in. 350; Calamy's Life, L 382 ; A Letter
to the Three Absolvers, 1696, folio ; LuttreU's
Brief Hist. Eelation, w. 40, 45, 75, 80; Hac-
anlay's History ; Lathbnry*8 Hist, of the NOB-
jurors, pp. 168 sq.] T. S.

SITELL, HANNAH (172&-1792),

* female soldier,* according to the * narrative '
published in 1750 (attested in an affidavit,
sworn by the heroine before the lord mayor,
and prefixed to each copyof the book), was
bom in Fryer Street, Worcester, on St.
George's day (3S April) 172$. Her father,
William SneH, a hosier, was the son of a

* Lieutenant Snell/ alleged to have been at
tfee taking of Namur and to have been
kOled at Malplaquet. In 1740 she lost
father and mother, but found a home in
London with a married sister, Susannah,
the wife of James Gray, a carpenter, at
Wapping. Three years later she was
married by a Fleet parson to a Butch seaman,
named James Summs, who, after ill-treating
her for seven months, disappeared. Having
given birth to a child, Hannah borrowed a
suit of her brother-in-law's clothes, and
went in search of the missing husband
(23 Nov. 1745). She reached Coventry,
where, retaining her disguise, she enlisted
in Captain Miller's company of Guise's
regiment of foot, and marched with it to
Carlisle. By incurring the hostility of her
serjeant (the story continues), she was un-
justly sentenced to receive six hundred, and
actually did receive five hundred, lashes,
affcer which she deserted and made her way
to Portsmouth. ^ There, in the capacity of
a marine, she joined the sloop Swallow
(Capt. Rosier), attached to TBoscawen's
fleet bound for the East Indies,

Regarded as a boy, she was attached as
assistant steward and cook to the officers'
mess. After a futile attempt on Mauritius,
the fleet made for Fort St. David's on the
• coast of Coromandel, and the marines dis-
embarked to strengthen the army besieging
Araajjong. Hainan was engaged in several
skirmishes, and witnessed the blowing up
d tire enemy's magazine, which brought the

siege to an end. Marching on Pondicherry,
the troops were obliged to ford a river
running breast high, in the face of the
French batteries. She took her share in
trench-making and at picket duty, but
during an assault, after having fired thirty-
seven rounds, she was severely wounded in
the groin. Not caring to ask for the aid of
the regimental surgeon, she secured the ser-
vices and secrecy of a black woman, with
whose help she extracted the bullet and
cured the wound. Upon recovery, she
was sent on board the Tartar pink, and
served as a common sailor until turned over
hi the same capacity to the ELtham man-of-
war. The smoothness of her chin earned
her the sobriquet of Molly, but as her brisk-
ness increased her popularity, her shipmates
rechristened her < hearty Jemmy/ James
Gray being the name in which she had
entered the navy. At Lisbon she learned
that her husband had been executed at
Genoa. The alleged motive for her martial
exploits was now removed, and when the
Eltham was paid off at Gravesend in 1750,
Hannah resumed her petticoats. She lost
no time in getting her achievements put on
record, the narrative being published by R.
Walker in June 1750, under the title of
'The Female Soldier : or the Surprising Ad-
ventures of Hannah Snell' (London, 187
pp. sm. 4to; reprinted in £ Women. Adven-
turers,' 189S). A * facetious* poem appended
to the work was reprinted in several news-
papers. Abridgments appeared in the

* Gentleman's Magazine ' (with a rough por-
trait) and the * Scots Magazine* for July
1750. Her story was talked about, and the
manager of the Royalty Theatre hi Well-
close Square induced her to appear upon
the stage in uniform, while in the autumn
she appeared at Sadler's Wells and went
through a number of "military exercises in
regimentals. Meanwhile, in response to a
petition on 23 June 1750, the JDuKe of Cum-
berland put Hannah's name on the king's
list for a pension of 3Q£. per annum ; and
she seems to have actually received an
annuity as a Chelsea out-pensioner on ac-
count of the wounds received at Pondicherry
(LY&osm, JEhswrons, iL 164). Changing her
vocation once more, she now took a public-
house at Wapping, to which she endeavoured
to attract customers by the sign of the

* Female Warrior/ In 1759 she married a
carpenter named Samuel Eyles, and on his
death she married thirdly, in 1772, Richard
Habgood of Welford. The * Gentleman's
Magazine' records (in error) that she was
found dead on a heath in Warwickshire on
10 Dee. 1779. In 1789 she became insane

Snell

206

Snell

and was removed to Bethlehem Hospital,
where she died on 8 Feb. 1792, at the age
of sixty-nine. By her own desire she was
interred in the burial-ground of Chelsea
hospital (FATTLKKBE, Chelsea, ii. 282).

The military portion of Hannah's career
finds a striking parallel in that of Christian
Davies [q. v.j, while her nautical experi-
ences were probably eclipsed by those of
1 "William Brown' (a negress, so rated on
the books of the Queen Charlotte), who was
proved to have served eleven years when
that ship was paid off in 1815, and ^ was
conspicuous for her agility as a captain of
the maintop no less than for her partiality
for prize-money and grog. The outlines of
Hannah Snetfs story are therefore by no
means incredible; but, on the other hand, it
is clear that many of the details supplied in
the ' Female Soldier ' are the embellishments
of a hand well skilled in the resources of
imaginary biography. The bombastic open-
ing, the description of the latent heroism of
the father (the hosier) and the mythical
exploits of the uncles, the impossible inci-
dents of the floggings (which the editor of
the * Gentleman's Magazine * vainly sought
to extenuate in an explanatory footnote),
and the circumstantial account of the last
moments of Hannah's criminal husband, all
attest the workmanship of an experienced
literary hand, to whose identity no clue
exists.

Hannah's portrait was thrice painted in
1750, by J. Wardell, by R. Phelps, and
another; the engraving by Faber, after
Phelps, is the best ; others are by J. John-
son and by J. Young (1789) (cf. BEOMLET,
Cat. pp. 466-7; EVANS, Cat. p. 323).

[G-ent. Mag. 1750, pp. 283, 291 sq. ; Scots'
Mag. 1750, pp. 330 sq.; CauMeld's Memoirs of
Celebrated Persons, iv. 178; "Wilson's Wonder-
ful Characters, pp. 1, 21 ; Kirby's Wonderful
Museum, ii. 450 ; Granger's Wonderful Museum;
Notes and Queries, 6th ser. iii. 113, 280, v. 457
(a list of British Amazons), 8th ser. ii. 88, 171,
455; All the Year Bound, 6 April 1872 ;
kysons's Environs, ii. 164; Cromwelrs Clerken-
-well, p, 254 ; Wroth's London Pleasure Gar-
dens, p, 36 ; Addit. MS. 5723 (Biographia Ad-
versarja) ; notes Hndly sent by F. S. Snell,
esq,, of Durban, Natal.] T. S.

SHELL, JOHN (1629-1679), founder of
the ^eH exhibitions in Balliol College,
born in 16&9, was the son of Andrew Snell,
smith at McOalanstone in the parish of
Colmofcel, Ayrshire. In 1643 he studied at
Glasgow under James Balrymple, one of the
rejjents of that university, afterwards first
"VSsecrant Stair [q. vj In the civil war he
sided with the royalists, and was present at

several engagements, including Worcester
(3 Sept, 1651). Narrowly escaping from that
battle, he took refuge in the family of a per-
son of quality in Cheshire, where he became
acquainted with Sir Orlando Bridgeman
rq.v.l Possibly he was related to George
Snell, archdeacon of Chester, who had mar-
ried Lydia Bridgeman, Sir Orlando's aunt.
During the Commonwealth and protectorate
he was clerk to Sir Orlando, then practising in
London as chamber counsel and conveyancer.
On Bridgeman's elevation to the bench in
1660 Snell became crier of his court, In
1667 he was made seal-bearer on his patron's
appointment to be lord-keeper, and con-
tinued to hold that office during Shaffces-
bury's chancellorship. He was afterwards
secretary to the Duke of Monmouth, and
commissioner for the management of the
duke's estates in Scotland, He died at
Oxford on 6 Aug. 1679, and was buried in
the church of St. Cross, Holywell. He was
1 much esteemed for his great diligence and
understanding.7 The second volume of Sir
Orlando Bridgeman's ' Conveyances ' was
printed in 1702 from his manuscript.

By his wife Johanna he left a daughter
Dorothy, who was married in 1682 to Wil-
liam Guise of Winterboume, Gloucester-
shire; from her is descended Sir William
Guise, bart., of Elmore Court, Gloucester-
shire.

By his will, proved 13 Sept. 1679, Snell
bequeathed the residue of his estate, in-
cluding his manor and lands of Ufton, War-
wickshire, to be administered by three
trustees — the provost of Queen's, the pre-
sident of St. John's, and the master of Bal-
liol— with a view to the education at some
college or hall in Oxford University of scho-
lars from his own college of Glasgow, to
which his letters and benefactions show him
to have been warmly attached. By decree
of the court of chancery in 1693, it was
appointed that the scholars should go to
Balliol College. A provision in the will that
they should enter into holy orders and re-
turn to Scotland for preferment has several
times given rise to litigation. In consequence
of the disestablishment of episcopacy and
the 'settlement of presbyters in Scotland,
this provision was held to be ineffectual
The foundation has been one of great value,
and the list of scholars or exhibitioners con-
tains among other eminent names those of
Adam Smith and John Gibson Lockhart.

[Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, ii. 371; Preface to
vol. ii. of Sir Orlando Bridgeman's Convey-
ances, 1702; Munimenta Almae XTmversitatis
Glasguensis (Maitland Club), 1854; Deeds in-
stituting Bursaries, &c., in the University of

Snelling

207

Snow

Glasgow (MaiOand Club), 1850, p. 92, and
i.pp. ; Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeologi-
ai Society, new ser. vol ii. pt. iii. p. 271.]

a. w. a

SPELLING, THOMAS (171^1773),
numismatist, bom in 1712, earned on
business as a coin-dealer and bookseller at
No. 163 Fleet Street, next the Horn Tavern
(now Anderton's Hotel). His name often
occurs as a purchaser at London coin-sales
about 1766, and among his numismatic cus-
tomers was "William Hunter the anatomist.
Snelling wrote and published many treatises
on British coins, meritorious productions
for their time. The plates of his * View of
the Silver Coin ... of England' are rather
coarsely executed, but jELawkms (Silver
Corns) praises them for their fidelity. On
the title-pages and plates of his books
Snelling was wont to insert the advertise-
ment: 'Who buys and sells all sorts of
coins and medals/ He died on 2 May 1773,
and his son, Thomas Snelling, carried on
business as a printseller at 163 Fleet
Street, and published posthumously two of
his faifi*er*s works, Snelling's coins, medals,
and antiques were sold by auction at Lang-
ford's, Cbvent Garden, 21-24 Jan, 1774
(Priced Sale Catalogue in Medal Room, Brit.
Mus.) The coins were principally Greek and
Roman, but none of the lots fetched high
prices*

There are three portrait medals of Snel-
ling in the British Museum, by G. Rawle,
L/Pingo, and Kirk (DuBA2n>, M&dmlles et
Jetons de Num&smates, p» 190). A portrait
of MTT* was drawn and engraved by John
Thane, 1770, and William Tassie made a
medallion of him (GB4Y, Tame, p. 147).
There is also a medallion in the Tassie
series ($.) of his daughter, Miss Snalling.

SnelHngfs works are as follows: 1.
'Seventy-two Plates of Gold and Silver
Coin, mostly English/ 1757, 4to. Henfrey
(Nwfr. Cfcron. 1874, pp. 159 1) has shown
that these were probably printed from
copperplates, engraved for Sir James Har-
rington and the committee of the mint in
1652. 2. * A View of the Silver Coin ... of
England: 1762. 3. *A Yiewof the Gold
Com . . . of England,7 1763. 4. 'A View
of the Copper Coin ... of England/ 1766
(includes the tradesmen's tokens). 5. * The
Doctrine of Gold and Silver Computations/
1766. 6. * A Supplement to Mr. Simon's
Essay on Irish Coins/ 1767. 7. * Miscel-
laneous Views of the Coins struck by Eng-
lish Princes in France/ &c., 1769 (includes
an account of counterfeit sterlings, and o
English colonial and pattern coins). 8. * A
View of tie Origin ... of Jettons or Goun-

ers/ 1769. 9. * A View of the Silver Coin
rf . . . Scotland/ 1774. 10. * Thirty-three

lates of English Medals/ 1776.

[Saelling's Works.] W. W.

SNETZLEB, JOHN or JOHAJS'N

710F-1774?), organ-builder, was born
about 1710 at Passau in Germany, where
some of his work as organ-builder is still
standing. He settled in England when the
arade was in the hands of Byfield, Jordan,
and Bridges, sejjarate firms acting in prac-
tical partnership (BuKOrz, iii. 436-41).
Snetzler*s organ buut in 1754 for the church
of Lynn Regis, Norfolk, gained him great
repute (specification in GBOVB'S Dictionary,
iL 597). His organs for Halifax (1766) and
St, Martin's, Leicester (1774), were excel-
ently built, while that supplied to Sir John
[>anvers at Swithland was described by
Gardiner, thirty years afterwards, as a speci-
men of Snetzler's great talents. Saturated
with damp and covered with dust, it was
still in tune and playable condition (Mu®£
and Friends, i. 166). Having saved sufficient
money, he returned to his native country ;
aut, after being * so long accustomed to Lon-
don porter and English fare/ he found Ger-
man surroundings uncongenial, and returned
to London. Letters of naturalisation were
granted him on 12 April 1770 (Some Office
Papers, p. 161). He died after 1773, in
which year he acted as executor to his friend
Burkat Shudi the elder (GBQVB, iii. 489),

EBear'sHiskof Doacaster,p.l62; Gent. Mag.
1813, i. &S6 ; authorities cited.] L. M. M.

W, JOHN (1813-1858), aiwestheiast,
the eldest son of a farmer, was born at STork
on 15 March 1813. He was educated at a
private school in Ms native city until the
of fourteen, wlien he was apprenticed to
iiam Hardcastle, a surgeon living at
New<»stle-on~Tyne, I)uring his apprentice-
ship he became a vegetarian and total ab-
stainer. After serving far a short time aa
a colliery surgeon and unqualified assistant,
during iaa cholera epidemic of 1831-2, he
became in October 1836 a student at the
Eunterian school of medicine in Great Wind-
mill Street, London. He began to attend
the medical practice at the Westminster
Hospital in tie following October, and in
October 1838 he became a licentiate of the
Society of Apothecaries, having been ad-
mitted a member of the Royal College of
Surgeons of England on 2 May 1838. He
graduated MJ>. of tne university -of Loadon
on 20 Dec. 1844, and in 1850 he was ad-
mitted a licentiate of tne Royal College of
Physicians.

He afct^ded with great regularity tfae

Snow

208

Snow

meetings of the Westminster Medical
Society, where" on 16 Oct. 1841 he read a
paper on * Asphyxia and on the Resuscita-
tion of New-born Children.' In 1852 the
society, which afterwards became the Medical
Society of London, selected him orator for
the ensuing year, and on 10 March 1855 he
was inducted into the president's chair. He
acted for a short time as lecturer on forensic
medicine at the Aldersgate Street school of
medicine, an appointment which lapsed
when the school came to an end in 1849.

To Snow's scientific insight was due the
theory that cholera is communicated by
means of a contaminated water-supply, and
his essay upon the mode of communication of
cholera, which was first published in 1849,
was awarded by the Institute of France a
prize of 1,200Z. In 1855 a second edition
was published, with a much more elaborate
investigation of the effect of the water-supply
on certain districts of South London in
the epidemic of 1854. Meanwhile, in 1846,
Snow's attention was arrested by the proper-
ties of ether, then newly adopted in America
as an anaesthetising' agent. He made great
improvements in the method of administer-
ing the drug, and then obtained permission
to demonstrate his results in the dental
out-patient room at St. George's Hospital.
These proved to be so satisfactory that he won
the confidence of William Fergusson [q. v.],
and thus the ether practice in London came
almost entirely into his hands. But though
he had practically introduced the scientific
use of ether into English surgery, Snow had
so well balanced a mind that he appreciated
the value of other anaesthetising agents,
more particularly chloroform, a drug which
he administered to the queen on 7 April
1853, during the birth of Prince Leopold,
and again on 14 April 1857 at the birth of
Princess Beatrice. Snow died unmarried on
16 June 1858, and was buried in the Bromp-
ton cemetery.

tionportrait made in 1856 is prefixed to Sir
B. W. Richardson's { Memoir.' Snow's pub-
lisjled works, apart from, contributions to
periodicals, are : 1. < On the Mode
imicatioji of Cholera,' 8vo, London,
; %*ded.l855; this work was translated
;OaETO^,Quedlinburg,1^6. 2. 'Chloro-
form an$ other Anaesthetics, edited, with a
MTOoir^y B. W. Richardson,' 8vo, London,
lim Snow wa$ engaged on this work at
t&etime of ftts ieath.

by S& ft W, Richardson, prefixed

e above),
,«*} zqpmted m the Asefepiad, 1887, iv, 274-

'

SNOW, WILLIAM PARKER (1817
1895), manner, explorer, and author, son of
a lieutenant in the navy who had served at
Trafalgar and through the war, was born at
Poole on 27 Nov. 1817. His father died in
1826, leaving the family ill provided for • but
the boy was admitted to the hospital school
at Greenwich, and four years after was sent
as apprentice in a small brig bound to Cal-
cutta. The hardships and cruel usage suffered
in a second voyage sickened him of the sea,
and- at the age of sixteen he made up his
mind to emigrate to Canada; the project
however, fell through, and he was obliged to
ship on board a bark bound to Australia. At
Sydney he got employment in a shop, but,
tiring of that and getting into bad company,
fled into the bush, where for some time he
led a wild, if not criminal life. He at length
reached Sydney in extreme want, and by good
fortune got a berth on board a ship trading to
the islands, in which, after some experience
among the natives, then but little known,
he returned to England in 1836. His mother
was dead, his family and friends dispersed.
He fell again into bad company, lost all his
money, and entered on board a ship of
war. The restraint was irksome, and he
deserted ; he was arrested, sent on board, and
punished.

After a year's service on the coast of
Africa he obtained his discharge — in reward,
it is said, for his gallantry in jumping' over-
board to save a man from a shark. He had
always had an inclination to the pen, and
on his return to England, with some pay and
prize-money to go on with, he began to write
for the papers, and met with some success.
But he was robbed of all his money, and for
a time suffered from blindness. When he re-
covered—weak, destitute, and helpless— he
married a young woman as poor as himself.
They raised enough to emigrate to Melbourne,
where they became managers of an hotel. In
a few months they cleared 200/. ; but Snow's
health broke down, and after many wander-
ings they returned to England. Snow now
resumed his literary work; he obtained a
situation as amanuensis to a retired naval
officer, and after him to others, including
JIacaulay, for whom he transcribed the first
two volumes of the 'History.' He consulted
Macaulay as to his literary projects, which
included a history of the Jews ; but Macau-
lay pointed out that he had not sufficient
scholarship for that task, and suggested a
detailed life of Nelson.

After a year in America, Snow returned
in 1850 to volunteer for one of the expe-
ditions in search of Sir John Franklin. To
this step he was prompted by a dream* wljdch

Snow

209

Soames

lie believed had pointed out to Mm the true
route. The idea took so firm a hold on him
as to dominate his whole life. He served
through the summer of 1850 as purser, doctor,
and c&ief officer of the Prince Albert, a small
vessel of about 90 tons, fitted out at the
expense of Lady Franklin, under the com-
mand of Commander Forsyth of the navy.
On his return Snow published 'Voyage of
the Prince Albert in search of Sir John
Franklin ' (1851, post 8vo)? an interesting and
moderate little book : but he was convinced
that success had been hindered by Forsyth's
refusal to go on, and during the following
years he constantly but vainly memorialised !
the admiralty to send him out again in com- {
mand of any vessel, however small. j

In 1854 he went out to Patagonia in com- j
mand of the South American Missionary ;
Society's vessel Allen Gardiner, and for two j
years he was employed in carrying mission-
aries and their stores between llerra del
Fuego, the Falkland Islands, and different
stations on the mainland. The service ended
in a disagreement between him and the I
society's agent at the Falkland Islands, who,
assisted by the magistrate deposed Snow
from his command for disobedience to orders,
and left him and his wife to find their own
way to England. On Ms arrival Snow
published i A Two Years' Cruise off Tierra \
del Fuego. ... A Narrative of Life in the j
SouthernSeas* (1857, 2vols. post 8 vo), which !
had some success, and might have recouped |
his expenses had he not brought an action \
against the missionary society, which, after j
dragging its way through the courts for the j
next three years, was decided against him.
Left penniless, he went to America, where
he declined a commission in the confederate
navy, and for some years lived in. the neigh-
bourhood of New York, working for the
booksellers. Amongmuch that was published
anonymously he edited, and practically re-
wrote, Halls narrative of 'Life with the
Esquimaux T (1864, 8vo) : and he compiled
f Southern Generals: their Lives and Cam-
s' (1866, 8vo).

. his return to England he still brooded
over the fate of Franklin, and during the last
twenty or five-and-twenty years of his life
spent his whole time in compiling volumes of
indexes of Arctic voyages, of notes and bio-
graphical records of Arctic voyagers, which
he called the l Koll of Honour.' He received
towards the end of his life some pecuniary
assistance from the Boyal Geographical So-
ciety and from a few mends. He died on
1$ March 1895. He left a mass of manu-
scripts, which was purchased by the Royal
Oec^raphieal Society,

VOL,

of Reviews, April 1893 (a character
sketch, with a portrait, apparently from a photo-
graph) ; * In the Ice Xinafs Realm ' in Winter,
1894; Sir Clements Markham in the Geo-
erraphical Journal, 1895, i. 500 ; Brit. MBS,
Cat.] J. K. L.

SOAMES, HEXBY (1785-1860), eccle-
siastical historian, son of Nathaniel Soames,
shoemaker, of Ludgate Street, London, was
born in 1785 and educated at St. Paul's
school, whence he proceeded to Wadham
College, Oxford, matriculating on 21 Feb.
1803. He graduated B.A. in 1807, H.A. in
1810. He held the post of assistant to the
high master of St. Paul's school from 1809
to 1814, and took holy orders. In 1812 he
was made rector of Shelley, Essex, and at
this time, or later, rector of the neighbour-
ing parish of Little Laver. From 1831 to
1839 he was vicar of Brent with Furneaux:
Pelham, Hertfordshire. In 1839 he became
rector of Stapleford Tawney with Theydon
Mount, Esses, where he remained till his
death. He was Bampton. lecturer in 1830,
and was appointed chancellor of St. Paul's
Cathedral by Bishop Blomfield in 1842. He
died on 21 Oct. 1860.

Much light was thrown by Soames's labour
and learning on English ecclesiastical history
in Anglo-Saxon times and in the sixteenth
century. His more important works are:
1. 'The History of the Reformation of the
Church of England,' 4 vols 1826-8. 2. ' An
Inquiry into the Doctrines of the Angle-
Saxon Church,7 Oxford, 18BO (Bampton lec-
tures). 3. * The Anglo-Saxon Church : its
History, Revenues, and General Character,'"
London, 1835 ; 4th edit., revised, augmented,
and corrected, 1856. 4, « Elizabethan Reli-
gious History,' London, 1839. 5. *Mosheimrs
Institutes of Ecclesiastical History. . . .
Edited, with additions, by James Murdock
and H, Soames/ &e. 1841. This was re-
edited in 1845, 1850, and finally by Bishop
Stubbs in 3 vols. in 1863. In the latter's
preface a high tribute is paid to the value
* of the notes and additions made to the
work by my late venerable friend, Mr.
Soames* (Preface, p. be). 6. 'The Latin
Church during Anglo-Saxon Tunes,* Lon-
don, 1848. This work was criticised by
J. B. Chambers in e Anglo-Saxonies ; or
Animadversions on some positions . . .
maintained, &c. by H. Soames/ London,
1849. 7. i The Romish Decalogue/ London,
1852.

[Crockford's Clerical Directory, 1860 ; Fosters
Ahunm Oxon. (1715-1886); St. Paul's School
Register, p. 219; Wright's Essex, p. 357 ». ; CHS-
saus's Hertfordshire, Hundred of ISdwiastajee, 33,
H5.] B. Bf

Soane

210

Soane

SOANE, SIB JOHN (1753-1837), archi-
tect, and founder of the Soane Museum, was
born on 10 Sept. 1753 at Whitchurch, near
Reading, the son of a mason (John Soane, who
married Frances Hannington 3 Feb. 1747-8).
His real name was Swan, which he changed,
first to Soan, and later to Soane. After attend-
ing a school at Reading he was engaged as an
err and boy hyGeorgeDance the younger [q.v.],
who observing his artistic talent, took him
into his office, and later transferredhim to that
of Henry HoUand (1746 P-1806) [q. v.], with
whom he remained until 1776. In 1772 he
gained the Royal Academy silver medal with
a drawing of the elevation of the Banqueting
House at Whitehall, and in 1776 the gold
medal with a design for a triumphal arch, a re-
markable composition which also earned for
him the travelling studentship. In March 1777
he went to Italy, where he spent three years,
chiefly in Rome, studying the remains of an-
tiquity and making original designs for public
buildings. There he made the acquaintance
of Thomas Pitt, first baron Camellord [q. v.l
Frederick Augustus Hervey, D.D., fourth
earl of Bristol [q. v.l, and other influential
persons, who were of service to him later.
In 1778, during his absence abroad, his first
publication appeared, being a series of plates
of temples, baths, &c., designed in the then
prevailing style, and possessing so little merit
that he afterwards bought up and destroyed
all copies that could be found. Soane re-
turned to England in 1780, and during the
next few years erected many country houses,
the designs for which hepubHshed in a volume
in 1788. In 1784 he made a wealthy mar-
riage. In 1788, on the death of Sir Robert
Taylor (1714-1788) [q. v.], he was appointed
architect to the Bank of England, and this
success proved the starting point of his pro-
sperous career. He was required to enlarge
and practically rebuild the entire structure
of the bank, a task which involved many
difficulties due to the form and character of
the site; the architectural style which he
employed — Roman Corinthian of the variety
found in the Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli
— was a great innovation, and the result,
notwithstanding many grave faults in the
details, has been generally admired. Upon
this work Soane's reputation now chiefly
rests, all his other important buildings in
the metropolis having since been altered or
removed. In 1791 he was appointed clerk
of the works at St. James's Palace and the
, Houses of Parliament ; in 1795 architect to
the department of woods and forests ; in
J8G7 clet k of the works at Chelsea Hospital j
in 1813 superintendent of works to the fra-
and in 1815 one of

the three architects attached to the office of
works. In 1794 Soane was commissioned
to prepare designs for the remodelling of the
House of Lords, but the work was eventually
entrusted to James "Wyatt [q. v.] He after-
wards unsuccessfully urged upon parliament
proposals for a royal palace in the Green
Park and other magnificent public buildings.
About 1808 he was employed upon restora-
tion work at Oxford and Cambridge, espe-
cially at Brasenose College, In 1812 he
erected the galleries at Duiwich College for
the reception of Sir Francis Bourgeois's pic-
tures ; in 1818 the National Debt Redemp-
tion Office in Old Jewry ; between 1822 and
1827 the royal gallery and library at the
House of Lords, the law courts at "West-
minster (removed in 1884), and the privy
council and board of trade offices in White-
hall (afterwards rebuilt by Sir Charles
Barry [q. v.l) ; and in 1829 the state paper
office at Westminster, which was pulled
down in 1862 to make way for the new
India office. Soane's buildings were gene-
rally well planned, but in his later ones the
elevations rarely proved satisfactory, being
marred by a profusion of ornament often
mean and meretricious. He incurred much
hostile criticism and ridicule, and a satirical
attack upon his * Boeotian ? style, published
in Knight's < Quarterly Magazine/ 1824, led
to an unsuccessful libel action. Soane vras
elected A.R.A. in 1795, and R.A. in 1802.
In 1806 he succeeded George Dance as pro-
fessor of architecture at the academy, and
the courses of lectures which in that capacity
he delivered, commencing in 1809, attracted
much attention. In 1810 they were tem-
porarily suspended in consequence of a vofee
of censure passed upon him by the academy
for adversely criticising the work of a brother-
architect. He became a fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries in 1795, of the Royal Society
in 1821, and was a member of the academies
of Vienna and Parma. He was knighted in
1831. In 1827 he published i Designs for
Public Improvements in London and West-
minster/ and in 1828 ' Designs for Public and
Private Buildings/ 56 plates, fol. In 1833
Soane resigned all his appointments and re-
tired from practice, and in 1835 was pre-
sented with a set of medals by the architects
of England in recognition of his public ser-
vices.

Soon after his appointment as professor of
architecture at the academy Soane began to
form, for the benefit of his pupils and other
students, collections of antiquities, books,
and works of art, and upon these towards
> the end of his life he expended large sums of
money. In 1824 he purchased the celebrated.

Soane

211

Soest

labaster sarcophagus brought from Egypt by
Jelzoni ; lie acquired Hogarth's two series of
lietures, * The Rake's Progress ' in 1802, and
The Election' (from Garrick's collection)
n 1823, Reynolds s * Snake in the Grass/
tnd a number of good works by the leading
painters and sculptors of the day. These,
together with many casts and models of the
remains of antiquity, gems, rare books, and
illuminated manuscripts, and the whole of
his own architectural designs, he arranged
in his house in Lincoln's Inn Fields, which
he transformed into a museum, employing
many ingenious devices for economising
space. In 1827 John Britton [q. v.] pub-
lished * The Union of Architecture, Sculp-
ture, and Painting : a series of illustrations
with descriptive account of the house and
galleries of John Soane,' In 1830 Soane
himself printed a description of the museum
of which a third edition (1835), with addi-
tional illustrations by Mrs. Holland, con-
tains a portrait of Soane, mezzotinted by C.
Turner from a bust by Chantrey.

Soane was a munificent supporter of chari-
table institutions connected with art and
Eterature. His house and its valuable con-
tents in Lincoln's Inn Fields Spaae in 1833
presented to the nation, obtaining an act of
parliament by which it was vested in trustees,
and endowing it with the funds necessary for
its maintenance. He died at his house in.
Lincoln's Inn Fields on 20 Jan. 1837, leav-
ing the bulk of Ms property to the children
of his eldest son, and was buried in the mau-
soleum which he had erected for his wife in
old St. Pancras churchyard.

The Soane Museum contains portraits of
% its founder at various ages by Hunneman,
N, Dance, G. Dance, Sir T. Lawrence, J. Jack-
son, and W, Owen ; and another by Jackson
is in the National Portrait Gallery. The
Lawrence portrait was engraved in mezzo-
tint by C. Turner, and in stipple for Fisher's
4 National Portrait Gallery * by J. Thomson ;
and a portrait by S. Drummond was engraved
by T. Blood for the * European Magazine,'
1813. In 1836 Daniel Maclise painted a
portrait of Soane, and presented it to the
Literary Fund, and its subsequent destruc-
tion by William Jerdan [q, v /], at Soane's in-
stigation, caused some sensation at the time.
In the same year an etching by Maclise ap-
peared in ' Eraser's Magazine/

Despite his philanthropic instracts, Soane
was a man of intractable temper, and not
happy in his domestic relations. In 1784
he married Elizabeth Smith (d. 1815), niece
of George Wy att, a wealthy builder, to whose
fortune he thereby succeeded. By her he
had two sons, John and George (see below);

the former died in 1823 at the age of thirty-
six; with the latter he established a lifelong
feud, and he is said to have declined a
baronetcy in order that his son might not
inherit anything from him.

The younger son, GEOEGE SOANE (1790-
1860), miscellaneous writer, born in London
in 1790, graduated B.A. from Pembroke Col-
lege, Cambridge, in 1811. He possessed a
good knowledge of French, German, and
Italian, and, besides many original works,
chiefly novels and plays, was the author of
many translations from these languages. He
died on 12 July 1860. The following are his
chief works : 1. ' Knight Damon and a Bobber
Chief,' London, 1812, 12mo. 2, < The Eve of
St. Marco: a Novel,' London, 1813, 12mo.
3. * The Peasant of Lucerne/ London, 1815,
8vo. 4. * The Bohemian : a Tragedy,' Lon-
don, 1817, 8vo. 5. <The Falls of Clyde: a
Melodrama/ London, 1817, 8vo. 6. « Self-
Sacrifice : a Melodrama," London, 1819, 8vo.
7. * The Dwarf of Naples : a Tragi-eomedy/
London, 1819, 8vo. 8. 'The Hebrew: a
Drama/ London, 1820, 8vo. 9. < Pride shall
have a Fall: a Comedy/ London, 1824, 8vo.
10. * Specimens of German Romance/ Lon-
don, 1826, 16mo. 31. * Aladdin: a Fairy
Opera/ London, 1826, 8vo. 12. ' The Frolics
of Puck/ London, 1834, 12mo. 13. ' Life of
the Duke of Wellington/ London, 1839-40,
12mo. 14, < The Last Ball and other Tales,'
WoMng,1843,8vo. 15.* The Night Dancers:
an Opera/ London, 1846, 8vo. 16. < January
Eve: a Tale,' London, l&47,16mo, 17. < New
Curioei ties of Literature/ London, 1847,1 2mo.
18. 'The Island of Calypso: an Operatic
Masque/ London, 1850, 12mo (Bioffr. Ztiet. &/
ZiVw^ Authors, 1816, p. 323 ; Pcmt&eQn &/
tAe Age, voL iv. ; Gent. Mag. I860, iL 218).

[Diet, of Architecture; Afcchitecteal Mag.
1837; Builder, 1862; BonaMsoa's Bemew of the
Professional Life of Sir J. Soane, 1837 ; Knight's
Cyclopaedia of Biography, 1857; Geat Mag.
1837, i. S21 ; Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists ; B&tas's
Maelise Gallery, 1883; O'Driscoli's Memoir of
Haclise; BobearasMemorials of Christie's, 1 897 J

F. JL O'D.

SOEST, GEEAUD (rf. 1681), portrait-
painter, is usually stated to have been born
in Westphalia, it is more probable that lie
was, like Sir Peter Lely, a native of Soest,
near Utrecht, as his portraits have some
affinity to those of the Utrecht school. He
appears to have been born early in the ees-
tury, but nothing is known of him until
1656, when he came to London, already in
sonie repute as a painter, and quickly ob-
tained employment. His portraits are care-
fully and forcibly painted? the character of
the sitter being weft preserved, bat Ms

Solander

212

Solander

what uncompromising style was tempeied
by a study of the works of Vandyek in
order to suit the English taste. Soest might
have proved a formidable rival to Lely,
whose equal he certainly was m painting.
He was, however, slovenly in his habits, and
rouffh and capricious in his manners, so that
ladies disliked sitting to him. Hence the
maiority of his portraits are of the male sex.
Among these may be noted a full-length ot
Lord-imayor Sheldon at Drapers' Hall, a
head of Dr. John Wallace at the Eoyal
Society, one of William Fuller, bishop of
Lincoln, at Christ Church, Oxford, and those
of Colonel Blood and Bishop Cartwnght in
the National Portrait Gallery. Soest was
praised by William Sanderson [q[.v.] in his
< Graphice J (1658). In one of the notebooks
of Charles Beale, husband of Mary Beale
fq v.l (now in the National Portrait Gallery),
is an entry, ' Feb. 11, 1680-1. Mr. Messier
told me of ye Death of Mr Soust ye Painter
and said he beleived he was neare 80 yeares
old when he died.' His name is sometimes
spelt in error Zoest or Zoust.

[Wai-pole's Anecdotes of Painting, ed. Wor-
mirn ; De Piles's Lives of the Painters, Supple-
ment ; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Notes and
Q^ries, 9th ser. i. 323.1 L. C.

SOLANDER, DANIEL CHARLES
• . (1736-1782), botanist, was born in Norrland,
Sweden, on 28 Feb. 1736, his father being a
clergyman. At an early age he came under
the notice of Linn§, who obtained his father's
consent to his studying botany, * cherished
him as a son ' under his own roof (SMITH,
Correspondence of Linnaus, i. 273), en-
trusted him with the editing of his ( Ele-
menta Botanica' (Upsala, 1756, 8vo), re-
commended him to visit England, and gave
Mm, as his ' much-loved pupil/ introductions
(ib. p. 123) to John Ellis and Peter Collin-
son. Having apparently graduated in medi-
cine at Upsala, Solander left for England in
April 1759, but, owing to delay caused by
illness, did not arrive till July 1760. Pul-
teney pointed out that l his name and the
connection he was known to bear as the

among the material ' circumstances which
accelerated the progress of the7 Linnsean
system in England (Sketches of Botany, ii.
£59). He soon learnt English, and ' his in-
structions made everybody correct and sys-
tematic, and introduced Linnsean learn-
ing and precision' (SMITH, op, cit. ii. 3).
In September 1762 he was, on Lmne's

SljlgveoVJSU'iA, cbj/jfHjaauKSU. ^.TJU^JLCOOV^J. VA MVUO.ULJ uj

"&& Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg,

but, on the advice of Collinson, declined the
appointment (ib. i. 57, 158). He was en-
gaged to arrange the Duchess of Portland's-
museum (ib. p. 65), and subsequently, on
Collinson's recommendation, to catalogue
the natural history collections in the British
Museum. He was appointed assistant
librarian at the museum in 1763. In
1768 he was engaged by Joseph (after-
wards Sir Joseph) Banks, at a salary of
400/., to accompany him on Cook's voyage
in the Endeavour. He was allowed to em-
ploy a deputy at the British Museum, and
was promised preferment on his return.
During this voyage Solander had a narrow
escape from death by sleeping in the snow
when on Tierra del Fuego. On their return
in 1771 Banks established him in his house-
at Soho Square as his secretary and librarian.
In 1772 he visited Iceland with Banks, and
in 1773 was made keeper of the printed
books at the British Museum. Though he
'had, as it were/ says Sir J. E.^ Sinith,
1 caught his preceptor's mantle and imbibed,
by a sort of inspiration, a peculiar talent for
concise and clear definition,' so tlmt ' no one
ever came so near his great teacher in^ the-
specific discrimination of plants ' (op. cit. ii.
478 and 3), the attractions of London so-
ciety in which his agreeable ^manners made
him popular, and a constitutional indolence-
prevented his accomplishing much that he
mio-ht have done. In 1767 LinnS writes to
Ellis (op. cit, i. 222) : 'Pray persuade Solan-
der to write to his excellent mother, who-
has not received a letter from her Beloved
son for several years ; ? and after his death
several of her letters to him were found un-
opened. He was elected a feUow of the Royal
Society on 7 June 1764, and received the de-
gree of D.C.L. from the university of Oxford
on 21 Nov. 1771. Solander was seized with
apoplexy, and, although attended by Blagden,
Hunter, Pitcairne, and Heberden, died at
Banks'shousein Soho Square on 16 May 1782
(European Mag. 1782, i. 395).

After several abortive attempts to com-
memorate his name, it was finally given by
the younger Linnaeus to a genus of Atro-
vacate (cf. NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. viii. 201;
Biogr. Universelle, xliii. 1-2). This genus
Solandra is represented on a medal struck at
the time of his death in Sweden. There are
also two Wedgwood medallions of Solander ;
a full-length oil portrait by an unknown artist
atthe Linnean Society's rooms, presented by
Richard Anthony Salisbury [a. v.], whicn is
engraved in Sir Joseph Hooker's edition of
the 'Journal of Sir Joseph Banks' (1896),
and which has also been lithographed; and
an engraving by J. Newton, after J. Sowerby,

Solanus

213

Sole

-dated 1784, Solander's name has also been
given to two small islands — one in the Mergui
Archipelago, and the other south of New
Zealand.

Solander published nothing independently.
There is a paper by him on Gardenia in the
1 Philosophical Transactions 7 (TO!, lii.) In ad-
-dition to editing Linnets i Elementa Botaniea/
as already stated, he described the fossils in
<rustavus Brander's t Fossilia Hantoniensia '
{1766, 4to)3 and arranged and described the
material for John Elfis's l Natural History
of Zoophyt es ' ( 1 786, 4to). Sir James Edward
Smith says of him (&c. «*£.) that he t reduced
our garden plants to order, and laid the founda-
tion of the ** HortusKewensis " of his Mend
Aiton ; but that " abstract principles of clas-
sification seem never to have attracted him,n '
His death prevented the publication of the
descriptions of the plants collected on the
Toyage of the Endeavour. Twenty volumes
of manuscript (eight in folio and twelve in
quarto) are, however, preserved in the bota-
nical dejsartment of the British Museum,
systematically recording the plants collected
in the various countries visited. A useful
form of bookbox portfolio designed by him
is still known as a Solander case.

[Life, by B. D. Jackson, in Journal of Sir
Joseph Banks, 1896 ; Chalmers's Biogr. Diet. ;
Eees's Cyclopaedia ; works cited above.]

0. S. B.

SOLAKUS, MOSES, or MOISB DTI
SQTJL(£?. 1735 ?), Greek scholar, was grandson
of Paul du Soul of Tours, who was professor
of theology and rector of the academy at
Saumur between 1657 and 1661. As a
protestant he was driven from France by
persecution, and seems to have settled at
Amsterdam, whence he came to England.
His fine Greek scholarship recommended
him to the notice of men of influence at
both Oxford and Cambridge. Encouraged
l>y Dr. Bentley, he projected an edition of
Lucian, of which in 1708 he printed a speci-
men at Cambridge, and he collected
materials for a life of that writer. Nothing
*came of this * famous and accurate J edi-
tion. In the same year he was employed in
the fa.irti.ly of the Earl of Wharton (HEA&HE,
Collections, ii. 102). In 1722 and 1723 he
was at The Hague, whither, Professor Mayor
-conjectures, *he may have gone to negotiate
with the Wetsteins.7 In conjunction with
Brutel de la Riviere, he translated Prideaux's
4 Connection ' into French, as 'Histoire des
Juifs et des peuples voisins* (Amsterdam,
1722). Upturning to Englands he completed
a splendid edition of Plutarch's £ Lives*
(5 vols. London, 1729), which had been
by Augustine Bryan [q. v.] and

j which Thomas Bentley, LL.D. [q. v.], had, in
| the first instance, proposed to centime. A
i passage in the preface (p. xi) of Reitz's edi-
tion of * Lucian * shows that he was living
after 1733. He appears to have died before
1737.

[Haag's La France Protestants, vol. iv. ; Paper
by Professor J. JE. B, 3Iayor in Cambr. Antiq.
Soc. Commnn. vol. v.] J. B. M,

| SOLE, WILLIAM(1741-1802), botanist,
I born at Thetford in the Isle of Ely in 1741,
| was the eldest son of John Sole by Ms wife
\ Martha, daughter of John Rayner, banker,
I of Ely. The family, which derived its name
(perpetuated in Sole Street, near Rochester)
from Soules, near St. Lo in Normandy, was
| settled in East Kent during the rei^n of
! Richard I? and held the manor of Soles in the
I parish of Nonnington in that of Edward I.
; William Sole, grandson of John Sole, mayor
i of Faversham in 1444 (who raised a company
! of pikes against Jack Cade and received the
j thanks of the privy council), settled in the
Isle of Ely about I510t and was the ancestor
of the botanist. The wife of another descen-
j dant, Joan Sole of Horton, was martyred at
| Canterbury on 31 Jan. 1556, and there are
! copper tokens struck by John Sole of Batter-
i sea in 1668.

The future botanist was educated at the
King's School, Ely, and then apprenticed to
a Dr. Cory of Cambridge. He afterwards ac-
companied his relative, Christopher Anstey
[q.v.l, the poet, to Bath, where he practised
as a surgeon. On the foundation of the Lin-
nean Society, in 1788, Sole was chosen one
of its first associates, and carried on a long
correspondence with John Pitchford of Nor-
wich, the early friend of Sir James Edward
Smith [q. v.]? on the subject of mints. He
drew up a manuscript flora of Bath in 1782.
In 1798 he published his chief botanical work,
' Menthse Britannicse/ a folio of fifty-four
pages, illustrated by twenty-four copper-
plates, the critical accuracy of which is evi-
denced by the fact that several British mints
still bear the names assigned to them by Sole.
, He also prepared an account of the principal
I English grasses and their agricultural uses,
with specimens, which he presented to the
Bath and West of England Agricultural So-
, ciety in 1799, and the society presented him
- with a silver tankard. He died unmarried at
, Trim Street, Bath, on 7 Feb. 1802, and was
buried at Bath-Easton. Sprengel comme-
f morated him by the genus Salea, now merged
f in Vwla. A miniature of him by Fore is
in the possession of his great-nephew,, the
Rev. A, Baron Sole of Winchester,

Solly

214

Solly

SOLLY, EDWARD(1819-1886),chemist
and antiquary, was born in London on
11 Oct. 1819, and studied chemistry in Ber-
lin. In 1836, at the age of seventeen, he pub-
lished a paper * On the conducting power of
iodine, &c., for electricity ' {Phil. Mag. viii.
130), and in 1838 was appointed chemist to
the Eoyal Asiatic Society. In the same year
he was elected a member of the Society of
Arts. He was appointed lecturer in che-
mistry at the Royal Institution in 1841, where
he was associated with Faraday, and he pub-
lished numerous papers on the chemistry of
plants and on agriculture. He was elected an
honorary member of the Royal Agricultural
Society in 1842, and published a valuable
work on * Rural Chemistry J (1843 5 3rd ed.
1850). On 19 Jan. 1843 he was elected a
fellow of the Royal Society of London, and in
1845 became professor of chemistry in the
military college at Addiscombe. A syllabus
of his lectures on chemistry appeared in 1849.
In 1845 and 1846, as honorary professor to the
Horticultural Society, he conducted a series
of experiments respecting the alleged influ-
ence of electricity upon vegetable growth.

Solly'slast scientific paper appeared in 1849.
From that date he was associated with the
G-resham Life Assurance Society, of which
he remained a director until his death. He
was one of the promoters of the Great Ex-
hibition of 1851, and acted as a juror; while
from 9 June 1852 to 4 May 1853 he was
secretary to the Society of Arts.

Solly collected a large library, which was
particularly rich in eighteenth-century litera-
ture ; and his wide genealogical and literary
knowledge was always at the *service of
i Notes and Queries/ the ' Bibliographer/ and
the * Antiquary/ and other periodicals of a
similar character. In 1879 he edited •' Here-
ditary Titles of Honour ' for the Index So-
ciety, of which body he was treasurer. He
died at his residence, Camden House, Sutton,
Surrey, 2 April 1886.

He married Miss Alice S. "Wayland on
IS Sept. 1851, and left five daughters. His
library was sold at Sotheby's, London, in
November 1886. He presented to the Na-
tional Gtallery an anonymous picture called
* A Tenetian Painter.'

[Obituary Notices in the Antiquary, Academy,
aiKt JotttiL Soe. Arts (9 April 1886) ; Royal
Society** Cat, Scientific Papers; Ronald's Oat. of
Books on Electricity, p, 480 ; Men of the Time,
llth ed*; Notes and Queries, 7th ser. passim;
personal knowledge.] G-. A. J". C.

SOLLY, SAMUEL (1805-1871), surgeon,
«oa of Isaad Solly, a Baltic merchant, was
13 May 1805 kx Jeffrey Square, St.
>SoUy was educated under Eliezer

Cogan [q. v.] of Higham Hill, Walthamstow
where Disraeli, Dr. Hampden, afterwards
bishop of Hereford, and Russell Gurney, were
among his schoolfellows. He was articled
somewhat against the wish of his father, IIL
May 1822, to Benjamin Travers [q. v.], sur-
geon to St. Thomas's Hospital, and he was-
one of the last of the surgeons to a London
hospital who succeeded to his post by the pay-
ment of a large apprenticeship fee. He was
admitted a member of the Royal College of
Surgeons of England on 9 May 1828, and
he then went to Paris to continue his medi-
cal studies. He commenced practice in his
father's premises at St. Mary Axe in 1831,
moving to St. Helen's in 1837, to Aston
Key's house, on the death of that surgeon,,
in 1849, and afterwards to Savile Row. From
1833 to 1839 he was lecturer on anatomy
and physiology in the medical school of St.
Thomas's Hospital. He was appointed assis-
tant surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital in 1841 ^
twelve years later he became full surgeon,
and was appointed lecturer on surgery. He-
was called upon to resign the office of sur-
geon in 1865, under a new rule which re-
quired the medical officers to retire at the
age of sixty. He pleaded that the rule was
not retrospective, and was reappointed till
he should have completed his term of twenty
years as full surgeon. His health gave wayr
however, and he resigned before the expira-
tion of his term of office. Elected a fellow
of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
in 1843, he became a member of its council
in 1856, and was twice a vice-president. He-
was elected a member of the court of exami-
ners in 1867, and held the post of Arris and
Gale professor of human anatomy and surgery
in 1862. He was president of the Royal
Medical and Chirurgical Society in 1867-8,.
and became a fellow of the Royal Society in
1836. He died suddenly at 6 Savile Row
on, 24 Sept. 1871, and was buried at Chisle-
hurst, Kent.

He married, on 22 May 1834, Jane, daugh-
ter of the Rev. Joseph Barrett, and by her
had seven sons and four daughters.

Solly was a skilful operator, a florid lec-
turer, and a good clinical teacher ; his opinion
was specially sought in cases of injuries to
the head and in diseases of the joints. He
had a taste for art, and was skilful in the use
of brush and pencil ; his watercolour pictures,
more than once adorned the walls of the Royal
Academy (GBAVES, Diet, of Artists, p. 220).
He made his own lecture illustrations, many
of which were purchased by the authorities*
of St. Thomas's Hospital in 1841.

After his death a marble bust was pre-
sented to St. Thomas's Hospital, and a Solly

Solly 2

prize and medal in the medical school was
established from the proceeds of a public
subscription in his memory.

He wrote : 1. * The Human Brain . . . illus-
trated by references to the Xervous System
in the Lower Orders of Animals/ London,
8vo, 1836. The work is dedicated to Ben-
jamin Travers, and is illustrated by twelve
well-executed lithographic plates. A second
edition, in which the plates are replaced by
figures in the text, was issued in 1847,
2. * Surgical Experiences,* London, 8vo, 1865;
containing the embodiment of his teaching
as lecturer on surgery at St. Thomas's Hos-
pital. 3. *An Analysis of Johan Miiller's
a Intimate Structure of Secreting Glands,*"
London, 8vo, 1839; dedicated to Sir Astley
Cooper, bart. He also contributed papers
to medical periodicals and to the * Transac-
tions * of the Eoyal Medical and Chirurgieal
Society

[Obituary notices in the Proc. of the Royal
Medical ami Chimr^ieal Soc, vii. 41, and in the
Standard, 29 Sept. 1871 ; private information.]

B'A.P.

SOLLY, THOMAS (1816-1875), philo-
sophical writer, eldest son of Thomas Solly
of Blackheath, Kent, by Anne, sister of
Benjamin Travers[q. v.J surgeon, was born at
Walthamstow, Essex, on 31 Jan. 1816. He
was educated under Dr. Moreil at Hove,
Brighton, the grammar school, Tunbridge,
and Caius College, Cambridge, which he
entered in 1836, but, being a Unitarian, left
without a degree. On 3 Nov. 1838 he was
admitted a student at the Middle Temple,
where he was called to the bar on 19 Nov.
1841. Migrating to Germany, he was ap-
pointed, on 6 July 1843, lecturer on Eng-
lish language and literature in the uni-
versity of Berlin, where he died on 8 June
1875.

Solly married twice : first, on 24 March
1845, Augusta, daughter of Hollis Solly of
Tott End Hall, Tipton, Staffordshire ; se-
condly, a German lady. By Ms first wife
lie had issue two daughters and a son ; by
his second wife, who survived him, he had no
Issue.

Solly was author of: 1. *A Syllabus of
Logic, in which the views of Kant are gene-
rally adopted, and the Laws of Syllogism
symbolically expressed,* Cambridge, 1839,
8vo. 2. * Grundziige des englisehen Beehtes
uber Grundbesitz, Erbfolge, und Guterrecht
der Ehegatten,7 Berlin, 1853, 8vo. 3. 'The
Will Divine and Human * (an essay towards
tfee reconciliation of freewill and forekaow-
lecige), Cambridge, 1856, 8vo. He also
edited i A Coronal of English Verse ; or a
Selection from English and American Poets,'

5 Solms

Berlin, 1864, 8vo; and contributed English
versions of Jacob Ayrer's comedies, ' Beau-
tiiul Sidea' and l Beautiful Phoenicia/ to
Albert Cohn's * Shakespeare in Germany,*
London, 1865, 4to.

[Law Times, 20 June 1S75; Grad. Cant.;
Law List ; Middle Temple Reg. - G-ent. Mag,
1845 i. 538; Die konigliche Friedrieh-Wil-
helms-Umversitat zu Berlin in ihrem Personal be-
stande seit ihrer JErrichtung, Michaelis 1810,
bis Hichaelis 1885, Berlin, 1885; Jakrfrach
for Lehrer n. Studirende, Berlin, 1863, p. 27 ;
Athenaeum, 1839, p. 722 ; Times, 16 June 1875,
p. 5, coL 4.] J. 3L E,

SOLME or SOLEMA3T, THOMAS (dL
1541 ?), French secretary to Henry YUL
[See SOFLEHONT.]

SOLME, THOMAS (jf. 1540-155Q), pro-
testant divine. [See SOMJE.]

SOLMS, HEINHICH MAASTRICHT,
COUNT: OP SOLMS-BSAIIKPELS (1636-1693),
born hi 1636, was a younger son of Count
John Albert Solms, governor of the fortifi-
cations of Maastricht, the descendant of an
ancient family, holding one of the early Ger-
man eountships, and settled at Schloss
Braunfels as early as 946 ; the family is still
numerously represented in Wiirttemberg and
Hesse. His aunt, Amalie Solms ot the
Braunfels family (Vhose portrait by Vandyck
adorns the Imperial Gallery at Vienna), was
the wife of Prince Frederic Henry of Nassau
(1584-1647), the younger brotheref Maurice,
and grandfather of William HE. Solms
entered the Dutch axmy about 1670, distin-
guished himself in August 1674 by his bravery
when leading the foot-guards in the Tan of
the attack at the battle of SenefFe, and two
years later, on the death of Count Karl Flo-
rentius yon Salm (one of William's most
trusted military officers) at the siege of
Maastricht, was given the command of the
famous regiment of blue guards. The liouse
of Orange had beem well serred by cadets
of the Solms family, and William placed
implicit confidence in Count Heinrich. Tn&
efficiency which enabled the Duteh foot-
gaards to meet those of the French army on
equal terms was held to reflect special credit
on bmi and his colleague, George Frederick
of Waldeck. Solms was promoted to the
rank of general in 1680. He was on board
the prince's own frigate when it sailed from
the Brill at the dose of October 1S88. On
the evening of 27 Dee. Solms led three bofcla-
Hons of h^s guards down the mall witlt
colours flying, farms beating, a^d matefces
lighted, in order to occupy WMteWL A
conflict seemed immiaent until Jamesordered

Solms

216

Solomon

Earl Craven, at the head of the British foot-
guards, to retire (OLABKE, Life of James 77,
1816, ii. 264-5). In June 1689 Solms marched
with his blues through Cheshire to embark
for Ireland, On 1 July he was the first to
cross the Boyne with his men. On 27 July
William left Ireland, and entrusted the
command in chief to Solms, then in camp
at Carrick. Next summer Solms directed
the first siege of Limerick until William's
arrival; but he showed little aptitude for
the business of a siege, and allowed a large
artillery train to be cut off by the enemy.
William, on arriving, effected nothing, opera-
tions being greatly impeded by the rains.
Solms followed him to England in October,
shortly afterwards sailed for Holland, and
nest March (1691) was promoted a general
in the Dutch army. In Ireland, where
nearly all the commanders were foreigners,
he was replaced by Godert de Ginkel [a. v.]
In the winter of 1691 he replaced Waldeck
in the command of the Dutch troops in Bel-
gium. During the campaign of 1692 he was
high in command, and at Steinkirk (3 Aug.),
where he commanded the third corps, he was
much censured for not giving any effective
support to General Hugh Mackay [q. v.],
whose brigade of five English regiments
was cut to pieces. William himself was
eaid to have exclaimed ' Oh ! my poor Eng-
lish, how they are abandoned ! ' Solms,
whose military arrogance and unintelligible
punctilio had rendered him detested by both
English officers and men, was credited with
an expression of curiosity as to 'how the
English bulldogs would come off ' (c£ Tris-
tram Shandy, bk. v.) A year later (29 July
1693) his regiment was decimated, and Solms
had his leg carried off by a cannon-shot at
Neerwinden. He died in the French camp
a few days afterwards. A capable divisional
leader, Solms was brave to a fault) and his
conduct in the field justified the esteem in
which, he was held by William.

[Luttrell's Brief Hist. Relation, i. 564, 615,
ii. 84, 101, 111, 125, 199, 205, 318, 469, 636,
iii. 146 jBoyer's "William III, pp. 6, 94, 103, 160,
258,267, 278, 282, 323, 340; Harris's Life of
"William 1H; Kietstap's Armorial, 1887, ii. 796 ;
Dangeau's Journal, ii. 437, 447, iv. 335 ; Dumont
•de Bostaquet's M&noires, 1864, pp. 290 seq.j
Stacy's Impartial History of the Wars in Ire-
land; "Wilson's James II and Berwick, pp. 105,
368 jBramston's Autobiography, p. 327; Hat-
ton Corresp. pp. 194, 196; Hist. MSS. Comm.
llth Bep. App. v. 181 ; Wseley's Marlborough,
ii.l 64 ,-Macaulay's History, 1883, i. 613, ii. 82,
191, 207, 376-8, 438; Klopp's Der Fall des
Eanses Stuart, 1876, i?. 289 ; Muller's Wilhelm
HI V&B Oranien und G-eorg Rriedrich von "Wal-
&sek» 1873, passim.] T. S.

SOLOMON, ABRAHAM (1823-1862)
painter, second son of Michael Solomon a
Leghorn-hat manufacturer, by his wife Cathe-
rine, was born in Sandy Street, Bishopsgate
London, in August 1823. His father was
the first Jew to be admitted to the freedom
of the city of London. Two members of
the family besides Abraham became artists.
A younger brother, Simeon, acquired some
reputation as a pre-Raphaelite painter and
pastellist ; he exhibited domestic subjects at
the Royal Academy from 1858 to 1872 ; Ms
crayon drawings of idealised heads are still
popular. A sister, Rebecca Solomon, ex-
hibited domestic subjects at the Royal Aca-
demy and elsewhere between 1851 and 1875.
and died on 20 Nov. 1886.

At the age of thirteen Abraham became a
pupil in Sass's school of art in Bloomsbury,
and in 1838 gained the Isis silver medal at
the Society of Arts for a drawing from a
statue. In 1839 he was admitted as a
student of the Royal Academy, where he re-
ceived in the same year a silver medal for
drawing from the antique, and in 1843 another
for drawing from the life. His first exhibited
work, ' Rabbi expounding the Scriptures/ ap-
peared at the Society of British Artists in
1840, and in the following year he sent to
the Royal Academy ' My Grandmother '(now
belonging to a cousin) and a scene from
Sir Walter Scott's 'Fair Maid of Perth.'
These were followed (at the Academy) by a
scene from the * Vicar of Wakefield ' in 1842,
another from Grabbers ' Parish Register ' in
1843, and a third from 'Peveril of the
Peak ' in 1845. ' The Breakfast Table/ exhi-
bited in 1846, and a further scene from the
1 Vicar of Wakefield ' in 1847, attracted some
attention. In 1848 appeared * A Ball Room
in the year 1760/ and in 1849 the i Academy
for Instruction in the Discipline of the Fan,
1711,' both of which pictures were distin-
guished by brilliancy of colour and careful
study of costume. ' Too Truthful ' was his
contribution to the exhibition of the Royal
Academy in 1850, and ' An Awkward Posi-
tion ' — an incident in the life of Oliver Gold-
smith—to that of 1851. In 1851, also, he
sent to the British Institution 'Scandal'
and ' La petite Dieppoise.' In 1852 appeared
at the Academy ( The Grisette J and a scene
from Moliere's ' Tartuffe '—the quarrel be-
tween Mariane and Valere, where Dorine in-
terferes—and in 1853 ' Brunetta and Phillis/
from the * Spectator,' In 1854, he sent to
the Academy 'First Class; the Meeting/
and ' Second Class : the Parting.7 Both were
engraved in mezzotint by William Henry
Simmons [q. v.], and marked a great advance
u; Solomon's work, They show an originality

Solus

217

Some

-of conception and design which is not appa-
rent in his earlier work. His next contri-
butions to the Eoyal Academy were * A Con-
trast" in 1855, 'The Bride' and ' Doubtful
Fortune ' in 1856, and ' Waiting for the Ver-
dict ' in 1857. The last picture greatly in-
creased Ms popularity ; but its companion,
* ~Sot Guilty/ exhibited in 1859, was less suc-
cessful. Both are now the property of 0. J.
Lucas, esq., and were engraved by W. H.
Simmons. 4The Flight/ 4Mlle. Blaiz,' and
4 The Lion in Love ? (also engraved by Sim-
mons) were exhibited at the academy in
1858; 4Icionrase,Brittaiiy/and*TheFoxand ,
the Grapes' in 1859 ; ' Drowned! Drowned!'
in 1860 ; * Consolation ? and i Le Malade Ima~
ginaire ' in 1861 ; and * The Lost Found ' in
1862. 'Art Critics in Brittany* appeared
at the British Institution in 1861, His last
work, * Departure of the Diligence at Biar-
ritz,' is now at the Eoyal Holloway College,
Egham.

Solomon died at Biarritz, of heart disease,
on 19 Dec, 1862. He married, on 10 May
1860, Ella, sister of Dr. Ernest Hart ; she
survived her husband.

[Ait Journal, 1862 pp. 73-5, 1863 p. 29;
Jtedgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the English
School, 1878; Eoyal Academy Exhibition Cata-
logues, 1841-62; British Institution Exhibition
C&taJogaes (Living Artists), 1851-61 ; Exhibi- ,
tion Catalogues of the Society of British Artists,
1840-3.] B. E, G.

SOLUS, SATST (d. 790 ?), monk, was an !
Englishman, who went to Germany with St. ;
Boniface, by whom he was ordained priest. ,
He "became a monk, and established himself ;
in a cell at Solnhofen in Suabia. His re- j
putation for sanctity brought him under the 1
notice of Charles the Great, who made him I
a grant of the land where he had made his '
hermitage, and Solus then bestowed it as a
cell on the abbey of Fulda. He died about
790. His feast was celebrated on 3 Dec,

[A life of Solus was written in the ninth cen-
tury by Ermenrie, abbot of Elwangen, who pro- i
fessed to have derived his information from an '
old servant of the saint. This life is printed in j
D'Aehery and Mabillon^s Acta Sanctorum Or- j
dinis S. Benedict*, Ill, ii. 389-98, ed. Venice,
1734; cf. Diet. Christ. Biogr. iv. 7111.1

C.L.K.

SOME, ROBERT (1542-1609), master
of Peterhouse, born at Lynn Regis in 1542,
matriculated as a pensioner from St. John's j
College, Cambridge, in May 1559, became j
scholar on 27 July 1559, graduated BA. in
1561-2, and proceeded M.A. in 1565, B.D.
in 1572, and D.D. in 1580. He was elected
fellow of Queens* in 1562, was bursar in
1567, 1568, and 1569, and vice-president in 1

1 572. "When Queen Elizabeth visited Cam-
bridge in 1564 he was one of the two B.A.s
selected to compose Latin verses in her
honour ; he also welcomed her with a Latin
speech at Queens*. In 1570 he preached
in St. Mary's Church against pluralities and
non-residence, and on 18 April 1573 be-
came rector of Girton, near Cambridge. In
1582 he describes himself as chaplain to the
Earl of Leicester, On 11 May 1589 he was
made master of Peterhouse on the recom-
mendation of "Wnitgiffc. He was vice-chan-
cellor in 1590, 1591, 1599, and 1608. He
died while in office, on 14 Jan. 1608-9, and
was buried at Little St. Mary's Church, with
great ceremony, on. 10 Feb.

Some played a prominent part in the ec-
clesiastical controversies of his time, taking
a middle course, hostile alike to extreme
puritans and Anglicans, In tie early days
of his mastership ne joined the party opposed
to Peter Baro [q. v.] and his friends, and
offended Whitgift by interfering while the
proceedings against William Barret {Jl.
1595) [q. v!] were in progress. After WMt-
gift had reproved him, he preached a sermon
•which many thought to have been directed
against Whitgift and the court of high com-
mission. For this he was convened before
the heads of colleges in July 1595, but in
the end the difficulty was smoothed over.
Writing on 8 Dec. 1593 to Dr. Seville,
'Whitgift speaks of the i foolery r of Dr. Some.
In July 1599 he took part in a disputation
as to Christ's descent into hell, and opposed
John Overall [q. v.], the regius professor of
divinity, on tnat and other matters. He
also interposed in the Mar-Prelate contro-
versy with *A Godly Treatise containing
and deciding certaine questions moued of
late in London and other places, touching
the Ministerie, Sacraments, and Church,1
London, 1588, 4to (British Museum) ; there
was a second edition the same year. It was
answered fey John Penry [q. v. j in f M, Some
laid open in his coulers: wherein the indif-
ferent Reader may easily see bowe wretchedly
and loosely he hath handled the cause against
M. PenrL' Some rejoined, with l A Defence
of sticn Points in K. Some's last Treatise
as Mr. Penry hath dealt against/ London,
1588, 4to.

Some's other works of importance were:
1. <A Godly and Shorte Treatise of the
Sacraments/ London, 1582, 8vo. 2. 'Two
Treatises, one 'of the Church, the other
against Oppression/ London, 1583, 16mo;
the last was also published with PilMng-
ton's i Exposition on Nehemiah/ Cambridge,
1585, 4to, and was reissued in the Parker
Society's editioa of Pilkingtom's * Works.'

Some

218

Somer

3- 'A Treatise of the Lord's Praier, Twelue SOMEK, PAUL TAN (1576-1621), por-
Articles of Faith, and Ten Commandments,' trait painter. [See YAK SOMER.]
London, 1583, 4to. 4. <A Godly Treatise
wherein are examined and confuted many ex-

acrable fan

artly by

SOMER, HENRY (JL. 1440), chancellor
of the exchequer, was probably a relative of
John Somer [q. v.] Henry was a clerk of the

er o

Henry Barrow and John Greenwood, partly ^xc]ieauer in the early years of Henry IV
,_^_r^ A - n pp. 274-86). He was

* 1 i -. r» y •»-» - - . .

Cambridge, 1596, 8vo ; this was translated
into Latin and published under another title,

1589, 4to. 5. 'The Perpetuity ol* ay tne/ m £ r of the - wa-f<irobe 13' Feb. 1405~
Latin, of which a translation was licensed to He wag Qne of the derks appoillted b ^
Thomas Salisbury, 1593. 6. Robert borne House of Commons to superintend the en-
Ms Three Questions , . . also a Proposition, gj.05Bmeutl Of $& rous Of Parliament in 1406
8vo ; this was translated ^ Parl ^ ^ He wag made ft ^^

. Wished under another title, Jjf ^ exc]iequer on 8 Nov< 1407 and waa

Basle, 1602, 12mo ; and with other treatises chancelior Of the exchequer on 20 June 1410

on justification, Harderwyk, 1613, 8vo. ^ - - -

[Cooper's Athense Cant. i. 510; East Anglian,

ii. W ; CaL of Hatfield MSS. vi. 6 ; Roughs

vol. i .; Nichols'sPror. of Queen Eife. iii
84, 98 ; see art. PENBT, JoL.] W. A. J. A.

ALGBAVB, Calendars of the Exchequer, ii.
w - 47)< Hoccleve st les M

un^er.treasi[rer in £ addressed to Mm,

probably in 1407, an^ he perhaps heldtHs
office in connection with the chanceUorship
of the exchequer which he was still filling

t7ij ; OOD ai u. j. mxxiVAi t«"ju.j.i. i ii . *-•« •" • -— • .__ — __ . ^- f\ rx

SOME or SOLMHL THOMAS (JL 1540- m 1430 (RrHEE ./^^^ 5) J

W.UXF AJUl J.t/«JW W4.VUO <* it/UUOJ. I VJ^VUVMAAVI **J. v^«rf«w-. ^ f > ,

MB. Oleop. E.iy.8) to Cromwell, begging to a commf sion m relataon to the founda 10n

be release^ from monastic life. 'He~had>e of Kong's CoUege, Cambridge (Sot. Parl v.

said, been compelled to receive the habit in 92-4).

his fourteenth year by the threats of his Somer was a friend of Hoccleve and a

schoolmaster, and for twelve years he had member of the poet s court of Good Company,

borne unwillingly the yoke of religion. He as appears in a ballad entitled < Cestes

adoptedadvancedprotestant views, and about Balade ensuyante fust par la Court de Bone

1540 published a 'Traetys callyde the Lordis Compagnie envoiee a lonure bire llenn

_ - * - •«-.•. ^ .1 r\ t , i Qrt.wirti« f".l-»Q vtrtf\i lf\i* /-la T .acifknomi

XVttU UU.UXiOiJ.CVJ. 0> J..LWHJUJO ^u-J.4.jr v*w v**v — .v*%— .w * (j _ -

flaylef handlyde by the JBushops poure thres- Somer Chancellor de Leschequer et un de la

shere, Thomas Solme/ n. d., printed ' at Basyl dite Court ; this poem probably dates from

by me Theophyll Emlos/ 8vo (Brit. Mus.) April 1410. Perhaps he was also a friend of

Soon afterwards he was ' imprisoned upon the Chaucer, whose pension Somer received lor

thirty-nine articles ' (STEYPB, Eccl. Mem. I. i. him on 5 June 1400.

567), and in July 1546 the 'Lord's Flail 'was [Hoccleve's Works, ed. Mason; Hoccleve's

one of the books burnt by Bonner, in accord- Minor Poems, ed. Furnivall (Early English Text

ance with the king's proclamation (FoxE, Society); Foss's Judges of England ; authorities

Actes and Hon. v. 568, 839). After the acces- quoted.] 0. L. K.

sion of Edward "VI Some became an active QrvM-«rp e^MlTR qOMTTR A 111113

°' (

Some wrote an introdction dedicating the ^ °\' \ ( t v

^orttoCathermeGrey.duchessofSoffofi. In ?. 47 v. 218). At ;the instance of _ Thomas
1551 he appended verses to the ' Preservative Jingrtnuy, provmcial mimster of the order
or Trkcle^of William Turner [q. v.], dean of \, ™** • . cale^dar ^ " WK^
WeHs;buttheworkoniuStificktionwhiChhe taWe?-( Tertmm Opuseulum Kalendaru -
promiidin his 'Lord's Mail' does not appear *>* J™*' V™9*f + °.f . S?^vmwh«S
to have been published. Some appears to *"*>**• ^5 * » dated 1380. Of to there
havefleftonMlry's accession, and to have MB many copies-the aiummated MS. Bibl.
diedabroad-Hehasbeenfrequeutlyconfused »eg- 2 B- ™1:™ ^A^a J^w
with Thomas Soulemont or Solme [q. vj J0?,^ ^ * ^^S^^v T
[Authorities cited ; works m Brit. fius. fib. ; *o 1462, but in the Cotton MS. Vesp. B. vu.,
Tanner's Bibl. s.v. 'Sutao;' Bale, ix. 32; Pits, p. which contains also some planispheres, tne
738;"Wood'sAtbenseOxon.i.l49;Hazlitt'8CoU8., cycle is 1405 to 1481. Another copy, among
».?9S;Latimer's'Vforks(P*!±erSoc.),i.xiv,81.] the queen of Sweden's manuscripts at the

A. JF. P: Vatican, is dated 1384, and with it is a ver-

Somercote

219

Sorners

Bification of the bible (MosrrFAUCojr, Bibl.
Nova MSS. i. 46, Xo. 1423). Among the
manuscripts of Alexandra Petau (Petavius)
in the Vatican, the * Calendar ' is dated 1372,
and the versification of the bible is ascribed,
with the 'Calendar/ to John Semur (&. i. 66).
According to Bale, he wrote also a * Casti-
gation of former Calendars collected from
many sources ? (Scriptt. Brit. VH. viii.)

In the Cotton MS. Demit. A. n, is a
* Chronica qusedam breyis . . . de conventu
Ville Briggewater ' ascribed to him. It con-
tains only a slender chronology of early his-
torical events, written in many hands into a
calendar.

John Somer's < Calendars* were used by
Chaucer, who, in his * Treatise on the As-
trolabe/ declares his intention of making a
third part that shall contain divers tables of
longitudes and latitudes, and declinations
of the sun after the calendars of the reverend
clerks, John Somer and Nicholas of Lynne
[q.v.] The third part, however, is wanting
{cf. CHATKJEB, Works, ed. Skeat, iii. 353).

[Sbaralea's Seripfct. Ord. Mm.p. 462 ; Little's
Greyfriais in Oxford; cf. art. NICHOLAS OF
LTMKBL] H. B.

SWTOHtCOTE, or
SOMERTOK, LAWRENCE (jf. 1254),
canonist, was born in the south of England.
He was brother or kinsman of Cardinal Ro-
bert Somercote [q.v.], and became, like him,
subdeacon to the pojje. Walter, bishop of
Norwich, appointed him Ms official in 1240,
and instituted him to the vicarage of Wool-
pit. He was made canon of Ghiehester, and
was official to the bishop there, Richard de
Wyche [q. v.1, in 1247. On Richard's death
in April 1253, he wrote a * Treatise on the
Canonical Election of Bishops/ which he
finished in July 1264. An account of the
numerous manuscripts of this work and ex-
tracts therefrom have been printed in * Lin-
coln Cathedral Statutes * (1&97, pt. ii.) On
23 July 1254 Walter, bishop of Norwich, and
John, bishop of Chichester, chose Lawrence
to collect tithe in Ireland. Writing from
Dublin on 20 May t256, he begged to be re-
lieved of his employment, declaring that he
would not willingly stay in Ireland for double
his salary.

[Tanner's Bibliotheca ; Bradshaw and Words-
worth's Lincoln Cathedral Statutes, pt. ii. pp.
cxxiv sqq. ; Shirley's Letters and Memorials of
Henry III, ii. 117-] M. B.

SOMERCOTE or TJMMARCOTE,
ROBERT (d. 1241), cardinal, was kinsman,
perhaps the brother, of Lawrence Somercote
[q. v. j, and was related to the family of Foliot
(Biass, CM. Papers J^.-i. 196), He received

his first advancement firom Stephen Langton,
who gave him a rentio. the church of Croydon.
j Afterwards, while a student at Bologna, he
! received also the living of Caistor, Norfolk
! (Buss, Cal. Papal Reg. i. 130). He entered
"the service of the papal curia, was a papal
subdeacon in 1236, and auditor of papal
liter® contradicts in 1238 (#. i. 154, 168).
In 1238 Gregory IX made him cardinal-
deacon by the title of St. Eustachius. He
adhered faithfully to the pope in all Ms ad-
versities ; and when the Emperor Frederick
advanced on Rome in 1240, Robert was one
of the few who did not abandon Gregory.
At the election of the new pope in September
1241 he was one of the supporters of God-
frey of Milan, afterwards Coelestine IV.
Matthew Paris, who describes Robert as the
most eminent of all the cardinals, and says
that some feared he would be elected pope,
repeats a rumour that he had died during
the conclave, not without suspicion of poison
(v. 195). But, as a matter of fact, he seems
to have died after the election, during the
brief pontificate of Co3lestine, on 26 bept.
He was "buried in the church of St. Crisogono
(CiACHXNTTJS, where his epitaph is quoted).
Robert Somercote preserved a kindly feeling
for his native land. He had sharply cen-
sured Simon Gantelupe, called the Korman
[q. v.1, for reproaching the English for bad
faith before Gregory (MATT, PARIS, iy. 5,64),
and it was through his intervention that
Haymo of Feversham [q. v.] was able to ob-
tain a hearing from the pope during his suit
against Frater Helias in 1239 (Momtmenta
frands&ma, i. 46). Christofori describes him
as cardinal of St. Hadrian at Foro (Storia &d

[Matt. Paris (Kolls Sear.); Ciaeomns, YitaePoo-
tifieum, ii. S7-8 ; Tenner's Bibl. Brit.-BCb. p.
68! ; WSliaras's Eagiish Cardinals; other autho-
rities quoted.] G. L, E.

SOMlIEILm), LOEI> 01 THE ISLES (d.
1164). [See SUMSBLUKD.]

SOMBER EDMUND SIGISMUKB
(1759P-1824), physician, born ^ in Dublin
about 1750, was the son of William Seiners,
a mechanic. He entered Trinity College,
Dublin, on 7 Jume 1779, and aftowaSs
studied medicine at Edinburgh University,
where he graduated M.D. on 12 Sept, 1783.
After visiting the medical schools of Paris
and Leyden he returned to Dublin, and was
elected a member of the Bpyal Irish Aca-
demy. He was admitted a licentiate of t&e
College of Physicians on 22 Bee. 1791, and
began to practise in London. On 18 March
1795 he was appointed physician to the
forces. In this capacity lie proceeded to the

Somers

220

Somers

Cape of Good Hope as director of hospitals.
After several years he retired to England,
served in the home district, and then went as
staff physician to Jamaica. After two years
he returned to England in ill health, and on
recovery joined the army in the Peninsula,
where the Marquis of Wellington in 1812
appointed him physician in chief to the
allied forces. On 18 Jan, 1816 he was nomi-
nated a deputy medical inspector, and retired
on half pay. He died in London in 1824.

Somers was the author of : 1. i Dissertatio
Physico-medica Inauguralis de Sonis et
Auditu/ Edinburgh, 1783, 8vo. 2. « Medical
Suggestions for the Treatment of Dysentery
and Fever among Troops in the Field/ Lon-
don, 1816, 8vo (published in both Latin and
English).

[Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 419; Pantheon of
the Age, 1825, iii. 418-19; Army Lists.]

E. I. C.

SOMERS or SUMMERS, SIR GEORGE
(1554r-1610), virtual discoverer of the Ber-
mudas, born at or near Lyme Regis, Dorset,
in 1554, was son of John Somers of that
town. He bore the same arms as those of
the family of John, lord Somers [q, v.], but
the exact connection has not been traced.
At an early age he took to the sea. With
Sir Amyas Preston [q. v.] he joined in a
buccaneering voyage to the Spanish Main in
1595, and captured the town of St. Jago de
Leon, an exploit in which he displayed much
heroism. Somers and his companions re-
turned to London in September (HAKLTJYT,
Voyage^ 1600, iii. 578 seq.) Other expedi-
tions of a like kind occupied him in the follow-
ing years. He took part in the Island's voyage
(to the Azores) in the summer of 1597.
Coming back in charge of a small ship, he
was separated from the main fleet in a storm
in the Bay of Biscay, and was given up for
lost. On 29 Oct. 1597 Sir Walter Ralegh
Lord Thomas Howard, and Charles Blount,
sixth lord Mountjoy, the leaders of the expe-
dition, who arrived before him in safety at
Plymouth, wrote hastily to Essex, their col-
league and commander-in-chief : f Wee have
tM&Saterday night receved the cumfortabell
aewse of George Summers arivall, whose
letter we have here withall sent your lord-
shipp ' (EWABDS, Life ofEahgJi, ii. 180-1).
In 1600 Somers again sailed— as captain of
the Vanguard— for the Azores, on a vain
look-out for Spanish treasure-ships (Moirsoir,
p. 196). In 1601 he was in command of the
Swiffcsure at the attack on the Spanish fleet
in the harbour of Kinsale' (#. p. 197). In
September 1602 he set sail for a third time
for fche Azores, now in command of the War-

spight. Eight other ships formed part of
the expedition, which -was in charge of Sir
Richard Leveson. On the voyage home a
carrack was seized off Lisbon (Cal Staff
Papers, Dom. 1601-3, p. 161). '

Somers was knighted at Whitehall on
23 July 1603 (METCALPB, Knights, p 147)
and apparently remained quietly at his native
place for the next five or six years. He was
elected M.P. for Lyme Regis on 25 Feb
1603-4, and in 1605 he was mayor of the
town. A laudatory sonnet on Somers by
Thomas Winter, is appended to the latter s
translation of Du Bartas's * Third Davps
Creation '(1604). J

In 1606 Somers was one of the chief
movers in the formation of the London or
South Virginian Company for the coloni-
sation of Virginia. On 23 May 1609, when
James I granted the company a new charter
he was nominated admiral of "the association!
He had the reputation of l a man of good
skill in all passages ' (NEILL, Virginia Com-
pany, i. 53). At the same date a fleet of
nine vessels was formed under Somers's com-
mand to convey a body of settlers to the
colony. His companions included Sir Thomas
Gates [q. v.], lieutenant-general j Thomas
West j third lord De la Warr, captain-general j
and Captain Christopher Newport [q. v.]t The
expedition sailed from Plymouth on 2 June,
Somers embarking with Gates and Newport
in the Sea Venture. After some eight weeks
a hurricane scattered the little fleet, and the
Sea Venture was wrecked, on 25 July, off the
rocky coast of some islands in mid- Atlantic.
Though the identification has occasionally
been disputed by Spanish writers, there seems
no doubt that these islands were those that
had been sighted for the first time in 1515 by
a Spanish seaman named Juan Bermudas,
whence they obtained the name of Bermudas.
They were not known to have been inhabited
by man, and Somers took possession of them
in the name of the king of England. They
have remained British possessions ever since.
At first they were known as Virginiola, but
afterwards they were called indifferently
by their original name of Bermudas or by
that of Somers7 or the Summer Islands.
The latter designation at once commemo-
rated their second discoverer and their mild
climate.

f Somers and such of his companions as sur-
vived the shipwreck remained nearly ten
months on the islands. They were troubled
by hogs, which overran the islands, and by
mysterious noises which they could only
explain as the cries of spirits and devils.
After contriving to build two small barks,
Somers and his companions set out in them

Somers

221

Somers

for Virginia on 10 May 1610. They arrivec
at James Town on tlie 23rd. Somers stayec
only till 7 June, when he embarked on tht
James river, intending to return to Eng
land. But before he reached the open sea
he met his fellow- voyager, Thomas "West
third lord De la Warr, who induced him
to turn back with him to James Town
On 19 June he cheerfully offered to revisit
the Bermudas, in order to procure a supply
of fish and hogs for the wellnigh starving
settlement in Virginia (LEFBOY, i. 10-11).
Sir Samuel Argafl [q. v,] joined him in a
second ship, but a storm soon separated
them, and Somers reached the Bermudas
alone early in November. There he died on
the 9th of the month of a 'surfeit of eating
of a pig* (HowES, Chronicle, 1631). His
heart was buried in the land on which the
town of St. George now stands, and a
wooden cross was placed above the spot
(W. F. WILLIAMS, Hist, and Statistical Ac-
count of the BermudaSf p. 16; JoH3T SMITH,
Hut. of Jfyymia, bk. iii pp. 11&-19). Mat-
thew Somers, a nephew, who was with him,
brought his body to England, where it was
buried with military honours at Whitchurch
in Dorset. His property included, besides a
house and lands at Whitchurch and three
messuages in Lyme Regis, the manor of
* tfpwey alias Waybay House.' All his real
estate he bequeathed to Matthew Somers,
though Nicholas Somers, a cousin, was stated
to be heir-at-law, and Sir George was sur-
vived by his wife Joanna. The will was
finally proved by a brother John on 24 Nov.
161:?:

^ Many accounts of Somers's shipwreck and
life in the Bermudas were published by his
companions (see below). The narrative of
one of them, Silvester Jourdain [q. v.], is
believed to have suggested to Shakespeare
the setting of the * Tempest ' (cf . E. D. NEILL,

Early Settlement of Virginia and

as noticed by Poets and Players," 1878).

Matthew Somers left only three men in tlie
Bermudas when he started with his uncWs
remains for England. The three men found
a quantity of ambergris, and news of the
discovery increased the repute of the islands,
In 1612 the Virginia Company sent repre-
sentatives to re-examine them, and finally
leased them in 1615 to a new company, called
the Somers' Islands Company. Sir George's
nephew Matthew thereupon petitioned the

tious (NEILL, Virginia Company of London,
pp. 53 seq.)

A portrait of Somers by Van Somer be-
longs to Miss Bellamy of Plymouth, a col-
lateral descendant. An engraving from it
appeared in Lefro/s 'Historye of the Ber-
mudaes or Summer Islands J ( Hakluyt Soc
1882). l J

[A Discovery of the Bermudas, by Silvester
Jourdam [q. v.], 1610, reissued, with another

dedication, b;

>y W.

C. in 1613 as A Plaine De-

scription; E. Bich's lost Flock Triumphant,
1610; Strachey's Redemption of Sir Thomas
G-ates from the Islands of the Bermudas, in
Porehas his Pilgrimes, 1625, iv. 1 733-42 /Le-
froy's Memorials of the Bermudas and History
of the Bermudas (Haidnyt Soe.), 1882 ; HntcMn-
son's Dorset, ii. 253 ; Koberts's Hist, and Anti-
quities of Lyme Kegis, 1834, pp. 264-71; Le-
diard's Karal Hist. i. 301, ii. 423, 430; Sir
William Monson's Naval Tracts; Notes and
Queries, 7th ser. r. 39 ; Doyle's English Colonies
in America; Brown's Genesis of the United
States; cp. arts. GrATBs,Sra THOSCAS ; JOUEPAIK,
SILVESTER ; and NEWPOBT, CHRISTOPHER.]

S. L.

SOMERS or SOMMEES, JOEDS", LOED
SOMEBS (1651-1716), lord chancellor of Eng-
land, came of a family belonging to the rank
of small landed gentry, -which seated at
Clifton, Severn Stoke, Worcestershire, and
appears to have early conformed, as it after-
wards steadfastly adhered, to the reformed
!aith. Its consequence was enhanced to-
wards the end of the sixteenth century by
;he acquisition of the dissolved nunnery of
Whiteladies, Claines, near Worcester, which
Eiehard Somers or Sommers, as the name
was popularly spelt, grandfather of the lord
chancellor, settled on his daughter Mary
upon her marriage with Richard Blurdon, a
Worcester clothier. The lord chancellor's
•ather, John Somers, an attorney, fought on
the side of the parliament during the civil
war?throveia his profession on the restoration
of tranquillity, inherited the Clifkm estate,
and, dying in January 1680-1, was buried
in Severn Stoke church, where his widow
Catherine, youngest daughter of John Se-
verne of Powyek, Worcestershire) was also
interred on 16 March 1709-10. Besides his
son Joan he left two daughters : (1) Mary,
born 1653, married Charles Cocks, M.P. for
^orcester 1694-5, and afterwards for Droit-
wich, whose son-in-law was Philip Yorke

nephew Matthew thereupon petitioned the Lord-chancellor Hardwicke) [q. v.1 and

crown for compensation, on the ground that whose grandson Sir Charles Cocks, barf was

his uncle had recognised the crown, and not created, 17 May 1784, Baron Somers of Eves-

the Virginia Company, as the owner of the ham; (2) Elizabeth, born 1655, married Sir

^ and that his interests were preju- Joseph Jekyll [q. v.], master of the roils.

i._ ^i__ <* John Somers, the future chaBcellof, who

was bora at WMteladies, Clainea,

diced by the formation of the new com-
pany. His petition was rejected as vexa-

Somers

222

Somers

cester, on 4 March 1650-1, was brought up elected recorder of London, but declined the
by his father's sister at Whiteladies, and office.

educated at the Worcester cathedral school, The important role assigned to Somers by
at private schools at WalsaU, Staffordshire, Lord Campbell in the negotiations with
and Sheriff Hales, Shropshire, and at the the prince of Orange (November-December
university of Oxford, where he matriculated 1688) is ignored by the contemporary
from Trinity College on 23 May 1667, but authorities. But on his return to parlia-
did not graduate. There is, however, no ment, 11 Jan. 1688-9, for Worcester, which
reason to believe that Somers wasted his he continued to represent until his elevation
time at Oxford. On the contrary, it is pro- to the woolsack, he at once took the lead
bable that, with his friend Henry (afterwards in the critical debates on the settlement of
Sir Henry) Newton (1651-1715) [q. v.], he the monarchy. Brushing aside the pedantic
there laid the basis of that large and exact quibbles of more timid constitutionalists, he
accomplishment in the Italian and other maintained with irrefragable logic that the
foreign languages and literature which is cele- desertion of the kingdom by James II was hi
brated in the courtly alcaics of Filicaia— fact an abdication of the throne. In this he
... , carried the commons with him, but in the sub-

. . septem ferme idiomatum sequent conference with the lords he encoun-

Per ostia inteaa, Nili ad inster, ^ an opposition which yielded rather t

Immod1C8e maria alta fam* ^ stress of circumstances than the cogencyof his

(Poes* Toscan. 1762, ii. 50). There also, in arguments. If not exactly the author of the
all likelihood, he began those philosophical ' Declaration of Eights/ he presided over the
and theological studies in which Burnet committee which framed it, and doubtless
(Own, Time, fol. ii. 107) attests his profici- had the principal share in its composition,
ency. He was admitted on 24 May 1669 In the debate on the coronation oath he
a student at the Middle Temple, was called supported an amendment which, if carried,
to the bar on 5 May 1676, and elected a would have relieved George III of one of
bencher on 10 May 1689. During his pupil- his scruples in regard to the emancipation
age he resided in Elm Court, afterwards in of his catholic subjects ; otherwise he took
Pump Court. Among his early patrons were comparatively little part in the discussion of
Sir Francis Winnington, solicitor-general the details of the new settlement, being fully
1675-9, and Charles Talbot, twelfth earl engrossed by the office of solicitor-general,
(afterwards duke) of Shrewsbury, whose to which he was appointed on 4 May 1689.
estates his father managed. By Shrewsbury On 31 Oct. following he was blighted. He
he was introduced to William, lord Bussell, drafted the declaration of war against
Algernon Sidney, and other eminent whigs. France (7 May), took part in the debate
He did not, however, allow the distractions on the bill of rights (8 May), and at the
of society to wean his mind from the severe conference with the lords on the bill to
studies proper to his profession. After ex- reverse the sentence against Titus Oates
ploring the entire field of English law and nobly vindicated the right of even the worst
equity, he made himself an adept in the civil of mankind to evenhanded justice (July),
law, and prepared himself for political action In the debate on the revenue bill (17 Dec.),
by a close study of the constitution of his he opposed the grant to the Princess Anne,
country. He was probably the author of the able

Somers appeared as junior counsel for the ' Vindication of the Proceedings of the late
seven bishops, 29-30 June 1688, being re- Parliament of England, An. Dom. 1689,
tained against the wish of the defendants at being the first in the Reign of their present
the instance of Henry Pollexf en [q..v.], after- Majesties King William and Queen Mary/
wards chief justice of the common pleas, who which was published at London in the fol-
refused to plead without him. The event lowing year, 4to (see Somers Tracts, ed.
proved that the old lawyer had not misplaced Scott, x. 257; Parl. Hist. vol. v. app. iv.)
fiis confidence. Somers showed* to no less In the debates of the ensuing session on the
advantage in court than in consultation. His indemnity bill and the bill for restoring cor-
learningr furnished him with a precedent porations he advocated an assignment of the
exactly in point, the exchequer chamber case grounds of exception from the one, and the
of Thomas v. Sorrel (VA.WEAN, p. 330), in exception from the other of all persons who
which it was held that no statute could be had been concerned in procuring the corrupt
suspended except with the consent of the surrender of charters. In the prosecution of
legislature, and his powerful appeal to the the Jacobite Lord Preston and his associates,
|mry, which closed the pleading, virtually 16-19 Jan. 1690-1, Somers discharged his
decided the case. He was shortly afterwards duty with a temperate firmness in happy con-

Somers

223

Somers

trast to the excessive zeal characteristic of the
previous regime. The judges, Sir John Holi
[q. v.] and his colleagues, Pollexfen and
Atkyns, were equally considerate, and when
the case being proven beyond a shadow of a
doubt, the jury convicted the prisoners, the
king, on the recommendation of Somers,
exercised his prerogative of mercy.

On 2 May 1692 Somers succeeded Sir
George Treby as attorney-general. In the
autumn, parliament was occupied with a
much-needed measure for regulating the
procedure in eases of treason, which occa-
sioned a prolonged struggle between the
two houses. The bill was eventually aban-
doned owing to the refusal of the lower
house to accept the lords' amendments, and
the attorney-general's speeches materially
contributed to this result. His action has
been censured by Lord Campbell, but on
inadequate grounds. The chief point to
which he took exception in the amendments
was a limitation of ten days for the present-
ment of the indictment, to run not from the
discovery but from the commission of the
offence. Such a rule would have rendered
it in many cases impossible to lay an indict-
ment at all ; and the measure as eventually
passed (7 Will. HE, c. 3) justified Somers's
opposition by fixing the period of limitation
at three years.

As attorney-general Somers conducted
before the high steward's court, 31 Jan. to
4 Feb. 1692-3, the prosecution of Charles
Mohun, fifth baron. Mohun [q. v.], for the
murder of his rival in the good graces of Mrs.
Bracegirdle, a case in which, the fact being
proved, the prisoner owed his acquittal to
the uncertainty which then reigned as to
the precise degree of complicity necessary to
support a charge of murder. In his private
capacity the attorney-general also appeared
for the Duke of Norfolk in his action for
criminal conversation against Sir John Ger-
maine. He stated the evidence with as much
decency as the nature of the case permitted,
and obtained a verdict.

On 23 March 1692-3 Somers was made
lord keeper of the great seal, which had
been in commission since the accession of
William III, and was sworn of the privv
council. On 2 May following he took
his seat on the woolsack as speaker of
the House of Lords* On §2 April 1697 he
was advanced to the dignity of ted high
chancellor of England, and on 2 Dec. fol-
lowing he was raised to tlte peerage — an
honour which he Jiad deefced m 16§5 — by
the title of liaron Somrosrs of Evesham,
Woreestoshssx On ite M*& of the mm
month Its took Iiis seat ia the House of

Lords. About the same time he was pro-
vided with the means of supporting his dig-
nities by grants of the two royal manors of
Heigate and Howlegh, Surrey, and a pension
of 2,100J.

Amid his official cares Somers by no
means lost his taste for liberal pursuits and
the society of men of learning and letters.
He kept up his Italian to such purpose that
his letter of condolence to Count Lorenzo
Magalotti on Filicaia's death could hardly
offend the ear of the most fastidious member
of the Aceademia della Crusca (MAGJJDOTTI,
Lett. Fam. ii. 166). He corresponded with
Le Clerc ; he offered Bayle a handsome con-
tribution towards the cost of producing his
dictionary, which that sturdy savant de-
clined rather than be beholden to the minister
of a prince by whom he deemed himself ill-
used. He was a connoisseur in art, and
brought Yertue into vogue by commissioning
him to engrave a portrait of his friend, Arch-
bishop Tillotson, for whose widow he after-
wards helped to provide. He was intimate
with Bishop Burnet, whose scheme for the
augmentation of livings, known as Queen
Arme*s Bounty, he cordially promoted ; and
friendly with George Hickes [q. v.], the non-
iurpr; nor did he altogether disflpm the
society of Matthew Tindal, the deist, for
whose c Rights of the Christian Church7 he
is said to have written the preface ; nor even
that of the yet more adventurous freethinker,
Janus Junius Toland. Addison, Congreve,
Steele, Kneller, Garth, were members with
him of the Kit-Cat Club, and must have
often shared the hospitality which he dis-
pensed at Powis House. Addison owed to
him his pension. Swift, who made his ac-
quaintance in I7G2, was initiated by him in
the true principles of whiggisxn, and dedicated
to him tie * Tale of a Tab* (1704), in a style
of profuse adulation, but, looking to him
for preferment which he did not get, desertel
to the tories, and became his mortal enemy.
Even then he admitted that Seiners had * all
exeeEent qualifications* for ofiee 'exeeifo
virtue* ( JFodb, ed. Scott, fit 187, xii 237).
The great historical antiquaries Thomas By-
mer fq. v.J and Thomas Macfox [q, v.] owed
much to Somers's encouragement.

Graver interests brought Inrn into close
relations with Cltaries Montagu (afterwards
Earl of Halifax), Jolm Locke, and Sir Isaac
Newton. la concert with Montagu, ciiiai*
cellar of the eatelieqitier, and in eonsaltataim
with Loe&e, who owed to him a place in tine?
oatmeal of fa-sale, and with Sir Isaac NrarteB^
wliose ajpolntQaeiifc as maste of ttaai&£ta
Soaiers allied his ami te* t&®
fsreseatac! by

Somers

224

Somers

tion of the currency occasioned by tlie pre-
valent practice of clipping the hammered
coin. In 1695 he devised a scheme for arrest-
ing its progress. A royal proclamation! was
to be suddenly and simultaneously issued in
every part of the country, calling in the
hammered coin to be weighed, after which it
was to circulate only at its weight value,
the difference between that and its nominal
value being made good to the possessors by
the state. This expedient had the approval
of the king, but was eventually deemed too
hazardous for adoption. On 30 Nov. 1699
he was elected to the chair of the Royal
Society, which he continued to hold until
1704.

Learning, patience, industry, instinctive
equitableness of judgment, comprehensive-
ness of view, subtlety of discernment, and
command of apt and perspicuous language ;
in short, all the qualities best fitted to adorn
the woolsack, are ascribed to Somers by his
contemporaries. Yet, partly by the fault of
his reporters, partly in consequence of the
dearth of causes cSfebres, partly by reason
of his early surrender of the great seal, his
recorded achievement is by no means com-
mensurate with Ms reputation. Of his de-
crees in chancery only the meagre summaries
given by Vernon and Peere Williams are
extant. In the most important case which
came before him in the exchequer chamber,
that of the bankers who had recovered judg-
ment in the court of exchequer for arrears of
interest due to them as assignees of certain
perpetual annuities charged by Charles II
upon the hereditary excise as security for
advances, he expended some hundreds of
pounds and an immense amount of thought
and research, with no better result than to
defeat an intrinsically just claim, on the tech-
nical ground that it was not cognisable in
the court of exchequer, but only by petition
of right. No j udgment so elaborate had ever
been delivered in Westminster Hall as that
by which, in November 1696, he reversed the
decision of the court of exchequer ; and its
subsequent reversal on 23 Jan, 1699-1 700 by
the House of Lords, in which lay peers then
voted on legal questions, affords no ground
for questioning the soundness of its law. The
result caused Somers a mortification so in-
tense as still further to impair a constitution
never strong, and already undermined by ex-
cessive application to business ; but the story
that it made him so ill that he never again
appeared on the woolsack is a mere fiction
(BtFWET, Own Tme, 8vo, iv. 443 n*\ Lords1
Jowrnaly xvi. 499 et seq.) He increased the
eJiciency of the House of Lords as a legal
compelling the judges to sit as

assessors, stiffly maintained its jurisdiction
to review cases decided in the Irish House of
Lords, and in the cases of the Countess of
Macclesfield and the Duchess of Norfolk vin-
dicated for it an independent jurisdiction in
cases of adultery by a wife.

Somers had opposed the commutation of
the ancient hereditary revenues of the crown
for an annual grant (17 Dec. 1G89), andwaa
requited by William with a larger measure
of his confidence than was enjoyed by any
other Englishman except Sunderland [see
SPBNCBB, ROBEKT, second EAEL OP STJNDEB-
IAITD]. Perhaps Dutch was one of the f septem
ferme idiomatum' of which, according to Fi-
licaia, he was master ,* at any rate he could
converse with the king in French, and though
he^ had never travelled, he was probably
neither ignorant nor negligent of foreign
affairs. At his instance William readily re-
nounced (March 1693) the prerogative of

which he had usurped while the great seal
was in commission. Their relations were
improved by the steady loyalty of which
Somers gave proof after the defeat at Neer-
winden, when he went forthwith to the
Guildhall and raised a loan of 300,000/. to
meet the exigencies of the hour (August
1693), If William insisted on vetoing the
Place Bill, which would have excluded from
the House of Commons all paid servants of
the crown except ministers, The yielded, pro-
bably to Somers's advice, in regard to the
Triennial Bill, which received the royalassent
towards the end of 1694, and the king and
the lord keeper were heartily at one in ap-
proving the omission to renew the Licensing
Act, by which the press gained a liberty that
Milton's eloquence had failed to secure for it.
On the death of Queen Mary; 28 Dec. 1694,
Somers aided Sunderland in bringing about
a reconciliation (rather apparent than real)
between the king and the Princess Anne.
The king was guided by Somers's advice in
regard to the assassination plot, and in the
affair of Sir John Fenwick (1645 P-1697)
[q. v.], in which a certain deviation from, the
strict line of impartial justice must be ac-
knowledged; and with Somers rested the
responsibility for the cashiering of the nume-
rous justices of the peace who refused to
loin the association for the protection of the
king's person. In 1695 and the four suc-
ceeding years Somers was one of the lords
justices who formed the council of regency
during the king's absence on the continent,
and of which virtute officii he was the work-
ing head. Hence he was associated in the
popular mind with William and his foreign
policy far more closely than there is reason

Somers

225

Somers

to suppose was really the case. Addison

sang of

Britain advanced and Europe's peace restored
By Somers' counsels and by Nassau's sword.

(To His Majesty, 1695), But in fact it is
extremely doubtful whether Somers was con-
sulted at all by William during the negotia-
tions which terminated in the Anglo-French
peace of Ryswick. When the subsequent
scheme for the partition of the inheritance of
the childless and moribund king Charles II of
Spain between England, France, the empire,
and Holland took definite shape, William
sent Somers the draft of the * first partition '
treaty. Moreover the king authorised him
to confer with such of his colleagues as he
might deem most worthy of trust, and di-
rected him, in the event of the treaty being
approved, to have the necessary commission
under the great seal made out with such
secrecy that even the clerks who engrossed it
should not know its real effect, and trans-
mitted to him, with blank spaces for the
names of the commissioners. This letter,
which was dated 25 Aug. 1698, N.S., reached
Somers, then at Tunbridge Wells, only a few
days before the draft treaty was signed by
the plenipotentiaries (8 Sepfc., N.S.) He lost
no time in taking counsel with Shrewsbury,
Charles Montagu, James Vernon [q.v.], secre-
tary of state for foreign affairs, and Edward
Bussell, earl of Orford, first lord of the admi-
ralty. The treaty commended itself to none
of the five statesmen. They thought it staked
too much on the good faith of Louis XTV,
and that the assignment of Spain, the Indies,
and the Netherlands to the Electoral Prince
of Bavaria (Joseph Ferdinand), and of the
duchy of Milan to the Archduke Charles
would prove no equivalent for the cession to
the dauphin of the kingdoms of Naples and
Sicily, the marquisate of Finale, the Tuscan
ports, and the Biscayan marches. They also
thought that it would be prejudicial to the
Knghfth. Levantine trade, and enormously
increase the maritime power of France, ana
they deprecated the assumption of new re-
sponsibilities by a country already overbur-
deaed with taxation.

The opinion of the council, wHch did bufe
anticipate that of the country, and traced
a singularly just insight into tlie designs of
the Grand Sfonarqiie, with wksa tbe^parti-
tba treaty was but a device for teaJBng w$
thse grand alliance^ was compmiiaafeea by
Somers to the fring In a cautiously worded
fefcte (88 Attg*} It caused WIH^aweim-
ensfeasss, feut as it was accompanied fey the r&-
f|TOe<J ©tmffllssioa, awl h© m& already gone
k>o far to recede with itc»iio$ir? he stifled his
'

misgivings and ratified the definitive treaty
at Loo in November, To the ratification
Somers affixed the great seal, taking care
at the same time that neither it nor the
commission was enrolled in chancery. Not-
withstanding this precaution, however, the
secret transpired almost immediately, and
when William, on 6 Dec., met parliament
with a speech composed by Somers, in
which a modest increase of the army was
proposed, an animated debate resulted in a
bill for its reduction to a total of seven
thousand men, all of whom were to be Eng-
lish (17 Dec. 1698). During the progress
of this bill Somers was frequently closeted
with the king, whose indignation he in vain
attempted to appease. When it became
certain that the measure would pass, Wil-
liam announced his determination to leave
the island with his Dutch guard and pass
the rest of his days in Holland. For once
the chancellor lost his composure, almost his
temper, as he dilated on the ' extravagance,*
the 'madness7 of the proposal, and implored
the king to suffer it to go no further. Wil-
liam was obdurate, and Somers tendered
his resignation. It was not accepted, but
by the support which he gave the biH in the
House of Lords Somers lost the king's con-
fidence. At the same time he shared his
growing unpopularity. He was the reputed
author of * A Letter balancing the Necessity
of keeping a Land Force in Times of Peace,
with the Dangers that may follow it,7 a very
modest argument for a small regular army,
which had appeared anonymously In I@$7
(State Tracts, ii 685), He was suspecfcecl of
being the Mug's adviser in tfee segJ$iati«Ms
occasioned by the death of tiefeiBcteal
Prince of Bavaria, 6 Feb. I8S®? NJ5* wlilck
resulted in &e seeosd partition treaty, by
which Sp«ajny the Indies, and tl*e l^etliear-
lands were assigned to tfee Areheteke Cfit&rtes,
and the dudby of Milan to tlie Dhaka of
Lorraine, om condition of tiie ees&om of his
dmdy to tbe danpfein, wlp was to retain
tlie territories aH©lte*i to Mm by tlie former
treaty. But, "beyeiM! aSbdbig the great seal
to the commission, Somers appears to have
kaown. no mote of Ifee u^oiia&ia ttiau tha
rest of tlse world amtE sliortly before the
second partition treaty wa§ signed «fc Lon-
don on 21 Feb. 1699-470G, He afterwards
afced the great seal to Hie ratification. A&
in th© case of ifee fonaar treaty, neither anym^
missioii mr rstiieatie^
<aery.

Sotnears wfts also supposed — and -witfe m>
more r©a®om — lo 1)6 tit© his and sosl <jf fi®
opposition to the bill for the resumption of
tfie g*a«fes of fefeilecl Irish e$lats8> wMel* -

a

Somers

226

Somers

was returned from the House of Lords, with
certain important amendments, in April 1700.
To displace him accordingly became the prime
object of the country party, and to that end
an attempt was made to saddle him with
responsibility for the piratical acts of Captain
WilliamEadd(<Z. 1701) [q, v.] He was one of
the undertakers who had procured Kidd his
commission, equipped his ship, and were
jointly interested in such ships and cargoes as
he might capture from the pirates. "When,
therefore, instead of making war on the
pirates, the captain hoisted the black flag him-
self, the undertakers were credited with an ac-
curateforesight of events, and were denounced
as aiders and abettors of piracy. The agita-
tion culminated on 10 April 1700 in a motion
in the House of Commons for an address to
the king for the lord-chancellor's perpetual
exclusion from his councils and presence. It
was defeated, but by so small a majority that
"William thought it expedient that Somers
should retire. He was not unwilling to do
so, but urged that his resignation would be
interpreted as an acknowledgment of guilt.
The king therefore sent him the usual warrant,
upon which, on 17 April, he surrendered the
great seal. After an interval, during which
the seal went a-begging, he was succeeded
by Sir Nathan "Wright [q. v.]

In retirement Somers found leisure to
recruit health long since shattered by ex-
cessive application to public business, and to
concern himself more actively with the trans-
actions of the Royal Society. He kept, how-
ever, a watchful eye on public affairs ; and
' Several Orations of Demosthenes to encou-
rage the Athenians to oppose the exorbitant
power of Philip of Macedon, englished from
the Greek by several Hands/ which appeared
under his direction in 1702 (London, 24mo),
had at that juncture a more than academic
interest. Meanwhile he did not escape the
consequences of the implicit confidence which,
in the matter of the partition treaties, he
had reposed in the king. The death of the
king of Spain, 1 ^Nov. 1700, N.S., was fol-
lowed by the publication of a will, signed
by Mm under French influence, by which he
nominated as his successor Philip, duke of
Anjou, the second son of the dauphin.
Louis XIV at once pronounced in favour of
the will, formally recognised the duke as
king of Spain, and occupied the Spanish
Netherlands, In England he had!; he tories
on Ms side, while the whigs rallied to the
imperial cause. After the general election of
January 1700-1 the tories soon gained the
tipper hand. In the House of Lords an ad-
cSess to the Mrig for disclosure of all treaties
smce &e peace of Hyswick

brought the, partition treaties under discus-
sion (14 March). The negotiations were
censured as both unconstitutional and im-
politic. Portland, who bore the brunt of
the attack, sought to share his responsi-
bility with Somers and his friends. In the
result the lords voted an address to the
king unequivocally condemning the policy
of the treaties and deprecating for the future
the practice of negotiating without the advice
of his natural-born subjects. A similar
address was voted by the commons, who
loudly demanded the impeachment of Port-
land, Somers, Orford, and Halifax. Ke-
leased from his oath of secrecy by the king,
Somers obtained leave to attend the lower
house, and was heard in his defence on 14 April
He laid his letter of 28 Aug. 1698 on the
table, and the whole responsibility for the
negotiations upon the king, whose mandate
he pleaded in justification of the transmission
of the blank commission under the great seal,
and the subsequent affixing of the great seal
to the ratification, ignoring the fact that the
mandate was not peremptory, but conditional
on the treaty being approved. The enrol-
ment of the documents in chancery he
denied to be part of his duty.

The limits of the royal prerogative were
then so ill defined that Somers must be
acquitted of grave delinquency; but his
defence was not such as could safely be ad-
mitted, and a resolution to proceed with his
impeachment was carried, though only by a
small majority. A motion was also carried
for an address to the king for the immediate
and perpetual exclusion of the impeached
lords from his councils and presence. But
to this attempt to snatch judgment before
trial, William, fortified by a counter-address
from the House of Lords, paid no heed. In
May the impeachment, swollen in Somers's
case to fourteen articles, by inclusion of the
stale charge concerning his connection with
Kidd and some other fictitious accusations,
came before the House of Lords. The minor
charges Somers triumphantly rebutted ; the
rest of the indictment was not pressed ; and,
after a wrangle between the .houses about
procedure, his acquittal, which carried with
it that of the other lords, was formally pro-
nounced on 17 June. The turbulent scenes
which attended these proceedings evoked
Swift's * Discourse of the Contests and Dis-
sensions between the Nobles and the Com-
mons in Athens and Eome, with the conse-
quences they had upon both those States/ in
which (chap, ii.) a parallel is drawn between
Somers and Aristides.

On the recognition of the Pretender aa
king of England by Louis XIV, William,

Somers

227

Somers

•who had returned to his favourite notion of
forming a coalition administration, permitted
Somers to Mss Ms hand (3 July 1701). In
the autumn, while the king was abroad, and
on his return to England, Somers is stated
to have written the speech — delivered by the
Mng (30 Sept.) at the opening of parlia-
ment — which, by its spirited but sober pa-
triotism, rallied for the time both parties to
the throne. His early return to power was
confidently anticipated. Sunderland wrote
to the Mng (11 Sept. 1701) that Somers was
•*the life, the soul, and the spirit of his
party ' (Miscellaneous State Papers, iii. 446) ;
but the death of the Mng on 8 March 1701-2
•completely changed the aspect of affairs.

During the early years of Queen Anne's
Teign Somers, excluded froni the privy
•council and even from the commission of the
peace, became the virtual head of the junto
•of whigs (including Wharton, Orford, Hali-
fax, and Charles Spencer, third earl of Sun-
derland) whose loyal support of the govern-
ment contributed in no small degree to the
vigorous prosecution of the war, while they
successfully maintained the principle of reli-
gious liberty in the long struggle on the
Occasional Conformity Bill, and championed
the rights of constituencies against the House
of Commons in the matter of the Aylesbury
scrutiny [see HOLT, SIB JOHST, and SMITH,
JOHST, 1657-1726], In the meantime, through
the influence of the Duchess of Marlborough,
Somers and Ms friends effected the elimina-
tion from the ministry of the high tory ele-
ment (April 1704). They were thus enabled
in 1705 to provide for the contingency of the
queen's death by the Naturalisation of the
House of Hanover and Regency Acts (4 Ann,
cc. 4, S), while they commended themselves
to the queen by resisting the factious pro-
posal of the tones to invite the Princess
Sophia to take up her residence in the
•country. The transference of the great seal
from Sir Nathan Wright to Lord Cowper,
(see CQWPKR, WILLIAM, first "RATEI-, COWPHR]
increased their influence, and in the follow-
ing year they obtained places in the commis-
sion (10 April) for the settlement of the
treaty of union with Scotland. Besides
taking an active part in adjosting the de- •
tails of that great act of state, Soniesrs was
burdened with its defence ia. the House of
Lords, MeanwiiOe he had^ found time to ;
initiate a measure for the reform of the pro- j
eednre of the courts of eommop law and
6Q^ity,wMeh,with certain mutilations, passed \
mtQlaw{4Annal6),aiidwasoiilyswperseded
\j $*& more radical dianges of the

in If IB lie was sworn president of the council

(25 Nov.) Fully aware that he was still
personally unacceptable to the queen, he en-
deavoured to remove her prejudices by as-
siduous homage, and, as the star of Lady
Marlborough waned, sought to enlist Mrs.
Masham's interest on his side. Secretly
guided by Harley and St. John, the queen
flattered his hopes, while she inclined more
and more to the side of the tones, who
steadily gained ground in the country. In
1710 the ministry committed the mistake of
rejecting the terms offered by Louis XIV at
the conference of Gertruydenberg, and the
1 still more serious blunder of impeaching
SaeheverelL Somers had opposed the im-
peachment, and, when its effect on the
country was manifest, he inclined to accept
the overtures made to him by Harley for a
coalition. He was, however, overborne by
his colleagues, and fell with them on 21 Sept.
The queen desired him to retain office, having
at length reached the conclusion, as she told
Lord Dartmouth, that he was a man who
had never deceived her; but Somers de-
clined to desert the other members of the
| junto {Hist. MSS. Comm. 13th Rep. App. ii.
1 214-20; BTTKSET, Own Time, 8vo, vi. 7 «.)

Failing^ health now compelled him to take
a less active part in debate. He continued,
however, to advocate the vigorous prosecu-
tion of the war, and signed the protest against
the restraining order on 28 May 1712. On
the accession of George I he was sworn of
the privy council, 1 Oct. 1714, and accepted
a place in the cabinet without office. He
was voted a pension of 2jOQO£, and appointed
custos rotulomm of Worcestershire and com-
missioner of coronation claims (2 Aug. and
4 Oct. 1714); but theneefortl^ except to
attend an occasional cabinet council, lie rarely
left MB Hertfordshire viBs^BroofaBstas, near
North Mimms, where he died of p&ralysis
pa 26 April 1716. His remains were interred
in North Mimms cburea. As he was un-
married, his title became extinct.

Courtly and reserved by nature or habit,
Somers carried into the relations of ordinary
life a certak formality of demeanour, but in
his hours of relaxation eo«M be an agreeable
companion. It does not appear that he was
a brilliant talfcer, bat feis vast erudition and
knowledge of afiairs placed him at Ms ease
with men of the most diverse interests and
occupations. His religions opinions appear
to have been latitiidiBaxiaa. His domestic
life did not escape the breath of scandal.
His oratory, whim e&unot be judged lyj tfee
meagre reports which alone are extant, is
said to lave united close reasoniag witik a
alocmemee, tiie charm of wfeidt
ed by a musical voice.

Somers

228

Somers

Somers was the type of ' the old whigs ' to
whom was addressed the famous ' Appeal ; '
to Macaulay he was no less a symbol of awe
and veneration. Yet as a statesman he
does not merit all the praise which has been
lavished upon him by his whig panegyrists.
His part in shaping the settlement of 1688-
1689 has been unduly magnified; in the
matter of the partition treaty he showed a
lamentable want of firmness ; notwithstand-
ing his latitudinarian opinions, he does not
seem to have been particularly zealous even
for the small measure of religious liberty se-
cured by the Toleration Act. On the other
hand his sagacity, industry, and disinte-
restedness are undeniable ; his motto, * Pro-
desse quam conspici/ was no vain boast, and
only once towards the close of his career,
when he gave some countenance to the agi-
tation for the repeal of the union with Scot-
land (1713), did he dally with faction.

Somers was painted by Sir Godfrey
Kneller as lord chancellor in wig and robes,
holding the chancellor's purse; also as a
member of the Kit-Cat Club and Royal
Society. The first portrait, a three-quarter-
length, passed into Lord Hardwicke's col-
lection. The Kit-Cat Club portrait is in the
possession of Mr. William Baker of Bayford-
bury, Hertfordshire. Other portraits of him
by the same artist are in the National Por-
trait Gallery and at the Middle Temple. He
was also painted by Richardson in 1713.
Engravings of these portraits are among the
prints at the British Museum and in Addit.
MS. 12097, besides an etching by Picart,
done in 1704, in Addit. MS. 20818, f. 194
Unless these portraits grossly belie him, his
somewhat commonplace physiognomy must
have afforded but a poor index of his powers.

Somers's learning, sagacity, and clearness
are discernible in four political tracts written
when he was about thirty, and published in
London in 1681, viz. : 1. ' The Memorable
Case of Denzil Onslow, tried at the Assizes
in Surrey, 20 July 1681, touching his Election
at Haslemere in Surrey ' (against the corrupt
practice of fagot voting). 2. * A brief History
of the Succession of the Crown of England,
collected out of records and the most authen-
tiek historians * (in defence of the legality of
the Exclusion Bill). 3. ' A Just ana Modest
Vindication of the Proceedings of the two
last Parliaments' (in answer to the royal
declaration), 4. 'The Security of English-
men's Lives ; or the Trust, Power, and Duty
of the Grand Juries of England ' (a vindica-
tion of the right of the grand jury to reject
the bill of mdictment against Lord Shaftes-
bfcry). Separate reprints of the < Brief His-
tory appeared ins London m 168&-9, fol., and

1714, 4to, and of < The Security of EneM
men's Lives' in 1682, 12mo, and 1766, 8vo
According to Burnet (Own Time, i. 500)'
The Just and Modest Vindication ' was the
pint production of Algernon Sidney, Somers
and Sir William Jones, while £ The Secu'
rity of Englishmen's Lives' was entirely
Somers s composition, though it passed as the
work of Arthur Capel, earl of Essex [q. y]
To Somers are also assigned the anonymous,
versions of ' Ariadne to Theseus ' and ' Dido
to ^Eneas ' in « Ovid's Epistles by several
Hands/ London, 1683, 3rd ed. 8vo, and the-
' Life of Alcibiades ' in ' Plutarch's Lives by
several Hands/ London, 1684, 8vo. Th&
poems (in tolerable imitation of Dryden)
brought Somers into relations with Tonson
for whose edition of ' Paradise Lost ' (1688)
he helped to procure subscribers^. The authen-
ticity of a coarse jeu tfesprit, 'Dryden's.
Satire to his Muse/ printed as by Somers hi
the supplement to i The Works of the most
celebrated Minor Poets/ London, 1750, 8vo,
is denied — on good grounds, it may be hoped
-—by Pope ( Works, ed. Elwin and Courthope,
iii. 252 w.), and a tradition which ascribes
to him the 'Tale of a Tub' need only be-
mentioned to be rejected.

To Somers have further been conjecturally
ascribed four anonymous tracts, viz. 1. ' A
Discourse concerning Generosity/ London.
1693 ; 2nd edit. 1695, 12mo. 2. • Jus Regium;
or the King's Right to grant Forfeitures and
other Revenues of the Crown/ &c., London,
1701, 4to. 3. ' Anguis in Herba ; or the fatal
Consequences of a Treaty with France/ Lon-
don, 1701, 4to (reprinted in State Tracts^
312 et seq.) 4. ( Vox Populi, Vox Dei, being-
True Maxims of Government/ &c., London,
1709, 8vo; 2nd edit, with title, 'The Judg-
ment of whole Kingdoms and Nations con-
cerning the Rights, Powers, and Prerogatives
of Kings/ &c.,- London, 1710, 8vo (frequent
reprints). Their authenticity is doubtful.

Somers's large and valuable library passed
to his brother-in-law, Sir Joseph Jekyll, and
furnished the basis of the collection known as-
the ' Somers Tracts/ first published in Lon-
don between 1748 and 1752, 16 vols. 4to^
afterwards edited by Sir Walter Scott, Lon-
don, 1809-13, 13 vols. 4to. Most of his manu-
scripts found their way into the possession
of Lord-chancellor Hardwicke's son, the Hon.
Charles Yorke, and perished in a fire at his
chambers in Lincoln's Inn on 27 June 1752. A j
selection from such as were saved was printed!
in the l Miscellaneous State Papers '(1778).

[There are three biographies of Somers:
Memoirs of the Life of John, Lord Somer%
1716 ; Cooksey's Essay on the Life and OJmrae-
ter of John, Lord Somers, 1791 ; Haddock's

Somers

229

Somers

Account of the Life and Writings of Lord-Chan-
cellor Somers, 1812. Somers' s character is de-
lineated with laboured eulogy by Addison, * Free-
holder,' No. 39 ; with sobriety by Burnet, * Own
Time,' fol. ii. 107, 242, and in a tone of studied
but ineffectual detraction by Swiffc, ' Four Last
Years of the Queen,' bk. i., and * Examiner/
2so. 26. For other contemporary notices of him
BeeLady Marlborough's Private Correspondence,
«d. 1838, ii. 148 ; Garth's Dispensary ad fin. ; De-
foe's Jure Divino ; Macky 's Memoirs (Boxburghe
€lub), p. 52, and Sloane MS. 4223, ffi 208-13.
See also : Le Neve's Pedigrees of Knights (Earl.
Soc.), p. 430; Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, i.
457 ; hash's Worcestershire, i. 209, ii. 54, 345 ;
Peerage of England, 1710, ii. 137; G-. E.
C[okayne]'s Complete Peerage ; Burke's Extinct
Peerage, and Landed Gentry, 'Severne;' Gen.
Dict.Biogr. ; Biogr.Brit. ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. ;
Doyle's Official Baronage ; Luttrell's Relation of
State Affairs; Evelyn's Diary, 19 March 1692-
1693, 7 Dee. 1698, 24 April 1700, 20 June 1701 ;
Lord Cowper's Private Diary (Eoxburghe Club) ;
Conduct of the Duchess of Marlborough ; Lords7
Journals, xiv. 299, xv. 291, xxxvii. 75 ; Lords'
Protests, ed. Thorold Eogers ; Commons' Journals,
x. 246-251 ; Parl. Hist, vols, v.-vii. ; Cobbett's
State Trials, ix. 226, 234 ; HowelTs State Trials,
adi. 317, 646, 950, alii. 939 ; Kemble's State
Papers; Macpherson's Original Papers, ii. 33,
54,134,177,390,592,643 ; Dalrymple's Memoirs,
ii. 39, 152, 158 ; Mackintosh's Hist, of the Ee-
Tolution in 1688; Dryden's Prose Works (ed.
Malone), i. 202, 526 ; Pope's Works (ed. Elwin) ;
King's life of Locke, i. 434-7, ii. 3, 7, 9 ; Prior's
Own Time, pp.45 et seq., 176, 192 et seq.;
Birch'sLifeof Tillotson, p. 366 ; Halifax's Works,
and Life, pp. 69 et seq.; Tindal's Continua-
tion of Eapin's Hist of England, ii. 90 ; Noble's
•Continuation of Granger's Biogr. Hist, of Eng-
land; Cooke's Hist, of Party; Memoirs of the
Kit-Cat Club; D© Garden's Hist, des Trait&s
-de Paix, ii. 223 et seq. ; Klopp's Fall des Hauses
Stuart. Bde. iv.-xiv. ; Eanke's Englisehe G-e-
jschichte, Bde. xvi-xvii. ; Macaulay's Hist of
England; Stanhope's Hist, of England; Wa^pole's
Royal and Noble Authors, ed. Park, and Anee-
•dotes of Painting, ed. Wornum; Campbell's Lires
of the Chancellors; Roscoe's Eminent British
JLawyers (Cabinet Cyclopaedia) ; Foss*s laves of
the Judges; Weld's Hist. Boy. Soc, ii 337-4$ ;
Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xl 443, 7t& sear.
3, 3S; Genealogist, new ser. ed. Selfoy, L 12$;
Sward's AneecL ii. 247; Hi«bo&B Lit Ajsee&
aad Hltisfcr. of Lit. For Somers's eesiiespoffl-
•deuce and other remams»see Cble*8 li€»oizs,
Le&ers of William III (e& ^robloi), Stows-

l>«spatdbes (ed. Marray), ¥«rBomys Idfetoes (ed.
James), OrigiBal Letlcscs (e^ Bilis^
IT. S2S; H&fc. XBSL Cc«». « 1^>.

l&fe, ^11, §7% 42*0, 5th Befu A|g?.
tiife B^, Apfw i 16-8, S82, iM. 10, 2S,

Harl. MS. 7191 ; Addit. HSS. 9828 f. 24, 12097
ff. 33-4, 17017 f. 125, 27382, 32095 f. 410,
34515 ff. 194-208, Stowe MSS. 222 ffi 383, 3Sd,
241 f. 56, and 540 f. 59, and Notes and Queries,
9th ser. i. 323.] J. 3L E.

SOMERS, ROBERT (1822-1891),
journalist and author, son of Robert Somers
by Ms wife, Jane Gordon Gibson, was bom at
Newton Stewart in the county of Wigtown,
on 14 Sept. 1822, being of English extrac-
tion on his father's side and Scottish on his
mother's. In early life he was well known
as a lecturer on social and political questions.
In 1844 he published a pamphlet on the
1 Scottish Poor Laws,* containing a criticism
of the Poor Law Amendment Act then pass-
ing through parliament. After the publica-
tion of this pamphlet he accepted an offer of
the post of editor of the < Scottish Herald,7
a weekly newspaper then being started in
Edinburgh. The management of this journal
was soon afterwards amalgamated with that
of the 'Witness,' edited by Hugh Miller
[q. v.], whose colleague and assistant in the
conduct of the two papers Somers became.

In 1847 Somers proceeded to Glasgow to
join the staff of the * North British Daily
Mail.' In the autumn of the same year he
went to the highlands, as commissioner for
that paper, to inquire into the distress in the
north-west of Scotland occasioned by the
failureof the potato crop in 1846. The results
of his inquiry he published in * Letters from
the Highlands 7 (London, 1848). From 1849
to 1859 Somers was editor at Glasgow of
* North British Daily Mail ' aad, for
next eleven yeais, of the * Mocnjng Jw
He turned his attention especially fce> £be
study of monetary and cc«iB0reial «pesfeioii%
in which he became a recessed aafeodty j
and from lame to time h© puMislied faa*-
phlets dealimg with curremi; pintses df bank-
ing, educational, and labour questions.

IB 1870-1 Skiers totvdMlbr^s: mmtfes
in America mwsfcigatfflg the eieet en ti*e
e&omzmw ©oacllti0& o£t& s*mltea states of
ib© political cl^M^iatoiwed fey th© civil
war, (MlM«r^

States o£ Aiaeaaea ' {Ijm&tm sad New York,
1871)* a wmk £»f ©cw^bralsi© researdi.

<3M in l*m&m m 7 July 1881,
ral years of kap&foed K*^alth. B^-
the woits D^eatkmed he was the au-
thor of; L ^Sfeqti^C€mrfeE^orm,oT<l^«p
and ^6©ayJ«&se,* Edinburgh, 185S, 8m
2. * Bills of am 6iqiwiry into the S*k© uf

of

,
1S55T, %o* 3, * The

4

Somers

230

Somerset

of Glencree,' an historical romance, London,
1878, 8vo. He also published ' The Educa-
tion (Scotland) Act of 1872, with notes,7 Lon-
don, 1873, 8vo, and wrote articles, e Budget,
'Bullion/ 'Capital,' 'Commerce,' 'Corn
Laws/ ' Corn Trade,' ' Exchange,^ £c., for
* Encyclopaedia Britannica ' (9th edit.)

[Private information; Allibone's Diet, of
Authors, supplement vol. ii.] E. I. C.

SOMERS, WILLIAM (d. 1560), Henry
VIII's fool. [See SOMMERS.]

SOMERSAM, RICHARD (d. 1531),
martyr. [See BAYFIELD, RICHARD.]

SOMERSET, DUKES OP. [See BEAU-
TORT, JOHN, first duke, 1403-1444 ; BEAU-
TORT, EDMUND, second duke, d. 1455 ; SEY-
MOUR, EDWARD, first duke of the Seymour
family, 1506P-1552; SEYMOUR, WILLIAM,
second duke, 1588-1660 ; SEYMOUR, CHARLES,
skth duke, 1662-1748 ; SEYMOUR, EDWARD
ADOLPHUS, eleventh duke, 1775-1855 ; SEY-
MOUR, EDWARD ADOLPHUS, twelfth duke,
1804-1885.]

SOMERSET, EARLS or. [See MOHUN,
WILLIAM DB, /.1141; CARR, ROBERT, d.
1646.]

SOMERSET, CHARLES, EARL OF
WORCESTER (1460P-1526), born about 1460,
was an illegitimate son of Henry Beaufort,
third duke of Somerset. In his childhood
he was doubtless an exile in Flanders, for he
was knighted by the Archduke Philip, then
himself a child, before the battle of Bos worth.
He was carefully looked after by Henry YH.
Among the accounts for the coronation there
tttry of three yards of cloth of gold ' for
,stard Somerset.' On or before 1 March

sea. His ship was the Sovereign. He sailed
in August 1489.

In September 1490 Somerset was seat to-
invest Maximilian with the order of tie-
Garter at the time when an understanding
was arrived at as to the protection of
Brittany. About 23 April 1496 he became-
K.G., and on the 29th of the same month waa
named a commissioner of array for "Wales*
He was made a knight banneret on 17 June-

1497, the date of the battle of BlackheatL
On 7 April 1498 Charles VHI of France
died, and, as Louis XII wished to continue-
the status created by the treaty of £taplesr
Somerset was sent with others to Paris, and
the treaty was solemnly ratified on 14 July

1498. He was present at the meeting-
between Henry and the Archduke Philip,,
which took place just outside Calais on
9 June 1500, and his close personal connec-
tion with the king was secured by Ms-
appointment, probably in 1501, as vice-
chamberlain of the household. In this
capacity he took part in the ceremonial con-
nected with the reception of Catherine of
Arragon in October and November 1501.
Subsequently he and William "Warham [q.v.]
undertook an important embassy to Maxi-
milian to secure the banishment of the Yorkist
rebels, notably Edmund de la Pole, earl of
Suffolk [q. v.],' from the empire. The discus-
sions were carried on at Antwerp, and finally
resulted on 19 June 1502 in a general treaty
of commerce, and on the promise of the pay-
ment of 10,0002. Maximilian gave a satis-
factory undertaking as to the rebels. The-
commission as joint ambassador of 14 Aug.

is an em

the bastard Somerset,
1486 he was made captain of the yeomen of
the guard, and on 1 March keeper of the park
of Posterna, Derby, while on 9 March he
had a large grant 01 forfeited estates. He
seems to have been the king's cupbearer, and
from 3 May 1486 till 25 Sept. 1503 was a
knight of the body. He obtained the
stewardship of Helmesley on 3 May 1487.
At the beginning of 1488, when affairs in
France and Brittany were in a critical posi-
tion, Henry tried to assume the part of
mediator, and to secure his authority he
fitted out a fleet. The ships seem to have
been hired from Spanish merchants. Somer-
set was placed in command of them as
admiral on 20 Feb. 1487-8, his patent being
repeated on 4 May. The battle of St. Aubin
du Cormier followed on 28 July, and on
9_Sept. Francis II, duke of Brittany, died,
f began tothinkof supportingthe duke's
tter, Anne> and hence again on 1 Oct.
Somerset was commissioned to go to

1502 doubtless has reference to the later
stages of these agreements.

In 1503 Somerset had several valuable
grants, and on 21 Feb. 1503-4 he was styled
BaronHerbert inright of his wife. On28Dee.
1504 he received the office of constable of
Montgomery Castle, and early in 1505 he
seems to have become a privy councillor.
That he was thoroughly relied on may be
gathered from the fact that he was entrusted
with the delicate negotiations regarding-
Henry's French marriage scheme ; he was
at Blois with Louis XII very early in June-

1505. He was rewarded for his long service'
by his creation as Baron Herbert of Rag-
land (sic), Chepstow, and Grower on 26 Nov.

1506, and by his appointment as chamberlam
of the household about 30 May 1508.

Henry VHI continued Herbert m his
appointments, creating him chamberlamof
the household on the day after Henry YITs
death, and subsequently adding to his grants. .
He went on the expedition of 1513, landing
at Calais on 10 June. - On 1 Feb. 1613-4 her

Somerset

231

Somerset *

was created Earl of "Worcester. In August
the king's sister, Princess Mary, was affianced
to Louis XII, and "Worcester was appointed
herproxy . His commission was dated 18 Aug.
1514, and he accompanied Mary to France for
her marriage. He appears then to have taken
part in the mysterious negotiations which had
for their ultimate aim the expulsion of Fer-
dinand from Navarre, and the assertion of
an English claim to a share in the heritage
of Joanna. All this fell to the ground on
the death of Louis at the end of the year.

In 1515 Worcester received various grants.
He took part during that year in the negotia-
tions as to Mary's dower; but he was chiefly
occupied in seeing to the fortifications of
Tournay, then in English hands. He returned
to England at the end of the year. He was
present at the christening of the Princess
Mary on 20 Feb. 1515-6. In 1516 he was
reported to be in receipt of a French pension.
In September he was again at Tournay, where
he5 Jerningham, and others drew up plans of
fortification which Henry, fortunately for
himself as the matter turned out, thought to
be too costly. On 28 Dec. he was commis-
sioned to go on an embassy to the emperor,
with Knight, Wingfield, and TunstaL Wor-
cester went to Tournay, whence "Wingfield
summoned Mm to Brussels. He had an in-
terview with Maximilian and Charles on
31 Jan. 1516-17 at Malines, having pre-
viously seen Charles alone. The situation
was difficult owing to the failure of the ad-
vance on Italy by Maximilian and the treaty
of Noyon. Maximilian, moreover, was not
genuine in foig anxiety to maintain the Anglo-
Burgundian alliance, and the ambassadors
advised Henry to send Mm no more money.
On 18 Feb. Maximilian openly swore to ob-
serve the treaty of Noyon, but that treaty
recoiled on the head of the emperor. Tbe
English and French drew together, and in
tMs same year "Worcester took part in the
more fruitral negotiations wMch resulted in
the conclusion of the treaty with Franca.
Here he was greatly aided by Tfaonias
Eutnall [q. v.J bisiiop of Dnrliam. Whea
all bad been settled in England, lie was one
of the splendid embassy wMeh went &>
Paris, Tbey reached Dove* on 13 Nov. 151%
sad Park on 10 Dec. Magnificent emte*-
taiimients followed, ending with, tn© gop-
geous spectacle at the Bastille, which, it is
said cost tbe V*T»g of Fraaee above 450,000
drowns. After SHS he seems to Ipra jour-
neyed to Tournay, wlter© lie remained OT«T
Christmas, doubtless to make arrangements

s olSm as ted

ments for the Field of the Cloth of Gold.
He landed at Calais on 13 April 1520, and
took charge of the preparations. He was
afterwards present at the meeting of Henry
and Charles at Grayelines, In May 1521 he
took part in Buckingham's trial, and "went
i with Wolsey to the congress at Calais.
; Thence he with others went on an embassy
to the Mng of France, whom they saw near
I Valenciennes (October 1521). In 1522 he
, was present at the reception of Charles V?
1 and was one who attested the treaty of
j Windsor. After the battle of Pa via he took
j part in arranging the treaty between France
and England, which was signed SO Aug.
1525. He was now old and feeble, and the
reversion of his office was granted to Wil-
liam, baron Sandys of * The Vine J [q. v.1, on
27 Feb. 1525-6.

Worcester died on 15 April 1526, and was
buried in the Beaufort chapel at Windsor.
He married, first, Lady Elizabeth Herbert,
daughter of William Herbert, earl of Hunt-
ingdon [see under HERBEBI, SIB WILLIAM,
EABL OF PEMBBOEE, d. 1469], by whom he
had a son Henry, who succeeded him [see
under SOMERSET, WILLIAM, third EABT/ OF
WORCESTER] ; secondly, Elizabeth, daughter
of Thomas, eighth lord de la Warr, by whom
he had Sir Charles Somerset, who was cap-
tain of the Rysbank at Calais, and Sir
Q-eorge Somerset of Bedmundsfield in Suf-
folk; thirdly, Eleanor Sutton, daughter of
Edward, fifth lord Dudley. His will, proved
20 Nov. 1526, is printed hi < Testaments
Vetnsta,* p, 622. An anonynKms portesifc of
Worcester belongs to the Dake of Beaufbrt.

[Doyle's Oflkaal Baronage ; GairdBer'sLetfeezs
and Papers of Biehard HE and Bemy YH, and
Campbell's Materials for the BeigE ; Memorials
of Henry VII, (EoHs Sep.) ; Basel's England
under tie Todors; Letters and Papers of
Heery TOEI, ed. Brewer; Bracer's Betga of
Heosy VlJUL ; Barlo&'s Peerage ; IfeidEle^s Crloit-
cestershire, p. 254; Cbromde of Calais and

ed. Gairdsar, iii S4*.] * W. A, J. A.

SOMSRSKE, EDWARD, ibsxrtii Km.
OF WOIOTOTR (155&-16&B}, tern IB 1553,
was $*& oulp som df WilHam Somerset, thM
i of Woaraeste JQ. v.]^ !sy Ms wife C&ris-
% daughter $C lisiwaafi* fesfc baron Norfek
[q, v.] la WB ycmtli be was considered * tbe
Wt. horseman and tilter of bis time,' and, in
spitse of his Boroais; ea^olic^a, fee bocao^ a
lavonrite w£& <&mm ELizabcdi, wifeo sali
that be 'reconciled what she believed im-
possible, & stiff papist to a good subject'*
rn mate WwtMes, 167% p. 68% €fe
23Feb, 15S£-9 he succeeded LJB father ss
foiirth Earl of Worcester, and on 26 May

Somerset

232

Somerset

1590 he was sent ambassador to Scotland to
congratulate James VI on his marriage and
to invest him with the insignia of the order
of the Garter. He was made a councillor
of "Wales on 16 Dec, following, was ad-
mitted a member of the Middle Temple in
1591, created M.A. by Oxford University on
27 Sept, 1592, and elected KG. on 23 April
1593. In December 1597 he was appointed
deputy-master of the horse. In 1600^ he
took an active part in the proceedings against
Essex [see DEVEKETJX, ROBERT, second EAKL
OF ESSEX]. He was a member of the court
specially constituted to hear the charges
against Essex at York House on 5 June
(DEVEBETTX, Earls of Essex, iL 100-2). On
8 Feb. 1600-1 he was sent with the lord-
keeper, Chief-justice Popham, and Sir "Wil-
liam Knollys to inquire into the cause of the
assemblage at Essex House, and was de-
tained a prisoner there while Essex endea-
voured to raise London in his favour. This
detention, an account of which, by Worces-
ter, is preserved among the state papers,
formed one of the counts in Essex's indict-
ment (ib. ii. 140-4 ; Gal State Papers, Dom.
1598-1601, pp. 548-9, 574-5, 585, 587). He
was one of the peers selected to try Essex,
and after his condemnation Essex asked his
pardon for detaining him at Essex House.
On 21 April following Worcester was given
Essex's post of master of the horse j on
29 June he was sworn of the privy council
(Cal State Papers, Dom. 1601-3, j>, 89).
On 10 Dec. he was made joint-commissioner
for the office of earl marshal, and on 17 July
1602 he was appointed lord-lieutenant of
Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire.

Worcester continued in favour under
James I. In June 1603 he was nominated
custos rotulorum for Monmouthshire, and on
20 July he was appointed earl marshal for
the coronation of the new king. On 5 Sept.
1604, despite his Roman Catholicism, he was
placed on a commission for the expulsion of
the Jesuits, and he was one of those who
examined the ' gunpowder plot ' conspirators
in the Tower (&EBABD, What was the Gun-
Pktt 1896, pp. 168 «., 266; GAB-
What Gunpowder Plot was, 1897,
,5): On Salisbury's death Worcester
was ajjmointed commissioner for the treasury
une 1612, and on 2 Jan. 1615-16 he
lord privy seal (GAUDINER, Hist, of
t 369). In August 1618 he was one
of the coinmis^iotiers selected to examine
Ralegh {^.m. MIX and on 7 Feb. 1620-1 he
was appointed judge of requests., He offi-
as great diaanbeirlain at the coronation
es I, a$ul died on 3 March 1627-8.
^orteaits pf l^orcester, all anony-

mous, belong to his descendant, the Duke of
Beaufort (Cat. First Loan Exhib. Nos 231
380, 610). One of these was engraved bv
Simon Pass [q.v.j in 1618 (BROMLEY, p,
77) j reproductions are given in Nauntoa\

nog

'Fragmenta Regalia' (ed. 1814) and in
Doyle's * Baronage.' Like his father, "Worces-
ter was patron of a company of actors
(HENSLOW, Diary, passim; FLEAY, Ckron,
Hist, of the London Stage, pp. 86-7, 113,

By his wife Elizabeth (d. 24 Aug. 1621)
fourth daughter of Francis Hastings, second
earl of Huntingdon, Worcester had issue
five sons who reached manhood—William,
who predeceased him without issue ; Henry!
fifth earl and first marquis of Worcester [see-
under SOMERSET, EDWARD, second MABQTJIS
op WORCESTER] ; Thomas, created on 8 Dec,
1626 Viscount Somerset of Cashel, co. Tip-
perary ; Sir Charles, K.B, ; Sir Edward, K,B.
— and seven daughters, of whom one died an
infant. Elizabeth, the eldest daughter, and
Catherine, the second daughter, were both
married at Essex House on 8 Nov. 1596, the
former to Sir Henry Guildford of Hemsted
Place, Kent, the latter to William, lord
Petre of Writtle. In honour of this 'double
marriage ' Edmund Spenser wrote his far-
famed ' Prothalamion.' The sixth daughter,
Blanche, the defender of Wardour Castle, is
separately noticed [see ARUNDELL, BLANCHE,
LADY].

[Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1589-1628; Collins'*
Sydney Papers ; Winwood's Memorials ; Letters
of Elizabeth and James (Gamden Soc.), p, 64;
Chamberlain's Letters (Camden Soc.) ; Oamden's
Remaines, 1657, p. 175; Birch's Elizabeth, ii.
454; JTaunton's Fragments, Regalia, 1814, pp.
108-10 ; Lloyd's State Worthies, 1670, pp. 580-2
(where he is confused mth his father) ; Strype's
Works ; Devereux's Lives of the Earls of Essex;
Spedding's Bacon, passim ; Marsh's Annals of
Chepstow, pp. 212-35; Gardener's Hist, of Eng-
land; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Dug-
dale's, Burke's, and Doyle's Peerages.] A. P. P.

SOMERSET, EDWARD, sixth EABI,
and second MAEatns OP WOKCESTBB aad
titular EABL OP GLAMORGAN (1601-1667)*
born in 1601, was the eldest son of Henry,
first marquis of Worcester, by his wife Anne,
daughter of John, lord Russell, and grand-
daughter of Francis, second earl of Bedforji
[<j. v.] His father, second but eldest sur-
viving son of Edward Somerset, fourth ear},
of Worcester [g. v.], was born in 1577, was. -
summoned to parliament as Baron HerberitOi
Chepstow on 19 March 1603-4, and succeeded
AS fifth Earl of Worcester on 3 March
1627-8. He served for many years as low- ;
lieutenant of Glamorgan and

Somerset

233

Somerset *

shire, and, when the civil war broke out,
supplied Charles I with vast sums of money
(see WAEBUBTOK-, Rupert,w. 515-31). The
Mng paid frequent and prolonged visits to
Baglan during the war, and created the earl
Marquis of Worcester on 2 Nov. 1642, go-
vernor and commander-in-chief of Raglan
Oastle on 20 July 1644, and lieutenant-gene-
ral of the forces in Monmouthshire on 9 Dec.
1645. The marquis died in December 1646.
An engraving 01 an anonymous portrait is
given in Doyle's ' Official Baronage.7 In 1650
was published f "Worcester's Apophthegms,
or Witty Sayings of the R* Hon. Henry,
late marquis and earl of Worcester/ with a
curious woodcut representing Worcester and
Charles I, with a man behind the long hold-
ing a drawn sword (London, 12mo).

Edward, who was styled Lord Herbert
*of Eagland ' from 1628 to 1644, was edu-
cated privately and abroad, where he visited
Germany, Italy, and France. He was made
-councillor of Wales on 12 May 1633, and
deputy lord-lieutenant of Monmouthshire in
November 1635 ; but his time was mainly
devotecl. to mechanical studies and experi-
ments. On the outbreak of the civil war he
was commissioned to levy forces against the
Scots in 1640. In Junel642 the king granted
him a commission of array in Monmouth-
shire ; but in August he offered to suspend
it if jgarHament would refrain from sending
the militia into that county. This offer was
refused, and Herbert was made the king's
lieutenant-general in South Wales. He
raised six regiments and garrisoned Raglan
Castle. He also acted as intermediary in
the money transactions between his father
and Charles I. On 3 Sept. 1642 he was
summoned to answer for his conduct before
the House of Commons, and, on his non-
attendance, was declared an enemy to tike
realm. Towards the end of October he was
surprised by the parliamentarians at Pre»-
teign, The town was captured, but Herbert
escaped. For the rest of the autumn Ixe
was engaged in operations in the Forest of
Bean j but they were generally iinsi&scessW,
partly through the strained relations be-
tween the Marquis of Hertford and Herbert,
who could ill fcirook Hertford^s&peiior com-
mand in counties where Ms mfeiesr was
almost universal landlord (WssB, OM
Wax m JKerefordMv, L $0-31 e4 sqq.;
PHHJCJGPS, €&ml War m Wate*, pp* 10E, m).
His relations with Ruparfc *wm® no& moire
friemdly,and he was sugpecfeed because of fels
Eoman catholicise m February 164$~$
fee took part in $&& Tmsneeessfol sies of

% S&r "William Waller In Mareh, when

killing of six hundred Welshmen, the cap-
ture of a thousand more, and Herbert's own
death were reported (A Famous Victorie ob-
tained by Sir William Waller, London,
31 March 1643, 4to). On 4 April following
he was appointed lieutenant-general, under
the Prince of Wales, of the associated coun-
ties of Hereford, ifonmouth, Glamorgan,
Brecknock, and Radnor, and later in the
year he is said to have captured Monmouth
and won other victories of a somewhat
doubtful character (DiBcrss, pp. 66-63).

In the following year Herbert, having been
created Earl of Glamorgan, was selected for a
mission of the highest importance. The scheme
had been mooted of retrieving Charles Fs for"-
tunesin England by calling in the Irish rebels
andBoman catholic troops from abroad. Gla-
morgan was marked out for this delicate and
dangerous enterprise by his wealth, by his in-
timate connection through his second mar-
riage with the Irish nobility, and by his de-
votion to the Eoman catholic religion. The
genuineness of the commissions and of the
patents on the authority of which he acted —
aquestion involving thecharacter of CharlesI
—•has since been one of the most intricate and
fiercely debated points in English history.
But, according to the most expert authority,
these commissions and patents, though drawn
up ina hasty and irregular manner andlacMng
the necessary ofSeialfonnalities, wr© genuine
(c£ J. H. Bound in AcadeTm/, 8 Dec. 1883;
S. B. Gardiner IB EngU&h Hut. $&$. ii. 687-
708).

On 1 April 1644 Herbert received a palest
for his creation as Baron Beaufort of Ualcie-
cote and Earl of Glamorgan. On tfo& same
day he was also given a commission (printed
in COLICS, Peerage, 1779, i §06-7) m &&&&*
ralissimo of three armies— ^Englisl, frisfe?
and foreign — and as admiral of afteet at aea.
He was empowered to disgfcritefce pafceafcs of
peerages md baronetcies sealed in blanJk;
Ms son (afterwards fest l)al$ of Besas-
f orfe) was t® reeetre is mamsgfc tlie Mag^s
daughter, ELizabetlu with a portion

have the Garter and dukedom of Somerset.
In referable was to raise two azmks, each of
ten fJbonsajad Irisli, of which one was tolaaael
in Hortli Wales, and tfee otter in South
"Wales, A t&M— <*f abc thousand men— vas
to be raised abroad by ttte Wp of the pope and
catholic prineee, wi& W&OHI Glamorgaa was
Ijrantecl ibH powers to tiseat, offering as an
mducement tlte remission of the peiial laws
against Roman cathoEes. He was further,
on 4 MMJ IfM (tte date was

Somerset

234

Somerset

is at Badminton, and a copy among- the
Carte MSB. (cxxix. fol. 349) in the Bodleian
library. Owing, however, to the partial suc-
cess of the royalist arms during 1044, and to
Charles's absorption in other schemes, the
execution of Glamorgan's commission was de-
layed. There was, moreover, some hope that
Ormonde, the royalist lord-lieutenant, might
be able to conclude a treaty with the Irish
rebels himself.

On 14 Nov. 1644, however, Ormonde, a
firm protestant, disgusted with the conces-
sions he was expected to make to the Roman
catholics, asked to be relieved of the lord-
lieutenancy. Charles, instead of acceding
to this request, despatched Glamorgan to aid
Ormonde in the negotiations and relieve him
of disagreeable details. In his instructions,
dated $ Jan. 1644-5, Charles declared that
as it was necessary to conclude a peace sud-
denly, he would die a thousand deaths
rather than break or disannul ' whatsoever
shallbe consented unto by our lieutenant
the Marquis of Ormond ; ' ' and if upon ne-
cessity anything be to be condiscended unto,
and yet the lord marquis not willing to be
seen therein, or not fit for us at the present
publicly to own, do you endeavour to supply
the same/ Glamorgan received further com-
missions on 6 and 12 Jan. and on 12 March.
The last, which was afterwards the basis of
the Glamorgan treaty, authorised him to treat
with the confederate Roman catholics in Ire-
land, and promised to ratify any concessions
he might make. Glamorgan interpreted these
commissions as authorising him to make any
terms he pleased with the confederates with-
out consulting any one, and as such they were
interpreted by the papal nuncio and the con-
federates (RrNrrccnsri,-EMa55y,pp. 95-6, 103).
Charles, however, subsequently maintained
that the commissions were to be read with the
instructions of 2 Jan., and that Glamorgan
was empowered to act only with Ormonde's
advice, and to conclude nothing without his
authority.

Glamorgan sailed from Carnarvon on
25 March 1645,^ but was driven by storm on
to the Lancashire coast, and took refuge in
Skrptaa Castle, where he remained three
months. The reason for this delay was pro-
baHy that Ormonde had retained the lord-
lietttenancy of Ireland, and was continuing
Ms negotiations. In May, however, it be-
came evident that these would fail, and the
battle of Naseby (14 June) rendered Charles's
position hopeless without external aid, Gla-
morgan was in consequence hurried to Ire-
laiid, starting before 23 June. He was in
during July, and thence set out for
y the headquarters of the confede-

rates. There, on 25 Aug., was signed tne
secret Glamorgan treaty, by which the
Roman catholics were granted possession of
all the churches they had seized since 23 Get
1641, and exemption from the jurisdiction of
the protestant clergy (GILBERT, Confederation,
and War, v. 67-75). In return they promised
a force often thousand men for England under
Glamorgan, who was bound by oath not tolead
them into any engagement before the Mmr
ratified these terms. At the same time Gla-
morgan drew up what he called a ' defeasance r
declaring that he had no intention of binding
the king to any concession 'other than he him-
self shall please after he hath received the ten
thousand men.' On 12 Nov. the new nuncio,
Giovanni Battista Rinuccini [q. v.], arrived
at Kilkenny, and in his hands Glamorgan be-
came as wax. His zeal for the church outran
his devotion to the king, and he became anxious
to purchase Irish support at any price. On
20 Dec. he signed with Rinuccim what ha&
been called the second Glamorgan treaty. By
it Charles was to bind himself never to ap-
point a protestant lord-lieutenant, to admit
Roman catholic bishops to take their seats in
the Irish parliament, and to sanction the esta-
blishment of a Roman catholic university in
Ireland. In return Glamorgan was to receive
an advance guard of three thousand Irish to
start for the relief of Chester without waiting
for the conclusion of the negotiations still pro-
ceeding between Ormonde and the confede-
rates. In order to secure Ormonde's consent
to his appointment as commander of this
force, Glamorgan set out for Dublin, which
he reached on. 24 Dec.

Meanwhile a copy of the first Glamorgan
treaty had been discovered in the baggage
of Malachias Quaelly [q. v.], archbishop of
Tuam, who was killed in an encounter with
Sir Charles Coote (afterwards Earl of Mount-
rath) [q. v,] on 17 Oct. (or 26 Oct. new style).
The news of the treaty came as a thunderbolt
to the loyalists in Dublin, who at once as-
sumed that Glamorgan had forged his com-
missions. At Digby's instigation Ownonde
ordered Glamorgan's arrest on 26 Dec. On the
following day (5 Jan. 1645-6 N.S.), during
his examination before the Irish privy council,
he maintained that he had done nothing for
which he had not the king's warrant. The
council remanded him to the castle, and re-
ferred the subject to Charles. News of the
treaty reached the English parliament on
16 Jan., with the result that some indepen-
dents at once started a movement for CharWs
deposition. On the 29th the king disavowed
the treaty; to parliament he declared that he
had given Glamorgan no commission to trea£
of anything without Ormonde's privity f to

Somerset

235

Somerset

the Irish privy council tie allowed Nicholas
to write styling Glamorgan throughout Lord
Herbert, and impugning not merely his com-
missions but the patent creating him earl.
To Henrietta Maria, however, he admitted
that Glamorgan was guilty of blame only in
exceeding his instructions, while he wrote a
private letter to Glamorgan giving livm that
title and assuring him of his favour, and
another private letter to Ormonde, directing
a suspension of the proceedings against Gla-
morgan.

On 21 Jan. Glamorgan was released on
bail, and on the 24th he was again at Kil-
kenny, negotiating with Binuccini, who in-
sisted on the terms granted by Sir Kenehn
Digby [q..v.], the queen's envoy to the pope*
These went far beyond what even Glamorgan
had granted, but on 8 Feb. he wrote urging
their acceptance on Ormonde. On 16 Feb.
he made a complete submission to the papal
nuncio, swearing to obey every one of his
commands, and to do nothing contrary to
KinuccinFs honour and good pleasure. A
little later he wrote to the general of the
Jesuits assuring him of his friendship for the
society. He still hoped to lead the Irish
troops to the relief of Chester, and during
February and March -was busy at Waterford
with preparations for their embarkment. On
8 March, however, he learnt that Chester
had fallen, and on the 18th that Charles had
publicly disavowed him. In his anger he
spoke of entering the French service ; he also
thought of goingj abroad to enlist troops
there, and of visiting Home. But some time
during the summer he received a commission
from Charles as lord-lieutenant of Ireland in
case of Ormonde's death or misconduct, and
Binuccini thought him too useful an agent
to let go. He was at Limerick during the
autumn, and on 28 Sept. took a still more
stringent oath of obedience to the nuncio,
who, on his side, actively intrigued for Gla-
morgan's appointment as lord-lieutenant.
The Anglo-Irish, however, preferred Or-
monde to an ultramontane, and Glamorgan
farther alienated them by supporting tJie
clerical party in denouncing the peace eou-
cLuded by Ormonde on 28 March 1645-6, *
and excommunicating all who adhered to it* :
In December Glamorgan succeeded as second j
Marquis of Worcester, and in the following '
year Rnmccini made him general of the
Minister army in succession to Zioid Mm-
fcerry. But the soldiers declared lor their ]
old cx>mmaiider (GtaEEKC, Owfed* tmd War, 1
TO. 23-5), and in Hard* 1617-8 Worcester
ieH IDT fi^aee in company with George Ley- -,
tern [<$. v.], m& BiOTeeini*8
tion to Mazarku

He remained in Paris for four years. By
a resolution of the House of Commons passed
on 14 March 1648-9 he was banished and
condemned to ' die without mercy ' if ever
he were found within 'the limits of this
nation.' His estates were sequestered both
on account of his delinquency and his recu-
sancy, and his residence in the Strand, Wor-
cester House, was used for state purposes,
and was afterwards occupied by Cromwell.
The marchioness was granted a tenth of his
estate, and a pension of 61. a week (Cal.
Committee for Compounding, pp. 1705-15).
In 1652, however, Worcester, worn out by
the straits he was put to abroad, returned
to England. He was apprehended, and on
28 July the House of Commons committed
him to the Tower, and referred the question
of his trial to the council of state. There,
probably through Cromwell's influence, rea-
sons for mercy prevailed, and no indictment
was formulated. Worcesterremained in the
Tower until 5 Oct. 1654, when the house
ordered his release on bail, taking into con-
sideration his age, long imprisonment, i and
the smallpox then raging under the same roof
where he lay. And he had not, as was said,
done any actions of hostility, but only as a
soldier ; and in that capacity had always
shown civilities to the English prisoners and
protestants7 (BTTBTOST, Part. Diary, vol L
pp. slvii-xlviii). On 26 June 1655 he was
granted a pension of %L a week.

At the Restoration he recovered most of his
estates and was relieved of some of Ms dete
(Zord/ Jbttrnals, passim). He mow made aa
attempt to secure the duiedpm, of Skraersetj,
for which he held Charles I's irregralar patent.
On 9 June 1660 he wrote to ClamAm to
secure his good ofikes; on IS Aug. a €on*-
mittee of the House of Lords was ajgpointed
to consider the question, and the lorn chief
"baroa and attorney-general were directed to
attend ($.3i.ll534>}. Ttepe wete, torever,
many obstacles to tiKiseogmti®® of Ms title,
He was hiiaself obnoxioas as a Bomaaisfc, aad
to grant ifcetrath of hisstatenenfes about t&e
patent would be to asperse the meanorf oft!®
royal martyr. Moreover, tlwe was a moire
poplar eMmast to tfeeri^eia tie person of
William SeyiBcmr, fefe marquis of Hertf bircL
[<|.v.], and, besides fee dbuWal formality of
the patent, Worcester Mmself adaiowledgtd
that the cGnditjo® upon wMdi it was graatol
—viz. the bragging tea tiicmsand Irish soidlem
to Eiagia^U-iadi^vetbeeiafiilMled* He
therefore resigned Ms daim to the dn&ed©»
of Somerset and OEL 80 Sepfc, it was ecm-
ferred out B^tla^L Similarly iis title as
Bail ol Gta^psn was never Ibawtly re*
eogiiised and did not descend to his children.

Somerset

236

Somerset

Except for occasional attendances at the
House of Lords and constant worries about
his debts, Worcester's closing years were
devoted to the mechanical studies and experi-
ments which have been urged as justifying
his claim to be the inventor of the steam-
engine. Soon after his first marriage in 1626
he had engaged the services of Caspar Kal-
toff, a skilled mechanic, and set up a labo-
ratory. One of his inventions was a wheel,
fourteen feet in diameter, carrying forty
weights of fifty pounds each, which was ex-
hibited to Charles I, probably about 1638-9,
It professed to solve the fallacious problem
of perpetual motion by providing t that all
the weights of the Descending side of a
wheel shall be perpetually further from the
centre than those of the mounting side7
(Century of Inventions, No. 56; a diagram
and commentary are given in DIECKS'S
Worcester, p. 453). Some time afterwards
he established Kaltoff at Vauxhall, in a
house which he is said to have designed as
' a college for artisans ' (Hartlib to Boyle in
DIKCKS, p. 267) ; and here most of his ex-
periments were carried on. In 1655 he com-
pleted his ' Century of the Names and Scant-
lings of such Inventions as at present I can
call to mind to have tried and perfected.'
This work was first published in 1663,
with a dedication to Charles II; subsequent
editions appeared in 1746, 1748, 1763,
1767, 1778 (two editions), 1786, 1813 (three
editions), 1825 (ed. with biographical me-
moir by Charles Frederick Partington [a. v.])
and 1843 jit has also been reprinted in the
'Gentleman's Magazine,' 1789; Tilloch's
' Philosophical Magazine,' 1801, xii. 43-57 ;

* Repertory of Arts, Manufactures, and Agri-
culture/ 1802; 'Harleian Miscellany,' 1809,
vol. iv.; Olinthus Gregory's 'Treatise of
Mechanics,' 1815, 3rd ed. vol. ii.; James
Smith's 'Mechanic/1822 j«The Kaleidoscope,'
1824; 'The Mechanics7 Magazine/ 1825, vol.
iii. ; ' One Thousand Notable Things/ 1827;
^Mechanics' Magazine/ New York, 1833, vol.
i. ; Weale's ' Quarterly Papers on Engineer-
ing/ 1856, vol. v., and with exhaustive notes
as an appendix to Dircks's 'Life of the Mar-
ipis of Worcester/ 1865.

These is little in this famous book to
^Instantiate Worcester's claim to have

* feoed aad ^ perfected ' the inventions de-
scribed ia it. For the most part it con-
sists of nebulous ideas without any attempt
to work t&em out in practical detail (cf.
FAEET, Treatise m the Steam-Engine^ Histo^-
rical, Practical, <md Descriptive, p. 89),
aaxd the book he promised, in which the
jaa©ans of putting hi$ inventions , into execu-

tk« were to be d^aibe4, was never written.

Some of the devices-e g. that of shor
No. 5— were practicable, and in use
Worcester's time. Others may have Z
gested inventions subsequently worked ont
by later mechanics-e.g. the calculat%
machine No. 84 .which also occupied M£
land s attention [see MOELAND, SIR SAHTJEL!
But many must still be regarded as mem
chimeras, such as No. 77, 'How to make
a man fly ; many ' are in the style of leger-
demain, and others of them absolutely inmos-
sible and contrary to all established ruta of
science 7 (FAEBY, p. 90).

The most notable of Worcester's devices.
and that on which his claim as inventor of
the steam-engine rests, is his ' water-com-
manding engine.7 Before the civil war h&
made experiments in this direction on the
walls of Eaglan Castle, but the traces that
still remain (see engraving in DIECKS, p. 21)
are insufficient to 'point distinctly to precise
particulars of arrangement/ The experi-
ments were, however, renewed at VauxtalL
and there in 1663 Samuel Sorbiere saw and
described the ' hydraulic machine wMch the
Marquis of Worcester has invented/ It was
designed for purposes of irrigation, and would
'raise to the height of forty feet, by the
strength of one man and in the space of one
minute of time, four large buckets of water/
Cosmo de' Medici, duke of Tuscany, visited it
in 1669, when a similar description was given
(DiKOKs, pp. 264, 302). Eobert Hooke [q.v.],
however, described it as 'one of the perpetual
motion fallacies/ This is apparently the
machine described in the ' Century/ No. 100,
and in Addit. MS. 23115, f. 45, as ' a most
admirable and stupendious invention/ Wor-
cester set great store by it, and in 1663 ob-
tained a monopoly of its profits by act of
parliament, granting one tenth to the Mug.
In the same year he issued a folio broadside
(reprinted in 1858) containing a description
of the engine, the act of parliament, and
some verses. He hoped by its means to pay
off his debts, and the machine was actually
working for seven years. Nothing, however,
is really known of Worcester's ' water-com-
manding engine ' beyond his own * vague aad
somewhat bombastic description' (Mr. B.&
Prosser in Engineer, 19 May 1876). Henry ;
Dircks [q. v.] spent much time and money
in the endeavour to ascertain the precise
mode of construction, and search was even
made in the marquis's grave for a model
which was said to have been buried ttoe,
but without result (t£.) There is, moreover,
no mention of either steam or fire in the aei
of parliament or any of the descriptions, a»$
Worcester's claim as inventor of the steam-
engine rests upon the assumption that this

, that suggested in
OT'No. 68, where an admirable
mo'cible instrument of propntaon

__ __ - - — -
, 6 vols.; Embassy of Kinuccini, temsL
on; Carte's Original Letters, 2 vols. ; Carte s
Sfe of Ormonde, 6 vols. ; Birch's In^irymk)
... the Transactions of the Earl of G *"*"&**
1747; Clarendon StatePapers; Charleslm 1646
(CamdenSoc.); Nalson^Eusa worth's, and Thur-
toOdlflctioil; Cox'sHibemia Angtona; Btaa-
band's Coll. of Ordinances 1646 ; ^ ~^
arts. CABLES I; BUTLEB, JAMES, first Dm _o^
^TSTA'

i ^ buried m

on
:lan

, Henry

,
Worcester's inventions, compare arts.

ANB, SIB SA3£ITEL ; NJEWCOMB», THOMAS ;

D^s and SATERY, THOMAS. See also

4f Washbooxne's Bibl. aioncestren-
rrhpTpssfl. Lewis's Contemporaries of
BIB, ^<*-j ineresa -ue^iao r ?

Clarendon, in. 168.)

SOMERSET, LOBD EDWARD (1776-
IsS, general. [See SfOOBOt, LOBD Ro-
BBET EDWABD HHSTES. j

infant.

fThe Life, Times, and Scientific labours of

SOMERSET, LOBI. FITZROY JA
TTENRY, first BAEON Risus (1788-1855),

Somerset

238

rendered his own office important and gra-
cious with the army, and with such discretion
and judgment that the military hierarchy
was in no manner weakened' (NAPIER).
He was given a brevet majority on 9 June,
after Fuentes d'Onoro.

As soon as the breaches had been stormed
at Badajoz, he rode through the town to the
drawbridge of San Christoval, and obtained
its surrender before the French had time to
organise tether resistance. At Wellington's
special request he was made brevet lieu-
tenant-colonel on 27 April 1812. During
the^blockade of Pampeluna he succeeded in
deciphering a message from the governor to
Soult which came into Wellington's hands.
He received the cross with Sve clasps for
the Peninsula, having been at all the battles
at which Wellington himself was present
and was made K.C.B. on 2 Jan. 1815. On
25 July 1814 he was transferred to the 1st
guards, as captain and lieutenant-colonel. On
6 Aug. he married Emily Harriet, second
daughter of the third earl of Mornington,
and Wellington's niece.

After Napoleon's first abdication, Welling-
ton went to Paris as ambassador, and Somer-
set accompanied him as secretary to the
embassy. He was left in charge of the
embassy from 18 Jan. 1815, when Welling-
ton went to Vienna, till Napoleon's return
On 14 March— the day on which Fouch6
made his remarkable prediction that the
empire would be restored, but would last
only three months— Somerset wrote to
Wellington : * I see no reason why it should
be at all expected that Napoleon should not
succeed.' On the 20th Napoleon reached
Paris ; and on the 26th Somerset left it, and
joined Wellington in the Netherlands, being
reappointed military secretary.

At Waterloo, towards the close of the
day, as he was standing beside Wellington,
his right elbow was struck by a bullet from
the roof of La Have Sainte, and the arm
had to be amputated. He bore the operation
without a word, but, when it was ended,
called to the orderly, 'Hallo! don't carry
away that arm till I have taken off my
rrng --a ring which his wife had given him.
Wellington, in writing to his brother about
his wound, said : « You are aware how useful

T «ihi SfT been to me' and how ^ch

I shall feel the want of his assistance, and
what a regard and affection I feel for him '
He recommended him warmly soon after-
wards for tiie appointment of aide-de-camp

L^ffiT6 r W ^ was &™* to
Mmwiththe rank of colonel in the army on

Somerset returned to the British embassy

Somerset

.

a specul mission to Spain to
duke's vlews upon the constitutional ell!
to some of the leading politicians, fc 2
hope of avertmg French Intervention He

SfVT ?°nt£? at Madrid ** taaUv
(of. Wellington Despatches, 3rd ser. vol iS

He was promoted major-general on 27 May

*nh T, 826 h\went witn Wellington to
St. Petersburg on the accession of Nic&las L
and had a share in the negotiations for
common action against Turkey on behalf of
Greece. Durmg this period he

-* for

When Wellington became commander-in-
ef on the death of the Duke of York
(22 Jan. 1827), Somerset was made military
secretary at the Horse Guards, and he held
this post for more than twenty-five years
He was noted for quickness and accuracy hi
the despatch of business, for impartiality
and for the tact and urbanity with whi<£
he discharged his duties, which became more
responsible with the duke's increasing aee
At the same time Wellington described him
as a man who wouldn't tell a He to save his
life. He was made colonel of the 53rd foot
on 19 Nov. 1830, became lieutenant-general
on 28 June 1838, and received the GOB
°? ^?pt 1852> He was Canted the decree*
of JXC.L. in 1834, when Wellington was in-
stalled as chanceUor at Oxford. On Welling-
ton's death (14 Sept. 1852) HardingeiS-
ceeded him in the command of the forces,
and Somerset succeeded Hardinge as master-
general of the ordnance. He was made a.
privy councillor, and was raised to the peer-
age as Baron Eaglan of Raglan, Monmouth-
shire, on 12 Oct.

In the spring of 1854, when England and
France declared war against Russia, Eaglan
was selected to command the British troops
sent to the east. Though sixty-five years of
age, he had the strength and vigour of a much
younger man. He had never led troops in
the field, but no man had served so thorough

His diplomatic experience, as well as Ms
personal character and charm of manner,
marked him out for an expedition in which
the^ difficulties inherent in joint naval and
military operations were superadded to those
which always attend the operations of alliscl
forces. He left London on 10 April, spent

Somerset

239

Somerset

some days in Paris, and reached Constan-
tinople at the end of the month. By the
.end of June the bulk of the English and
French armies were in camp at Varna ; but
the Russian army had recrossed the Danube,
and the European provinces of Turkey were
no longer threatened.

On 29 June instructions were sent to
Eaglan that he should take measures for the
siege of Sebastopol, * unless with the infor-
mation in your possession, but at present
unknown in this country, you should be de-
cidedly of opinion that it could not be under-
taken with a reasonable prospect of success.'
Kaglan and his French colleague, Saint-Ar-
naud, had grave misgivings of the enterprise,
but they had no such information as the
letter mentioned. They regarded the in-
structions, therefore, as ' little short of an
absolute order,' and they acquiesced. The
ravages of cholera, especially among the
French, caused some delay ; but on 14 Sept.
nearly fifty thousand men were landed
without opposition at Kalamita Bay, on the
west coast of the Crimea, an ideal landing-
place chosen by Raglan himself.

It took four days more to land the horses
and guns, and to collect transport. The
French, having brought no cavalry, were
ready first, and on the 18th St. Arnaud
wrote characteristically : { 31 y a deux jours
que j'aurais pu avoir battu les R-usses qui
m'attendent a Alma, et je ne peux partir que
demain, grace a MM. les Anglais qui ne se
genent guere, mais me genent bien I ' (Cavr
s&ries du Lundi, siii. 450).

Two days later the battle of the Alma
was fought. The right of the allies con-
sisted of twenty-eight thousand French and
seven thousand Turkish infantry, with sixty-
eight guns ; the left of twenty-three thousand
British infantry, one thousand British cavalry,
and sixty guns. The bulk of the Russian
army — twenty-one thousand infantry, three
thousand cavalry, and eighty-four guns — .
were in front of the British ; while they had
only twelve thousand infantry, four hundred
cavalry, and thirty-six guns to expose the
advance of the French. That advance coald
be supported by the fire of the ships. It ,
was agreed, therefore, that the French staild '
begin the battle, and turn (or threaten to
turn) the Russian left. But before this;
movement was sufficiently developed to
make itself felt, Raglan, partly from imps- ,
tienee, but also at the urgent Instance of \
Ifee French comnranderSy ordered Hx& British j
infantry to attack, and ' took tl*e "bull by «
tfee horns.* Hetfaen rode forward with Ins ;
staff across the steam, ttamgh t&e French j
s, and up to a knofl well

the Russian position. He gained an admi-
rable point of view, but at no small personal
risk, and he lost touch of his own troops.
' The French had but little share in the
battle, and half the British infantry attacked
with great- gallantry the centre of the posi-
tion, while the other half remained out of
action. . . . Though each of the divisional
generals acted as he thought best for the
general result, there was no concerted action'
(SiB EVELYN WOOD).

However, the battle was won, and raised
, high hopes of the prompt capture of Sebas-
topol, both in the armies and at home. The
enemy's works on the south side of the for-
' tress were known to be very incomplete, but
when the armies were established in front
of them, after the flank march to Balaclava,
their commanders were soon convinced that
a bombardment by siege guns must precede
an assault. Already 172 guns were mounted
' on the works, and the garrison, after the
• withdrawal of the field army under Menschi-
! koff, numbered thirty thousand, mostly sea-
men and marines. Trenches were opened
and batteries built under Raglan's general
supervision; the French, on the left, attack-
ing the works of the town, and the British,
on the right, those of the Karabelnaia suburb.
On 17 uet. the allies opened fire with 126
guns; but by this time, through the energy
of Todleben, the enemy's works had been
greatly strengthened, and 341 guns were
mounted on them, of which 118 bore on the
besiegers' batteries. The French batfeeries
were soon overmatched; one of their maga-
zines blew up ; and at the end of fbnr hours
they were silenced* All thougiits of an as-
sault had to be postponed, and the allies had
to look to their own defence agams* tk«
growing strength of tlte Russian Said army.

On 25 Oe£. came the Russian attempt on
Balaclava, and tfee disaster to tie light
brigade [see NOLAH, IMWI& E&WABB]. AH
agreed tltat * someone nad Humdeisd. Bag-
Ian, in his desfjateh, blamed Lord I*ncam;
* From some miaconee^feiom of tifee ottler to
advance, tlte BeateBanl^em'er&l coasiteed
that he was bound to attack at ail Imiards.'
But he bnytftRJl1 did not escape blame. Sir
Edward Hamlsy has io$Ead malt, not only
witk the warding of "bm order—* Cavalry to
advance rapidly to t&e front, and try to pre-
vent tlae eiieiay earring away tlte grans* —
but with hob fiocpcw© in sending it. Itwaa,
at all events, w, starked contrast witk fek
own wosreb a Eaontli before : * I will ke@i» mj
cavalry m a baiaSWboaL.'

0m § New. tte Knssiam dsalfc & Iwwr
How with fifty-five thousand men ispon the
rigM of the allies, and the battle of Inker-

Somerset

240

Somerset

man was fought. The main attack, upon
the second division under Sir John Lysaght
Pennefather [q. v.], began about 6 a.m. Bag-
Ian was on the field by 7 a.m., but he did
not interfere with Pennefather in his conduct
of the fight. He confined himself to direct-
ing reinforcements, and ordering up two
18-pounder guns, which did much to reduce
the Russian preponderance in artillery, He
had sent off at once to ask for French assis-
tance, showing better judgment than two ol
his divisional generals, who declined Bos-
quet's offer of aid. He watched the course
of the battle from the ridge which formed
the main position, where Strangways, the
chief of the artillery, was killed while talking
to him, and Canrobert (Saint- Arnaud's suc-
cessor) was wounded. ' I am not at all
aware of having exposed myself either rashly
or unnecessarily, either at Alma or Inker-
man/ he wrote afterwards in reply to the re-
monstrances of the secretary of war, Henry
Piennes Pelham Clinton, fifth duke of New-
castle [Q-V,] But it was a saying among
his staff that * my lord rather likes being
under fire than otherwise -, ' and he seems to
have run needless risk on this as on other
occasions. His perfect calmness had its value,
however, in steadying younger soldiers.

Eaglan had been given the colonelcy of the
horse guards on 8 May 1854, and had been
promoted general on 20 June. He was now
made field marshal from 5 Nov. The notifica-
tion was accompanied by a letter from the
queen, in which she said : < The queen cannot
sufficiently express her high sense of the great
services he has rendered and is rendering to
her and to the country by the very able
manner in which he has led the bravest
troops that ever fought ' (MARTIN, Life of
the Prince Consort, iii. 154). It was a last
ray of sunshine.

The allies had narrowly escaped destruc-
tion at Inkerman, and, looking back upon the
danger, men forgot that it was inseparable
from the attempt to carry on a siege with
seventy-six thousand men in face of a hun-
dred and twenty thousand. Want of men
made it impossible to actively push on the
siege of Sebastojol, and after Inkerman a
winter in the Crimea was seen to be inevi-
table. OIL 14 Nov. a hurricane in the Black
Sea w^eeked twenty-one vessels which were
•frrllfif stores urgently needed. Immediately
afterwards the cold weather set in. The
sufferings and- losses of the troops increased,
and murmurs at home grew louder. The
'Times' correspondent, w. H. Russell, had
already attributed t^.e absence of intreneh-
laeiats covering the right of the allies to in-
- cEpl^Eteearid overweening confidence. He now

asserted: 'If central depots had been esta-
blished . , . while the fine weather lasted.
much, if not of all, of the misery and suffer!
ing of the men and of the loss of horses
would have been averted,7 Anonymous
letters from officers and men added their
quota of complaint, and before Christmas
the e Times ' charged Raglan and his staff
with neglect and incompetence.

The commander of the forces had no
direct responsibility for supply and transport,
Up to 22 Dec., when a change was made, the
commissariat was a branch, not of the war
department, but of the treasury ; and so far
as any one cause could be named for the
terrible hardships which the troops en-
countered, it was the failure of the treasury
to comply with the requisitions it received
for forage. The horses were starved, and
there was no means of transporting stores-
from Balaclava to the camps. But in face
of the storm, of indignation which was rising
at home, the government made haste to shift
responsibility to the staff in the Crimea, In
an official despatch of 6 Jan. 1855, as well as
in private letters of earlier date, the Duke
of Newcastle censured the administration of
the army, and pointed especially to the quar-
termaster-general, James Bucknall Estcourt
fq. v.], and the adjutant-general, Richard
!kirey (afterwards Lord Airey) [q. v.] But
Raglan refused to make those officers scape-

On 29 Jan. the government was defeated
upon Roebuck's motion for inquiry. It fell,
and Palmerston formed a ministry, with
Lord Panmure as secretary for war. On
12 Feb. the latter wrote to Raglan, inform-
ing him that commissioners were going out
to report, and went on to say : ( It would
appear that your visits to the camp were few
and far between, and your staff seems to> have
known as little as yourself of the condition of
your gallant men.7 He added in a private
letter that a radical change of the staff was
the least that would satisfy the public. In
a long and dignified reply on 3 March, Rag- ,
Ian said : ' I have served under the greatest
man of the age more than half my life, have*
enjoyed his confidence, and have,! am proud
to say, been ever regarded by him as a maa
of truth and some judgment as to the quali-
fications of officers, and yet, having been
placed in the most difficult position in which
an officer was ever called upon to ^ serve,
and having successfully carried out difficult
operations, with the entire approbation of
the queen, which is now my only solace, I am,
charged with every species of neglect; ana
the opinion which it was my solemn duty to
give of the merits of the officers, ana tli$|

Somerset

241

Somerset

assertions winch I made in support of it,
are set at naught, and your lordship is
satisfied that your irresponsible informants
are more worthy of credit than I am/

The charge "brought against him of not
visiting the camps had some foundation, hut
was exaggerated. The habits of a long
official life predisposed him to work at his
desk, and his extreme dislike of ostentation
caused the visits he had made to pass almost
unnoticed. As regards his staff, General
(afterwards Sir James) Simpson [q.. v.l (who
was sent out to report upon it^ found him-
self unable to recommend any changes. Some
reflections were made upon certain officers
by the two commissioners, Sir John McNeill
and Colonel Tulloch, who inquired into the
commissariat ; but the board of general officers
which held an inquiry into these statements
in 1856 did not sustain them.

The siege-works, never altogether sus-
pended, were actively resumed at the end of
February 1855, The French had been largely
reinforced, and were now so much stronger
than the British that they undertook a
fresh attack, on the right of the British,
against the Malakhoff. On 9 April the
second bombardment began, and the assault
was fixed for the 28th ; but Canrobert drew
back on the 25th. An expedition against
Kertch was then arranged, to cut the main
line of communication of the Russians, but
it had no sooner started than Canrobert in-
sisted on its recall. It was successfully
carried out at the end of May, whenPSlissier
had replaced Canrobert, and returned in the
middle of June. Meanwhile there had been
a third bombardment of Sebastopol, the
Mamelon (an advanced work in front of the
Malakhpff) had been taken, and the 18th?
the anniversary of Waterloo, was chosen for
the general assault.

It was to be prefaced by a two hours'
cannonade, to silence guns remounted in the
night, but P&issier decided at the las$
moment to attack at daybreak. Raglan re-
luctantly accepted the decision. The effec-
tive strength of the allied armies at this
time was 188,000 men, of which more than
one-half were French, one-third TurMsIt
and Sardinians, and less than one-sMi
British, Raglan's character and servHses
gave friyn. a weight out of ^roporfen to the
number of Ms men; bat in £his case, as
often before, he was overborne by his Freed*
colleague, and gave way rather than im-
tiie alliance. The result was dips-

how it fared with them, Eaglan ordered the
British forward against the Redan, though
the chance of success there was much less.
He knew that otherwise ' the French would
have attributed their non-success to our re-
fusal to participate in the operation' (to Pan-
mure, 19 June). The two leading British
columns, about five hundred men each, 'had
no sooner shown themselves beyond the
trenches than they were assailed by a most
murderous fire of grape and musketry.
Those in advance were either killed or
wounded, and the remainder found it im-
possible to proceed ' (official despatch). The
number of men sent forward was quite
inadequate, but under the circumstances
more men would only have meant larger
loss.

Eaglan felt the failure deeply, On the
23rd one of the staff wrote: t He looks far
from well, and has grown very much aged
lately.' He went that day to take leave of
Estcourt, the adjutant-general, who was
dying, and ' for the first time his wonted com-
posure left him, and he was quite overcome
with grief.' The impassive demeanour to
which he had schooled himself, after the
example of his great chief, covered — those
who knew hi™ say — a nature exceptionally
tender and sympathetic. He was already
suffering from dysentery, and his strength
was undermined by all he had gone through.
On the 26th he wrote his last despatch, and
on the evening of the 38tL he died, * the
victim of England's unreadiness Jbr w&f*
(Sis EvBLrsr WOOD),

Among the many maaiifestatk»s oC gpef
for Ms toss, none were more uaaitel Ifaui
those of Ms colleague Pelissler, vflm im
Ms general order next day referee! to tlte
history of his life, *so fore, so adble, so
replete with service pen toed to Msooiniiry/
* Ms fearless demeanor at the Alms »el &•
kemian/ and * the ealin anJ sfcoie gEsataess
of his character throsgherak tMs rrnie aacl
memorable campa%n.y

In ibe words of the genera! arfe issue*!
feom the horse gmaicb, * fey his calmness m
the hottest momeiits if l»ltl% &ad by Ms
quid perce^tot m taldbg aairafesge of Hie
ground or tfea jBor^esmei^ ef &e easily, lie
iron the ecmfitaee of Ms vmty, au^ per-
formed greafe md kmkufc services. In the
of a winter «^tisttn— in a
mcl

Mhm fcaefe wiife tefj BOS& Seeing

W*:

[fT.l-*^
ft Si
K

Somerset

242

Somerset

and embark the army. His capacity as a Dublin on 7 Sept, 1875. He was J.P. and
general was questioned, and lie had been the D,L. for Middlesex, and M.P. for that county
object of much undeserved but not unreason- from. 1859 to 1870. He was twice married:
able blame; but by this time the nobility first, on 15 April 1847, to Barbara, daugh-
of his character had made itself felt even by ter of John Mytton of Halston, Shrop-
those who had been loudest in complaint (e.g. shire, who died on 4 June 1870; secondly,
Times, 2 July). His successor, Sir James on 10 Sept. 1870, to Emily, daughter of
Simpson, wrote : i His loss to us here is in- J. H. Moore of Oherryhill, Cheshire. He
expressible/ and the prince consort, in a letter left two sons and one daughter by the se-
to Stockmar, said: 'Spite of all that ^has cond marriage (Twwes, 15 Sept. 1875; Army
been said and written against him, an irre- JJistSj &c. ; WALLER, History of the Royal

Fusiliers).

[United Service Mag. 1855, ii. 515 (an article
republished separately) ; G-. E. C.'s Complete
Peerage; G-ent. Mag. 1855, ii. 194; Wellington
Despatches; Kinglake's Invasion of the Crimea;
Hamley's War in the Crimea ; Letters from Head-
quarters ; Sir Evelyn Wood's Crimea in 1854 and
1894 ; Sayer's Despatches and Papers relative to
the Campaign in Turkey ; Report of the Chelsea

neir ; 5,500(. was subscribed for a memorial Board of 1856^ E- M' L-

parable loss for us ! '

The body was embarked on the Caradoc
with the fullest military honours, the seven
miles of road from his headquarters to
Kazatch Bay being lined with troops. It
reached Bristol on 24 July, and was buried
privately at Badminton on the 26th. A
pension of 1,0007. was voted to his widow
(>ho died 6 March 1881), and 2,OOOZ. to his ™Q ^mf^R ?

fcon. • K KOH7 w«fl AiriifwrihAd fnr n, memorial •Board ot 1856'J

SOMERSET, HENRY, first DUKE OP
BEA.TTFOHT (1629-1700), the only son of Ed-
ward Somerset, sixth earl and second mar-
quis of Worcester, and earl of Glamorgan
fq.y.1 by Elizabeth (d. 1635), daughter of
Sir William Dormer, was born at Raglan in
1629, and from 1642 was styled Lord Herbert
of Raglan. As a reward for his father's services-
he was promised, on 1 April 1646, the hand of
the king's youngest daughter, Elizabeth. He
went over to Paris at the commencement of
the civil war, but returned previous to 1650.
His father's estates had been forfeited, and
those in Monmouthshire were enjoyed by
Cromwell, but the latter made Lord Herbert

, 0 a 'pretty liberal7 allowance^ Havingfurther

Wellington. He was a knight of several renounced the Roman catholic faith, for which
foreign orders : Maria Theresa of Austria, his father made great sacrifices, he became
St. George of Russia, Maximilian Joseph of altogether acceptable to Cromwell, whose in-
Bavaria, the Tower and Sword of Portugal, fluence over him is shown in the fact that he
and the Medjidie. • dropped his courtesy title and was known as

Raglan's nephew and aide-de-camp, Colonel plain Mr. Herbert, as also by the fact that he
POTJXETT GEOBGE EDBSTBY SOMEESBT (1822- adopted the 'republican' form of -marriage
1875), was fourth son of Lord Charles Somer- before a justice of the peace in 1657. He sat
set, second son of the fifth Duke of Beaufort, in the Cromwellian parliament for Worcester
by Mary, daughter of the fourth Earl Poulett. in 1654-5, and maintained good relations
He was born on 19 June 1822, was commis- with the Protector until the latter's death,
sioned as ensign- in the 33rd foot on 20 March He then joined the party that demanded a
1839, exchanged into the Coldstream guards * full and free parliament/ which was the prac-
di'l May 1840, and became captain and lieu- tical equivalent of demanding the Restore
tenant-colonel on 3 March 1854. He was tion. He was involved in the royalist plot of
aide-de-camp to Lord Raglan in the Crimean July 1659, and was committed to the Tower,
wear, received the medal with four clasps, whence he wrote to his wife on 20 Aug. 1659
the Turkish medal and the Medjidie (4th a letter taking a justly sanguine view of his
class), and was made C.B. on 5 July 1855. situation (printed in DERCKS'S Life of the
He had a narrow escape at Inkerman, where Marquis of Worcester, p. 233, under the
a shell burst ia the body of his horse. He wrong date 1660).

exchanged into the 7th fusiliers on 2 Feb. He was released on 1 ISTov. 1659, and sat ia
1858, became colonel five years later, went the Convention parliament which met under
om Mf-pay on 21 June 1864, and died near Monck's auspices on 25 April 1660; h$ was*

to him, and the Fairfax farm— where Fair-
fax had had his headquarters during the
siege of Raglan Castle — was bought and
presented to his heir on 13 March 1856. He
left one son, Richard Henry Fitzroy Somer-
set, second lord Raglan (1817-1884), and
two daughters. His elder son, Major Arthur
William Fitzroy Somerset, had diei on 25 Dec.
1845, of wounds received four days before at
the battle of Ferozeshah (Gent. Mag. 1846,
i. 429).

A portrait of Raglan, by Sir Francis Grant,
is in the United Service Club, and has been
engraved. There are others by Lynch and
Armitage, and a bust by Edwards. A por-
trait by Pickersgill belongs to the Duke of

Somerset

243

Somerset

moreover, one of the twelve commissioners
from the commons who attended the Mng at
Breda (7 May 1660). After Charles's acces-
sion he was appointed warden of the Forest
of Bean (18 June), and on 30 July, in re-
sponse to an appeal from the local gentry,
lord lieutenant of Gloucestershire, Hereford-
shire, and Monmouthshire. The Monmouth-
shire estates, which he had obtained by
reversion from Cromwell, were allowed to
remain in his possession, though they should
in strict justice have reverted to his father j
the latter wrote bitterly to Clarendon that
Ms son was intriguing against him. But
Lord Herbert justified Ms elevation as a local
.grandee by an active and able discharge of
his county duties and by a staunch loyalty.
He kept aloof from court life, but main-
tained good relations with the Hydes. In
1662 he was occupied with the demolition
of the walls and fortifications at Gloucester ;
but next year he pleaded for the retention of
a garrison at Chepstow. He retained the
Captaincy (conferred in 1660) with a reduced
force of sixty men, but the post was trans-
ferred from his hands in the autumn of 1685.
In 1663 he entertained the king and queen
at Badminton, Gloucestershire, an estate
which he acquired by devise from his half-
cousin Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of
"Thomas, viscount Somerset of CasheL The
latter, a younger son of Edward Somerset,
fourth earl of Worcester [q. v.], had died with-
out male issue in 1650. Herbert was created
M.A. by Oxford University on 28 Sept. in
this year. He represented Monmouthshire
in the lower house from 1660 to 1667, when
on 3 April he succeeded his father as third
Marquis of Worcester. He was created lord
president of the council of Wales and the
marches in April 1672, a privy councillor on
17 April in the same year, and was installed a
inight of the Garter on 29 May 1672. A
steady supporter of the court party, he voted
.against theExclusionBill at the close of 1680,
whereupon the commons petitioned the kmg
to remove him from his person and counsels
< January 1681). Charles regarded his con-
duct in a different light, and by letters patent,
•dated 2 Dec. 1682, the marquis was advanced
to the title of Duke of Beaufort, as * haying
been eminently serviceable to the Mng since
lus most happy restoration, in consideration
thereof and of Hs most noble descent from
King Edwardm by Jonn de Beaufort, eldest
$on of Joan of Gaunt by Catherine Swyn&rd.'
Aboctt tlie same time the duke commenced !
tlie remodelling of his seat a* Badmintom. \
OmtJie stoEgth of Ms attitude in regard to j
ifc&e Exclusion BUI, Beaufort figmced |w>u*i- !
mm&j in Ikydea's < Absalom a^d Acfaito-

phel y^(pt. ii. pp. 940-66) as Bezaliel— the
i Kenites' rocky province his command.'
< Bezaliel with each grace and virtue fraught,
Serene his looks, serene his life and thought.'

In November 1683 Beaufort obtained 20,000/.
damages in two libel actions against Sir
Trevor Williams of Monmouthshire and
John Arnold, but the judgment against the
latter was partially reversed in 1690 (Lur-
TEELL). In July 1684 he made, as pre-
sident of the principality, a magnificent pro-
gress through Wales, and was sumptuously
entertained, among other places, at Worces-
ter, Ludlow, and Welshpool (Tnoms Dnro-
I.ET, Account of the Xtukds Progress, ed,
1888). On 14 Feb. 1685, along with the
Duke of Somerset, lie supported the Prince
of Denmark as chief mourner at the funeral
of Charles II. He bore the queen's crown
at the coronation of James IE (23 April
1685), was appointed a gentleman of the
bedchamber on 16 May, and colonel of the
llth regiment of foot on 20 June fol-
lowing.

When Monmouth, at the close of June
1685, was hesitating to march upon Bristol,
Beaufort (who had been lord lieutenant of
the county and city of Bristol since the Ke-
storation) occupied it in force on 16 June.
He threatened to fire the city if any of Mon-
mouth's friends were admitted, and locked up
a number of dissenters and disaffectedpersoiis
in the guildhall (c£ NICHOLLS and TATLOE,
Bristol Past and Present, 1881, iii 111, 121),
Pour days later he reviewed nineteen com-
panies of foot arid four troops of horse, and on
24 June twenty-one companies were drawn
upon Kedelyffe Mead and volunteers enlisted
by beat of drum. On 6 July came ti<Jkigs of
Monmouth's defeat On 24 Sept. James 31
visited the duke at Badminton, and expressed
his satisfaction at Ms cx>nsisteiit loyalty. la
October 1688 Beaufort once more occupied
Bristol with, the traia-bands of Glcmeseste-
shire, and some of Ms men captured Lord
Lovelace at drceaicesfcer? and lodged him a
prisoner in Gloucester Castle [see LOVELACE,
JOBD&V tHrd BABOK J He prepared to defend
the city, bmt had evenfetatly to surrender to
the superior force rander tl*e Earl of Shrews-
bury and Sir John Guise, He voted for a
regency in prefeenee to the offer ol tlte
crown to William On 14 Dec, 1688 Ifc
waited OB the later at Windsor, tmt> was
kept for am hour in am antechamber and
coMly xeeeiveitL He nevertheless took Use/
oatbs m Mardi 1689t and was so fe^eeoitt- «
ciled as to entertain William at Badminton
IB 1694 fe was fiiiqp m

Somerset

244

Somerset

and absenting himself from court. Sus-
pected of complicity in the assassination
plot, his house was searched in February
1695-6, but nothing was found to compro-
mise him. On 19 March 1696, when ex-
pected to attend at the House of Lords to
sign the association, ' he "broke his shoulder,'
whereupon the lords sent him the document
to sign ; but he refused, though he declared
his abhorrence of the design against Wil-
liam (cf. Mlis Corresp. ii. 293). J3y Novem-
ber 1697 he was reconciled to the court, but
he suffered a great shock by the loss of his son
and heir, Charles, through an accident to his
coach in Wales in July 1698, and he died at
Badminton on 21 Jan. 1699-1700. He was
"buried in the Beaufort Chapel in St. Q-eorgeTs,
Windsor, where an elaborate monument was
set up to his memory (for inscription see ASK-
MOLE s .??er&sA{/*e,iii. 163), but was removed in
1878 to Badminton. Beaufort married, on
17 Aug. 1657, Mary (&. 7 Jan. 1714), eldest
daughter of Arthur, first lord Capel, and
widow of Henry Seymour, lord Beauchamp.
By her he had issue Henry, who died young;
Charles, marquis of Worcester (1661-1698),
father of Henry Somerset, second duke of
Beaufort (see below), and three other sons ;
and four daughters, of whom the second,
Mary, married, in 1685, James, duke of
Ormonde, and died in 1733 ; the third, Hen-
rietta, married, in 1686, Henry, lord O'Brien,
and, secondly, Henry, earl of Suffolk, dying
in 1715 ; while the fourth, Anne, married,
on 4 May 1691, Thomas, earl of Coventry,
and died on 14 Feb. 1763.

Lord-keeper Guilford visited the Duke of
Beaufort in 1680, and Eoger North, in his
* Life of the Lord Keeper/ gives a detailed
and interesting account of the state main-
tained by this great magnate of the west :
' a princely way of living, which that noble
duke used, above any other except crowned
heads that I have had notice of in Europe ;
and in some respects greater than most of
them, to whom he might have been an
example.' He managed a large and pro-
ductive estate through his bailifis and ser-
vants ; he had t about two hundred persons
m Hs family [[household] all provided for ;
and, in his capital house, nine original tables
covered every day/ The greatest order pre-
vailed amid this hierarchy of retainers.
The duke 8]jen.t much time in hunting, plant-
ing, and building. He was almost puritanic
in strictness in matters relating to discipline
and^conduety and in every respect his mode
of life contrasted with the accepted tradi-
the manners of the nobility under

.

L j A half-length portrait of the first duke,

by Sir Peter Lely, is in the possession of the
Duke of Beaufort at Badminton.

HEITRY SOMERSET, second DTJZE op BEAU-
POET (1684-1714), grandson of the above
born at Monmouth Castle in 1684, enter-
tained Queen Anne and the prince consort
with splendour at Badminton in August
1702. He held aloof from public affairs until
the fall of Sunderland heralded the collapse
of the whig junto in 1710, when he is said
to have remarked to the queen that he could
at length call her a queen in reality. As a
'thorough-going tory' he was on 21 Feb.
1711, after some opposition from the ex-
clusiveness of Swift, admitted a member of
the ' Brothers ' Club. He was made captain
of the gentlemen pensioners in 1712, and
elected KG. in October 1712. Dying at the
age of thirty, on 24 May 1714, he was suc-
ceeded by his son Henry Somerset, third
duke (1707-1745), who married, as his third
wife, Frances, sole heiress of James, second
viscount Scudamore [see under SCUDIMOEE,
JOHN-, first VISCOUNT], and temporarily as-
sumed the surname Scudamore. He was
succeeded by his brother, Charles Noel
Somerset, fourth duke (1709-1756), whose
grandson, Henry Charles, was father of

HENKY SOMERSET, seventh DUKE OF BEA.TT-
FORT^ (1792-1853). Born on 5 Feb. 1792,
he joined the 10th hussars in 1810, and was
aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington in
the peninsula from 1812 to 1814, during
which period he was once captured by some
members of Soult's staff. He was M.P. for
Monmouth from 1813 to 1832, when he tem-
porarily lost his seat. Elected for West
Gloucestershire in 1835, he succeeded to the-
peerage in that year. He was made a K.G*
in 1842, and voted steadily with the tory
party ; but he was best known as a sjjorts-
man, his portrait being allotted a prominent
place in ' The Royal Hunt ' and < The Bad-
minton Hunt/ while he figures as one of the
great hunters in the pages of Nimrod (Sport-
ing Reminiscences, ( The Beaufort Country,1"
chap, viii.) He died on 17 Nov. 1853, and
was buried a week later in the chapel at
Badminton (Gent. Mag. 1854, i. 80; Illwtr.
London New, 26 Nov. 1853, with portrait).
He married first, in July 1814, Georgians
Frederica, daughter of Henry Fitzroy by
Anne, sister of the great Duke of Wellington ;
and secondly, 29 June 1822, his first wife's
half-sister, Emily Frances, daughter of
Charles Culling Smith, by the above-men-
tioned Anne, the widow of Fitzroy. This,
marriage, being within the * prohibited <Je~
grees of affinity/ was voidable by sentence
of the Ecclesiastical Court, Nostwaisenteefia
was passed, and the voidabiBty wa$ -sm^

Somerset

245

Somerset

nulled by Lord Lyndhurst's act of 1835, from
which date, however, all such marriages
were declared to be absolutely void (cf.
HTJBBACK, Evidence of Succession, 1844, p.
273). By his second wife the seventh duke
had issue Henry Charles Fitzroy Somerset,
eighth and present duke. The seventh duke's
younger brother,

LOEB GB^STVTLLB CHAELES Etan&Y SOMEE-
SET (1792-1848), second son of Henry Charles,
sixth diike, born on 27 Dec. 1792, was edu-
cated at Christ Church, Oxford. He graduated
BA. on 4 Nov. 1813, andM.A. on 29 March
1817. In March 1819 he was made a
junior lord of the treasury by Lord Liver-
pool, and with some intermissions, he oc-
cupied this position till November 1830.
He was M.P. for Monmouthshire from 1828
to 1848, and received the degree of D.C.L.
on 10 June 1834. He was sworn of the
privy council on 20 Dec. 1834, on becoming
a commissioner of woods and forests, an ap-
pointment which he held till 7 May 1835.
He was chancellor of the duchy of Lancas-
ter from 3 Sept. 1841 to 6 July 1846.
Though always a conservative, he ultimately
supported Peel in the abolition of the corn
laws. He was a good man of business, and
highly distinguished as a sportsman. In the
last series of the ' Wellington Despatches '
{viii. 27) there is a long letter from hfm
describing the Bristol riots in November
1831. He died in London on 23 Feb. 1848
/notes supplied by CoL E. M. Lloyd : Gent.
Maff. 1848, i. 432).

[Collins's Peerage, i. 237; Boyle's Official
Baronage; G-. E. C/s Complete Peerage; Lnt-
trelTB Brief Hist. Belation, vols. i. ii iii. passim ;
Clarendon Correspondence, ed. Singer ; Burton's
Diary, ed. Butt ; Warbnrton's life of Bnpert ;
Marsh's Annals of CKepstow, ed. Maclean, pp.
'254 sq. ; Olive's Documents connected with the
History of Ludlow ; Lives of the Norths, ed.
Jessopp ; Masson's Milton ; Seyer's Memorials of
Bristol, ii. 530 ; Dircks's Life of the Marquis of
Worcester and Worcesteriana ; Boberts's Life
of Monmonth; EHis Correspondence, 1829;,
Eaehard's History of England; Beyer's Wil-
liam in ; Maeanlay's History of England ; Gal
State Papers, Dom. 1660-7.] T. S.

SOMERSET or SOMERSETH, JOHN
(A. 1455?), physician to Henry VI, appears
to have been connected with the Beattfoit
family. He was sophister first at Oxford, but
afterwards graduated at Cambridge- HJe
was made fellow of Pembroke College, ®$m-
tedge, between 1406 and 1428, amd_was
fcwkje proctor. He studied medkme a
cbn and Paris, and was a "
"% also of civil 1m

appears as witness to the will of Thomas, duke
of Exeter. In 1428 he was physician to the
ting, and entries of payments to him appear
till 1432; he is also described as king's
chaplain. In 1430 he was probably with
Henry VI at Rouen, when the king received
a splendid missal as a mffc from the Duke and
Duchess of Bedford. The work contains an
attestation of the gift signed by Somerset.
In February 1441 he was appointed one of
the commissioners to draft statutes for King's
College, Cambridge, and at his suggestion
part of the old castle at Cambridge was
given to King's, and he bought the site of
the old court. In July a horoscope of
Henry VI was sent to him in the king's
household at Sheen (Cambridge Umver&ity
Library, EE. iii. 61). In the same year he
received a grant of the benefices of alien
.ecclesiastics. In June 1442 he was still in
attendance on the king (MoisrEO, Letters of
Margaret of Anjou, p. 86). In 1443 he
was keeper of the exchange and master of
the mint (Rot. Pip. 21 Hen. VTy Lond. and
MidcL) From 1441 to 1446 he was chan-
cellor of the exchequer. In 1449 he is
called ' of the exchequer.7 On the death of
Humphrey, duke of Gloucester [q,v.],he was
one of the executors, and some correspondence
between "hi™ and the university of Oxford is
extant concerning gifts of books.

In 1451 the commons petitioned that h£
and many others should be dismissed from
the court. La his old age he fellinto poverty,
and addressed a * Qnerimonia ' m hexameters
to the fellows ofEIing'sCtoBegeyclmrgi^ti^fflEi
with ingratitude ; it is printed m Hearse's
{ fftmTift.Tn/ 17§7f 8vo* A disgate coaeeriiiBg
the alien manor of Eoislip or Riseli|^ Hi«idl©-
sex, which tiie king granted to MM fe life
with reversion to King's College* afpeaass to
have been the cause of $m qs&rael. Tlie
poem states that he had seirved twenty-five
years in the king's court. He fbuaoed a

i chapel and guild osf All Angefe at Bwaa.!-
ford End, Middlesex, in 144&{Aui*e£Ea, f«f*.
215, 460 j SapEE% J2ter^, pu 814). From

, Befcpntoa% i JonrftaT it appears that hfc was
married. In 1455 lie is sfJs&em of as lately
deacL In 146& fe Middlesex property is
eiite3fedjntlietIi^«^£®es^^nKrfcem* as
escheated to Bdwsatd IV. Bishop Ttomas
BecMngfecffi [% v, Jaad Thosmas Eim&am [
were Ms frieBsdls and cenrespoiideiit®.

'

for correetioiv addressed versus to him^ aad
aoi3^w
fooofe to

Somerset

246

Somerset

[Somerset's Querimonia, printed in Hearne's
Elmham, with Baker's Letters, p. 347 ; Eot. Pat.
19 Hen. VI to 20 Hen. VI; Eot. Parl. vol. v.
passim ; Clark's Architectural History of Cam-
bridge, i. 317, 323 ; Bekynton's Correspondence,
ii. 244; Dibdin's Bibl. Decameron, i. 137, for an
account of the Bedford Missal ; Tanner's Bibl.
Brit, for his correspondence with Oxford Univer-
sity ; Acts of the Privy Council, iii. 282, iv. 30,
131 ; Cal. Inq. post mortem, iv. 324 ; Newcourt's
Eepertoriom, i. 753 ; Twyne's Antiq. Acad. Oxon.
p. 318; Cambridge Antiquarian Society, Com-
munications, ii. 16 ; Sloane MS. 59.] M. B.

SOMERSET, POULETT GEORGE
HENRY (1822-1875), aide-de-camp to Lord
Raglan. [See under SOMERSET, FITZBOY
JAMES HE^BY, first BAHOK RAG-IAN.]

SOMERSET,LoBDROBERTEDWARD
HENRY (1776-1842), general, commonly
known as LOED EDWAED SOMERSET, born on
19 Dec. 1776, was third son of Henry, fifth,
duke of Beaufort, by Elizabeth (d. 1828),
daughter of Admiral the Hon. Edward Bos-
cawen [q. v.] Lord Fitzroy James Henry
Somerset, first baron Raglan [q. v.], was his
younger brother. He was commissioned as
cornet in the 10th light dragoons on 4 Feb.
1793, became lieutenant in December, and
captain on 28 Aug. 1794. He was aide-de-
camp to the Duke of York in the expedition
to Holland in 1799, and was given a ma-
jority in the 12th light dragoons in Novem-
ber, from which he was transferred twelve
months afterwards to the 28th light dragoons.
On 25 Dec. 1800 he was made lieutenant-
colonel of the 5th foot, from which he ex-
changed in the following year to the 4th
dragoons. From 1799 to 1802 he was M.P.
for the Monmouth boroughs. He was re-
turned for Gloucestershire in 1803, and con-
tinued to represent it till 1829.

In April 1809 he went to Portugal with
the 4th dragoons, and commanded the regi-
ment at Talavera and Busaco.1 At Usagre
(25 May 1811) his regiment, with the 3rd
dragoon guards, charged two French cavalry
regiments, killing or taking about two hun-
dred men. At Salamanca it took part in the
charge of Le Marchant's heavy brigade, and
afbeir it had broken through three columns
of infantry, Somerset, < continuing his course
at •&& head of one squadron with a happy
perseverance, captured five guns ' £NAKOBB).
He was mentioned by Wellington in his des-
patch, aiad at the end of 1812 was recom-
mended by him for a brigade. He had been
made colonel an<I aide-de-camp to the king
in July 1810.

IB. June 1813 Somerset was promoted
and was presented with a
honour by the officers of his regi-

ment on leaving it. He was given command
of the hussar brigade (7th, 10th, and 15th),
and held it till the end of the war. He was
present at Vittoria, the Pyrenees, Orthesr
and Toulouse. At Orthes he led a charge
upon the retreating French infantry, which
secured a large number of prisoners, and
was mentioned in Wellington's despatch aa
highly meritorious. He received the thanks
of parliament (26 June 1814) and the gold
cross with one clasp for his services in the
Peninsula, and was made K.O.B. in January
1815. J

In the Waterloo campaign he commanded
the household brigade of cavalry, consisting of
nine squadrons of the 1st and 2nd life-guards,
horse-guards, and king's dragoon guards —
1,135 rank and file in all. Together with Lord
IJxbridge, he led the charge of the brigade
at Waterloo, at the time of the first attack
made by d'Erlon's corps. The charge was-
directed against Dubois's brigade of Milhaud's
cuirassiers, which was on d'Erlon's left, and
which had just ridden down a Hanoverian
battalion sent forward to reinforce La Haye
Sainte. The leading regiments of the two
brigades l came to the shock like two walls."
The French were more numerous, but the-
British were better trained, better mounted,
and had the advantage of the descending
slope. The French were broken, and were
pursued into and across the valley. The
blues had been told off to support, but they
soon came up into first line. The brigade
was attacked in its turn by lancers, and by
a fresh brigade of cuirassiers, and lost heavily
as it retired; especially the squadrons on the
left which had become mixed up with the
union brigade. But the results obtained
well repaid the losses. Reduced as it was,
it made other charges later in the day,
against a large body of cavalry and a column
of infantry, but with no decisive effect. It
was afterwards joined by what remained of
the union brigade, and guarded the part of
the British line immediately to the west of
La Haye Sainte. Here they suffered such
further loss from the enemy^s fire that the
seven regiments ultimately farmed only one
squadron of about fifty files. The fire was
so severe that at one time Uxbridge sent to
Somerset to suggest that he should with-
draw his men, who were extended in single
rank to show a larger front; but Somerset
replied that if he moved, the Dutch cavalry
behind him would go off at once.

He was among the officers particularly
mentioned in Wellington's despatch, received
the thanks of parliament (29 Apial 1816), and
theforeign orders of Maria Theresa, St Wladi-
mir, and the Tower and Sword.

Somerset

247

Somerset

Somerset was appointed to command the '
first brigade of cavalry in the army of occu- |
pation in France on 30 Nov., and he held this |
command till the army was withdrawn at j
the end of 1818. He afterwards held the 1
post of inspecting-general of cavalry until his
promotion to the rank of lieutenant-general
on 27 May 1825. He had been given the j
colonelcy of the 21st light dragoons in Janu- [
ary 1818. He was transferred to the 17th ;
lancers in September 1822, to the royals in
November 1829, and to his old regiment, the j
4th dragoons, in March 1836. He was lieu- !
tenant-general of the ordnance in 1829-30,
and surveyor-general of the ordnance for a '
short time in 1835. He received the
G.C.B. in 1834, became general on 23 Nov.
1841, and died in London on 1 Sept. 1842.
He married, on 17 Oct. 1805, Louisa Augusta
(d. 1823), twelfth daughter of William, :
second viscount Courtenay, and had two !
sons and five daughters. j

[Gent. Mag. 1843, i. 199 ; B. M. Calendar, iii.
288 ; Wellington Despatches, Supplementary,
vols.jvii.-xm.; Waterloo Letters; Sir Evelyn
Wood's Cavalry in the Waterloo Campaign; De
Ainslie's Historical Record of the Royal Dra-
gxms.] E. M. L.

SOMERSET, WILLIAM, third EAEL of
WORCESTER (1526-1589), born in 1526, was
the eldest son of Henry, second earl of
Worcester, by his first wife, Margaret, daugh-
ter of Sir William Courtenay, earl of Devon-
shire [see under COUBTESTAY, Itarar, MAR-
QUIS OF EXETBE]. The father, eldest son of
Charles Somerset, first earl of Worcester
[q. v.]j was born about 1499, succeeded as
second earl in 1526, took part in most of the !
court ceremonies and state trials of the period,
received, among other grants of dissolved
monasteries, that of Tintern Abbey, and died '
on 26 Nov. 1548 (see Letters and Papers of
Henry VIII, passim ; MABSH, Annals of
Ckepstow, ed. Sir J. Maclean, pp. 205-9;
DOYLE, Official Baronage). An anonymous
portrait of him belongs to the Duke of Beau-
fort.

William, who had been appointed gen-
tleman of the privy chamber and principal
esquire to Henry VIII on 25 July 1544, and
liad l?een made K.B. at the coronation of
Edward VI, succeeded as third earl, and was
summoned to parliament on 3 Jan. 1549-50,
On 17 April following he was ordered to
come to court with his "best apparel and furni-
tee to meet the French ambassadors. In
May 1551 he accompanied Northampton on
Ms embassy to Fans, On 1 Dee. following
ie took part in the trial of the Protector,
flaii as the youngest peer present gave the
Art TOfee for Ms condemnation (SrR T, SMITH,

.&l). Hereluc-

tantly signed Edward VI's f devise' for the
succession, but refused the engagement to
maintain its provisions, and was present at
the proclamation of Queen Mary at St. Paul's
on 19 July 1553. He officiated as carver at
her coronation on 1 Oct., was appointed coun-
cillor of Wales in the same year, and justice
of the peace for Worcestershire and Shrop-
shire on 18 Feb. following.

In November 1558 Worcester was one of
the peers selected to attend Elizabeth on her
coming to London, and he was deputy chief
butler for her coronation on 15 Jan. 1558-9.
At heart he remained a Roman catholic, and
in 1566 he at first refused Ms consent to the
act declaring the consecration of archbishops
and bishops, as practised since the queen's
accession, e good, lawful, and perfect.7 His
sister .A Tine was wife of Thomas Percy,
seventh earl of Northumberland [q. T.], and
in 1569 it was rumoured that Worcester was
raising the men of Wales in connection with
the rebellion of that year. Similarly he was
suspected of favouring the project of a mar-
riage between Mary Queen of Scots and the
Duke of Norfolk. But these doubts as to
his loyalty seem to have been groundless.
On 23 April 1570 he was created K.Gv, on
2 April 1571 he was made deputy earl
marshal, and in January 1571-2 he was
present at Norfolk's triaL In the following
December he was appointed ambassador ex-
traordinary to France to represent Elizabeth
at the baptism of Charles HS7s onlydaughto.
He set out on 18 Jan. 1572-8, and on Ms
way was attacked by pirates in the Channel,
robbed, and several of his men slain. During
his stay at Paris he evinced Ms loyalty by
refusing to see his exiled sister, the Countess
of Northumberland. He returned on 27 Feb.,,
and on 22 April 1579 he was appointed
lieutenant of the order of the Garter. In
that and the following years he was a com-
missioner of musters in Monmoutli. DBS
26 Oct. 1586 he was one of the commissioners
appointed to try Mary Queen of Soots, and
in July 1588 he raised a force for the defence*
of the kingdom against tibe Spanish armada.
He died on 22 Feb. 15S8-9, and was; buried
in Raglan parish ehurck. By his wife*
Christian, daughter of Edward, first baron
North [q. v. j with wnom his relations were-
not always harmonious (CaL State Papery
Dom. 1547-80, p. 231), lie had one son Ed-
ward Somerset, fourth earl of Worcester
[q. vj, and two daughters— Elizabeth, ^io*
married William, younger son of WiffiB»,
lord Windsor, ana LHcy,wno marrM Heary ,.
son of SirT&omas Herljert of

Somerville

248

Somerville

to the Duke of Beaufort ; an engraved por-
trait, said to be after Zucchero, is given in
Doyle.

Worcester was a noted patron of the drama.
Hia company of actors was entertained by
Shakespeare's father as bailiff at Stratford-
on-Avon in 1568 [see art. SHAKESPEAKE,
WILLIAM], but did not play in London. On
the earl's death the company passed under
the patronage of Henry Herbert, second earl
•of Pembroke, and Alleyne bought their pro-
perties and playbooks (cf, FLEAY, Chron.
Hist, of the London Stage, pp. 86-7, where a
list of the players in the company is given).

[CaL State Papers, Dom. 1547-90 and Addenda,
1566-1625 ; Cal.HatfieldMSS.vols.Uiii. ; Acts
of the Privy Council, 1550-87 ; Wriothesley's
Chron,, Machyn's Diary, and Chron. of Queen
Jane (Camden Soc.); Int. Remains of Ed-
ward VI (Eoxburghe Club) ; Holinshed's Chron. ;
Stow's Annals, p. 673 ; Digges's Compleat Am-
bassador, pp. 307, 312, 318, 327, 328; Strype's
Annals of the Reformation, vols. i. and ii. ;
Wright's Elizabeth, i. 351, 448-52, 455, 465 ;
Marsh's Annals of Chepstov Castle, ed. Sir J.
Maclean, pp. 209-12; Collins's, Doyle's, and
Q-. JE. C[okayne]'s Peerages.] A. F. P.

SOMERVTLLE, ALEXANDEK (1811-

1885), social reformer, son of a carter and his
wife, a daughter of John Orkney, a labourer,
was born at Springfield, Oldhamstocks, East
Lothian, on 15 March 1811. He was the
youngest of eleven sons, went to school at
Birnynows in 1819, and began life as a cow-
herd. In 1828 he joined a brother at Edin-
burgh as a sawyer. There he spent his
leisure in reading and play-going, and be-
came a student of political questions. In
1831 he published his first letter in a news-
paper. At this time his maximum wage was
6s. a week, and in 1832, at a moment when
he was very hard pressed, he enlisted in the
Scots Greys.

Somerville entered the regiment at a criti-
cal moment. He was stationed at Bir-
mingham on the eve of the Reform riots.
It was expected that the mob would march
\ifQn London, and the soldiers were ordered
t& pragh-sharpen their swords for conflict

i|h t&e rioters. Somerville seems to have
& lead in protesting to headquarters
iiiis order. On 29 May 1832, on
: pretext — but in his opinion because
of Ms former action— he received a hundred
lasher _ As soom as he was out of hospital
Be obtained an inquiry into the matter, and
^bose who ordered the flogging were repri-
manded. For a time he was a hero with the
|>of ulace. A public subscription was started
fee Mm, but lie resolutely refused to lend
Mmpelf to any agita^on. He, however, re-

ceived SOOJ., which had alrea'dy been col-
lected, and then returned to his old trade ef
wood-sawyer at Edinburgh. Soon he tried
to start a paper and then a shop, but he lost
every penny. In 1835 he took service in the
British legion in Spain under Sir George de
Lacy Evans [q. v.], and served for two years
with credit, being more than once specially
commended.

In 1837 Somerville returned to England
and made a fairly successful start in a lite-
rary career, turning his attention chiefly to
social and economic subjects. In 1839 he
was asked to join an insurrectionary move-
ment which was to be commenced in Wales,
but he set himself to counteract it, and on
this occasion published '"Warnings to the
People on Street Warfare,7 directed against
the use of violence. In 1842 certain letters
written by him to the * Morning Chronicle'
on the corn laws attracted the notice of
Cobden, who sent him on various journeys
through the country districts of England
to collect information for the anti-cornlaw
league. -In 1844 he became a correspondent
for the t Manchester Examiner/ and in this
capacity in 1845-6, and again in 1858, under-
took inquiries into the state of Ireland and
the effect of the potato blight. In 1848 he
published his first formal work, * The Auto-
biography of a Working Man;' but in 1858
he was beggared by the mismanagement or
fraud of certain literary agents or publishers,
and anxiety ruined his health.

In July 1858 some friends took a passage
for him and his family to Canada, but Ms
wife died soon after his arrival at Montreal.
Gradually he settled down to an uneventful
1 career of journalistic work. He edited for
a time the l Canadian Illustrated News.' At
the last he was very poor, but obstinately re-
fused any help, and died on 17 June 1885 in
a shed in York Street, Toronto.

Somerville married, on 10 Jan. 1841, the
daughter of Francis Binks of Greta Bridge,
Yorkshire, and left children settled in
Canada.

Somerville's chivalric temperament was as
notable as his impracticability. He describes
Ms career as * persistently devoted to publie
well-being and to the remqval of antagonism
between extremes of society.'

His chief works, besides the ' Autobio-
graphy of a Working Man ' (London, 1848),
were : 1. ' History of the British Legion and
War in Spain/ London, 1839. 2. 'Public
andPersonal Affairs : anlnquiry/ 1839, Lon-
don. 3. * Financial Reform Catechism/
London, 1849. 4. * The Whistler at the
| Plough/ combined with ' Free Trade and
I tlie League: a Biographical History/ Jta-

Somerville

249

Somerville

Chester, 1852, 5. ' Life of Roger Mow"bray :
& Tale/ London, 1853. 6.- 'The Conserva-
tive Science of Nations/ containing the first
complete narrative of Somerville's Hfe, Mont-
real, 186X3. 7. * Canada as a Battle-ground/
Hamilton, 1862. 8. * Living for a Purpose/
London, 1865. 9. l A Narrative of the
Fenian Invasion of Canada/ 1866.

[His autobiographical "works mentioned above;
Toronto Globe, 18 June 1885 ; Morgan's Biblio-
tbeca Canadensis, and Dominion Annual Register,
1885 ; Brit Mus. Cat. ; Notes and Queries, 9th
ser. i. 323.} C. A. H.

SOMERVILLE, ALEXANDER NEIL
{1813-1889), Scottish divine, born in Edin-
burgh on 30 Jan. 1813, was the eldest son
of Alexander Somervellby his wife Elizabeth,
daughter of Major Munro. The family were
descended from, the second son of James,
sixth baron Somerville (d. 1569) [see under
HTJGH SOMEBVILLE, fifth LOKB SOMER-
VILLE]. It is probable that like other early
Scottish baronies, that of Somerville de-
scended to heirs general. If, however, it
descended to heirs male, Alexander -Neil
Somerville became heir in 1870 on the death
of Aubrey John, nineteenth lord Somerville.
Alexander Neil was educated at Edin-
burgh high school, where he formed a pecu-
liarly close friendship with Robert Murray
MeCheyne [q . v.], and was also intimate with
Horatius and Andrew Bonar. In. November
1827 he matriculated at Edinburgh Univer-
sity, and was licensed to preach by the pres-
bytery of Jedburgh on 9 Dec. 1835. On
30 NOT. 1837 he was ordained minister of
Anderston, a Quoad sacra parish in Glasgow,
but in 1843 he was one of those who left
the church of Scotland and formed the free
church. His congregation followed, and a
new church was built for him in Cadogan
Street in February 1844. During the follow-
ing years he took an important part in or-
ganising the free church in various parts of
th« British Isles. He also interested him-
self largely in the growth of lie reformed
church in Spain, visiting that country several
times, both before and after the revolution
of 1868. In 1870; while at Madrid, he drew
Hp a constitution and confession of faith for
t&e Spanish protestants. In 1874, at the
instance of the Rev. John Fordyce, secretary
of the Anglo-Indian Christian Union^ now
Ike Anglo-Indian Evangelisation Society,
fee undertook a winter mission to India,
visiting, in the course of six months, over
twenty cities, including Madras,. Calcutta,
Allahabad, Agra, Delhi, and Bombay, and
f^cbessing not merely the Anglo^lj
1»& also the English-speaking natives.
of Ms visit that ml^

request of the Glasgow United Evangelistic
Association, with the sanction of the pres-
bytery of Glasgow, he gave up his church in
Glasgow and ' devoted himself to the preach-
ing of Christ wherever the English language
is spoken.' On 2 May of the same year he
received the honorary degree of D.D. from
Glasgow University, From that time until
1887, except when prevented by ill-health,
he journeyed incessantly, visiting Australasia
in 1877, Italy in 1880, Germany and Russia
in 1881, South Africa in 1882-3, and Greece
and Asia Minor in 1885-6. In the latter year
he was elected moderator of the free cnurch,
and in 1887 passed through various parts of
south-eastern Europe, devoting especial at-
tention to the movement towards Christianity
among the Jews of Hungary and southern
Russia, initiated by the Rabbis Lichtenstein
and Rabinowich.

Somerville died in Glasgow on 18 Sept.
1889, and was buried at the western necro-
polis, Mary hill. ' No man hi moderntim.es/
says Dr. George Smith, * probably ever had so
many converts — ministers and missionaries,
students and artisans, rich and poor, men,
women, and children, of all nationalities and
of all lands.' In 1841 he married Isabella
Mirrlees, daughter of James Ewing of Hali-
fax, Nova Scotia. She survived him. By
her he had three sons and two daughters.

Somerville's most important works were :
1. * Sacred Triads, doctrinal and practical/
London, 1859, 12mo. 2. * A Day in Lao-
dicea/ London, 1861, 16mo. 3. * Evan-
gelization from the World/ Glasgow, 1886J,
4. ' The Churches in Asia/ ed, W. F.

Somerville, Paisley, 1885, 8vo, &
Seed sown in many Lands/ London,
8vo (posthumous).

[A Modem Apostle, by Gteorge Smith, CLX&'
1890 ; Memoir by William Fraaek Soiaec^ffi^
prefixed to Precious Seed, 1890; Saottfa IfcsH
Eeci. Scoticaase n» i. 43.] B. L €t

SOMERVILLE, ANBEBW (18®8-
1834), painter, was the son of a wi*e~w@a$Eer
at Edinburgh, where he was tx» in 18©8l
He wa& edae&fced at tii& Edforfo&ggii Higfe,
School, and received his a*t trammg at
Trustees3 Academy, H« also studied
William, Simsonfq.v.^wtom
assisted in teaching cfawing. He
for the first time wMt the Boyal Soottkli
Academy in 1830* aaid was elected m. asso-
ciate of tha* body in 18S1 ; in 1838 be
came a full member.

of gre®fe mrfbe ; It© painted efeiete ®
drawn mm txwbr balla^% wi» * isw

,' Bis

Somerville

250

Somerville

tage Children ' is m the National Gallery of
Scotland, and Ms £ Flowers of the Forest '
was engraved by H. Haig for the Scottish
Art Union.

[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists; Scottish
Nation, 1834; information from James Caw,

F. M. O'D.

SOMEEVILLE, HUGH, fifth LOEB
SOMEBVILLE (1483 ?-l 549), horn about 1483,
was second son of William, master of Somer-
ville, by Margory Montgomerie, daughter of
Alexander, second lord Montgomerie, and
sister of Hugh Montgomerie, first earl of
Eglinton [q. v.]. His father died in 1488,
in the lifetime of the grandfather, John,
third lord (d. before 14 Feb. 1491-2), and
thus John, the elder son, became fourth lord
Somerville about the beginning of 1492, and
he, dying without issue about 1522, was
succeeded by Hugh, who sat in parliament
as Lord Somerville on 16 Nov. 1524. He
found himself involved in a quarrel with
John Somerville of Cambusnethan, his rela-
tive, a follower of Angus, who had been re-
stored in blood on 3 Aug. 1525, and who
demanded to be put in possession of the
lands of Carnwath, which Lord Somerville
held. On the claimant attempting to execute
process on the tenants, a fighttookplace. But
Somerville of Cambusnethan getting a new
warrant on 22 Aug. 1527, Lord Somerville was
forced to give way, and took up his residence
In the ancient stronghold of Cowthally. This
he much improved, and, as it stood encircled
by morasses, he valued its security.

When in July 1528 James V escaped
from the keeping of Angus [see DOUGLAS,
ARCHIBALD, sixth EABL op Asratrs], Somer-
ville ^was one of those who joined him at
Stirling, and from this time he was more
or less intimate with the young king, who,
for one thing, brought to decision the dis-
putes between Somerville and Cambusnethan
(30 May 1532), one of the first-fruits of the
establishment of the new college of justice.
In 1531 he was one of those acquitted of
complicity in the murder of John, earl of
Lennox [see under HAMILTON, SIB JAMES,
& 1540], In July 1532 the king was present
at the marriage of Somerville's daughter, and
it was at Cowthally that James seems first
to^ hare met Ms mistress, Elizabeth Car-
michael, who afterwards married the youne
Oambtisnetkaiu In the September folio wing
James paid Imn a sudden visit on his way
to^ the Carmichaels, and it is said that he
tned in vain to secure Lady Somerville's
assistance in regard to Ms future mistress,

™^^1 te father at Grafted!
r, 1536, at the marriage of Somer-

vfflejs second daughter Margory to one of
the Tweedies, James came a third time and
then probably arranged for Elizabeth ?Car-
michaeTs marriage. When James V came
back from his French expedition, landino- at
Leith on 19 May 1537, feomerville was one
of those who were there to meet him and
his biographer relates that he cut a slice out
of his rent-roll to meet the cost of new
liveries for his men and clothes for Mmself.

In the troubles which now came upon Scot-
land Somerville took a leading and, on the
whole, a dishonourable part. His eldest son
James married, in 1540, Agnes Hamilton
daughter of Sir James Hamilton (d. 1540)
[q. v.], an old friend of the Somervilles. In
1542 Somerville joined James's expedition
into England which ended so disastrouslv at
Solway Moss (24 Oct. 1542). There he was
taken prisoner, and seems for some time to
have been kept in the north; he was at
Newcastle 3 Dec., York 11 Dec., Newark
16 Dec., and did not reach London till about
the 19th. He was given into the keeping of
Lord Audley, and, like the other lords, sub-
scribed the open article asking Henry to take
into his hands and government both the
kingdom and the young queen of Scotland y
and he was one of the ten who desired the
king to take the crown of Scotland in case
of the death of the young queen. He was
also negotiating with Sir Eichard South-
well [q. v.] in the north in January 1542-3.
His ransom, wMch had been four thousand
marks, was reduced to one thousand marks,
and he was allowed to go back to Scotland
before 17 March 1542-3, on leaving his eldest
son in his place.

From this time he was a member of thef
English party in Scotland, and seems to have
accepted a pension from Henry. He was hi
communication with Sir Ealph Sadler [q. v.l
and John Dudley, lord Lisle (afterwards earl
of Warwick and duke of Northumberland)
[q. v.l, and on 18 April is mentioned as-
one of those whom Sadler had to 'ripe' to
Henry's new proposals. He took money
from the English. In August 1543 he went
against the cardinal with the Earl of Glen-
cairn. He disobeyed Arran's summons to
Stirling [see HAMILTON, JAMBS, second EAEL
OP AEEAJST and DTTOJ OF CHATELHEEATILT]^
and on 8 Sept. he, with others, signed Hhe
band' at Douglas. He had a conference
with Sadler at Edinburgh in October, and
then went to the meeting at Glasgow [c£.
for these events DOTTGLAS, ARCHIBALD, sixth
EAEL OF AHOTS]. On 25 Oct. he was de*-
puted to go to England with the views of hi»
party by those assembled at Douglas Castle*
but on his way he was (1 Nov.) seized in th^e?

Somerville

251

Somerville

& Street of Edinburgh and shut up in
nburgh Castle, whence he was moved
Nov.) to Blackness at the mouth of the
fch of Forth. He was now in great
iger. He and his second son tried to get
eldest son back again, and successfully,
t after trying in vain to bribe the keeper,
perhaps by means of a secret pact with
ran, got out, being set at liberty some time
'ore 2 April 1544. He died in 1549, and
,s buried in Carnwath church. He gave
ich money to the hospital of St. Mary
igdalen, Edinburgh. By his wife Janet,
tighter of William Maitland of Lething-
i, he had James, sixth lord (see below) ;
hn, Hugh, and three daughters. His wife
jd about the same time as he did, and is
ried in the same tomb.
JAKES SOMEEVTLLE, sixth LORD SOMEK-
LLE (d. 1569), when he took his father's
acein England in 1543, lived with the Duke
Suffolk, who described him as courageous,
though not personally attractive. He re-
raed to Scotland about December 1543,
enr/s wish to recall him coming too late.
!e is said to have told Angus that, what-
rer understanding his father might have
ith Arran, he would stand by him. He
fcs hampered by his father's extravagance,
a the main issue of the time which fol-
>wed he took the catholic side. He was
f Mary of Guise's party, and she employed
im in negotiating with Chatelheraulf; and
bough in 1560 he is noted as a waverer,
e was certainly strongly opposed to 4 the
ords of congregation. He signed the band
f the lords and barons of the west country
1 1565, took up arms, marched to Hamil-
on, and fought at Langside on 13 May 1568. <
Fherehe was wounded in the thigh and face,
tud, going home to Cowthally,he died about
December 1569. By his wife Agnes, daugh-
ter of Sir James Hamilton of Finnart, he
&£&f with other children, Hugh, seventh
lojrd (1535-1597), who was served heir to
bis father in 1571, and built the mansion of
Drum in 1584. He did not take part in
fee catholic rebellion of 1589, but took part
m the trial of the insurgents [see GTOEDO^,
0BOBGE, sixth EATTT. and first MABQTJIS OF
HOTTLY] (cf. TETJLBT, Papiers & .#to£,Baiina-
tyne dub, iii. 524-5). He died, after much
tumble with various members of his family,
afc the Kaploch on 24 March 15977 and was
fowled in the choir of Gambusnethan church.
By his wife Eleanor, daughter of George,
«<$ Seaton, he had sixteen children. He
was succeeded by Ms son Gilbert* eighth [
Ome of the SOBS, Bobert, was aeei-
killed by his brother William about

[Somerville's Memorie of the Somervilles, esp.
vol. i. (many of the errors in this account are
corrected by Sir Walter Scott in the notes);
Douglas's edition of Wood's Peerage, ii. 506 ;
Sadler Papers, i. 72, 96, &c. ; Stoney's Life of
Sadleir; State Papers, iv. 115, v. 232, &c.;
Eeg. Privy Council of Scotland, i. 21, &c. ;
Hamilton Papers, vols. i. and, ii. ; Wriothesley's
Chron. i. 138.] W. A. J. A.

SOMERVILLE, JAMES (1632-1690),
family historian, baptised on 24 Jan. 1632
at Newhall, was eldest and only surviving
son of James Somerville of Drum (by right,
tenth Lord Somerville) and Lilias, second
daughter of Sir James Bannatyne of New-
hall, a lord of session. James's father had
gained military experience as an officer in
the Scots guard of Louis XTTT at the siege
of Montauban and of other towns held by
the Huguenots. On the outbreak of hostili-
ties between Charles I and the covenanters
in 1639, the elder Somerville joined the cove-
nanting levies under General Leslie [see
LESLIE, ALEXAOTEB, first EAEL OF LETTST],
and with the rank of major had a leading
command at the siege of Edinburgh Castle
in 1640.

James joined his father's company at this
siege. In 1645 he was present at David
Leslie's first cavalry muster on the Gleds
Muir, Tranent . The death of both his younger
brothers in 1647 left him the only heir
male of his house, and his parents resolved
that he should never leave Scotland. In
1648 his father, having purchased from his
cousin the old family seat at Cambmsne-
than in Lanarkshire, removed thither from
the Drum, and arranged for his son's marriage
with Martha Bannatyne of Corhouse. Owing
to Cromwell's advance into Scotland, more
serious afiairs required attention. The Scots
levies concentrated at Edinburgh THt&er
the father took his son and placed Mm in
the retinue of the Earl of EgjKnton, captain of
the king's guard of horse. Tbe son's duty as
an officer of the guard was to attend tlie earl
both at camp and court. He thus saw a good
deal of service, and was witness of most of
the military actions which took place be-
tween the two armies, including the rout at
Dunbar (3 Sejpt. 1660).

Affcer Dunbar, Somervilleretiimed toOam-
busnethan> and found it partially occupied by
the associate levies^ wife]* wten he nad as&ara
skirmish. SnbQeqtieM%, m company witit
Banaatyne of OAoiSse, his intended l
in-law, ne weu& nosrfek to Pertly
Charles IE Wd fecowrt- Towar
of Hov^3il)ar fee retecnedl wit&

Somerville

252

Somerville

either to operate against, or corne to terms
•with, the associate levies under Colonels Ker
and Strachan, After Montgomery had passed
Stirling and was on the road to Dumbarton,
he gave Somerville a commission to try and
ascertain if the associate forces were willing
to come to an agreement. He accordingly
"went to Renfrew, and arrived just in time
to take part in a concentration of royalist
forces on Kuglen, which was intended to check
Cromwell's advance on Hamilton. Four
Cromwellian regiments of cavalry (Lord Kirk-
cudbright's, Colonel Strachan's, Ker's, and
Halkett's),made a night march on Hamilton,
and occupied the town, but, after a sharp
encounter, were driven out and dispersed the
next morning. Somerville, after sending a
message to Montgomery, passed three days
with the laird of Cathcart, till the country
was clear, and then returned to Cambusne-
than. But Cromwell had rapidly regarri-
soned Hamilton, and was making the country
dangerous for the royalists. Somerville and
his father therefore retired beyond Forth, and
were present at the coronation of Charles II
at Scone on 1 Jan, 1651. With other royalists
they then paid their respects to the Duke of
Hamilton, who was residing with the Earl
of Crawford at the Struthers, Fifeshire.
Somerville's father declined an offer of the
command of a regiment of foot, but placed
his ^ son in the king's guard, again only as a
volunteer. When Charles II resolved to
march into England, it took all the elder
Somerville's ingenuity to remove his son from
the royal guard and thus observe his vow
that the young man should never leave Scot-
land. The army's line of march passed within
a short distance of the Corhouse, where re-
sided Martha feannatyne, to whom young
Somerville was affianced. At the elder Somer-
ville's request the lady sent her lover a mes-'
» sage requesting an interview. The youth
came immediately, and once within the walls
the 'iron yett ' closed, and there was no egress
till the army was too far off to be rejoined.
Young Somerville thus escaped the reverse
at Worcester, and was married at Lesma-
bagpw church on 13 Nov. 1651. He was
stujl, in Ms nineteenth year.

Thenceforth in domestic retirement he
studied the records of his family, and com-
Dieted In 1679 his important work, * The Me-
morie of the Somervilles/ written chiefly for
the benefit of his sons, to whom it was
addressed. The two closely written folio
volumesremained imprinted among the family
papers until 1815, when they were edited by
Sir Walter Scott, and published with many
talaable notes and corrections (Edinburgh,

V **

The death of his father on 3 Jan. 1677 16ft
Somerville successor to the family peerage
but, like his father, he declined to assume tie
title, and it remained in abeyance until it was
recovered by his great-grandson, James tlur-
teenth lord Somerville, whose grandson Jofo.
Southey Somerville, fifteenth lord, is' sepa-
rately noticed. James SoraervOle died m
1690. By his first wife, who died in 1676 te
had three sons: James, born 26 Aug. 1652-
John; and George. On 15 March 1685 he
married, secondly, Margaret Jamieson, and
had issue a daughter Margaret (£. 1686)
and a son Hugh (6. 1688). ;

[Memorie of the Somervilles (1815); Dou-
glas's Peerage ; Par. Reg of Newhall.] W. G.

SOMERVILLE or SOMEEYIL1L
JOHN (1560-1583), condemned for treasoa
against the life of Queen Elizabeth, was the
head of an ancient catholic family possessing
lands in "Warwickshire and Gloucestershire,
and having their chief seat at Edstone in the
former county. He was eldest son of Jdin
Somervile of Edstone, by Elizabeth, daughter
of William Corbett, of Lee, Shropshire. Re
was born in 1560, and educated at Hart Hall,
Oxford, then much resorted to by Eoman. ca-
tholics. He married Margaret, daughter of
Edward Arden [q. v.] of Park-hall, who, Hire
himself, was an adherent of the ancient faith.
In midsummer 1583 he became ' affected with
a frantic humour/ thinking himself called on
to free his religion from persecution, and
sayine1 that he ' must die for the common-
wealth.' On 24 Oct. he was heard to declare
that he would go to the court and shoot the
queen with his dag. The following day lie set
out from Edstone for London, making little
secret of his purpose, and assaulting with Ms
drawn sword some persons whom he met cm
the way. Being apprehended, he admitted
that he meant to kill the queen, and impli-
cated Edward Arden, the latter's wife, his
own wife, and Hugh Hall, a priest, who lived
in Arden's house in the disguise of a gardener,
With them he was arraigned at Guildhal ,
on 16, J)ec. 1583. He pleaded guilty j fc&
companions, who pleaded not guilty, weift;
convicted by verdict of the assize. All were
sentenced to death. Hall and the woman;
were pardoned, the priest apparently in order
that his evidence -might be used in oll^r
cases. On 19 Dec. the lieutenant of tie
Tower delivered up Somerville and Ardea
for execution. They were brought in tfee
same litter to Newgate and shut up sejav-
rately. Within two hours afterwards So
vile was found strangled in his cell
head was cut off, and, with that of
who was executed next day, was

Somerville

253

Somerville

London Bridge; his body was buried in the
Moorfields, near the Windmills. He left
two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret or
Alice ; "both married, and Elizabeth had issue.
In 1605, when wife of Thomas Warwick, she
petitioned for some portion of her father's
land to pay her debts and enable her to
subsist lite a gentlewoman. Somerville's
younger brother, Sir William (d. 1616), who
was knighted on 23 July 1603, obtained
the lands of Edstone and Aston-Somerville,
but the small estate of Widenhay in War-
wickshire passed out of the family by at-
tainder. He was, more probably than his
son Sir -William Somervile (d. 1628), who
was knighted on 6 Sept. 1617, the first
owner of the portrait of Shakespeare attri-
buted to Hilliard, sometimes called the Somer-
vile miniature. From him William Somer-
ville [q. v.j the poet was fourth in descent.

[Visitation of Warwickshire, 1619 ; Dugdale's
Warwickshire; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-
171 4 jCamden's Annals; StoVs Chronicle; State
Papers, Bom. ; Deputy-keeper of Public Records,
4th Rep. App. ii. p. 272; Metcalfe's Book of
Knights, pp. 146, 172; Mrs. Stopes's Shake-
speare's Warwickshire Contemporaries; Wrrell's
Inquiry into the History of the Shakespeare Por-
traits.] a, w. c.

SOMERVILLE, JOBDSi SOUTHEY,
fifteenth LOBD SO^OBTILLE (1765-1819),
agriculturist, born at Fitzhead Court, near
Taunton, on 21 Sept. 1765, was son of Hugh
Somerville (d. 1795) by his first wife, Eliza-
beth Lethbridge(<Z. 1765). The father, Hugh,
was younger son of James, thirteenth lord
Somerville, head of the Scottish branch of
the family. To the latter William Somer-
ville [q. v.], who was the representative of
the older (English) branch of the family,
granted in 1730, in consideration of monetary
advances, the reversion of his remaining Eng-
lish estates. The thirteenth Lord Somer-
ville accordingly became head of the family
in, both countries when the poet died with-
out issue in 1742. He died in 1765, and his
elder son James, the fourteenth lord, died on
16 April 1796 without issue.

The grandson, John Southey, was first
educated at Harrow, afterwards studied with
a private tutor for three years at Peterborough,
and finally entered SL John's College, Cam-
bridge, as a fellow-comm oner on 28 June
1782. He graduated MA. in 1785* and
then went the grand tour, falling in at Nice
TOth Francis Russell, fifth duke of Bedford
£% v.T, and travelling with him to Leghorn, ,
, and through Italy, Switzerland, and
®& coming of age he was costfeoit
e legal difficulties as to oeifeata
estates inteM fern W$

the property being thrown into chancery,
SomemUe had to be content with one farm,
which, though poor when he took it, he
converted into a valuable property. After
six years Lord-chancellor Thurlow, roused
thereto, so it was said (Public Characters^ ix.
202-3, 1806-7), by a spirited letter from
Somerville, gave judgment in his favour.
Soon after entering into his possessions,
Somerville stirred up his neighbours in de-
fence of the country, and received the com-
mand of a hundred Somerset yeomen. He
subsequently became colonel of the West
Somerset yeomanry, and continued to serve
until a carriage accident compelled him to
resign.

On succeeding as fifteenth Lord Somer-
ville, on the death of his father's elder
brother, the fourteenth lord, in 1796, he was
elected a representative peer of Scotland in
the House of Lords, and was re-elected to
the parliaments of 1802 and 1806. In 1793
he was appointed an original member of
the board of agriculture, and on 23 March
1798 he was elected president of the board
through the influence of Pitt, thus ousting
Sir John Sinclair [q. v.]r who received twelve
votes to Somerville's thirteen. Immediately
on his appointment Lord Somerville ad-
dressed his energies to reducing the expenses
of the board within the limits of the parlia-
mentary grant, and to stopping the extrava-
gance in printing which had been the cha-
racteristic of Sir John's tenure of office and
had involved the board in serious monetary
difficulties. He advocated the offer of pre-
miums for l discoveries and improvements
in the most important and leading poinfcs of
husbandry/ and during his two yeses of
office left the impress of a vigorws and

?ractical mind upon the b®ard*s wori:. la
799 he was made a lord of the Mag's bed-
chamber, with a sli|>ead of 1,QGG£. j aid tl*i&
brought him into close personal s^tiews
with George HI, whose interest m agricul-
ture was very keen, and who wpported
SomerviBe in many of to schemes, Next
to the Mug, to whom tie e&edit &ete{*s a£
this period of imtnxiu^i^ merino sfeeef into
England, SosEerviHe iwanae ' the ^ largest
J>reedejr and owser e£ ffi^m© in this win-
try, and his flock fee^aaae so valuable ib&t
two hundred step mM far 10,OOCM. In
1808 he paid a TOfc to Spain, -where lie
effected the pspAise ©f & im&iable fioc& ©f
inos* m& sseeeeded in otoimmg a
of the

Somerville

254

Somerville

1888, i. 35) Darwin quotes, in support of his
arguments, some remarks made by Somer-
ville in his < System ' (1800).

Somerville also invented several ingenious
and useful devices for agricultural imple-
ments, including a plough. He started in
1802 an annual show in London of cattle,
sheep, pigs, &c., which he carried on at his
own expense for a number of years, and for
which he provided the prizes. He was a
constant attendant also at the famous sheep-
shearings at Woburn and Holkham. He
held views far in advance of his time on
agricultural education, experimental farms,
slaughtering of animals, old-age pensions,
and other rural subjects.

He was a keen sportsman, both in the
hunting field when young and as an angler
in later life. But a succession of accidents
greatly impaired an otherwise robust consti-
tution. The winter of 1818 he spent in
Italy, and the succeeding summer in France,
for the benefit of his health. While jour-
neying thorough Switzerland he died of dysen-
tery at Vevay, on 5 Oct. 1819. His remains
were buried at Aston-Somerville.

Sir "Walter Scott eulogised his handsome
person and face, his polished manners, and
his patriotism (Miscellaneous Prose Works,
1 834, iv.) A portrait of him at Matfen Hall,
Northumberland, by Samuel Woodforde,
R.A. (engraved by James Ward, R.A., in
1800), depicts him in his yeomanry uniform,
with, in the background, a team of oxen and a
representation of his improved plough (a
reproduction of this picture forms the fronti-
spiece to vol. viii. 3rd ser. of the f Journal
of the Eoyal Agricultural Society/ 1897).

Somerville published: 1. 'Short Address
to the Yeomanry of England and others,'
Bath, 1795. 2. 'The System followed
during the last Two Years by the Board of
Agriculture/ two editions, London, 1800.
3. ' Facts and Observations relative to Sheep,
Wool, Ploughs, Oxen/ &c., 3rd edit., London,
1809. He also wrote various letters and
papers in agricultural publications, and an-
notated a ' Work on Wool/ by Robert Bake-
well of Wakefield, London, 1808.

[Scott's Memorie of the Somervilles, 1815,
M&c. Prose Works, vol. iv. 1834; Ann. Beg.
1798, voL ±L ; Annals of Agriculture, 1799, vol.
xandi.; @ant. Mag. 1805, vol. Ixxv, ; Public
Characters, 1806-7, vol. ix. ; Agricultural Mag.
1811, voL ix; Sinclair's Corresp. 1831, vol. i.;
R. A. Kinglake's A Forgotten President of the
Board of Agriculture, pamphlet, 1888; Southey's
Life and Correspondence, passim ; Journ. of the
Royal Agricultural Society, 2nd ser. 1875, xi.
310, 3rd ser. 1S91 ii. 130, 134, 136, 1895 vi. 4,
1806 viL H, 1897 viii 1-20.] E. C-B,

SOMERVILLE, MARY

writer on science, daughter of Vice-Admiral
Sir William George Fairfax [q. v.] and his
second wife, Margaret, daughter of Samuel
Charters, was born in 1780 during herfather's
absence at sea at the Manse of Jedburgli
the house of her aunt and future mother-in-
law, Martha Somerville. Keenly observant
of nature from childhood, she learned much,
from her early rambles over the sands and
braes of Burntisland. Subsequently this
open-air education was supplemented by at-
tendance at a fashionable boarding-school at
Musselburgh. The bent of her genius was
shown in her application to Euclid, and she
perfected herself in Latin in order to read
Newton's 'Principia.' Her marriage in 1804
to Captain Samuel Greig, son of the Russian
admiral, Sir Samuel Greig [q. v.], did not
interrupt her studies, and her widowhood at
the end of three years left her free to prose-
cute them with increased devotion. Her
second marriage, in 1812, to her cousin, Dr.
William Somerville [q. v.], gave her a com-
panion who entirely sympathised with her
intellectual aims. Edinburgh, her residence
during the ensuing four years, was exchanged
for London in 1816, and she moved thence-
forward in the brilliant intellectual circle
which included Brougham and Melbourne,
Rogers, Moore, Macaulay, Sir James Mackin-
tosh, and the JSTapiers. Among her scientific
friends were Sir William and Sir John Her-
schel, Sir Charles Lyell, Sir George Airy,
and Dr. Whewell, while Humboldt, Arago,
Laplace, Gay-Lussac, and De Candolle were
among her foreign acquaintances and corre-
spondents.

A paper on l The Magnetic Properties of
the Violet Rays of the Solar Spectrum/ pre-
sented by her to the Eoyal Society in 1826,
showed ingenuity in original speculation,
and attracted much interest at the time, al-
though the theory it propounded was sub-
sequently negatived by the researches of
Moser and Ries. In the folio wing year Lord
Brougham, on behalf of the Society for the
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, asked her to
write a volume descriptive of Laplace's great
work, f Le MScanique Celeste/ and its pub-
lication in 1831 raised her at once to the
first rank among scientific writers. Dis-
tinctions were showered on her; the Royal
Society ordered her bust, by Chantrev, to be
placed in their great hall, and a civil list
pension of 200£, afterwards raised to 3001,
a year was soon conferred on her by Sir
Robert Peel. Her nex-t work, < The Connec-
tion of the Physical Sciences/ an able sum-
mary of research into physical phenomena,
. was published in 1834, and went throctgk

Somerville

255

Somerville

several editions. A sentence contained in
that of 1842, pointing out that the perturba-
tions of Uranus might disclose the existence
of an unseen planet, suggested, as Professor
Adams afterwards declared, the calculations
from which he deduced the orbit of Neptune.

After 1838, when the illness of Dr. Somer-
ville compelled his family to winter abroad,
ilrs. Somerville's life was mainly passed in
Italy. The interruptions of travel delayed the
preparation of her work on i Physical Geo-
graphy/ until the appearance of Humboldt's
* Cosmos' caused her to meditate its destruc-
tion. Reprieved at the intercession of her hus-
band, and submitted to the judgment of Sir
John Herschel, the work justified Herschel's '
decision in favour of its publication (in 1848)
by the subsequent sale of six editions. The
death of Dr. Somerville in I860, and that of
Woronzow Greig, Mrs. Somerville's only son,
which occurred suddenly in 1865, shattered
her domestic happiness. She found solace
in the preparation of a fresh work, * Molecu-
lar and Microsopic Science/ a summary of
the most recent discoveries in chemistry and
physics. This was published in 1869, when
she had attained her eighty-ninth year. She
died at Naples, on 29 Nov. 1872, at the age of
ninety-two, in full possession of her mental
faculties. She was buried in the English
cemetery at Naples.

Her grasp of scientific truth in all branches
of knowledge, combined with an exceptional
power of exposition, made her the most re-
markable woman of her generation. Nor
did her abstruse studies exclude the cultiva-
tion of lighter gifts, and she excelled in
music, in painting, and in the use of the
needle. Her endowments "were enhanced by
rare charm and geniality of manner, while
the fair hair, delicate complexion, and small
proportions which had obtained for her in
her girlhood the sobriquet of 'the rose of
Jedburgh/ formed a piquant contrast to her
masculine breadth of intellect. Her contri-
butions to science were recognised by various
learned bodies. The Hoyal Astronomical
Society elected -her an Ijonorary member,
and the Victoria gold medal of the Royal
Geographical Society was conferred on her
in 1869. A similar distinction was awarded
her by the Italian Royal Geographical So-
ciety, and her name was commemorated after '
her death in the foundation of Somerville
Hall and in the Mary Somerville scholarship ;
for women in mathematics at Oxford.

As her son left no children, and her smr- ,
Yiving daughters, Martha and Mary Somer-
ville, died unmarried, her correspondence
and other memorials of her have passed into
tie hands of her nephew, Sir William Bam-

say-Fairfax, bart. He also possesses her bust,
by Macdonald, a copy of which he presented
to the National Portrait Gallery, Scotland ;
and her portrait, by Swinton, painted in
Rome in 1844. A portrait of her in crayons,
by Swinton, was bequeathed by her daugh-
ter to the National Portrait Gallery, London,
and her bust adorns the rooms of the Royal
Institution, as well as those of the Royal
Society.

[Personal Recollections of Mary Somerville,
by her daughter, Martha Somerville, London,
1873 ; Quarterly Beview, January 1874, p. 74 ;
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So-
ciety, February 1873, pp. 190-7 ; information
communicated by Sir W. Gr, H. T. Bamsay-
Fairfax, hart.] E. M. 0.

SOMEKVILLE,THOMAS (1741-1830),
divine and historian, born at Hawick, Rox-
burghshire, on 15 Feb. 1740-1, was the only
son of William Somerville, minister of
Hawick, by his first wife, Janet, daughter of
John Grierson, minister of Queensferry in
Linlithgowshire. The father was descended
from the Somervilles of Cambusnethan [see
SOMERVILLE, HWE, fifth LOEB SOMEB-
YILLE].

Thomas was educated at Hawick and after-
wards, tinder the care of his relative, Adam
Dickson [q.v.], at Duns in Berwickshire,
He entered Edinburgh University in Novem-
ber 1756. His fatherj dying in the following
year, left him and his sisters in narrow cir-
cumstances, and he accepted the offiee of
tutor in the family of George Barges of
Greslee, Berkshire, commissioner of fee ex-
cise and father of Sir James Btand^Btirges
[q. v.] He was licensed by the Edinburgh
presbytery on 28 Nov. 1764 Shortly affeer
Sir Gilbert Eliot [q. v.] appointed him fester
to his son Gilbert (afterwards fest Earl of
Minto) [q. v.J and from tfcafc time Somemle
found in the Elliot family constant friends
and patrons. In December 1776 lie was pre-
sented by Sir Gilbert to the parish of JUnto in
BoxburghsMre, and was oiminecl cm B4 A|ml
1767. In 1769 he T^ted Ix»te in £&e
company of Sir Gilbert, and was mtrwfeeed
by him to many literary mem? sammg others
to John Blair, author of *tte ChronologY
and History of t&e WorH/ to Br, Vincent,
master of Westminster sekx>I, and to Dr.
KoseofChiswiek, Intl»esx)ektyofWiIliaHi
Strahan, the printe, i& also rnefc David
Hume, Sir Join Prmgle^ Benjamin

he came to ferow Sir Walter Seotfc

Somerville

256

Somerville

ing him under the hostile attacks persistently
made on Mm on account of his connection
with the stage.

On 27 July 1772 Somerville was presented
by the king to the parish of Jedburgh. Pa-
tronage was then extremely unpopular in
Scotland, and his appointment occasioned
great opposition. Repeated protests were
made at first, but the uprightness of his
character gradually quieted the discontent
and won him the favour of his parishioners.

Soon after the outbreak of the American
war, Somerville published a pamphlet en-
titled 'Candid Thoughts on American In-
dependence' (London, 1780), in which he
severely condemned the action of the colo-
nists and supported the attitude of Lord
North. His criticisms provoked a reply from
Tod of Kirtlands, entitled 'Consolatory
Thoughts on American Independence.7 So-
merville's pamphlet met with approbation,
and, as his pecuniary circumstances were
embarrassed, he conceived the idea of turn-
ing author on a larger scale. In 1782 he begjan
his history of the revolution of 1688, which
was published in 1792 under the title ' His-
tory of Political Transactions and of Parties
from the Restoration of King Charles II to
the Death of King William III ' (London,
4to). Somerville spent ten years collecting
materials and writing his ''History.' He ex-
amined the documents on the period in the
British Museum and in the libraries in Edin-
burgh and extended his researches to such
private collections as he could obtain, access
to (e.g. the Shrewsbury, Hardwicke, and
Townshend papers). He endeavoured to
deal impartially with political questions, but
he was biassed by antipathy to Roman Catho-
licism. The second part of his work, the
'History of Great Britain during the Reign
of Queen Anne7 (London, 1798, 4to), is the
more valuable of the two, and may still claim
to be an adequate history of the times of which
it treats. Somerville maintained that the
party distinctions in Anne's reign were alto-
gether different from those under George III,
though the terms 'whiff' and ftory"were
ettrreEt at both periods [see art. STAISTHOPB,
PHKLTP HENRY, fifth EABL STANHOPE].

On 17 July 1789 Somerville received the
itomorary degree of B.D. from the university
of St. Andrews, and in October 1793 he was
appointed; one of his majesty's chaplains for
Scotland. About the same time he was
elected a member of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh. In 1798 he declined the pro-
fessorship of elmrdi history in the univer-
sity of Edinburgh, and he received a yearly
j>enaon from the king in 1800. Notwith-
^ steading his great age^ he continued the

discharge of his ministerial duties until hi*
death on 16 May 1830. He was buried in
the lady-chapel of Jedburgh Abbey He
married, on 5 June 1770, Martha, daughter
of Samuel Charters, solicitor of customs
She died on 17 Dec. 1809, leaving, with'four
daughters, two sons : William, M.D, (1771-.
1860) [q. v.], and Samuel, writer to the
signet.

Besides the works already mentioned
several sermons, and the article on { Jed-
burgh' in Sinclair's 'Statistical Account'
Somerville wrote : 1. { Observations on the
Constitution and State of Britain/ Edin-
burgh, 1793, 8vo. 2. 'The Effects of the
French Revolution with respect to the In-
terests of Humanity, Liberty, Religion, and
Morality/ Edinburgh, 1793, 8vo. 3. l Col-
lection of Sermons/ Edinburgh, 1813, 8vo.
4. 'My own Life and Times/ Edinburgh,"
1861, 8vo, which, though written in 1813-14,
was, according to his directions, first pub-
lished thirty years after his death. It was
edited by William Lee, minister of Roxburgh
and son of John Lee (1779-1859) [q. v.], prin-
cipal of Edinburgh University.

[Somerville's Life and Times; Annual Bio-
graphy aad Obituary, 1831, pp. 374-85 (by an
intimate friend); Chambers's Biogr. Diet, of
Eminent Scotsmen, pp. 385-6; Anderson's
Scottish Nation, hi. 490 ; Scott's Fasti Eccl.
Scot. i. i. 396, ii. 482, 507 ; G-ent. Mag. 1830,
ii. 183; Athenaeum, 1861, i. 657; Allibone's
Diet, of Engl. Lit.] B. L C.

SOMERVILLE, WILLIAM (1675-
1742), poet, came of an ancient family long
settled at Aston-Somerville in Gloucester-
shire. To this family belonged John Somer-
ville [q. v.], on whose attainder a younger
brother, Sir "William, contrived to retain or
recover both estates. The poet, fourth in
descent from this Sir William, was the eldest
son of Robert Somervile of Edstone, and
Elizabeth his wife, eldest daughter of Sir
Charles Wolseley (d. 1714) [q. v.], bart., of
Wolseley in the parish of Colwich, Stafford-
shire, where he was born on 2 Sept. 1675.
He had five brothers and one sister, He is
said to have received his early education at
Stratford-on-Avon. In 1690 he was admitted
as * founder's Mn * at Winchester, whence, on
24 Aug. 1694, he proceeded to New College,
Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship. On
3 Oct. 1696 he was admitted a student at
the Middle Temple, but retained his fellow-
ship till 1705. On his father's death in the
same year he settled at Edstone, where he
spent the rest of his life.

His life at Edstone was that of a cqimtry ]
gentleman, taking his share in the business ;
and pleasures of hisr station. He had tfre

Somerville

257

Somerville

reputation of being a good justice, and he en-
joyed the esteem of his neighbours, among
whom were Lord Lyttelton, Shenstone, and
Jago the poets, and Lady Luxborough [see
KSTGHT, HENRIETTA], the half-sister of Bol-
ingbrobe. Dr. Thomas, whose edition of Dug-
dale's t "Warwickshire ' was published in 1730,
calls him in that work s vicinise suse ornamen-
tum T (ii. 829). In politics he was a whig.

Of his devotion to field sports there is
ample evidence in his writings. The only
form of sport condemned in them is coursing,
which he sternly denounced. He took an
active part in the*management of his kennels,
which consisted of * about twelve couples of
beagles, bred chiefly between the small Cots-
wold harrier and the southern hound ; six
couples of fox-hounds, rather rough and
wire-haired; and five couples of otter-
hounds, which in the winter season made an
addition to the fox-hounds ' (Sporting Mag.
1832).

His revenue, which amounted to about
1,5007., was burdened with an annuity of
6007. to his mother, whose death, at the age
of ninety-eight, occurred only a month be-
fore his own. In 1730, being in embarrassed
circumstances, he made an arrangement with
James, thirteenth lord Somerville, in the
peerage of Scotland, who also claimed de-
scent from the Somervilles of Wichnour, by
which, in consideration of the relief of
burdens, he settled on his lordship the re-
version of Ms estates after Ms death [see
SoaoBViLLB, JOHN SOUTHET, fifteenth LOED].
Shenstone, in one of Ms letters, says that
Somerville was improvident, and that in his
later years he fell into the habit of intem-
perate drinking (SHENSTONE, Works, iiL 66).

His leisure was devoted to literature, and
the earliest of his verses to wMch a date
(about 1712) can be assigned were addressed
to Marlborough, to Charles Montagu, earl of
Halifax, General James (afterwards first Earl)
Stanhope, and Addison, all statesmen of Ms
own political party. It appears from the
verses addressed to him by Allan Ranisay
that some of Ms poems weife circulated pri-
vately before publication. His first ptttlistied
volume was 'The Two Springs,' a fofole, 1725,
fol, TMs was followed in 1727 by ' Occa-
sional Poems, Translations, Fables, Tales,'
&c^ 8vo, which included most of Ms writings
tip to the date of publication. *Tna diase/
Ms most famous production, appeared in
1735 (London, 4to, 9th edit. 17M); *Hot>-
Mnol, or tha Rural Games/ a trerlesspe in
blank verse (dedicated to Hogarth), in 1740,
4fe© (Imfc h& states in tlie izrefaee tli&t much
of it feai been in circulation feetoe) ; * Meld
/ & poem oa nawMng, was

I in folio in 1742, the year of his death. He
J left to Lord Somerville, his executor and
: residuary legatee, a manuscript volume of
| unpublished poems ; and Lady Luxborough
j mentions that she had in her possession a
j translation which he had executed of Vol-
! taire's * Alzire/ and also several * little poems
I and impromptus, for the most part too trivial
! or too local for the press ? (Letters, ed. 1775.
>- 211).

Somerville died at Edstone on 1 7 July 1742.

He married, on 1 Feb. 1708, Mary, daugh-

i ter of HughBethell, esq., of Rise in Yorkshire.

His wife died childless on 5 Sept. 1731. They

, are both buried in the chantry chapel of the

I church of Wootton-Wawen. There is an

1 epitaph by himself, and in the churchyard

is an inscription by nim in commemoration

of Ms huntsman and butler, James Boeter,

who * was hurt in the hnnting field and died

of this accident,*

SomerviUe's fame rests chiefly on 'The
Chase/ a poem of four books in blank verse,
to which * Field Sports ' may be considered a
supplement. It contains a vivid description
of his favourite pastime and some lively
pictures of animal life. It has always been
held in high esteem by sportsmen, and many
editions of it have been published, the finest
being that of 1796, with illustrations by the
brothers Bewick, of whose art it exhibits
some of the best examples. The edition of
1800 has designs by Stothard. In 1896 it
was reissued with Olnstrations by Mr. Hz^&
Thomson. A collective edition of Somar-
ville's poetical works appeared in 1801, aaul
a * Diamond* edition in 18S5-6. His poems
figure in tlse collections of Joimeom, Aato-
son, Chalmers, Bell, SanJbrd, and Pkck

Somerville was tall and iiandsome and
( very fair7 (&. p. 277), At Wolseley ttere
is a portrait of hmt when a boy.
painted by D&M in 17G&, is in me j
of tfce Hon. Mrs, Ralph Smytk, ibori
ter of tfee seveinteeiaili Bsiim SwervIBe, A
faalf4esgtii engraving of ifc is prefixed to tlie
second v^faae of tlie *ifem0oe of tlia
SomersiBes,* A later portrait foy Kneller
was presented By t&e poel lo Ms nelgfekmr,
Cfeisfeo^€^ Wrm, esq., of WroxWl Abbejr,
sou of Sir C&tisfcafter, *nd is aow in the
possession of his descendant, Catherine,
daughter of Gfeaiicbs Wrea Hoskyns, aad
-widow of tie Bev, O.F. C. Hgofct, redor of

* pl&tel in 1831.

8 a ortmife fey Worfite, besides

to ha?seifc

[Begistea*s sad tombstones ; JobnsoD's limes of

Somerville

258

Somerville

wieksMre, 1619; Dugdale's Warwickshire; Fos- in Canada was held by Somerville, together

ter's Alumni Oxon.; Sporting Magazine, February with the comptrollership of the customs in

1832 ; Memorie of the Somervilles ; Shenstone's Quebec, until 1811, when he returned to Eng-

' ' e- '

Letters; Lady Luxboroagh's Letters ; Cecil's Ee-
cords of the Chase ; Colvile's Worthies of War-
^ckshire; Noticesof the Chur ches of War wick-
shire ; Gent. Mag. July 17*2 andttU, i. 439 ,
Genealogist, new ser. vol. xm.; private mforaa- .

n*-I ' * * Greig, better known as Mary Somerville [q.-v.]

SOMERVILLE, "WILLIAM (1771- After holding for a short time the post of

1860), physician, eldest son of Thomas Somer- deputy inspector of hospitals at Portsmouth,

vttle [q. v.], and his wife Martha, daughter he became in 1813 head of the army medical
of Samuel Charters, was born in Edinburgh

an(j remained in atten-
dance on Mm until Mg death ^ February f
^ followi r. His prospects abr^

were renoun<?edJ for a home appointment on
marriag6j in 1812? to HS cousin, Mrs.

on 22 April 1771. He chose medicine as

department in Scotland, and resided in Edin-
burgh until^his ^appointment in 1816 as one

. ^ ^

his profession, and, having entered the army of the principal inspectors of the army medi-

as a surgeon, accompanied the expedition cal board in England, when he removed to

„ ~. ~- ° -r~r J-N • r "I j. _ j 1_ . /N ___ T __ J __ A J __ Ixj.- J _ 1!_ __ J.* i_ _I*j-'L- T4._ 1

of Sir James Henry Craig [q.v.] to the Cape London. Admitted a licentiate of the Royal
of Good Hope in 1795, and was appointed College of Physicians on 27 June 1817, he
garrison-surgeon of Capetown on its cap- was elected a fellow of the Royal Society
ture by the British. He was employed on on 11 Dec. following, and, on 13 Nov. 1819,
confidential missions by the government in gazetted physician to Chelsea Hospital. His
the negotiation of treaties with the Kaffir | serious illness in 1838 compelled his family
tribes, who continued to make inroads on to winter abroad, and thenceforward to reside
" " " " — - * - - - " •' principally on the continent. His life was

prolonged until 25 June 1860, when he died
suddenly in Florence, aged 89. A man of
considerable endowments, he shared the
scientific tastes and pursuits as well as the

the farms of the Dutch colonists^ In the
course of nis wanderings, he and his native
guide were at one time sentenced to death by
a Kaffir chief, and owed their lives to the in-
tercession of the chief's wife. In an interval
of his African travels Somerville graduated

as doctor of medicine in the university of

social success of his wife, and after his mar-
riage seemed to merge all personal ambition

,1 . • . . _J» IT 1- •11" j. TT_

Aberdeen, on 27 June 1800. His longest | in the interest of her brilliant career. He
and most important journey was performed I left two daughters, Martha and Mary, both
in 1801-2, as co-commissioner with Mr. ! of whom died unmarried,
(afterwards Sir John) Triiter, member of the j [Somerville's My Life and Times, Edinburgh,
court of justice, by the order and at the i 1861, pp. 295, 389, 391 ; Munk's Boll of the
expense of the Cape government, for the pur- ' Royal College of Physicians, London, 2nd edit.iii.
of negotiating the purchase of cattle 10° rt o:~ T^~ ^ 5~ A TT~-"~ ^ n^~

from the tribes of the interior, to replace those
lost by the colonists in the Kaffir war. The
expedition reached Lithako, the kraal of the
Batlapin tribe, seven hundred miles from
their starting-point, and three hundred from
the frontier of the colony, in a region then
rarely visited by Europeans. The journey is
described in an appendix to Sir John Bar-

168-9 ; Sir John BarroVs A Voyage to Cochin
China, London, 1806, Appendix ; An Account of
a Journey made in the Years 1801 and 1802 to
Leatakao, the Residence of the Chief of the
Booshuana Nation,] E. M. C.

SOMERVILLE, SIR WILLIAM MERE-
DYTH, BABOST ATHLTTMNBT in the peerage
of Ireland, and BA.EOIT MEEEDTTH in the

___.„ peerage of the United Kingdom (1802-1873),

row's * Voyage to Cochin China/ published statesman, born in 1802, was^ son of Sir
in London in 1806, SomerviUe's promised Marcus Somerville, bart., by his first wife,
narrative, as the author states in his preface, Mary Anne, daughter and heiress of Sir
mot having appeared. His next public ser- Richard Meredyth, bart. The grandfather
vice was again under Sir James Craig, whom of Sir Marcus, Sir Quaile Somerville (eldest
lie accompanied in his expedition to the Medi- son of Sir James Somerville, knight, lord

*. ^ fonaiag p^ of the operations mayor of Dublin, by Elizabeth, daughter of

j Hapoleon in 1805, When failing Alderman Quaile of Dublin), was created a
compelled the general to resign his baronet on 14 May 1748. He was succeeded
~* at iihe endj>f a year, during which by his son, Sir James Quaile Somerville, father

~~ " of Sir Marcus.

"William Meredyth matriculated from
Christ Church, Oxford, in February

s aEtd Sicaly had been successively occtt-
> Somemlle returned to England with

tand was again on Craig's staff when his , ,_.

jxarfcial recoveiry enabled the latter to go out but did not graduate. He succeeded t

? ; ^E> Canada as govesmo^general in 1807. The baronetcy on the death of his father in 18S1*

s^^&tos^* of ir^pe«*oa>gen^ral of hospitals and was for a time in the diplomatic service*

Somerville

259

Sommers

In January 1835 he stood unsuccessfully as a
liberal candidate for Wenlock. In August
1837 he was returne^l for Drogheda, which he
represented for fifteen years. From his second
session onwards he spoke frequently on Irish
questions from the point of view of a liberal
landlord. In January 1840 he was chosen to
second the address (Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. liv.
179 seq.) On 3 June 1841 , the fourth night of
the debate, he made an effective speech against
Peel's motion for a vote of censure on Lord
Melbourne's ministry, which was carried by
a majority of one and overthrew the Mel-
bourne administration. In this speech Somer-
ville pronounced the repeal of the corn laws
to be the best cure of the slovenly sys-
tem of farming in Ireland (ib. Iviii. 1103-
1107). On 30 March 1846 Somerville brought
forward a motion opposing the postponement
of Peel's Corn Bill in favour of the Pro-
tection of Life in Ireland Bill, He was
seconded by William Smith O'Brien [q. v.],
and Sir James Graham, O'Connell, Peel, and
Cobden took part in the debate. The motion
was rejected by 147 to 108 (ib. bcxxv. 288, &c.)
When, on 17 April, the repressive measure
was introduced, Somerville, in an earnest
speech, denounced it as unnecessary and
likely tip be inefficacious. On 8 June he
moved its rejection on the second reading,
and after six nights' debate succeeded, with
the aid of the protectionists, in defeating the
bill and overthrowing the tory government
{$>. Izxxvii. 130, &c.)

On the whigs, under Lord John Russell,
taking office, Somerville became under-
secretary for the home department. In July
1847 he was appointed chief secretary for
Ireland and sworn of the privy council Dur-
ing his term of office he had to deal with the
Insh famine and the young Ireland move-
ment Somerville's land bill of 1848 failed
before the opposition of the landlords, but in
the following year the Encumbered Estates
Act was passed.

When Lord John Russell's ministry fell in
February 1852, Somerville ceased to be chief
secretary, and at the general election in the
Mkrwing July lost Ms seat for Drogheda.
AHear a two years' absence from parliament,
le was returned at a by-election for Can-
terbury on 18 Aug. 1854. In 1855 he spoke
la favour of the abolition of church rates, <
md in t&e following year took frequent part
in Hie debates on the bill dealing with ,
dwellings of Irish labourers. On 7 July 1857
l^mppcrted RoebucFs motion for the aboli-
ti«« of tiie Irish vle^royalty 'for imperial as
-wsfiH as Msk reasons ' (Jkri Dfc&z&s*, 3rd ser.

* * 1070). la 1850 lie brought in a HE \
* ' liisaMB-4

; ties debarring Roman catholics from the Irish
chancellorship, The bill received the support
j of leaders of both parties, but, after reference
; to a select committee, was withdrawn (ib,
\ cliv. 713, civ. 249).

i On 14 Dec. 1863 Somerville was created a
i peer of Ireland, with the title of Baron Ath-
. lumney of Somerville and Dollardstown, and
j on 3 May 1866 was raised to the peerage of
the United Kingdom as Baron Meredyth of
Dollardstown, co. Meath. In his last speech
in the House of Commons (21 June 1864)
he expressed his opinion against any further
interference between landlord and tenant in
Ireland, and in supporting in the House of
Lords, where his knowledge and judgment
; were highly valued, Lord Clanricarde's bill
; of 1867 to simplify tenure of Irish land, he
| declared Ms preference for emigration over
: legislative interference (ib. clxxxv. 797, £c.)
! Nevertheless, he supported Mr. Gladstone's
land bill of 1870, taking considerable part
in the discussions in committee. He also gave
a warm support to the Irish Church Bill.
He had been an early supporter of concurrent
endowment. Athlumney died at Dover on
7 Dec. 1873. He was much respected in Ire-
land as a resident landlord ; his large estates
lay in the county of Meath. His speeches
in parliament were marked by candour and
moderation, as well as by extensive know-
ledge and breadtn of view.

Athlumney was twice married: first, in
December 1832, to Maria Harriet, youngest
daughter of Henry Conyngham, first marquis
Convngham ; secondly, in October I860, to
Maria Ueorgiana Elizabeth, only daughter of
Herbert George Jones, serjeant-at-law. By
his second wife, who survived him, he had five
daughters, besides James Herbert Gustavus
Meredyth Somerville (b. 1865), who suc-
ceeded to the peerage.

[Lodge's Genealogy of the Peerage ; <y, E. <X*s
Peerage ; Times, W Dec, 1873 j Ulrastraited Lon-
don News, 20 Bee. 1873 ; Pail. Debates, Swi seir.
passim ; B. B. O'Brieif s ftfty Years of OaBeessioa
to Ireland, ii, ciiap. v. and vL] G-. LB Q-. N.

SO1OEERS, WILLIAM (£ 1560),
Henry Villas fool, is said to Iiave been a
native of Shropshire, and at one time a servant
in the household of Biehard Fermor fa. v.] of
EaatonNeston,Korthaniptoiishire. TBrought
by his master to tlie court at Greenwich, * oa a
holy day/ about ld§5, the king is reported to
have noticed favourably Ms witty sallies and
to Iiave installed Mm afe once in tlie royal
hoosehsoM as tlse court fool TheMn^swasi4-
robe accounts record payments in Itis behalf
for clomblets of wzatea and fastiam liBeJ, rntit
canvas and cotton, coats and pap of green
cloih IHsg&I wif& red oar wMfee eara§>% ami

Sommers

260

Somner

lined -with frieze or buckram (cf. Letters and
Papers of Henry VIII, 1539, pt. ii. pp. 77,
333). In 1539 a velvet purse was given him

(#•)

According to tradition, Sommers was soon

on very familiar terms with the king. He
puzzled him with foolish riddles, and amused
him by playing practical jokes on Cardinal
Wolsey, who * could never abide him. bom-
mers seems to have mingled with his clownish
witticisms some shrewd comments on cur-
rent abuses. Thomas Wilson, in his ' Art of
Eketoric ' (1553), relates that Will, noticing
the difficulty the king experienced in getting

money from the treasury for his own use,
warned his master of the corrupt practices
of the auditors, surveyors, and receivers of
the exchequer. ' You have so many frauditors
(he said), so many conveiers, and so many
deceivers to get your money that they get al
to themselves.'

At the same time Sommers was credited
with a kindly temper. He continuously used
his influence in the interests of the poor and
the oppressed. 'He was,' wrote Robert
Armin in his * Nest of Ninnies ' (1608), < a
poor man's friend.' His uncle is said to
have visited him at Greenwich, and to have
complained of the recent enclosure by a
Shropshire landlord named Tirrell of a com-
mon called The Frith. Sommers is reported
to have brought the grievance to the notice
of the king, who directed the common to be
reopened, and appointed Sommer's uncle
bailiff at 20/. a year. Another story is to the
effect that after Sommers's former master,
Richard Fermor, had been deprived of his pro-
perty on being prosecuted in 1540 for infring-
ing the statute of prsemunire, Sommers begged
mercy for his old master when the king lay on
his deathbed, with the result that Fermor's
estate was ultimately restored to him (cf.
ArcJiceologia^Ql. xviii.) During Edward VI's
reign he seems to have retired from court
(Lit. Remains of Edward VI, pp. xliv-v,
Ixxii). One William Somers, who has been
identified with the jester, was buried in the
church of St. Leonard, Shoreditch, 15 June
1560 (CoLLiEii, Bibliographical Cat. ii. 531).
Armin, on the evidence of eye-witnesses,
described the fool as lean and hollow-eyed,
with stooping shoulders. He was clearly of
"very short stature. There is an apparently
authentic portrait of him in a group of
Henry VIH and his family, ascribed to the
school of Holbein, now at Hampton Court,
Sommers stands in a doorway on the right,
with a monkey at his back', A curious
'painting of a man's full face, grinning through
a lattice window, also at Hampton Court,
Iras been wrongly identified with Sommers,

and attributed to Holbein. It was probably
painted in the seventeenth century. It was
engraved as a portrait of Sommers by B,,
Clamp. A portrait of Henry VIII in com-
pany with Sommers is in Henry VETs-
psalter, now among the royal manuscripts at
the British Museum ; it was engraved as a
frontispiece to Ellis's ' Original Letters' (1st
ser. vol. i.) There is a rare print by Francis
Delaram [q. v.]

Sommers's fame long survived his death.
In the * Pleasant Comedie called Summers,
last Will and Testament ' by Thomas Nash,
written in 1593 and published in 1600, Som-
mers figures as a loquacious and shrewd-
witted Chorus. In the chronicle play by
Samuel Rowley [q. v.l called i When you see
me, you know me ' (1605), Sommers jests-
familiarly with Henry VIII and Queen Cathe-
rine. Samuel Rowlands [q. v.], in a descrip-
tion of Sommers in his 'Good Newes and
Bad Newes ' (1622), gives him much the same
character as Rowley. In 1623 ' Will Sommer r
is named on the title-page as one of four sup-
posititious authors of a pretended ' New and
Merrie Prognostication' (reprinted by J. 0.
Halliwell). ' A Pleasant Historic of the-
Life and Death of William Sommers/ con-
taining much that is apocryphal, was popular
in the seventeenth century. The earliest copy
known (one exemplar is in the Bodleian
Library) is dated 1676, and has some illustra-
tions. It was reprinted in 1794 (Brit. Mus.)
[Authorities cited, especially A Pleasant His-
torieof Sommers, 1676 ; Armin's Nest of Ninnies,
1608 (Shakespeare Soc. 1842), pp. 41-9, 63-5;
Doran's Hist, of Court Pools (1858), pp. 134-44 ;
Ernest Law's Cat. of Pictures at Hampton Court,
pp. 113, 225.] S.L.

SOMNEK, WILLIAM (1598-1669),
Anglo-Saxon scholar, was baptised in the-
church of St. Margaret, Canterbury, on 5 Nov.
1598, although, in accordance with the state-
ment of his widow and surviving relatives,
the date of his birth is usually given as-
30 March 1606. His father held the office
of registrary of the court of Canterbury, under
Sir Nathaniel Brent [q. v.], commissary.
After passing through the free school at
Canterbury, he became clerk to his father,
and Archbishop Laud soon advanced him to
be registrar of the ecclesiastical courts of
the diocese. The archbishop demanded of
him a yearly report on the conduct of the
clergy in the diocese, but this Somner failed
to supply (LA.UD, Works, vii. 268-9). Som-
ner devoted his leisure to studying law ana
antiquities, and shooting with the long bow.
He was a zealous loyalist, and suffered pecu-
niary loss in consequence of his attachment ,
to the king's cause. After the execution of

Somner

261

Sondes

Charles I lie wrote a passionate elegy, en-
titled ' The Insecuritie of Princes, considered
in an occasional! Meditation upon the King's
late Sufferings and Death/ London, 1648, 4to,
Subsequently he published another loyalist
poem, to which was prefixed the portrait of
Oharles I, before his EIKOV Bao-iXifdj, and
this title : ' The Frontispiece of the King's
book opened with a Poem annexed, The In-
security of Princes, £c/ He was imprisoned
for some time in Deal Castle for endeavour-
ing to obtain subscriptions to a petition for
a free parliament in 1 6o°/. At the Restora-
tion he was preferred to the mastership of
St. John's Hospital in the suburbs of Canter-
bury, and he was appointed auditor of Christ
Church, Canterbury, by the dean and chapter.
He died on 30 March 1669, and was buried in
the church of St. Margaret, Canterbury. He
was thrice married, and left several children.

.His printed books and manuscripts were
purchased by the dean and chapter of Can-
terbury, and are preserved in the cathedral
archives (cf. EJEHTNTETT, Life of Somner, 1726,
p. 137 ; Biographies Britannicd).

His portrait, drawn and engraved by M.
Burghers, is prefixed to the * Treatise of the
Eoman Ports and Forts/ 1693.

Somner's earliest work was i The Antiqui-
ties of Canterbury; or a Survey of that an-
cient Citie, with the Suburbs and Cathedral/
London, 1640, 4to, dedicated to Archbishop
Laud (reissued 1662 ; 2nd edit, "by Nicholas
Batteley [q. v.], London, 1703, foL) After
having, at the suggestion of Dr. Meric
Casaubon [q. v.], acquired a competent know-
ledge of Anglo-Saxon, he wrote £ Observa-
tions on the Laws of King Henry I/ pub-
lished by Sir Roger Twysden [q. v. j in 1644,
with a new glossary. He made collections for
& history of Kent, but, ' being overtaken by
that impetuous storm of civil war/ he aban-
doned this undertaking. A portion of the
work was published at Oxford in 1693 by
the Tlev. James Brome, under the title of ' A
Treatise of the Koman Ports and Forts in
Kent/ with notes by Edmund Gibson [q. v.],
afterwards bishop of London, and a life of
the author by White Kennett [q. v,]

Somner completed in 1647 t A Treatise of
OaveUnnd, both Name and Thing/ published
in London, 1660, 4to; 2nd edit. 1726, with
the memoir by Kennett, * revised and much
enlarged.1 He also made, but never pub-
lished, an English translation of * The Ancient
Saxon Laws/ which had been published in
Latin by William Lambard [q. v.] in 156U
He next composed, in reply to Jean Jacques
OiiiSet, a dissertation on Portus Iccius, the
place where Julius Caesar embarked in Ms ;
expeditions to Britain, and ixed it at i

Gessoriacum, now Boulogne-sur-Mer. This
was first published in a Latin translation
(' Ad Chiffletii librum responsio ') by Gibson
in the latter's l Julii Csesaris Portus Iccius
Hlustratus/ Oxford, 1694. Somner also drew
up 'Ad verba vetera Germaniea & V. 01. Justo
Lipsio Epist. Cent. iii. ad Belgas Epist. XLIV
collecta, Notse/ published in the appendix to
Meric Casaubon's * De quatuor Linguis Com-
mentatio/ 1650. To the 'Histories Angli-
can® Scriptores Decem/ edited in 1652 by
Sir Roger Twysden, he contributed a valuable
glossary of obscure and antiquated words.

Somner thus acquired great reputation as
an antiquary, and he numbered among Ms
friends and correspondents Archbishops Laud
and Ussher, Sir Robert Cotton, Sir W . Dug-
dale, Roger Dodsworth, Sir Symonds D*Ewes,
Sir E. Bysshe, Dr. Thomas Fuller, and Elias
Ashmole. To Dudgale and Dodsworth's
'Monasticon Anglicanum' he contributed
materials relating to Canterbury and- the
religious houses in Kent, and he translated
into Latin all the Anglo-Saxon documents,
and many English records for the same work.
In 1657 John Spelman, at the suggestion
of Archbishop Ussher, bestowed on tSomner
the annual stipend of the Anglo-Saxon lec-
ture founded by his father, Sir Henry Spel-
man [q. v.], at Cambridge. This enabled him
to complete Ms principal work, the *Die-
tionarium Saxoni<x)-I^tmcHAnglicum, voces,
phrasesque prsecipuas Anglo-Saxonieas . , .
cum Latinaet Anglica vocum interpretatione
complectens . . . Aecesserunt JSJfrki Ab-
batis Grammatica Latmo-Saxoniea cam gios-
sario suo ejusdem generis,' 2 pfcs* Oxford,
1659, foL; 2nd edit, with additions by
Thomas Benson, 1701, 8vo, His last amti-
quarian production was * diartibam Hews ;
or a brief relation of some Strange Bones fctere
lately digged np, in some grcflmds of Hr.
John Somner's.* This was efitecl by Ms bro-
ther John, London, 1680, 4to, and isrqpdated
at the end of the first part of tibe second
edition of Ms * Antiquities of Cantedburj.*

[life by Keamefct; Biogpr. Mt. vL S?§7 ;
G<ii^iTs Briia^i Tepograpl^, L 451, 452, 472 ;
Notes and Queries, 2i^ ser. ix, 420; Upfeoa's

T, C.

SO]SDES, SIB GEORGE, KABT. OF FE-
VEESHAM (1600-1^77), tam in 1600 at Lees
Court, in tlie parisfe of SneMwidi, near
Feversliam in Iteet, w^ son and lieir of
Sir Eidiard Soa«fes (1571-1645) of Tnrow-
ley and afterwards of Lees Cmr^ li$ Ms
•wife Susan, tegfcter of Sir Edwaari -
of Bcmgaton [see

of Bowiteii He -w^ of ma qj

$$y ana to graadJMwr, Sr

Sondes

262

Soone

Sondes, was resident in Sheldwich from 1576
to 1587. George was educated at Enmianuel
College, Cambridge, where he entered in 1615,
and where his tutor was Dr. Preston ; but he
does not appear to have proceeded to a de-
gree. He was made a KB. on 1 Feb. 1626,
upon Charles I's coronation, and he repre-
sented Higham Ferrers in the parliament of
1628-9, while as a staunch royalist he was
made sheriff of Kent in 1637-8. On the
outbreak of the civil war he was named a
deputy lieutenant for Kent, and was on the
royalist committee for the county in 1643.
When the parliamentary cause proved tri-
umphant, he suffered greatly in his estate,
and was imprisoned from 1645, first in
Upnor Castle and then in the Tower, whence
he was released in May 1650, but not finally
discharged until 25 June following, after
compounding for his estate by a payment of
3,350Z. (Cal. of Proceedings, p. 867). Alto-
gether he computed that he lost not less
than 30,OOQZ. by the civil war. On his re-
lease, however, he began rebuilding Lees
Court from the plans of Inigo Jones, but
his pursuits were interrupted by a terrible
calamity which befell hi™ in 1655. On
7 Aug. in that year, his younger son, Free-
man, a sullen youth of eighteen or nineteen,
apparently actuated by jealousy, killed his
elder brother George, while asleep in an
upper room in Lees Court, by a deadly blow
on the back of the head with a cleaver. The
murderer, who at once apprised his father of
his crime, was taken to Maidstone next day
and arraigned at Maidstone assize on 9 Aug.
He pleaded guilty, was sentenced to death,
and was hanged at Maidstone on 21 Aug.,
meeting his end with resignation. The fratri-
cide proved a fruitful theme for the pulpit, and
is still memorable on account of the curious
pamphlet literature that it evoked. Robert
Boreman [q. v.] at once issued ' A Mirrour
of Mercy and Judgment, or an exact true
narrative of the Life and Death of Freeman
Sends, Esq./ 1655, 4to (Brit. Mus.) pther
'ministers and godly men' of the vicinity,
less compassionate than Boreman, traced the
* visitation ' to Sondes's own moral remiss-
ness. He had failed (it was said) to con-
tinue tne endowment of Throwley free school
as purposed by his father, had improperly
executed the will of his father-in-law, Sir
Ralph Freeman, and had generally mis-
managed Ms sons' education. Sir George
answered the charges with humility in a
'Hame Narrative to the World, of all Pas-
sages upon fcJbe Death of his TVo Bonnes'
n, 165£, fol) ; this is scarcely less
in religion sentiment than Robert
avowedly edifying tract. There

followed from other pens ' The Devils Reign
upon Earth, being a Relation of several sad
and bloudy Murthers lately committed, espe-
cially that of Sir George Sonds his son upon
his own brother . . . .' London, 1655, 12mo
(HAZLITT, Handbook) ; and ( A Funeral Elegie-
upon the Death of George Sonds, Esq. ... by
William Annand Junior of Throwllgh, where-
unto is annexed a Prayer compiled by his sor-
rowful Father/ 1655, s. sh. fol. (Brit. Mus.)
On the Restoration Sondes was again ap-
pointed deputy lieutenant for Kent, and re-
? resented Ashburton in parliament from
661 to 1676, when on 8 April, in recom-
pense for his unwavering loyalty to the
royalist cause, he was created Baron of
Throwley, Viscount Sondes, and Earl of
Feversham, with remainder to his son-in-
law, Louis Duras or Durfort, earl of Fevers-
ham [<j. v.] He died at Lees Court, without
male issue, on 16 April 1677. Thomas
Southouse dedicated his ' MonasticonFavers-
hamiense ' to Sondes in 1671.

Feversham was twice married: first, in
1632, to Jane, daughter and heiress of (Sir)
Ralph Freeman of Aspeden, Hertfordshire,,
lord mayor of London in 1633-4, by whom
he had three sons : Freeman, who died an
infant, and the George who was murdered
by his younger brother, also named Freeman.
He married, secondly, on 25 Feb. 1655-6, at
St. Paul's, Co vent Garden, Mary, daughter
of Sir William Yilliers, bart., of Brooksby.
By his second wife he had two daughters :
Mary, baptised in Sheldwich church on
15 March 1656-7, who married, on 9 March
1675-6, Louis Duras, baron Duras of Hoi-
denby, and subsequently Earl of Feversham;
and Katharine, baptised on 20 April 1658,
who married, on 17 July 1677, Lewis Wat-
son ; the latter in 1689 became Baron Rock-
ingham, and upon the death of the second
Earl of ^eversham, was created Baron
Throwley, Viscount Sondes of Lees Court,
and Earl of RocMngham (19 Oct. 1714).

[Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 485 ; G-. E. 0/s Com-
plete Peerage ; Doyle's Official Baronage ; Has-
ted's Kent, ii. 716, 783 ; Archseologia Cantiana,
xviii. 295 sq. ; Lewis's Abbey of Favresham,
1707; Sondes's and Boreman's tracts were re-
printed together at Evesham in 1790, and in the
Harleian Miscellany, x. 23-67 ; Lowndes's BibL
Manual, ed.Bohn ; Brit Mus. Cat. s.v. * Sondes.7]

T. a

SONMANS, WILLIAM (d. 1708), por-
trait-painter. [See STTNMAN.]

SOONE or ZOO3O1, "WILLIAM (>L

1540-1575), jurist and cartographer, was
educated at Cambridge, where .he graduated
B.A. 1545, and proceeded 3VLA. 1549, He*

Soowthern

263

Sopwith

became doctor of civil and canon laws pro-
bably at some university on the continent.
The bursars' accounts of Caius College show
that he was resident at Gonville Hall, pro-
bably as a fellow, from 1548 to 1555. In
1561 he became regius professor of civil law,
and in June of tbat year was admitted
fellow of Trinity Hall. He would not con-
form to the protestant religion, and, leaving
Cambridge, went abroad. His successor in
the professorship, William Clerke, was^ ap-
pointed in 1563. Soone is said to have resided
at Paris, Bol, Freiburg, and Padua, and to
have been a professor of law for some time
at Louvain (but cf. ANDBEAS, Fasti Acad.
Lovan.) From Louvain he went, in all pro-
bability, to Antwerp, where he seems to have
acted as assistant to Abraham Ortelius [q.v.]
In 1572 he was at Cologne, where he pub-
lished ' Grulielmi Sooni Vantesdeni Auditor
sivePomponius Mela disputator de Situ Orbis '
(British Museum). Part of this rare boot,
the 'Novi ineolse orbis terrarum/ is copied
from that of Arnold Mylius and published by
Orteliusinthel570edition of the 'Theatrum.'
Accordingly Ortelius complained, and Soone
offered somewhat Jesuitical explanations
dated from Cologne, 31 Aug._ 1572. _ Soone
also copied the map of Cambridge which Ri-
chard Lyne[q.v.] had drawn for Caius's f His-
tory of the University ^(1574), and published
his copy in Braun and Hogenberg's * Civitates
Orbis terrarum' (1575?). With this map
went a description of the university (cf. trans-
lation in Gent.&aff.'xtoi. 201). From Cologne
Soone is said to have passed to Rome, and
while there the pope made him podesta, of
what town is unknown.

[Cooper's Athense Cantabr. ii. 350 ; Willis and
Clark's Arch. Hist, of tbe Univ. of Cambridge,
pp. i, xcvi, &c.j HesseTs Eccles. Loud. Batav.
tarn, i; Epistolae Ortelianse, p. 97-] W. A. J. A.

SOOWTHERN, JOHN (& 1584), poet.
[See" n

ing/ published in 1834 (Newcastle, 8vo), of
which there were several editions. Mean-
while mining work, with occasional railway
surveys, occupied much of his attention.
His association in a Northumbrian survey
with William Smith (1769-1839) [q, v.l the
founder of stratigraphical geology, widened
his interests ; and he was instrumental, after
the meeting of the British Association in 1838,
in inducing the government to found the
Mining Record office (Brit. Assoc. 8th Rep. p.
xxiii). In the same year he made a minrng
survey in co. Clare, and in 1843 was employed
on the development of railways in Belgium.
He called attention to the scientific impor-
tance of recording the geological features ex-
posed in the cuttings of railways; and the
British Association, at his initiative, made a
grant in 1840 for the purpose. In June 1845
he was elected a fellow of tbe Royal Society of
London, and accepted a month later the chief
agency for Mr. Wentworth B. Beaumont's
lead-mines in Northumberland and Durham.
He thus became especially a mining engineer,
and went to live at Allenheads ; but his work
on the estate included the erection and
superintendence of workmen's dwellings and
schools, the foundation of libraries and bene-
fit societies, and even the organisation of a
system of local education. Sopwith's width
of mind and open-heartedness were admi-
rably suited to these complex Duties j his
views on public affairs were similarly un-
rejudiced, as may be seen from :passag88 in
is diaries, relating to his tour in Ireland

* SOPWITH, THOMAS (1803^1879),
TmniTtg engineer, son of Jacob Sopwith (1770—
1829), by his wife Isabella, daughter of
Matthew Lowes, was born at Newcastle-on-
TyaeonSJan.l8Q3. His family had dwelt in
T^neside for three hundred years, and ids
fetter was a builder and cabinet-maker in
Newcastle-on-Tyne. Early accustomed to
work involving drawing and measurement,
Tkaaaas took up both land-surveying and en-
gineering. In 1826 he published 'A Histori-
cal and JDesditive Account of All Saints?

(Life, pp.' 157-61), to primary education
(ib. pp. 314-16), and to the election ©flalwwr
members to parliament (&. p. 35£)» As Ms
work developed he made many eeies£iie
friends— among them Beam Ba^ani, Eo-
bert Stephensou, Faraday, and Warimgtoi
W. Smyth. In 1857 he was created an
honorary 1LA. of Dortea TMvraity, tod,
while resigning his post at ABeBlteads,, ao-
cepted t&ejLondon agea&ey I or tne same nofetea.
He retired in March 1871, and &l in Ms
honse, 103 Tictoria Street, Westaraster, on
16 Jan. 1879, teing buried in Norwood cease-

tery»

Sopwith married t&rice; first, Mary IMek-
enson in 1828, whodiedin 1^&; seeoadly,
Jane Scott in 18$!, wfeodied in 1855; and
thirdly, Anne Pofcfeer in 1858. His darter
Ursula married, on 11 June 1878, B&vii
Ohadwiek, M JP, A g©od p hotographie fwp-
tnit of SojwiHi in late years is gmat m
W. !Bicifcard®3a*s * luife/

, and soon became partner to Mr.

a srarv^For at Alston, His bes^-kaown

- is life * Treatise on Zsome^riseal Draw- '

ol &e Hew^a^e

Sorocold

264

Sotheby

earned him the Telford medal of the Institute
of Civil Engineers in 18-42 (£ On Geological
Models in connexion with Civil Engineer-
ing/ Proc. Inst, Civil Eng. 1841, p. 163 ; also
Proc. Geol. Soc. Lond. iii. 351 ; and Trans.
Geol Soc. 2nd ser. yi. 568). These were
issued by James Tennant to colleges and mu-
seums in three sizes, accompanied by a de-
scriptive memoir (' Description of a Series
of Geological Models . . ./ Newcastle, 1841,
12mo ; 2nd edit. Lond. 1875, 12mo); and are
of permanent educational value, as well as a
witness to Sopwith's accuracy of method.
In 1840 he constructed a model, capable of
dissection, of the principal Forest of Dean
coalfield, which is now, with others of his
works, in the Museum of Practical Geology
in Jermyn Street, London. His last scien-
tific memoir was 'On the Lead-mines of
England7 (Proc. Geol. Assoc. i. 1859-63, p.
312). His scientific papers number six in
all (Royal Society's Cat. of Scientific Papers,
1800-63, p. 752).

Besides the works mentioned above, Sop-
with published: 1. ' Eight Views of Foun-
tains Abbey . . . with Description,' New-
castle, 1832,^ fol. 2. ' An Account of the
Mining Districts of Alston Moor, "Weardale,
And Teesdale,3 Alnwick, 1833, 12mo. 3. ' De-
scription of Monocleid Writing Cabinets/
Newcastle, 1841 ?, 8vo. 4. < An Account of
the Museum of Economic Geology,' London,
1843, 8yo. 5. < The National Importance of
preserving Mining Eecords,' Newcastle, 1844,
Svo. 6. * Education : its Present State and
Future Advancement/ Newcastle, 1853, 8vo.
7. f Notes of a Visit to Egypt/ London, 1857,
£vo. 8. 'Notes of a Visit to France and Spain/
Hezham, 1865, 8vo. 9. < Education in Vil-
lage Schools/ London, 1868, 8vo. 10. ' Three
Weeks in Central Europe/ London, 1869,
12mo.

[(Sir) B. W. Richardson's Thomas Sopwith,
1891 (containing excerpts from his Diaries, and
referred to as Life above); Memoirs in Proc.
Inst. Civil Eng. Iviii. 345, and Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. Lond. vol. xxxv. Proc. p. 53 ; Notes
and Queries, 9th ser. i. 323. Sopwith's detailed
Diaries are now in the possession of Ms daugh-
ter, MJS. David Chadwick.] G-. A. J. C.

SOEOCOLD, THOMAS (1561-1617),
divine, born at Manchester in 1561, and
educated at the local grammar school, be-
came a batler or student of Brasenose
College, Oxford, in 1578, and matriculated
jon 18 July 1580. He graduated B.A. on
6 Feb. 1582-3, and MA. on 8 July 1585,
and after his ordination became a popular
puritan preacher in his native county. In
Inly 1587 he preached in the private chapel
of Lord Derby at L&fchom House, He was

admitted to the rectory of St. Mildred's
Poultry, London, on 22 Oct. 1590, on the
presentation of Queen Elizabeth. Sorocold
was buried at St. Mildred's on 12 Dec. 1617.
He was licensed on 4 Aug. 1592 to marry
Susan, daughter of Robert Smith of Sherehog
London ; she died in March 1604-5.

Sorocold's 'Supplications of Saints: A
Booke of Praiers and Prayses/ apparently first
published in 1608 (AEBEE, Stationers1 Regi-
ster, iii. 390), was long popular ; at least
forty-five editions were published up to 1754.
Hearne relates that he remembered a very
pious lady who used to give away great num-
bers yearly to the poor. Dean Hook pub-
lished a selection from it in his ' Devotional
Library '(1842).

[Bailey's Memoir in Notes and Queries,
31 July 1886, and Manchester City News
18 Sept. 1887; Wood's Athense Oxon. i. 635;
Newcourt's Eepertorium, 1708, i. 502 ; Stanley
Papers (Chetham Soc.), ii. 32, 142 ; Foster's
Alumni Oxon. 1 500-1 71 4, iv. 1390 ; Aston's Man-
chester G-uide, 1804, p. 28 ; Grosart's Spending
of the Money of Robert No-well, 1877, pp. 170-
171 ; Hazlitt's Collections and Notes, i. 394, ii.
570 ; Milbourn's Hist, of St. Mildred's, Poultry ;
Hunter's Oliver Heywood, p. 5 ; Davies's York
Press, p. 357; Liturgies of Queen Elizabeth
(Parker Soc.) pp. 622, 666.] C. W. S.

SOTHEBY, SAMUEL (1771-1842),
auctioneer and antiquary, born in 1771, was
descended from the elder branch of a family
settled at Pocklington and Birdsallin York-
shire. William Sotheby [a. v.], the author,
came from a younger branch. Samuel's uncle,
John Sotheby (1740-1807), was partner and
nephew of Samuel Baker (d. 1778) (see
NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. iii. 162-3 ; and DIBDUT,
BibliograpTi. Decameron, iii. 445), who founded
at York Street, Coyent Garden, in 1744 the
first sale-room instituted in this country ex-
clusively for the disposal of books, manu-
scripts, and prints. In 1774 Baker took
George Leigh into partnership, and from 1775
to 1777 the firm was styled S. Baker & G,
Leigh. After 1778, when Baker died, Leigh
carried on the business alone, but from 1780
to 1800 John Sotheby (Baker's nephew) was
associated with him, and the firm was known
as Leigh & Sotheby ; it became Leigh, So-
theby, & Son in 1800, when John Sotheby's
nephew Samuel joined it, and so continued
tiU 1803. After 1803, and until the death
of Leigh in 1815, the firm carried on their
business at a new address, 145 Strand (J>IB-
DIK, op. dt. iii. 18, and Bibliography, a Poem,
1812). John Sotheby died in 1807, and on
Leigh's death, eight years later, Samuel con-
tinued 'the concern by himself, moving to
3 Waterloo Street, Strand, about 1817. Boon

Sotheby

265

Sotheby

afterwards he took his son, Samuel Leigh
Sotheby [q. v.], into partnership, and in 1826
Messrs. Sotheby & Son printed a ' Catalogue
of the Collections sold by Messrs. Baker,
Leigh, & Sotheby from 1744 to 1826.' A
set of the original catalogues, with the pur-
chasers' names and prices, is in the British
Museum. Samuel Sotheby conducted the
dispersal of many famous libraries. He re-
tired from business in 1827. _ The firm still
flourishes as Sotheby, "Wilkinson, & Hodge
at 13 Wellington Street, Strand.

Sotheby was much interested in the origin
and progress of the art of printing. He
began to trace facsimiles of such early
printed books as passed through his hands
in 1814 After a visit to Holland in 1824
to examine specimens at Haarlem for his
friend William Young Ottley [q.v.], his at-
tention was first specially directed to block
books. His extensive collections were edited
by his son as i The Typography of the Fifteenth
Century,' 1845, and 'PrincipiaTypographica/
1858, 3 vols. 4to.

Sotheby died at Chelsea on 4 Jan. 1842,
in his seventy-first year. He first married,
in 1803, Harriet Barton (1775-1808), by
whom he had two sons and two daughters ;
the youngest son was Samuel Leigh Sotheby.
His second wife was Laura Smith, married
in 1817. She had no surviving children.

[Gent. Mag. April 1842, pp. 442-4 ; Nichols's
lit. Illustrations, viii. 514; AHibone's Dictionary,
ii. 2177-8; Times, 6 Jan. 1842; List of the
Principal Catalogues of Baker, Leigh, Sotheby,
&c., London, 1826, 8vo; Notes and Queries, 9th
ser. i. 323.] H. R. T.

SOTHEBY, SAMUEL LEIGH (1805-
1861), auctioneer and antiquary, younger
son of Samuel Sotheby [q. v.], was born on
31 Aug. 1805, and entered the auctioneering
business at an early age. In 1836 he com-
piled the * Exhibition Catalogue of Giovanni
d'Athanasi's Collection of Egyptian Anti-

n'ies, Exeter Hall, Strand/ 4to. The
ous library of Dr. KLoss of Hamburg
had been sent for sale in 1835, and Sotheby,
who catalogued the collection, claimed that
it includedlklelanchthon's own library. He
published in 1840 a handsome quarto, de-
scribing his discoveries, and including the
result of his researches in public and private
libraries, entitled ' Unpublished Documents,
Marginal Notes, and Memoranda in the Auto-
graph of Philip Melanchthon and of Martin
Luther, with numerous facsimiles, accom-
panied with Observations upon the varieties
of style in the Handwriting of those Illus-
trious Reformers.'

About a year afber his father's dea£h, in
184% fee took into partnership his

accountant, John "Wilkinson (1803-1894),
who, after 1863, was the senior partner in
the firm, now known as Messrs. Sotheby,
Wilkinson, & Hodge, of 13 Wellington
Street, Strand (Athm&um, 27 Jan. 1894,
p, 115; Bookseller, 7 Feb. 1894, p. 123).
Wilkinson became the salesman, while
Sotheby superintended the cataloguing.

His chief literary work was to edit the
materials collected* by his father, which he
supplemented and published as ' The Typo-
graphy of the Fifteenth Century: being
Specimens of the Productions of the early
Continental Printers, exemplified in a collec-
tion of Facsimiles from, one hundred Works,
together with their Water-marks,' London,
1845, fol, and < Principia Typographical the
Block Books, or Xylographic Delineations
of Scripture History issued in Holland,
Flanders, and Germany during the Fifteenth
Century, exemplified and considered in con-
nection with the Origin of Printing, to
which is added an attempt to elucidate tne
character of the Paper Marks of the period/
London, 1858, 3 vols. 4to, 120 plates, of
which 220 copies were sold by auction on
5 May 1858, A supplement was printed in
1859, not for sale, as * Memoranda relating to
Block Books preserved in the Bibliotheque
ImpSriale, Paris, made October 1858,' 4to.
The whole of the collections for these works,
with many tracings, are bound up in 36 vols,
folio, and are now in the British Museum.

Sotheby had a house, Woodlands, Nor-
wood, where he possessed a gallery of cabinet
paintings, and took , a great interest in t&e
management of the Crystal Palace, displayed
in a couple of pamphlets, * A few Words Ijy
way of a Letter addressed to the Directors/
1855, and * A Postscript to the Letter/ 1855.
His last publication was * Bamblings in t&e
Elucidation of the Autograph of Milton,*
London, 1861, 4to, with facsimiles aaatl
portraits.

He died at Buckfastleigh Abbey, Devon-
shire, on 19 June 1861, aged 55. He married,
in 1842, Julia Emma, youngest daughter of
Henry Jones Pitdber, by whom foe tW two
daughters and one son.

[(3-ent. Mag. 1861, ii. 446-7; AHibone's Dic-
tionary, ii. 21 7&] H. B. T,

SOTHEBY, WILLIAM (1757-183S),
author, born in Losdotn. on 9 2Tov. 1757, sail
baptised at S&. (reorgef s Church, Bloomfitery,
on 19 Bee,, was elder son of William Soiiie%»
colonel of the CkMstream guards, "fey Ms -rob
Elizabeth (<i 1790), daughter <jf "W^lste
Sloane, esq., of Stcmeltam, Hampefea, His
younger brote, Tkmtas (17£P-1S&% en-
tered the aavj, was eapfcam of i&e Mail-

Sotheby

266

Sotheby

borough, when she was wrecked off the Isle
of Giouat, France, and rose to be an admiral
of the white (cf, Gent. Mag, 1831, ii. 177-8).
The father, who was elected F.S.A. on
8 Dec. 1743, died in 1766. William's guar-
dians after his father's death were Charles
Philip Yorke, fourth earl of Hardwicke
[q. v.], lord chancellor, and his maternal
uncle, Hans Sloane, and he succeeded to the
estate of Sewardstone, on the borders of
Epping Forest, which had been the property
of the family since 1673. He was educated
at Harrow, but at the age of seventeen pur-
chased a commission as ensign in the 10th
dragoons, and, obtaining leave of absence,
studied at the military academy of Angers.
Subsequently he was stationed with his re-
giment at Edinburgh, and there first made
the acquaintance of young Walter Scott (cf.
LOCKHABT, chap, xv.) On 17 July 1780 he
increased his resources by marrying Mary,
youngest daughter of Ambrose Isted of Ecton,
Northamptonshire, by Anne, sister and co-
heiress of Sir Charles Buck, bart., of Hanby.
Thereupon he retired from the army, and,
purchasing the residence of Bevis Mount,
near Southampton, settled down with every
material advantage to a literary life. At first
he mainly ^devoted himself to a close study
of the Latin and Greek classics.

Sotheby's earliest publication was a volume
of ' Poems ' (1790), which chiefly consisted
of a narrative of a walking tour which he
and his brother Thomas made through north
and south Wales in 1788. To this were ap-
pended a number of sonnets with an epistle
in heroics on physiognomy (Bath and Lon-
don). A reissue in 1794 was embellished by
thirteen engravings by J. Smith.

Meanwhile, in 1791, Sotheby removed to a
house in London, and thenceforth divided his
time between the metropolis and his property
at Sewardstone, where he occupied Fair
Mead Lodge. Like his predecessors in the
ownership of Sewardstone, he acted as a
master-keeper of the adjoiningEpping Forest,
In London literary society Sotheby soon
became a prominent figure. He joined the
Dilettante Society in 1792, and was thence-
forth one of its leading spirits. In 1794 he
was elected fellow both of the Royal Society
and of the Society of Antiquaries. He enter-
tained, the best known men of letters of
the day, and benevolently interested himself
m the struggles of young authors, Scott,
Wordsworth, Coleridge, Samuel Rogers, Sir
George Beaumont, Mrs. Siddons, Joanna
Baillie, Maria Edgworth, Byron, Tom Moore,
they, and Haflam were among his guests
intimate associates. Seott, who * ever
him a sincere regard/ owed to

him on his visits to London « the personal
acquaintance of not a few of their most emi-
nent contemporaries in various departments
of literature and art ' (ib, chap . xv. ) In 1806
Sotheby took Scott to Hampstead to visit
Joanna Baillie, at whose house Rogers re-
corded a meeting with Sotheby and Mrs.
Siddons at dinner a year earlier (CLATDEN,'
Rogers, i. 22). ^Sotheby made in 1800 ela-
borate manuscript corrections in the proof-
sheets of ' Richard I/ a tedious poem by his
friend Sir James Bland Surges [q. v.] (these
sheets are now in the British Museum).
In 1809 Sotheby joined another friend, Sir
George Beaumont, in encouraging Coleridge
to bring out 'The Friend,' and in 1812 he,
with Beaumont and Sir Thomas Barnard, re-
ceived subscriptions for Coleridge's 'Lectures
on the Drama ' at Willis's Rooms (LAMB, Let-
ters, ed. Ainger, i. 255 ; COLEBIDGE, Works,
with memoir by J. Dykes Campbell, 1893,
p. Ixxxv ; EJTOHT, Wordsworth, ii. 102).

Meanwhile Sotheby by his skill as a trans-
lator secured for himself a wide literary
reputation. In 1798, after rapidly acquiring
a knowledge of German for the purpose, he
published a translation of Wieland's Ger-
man poem * Oberon,' which had already
achieved European popularity. The author,
to whom Sotheby sent a copy of his per-
formance with a sonnet, expressed un-
bounded satisfaction. A second edition, with
illustrations by Fuseli, appeared in 1805. In
1802 Sotheby based on it a masque in five
acts of blank verse called ' Oberon, or Huon
of Bourdeaux,' which he dedicated to George
Ellis [q.v.l An equally good reception
awaited Sotheby's verse translation of Vir-
gil's -'Georgics,' which appeared in 1800
(2nd edit. 1815). Jeffrey, in the i Edinburgh
Review ' (July 1804), somewhat oracularly
declared it ' capable of being advanced to
the high distinction of being the most per-
fect translation of a classic poet now extant
in our language.' John Wilson (' Christopher
North ') asserted that it f stamped ' Sotheby
' the best translator in Christendom ' (Noctes
Ambros. ed. Mackenzie, iii. 456-7). It
was reissued in the sumptuous 'Georgica
Publii Virgilii Maronis Hexaglotta' (Lon-
don, 1827, fol.) This finely printed volume
was issued at Sotheby's expense, and was
presented by him to many of the sovereigns
of Europe. He vainly appealed to Scott to
review it. Besides Sotheby's English ver-
sion, it included a Spanish version of the
' Georgics ' by John de Guzman, a German
version by J. H. Voss, an Italian version by
Francesco Soave, and a French version by
James Delille.

Although Byron described Sotheby in his

Sotheby

267

Sotheby

<EnglishBards and ScotchReviewers* (1809)
as one who wrote poetry with sincerity, small
success attended the publication of the ori-
ginal Terse, which flowed abundantly from
his pen. In 1799 Sotheby issued an ode,
'The Battle of the Nile' (1799), and dedi-
cated it to Lord Spencer, first lord of the
admiralty. His second son took part in the
engagement. There followed 'A Poetical
Epistle to Sir George Beaumont, Bart,, on
the Encouragement of the British School of
Painting ' (1801) ; an ambitious epic called
1 Saul/ a blank-verse poem in two parts
(1807) ; ' Constance de Castille ' (1810), an
imitation of Scott's 'Lady of the Lake ; ' and
< A Song of Triumph on the Peace7 (1814).

Sotheby also made strenuous efforts in tra-
gedy, but developed no genuinely dramatic
power. Before 1790 a tragedy by him, * Ber-
tram and Matilda/ was acted privately at
Winchester by himself and his friends. Sub-
sequently he published at least sis other
historical tragedies — all in fiye acts and in
blank yerse. The earliest was ' The Cam-
brian Hero, or Llewelyn the Great : an His-
torical Tragedy7 (Egham, no date). There
followed in separate yolumes * The Siege of
Cuzco ' (1800) ; l Julian and Agnes, or the
Monks of the Great St. Bernard ' (1801), de-
dicated to the Earl of Hardwicke, and sub-
sequently revised and renamed successively
"The Confession7 (1814) and 'Ellen, or the
Confession ' (1816) ; and * Orestes,7 dedicated
to the Marquis of Abercorn (1802, 4to).
* The Confession * and * Orestes ' reappeared
with three hitherto unpublished tragedies,
'Ivan/ 'The Death of Darnley/ and <Za-
morin and Zama/ under the general title of
*Five Tragedies/ in 1814

Only one of these pieces was accorded a
public representation on the stage. i Julian
and Agnes * was acted on 25 April 1800 at
Drury Lane, with Mrs. Siddons in the part of
the heroine, and Kemble, whose rendering
was said to be ' peculiarly fine/ in that of
the hero (GtaEST, vii. 503-5). At an. impres-
sive point in the play Mrs. Siddons by an un-
happy accident struck the head of a dummy
infant that she was carrying against a door-
post, and the audience was unseasonably
convulsed with laughter, in which the actress
joined. There was no second performance.
Although; the other pieces were offered to
Dmry Lane, cthe barbarous repugnance of
the principal actors (according to Byron)
prevented the performance y (BTBOS? Works,
xy. 48). In 1816 Byron good-naturedly in-
efeeed the management to accept * Ivan,* ;
tefe after three or four rehearsals it was
withdrawn * irpon some tepidness OB the parfe
«f Elean or warmth, on tbofc 0€

(ib. iii. 174, 229). Kean declared himself
unable to make anything of the title-role
(GEKEST, x. 233). Sotheby at once repub-
Hshed the piece. Byron insisted at the time
that he was 'capriciously and evilly en-
treated ' (CLATDEN-, Rogers, i. 239), but after-
wards uncivilly expressed regret at having
befriended Sotheby's 'trash' (ib. p. 255).

Sotheby, who had been greatly distressed
by the death on 1 Aug. 1815 of his eldest
son, William, colonel in the guards, now
sought distraction from his troubles in a long
to ur in Italy. He leffc England in May 1816
with his family and two friends, Professor
Elmsley and Dr. Playfair. They returnedby
way of Germany at the close of the following-
year. He published his impressions in * Eare-
well to Italy, and occasional Poems J (1818),
most of which he reissued with additions in
f Poems ' (1825 ; another edition, 1828). On
resuming residence in London, Sotheby
mainly devoted himself to a verse translation
of Homer. < The First Book of the Iliad, a
Specimen of a New Yersion of Homer/ ap-
peared in 1830, and was well received. The
whole of the ' Iliad ' (in heroics) followed in
1831. Christopher North extolled the ren-
dering in five articles hi ( Blackwood's Maga-
zine.' The ( Odyssey ' followed in 1834 with
a reissue of the 'Iliad/ and seventy-five
illustrations engraved by Henry Moses from
Flaxman's designs £4 vols.)

Sotheby maintained his many literary
ixiendships till the end. j3vro3i» on soois
trivial pretence, seemsaloneofSotW^eearly
acquaintances to have renounced fsJmMy Eo-
lations with him; in 1818 lie wro&e »ale$0-
lently of * the airs of patronage wfeidiS®*lt8i>f'
affects with young writers, ausi afesfcecl
both to me ana of me for many a good j«ar *

yered an eloquent speed* OH SI Mam 1833
before the Mettale Society on tfe &ss& ®£
his Mend Sir Henry diaries
[q. v.l and it was privately ftiiiteik On
2S April 18§S Seo^waaSo&A/sg^itfe
a dinner party at Ms Leaden iasse, wfaen
c that eadaWdiiwy mm ' Cfofeeige ofsfcecl
on Homer and o€faer t©f«ie8 (LocsraAjx)* IB
the summer aitct a^nmm of 18^& &e msjjfa a

ford. IB June 183S fee sfctewled
meeting of the Ikfeislt Association at Cam-
bridge, and penned a poem om tl*0
ings, wMeii

mtfe

*w

Sotheby

268

Sothern

attended his deathbed. Wordsworth wrote
to Rogers of Ms grief at the death of f the
veteran Sotheby ' (CLAIDEN, Rogers and his
Contemporaries, ii. 87). Sotheby's widow,
Mary Isted, who was born on 28 Dec. 1759,
died on 14 Oct. 1834.

Sotheby's portrait was painted by Sir
Thomas Lawrence, and the picture was en-
graved by F. C. Lewis, An unfinished
drawing in crayons, also by Lawrence, was
executed in 1814, Both painting and draw-
ing are now at Ecton, the property of Major-
general F. E. Sotheby.

Sotheby, wrote Byron, 'has imitated
everybody, and occasionally surpassed his
models.' Although his poems and plays
were held in high esteem by his friends, his
translations of Virgil and Wieland alone de-
serve posthumous consideration. They are
faithful to their originals and betray much
literary taste, if they are not of the stuff of
which classics are made. As a translator of
Homer, Sotheby, who owed much to Pope,
failed to reproduce Homer's directness of
style and diction. The translation, although
eminently readable, was a work of superero-
gation (cf. MATTHEW AENOLD, On Trans-
lating Homer, 1896, pp. 10-11). Sotheby's
intimate relations with men of high dis-
tinction in literature give his career its chief
interest. His literary correspondence is pre-
served at Ecton,

Of Sotheby's seven children, the eldest,
William, died in 1815, a lieutenant-colonel
in the foot-guards ; George (1787-1817) en-
tered the East India Company's service, and
was killed in defending the residency at
Nagpoore during the Mahratta war, on
27 Nov. 1817; Hans, also in the East India
Company's service, died on 27 April 1827 ;
Frederick (d. 1870) was colonel in the Ben-
gal artillery, and C.B.

Sotheby's grandson, Hans William Sotheby
(1827-1874), son of his third son, Hans, was
a man of literary taste and knowledge.
He was fellow of Exeter College, Oxford,
from 1851 to 1864, and contributed to ' Era-
ser's Magazine' (December 1860 and Janu-
ary 1861) an article on 'Life and Times of
Thomas de Quincey,' and to the * Quarterly
Review7 (July 1875) a notice of Comparetti's
' VirgiHo nel medio evo ' (BoASE, Reg. Exeter
College^. 189 j cf. JEAITEESON. Recollections.
1.152,189).

CHABLES SOTHEBY (d. 1854), the second
and eldest surviving son, who succeeded to
Sewardstone Manor, entered the navy ; was
present as a midshipman at the battle of the
Kile in 1798, took part in the operations in
Egypt in 1801, and against the Turks in
1807* He was appointed to the Seringapatam

in 1824, and in her was active in suppressing
piracy in the Mediterranean. He attained
flag-rank on 20 March 1848, and died rear-
admiral of the red at his residence in
Lowndes Square on 20 Jan. 1854 (Gent
Mag. 1854, i. 191). His eldest son (by his first
wife, Jane, daughter of William Hamilton
seventh lord Belhaven), Charles William
Hamilton Sotheby (1820-1871), high sheriff
of Northamptonshire in 1881, succeeded to
the Ecton estates in that year on the death
of his cousin, Ambrose Isted, and sold
Sewardstoneinl884 ; his half-brother, Major-
general Frederick Edward Sotheby, suc-
ceeded to Ecton on his death in 1887.

[Memoir prefixed to Lines suggested by the
third meeting of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science ... by the late Wil-
liam Sotheby, Esq., F.R.S., London, 1834; Crabb
Eobinson's Diary; Clayden's S. Eogers and his
Contemporaries; Lockhart's Life of Scott;
Moore's Memoirs, ed. Lord John Russell;
Southey's Correspondence; Notes and Queries,
8th ser. viii. 411; Nichols's Lit. Illustrations,
viii. 324-5.] S. L.

SOTHEL, SETH (d. 1697), colonial
governor, became one of the proprietors of
South Carolina by purchasing Lord Claren-
don's share. In September 1681 Sothel, in
the capacity of senior proprietor, succeeded
to the governorship of the settlement at
Albemarle, which afterwards became North
Carolina, but on his way out he was captured
by Algerine pirates. He, however, escaped
or was ransomed, and reached the colony in
1683. His misgoyernment irritated the
colonists into rebellion, and he was by them
deposed and banished. He then went to
South Carolina, where he fared better.
Finding the colony in a state of rebellion
against the government collector, he suc-
ceeded in getting himself recognised as
governor by the colonists. This, however,
was disallowed by the proprietors, and in
1691 he was definitely superseded by the ap-
pointment of Philip Ludwell. Sothel appears
to have died in 1697, since on 20 Dec. of
that year a letter from the proprietors refers
to the vacancy caused by his death,

[Eyve's Historical Sketches of South Carolina ;
Winsor's Hist, of America, v. 296, 313 ; Pub-
lications of South Carolina Historical Society.]

J. A. D.

SOTHEREY, SIMON (JL 1396), Bene-
dictine. [See SOTTTHBEY.]

SOTHERN,EDWARD ASKEW (1826-

1881), actor, the son of a merchant, colliery
proprietor, and shipowner, was born in
Liverpool, 1 April 1826. After some expe-
rience on the amateur stage he made an
appearance in 1849 at the theatre in St,

Sothern

269

Sothern

Heliers, Jersey, where, through the influence
of friends, he was allowed to play Claude
Melnotte in the ' Lady of Lyons.7 Under
the name of Douglas Stuart he became a
stock member of the St. Heliers company,
playing a large number of characters from
Hamlet downwards. In Weymouth in
October 1851 he was seen as Claude Mel-
notte and Sir Charles Coldstream in ' Used
up ' by' Charles Kean, who gave him en-
couragement. For the benefit of Monsieur
Gilmer, Ms Jersey manager, he played at
the Birmingham theatre, with which Gilmer
was also associated, Frank Friskley in
'Boots at the Swan/ the performance re-
sulting in an engagement at thirty shillings
a week with the Birmingham company.
Keluctant to fulfil an engagement in Liver-
pool for which he was told off, he accepted
an invitation to America, and appeared at
the National Theatre, Boston, as Dr. Pan-
gloss in the ' Heir at Law ' and in a farce
called e John Dobbs/ Dismissed for in-
capacity, he played juvenile parts at the
Howard Athenaeum in the same city. He
is described at that period as l tall (for an
actor), willowy and lithe, with a clear red-
and-white English complexion, bright blue
eyes, wavy brown hair, and i graceful car-
riage/ He had been overpraised, however,
and was ignorant of his profession, not even
knowing how to make up. Discouraged and
defeated, he went to New York and played
at Barnum's Museum. He then acted in
Washington, Baltimore, and other cities, and,
after gathering some experience, became a
member of Wallack's company, New York.
There he remained four years, changing his
stage name from Stuart to Sothern. He
made a success with the part of Armand
Duval in * Camille/ a version of ' La Dame
aux Gamelias/ to the Camille (Marguerite
Gautier) of Miss Matilda Heron. Subse-
quently he joined the company in New York
of Miss Laura Keene, and played a large
number of parts, chiefly in light comedy,
including Charles Surface, Young Marlow,
Bob Acres, Dr. Pangloss, Lyttleton Coke in
' Old Heads and Young Hearts/ Benedick,
Charles Courtley in * London Assurance/
Raphael in the ' Marble Heart/ St. Pierre in
the * Wife/ and Harry Jaspar in the * Bache-
lor of Hearts/

On 12 May 1858 was produced at Laura
Keenefs theatre * Our American Cousin' by
Tom Taylor. In this he reluctantly played
the then small part of Lord Dundreary, a
brainless peer. The character did not at first
take. In time, however, he wrote it up,
introducing into it any remunerative eccen-
tricity of manner he could study in life. On \

11 Nov. 1861, as ( Mr. Sothern formerly of
the Theatre Boyal, Birmingham, and from
the principal American theatres/ he made at
the Haymarket as Lord Dundreary his first
appearance in London. At the Haymarket,
in the management of which he soon parti-
cipated, he remained. His opening experi-
ment proved doubtful. The play was weak
and on the whole indifferently acted, and,
though Sothern won some recognition, the
public was not at first attracted. Buckstone,
the manager, was on the point of reviving
'She stoops to conquer' when Charles
Mathews [q» v.] encouraged him to hold on.
Before many weeks were over Lord Dun-
dreary was the talk of London. It ran at
the Haymarket for 496 consecutive nights.
What was known as the Dundreary whisker
came into fashion, as did Dundreary attire
generally. A clever caricature at first, the
character in later years became very extrava-
gant, without, however, losing its popularity.
The part grew eventually into a series of
monologues, which were almost entirely of
Sothern's own invention. His second role
in London was that of Captain Howard Leslie
in ' My Aunt's Advice/ a slight adaptation
by himself from the French. On 13 March
1863 he was seen as Captain Walter Mayden-
blush in the * Little Treasure' to the Gertrude
of Miss Ellen Terry, who was erroneously
described as then maRing her d&mt. Taming
to account the popularity of the character of
Dundreary, he was also seen at a little later-
date in the burlesque of ' Dundreary Married
and Done for/ written by EL J. Byroa> and
in ' Dundreary a Father/ In Fefaraary 1864
he was Bunkum Mnller in a piece of ex-
travagance so named. During tfee slack
season he visited various country centres,
being seen for the first time in Edmbsrgii as
Lord Dundreary on 25 May 1868, and in
Dublin 9 Nov. of the same year. In Bafelin
his parts included Cofmt Priali in an
Olympic play called *Betributiofi/ and Sir
Hugh de Brass in * A Eegular Fix/

After some hesitation So^iern aettleel on
4 David Garrick/ an adaptation by T< W.
Kobertson of * Sullivan/ for his next appeal
to the London pdbli<% SO April 1864- In this
he played David Gamcfc, wldefe was, next to
Dundreary, Ms best part. In the country lie
acted in < Used up/ and on 19 Dee, was seen
at the Theatre Eoya^ Liverpool, as Frank
Jocelyn in Wofcfcs PaOHps's 'Woman ia
Mauve/ in wMeJ* lie &pf>eared at tih® HOT-
r^oalSMa^lsfe. On 34 1%S*>
the Hos. Sam Stingsby in
Flrank Afiaextoft
Favourite 0f Fe»t8p%*

Sothern •

270

Sothern

market on 2 April In November he played in
Edinburgh, and Glasgow as Claude Melnotte,
a role which he never assumed in London. On
27 Dec. he was Vivian in Tom Taylor's ' Les-
son for Life,' previously seen in Manchester,
and on 29 April 1867 was Robert Devlin in 'A
Wild Goose Chase,' adapted by Boucicault
from General Sir Edward (then Major) Ham-
ley's ' Lady Lee's Widowhood.' This year he
visited Paris and made an unsuccessful ap-
pearance as Lord Dundreary, Albert Bres-
sange in ' A Wife well won/ adapted by Fal-
coner from * L'Homme & Trois Culottes ' of
Paul de Kock, was given at theHaymarket on
30 Dee., and was a failure. It was succeeded,
14 March, by ( A Hero of Romance,' an
adaptation by Westland Marston of Octave
Feuillet's ' Roman d'un Jeune Homme
Pauvre.' In this piece Sothern played the
Marquis Victor de Tourville. Next came,
8 Jan. 1869, < Home,' T. W. Robertson's
adaptation of Emile Augier's ' L'Aventuriere,'
in which Sothern was Colonel John White,
and in. which, as usual, he introduced much
f gag J of his own. In Birmingham he played
Sir Simon Simple in a piece by H. J. Byron
so named, and subsequently called ' Not such
a Fool as^he looks.' Robertson's 'Birth'
also was given in the country. As Charles
Mulcraftm/Barwise'sBook/by H. T, Craven,
he enacted a villain. He was also seen in
London as Sir Hugh de Brass. ( A Three-
penny Bit,' a three-act comedy by Maddison
Morton and A. W. Young, seen in the coun-
try, was reduced to one act on production in

., London, and called 'Not if I know it,' Sothern
playing Augustus Thrillington. On 13 May
1871 he was Charles Chuckles in Byron's
* English Gentleman, or the Squire's Last
Sliming.' Byron had previously played the
part in Bristol. None of these late pieces
were wholly successful.

After 1874 Sothern disappeared from Lon-
don for three years, spending most of the
time in America. His reappearance at the
Haymarket took place on 11 May 1878 as
Fitzaltamont in the 'Crushed Tragedian.'
This character in a piece by Byron, first
called the 'Prompter's Box/ had been more
than once played by the author. Sothern
made a great success with it in the United
States, and was perplexed to find it received
with indifference in London. It hadjbeen ac-

* cepted the previous night in Birmingham.
Sidney Spoonbill in Byron's ' Hornet's Nest/
17 June, which had previously been seen in
America, was the last novelty in which he
was seen. He reappeared as Lord Dundreary,
and in other characters^ and made for bene-
fits some curious experiments, playing once

, aini act of 'Othello' in the United States.

Among other parts in which he was seen in
America are Puff, Felix Featherley in Coynes's
' Everybody's Friend,' Raphael in the < Marble
Heart,' the Kenchin Cove in the ' Flowers
of the Forest,' and Box in ' Box and Cox.'
He had many schemes for plays, some of
which have been carried out by his son.

Sothern was always burning to play serious
parts, and as often mistrusting himself. In
one case he bought for a term of years from
Westland Marston a play of serious interest.
The term having expired, he made a second,
and contemplated, if he did not carry out,
a third purchase. His powers in serious
drama were slight. They were seen at their
best as David G-arrick, but his memory sur-
vives in eccentric comedy, and principally
in Lord Dundreary and Brother Sam. West-
land Marston credits him with earnestness
in sarcasm, but holds him heavy in serious
delivery. In his own special vein as a
humourist he had no rival, being a 'com-
plete master of all that is most irresistible in
the unexpected/ He was a confirmed wag,
and innumerable stories are told concerning
the tricks he played on his friends, and also
on ^strangers. Those who knew him best
hesitated to accept his statements. When
he travelled in America with a nobleman of
highest rank, his mention of his companion's
title elicited not seldom, a grin of incredulity.
His jokes had often at least as much imperti-
nence as drollery. His high animal spirits and
his tendency to practical joking led him to
take an active share in unmasking the pre-
tensions of professors of so-called spiritualism.
So remarkable were the feats he accom^
plished that he was himself claimed as a
medium. Sothern was a bold and brilliant
rider and a keen huntsman. He kept a fine
stable, and was ready to oblige his aristo-
cratic friends by selling them the horses
which he rode in brilliant style. His house,
the Cedars, Wright's Lane, Kensington, was
a fashionable resort. In 1880 Sothern, though
still indomitable in energy, was seriously
unwell. He died after months of suffering
on 21 Jan. 1881, at the house he then occu-
pied in Vere Street, Cavendish Square. He
was buried on the 27th, at his own wish,
in Southampton cemetery.
^ An oil-painting of Sothern is in the Gar-
rick Club. Portraits of him abound in the
illustrated papers. A likeness of him as Dun-
dreary, from a photograph by Sarony, is in
Joseph Jefferson's ' Autobiograhy/ A like-
ness, in private clothes, which accompanies
Mr. Pemberton's 'Life of Sothern,' is nob
wholly satisfactory. An engraving of a
painting of Mm as Lord Dundreary is in
the same volume.

Sotheron-Estcourt 271

Soulemont

His son, LYTTOST EDWAUD SOTHEBN (1856-
1887), born 27 June 1856, appeared at Drury
Lane for a benefit on 24 July 1872 as Captain
Vernon in 'Our American Cousin/ and
made his first professional appearance in
1874 at the Walnut Street Theatre, Phila-
delphia, as VeaudorS in Selby's adaptation,
< The Marble Heart.' He played light comedy
IE that house for a year, accompanied his
father on a trip through the United States,
played for a season in Birmingham, and was
in 1875 Bertie Thompson in a revival at
the Haymarket of 'Home.' He subse-
quently played in Australia in his father's
characters, Dundreary, and David Garrick;
was at the Royalty and the Criterion in
London, gave considerable promise, and died j
4 March 1887. Another son, E. H. Sothern, '
played with Mr. John S. Clarke at the Strand,
on 18 Nov. 1882, Henry Morland in the
* Heir at Law/ and has since been seen in
America in his father's characters . A daugh-
ter, Eva, also made a brief appearance on the

[Personal knowledge; Memoir by T. Edgar
Pemberton, 1889, Pascoe's Dramatic List ; Scott
and Howard's Life of E. L. Blanchard; West-
land Marston's Kecollections of our Eecent
Actors ; Dibdin's Edinburgh Stage ; History of
the Theatre Royal, Dublin ; Morley's Journal of
a London Playgoer ; Autobiography of Joseph
Jefferson ; Men of the Reign.] J. 3L

SOTHEROET-ESTCOTJRT, THOMAS
HENRY SUTTON (1801-1876), statesman.
[See ESTCOTTBT.]

SOTHEttTON, JOHN (1562-1631?),
judge, born in 1562, was son of John Sother-
ton, who was from 16 June 1579 until his
death, on 26 Oct. 1605, baron of the court
of exchequer, by his second wife, Maria,
daughter of Edward Woton, M.D., who was
buried by the side of her husband in the
church of St. Botolph, Aldersgate^ Street,
London. The Sotherton family originally
came from the village of Sotherton in Suffolk,
and many members of it were mercers in
London or Norwich. George Sotherton, mas-
ter of Merchant Taylors' Company in 1589,
was M,P. for London 159S-8. Nicholas
Sotherton, sheriff of Norwich in 1572, was
author of a history of John Kett's rebellion,
preserved in HarL MS. 1576, ff. 564 et seq.
(cf. RUSSELL, Ketfs Rebellion in Norfolk,
1859, 4to).

John matriculated from Christ Church,
Oxford, on 20 Nov. 1580, graduated B,A.
on 22 Jan. 1582-3, being in the same year
incorporated at Cambridge, and proceeded
. April 1586. He was admitted in No-
r 1587 a member of the Inner Temple*

where he was called to the bar in 1597, and
elected a bencher in 1610. Appointed re-
ceiver-general for the counties of Bedford
and Buckingham in July 1604, he was ad-
vanced to the post of cursitor baron of the
exchequer on 29 Oct. 16 10. He sat regularly
as one of the commissioners of gaol delivery
for the city of London, was joined with
Sir Julius Caesar, Sir Francis Bacon, and
others in a commission of ways and means
in August 1612, and at a later date was one
of the assessors of compositions for defective
titles and an inspector of nuisances for Middle-
sex (RTMEB'S Fcedera, ed. Sanderson, xvii.
388, 512, 540). He died, or retired, in 1631,
his successor on the bench, James Pagitt, being
appointed on 24 Oct. of that year ($. xix.
34). By his wife Elizabeth, widow of Sir
John Morgan of Chilworth, Surrey, he left
an heir, who inherited the manor or Waden-
hall, Kent, which he had purchased from the
crown in 1600.

[Foster's Alumni Oxon. ; Inner Temple Books ;
Blomefield's Norfolk, 8vo, iii. 359, iv. 59, 198,
x. 4:28 ; Dugdale's Orig. p. 149, Chrpn. Ser,
pp. 100-8 ; Spedding's Life of Bacon, iv. 314;
Lansd. MSS. 165, ff. 299-300, 166 ff. 235-8 ;
Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1598-1601 p. 383,
1603-10 pp. 138, 613, 639, 1611-18 p. 248,
Addenda, 1580-1625 p. 461; Hist. MSS. Comm.
4th Rep. App. p. 124 ; Hasted's Kent, ed. 1790,
iii. 741 ; Stew's London, 6th edit. i. 617; Clode's
Memorials and Eatly Hist, of the Guild of Mer-
chant Taylors ; Strype's Ann, fol. vol. UL p*. L
p. 53 ; Manning and Bra/s Surrey, ii n&l

J. M. BL

SOTJLEMOHT, SOLEMAIT, or
THOMAS (<L 1541), French secretary to
Henry V3H, a member of a prominent
Guernsey and Jersey family (c£ DtTOiJf,
Hist, of Guernsey, p. 37), is said to fcave
been born at Guernsey (WooBl hut was mare
probably a native of Jersey (c£ Letter* <m&
Papers, ed. Gairdner, x. 220, g. 10, xm. L
g. 190. 17). According to Wood lie was edu-
cated at Oxford, and tlen entered tlte Mngf s
service. As a native of Jersey he was natu-
rally a good French scholar, and before Oo-
tober 1532 he was appointed secretary of tlie
French tongue to the long. IE that xnoatli
Nicholas HawMns [q.^Ij wished to take
Soulemont with Mm OB his embassy to
Charles V, but SouleDaontfs services were -re-
quired by Henry YHI ia Ms interview will
Francis at Gate, On %$ July 1534 fee
collated to the prebend of Morefxm
, in

fci& name as
15S7 to *
1 York

i-UiJEL Vj«W$urowjt«i*» uj-»*«»*»* ^vt Se <» *"it?&f\

becajm^secr^l^toC^mw^awsi IoM>

Soulis

272

South

he was clerk of the parliaments. On 5 Jan.
1538-9 Thomas Wriothesley (afterwards first
Earl of Southampton) [q. v.] received license
to alienate to Soulemont the manors of For-
wood and Fowey, Cornwall. On 13 July'
1539 he was granted a lease of some build-
ings on the site of Greyfriars, London, and
on 13 Dec. following he received the nunnery
of Canonleigh, with the tithes of Hokeforde
fectoryandBurlescom.be church, Devonshire.
He died on 12 July 1541, his heir being his
brother John Soulemont, aged forty years
{Inquisitio post mortem, 35 Henry VIII, No.
212). His successor as clerk of the parlia-
ments was (Sir) William Paget (afterwards
first Baron Paget) [q.v.] Many of the l Letters
and Papers of Henry VIII/ calendared by
Mr.Gabdner,aremSoulemont'shandwriting,
and letters between him, Wriothesley, Crom-
well, and other statesmen of the time are
among the state papers. Soulemont is also said
to have been a learned antiquary. A work by
Tiiyn entitled * Select Antiquities relating to
Britaine' is quoted in Harrison's l Description
of Britain/ prefixed to the 1586 edition of
Holinshed, p. 32, but neither it nor ' The
Acts and Ghests of St. Thomas of Canterbury/
also attributed to Soulemont, is known to
be extant or to have been printed. Leland
has verses to Soulemont in his ' Encomia
Principum et Dlustrium Yirorum/ ed. 1589,
p. 31. Soulemont has invariably been con-
fused with Thomas Some or Solme [q. v.]

[State Papers Henry VIII, vols. i. iii. vii. and
viii. passim ; G-airdner's Letters and Papers of
Henry VIII, vols. v. xiii. xiv. and xv. passim;
Bale, k. 32; Wood's Athena, i. 149 ; Le Neve's
Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 515, iii. 197; Tanner's Bibl.
s.v. * Sulmo ; ' Corr. de Marillac, p. 93 ; Dodd's
Church Hist, i, 204.] A. F. P.

SOULIS, Sra JOHN BE (d. 1318), am-
bassador and soldier, belonged to one of
those Anglo-Norman families which settled
in Scotland during the reign of Malcolm III
[q. vj In 1284 he negotiated a marriage be-
tween the Scots king and Joletta or Yolande,
daughter of the Count of Dreux (FoKDTTN, i,
309 ; cf.art. ALEXANDEB HE). As an official
under the crown of Scotland, he received on
5 Feb. 1289 afee of 20 J. sterling from the cham-
berlain of Scotland (STEVENSON, Documents
relating to Scotland, i. 53). But he was also
employed officially in England. In February
1292 fie was custodian of the lands of Hugh
Lovel, a tenant-in-chief of the king of Eng-
land, and in March of the same year he re-
ceived from Edward I a writ of protection
while staying beyond seas for a year. On
14 Nov. he had sufficient influence with
Edward to gain, along with "William de
, a pardon for Eicliard de Soulis (pos-

sibly brothers) for having caused Richard le-
Tayllur to be taken from England to Scotland
against his will (Cat. Pat. Rolls. Edward I
1281-92, pp. 474-81, 511). On 6 Nov.'
of the same year he concurred as one of
the arbitrators in Edward Fs judgment in
favour of Ballicl's claim to the Scottish crown
('Annales Eegni Scotiee' in RISHA^GER
p. 264). When Balliol in 1295 decided to
defy Edward, he sent John de Soulis and
three others to negotiate a treaty with France
which proved the beginning of a long alliance
between the two countries (BISHANGKEB, p.
151 ; cf. STEVENSON, Documents, ii. 12). ?Sir
John made his submission to Edward I in
1296 along with the rest, and he witnessed
a charter of that king at Northallerton on
10 Oct. (STEVENSON, Documents, ii. 112).
But he did not keep his oath to Edward long.
Some time in 1299 he was appointed by JoHn
Balliol, who had escaped, co-guardian of the
realm of Scotland with John Comyn the
younger. Acting as if he were sole guar-
dian, he sent envoys to Boniface VIII com-
plaining of the conduct of the English king-
(FoKDUN, i, 331, 332). In the same year he
went on an embassy to France, and in Juner
July, and August Edward commissioned ships
to intercept Sir John and his companions,
who were expected to embark at Damme on
their way back to Scotland (Cal. Pat. Rolls.
Edward 1, 1292-1301, pp. 422, 425). On the
night of 7-8 Sept. 1301 Soulis and Sir Ingram
de Umfraville made a fruitless attack on
Loehmaban Castle (STEVENSON, Documents, ii.
432). The terms offered to the Scots in 1304,
and eventually accepted, included Soulis's
banishment for two years from Scotland and
the country north of the Trent (PALGRAVE,
Documents relating to Scotland, Rec. Comm.,
i. 281). Soulis was apparently in France at
this time (Flores Hist. iii. 118, 315). In 1314
he was^one of the leaders of a Scottish host
which in August of that year ravaged Rich-
mondshire and levied blackmail on Cope-
land and the bishopric of Durham (Chroni
de Lanercost, Maitland Club, p. 228). He
seems to have accompanied Edward Bruce on
his ill-fated expedition to Ireland in 1315 ;
he was slain with the latter near Dundalk
on 14 Oct. 1318 ('Gesta Edwardi' in
STTTBBS'S Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward
I and Edward II, ii. 56).

[Authorities cited in text.] W. E. B.

SOUTH, SIB JAMES (1785-1867), as-
trpnomer, was the eldest son, by his first
wife, of James South, a dispensing chemist
in Southwark, where he was born in October
1785. John Flint South [q. v.] was his half-
brother. He became a member of the Col-

South

273

South

lege of Surgeons, and Sir Astley Cooper
thought highly of his professional abilities ;
but, °the acquaintance of Joseph Huddart
[q. v.] inclining him to astronomy, he began
observing with a six-inch Gregorian re-
flector. His marriage, in 1816, to Char-
lotte, niece and sole heiress of Joseph Ellis
of South Lambeth, having rendered him
comparatively opulent, he relinquished a
large surgical practice, and fitted up an ob-
servatory attached to his house in Blackman
Street, Borough, with two equatoreals of
respectively five and seven feet focal length,
besides a first-rate transit instrument by
Troughton (Phil Trans, cxvi. 424). Here
he observed, jointly with John Frederick
William Herschel [<j. v.], 380 double stars
($. vol. cxiv. pt. iii.) In presenting him
with the gold medal of the Astronomical
Society in 1826, Francis Baily [q. v.] spoke
of his 'princely collection of instruments,
such as have never yet fallen to the lot of a
private individual* (Memoirs Hoy. Astr.
Society, ii. 547). In 1835 South removed his
five-foot telescope to Passy, near Paris, where
he came to know Humboldt and Arago, and
convinced Laplace of the reality of revolving
stars by ocular demonstration in the case of
70 Ophiuchi. He executed there in a few
months what Herschel called ' a noble series
of measures ' on 458 compound stars, of
which 160 were new (Phil. Trans, vol. cxvi.
pt. i.) ; and for these labours, together with
his paper ' On the Discordances between the
Sun's observed and computed Bight Ascen-
sions/ presented to the Royal Society on
8 June 1826 ($. p. 423), was awarded the
Copley medal in 1826. He was elected a
member of the Royal Society in 1821.

One of the founders of the Astronomical
Society, he was chosen its president in 1829,
and the royal charter granted to it in 1831
was made out in his name. This led to
vehement disputes, South and Charles Bab-
bage [q. v.] making1 common cause against
Richard Sheepshanks [q. v.] and Sir George
Airy. As the upshot, South withdrew from
the society, and became alienated from most
of his early scientific friends. Regarding
science in England as decadent, he had pre-
viously opened negotiations for a definitive
removal to France ; but the knighthood con-
ferrednpon him on 21 July 1830 by Wil-
liam Iv had a soothing effect; and he en-
joyed from 1831 a civil-list pension of 300£
in aid of his astronomical researches.

In 1826 he equipped a splendid observa-
tory on Campden Hill, Kensington, erecting
ferey besides most of Ms former instru-
loents, an eight-foot achromatic, the transit-
eircle employed by Stephen Cfroombridge

T0L. un.

6. v.], and a clock presented by the king Of
enmark. He then purchased for about
1,000£, in Paris, a twelve-inch object-glass
by Cauchoix, the largest but one in the world,
and had it equatoreally mounted by Trough-
ton. The work, finished in 1831, proved a
failure; South, bitterly disappointed, refused
to pay; and Troughton brought an action.
The matter was referred to arbitration, and
there ensued 'the most remarkable astro-
nomical trial which ever took place in Eng-
land' (DE MoBGAJff). Sir William Henry
Maule [q. v.] presided over the court ; John
Elliot Drinkwater Bethune [q. v.] acted as
counsel for South; Sheepshanks advised
Troughton, whose entire claim was awarded
in 1838. South thereupon broke up the in-
strument in dispute, and sold the debris by
public auction, placarding the walls of his
observatory witn a bill addressed to 'shy-
cock toy-makers, smoke-jack makers, mock
coin-makers/ &c. His loss on the transac-
tion amounted to fully 8,000£ ; and the exas-
peration caused -by hostile proceedings last-
ing five years wellnigh unhinged his mind.
The twelve-inch lens which had been the
ruin of his astronomical career was pre-
sented by him in 1862 to the observatory of
Trinity College, Dublin.

Subsequently to 1838 he attempted only
casual pieces of work, experimenting with
clocks and pendulums, and executing at
Watford in 1846 a series of observations on
the disturbance, by passing railway trains,
of star-images reflected from mercury. They
were reported to government, and presented
in 1863 to the Royal Society (Prooeed&ig®,
xiii. 65). He observed Encke's comet in
1828 and 1838, Mauvais's comet in 1844,
and Vico's in 1845. He spent a fortnight
as the guest of Friedrich Strove at Borpal;
in 1832 for the purpose of studying Frann-
hofer*s equatoreal; and in February 1845
tried 'the performance of the six-foot Basse
reflector at Parsonstown (Hont&fy NMxs,
xxix. 128 ; Astr. Nock. No. 636). His ad-
miration was expressed in a letter to the
1 Times 'of 16 April 1845. During his later
years he became paartiaHy Mind and dea^
and he succumbed to a pajnfol diseaise at the
Observatory, Campden Hill, on 19 Oct.
1867. His wife had died in 1851. His in-
struments were sold on 4 Aug. 1870 (Astr.
Register, Tm.l§&)- The academies of sciences
of St. Petersburg and Brussels enrolled him
among their members, and he received m
1863 an honoraoeyLLJD. from the iii*bsa<8%-
ofOambridga

In two papers presented to &e Eoysl Bo-
eiety « ff5» Mfl .* M »» —

South

274

South

tailed observations of star-appulses to Mars,
showing a complete absence of planetary
atmospheric effects. He published in the
'Quarterly Journal of Science' (xiii. 209)
* Results of some Astronomical Observations
made in Blackman Street in 1822,' mainly
of eclipses and occupations; and sent oc-
casionally to that periodical, and to the
'Annals of Philosophy,' lists of star-places
and other brief technical communications.
He wrote much, and at times acrimoniously,
in the daily and weekly press, and was the
author of some critical pamphlets. In one,
published in 1822, he animadverted on the
defects of the 'Nautical Almanac,' and pre-
sided over a committee of the Astronomical
Society appointed in 1829 to devise remedial
measures (Memoirs Roy. Astr. Society, iv.
449). His ' Thirty-six Charges against the
President and Council of the Royal Society,'
printed as a tract in 1830, were officially
ignored, notwithstanding his protest at a
stormy meeting of the society (Athenceum,
27 Nov. 1830X After the death of Sheep-
shanks he renewed, in a ' Letter of Reply '
to obituary notices of him, a defamatory
attack published in the ( Mechanics' ^Maga-
zine ' January 1852. The tract was privately
printed in 1856, and severely handled in the
' Athenseum ' for 26 April 1856,

[Monthly Notices Royal Astr. Society, xxviii.
69 ; Proceedings Eoyal Society, vol. xvi. p. xliv;
Memoir of A. de Morgan, passim ; Gent. Mag.
1867, ii. 825 ; Weld's History of the Royal
Society, ii. 457 ; Babbage's Exposition of 1851,
pp. 156, &c.; English Cyclopaedia (Knight);
Royal Society's Catalogue of Scientific Papers,
vol. v.] A. M. C.

SOUTH, JOHN FLINT (1797-1882),
surgeon, eldest son by his second wife of
James South, a druggist in Southwark, was
born on 5 July 1797. Sir James South

[q. v.l the astronomer, was his half-brother.
His father, when Pitt was dying, posted,
on 23 Jan. 1806, to Putney with a phial of
hartshorn oil, a spoonful of which he in-
sisted on pouring down the throat of the
-dying man, saying that he had known it re-
store people even in their last agony. John
was put to school in October 1805 with
Samuel Hemming, D.D., at Hampton in
Middlesex, where he remained until June
181S, making such good progress in Latin
that in after life he was selected to examine
the articled pupils in that language before
they were apprenticed to the Royal College
of Surgeons of England.

He began, to attend the practice of St.
Thomas's Hospital within a few weeks of
leaving school, and on 18 Feb. 1814 he was
Apprenticed, for the usual sum of 500Z., as an

outdoor pupil, to Henry Cline the younger
[q. y.]? then a surgeon to St. Thomas's Hos-
pital. He attended Sir Astley Cooper's lec-
tures on anatomy, and made the acquaintance
in 1813 of Joseph iHenry Green [q, v.l, a
fellow-apprentice, whose support was after-
wards of the greatest service to him, South
was admitted a member of the College of
Surgeons of England on 6 Aug. 1819, six
months before he had completed his inden-
tures. He then acted for some months as
prosector to the lecturers on anatomy at
St. Thomas's Hospital, and on 14 Dec. 1820
he was appointed conservator of the museum
and assistant demonstrator of anatomy there
for a term of three years, at a salary of 100Z.
a year. He was elected a joint demonstrator
of anatomy with Brausby Cooper in Fe-
bruary 1823, an election which, gave rise to
considerable controversy between Sir Astley
Cooper and J. H. Green. He continued in
this post for some years, and was afterwards
made lecturer on anatomy. An attack of
illness in 1841 led him to resign his lecture-
ship, and he removed to Blactheath Park,
where he lived for the remainder of his life.
He was elected a member of the council
of the College of Surgeons on 3 March 1841,
and on 28 July in the same year he was ap-
pointed full surgeon to St. Thomas's Hos-
Eital, in. the room of Benjamin Travers
!• Y0? a Post ke resigae(l in April 1863. He
was made surgeon to the Female Orphan
Asylum in 1843, and on 27 Sept. 1843 he
was nominated one of the first fellows of the
Eoyal College of Surgeons of England. He
acted as professor of human anatomy and
surgery in the college for 1845, and he was
Hunterian orator in 184L4. His oration made
no mention of the man he was called u^on to
eulogise ; he gave a retrospect of the history
of medicine, beginning at so early a period
that the time expired before he had arrived
at the eighteenth century. The ^oration
"brought into prominence the historical side
of his work, which he afterwards elaborated.
He became a member of the court of ex-
aminers in 1849, president of the Eoyal Col-
lege of Surgeons in 1851, and again in 1860,
As a vice-president of the Eoyal College
of Surgeons he was instrumental in getting
the body of John Hunter interred in West-
minster Abbey on 28 March 1859. He re-
signed his official connection with the col-
lege in 1873.

The last twenty years of South's life were
spent in gathering materials for a history of
English surgery. The project -was on too
large a scale to enable him to make much pro-
gress. His work was edited by the present
writer in 1886, under the title of * Memorials

South

South

of the Craft of Surgery.' In 1852 South
made a journey to Sweden, and took some
trouble to introduce into that country the
vegetable marrow. As a reward the Swedish
Horticultural Society at Stockholm, at the
instigation of his Mend Eetzius, awarded to
"Him its Linnsean medal of bronze. He died
at Blackheath Park on 8 Jan. 1882, and is
buried in Charlton cemetery.

South was twice married ; first, in 1832,
to Mrs. John Wrench, the second daughter
of Thomas Lett of Bulwich House. After
her death, in 1864, he married, in the fol-
lowing year, Emma, daughter of John Louis
Lemm6 of Antwerp and London, the niece
of his lifelong friend, J. H- Green. Children
of both marriages survive.

South was a man of varied attainments
who had many interests outside his profes-
sional work. He was deeply religious, and
he threw himself with zeal into church work,
•especially in connection with Sunday schools.
In 1831 he was a prime mover in establish-
ing the Surrey Zoological and Botanical So-
•ciety. Throughout his long life, from the
time he was a schoolboy, he kept a diary,

Mrs. South possesses an excellent bust,
executed by H. Weeks, RA., in 1872. A
steel engraving is prefixed to the ' Memorials,'
collected by the Rev. C. Lett Feltoe, M.A.,
London, 1884.

Besides various tracts on surgical and
religious subjects and the articles on the
* Zoology of the Invertebrata ' in the * En-
"Cyclopsedia Metropolitana/ South wrote:
1. ' A Short Bescription of the Bones,' &c.,
1825, 32mo ; 2nd edit. London, 1828, 16mo ;
-3rd edit. 1837. 2. ' Household Surgery/
London, 1847, 12mo ; 2nd edit. 1850 ; 3rd
«dit. 1851; 4th edit. 1851 ; 5th edit, (called
in error 4th edit.), 1880. 3. ' Memorials of
the Craft of Surgery/ edited by B'Arcy
Power, with an introduction by Sir James
Paget, 8vo, London, 1886. He translated
(i.) Otto's 'Compendium of Human and
Comparative Pathological Anatomy/ Lon-
don, 1831, 8vo ; (ii.) V on Chelius's < System
of Surgery/ 2 vols., London, 1847, 8vo. He
interwove with this work a very large mass
of Ms own surgical experience. He also
edited the St. Thomas's i Hospital Reports'
fe^!836, and assisted J. H. Green in pr&-
paring the second and third editions of i The
Dissector's Manual/

[Information Mndly supplied by Mrs. South
fscm, manuscript diaries in her possession;
IFelloe^fiflMeinorials ; 0reen's Letter to Sir Asfctay
*C>b0|>er on tl*e listablislnixeBt of an Auatcteiesd
a&I a<mHeai School at Guf& Hospifcal, London,
>; Stanhope's Life of Kfct> ed. 1S62,

L -t*V <Vrt» T TTv» t T>

SOUTH, EGBERT, D.D. (1634-1716),
divine, son of Robert South, a London
merchant, was born at Hackney on 4 Sept.
1634. His mother was of a Kentish family
named Berry. In 1647 he was admitted as a
king's scholar at Westminster school under
Richard Busby [q. v.] It is said that, when
reading the Latin prayers at school, he prayed
for Charles I by name on the day of his
execution. South himself (sermon on Vir-
tuous Education) merely claims to have heard
the king then prayed for. He was elected
a student of Christ Church, Oxford, matricu-
lating on 11 Dec. 1651. He is said to have
been patronised by his namesake, John South
(d. 1672), who had been regius professor of
Greek, 1622-5. Among his college exercises
was a panegyric upon Cromwell in Latin
verse on the conclusion of peace with the
Dutch (5 April 1654). He commenced B.A.
on 24 Feb. 1654^5. On account of his using
the common prayer-book, John Owen, B.D,
[q. v.], dean of Christ Church and vice-
chancellor, unsuccessfully opposed his pro-
ceeding M.A.on 12 June 1657. He travelled
on the continent, and in 1658 privately
received episcopal ordination, perhaps from
Thomas Sydserf [q. v.] Richard Baxter
[q. v.] says he was suggested to him as his
curate at Kidderminster. He was incor-
porated M.A. at Cambridge in 1659. His
assize sermon at St. Mary's on 24 July 1650
was a lively attack upon the independents,
and a sample of the 'graphic *huuiofir J ibi
which South became famous. In his uni-
versity sermon oa 29 Julv 1660 he included
the presbyterians in his invective, referring
to Henry Wilkinson, D J>. (d. 1675) [q. v.], as
'Holderforth.' He was chosen pubic orator
to the university on 10 Aug. 1660f an ofiee
which he held 'till 1677. Clarencioa made
him his chaplain, in consequence of Ms ocar
tion on his installation as chance3ioT(15l?oT.}

of Westminster,

B.B. and BJX on letters from .

The creation was ' stffly opposed J in eoavo-
cation by those who reckoned South a time-
server. Onaseinitiiiy,Na^iaiiielCkey[q.v.l
the senior proctor, 'aeeorcBng to Ms usual
perfidy' (Wooi>), declared the majority to be
for South, who was presented by John Wallis
(1616-1703) [a. v.J He was incorporated
IXB. at Cambridge m 1664. Clarendon
him m 1667 t&e simeeoie. rectory of
rhaiadr-Y-Mo<fe^% Be&htghshire,
Clarendons 103^ at the end of that

'

ft

ITOII

South

276

South

lurch

Wallis, addressed to Robert „
South was installed canon of CKrist
on 29 Dec. 1670.

In June 1676 he travelled to Poland as
chaplain to the ambassador, Laurence Hyde
(afterwards Earl of Eochester) [q. v.J A
yaluable account of his journey, including a
realistic sketch of John SobiesM, is given in
the form of a letter (Danzig, 16 Dec, 1677)
to Edward Pococke [q. v.] On his return
he was presented (1678) by the dean and
chapter of Westminster to the rectory of
Islip, Oxfordshire. Half the income he gave
to a curate ; with the rest he restored the
chancel (1680), built a new rectory-house,
and educated and apprenticed the children
of parishioners. He lived at Caversham,
near Reading, where he had an estate.

The story goes that, after a humorous
passage in a sermon by South before the Mng,
Charles turned with a laugh to Rochester,
saying, 'Odd's fish, Lory, your chaplain must
be a bishop ; therefore put me in mind of him
at the next death/ The incident is usually
connected with South's often quoted descrip-
tion of Cromwell's first appearance in parlia-
ment, 'with a threadbare torn coat and a
greasy hat (and perhaps neither of them
paid for)/ But this passage occurs in a ser-
mon preached, after Charles's death, at West-
minster Abbey on 22 Feb. 1684-5. South
was chaplain in ordinary to Charles II, but
had no other preferment from him than the
"Westminster prebend. In James IFs reign
Rochester, then lord-lieutenant of Ireland, is
said to have offered South an Irish arch-
bishopric (Cashel was vacant, 1685-91). Ro-
chester nominated South (November 1686)
as one of two Anglican divines to discuss
points of doctrine with two of the church of
Rome; but James objected to South, and
Simon Patrick (1626-1707) [q. v.] was sub-
stituted.

At the Revolution South hesitated ^ for
some time to transfer his allegiance, being,
according to Kennett, under the influence of
William Sherlock, D.D. [q. v.] He at length
took the oath, adopting the parliamentary
fiction that James's flight constituted an
abdication, He is said to have declined a
bishopric vacated by a nonjuror. He warmly
opposed himself to the scheme for a com-
prehension of dissenters, but was not a mem-
ber either of the royal commission (13 Sept.
1689) on the subject, or of the convocation
of that year [cf. art. PEABSE, EDWABD].

In 1693 South intervened anonymously in
the Socinian controversy, with strong animus

chief of them/ He made galling references
to Sherlock's career, < tainted with a con-
venticle' at the outset; vehemently assailed
his earlier writings as heterodox on the doc-
trine of atonement, and maintained his 'new

ofeed to his admirers, and tdf himself the

quite transparent. It is not so certain that
South was the translator of ' A Short His-
tory of Valentinus Gentilis the Tritheist *
(1696) from the Latin of Benedict Aretius ;
the dedication to the hierarchy is in his man-
ner, and there is a reference to Gentilis in.
< Tritheism Charged/ p. 47. South's position
is in the main that of Wallis ; but he chiefly
devotes the brilliant resources of his learn-
ing ana the amazing powers of Ms wit to
the congenial task of demolishing Sherlock.
At the same time, his ( Tritheism Charged7"
is worth reading for its philosophic acumen,,
apart from the immediate controversy. Pub-
lic judgment on the controversy was not
inaptly expressed in William Pittis's ballad,
'The Battle Royal J [cf. BTTRBTET, THOMAS,
1686P-1715].

In later years South's health was much
broken. Swift's correspondence with the-
Earl of Halifax shows that his death was
counted on. He writes (13 Jan. 1709):
*Pray, my lord, desire Dr. South to die
about the fall of the leaf; for he has a pre-
bend of Westminster . . . and a sinecure in
the country . . . which my friends have often
told me would fit me extremely/ Halifax
writes (6 Oct.) : 'Dr. South holds out still ;
but he cannot be immortal/ He roused him-
self in 1710 to take part on the high church
side in the affair of Henry Sacheverell[q.v.}
On the death (20 May 1713) of Thomas Sprat
[q. v.] the bishopric of Rochester and deanery
01 Westminster were offered to him. His re-
fusal was graceful : * Such a chair would be too
uneasy for an old infirm man to sit in/ He
died at Westminster on 8 July 1716, and
was buried in the Abbey, near the grave of
Busby, where he had wished to lie. His
tomb bears his recumbent effigy, with an
elaborate epitaph. An anonymous portrait
of South belonged in 1866 to Henry Longue-
viHe Mansel [q. v.1 Engravings by Vander-
gucht and R. White are prefixed to various
editions of his ' Sermons/

South, a man of strong prejudices and
warm attachments, was never a self-seeker,
and, when he changed Ms attitude, followed
what appeared to be the dictates of common-
sense. His use of humour in the pulpit sug-
gested to Tillotson a want of seriousness in
his character. Yet no preacher was more
direct in his dealing with the vices of the

Southampton^ 277

Soutticott

age, no court preacher more homely in his
appeals. His humour has a native breadth
and freshness. Like Fuller's pleasant turns,
it always illuminates his subject ; but, unlike
Fuller's conceits, it does not cloy. Baxter
.says that South was ' a fluent, extemporate
speaker/ y^et tells a story of his "breaking
•down, which shows that in early life his
sermons were learnt by heart. Kennett tells
of his attention to delivery, and how he
'worked up his body ' as he approached his
•points. Wood's harsh judgment on South
is said to have been inspired by a jest with
which South received Wood's mention of a
bodily ailment from which he suffered^

His sermons, many of them published
•separately (from 1660), were collected by
himself in six volumes (1679-1715); a
-.seventh, with * Memoirs ' and the account of
his Polish travels, was published in 1717,
and five more in 1744, all 8vo. Modern
-editions are : Oxford, 1823, 8vo, 7 vols. ;
1842, 8vo, 5 vols.j London, 1843, 8vo,
4 vols. ; 1845, 8vo, 2 vols., with ' Memoir ; '
1850, 8vo, 2 vols. Selections from them
are numerous, e.g. ' Maxims, Sayings, Expli-
cations, . . . Descriptions, and Characters,
•extracted from . . . South,' 1717, 8vo ; * The
Beauties of South/ 1795, 8vo ; and a selec-
tion in Wesley's ( Christian Library/ He
also published : 1. ( Musica Incantans/ Ox-
ford, 1655, 4to ; 1667, 4to (Latin verses).
2. ' Animadversions upon Dr. Sherlock's . . .
Vindication of the . , . Trinity. . . . By a
Divine of the Church of England/ 1693, 4to.
•3. ' Tritheism Charged upon Dr. Sherlock's
new Notion of the Trinity/ 1695, 4to.

[Funeral Oration by John Barber, 1716 ; Me-
moirs, 1717; Memoirs, 1721; Memoir, 1845;
Foster's Alumni Oxon, 1500-1714, iv. 1391;
Wood's Athene Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 631 sq. ; Wood's
Fasti (Bliss), ii. 158, 182, 200, 276, 281, 334 ;
"Wood's Life and Times, ed. Clark, gassim;
Beliqtiise Baxterianse, 1696, ii. 380, iii. 36;
.Birch's Life of TiUotson, 1753, pp. 195 sq., 328,
429 ; Noble's Continuation of Grranger, 1806, i.
^99 ; Retrospective Review, 1823, iv. 295 ; Ori-
ginal Letters (Camden Soc.), 1843, p. 340 ; Wal-
lace's Antitrinitarian Biography, 1850,i. 261 sq. ;
2STofces and Queries, 9th ser. i. 323.] A. G-.

SOUTHAMPTON, DTTKB op. [See
.PITZEOT, OHAELES, 1662-1730.]

SOUTHAMPTON, EABLS <XF. [See
FUZWILUAM, WILLIAM, d. 1542; "Witio-
THBSLBT, THOMAS, first earl of the Wrio-
thesley family, 1506-1560; WEIOTHESLBT,
HEHFUY, third earl, 1573-1624; , WBIO-
THBSLBY, THOMAS, fourth earl, 1607-1677.]

SOUTHAMPTON, BABOST. [See
*®TL, CHABLES, 17S7-1797.]

SOUTHCOTE, JOHN (1511-1585), judge,
second son of William Southcote, "by his -wife,
Alice Tregonnell, and grandson of Nicholas
Southcote of Ohudleigh, Devonshire, was
born in 1511. He -was a member of the
Middle Temple, where he was autumn reader
in 1556, and again on his call to the degree
of serjeant-at-law, April 1559. He was made
justice of the queen's bench on 10 Feb.
1562-3. In November 1566 he served on
the committee for the final revision of the
measure (8 Eliz. c. 1) confirming the ordinal
of Edward VI. He sat with Chief-justice
Catlin on the trial (9 Feb. 1571-2) of Bobert
Hickford, a retainer of the Duke of Nor-
folk, indicted for adhering to the queen's
enemies, and as assessor to the peers on the
trial of Thomas Howard, fourth duke of Nor-
folk [q. v.] He took part in the conference
of November-December 1577 on the legal
method of dealing with recusants. He re-
tired in May 1584, when he was succeeded by
John Clench. He died on 18 April 1585,
leaving issue by his wife Elizabeth, daughter
of William Robins, alderman of London, a
son John and two daughters. His remains
were interred in the church of Witham , Essex,
in the neighbourhood of which he had his
seat. On his descendant, George Southcote
of Blyborough, Lincolnshire, was conferred
on 1 Jan. 1661-2 a baronetcy, which became
extinct in 1691.

[Earl. MS. 1154, f. 178; Visitation of '
(Earl. Soc.), p. 491 ; Prince's Worthies of Jtercm,
p. 562; Dugdale's Orig. p. 217; Chrom Sesr. pu
91; Machyn's Diary (Camdea Soc.), p. 1##;
Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. App. pp. 6S2-6» 061 ;
Gal. State Papers, Bom. 1535 g. 149 (58), 1639
ii. 271, 1547-80 p. 507, Addends, 13S&-1626
p. 165; Strype's Ann. (foL) vol. i. p& p. 29,
pt. ii. p. 528, Memorials (fol) Tot ii pi L
p. 319, Parker (foL) p. 19$, Gr»da! (fit) p.
232 ; Wright^ Queen Hizabeih and te Times;
Patent Boll, 13 Oar. II, 17 Jm.;
State Trials, I 9£8, 1©4$; Bmte*s
Baronetage; Morals Bssex, ii lit;
lives of the Judges.] J. 2i* B»

SOUTHCOTT, JOAIiHA (1750-1814),
fanatic, daughter of William Somtfecott (&
12 Jan. 18Q2X by Ms seeoad wife
was horn at CMsfeam, B€f?<msMre,m
1760 andhap^S6a<®6Jtmel76aa^O
St Maiy, B0VQBsMr& Her Mhear was.
small femer, and as a ^rl sfee did
work. Her fesfc fere affiSr was witfe
Bishop* a tao&^s scm afe

too

' fiace

Southcott

278

Southcott

where she rejected several suitors. For a
short time she was a domestic in the family of
a country squire, but was dismissed because
a footman, whose attentions she had spurned,
affirmed that she was 'growing mad;;* she
claims that her removal had been divinely
intimated to her. She next got employment
at Exeter, living for many years in various
families, as domestic and assistant in the
upholstery business. Her character was
blameless and her service faithful. She at-
tended church, usually the cathedral, twice
every Sunday, and was a communicant ; she
also regularly frequented Wesleyan services
before and after church hours. Though
pressed to join the methodist society, she did
not do so till Christmas 1791, and then ( by
divine command.*

On Easter Monday 1792, having reached
the mature age of forty-two, she made in
class meeting a confused statement about
having been providentially sent to Exeter.
It was not well received. Her agitation of
mind threw her into a fever. For change of
air she went to stay with a married sister,
Carter, at Plymtree, Devonshire ; there, after
ten days' experience of ( the powers of dark-
ness,' she began to pen prophecies, in a mix-
ture of rambling prose and doggerel rhyme.
Her sister, a practical woman, told her she
was * growing out of her senses,' and scouted
her forecast of dearth when the best wheat
would not fetch 4s. 6d. a bushel. Joanna
adopted the plan of sealing up her writings,
to be opened when the predicted events had
matured. She used a small oval seal which
she had picked up in 1790 while sweeping a
shop after a sale. It bore the initials * I C '
witn a star above and below. Leaving her
sealed packet at Plymtree, she returned to
Exeter, broke with the methodists, and in
1793 (when her prophecies were coming true)
began to pester local clergy, from the curate
to the bishop, with letters, soliciting an,
examination of her claims, at the same time
writing and sealing up fresh prophecies year
by year. Pomeroy, a clergyman of Exeter,
afterwards of Bodmin, Cornwall, gave her
some countenance, which he afterwards with-
drew. In 1798 she visited Bristol in search
of sympathisers.

Site gained little notice until, in January
1801, she issued her first publication, ' The
Strange Effects of Faith,7 printed by T. Brice
of Exeter, and inviting ' any twelve ministers *
to * try * her claims. Brice's bill for the
printing included the item i For correcting
the spelling amd grammar of the prophecies,
%$. 6dS Her first important convert was
Basil Bruee (d. 26 Dec, 1801) of
, a votary of Biekard Brothers [q. v.],

who introduced her writings to his father,.
Stanhope JSruce, vicar of Inglesham, Wilt-
shire, to Thomas Philip Foley (1758-1835),
rector of Old Swinford, Worcestershire, and
to William Sharp (1749-1824) [q. v.], the
engraver. These last three, with Thomas
Webster (1780-1840), vicar of Oakington,,
Cambridgeshire, and three others, visited
Exeter in January 1802, and, after a * trial*
of Joanna's writings at the Guildhall, became-
her constant adherents.

At Sharp's suggestion she removed to Lon-
don in May 1802, settled at High House,
Paddington, and began the practice of * seal-
ing' the faithful, who were to be one hundred
and forty-four thousand, certificated for the
millennium on half-sheets of paper, signed
by Joanna, and backed with a red seal. She
was falsely accused of selling these * seals/"
of which ten thousand had been applied for
by the beginning of 1805. None were ' sealed r
after 1808, for among the e sealed' was Mary
Bateman, hanged for murder at York early
in 1809. A severe illness prostrated Joanna
towards the end of 1802. On 12 Jan. 1803-
a second 'trial' of her writings was conducted
at High House by fifty-eight persons, in-
cluding her three clerical adherents. On
28 Feb. she first met Henry Prescott of Ber-
mondsey, alad of eighteen, known as ( Joseph r
Prescott, a marvellous dreamer from his ninth
year. On 4 March she began to interpret
Prescott's dreams. Elias Carpenter, a paper-
maker, of ISTeckinger House, Bermondsey, set
up a 'chapel,' on the walls of which the
subjects of the dreams were depicted; but
after a few years both Prescott and Carpenter
fell away from Joanna. In the autumn of
1803 she made a journey to the north, stay-
ing two months with Foley at Old Swinford,
and visiting Stockport, Leeds, and Stockton-
on-Tees. The third and final < trial' of her
writings took place at Neckinger House from
5 to 11 Dec. 1804. In the spring of 1805
William Tozer, an Exeter dissenter, a lath-
render by trade, opened a chapel for her fol-
lowers in Duke Street, Webber Row, South-
wark, using the Anglican prayer-book.

Popular rumour connected her with
Brothers, whose writings seem to have been
first made known to her by Basil Bruce in.
1801. Except for a mild universalism, her
own theology was orthodox, and at the end
of 1802 she denounced some of Brothers'*
positions as 'blasphemy,' and drew away
from him Sharp, George Turner of Leeds,
and other disciples. On 17 and 18 July 1806
she defaced with red paint a thousand copies
of Sharp's fine engraving of Brothers. Her
own likeness was engraved by Sharp in*
January 1812,

Southcott

279

Southern

At Exeter she tad designated herself ' the
Lamb's wife.' In October 1802 she had de-
scribed herself as 'bringing forth to the -world'
a spiritual man, ' the second Christ/ It would
seem that the grosser interpretation of these
figures was due, in the first instance, to the
enthusiasm of her followers, overbearing her
own expressed doubts, and fears of delusion.
The announcement that she was to become
the mother of Shiloh was first made in her
'Third Book of "Wonders' {1818); it was
said to have been revealed in 1794, but not
then understood. On 11 Oct. 1813 she shut
herself up from society, seeing only Jane
Townley and Ann Underwood, who lived
with her. Shiloh was to be born in the
following year. She became ill on 17 March
1814, and on 1 Aug. Joseph Adams, M.D.
[q.v.], was called in, Of nine medical men
consulted on the case, six admitted that the
symptoms would, in a younger woman, in-
dicate approaching maternity. The excite-
ment of Joanna's followers knew no bounds.
In September a crib costing 200£ was made
to order by Seddons of AJdersgate Street j
100J. was spent in pap-spoons ; a bible was
superbly bound as a birthday present. The
* Morning Chronicle/ which had inserted an
advertisement for ' a large furnished house'
for a public accouchement, announced next
day that * a great personage' had offered ' the
Temple of Peace in the Green Park.' The
London papers teemed with letters on the
medical aspects of the case. On 19 Nov.
Joanna told Dr. Richard Eeece [q. v.] that
she was * gradually dying,' and signed a paper
directing him to open her body four days
after death. By her desire all the articles
prepared for Shiloh were returned. She died
at 38 Manchester Street, Manchester Square,
on 27 Dec. 1814. For four days her body
was kept warm, as she had desired. The
autopsy conducted on 31 Dec. by Reece, in
the presence of Adams, John Sims, M.D.
[q.v.J, and other medical men, revealed the
cause of the ambiguous symptoms, assisted,
so Reeee thought, by deception, a judgment
which seems needlessly harsh, There was '
no functional disorder or organic disease;
probably * all the mischief lav' in the brain, .
which was not examined, owing1 to the high
state of putrefaction. She was interred with
great privacy on 1 Jan. 1815 at St. John's
Wood; the tombstone, with lines ending
'Thoult appear in greater power,' was shat-

sion, but she struck unbelievers as a kindly,
motherly creature, simple, amiable, and un-
affected. Her writings (latterly dictated) are
very numerous, and first editions are rare. A
( General Index' (to March 1805) deals with
twenty-five publications, and there are at
least as many more. The principal are (all.
8vo) : 1. < The Strange Effects of Faith/
1801 (six parts), with three ' Continuations/
1802-30, 2. « The Pirst Book of the Sealed
Prophecies/ and SThe Second Book of Vi-
sions,' 1803. 3. < Copies and Parts of Conies
of Letters/ and * Letters and Communica-
tions/ 1804. 4. <The True Explanation of
the Bible/ 1804-10, seven parts. 5. *The
Trial of Joanna Southcott/ 1804. 6. 'An-
swer to Five Charges/ 1805. 7. ' An Answer
to ... Smith/ 1808. 8. "The Book of
Wonders/ 1813-14, five parts. Collected
from her writings are two books of verse,
' Song of Moses and the Lamb/ 1804, 16mo,
and ' Hymns or Spiritual Songs/ 1807, 24mo.

[Nearly all her writings yield biographical par-
ticulars, given without order or continuity; from
them are derived the Life and Prophecies, 1814 ;
Life, 1814; Memoirs, 1814, reprinted with ap-
pendix in Memoirs of Religions Importers (stc},
1821, byM. Aikin, LLJX, i.e. Edward Pngh;
Life and Death, 1815. See also Evans's Sketch,
1811, p. 272 (account by a believer, not men-
tioning Shiloh) ; Keece's Correct Statement of
the Last Ulness and Death of Hrs.^Scraiihcott,
with the Appearances m Dissection, 1815;
Mathias's Case of Joanna Soathcott, 1815;
Monthly Repository, 1809 p. 351, 1815
seqs., 120, 381; <*ent. Hag. 1800-14, p
Evans's Sketch (Bransby), 1842, p. 285;
from the baptismal register of Ottery St Mary,
per the Rev. M. Kelly. Use has beea made of
a collection of newspaper mfcfcisgs, 1814-15,
bearing on her case,] A. €K

SOUTHERN, EmRY (1799-1853),
founder of the * Introspective Review 'sad
diplomatist, born at York in 1799, was tibe
sonofEicha-rdSotttheini. He entered lenity
College, Cambridge, m SI Bee* 1814, §?*-
duated B.A. in 1819 as twmt^seeoed seaisor
optirne, and proceeded MA* in 1^- He
afterwards became a member of &e Middle
Temple, but was md called fco tie bar. He
was deeeply interested m early EaAli lite-
rature and, to extend tfee teowWge of it
tae reading paidie, Ite in 1830 fbujiiad
fww/ wUs& fee ediled
wMeh time

ter return. From her followers have sprung
two minor sects, led by John Ward (1781-r
18S7) [q. v.] and John Wroe [q, v.]
Joanna's portrait has a cunning expres-

and 1828 two more were issued

Southern

280

Southerne

mainly of the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries. Two more volumes of the same
character were published in 1853-4. When
Jeremy Bentham [q. v.] founded the ' West-
minster Review7 in 1824, Southern was for a
time co-editor with John(aft erwards Sir John)
Bowring[q. v.l, and in 1825 he became pro-
prietor and editor of the second series oi the
later 'London Magazine.' He was also a
contributor to the 'Atlas' at its first start-
ing, and to the £ Spectator ' and * Examiner.'
In 1833 he accompanied the English ambassa-
dor, George William Frederick Villiers (after-
wards fourth Earl of Clarendon) [q. v.], to
Spain as his private secretary. He was
presently jjlaeed on the diplomatic staff, and,
after remaining some years at Madrid, was
appointed secretary to the legation at Lisbon.
In 1848 he became minister to the Argentine
Confederation, and in 1851 was promoted to
the court of Brazil, and received the insignia
of a companion of the Bath. He died at
Rio de Janeiro on 28 Jan. 1853,

[Gent. Mag. 1853, i. 547 ; Athenaeum, 1853, p.
353; Ward's Men of the Beign,p. 836; Archivio
Americano, Buenos Ayres, 1851, No. 26 Appen-
dix; information kindly given by the Librarian
of Trinity College, Cambridge.] E. I. C.

SOUTHERN or SOOWTHER1ST, JOHN
(fl. 1584), poetaster, seems to have been born
in England, and was doubtless connected
with the Shropshire family. He seems to
have been educated in France, whence he
returned to his native country to follow the
profession of a musician. In 1584 he pub-
lished an eccentric volume of verse under
the title of ' The Musyque of the Beautie of
his Mistresse Diana. Composed by John
Soowthern, Gentleman, and dedicated to the
right Honorable Edward Dever, Earle of
Oxenford, &c., 1584, June 20. Non careo
patria, me caret ilia magis. London, for
Thomas Hackette,' 1584, 4to. (His patron
was Edward de Yere, seventeenth earl of
Oxford [q. v.]) The volume consists of son-
nets by the author, who anticipated Henry
Constable in addressing them to a mistress
named Diana, of elegies, odes, odellets, and
a * stansse ' and two ' quadrans ' in French ;
as well as four epitaphs which are said to
have been written by the Countess of Ox-
ford ' afber the death of her young sonne the
Lord Bulbecke;' (the countess was Arm A
Cecil, eldest daughter of Lord Burghley).
The work is a clumsy performance, and is
only remarkable for its reckless plagiarism of
Ronsard.

Southern's lack of literary power, his im-
pudent thefts from Ronsard, and his gallicised
vocabulary exposed hi™, to much ridicule,
Puttenham. wrote of him in his 'Arte of

English Poesie,' 1589 (lib. iii. cap. xxii., ed.
Arber, pp. 259-60) : ' Another of reasonable
good facilitie in translation finding certaine
of the hymnes of Pyndarus and of Anacreons
odes, and other lirickes among the Greekes
very well translated by Rounsard the French
poet, and applied to the honour of a great
prince in France, comes our minion and
translates the same out of French into Eng-
lish, and applieth them to the honour of
[the Earl of Oxford] a great nobleman in
.England (wherein I commend his reuerent
minde and duetie), but doth so impudently
robbe the French poet both of his prayse and
also of his French termes that I cannot so
much pitie him as be angrie with him for
his injurious dealing. . . . And in the end
(which is worst of all) makes his vaunt that
neuer English finger but his hath toucht
Pindar's string, which was neuerthelesse
word by word as Rounsard has said before
by like braggery.' Puttenham gives examples
of Southern's grotesque employment of French
words* Drayton, in his £Poemes Lyrick
and Pastorall ' (1603 ?), bestowed on l Sou-
therne an English lyrick' the mysterious
commendation :

' Southern, I long thee spare,
Yet wish thee well to fare,
Who me pleased'st greatly,
As first, therefore more rare,
Handling thy harpe neatly/

Two copies of Southern's, rare volume are
known. One, wanting the title-page but
otherwise apparently perfect, is in the Capel
collection at Trinity College, Cambridge ; the
other, somewhat imperfect, which belonged
to Steevens, who amply annotated it, is now
in the British Museum. A third copy be-
longed to Heber.

[Collier's Bibliographical Account, ii. 367;
Eeber's Cat. of Early English. Poetry, p. 308;
Ritson's Bibliographia Anglo-Poetica.] S. L.

SOUTHERNE, THOMAS (1660-1746),
dramatist, son of Francis Southerne, was
born in the autumn of 1660 at Oxmantown,
near Dublin, and educated at Trinity College,
being admitted as a pensioner on 30 March
1676, and graduating M.A. in 1696 (Cat.
Dull. Graduates). In 1678 he was entered
of the Middle Temple., London. His earliest
play, ' The Loyal Brother,' produced in 1682, ,
was intended to compliment the Duke of
York, and his tory sympathies manifested
themselves in others oi his plays, both before
and after the revolution. In the course of
the reign of James II, Southerne was recom-
mended by Colonel Sarsfield (afterwards
Earl of LucanJ [q, v.] to the notice of the
young Duke oi Berwick, and, after entering

Southerne

281

Southerne

as an ensign, in June 1685, the Princess
Anne's regiment (now the 8th foot), of
•which Lord Ferrers was colonel, and which
the duke subsequently commanded, he rapidly
rose to the command of a company ; but his
military prospects were ruined by the revolu-
tion of 1688 (cf. Preface to TheSpartanDame\
DAITON, English Army Lists, iL 29, 138).

Southerne's career consequently became
•entirely that of a man of letters. Fortunately
for him, not only was the drama the branch
of literature in which his talents specially
fitted him to become conspicuous, but those
talents unmistakably included much business
ability. Pope apostrophised him as

sent from heaven to raise
{The price of prologues and of plays.

He had apparently assented to Dryden's de-
mand of a fee of ten, instead of the cus-
tomary one of five, guineas for a prologue to
'The Loyal Brother7 (cf. SOOTT, Dryden. ed.
Saintsbury, i. 245-6), and he netted 500J. by
a single play, f The Spartan Dame ' (G-ENEST,
iii. 7 ; cf. Siographia Dramatica, i. 680). He
seems to have accomplished this by insisting
on the author's right to a share of the second
and third night's profits.

Attaching himself to Dryden as the direc-
tor of the literary, and more especially the
dramatic, taste of the age, Southern gained
th$ confidence of the veteran poet to such a
degree as to be entrusted by him in 1692 with
the revision and completion of his tragedy of
'Clepmenes' (1692; «5. p. 304). In 1694,
passing from comedy to a mixed species of
sentimental drama with an admixture of
comic scenes, he achieved his first notable
theatrical success with f The Fatal Marriage,
or the Innocent Adultery/ followed by the
still more conspicuous triumph of ' Oroonoko,
or the Royal Slave ' (1696), on which, together
with two other plays, Drury Lane is said to
have subsisted for two or three years ( Compari-
son between the Two Stages, cit. ap, COLLEY
CEBBBE, Apology, ed. K. Lowe, i. 216 «.)
None of his subsequent plays were greatly-
successful, and his last play, the comedy of
'Money the Mistress/ produced in 1726,
with a prologue ad misericordiam, was fairly
damned. In the meantime he had attained
to an acknowledged position among poets and
playwrights, and this position was strength-
ened, by the kindly interest consistently
exhibited by him in the efforts of younger
writers. In 1726 Broome described < his bays*
as ' withered by extreme old age/ but his
reputation and pleasant manners still secured
huna welcomeinbothliterary and fashionable
society. In 1729 Fenton politely remarked
that ' Tom Southerne is still alive, and plays

the bawd as formerly for the muses' (Ewnsr,
Pope, viii. 154). In 1733 Swift reported
to Pope ^ our old friend Southerners visit'
to Dublin. Pope, who paid Southerne a
marked compliment as an exponent of ( the
passions ' in his l Imitations of Horace' (bk.
ii. ep. i. 1. 86) in 1737, addressed to him in
1742 some pleasant congratulatory verses
which allude to his services to the literary
profession^ to his Irish birth, to his wit, and
to his habits of devotion. In his old days
Southerne was a regular attendant both at
St. Paul's, Covent Garden, near which he
lodged, and at Westminster Abbey. Oldys
remembered him as l a grave and venerable
old gentleman/ and Gray, who met him in
1737, found little or nothing in the * agree-
able old man ' to disillusion frim as to the
author of the ' Fatal Marriage' and * Oroo-
noko ' (Biographia Dramatica). He died on
22 May 1746. Hisportrait,paintedbyJ.Wors-
dale, was engraved by J. Simon.

The following is a list of Southerners plays^
all of which, except where otherwise men-
tioned, were produced at the Theatre Royal,
Drury Lane: 1. 'The Loyal Brother, or
the Persian Prince' (1682), This play,
which is in blank verse intermixed with
comic prose, is founded on a novel entitled
< Tachmas, Prince of Persia. Dryden wrote
both prologue and epilogue. The action is
intended to convey a reflection upon the
whigs, the character of the villain, Ismael,
being supposed to be aimed at Shafeesbaiy.
There is a trace of Southerners pathetic
power in the character of Semanthe, beloved
both by the Sophy Soliman and his loyal
brother. 2. * The Disappointinent, or t&e
Mother in Fashion ' (1684), a play of intrigtie
in the Spanish style, partly founded oa fehe
story of t The Curious Impertinent ' in * Don
Quixote/ in blank verse and pros©. The pco-
logue to this unpleasant play is again by
Dryden ; Colonel (afterwards General) Saek-
ville contributed songs to this and owbers of
Southerners pieces. 3. 'Sir Antony Love,
ortheRanibfiiigLady'C1;681)- l^seomedy,
which, owing to the acting of Mrs. M*mnt~
ford, was very successful, is £ke grosses^ of
Southerners productions, thon^ Ms asseitiom
in the dedication, that Ms satire had a moral
intention, is not unworthy of credit. 4. * The
Wives Excuse, or Cuckolds make them-
selves' (1692). This comedy, though unsuc-
cessful, was praised by Dryden m & sefc if
lines in whidi he tells Southerns :

Those wk> Tisme % tale, c0mB*e®d %• . Wbs

in-
m

As a picture of
cluding a fefitioodble *

Southerne

282

Southey

extremely amusing. 5, 'The Maid's Last
Prayer, or any rather than fail' (1692),^ is a
comedy in the same style as the preceding ;
che song contributed by Congreve to the
last act is supposed to have been his first
acknowledged production. 6. ' The Fatal
Marriage, or the Innocent Adultery ' (1694),
owing to its pathetic plot, which is founded
on Mrs. Behn's novel of i The Nun, or the
Fair Vow-breaker,' and to the acting of Mrs.
Barry in the character of Isabella, the inno-
cent bigamist, achieved an extraordinary suc-
cess. The play held the stage through the
earlier half of the eighteenth century. In
1757 it was revived by Garrick, who omitted,
as * immoral,' the comic scenes including the
outrageous scene borrowed from Fletcher's
' Night- Walker.7 Its pathos is stagey with-
out being hollow, and in the speeches of Isa-
beUa there is a relic of Elizabethan intensity.
7. 'Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave' (1696),
was likewise frequently performed both in
its original form and as altered in 1759
by Hawkesworth, who removed the comic
scenes by which, as he says, the author
had l stain'd his sacred page.' The last per-
formance noted by Genestwas in 1829. The
original performer of * the unpolished hero '
was ' Jack ' Verbruggen (see COLLET GIBBER,
Apology, ed. Lowe, ii. 311). Mrs. Behn's
1 History of the Royal Slave,' on which the
play was based, was itself founded on fact ;
and the sentiment of both story and play
was creditable to an age unfamiliar with
philanthropic efforts on behalf of the negro
race. 8. ' The Fate of Capua/ acted at Lin-
coln's Inn Fields in 1700, though a fine his-
torical tragedy, well constructed and carried
out, failed to hit the taste of the town.
9. 'The Spartan Dame' Southerne com-
menced, at the request of the Duke of Ber-
wick, in 1684, but he laid it aside as dange-
rous in subject. Even when he produced it
in. 1719 he omitted four hundred lines as
likely to give offence. The tragedy, which
is founded on Plutarch's ' Life of JEgis,' has
some fine passages, but is inferior to its pre-
decessor, Southerne sold the complete printed
copy for 120Z., and is said to have altogether
made 500Z. by the play. 10. e Money the
Mistress/ acted at Drury Lane in 1726, was
unsuccessful, and though the plot, taken
from the Countess Dunois or dj Anois' ' The
Lady's Travels into Spain/ is not devoid of
interest, its complicated story and the cha-
racter of its heroine (a kind of potential
Becky Sharp) are alike unsuited to dra-
matic presentment; moreover, the scene in
which the action takes place (Tangier)
had long become unfamiliar to the Eng-
JiflL public. la the prologue the author

is introduced to the public as * the poets'
Nestor/

Great Otway's peer, and greater Dryden's friend.
[Plays written by Thos. Southerne, with an
Account of the Life and Writings of the Author,
dedicated to David Garrick, 3 yols. 1774 ; Dry-
den's Works, ed. Scott and Saintsbury ; Pope's
Works, ed. Elwin and Courthope ; Colley Gib-
ber's Apology, ed. E. W. Lowe, 1889 ; Genest's
Account of the English Stage ; Baker's Biographia
Dramatica, 1812 edit. ; Notes and Queries, 9th
ser. i. 323.] A. W. W.

SOUTHESK, EAKL OF. [See CAKNE&IE,
SIB DAVID, 1575-1658.]

SOUTHEY, Mrs. CAROLINE ANNE
(1786-1854), poetess, second wife of Robert
Southey [q. v.], was born at Lymington,
Hampshire, on 7 Oct. 1786, and baptised on
10 Jan. 1787 in Lymington church (parish
register). Her father, Captain Charles Bowles
of the East India Company's service, appears
to have retired soon after her birth, and to
have bought and settled at Buckland Cot-
tage, a small, old-fashioned house enveloped
in elms. Here she grew up with him, her
mother, Anne, daughter of George Burrard,
and sister of General Sir Harry Burrard [q.v.],
her maternal grandmother, and her great-
grandmother. The mother died in 1816,
and her death, which left Caroline alone in
the world, was followed by loss of property
through the dishonesty of a guardian. For-
tunately her father had an adopted son,
Colonel Bruce, then resident at Busjiire,
who, hearing of her misfortunes, insisted on
settling an annuity of 150Z. upon her, and
regretted that she would accept no more.
She was thus enabled to preserve her cottage,
which, but for one short and sad episode,
continued her home for life. "While in ap-
prehension of poverty she had resolved to sup-
port herself if possible by her pen, and had sent
a manuscript poem to Robert Southey, en-
couraged to the step by his kindness to Henry
Kirke White. Southey thought well of it and
recommended it to John Murray, who also ad-
mired, but would not publish. It was even-
tually brought out anonymously by Longman
under the title of * Ellen Fitzarthur : a Metri-
cal Tale ' (London, 1820, 8vo). Like most of
her works, it is a simple tale whose strength
is in its pathos. ' The Widow's Tale, and
other Poems ' (1822, 12mo) marked an ad-
vance in poetic art. Southey, who had be-
come warmly interested in his correspondent,
met her for the first time in 1820, and pro-
posed that she should assist in his projected
poem of f Robin Hood.' Not much came of
the partnership, owing to Southeyrs stress of
occupation and Caroline's inability to master

Southey

283

Southey

the rbymeless stanza of Thalaba, in which
the poem, was to be composed ; a fragment,
however, was eventually published after
Southey's death (* Robin Hood, with other
Fragments,' London, 1847, 8vo). She visited
Southey at Keswick, and the visit was mutu-
ally agreeable, although, engrossed in his
books, he delegated the office of escorting her
about the country to Wordsworth. < Solitary
Hours J (1826, 8vo), a mixture of prose and
verse, succeeded, and was followed by the
work which has given Caroline her chief
literary reputation, * Chapters on Church-
yards/ a series of tales originally published
in ' Blackwood's Magazine, and issued in a
complete form in 1829. Though very un-
pretending, these are frequently both power-
ful and pathetic. Miss Bowles's gifts were
rather those of a story-teller than of a poet,
and her poetry is generally the better the
nearer it approaches to prose. Her strength
is in the expression of pathetic feeling, which
she conveys effectively in prose or blank verse,
but less so in lyric, which usually lacks musi-
cal impulse, and, like rnuch feminine poetry,
is over-fluent and deficient in concentration.
Her descriptions, whether in prose or verse,
frequently possess much beauty. In 1823 she
anticipated Mrs. Norton's and Mrs. Brown-
ing's protests against the ill-treatment of
workmen by her < Tales of the Factories,'
powerful if somewhat exaggerated verse.
In 1836 she published her longest and most
ambitious poem, ' The Birthday/ which led
Henry Nelson Coleridge, in his celebrated
article on the ' Modern Nine ' in the < Quarterly
Review ' for September 1840, to characterise
her as ' the Cowper of our modern poetesses/
She was also, he thought, the most English ;
and, indeed, few English poetesses have had
less foreign experience, for she rarely quitted
' my, our, dear New Forest/ until, in June
1839, she took the most momentous step of
her life in accepting the fast-failing Southey's
offer of marriage. Their correspondence of
twenty years, published by Professor Dpwden
in 1881, attests their entire congeniality;
but Southey's state of health should have
forbidden what might have been fitting under
different circumstances. Caroline is never-
theless entitled to honour for her devotion ;
it is not, however, true, as was stated in
an obituary notice in the ' Athenseum/ that
* she consented to unite herself to him with.
a sure prevision of the awful condition of
mind to which he would shortly be reduced,'
the contrary having "been proved by Professor
Itowclen from her own letters (DEsrcns, Mo-
fort Soutbey, p. 442). The hopeless decay i
of Seiithey's faculties became apparent withim
months of liis marriage, and rendered

his wife's situation miserable. Her step-
children, with whom she was compelled to
live, detested her (cf. Mrs. BB/LT, Auto
tiogr.) She is barely mentioned in Cuthbert
Southey's edition of his father's correspon-
dence— a book at which she refused so much
as to look. With Mrs. Edith Warter, how-
ever, Southey's eldest daughter, and her hus-
band, who did not live at Keswick, she was
always on affectionate terms j and the valu-
able collection of Southey's correspondence,
published by Warter in 1856, came from her
hands. Southey's death in 1843 must have
been as great a release to her as to himself —
1 the last three years have done upon me the
work of twenty/ she wrote to Mrs. Sigour-
ney. She returned to her beloved Buck-
land, and wrote no more. Southey, while
behaving with perfect justice towards his
children, left her 2,000^., but this was far
from compensating for the loss of Colonel
Bruce's annuity, forfeited by her marriage.
A crown pension of 200Z. was conferred
upon her in 1852. She died on 20 July

1854, and was buried at Lymington.

Neither in prose nor in verse is Caroline
Southey strong enough to maintain a high
place. She will probably be best remem-
bered by her connection with Southey and by
her share in the volume of his correspondence
edited by Professor Dowden, His part is the
more important, but Caroline's letters prove
that she possessed more liveliness and satiric
talent than might have been expected &OJB.
the authoress of ' Chapters on Cfrareliysarets.*
She was diminutive, and had suffered! fena
small-pox j the portrait prefixed to Proiessor
Dowden's edition of her correspondence is,
however, by no means Tsu^rcepossessisg.

[The Correspondence of Bobert SosHiflj with
Caroline Bowles, ed. JEdward Do-wd&o, Bafefe
1881 ; Milea's Poets and Poefcry of tlie Cealary,
1892; Athenaeum, 1&S4* pw>k% by T. K.
Hervey j Gent. Mag. j GoraMB Ms& wi. anou]

JBL 0.

SOUTHEY, BfflffiY MEBJBfflEF*
M,D. (1788-1865)^ pkysiei&n, so^ ®£ Itoixarfc
Southey by Ms wife, Marapefc HIS, ani
younger brother of Bdbert Sos^ey

,

education at private sdiwls in ani nmr
Yarmouth, his ferotli&r Boi>erfc pro^os«<! to
establish, him in Maltose in London inodter
that 5ie migfebfi
thony Car&a
tal,
or to
iL 107).
Henry $?iW sorey ,*#

Southey

284

Southey

the acquaintance of "William Taylor [q. v.]
of Norwich, who superintended his extra-
professional studies. In November 1803 he
entered the university of Edinburgh, where
Sir William Knighton [q. v.] and Dr. Robert
Gooch [q . v.] were his fellow students and
friends. He had acquired remarkable facility
in colloquial Latin, and used to talk it with
his friends. He graduated M.D. on 24 June
1806, reading an interesting dissertation * De
ortu et progressu syphilidis ' (Edinburgh, 1806,
8vo), in which he maintained the American
origin of the disease. He then studied for
a winter in London, and settled in the fol-
lowing year at Durham, but removed to Lon-
don by the advice of Sir William Knighton in
1812. He became a licentiate of the College
of Physicians on 22 Dec. 1812, and was elected
a fellow on 25 June 1823, On 25 April 1825
he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.
He delivered the Harveian oration in 1847,
was elected physician to the Middlesex Hos-
pital on 17 Aug. 1815 and held office till
April 1827, He was appointed physician in
ordinary to George IV in 1823, in 1830 physi-
cian extraordinary to Queen Adelaide, and in
1833 lord chancellor's visitor in lunacy. He
became a commissioner in lunacy in Septem-
ber 1836, and was Gresham professor of medi-
cine from 1834 to 1865. On 16 June 1847 he
was created hon. D.C.L. at Oxford. He lived
in Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square,
died on 13 June 1865, and was buried in High-
gate cemetery.

His wife Louisa died in January 1830,
leaving seven young children (SOUTHEY, ieffi
and Corresjo. vi. 8^-5 ; Gent. Mag. 1830, i.
281).

Southey published in 1 814 ' Observations
on Pulmonary Consumption ' (London, 8vo).
The work does not contain much of permanent
value, but is written in good English. When
recommending the observation of the state of
the pupil, he curiously remarks : < In the em-
ployment of the iris the porter and the peeress
are alike ;' but good sense and considerable
medical reading are obvious in most parts of
the book. He also wrote the life of Gooch in
the ' Lives of British Physicians/ published in
1830 [see MACMICHAEL, WILLIAM], and made
contributions to periodical publications.

[Hunk's Coll. of Phys. iii. 272 ; works;
Quarterly Rev. Ixxiii. 35 et sqq. ; Lancet, 1865,
i. 665; Gent. Mag. 1865, ii. 125; Robberd's
Memoir of "William Taylor of Norwich, contain-
taming Ms Correspondence with R, Southey,
1843.] N.M.

f SOUTHEY, ROBERT (1774-1843), poet,
historian, and miscellaneous author, was
bom at Bristol on 12 Aug. 1774. His father,
Bobert Southey, a linenoraper, was the son

of a farmer at Lydiard St. Lawrence, in
the Quantock Hills, and was descended from
a great clothier who lived at Wellington
Somerset, about the beginning of the seven-

• teenth century. His mother, Margaret Hill,
belonged to ^a good ^ Herefordshire family.
Southey was in a considerable degree brought
up at Bath by his aunt, Miss Elizabeth Tyler,
his mother's half-sister, a lady endowed with
personal attractions, ambitious ideas, and an
imperious temper. Southey before he was
eight had read all the plays in her library,
and attempted dramatic composition himself!
By a somewhat later date he had composed
epics on Brutus the Trojan, Egbert, and Oassi-
belaunus, and was enthralled by Spenser.
After attending minor schools at Oorston
and at Bristol, he was sent in April 1788 to
Westminster, where he made little progress
in ordinary school learning, but nourished his
mind with out-of-the-way reading. One of
his favourite books was Picart's ' Religious
Ceremonies/ which gave him the idea of a
series of heroic poems embodying the essence
of the principal mythologies of the world, a
project partly carried out in ' Thalaba' and

* Kehama.' After four years7 stay he was
privately expelled in 1792 for a misdemeanour
for which he deserved honour, a protest against
excessive flogging made in a school magazine
entitled ' The Flagellant .' One copy has sur-
vived in the British Museum, fulfilling his
wish that testimony should remain that his ex-
pulsion involved nothing- discreditable. His
aunt, now living at Bristol, took his part j
and his mothers brother, the Eev. Herbert
Hill, chaplain at the Lisbon factory, sent
him to Oxford. Christ Church rejected him
on the ground of the Westminster incident,
but at Michaelmas 1792 he found a haven at
Balliol (he matriculated on 3 Nov.) 'Mr.
Southey,' said his tutor, 'you won't learn
anything by my lectures ; so, if you have
any studies of your own, you had better
pursue them,' According to Southey's own
account, the only university studies he did
pursue were swimming and boating. He
nevertheless tempered his youthful enthu-
siasm for Werther and Eousseau by a course
of Epictetus, and in the long vacation sat "
down to write an epic on Joan of Arc as the
most appropriate method he could find of
celebrating the French Revolution. The
execution of the Girondins in October 1793
chilled his ardour, and he fell for a time into
despondency, aggravated by uncertainty as
to his future course in life. His father had
died about the time of his matriculation,
leaving his affairs greatly embarrassed. "His
uncle and mother wished him to take orders,
but this the state of his religious opinions

Southey

285

Southey

forbade. A doctors career was equally im- Southe/a uncle, the Rev. Herbert Hill, in-
possible, owing^ to his repugnance to anatomi- vited him to visit Lisbon. Southey con-
cal demonstration. Meanwhile, in June 1794, seated, but before his departure quietly united
Allen, an undergraduate of University Col- himself at St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol, to Edith
leffe, brought a friend, Samuel Taylor Cole- Fricker on 14 Nov. 1795. She remained with
ridge [q. vj, who was on a visit, to Southey's her sisters, and continued to bear her maiden
rooms at Balliol. Coleridge soon converted name. In the previous October Cottle and
Southey to unitarianism and pantisocracy. Southey had compelled Coleridge to fulfil his
Southey himself has described Coleridge's in- engagement to Sara Fricker, an action which
fluence upon him in an interesting letter to laudable as it was in point of principle, en-
James Montgomery fa. v.] The friends a tailed great sufferingupon all the parties con-
month later met at Bristol, and, with an- cerned, and not least upon Southey himself,
other associate, Robert Lovell, framed their On the eve of Southey's own marriage and
scheme for an ideal life on the banks of the departure for Lisbon Coleridge fulminated a

Susquehanna. Soon after his first meeting — **-* — — "L-1— •*— 1--- •-.?-- *

with Coleridge, Southey had engaged himself
to Edith Fricker, one of six daughters of the
widow of Stephen Fricker, an unsuccessful
manufacturer of sugar-pans at Westbury.
Southey's friend Lovell quickly married an-
other daughter, Mary, and Coleridge now
engaged himself to a third daughter, Sara.
Southey convinced his mother of the feasi-
bility of both emigration and matrimony, but

dared not open his lips to his aunt. In Au-
gust 1794 Southey and Coleridge met Thomas
Poole [q. v.] at IN ether Stowey. Poole im-
mediately recognised the great intellectual
superiority of Coleridge, while adding that
Southey had much information. The vio-
lence of the opinions of both, especially

portentous rebuke for his renunciation of
pantisocracy, which temporarily interrupted
and permanently chilled their friendship.
There was much real congeniality between
the two men, but Southey was intolerant of
most men's faults, and of Coleridge's charac-
teristic faults beyond others.

Southey's visit to the Peninsula was the
germ of much of his subsequent literary ac-
tivity, but had few immediate results. One
of these, however, was his pleasant ( Letters
written during a short Residence in Spain
and Portugal^ (Bristol, 1797, 8yo ; 3rd edit.
London, 1808). At the same time he began
his epic of t Madoc.' A gradual change in
his political and religious opinions dated from
his return to England early in 1797. It was

Southey's, was much commented upon, but mainly due to a sense of two special obliga-

_. "j.'L 1 _ _ . • 1 j-«l , 1 11 , T i • . _ _ . 1 • t 1 • -_ j_ - T- * *_£•_ j-t. _

neither can have said tliat he would rather

have heard of his own father's death than

of ^Robespierre's, for neither had a father

living. In October Miss Tyler became

aware of her nephew's projects, and he was

forthwith ejected from her house, which he

never entered again. The Bristol bookseller,

Joseph Cottle [q. v.], came to the rescue. * It Calvert to Wordsworth, by setting

can rarely happen,' says Southey, 'that a nuity of 16W. upon him. SoWh^h

young author should meet with a publisher determined to study law. Repairing to Lo&-

as inexerienced and ardent as himself but don, he entered himself at J ^^

tions now laid upon him — one to his wife, the
other to his friend and former sdioolfelow,
Charles Watkyn Williams Wynn [a. vj Hie
latter, out of gratitude for the benefit m lead
derived from Souther's example and acfono-
nition at Oxford, imitated the t>eiEavioiBcr of
the Wedgwoods to Coleridge, anel of

7 Feb. 1797, but fond

~

inexperienced and ardent as himself/ but
Cottle gave Southey 507. for ' Joan of Arc/
which had already been offered for subscrip-
tion with indifferent success. Southey con-
scientiously rewrote his epic, which was fur-
ther enriched "by the lines by Coleridge which
were afterwards published separately as * The
Destiny of Nations.' * Joan of Arc 9 eventu-
ally appeared in quarto at Bristol in 1796.
Southey also printed much occasional verse,
and joined Coleridge and Lovell in com-
posing a tragedy on the fall of Robespierre,
and a translation of 'Poems bv Bion and
Moschus' (Bristol, 1794 and 1795, Svo>
1 Wat Tyler/ a drama full of republican sen-
lament, had been written in 1794, but re- i
mained unknown until the publicsti<m of a „
surreptitious edition in 1817 (cfl Notes (md , besides njOTfeatog a
^•~~~- 9th ser. i S23). Late in 17595 ' -***— • **"* * AWM!

fir

r i% he published in 1797 1m iab-
< Minor Poems* (Bosfcal, % vdk*
i2mo), completed *!CaioG/ «s£ planned
'Thalaba/ wfcidi was act only a poes* of
unusual length, Irat a tlamig expea&Be^ im
stanzas of See *srf*yiBecl verse, Th& Uea
he had taken ftom a femam scholar, Prank
Sayers [<£ v.l of ^forwielt, witi wfacm an4
Wiffiam^yfe ifcstnifea Oerman ia lim
In June 1798 ^0 sefcHed afc Wes^wf, )M*'
after fittfe mm **& « yeaar, T*iH* a.
to

«*

Southey

286

Southey

facing Chatterton's works for the benefit of
Chatterton's sister. He was actively, if not
lucratively, employed when, in April 1800,
a serious illness again drove him to Por-
tugal, accompanied this time by his wife.
The visit lasted nearly a year. In Portugal
'Thalaba' was finished, and copious mate-
rials were amassed for the c History of Por-
tugal.' On his return he established him-
self at Keswick, which he quitted for Dublin
to undertake a secretaryship to Isaac Corry
[q. v.], chancellor of the Irish exchequer.
Neither the appointment nor the Irish metro-
polis proved congenial. Southey was soon
back in England, and spent some time at
Bristol, The death of his mother and infant
daughter, however, rendered the place irk-
some, and, mainly that his wife might be
near her sister, Mrs. Coleridge, Southey re-
moved in 1803 to Greta Hall, Keswick, his
residence for the remainder of his life. Greta
Hall consisted of two houses under a single
roof. Coleridge and his family had occu-,
pied one of the houses since 1800. Southey
now took the other, and in 1809 became
owner of the whole. Coleridge had then
practically left his family, and his wife and
children continued to be, inmates of Southey's
house. Life at Keswick brought Southey
into more intimate relations with Words-
worth, who was settled at Grasmere, and
thus he acquired his undeserved reputation
as a poet of the 'Lake school.' 'Thalaba'
had been published in 1801 (London, 2 vols.
8vo). 'Madoc'was soon afterwards com-
pleted, and it appeared in 1805 (London, 4to. ;
4th edit. London, 1815, 12mo). This poem
was to be the ' pillar ' of his reputation. The
hope was exaggerated ; but, though it was
rudely assaulted by Jeffrey in the ' Edinburgh
Review/ both it and ' Thalaba ' obtained con-
siderable literary success. The pecuniary re-
sults were small, and l The Curse of Kehama/
which had been begun in 1801 under the title
of ' Keradin/ was for a time abandoned.

The need of a substantial income com-
pelled Southey to put aside his design of
versifying ancient and exotic mythologies.
He had magnanimously insisted on relin-
quishing "Wynn's annuity upon his friend's
marriage in 1806. A government'pension of
1602, a year soon filled its place, but Southey
was disinherited at the same time by a rich
uncle, who deemed his manservant a fitter
object of his bounty. He had to provide not
only for his own family, but in a large degree
for Coleridge's. Apart from his pension, his
pen was Ins sole resource. * To think/ he
exclaims, * how many mouths I must feed
ant of one inkstand V Never was a life
of drudgery more courageously accepted,

and the amount of work done was not more
remarkable than the quality. "With his un-
swerving conscientiousness Southey com-
bined an innate love of books and a remark-
able agility in passing from one subject to
another. Among the works undertaken and
rapidly carried on after his settlement at
Keswick, where he formed a library con-
sisting of fourteen thousand volumes, were
translations of the Spanish prose romances
of Amadis of Gaul (1803, 4 vols. 12mo), Pal-
merin of England (1807, 4 vols. 12mo), and
the Cid (1808, 4to) ; ' Specimens of the Later
English Poets, with preliminary notices7
(1807, 3 vols. 8vo ; 1811, 8vo) ; < Letters from
England by Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella '
(London, 1807, 3 vols. 12mo; 5th edit. 1814),
a lively account of this country, written in.
the guise of letters assigned to a fictitious
Spanish traveller ; a highly valued edition of
the 'Kemains of Kirke White, with an account
of his Life' (1807, 2 vols. 8vo) ; a reprint of
Malory's 'Morte D'Arthur' (1817, 2 vols,
4to); and the 'History of Brazil' (B vols.
4to, 1810-19). The last was a portion, and
the only portion published, of the intended
6 History of Portugal.' The style of the book
has been preferred to that of any other of
Southey's prose works, except the { Life of
Nelson/ but the scale is much too large. A
minor episode, however, published separately
as ' The Expedition of Orsua and the Crimes
of Aguirre ' (London, 1821, 12mo), is amaster-
piece of narrative. In August 1822 Southey
wrote that his * History of Portugal' was
substantially complete down to the accession
of Don Sebastian in 1557, and his son-in-law
stated that the manuscript and additional
materials were in his possession, but no more
was published.

Two of his principal poems meanwhile
"appeared. * The Curse of Kehama/ his chef
tfceuvre, was resumed and completed, and
published in 1810 (London, 4to ; 4th edit.
1818, 12mo). 'Kehama' is based upon a
really grand conception of the Hindoo mytho-
logy. The gorgeous shows of Indian courts
and Indian nature are admirably reproduced
in intricate and sonorous rhymed stanzas.
The striking" catastrophe owes much to
'Vathek.' The second poem, 'Roderick, the
last of the Goths' (London, 1814, 4to ; 4th
edit. 1826, 12mo), although rather a work
of reflection than of inspiration, contains
Southey's best blank verse.

Southey had contracted in 1808 an en-
gagement which impaired his activity as an
author of books, while extending his in-
; fluence and contributing materially to the
support of his family. This was the promi-
nent position which, at the instance of Walter

Southey

287

Southey

Scott, he assumed as a contributor to the

* Quarterly Review,' for which, he wrote re-
gularly until 1839, contributing altogether
ninety-five articles, mostly on publications
of the day. The position was not altogether
comfortable. Gilford and his successors, Sir
John Taylor Coleridge and Lockhart, per-
mitted themselves liberties with Southey's
manuscripts which greatly tried his self-
esteem, and his correspondence is full of
complaints on the subject ; but the emolu-
ment, which eventually came to be 100£ an
article, was too considerable to be lightly
resigned. Though a selection of Ms contri-
butions was published in 1831 as 'Essays
Moral and Political/ they did not, with one
exception, conduce to his permanent literary
celebrity. His style and treatment were too
smooth and equable to givehisarticles genuine
distinction. An article on Nelson, however,
formed the basis of his 'Life of Nelson '
(1813, London, 2 vols. 8vo), the peerless
model of short biographies. From 1809 to
1815 he edited, and principally wrote, the

* Edinburgh Annual Register,' much of which
afterwards passed into his ' History of the
Peninsular "War.'

The alliance witn Sir Walter Scott proved
advantageous in other ways. Scott failed in
procuring him the post of Mstoriographer
royal, but, when in 1813 the poet-laureate-
ship was offered to himself, he genfrously
transferred it to Southey, who on his part
showed a becoming spirit by accepting it only
on condition that he should be excused the
drudgery of composing birthday odes. The
affairs of the time afforded a sufficiency of
more congenial matter. He wrote ' Carmen
TriumphaV on the glories of 1814, 'The
Poet's Pilgrimage to Waterloo' (1816), Prin-
cess Charlotte's epithalamiiim and her elegy
(1817), and ten odes on public events. If
not marked by any conspHSttotES Inspiration,
tlbese performances did no discredit to the
tie«es oar to the write*. On tfoa other ha^el,
f Tke Yision of Judgment/ an apotheosis of
George HI in English. Itexampters
1821, 4to)> an experiment worth
should have been made by a mofe
plished metrist, and tqxm some otlier
jeet. It was viewed by liberals z& a chal
to liberal opinion, and as suck incited Byron,
who had long been exasperated against
Southey, to piffory him in the great satiric
parody which bore the same title.

Byron was not the only scoffer. Tke
change in Sputhe/s political and religious
opinions which made the republican of J.79&
a toiy, the author of 'Wat Tyler' a poet
laureate, and the independent thinker whom
Coleridge had just managed to convert from

deism to unitarianism a champion of the esta-
blished church, inevitably exposed Southey
to attack from the advocates of the opinions
he had forsaken. There can be no question
of Southey's perfect sincerity. The evolu-
tion of his views did not differ materially
from that traceable in the cases of Words-
worth and Coleridge. But the immediate
advantage to the convert was more visible
and tangible, and Southey provoked retalia-
tion by the uncharitable tone he habitually
adopted in controversy with those whose sen-
timents had formerly been his own. Every
question presented itself to him on the ethical
side. But constitutionally he was a bigot ;
! an opinion for him must be either moral or
J immoral ; those which he did not himself
« share inevitably fell into the latter class, and
I their propagators appeared to hirn enemies of
i society. At the same time Ms reactionary ten-
i dencies were not unqualified. He could occa-
' sionally express liberal sentiments, Shelley
testified in the Kitchener letters to his libe-
rality in m any points of religious opinion. He
warmly welcomed Carlyle's * French Revolu-
tion.7 His articles in the ' Quarterly Review 7
on the poor law exhibit him in the light of a
practical statesman who was ahead of public
opinion. In a letter to Wiffen, years before
the introduction of railways, ne pointed oat
with force and precision the advantages of
tramways. EQsprt^hecytiiatNa^^eom'siB-
terference witib. Spain would be his ruin was
a striking example of sagaekra political ffc&-
diction.

In 1817 tlie revolution
opinions tmcteweiit was brcmgfofc

Msearly

; indeed contemplated publishing in 1 794, bat
which had long passed from his haiids and
his mind. He Swled in obtaiBingan IBJTIHO-
tfem fa» dbweeiy tosluf tfee ^teeatep,

; Jmt ifc is s^aaseelj poesi&i© fe> foeiwe wife

derisive allusiOB ta ffe emoHfeuttB fe

*r~,™ ^qfmmwmlby Wffiam S^^i {l^m^~
r.l MJP, &r MiwwiEii, pdte^l a

'\ was intended 10 hive been «OTMitfeffiy bat
!

was not even pungent. He declares
; would not have noticed the matter at all

it

Mfcre wmMsm oecasiE^e ;

and Ms mod was still under t&e shadow of
i the greatest soir®w of fefe B&, &6 i«A m
jtiba iiseeefeg yw (17 Afril 1B16) of Mb
i eldest and most giffced son^ Herbert. ^ As-

otiergriefof tlie same imture befell feim by
-

Apart from stbcli inddenT5,
s life continued to be t^t of fe

Southey

288

Southey

and publications. He saw much, of Words-
worth, but, although they respected^ each
other, there was, according to De Quincey,
little cordiality between them. De Quincey
found Southey serene and scholarly, but re-
served and academic (cf. DE QUINCEY,
Autobiogr. chap, vi.) Henry Taylor visited
him in 1823, and wrote that he was as per-
sonally attractive as he was intellectually
eminent. His correspondence with Landor,
Bilderdijk, and Caroline Bowles was a great
resource. Characteristically in the case of
one who lived so entirely for books, all his
friendships were of the nature of literary
alliances. The mutual admiration of him
and Landor, men who differed on every con-
ceivable subject except the merits of each
other's writings, was almost ludicrous. In
1820 the university of Oxford created Southey
D.C.L. (14 June), and in June 1826 he was
elected M.P. for Downton in Wiltshire, but
was disqualified in the following December
as not possessing the necessary estate (Mem-
bers of Parl. ii. 308). He seems indeed to
have had no desire whatever to embark on a
parliamentary career, and his election was
effected without his knowledge by the influ-
ence of the Earl of Radnor, who admired his
principles (cf. Nodes Ambros. edL Mackenzie,
ii. 255). He was offered at different times
the editorship of the 'Times7 (with 2,0002. a
year) and the librarianship of the Advocates'
Library, Edinburgh, but declined both.

The admirable 'Life of Wesley/ Coleridge's
' favourite among favourite books/ appeared
in 1820 (London, 2 vols. 8vo j 3rd edit, with
notes by Coleridge and Alexander Knox,
1846, 8vo) (cf. Notes and Queries, 9th ser. i.
323). * The History of the Peninsular War'
(in three volumes), extending from 1823 to
1832, was a failure, being entirely super-
seded by Napier's. Southey had made the
great mistake of neglecting the .military part
of the storv, which, when the Puke of Wel-
lington refused to entrust him with docu-
ments, he persuaded himself to think of little
importance. He would have been better em-
ployed in writing those histories of Portugal
and of the monastic orders which he some-
times meditated. Much that might have
entered into these unwritten books adorns
* Omniana ' (1812, 2 vols. 12mo), or its better-
known successor, that glorified commonplace
book < The Doctor' (1834-7, London, 7 vols,
8vo, published anonymously; to the one-
volume edition of 1848 was prefixed a por-
trait of 'The Author/ with his back turned
squarely to the reader), The first two
volumes of a copy of ' The Doctor/ in the
British Museum, have manuscript notes by
Coleridge. The nursery classic— 'The Three

Bears ' — is embedded in chap. 129. Southey's
actual * Commonplace Book' (London, 1849-
1851, 4 vols. 8vo) was edited by his son-in-
law, the Eev. J. Wood Warter, after his death.
Between 1820 and 1828 much of Southey's
attention was absorbed by the Roman catho-
lic controversy, which the agitation for Ro-
man catholic emancipation provoked. la
1824 he published l The Book of the Church'
(London, 2 vols. 8vo ; very numerous editions),
a narrative of striking episodes in English,
ecclesiastical history, delightfully written,
but superficial and prejudiced. Charles But-
ler's reply produced Southey's * Vindiciee An-
glicanse ' in 1826.

In 1825, returning to more purely literary
work, Southey published 'A Tale of Para-
guay' (London, 12mo),apoem on which, l im-
peded by the difficulties of Spenser's stanza/

The result, however, justified the exertion;
the piece is among the most elegant and
finished of his works. It is founded on an
incident related in Dobrizhoffer's Latin 'His-
tory of the Abipones/ translated about the
same time, and no doubt at his suggestion, by
Sara Coleridge, still an inmate of his house.
The long narrative ballads, 'All for Love'
and ' The Pilgrim of Compostella ' (1829),
added little to his reputation ; nor would
much have been gained had he completed
' Oliver Newman/ designed to have been ' an
Anglo-American Iliad of King- Philip's war/
in the metre of ' Kehama/ on which he worked
at intervals from 1815 to 1829. The fragment
was included among his i Poetical Works *
(10 vols. 1837, 8vo). In 1829 appeared his
' Sir Thomas More, or Colloquies on the Pro-
gress and Prospects of Society' (London,
1829, 2 vols. 8vo), a series of interviews be-
tween himself and the ghost of Sir Thomas
More. The machinery excited the scathing
ridicule of Macaulay. But the view of
social evils to which Southey there gave
expression, often in anticipation of Mr. Rus-
kin, was in many respects deeper and truer
than that of his optimistic critic.

In 1830 Southey wrote a life of Bunyan for
a new edition of the 'Pilgrim's Progress.' In
1831 , to the 'Attempts in Verse of John Jones,
a servant/ he prefixed an interesting ' Intro-
ductory Essay on the Lives and Works of our
Uneducated Poets.' Besides an edition of Dr.
Watts's 'Poems/ with memoir (1834, 12mo),
and an edition of his own ' Poetical Works,
collected by himself (London, 10 vols. 8vo,
1837-8, 1841, 1843, 1850, and many one-
volume editions), two more literary labours
of importance remained for him to accom-
plish. One was the excellent life of Cowper
prefixed to his standard edition of Cowper's

Southey

289

Southey

* Works, comprising the Poems, Correspon-
dence, and Translations ' (London, 1838-7,
15 vols. 8vo, 1853-4, 8 vols. Bohn); the
other, 'The Lives of the Admirals' (or
* Naval History of England/1833-40, 5 vols.
12mo), in Lardner's * Cabinet Cyclops&dia/
which was useful, but not exempt from the
general dulness of that arid series. When in
1835 Sir Robert Peel did himself honour by
bestowisg a pension of BOOL a year upon
Southey, accompanied by the offer of a baro-
netcy, which was declined, Southey declared
that he would devote the remainder of his
life to his histories of Portugal and the
monastic orders, and to a continuation of
Warton's 'History of English Poetry/

But the time for such undertakings was
past. For years he had been tried by the failure
of his wife's mind, terminating in lunacy,
from which she was released by death in
November 1837. Hist own apparent apathy
provoked comment. * Better/ said Miss Fen-
wick, in speaking of the comfort for which
he was indebted to the devotion and con- i
trivance of his daughters, * better the storms j
which sometimes visit Rydal Mount than a
calm like this.7 In truth, his apparent indiffe-
rence was incipient softening of the brain.
'It is painful to see/ said Wordsworth to
Crabb Robinson, *how completely dead
Southey has become to all but books. He is
amiable and obliging, but when he gets away
from his books he seems restless, and, as it
were, out of his element.* Carlyle about
this time thought him *the most excitable
but the most methodic man I have ever seen.*
In the helplessness of his failing faculties
Southey took a step most natural, but in his
state of health most unfortunate: he con-
tracted a second •marriage. For twenty
years he had maintained a close correspon-
dence with Caroline Bowles [see SOUTHEY,
GAUOUNE Aanofj, and he married her cm
4 June 1839. He returned from his wed-
ding tour in a condition of utter mental
exhaustion, which gradually passed into one
of insensibility to external things. The last
year of his life was a mere trance. He
died from the effects of a fever on 21 March
1843. He was buried in Orosthwaite church-
yard, and a beautiful recumbent statue, pro-
vided by public subscription, was dedicated
to his memory in the church. Other memo-
rials were placed in Westminster Abbey and
Bristol Cathedral. Southey lost three chil-
dren in his lifetime : Herbert ; Isabel, who
also died young; and Margaret, an infant.
Four remained—Charles Guthbert (1819-
1888% a graduate of Queen's College, Oxford,
who took orders and died vicar of A&kham,
We&tmoreland,on 2% Dec. 1888; Edith May,

who married the Rev. John Wood Warter
[q.vj; Bertha, who married her cousin, the
Bev. Herbert Hill ; and Elate.

Southey was an heroic man of letters, dis-
I playing an indomitable ssnse of duty and an
! anchorite's renunciation in pursuit of his
honourable resolve to be absolutely inde-
] pendent. Without effort lie performed acts
1 of magnanimity and self-denial, such as pro-
viding for Coleridge's family; while to young
aspirants like Ejrke White and Herbert
Knowles he manifested boundless kindness.
Yet his essential dignity of character was
obscured by Ms foibles — by his self-apprecia-
tion and intolerance of every action aad
opinion that did not commend itself to Mm,
by his blindness to the significance of much
contemporary literary work, and by his habit
of predicting national ruin on the smallest;
provocation. Of his valuable library, the
excellence of which he celebrates in the
well-known verses of * The Scholar/ & por-
tion was catalogued and sold by Kerslake at
Bristol in 1845, but the greater part was
sold by auction in London (see Fraser'g Mag*
xxx. 87).

Poetical criticism, whether of Ms own
writings or of those of others, was one of
Sputhey's weakest points. But while egre-
giouslv deceived as to the absolute worth of
nis epics, he obeyed a happy instinct ia select-
ing epic as Ms principal field w, poefery. The
gifts which he poseessedr-craate deeerip&km,
stately diction, invention cm a large scale-
required aa ample canvas Jbr t&or «** *
Although the concise humour &&d a
of his Tines on "The Battle ®$ ',
ensure it a place among the best iacwm s&orfc
poems in toe languages, ttee are so* Wf
a dozen of his lyrical pieces, mym& of few lacy
ballads excepted, that Iiave any claim to
poetic distinction. The * English. Eelo^uBS/
however, have an important place In litera-
ture as prototypes 0£ T&mjmms mofeiskfaa*!
performances, but are hardly poetry .

As a writer of prose Scm&j is entitled
to very h^h praise, altliaagh, as Be QuiiiceY
justly points out, the universally commended
elegance and perspicuity of kis style do not
male foitra a toe writer. But within his
own limits he is a model of lucid, masculine
English — * sinewy and Seiible, easy and me-
lodious/ Sir Hampfery Davy called his
'Life of Nelson' *aa immortal monument
raised by genius to vakwir.* Although hk
forte was biography, BG& one of his p swe
works, except Ms * History of tlie PeEi®sal«r
"War 'and his 'Colloquies; and tjiis merely
frosa initial defers of plan, proved otitar Aau
Wtj=t correspondence exhibits him

as a master of easy, fftmilmr compositicm, and

¥

Southgate

290

Southgate

forms a treasury of literary and biographical
information.

Southey's handsome personal appearance
was admitted even by Byron. ' The varlet
was not an ill-looking knave.' Crabb Robin-
son saw a resemblance to Shelley. The Na-
tional Portrait Gallery contains a portrait
by Peter Vandyck, painted for Cottle in
1796, a drawing of the same date by Robert
Hancock, a drawing dated 1804 by Henry
Edridge, and a marble bust (posthumous)
sculptured by John Graham Lough in 1845.
A portrait by T. Phillips, R.A., belongs to
Mr. John Murray. The most characteristic
of the engraved portraits are the one after
Opie in the ' Correspondence ; ' the youthful
one reproduced in Cottle's * Memoirs of Cole-
ridge ;' and the sketch engraved in Mr. E. H.
Coleridge's edition of ' Coleridge's Letters.'
The standard portrait, by Sir Thomas Law-
rence, engraved in the ' Poetical Works,'
though no bad likeness, has, like all^ Law-
rence's portraits, an infusion of the painter's
own mannerism.

[Sonthey commenced an autobiography, but
did not proceed far. The best authority for his
life is his voluminous correspondence, of which
two chief collections exist — the letters published
by the Eev. C. C. Southey,in six volumes (1849-
1850), with a very imperfect biographical link ;
and those edited by the Rev. J. Wood Warter,
in four volumes, 1856. The most important
part of his twenty years' correspondence with
Caroline Southey has been edited by Professor
Dowden, Dublin, 1881. The more strictly bio-
graphical letters have been excerpted by Mr.
John Dennis, and published, with an excellent
preface, at Boston, U.S., in 1887. Very many
important letters exist in the biographies of
Southey's friends, especially that of William
Taylor of Norwich by Kobberds. Thackeray
bestows the warmest eulogium upon his Letters
in The Four G-eorges (Greorge III). The best
abridged biography is that by Professor Dowden,
in the 'English Men of Letters' series, 1879;
there is also an adequate memoir by C. T.
Browne, 1854. De Quincey's Recollections of
the Lake Poets and Autobiography, Hazlitt's
Spirit of the Age, Smiles's Life of John Murray,
Cottle's Memoir of Coleridge, Sir Henry Taylor's
Autobiography, chap, xvii., Mrs. Oliphant's
Blackwpod (1897), i. 53, 434, and Crabb Robin-
son's Diary are also valuable sources of informa-
tion. See also Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-
1886 ; Barker and Stenning's Westminster School
Register; Jordan's Men I have known, pp.
406-20 ; Wilson's Noctes Ambrosianae, ed. Mac-
kenzie, passim.] R. GK

SOUTHGATE, HENRY (1818-1888),
anthologist, born in 1818, a native of Lon-
don, entered his father's business, and from
1840 to 1866 carried on his practice as an

auctioneer of prints and engravings at 22 Fleet
Street. The firm was known as Southgate &
Barrett until about 1860 (when the partner-
ship was dissolved), after which Southgate's
affairs became gradually involved. In the
meantime he had made a considerable repu-
tation as a compiler of selections in prose and
verse from English classics. He moved about
1870 to South Devon, where he resided at
Salcombe, and afterwards at Sidmouth;
thence he moved to Ramsgate, where he
died on 5 Dec. 1888.

His works comprise : 1. * Many Thoughts
of Many Things, being a Treasury of Refe-
rence . . . analytically arranged,' London,
1857, 4to ; the third edition, thoroughly re-
vised and enlarged under the altered title
' Many Thoughts of Many. Minds ' (1861,
8vo), had a great circulation, and has fre- '
quently been reprinted. The first edition
was denounced by the ' Athenseum ' (1857,
p. 1550) as 'an enormous book, an enor-
mous blunder ; ' but, along with Bartlett's
1 Familiar Quotations/ it has established a
reputation as one of the best compilations of
the kind. A second series was issued in 1871,
London, 8vo. 2. 'What Men have said
about Women : a Collection of Choice Sen-
tences,7 London, 1864, 8vo ; 1865 and 1866.

3. ' Musings about Men, compiled and ana-
lytically arranged from the Writings of the
Good and Great/ illustrated by Birket Foster
and Sir John Gilbert, 1866, 8vo, and 1868.

4. 'Noble Thoughts in Noble Language: a
Collection of Wise and Virtuous Utterances
in Prose and Verse ' [1871], 8vo ; 1880. Ar-
ranged alphabetically from 'Ability' to
'Zeal,' and, after No. 1, the most popular of
Southgate's compilations. 5. 'The Bridal
Bouquet, culled in the Garden of Literature/
London, 1873, 4to. 6. ' Christus Redemp-
tor, being the Life, Character, and Teachings
of our Blessed Lord, . . . illustrated from
the Writings of Ancient and Modern Au-
thors/ London [1874], 4to; another edi-
tion, 'Christ our Redeemer' [1880], 8vo.

7. ' Things a Lady would like to know/ a
book of domestic management, 1874 and
1875, 8vo ; dedicated to his daughter Julia.

8. 'The Way to Woo and Win a Wife/
choice extracts, dedicated to his wife, Lon-
don, 1876, 12mo. During the last fifteen
years of his life a collection of plates, cut-
tings, and extracts, printed and manuscript,
was compiled by Southgate for publication
as 'The Wealth and Wisdom of Literature'
or 'A Dictionary of Suggestive Thought.'
He had a title-page printed, but sought in
vain to find a publisher for this colossus of
anthologies, which eventually extended to
forty bulky volumes (with an alphabet from

Southgate

291

Southrey

* Abandoned ; to * Zymotic '), now in the
British Museum.

[Southgate's "Works in British Museum Li-
brary ; Allibone's Diet, of English Literature ;
Bookseller, February 1889, p. 129 ; note kindly
supplied by Mr. F. Boase.] T. S.

SOUTHGATE, EIOHARD (1729-1795),
numismatist, born at Alwalton, Hunting-
donshire, a few miles from Peterborough, on
16 March 1728-9, was the eldest of ten
children of William Southgate (d. February
1771), farmer in that parish, who married
Hannah (d. 1772), daughter of BobertWright
of Castor, Northamptonshire, surveyor and
civil engineer. The boy was educated at
private schools at Uppingham and Fotherin-
gay and at the Peterborough grammar school.
With an exhibition from that foundation he
went to St. John's College, Cambridge, in
1745, and graduated B.A. in the Easter term
of 1749. He took holy orders in 1752, and,
after serving the curacy of Weston in Lin-
colnshire, held the rectory of Woolley in
Huntingdonshire from 8 Nov. 1754 till 1759.
From 1759 to 1763 he served numerous
curacies in Lincolnshire, but on 9 Jan. 1763,
for the sake of books and literary society, he
accepted the curacy of St. James's, West-
minster, which he retained until the close
of 1765. On Christmas-day 1765 he accepted
the same position at St. Giles-in-the-Fields,
London, and held it for the rest of his days.

On settling in London Southgate took
pupils in classics, and with his augmented
income collected books, coins, and medals.
Later in life his means increased. He ob-
tained in May 1783 the small rectory of
Little Steeping in Lincolnshire, and in May
1790 was instituted to the more valuable
rectory of Warsop in Nottingham ah ire. On
3 Nov. 1784 he was appointed assistant
librarian (with a residence) at the British
Museum.

Southgate became a member of the Spald-
ing Society on 24 May 1753, and was elected
F.S.A. on 6 June 1763. He died at the
British Museum, on 25 Jan. 1795, and was
buried in a vault under St. Giles's Church on
3 Feb., a marble tablet being placed to his
memory on the south-east pillar in that
church (Gent. Mag. 1797* iL 539 ; MALCOOC,
LoTidimvm Hedivivum, iii 490). He left no
will, and Ms property was shared by Ms five
surviving brothers.

Southgate was an accomplished student
of history, the classics, and of Fr&a&h
and German literature, and knew some-
thing of Italian and Spanish. In medallic
science few could "be compared with him, and
he owned * tne most neat and complete series'

of English pennies to be found in this country.
He materially assisted Pinkerton in his
'Essay on Medals' (1784). Considerable col-
lections were made by Mm for a * History of
the Saxons and Danes in England,' illustrated
by their coins, but the work was not com-
pleted.

Southgate's "books and prints were sold by
Leigh & Sotheby in 2,599 lots on 27 April
1795 and eleven following days, and fetched
13332£. 12*. His coins and medals were
announced for sale in eight days, but, ac-
cording to Nichols, they passed by private
contract to Samuel Tyssen. The shells
and natural curiosities were sold on 12 and
13 May 1795. Each catalogue was printed
separately, and the whole was bound up,
with life prefixed by Dr. Charles Combe, as
* Museum Southgatianum,' The frontispiece
was a medallion portrait of TITTY] at the age
of fifty-five.

* Sermons preached to Parochial Congrega-
tions ' by Southgate were published in 1798
(2 vols.), with a * biographical preface by
George GasMn, D.D.,7 wMch was mainly
borrowed from Combe.

[Nichols's Lit, Anecdotes, iii. 214, ?i. IS,
112-13, 359-79 (a reprint of Combe's Kemoar) ;
Sweeting's Peterborough Churches, p. 151 ; Ocat,
Mag. 1795 i. 171-2, 252, il 631-2.] W. P. C.

SOTHTHBinr or SOXH.,KKgT,
SIMON (jfi. 1396), Benedictine monk, may
have taken his name from Scmlferey, near
Market Downham in Norfolk. A mmk of
St. Albans and a doctor of clrraiiy ®l
Oxford, he had become by HH&J prior of t&e
Benedictine hostelry in t£a£ u®iy«&sity* Ik
1389 Sonthrey seecessfeliy resisted Anefe-
bishop Courteea/s proposed via&alkst «f tfe
Oxfoidfeon«e(WAiJHTOHjj^iL190). Time
years later (May 1S9S) fee tool ps*t in
Conrtena/a trial of the heretic Cistercian
Henry Crraap [«. vj at Stamfad (Jte&«|e
2issai&Grwmt^.Mjy. Between tie twniales
he Iiad bee® toro^arced fr« Oxford to to
prior of Ae eefi of Sfc. Altos a& Belvair m
liaeoIiB&ire. IB 1^7 ^be aew abbot of St.
Albans, John de la Moot, recalled him as
Ms own T&j®eis& to tie a^bev, wk»e be was
chosen friar. He sfci! MW tfeifi peeitimi in
1401 (O»fc* jm®&®&, iL 4^ 436, 479;
Momstiem A^Kwmem* iii 28?> A
fellow-immk (f^me Wategltftm the M»-
torian) records ti&fe Semt^rey % Ms sermons
converted mait j Wiiiifiles from tfee arrors
of tieir ways; also fcta* <m site vwsifieanii
m a^fpiogk pmtisswi% m

on ^ie antto-itf of tfee

the eacrA-

Southwell

292

Southwell

ment of the altar, and against the followers written first in Latin, by N[athanael] B[acon],

ofWiclif. A Bodleian manuscript (Digby and newly translated into English by

98) preserves the first words (< Anes, Steder, E[dward] M[ico],' 3rd edit. London, 1687,

Denepker') of an ' Almanak Stellarum fixa- 8vo. The translator was Edward Harvey

t o _^*_~_~» C! rtii^l-i-wnTr ' T-l a. yv7i*/vo TVTir*A Q lofiiii'h txrnn rln^r! ir» YYiMorm i-n

rum secundum Symonem Southray.' He
died on 28 Nov., but the year is unknown
(Monasticon Anglicanum, iii. 287).

[Walsingham's Historia Anglicana, Fasciculi
Zizaniorum, Gesta Abbatum S. Albani, and

alias Mico, a Jesuit who died in prison in
1678 (Catholic Magazine, November 1833,
pp. 241-3). A memorandum made at Borne
states that the ' originale autographum ephe-
meridis Meditationum P. Sotovelli conser-

Registrum 'of Amundesham (all in the Bolls vatur in cubiculo Procuratoris Montis Porti
Ser.) ; Monasticon Anglicanum, ed. Caley, Ellis, hoc anno 1694.'

J T?««j;^.^1 . "Rolja'o ftr»-nir\ff TVTsi.1 T^Vlt. VI. TT\« T>~ ~1_~~',-, TX1,

and Bandinel; Bale's Scriptt. Maj. Brit. vi. [De Backer's Bibl. des Ecrivains de la Com-
83; Pits, Ilhistr. Angliae Scriptt. p. 538; pagnie de Jesus (1872-6), ii. 57, iii. 877 ; Dodd's
Tanner's Bibl. Scriptt. Brit.-Hib.] J. T-T. Chureh Hist. iii. 312; Foley's Records, v. 521,
SOUTHWELL vere BACON, NATHA- yi. 284, vii. 26 ; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser.
NAEL (1598-1676), Jesuit, son of Thomas «. 38, 8th ser. x. 254; Oliver's Jesuit Collec-
Bacon and Elizabeth his wife, and younger tlons> P- 193-J •*-. 0.

brother of Thomas Southwell [q. v.], was SOUTHWELL, SIB RICHARD (1504-
born in 1598 in Norfolk, probably at Scul- 1564), courtier and official, born in 1504, was
thorpe, near Walsingham. He studied huma- descended from a family long settled in the
nity in the college of the English Jesuits at east of England. His grandfather, Sir Ri-
St. Omer, and entered the English College chard Southwell of Barham Hall, Suffolk,
at Rome for his higher course on 8 Oct. 1617 acquired Woodrising in Norfolk by his mar-
under the assumed name of Southwell. He riage with Amy, daughter and coheiress of
was ordained priest on 21 Dec. 1622, and Sir Edmund Wichingham (cf. Paston Let-
sent to the mission in England. He is named ters). He left two sons ; the elder, Sir Ro-
as a priest-novice in the list of Jesuits, dated bert (d. 1514 ?), was a friend of Henry VII,,
about 1624-5, among the papers seized at seneschal of the estates forfeited by the Poles,
the novitiate at Clerkenwell in March 1627-8 and chief butler (^cf. Letters and Papers,
(NiOHOLS, Discovery of the Jesuit College at Henry VIII, ii. 29, cf. p. 96). He was twice
ClerJcenwell, p. 46). After completing his married, but left no children by either wife,
noviceship he was recalled to Rome, and His younger brother, Francis, auditor of
became minister and procurator at the Eng- the exchequer, married Dorothy, daughter of
lish College there. On 30 Oct. 1637 he was William Tendring1, and by her left two sons,
appointed spiritual father and confessor of Richard, the subject of the present notice,
the college. Thence he was removed to the and Robert [see below]. Francis died before-

1 Feb. 1515.

Richard, owing to the deaths of his father
and uncle, was heir to great wealth. His
wardship was given to his uncle's widow,.
Elizabeth, and to William Wootton, but on
27 June 1519 he was handed over to Sir

D Thomas Wyndham. He was apparently

admonitor. He died at the Gesu, Rome, on brought up with Henry Howard, earl of
2 Dec, 1676. Surrey [q. v.], and was thenceforth intimate

The latter years of Ms life were devoted to with the family of the Duke of Norfolk,
the compilation of the great biographical On 12 July 1525 he had livery of his
work entitled, < Bibliotheca Scriptorum So- lands. In 1531 he had pardon for being
cietatis Jesu. Opus inchoatum a R._P. Petro concerned in a murder, but had to pay
Ribadeneira, ejusdem Societatis Theology, 1,000/. He was none the less trusted by
anno salutis 1602. Continuatum a R. P. the authorities, and was made sheriif of
Philippo 'Alegambe, ex eadem Societate, Norfolk in 1534-5. Early in 1535 Gregory
usque ad annum 1642. Recognitum, et pro- Cromwell was living with him in Norfolk as
ductum ad annum Jubilsei M.DC.LXXV. his pupil. ' The hours of his study for the
a Nathanaele Sotvello, ejusdem Societatis French tongue, writing, playing at weapons,
Presbytero,' Rome, 1676, fol. This work casting accounts, pastimes of instruments,
is remarkable alike for research, accuracy, have been devised by Mr. ^ Southwell, who
elegance of language, piety, and charity of spares no pains, daily hearing him. read in
sentiment. Southwell was also the author the English tongue, advertising him of their
of < A Journal of Meditations for every Day true pronunciation, explaining the etymology
in the Year, gathered out of divers Authors, , of those words we have borrowed from the

Gesu in Rome to become secretary to the
father-general, Vincent Caraffa, and four
succeeding generals — Piccolomini, Gottifred,
Nickell, and Oliva — employed his services
in that office for more than twenty years.
On retiring from the office in 1668 he was
still retained by father-general Oliva as his

Southwell

293

Southwell

French or the Latin, not even so commonly
used in our quotidian speech.7

From 1535 onwards Southwell took an ac-
tive part in the proceeding against the monas-
teries. He interceded for Pentney in 1536, .
but had no scruples about making profit out i
of the surrenders. In January 1536 he took
charge of Bishop Nix's effects. In the days
of the pilgrimage of grace he was loyal
and helped to suppress sedition in Norfolk.
Finally, on 24 April 15S8, he was made a j
receiver to the court of augmentations. In !
1538 he was also engaged in surveying the
lands of the Duke of Suffolk, and in 1539 he |
was in attendance on the Duke of Norfolk at
the reception of Anne of Cleves. !

Southwell was doubtless a tool of the
court. He was chosen, by court influence, '
M.P. for Norfolk in 1539. He was one of
the king's council, and was knighted in
1542. In June 1542 he was a commissioner
at Berwick, and in January 1542-3 was '
concerned in the release of the Scottish i
prisoners then in England, taking an im- j
portant part in the negotiations with them.
He seems to have been kind to John Louth
the reformer, who lived in his house (STRIFE, ,
Memorials, I. i. 596), though he hardly
shared his beliefs. At the close of 1546, with, !
as it seems, the basest motives, he came for-
ward as the accuser of Surrey [see under
HOWARD, HEBTRY, EAKC OP STJEBBT, 1517 ?-
1547]. A poem by Surrey, the paraphrase of
Psalm lv., is supposed to contain a reference
to this ingratitude. Though not one of
Henry's executors, he was one of the twelve
appointed to assist them, and was a member of
the privy council, and a very regularattendant
at its meetings throughout Edward's reign,
In September 1549 he was at Boulogne on a
commission of inquiry. A month later
Southwell took the side opposed to Somer-
set, and was at the meetings in London in
October when Somerset's Jail was effected.
None the less, doubtless as a Eoman catholic,
he was imprisoned in January 1549-50 in
the Fleet, where, according to Pone% l lie
confessed enough to be hangecl for.7 He wias
released on 9 March. He did not sign tiie
limitation of the crown in Lady Jane G
favour, but afterwards agreed to it. But
he enjoyed the royal favour in Mai/s tone.
On 4 Dec. 1553 he had a pesnsioii of iWlm
services against Suffolk*

Southwell took an active part again0fc
Wyatt, and was one of those who escorted
Elizabeth to the court when she was tmsier
suspicion of complicity wi& "Wyafcfe. Cm
II May 1554 he foeeanae master of the o*d~
tiance, holding the ofee till 12 April 1560,
when Ambrose Dnfflej (a&erwareb earl of

Warwick) [q.v.] succeeded him. It is said
that he announced the queen's pregnancy to
the lords in 1554 [see under MARY Ij.

On Elizabeth's accession Southwell lost
his seat on the council, and on 5 Dec. 1558
he was ordered to give an account of the
ordnance to the lords. He died on 11 Jan,
1568-4 (Inqwdtio p. m. 6 Eliz. No. 142).
He was very rich, and an account of his
property in 1545-6 is preserved in the Bod-
leian Library.

A portrait by Holbein is in the Ufiki Gal-
lery, and what is probably a copy is in the
Louvre. Another, also attributed to Hol-
bein, belongs to Mr. H. E. Chetwynd-St&pyl-
ton. A portrait by Micheli, after Holbein,
belonged in 1866 to Ralph Nicholson Wor-
num [q, v.] A drawing of him by Holbein
is in the royal library, Windsor, and an
anonymous portrait belongs to Mr. W. H,
Romaine Walker.

He married, first, Thomasine, daughter of
Sir Bobert Darcy of Banbury, Essex, by
whom he had a daughter Elizabeth, who
married George Heneage; secondly, Mary,
daughter of Thomas Darcy, also of Stobttry,
Essex, by whom he tad had two illegitimate
sons in the lifetime of his first wife, namely,
Richard Southwell of Horsfram St. Faith s,
Norfolk, and Thomas Southwell of Moaton.
Richard Southwell of Horsh&m St. Faith's
was the father of Robert SonHroeS [% v.]
the Jesuit.

SEES ROBEBT SQOTHWBU* (& l^^man^m
of the rolls, younger brother of m& a&sw*
was a courtier, barrister, aad MS&V& ®m$&j
gentleman. He was very bissy db@®t Itesa^-
pressioa of the monasteries, aad weile*!
greatly. HedJdin®eIis«irveji^taee©^t
of augmesfcstioaB, and abasl
solicitor.

1543 was

tl*e

He was fimt
on 1 JuIyl&B. -Wk»

Southwell

294

Southwell

[Hasted's Kent, ii. 168, 269, 779 ; Blomefield's
Norfolk, x. 275, &c, ; Wriothesley's Chron. i.
133, ii. 27 ; Chron. of Queen Mary and Queen
Jane, pp. 100, 131-2; Machyn's Diary, pp. 90,
174, &c.; Troubles connected with the Prayer
Book of 1549, pp. 85, &c.; Trevelyan Papers,
I 213; Narr. of the Reformation, pp. 8, &c,
(Catnd. Soc.); Lit. Remains of Edward VI
(Roxburghe Club) ; Acts of the Privy Council ;
Letters and Papers of Henry VIII; Metcalfe's
Knights, pp. 68, 74 ; Hamilton Papers, esp. i.
376; Rye's Norfolk Records, vol. ii. ; Rye's
Index fco Norfolk Pedigrees ; Bapst's Deux Gren-
tilshommes poetes 4 la cour de Henri VIII (a full
account of Richard Southwell's treachery) ; Nott's
Works of Surrey, Introd. passim ; State Papers,
i. 792, &c., v. 234, &c., viii. 601 ; Arch. Cantiana,
iv. 235, v. 28; Hist. MSS. Reports, App. to 3rd
Rep. p. 239, App. i. to 8th Rep. pp. 93, 94,
ii. 20 ; Dep.-Keeper Public Records, 10th Rep. ;
Cal. State Papers, For. Ser. 1547-53, pp. 12,
253.] W. A. J. A.

S9UTHWELL,ROBERT (1561 P-1595),
Jesuit and poet, born about 1561, was third
son of Richard Southwell of Horsham St.
Faith's, Norfolk, by his first wife, Bridget,
daughter of Sir Roger Copley of Roughway,
Sussex. The poet's maternal grandmother
was Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William
Shelley [o^. v.], from a younger branch of
whose family descended Percy Bysshe Shelley
[q. v.] Sir Richard Southwell [q. v.] was
the poet's paternal grandfather, but his
father was born out of wedlock. As an in-
fant Robert is said to have been stolen from
his cradle by gipsies, but was soon reco-
vered. At a very early age he was sent to
school at Douay, where the Jesuit Leonard
Lessius was his master in philosophy, and
in his fifteenth, year he passed to Paris, where
he was under the care of the Jesuit Thomas
Darbyshire [q, v.] The order of the Jesuits
excited in him as a boy enthusiastic admira-
tion, and he at once applied for admis-
sion. Consideration of his request was post-
poned on the score of his youth, and his
disappointment found vent in a passionate
lament in English prose, which is remark-
able for its emotional piety. At length
his wishes were realised, and on 17 Oct.
1578, the vigil of St. Luke and the day of
St. Faith, he was enrolled at Rome ' amongst
the children' destined to become Jesuits.
His two years' novitiate was mainly passed at
Tournay. On 21 Majr 1580 he wrote a glowing
poem on Whitsuntide in Latin hexameters
? Works, ed. Grosart, pp. 214-15). On 18 Oct.
1580, on the feast of St. Luke, he was ad-
mitted to the first or simple religious vows of
a scholastic of the society. Returning to
Rome, he took holy orders, became prefect of
studies in the English College there, and

wrote much English verse and prose, which
evinced at once poetic gifts and an ecstatic
zeal for his vocation. He was ordained priest
in the summer of 1584, and, in accordance
with his earnest wish, was soon nominated to-
the English mission. The rigorous admini-
stration of the penal laws against catholics
exposed priests in England to the utmost
peril. Under the act of 1584 (27 Eliz. c. 2),
any native-born subject of the queen who
had been ordained a Roman catholic priest
since the first year of her accession, and re-
sided in this country more than forty days,
was guilty of treason, and incurred the
penalty of death. But shortly before leaving
Rome Southwell wrote to Aquaviva, general
of the Jesuits, of his desire for martyrdom.

Southwell set out on 8 May 1586 in com-
pany with Father Henry Garnett [q. v.] A
spy reported to Sir Francis Walsingham, the
queen's secretary, their landing on the east
coast in July, but they arrived without mo-
lestation at the house at Hackney of William,,
third lord Vaux of Harrowden. The latter,
like other catholic nobles, extended to South-
well a warm welcome. Only one Jesuit,.
William Weston, had previously made his
way to England, but ne was arrested and
sent to Wisbeach Castle in 1587. In 1588
Southwell and Garnett were joined by John
Gerard (1564-1637) [q. v.] and Edward Old-
come [q.v.l

Southwell was from the outset closely
watched,and experiencedmany stirring adven-
tures in his efforts to escape arrest. At first all
went well. He mixed furtively in protestant
society under the assumed name of Cotton,
and, with a view to concealing his vocation
the more effectively, he studied the terms of
sport, and often interpolated his conversation
with them. His writings abound in meta-
phors drawn from falconry (cf. MOBEIS, Con-
dition of our Catholic Forefathers, 2nd ser,
p. xxiii). Although residing for the most
part in London, he contrived to make occa-
sional excursions to Sussex and the north,
and he forwarded to friends in Rome detailed
information of the position of his co-reli-
gionists in England. He thus won the repu-
tation of being * the chief dealer in the affairs
of England for the papists/ In the per-
formance of his sacerdotal functions South-
well likewise inspired general confidence.
He much excelled, according to Gerard, in
the art 'of helping and gaining souls, being
at once prudent, pious, meek, and exceed-
ingly winning.' With much assiduity he
applied himself to the conversion of his father
and brother, and he was apparently re-
warded by success (FotEY, i. 339-47), A
fervent exhortation to his fatner, of which.

Southwell

295

Southwell

manuscript copies are often met with, "bears
the date 22 Oct. 1589 (cf. Stonyfiurst MSS.
and Addit. MS. Brit. Mus. 84395, f. 36).

In the same year Southwell seems to have
become domestic chaplain and confessor to
Anne, wife of Philip Howard, first earl of
Arundel. The latter had teen confined in
the Tower of London since 1585, and was
convicted of treason in 1589 ; but his execu-
tion was postponed, and he remained in pri-
son till his death in 1596. Southwell took
up his residence with the countess at Arundel
House in the Strand. During 1591 he occu-
pied most of Ms time in literary work, by
which he hoped to cheer the spirits of his
persecuted coreligionists. Although he never
forsook verse, his main efforts were for the
moment confined to prose. For the consola-
tion, in the first instance, of the im-
E* ned Earl of Arundel, he composed
)rose) ' An Epistle of Comfort to the
>rend Priestes, and to the honorable,
worshipful, and other of the lay sorte^re-
strayned in durance for the Catholike faith/
On the death, on 19 Aug 1591, of the earl's
half-sister, Margaret, the first wife of Robert
Sackville, second earl of Dorset [q. vj, South-
well addressed to her children his ' Triumphs
over Death.' A third fervid treatise, ' Mary
Magdalen's Tears,' he dedicated in the same
year to another patroness, Dorothy Arundell,
probably the daughter of Sir John Arundell
of Trerice (dL 1580), and wife of Edward
Cosworth ; and when, in the autumn of 1591,
a proclamation was issued by the government
directing a more rigorous enforcement of
the penal laws against the catholics, he drew
up an eloquent protest in an ' Humble Sup-
plication to Queen Elizabeth.'

These four treatises were widely circulated
in manuscript, and some of the copies South-
well made with his own pen. According to
G-erard, he set up a private press in order to
disseminate them the more securely; but no
extant edition of any of his works can be
assigned to this source (see bibliography be-
low). At least one of these tracts, ' Mary
Magdalen's Funeral Tears/ he contrived to
publish with an established publisher. Gar
foriel Cawood obtained a license for 'the pub-
lication on 8 Nov. 1591. Manuscript copies,
it was explained in the preface, had flown
abroad * so fast and so false,' that it was neces-
sary for the author to have recourse /to the
print ' in order to prevent the circulation of a
corrupt text.

Although Southwell's name was not pub-
licly associated with any of his writings, his
literary activity was suspected by the govern-
ment, and rendered inevitable the martyrdom
which he confidently anticipated. In

the last act in the short tragedy was reacted.

Southwell had come to know Richard Bel-

lamy, a staunch catholic, who resided with

his family at Uxenden Hall, near Harrow-

on-the-HilL The intimacy was exceptionally

perilous. Jerome Bellamy, a near kinsman,

had been executed in 1586 for complicity in

the conspiracy of Anthony Babington [q.v,],

and every member of the household was an

object of suspicion (cf. Works, ed. Turnbull).

Gerard states that Richard Bellamy supplied

Southwell with information from which he

compiled a history of the Babington plot.

Nothing further isknown of a work by South-

well on this subject. It is certain that South-

well, like many other catholic priests, often

visited Bellamy at his house at Harrow,

celebrated mass there, and gave religious

instruction to his sons and daughters. To

Anne Bellamy, one of the latter, Southwell,

according to her statement at his trial, taught

the 'most wicked and horrible* doctrine of

equivocation. Early in 1592 the govern-

ment seem to have resolved to place the

whole family under arrest as recusants. The

daughter Anne was the first captive. By

order of Walter Gopeland, bishop of Lon-

don, she was on 26 Jan. 1592 committed to

the gatehouse of Westminster. Subsequently

she was removed to the gatehouse at Hoi-

born, and remained there till midsummer.

There she was examined by Eiehard

cliffe [q. v.], the chief officer en

enforcing the penal laws against

and under his influence slue m refXH-ted

Southwell's catholic foiograstes to

abandoned botli her faith am Tirfca

cliffeis said to bave aedueed li€r, «

when her condition was Hfcely to

scandal, to have forced lier to marry ins ser-

vant, Nicholas Joaes, Tfc* «nM»

doubtedly took place in Jmjfsm wr mmr

is stated to have been de

ten years afterwards bee

a marriage portion (DoB,

App.

the girf, ttee fe « do*

nerin which tbey wee
this information l?

Southwell

296

Southwell

servant Jones tracked him to the tiles of Bel-
lamy's house, and Topcliffe himself led him
triumphantly back to London. 1 1 never did
take so weighty a man/ Topcliffe wrote to
the queen, i if he be rightly used ' (STETPE,
Annals > iv. 185). Imprisoned at first in his
captor's house in Westminster churchyard,
Southwell was brutally tortured. Four days
were spent by Topcliffe in seeking to extort
from him information that might be of service
in prosecuting other catholics. Questions
were put to him respecting the designs of the
Countess of Arundel and of Father Robert
Parsons, but Southwell declined all answer.
On 24 June he was removed to the gate-
house at Westminster. His cell there was
alive with vermin, and his father, after pay-
ing him a visit, petitioned the queen either to
let his son suffer death if he deserved it, or
to direct that he should be treated like a
gentleman, and not be confined longer in
* that filthy hole.1 The queen received the
petition graciously, and in September South-
well was carried to the Tower, where his
father was permitted to supply him with
clothes, with such books as the bible and the
works of St. Bernard, and with ' other neces-
saries.* His sister Mary, wife of Edward
Banistre of Idsworth, Hampshire, and a few
other friends were occasionally admitted to
his cell. Meanwhile he was thirteen times
examined by members of the council, and sub-
jected to agonising torments. He was not
racked, he said at his trial, but experienced
new kinds of tortures worse than the rack.
He replied to the inquisitors that he was a
Jesuit and was prepared to die. Little more
was elicited from him. In the pathetic verses
with which he sought to solace his suffering
he constantly prayed for death and the glory
of martyrdom. In April 1594 the lieutenant
of the Tower entered his name on his list of
prisoners as l Eobert Southwell alias Cotton,
a Jesuit and infamous traitor ' (State Papers,
Bom. Eliz. ccxlviii. No. 68).

In February 1595 the council, after a
delay of nearly three years, resolved to let
the law take its course. On 18 Feb. he was
brought from the Tower to Newgate, where
he was placed in the dungeon known as
i limbo. J Two days later he was brought be-
fore the court of king's bench at Westminster
and put on his trial for high treason, under
the statute of 27 Eliz. c. 2, which prohibited
the presence in England of Jesuits or semi-
nary priests. When the indictment was read,
Southwell replied 'Not guilty of any treason.'
He interrupted the attorney-general's speech
for the crown with protests against the tor-
tures _ he had undergone. He defended the
doctrine of equivocation, and boldly im-

pugned the justice of the law under which he
was arraigned. The j ury brought in a verdict
of death, and he was sentenced to a traitor's
death, with all its ghastly incidents. After he
was taken back to Newgate, he was visited
by ministers of religion and by an influential
member of the government (it is said), who
hoped that, in face of death, Southwell might
prove more communicative than he had proved
previously about the designs of the catholics
against the government. On 21 Feb. he was
drawn on a sledge to the gallows at Tyburn.
When lifted on to the cart he proudly de-
clared himself to be ' a priest of the catholic
and Roman church, and of the society of
Jesus ; ' but he solemnly denied that he had
ever attempted, contrived, or imagined any
evil against the queen. The hangman did
his work badly. The noose was clumsily
attached to Southwell's throat, and some
time elapsed before life was extinct. An
officer essayed to cut the rope while South-
well still breathed, but Lord Mountjoy and
other bystanders ordered him to let the dying
man alone. When his head was cut off and
held up to the crowd, no one was heard to
cry 'Traitor!'

Southwell was described as of middle
stature and auburn hair. A contemporary
life-sized portrait (in oils) is in the Jesuits'
house at Fribourg. A crayon drawing of it
by Charles Weld, esq., of Chideock was
made in 1845, and is now at Stonyhurst
College, Lancashire. An engraving of this
drawing by W. J. Alais was prefixed to
Dr. Grosart's edition of the poems, Another
early engraving of Southwell in the Jesuit
habit, with rope and knife, is also known ;
a copy is inserted in the 1630 edition of * St.
Peter s Complaint ' in the British Museum.

Southwell left many volumes in verse and
prose ready for publication, and immediately
after his death at least three volumes — two
in verse and one in prose — were sent to the
press. On 5 April 1595 — barely two months
after his execution — Gabriel Gawood, who
had already published his 'Mary Magdalen's
Tears/ obtained a license for the publication
of his chief collection of verse, including his
only lon^ poem, * St. Peter's Complaint/ in
132 six-lined stanzas. The volume appeared
in the same year under the title of * Saint
Peter's Complaint, with other Poems ' (Brit.
Mus.), and was printed by Fames] Kfoberts]
for G[abriel] C[awood]. There was no au-
thor's name, but an anonymous address,
clearly from the axithor's pen, was headed,
* To my worthy good cosen <Maister W. S.'
(Brit. Mus.) An" immediate reissue of the
volume by John Wolfe in 1595, which was
doubtless piratical, was proof of the book's

Southwell

297

Southwell

popularity (copies in Capell collection at Of two hymns ' taken forth of S. Thomas

by H. L. for William Leake, doubtless in one is described as f translated bytheBev.

1596, and it added several pieces (Brit. Mus., Fa: R. S. ; ' it is a reprint from the 'Maeonise '
Jesus College, Oxford, and Brit well). Other of ' Saint Thomas of Aquinas Hymne read
editions, still anonymous, dated respectively on Corpus Christy Daye.J)

1597, 1599, and 1602, were printed by Finally, a third volume of Southwell's
Fames] R[oberts] for G[abriel] C[awoodj. verse saw the light in 'A Foure-fould Medi-
Meanwnile, another undated and anonymous tation of the foure last things : viz. of the
edition was published by Robert Waldegrave Eoure of Death, Bay of Judgement, Paiaes
at Edinburgh about 1600. This was edited of Hell, loyes of Heauen. Shewing the estafce
by John Johnston [q.v.], professor of divinity of the Elect and Reprobate. Composed in a
at St. Andrews, who introduced a sonnet of diuine poeme. By K, S. The author of S.
his own, i A Sinful Soull to Christ,' and Peters Complaint. Imprinted at London by
occasionally modified Southwell's catholic G.Eld: for Francis Burton/ 1606. The only
phraseology. A reprint of this edition by perfect copy known was in tie library of Mr.
John Wreittoun of Edinburgh appeared in G. L. Way, and, sold at Sotheby's in 1881,
1 634 (a copy is in the Britwefi Library). All now belongs to Mrs. Robert Hoe ^ in New
these issues were in quarto. York. Afragment of anothereopy, discovered

Meanwhile, the poems, together with the in 1867 by Mr. Charles Edmonds at Lamport

prose tract, * Mary Magdalen's Tears/ were Hall, the seat of Sir Charles Mam, is now in

republished at Douay in 1616 (in 12mo, Brit, the British Museum. The dedication, , which is

Mus.), and the name of the author was given addressed to Mr. Mathew Saunders, is signed

superiorum7 in lt>2U (Brit. Mus.) „ ,

simultaneously— in 1615— the publisher, at an early stage of the poem. The whale is

"W. Barret, caused to be printed at Stansby's preserved, under a different title, to w&m. no

press in London another 12mo edition, which author's name is attached, in two manuscript

he openly assigned to <R. S.' Barret pre- —respectively in the library of Sfe. Mary's

feed a dedication of his own composition to College, Oscott, Birmingham, and amopg tee

Richard Sackville, third earl of Dorset, to Rawlinson H^^J^Bofflwui. -

whom, when a child, Southwell had addressed1 "* * ' * "1T ""'

his ' Triumphs over Death/ and that tract,

together with i Mary Magdalen's Teares' and

the < Short Rule of Life/ was appended to

Barret's new edition of the poems. This 12mo

edition reappeared in London in 1620 (by

Barret; Brit. Mus.), in 1630 (by JohnHavi-

land; Brit. Mus.), and in 1634 (by John

Haviland),

Two other volumes of poetry by South-
well appeared separately. One was a supple-
ment to ' St. Peter's Complaint/ and was en-
titled ' Meeoniee, or certaine excellent Poems
and Spirituall Hymnes omitted in the last
impression of Peters Complaint: beingneede-
full there-unto to be annexed as being both
diuine and wittie. All composed by R. S.
London, by Valentine Sims for John Busbie,
1595. John Busbie, the printer, in an address
to the reader, acknowledged ' with what
Mnd admiration ' the former volume had been
received. Copies of 'Ma&onise' are in the
libraries of Jesus College, Oxford, the British
Museum, Rowfant, and of Mr. A. H. HuttL
The volume is said to have been twice re-
printed within the year. It reappeared with
the later editions of < St. Peter's Qomplainfe.

"With the help of the Rawlinson
the better text, Mr. Esmonds issa**! a com-
plete version of the poem in Ms series m
* Isham Reprints,' No. iv. (1895> Tiiefeag-
ment in the British Museum was repomtol
in the « Month/ edited by O» BOT. EL

T1f that So^weHwa, ^

<R. S.7 who amtntaLted
sonnet to

Francis

Southwell

298

Southwell

collating 'the printed editions with manu-
script copies at Stonyhurst, which are not in
the poet's autograph, but occasionally con-
tain corrections assumably in his hand-
writing. Much Latin verse by Southwell on
sacred topics is also among the Stpnyhurst
manuscripts, and several of his Latin poems
were printed for the first time in Dr. Gro-
sart's edition. But neither Walter nor
Turnbull nor Dr. Grosart reprinted the
' Foure-fould Meditation.'

Six English prose tracts by Southwell have
been printed: 1. * Mary Magdalens Teares/
licensed to Gabriel Cawood, 8 Nov. 1591,
was published in that year, but no copy seems
known. A second edition has the title
* Mary Magdalens Funerall Teares, Jeremise

c. 6, ver. 26 : Luctum unigeniti fac tibi plane-
turn amarum, London, printed for A[bel]
J[effes] G[abriel] C[awood], 1594,' 8yo.
Other separate editions are dated 1602 (Brit.
Mus.), 1607, 1609, and 1630. It was also
reprinted frequently from 1615 onwards
with 'St. Peter's Complaint7 (see supra).
Later reprints are dated 1772 and 1827, and
it formed vol. iv. of ' Antiquarian Classics/
1823. A rough draft is among the Stony-
hurst manuscripts.

2. < A Short Rule of Good Life: to direct
the devout Christian in a regular and or-
dinary course/ was licensed to John Wolfe
on 25* Nov. 1598; but the extant copies (in
8vo at Lambeth and Bodleian) are without
date or place or printer's name, and were
probably published at Douay. The dedica-
tion, signed 'R. S./ is addressed 'to my
deare afiected friend M. D. S., Gentleman/
and there are some prefatory verses by the
author. It was reissued in the 1615 edition
of Southwell's poems.

3. *The Triumphs ouer Death ; orACon-
solatorie Epistle for afflicted minds, in the
affects of dying- friends. First written for the
consolation of one: but nowe published
for the general! good of all by K. S., the
Authour of S. Peters Complaint, and Meeonise
his other Hymnes, London, printed by Valen-
tine Simmes for John Busbie, and are to be
Solde at Nicholas Lings shop/ 1596, 4to.
Fine copies are in the library of Jesus Col-
lege, Oxford, and at Brit well. It is dedicated
by ' S. W.7 (doubtless Southwell himself)
to the children of Margaret Sackville,
countess of Dorset, and there are verses and
an acrostic on Southwell's name by John
Trussell [q. v.], and an elegy on the countess
by Southwell. It was reprinted with the
poems in 1615 and successive seventeenth-
century editions, and in Brvderes's ' Archaica,'
1815, vol. i. '

4, ' A Humble Supplication to Her Maiestie,

printed anno 1595/ written in 1591, edited
by the Jesuits Garnett and Blackwell, was
printed at Douay or St. Omer, and was
probably first issued in 1600 ; the dates 1595
on the title-page and ' 14 Dec. 1595 ' at the
end of the tract were doubtless inserted to
deceive the English authorities. Two copies
which were seized by the government as con-
traband are at Lambeth, and one is at the
British Museum. A manuscript copy is in
the Inner Temple Library.

5. 'An Epistle of Comfort to the Heverend
Priestes, and to the honorable, worshipful,
and other of the lay sorte restrayned in
durance for the Catholike faith/ was first
issued without date (1593?), with the words
* Imprinted at Paris ' on the title-page (Brit.
Mus. and Britwell). A later issue, 'printed
with license 1605/ came doubtless from
Douay (Brit. Mus.) Both these issues were
without an author's name. A third edition
£ by R. S. of the Society of Jesus/ appeared
c permissu superiorum ' in 1616, probably at
St. Omer.

6. * Hundred Meditations on the Love of
God7 was first printed by Father Morris,
from the original manuscript at Stonyhurst,
in 1873; it is prefaced by a letter of the
transcriber to Honora, wife of Edward Sey-
mour, lord Beauchamp [see under SEYMOUR,
EDWAKD, EAEL OP HEBTJFORD]. A collected
edition of some of Southwell's prose works,
edited by W. J. Walter, appeared in 1828.
Many devotional Latin tracts remain in
manuscript at Stonyhurst. A manuscript
volume containing * Meditationes 7 by South-
well on the divine attributes, with * Exer-
citia J and ' Devotiones ' by him, belonged to
Sir Thomas Phillipps j it bore the autograph
of Alban Butler [q. v.]

Southwell was well acquainted with the
poetic efforts of his contemporaries, and traces
of the influence of Thomas Watson and
Nicholas Breton are apparent in his verse.
But his chief aim as a poet was, as he avows
in the addresses to the reader both before his
' St. Peter's Complaint ' and ' Mary Mag-
dalen's Tears/ to prove that 'vertue7 or
'piety' was as fit a subject for- a poet's pen
as the vain, worldly, or sensual topics of
which poets conventionally treated. To illus-
trate how readily a poem on a profane theme
might be converted to sacred purposes, he
rewrote Sir Edward Dyer's 'Fancy/ in
which the writer bewailed the torments of
love. In Southwell's edifying version, which
bore the title ' Master Dyer's Fancy turned
to a Sinner's Complaint/ he caused his sinner
to lament his lack of { grace 7 (cf. HAITOAH,
Raleigh and other Courtly Poets, pp. 154-66;
SOUTHWELL, ed. Grosart, p. 96). Southwell's

Southwell

299

Southwell

1 Love's Garden Griefe ' bears somewhat simi-
lar relation to Nicholas Breton's 'Strange
Description of a Rare Garden Plot' (in
'Phoanix Nest/ 1593). Southwell's example
was not without effect. The number of the
early editions of his poems attest their popu-
larity with protestants and catholics alike,
and imitations soon abounded. The anony-
mous works, ' Mary Magdalen's Love/ 1595,
«St. Peter's Ten Tears/ 1597 (reissued as
« St. Peter's Tears/ 1602), and ' St. Peter's
Path to the Joys of Heaven/ 1598, all ex-
pand Southwell's chief poem,, to which
authors of established repute like Thomas
Lodge in his ' Prosopopoeia/ 1596, G-ervase
Markham in 'Mary Magdalen's Lamenta-
tions' (1601), and Samuel Rowlands [q.v.]
in his ' Peter's Tears at the Cock's Crowing1
(in his * Betraying of Christ/ 1598), were no
less conspicuously indebted. At a later date
Richard Crashaw [q . v.] followed in South-
well's footsteps to better purpose. South-
well's prose work, ( Mary Magdalen's Tears'
(1591), excited equal emulation. ' Christs
Tears over Jerusalem' by Thomas Nashe
(1567-1601) [q. v.l is clearly framed on the
model of Southwell's tract. Gabriel Harvey
[q. v.] directed attention to the fact, and
compared Nashe's effort unfavourably with
its forerunner: 'I know not who weeped the
Funeral Tears of Mary Magdalen ; I would he
that sheddeth the pathetical tears of Christ
and trickleth the liquid tears of repentance
were no worse affected in pure devotion/

Harvey declared Southwell's prose (in
« Mary Magdalen's Tears ') to be both ' elegant
and pathetical ' ( Works, ed. Grosart, ii. 291),
and Francis Bacon told his brother Anthony
that Southwell's 'Humble Supplication^ was
* curiously written, and worth the writing
out for the art, though the argument be bad1
(SPEDDJNO, Bacon, ii. 308). But, despite
such contemporary testimonies to its ^merits,
the euphuistic redundancy and artificial con-
struction of Southwell's prose deprive it of
permanent literary value. The ' pure devo-
tion J with which it is impregnated gives it
all its modern interest. "Southwell's poetry-
stands on another footing, and still enjoys
something of the favour which was extended
to it at the outset by literary critics. It is
true that Hall in his ' Satires/ 1597, ridiculed
Southwell with other writers of sacred
poetry of his time :

Now good St. Peter weeps pure Helicon,
And both the Marys make a music-moan.

But Hall found few sympathisers, Marston
fiercely avenged Hall's attack on <P©ter*stears
and Mary's moving-moan.' Ben Joasoi*
declared that he would willingly have <Je-

stroyed many of his own poems, could he
have claimed the authorship of Southwell's
' Burning Babe ' (Conversations with Drum-
mond of HawtTwrnden, p. 13). Bolton in
his 'Hypercritiea' wrote: f Never must be
forgotten " St. Peter's Complaint " and those
other serious poems said to be of Father
Southwells; the English whereof as it is
most proper, so the sharpness and light of
wit is very rare in them.' By modern critics
Southwell's poetry lias been rarely under-
rated. James Russell Lowell stands almost
alone in pronouncing ' St. Peter's Complafnt '
to be a drawl of thirty pages of maumin re-
pentance. A genuinely poetic vein is latent
beneath all the religious sentimentalism
which at times obscures the literary merit of
Southwell's verse. As in his prose, his exu-
berant fancy, too, finds frequent expression
in extravagant conceits, which suggest tike
influence of Marino and other Italian writers
of pietistic verse. But many poems, Hke the
'Burning Babe,' which won Ben Jonson's
admiration, are as notable for the^ simplicity
of their language as for the sincerity of tlieir
sentiment, and take rank with the most
touching examples of sacred poetry.

[There are abundant materials forSonthweirs
biography. An elaborate manuscript memoir,
drawn up soon after his death, formerly fife
St. Omer's College, is now in tie public recoa-i
office at Brussels, and was largely employed I®
Bishop Challoner in his Memoirs of Missnoajaay
Priests (ed. 1878, i. 215-22). A frirf <fise©«r*»
on Southwell's condemnation and
Henry Garnett, in both Italian aad
which the original manuscript is sfc
was widely disseminated in man^scaripfe cafies,
and most of it is printed verbatim in tfeea^Kaals
of Southwell which were psHisliad
More, Hist. Missk>oi» Angi & J.
'

vine* of the Soeiefcy
a V6J7 fall memoir, wrt* nwzmvm
from the English
to

S.I*.

Southwell

300

Southwell

heiress of Major Robert Gore of Shereton,
Wiltshire, was born at Battin Warwick,
on the river Bandon, near Kinsale, on
31 Dec. 1635.

His father, EGBERT SOUTHWELL (1607-
1677), was the son of Anthony Southwell,
esq., who, with his elder brother, Sir Thomas
Southwell (d. 1626), came first to Ireland in
the reign of James I as an undertaker in the
plantation of Munster, and having married
Margaret, daughter of Sir Ralph Shelton of
Norfolk, died at Kinsale in 1623. Robert,
who succeeded him, was appointed collector
of the port of Kinsale on 22 July 1631. He
resided there during the whole period of the
rebellion, and, with the rest of the inhabi-
tants, took his share in the defence of the
town against the Irish (Mallow Proceedings,
A/61, 39, ff. 4-5). In 1648 he was instru-
mental in provisioning the fleet under Prince
Rupert, being then blockaded by Blake and
Deane, and was consequently condemned
under the Commonwealth, by the ordinance
of 2 Sept. 1654, to forfeit one-fifth of his
property (PKENDEBGAST, Cromwellian Set-
tlement, p. 172). He was removed from his
post of collector of Kinsale, but subsequently
found so much favour with the government
of the Commonwealth as to be employed on
several commissions, and on 5 Oct. 1657 he
was elected sovereign of Kinsale (CATTLBTELD,
Council-book of Einsale, p. 29). After the
Restoration he obtained a grant of the for-
feited estate of Philip Barry Oge in the liberty
of Kinsale, including Ringcurran, which was
confirmed to him by letters patent of 16 June
1666. He was recognised as one of the most
active and influential personages in Eansale,
and rendered valuable assistance to the Earl
of Orrery in strengthening the fortifications
of that town in anticipation of the attacks of
the Dutch, and was rewarded by the go-
vernorship of the newly erected fort at Ring-
curran (OEEERT, State Letters, ii. 266, 318).
He was on 20 Sept. 1670 appointed vice-
admiral of Munster, and apparently about
the same time he was admitted a member of
the provincial council. He died on 3 April
1677, and in accordance with his will, dated
4 Nov. 1676, was buried in his own tomb in
the eastern aisle of Kinsale church, where,
under a neat monument of Italian marble
with a long inscription, are also interred his
wife, who died on 1 July 1679, aged 66, and
his infant son Thomas. He had, besides,
two daughters, Catherine—born on 1 Sept.
1637, married on 14 Feb. 1655 to Sir John
Perceval, died 17 Aug. 1679, likewise buried
at Kinsale — and Anne, married to Ralph
Barney of WycMngham, Norfolk. ,

Bobert seems early to have been destined |

for a diplomatic career, and, going to Eng-
land in 1650, he passed through Queen's Col-
lege, Oxford (matriculating 24 June 1653 and
graduatingB.A. 28 June 1655), and Lincoln's
Inn, which he entered in 1654, completing
his education by continental travel in 1659-
1661. Of his sojourn in Italy and the ac-
quaintances he made in Rome he has left a
meagre account in a sort of commonplace
book that he kept at the time (Egerton MS.
1632). Returning to England in 1661, he
shortly afterwards became acquainted with
Sir William Petty [q. v.J The acquaintance
ripened into a lifelong friendship, which was
further cemented by Petty's marriage, in
1667, with Southwell's cousin, Lady Fenton.
He appears as clerk to the commission of
prizes in 1664, and in September of that year
was appointed one of the clerks to the privy
council. He was knighted on 21 Dec. 1665,
and the same year appointed deputy vice-
admiral of the provinces of Munster, succeed-
ing to the vice-admiralty itself on the death
of his father twelve years later. Meanwhile
in November 1665 he was appointed envoy to
the court of Portugal, with the object of
effecting a peace between that country and
Spain, payment being made to him under a
privy seal warrant of 1,000£. for secret ser-
vices (Cal. Dom. 1665, p. 46). He reached
Lisbon early in the following year, took part
in the coup cFe'tatt'h&t ended in the deposition
of Alphonso VI, and had the satisfaction of
bringing his mission to a satisfactory conclu-
sion by the peace of Lisbon on 13 Feb, 1668,
but not without exciting the jealousy of the
Earl of Sandwich, who held the post of
ambassador extraordinary to the court of
Spain, and desired to have the entire credit
of the treaty (cf. PEPYS, Diary, vii. 312 ;
Southwell's correspondence in connection
with the treaty was published in 1740).
After the conclusion of the treaty he returned
to England, but was in April that year again
appointed envoy extraordinary to Portugal,
for the double purpose of attending to the
embarkation of the English auxiliary forces
returning to England and concluding a treaty
of commerce with Portugal. He sailed from
Deal on 16 June ; but his business detaining
him in Lisbon for fully a year, and no pro-
vision having been made for his prolonged
stay, he became considerably involved in
debts, which had not been paid off four years
later (Cal Dom. 1670 pp. 130, 192, 1671
p. 499). Returning to London in August
1669, he took up his residence in Spring
Gardens. In the following autumn he spent
a short holiday with his father at Kinsale, and
in May 1671, having been appointed a chief
commissioner of excise, with a salary of 500J.

Southwell

301

Southwell

(ib. 1671, p. 238)?>he obtained permission to in the following year, and was by Mm ap-
go to Ireland for six months, arriving at Kin- pointed principal secretary of state for that
sale on the 27th. He was recalled to London kingdom, holding the office till his death.
in September by his appointment as envoy Shortly after his appointment Swift, bearing
extraordinary to Brussels. A warrant was a letter of introduction from Sir William
issued on 19 Oct. to pay him 4J. per diem Temple, unsuccessfully solicited the post of
and 300Z. for his equipage, and, having re- amanuensis to him (CEATK, Life of Smft
ceived his instructions on the 25th, he set p. 27 ; Lives of the Poets, 1854, iii. 160). On
out from London on the 31st. After his 1 Dec. 1690 he was elected president of the
return, early apparently in the year following, Eoyal Society, holding that office for five suc-
he refrained from meddling personally in the cessive years (THOMSON, Royal Society; cf.
political intrigues of the time, though from EVEIOT, Diary, ii. 310), On 12 June 1697
his correspondence it would seem that he he was superseded by Sir J. Austen as <jom-
deplored Charles's conduct in the matter of missioner of customs, and on 11 July of the
the declaration of indulgence, inclining gene- following year, being clerk of the crowa and
rally to Sir William Temple's view of the prothonotary of the court of king's beneli, he
situation. He was M.P. for Penryn in 1673, surrendered the same to the king, who on
and for Lostwithiel in 1685. On 6 Aug. 1677 23 Sept. regranted it to his sonEdward, in
the university of Oxford conferred the degree reversion after the determination of the
of D.C.L. on him, and in 1679 he purchased patent granted to Philip Savage and Richard
from Sir Humphrey Hooke the manor of Eyves, which being surrendered on 14 Aug.
King's Weston in Gloucestershire, where he 1713, the same was conferred on Edward and
entertained King William on his return from his son for life.

Irelandin 1690. Having resigned his place as
a clerk to the privy council on 5 Dec. 1679,
he was in the spring of the following year
(1680) sent as envoy extraordinary to the
elector of Brandenburg, in pursuance of Tem-
ple's plan of creating a defensive alliance
against France. On his way he commu-
nicated his instructions to the Prince of
Orange, and afterwards entered into nego-
tiations with the courts of Brunswick-Liine-
burg, then rising into importance in conse-
quence of the death of the Duke of Hanover.
But perceiving shortly after his return that
a reaction was setting in against the whigs,
he retired to his seat at King's Weston (c£
FITZMATTBIOE, Life of Petty, p. 246).

On 1 Dec. 1680 he obtained a reduction
of the quit-rents imposed on his Irish estates

Southwell died at King's Weston on
11 Sept. 1702, and was buried in Henbury
church, Gloucestershire, beside his wife, who
predeceased him, on 13 Jan. 1681-2, under
a monument with an elaborate inscription.
He married, 26 Jan. 1664, Elizabeth, eldest
daughter of Sir EdwardDering of Sturendeife-
Denng in Kent, *a very pretty womam1 ac-
cording to Pepys, and by hear had issue:
Rupert born on 21 May 1670, a&cl <fel on
8 May 1678 : Edward, his heir (see beliw) j
and four daughters — Helena, HOzaJteiisy
Mary, and Catherine, According- toBvieifii?
he was fa sober, wise, and vnrfcBowe gesile-
man/ and, it may be added, am indiaStrio-as
official His portrait, jwunted by ICmltefj,
belongs to the Royal Society, ii was en-
graved by J. Smith in 17M (e£ J$mmMxt
p. 175). He was also a man of soatejileraary
acquirements and began a ln%

by the Acts of Settlement, and on 10 Feh

following conveyed to the crown, for the _, ^ — .„ . .

sum of 1,0417. 2«. 6A, that part of the lands first duke of Qnaao^^wfagita •« «i

of Ringcurran occupied by the fort. In infirmities prevented him fiam e— fc*«r.

1682 he founded and endowed an almsbouse The mamiscri^, 'eonsistog 0f

for eight helpless men and women on his hundred

estate of Dromderrick, within the liberties domesfec

of Kinsale, being led, as he says himself to Me as to

this act of charity by a lively remembrance mouth, was

of the sufferings he had undergone during Thomas ^^,^^

%£$£?*'&*£?£'*& F?'°^sSlSS'fiS'«

S.5

^gSRSS3S'^!;&«!®*S^-

SM25S?SS!!lflK5:

Southwell

302

Southwell

SOUTHWELL (1671-1730), born
in the parish of St. Martin-in-the-Fields,
London, on 4 Sept. 1671, after being
carefully educated at home under the per-
sonal supervision of his father, assisted by
the advice of Sir W. Petty (see FITZ-
MATJEICB, Life of Petty, p. 305: ' I say cram
into him some Lattin, some mathematicks,
some drawing", and some law . . . and then let
Nature work '), entered Merton College, Ox-
ford as a gentleman commoner under the
tuition of Dr. Thomas Lane. He subsequently
spent some time in travelling, and being,
says Anthony & Wood, accounted ' doctissi-
mus juvenis,' he was on 1 April 1693 sworn
an extraordinary clerk to the privy council,
while from 15 Aug. 1695 he was joined with
James Waller and Henry Petty in the
office of chief prothonotary of the common
pleas in Ireland. In 1696 he paid a visit
to Holland, partly for business, partly for
pleasure, of which he has left an inte-
resting account (Addit. MS. 21495). He
was admitted a full clerk to the council on
13 May 1699, and on 30 July of 'the same
year succeeded his father as vice-admiral of
Munster and as secretary of state for Ire-
land on 27 June 1702 (LTTTXBELL, Relation,
v. 188). On the death of Lord Tankerville
in 1701 he was appointed a joint commis-
sioner of the privy seal, and in 1707 was re-
turned M.P. for Rye. After the union
with Scotland he was on 10 May 1708 con-
stituted clerk to the privy council of Great
Britain. He was unseated on petition for
Bye in 1711, but apparently found a seat as
member for the borough of Tregony. Under
date 29 Dec. that year, Swift notes in his
1 Journal to Stella ' that there was a pro-
spect of ' Mr. Secretary' — meaning seemingly
Southwell — being raised to the peerage, but
that his services were required in the lower
house. He was returned M.P. for the
borough of Tregony in April 1713, and for ;
Preston in the following November ; being
member for Km sale in the Irish parliament
till his death. He was continued in all his
offices by George I, and on 9 Oct. 1714 was
sworn of the privy council in Ireland. On
7 Nov. 1715 he succeeded to the offices of
clerk to the crown and prothonotary of the
king's bench, of which he had secured the
reversion for himself and his son in Septem-
ber 1698, and on 26 April he was again
made joint commissioner of the privy seal
in consequence of the death of Lord Whar-
ton. He received an augmentation to his
salary as secretary of state of 3002. a year
on 13 June 1720, and on 20 July following
obtained a grant of that office for life to
him and his son Edward. On. the accession

of George II he was confirmed in all his
offices, but died three years later, on 4 Dec.
1730, having accumulated considerable
wealth and added to his property in Ireland
by the acquisition of certain lands in co.
Down, where either he or his son Edward
founded an important charity for the poor
children on his estate (HABBis, Antient and
Present State of the County of Down, pp.
81, 33, 38). He was buried at King's Wes-
ton.

Southwell married first, in October 1703,
the Lady Elizabeth Cromwell, ' an heiress
of 2,OOOJ. a year ' (LTJTTEELL, v. 346), the
daughter of Vere-Essex, earl of Ardglass in
Ireland and baron of Okeham in England,
and by her, who died in childbed on
31 March 1709 (ib. v. 425) and was buried
at Henbury, he had three sons, viz. Edward,
his heir; Robert and Thomas, who both
died young, Edward Southwell married,
secondly, in August 1717, Anne, daughter of
William Blathwaite, esq., of Derham, Glou-
cestershire, by whom he had one son Wil-
liam. His portrait, painted by Kneller in
1708, was engraved by J. Smith in 1709
(BROMLEY, p. 269).

[Lodge's Peerage, ed. Archdall, vi. 7-13, and
authorities quoted above. Swift's Letters and
Journal to Stella contain frequent references to
1 Ned ' Southwell. The Southwell MSS., com-
prising official as well as private documents,
which, by a common but lax interpretation of
individual rights in such matters, were regarded
both by father and son as their property, have
at last for the most part, after passing through
several hands, notably of Sir Thomas Phillipps
of Cheltenham, found a secure resting-place
in the British Museum. The following are
among the more interesting items relating to
Sir Bobert Southwell: Addit.MSS. 10039,letters
to and from Dr. Burnett, 1688 ; 12114, letters to
and from Pensionary Heinsius, 1697; 15858 ff.
155-8, letters to J. Evelyn, 1675-84; 18598-9,
corresp. with W. Cole, 1683-1701; 2H84,
letters to and from the Duke of Ormonde, 1674-
1687; 21494, Miscellaneous Corresp. 1686-
1702; 28569 ff. 36, 54, 56, 58, 63, 64, 66, 69,
letters to W. Blathwayt and others, 1682-90;
2887&ff. 19, 163, 172, 28876 passim, 28877 f.
405, 28880 ff. 165, 183, 221, 421, 28881 ff. 442,
488, 28882 ff. 43, 203, 296, 28883 f. 38, 28884
f. 7, 28886 f. 215, letters to J. Ellis, 1676-1701 ;
34329-34335, State Correspondence, 1665-1720;
34336-34338, Letter-Books, 1665-9 ; 34341-
34344, letters to and from British agents in
Brussels and Cologne, 1672-4; 34345, letters to
and from Lord Castlehaven, 1673-4 ; 34346,
letters to and from Sir L. Jenkins, 1673-
1674. To which must be added a large mass of
diplomatic correspondence and state papers,
ranging from the reign of Charles II to that
of Anne, recently acquired (1897) and not yet

Southwell 30

indexed. The following papers concern Edward
Southwell: Addit. MSS. 11759, Miscellaneous
Letters to 1672-1701 ; 21122-3, Corresp. with
Dr. IVC. Coghill, 1722-35 ; 21131, family
papers relating to estate at Downpatrick;
21136 ff. 17, 21, 21137 ff. 9, 23, 25, 29, 89,
letters to and from Sir B. Cox, H. Gascoigne,
and others, 1693-1705 ; 21138 ff.44, 56, 58, 60,
letters to and from Lord Howth and Sir C.
Phipps ; 28880-1-2-5-9, 28890-1-2-3-4-8,
numerous letters to J. Ellis, 1696-1705; Eger-
ton MSS. 1628, Memoranda, 1659-1699 ; Eger-
ton MS. 1631, Minutes of Military Commissions
in Ireland, 1705-7.] B. D.

SOUTHWELL vert BACON, THOMAS
(1592-1637), Jesuit, son of Thomas Bacon
and Elizabeth his wife, and elder brother
of Nathanael Southwell [q. v.], was born at
Sculthorpe, near Walsingham, Norfolk, La
1592. He studied at Lynn in his native
county, and afterwards made his humanity
course in the college of the English Jesuits
at St. Omer. He was admitted a student of
the English College at Home on 10 Nov.
1610, entered the Society of Jesus in July
1613, and was professed of the four vows on
19 April 1626. For eight years he was pro-
fessor of theology in the college of his order
at Liege, and he was once vice-rector of that
college. Sir Tobie Matthew [q. v.], writing
from abroad to Francis Bacon as Viscount
St. Albans, after January 1621, said: 'The
most prodigious wit that ever I knew of any
nation and of this side of the sea is of your
lordship's name, though he be known by
another.' In all probability Matthew was
referring to Southwell. The quotation has
been tortured into an assertion that Francis
Bacon was writing works under the name
of another, who has been absurdly identified
with Shakespeare. Southwell died at Wat-
ten on 11 Dec. 1637. .

His works are: 1. ' Vindicise pro Nieolao
Smitheo/ Liege, 1631. 2. < Kegula viva seu
Analysis Fidei in Deo per Ecclesiam nos
docentis auctoritatem/ Antwerp, 1638, 4to.
De Backer's statement that this work was
translated into Flemish by Father James de
Villegas is incorrect. 8. ' Qaassfcio sexage-
sima S. Thomas de Sacramento in gaiere,
a manuscript in the library of the umversfcy
of Liege. 4 A treatise on * The First Part
of the Sum of St. Thomas Aquinas; this
was prepared for the press, but never pub-
lished.

me Backer's BibL des Ecrivains de la Comr
palnie de Jesus (1876) iii. 880, (1890) i. 755;
Pocld's Church Hist. iii. 312 ; Boras Anglo-
Bavarieus, pp. 33, 50; Fogy's Beeord^ v.520,
vi 259, 284, vii. 27 ; Oliver's Jesmt OoUeetas,
p/195 ; Southwell's BibL Scriptorum Soft, Jew,

Southwell

SOUTHWELL, THOMAS,
SOTTTHWELL (1667-1720), was the eldest son
of Eichard Southwell of Callow, by his wife
Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Murrough.
O'Brien, first earl of Inchiquin [q. T.I and
grandson of Sir Thomas Southwell of Castle
Matras, who, by patent dated 4 Aug. 1662,
in consideration of his loyal affection and
merits, was created a baronet by Cliarles II.
The first baronet outlived his only son
Richard, and, dying in May 1681, was buried
at Eathieale, co. Limerick

On succeeding to the baronetcy in 1681
Southwell took a prominent place among the
protestant gentry of Munster. The rule of
Tyrconnel during 1687-8 was in the last de-
gree distasteful to him, and he freely risked
his life to prevent a recurrence of it. When
in February 1688-9 Moyallon surrendered
to James, he set out with a party of a hun-
dred men, including his brother William,
resolved to effect a junction with Lord
Kingston at Sligo, and there to prepare a
common defence. On the way they had
several skirmishes with the enemy, who oc-
cupied the country in force, but without
much loss, until the sheriff of Galway, James
Power, by means of a number of false guides,
succeeded hi entrapping them in a narrow
pass, where they were surrounded and forced
to surrender. That night they were con-
veyed to Loughrea, and next day, 10 Mudb
1688-9, they were deHvered to tke ate^s
custody, and confined in the e«Bty co
house at Galway. The security offclieir
and persons had been pfxwsed tk»
surrender, and when put wpm ffaenr trill
before Judge Martin on 16 Jte^, fcf
prevailed upon to satail $&mmix
James's lemfcy. Hexfe iaty, fewwar,
were ail sentenced to be Imagei* <lmwii,
quartered, as gnitejr <^fe%i ferns^.
mately, after several iOTe^ HBO® tto

Jdij im>. Jn A|«I

veda conamissioi* to Ms
arrears due on crcwa luds im
OB 16 Juse 1697 be was made one of tie
four eommWb®eB8 of rweane 'm Ire

towhi^ 1** was iw«?wtod i

12 Fek 1^00 1»
• trustee i>r

fetiber

privy eoamal, «A m 9 (M.

Southwell

3°4

Southwell

In this capacity, during1 the whole of his
tenure, he did all in his power to assist in
the work of fostering and improving" the linen
industry in Ireland, which was undertaken
primarily by Samuel-Louis Crommelin [q.v.],
one of whose factories was erected at Rath-
keale; and in 1709 he encouraged a large
number of poor protestant emigrants from
the Palatinate and Suabia to settle in three vil-
lages on his estate in co. Limerick. By patent,
dated 4 Sept. 1717, he was created Baron
Southwell of Castle Mattress (Matras) in the
Irish House of Lords, Three years later, on
4 Aug. 1720, he died suddenly at Dublin, and
was buried at Rathkeale. He married, in April
1696, Meliora, eldest daughter of Thomas
Coningsby, baron of Clanbrassil (and after-
wards Earl of Coningsby) [q. v.] ; she died in
London in February 1736. Of their nume-
rous family, Thomas (1698-1766) succeeded
him as second Baron Southwell ; Henry en-
tered the army, and represented Limerick in
parliament (1735-1758) ; Robert, a naval
volunteer, was killed in a duel by Henry
Luttrell on 30 May 1724, and buried in St.
James's, Piccadilly; and Richard became
in 1742 rector of Dungory in the diocese of
Cloyne.

The first baron's younger brother, WIL-
LIAM SOTTTHWBLL (1669-1719), entered the
army under William III, obtaining a com-
mission in Colonel Hamilton's regiment of
foot, on 1 Sept. 1693; he was promoted
captain-lieutenant on 20 Aug. 1694, and,
having been severely wounded at the assault
of Terra Nova, Namur, was promoted cap-
tain on 4 Sept. 1695. He became major of
Colonel James Rivera's (6th) regiment of foot
on 5 Feb. 1702, and lieutenant-colonel on
1 Jan. 1704. He greatly distinguished him-
self in the operations which led up to the
capture of Barcelona in September 1705.
Prince George of fHesse, whose first idea
was to surprise the fortress of Monjuich '
(which dominated the town), entrusted the
command of four hundred English and Irish
grenadiers to Southwell. When this plan
had to be abandoned for an escalade, the
prince ordered him to lead the advance.
With great bravery his men climbed the
bank and charged the enemy, who retreated
after but one volley. Gallantly leading his
grenadiers under a heavy fire of musketry,
Southwell pressed on to the ditch, only to
find that the scaling ladders were too short.
Prince George having been mortally wounded
in an attempt to remedy this disaster by a
diversion, Southwell, with. Charlemont and
Prince Henry, did his utmost to revive the
drooping spirits of the besiegers. Four days
later, on 17 Sept., after a bombardment by

Michael Richards [q. v.], under which the
powder in the fortress exploded, Southwell
was the first officer to attain the breach, which
he entered sword in hand, whereupon the gar-
rison promptly surrendered, and Barcelona
was captured three weeks later. Southwell
was made temporary governor of Monjuich,.
and on 6 Feb. 1706 was promoted colonel?!
His conduct was highly praised by Marl-
borough in a letter to Peterborough dated
February 1707, He sold his regiment on
14 June 1708 to Colonel Harrison for five
thousand guineas. On 7 Nov. 1714 he was
appointed captain of the company of guards,
armed with battleaxes, appointed to attend
the lord lieutenant. Next year he was re-
turned to the Irish House of Commons for
Baltimore, which he represented until his
death, on 21 Jan. 1719. He married Lucy,
younger daughter and coheiress of William
feowen of Ballydans in Queen's County (she
died on 25 Aug. 1733), by whom he left
numerous issue.

[Lodge's Irish Peerage, 1789, vi. 18-25; In-
dictment of John Price, frith an account of the
seizing and condemnation of Sir Thomas South-
well, July 1689; Luttrell's Brief Hist. Rela-
tion, vols. i. iii. and iv. ; Lewis's Topographical
Hist, of Ireland, s.v. 'Rathkeale;' Addit. MSS.
28888 f. 310, and 28889 f. 65. For William
Southwell see Dal ton's English Army Lists, iii.
325 ; Marlborough's Despatches, ed. Murray, i.
211, ii. 426; Boyer's Anne, 1735, p. 293 ; Par-
nelFs War of Succession in Spain, pp. 128-36 ;
Eecordsofthe Sixth Foot, p. 108; Targe's Hist,
de FAvenement de la Maison de Bourbon, iv.
80, 89.] T. S.

SOWERBY, GEORGE BRETTING-
HAM the elder (1788-1854), conchologist
and artist, was second son of James Sowerby
fa. v.] and brother of James de Carle Sowerby
[q. v.j, and was born in Lambeth on 12 Aug.
1788. George was educated at home under
private tutors, and afterwards assisted his
lather in the production of illustrated works
on natural history. On thelatter's death in
1822, he carried on certain of these, and,
besides initiating others, dealt in shells and
natural history objects, his place of business
being first in King Street, Covent Garden,
from which he removed to Regent Street,
and finally to Great Russell Street. He was
elected a fellow of the Linnean Society on
5 March 1811. He died at Hanley^ Road,
Hornsey, on 26 July 1854. By his wife
Elizabeth, second daughter of Nicholas and
Mary Meredith, whom he married on 16 April
1811, he had issue George Brettingham and
Henry (see below).

Sowerby's early work was carried out in.
intimate association with his fatter and elder

Sowerby

305

Sowerby

brother, James De Carle. In this way lie con-
tributed much of the text to the * ^Mineral
Conchology/ and, with the assistance of his
brother, carried on * The Genera of Eecent

is preserved in the British Museum
History). 2. ' A Conchological Manual,7
4to, London, 1839 ; 4th edit. 1852. 3. * The-
saurus Conehyliorum/ with contributions by

and Fossil Shells/ 1820-1834? (cf. SHEB- other conchologists, completed by his son,
BOBSF, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1894, xiii. Gr. B. Sowerby, 4to, London (1842-)1847-
370). 1887. 4. ' Popular British Conchology/ &c,,

Independently he was author of; 1. *A 8vo, London, 1854. 5. s Foraminif era from

with plates inhis and Broderip's ' Species Con-
ehyliorum/ pt . i., 4to, London, 1830. 3. ' The
Yorkshire Meteorite/ s. sh., 1835. 4. ' Mol-
luscous Animals and their Shells,' in the
* Zoology of Captain Beechey's Voyage/ 4to,
1839.

Kingsley's " Glaueus/' containing coloured
illustrations of the objects mentioned/ &c.,
8vo, Cambridge, 1858. 8. 'Illustrated In-
dex of British Shells/ 4to, London, 1859 ;
2nd edit, by his son, GL B. Sowerby, 1887.
9. * Conchologia Iconica ' (begun by Lovell

He also wrote some of the text for his son's ] Augustus Reeve [q. v.]), vols. xv-xx. 4to,

1riT>r»TiAlntTTf»ol Tniiafn^i-frinna' an^ ^nPTiacsami^TO ' T.r\y>r!r\n T ft7A_J2 1H * IVf olo^/^c^T««/»o ~P/^

' and c Thesaurus
Conchyliorum/ and de_scribed the fossfl shells
in Darwin's 'Geological Observations/ he-

London, 1870-8. 10. < Malacostraca
dophthalmata Britannise/ &c. (begun by
William Elford Leach [q. v.]), Nos. xviii.

JUJ, J-JOiL YVJLLL O VAGUJLir^XUCU, Vy UDCJ. VditiUilO, JJT3~ VV I I I IJ1.I ll JUIJ.UAU. JL4CatJU.

sides some fifty papers, mainly on mollusca, xix., 4to, London, 1875.

in various scientific journals from 1812 to
1849 (see Itoyal Society's Catalogue of Scien-
tificPapers). A manuscript catalogue by him
of the shells in the East India Company's
museum is preserved in the British Museum
(Natural History). In association with T.
Bell, J. G. Children, and his own brother,
James De Carle, he conducted l The Zoologi-
cal Journal/ 2 vols. 1825-6. He attempted
to found 'The Malacologies! and Conchologi-
cal Magazine/ but only one part, 4to, London,
1838, appeared.

GEOEGE BEETTIKQHAM SOWEEBT the
younger (1812-1884), cpnchologist and artist,
eldest son of the preceding, was born in Lam-
beth on 25 March 1812. He was educated at
Harrow, and afterwards assisted his father
in his publications and his business, to which
he succeeded. He was elected a fellow of the
Linnean Society on 7 May 1844, and used
the initials * F.L.S.' affcer his name, to dis-
tinguish his work from his father's. Like
Ms father, he was an admirable delineator
of shells, but his lithographic work was less

Among other works, he illustrated:
1. Hanley's ' Illustrated . . . Catalogues of
Eecent Bivalve Shells/ 1842-56. 2. Forbes
and Haulers * History of British Mollusca/
1848-52. 3. The Rev. J. G. Wood's < Com-
mon Objects of the Country/ 1859. 4. The
same author's l Common Shells of the Sea-
shore/ 1865. 5. Jeffrey's ' British Concho-
logy/ vols. iv. and v., 1867-9. He also wrote
upwards of twenty-five papers for various
scientific journals between 1840 and 1873
(see JRoyal Sodetfa Catalogue of Scientific
Papers).

BJBHET SOWEEBT (1825-1891), second sou
of G. B. Sowerby the elder, was born in Ken-
sington on 28 March 1825. He was educated
at Bickerdike's school, Kentish Town, and
University College, Gower Street. From 1843
to 1852 he was assistant librarian to the
Linnean Society. He went out to Australia
in 1854, and became draughtsman at the
Melbourne University, and subsequently
teacher of drawing in the state schools. Dur-
ing the last twenty years of his life he de-

happy. tlian his plate engravings, which are voted himself to gold mining. He died near
beautiful productions. He died at Wood Melbourne on 15 Sept. 1891, having married,

Green on 26 July 1884, having married, on ~" ' •-*- ~

25 Dec. 1835, Margaret, daughter of the Rev.
Thomas Hitchen. By her he had a son, Mr.
George Br^ttingham Sowerby, who has com-
pleted several of his father's works.

He was the author of : 1. * The Concho-
logical Illustrations/ &c., 8vo, London
[1832-]1841. Some of the text was by the
father. The first few plates were drawn in

in April 1847, Miss Annie Faulkner. He
wrote for Reeve's popular handbooks 'Popu-
lar Mineralogy/ London, 1850, 16mo.

[Gent. Mag. 1854, ii. 406 ; Athenaeum, 1854,
p. 971 ; private information; Brit. Mus. Cat.;
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Cat.] B. B. W.

SOWERBT, JAMES (1757-1822), natu-
ralist and artist, son of John Sowerby (de-

18S2, and were to have been issued with text : scendant of an old border family through
by John Edward Gray [q.v.], but the scheme the Yorkshire branch) and Arabella, his
fell through; a portion of this cancelled text , wife, was born in London on 21 March 1757.

TOL, LUC. "S

Sowerby

306

Sowerby

He became a student at the Royal Academy,
and was an articled pupil of Richard Wright

El. v.], the marine painter. In his early years
e was a teacher of drawing and a portrait-
painter. The practice of flower-painting, a
subject much taught at that time, led him
to the study of botany, and his skill and
accuracy soon attracted the attention of
botanists. In 1787 he was employed by W.
Curtis to execute some plates for the ' Bota-
nical Magazine/ and in the following year
he published his first work, ' An easy Intro-
duction to drawing Flowers according to
Nature' (obi. fol. London, 1788), of which a
second edition, under the title ' A Botanical
Drawing-Book,' appeared in 1791.

In 1790 the first volume of his great work,
' English Botany,' was issued. The work
was finished in 1814 in thirty-six volumes,
and comprised 2592 colouredplates. For these
Sir James Edward Smith wrote the descrip-
tive text (except that for plates 16, 17, 18,
which was by Dr. G. Shaw), but Smith did
not allow his name to appear till vol. iv,
was printed. A supplement in four volumes
by Sir W. J. Hooker, with illustrations by
James's son, James De Carle Sowerby [q. v.j,
and others, was issued between 1831 and 1849.
A smaller edition in twelve volumes, in which
the descriptions are abridged, was brought
out between 1831 and 1846 by Charles Ed-
ward Sowerby [see under SOWEKBY, JOHHT
EDWABD], vols. iii. to xii. being edited by
Charles Johnson (1791-1880) [q. v.], while
a so-called third edition, under the editor-
ship of J. T. Boswell Syme, appeared be-
tween 1863 and 1886 ; but, the whole of the
text being rewritten and many of the plates
redrawn, it is usually reckoned a distinct
work.

The companion work, l Coloured Figures
of English Fungi' (4to, London), was begun
in 1797, and the last of the 440 plates finished
in 1815. The text of this work was by
Sowerby himself, and in connection with its
production he made the series of more than
two^ hundred models of British fungi, now
exhibited in the British Museum (Natural
History).

Sowerby's attention was next given to zoo-
logical subjects, to mineralogy, and to fossil
shells, and in all these branches of science he
produced works renowned for the care and
fidelity of their illustrations. The record of
his busy life is best gathered from the list of
his works, He was elected an associate of
the Linneaii Society in 1788, and a fellow
on 16 April 1793. He was also a member
of the Geological Society from 1807. He died
at his residence in Lambeth on 25 Oct. 1822.
By his wife, Anne, daughter of Kobert Bret-

tingham De Carle, the descendant of a
Huguenot family settled in Norwich,
Sowerby left issue; his sons, James De Carle
and George Brettingham, are separately
noticed. A third son, Charles Edward, was
father of John Edward Sowerby [q. v.]

In addition to the works already named
Sowerby was author of: 1. i Flora luxurious ;
or the Florists' Delight,' 3 Nos. fol. London
[1789-] 1791. 2. < British Mineralogy; or
coloured figures ... to elucidate the Mine-
ralogy of Great Britain/ 5 vols. (550 plates
coloured, with descriptive letterpress) 8vo,
London [1803 ?-], 1804-17. 3. ' The British
Miscellany; or coloured figures of. . .ani-
mal subjects/ &c. (twelve pts., seventy-six
plates, coloured, with descriptive letterpress),
2 vols. 4to, London, 1804-6. 4. < Part I
(-III) . . . of a Description of Models to ex-
plain Crystallography, &c., 12mo, London,
1805. 5. 'A New Elucidation of Colours,
£c., 4to, London, 1809. 6. < Exotic Mine-
ralogy; or Coloured Figures of Foreign Mine-
rals/ £c. 2 vols. (169 plates, coloured, with
descriptive letterpress), 8vo, London, 1811-
1817. 7. ' The Mineral Conchology of Great
Britain; or coloured Figures. . . of . . .Shells
which have been preserved ... in the Earth'
(continued by J. De 0. Sowerby 7 vols. (648
plates, coloured, with descriptive text), 8vo,
London, 1812-46. The principal part of the
text was written by his two sons, James
De Carle and George Brettingham (primus)
(Mag. Nat. Hist, new ser. (1839), iii. 418).
A pirated French edition was begun by Pro-
fessor Louis Agassiz in 1839, and finished
by Desor in 1845, 609 plates of the original
being compressed into 395 of the translation.
Desor also published a German translation
(based on the French one) between 1842
and 1844. 8. ' A List of Minerals, with
Latin and English Names/ &c., 8vo; London,
1819. 9. 'A List of Hocks and Strata/ &c.,
8vo, London, 1819. 10. <The Genera of
Recent and Fossil Shells . . . continued by
G. B. Sowerby/ 2 vols. (42 numbers, 264
plates, coloured, with descriptive letterpress)
8vo, London, 1820-34 ? The text to this was
probably also entirely the work of the two
sons.

The following are of uncertain date : 11, < A
Short Catalogue of British Minerals' . . . pt.
i. combustibles and earths. 12, ' Passiflora
quadrangularis/ coloured plate. 13. 'The
three British Meteorolites/ coloured plate,
14. 'The Highgate Fossil, Nautilus impe-
rialis,' coloured plate. 15. ' Blue Topaz/
two coloured plates, with description,

He also executed plates for the following,
among other works: 1. Alton's 'Hortus
Kewensis/ 1789, of which, the original draw-

Sowerby

307

Sowerby

ings for plates 1-12 are in the British
Museum (Natural History). 2. Dickson's
' Fasciculus Plantarum Cryptogamicarum
Britanniae/ fasc. 2-4, 1790-1801. The ori-
ginal drawings are preserved in the British
Museum (Natural History), 3. Shaw's ( Spe-
culum Linneanum,' 1790. 4, Sir J. E.
Smith's ' Icones pictse plantarum rariorum,'
1790-3. 5. The same author's 'Specimen
of the Botany of New Holland/ 1793.
3. Shaw's ' Zoology of New Holland/ 1794
7. Sir J. E. Smith's ' Exotic Botany,' 2 vols.
1804r-5. 8. Many plates in the ' Flora Grseca
Sibthorpiana/ 1806, &c. 9. Leach's ' Mala-
costraca Podophthalmata/ pts. 1-17, 1815-
1820. 10. Purton's 'Botanical Description of
. . .the Midland Counties/ vols. i. andii. 1817
(eight plates taken from < English Botany').
An engraved portrait by J. C. Edwards,
from a painting by T. Heaphy, appeared in
the 'Mineral Gonchology.' The botanical
genus Sowerb&a was named in his honour
by Sir J. E. Smith; and the species of
Cetacea, Mesoplodon bidens^ first described
in his * British Miscellany/ was called
* Sowerbiensis ' after him in 1817, and is
still distinguished as 'Sowerby's "Whale'
{IA*t of Specimens of Cetacea in British
Museum, 1885, p. 11).

[Gent. Mag. 1822, ii. 568; Cottage Garden-
ing, v. 29 ; private information.] B. B. W.

SOWEKBY, JAMES DE CAHLE (1787-
1871), naturalist and artist, the eldest son
of James Sowerby [q. vj, was born at Stoke
Newington on 5 June 1787. George Bret-
tingham Sowerby [q. v.] was his brother. He
was educated privately, andas a boy delighted
•especially in experimental and analytical che-
mistry. He was a friend and companion of
Faraday, and studied with him, under Sir
Humphry Davy. He is said at an early
-age to have proposed, Independently of Ber-
jzelius, tKrf classification of minerals accord-
ing to their chemical composition, and he
supplied analyses of many of the minerals
described in his father's two mineralogical
works. He also assisted his father in the
•execution of plates, but his name did not
appear on any till after the latter's death in
1822. His earliest production appears to
have been the illustrations for Dawson Tur-
ner's ' Muscologies Hibernica Spicilegium'
•(1804), the original drawings for which
fdated 1803) are in the British Museum
{Natural History). He also studied con-
chology, especially fossil forms, and before
he was twenty had arranged the collections
of the Marchioness of Bath, Miss Godrington,
and other amateurs.

In 1838 he joined his cousin Philip Barnes t

and others in founding the Royal Botanic
Society and Gardens, Regent's Park, of which
he was at the same time elected secretary.
He resided at the society's gar dens in Regenf?s
Park for thirty years, and held the post, in
which he has been succeeded by his son and
grandson, till his retirement in 1869. In
1840 the council of the Geological Society
awarded him the * Wollaston Fund' to aid
him in carrying on his researches in fossil
conchology. In 1846 he was appointed cura-
tor of the same society's museum, but had
shortly after to resign on account of the in-
crease in his other work. He died in London
on 26 Aug. 1871. He was elected a fellow
of the Linnean Society on 18 Feb. 1823, and
was an original member of the Zoological
Society, founded in 1826. By his wife, Mary
Ann Edwards, whom he married on 25 Sept.
1813, he was father of James Sowerby (1815-
1834), who wrote * The Mushroom and Cham-
pignon illustrated . . . and distinguished from
the poisonous Fungi that resemble them,' 4to,
London, 1832.

Sowerby's botanical plates are considered
by some not equal to those by his father, but
his conchological ones leave nothing to be
desired, while the fidelity and accuracy dis-
played in all is remarkable. While, how-
ever, always busy, working with or for others,
he produced little on his sole responsibility.

He was author of some ten zoological and
palseontological papers, contributed to various
scientific periodicals between 1825 and 1852.
He executed plates and wrote descriptions for
' The Genera of recent and Fossil Shells/ begun
by his father, 1820-34?; and continued and
illustrated his father's 'Mineral Conchology,'
to which he had from the first contributed
a great deal of the text. With T. Bell, J. G.
Children, and his brother, G. B. Sowerby, he
conducted * The Zoological Journal/ 2 vols.
1825-6, and supplied most of the plates
and some of the text (in vols. i. and ii.) of
the Supplement to 'English Botany/ 4 vols.
1831-49. His original drawings for this are
preserved in the British Museum (Natural
History). In association with Edward Lear
[q. v.] he drew plates for T. Bell's unfinished
'Monograph of the Testudinata/ 1836-42;
only two-thirds of the plates appeared in that
edition, but the whole sixty were issued in
1872, accompanied with text by John Edward
Gray [q. v.l He also arranged, named, and.
described fossil shells for Adam Sedgwick,
Sir R. I. Murchison, Dr, Buckland, Dr. Fit-
ton, F. Dixon, and Colonel W. H. Sykes, his
notes and figures being incorporated by those
authors in their own works; and prepared
illustrations, among many other works, for :
* Flora Grseca Sibthorpiana' (1806-40) j Lou-

x2

Sowerby

308

Soyer

don's < Encyclopaedia of Plants/ 1829; Hal-
sted's < Little Botanist,' 1835; and the first
six plates of Salter and Blanford's 'Palaeonto-
logy of Niti7 (1865), a unique set of which
is in the British Museum (Natural History),
photographic copies alone appearing with the
work itself, It was apparently in his honour
that A. D, D'Orbigny named the molluscan
genus Sowerbya.

[Proc. Linn. Soc. 1871-2, p. bodx; Geol.
Mag. 1871, p. 478; Lancet, 23 Sept. 1871, p.
451 j information kindly supplied "by J. B.
Sowerby, sec. Royal Botanic Soc. ; Brit. Mus.
Cat; Brit. Museum (Nat. Hist) Cat.; Boyal
Soc. Cat.] B. B. W.

SOWERBY, JOHN EDWARD (1825-
1870), botanical draughtsman, born in Lam-
beth on 17 Jan. 1825, was eldest son, by his
wife Judith, daughter of John Hindsley, of
Charles Edward Sowerby (1795-1842), an
associate of the Linnean Society, who brought
out the smaller (second) edition of ' English
Botany J by his father, James Sowerby [q. v.]
John inherited a taste for botanical draw-
ing, and in 1841 produced his first work —
the plates for his father Charles Edward
Sowerby's ' Illustrated Catalogue of British
Plants.' His life was thenceforth mainly
spent in illustrating botanical works, in col-
laboration with Charles Johnson (1791-1 880)
[q.vj, and Charles Pierpoint Johnson, who
contributed the text. His only independent
work was 'An Illustrated Key to the Na-
tural Orders of British Wild Flowers/ 8vo,
London, 1865. He died on 28 Jan. 1870 at
Lavender Hill, Olapham. He married on
10 Feb. 1853 Elizabeth, youngest daughter
of Roger and Ann Dewhurst of Preston,
Lancashire. She survived him, and, in recog-
nition of the scientific value of his work,
was granted a civil list pension.

The chief works that Sowerby illustrated
were: 1. 'The Ferns of Great 'Britain . . .
Descriptions . . . by C. Johnson,7 8vo, Lon-
don, 1855. 2. ( The Fern Allies [a supple-
ment to the preceding] . . . Descriptions . . .
by C, Johnson,' 8vo, London, 1856. 3. 'British
Poisonous Plants/ by C. Johnson Xthe twenty-
eight plates were copies from * English Bo-
tany 0, 8vo, London, 1856. 4. ' The Grasses
of Great Britain . , . Described ... by C.
Johnson/ 8vo, London, 1857-61. 5. '"Wild
Flowers worth Notice, ' by Mrs, Lankester,
8vo, London, 1861 ; another edit. 1871. 6.
'British Wild Flowers. . .Described. . .by
C. P. Johnson/ 8vo, London, 1858-60 ; an-
other edit, in 1863, 7. < The Useful Plants
of Great Britain. . .Described. . .byC. P.
Johnson/ 8vo, London, 1861 [-62]. 8. ( Eng-
lish Botany/ 3rd edit, and supplement, 8vo,

London, 1863-1886. 9. ' Rust, Smut, Mil-
dew, and Mould ... by M. C. Cooke/ 8vo,,
London, 1865 ; another edit. 1878.

[Information kindly supplied by his son, E. H.
Sowerby; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Brit. Mus. (Nat.
Hist.) Cat.] B. B. W.

S003R, ALEXIS BENOlT (1809-
1858), cook, youngest son of a small shop-
keeper, was born at Meaux-en-Brie on the
Marne, France, in October 1809. At the
age of nine he became a chorister in the
cathedral church of Meaux. From 1821 till
1826 he served as apprentice to a cook at
Grignon, near Versailles. In the latter year
he was engaged by the well-known re-
staurateur, M. Douix of the Boulevard des-
Italiens, where he remained above three years.
He was soon chief cook, with twelve men
under his charge. In June 1830 he wa&
second cook to Prince PoHgnac at the foreign
office, but the revolution in July caused him
to leave France, and in 1831 he joined a
brother in the kitchen of the Duke of Cam-
bridge in London. Subsequently he was a
cook to the Duke of Sutherland, to the
Marquis of Waterford, to William Lloyd of
Aston Hall, Oswestry, and to the Marquis
of Ailsa at Isleworth. In 1837 he was ap-
pointed chef to the Reform Club, London,,
then temporarily established at 104 Pall
Mall. On the day of her maj esty ?s coronation,
28 June 1838, he prepared a breakfast for
two thousand guests at Gwydyr House,
whither the club had removed during the
erection of the present clubhouse (1838-41).
One of Soyer's best remembered dinners
there was that given to Ibrahim Pasha on
3 July 1846, when covers were laid for 150
persons (cf. CUNNINGHAM and WHEATLEY^
London Past and Present, iii. 158).

In February 1847 Soyer turned his atten-
tion to the famine in Ireland, on which he
wrote various letters to the public press.
In April he received an appointment from
the government to proceed to Ireland, where,
on the Royal Barracks Esplanade, Dublin,
he erected and conducted with the greatest
economy kitchens, from which he issued
rations of soup and meat at half the usual
expense. He was for his services entertained
at a dinner at the Freemasons' Hall, College
Green, and at another banquet at the Lon-
don Tavern on his return to England. While
in Ireland he published a sixpenny book,
'Soyer's Charitable Cookery, or The Poor
Man's Regenerator/ part of the proceeds of
which he gave away in charity.

In 1849 he brought out Soyer's magie
stove, a small kitchener, with which food
could be cooked on the table. At his office,

Soyer

309

Soyer

15 Charing Cross, lie every day exhibited
before aristocratic crowds Ms dexterity in
•dressing food with this stove, which had a
large sale. In May 1850 he resigned Ms
situation as chef at the Beform Club, where
Ms salary and the fees he received from im-
provers brought him in almost 1,000/. a year.
In May 1851 he opened Gore House, Ken-
sington, the late residence of the Countess
of Blessington, as a restaurant, hoping that
the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park would
bring him numerous customers. The place
was well patronised, but resulted in a loss
of7,OOOZ.

On 2 Feb. 1855 he wrote a letter to the
'Times' offering to proceed toEastem Europe
at Ms own cost to advise on the cooking tor
the army engaged in the Crimean war. The
government accepted his services. He com-
menced Ms duties by revising the dietaries
of the hospitals at Scutari and Constanti-
nople. In two visits to Balaclava he, in con-
junction with Miss Nightingale and the
medical staff, reorganised the victualling of
the hospitals, in addition to undertaking the
•cooking for the fourth division of the army.
On 3 May 1857 he returned to London, and
on 18 March 1858 he lectured at the United
Service Institution on cooking for the army
and navy. His cooking wagon for the army
was soon adopted in the public service.
He next reformed the dietary of the govern-
ment emigration commissioners and of the
•military hospitals, and erected a model kitchen
at the Wellington Barracks, London.

He died at 15 Marlborough Hill, St. John's
Wood, London, on 5 Aug. 1858, and was
buried in Kensal Green cemetery on 11 Aug.
His wife, Elizabeth Emma Soyer, is sepa-
rately noticed. His personalty was sworn
under 1,500Z. The French cook, M. Miro-
bolant, in Thackeray's ' History of Penden-
nis' (1849 edit. pp. 230, &c.), is said to be a
sketch of Soyer.

Soyer wrote many books on the culinary
art. Of Ms t Gastronomic Regenerator, a
simplified and new system of Cookery ? (1846),
two thousand copies at a guinea each were
sold. It contained plans and drawings of
kitchens, from the matchless establishment
of the Eeform Club to a cottage cooking-
place. In 1849 he brought out * The Modern
Housewife or Menagere/ and in 1853 a * His-
tory of Food in all Ages,' under the title of
'The Pantropheon.' The latter is a care-
ful and laborious compilation, containing
three thousand references to various authors.
His* other publications were : 1. ' A SMI-
ling Cookery Book for the People,' 1855.
2. * Soyer's Culinary Campaign, with the plain
Art of Cookery for Military and Civil Insti-

tutions,' 1857. 3. < Instructions for Military
Hospitals : the Receipts by A. Soyer/ 1860.

[Volant and Warren's Memoirs of A. Soyer,
1858, with portrait ; Fagan's Reform Club, 1887,
pp. 64-9, 77-9, with portrait ; Sala's Things I
have seen, 1894, i. 12-17, 101,iu 240-9 ; Punch,
9 Jan. 1847, p. 14; Harper's Mag. Feb. 1858,
pp. 325-34, -with portrait; Illustrated News of
the World, 1855, ii. 140 ; Morning Chron. 6 Aug.
1858, p. 5, 9 Aug. p. 5, 12 Aug. p. 5 ; Times,
6 Aug. 1858, p. 8. See also Camp Cookery by
Alicksus Sawder in Yates and Brough's Our
Miscellany, 1857, pp. 135-40.] G. 0. B.

SOYEB, ELIZABETH EMMA (1813-
1842), painter, daughter of a Mr. Jones who
died in 1818, was born in London in 1813,
and was carefully instructed in French,
Italian, and music. At a very early age she
became a pupil of F. Simoneau the painter,
who in 1820 married her mother, Mrs. Jones.
Finding that Em -ma had talents for drawing,
Simoneau ultimately devoted the whole of
his time to her instruction, and before the
age of twelve she had drawn more than a
hundred portraits from life with surprising
fidelity.

On 12 April 1837 she married Alexis
Benoit Soyer [c[. v.] the cook. She now
turned her attention to portraits in oil, and,
with her master, travelled in the provinces
and gained great popularity, upon her
return to London she produced t The Blind
Boy/ 'The Crossing Sweeper/ 'The Bava-
rians/ ' Taglioni and the Kentish Ceres.' In
1842 she completed her last work, ' The Two
Organ Boys/ On 29-50 Aug. 1842 she
was prematurely confined owing to fright
produced by a terrible thunderstorm, and
she died the same night at her residence near
Charing Cross, London. She was buried at
Kensal Green on 8 Sept., where her husband
erected a sumptuous monument to her
memory.

Between 1823 and 1843 fourteen of her
pictures were exhibited at the Koyal Aca-
demy, thirty-eight at the British Institution,
and fourteen at the Suffolk Street Gallery
(GEAYES, Dictionary of Artists, pp. 130,
221).

In June 1848 one hundred and forty of
her works were exhibited at the Prince of
"Wales's bazaar, under the name of Beyer's
Philanthropic Gallery, on behalf of the Spital-
fields soup Mtchen, and a catalogue was
printed. Among these pictures was? * The
Young Savoyards Besting/ a work which ob-
tained for Madame Soyer the name of the
1 English Murillo.' - Two of her pieces, ' The
Jew Lemon Boysr and < The English Ceres/
were engraved by Gerard. In Paris, where
many of her pictures were exhibited, her re*

Spalding

310

Spalding

putation stood higher than in her native
country.

[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878, p. 241 ;
Volant and Warren's Memoirs of A. Soyer, 1858,
pp. 10, 27, 36, 81,128, 136, 166, 276; Grinsted's
Last Homes of Departed Genius, 1867, p. 291 ;
Dodd's Annual Biography, 1843, p. 447 ; Gent.
Map. 1842,ii.441; Morning Post, 2 Sept. 1842,
p. 4.1 G.C. B.

SPALDING, JOHN (JL 1650), Scottish
historian, was possibly a native of Aberdeen.
The name was uncommon there in the six-
teenth and seventeenth centuries, but the
registers for New Aberdeen record the mar-
riage of ' Alexander Spalding and Cristine
Hervie ' (i.e. Herries) on 7 Feb. 1608. John
Spalding became a lawyer, and resided in
the ' Old town/ Aberdeen. For many years
he acted as clerk to the consistorial court for
the diocese; and his office, the records of
which were burnt in 1721, was within the
precincts of the old cathedral of St. Machar.
The latest trace of him occurs in a notarial
document in his own handwriting, dated
30 Jan. 1663, whereby David, bishop of Aber-
deen, acknowledges to have received from
Robert Forbes of Glastermuir 25Z. 7s. 4<#. as
feu duty for these lands from Martinmas to
"Whitsun 1661 and 1662.

Spalding was the author of a valuable
annalistic 'History of the Troubles and Me-
morable Transactions in Scotland ' between
1624 and 1645. This is a simple narrative of
current events, interspersed with copies of
documents which no doubt came intoSpald-
ing's hands in his official capacity. The work
was left incomplete. It begins and ends
abruptly, commencing- with a feud between
the Earl of Moray and the clan Chattan, and
ending with Sir John Hurry's junction with
General Baillie. Spalding wrote as a shrewd,
well-informed, conscientious, yet in the eccle-
siastical sense no bigoted, royalist. Charles I
he held in the highest veneration. The
parliamentarian regime jarred harshly on his
conservative instincts, and he deplored many
outrages on the fabric of the cathedral of
Aberdeen and the prohibition of merrymaking
on Christmas day.

Spaldinafs ' History ' was first published in
Aberdeen* (2 vols. 8vo, 1792) ; it was re-
edited for the Bannatyne Club by William
Forbes Skene [q. v.] (ito, 1829), and again
by Dr. John Stuart for the Spalding Club
(4to, 1850).

In 1839 an, antiquarian publishing society,
founded at Aberdeen, was named after the
historian the Spalding Club. The latest pub-
lication is dated 1871. The New Spalding
Club, with like objects, was founded at
Aberdeen in 1886.

[Pref. by Dr. Stuarfc to Spalding Club edit, of
Spalding's History; Par. Beg. New Aberdeen.] »

W.G-.

SPALDING, SAMUEL (1807-1843),
writer on moral philosophy, born in London
on 30 May 1807, was son of Thomas Spald-
ing and his wife Ann. The father was the
founder of the firm of Spalding & Hodge,
wholesale stationers, in Drury Lane, and
Samuel became a partner in it. Subsequently
he studied for the congregational ministry
at Coward College, and graduated B.A. in
1839 and MA. in May 1840, with especial
distinction in mental and moral science, at
the London University. Invalided by ex-
cessive study, he sought to recruit his health,
first in Italy, and then by a voyage to the
Cape of Good Hope, where he died on 14 Jan.
1843 (Gent Mag. 1843, i. 657). His only
work, ' The Philosophy of Christian Morals/
published posthumously in London, 1843,
ovo, is an essay more or less ingenious, but
by no means original, being, indeed, merely
a development of the eclectic theory of Sir
James Mackintosh [q. v.]

[The Philosophy of Christian Morals (Intro-
duction) ; Chambers's Book of Days, i. 701 ;
Cal. Univ.London, 1844, p, 68 ; British Quarterly
Review, i. 323 j Eclectic Beview, 4th ser. xvii.
59 et seq.; Congr. Mag. new ser. viii. 601;
Scottish Congr. Mag. new ser. iv. 53 ; Blakey's
Hist, of the Philosophy of Mind, iv. 97 ; Athe-
naeum, 1843, p. 1090; English Cyclopedia.]

J. M. B.

SPALDING, WILLIAM (1809-1859),
author, son of James Spalding, advocate, of
Aberdeen, by his wife Prances Kead, was
born in Aberdeen on 22 May 1809, and
graduated MA. at Marischal College in
1827. He was afterwards writer to the
signet for some years in Edinburgh, where
he passed advocate in 1833. In the same year
he published a notable 'Letter on Shake-
speare's Authorship of the two Noble Kins-
men, a Drama commonly ascribed to John
Fletcher/ Edinburgh, 8vo, of which a reprint
was issued by the New Shakspere Society
in 1876. He had made an exhaustive study
of the Shakespearean and Elizabethan drama,
and to the ( Edinburgh Review ' he contributed
articles on ' Shakespearean Literature,' July
1840 ; Hallam's 'Literature of Europe/ Octo-
ber 1840 ; on Beaumont and Fletcher, April
1841 and July 1847; editions of Shakespeare,
April 1845 ; and ' Shakespeare's Critics/
July 1849. Through the interest of Jeffrey
he was elected on 2 Nov. 1840 to the chair
of rhetoric and belles-lettres in the university
of Edinburgh, which he exchanged in 1845
for that of logic, rhetoric, and metaphysics
at St. Andrews. The latter he held until

Spark 31

his death, 16 Nov. 1859. By his wife Agnes,
born Frier (married 22 March 1838), he left
a daughter Mary.

In early life Spalding travelled in Italy
(cf. Blackwood's Magazine, November 1835),
of the history of which country he contri-
buted to the 'Edinburgh Cabinet Library'
an admirable compendium, entitled 'Italy
and the Italian Islands/ 1841,3 vols. 12mo;
New York, 1843, 3 vols. No less meri-
torious was his i History of English Lite-
rature, with an Outline of the Origin and
Growth of the English Language, Edin-
burgh, 1853, 8vo ; 13th edit. 1875 ; new edit,
continued to 1876, 1877; G-erman trans-
lations, Halle and Breslau, 1854, To the
'Penny Cyclopaedia' Supplements, 1846 and
1858, Spalding contributed biographical
memoirs \ to the ' Encyclopaedia Bntannica'
(7th and 8th edits.) the articles on Addison,
Bacon, Demosthenes, fable, fallacy, logic,
rhetoric, Sir Walter Scott, slavery, and
Tasso. A reprint of the article on logic, en-
titled * An Introduction to Logical Science/
appeared in 1857, Edinburgh, 8vo, and that
on rhetoric in a volume of contributions by
George Moir [q. v.]

[Life by John Hill Burton, LL.D., prefixed to
the New Shakspere Society's reprint of the Letter
above mentioned ; Information from the librarian
of the University of Aberdeen ; Gent. IMag. 1860,
i, 191 ; Scotsman, 19 Nov. 1859 ; living's Book of
Scotsmen; Allibone's Dictionary of English
Literature,] J. M. R.

SPABK, THOMAS, D.D. (1655-1692),
classical scholar, born in 1655, was son of
Archibald Spark, minister of Northop, Flint-
shire. He was admitted into Westminster
school in 1668, and was elected in 1672 to a
scholarship at Christ Church, Oxford, where
he graduated BA.in 1676 and MA. in 1679.
He became chaplain to Sir George (after-
wards Lord) Jeffreys [q. v.], to whom he owed
his advancement in the church. On 18 Nov.
1682 he delivered the oration on Sir Thomas
Bodley, being the first person nominated to
a benefaction left for that purpose by Dr. John
Morris (1594-1648), canon of Christ Church
(WALKBE, Letters written by Eminent
Persons, ii. 112). He was admitted to the
prebend of Offley in the church of Lichfield,
9 April 1686. He graduated B.D. 18 Feb.
1687-8, and was created D.D. 8 July 1691.
He was instituted to the rectory of Ewhurst,
Surrey, 1 March 1687-8, and he also obtained
the rectory of Hog's Norton, Leicestershire.
On 2 June 1688 he was admitted to a pre-
bend in the church of Rochester. He died
on 7 Sept. 1692 at Bath, whither he had gone
to drink the waters, and was buried in the

Sparke

abbey church. Wood, while characterising
him as a learned man, says he was * confident
and forward without measure/ and given to
4 excesses and too much agitation in obtain-
ing spiritualities/

His works are: 1. 'Zosimi Comitis et
Ex-advocati Fisci Histories novas libri sex,
notis illustrati/ Greek and Latin, Oxford,
1679, 8vo ; dedicated to his former master,
Dr. RichardBusby [q.v.] An English transla-
lation appeared in London, 1684, 8vo. 2. * Lucii
Coelii Lactantii Firmiani Opera quae extant,
ad fidem MSS. recognita et Commentario
iilustrata/ Oxford, 1684, 8vo.

He was also the author of two sets of
Latin verses in the *Husse Anglicanse* —
one on the recasting of the ' Great Tom J of
Christ Church — and he contributed to the
collection of poems, published at Oxford in
1685, on the death of Charles H.

[BriiggemaBnTs Engl. Editions of Greek and
Latin Authors, pp. 435, 733 ;• Foster's Alumni
Oxon. 1500-1714, iv. 1394 ; Hearne's Eemarks
and Collections, ii, 71; Le Neve's Fasti, ed.
Hardy, i. 617, ii 582; Manning and Bray's
Surrey, i. 504 ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. iv.
151 , 215 ; Welch's Alumni Westmon. ed. Philli-
more, pp. 164, 165, 172; "Willis's Cathedral
Surveys, ii. 454 ; "Wood's Life, ed. Bliss, p. 96;
Wood's Athense Oxon. iv. 368, andPasti, ii, 353,
369, 401.] T. 0.

SPARKE, EDWARD (d. 1692), divine,
a native of Kent, -was educated at Clare Hall,
Cambridge,graduating B.A. 1630,MA. 1633,
and BD. 1640. He was incorporated at Ox-
ford on 12 July 1653 (WOOD, Fasti Qstxm* i.
178-9). He was presented to the rectory of St.
Martin, Ironmonger Lane, London, 28 Sept.
1639, but was ejected from his living and his
church sequestered about 1645, In 1650 he
was vicar of Isle of Grain, Kent. At the
Restoration he regained his rectory, but re-
signed it before 5 June 1661. He became
minister of St. James's, Clerkenwell, resigned
it in 1665, and on 23 Jan. 1665-6 was insti-
tuted to the vicarage of Tottenham. He was
also vicar of Walthamstow, December 1662
to May 1666, and was chaplain to Charles IL
He died in 1692. Sparke wrote : ' Scintillula
Altaris, or a Pious Reflection on Primitive
Devotion : as to the Feasts and Pasts of the
Christian Church orthodoxally Revived *
(London, 1652, 8vo). The second edition,
published in 1660, was entitled * evo-ioor^/Mw
vel scintilla altaris/ The book was long
held in great esteem, and six editions ap-
peared between 1663 and 1700. The later
editions contain an engraved portrait. He
also edited Shute's * Sarah and Hagar/ 1649,
and, according to Walker, wrote much.
besides.

Sparke

312

Sparke

[Walker's Sufferings of Clergy, ii. 175 ; New-
court's Bepert. i. 412, 755, ii. 637; Foster's
Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Hasted's Hist, of
Kent, ii. 93.] W. A. S.

SPARKE or SPARKES, JOSEPH
(1683-1740), antiquary, born in 1683, was
son of John Sparke or Sparkes of Peter-
borough. Having been educated in his native
city under a Mr. Warren, he was admitted
a pensioner at St. John's College, Cambridge,
on 11 July 1699, and graduated B. A. in 1704.
Returning to Peterborough, he became re-
gistrar of the cathedral He devoted much
time to antiquarian studies, In 1719, in a
letter of Maurice Johnson [q. v.] to Dr.
Stukeley, he is mentioned as having lately
arranged on a new method Lord Cardigan's
library at Dean in Northamptonshire. He
was also entrusted with the care of White
Kennett's valuable collection of early his-
torical and theological documents now in the
cathedral library, which he was to supply
daily and augment. Kennett's biographer
describes Sparke as ' of very good literature
and very able to assist in that good design'
(NEWTON, Life ofKennett, 1730, p. 149). To-
gether with his friend Timothy N eve (1694-
1757) [q. v.], Sparke was the founder of the
Gentleman's Society of Peterborough, and
prevailed on Bishop Clavering to allow it to
meet in ' a room over the Saxon gate-house '
(BsnroTsr, Peterborough Cathedral, pp. 46-7).
In October 1722 he had become a member of
the well-known society at Spalding, on which
it was modelled. In 1723 he edited two
folio volumes entitled 'Histories Anglicanse
Scriptores varii. e codicibus manuscriptis,' of
which both large and small paper editions
were published. They contained the ' Chro-
nicon Anglise Petriburgense' attributed to
John, abbot of Peterborough (fl. 1380) [q. y.]
This was printed by Sparke from a transcript
furnished to him by John Bridges of Lin-
coln's Inn, and, not having been collated
with the original (now among the Cotton.
MSS. in the British Museum), contains errors.
It was re-edited in 1845 for the Caxton So-
ciety by Dr. J. A. Giles, and in 1849 for the
Camden Society by Thomas Stapleton (1 805-
1849) [<j. v.] The 'Historic Anglicans Scrip-
tores ' included also Fitzstephen's 'Life of
St. Thomas Becket/ the ' History of Peter-

Peterborough Cathedral, where there is a
monument to him in the retro-choir. His wife
Rebecca died on 27 March 1747, aged 56.

[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 185, 255-7, ii. 4, 49,
113, viii. 576-7; Dr. Giles's Pref. to Curon.
Petrib-urgense, 1845; Notes and Queries, 3rd
ser. iii. 367, where Nichols's misprint of date of
death is pointed out.] Or. LE G-. N.

SPARKE, THOMAS (1548-1616), divine,
was born in 1548 at South Somercote, Lin-
colnshire. He was elected to a demyship at
Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1567, and was
fellow from 1569 to 1572. He graduated
B.A. in October 1570, M.A. in June 1574,
B.D. in July 1575, and D.D. on 1 July 1581,
' being then in great esteem for his learning.'
Having taken holy orders, he became chaplain
to Cooper, bishop of Lincoln, by whom he
was collated archdeacon of Stow on 1 March
1575. By the favour of Arthur Grey, four-
teenth lord Grey de Wilton [q. v.], 'he was
presented also to the rectory of Bletchley,
Buckinghamshire, where he was instituted
on 2 Sept. 1578. The rectory and arch-
deaconry being at some distance from each
other, Sparke resigned the latter 'out of
conscience' sake ' in 1582, On 26 Sept. of
the same year he was installed prebendary
of Lincoln.

Together with Walter Travers [q. v,],
Sparke represented the puritans in a con-
ference held at Lambeth in December 1584
with Archbishop Whitgift and the bishop^ of
Winch ester, Leicester and Walsingham being
present. They protested against the reading
of the apocryphal scriptures in churches,
against private and lay baptism, the use of
the sign of the cross, the celebration of private
communions, and the allowance of plurality
and non-residence. Neither party was satis-
fied, but * the noblemen requested some favour
for the ministers,' who, however, were not,
although Stryne says the contrary in his
'Life of Whitgift,' 'convinced and confirmecF

. On 14 Sept. 1585 Sparke preached
at Chenies, Buckinghamshire, a funeral ser-
mon on Francis Russell, second earl of Bed-
ford. It was published and reissued in cor-
rected form in 1594. He also preached at
the funeral of his patron, lord Grey de Wilton,
on 22 Nov. 1593, at Whaddon, Buckingham-
borough Abbey' by Hugo Albus, Heming- shire. In 1591 he published an'Answere
tod's 'Jfita Eduardr/ and the chronicles of to Mr. John de Albine's [i.e. J. D'Albin de

Valsergues] notable Discourse against Here-
sies,' in which his opponent's complete text
is inserted and answered chapter by chapter.
He was summoned by James I to the
Hampton Court conference in 1603 a&

Ralph Ooggeshall, Benedict of Peterborough,
and others. Another volume contemplated
by Sparke was to contain Whittleseye's
i Hereward of Peterborough/ In 1772 Gough
purchased for Michael Tyson [q . v.] ' Sparke's
Peterborough MonHsh Historians.' Sparke
died on 20 July 1740, and was buried in

great nonconformist and a pillar of puri-
tanism.' Wood says that he appeared at it

Sparke

313

Sparrow

4 not in a priest's gown or canonical coat,
but such, that Turkey merchants wear,' hut
4 spoke not one word.' The king, however,
* gave him his most gracious countenance/
and effected such, a complete change in his
views that Sparke { did not only for the time
following yield himself in his practice to
universal conformity, but privately by word
or writing, and publickly by his brotherly
persuasion.7

Sparke died at Bletchley on 8 Oct. 1616.
He was buried in the chancel of the parish
church, where a monument with an epitaph
(printed in WILLIS, Survey, iii. 249-50) was
erected to him by his eldest son. There are
also a figure of his wife and inscriptions re-
lating to his sons. Sparke's portrait, ac-
cording to "Wood, was painted after his
death * on the wall in the school gallery ' at
Oxford, among the English divines of note
there, between those of Dr. John Spenser
(1559-1614) [q.v.] of Corpus and Dr. Eichard
Edes [q. v.l of Christ Church.

Wood calls him e a solid divine, well read
in the fathers.' He published, besides the
works mentioned : 1 . ' A comfortable Treatise
for a Troubled Conscience,' and 'A Brief
Catechism, with a Eorm of Prayer for House-
holders/ 1580, 8vp (London), 1588, ^(Ox-
ford). 2. ' Treatise to prove that Ministers
and Householders are bound to catechise
their Parishioners and Families/ 1588, 8vo.
& * The Highway to Heaven by the clear
Light of the Gospel cleansed of a number of
most dangerous Stumbling Stones thereinto
thrown by Bellarmine and others/ &c., 1597,
8vo. 4. i A Brotherly Persuasion to Unity
and Uniformity in Judgment and Practice,
touching the received and present Ecclesi-
astical Government, and the authorised Cere-
monies of the Church of England, newly
corrected and enlarged/ 1607. Two anony-
mous answers appeared in 1608, and in 1615
4 An Antidote against the Pestiferous Writ-
ings of all English Sectaries ... in particular
against Dr. Sparke/ was published by N. S.
Boot. Div.

Sparke married Rose, youngest daughter
of John Inkforbye, merchant, of Ipswich. Of
their ten children, only five survived her
death on 7 Aug. 1615.

Of the sons, WILLIAH SPAEHB (1587-
1641), born at Bletchley, entered Magdalen
Hall, Oxford, in 1603, was elected demy of
Magdalen College on 5 June 1606, and was
afterwards fellow till 1617, He graduated
B.A. in January 1607, M.A. in November
1609, and B.D. on 30 July 1629. He became
chaplain to the Duke of Buckingham, and
succeeded his father as incumbent of Bletch-
ley, but fell into debt and was forced to

quit. He was instituted rector of Chenies
on 20 May 1641, but died in the following
October. He published *Yis Naturae et
Virtus Vitae, explicates et comparatse ad uni-
versum Doctrinae ordinem constituendum/
1612, 8vo ; and e The Mystery of Godliness :
a Generall Discourse of the Reason that is
in the Christian Eeligion/ 1629, 4to.

[Works in Brit. Mus. Libr. ; "Wood's Athense *
Oxon. i. 189, ii. 495, Fasti, i. 195; Bloxam's
Magdalen Kegister,Iv. 110, 166-70, v. 21,152-3;
Foster's Alnmni Oxon. 1500-1714; NeaTsEisk
of the Puritans, i. 343-5 ; Ltpseomb's Hisfc. of
Buckinghamshire, iv. 20, 27.] G-. LB GK N.

SPAREOW, ANTHONY (1612-1685),
theologian, born in 1612 at Depden, near
Bury St. Edmunds, was the son of Samuel
Sparrow, a man of wealth. He matriculated
from Queens' College, Cambridge, and was
scholar there from 1629 to 1632. His name
appears as a junior fellow on 13 Feb. 1633.
He was Hebrew prselector, 1638-9, with a
stipend of 5£. per annum; Greek prselector,
1640-1 ; Hebrew prselector again in 1642-3 ;
bursar 1640-1 and 1641-2 j censor theologicus
and exam in at or, 1641-2 ; and censor philo-
sophicus, 1642-3. In 1637 he published l A
Sermon concerning Confession of Sinnes and
the Power of Absolvtion/ which was re-
printed in 1704. It claimed for the priest-
hood the power of remitting sins, and he was
called before the vice-chancellor for an ex-
planation, but was upheld by Bishop Juxon.
On 8 April 1644 he was, as a royalist, ejected
from his fellowship by the orders of Edward
Montagu, second earl of Manchester [q. v.J
for * non-residence and for not return ing to
college ? though summoned.

The rectory of Hawkedon in Suffolk was
conferred upon Sparrow about 1648, but,
after holding it for five weeks, he was ejected
for reading the Book of Common Prayer.
In 1660 he was reinstated, and was also
elected to a preachership at Bury St. Ed-
munds. On 31 Aug. 1660 Sparrow, with
Thomas Fuller (1608-1661) [o. vj and other
eminent loyalists, graduated v.V. per lite-
ras reffias (BAiLE^Thomas Fuller, pp. 672-
673). He was appointed to the archdeaconry
of Sudbury on 7 Aug. 1660, and to the second
prebendal stall at Ely on 15 April 1661. At
the election for the post of president of his
college (5 May 1662) the majority of the
fellows voted for Simon Patrick [q.v.], after-
wards bishop of Chichester and Ely, though
the king had sent a mandamus for the election
of Sparrow. The question came before the
law courts. The judges were equally divided,
but Sparrow obtained the presidency. He
thereupon resigned his benefice and preacher-

Sparrow

Spearman

ship, and retained until 1667 the presidency,
with, his archdeaconry and prebend, In
1664-5 he was vice-chancellor of the uni-
versity. He gave 100/. 'for wainscoting and
adorning the combination-room ' at the col-
lege, and contributed 400J. for the rebuild-
ing of St. Paul's Cathedral.

Sparrow was consecrated bishop of Exeter
on 3 Nov. 1667, and from 1668 to 1676 held,
with the see, the archdeaconry of Exeter
and the sinecure deanery of St. Bury an.
In 1676 he was translated to the more valu-
able see of Norwich. He died at the episcopal
palace, Norwich, on 19 May 1685, and was
buried in the chapel near the palace, which
had been erected by Bishop Reynolds. An
illustration of the monument and a copy of
the inscription on it are in Sir Thomas
Browne's 'Antiquities of Norwich' (Pos-
thumous Works, 1712, pp. 74-5). His widow
was alive in 1693. He had a large family.
Three of his daughters married dignitaries
of Exeter Cathedral (Ballard MSS. Bodleian
Library, (98) ; KETTLEWELL, Life and
Times, 1895, p. 182).

A portrait of Sparrow in the bishop's
palace at Exeter represents him in episcopal
robes and flat cap, with ' his own wavy dark
hair and very slight moustache ' (Trans.
Devon Assoc. xvi. 131). An engraving of it
was published by William Richardson of
York House, Strand, London, on 1 March
1798.

Sparrow published 'A Rationale upon the
Book of Common Prayer,' which is said by
Watt in his ' Bibliotheca ' to have appeared
in 1655, and earlier editions are elsewhere
mentioned (cf. LOWNDES, JBibL Man. ed.
Bohn). But no extant edition is dated
before 1657. Copies of the edition of that
date are in the Bodleian and at Queens'
College, Cambridge. An edition of 1661 is
in the British Museum (HoKN'E, Catalogue
of the Library of Queens' College, i, 108 ;
Catalogue of Bodleian Library). It was
often reprinted, together with tne ' Caution
to his Diocese against False Doctrines ' which
Sparrow preached in 1669. The best edi-
tions are the sixth and the seventh, which
were edited by the Rev. Samuel Downes in
1721 and 1722. A new issue, reprinted from
that of 1684, was edited by John Henry
Newman in, 1839, and was republished in
1843 and 1852. The < Rationale' is still of
value. A companion volume by Sparrow,
* A Collection of Articles, Injunctions,
Canons of the Church of England,' came out
in 1661, and was reproduced in 1671, 1675,
and 1684. There was published in 1842
/The Office for the Visitation of the Sick,
"with Notes from Bishop Sparrow/

[Travels of Cosmo III of Tuscany in 1669, pp.
130-6; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 356, 381 396, ii. 472,
493, iii. 607, 685 ; Oliver's Bishops of Exeter]
pp. 154-5, 273-87; Searle's Queens' College
(Cambr. Antiq. Soc.), xiii. 529-30 ; Notes and
Queries, 2nd ser. v. 477 ; Blomefield's Norfolk,
iii. 586-8; Willis and Clark's Cambridge, ii. 49,
iii. 37-8 ; Cooper's Annals of Cambridge, iii.
288, 377, 496-9; Bishop Patrick's Autobiogr. pp.
41-51 ; information from Professor Ryle, presi-
dent of Queens' College, and from Kev. 0. B.
Packard, rector of Depden.] W. P. 0.

SPARROW, JOHN (1615-1665?),"
mystic, was born on 12 May 1615, probably
at Stambourne, Essex. In 1633 he was ad-
mitted of the Inner Temple, being then of
Stambourne, and was subsequently called to
the bar. He co-operated with his kinsman,
John Ellistone, of Overhall, Gestingthorpe,
Essex, in bringing out an English version of
the works of Jacob Boehme. The first of
these by Sparrow appears to be l XL Ques-
tions concerning the Soule' (1647, 4to;
1648, 4to; 1665, 8vo) ; -the last is 'The
Remainder of Books/ 1662, 4to. Between
these are six quarto volumes of translations
by Sparrow alone, and nearly half the trans-
lation of 'Mysterium Magnum' (a com-
mentary on Genesis), finished by Sparrow
after Ellistone's death (22 Aug. 1652), and
published 1654, fol., with a life of Boehma
by Durand Hotham [q. v.] and a translation
of Boehme's 'Four Tables' by Henry
Blunden. Sparrow is probably the author
of ' Mercurius Teutonicus/ 1649, 4to, a.
volume of l propheticall passages' from
Boehme. His prefaces show that he resorted
to mysticism as a refuge from sectarian reli-
gion. In attempting to render Boehme's
obscurities, both translators introduce a
jargon of their own. Most of their work was
reissued, without acknowledgment and with
slight modifications (not improvements), by
George Ward and Thomas Langcake (anony-
mously) in 1763*81, large 4to, with illustra-
tions by Andrew Dionyaius Freher ; a mis-
leading title-page has caused this edition to be
regarded as the work of William Law [q, v.]
Sparrow^ was living on 19 Bee. 1664 ; he pro-
bably died soon after. His portrait was
drawn and engraved in 1659 by D. Loggan ;
the print gives the date of his birth,

[Sparrow's prefaces; Granger's Biographical
Hist, of JEngl. 1779, iii. 108 ; Walton's Memorial
of William Law, 1854, pp. 45, 141, 686; infor-
mation from J. E, L. Pickering, esq. librarian,
Inner Temple.] A. G.

SPEARMAN, ROBERT (1703-1761),
eccentric theologian, born in 1703, eldest son
of Robert Spearman, attorney, of the city of
Durham, by his wife Hannah, only daughter

Spedding

3*5

Spedding

of William Webster, merchant, of Stockton-
- on-Tees, Durham, resided at Oldacres, Sedge-
• field, in that county, and amused his leisure
with ramblinff speculations in theology. A
pupil of JohnHutchinson (1674-1737) [q.v.],
. he survived him, edited his works, and wrote
his life. He died on 20 Oct. 1761, leaving
only female issue by his wife Anne, daugh-
ter of Robert Sharpe of Hawthorn, Durham.
His own additions to the sum of human
error are : 1. * An Enquiry after Philosophy
and Theology, tending to show when and
whence mankind .came at the knowledge of
these two important points/ Edinburgh,
1755, 8vo; 2nd ed. Dublin, 1757 (a polemic
against the Newtonian physics). 2. ' Letters
to a Friend concerning the Septuagint Trans-
lation and the Heathen Mythology/ Edin-
burgh, 1759, 8vo (an attempt to derive all
mythologies from a primeval revelation).

[Surtees's Durham, i. 96, iii. 48, 398 ; Nichols's
Lit. Anecd. iv. 171 ; Wesley's Journal, 27 April
1758, 13 March 1770 ; Orme's Bibliotaeca
Biblica; British Museum Cat.] J. M. B.

JAMES (1808-1881),
editor of Bacon's works, born 26 June 1808,
was the son of John Spedding of Mirehouse,
Cumberland, by Sarah, eldest daughter of
Henry Gibson of Newcastle-on-Tyne. He
was educated at the grammar school of Bury
St. Edmunds, and in 1827 entered Trinity
College, Cambridge. He won a ( declama-
tion prize,' as appears from a printed 'Apology
for tne moral and literary character of the
19th century, delivered in Trinity College
Chapel, Commemoration day, 1830.' Though
a good classical scholar, he had not the smart-
ness required for success in examinations.
He graduated as a 'junior optime/ and was
in the second class of the classical tripos of
1831. His merits were recognised by his
contemporaries. He was an ' apostle 7 and
became a warm friend of the Tennysons,
Lord Houghton, Arthur Hallam, (Arch-
bishop) Trench, Thackeray, and other young
men ofpromise. Alfred Tennyson said of
him, ' fle "was the Pope among us young men

the wisest man I know' (LoBD TEKKT-

soff, 2Jife of his father, i. 38). He resided
chiefly at Cambridge, till in 1835 he entered *
the colonial office. The appointment was
made by James Stephen (1789-1859) [q. v.],
at the request of (Sir) Henry Taylor. A
quotation oy Taylor in a note to « Philip Van-
Artevelde ' of a speech made by Spedding at
a Cambridge debating society had led to
their acquaintance and a lifelong friendship.
Spedding's appointment was temporary, and
his pay only 150Z. a year. He established a
reputation as having l quite a genius for

business ; ' but though he would have ac-
cepted a permanent place, none was offered
to him. He therefore left the colonial
office in July 1841.

He now devoted himself to the study of
Bacon, which was his main employment for
over thirty years. The only interruptions
were caused by his appointment as secretary
to Lord Ashburton's mission to the United
States in 1842, and to the civil service com-
mission when it was first instituted in 1855.
He resigned the last appointment as soon as
the office was brought into working order. In.
1847 the office of permanent under-secretary
of state for the colonies, worth 2,000£. a year,
was offered to him upon the retirement of
Sir James Stephen. Stephen wrote that he
could desire no better successor, * so gentle,
so luminous, and, in his own quiet way, so
energetic is he/ But Spedding could not be
persuaded to abandon Bacon. The first
result of Spedding*s Bacon studies was an
elaborate examination of Hacaulay's essay
called * Evenings with a Beviewer' (written,
in 1845). It was privately printed (though
posthumously published), and never seen by
Macaulay. In 1847 he agreed with Robert
Leslie Ellis [q. v.] and D. D, Heath to bring
out a complete edition of Bacon. Ellis, who
was to edit the philosophical works, was
disabled by illness, and in 1853 had to leave
the completion of his task to Spedding.
Bfeath edited the legal writings, but Sped-
ding had to do far the greatest part of the
editing, and was solely responsible for the
biographical section. Bacon's works were
published in seven volumes from 1857 to-
1859, and the seven volumes of 'Life and
Letters' appeared from 1861 to 1874. The
work is an unsurpassable model of thorough
and scholarlike editing. Taylor reports that
about 1863 Spedding showed signs of de-
clining interest in hifl task, but recovered
after a long rest. His unflagging industry
had made him familiar with every possible
source of information, and his own writing-
is everywhere marked by slow but sure-
footed judgment, and most careful balanc-
ing of. evidence. Spedding's qualities are
incurious contrast with Maeaulay's brilliant
audacity, and yet the trenchant exposure
of Macaulay's misrepresentations is accom-
panied by a quiet humour and a shrewd
critical faculty which, to a careful reader,
make the book more interesting than itsrivaL
Critics have thought Spedding's judgment of
his hero too favourable, but no one doubts
that his views require the most respectfal
consideration. Venables states that the plan
of Carlyle's ' Cromwell/ even to the typo-
graphical arrangements, was { borrowed from'

Spedding

3i6

Speechly

Spedding. It is impossible to reconcile this
with the fact that the ' Cromwell ' was pub-
lished in 1845 ; but it is believed that Sped-
ding had in some way an influence in the
matter. Carlyle wrote of the 'Life and
Letters' to Fitzgerald in 1874 as ' the hugest
and faithfullest bit of literary navvy work
I have ever met with in this generation . . .
Bacon is washed clean down to the natural
skin. . . . There is a grim strength in Sped-
ding, quietly, very quietly, invincible, which
I did not quite know of before this book '
(ED. FITZGERALD, Letters, 1894, ii. 175-7).
An edition called * Life and Times of Francis
Bacon/ in two volumes, omitting most of the
original documents by which the narrative
is interrupted, appeared in 1878. Spedding
limited his studies, both historical and philoso-
phical, to theBaconianperiod,andhumorously
exaggerated his ignorance of all other mat-
ters. He took up some special hobbies : he
was profoundly versed in Miss Austen ; he
was an early admirer of Tennyson, and con-
tributed a critical essay to Charles Tennyson
Turner's sonnets; he knew Shakespeare
thoroughly, and wrote some admirable
criticisms. In August 1850 he contributed
to the * Gentleman's Magazine ' a discussion
of the parts to be assigned respectively to
Shakespeare and Fletcher in ' Henry VIII '
(reprinted by the New Shakespere Society,
1874). His conclusions have been generally
accepted. Spedding was a sturdy liberal in
politics, but was rarely roused to enthusiasm
after the Hungarian struggle of 1848-9.

Spedding, who was unmarried, occupied
chambers in Lincoln's Inn Fields, and after-
wards lived, with some of his family, in
Westbourne Terrace. He -was a good
swimmer and walker, and fond of shooting.
He afterwards found relaxation from his
work in archery and billiards, though a
brilliant performer at neither. He was the
most valued friend of several households. His
calm and thoughtful temperament fitted him
to be an excellent adviser, and nobody could
be more absolutely free from self-assertion.
Tennyson reckoned him among his most
trusted friends and counsellors. He read
many of Tennyson's poems in manuscript,
and reviewed the volume of t Poems 7 of 1842
in the * Edinburgh.' A drawing of Tennyson
by Spedding appears in the former's ' Life '
by his son. Spedding was the e earliest and
dearest friend* of Edward Fitzgerald, who
mentions him with great affection in his
letters (FiizeBEAiD, Letters, 1889, i. 207,
462). Taylorrecognisedthe'depths oftender-
ness ' which underlay Spedding's 'somewhat
melancholy composure/ His quiet but strong
sense of humour made him a delightful

companion. He always seemed to regard
himself from the outside as a good-natured
man might regard a friend whose foibles
amuse him, but who is at bottom not a bad
fellow. He declined appointments, including
an offer of the professorship of modern
history at Cambridge on Kingsley's resig-
nation in 1869, and of an honorary degree
from the university in 1874, with humorous
and lucid explanations of his own unfitness
for the honour. He accepted, however, an
honorary fellowship at Trinity College.

Spedding was knocked down by a cab on
1 March 1881 and taken to St. George's
Hospital, where he died on the 9th. While
still conscious he was characteristically
anxious to make it clear that he considered
the accident to have been due not to the
driver, but to his own carelessness. His
portrait, painted by Gf. F, "Watts, belongs to
the family.

Besides his e Bacon,7 Spedding's only works
were : 1. ' Publishers and Authors,' 1867 (a
pamphlet). 2. ' Reviews and Discussions,
Literary, Political, and Historical, not re-
lating to Bacon,' 1879 (reprints chiefly from
the ' Edinburgh' and 'Fraser,' including
some articles on colonial policy and some
Shakspearean criticism). Two articles by
him are in ' Studies in English History/ by
J. Gairdner and J. Spedding, 1881. Mr.
Gairdner's preface mentions Spedding's re-
cent death, and gives an interesting estimate
of his writings.

[Life by GK S. Yenables, prefixed to Evenings
with a Keviewer (1881); Sir Henry Taylor's
Autobiography (1885), i. 234-9, ii. 208-14;
Lord Tennyson's Life of his father, 1897, passim;
information from his niece, Miss Spedding.]

L. S,

SPEECHLY, WILLIAM (.A 1776-1821),
agriculturist, was gardener to "William Henry
Cavendish Bentinck, third duke of Portland
[q. v.], on his estate of Welbeck Abbey in
Nottinghamshire. In 1776, by order of the-
duke, he wrote for Alexander Hunter's edi-
tion of Evelyn's l Silva' a description of the
method of planting trees on the Nottingham-
shire estates, which afterwards appeared as
an article in Hunter's ' Georgical Essays' (ed.
1803, iii. 50-71). Speechly also contributed
a note on the possibility of raising the pine-
apple without the use of tanner's bark. In
1779 he issued a ' Treatise on the Culture of
the Pine Apple' (York, 8vo), followed in
1790 by a f Treatise on the Culture of the
Vine' (York, 4to), which were republished
in one volume in 1820 (London, 8vo). In
1797 Sir John Sinclair (1754-1835) [q. v.],
when president of the board of agriculture,
contemplated issuing a comprehensive work

Speed

317

Speed

on agriculture, and, at his request, Speechly
undertook the sections on gardening and
domestic rural economy. But in the following
year the project was laid aside, and in 1800
Speechly's manuscript was returned to him
at his own request. Soon after ' a severe do-
mestic loss/ which may perhaps be connected
with the death of ' Mr. Speechley, nursery
gardener and seedsman of Newark/ on 4 June
1804 (Gent. Mag. 1804, i. 600), Speedily
relinquished his post of gardener at Welbeck
Abbey, and undertook the management of a
farm. During this time his manuscript on
rural economy was neglected, but on his re-
tirement to Great Milton in Oxfordshire he
completed and enlarged it, and published it
in 1820, with several other essays appended,
under the title * Practical Hints in Domestic
Rural Economy' (London, 8vo). This work,
which is devoted chiefly to discussing the
management of cottage gardens, is very com-
plete in its treatment, and contains judicious
directions on most points connected with the
subject.

[Speechly's "Works ; Donaldson's Agricultural
Biogr. p. 110 ; Allibone's Diet, of Authors ; Gent.
Mag. 1814, ii. 140.] E. I. C.

SPEED, ADO^PHUS (fl. 1650), agri-
cultural writer, generally known as Adam
Speed, claims to have been of gentle birth.
On the title-page of his only acknowledged
work he signs Ms name Ad. Speed, but that
this stands for Adolphus, and not Adam, is
proved by the autograph at the end of his
(anonymous) ' General! Accommodations by
Addresse' (Brit. Mus. E. 599 [1]). He is
asserted to nave begun to write in 1626, at
which date the first edition of { Adam out of
Eden' is said to have appeared. But "Walter
Blith distinctly stated in 1652 that till a
short time previously Speed had not pub-
lished his works, but only privately conveyed
them 'into Noble and Gentlemen's hands,'
while the title of Speed's book is manifestly
copied from that of William Coles's * Adam
in Eden,7 first published in 1657. Theprinter,
too, of the 1659 edition of f Adam out of
Eden7 states that the work was then pub-
lished for the first time, by the good nature
of a Publick-spirited Gentleman (to whose
industry in several other things our age is
obliged) they have blest our eyes.* This
refers to Samuel Hartlib, the friend of Speed,
as of Robert Child, Cressy Dymock, Gabriel
Plattes, and other agricultural writers of the
period.

One of Speed's earliest works is f Cornucopia.
AMiscellaniumof lucriferous and most fruc-
tiferous Experiments, Observations, and Dis-
coveries, unmethodically distributed' (1652 ?),

a pamphlet which has been attributed to Hart-
lib, and which has been placed under his
name in the British Museum Catalogue.
Walter Blith, however, refers to it at some
length in 1652 as the work of Speed. The
book consists of certain suggestions for the
1 improvement of husbandry, coupled with the
j proposal to establish a general registry office.
j Another edition of this treatise was printed,
! probably at some period previous to 1648,
with considerable alterations, under the title
of ( Generall Accommodations by Addressed
A copy of this edition, signed and dated in
manuscript by Speed himself, 'Aprill 26,
1650, att Mr.Ffishers House in King Streete
wthin the Cowent Garden/ is in the British
Museum. In 1648 appeared anonymously
' A further Discoverie ot the office of publick
Addresse for Accommodations/ following up
the same idea, and probably from the same
hand. About 1650 Blith made the acquaint-
! ance of Speed: ' I being once so weake as
' to come to an agreement with Mr. Speed,
who writes such high things, as reason
cannot fathom, to discover his particulars to
me, which he gave me in -writing. , .all
which (except the Pompion) were as well
knowne before to myselfe as to hym, but not,
that from them to raise so great advantages,
I never knew nor shall/

In 1652 Blith, in the second edition of
his * English Improver Improved/ attacked
Speed on the ground that Ms far-fetched
schemes for improvement were likely to bring
into disrepute practical writings on hus-
bandry. The passage concludes, * And who-
soever desires cordially to be informed, of
Mr. Speed, may from Mr. Samuel Hartlib,
dwelling against Charing Cross, who can
give fuller and larger description both of the
man and Ms abilities, having expressed him-
self so far a Gentleman of such charity
towards Mm, as he hath maintained In TO
divers moneths together while lie was in-
venting some of these Ms discoveries.'

In 1659 Speed, with the assistance of
Hartlib, published his principal work, ( Adam
out of Eden.' The author shows familiarity
with the writings of Hartlib's friends, and
also claims a personal acquaintance with Sir
Richard Weston. The book, however, is
open to the charges Blith makes against its
author — lack of practicality and love of
reckoning up theoretical schemes of profit.
After the Restoration Hartlib sank into in-
significance, and it becomes difficult to track
Speed further. There is no reason to identify
.him with <A. S. Gent./ the author of 'The
Husbandman, Farmer, and Grasier's Corn-
pleat Instructor/ 1697. The identification
, is chronologically improbable, and the book

Speed

318

Speed

differs in character and style from Speed's
known works.

[The statement that 'Adam 'Speed wrote two
books, with an interval of seventy-one years be-
tween, was made by Watt in his Bibliotheca Bri-
tannica (ii. 871 dj, whence it was copied into
Donaldson's Agr. Biogr, 1854, p. 17, and by
AUibone in his Dictionary (1870, voL ii.) An-
other assertion, intrinsically probable, though
there is no direct evidence to bear it out, is to
the effect that Speed wrote the * Eeformed Hus-
bandman imparted unto Mr. Samuel Hartlib/
This statement was made by Weston, in his
' Catalogue of English Authors who have written
on Husbandry,' 1 773, p. 27, and copied by Martyn
in his edition of Miller's Gardeners' Dictionary,
1807, p.xxiii, and by G-. W. Johnson in his His-
toryof English Gardening, 1829, p. 97. Correct
information with regard to Speed can be gleaned
from Blith'e references in the English Improver
Improved, 1652, pp. 173-6, 260-1, and from a
bibliographical study of the works written by, and
attributed to, Samuel Hartlib.] E. C-E.

SPEED, JOHN (1552 P-1629), historian
and cartographer, is said by Fuller, who gives
as his authority Speed's daughter, to have
been born in 1552 at Farringdon or Farndon
in Cheshire ( Worthies, Cheshire, p. 181 ; OK-
MEROD, Cheshire, ii. 406). There were mem-
bers of the Speed family settled in Lanca-
shire and Cheshire (Lancashire and Cheshire
Wills, iii. 37 ; Notitia Cestriensis, I 35, 73,
ii. 496), but no trace of the historian has
been found in this connection. The histo-
rian's father was no doubt the John Speed
who was admitted to the freedom of the
Merchant Taylors' Company on 5 April 1556
(CLODE, Early Hist. Merchant Taylors1 Com^
pany, ii. 332), obtained a license on 25 Jan.
1555-6 to marry at Christchurch, Newgate,
Elizabeth Cheynye of that parish (CniCHES-
TER, London Marriage Licences, col. 1265),
and was probably identical with the John
Speed in whose house 'in Powles church-
yarde were found seven books tending unto
papistry ' in August 1584 (CaL State Papers,
Dom. 1581-90, p. 198), Speed was brought
up to his father's trade of tailoring, and
10 Sept. 1580 was admitted to the freedom of
the Merchant Taylors' Company. In 1582
he married, and settled probably in Moor-
fields, where he leased a garden and tene-
ment from the Merchant Taylors' Company
for 20*. a year. He subsequently built on
this ground a ' fayer house which may stand
him in 400Z.,' and added to it adjacent land
worth 22. a year, for which he received a new
lease for twenty-one years from the company
in July 1615. On 1 March 1600-1 he was an
unsuccessful suitor to the company for a lease
of 51 Fenchurch Street, which Queen Eliza-
beth requested for one Thomas LovelL On

12 Dec. 1614, however, Speed obtained a
lease of the prebendal estate of Mora, held
of the chapter of St. Paul's Cathedral by the
Merchant Taylors' Company.

This property seems to have accrued to
Speed through the generosity of Sir Fulk
Greyille, first lord Brooke [q.v.], 'whose
merits to me-ward I do acknowledge, in
setting this hand free from the daily imploy-
ments of a manuall trade, and giving it full
liberty thus to express the inclination of my
mind, himself being the procurer of my pre-
sent estate ' (SPEED, Theatre of Great Bri-
tain, Warwickshire, p. 53). On 15 June 1598,
on Greville's recommendation, Queen Eliza-
beth gave Speed * a waiter's room in the
custom-house J ( Cal. State Papers. Dom.
1598-1601, p. 62).

Speed first used his leisure in making maps
of the counties of England. He had already,
in 1598, presented * divers maps ' to the
queen («#.), and in 1600 he gave others to
the Merchant Taylors' Company, which ac-
knowledged his 'very rare and ingenious
capacitie in drawing and setting forthe of
mappes and genealogies, and other very ex-
cellent inventions/ In 1607 he copied Nor-
den's map of Surrey for the first edition of
Camden's ' Britannia/ and between 1608 and
1610 he published a series of fifty-four t Maps
of England and Wales ' (royal fol.) ; the maps
of Cornwall, Essex, Middlesex, Surrey, and
Sussex were by Norden, and others were by
Christopher Saxton [q. v.l These, accom-
panied By a description or each map, were
collected in 1611 in Speed's ' Theatre of the
Empire of Great Britame ' (London, fol.), for
which George Humble, the publisher, had
received a license three years before (CaL
State Papers, Dom. 1603-10, pp. 425, 639).
A second edition appeared in 1614, and a
third in 1627, with the title ' A Prospect of
the most Famous Parts of the World/ A
new edition, with many additions, appeared
in 1676. A Latin version was published in
1616 and again in 1646. Meanwhile Speed
had become a member of the Society of An-
tiquaries, where he met Camden, Cotton, and
other scholars, Encouraged by their help,
he had commenced his great work ' The His-
tory of Great Britaine under the Conquests
of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans
. . . with the Successions, Lives, Acts, and
Issues of the English Monarchs from Julius
Csesar to ... King James/ Cotton ren-
dered him valuable assistance in its prepara-
tion; he supplied the lists of -abbeys dis-
solved by Henry VIII, lent him innumerable
manuscripts and the coins which are en-
graved in the volume, and in 1609 revised
the proof-sheets (Letters of Literary Men,

Speed

319

Speed

Camden Soc. pp. 108-9). Others who ren-
dered assistance were Sir Henry Spelman
[q.y.]? John Barkham [q.v.], and William
Smith (1550 P-1618) [q. v.], rouge dragon.
Speed fully acknowledged his indebtedness
to other writers, and the insinuation in the
' Biographia Britannica' that his account of
Henry VII's reign was taken bodily from
Bacon's work is baseless. Both used largely
Bernard Andre's ' Historia,' but Speed's work
was probably prior to that of Bacon, and the
latter has in several places followed and
accentuated Speed's misreadings of Andre*
(ANDBEAS, Historia, ed. Gairdner, Pref. pp. |
xvi, xxv, xxxiv). Speed's { History' was
dedicated to James I, and published in 1611
as a continuation of the ' Theatre of Great
Britaine/the paging in the two works being
continuous. A second edition appeared in
1623 (reissued 1625 and 1627), a third in 1632,
a revised edition in 1650, and an epitome in
1676. The catalogue of monasteries was
published by Nicholas Harpsfield in 1622 in
his 'Historia Anglicana Ecclesiastica,' and
the portion dealing with the history of the
Isle of Man was edited by the Manx Society
(1859, &c., vol. xviii.) The publication of
this work established Speed's claim to be the
first of English historians as distinguished
from chroniclers and annalists; Granger
called it 'in its kind, incomparably more
complete than all the histories of his pre-
decessors put together.' Degory Wheare
[q. v.J and others echoed these praises, but
more just is Spedding's remark that Speed's
* History, though enriched with some valuable
records and digested with a more discrimi-
nating judgment than had been brought to
the task before, was yet composed for the
most part out of the old materials and retained
almost all the old blunders ' (BACON, Works,
ed. Spedding, vi. 4, 133).

Meanwhile Speed turned his attention to
theological subjects, and about 1611 he pub-
lished his collection of ' Genealogies recorded
in Sacred Scripture ' (London, n.d, 4tp). No
less than thirty-three editions of this work
appeared before 1640, many of them being
published with various editions of the Bible.
In 1616 followed ' A Cloud of Witnesses
. , . confirming unto us the Truth of the
Histories in God's most Holie "Word ' (Lon-
don, 1616, 8vo ; 2nd edit. 1620, dedicated to
Whitgifb). In 1625 he wrote that in spite
of his blindness he was 'keeping a continua-
tion of his History' (Cal. State Papers, Dom.
1625-6, p. 308). He also suffered from the
stone, and died on 28 July 1629, aged 77.
He was buried in St. Giles's, Cripplegate,
and a memorial inscription on his tomb is
printed in Stow's * Survey ' (ed. Strype, I.

iii. 85, 86) and in Ormerod's ( Cheshire ' (ii.
406). An anonymous portrait of Speed was
in 1879 transferred from the British Museum
to the National Portrait Gallery, London.
An engraving by G. Savery, from a painting
belonging to Speed's grandson Samuel, is pre-
fixed to the later editions of most of Speed's
works.

Besides the works mentioned above, the
following maps by Speed are in the British
Museum Library : 1. ' The kingdom of Eng-
land, described by 0. Saxton, augmented
by J. S.,' 1610. 2. 'Norwiche/ 1610?
3. 'Canaan, begun by J. Moore, continued
and finished by J. S./ 1611. 4. ' Town and
Castle of Lancaster,' 1621. 5. i Asia/ 1626.
7. 'America/1626. 8. 'Kent; 1627. 9/Dar-
bieshire/ 1680 ? A map of Yorkshire by him
is extant in Lansdowne MS. dcccxcvii. 9,
and others of Suifolk and Norfolk in Eger-
ton MS. 2445, ff. 103, 181 ; a tract entitled
* Jesus of Nazareth/ written about 1616, is
in Egerton MS. 2255, and five of his letters
to Cotton are printed in Ellis's * Original
Letters' (Carnden Soc.) pp. 108, 110-13.

By his wife-Susanna, who died on 28 March
1628, aged 70, Speed had issue twelve sons
and six daughters. William, probably the
eldest, was admitted scholar of Merchant
Taylors' School on lOFeb. 1594r-5, Another
son, JoHtf SPEED (1595-1640), born in
January 1594-5, entered Merchant Taylors'
School in January 1603-4, matriculated from
St. John's College, Oxford, on 30 Oct. 1612,
and graduated B.A. on 19 June 1616, M.A.
on 5 May 1620, M.B. and M.B on 20 June
1628, was admitted at Gray's Inn in 1633,
and died in May 1640, being buried in St.
John's College chapel. He was author of
two unpublished tracts: 'SKeXcrd? utriusque
Sexus iFoXvttiwfros,' preserved in manuscript
in St. John's College library, and * Stone-
henge,'a pastoral, acted before the president
and fellows of St. John's in 1635. He was
father of Samuel Speed [q. v.] and of JOBOST
SPEED (1628-1711), born on 4 Nov. 1628,
who was elected fellow of St. John's in 1647,
graduated B.A. on 1 Feb. 1647-8, M.A. on
1 20 Sept. 1660, M.B. and M.D. on 19 June
1666. He was ejected from his fellowship in
1648, and subsequently practised medicine at
Southampton, of which he was mayor in 1681
and 1694. He died there on 21 Sept. 1711.
He wrote ' Batt upon Batfc j a poem upon the
Parts, Patience, and Pains of Bartholomew
Kempster, Clerk, Poet, and Cutler, of Holy-
rood Parish, Southampton', £1680, 4to),
which reached a seventh edition in 1740. His
grandson, John Speed, M.D. (1703-1781),
made extensive manuscript collections re-
lating to Southampton, now preserved in the

Speed

320

Speght

municipal archives, on "which was based the
Rev. John Silvester Davies's ' History of
Southampton ' (1883) (WooD, Athena Oxon.
ii. 660, iv. 699 j JACOB, Poetical Register,
1723, ii. 307 ; KoBuraoir, Reg. Merchant Tay->
lor£ School, i. 35, 47, 148 ; FOSTEB, Alumni
Oxon, 1500-1714; Brit. Mus. Cat.-, Journ.
ArchcBol Assoc. xxi. 289-90).

[Authorities cited ; Works in Brit. Mus. Libr. ;
Cat. of Maps in Brit. Mus. ; Biogr. Britannica ;
Chalmers's Biogr, Diet. ; Cam den's Annales, ed.
Hearne, vol. i. p. liv; Thomas Smith's Epp.
Camdeni et 111. Virorum, 1691, p. 87; Roger
Ley's Gfesta Britannica in Stove MS. 76, f . 260 b ;
Cotton. MS. Julius C. iii. 65, 68 ; (Granger's
Biogr. Hist. ii. 27, 319; Notes and Queries, 1st
ser. T. 395, xi. 139, xii. 246, 5th ser. x. 327,
453, xi, 139. An admirable account of the
later Speeds is given by the Rev. J. S. Davies (a
descendant of the historian) in his Hist, of
Southampton, 1883, pref.] A. F. P.

SPEED, SAMUEL (1631-1682), divine,
born in 1631, was the eldest son of John Speed,
M.D. [see under SPEED, Jostf, 1552P-1629],
by his wife, a daughter of Bartholomew War-
ner, M.D, Elected to Christ Church, Oxford,
from Westminster school in. 1645, lie matri-
culated on 1 Feb. 1647, and graduated B,A.
on 8 July 1649, and M.A. on 30 Oct. 1660.
He refused to submit to the parliamentary
visitors and was deprived of his studentship
(BTTREOWS, Register ofParL Visitors, p. 490).
Family tradition said that forced to fly the
country for complicity in a plot against
Cromwell, he went to the West Indies and
joined some buccaneers. He may have been
the same Samuel Speed who was released
from the custody of the sergeant-at-arms by
an order of the council of state, dated 8 Dec.
1653, on giving his bond not to act for the
future to the prejudice of the Commonwealth
(Cal State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1653-4, p.
291). After the Restoration he was presented
by the dean of Salisbury to the vicarage
of Godalming, Surrey, after the crown had
withdrawn its nominee (ib. 1663-4, pp. 191,
192). He also became chaplain to Thomas
Butler, earl of Ossory, with whom he was
present on board the admiral at the naval
action fought with the Dutch on 2 June
1665. Speed is said to be alluded to in Sir
JVBirkenhead's ballad :

His chaplayne he plyed his wonted work,
He prayed like a Christian and fought like a
Turk.

Wood, in a manuscript note in Ashmole,
calls him ( the famous and valiant sea-
chaplain and seaman ' (Fasti Oxon. pt, ii. p.
347, Bliss's note). Speed was named pre-
bendary of Lincoln on 20 Sept. 1670, and of

Christ Church on 7 May 1674. On 30 May
1675 a letter of the chancellor praying ta
have the degree of D.D. conferred on him,
was read in convocation at Oxford. Besides-
his benefice of- Godalming, Speed held the
rectory of Whitburn, Durham, from 1673 to
1675, and that of Alverstoke, Hampshire,
from the latter date till his death. Notwith-
standing his preferments, he seems to have
fallen into debt and to have been imprisoned
in Ludgatefor some years, probably until Ma
death. He died on 22 Jan. 1682 (N.S.)> and
was buried on the 25th in the chancel of St.
Michael's, Queenhithe, in the city. His wife,
a daughter of Howard Layfield, rector of
Chidingfold, afterwards subsisted on Bishop
Morley's foundation at Winchester for the
widows of clergy.

In 1661 Speed contributed a poem on the
death of Mary, princess of Orange, to the
Oxford collection ; and in 1678 he published
a translation of the 'Rornse Antiquaa I)e~
scriptio J of Valerius Maximus.

A contemporary, SAMUEL SPEED (d. 1681 )f
a stationer of St. Dunstan's, London, and a
bookseller at the Rainbow, Fleet Street, was
arrested on 8 May 1666 on the charge of
publishing and dispersing seditious books,
and was discharged on the 26th on giving his
bond for 300/. to discontinue the practice
(State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1665-6, pp. 386,
409, 413). The stationer appears to have
died at Stepney some time in 1681, and to-
have been the author of 'Fragmenta Car-
ceris ; or the King's Bench Scuffle, with the
Humours of the Common Side/ a volume
of doggerel which appeared in 1674 j and of
* Prison Pietie, or -Meditations, Divine and
Moral, digested into practical heads on mixt
and various subjects/ a manual founded
largely on Quarles and George Herbert.

A portrait of 'the author/ engraved by
F. H. van Hove, is prefixed to t Prison Pietie/
In the right-hand corner are two books in-
scribed with the names of Herbert and
Quarles, and underneath is a rhymed qua-
train. A 'Panegyrick to the Kt. Rev. and
most nobly descended Henrie, lord bishop of
London/ is annexed to the work.

[Welch's Alumni Westmon. ; Foster's Alumni
Oxon. ; Manning's Surrey, i. 647 n. ; Watt's Bibl.
Brit. i. 871; Brit. Mus. Oat.; Granger's Biogr.
Hist. iv. 57 ; Bromley's Cat. Engr. Portraits ;
Le Neve's Fasti JEccles. Anglic. For the dis-
cussion as to the identity pf the naval chaplain
and the author, see Notes and Queries, 4th ser.
iv. 372, 395, 462.] GK LB a. N.

SPEGHT, THOMAS (fl. 1600), school-
master and editor of Chaucer, doubtless
came of a Yorkshire family (cf. Visitation
of London, 1633-5, ii. 258). James Speght,

Speght

321

Speght

D.D., of Christ's College, Cambridge (son
of John Speght of Horbury, Yorkshire), pub-
lished in 1613 * A briefe demonstration who
have and of the certainty of their salvation
that have the spirit of Christ/ London,
8vo. Thomas matriculated as a sizar of Peter-
house in 1566, and graduated B.A. in 1569-
1570, and M.A. in 1573. He became a
schoolmaster, and, according to the epitaph
on the tomb of his son Lawrence, a { paragon '
of the profession, sending to Cambridge, Ox-
ford, and the Inns of Court ' nere a thousand
youths of good report/ He is possibly iden-
tical with one Speght who in 1572 was a
minor canon of Ely and head-master of the
grammar school attached to that cathedral.
In 1598 Speghteditedthe worksof Chaucer.
The title of his edition ran : i The Workes of
our Antient and learned English Poet, Gef-
frey Chaucer, newly Printed. In this Im-
pression you shall find these Additions :

( 1) His Portraiture and Progenie Shewed.

(2) His Life collected. (3) Argument to
eueryBooke gathered. (4) Old and Obscure '
Words explained. (5) Authors by him cited '
declared. (6) Difficulties opened. (7) Two
Bookes of his neuer before printed7 [i.e.
his ' Dreame ' and ' Flower and the Leaf 'J,
London, foL 1598. The volume was dedi-
cated to Sir Robert Cecil. Some copies were
published by George Bishop, and others by
Thomas Wight. A prefatory letter, ad-
dressed to the editor in 1597, by Francis
Beaumont (d. 1624) of West Goseote, Leices-
tershire, supplied- *a judicious apology for
the supposed levities of Chaucer.* Neither
the * Dreame ' nor the ( Flower and the Leaf/
which Speght congratulated himself on
adding for the first time to -the Chaucerian
canon, has any claim to authenticity.

Meanwhile Francis Thynne [q. v.], whose
father, William Thynne, had already pub-
lished in 1532 an edition of Chaucer, was
preparing notes for a full commentary on
the poet s works. But, on the publication
of Speght's edition, Thynne abandoned his
project and contented himself with exhaus-
tively criticising Speght's performance in a
long letter which he entitled * Animadver-
sions/ This was addressed to Speght, although
it was dedicated to Sir Thomas Egerton.
The manuscript remained in the Bridgwater
library. It was first printed in 1810 by
(Archdeacon) Henry John Todd [q. v.] in
his t Illustrations of Gower and Chaucer'
(pp. 1-83), and it was reprinted for the Early
English Text Society in 1865 (new edit.
1875). Speght carefully studied Thynne's
remarks, and bore their author no ill-will.
When a reprint of Speght's edition of
Ohaueer was called for in 1602, he readily

VOL. Lin.

availed himself of Thynne's assistance, and,
in the preface to his new edition, he acknow-
ledged liberal assistance from his critic.
Speght also utilised notes and corrections
supplied by John Stowe, the chronicler.
Speght's second edition bore the title : ' The
Workes of our Ancient and learned English
Poet Geoffrey Chaucer newly printed. To that
which was done in the former Impression
thus much is now added : (1) In the life of
Chaucer many things inserted. (2) The whole
Worke by old Copies reformed. (3) Sen-
tences and Prouerbes noted. (4) The Sig-
nification of the old and obscure words
prooued. (5) The Latine and French not
Englished by Chaucer translated. (6) The
Treatise called Jacke Ypland against Friers :
and Chaucer's A.B.C. called La Priere de
nostre Dame, at this Impression added/ Lon-
don, fol. 1602. The volume was again dedi-
cated to Sir Robert Cecil. 'The Treatise called
Jacke Vpland ' is spurious, but l Chaucer's
A B C 7 is a genuine work by Chaucer. A
later edition, withLy agate's * Siege of Thebes/
appeared in 1687 (London, fol.)

bpeght also contributed commendatory
Latin verses to Abraham Fleming's 'Pano-
plie of Epistles ? (1576) and to John Baret's
<Alvearie'(1580).

Speght's son Laurence accompanied Sir
Paul Pindar on his embassy to Constanti-
nople, and was on 10 March 1638-9 granted
in reversion the ofiiee of surveyor-general of
the customs (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1638-
1639, p. 551). He was buried at dopton in
Northamptonshire (BEID&ES, Nortkttnwton-
Mn, ii. 372).

Rachel Speght, possibly Thomas's daugh-
ter, was one of the writers who replied to l The
Arraignment of Women/ an ill-natured attack
on her sex which Joseph Swetnam [q. v.]
published in 1615. Rachel Speght's reply,
which was in prose, was entitled ' A Mouzell
for Melastomus, the cynicall bayter and
foulmouthed barker against Evan's sex*
(London, N. Okes, 1617). The authoress de-
dicated the work to her grandmother, wife of
Dr. Thomas Moundeford [q. v.] She after-
wards pursued her attack on Swetnam in
1 Certain Queries to the Bayter of Women,
with Computation of some Part of his Dia-
bolical Discipline/ 4to, 1617. Rachel Speght
also published a poem in six-line stanzas
entitled < Mortalities Memorandum, with a
dream prefixed, imaginary in names, really
in matter, London, by Edward Griffin for
Jacob Bloome/ 1621.

[Cooper's Athense Cantabr. ; Lowudes's Biblio-
grapher's Manual; Thynne's Animadversions on
Speght's Edition of Chaucer (Chaucer Soe. 1865,
and Early English Text Soc. 1875).] S. L.

T

Speke

322

Speke

SPEKE, HUGH (1656-1724?), political
agitator, born in 1656, was the second son
of George Speke of White LacMngton, near
Uminster, a descendant of the ancient
Yorkshire family of Le Espek or Esp^ec [see
ESPEC, WALTEE], a branch of which migrated
from the north to Somerset during thefif teenth
century. His mother was Mary, daughter of
Sir Bobert Pye, knt. [q. v.]

The father, GEOBGE SPEEB (d. 1690), gave
some pecuniary aid to Prince Rupert at
Bridgwater, upon the surrender of which
town to Fairfax in July 1645 he was seized
as a hostage and his goods sequestrated.
Before the end of 1645 he was transferred
from the Tower to the Gatehouse, where he
pleaded compulsion as his motive for joining
the king's party, and poverty as a reason for
the reduction of his fine. His income, he
alleged, was but 540J. a year, and that was
heavily encumbered. He eventually com-
pounded for 2,390Z., and was released upon
payment of that sum in May 1646. He lived
in retirement until, in August 1679, he was
chosen M.P. for the county of Somerset, at
the same time that his third son John was
returned for Hchester. Parting company
with his old allies— the Courtenays, the Sey-
mours, and the Portmans — he now threw
Limself into the polities of the country party,
joined the Green Ribbon Club with a son
('Mr, Speake junior'), and voted for the
Exclusion Bill of 1680. He rendered himself
still further obnoxious to the court by ex-
tending a brilliant reception to Monmouth at
"White Lackington, during his progress in
November 1681, and he was alleged to have
said that he would have forty thousand men
to assist the cause of Monmouth should
the need arise. A heavy fine was imposed
upon hrm for having, it was alleged, created
a riot in rescuing his son-in-law, (Sir) John
Trenchard [q. v.J, from the custody of a mes-
senger in June 1685. In May 1689 he peti-
tioned in vain for the remission of the fine.
"He died soon after the revolution. From his
younger brother, William, was descended the
^explorer, John Hanning Speke [q. v.]

Hugh Speke matriculated at Oxford from
•St. John's College on 1 July 1672, but took
no degree ; eight years later he was entered
at Lincoln's Inn. Soon afterwards he and
Tils brother Charles joined the Green Eib-
""bon; Club. Hugh first became prominent
m 168$, when hev inspired and partly- wrote
* An Enquiry into and Detection of the Bar-
barous Murder of the Late Earl of Essex,
^ or a Vindication of that noble Person from
Guile and Infamy of having destroVd
"* [see BBIDDOS-, LA.TJBEWCB]. The
s of this diffuse pamphlet, which was

printed at a private press controlled, if not ac-
tually owned, by Speke, he summarised in a
letter to his friend, Sir Robert Atkyns [q. v.],
in which it was not obscurely hinted that the
Earl of Essex had been assassinated by the
partisans of the Duke of York. With a view
to disparaging the government and earning
credit for themselves as the revealers of yet
another plot, Speke and his ally, Laurence
Braddon, intrigued to disperse as many
copies as possible of this * Letter,' and at the
same time, if possible, to acquire fresh mate-
rials with which to discredit James and his
adherents. In the autumn of 1683 Braddon
was arrested at Bradford in Wiltshire, ' for
spreading false news/ and a copy of Speke's
'Letter' was found on his person.

For his complicity in this affair Speke was
placed in the custody of a messenger, Thomas
Saywell, and detained eighteen weeks before
he was admitted to bail. A few days after
his release he was re-arrested in his barrister's
gown at the gate of Westminster Hall, in an
action of scandalwm magnatwm, at the suit
of the Duke of York, and imprisoned in the
Gatehouse. The charge was altered to one
of sedition, which was preferred by the
attorney-general before Jeffreys in the king's
bench on 7 Feb. 1683. Jeffreys admonished
the prisoner with gentleness, in the hope
that he would still be reclaimed from the
* presbyterian party.' He was sentenced to
pay 1,000/., and to find security for his good
behaviour. Declining to pay the fine, he
spent upwards of three years in the king's
bench prison. His imprisonment probably
saved his life. His father and brother-in-law,
(Sir) John Trenchard, had to take to flight in
order to escape arrest upon Monmouth's land-
ing at Lyme Regis, and his younger brother,
Charles, who had joined Monmouth, was tried
before Jeffreys at Wells, and executed at H-
minster, where he was hanged from a large tree
in the market-place in July 1685 (cf. Western
Martyrology, ed. 1873, p. 228).

During his confinement, Speke acquired a
printing-press which he kept working within
the rules of the king's bench. He made the
acquaintance of Samuel Johnson [q. v.], the
divine, and other disaffected persons; and
from his press was issued Johnson's notable
' Address to all the English Protestants in
the present Army * (1686). Ultimately, upon
the payment of 5,OOQJ. to the exchequer as
a pledge of his own and his family's good be-
, haviour, Speke was set at liberty in 1687.
The sum was devoted to strengthening the
fortifications of Portsmouth Harbour. Upon
his release, Speke left London for Exeter,
where he was chosen counsel to the munici-
pality. When, however, towards the end

Speke

323

Speke

of August 1688, rumours began to be circu- (
lated as to the possibility of another western
invasion, Speke thought it more politic to
return to London. He made his way to
Whitehall, and £ diligently observed the
countenances of the courtiers.' Some of the
latter appear to have suggested to the king
the important use that might be made of a
west-countryman, like Speke, who had
suffered injury from the government, in the
event of the Prince of Orange's landing. The
king actually saw Speke, who was profuse
in his offers of service, at Chiffi rich's lodgings.
Eventually, James offered him 10,000£ if he
would introduce himself as a spy into the
camp of the prince. To win the king's con-
fidence he declined the reward, set out on
7 Nov. 1688, with three passes signed by
Lord Feversham ' for all hours, times, and
seasons, without interruption or denial;'
proceeded to Exeter, gave his passes to Ben-
tinck, who made e no little use of them,' ob-
tained the confidence of the Prince of Orange,
to whom he was devoted * from principle/ ,
and wrote letters at the prince's dictation to :
the king. These letters were adroitly calcu-
lated to work upon James's fears and excite
his distrust of those around him by pretend-
ing that his chief officers only waited the
opportunity to desert him. The desertion
of Prince George of Denmark:, and of the
Duke of Ormonde at Andover, served to
confirm the king' in the high opinion that he
formed at this juncture of Speke's discern-
ment.

About the middle of December, when the
London mob were beginning to rifle the
houses of the catholics in a pretended search
for arms, and when the secret presses were
working day and night, a remarkable docu-
ment was found one morning by a whig
bookseller under his shop door. The docu-
ment professed to be a supplemental declara-
tion under the hand and seal of the Prince
of Orange. In it good protestants were ad-
jured, as they valued all that' was dear to
them, and commanded under pain of the
prince's highest displeasure, to seize, disarm,
and imprison their catholic neighbours.
Injunctions so congenial to the populace*
were soon printed and widely circulates, and
had no little effect in inflaming the rabble
against the objects of their dislike. Some
of the results were seen on the night of
21 Dec., when the Spanish ambassadors
house and most of the Roman catholic
chapels in London were looted. William
of course disclaimed all responsibility for
the spurious proclamation. Ferguson and
others were suspected ; but it was not until
1709, in his * Memoirs of the most Remark-

able Passages and Transactions of the Revo-
lution * (Dublin, 16mo, and 8vo abbreviated),
that, in answer to a libel called * A Diary of
Several Reports' (1704), Speke proudly
avowed that he was responsible not only for
the 'Third Declaration,' as it was called,
but also for the circulation of the alarming
rumours which brought about the shameful
panic known as the ' Irish night.' The decla-
ration, dated < Sherburn Castle, 28 Nov. 1688 '
(O.S.), is printed in full in Speke's pamphlet,
which he dedicated to Thomas, earl of Whar-
tpn. He subsequently modified his narra-
tive, and called it *The Secret History of
the Happy Revolution in 1688 . . . humbly
dedicated to his most Gracious Majesty King
George by the principal Transactor in it [Le.
Hugh Speke],' London, 1715, 8vo. In this
pamphlet the spurious i declaration,' the
1 Irish conspiracy, and James's flight are *all
unfolded and set in the clearest light by the
only person who was the author and mana-
ger of them.'- The dedication was equivalent
to an appeal to the new king to reward his
eminent services.

He had made a similar appeal to Anne
upon her accession, claiming as a basis of a
suitable recognition that the fine of 5,0001.
which he had paid in 1687 should be re-
funded. Godolphin reported on his petition
to the privy council in May 1703, and Speke,
as *an object of compassion/ was allowed
100/. He then went to Ireland, and seems
to have been promised some employment by
Harfey. He wrote several letters to Ormonde
from Dublin during 1710-11 (Hist. MS8.
Conrn. 7th Rep. App. pp. 782, 813).

Though an egregious liar (as where he
states that Ms father had paid 10,000/. for
his composition), there is no valid reason for
disputing Speke's admission that, out of
hatred for James H, he had deceived him
by false reports, or that he forged the criminal
* Declaration.' The probability is that he told
only half the truth, and that, with that passion
for intrigue which the popish plot had engen-
dered among men of his stamp, he was guilty
of other .manoeuvres even more treacherous
and ambiguous in character than any he
revealed. It is tolerably clear that in some
way he became quite discredited during the
reign of William, from whom, in response to
the most extravagant claims, it appears that
Speke never received more than a few doles
of money amounting in all to no more than
500Z. (see his begging letter to Thomas Pel-
ham, dated 17 Oct. 1698, inAddiL MS. 33084,
f. 131) ; and it is highly significant that his
pamphlets were not put forth until death had
removed a number of chief actors in the re-
volution from the scene. George I seems to

Speke

324

Speke

have paid no regard to Ms appeal, though the
writer had it translated into French for the
king's "benefit. In March 1719 Speke was re-
siding at HighWy combe with aDr.Lluellyn,
on whose behalf he wrote a letter to Sir Hans
Sloane. He probably died between that date
and 1725.

[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Burke's
Landed Gentry; Roberts's Life of Monmouth,
passim ; Burnet's Own Time ; Eaehard's Hist, of
England, p. 1131; Mackintosh's Hist, of the
Revolution ; Lingard's Hist. vol. x» ; Macaulay's
Hist.; Luttrell's Brief Hist. Relation, vol. i. ;
Ellis Correspondence, i. 194, ii. 356 ; Sir George
SitwelTs The First Whig, pp. 197, 199, 200 ;
Notes and Queries, 1st ser. xii. 403 ; Secret Con-
sults, 137, 140; Speke's Works in Brit. Mus. '
Library, and a copy of his 4 Secret History ' in
the London Library, containing a manuscript
note in Speke's own hand.] T. S.

SPEKE, JOHN HANNING (1827-
1864), African explorer and discoverer of the
source of the Nile, second son of William
Speke (1798-1887) of Jordans, near Ilmtnster,
Somerset, by Georgina Elizabeth, daughter
of William Hanning of Dillington, was born
at Jordans on 4 May 1827. His father, who
had been a captain in the 14th dragoons,
was the representative of a younger branch
of the ancient family of Speke of White
Lackington [see SEBKB, HUGH] (CoLuirsoisr,
Hist. Somerset, i. 69). From Ms childhood !
Speke was educated for the army, and entered !
the 46th regiment Bengal native infantry i
(1844). He served through the Punjab cam- \
paign under Sir Hugh, first viscount Gough j
[q. v.], and was present during the Sikh
war at the battles of Ramnagar, Sadullapur,
Chilianwala, and Gujarat, acting in Sir Colin
Campbell's division. He was promoted lieu-
tenant 1850 and captain 1852. At the close
of the war Speke appears first to have con-
ceived the idea of exploring Central Equa-
torial Africa ( What led to the Discovery of
the Nile, p. 1), and all the leave of absence
which he could secure in India he spent
in hunting and exploring expeditions over
the Himalayas and in unknown portions
of Thibet, during which he proved him-
self a ^ competent sportsman, k>tanist, and
geologist. Having completed his ten years7
sen%e in India, 3 Sept. 1854, he left Cal-
cutta the following day for Aden, intending
to pirt in efiect the scheme he had formed for
African exploration. He arrived at Aden at a
monient when an expedition was being or-
ganised by the Bombay government, under
fee command of Lieutenant (afterwards Sir
l&chard) Burton, for the purpose of investi-
the Somali country. At the sug-
of Colonel (afterwards Sir James)

Outram [q.v.], Speke was put on service duty
as a member of the expedition. He was at
first despatched, 18 Oct. 1854, in preparation
for the main journey, to Bunder Gori, with
instructions to penetrate the country south-
wards as far as possible, to inspect the Wadi
Nogul, and eventually to join the rest of the
expedition at Berbera. But mainly owing to
the unsatisfactory character of his headman
or guide, who took advantage of his ignorance
of the language, he was compelled to return
to Aden, 15 Feb. 1855, without accomplish-
ing the object of the journey. On 21 March
1855 he started again for Berbera, arriving
there 3 April. Many camels had been got
together, and great preparations had been
made for the advance, but the expedition was
doomed to failure, a night attack being made
on the camp by the Somalis, in which Speke
was ^ dangerously wounded. Leaving Aden
on sick certificate, Speke arrived in England
in June 1855, and almost immediately volun-
teered for the Crimean campaign. He was
attached to a regiment of Turks, with the
commission of captain, and proceeded to
Kertch in the Crimea, where he served until
the close of the war. On its termination
he meditated exploration in the Caucasus,
but abandoned the idea on receiving an
invitation from Burton to join in another
African expedition. The new expedition
was undertaken at the joint expense of
the home and Indian governments, and at
the recommendation of Lord Elphinstone,
then governor of Bombay, Speke was officially
appointed a member of the party. The in-
structions of the Royal Geographical Society
to Burton were to penetrate inland from
Kilwa or some other place on the east coast
of Africa, and make the best way to the re-
puted lake of Nyassa, to determine the posi-
tion and limits of that lake, and to explore
the country around it.

On 3 Dec. 1856 the expedition, under the
command of Burton, sailed in the East India
Company's sloop Elphinstone from Bombay
to Zanzibar, where they arrived on 21 Dec.
The journey inland was not commenced
until 27 June 1857, the six months preceding
being occupied in exploring the coast and
determining the best line of march. Starting
from Kaole" and proceeding in a south-west
direction as far as Zungomero, and then
north-west through Ugogo and TJkimba, the
travellers arrived at Kaze", south latitude 5°,
east longitude 33°, on 7 Nov. 1857. Here they
received information of three inland lakes
from an Arab trader. Sheik Snay, which first
led Speke to entertain the idea that the most
northern lake might prove to be the source of
the Nile. Moving slowly forward, owing to

Speke

325

Speke

the illness of Burton, they reached Kawele,
on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika,
January 1858; here great difficulties were
experienced with the native chief, Kannina,
whose protection was only to "be bought by
heavy tribute, and who threw all possible
obstacles in the way of their navigation of
the lake. Both the explorers were for some
time completely disabled, Burton from fever,
Speke from ophthalmia; but on 3 March
1858 the latter embarked in a canoe, and
crossed the centre of Lake Tanganyika, east
to west, from Kabogo to Kasenge. At the
latter place he noted, and subsequently put
down in his maps, what he believed to be the
western horn of the Mountains of the Moon
encircling the north of the lake. At Kasenge
Speke was given by the Sheik Hamed a full
description of the Lake Tanganyika, but his
efforts to secure the loan or purchase of a
dhow proved unavailing, and he recrossed and
joined Burton, 31 March. Both travellers
now in company made a partial examination
of the lake from canoes, but before it was com-
pletely navigated they were compelled, ow ing
to Burton's ill-health and the fact that their
supplies were running short, to return to
.Kaz&, where they arrived towards the end
of June, having adopted a slightly more
northerly route than that by which they
came. Here Speke persuaded Burton to per-
mit hi™ to make an attempt to visit the
larger northern lake (Victoria Nyanza),
while Burton remained at Kaz6, making the
necessary arrangements for their return
journey.

On 9 July 1858 Speke, with thirty-five
followers, provided with supplies for six
weeks, left Kaz§, and, marching due north for
twenty-five days, arrived 30 July at a creek
forming the most southern point of the great
lake, and on 3 Aug. he secured his first com-
plete view of it, and named it Victoria
Nyanza. After taking compass bearings of
the principal features of the lake, and securing
such information as he was able to get on
the spot, he started on his return 6 Aug. and
rejoined Burton at Kaz6 25 Aug. He imme-
diately expressed his belief that he had dis-
covered the source of the Kile, but on this
point his fellow traveller was sceptical, and
a coolness between the two explorers, arising
in the first instance from this difference of
opinion, subsequently increased and destroyed
their old friendship. The expedition now
returned to Zanzibar, and Speke, leaving
Burton, still sick and unfit to travel, at Zan-
zibar, availed himself of a passage home offered
in H.M.S. Furious, and arrived in England
8 May 1859. He there communicated with
the Royal Geographical Society, lectured at

j Burlington House on the discovery of the two
j lakes (Tanganyika and Victoria Nyanza), and
1 practically arranged with Sir Roderick Impey
, Murchison J~q. v.], president of the Iloyal
j Geographical Society, the plans of a new ex-
pedition which he was to lead. Burton's
arrival on 21 May and Speke's somewhat un-
necessary haste in announcing the results
of the expedition accentuated the already
strained relations between the two travellers.
The rupture became complete when Speke,
in two articles in t Black wood's Magazine/
openly assumed the main credit of the expe-
dition and expressed the view that the Vic-
| toria Nyanza was the source of the Nile.
These articles were answered by Burton in
his book, * The Lake Regions of Equatorial
Africa/ in which he criticised Speke's Nile
theory and ridiculed his imaginary discovery
of the Mountains of the Moon. Both
travellers received from the French Geo-
graphical Society the medal awarded for the
most important discovery of the year.

Speke was almost immediately engaged
in preparations for the new expedition, of
1 which, through the support of Sir Roderick
Murchison, he was given the command. He
started from England on 27 April 1860, ac-
companied by Captain James Augustus
Grant (1827-1892), an old friend and officer
in the Indian army. The objects of the expe-
dition, which was organised by the Royal
Geographical Society and supported by the
government by a grant of 2,50G£, were to
explore the Victoria Nyanza and to verify, if
possible, Speke's view as to that lake being
the source of the Nile. The expedition also
received from the home government assist-
ance in the passage by sea; the Indian
, government granted arms, ammunition, and
presents for chiefs in the interior, and the
Cape parliament gave 30Q£ and the services
often men from the Cape mounted rifle corps.
The route taken was m the first instance the
same as on the previous occasion, and the
party, consisting of 217 persons, bearers and
armed men included, left Zanzibar on 25 Sept.
1860, and arrived at Kaz6 on 24 Jan. 1861.
To this base of operations Speke had sent on
beforehand a considerable quantity of cloth
and beads. Very great difficulty was now
experienced in making a further forward
movement, owing to the scarcity of carriers,
warfare between the Arabs and natives, and
the extreme rapacity of the small chiefs
through whose country it was necessary to
pass. Prom July to September Speke was
seriously 111, and in September Grant, while
1 leading a separate portion of the caravan in
the territory of the chief Mypnga, was
attacked and plundered. Rejoining each

Speke

326

Speke

other on 26 Sept., they marched north be-
tween the lakes Tanganyika and the Vic-
toria Nyanza, through Bogue and Wanga,
and arrived in November 1861 in Karague,
where they were treated with great hos-
pitality by the king, Kumanika. Leaving
Grant invalided in the care of Eumanika on
10 Jan, 1862, Speke proceeded north into
Uganda. On 19 Feb. he arrived at the
palace of Mtesa, the king of Uganda ; here
he was rejoined by Grant in May, and after
tedious negotiations, extending over four
months, he persuaded Mtesa, who on the
whole treated him in a very friendly fashion,
to facilitate the progress of the expedition
northwards through the territory of Kamrasi,
the Mng of Unyoro. The party left the
capital of Uganda on 7 July, and, marching
round the north-west shoulder of the Vic-
toria Nyanza, struck the Nile at Urondogani
on 21 July. Before the Nile was reached
Grant was despatched with the bulk of the
property to Chagusi, the capital oHJnyoro.
After trying in vain to secure boats in which
to ascend the stream, Speke marched up the
left bank, and on 28 July he reached the
place where the Nile leaves the Victoria
Nyanza, and named it Eipon Falls, after
Lord Eipon, under-secretary of state for war,
under whose auspices his expedition had
been arranged by the Royal Geographical
Society. Not being allowed by Mtesa's
officers to do more than examine the falls,
Speke started on his return down the stream
on 31 July. "With great difficulty he
secured boats and attempted to continue his
journey on the Nile, leaving Urondogani on
13 Aug., but was obliged to abandon the
river owing to the hostility of the natives,
and was only allowed, after long negotia-
tion, to enter Unyoro by land. Not till
9 Sept. was he permitted to approach the
palace of Kamrasi, the extremely suspicious
king of Unyoro (N. lat. 1° 37' 43" E. long.
32° 19' 49'0* It was as difficult to get
away from Kamrasi as it had been in the
first instance to approach him, and Speke
was not allowed to pass on his road north
Ttntil 9 Nov., and then only at the cost of
Ms last and best chronometer. Following
Ae river, he reached the Karuma Falls
<JBE I& Nov. ; here, where the Nile begins to
ifes great bend to the west, he was
to leave the stream owing to native
ra, and, travelling down the chord of the
ate nmie by foe river, he reached De Bono's
ivory outpost (N, lat. 3° KT 37") on 3 Dec.
Os 13 Jaa. 1863 Speke, now marching with
M contingent of Turb from the ivory station,
aelied .Bairn, within sight of the Nile, and
nthe right bank of the

stream by Apuddo, Madi, Marsan, and Doro,
he arrived at Gondoroko on 15 Feb. Here
he was met, and given cordial assistance,
by Samuel (afterwards Sir Samuel) Baker,
who, at his own expense, had organised another
expedition. To Baker Speke gave willingly
all the information he possessed as to the
lake Luta Nzige" (Albert Nyanza), in and
out of which he was well aware that the
Nile flowed, but he erroneously regarded '
that lake as a backwater of the Nile. He
planned the route by which Baker should
go, and gave him a map of remarkable ac-
curacy, considering that part of it was drawn
on hearsay evidence j the map is now in the
possession of the Eoyal Geographical So-
ciety. He thus enabled Baker to make his
successful discovery of the third lake, Albert
Nyanza (Sir Samuel Baker: a Memoir , by
D. Murray, p. 97). A relief expedition, the
funds for which had been raised by public
subscription (February 1881), and the com-
mand of which had been given to Consul
Petherick, was a failure, through the diffi-
culties it experienced en route and the illness
of its leader, and proved of no assistance to-
Speke.

Shortly after his arrival at Khartoum the
foreign office received a message by telegram
from Speke that all was well and the Nile
traced to its source. This message created a
great sensation when publicly communicated
at the meeting of the Eoyal Geographical
Society on 11 May 1863. Honours were now
showered on the successful explorers. At
Gondoroko Speke first heard that the founders'
medal of the Eoyal Geographical Society had
been awarded to him for the discovery of the
Victoria Nyanza. On his arrival at Alex-
andria he was entertained by the viceroy
of Egypt, and the king of Sardinia presented
him with a medal with the inscription ' Honor
est a Nilo/ He was publicly received on land-
ing at Southampton, and a special meeting of
the 'Eoyal Geographical Society was called
in his honour on 22 June 1863. Speke's
'Journal of the Discovery of the Nile' was
published in the same year and was widely
read ; it was translated into French in 1869,
and the author was invited to Paris and pre-
sented to the Emperor Napoleon, by whom
he was promised assistance if he should
undertake another expedition.

The fact that Speke's proof of the Victoria
Nyanza being the source of the Nile was
not absolute, owing to the stream being left
for a considerable distance and the ^Luta
Nzige* (Albert Nyanza) not being visited,
rendered his achievement open to some
doubt, and his discoveries and theories were
criticised both by Miani, the Venetian travel-

Speke 3

ler, and by Burton and McQueen in their
joint production, 'The Nile Basin* (1864).
Great public interest was taken in the matter,
and it was arranged that Speke should meet
the most formidable of his critics, Captain
Burton, and debate the subject with him at
the meeting of the geographical section of
the British Association at Bath on 18 Sept.
1864. Unhappily on the morning of the day
fixed for the discussion Speke, who was stop-
ping with his uncle-in-law, John Bird Fuller,
at Neston Park, near Bath, accidentally shot
himself fatally when partridge-shooting. He
was buried on 26 Sept. in the church of
Dowlish-Wake.

The importance of Speke's discoveries can
hardly be overestimated. In discovering the

* source reservoir * of the Nile he succeeded in
solving the * problem of all ages J (Sm R.
MTJECHISON'S Address to the JRoy. Geogr. Soc.
25 May, 1863). He and Grant were the
first Europeans to cross Equatorial Eastern
Africa, and thereby gained for the world a
knowledge of rather more than eight degrees 1
of latitude, or about five hundred geographi- j
cal miles, in a portion of Eastern AJiica j
previously totally unknown. Though no
great lingrds t, Speke was by nature thoro ughly
qualified as an explorer, possessing remark- !
able courage, an unflinching perseverance, and '
& rare aptitude for dealing with, the savage
rulers with whom he came into contact.
While not altogether scientific in his geo-
graphical method, he was a good astronomer,
and on the whole his reckonings were re-
markably accurate. He possessed a curious
geographical instinct, guiding him to cor-
rect conclusions on slender evidence. His
knowledge of natural history and his skill
as a sportsman proved of great service to
fri-m during his travels. By Baker he was
described as a 'painstaking, determined
traveller who worked put his object of geo-
graphical research without the slightest
jealousy of others — a splendid fellow in
every way ' (Sir S. Baker : a Memoir, p.
97).

There is an engraving of Speke, by Mr. S.
Hollyer, after a photograph, prefixed to the

* Journal of the Discovery of the Source of f
Nile ;* and an oil painting of Speke and Grant
is in the possession of Sir John Dorington ;
a bust, taken after death, stands in the Shire-
hall, Taunton ; and a bust in plaster, modelled
by Pieroni, is in the possession of the Royal
Geographical Society. A portrait by Water-
house belongs to the family, A granite
monument was erected by public subscription
in Kensington Gardens. In 1875 an arm of
the lake Victoria Nyanza was named f Speke
Gulf* by Mr. H. M. Stanley,

7 Spelman

In recognition of Speke's services his family
were granted an augmentation of arms with
the use of supporters by royal license in 1867.

Speke wrote: 1. * Journal of the Discovery
of the Source of the Nile/ Edinburgh and
London, 1863. 2. * What led to the Dis-
covery of the Source of the Nile/ Edinburgh
and London, 1864.

[Speke's publications; Times, 19 Sept. 1864
Roy. Geogr. Soc. Proceedings, 1857-63 ; Hitch-
man's Eiehard Burton, ii. 37, 40 ; Lady Burton's
Life of Sir Richard Burton ; Sir Samuel Baker,
by T. Douglas Murray; Beke's Sources of the
Nile ; Speke's original maps in the possession of
the Royal G-eogr. Soe. ; Brown's Story of Africa
( 1 892), ii. 50-1 1 5 ; Lugard's Rise of our East Afri
can Empire (1893); Sir H. H. Johnston's British
Central Africa, 1897, pp. 63 seq.] W. C-E.

SPELMAN, CLEMENT (1598-1679),
cursitor baron of the exchequer, was fourth
and youngest son of Sir Henry Spelman [q.v.j,
by his wife Eleanor, eldest daughter and co-
heiress of John L'Estrange of Hunstanton,
Sir John Spelman (1594-1643) [q. v.] was
his eldest brother. He was born in 1598,
and baptised at Sedgeford in Norfolk on
4 Oct. 1598, He was entered at Gray's Inn
on 20 March 1613, and was admitted pensioner
of Queens7 College, Cambridge, on 16 Sept.
1616. In 1624 he^was called to the bar, but
appears in the first instance, after the manner
of nis family, to have devoted himself to an-
tiquarian pursuits rather than to his profes-
sion. He apparently lived in London. On
24 Feb. 1635 he was one of the performers
in a masque at the Middle Temple (Woop,
Athena, vol. iii. 807 »., ed. Bliss). He was
appointed on 22 Aug. 1638 member of a com-
mission to inquire into breaches of the statute
of 31 Eliz., which directed that to every cot-
tage erected four acres of land should be
attached, and at the same time he took
part in another commission to inq uire into
breaches of the laws against usr«ry (Cal.
State Papers, Born, Charles 1, 22 A ug. 1635).

Spelman wrote a long preface, which is a
kind of abstract of the * History and Fate
of Sacrilege,3 to the edition of his father's
treatise *De non temerandis Ecclesiis* (Ox-
ford, 1646) ; and in 1647 published anony-
mously a tract entitled 'Reasons for ad-
mitting the King to a Personal Treaty in
Parliament and not by Commissioners/ The
following year he wrote and published * A
Letter to the Assembly of Divines concerning
Sacrilege/ He was also probably the author
of * A Character of the OHverians * published
in 1660 (Woov,Atkena, iv. 7). The name of
Clement Spelman appears in a list of seques-
tered delinquents on 24 April 1648, but
there was another member of his family of

Spelman

328

Spelman

somewhat similar age and the same name
who was possibly the delinquent in question.
He had been made an ancient of Gray's Inn
in 1638, and was elected bencher in 1660.

On the Eestoration his services were re-
warded by his appointment as cursitor baron
of the exchequer on 9 March 1663, which
post he held till March 1679.

He died in June 1679, and was buried in
St. Dunstan's 'Church, Fleet Street, Spel-
man married Martha, daughter and coheiress
of Francis Mason, by whom he left two sons
and two daughters ; of the latter, Dorothy
married Sir Robert Yallop, and was grand-
mother of Edward Spelman [q.v.]

[Foss's Judges, vii. 171; Norfolk Archaeolo-
gical Soc. voL vii. pt. vii. p. 253 ; Cal. State
Papers, Dom.] W. C-B.

SPELMAN or YALLOP, EDWARD (d.
1767), author and translator, was the son of
Charles Yallop of Bowthorp Hall, Norfolk, by
his wife Ellen, daughter and heiress of Sir
EdwardBarkham,bart,, of Westacre,Norfolk.
Edward's grandfather, Sir Robert Yallop,
married Dorothy, daughter of Clement Spel-
man [cj. v.]f baron of the exchequer. Edward,
who in later life adopted the surname of
Spelman, added an assiduous study of classical
literature to the ordmarypursuits of acountry
gentleman. He was a profound Greek scholar,
but had a great contempt for university
learning. * Good God ! ' he exclaimed on one
occasion, * doth any fellow of a college know
anything of Greek?' He lived at High
House, near Rougham, Norfolk. He died
unmarried on 12 March 1767 at Westacre.

In 1742 he translated Xenophon's Ana-
basis, under the title 'The Expedition of
Cyrus into Persia, with Notes Critical and
Historical,' London, 8vo, which went through
several editions, and was republished as late
as 1849. Spelman's translation was styled
by Gibbon * one of the most accurate and
elegant that any language has produced*
(see also SMITH'S Diet, of Biography and My-
•Qwlogyi ed. 1849, iii. 1300). He also trans-
lated * A Fragment out of the Sixth Book
of Polybius/ London, 1743, 8vo, and « The
Roman Antitmities of Dionysius Halicar-
Bassras, mth IN otes and Dissertations,' Lon-
«te, 1758, 4to. The latter work won the
praise of Adam Clarke [a. v.l the former
tiat of mward Harwood (1729-1794) [q. v.]
. Besides his translations Spelman was the
««Aoirof: 1.' A Short Review of Mr. Hooke's
€i*se?vatioB6 concerning the Roman Senate
and the Character of Dionysius Haliearnas-
7dB, 8vo, written in reply to
S of Nafeanlel or Nathanael

'

by William Bowyer the younger [q. v.l in
'An Apology for some of Mr. Hooke's Ob-
servations,' London, 1783, 4to. 2. 'The
History of the Civil War between York and
Lancaster,' Lynn, 1792, 8vo ; completed by
George William Lemon [q. v.] Under the
title of ' Two Tracts ' Lemon also issued an
essay by Spelman on Greek accents, with
one of his own on the ' Voyage of JlJneas
from Troy to Italy,' London, 1773, 8vo.

[Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, ed. Parkin, ii
384, 387, vi. 201, ix. 4, 145, 148, 163; General
Hist, of Norfolk, 1829, ii. 832 ; Nichols's Lit.
Anecd. ii. 304, 305, 616, iii. 661, viii. 135 ; G-ent'
Mag. 1767, p. 144.] E. I. 0

SPELMAlSr, SIK HENRY (1564 P-1641),
historian and antiquary, born about 1564,
was the eldest son of Henry Spelman of Oong^
ham, Norfolk, by his second wife, Frances,
daughter of William Sanders of Ewell in
Surrey, His father was the second son of
Sir John Spelman (1495P-1544) fq. v.]

Spelman was educated at Walsingham
grammar school (Hist, of Sacrilege, ed. 1853,
p. 247), and when ten or twelve is said by
Aubrey to have been sent to * a curst school-
master/ who was very severe to him, and
would say to a dull boy ' as very a dunce as
Henry Spelman ' (ATTBREY, Lives, ii. 540).
Although in Sloane MS. 1466, f. 16, he
describes himself as of Oxford University,
he was admitted pensioner at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, on 15 Sept. 1580", matricu-
lated on 17 March 1581, and graduated B.A.
in 1582-3, after residing only eight terms in
the university ( Cambridge Antiquarian Soc.
Proc. ii. 101). This curtailment of his uni-
versity career was occasioned by the death
of his father on 7 Oct. 1581. He was then
obliged to return home to assist his mother
in her management of the affairs of the
family. He was probably a good scholar on
leaving the university (Camdr. Antiq. Soc.
Proc. ii. 112) ; the tradition (ATJBEEY, Lives)
that he did not master the Latin language
till past middle age is unfounded. After a
short stay in Norfolk (Glossary, pref. ed.
1626), he went to London, where he became
a student at Lincoln's Tnn in 1585-6 (DirG-
DALE, Orig. Jurid. p. 268), but he does not
appear to have studied law witib. a view to
practice, and left London withM three years
to settle again in Norfolk. On 18 April 1590
he married Eleanor, daughter and coheiress
of John L'Estrange of Hunstanton. Hig
wife seems to have brought him considerable
property, and this, with what he inherited,
vided him with a generous competency
He became guardian to his brother-in-

law, SirHamon I/Estrange, and lived during
!,;« ™^0 ~; — :*„ oa tll0 la^te^g property

Spelman

Spelman

at Hunstanton [see under L'ESTBASTGE, SIE

HAM02?].

Though at this period engaged in the ordi-
nary occupations of a country gentleman,
Spelman displayed his antiquarian bent by
the composition of a Latin treatise on coats
of armour, f Aspilogia ; ' it was probably
written "before 1595, although it was not pub-
lished till 1654. He also transcribed many
of the deeds and charters relating to the
monasteries of Norfolk and Suffolk, and
wrote the description of Norfolk printed by
John Speed [q.v.J before 1610. In 1593 he
was admitted a member of the original So-
ciety of Antiquaries (Archceologia, xxxii.
138 ; HEA-RKE, Antiq. Disc. ii. 439), and thus
made the acquaintance of Camden, Sir Ro-
bert Cotton, Richard Carew, and others.
Such intercourse encouraged his antiquarian
proclivities. In 1594 (ReUqid& Salman-
niance, ed. Gibson, p. 208) he wrote a dia-
logue, probably to be read before the society,
concerning the coin of the kingdom and '
existing prices; he proved that immense
treasure had been in the past exported from
England. The society discontinuedits meet-
ings in 1604. Spelman's efforts to resus-
citate them ten years later were frustrated
by James IJs prohibition. In 1609 he unsuc-
cessfully petitioned James I for admission as
a fellow to the new Chelsea College (Draft of
Latin petition in Tanner MS. cxlii. 58).

Spelman increased his Norfolk properties
in 1594 by the purchase of the leases of
Blackborough and Wormegay abbeys from the .
lessees of the crown, but he became involved
by this transaction in proceedings in the
court of chancery which lasted many years ;
the case was ultimately settled by compromise
after 1625, while Lord Coventry was lord-
keeper (F. S. Cooper in Proceedings ofCambr.
Antiq. Soc. ii. 104; Hist, and Fate of 'Sacrilege,
ed. 1853, p. 245). Bacon, when lord chancellor,
gave his decision against Spelman. in this liti-
gation, and it is significant that Sir Henry's
name subsequently appeared among the
suitors in chancery who presented petitions
to parliament complaining of Bacon's corrup-
tion (Hist. Sacrilege, 1853, p. 245 ; HOWELL,
State Trials, ii. 1107). Summing up the re-
sults of this suit in the c History and Fate
of Sacrilege ' (ed. 1853, p. 247), he declared
himself to have been * a great loser, and not
beholden to fortune, yet happy in this that
he is out of the briars, and especially that
he hereby first discerned the infelicity of
meddling with consecrated places/

Spelman was returned as member of par-
liament for Castle Rising on 29 Sept. 1597
(Return of Members of Parl 1878), and in
1604 he served as high sheriff of Norfolk.

His scholarly abilities, combined with his
knowledge of affairs, commended him to
James I, by whom he was appointed on
2 March 1617 commissioner to determine un-
settled titles to lands and manors in Ireland.
The business of the commission necessitated
three visits to Ireland (HEABKE, Antiq. Dis-
course, ii. 439 ; Preface to Glossary, ed. 1626).

In 1612 he moved with his whole family
to London, in order to be within reach of
books and scholarly friends, and to free him-
self from unspecified annoyances which he
had experienced in the country. Although
he continued to perform the duties of a jus-
tice of the peace in Norfolk, he sold his stock
and let his farms and house there HTS first
London residence was in Tuthill Street, West-
minster, close to the library of his friend Sir
Robert Cotton (Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep.
p. 424). Here he remained for about twenty
years, until his removal to the house in Bar-
bican of Sir Ralph Whitfield, his son-in-law
(Addit. MS. 25384; Hist. MSS. Gmm. llth
Rep. App. iv. 18 j cf. Archteologia^oL xxiv.;
CaL State Papers, Dom. January 1632),

As soon as he was settled in London, Spel-
man completed his treatise * De non teme-
randis Ecclesiis, a tracte of the rights and
respect due unto Churches/ which, according
to the title, was written 'to a gentleman
who, having an appropriate parsonage, em-
ployed the church to prophane uses, and left
the parishioners uncertainly provided of Dt-
vine service in a parish, near there adjoining.'
The gentleman in question was Francis San-
ders, Spelman's uncle, a conversation with
whom is said to have occasioned the writing
of the treatise. In the first instance it was
intended only for private circulation, but was
printed in London in 1613. Three copies
bound together, in the British Museum
Library, contain numerous manuscript notes
by the author. The third copy has a slightly
different title-page. A reissue came from
the press of Andrew Hart at Edinburgh in
1616, and contains an address by the author
to the bishops of Scotland and a preface
signed *I. S.7 Spelman's treatise, rough and
forcible in style but abounding in recondite
learning, exercised an extraordinary influence
on lay impropriators, who were in not a few
cases induced by its strong argument to
restore lay imBropriations to the use of the
church. * While Sir Henry Spelman lived
there came some unto him almost every term
at London to consult with him how they
might legally restore and dispose of their
impropriations* {Reliq. Spelman. ed. Gibson,
p. 64). Baptist, Lord Hicks, Baron Scnda-
more, and Sir Roger Townsend were among
those who acted on his advice. The success

Spelman

330

Spelman

of this work no doubt led the author to pro-
ceed with the more elaborate ' History of
Sacrilege/ which he had already projected.
In the preface to the reader, ' De non teme-
randis Ecclesiis' (ed. 1613), he says in refe-
rence to the larger undertaking: 'I have
thought it not unfit upon some encourage-
ment to sende this forth (like a Pinnesse or
poste of Advise) to make a discovery of the
coast before I adventure my greater ship.'
He was collecting materials for his l History
of Sacrilege ' up to 1633. But it was not
printed in its author's lifetime ; it was pub-
lished for the tirst time by an unknown editor
in 1698.

Meanwhile Spelman resolved to concen-
trate his energies on a great work on the
bases of English law to be deduced from
original records (ib. ii. 439). But at the out-
set of his researches he experienced so much
difficulty in assigning the proper meanings to
Anglo-Saxon and Latin terms that he deter-
mined to postpone his legal researches until
he had compiled a glossary of law terms.
He ^ had already prepared in 1614, for the
Society of Antiquaries, *a discourse touching
the antiquity and etymology of law terms
and times for the administration of justice in
England.' But the society was suppressed
before this paper was read, and it was not
published till 1684 (HEABNB, Antiquarian
Discourses, ii. 331). Pursuing his scheme of i
a full glossary, he submitted sample sheets !
to eminent foreign scholars in September !
1619, and, on securing their approbation,
proceeded with the work (Peiresc to Spel-
man, Addit. MS. 25384). The deaths of his
wife and of a son in 1620 did not impede his I
progress, but while working on the 'Glos- j
sary ' he found time in October 1621 to pre-
pare a formal opinion on the question whether |
the accidental killing of a park-keeper by
Archbishop Abbot rendered him incapable
of performing archiepiscopal functions. He
affirmed the archbishop's irregularity, and in-
sisted on the necessity of an extraordinary
&>rm of new consecration. This expression
of opinion did not affect his friendly rela-
with the archbishop (Preface to Con-
. At length in 1626 the first volume of j
* Glossary/ extending to the end of the j

feer \1^ was published. Spelman had '
©feed ife in vain to Beale, the king's printer,
fe «t, or fe books of that value. He
exmei^m^j bore all the expenses of publi-
cation. He importance of the volume was

Lmmedia

recognised by the great scholars
Jsslfcer to Spelman, 2 April 1628, !
25384, i 8X but the greater part !
^nained on Spelman's hands i
He was Electing materials !

for the completion of the work until 1638.
The second and concluding volume appeared
posthumously in 1664.

_ "With his scholarly studies Spelman com-
bined some active interest in practical affairs.
He had become a member of the council for
New England shortly after its foundation
on 23 July 1620 (HARAED, i. 99), and took a
prominent part in the control of the com-
pany from this period up to the resignation
. of their charter in 1635. He drew their
, patents, and performed other legal work
arising out of their struggle with the Vir-
ginia Company (Cal. State Papers. Colonial
12 July 1622, 28 Jan. 1623, 25 March 1623?
29 June 1632, 25 April 1635). He was also
among the adventurers who, by patent, were
erected into the Guiana Company, and on
8 June 1627 he was appointed treasurer (ib
8 June 1627).

On 26 April 1625 Spelman was returned
member for Worcester city to the first parlia-
ment of Charles I (Return of Members of
Parliament], but he seems after a short time
to have been succeeded in that position by
his son John. He was no ardent politician.
*I am no parliament man/ he wrote on
26 May 1628 to Ussher. Although a devoted
royalist, he appears to have sympathised with
the promulgation of the Petition of Eight,
the _ main points in which he regarded as
having been * seriously and unanswerably
proved and concluded by the lower house '
(Life and letters of James Ussher, ed. Parr,
London, 1686). He was appointed on 8 May
1627 a member of a commission to inquire
what offices existed, and what fees were taken,
in 11 Eliz. (1569-70), and what fees had
been imposed since. He was again appointed
a member of two similar commissions, on
28 June 1627 (Cal State Papers, Dom. June
1627) and in January 1630. His work ' Be
Sepultura/ which was not published till
1641, and which proved the existence of ex-
orbitant exactions, embodied no doubt some
of the experience he gained in this capacity.
Although, according to Sir Simonds
D'Ewes, Spelman was in 1630 i now very
aged and almost blind ' (Autobiopr. i. 455),
he appears about this time to have under-
taken his compilation of the * Councils, De-
crees, Laws, and Constitutions of the Eng-
lish Church/ the first volume of which, up
to 1066, occupied hrm seven years ("WOOD,
Athena, ed. Bliss, iii. 671). In carrying out
this most important work he was assisted by
Jeremiah Stephens [q. v.] and by his son John
Spelman. Other scholars also gave generous
assistance, and Abbot, Laud, and Ussher all
regarded the work favourably. The first
volumeappeared in 1639. Although it omitted

Spelman

33*

Spelman

much that might have been inserted, and
was in places inaccurate, this publication
was the first attempt to deal in a systematic
way with the early documents concerning ,
the church, and practically inaugurated a •
new historical study.

Meanwhile the difficulties in the way of
the study of Anglo-Saxon which had led him
to undertake the { Glossary ' determined him
to found an Anglo-Saxon lectureship at Cam-
bridge. On 28 Sept. 1635 he wrote on this
subject in cautious fashion to his friend
Abraham Wheel ocke [q. v.l : * We must not
launch out into the deep before we know the
points of our compass ' (Letters of Eminent
Literary Men, Camd. Soc. p. 153), Bishop
Wren encouraged the design (Tanner MS.
clvii. 85). The lectureship was eventually
established and endowed with the stipend
of the impropriate rectory of MidcQeton.
Wheelocke was appointed the first lecturer.
But the first appointment to the post was
also the last. On Wheelocke's death in
1657, and in accordance apparently with the
founder's wishes, the stipend of the rectory of ,
Middleton was then paid to William Somner !
[a. v.] towards the expense of completing his !
Saxon dictionary (KjEirsnBT, Life of Somner,
p. 72; COOPER, Annals, iii. 301).

Spelman was granted (27 Nov. 1636) by
royal warrant, at the recommendation of the
council, the sum of 30Q/., in recompense
of his extraordinary c labour and pains taken
by him on sundry occasions in his majesty's
service7 (Cal. State Papers, Dom.), and
about February 1638 he declined the king's
offer of the mastership of Button's Hospital,
Charterhouse. At the same time he recom-
mended his son John for the office (Tanner
MS. xxvi. 21). Despite his generosity to the
university of Cambridge, he appears to have
been an unsuccessful candidate for the repre-
sentation of the university in 1640, only
seventy votes being recorded in his favour
(Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xi. 405). The
last work that Spelman published was the

* Original Growth, Propagation, and Condi-
tion of Tenures by Knight Service* (1641),
which he undertook owing to the mistakes
attributed to the interpretation he gave of

* Feudum * in his * Glossary '(HEABSTE, Antia.
Disc. ii. 439).

He died in London at the house of his |
son-in-law, Sir Ralph Whitfield, in Barbican,
and was buried near Camden in Westminster
Abbey, just outside the chapel of St. Nicholas,
on 14 Oct. 1641 (cf. letters of Eminent Men,
Camd. Soc.)

Through life, although by no means blind
to the failings of her ministers (De Sepul-
)) Spelman's admiration of the English

church exercised on him a predominant in-
fluence, and his good services to the Anglican
community in opening out the almost un-
explored field of early church history were
invaluable. The gratitude of contemporaries
was expressed by Sir Francis Wortley :

There's none I know hath •written heretofore
Who hath obliged this church and kingdom morej
Thou hast derived and proved our Church as

high
As Home can boast, and given her pride the lie

(Characters and Elegies, London, 1646, p.
48). Another view of his churchmanship
is supplied by his biographer J. A., who
says : * Cane pejus et angue eos oderat qui
sibi solebant plaudere tanquam qui soli
essent sancti et pure vereque, ut vocant,Pro-
testantes.7 As an ecclesiastical lawyer he
ranks among the best informed that this
country has produced, and his 'Glossary7
gives him a title to the name of inaugurator
of philological science in England.
1 Spelman was a willing helper of fellow-
students. He assisted Baker in his collec-
tions for an ecclesiastical history (WooB,
Athena, ed. Bliss, iii. 14) ; he encouraged
Wheelocke to edit Beda ; he was the means
of introducing Dugdale to Dodsworth (Due-
DALE, Life, p. 10), and helped the former in
September 1638 to secure the appointment
of pursuivant extra title Blanch Lyon (see
DUGDALE).

By his wife, Eleanor L'Estrange, who
died on 24 July 1620, he had four sons and
four daughters, all born in Norfolk. The
eldest and youngest sons, John and Clement,
are noticed separately, The second son died
within nine days of his mother. The third
son, Henry (1595-1623), ' in displeasure of
his friends and desirous to see other country '
(Relation of Virginia, by H. S.), went out
to Virginia in 1609, lived with the Indians
until December 1610, learnt their language,
acted as interpreter to the colony of Vir-
ginia from 1611, paid short visits to England
in 1611 and 1618, and on 23 March 1623
was killed by the Anacostan Indians near
the site of Washington (BBOWN, Genesis of
UJS^L)

In agpearance Spelman, says Aubrey
(Lives, iL 540), ' was a handsome gentleman,
strong and valiant, and wore alwayes his
sword till he was about 70 or more,' There
is a portrait of him, erroneously said to have
been taken when he was eighty-one years of
age, in the university gallery, Oxford, An-
other portrait ascribed to Paul von Somer is
in the National Portrait Gallery ; an engrav-
ing of this picture by Faithorne is prefixed
to vol. i. of the * Glossary,7 published in 1726,

Spelman

332

Spelman

and to the 'Aspilogia/ edited by Biss.
Faithorne's engraving was subsequently
copied by White, and appears in the collected
works edited by Gibson. A third portrait
in oils belongs to the Earl of Hardwicke, and
a fourth was in the Fountaine collection at
ISTarborough. There is an engraved portrait
in Blomefield's 'History of Norfolk/

Spelman's chief works were : 1. ' Be non
temerandis Ecclesiis : a Tracte of the Rights
and Respect due unto Churches/ London,
1613 ; other editions, Edinburgh, 1616 ; Lon-
don, 1616; Oxford, 1646, 1668, 1676, 1704,
1841. % ' Archseologus in modum Glossarii
ad rem antiquam posteriorem continents
Latina Barbara, peregrina, obsoleta . . . quse
in Eeclesiastieis, profanis Scriptoribus, legi-
bus, antiquis chartis et formulis occurrunt/
vol. L 1626; the second volume, which is in-
ferior to the first, appeared in 1664, edited by
Bugdale, who was encouraged to undertake
the work by Lord Clarendon and Arch-
bishop Sheldon; there appears to be no evi-
dence in support of the charge against Bug-
dale of interpolating this volume to gratify
his political prejudice (BUGDALE, Life, p. 29 ;
cf. art. DTCKDALB, SIR WTTXTA-M- ; BBAI>Y,
Jam Anglorum fades Antigua, 1683, p. 229).
3. * Concilia Decreta Leges Constitutiones in
re Ecclesiarum orbis Britannici/ vol. i. to
1066, London, 1639. The second volume
appeared in. 1664, edited by Bugdale, again
at the instigation of Clarendon and Arch-
bishop Sheldon ; of the two hundred sheets
in this volume, Bugdale declares that all but
fifty-seven were or his own collecting (BUG-
DALE, Life, p. 12). A later edition, dated
1736-7, was revised and expanded by Bavid
Wilkbs [q. v.] into four folio volumes, and
this work formed the basis of ' Councils and
Ecclesiastical Boeuments' (1869-73), by
Dr. William Stubbs, now bishop of Oxford,
and Arthur West Haddan [q. v.] 4. ( The
Growth, Propagation, and Condition of
Tenures by Knight Service,1 London, 1641.
5. ' Be Sepultura/ 1641. 6. ' A Protestant's
account pi his Orthodox holding in matters
of Religion at this present Indifference in
tiie Church/ &CT Cambridge, 1642; reprinted
in 'Somers Tracts/ iv. 32, ed. Scott.
7. * fitlLes too hot to be touched/ ed. Jeremy
Bfe^feaas, 1646 ; the title was subsequently
atarei fco * The larger Treatise on Tithes/
1647; tit© work was presumably written in
8wp$>ort of Ricliard Montague [q. v.], and in
cf^osLtim &> Selien. 8. * Apologia pro
t^aefcafca de non temerandis & Be alienatione
<$ee*iaanjm/ edited and completed by Jeremy
< Aspilogia/ edited with

or a View of the Towns of

England/ by Spelman and Bodsworth, 1656,
4to. 11. ' Be Termini sJuridicis: of the Law
Terms ; wherein the Laws of the Jews, Gre-
cians, Romans, Saxons, and Normans relat-
ing to the subject are fully explained/ 1684
12. ' The History and Fate of Sacrilege/
London, 1698 ; this work appears to have
been left incomplete by Spelman ; in 1663 J.
Stephens began to print it, but the impres-
sion was destroyed in the fire of London
before it was finished. Bishop Gibson dis-
covered the main portion of the manuscript
in the Bodleian Library, but did not in-
clude it in his 'Reliquiae.' The unknown
editor of the 1698 edition, however, describes
himself as ' a less discreet person who will
een let the world make what use of it they
please/ The aim of the work — ' published
for the terror of evil-doers' — was to em-
phasise the ancient principle that church
property could never be justly alienated.
In 1846 and 1853 new editions appeared.
In 1895 it was re-edited by the Rev. C. F. S.
Warren. An abridged translation was made
into French, 1698, and was reprinted at
Brussels in 1787 ; it has also been translated
into German (Regensburg, 1878).

A collection of Spelman's posthumous
works on the laws and antiquities of Eng-
land, ' Reliquiae Spelmanniae/ was edited by
Bishop Gibson in 1695. This volume con-
tains, among other hitherto unpublished
pieces, discourses ' Of the Ancient Govern-
ment of England ' and ' Of Parliaments ; ' An
Answer to a short Apology for Archdeacon
Abbot touching the fleath of Peter Haw-
kins ; ' 'Of the Original of Testaments and
Wills and of their Probate ; ' ' Icenia, sive
Norfolciae Bescriptio topographica ; ' 'Be
Milite Bissertatio ; * ' Historia Familiss de
Shamburn;' 'A Bialogue concerning the
Coin of the Kingdom ; ' and two discourses
* Of the Admiral-jurisdiction and the Offi-
cers thereof/ and 'Of Ancient Beeds and
Charters.' Bavid Wilkins first printed in
his 'Leges Anglo-Saxonicse' (1721, fol.) Spel-
man's 'Collection of the old and statute laws
of England from William I to 9 Henry HI.1
Another volume of selections from Spel-
man's works appeared in 1723 (London, fol. ;
2nd edit. 1727). Among extant unpublished
manuscripts of Spelman are : * Archaismus
graphicus/ written for the use of his sons in
1606, in the Bodleian Library, Rawl. B. 462,
and 'Magnss Chart® Origo/ Rawl. C. 917,
548. Many of Spelman's manuscripts were
sold with the library of Dr. Cox Macro in
1820.

[No good biography of Spelmaa exists ; the
lives by Bishop GKbson prefixed to Ms edition of
the Collected Works and by J. A. in Latin pre-

Spelman

333

Spelman

fixed to the edition of the Glossary published in
1687 afford little more information than that
contained in Spelman's OTTO preface to the Glos-
sary, ed. 1626. Host of the authorities followed
have been given in the text ; reference has also
been made to Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Bodl. Libr. Cat. ;
Cal. State Papers, Bom. and Colonial ; Hacket's
Life of Bishop Williams ; Dugdale's Life ; Biogr.
Brit.; Blomefield's Hist, of' Norfolk; Norfolk
Arehseol. Soc. Pnbl.; Notes and Queries, 9th
ser. i. 323.] W. C-B.

SPELMAtf , SIB JOHN (1495 F-1544),
judge of the king's bench, born about 1495,
was son of Henry Spelman, recorder of Nor-
wich in 1491. The Spelman family were of
ancient descent, being- sprung from Hamp-
shire, where in the time of Henry HE they
held the manor of Brockenhurst ; in the four-
teenth century they appear to have settled in
Norfolk, where they held the manor of Beker-
ton in the fifteenth century. The judge's
father, Henry Spelman of Bekerton, by his
marriage with his second wife, Ela, daughter
and coheiress of William de Narborough, be-
came possessed of the property at Narborough,
which subsequently became the home of the
family (BLOMEPLBLB, History, vi. 450, 454).
Spelman was the youngest of seven children
of his father's second marriage. Early in life
he was sent to Gray's Inn to study law (cf,
FOSTER, Graffs Inn Reg. pp. x, 9). He
became a reader of the inn in 1514, and
was appointed to the same office a second
time in 1519 (DFGDAI.E, Origines,^- 292)«
He was called to the degree of the coif in
Trinity term 1521, and was made king's
Serjeant in April 1529 (Letters and Papers,
Hen. YIH, vol. iv. pt. ii. p. 2435). He was
appointed (14 July 1530) one of the com-
missioners to make inquisition in the county
of Norfolk as to the possessions held by
Wolsey therein, and again as commissioner
in August 1530 to make an inquisition of
lands given by Wolsey to Christ Church, Ox-
ford, previously to his attainder (ib, p. 2946).
In February 1532 he was acting as a justice of
assize, and was created a judge of the king's
bench in 1533 (DTJGDALE, Ckronica Series^
82). He was present at the coronation of
Anne Boleyn in June 1533, and reported the
manner of attendance of the judges ( Cotton
MSS. Vesp. cxiv. 124). In 1535 he acted as a
commissioner on the trials of Sir Thomas
More and Bishop Fisher, and again on 13 May
1536 as one of the special commissioners of
oyer and terminer for Middlesex who were
appointed to return all indictments found
against Queen Anne and Lord Rochford
(Letters and Papers, Hen. VIII, vol. x.)
For such services he received in April 1537
a grant in fee of the manor of Gracys in

Narborough, Norfolk, belonging to the sup-
pressed priory of Penteney (ib. vol. xii. pt,
i. p. 512).

Spelman appears to have been a discreet
courtier, and, at Thomas Cromwell's request,
appointed the latter's nominee as clerk of
assize on 12 April 1538, though regretfully
writing* Albeit I intended to promote one of
my own sons/ He died on 26 Feb. 1544, and
was buried in Narborough church. The brass
of Sir John in judge's robes over his tomb is
engraved in Cotman's £ Norfolk Brasses.'

Spelman married Elizabeth, daughter and
heiress of Sir Henry Frowyk of Gunners-
bury in Middlesex, brother of Sir Thomas
Frowyk [q. v.], chief justice of the common
pleas, by whom he left a family of thirteen
sons and seven daughters. His second son,
Henry, was father of Sir Henry Spelman
(1564P-1641) [q. v.j A younger son, Wil-
liam Spelman, was educated at Magdalene
College, Cambridge, and spent a considerable
portion of his life in the Netherlands, where
in 1523 he was engaged in a secret mission
on behalf of the king of Spain (Ta?iner MS.
Ixxx. 21 et seq.) He was the author of ' A
Dialogue or Confabulation between two Tra-
vellers, sometimes Companions in study in
Magdalene College, Cambridge, the one
named Viandante, the other Seluaggio.' This
piece, in manuscript, was formerly in the col-
lection of Dawson Turner. William Spel-
man married Catherine, daughter of Cor-
nelius von Stonhove, a Butch judge.

[Foss's Judges; Blomefield's Norfolk; Visit.
of Norfolk (Harl. Soc.), p. 264 ; Norfolk Arehseo-
logical Soc. Publ. vol. vii.] W. C-a.

SPELMAN, SIB JOHN (1594-1643),
royalist and author, was the eldest son and
heir of Sir Henry Spelman [q. v.] Clement
Spelman [q. v.] was his youngest brother.
John was born at Hunstanton in 1594, and
was educated at Cambridge. Thence he
went as a student to Gray's Inn, where he
was admitted on 16 Feb. 1607-8 (FosTEK,
jRegister of Admissions to Gray's Inn), He
had chambers * in the corner nere Stanhope
Buildings towards Grays Inn Lane? (Addit.
MS. 25384). In his love of history and anti-
quities John seems to have followed in the
footsteps of his father, who regarded him as
heir to his literary remains {Concilia , vol. i.
pref.) He became well acquainted with
the leading scholars of his time, and when in
Paris in September 1619 was introduced by
his father's friend, Nic. Fabri de Peiresc, to,
among others, Bignon and Rigaltius, both of
whom seem to have considered him well
worthy of their scholarly regard (Peirese to
Sir Henry Spelman, Addit . MS. 25384). On

Spelman

334

Spence

his return to England lie married Anne, only
daughter of John, son and heir of Sir Roger
Townshend of Rainham. He appears to have
taken up his residence at Heydon in Norfolk,
whence he was writing to his father in 1625
(Tanner MS. Ixiv. 145). In the same year
he was chosen to succeed his father as mem-
ber for Worcester city (Return of Members
of Parliament, ParL Papers, 1878). In 1628,
by the influence of Sir Eoger Townshend, he
travelled on the continent for a time in the
suite of Lord Carlisle (Cal. State Papers,
Dom. 17 May 1628). On leaving Lord Car-
lisle he went to Italy, where he visited some
of the universities, and made the acquain-
tance of Italian scholars (Cal. State Papers,
Dom. 8 May 1629).

When his father refused the mastership of
Sutton's Hospital, he vainly asked that the
office might be given to his son. He was
knighted on 18 Dec. 1641. On the outbreak
of the civil war the king wrote to him on
21 Jan, 1642, directing him to remain in
Norfolk, where his personal service and
residence were especially needed (Norfolk
Arch&ologrical Soc. ii. 452 ; cf. Tanner MS.
Ixiv. 145). Subsequently the Hn^ sum-
moned hiin to Oxford, where he lived in
Brasenose College, and attended Charles Ts
private council. He thoroughly gained the
royal favour, and it was intended to appoint
Hi™ one of the secretaries of state (ib.
xxvi 21). But he died prematurely, on
25 July 1643, of the camp disease (JElfrefa
Magni Vit a, preface, Oxford, 1678). He was
buried in St. Mary's Church, his funeral ser-
mon being preached by Ussher. He left
two sons: Roger Spelman of Holme, and
Charles, afterwards rector of Congham. His
estate was sequestrated by the parliament,
'to the very great weakening of it/ from
which, wrote a descendant on 3 Feb. 1691,
* his posteritie too sensibly groan under, this
day7 (Tanner M£ xxvi. 21).

Spelman published from manuscripts in
his father's library 'Psalterium Davidis
Latino-Saxonicum v etus/ London, 1640, and
he wrote while at Oxford the following pam-
pMats : 1, * Certain Considerations upon the
Buties both of Prince and People/ Oxford,
published in f Somers Tracts/ iv.
ott. 2. « A View of aprinted Book,
Observations upon his Majesty's
lata Answers and Expresses,** Oxford, 1642.
IL *fFfeeOaseof our Afiairs in Law, Religion,
ami otfer Circumstances briefly examined
awl ffoesenlei to tfce Conscience/ Oxford,
4 *A Disooverie of London's
mai J&erjr.' He also compiled,
ord, a
/ which, after

being translated into Latin by Christopher
Ware, was published in 1678 with a com-
mentary by Obadiah Walker [q. v.]

[Wood's Athena Oxon.; Blomefield's Norfolk,
vol. vi. ; Brit. Museum Cat. ; Cal. State Papers,
Dom. ; Bodleian Libr. Cat. ; Norfolk Archaeolo-
gical Soc. vol. vii] W. O-E.

SPENCE, BENJAMLNT EDWARD

(1822-1866), sculptor, was born in Liverpool
in 1822. ^ His father, William Spence, who
was born in Chester, contributed to the Liver-
pool and the Manchester exhibitions, and in
1842 and 1844 to the Eoyal Academy; but
later in life he became a partner in a business
house in Liverpool, and abandoned the prop
fession. He died in Liverpool on 6 July
1849, aged 56 years. The younger Spence,
at the ag-e of sixteen, successfully executed
a portrait bust of William Roscoe [q. v.],
and in 1846 he was awarded the Heywood
silver medal and 5L in money by the council
of the Royal Manchester Institution for a
group in clay of the death of the Duke of
York at Agincourt, His father was then
persuaded by his old Mend, John Gib-
son, R.A., to send the young sculptor to
Rome. Here he entered the studio of R. J,
Wyatt, and also received much help from
Gibson. Between 1849 and 1867 he con-
tributed to the exhibition of the Royal
Academy five times— in 1850 Ophelia, in
1856 * Venus and Cupid/ in 1861 Hippolytus,
and in 1867 'The Parting of Hector and
Andromache.* To the International Exhi-
bition^ of 1862 he contributed two works,
'Finding of Moses* and * Jeanie Beans be-
fore Queen Caroline/ and to the French
International Exhibition of 1855 'Highland
Mary/ Many works of his that were not
exhibited in England were engraved in the
'Art Journal.' He was not an artist of
great originality, but his work has elegance
and feeling. He died at Leghorn on 21 Oct.
1866.

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of English School ;
Art Journal, 1866, p. 364 ; G-raves's Diet, of
Artists j Exhibition Catalogues.] A. N.

SPENCE, ELIZABETH ISABELLA
(1768-1832), authoress, was born on 12 Jan.
1768 at Dunkeld. She was the only child of
Dr. James Spence, a physician at Dunkeld,
by his wife Elizabeth, youngest daughter of
George Eordyce, provost of Aberdeen (d.
1733), and sister of James Fordyce [q. v.]
Losing her parents early, Miss Spence went
to live in London with an uncle and aunt,
and was by their death left destitute of rela-
tives. She had already commenced writing
as a pastime, and now carried it on for a liveli-
hood. Her works consist of novels and

S pence

335

Spence

accounts of travel. Her first book, pub-
lished in 1799, was { Helen Sinclair/ a novel,
in 2 vols. Her books of travel include
* Summer Excursions through part of Eng-
land and Wales/ published in 2 vols. in
1809, and ' Sketches of the Present Manners,
Custom, and Scenery of Scotland/ of which
the second edition, in two volumes, bears
date 1811. The latter work was ridiculed
in l Blackwood ' (voL iii.) in an article en-
titled * Miss Spence and the Bagman/

Among her friends were Lady Anne Bar-
nard, Miss Elizabeth Ogilvy Benger [q. v.],
the Porters, Miss Landon, and Sir Humphry
Davy. _ She died at Chelsea on 27 July 1832.
There is an engraved portrait of Miss Spence
in < La Belle Assemblee ' (No. 185).

Other works by Miss Spence are : 1. The
Nobility of the Heart/ 3 vols. 1804. 2. l The
"Wedding Bay/ 3 vols. 1807. 3. < Commemo-
rative Feelings/ 1812. 4. 'The Curate and
his Daughter: a Cornish Tale/ 1813. 5. 'The
Spanish Guitar/ 1815. 6. 'A Traveller's
Tale of last Century/ 3 vols. 1819. 7. l Old
Stories/ 2 vols. 1822. 8. ' How to be rid
of a Wife/ 2 vols. 1823. 9. 'Dame Rebecca
Berry/ 3 vols. 10. ' Tales of Welsh Society
and Scenery/ 2 vols.

[AUibone's Diet of Engl. Lit. ; Grent. Mag.
1832, iL 650 ; A. D. Fordyce's Family Eecord of
the name of Dingwall Fordyce, 1885, p. 227 ;
Annual Biogr. and Obit., pp. 367-71.] E. L.

SPENCE, GEORGE (1787-1850), jurist,
born in 1787, second son of Thomas Richard
Spence, surgeon, of Hanover Square, Lon-
don, was educated at a private school at
Richmond, Surrey, and at the university of
Glasgow, where he matriculated in 1802, and
graduated H.A, on 11 April 1805. After
some time spent in the office of a London
solicitor, he was admitted in 1806 a student
at the Inner Temple, where he was called to
the bar on 28 June 1811, elected a bencher in
1835, reader in 1845, and treasurer in 1846.
A pupil of the eminent equity draughtsman,
John Bell (1764-1836) [c[. v.], he rapidly
acquired an extensive practice, most of which
he lost on taking silk (27 Dec. 1834). He was
returned to parliament in the tory interest for
Reading on 20 June 1826, but was unseated
on petition (26 March 1827). He afterwards
(2 March 1829) secured the Ripon seat, which
he retained until the dissolution of December
1832. Both in and out of parliament he
made some ineffectual attempts to ventilate
the question of chancery reform (Hansard,
new ser. xxv. 463, 3rd ser. i. 1411, iv. 550,
ix. 251, xiii. 467, xiv. 819). In the divisions
on the parliamentary reform bill he voted
against his party; he did not, however, seek
election to the new parliament.

I Spence was a pioneer in the cause of legal
education and an original member of the
Society for promoting the Amendment of the
Law, founded in 1844. The last years of his
life he consecrated almost exclusively to his
opus magnum, 'The Equitable Jurisdiction
of the Court of Chancery; comprising its
Rise, Progress, and final Establishment/ &c.,
London, 1846-9, 2 vols. 8vo. The work is
still the standard authority on the abstruse
and intricate subject of which it treats;
but the labour involved in its composition
damaged his health, and on 12 Dec. 1850 he
died of wounds inflicted by himself in a fit
of insanity at his residence, 42 Hyde Park
Square.

Spenee married, in 1819, Anne Kelsall,
daughter of a solicitor at Chester, who with
issue survived him. He was author of, besides
the great work already noticed : 1. *An Essay
on the Origin of the English Laws and Insti-
tutions, read to the Society of Clifford's Tnn in
HilaryTerm, 1812/1812. 2. i An Inquiry into
the Origin of the Laws and Political Institu-
tions of Modern Europe, particularly those of
England,' London, 1826, 8vo. 3. ' The Code
Napoleon, or the French Civil Code literally
translated, by a Barrister of the Inner Temple/
1827. 4. * Eeform of the Court of Chancery,'
London, 1830, 8vo. 5. 'An Address to the
Public, and more especially to the Members
of the House of Commons, on the present
unsatisfactory state of the Court of Chancery/
London, 1839, 8vo. 6. * Second Address/ &c.,
same place and year. 7. 'Documents and
Propositions relating to the Masters* Offices/
&c., London, 1842, fol.

[Times, 17 Bee. 1850; Law Review, February
1851, postscript; Law Mag. February 1851;
Gent. Mag. 1851, i. 435 ; Ann. Reg. 1850, Chron,
p. 153, App. p. 286 ; Inner Temple Boots ; Law
Times, xvi. 294; information from W. Innes
Addison, esq., assistant cleric, Glasgow Univer-
sity.] J. M. R.
SPEHCE, JAMES (1812-1882), surgwn,

, son of James Spence, a merchant of Edin-
burgh, by his third wife, was born on 31 March
1812 in South Bridge Street, Edinburgh.
He "was educated in Galashiels, at a large
boarding-school, and afterwards at the high
school, Edinburgh. He entered the uni-
versity of Edinburgh in 1825, and began to
study medicine for the purpose of qualifying
as an army surgeon. His medical studies
were interrupted, and he was apprenticed
to Messrs. Scott & Orr, an eminent firm of
chemists, then carrying on business in Prince's
Street, Edinburgh. He succeeded, however,
in completing Ms medical education at the
university and in the extramural school, and

1 in 1832 he received the diploma of the Royal

Spence

336

Spence

College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, having pre-
viously spent some time in Paris studying
anatomy and surgery. As soon as he was
qualified he made two voyages to Calcutta
in 1833 as surgeon to an East Indiaman. He
afterwards returned to Edinburgh, where he
had a severe attack of typhus fever. ^ There
he began to teach anafcomy as the university
demonstrator under Professor Alexander
Monro tertius [q. v,], and in this occupation
he continued for seven years. He resigned
his post in 1842, and joined Drs. Handy side
and Lonsdale in the extramural school of
anatomy at 1 Surgeons' Square, to act as
demonstrator in place of Dr. Allen Thomson
[q. v.], who had been appointed to the chair
of physiology in the university. There
Spence took part in the lecture-room course
of demonstrations on regional anatomy, as
well as in the dissecting-room teaching.
His teaching was greatly appreciated in
the school, at that time the chief school of
anatomy in Edinburgh. He was a remark-
ably dexterous dissector, and some of his
beautiful preparations of the vascular system
are still preserved in the university.

Spence, who was in surgical practice while
teaching anatomy, left the dissecting-room
in 1846, and gave lectures on his favourite
parts of surgery. In 1849, on becoming a
fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, he
lectured systematically on surgery, at first at
High Schools Yards, adjoining the royal in-
firmary, where Robert Listen [q.v.] and James
Miller [q. v.] had lectured, and, on the death
of Richard Mackenzie in 1854, at the school
at Surgeons' Hall. In 1864, on the death of
Professor James Miller, he was appointed
professor of surgery in the university. He
had been appointed assistant surgeon to the
Royal Infirmary in 1850, full surgeon in
1854, clinical lecturer in 1856, and he con-
tinued, as professor of surgery, to act as
surgeon at the infirmary till his death. He
was appointed surgeon in ordinary to the
qpeen in Scotland in 1865, president of the
Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in
1867 and 1868, and member of the general
medical council in 1881, representing there
tie Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.
He lied at 21 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh,
oft & Jwe 1882, and was buried in the Grange
c»©teeiy, Edinburgh. A three-quarter length
»<ft wits painted by James Irvine. It was
elelei by Burand of Paris, and a replica is
m ifee possession of the Royal College of
Surgeons at Edinburgh. The portrait was
presented to Pfrolessor Spence on 18 July
1881, in the ua»e of the medical profession
lK^d, and the Colonies.
IK 1847, tke daughter of

Thomas Fair of Buenos Ayres, by whom he
had six sons and three daughters.

Spence must be reckoned among the great
operating surgeons who have rendered Edin-
burgh famous throughout the world. Like
Liston, Fergusson, and Syme, he had so inti-
mate a knowledge of anatomy that every step
in a difficult operation was foreseen. He was
especially happy in his treatment of tracheo-
tomy, herniotomy, urinary diseases, and am-
putations, yet he was essentially a conserva-
tive surgeon, and, like his great contemporary,
Sir William Scovell Savory [q. v.], he main-
tained that, in skilled hands, the simple
methods of the older school were preferable
to, and gave as good results as, the more
complicated system adopted by the disciples
of the antiseptic school of Lister. After
the death of James Syme in 1870 Spence be-
came the leading consulting and operating
surgeon, and occupied that position until his
death.

He published : ' Lectures on Surgery/
plates, 4 pts. in 2 vols. 8vo, 1868-9-71 j 2nd
edit. 1875 ; 3rd edit. 1882. This is the work
upon which Spence's reputation as a writer
chiefly rests. He also contributed many
papers upon anatomical and surgical sub-
jects to various Scottish, English, and Irish
scientific journals.

[Obituary notices in the Edinburgh Medical
Journal, 1882, xxviii. 89-96, British Medical
Journal, 1882, i. 928, Lancet, 1882, i. 1011; pri-
vate information from Mrs. Spence and Professor
Struthers, F.R.S.] D'A. P.

SPENCE, JOSEPH (1699-1768), anec-
dotist and friend of Pope, was born at Kings-
clere in Hampshire on 25 April 1699, and
was the son of Joseph Spence, rector of
Winnal in the same county. At an early
age ' he was taken under the protection of
Mr. Fawkener, an opulent relation/ Faw-
kener provided for his education at Eton,
where he did not continue long, and in 1715
was elected, at the reputed age of 14, scholar
of Winchester. He matriculated from Mag-
dalen Hall, Oxford, on 11 April 1717 (at the
reputed age of 16), became fellow of New
College in 1720, graduated B.A. on 9 March
1728-4, took holy orders in 1724, and pro-
ceeded M.A. in 1727. He had in 1726 pub-
lished dialogues on Pope's translation of the
' Odyssey ' ('An Essay on Pope's Odyssey : in
which some particular Beauties and Blemishes
of that work are considered,' London and
Oxford, 1726, 8vo), which probably procured
him the office of professor of poetry in the
following year 'on the first day he became
capable of it.' This was on 11 July 1728,
when he succeeded Thomas Warton. He
; was elected in 1733 for a second term of

Spence

337

Spence

five years. Spence, so far as can be ascer-
tained, did not deliver any lectures. In
1728 he had obtained the small rectory of
Birchanger in Essex, 4 where he indulged
his natural inclination for gardening1/ Sis
essay on the Odyssey had befriended him
with Pope, and enabled him to begin making
those notes of the conversation of Pope and
his circle for which literary history stands
deeply indebted to him. A favourable men-
tion of James Thomson in his essay had been
of great service to the author of the £ Sea-
sons,' who became his intimate friend. His
kindliness was also shown by the interest
he took in Stephen Duck [q. v.], the peasant „
poet, for whom he procured the living of x
Byfleet in Surrey. .

Amiable and high-principled, Spence was
in request as a companion £QT young men of
rank on continental tours, and successively
accompanied Charles Sackville, earl of Mid- '
dieses (afterwards second Duke of Dorset)
[q. v.], Mr. Trevor, and Henry Fiennes Clin-
ton, ninth earl of Lincoln and afterwards
second duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme [q.v.]
In honour of his first pupil he reprinted, at
Pope's suggestion, his ancestor's tragedy of

* Gorbodue,' with an introductory ' Memoir '
(1736). On his third and last tour (1739-
1742) he made the acquaintance of Lady
Mary Wortlej-Montagu and of Horace Wai-
pole. On his return in 1742 he was pre- "
sented by his college to the living of Great
Horwood in Buckinghamshire, and appointed .
regius professor of modern history at Ox-
ford, in all probability another academical
sinecure.

Spence had been for some years engaged in .
preparing his * Polymetis/ a treatise on clas-
sical mythology, as illustrated by ancient
works of art and Latin writers, B&s collec-
tions for the book were commenced in 1732
under the title of < Xoctes Florentine.' ' Poly-
metis: or an Enquiry concerning the agree-
ment between the Works of theBoman Poets
and the Bemains of the Anfeient Artists/ was
published in folio with numerous plates in
1747, and, although severely criticised for its
total neglect of Greek authors, brought its
author 1,500/. A fourth edition appeared in
1777, and an abridgment in 1802, Like the ,

* Essay on the Odyssey/ it is in the form of
dialogue. Although inadequate from the
first, and long ago superseded, it remains an
agreeable book, owing to the urbanity of its
old-fashioned scholarship, the justice of
some incidental observations, and its affluent
stores of quotation ; and, as an intellectual
if heterogeneous banquet, may be compared
with the £ DeipnosopMsts ? of Athenseus.
Gibbon speaks of its 'taste and learning.'

vot. Lin.

'Polymetis7 remained Spenee's only con-
siderable contribution to classical scholar-
ship; but in 1757 he communicated an
'Account of some Antiquities at Hercula-
neum J to the Royal Society, and a year be-
fore his death he edited the 'Remarks and
Dissertations on Tirgil ' (1768) of his friend
Edward Holdsworth [q. v.]

In 1749 Spence was presented by his former
pupil, Lord Lincoln, with a house at Byfleet
in Surrey ; a relative of another travelling
companion, Bishop Biehard Trevor [q. v.J
gave him a prebend at Durham in 1754 ; and
he chiefly divided his time between these
residences, making amends to his parishioners
at Great Horwood for his long absences by
the liberality of his benefactions. His gene-
rosity towards all kinds of persons is warmly
eulogised, and he continued to be a friend
to struggling authors, especially to Dodsley
before Ms prosperous bookselling days. One
of his earliest friends, Christopher Pitt [q. v.],
and one of the latest, Shenstone, unite in
their testimony to his gentleness and urba-
nity. Gardening continued to be his favourite
recreation; he also made several tours in
England. His health failed during the later
years of his life, and when, on 20 Aug. 1768,
he was found dead in a canal in his garden,
there were rumours of suicide, but the cause
of death was more probably a fit (cf. Gent ,
Mag. 1819, iL 412). He was buried in By-
fleet church, where there is a monument
with an inscription by Bishop Lowth. His
executors were Lowth, Edward Rolle (his
deputy at Oxford), and Dr. James Ridley,
who had in 1764 given an attractive por-
trayal of Ms old friend in the ' Tales of the
Genii' under the transparent disguise of
* Phesoi Ecneps, Dervise of the Groves.'

Spence's character as a critic is fairly given
by Dr, Johnson : f His learning was not very
great, and his mind not very powerful ; his
criticism, however, was commonly just;
what he thought, he thought rightly, and
his remarks were recommended by coolness
and candour.'

Spence left a collection of literary anec-
dotes which illustrates the benefit which
a man of ordinary abilities may confer upon
literature by a mere faithful record of
what he has heard. Without Ms notes much
of the literary Mstory of the ei°fhteenth cen-
tury, and especially of that of JPope, Ms im-
mediate circle, and his antagonists, would
have been irretrievably lost. The conversa-
tional gleanings of his Italian tour are also
interesting; and altogether the book presents
an admirable view of the dominant literary
and critical tendencies of the eighteenth cen-
tury.

Spence

338

Spence

The literary history of Spence's e Anec-
dotesJ is curious. During the writer's lifetime
the manuscripts were lent to Warburton and
to "Warton, and were used to a slight extent
in Owen Euffhead's < Life of Pope/ Spence
undoubtedly designed them for posthumous
publication, and is, indeed, said to have dis-
posed of the copyright by anticipation to
Dodsley; but his executors hesitated, and
finally deferred to the objections of Lord
Lincoln (then Duke of Newcastle). A copy
made for the duke was, however, commu-
nicated to Dr. Johnson, who was indebted
to it for many of the most important parti-
culars in his ' Lives ' of Poj>e and Addison.
It was subsequently transcribed for Malone,
who used it in preparing his ( Life of Dryden.'
Malone's copy was to have served for an edi-
tion by William Beloe [q. v.], but Beloe died
in 1817 before publishing it, and the manu-
script was sold to John Murray; the latter
kept it back until the announcement of
another edition, by Samuel Weller Singer
[q. v.], when he hurried it through the
press, and the rival editions appeared on
the same day in 1820. Singer's was the
fuller and more authentic, being printed
without omission of text or alteration of
arrangement from Spence's own manuscript,
which had remained in the hands of Spence's
executor, Bishop Lowth, and been be-
queathed or given by the bishop to a gentle-
maninhis service named Forster, from whom
it had passed to the bookseller, W. EL Car-
penter. This edition also contained supple-
mentary matter and a memoir of Spence by
Singer. At Singer's death the manuscript
(forming lot 21 of the Spence MSS.) was
knocked down at Sotheby's for ten shillings
on 3 Aug. 1858 (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser.
vi. 120). A reprint, so exact as to preserve
•even mistakes and errata, was published in
Russell Smith's 'Library of Old Authors'
(1858). A ' Selection ' was edited with an
introduction by John Underbill in 1890.

Spence's miscellaneous writings include
t An Account of Stephen Duck/ 1731, sub-
sequently prefixed to Duck's 'Poems on
Several Occasions ' in 1736 ; * An Account
of tie Life and Poems of Mr. Blacklock/ the
Hh®& poet, 1754, which was prefixed to the
•* JtaBB* of 1756 [see BLAOELOCK, THOMAS! ;
,«jl BuaHel in the Manner of Plutarch'
fee&weeaBobert Hrll, the learned tailor, and
M*-*^eeeM, 1757, which was Included in
f% * motive Pieces7 in 1761 and
several times reprinted [see HILL, ROBEBT
1699-1OT1 Besides ofeher trifles, he ab»

-"< (1725) and 'Moralities'

script a mock epic, 'The Ghariiad,' which
was ( wisely suppressed' by Lowth (Brit
Mus. Add. MS. 25897). His autograph
letters to his mother and various friends
during his foreign tours are in Egerton MSS.
2234 and 2235. Spence's library was sold
by B, White on 8 Aug. 1769 (see Catalogue
in British Museum).

A portrait of Spence, painted by Isaack
Whoodinl739, was engraved for 'Polymetis '
by G. Vertue in 1746.

[Singer's Memoir of Spence, prefixed to his
edition of the Anecdotes; Tyer's Historical
Bhapsody on Mr. Pope ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd.
ii. 373 sq, (with portrait) ; "Walpole's Corresp.
ed. Cunningham ; Lives of the Poets, ed. Cun-
ningham, iii. 350; BoswelPs Johnson, ed. Hill,
passim ; Pope's Works, ed. El win and Court-
hope, passim; Gent. Mag. 1768, p. 399; Monthly
Eeview, March 1820 ; Quarterly Beview, xxiii,
401 (art. by I. D'Israeli.)] E. a.

SPEKOE, THOMAS (1750-1814), book-
seller and author of the Spencean scheme of
land nationalisation, was born on the Quay-
side, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 21 June 1750.
His father came from Aberdeen about 1739 ;
he was a net-maker and shoemaker, and sold
hardware in a booth upon the Sandhill. He
had nineteen children by two wives, of whom
the second, Margaret Flet, was the mother
of Thomas. Young Spence was taught to
read by his father ; he was a clerk, and after-
wards a teacher in several schools in New-
castle. A lawsuit between .the corpora-
tion and free men of the town about some
common land is said to have first turned
Spence's attention to the question to which
he devoted his whole life. He submitted, in
1775, his views on land tenure to the Philo-
sophical Society, which met in Westgate
Street, in a paper entitled ' The Real Rights
of Man.' The society expelled him, not for
his opinions nor even for printing the paper,
but for hawking it about like a halfpenny
ballad. He proposed that the inhabitants of
each parish should form a corporation in
whom the land should be for ever vested ;
parish officers would collect rents, deduct
state and local expenses, and divide the re-
maining sum among the parishioners. No
tolls or taxes would bt> levied beyond the
rent ; all wares, manufactures, and employ-
ments would be duty free ; public libraries
and schools would be supported from the
, local fond. Every ™an would have to serve
in a militia, and each year the parish would
choose a representative for the national as-
sembly. A sabbath of rest would be allowed
every five days. 'Whether the title of king,
president, fee., is quite indifferent to
The proposals were frequently re-

Spence

339

Spence

printed and sold in pamphlet form by the
author in London ; published with additions
in 1793, and as 'The Meridian Sun of
Liberty ' in 1796. The pamphlet was again
issued by Mr. EL M. Hyndman in 1882 as
-'The Nationalisation of the Land in 1775
and 1882.' Spence's principles were further
•developed in his * Constitution of Spensonea,
a country in Fairyland/ His views are
challenged by Malthus (Principle of Popu-
lation, 5th edit. 1817, iL 280-1).

He devised a new phonetic system ex-
plained in i The Grand Expository of the '
English Language/ and endeavoured to
popularise it in ' The Repository of Common
Sense and Innocent Enjoyment/ sold in
penny numbers * at Ms school at the Key-
side/ While at Heydon Bridge he married
a Miss Elliott, who bore him one son. His
wedded life was unhappy. He left New-
castle for London, set up a stall in Holborn
«t which he sold saloop, and exhibited an
-advertisement that he sold books in numbers.
Among these publications, which were all
intended to spread his views on t parochial
partnership in land, without private land- '
lordism/ were 'Burke's Address to the
Swinish Multitude' and t Rights of Man*
{1783), both in verse. His most ambitious
production, which bore the imprint of * The
Hive of Liberty, No. 8 Little Turnstile,
High Holburn/ was entitled £ Pig's Meat ;
or Lessons from the Swinish Multitude col-
lected by the Poor Man's Advocate/ 1793,
1 794, 1795, 3 vols. sm. 8vo. It consisted of
•extracts from the writings of well-known
authors, ancient and modern. For this
harmless publication Spence was imprisoned
in Newgate without trial from 17 May to
22 Dec. 1794. In a letter to the * Morning
•Chronicle/ 3 Jan. 1795, he complained that
since 1792 he had four times been dragged
from his shop by law messengers, thrice in-
dicted before grand juries, tnrice lodged in
prison, and once put to the bar, but not con-
victed. "Rig son had also been imprisoned
for selling * The Rights of Man/ in verse, in
the street. His grievances were also set
forth in i The Case of Thomas Spence, book-
seller, who was committed for selling the
second part of Paine's "Rights of Man,"7
1792, He describes Mmseli as * dealer in
-coins/ in t The Coin Collector's Companion,
being a descriptive alphabetical list of the
modern provincial, political, and other
copper corns,' 1795. * The End of Oppres-
sion ' and 'Recantation' (1795), and 'The
Rights of Infants, with strictures on Paine's
" Agrarian Justice " ' (1797) are pamphlets
descriptive of his proposals as to land tenure.

In 1801 the attorney-general filed an in-

formation against him for writing and pub-
lishing a seditious libel entitled 'The
Restorer of Society to its natural State/
He was found guilty by a special jury at the
court of king's bench before Lord Kenyon,
who fined him 5QL and sent him to prison
for twelve months. He conducted his own
defence with much ability. * Dh'e 'imp'or-
fant Tri'aT ov To'mis Sp'ens ' (1803), in his
phonetic spelling, was 'not printed for sale,
but only for a present of respect to the
worthy persons who contributed to the
relief of Mr. Spence.7 The constitution of
Spensonea was added to the report of the
triaL Among the contrivances to spread
his doctrines he struck copper medals which
he distributed by jerking them trom his
windows to passers-by ; one medal bore the
figure of a cat, because * he could be stroked
down but would not suffer himself to be
rubbed against the grain ; * another with the
date November 177o announced that his *just
plan will produce everlasting peace and
happiness, or, in fact, the Millennium.'
In 1805 he issued from 20 Oxford Street,

* The World turned upside down/ dedicated
to Earl Stanhope, as well as a broadside,
' Something to the Purpose : a Receipt to
make a Millennium.'' Spence's second wife
was a good-looking servant girl, to whom he
spoke at her master's door, and married her
the same day. She afterwards deserted
him. He died in Castle Street, Oxford
Street, London, 8 Sept. 1814. The funeral
was attended by many political admirers,
medals were distributed, and a pair of scales
carried before the coffin to indicate the just-
ness of his views. He was an honest man,
of a lively temper and pleasing manners,
Bewick called him * one of the warmest phi-
lanthropists of the day.'

His disciples were known as Spenceans,

* In 1816 Spenee's plan was revived, and the
Society of Spencean Philanthropists was
instituted, who held " sectional meetings "

1 and discussed "subjects calculated to en-
lighten the human understanding." * There
were many branches in Soho, Moorfields, and
the Borough. The 'Spenceans openly

- meddled with sundry grave questions be-
sides that of a community^ in land; and,
amongst other notable projects, petitioned
parliament to do away with machinery *
(H. MABTESTEATT, ^England during the Thirty
Years* Peace, 1849, L 52-3 ; see also S. WAL-
POLE'S History of England from 1815, 1878,
i. 430, 439-40). The Watsons, the Cato

, Street conspirators, were Spenceans (State
Trials, 1824, xxxii. 215).

[Memoir in Mackenzie's Account of Neweastle-
upon-Tyne, 1827, i 399-402, also issued se-

z2

Spence

340

Spencer

parately ; Sykes's Local Records, 1833, ii. 85-6 ;
Davenport's Life, Writings and ^ Principles of
T* Spence, 1836; Hyndman's Nationalization of
the Land in 1775 and 1882 ; G-ent. Mag. Septem-
ber 1814 p. 300, March 1815 p. 286,] H. R. T.

SPEKCE, WILLIAM (1783-1860), en-
tomologist, was born at Hull in 1783, and
passed his early life in business there. At
ten years old he interested himself in botany.
In early life he also studied economic sub-
jects ; he strongly supported the old corn
laws, and was subsequently an opponent of
James Mill. He upheld the view that the
prosperity derived from agriculture was in-
herently superior to that derived from trade
and commerce (cf. Notes and QuerieSj 3rd
ser.v. 214; Pantheon of the Age, iii. 434).

In 1805 his attention was turned to ento-
mology, especially the study of the coleo-
ptera. He shortly after became acquainted
with William Kirby [q. v.], and a friendship
began which was terminated only by the
latter's death in 1850.

In 1808 the two friends agreed to begin
their * Introduction to Entomology,' of which
the first volume appeared in 1815, and the
fourth and last in 1826 (7th edit. 1856).
Spence passed four or five months in the
summer of 1812 in London, making re-
searches, principally in the library of Sir
Joseph Banks [q. v.] In 1815, after the
battle of Waterloo, he made a four months'
tour on the continent.

Between 1818 and 1826 he resided at
Exmouth, and from 1826 to 1830 he travelled
in Italy and Switzerland. He revisited
Italy in 1843. Meanwhile he had settled
in London, and assisted in 1833 in the forma-
tion of the Entomological Society of London,
of which he and Eorby were elected sole
British honorary members. He was president
of the society in 1847. He was elected a
fellow of the Linnean Society in 1806 and
of tihie Royal Society in 1834, and served on
taeir respective councils. He died at his
residence in Lower Seymour Street, London,
on 6 Jan. 1860.

Besides his joint work with Kirby, Spence
•^as autnxxr of: 1. t Radical Cause of the . . .
W*cesses of the West India Planters,' 8vo,
*~ * ,1807 ; 2nd edit. 1808. 2. 'Britain
.. sclent of Commerce/ 8vo, London,
^ ' wl^eli went through four editions in
1 was severely ' censured by
* Agriculture the Source of

the Com Bil
4^3. edit, f&e

on East India trade, were printed together
in < Tracts on Political Economy ' in 1822.

He also contributed some twenty papers,
chiefly on entomological subjects, to scientific
journals between 1815 and 1853.

A portrait engraved by W. Ruddon from
a painting by John James Masquerier [q. v.]
is in the possession of the Linnean Society,

[Proc. Entom. Soc. London, new ser. v. 92;
Proc. Roy. Soc. xi. obit, p xxx; Freeman's-
Life of Kirby, chap. xv. ; G-ent. Mag. 1860, u
631.] B. B. W.

SPENCER. [See also DESPEITSER and

SPEKSEK.]

SPENCER, AUBREY GECRGE (1795-
1872), first bishop of Newfoundland, born on
8 Feb. 1795, was son of "William Robert
Spencer [q. v.] His brother was Greorge-
Trevor Spencer [q. v.], bishop of Madras.
He matriculated from Magdalen Hall, Ox-
ford, on 28 March 1817, but did not graduate.
After being ordained Spencer went out to-
the Bermudas, of which in 1824 he was ap-
pointed archdeacon.

In 1839, when Newfoundland was consti-
tuted a separate diocese, with the Bermudas
under its care, Spencer was appointed bishop
of Newfoundland, returning to England for
consecration ; during his visit he was created
D,D. of Oxford University. He began the
organisation of his diocese and founded the
Theological College, and laid the first stone
of the cathedral of St. John's, besides help-
ing to found twenty other churches. But
his health could not long endure the severe
winters of Newfoundland, and on 28 Nov.
1843 he was translated to Jamaica, which
included British Honduras and the Bahamas,
Here he found a more congenial home, though
a good deal o± travelling was necessary. In
October 1848 he made a visitation of the
Bahamas and went to Havannah some years
later. He remained in Jamaica till 1856, when
failing health compelled him to appoint a co-
adjutor. Returning to England, he settled
at Torquay, where he died on 24 Feb. 1872.

Spencer married, on 14 July 1822, Eliza,
daughter of John Musson, and left three
daughters.

Spencer was the author of * Sermons on
Various Subjects' (1827), * The Mourner Com-
forted '• (1845), and a number of fugitive
poems, some of which appeared in e Black-
wood's Magazine ' (e.g. October 1837, p. 555).

[Times, 27 Feb. 1872 ; Burke's Peerage, s.v»
* Marlboraugh ;' Memoir of Edward Feild, 1877,
28, 189 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886 ;
ine, January 1851, pp. 157-
KewfoondJand in 1842, ii.
C.A.H.

Spencer

341

Spencer

SPENCER, SIB AUGUSTUS AL- r
MEKIC (1807-1893), general, was the tMrd ,
son of Francis Almeric Spencer, first baron
Churchill, by Lady Frances Fitzroy, fifth r
daughter of Augustus, third duke of Grafton.
George Spencer, fourth duke of Marlborough
[q. v.j, Was his grandfather. He was born
on 25 March 1807 at Blenheim, and served J
as one of the pages when Alexander I, em-
peror of Russia, visited Blenheim after the
peace of 1815. He lived from 1817 at Corn-
bury, the seat of his father in Wychwood
Forest, and was privately educated by the
Rev. Walter Brown, rector of Stonesfield,
Oxfordshire, formerly chaplain and librarian
at Blenheim. In 1825 he entered the army as
ensign of the43rd lightinfantry,and was with i
the regiment at Gibraltar. In 1827 he was !
under Sir George de Lacy Evans [q. v.] in
Portugal. A lew years later he accom-
panied the regiment to Canada, and in 1836
married, at Fredericton, Helen, second daugh-
ter of Sir Archibald Campbell, governor of
New Brunswick. In 1845 he was appointed
to the command of the 44th, and served
throughout the Crimean war (1854-5). He
was present at the battles of Alma and Inker-
*man, the occupation of the cemetery and
suburbs of Sebastopol (18 June 1855), where
he was wounded, and as brigadier-general of
the 4th division in the night attack at the
fall of Sebastopol (8 Sept. 1855). In October
1855 he commanded the land forces in the
expedition to Kinburn, in conjunction with
General (afterwards marshal) Bazaine, He
was thus with the army from the first land-
ing at Varna until its return to England ;
was ten times mentioned in despatches, and
received the medal with three clasps for the
Crimean campaign, as well as the Sardinian
and Turkish medals, and the third order of
Medjidieh, and was made G.B. and officer of
the Legion of Honour. After his return to
England in 1856he was placed in command of
a brigade at Aldershot. In 1860 he was made
major-general, and .appointed to a division
of the Madras army at Bangalore. In 1866
he was appointed to the command of the
western district (Devonport), and in 1869 he
was again in India as commander-in-chief
of the Bombay army. In this year also he
became colonel of his old regiment, the 43rd.
Returning from India in 1874, he commanded
the 2nd army corps in the manoeuvres on
Salisbury Plain in the following year, and
was promoted to the rank of general. This
was the dose of his active service. He
died on 28 Aug. 1893 in Ennismore Gardens,
London.

[Times, 13 Aug. 1893; Hart's Army List]

R. L. B.

SPEKCEE, SIB BREXT (1760-1828),
general, born in 1760, was the son of Con-
way Spencer of Trumery, co. Antrim. On
18 Jan. 1778 he was commissioned as ensign
in the 15th foot, which was sent in the course
of that year to the West Indies, and took
part in the capture of St. Lucia. He was
promoted lieutenant on 12 !Nov. 1779, and
was taken prisoner in February 1782., his
regiment being part of the small garrison of
Brimstone Hill, St. Kitts, which had to
capitulate after nearly a month's siege.

Returning to England, he was given a
company in the 99th (or Jamaica) regiment
on 29 July 1783, from which he exchanged
back to the 15th on 4 Sept. In 1790 the
regiment was again sent out to the West
Indies, and on 6 March 1791 Spencer ob-
tained a majority in the 13th foot, then
stationed in Jamaica. He shared in the ex-
pedition to St. Domingo, and distinguished
himself at the capture of Port-au-Prince in
1794, but went home soon afterwards to
join the 115th, a newly raised corps, in
which he had been made lieutenant-colonel
on 2 May.

On 22 July 1795 he exchanged to the
40th (or 2nd Somersetshire) regiment, and
went for a third time to the West Indies,
landing at St. "Vincent at the end of Sep-
tember. He commanded the regiment there
in the operations against the Oaribs, and
afterwards in Jamaica and St. Domingo. In
the latter island he was made brigadier on

9 July 1797, and had command of the troops
at Grande Anse. In the early part of 1798
he had eight thousand British and colonial
troops under him, and was actively engaged
against Toussaint L'Ouverture until the
evacuation of the island.

He had been made colonel in the army
and aide-de-camp to the king on 1 Jan.

1798. At the end of that year he returned
with 1*13 regiment to England, and in August

1799, when it had been raised to two bat-
talions, he commanded it in the expedition
to the Helder under the Duke of York On

10 Sept. he defended the village of St. Martin
* with great spirit and judgment/ as Aber-
cromby reported, against the Dutch troops
which formed the right column of Brane's
army. The republicans were attacked in their
turn on the 19th, and Spencer with the 40th,
forming part of Pulteney's column, drove the
Dutch troops through Oudt Carspel, and
along the causeway to Alkmaar. The ad-
vance had to be made along a dyke swept
by artillery fire, and cost the regiment eleven
officers and 150 men. The British troops
had eventually to fall back, owing- to the
defeat of the Russians at Beigen. The

Spencer

342

Spencer

Duke of York spoke highly of Spencer's
conduct (London Gazette, 24 Sept. 1799).
The attack on the French positions was re-
newed on 2 Oct., but Pulteney's division
was not actively engaged,

The British forces returned to England in
November. At the end of March 1800 the
40th embarked for the Mediterranean, Spencer
being in command of the 2nd battalion.
After some months in Minorca, and after
the abandonment of the attempt upon Cadiz,
it went to Malta ; and the four flank com-
panies, under Spencer, accompanied Aber-
cromby's expedition to Egypt. They formed
part of the reserve under Moore, and in the
landing at AbouMr Bay, on 8 March 1801,
they were among the first troops ashore.
There was a sandhill in their front, from
which the fire was very severe. 'With
Moore and Spencer at their head, the 23rd
and 28th regiments, and the four flank com-
panies of the 40th, breasted the steep sand-
hill Without firing a shot they rushed at
one burst to the summit of the ridge, driv-
ing headlong before them two battalions of
the enemy, and capturing four pieces of field
artillery' (BTTNBTTBY, p. 95; cf. SMTTHIES,
p. 86, from LAiOMAibrs Recollections). His
coolness and conduct were mentioned in the
highest terms by Moore and Abercromby
(London Gazette, 9 May 1801).

Spencer and his men were in the hottest
part of the battle of Alexandria (21 March),
and helped to disperse the cavalry who were
pressing on the 42nd. On 2 April he was
sent to Kosetta with one thousand British
infantry, accompanied by four thousand
Turks* The French evacuated it on his ap-
proach, and on the 19th he took Fort St.
Julien, which commanded the western branch
of the Nile. Hutchinson, in his despatch,
spoke of the zeal, activity, and military
talents which he had displayed (tb. 5 June).
On 17 Aug., shortly before the fall of Alex-
andria, Spencer was in command of a detach-
ment of the 30th, less than two hundred
strong, which held an advanced post, known
as cthe Green hill,7 on the east side of the
<£ty. The French made a sortie with six
wwred men to cut off this detachment ; but
^;%i€wcerfs order it charged them with the
apd drove them back into the place
$ Oqk)

return to England, Spencer
Stissex, first as J^riga-

IH, with whom he was
made him one of his
mack of his time at
wa& ajjpointed to
t&e expedition

to Copenhagen. The expedition returned in
October, and shortly afterwards he was sent
to the Mediterranean with about five thou-
sand men with secret instructions. f He was
to co-operate with Moore against the Russian
fleet in the Tagus^ he was to take the
French fleet at Cadiz; he was to assault
Ceuta ; he was to make an attempt upon the-
Spanish fleet at Port Mahon y (NAPIEK, bk. iL
ch. iii.) Delayed by bad weather, which
dispersed his force, he did not reach Gibraltar
till March 1808. He went on to Port Ma-
hon, but, on the outbreak of the Spanish in-
surrection, returned to Cadiz. Spain and
England were nominally at war, and the-
Spaniards refused to let British troops enter
Cadiz. Spencer would not risk his small
force by advancing inland ; but his appear-
ance off the mouth of the Guadiana en-
couraged the insurgents in the south of Por-
tugal, and prevented the detachment of troops
from Junot's army to aid Dupont in his
attempt on Seville.

The surrender of Dupont at Baylen on
19 July made it needless for Spencer to re-
main longer near Cadiz, and on 5 Aug. he
joined Wellesley's force at the mouth of
the Mondego, anticipating an order which
Wellesley had sent him to that effect. He
was present as second in command at the
actions of Rolipa and Vimiera. Welleslev

and recommended him for some mark of the-
king's favour. ' There never was a braver
officer, or one who deserved it better ' (Desp.
vi. 124). It was deferred on account of the
inquiry into the convention of Cintra, but on
26 April 1809 he was made KB. He also-
received the gold medal.

He returned to England in October 1808,
as his health would not let him share in
Moore's campaign in Sjpain. He was one of
the witnesses at the inquiry into the con-
vention. His evidence was in its favour;
but he supported Wellesley's contention that
more might have been made of the victory
of Vimiera. He had been made colonel of
the 9th garrison battalion on 25 Nov. 1806,
and transferred to the 2nd West India regi-
ment on 25 June 1808; and on 31 Aug.
1809 he was made colonel-commandant of
the 2nd battalion of the 95th (now rifle
brigade).

In May 1810 he went back to the Peninsula
to succeed Sir John Coape Sherbrooke [q. v.]
as second in command under Wellington^
but on the understanding that Graham, who
was then at Cadiz, would fill that post if
summoned to the army, and would be Wel-
lington's successor in case of need. Spencer
was given the command of the first division

Spencer

343

Spencer

and the local rank of lieutenant-general
(5 May 1810). He commanded his division
at Busaco, in the lines of Torres Vedras, in
the pursuit of Masesna, and at Fuentes de
Onoro. Wellington repeatedly mentioned
in his despatches the able and cordial assist-
ance which Spencer afforded him. He was
left in command of the British troops in the
north of Portugal, when Wellington was
with Beresford near Badajoz, in the latter
half of April 1811, and again from the
middle of May to the middle of June. He
had to watch Marmont ; and when the latter
moved southward to join Soult and relieve
Badajoz, Spencer made a corresponding
movement and joined Wellington.

Napier speaks of him as vacillating when
left in separate command, and as i more noted
for intrepidity than for military quickness.'
He was one of the officers who wrote despair-
ing letters home at the time of the retreat
to Torres Yedras, and helped to shake the
feith of the government in Wellington's
scheme of defence. In July Graham joined
the army from Cadiz, superseding Spencer |
as second in command. The latter obtained
leave to go home, and Wellington reported
it without any expression of regret. Spencer
received two clasps (for Busaco and Fuentes
de Onoro) and the Portuguese order of the
Tower and Sword.

He saw no further service, and passed the
rest of his life in retirement. He had become
lieutenant-general in the army on 4 June
1811, and was made general on 27 May 1825. .
He was given the colonelcy of his old regi-
ment (the 40th) on 2 July 1818. He was ap-
pointed a member of the consolidated boardpf
general officers, and was also made governor
of Cork. He died at Great Missenden, Buck-
inghamshire, on 29 Dec. 1828. ^ The only
portrait of him known to exist is a sketch
belonging to Lord Garvagh, reproduced in
the < Becords ' of the 40th.

[United Serv. Jcmrn. 1829,ii.83-8; Gent.Mag.
1829,LI79; G-eorgian Era, ii 478; Roy.MiLCaL
ii, 208; Smythies's Hist. Records of the 40th Regt.j
Bunbnry*s Narratives of some Passages in the
Great War ; Wellington Despatches ; Napier's War
in the Peninsula ; Stockdale's Enquiry into the
Convention of Cintra.] E. M. L.

SPENCER, 'BUCK' (1743-1803), singer
and actress. [See WOODHAM, MBS.]

SPENCER, CHARLES, third Ens, OF
STno)ERT.AttP (1674-1722), statesman and
bibliophile, born in 1674, was second son of
Robert Spencer, second earl fa. v.], by Lady ••
Anne Digby, youngest daughter of George,
second earl of Bristol [q. v.] Evelyn, after a
visit to Althorp in 1688, called him ( a youth
of extraordinary hopes, very learned for his

age, and ingenious 7 {Diary, 18 Aug.) By the
death of Ms elder brother in the same year
he became Lord Spencer, When his father
fled to Holland in December 1688, his son
went with him, and remained for some time
at Utrecht with his tutor, Charles Trimnell
(afterwards bishoj) of Winchester), 'to study
the laws and religion of the Butch.' In 1691
he was back at Althorp (ib. 12 Oct. 1691).
Two years later he had begun to form a
library, and made a tour about England
(ib. 4 Sept. 1693). In 1695 he bought Sir
Charles Scarborough's mathematical collec-
tion (ib. 10 March 1695), and by 1699 had in
his possession * an incomparable library . . .
wherein, among other rare books, were seve-
ral that were printed at the first invention
of that wonderful art, as particularly Tully's
Offices and a Homer and Suidas almost as
ancient' (&. April 1699).

On coming of age in 1695, Spencer entered
public life as member of parliament for Tiver-
ton. During his first two sessions Macaulay
says he conducted himself as a steady and
zealous whig. According to Swift, when in
the House of Commons he affected republi-
canism, * and would offcen, among his familiar
friends, refuse the title of lord, swear he
would never be called otherwise than Charles
Spencer, and hoped to see the day when
there should not be a peer in England7
(SwXFT, Hist. ofFowr Last Years of Ayme).
On 21 Nov. 1696, in tlie debate on Sir John
Fenwick's attainder, lie * made a very un-
advised motion about excluding the lords
spirituall from the bill J ( Pernon Corresp* ed.
James, i. 69).

Spencer bad married, in 1695, Lady Ara-
bella Cavendish, fifth daughter of the second
Duke of Newcastle, and soon after her death,
in June 1698 proposals were set on foot
through Godolphin. and his sister,. Mrs. Bos-
cawen, for a match between Spencer and
Lady Anne, second daughter of the then
Earl of Marlborough. The latter was at
first by no means eager, but Sunderland
promised that his son should be * governed
in everything public and, private by hrm ?
(CorB, Marlbarougk, ed. Wade, i. 53). The
marriage with Lady Anne Churchill, which
was agreed upon in the autumn of 1699, was
to take place secretly t before the writings
are drawn and without the king's leave7
(Shrewsbury Corresp. ed. Coze, p. 592). It
was actually celebrated in January 1700. It
was a political event of great importance, as
through it Marlborough and his wife were
gradually drawn towards the whigs. For
some time afterwards, however, Spencer and
his father-in-law remained political oppo-
nents. On 27 Oct. 1702 Spencer took his

Spencer

344 '

Spencer

seat in the upper house as successor to his quick in his conceptions, and born for any
father (LTTTTBELL, Brief Hist. Hel v. 320). hardy enterprise.' Though the youngest of

the whig junto of five, he was the first of
them to attain office under Queen Anne.
He had been refused the comptrollership of

One of his first acts as a peer was to oppose
the proposal for Prince George's annuity. By
so doing he gave great offence to Lady Marl-
borough (CoxE, MarlborougJi, 1 104; WYOff,
Hist. ofEeign of Anne, i. 146).

the household in 1704, and it was only the
combined influence of the Duchess of Marl-

. , .

On 9 Dec. 1704 Sunderland read before borough and Godolphin which now over-

the lords a report of the committee with re-
ference to the relations between England
and Scotland, recommending legislation with
a view to the prevention of a recurrence

came the rooted antipathy of Anne and the
distrust of Marlborough. In spite of his-
ability, Sunderland's rashness and temper
made him a thorn in the side of his own

of the situation which had arisen out of re- party. Lord Somers, the only man to whom

he would listen, was (according to Cunning-
ham) ' in constant fear of his bringing all things
into confusion by his boldness and inexperi-
Sunderland soon began to discredit

cent Scottish legislation (LTTTTBELL, v. 495).
Two years later he was one of the commis-
sioners for the union, and acted as a leading
' manager7 of the debates in the lords (BTJE-

NET), During 1705 he took a prominent part the old whigs and to form new ones, and

in the business of the House of Lords (Lin> endeavoured to raise contention among the

TEELL, v. 524, 529). On 16 April of that year nobility, to dictate to the queen, to impose

he was created LL.D. by Cambridge TJnhrer- upon the parliament and people, and to en-

sity. On 17 June he was appointed envoy ex- snare Mr. Harley.' During 1708 his indis-

traordinary to "Vienna on the accession, of creet interference in the Scottish elections

Joseph I, his chief duty being to arrange the gave great uneasiness to Marlborough and

diiference between the emperor and the Hun- Godolphin, and even caused the duchess to

garians (BoTBE, Annals of Queen Anne, iv. remonstrate. He was thought to be in-

94). On 26 June he embarked at Green- fluenced by Halifax and e some underlings

wich, * being first to goeto our camp to confer of his party,' but he had also on this occa-

with the Duke of Marlborough 7 (ib. p. 566). sion the support of Somers (Private Corresp.

The latter assured the Dutch envoy that his Duchess of MarlborougTi, i. 149-50 j BTJENET,

son-in-law would act under his advice Ittst.ofhisOimTime,v,389). He, on his part,

(MarlborQugtis Letters and Despatches, ii. suspected Marlborough and Godolphin of not

167). Sunderland soon tired of Vienna, being steady whigs, and did not hesitate in

Owing to the machinations of the ' whig parliament to differ from them openly.
7

junto,7 which included, besides himself, Lords
Somers, Halifax, "Wharton, and Orford, the
coming triumph of his party at home was
evident. On 11 Oct. 1705 the joint exertions
of the Duchess of Marlborough and Sunder-

Harley and St. John, who had been re-
tained in office by Anne and Marlborough
in order to balance the whig junto, were got
rid of in February 1708, and the influence
of Sunderland and his ally the duchess was
necessarily strengthened by the large whig

land procured the appointment of Cowper to ._, 0 ^

the lord-keepership (see his letter to the majority that was returned in the following

Duchess of Marlborough in her Private Cor-
resp. 1838, i. 10, 11). Sunderland desired to

November. Somers, Halifax, and Orford
were successively admitted to the cabinet,

share the anticipated good fortune of his and the ministry was thus (greatly in oppo-

T«.-_. T _& •_„ T_ *„•»•»__ i--ji T __:i-__ __.. -,- . j - j-t • .1 ._ _j»iT .. . i_ _ j:_

sition to the wishes of the queen, who dis-
liked government by one party) composed
exclusively of whig partisans.

Meanwhile the whig position was being
seriously undermined by tne intrigues of Mrs.
Masham and Harley. Early in 1710 Sunder-
land supported his father-in-law in urging an
address to Anne for Mrs. Masham's removal,
but Somers opposed this course as without
precedent, ana was upheld by Q-odolphin
and the other whig leaders. Sunderland
also differed from his more prudent col-
Azmah &f '• leagues (of whose lukewarmness he com-
ap^einted Addisoa, one plained bitterly to the duchess) in urging on
.-..-.«• ^ 112). | the proceedings against SachevereU. He

•- — "*•-— i gave great offence to the high tones by en-
|l^v0tirln^ fey means of prosecutions, to

political Mends, and he reached London on
1 Jam. 1705-6.

During the ensuing year Sunderland was
m constant correspondence with the Duchess
<^ Mariborough, who was trying to over-
s fee reluctance of the queen and also
^ fesband to admit him to office. Marl-
;t a^ length yielded to tihe advice of
, wJko ielt the need of whig sup-
\ Marfoorvug h ; Private Corresp.
f ™ r^) On S Dec, 1706 Sun-
L secapetary of state for, the

Spencer

345

Spencer

stop high-church addresses to the crown,

* RO that they set all engines to work to get
him removed ' (BoYER, ix. 187-9). He was
considered the most active of the three se-
cretaries of state, and was { implacably odious
to Mr. Harley ' (CmraiSTGHAM). Anne hesi-
tated long before she ventured on the mo-
mentous step of dismissing one of the all-
powerful junto ; but the state of feeling in
the country, as shown during the Sacheverell
trial, gave her courage. Shrewsbury, So-
merset, and Mrs. Masham combined to urge
this step upon her, and the queen yielded to
their solicitations in June 1710. Sunderland
himself suspected Godolphin, but without
reason. The lord treasurer in fact exerted
to the utmost his influence with Anne in
order to retain him in office, and as a
last resource threatened his own resigna-
tion and that of Marlborough. Anne re-
plied that no one knew better than himself
the repeated provocations she had received
from Sunderland (tb. iii. 83), On 20 June
1710 Marlborough sent a letter to Godolphin
to be shown, her, begging that Sunderland's
removal might at least be deferred till the
end of the campaign. A great meeting of
whig ministers was held at Devonshire House
on the 14th inst. to protest; but Anne had
already drawn up the letter of dismissal, and
told Godolphin that should he and Marl-
borough resign, any consequences to the
public would lie at their door (ib. pp. 88-90).
As no colourable charge could be brought
against him, Sunderland was offered by the
queen a pension of 3,000£ He refused it,

* saying if he could not have the honour to
serve his country he would not plunder it7
(BOTEB, ix. 228-30 ; LTOTEEIX, vi. 594;

Wentworth Papers, p, 118, where the ex-
pression is softened). The anticipation that
Sunderland's fall would be followed by that
of Godolphin caused a panic in the city.
These fears were soon realised. Parliament
was dissolved in August 1710, and when a
large tory majority was returned, though
Anne was still anxious for a mixed admini-
stration, the whigs were soon wholly ex-
cluded. Lady Sunderland, however, did not
resign her place as lady of the bedchamber
till the fall of the Marlboroughs in January
1712 (Journal to Stella, 30 Jan. 1712 ; Went-
worth Papers).

The extreme tories^who counted on St.
John's support,, were not long in attacking
the late administration. A vote of censure
on their conduct of the war in Spain passed
the lords by 68 to 48 on 11 Jan. 1711, and
Sunderland was especially singled out for at-
tack (LTJTTBELL, vi. 677). He admitted his
responsibility, but urged that he shared it

with his colleagues ; and in the course of the
debate the important constitutional point of
t the collective responsibility of ministers was
! raised (Parl. Hist. vi. 969-81). According
! to Burnet, Nottingham and the extreme tory
party wished to impeach Sunderland; but
1 Dartmouth, his tory successor as secretary of
state, had refused to help them with material
from his office. Unable to destroy Sunder-
land, Nottingham soon sought means of
making him useful to him and his following.
In the autumn he and a small clique of
tories formed an alliance with Sunderland
in opposition to the ministry. When, there-
fore, Nottingham brought forward a motion
against the proposed peace on 7 Dec, 1711,
Sunderland made a vehement speech sup-
porting him; while, in return, Sunderland
moved the introduction of the Occasional
Conformity Bill, directed against his own
| friends, the dissenters. His conduct, says
Cunningham, caused great discontent both
in city and country. In 1 713 he also entered
into art intrigue with the Scottish lords,
| who were discontented with the Malt Bill,
; and on 1 June declared himself in favour of
the repeal of the Scottish union i if it had
not the good results expected/ though he
had been one of its framers. In the course
of the debate he and Harley (now Lord Ox-
ford) indulged in much personal recrimina-
tion (Parl. Sist. vol. vi. 1219-20).

During the last years of Anne, Sunderland
was in constant communication with the
court of Hanover and their agents in Eng-
land and Holland. He had had MB first in-
terview with his future sovereign in 1706,
and on 12 April had written protesting Ms
attachment and recomm ending to MTB Hali-
fax as having the confidence of the whigs
(MACPHBBSOST, Qrig. Papers, ii. 36 ; cf. SPEITCE,
Anecdotes, 1820, p. 313). In 1716 he and
Halifax disclaimed republicanism (Mic-
PHEESOS-, Ong. Papers, ii, 202), In 1713
the Hanoverian agent in London was ap-
proved for restraining 'the excessive for-
wardness and vivacity of Lord Sunderland *
(ib. p. 466). On 10 March, however, the
latter was consulted, together with Somers,
Halifax, and Townshend, as to what steps
should be taken on the queen's death (t&. p.
475). In reply he wrote to Bothmar at
The Hague on 6 April, giving him their
unanimous advice that the electoral prince
should be sent to England, -where he could
appear without consent of parliament _by
virtue of his being a peer of the realm. He
at the same time sent a form constituting1
the urince custom regni for the Ebetress
Sophia. A few days later he wrote agaia
i deprecating delay (ib. pp. 475, &c., 481-7>

Spencer

346

Spencer

On 12 Aug. he reproached Bothmar for having
refused to supply the whigs with money for
the coming elections (ib. pp. 499, 500).
Throughout the year he continued to urge
the sending of the electoral prince and to
press for money. Meanwhile he opposed
in parliament the commercial treaty with
France. In the course of a debate in May
' there were some reparties ' between him and
Bolingbroke ( Wentwort h Papers, p. 332). On
9 April, when Peterborough said there had
been a design to make a captain-general for
life, Sunderland hotly called upon him to
prove it (ib. p. 328). In April 1714 Sunder-
land proposed the insertion in an address of
thanks to the queen of words to the effect
that e feares and jealousies ' had been 'justly J
spread about with reference to the security
of the protestant succession (ib. p. 369).
Meanwhile he was busy with Argyll in re-
conciling the whigs and the Hanoverian
tories ; and Bothmar, soon after his arrival in
London, testified that Sunderland's attach-
ment to the king (G-eorge I) exceeded that of
any other (MA.CPHEKSOIT, ii. 640). Neverthe-
less, when, on the death of Anne, the com-
mission of regency was made public, his name
and that of Marlborough were left out. * He
looktt very pale J when the names of the lords
justices wereread ( Wentworth Papers, p. 409).
The all-powerful Bothmar recommended
Sunderland's rival, Townshend, for the post
of secretary of state in succession to Boling-
broke (MACPHBBS02sr,ii. 650),* and Sunderland
had to be content with the lord-lieutenancy
of Ireland, then considered a kind of honour-
able retirement. Sunderland never crossed
the Channel, alleging the state of his health,
"but he was afterwards accused of bestowing
"both civil and ecclesiastical patronage on
natives of the country. On 28 Aug. 1715 he
exchanged his viceroyalty for the office of
lord privy seal with a seat in the cabinet.
He had been made a privy councillor on
\ Oct. 1714, and in July 1716 obtained the
sinecure of vice-treasurer of Ireland for life.
But he had^no real authority, and made use
of his position only to foment dissensions in
X1|L" ministry. He courted the tories and
ed round him the discontented whigs
„ ; W&tpvle, L 139). Yet he joined
*""* in hostility to the Prince of
; Ms favourite, Argyll, and ad-

^^:ir^ ^ ^ pi]jcegs hergelf

y, 26 June* 10 and 16
fcitoautunnl of 1716 k& ofo-
fc itQ Aix-la-Ohapelleforhia
-^--stw^to gain t&e ear

*-"**' a$ to

(ib. 16 July). At Gohre, near Hanover, he
obtained access to the king, and immediately
began to intrigue against his rivals. He
persuaded the king that Townshend and
Walpole were endeavouring to delay the con-
clusion of the treaty with France, and were
caballing with the Prince of Wales and the
Duke of Argyll, and he gained over their own
colleague Stanhope, though the latter had
been warned of his probable designs. In
November he thought his position so secure
that he wrote to Townshend a peremptory
letter. The latter reproached Stanhope with
treachery, and wrote to the king indignantly
denying Sunderland's charges. Townshend
afterwards aroused the alarm of the king by
asking for further powers for the Prince of
"Wales during his absence from England,
thus seeming to confirm Sunderland's charge
that the object of the ministry was to keep
the king at Hanover (CoxE, Walpole; cf.
STAKHOPE, Hist. ofEngl) Horace Walpole
the elder temporarily pacified George I by
taking the blame for delay in the negotiation
of the French treaty on himself; and Sunder-
land, on his return to England, acknowledged
that his accusations were unfounded. He
and Stanhope threw the blame of the king's
displeasure on the Hanoverian favourites.

Nevertheless Townshend was dismissed,
and on 15 April 1717 Sunderland succeeded
him as secretary for the northern depart-
ment, with Addison as under-secretary.
Walpole followed his brother-in-law out of
office, and combined with the Jacobite tories
to oppose the ministry, who were sometimes
defeated in the commons on important ques-
tions. On 16 March 1718 Sunderland be-
came lord president of the council. Four days
later he was named first lord of the treasury,
Stanhope taking over the post of secretary
of state. Sunderland zealously supported
his colleaguers foreign policy, giving his own
chief attention to home affairs. He opposed
the repeal of the Test Act as impracticable,
and induced Stanhope to lay aside his scheme ;
but bills were carried repealing the Schism
Act and the Occasional Conformity Act.
The measure which Sunderland had most at
heart^ was the Peerage Bill, limiting the pre-
rogative of the sovereign to create peers. It
is not clear whether the proposal originated
with Sunderland or Stanhope; they were
probably jointly responsible for it, and it is
certain that the former was the more active
in his support of the measure. It was fa-
voured by Townshend and many other in-
dependent whigs who remembered how the
peace of Utrecht had been carried, and was
sed by no' prominent whig peer except
Cbwper (cfc ParL Hist. vii. 590). The

Spencer

347

Spencer

motive of Its introduction was generally
thought to be a desire to restrain the future
power of the Prince of Wales, whom the
present ministers had made their enemy. The
bill encountered strong opposition from
Bobert Walpole, and, after it had passed the
lords, was withdrawn at the second-reading
stage in the commons. Sunderland, how-
ever, determined to revive it, and advocated
its merits to Middleton, lord chancellor of
Ireland, in so strenuous a manner that the
blood is said to have gushed from his nose.
Addison defended the measure in the * Old
Whig/ while Steele attacked it in the
< Plebeian.' On 25 Nov. 1719 the bill was
reintroduced in the upper house, and was
sent down to the commons on 1 Dec. On
the 18th it was read a second time, but was
opposed by Walpole in a powerful speech at
the committee stage, and thrown out by 269
to 177. Walpole next year was given a sub-
ordinate post in the government. On 25 April
1720 Sunderland had a 'reconciliation
dinner' of six old and six new ministers
(LADY GOWPEB'S Diary).

In 1720 Sunderland revived an old scheme
of Harley's for paying off part of the national
debt by means of the formation of a company
— the South Sea Company — who were to
have a monopoly of the trade in the South
Pacific. In spite of the opposition of Wal-
pole, the measure passed. The company were
to pay a premium of seven millions and to
receive at first five, and afterwards four, per
cent, interest, instead of eight per cent,, which
was the rate the debt then carried, and were
to take up thirty-two millions of government
stock. Some months after the passing of the
measure a speculative mania caused a gigan-
tic rise in the price of the stock. A panic
followed, the stock fell rapidly, and many
people were ruined. On 9 Jan. 1721, when
indirectly attacked, Sunderland avowed his
responsibility for the scheme, admitted that j
no act of parliament had ever been so much
abused as the South Sea Act, and expressed
himself ready to go as far as any one in
punishing the offenders, but later in the
debate defended the appointment of some of
the directors as managers of the treasury
(Parl Hist. vii. 697-3). In February Ro-
bert Walpole was appointed chancellor of
the exchequer in place of Aislabie, who was
implicated. When the secret committee re-
ported that Sunderland had been assigned,
before the passing of thebill, 50,000 J. fictitious
stock without giving payment or security,
Walpole obtained the adjournment of the
debate till 15 March on the plea of obtain-
ing farther evidence, and, probably by the
use of profuse bribery, obtained Ms rival's

aeguittal by 233 to 172 votes. The public
voice held S underland guiltr^ but the evidence
against him was inconclusive, and mainly
rested on the statement of a fraudulent
director ; it is certain that neither he nor
his immediate friends enriched themselves,
Even Brodrick, one of the committee, who
had the strongest prejudice against him, re-
presents him merely as a dupe of the direc-
tors (Coxs, Walpole, ii. 192-6). Sunderland,
however, was forced by popular clamour to
resign, and on 3 April 1721 Walpole took
his place as first lord of the treasury.

Nevertheless, as groom of the stole and first
gentleman of the bedchamber, Sunderland
continued to have great influence with
George I. He obtained the appointment of
Lord Carleton as president of the council,
though Walpole had put forward the Duke
of Devonshire ; and Carteret's nomination as
secretary of state in place of Craggs was also
due to his suggestion. He even made some
overtures to the tones, who seem to have
had great hopes of him ; but both HaHam
and Lord Stanhope refuse to credit the
story related hi Horace Walpole's 'Remi-
niscences,' that he and Sir R. Walpole con-
sulted to bring in the Pretender. Stanhope
prints a letter from the Pretender to Lock-
nart of 31 Jan. 1722, in which James says
categorically that he had never heard directly
from him and was far from being convinced of
his sincerity (Historyfrom Utrecht toAix-la-
Chapelte, ii., Appendix ; cf. Lockhart Papers,
ii. 68, 70 ; Hist. ofEngl 2nd ed. ii 657). Pope
stated that he had * strong dealings with the
Pretender; ' but this and the quite incredible
charge made by the poet that Sunderland used
to betray all the whiff schemes to Harley,
are to be accepted only as evidences of his-
general reputation for intrigue (SPEECH,
Anecdotes, p. 237). Sunderland died on
1 9 April 1722. A post-mortem examination
conducted by Gcwxbnan and Mead, with the
help of three French surgeons, removed the
suspicion of poison. His death is said to
have disconcerted the court. The seals put
by his executors on his drawers were broken
by order of *the ministers, and all papers re-
lating to political affairs were examined, in
spite of the protest of the Duchess of Marl-
borough (Hist. M&S. Comm. 5th Rep. App.
p. 190, 10th Rep. iy. 344 ; STAOTOPB, Hist.
u. 41).

As a politician Sunderland was a singu-
larly unattractive personage. To the love for
crooked ways which characterised his father,,
he added a violent assertiveness which was
entirely alien from the disposition of the elder
statesman. 'Burnet says that he treated
Queen Anne rudely, *and chose to reflect in

Spencer

348

Spencer

a very injurious manner upon all princes
before her.' Yet, according to the Duchess
of Marlborough, she forgave Mm, and even
' advised some medicine for him to take' just
. before Ms dismissal. Swift, who had known
Viiin in early life, and was introduced by him
to Godolphin, says that Sunderland learnt Ms
divinity from his uncle (John Digby, earl of
Bristol) and Ms politics from his tutor (Bishop
Trimnell). In his annotations on f Remarks
on the Characters of the Court of Anne,'
Swiffc denies Sunderland virtue and good
sense, but lets learning, honesty, and zeal
for liberty pass. The duchess, who quarrelled
with her son-in-law on account of his tMrd
marriage and Ms South Sea Bill, set down in
her ' Opinions' in 1738 that 'the Earl of
Sunderland, it was thought, would be a fool
at two-and-twenty; but afterwards, from the
favour of a weak prince, he was cried up
for having parts, though 'tis certain he had
not much in Mm.' Lord Hailes contrasts
with this her former declaration about * the
most honest and well-intentioned ministry
she ever knew.' After the settlement made
on the third Lady Sunderland, to the detri-
ment of the children of the second, the cor-
respondence between the duchess and Sun-
demnd 'abounded in terms of mutual obloquy
and invective '(CoxE). The duchess induced
Marlborough to join in the general cry against
the South Sea directors and their friends;
and Sunderland, in return, accused her in
December 1720 of a plot to bring in the
Pretender. From tMs time till Ms death
all intercourse ceased between them.

Among modern historians Lord Stanhope
is of opinion that Sunderland's character has
been unduly depreciated. He allows that
his conduct was on several occasions equi-
vocal, but credits Mm with quickness, discern-
ment, skill, persevering ambition, ready elo-
quence, and constancy in friendship. Banke
states that foreign diplomatists thought him
placable and trustworthy. Defoe and Steele
were at different times his proteges, and he
gave preferment to Desaguliers, the natural
~^:Toeopher. Addison twice served under
and dedicated to him vol. vi. of the
While secretary of state he
Mrs. Manley for her * New At-
According to Horace Walpole, Molly
-*" Became Lady Hervey, obtained a
t George I, through; Sunderland,
^ aefeig as Ms spy (Jfemww-
~ i H was aceusfeouied
* tfceft scoundrel
Jwifco made Ms iaiher
but in 1720

Sunderland was Harley's rival as a book-
collector as well as a politician. Vaillant,
the bookseller, who had an unlimited com-
mission from him, bought for him at Mr.
Freebairn's auction in 1721 Zarotti's Virgil
for 46Z., and gave 40/. for a manuscript of
Columella's ' Be Re BusticaV Markland, in
editing Statins, gained much assistance from
a folio edition of the 'Sylvae' (1473) in
Sunderland's possession. The library at
Althorp, described by Macky in 1703 as
'the finest in Europe both for the dispo-
sition of the apartments and of the books,'
was pledged to Marlborough for 10,0002. in
part payment of a loan (Coxe). The king
of Denmark offered Sunderland's heirs thrice
that sum for it.^ The library was divided in
1749, one portion going to Blenheim, and
the other remaining at Althorp in the pos-
session of the younger branch of the family
[see SPENCEB, GBOBGB JOHN-, second EAEL
SPENCER]. The library at Blenheim was
increased by Charles, third duke of Marl-
borough, but neglected by his successor. A
catalogue, with appendix and index, was
printed in 1872, and a sale catalogue in
1881-3, when the collection was dispersed.
A taste for gambling proved even more ex-
pensive to Sunderland than his love of buy-
nig books.

llacky describes Sunderland as of very
fair complexion and middle height. Boyer,
writing of him in later life, says he was
inclined to corpulency, and had a fixed and
settled sourness in his face. A portrait by
Richardson belongs to Earl Spencer. A por-
trait was painted by Kneller in 1720, and
subsequently engraved by J. Simon; and
Houbraken engraved one for Birch's * Lives
of Eminent Englishmen.' Evans also men-
tions a portrait engravedby Bakewell. There
is a bust of Sunderland at Blenheim.

Sunderland was three times married.
Frances, his only child by Ms first wife,
Lady Arabella Cavendish, married Henry
Howard (afterwards fourth Earl of Carlisle).

Lady Anne Churchill, Sunderland's second
countess, played an important part in the
politics of her time. She was credited with
converting her mother, the Duchess of Marl-
borough, to whiggism, and was her father's
favourite. She did something to restrain her
husband's temper and extravagance, and much
to advance his political career. She had both
beauty and talent, but was modest and un-
assuming, though at times she showed great
spirit. Paul W entworth relates a spirited
reply that she made to Lady Rockester in
1711, when Sunderland's fortunes had sunk
: low. Bwiffe about the same time tells * Stella'
\ of a, pretty speech lie Iiad endeavoured to get

Spencer

349

Spencer

delivered to her, as a way of mating himself
agreeable to the whigs. Lady Sunderland
was generally known as * the little whig/
and this title was inscribed on the foundation-
stone of the new opera-house in the Hay-
market in her honour (COLLET GIBBER, Apo-
logy, p. 257; WALPOLE, Zetters, ix. 91 72.)
Some graceful verses by Charles Montagu,
earl of Halifax, testifying to her beauty,
modesty, and talent, formed an inscription
on the drinking-glasses of the Kit-Cat Club,
of which her husband was a member. They
were printed in Tonson's ' Miscellany.' Dr.
Watts also i wrote some elegant verses upon
her7 (Gent. Mag. 1817, i. 343). Walpole, in
his * Reminiscences/ calls her ' a great poli-
tician/ and tells how she would receive those
whom she wished to influence while comb-
ing her beautiful hair. She died of pleuritic
fever on 29 April 1716, aged only 28. Lady
Cowper in her 'Diary' says: 'They have
talked so much of Lady Sunderland's death,
that I have done nothing but cry wherever
I have been,' She left a most touching ap-
peal to her husband on behalf of her children,
which he forwarded to her mother. It is
printed by Coxe in his * Life of Maryborough*
(iii. 395-8). A half-length of her, painted
by Kneller, was presented to the National
Portrait Gallery by Lord Chichester in 1888.
A portrait by £*ely at Althorp was engraved
by Bond for Dibdin's < Mdes Althorpianse.7
It was also engraved by Picart Portraits
of her by D'Agar and Mignard were engraved
by Simon and Van Somer. She left three sons
and two daughters. Of the daughters, Anne
married Viscount Bateman, and Diana be-
came the first wife of John Kussell, fourth
duke of Bedford. Of the three sons, Robert
(b. 1701) succeeded his father as fourth Earl of
Sunderland, and was lord carver at the coro-
nation of George H. He died on 15 Sept.
1729. The second son, Charles, who is sepa-
rately noticed, succeeded him as fifth Earl of
Sunderland, and in 1733 became, in succession
to his aunt (Marlborough's eldest daughter,
Henrietta), third Duke of Marlborougk The
third son, John, succeeded to the Sunderland
property, and was father of John Spencer,
created EarlSpencer on 1 Nov. 1765 [see under
SPENCEE, GEOE&B Jomr, second EABL].

On 5 Bee. 1717 Sunderland married, as his
third "wife, Judith, daughter of Benjamin
Tichborne, a lady of great fortune and Irish
extraction. All of his three children by her
predeceased him. After his death she mar-
ried Sir Robert Sutton, K.B. j she died in
1749,

[Besides the authorities cited, the most im-
portant of which are Coxe's Marlboroughj Wal-
po-Ws Secret Corresp, of the Duchess, 1838,

and Stanhope's Hast, (for the Keign of Greorge I),
see Peerage of England, 1710; Doyle's Official
Baronage; IHbdin's jEdesAlthorpianse; Eccles's
New Blenheim G-uide, 14th edit, pp. 34, 35 ; Atter-
bury*s Memoirs and Corresp., ed. Williams, i.
125, 143, 337-8 ; Life of G-odolphin, by Hon.
H. Elliot, chap.viii. ; Ranfce's Hist, of England,
v. chap. iii. ; Lecky'a Hist, of England, ehap.
j iii. ; Hacaulay*s Hist. 1861, v. 4-6 ; Bromley's
j and Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits ; Boyer's
I Polifc. State, acri. 473, audii. 452-3; Cunningham's
Hist, from the Revolution to the Death of Anne,
i. 171,458-9,ii. 215, 397; Edwards's Kemoirs
of Libraries, ii. 144-5 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd, i.
90, iv. 275 »., vi. 81 »., and Hlustr. iv. 126-7;
Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. ii. 49, 50, si. 442 n.
A manuscript memoir among the Spencer Papers,
written in 1780, is a compilation from printed
authorities. The short memoir in Cunningham's
Lives of Eminent Englishmen, voL iv., is mainly
based on Coxe. Sunderland's correspondence
while lord lieutenant of Ireland is among Arch-
bishop King's manuscripts (Hist. MSS. Comm.
2nd Eep.) His general correspondence is at
Blenheim. Some of his letters are among the
De La Warr Papers at Buckhurst (Hist. MSS.
Comm. 3rd Hep.)] G-. LB G-. N.

SPENTCER, CHARLES, third DTTEE OF
MABLBOEOTTSH and fifth EAKL OF SOTDER-
IAHD (1706-1758), born on 22 Nov. 1706,
was the third son of Charles Spencer, third
earl of Sunderland [q. v.], hy his second wife,
Lady Anne Churchill, second daughter of the
first Duke of Marlborough. Both his elder
brothers died early, and in 1729 he succeeded
the second as Earl of Sunderland. On the
death hi 1733 of his maternal aunt, Henrietta,
lady Godolphin, who had been Duchess of
Marlborough in her own right since the death
in 1722 of the first duke, her father, and his
grandfather, he became Ihikeof Marlborough. ,
In accordance with the arrangement made
at the marriage of his parents, he now handed
over the Sunderland property to his younger
brother John, father of the first earl Spencer.
During his four years* residence at Althorp
he greatly improved the property and revived
the traditional hospitality of his Warwick-
shire ancestors. He did not come into pos-
session of Blenheim until the death of Sarah,
dowager duchess of Marlborough, in 174i,
and up to that time his income was greatly in-
ferior to that of his brother John. The latter
was the favourite of the old duchess, and the
young duke vainly tried to propitiate her by
going into opposition to the court.

He became a member of the * Liberty
Club ; formed by the opponents of Sir Robert
Walpole in January 1734. On 13 Feb. of
the same year he brought forward in the
House of Lords a measure to preven]; military
officers from being deprived of their com- -

Spencer

35°

Spencer

missions except by court-martial or address
of either house of parliament. According to
the ministerialist Lor dHervey, the object was
to please Lord Cobham, one of Marlborough's
old officers, who had lately been dismissed,
and to gain over Lord Scarborough, who had
formerly favoured a similar measure. It
was regarded rather as a personal insult to
the king than as an attack on ministers. The
bill was rejected by one hundred to twelve,
The protest entered on the journals by the
opposition was signed by Marlborough, as
was also that which followed the rejection
of Carteret's motion for information as to
the dismissal of Cobham and the Duke of
Bolton. In March 1734, when the marriage
of the Princess Royal with the Prince of
Orange was announced, Marlbprough pro-
posed the introduction of a bill to natu-
ralise the prince, and carried his motion
without opposition.

In 1737 Marlborough was employed by
Frederick, prince of Wales, to solicit Henry
Fox's vote for the continuance of his parlia-
mentary annuity, and was one of the i chief
stimulators ' of the prince in the course he
took. When the prince received the lord
mayor and aldermen at Carlton House, Marl-
borough stood with Carteret and Chester-
field distributing * printed copies of the king's
last message to turn the prince out of St.
James's ' on the occasion of the accouchement
of his wife (HEBVEY). He afterwards gave
Hervey information regarding the heartless
conduct of Frederick when his mother Queen
Caroline lay dying.

In 1738, to the general surprise, he suddenly
went over to the court, accepting the
colonelcy of the 38th foot on 30 March, and
becoming a lord of the bedchamber on
11 Aug. The step was attributed to the
influence of his wife (Hist. MSS. Comm. 10th
Hep. i. 518); and it brought on him the
wrath of the old duchess, already alienated
by Ms marriage with the daughter of Lord
Trevor, who had been an enemy to the great
duke, his grandfather. Walpole says that
sbe turned Marlborough out of the lodge
in Windsor Park, and further vented her
"&e® by blackening the portrait of his
feear, Lady Bateman, who had been the
-^"tjof Ms marriage. She also aimed a
I at Lady Batemau's friend Fox,
-u involved in legal proceedings
ntg duke, in the course of which

* IBB& fe A)iiM pick out the diamonds

colonelcy of the 1st royal dragoons. On
6 May following he was further gazetted
colonel of the 2nd troop of horse guards
and on 20 March 1741 received the Garter!
His new political attitude brought him, on
the rejection of Carteret's motion for the re-
moval of Sir B. Walpole, to the assistance of
the falling premier with a motion, 13 Feb.
1742, 'that an attempt to inflict punish-
ment upon any person without allowing
him an opportunity of defending himself, or
without proof of crime, is contrary to
justice, law, and the usage of parliament,
and a high infringement of the liberty of
the subject.' This was carried nem. con.
(Parl Hist x. 1223, xi. 1063 £c. ; cf. COZE,
Mem. of Sir It. Walpole, i. 669). Five days
later Horace Walpole told Mann that the
Prince of Wales would not speak to him.

At the battle ofDettingen(27 June 1743)
Marlborough commanded a brigade and did
good service; but immediately afterwards he
and John Dalrymple, second earl of Stair
[q. v.], resigned their commissions in disgust
at the conduct of the Hanoverians. Wal-
pole, writing to Mann on 30 Nov., attributes
his action to a wish ' to reinstate himself in
the old duchess's will,' and adds a caustic
remark of the latter on the occasion.

Marlborough followed up his resignation
by seconding in a strongly worded speech
Sandwich's motion (31 Jan. 1744) declar-
ing 'that the continuing the Hanoverian
troops is prejudicial to the king ' (Parl. Hist,
xiii. 553, 564-6). But in the following
month, when news came of the approaching
Jacobite rising, he moved for an address ' to
assure the king of standing by him with
lives and fortunes' (Walpole to Mann,
16 Feb. 1744), and he was one of the first to
raise a force against the rebels.

On 30 March 1745 he was gazetted major-
general, and on 15 Sept. 1747 lieutenant-
general. He was created D.C.L. of Oxford on
4 June 1746, and had been elected F.R.S. in
January 1744. On 12 June 1749 he became
lord steward of the household, and was sworn
of the privy council. On 22 Jan 1751 he moved
that the 'constitutional queries* circulated
by the Jacobites against the Duke of Cumber-
land should be burnt by the hangman ; and
in 1753 spoke as a member of the cabinet
council in the debate on the charges made
against the preceptors of George, prince of
Wales. Next year, by means of lavish ex-
penditure, he procured the return of whigs
both for Oxford and Oxfordshire, though
the county had long been considered ' a
little kingdom of Jacobitism.' On 9 Jan.
1755 he succeeded Grower as lord privy
seal^ and on 21 Bee. became master-general

Spencer

351

Spencer

of the ordnance. Since his reconciliation with
the court Marlborough had deserted Car-
teret for Fox, and at the latter's secret mar-
riage with Lady Caroline Lennox had given
away the bride. In 1754 Marlborough ad-
vised his new leader to moderate his demands
and to give a pledge not to oppose Pitt, and
in October 1756 wrote to Bedford suggest-
ing a junction between the rivals (Bedford
Corresp. ii. 204). In the following year
Marlborough, together with Lord George
Saekville and General Waldegrave (after-
wards third earl), conducted an inquiry into -
the failure of the expedition against Roche-
fort, 'with the fairaess of which people are
satisfied ' (Mann to Walpole, 20 Nov. 1757).
In May 1758 Marlbprough was given the
command of an expedition directed againstSt.
Malo, but was himself l in reality commanded
by Lord G. Sackville ' (Walpole to Mann,
10 Feb. 1758). The expedition consisted of
eighteen ships of the line, thirteen frigates,
and three sloops, with four fireships and
two bomb-ketches, carrying fourteen thou-
sand soldiers and six thousand marines. As
volunteers Marlborough is said to have
taken with "him £ half of the purplest blood
of England' (ib. 11 June). Sailing on 1 June,
the troops landed without opposition in
Cancale Bay, but found the town of St.
Malo too strongly fortified to be attacked.
After setting on fire some naval stores,
three warships, and some privateers and
merchantmen, the men were immediately
re-embarked. The expedition next appeared
before Granville and Cherbourg, but was ,
prevented by the weather from attacking
either, and had to return owing to sickness
and want of water. On 1 July the squadron
anchored at Spithead, where it remained for .
orders till the 6th, while ministers disputed
whether or not the troops should be landed
(DoDisreTOsr, Diary). Fox applied to the
•undertaking the fable of the mountain and .
the mouse, and the king * never had any -
opinion of it;' but Prince Ferdinand ac-
knowledges that as a diversion it had
materially assisted "hvnft in hjg campaign in
western Germany by preventing the French
from sending reinforcements. No discredit
attached to Marlborough, though, as Wai- ,
pole says, he lacked experience and informa-
tion. He was now despatched to Germany
in command of an English contingent
which was to join Prince Ferdinand. He
landed at Embden with ten thousand men
on 10 July, and successfully effected his
junction with the German troops in West-
phalia. Before being able to take part in
any important operations he died suddenly
at Mnnster on 20 Oct. 1758. The cause of

death was announced to be dysentery, but
some thought he had been poisoned, as he
had recently received letters threatening
him with death by that means. The sup-
posed author of these, however, having
been apprehended by the order of Sir John
Fielding, had been acquitted (Awn. JReg. 1758,
pp. 121-6), and there seems to be no ground,
other than a chance coincidence, for suspect-
ing foul play (cf. Notes and Queries, 6th ser.
iii. 453, iv. 16, 17). Marlborough's talents
were pre-eminent neither in war nor in poli-
tics, but were respectable in both. Aaron Hill
[q. v.], in a poem, 'The Fanciad,' published
anonymously in 1743, addressed him * on the
turn of his genius to arms ' in a tone of light
ridicule. As a governor of the Charterhouse
and the Foundling Hospital he assisted educa-
tion and philanthropy.

The descriptions of his character given by
Walpole and Hervey agree in their mn'^
points, though the former dwells on his
good sense, modesty, and generosity, while the
latter prefers to touch on his want of informa-
tion, carelessness, and profuseness. Walpole
says that his brother, John Spencer, left the
Sunderland property in reversion to Pitt,
' notwithstanding more obligations and more
pretended friendship for Hs brother the
duke than is conceivable.' Besides the ill-
will of his grandmother, Marlborough had
for long to contend with the strong dislike
felt for him by George II, which was largely
due to his being the son of Lord Sunderland.
The king, says Hervey, never spoke of him
without some opprobrious epithet. His ill-
will may have been increased by a scheme of
the old duchess, discovered and frustrated by
Walpole, to marry Marlborough's sister, Lady
Diana Spencer, to Frederick, prince of Wales,
Two portraits of the third Duke of Marl-
borough by Van Loo are at Blenheim, as well
as one by Hudson representing the duchess

. and her family.

By his marriage in 1732 with Elizabeth
Trevor, daughter of Thomas, second lord
Trevor of Bromham, Marlborough had three
sons and two daughters. Of the daughters,
Lady Diana Spencer married the second
Viscount Bolingbroke, and Lady Elizabeth

, the tenth Earl of Pembroke. The latter,
generally known as Lady Betty, is de-
scribed by Walpole as 'divinely beautiful

, in the Madonna style.* In 1762 her hus-
band, disguised as a sailor, ran off with a
beauty named Miss Hunter, leaving a letter
testifying to his wife's virtue (WALPO&B,
Letters, iii. 490-2). Lady Betty survived till
30 April 1831, when she was ninety-three.
The eldest son, George, fourta duke of Marl-
borough, is separately noticed.

Spencer 352

, J£e ?£25d son> L?BD CHAELBS SPBNCEE tc

Spencer

W

1764 voted against the court" on' Sir
Meredith's motion against general
(WALPOLE, Letters, iv. 186") HR hpr>a-mo
treasurer of the kind's ' ?>

n <
r

S^^Sf-J^^

31 March 1801 to February 1806, and
master of the mint from February to Octo-
ber 1806. He married Mary, daughter of
Vere lord Vere, and sister of the Duke of
?« T^^lj) /gi/jg? ati Pete^am on

paintingb^ll^eTttl

JlW- OffleialBaronage; &. E. C[okayae]'s

S3"*; <^t.; Eccles's New Blenheim S'
l&M ^ f & 28' 35 ; Lwd ^vey'slemoirs;
lll-^hmont'' 29(M'iiL 41' 48'2?6' 283-l

Letters,

the

¥* *"«-«, ^ii: Uun
t Englishmen, v. 43.]

.-, DOROTHY,
. , > (1617-1684), -W

rissa, was born at Sion Hous<
at Isleworth on 5 Oct. 1617
eldest child of Kobert Sidney'
Leicester [q.y.1 Who had in „
Tear married fiorothy, daughtbA ^

Northumberland

and baptised
She was the

ter

V, tod earl of ^
Sidney [q. v. J and ^^^ 01Qne
" ^J, were her brothers.

verses, there can be
itachment was largely
/ ambitions.
He catcht at love and filled his arms with bays.

Jer husband, ' I «3ST^5S5S by°
me above anythmg in this world.' LorS

?uTL !fi^sugges -^ ?8 a suitable husbaH

but in 1637 he married Lady Ann Carr Pro^
posals were then made on behalf of Lord
Devonshire, whose sister, Lady Rich, had
been Dorothy's intimate friend". Relatives
w«= rt y Lfces*er to c°me to London to
press the suit, and though a large family
necessitated economy, Lord Leicester built
M hlfiS?86' t0 Wllicl1 tlle fami'T moved in

Lovelace was next _ suggested, but his
iicester uneasy, and
— v-.^.^v*, the man.' Another
' John Temple's son, after-
-Temple (1628-1698) [q.v.J
^"^-nily. Dorothy Os-

x rf became Temple's

Lonce alluded laughingly to
: Lady Sunderland, whose
-mg in his closet (Jitters of

eligible suitor was found in

^ oi x^orotny's

S^^Tr^^T0^ SldtteY' ^ ea*1 of
^S^P^" l]der ^rettts ^wW at * '
ie^a^ IWlm,^ ^el the whole -

?APS°E^A^BBET' second EAELOPSTODBE-

. ,.-jte an excel-

to Dorothv^s sister, Lady Lucy,
" for the happiness

Do«>*ty, who

Spencer

353

Spencer

Sir Robert Spencer (afterwards second Earl of
Sunderland) [q. v.] The marriage was a very
happy one, but a quiet residence at Althorp
was interrupted by the outbreak of the civil
war, when Lord Spencer, though anxious
for reforms, joined the king's party. In No-
vember 1642 Dorothy's third child, Penelope,
was born, and in June 1643 Lord Spencer
was created Earl of Sunderland ; but in the
following September he was mortally
wounded at the battle of Newbury.

Shortly before his death he provided for
his wife, the { dearest heart,' by a jointure
on his property, and settled 10,000/. on his
elder daughter and 7,000/. on the younger
one. A fortnight after the news of her
loss had been broken to her, Lady Sunder-
land gave birth to a son, Henry, but this
* sweet little boy ' died at the age of five.
At her wish the Earl of Leicester was
associated with her in the guardianship of
her infant son, and for seven years she lived
in seclusion at Penshurst with her father.
After the execution of Charles I his children
were placed for a time in Lord Leicester's
care, and were treated with great kindness
by the family. On her deathbed the Princess
Elizabeth bequeathed sundry articles to Lady
Sunderland.

In September 1650 Lady Sunderland left '
Penshurst for her son's house at Althorp,
where for ten or twelve years she devoted
herself to her children, and helped many
distressed clergymen. Lloyd, in his * Me-
moirs of the Loyalists/ says of her : * She is
not to be mentioned without the highest
honour in this catalogue of sufferers, to
many of whom her house was a sanctuary,
her interest a protection, her estate a '
maintenance, and the livings in hex gift a ;
preferment/ She also effected many im-
provements at Althorp, and planned the
great staircase of the house.

After a widowhood of nine years Lady
Sunderland was married *out of pity/ on
8 July 1652, to Robert (afterwards Sir
Robert) Smythe of Sutton-at-Hone and
Boundes in Kent, an old admirer and a
connection of the family [see SMYTHE, PERCY
OLIKTOST SYKETET, sixth VISCOOTT STBASTG-
FOED]. The wedding was celebrated at Pens-
hurst, but Lord Leicester was not present.
Smythe, who was an old college friend of
Evelyn (Dzary, 9 July 1652), is described
by Dorothy Osborne as * a very fine gentle-
man * who fully deserved his bride. The mar-
riage turned out happily. One child, Robert,
was born in 1653. At one time, perhaps after
1662, Lady Sunderland lived at Boundes, one
of Smythe's houses, in sight of Penshurst.
In 1658 Nathaniel Wanley [q. v.] dedicated

VOL. TJTT,

to her his ' Yox Dei, or the GreatDuty of Self-
Reflection on a Man's own Ways ' (XICHOLS,
lit, Anecd. i. 530); and in 1660 Dr. Thomas
Pierce [q. v/J, young Lord Sunderland's tutor,
expressed his obligations in the dedication
to * The Sinner impleaded in his own Court/
After the Restoration a warrant was issued
(14 Oct. 1662) for the payment of 13OOOZ. a
year for five years to Lady Sunderland, in
discharge of money lent by the late earl to
Charles I ; and in 1664 the countess was
given the eighth part of profits in certain
concealed waste lands, to be discovered at
her own charge.

From 166S to 1667 Lady Sunderland spent
much of her time at Rufibrd, the seat of her
son-in-law, George Pa vile (Lord Halifax).
The two were always close friends, and Henry
Savile, Lord Halifax's younger brother, was
a frequent correspondent. After Lady Hali-
fax's death in 1670, Lady Sunderland devoted
herself to the care of Lady Halifax's four
children. Her old admirer, Waller, was still
among her friends, but, according to a well-
known story, on her asking hi™ when he
intended to write more verses upon her, he
replied, 'When you are as young again,
madam, and as handsome as you were
then.'

In March 1679 Lady Sunderland had a
serious attack of ague. Her letters to Lord
Halifax in 1680 show that her sympathies
were with hi™ in the troubles connected
with the Exclusion Bill, and that she hated
the Earl of Shaffcesbury, with whom her son,
Lord Sunderland, was working. She died
shortly after the execution of her brother,
Algernon Sidney (7 Dee. 1683), and was
buried on 25 Feb. 1684 in the chapel of the
Spencers in Brington church, * in linen, for
which the forfeiture was paid/ There is no
stone to mark her resting-place j but years
afterwards Steele wrote in the 'Tatler*
(No. 61): 'The fine women they show me
nowadays are at best but pretty girls to mef
who have seen Sacharissa, when all the
world repeated the poems she inspired,*
It is curious to note that on 29 March 1684
letters of administration were granted at the
probate court of Canterbury to Lady Sun-
derland's creditor, John Benn, her sons, Lord
Sunderland and Robert Smythe, having re-
nounced. Robert Smythe, her only child by
her second husband, married, before he was-
twenty, Catherine, daughter of Sir William
Stafford of Blatherwick, Northamptonshire,
and, settling on the family estates at Sutton-
at-Hone, died in 1695.

Lady Sunderland was a favourite subject
of Vandyck, whose paintings of her are to be
found at Penshurst, Althorpj and Petworth,

A A

Spencer

354

There are engravings by Lombart andVertue,
and modern reproductions in the biography
by Julia Cartwright [now Mrs. Ady] and
Mr. Thorn Drury's edition of Waller.

[Most of what is known of Lady Sunderland
is collected in Mrs. Ady's Sacharissa, 1893, an
interesting work, though marred by inaccuracies
ancl^a want of references to authorities. The
original sources of information are Henry
Sidney's Diaries of the Time of Charles the
Second, 1843 ; the Savile Correspondence (Cam-
den Soc.), 1858 ; and Some Account of the Life
of Eachael Wriothesley, Lady Kussell. ... To
which are added letters from Dorothy Sidney,
Countess of Sunderland, to George Savile. Mar-
quis of Halifax, 1819. Mr, Thorn Drury's
edition of Waller, in the Muses' Library, should
also be consulted. Letters of Lady Sunderland
are in the British Museum (Addit. MS. 159H,
f. 90) and Mr. Morrison's collection (Hist MSS*
Comm. QthEep.ii. 446).] G-. A. A.

SPENCER, GEORGE, fourth DUKE OF
MABLBOEOTOH (1739-1817), born 26 Jan.
1739, was the eldest son of Charles, third

iTI?AV*-' ^e Stained an ensigncy in
the Coldstream guards on 14 June 1755 and
on 12 June 1756 was gazetted captain of the
20th foot. On succeeding to the peerage two
years later he left the army.

He shook off the influence of his father's
leader Henry Pox [q. v.J and 'flung him-
self totally on Lord Harcourt to direct Ms
conduct m the county of Oxford' (Grenville
Papers, i. 297-8), of which he was named
lord lieutenant in March 1760. At the
coronation of George LEI, on 22 Sept 1761
£e r^bea3rer of the sceptre and cross*
On 22 Nov. Of the following year he was"
appointed lord chamberlain and sworn of
the privy council. In the Grenville mini-

j?> t*LOU3h s?111 under thirty, he held

July 1765. On 27th inst., after some delav°
which was thought 'rather extraordinary'
sk± t^fc^P^ Spencer,17'

Spencer

against 'the first [sic] lord of the ad
(Sir HughPalhser) in the celebrated p
naval dispute which followed e
action off Ushant. He even forbade hTs
Lord Henry Spencer, to attend
during Keppel's trial (Last
cember 1778). Marlborough touti
part in political affairs after his earlv vears
and for the most part lived quietlv at BW
heim In 1762 he had pij rS^
Zanetti's gems at Venice. Walpole enter-
tamed the duke and duchess (wC he dt

Marlborough was created D.C.L of

er*, iii. 210)

1779. He presented! to the~un£
versity a large telescope and fine copies of
EaffaeUe's cartoons. In 1766 he was made
high steward of Woodstock, and became an
elder brother of the Trinity House in 1768
and master on 22 May 1769. He was also'
ranger of Wychwood Forest, a governor of
the Charterhouse, and F.R.S. Hi continued
the income given by his father to Jacob
Bryant fa. v.J He was found dead in bed
at Blenheim on 29 Jan. 1817. On his death
Marlborough House, St. James's, reverted
to^tJie crown, according to the terms of the
original grant. The duke was remarkable in
youth for personal beauty, but looked clumsv
in _ his robes. There are portraits at Blen-
heim by John Smith, after Reynolds, and
by Romney of the duke and duchess.
T j j? orou^ married, on 23 Aug. 1762,
Lady Caroline Russell, only daughter by his
second wife of John, fourth duke of Bedford,
She died 26 Nov. 1811. By her the duke
Had three sons and five daughters. Of the
latter, ^ Lady Caroline (5. 1763) married Henry,
second lord Mendip; Anne(£. 1773),theHon.
Oropley Ashley, brother of LordShaftesbury;
Ameha (b. 1785), Henry Pytches Boyce, esq.
Elizabeth, her cousin Hon. John Spencer ; and
Charlotte, Edward Nares [q.v.l, regius pro-
lessor of modern history at Oxford. The por-
trait of Ladv Caroline and Lady Elizabeth

1*>
$&_

finite

present did not desire
however, ambitious of ob-
-, and Bedfordobtainedfrom
— *it on thenext vacancy
-ce,iii. 356,357,358).

^^/*^i}i* ae^ k °*&*
W^°* Capote to Mann,
O^d Marlborough did notob-

"^%??^;^*^.

it . Lady Caroline and Lady Elizabeth
as Music and Painting, executed by Romney,
was bought by Mr. C. Wertheimer for 10,500
guineas in 1896 (Globe, 11 June 1896).

Ine eldest son, GEOEGE SPEKTCEK, fifth

2^?^Jte^^? (zr?.6:184^ ^

royal license in 1817. He was
educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford,
graduating M.A. in 1786 and D.C.L. 20 June
* Waa M'P- for Oxfordshire from
d for Tregony from 1802 to
and was a lord of the treasury from
t IS^till February 1806. On
rc^ 180§ he was called to the upper

Spencer

355

Spencer

house as Baron Spencer of "Wonnleigflton.
He spent great sums on Ms gardens and Ms
library at White Knights, near Heading. In
1812 he gave 2,260£ for Valdarfer's edition
of the t Decameron * at the Duke of Rox-
burghe's sale, and in 1817 bought from the
library of James Edwards the celebrated
Bedford missal (now in the British Museum).
Most of his collections were dispersed during
his lifetime, and his extravagance compelled
Ms retirement during Ms later years. He
died at Blenheim on 5 March 1840. He
married, in 1791, Susan, second daughter of
John Stewart, seventh earl of Galloway, by
whom he was father of George Spencer-
Churchill, sixth duke of Marlborough (1793-
1857), besides three other sons and two
daughters (Arm. Heg. 1840, App, to Chron.
p. 155). His grandson, John Winston
Spencer-Churchill, seventh duke, is noticed
separately [s.v. GHUSCHUJ.].

LOBB HESTBY JQOT SPE^CEE (1770-
1795), second son of the fourth duke, was
"born on 20 Dec. 1770, and educated at Eton
and Oxford, where he gave great promise*
He entered public life before he was of age
4» secretary to Lord Auckland, ambassador
&t The Hague. He was leffc for some months
in sole charge of the embassy at a critical
period, and established so high a reputation
for discretion and vigour that on 7 April
1790 he was appointed minister pleni-
potentiary to the Netherlands. In July 1793
he went to Sweden as envoy extraordinary.
In 1795 he was appointed envoy extra-
-ordinary and plenipotentiary to Prussia, but
died of fever at Berlin on 3 July, in Ms
twenty-fifth year (Gent. Mag. 1796, ii. 618).
A portrait of Lora Henry Spencer with Ms
sister Ladjr Charlotte, painted by Sir Joshua
.Reynolds, is inscribed ( The Fortune-tellers/
It has been engraved by J. Jones, S. ~W.
Reynolds, and H. Dawe.

Theyoungest son,LoBD FKAS-CIS AIMBBIC
SPESTCEB (1779-1845), born in 1779, was
M.P. for Oxfordshire from 1801 to 1815, and
•amemberof the board of control from 13 Nov.
1809 to July 1810. In August 1815 he was
created apeer as Baron Churchill of Wyeh-
wood. lie married Lady Frances Fiteoy,
irffch daughter of the Duke of Graffcon. He
died in March 1845 (FosrUB, Peerage).

[Boyle's Baronage; Gr. E. C/s Peerage;
Eceles's New Blenheim Guide, 14th edit. pp. 26,
38, 31, 32 ; H. Walpole's Letters, ed. Cunning-
ham, iii. 300, 43S, 438, 476, IT. 50, 69, 380, v.
78, vii. 167, viii. 485, be. 249, 284-7; Memoirs
<&f George IH, ed. Barker, i. 69, 163, 207, ii. 09,
139; Grenville Papers, iii. 210, 308; Gent.
Mag. 1817, i 179-80, 175; Evans's Cat. Engr.
Portraits,] G. LB G. N.

SPENCEB, GEORGE JOHN, second
EAEL SPES-CEE (1758-1834), eldest son of
John, first earl Spencer (1734-1783), and
great-grandson of Charles Spencer, third earl
of Sunderland [q.Tj, was "born at Wimbledon
on 1 Sept. 17o8, His sister Georgiana, the
"beautiful Duchess of Devonshire, is separately
noticed [see GAVEISDISH! By the elevation
of Ms father to an earldom on 1 Nov. 1765,
he became by courtesy Viscount Althorp.
He received his early education at Harrow ;
graduated M.A. at Cambridge in 1778, as a
nobleman of Trinity College j travelled on
the continent for two years, and in 1780 was
returned to the House of Commons as
member for Northampton. In 1782 he was
returned for Surrey. Affiliated by birth to
the whig party, he was more closely knit to
it by the marriage of two of his sisters to the
Duke of Devonshire and the Earl of Bess-
borough respectively, and during the short
Rockingham ministry he was one of the
junior lords of the treasury.

On 23 Oct. 1783 he succeeded Ms father as
Earl Spencer, and was thus removed from the
strife of factions in the lower house. On
the break up of the party after the execution
of the French king and the declaration of
war between France and England, he joined
with Burke and gave in his adhesion to the
policy of Pitt, of whom he continued a warm
supporter. On 11 June 1794 he was nomi-
nated a privy councillor and lord keeper of
the privy seaL A few days later he was
sent to Vienna as ambassador extraordinary,
and on Ms return was appointed, 17 Dec.
1794, first lord of the admiralty. This ofiice
he held for upwards of six years, the most
stirring, the most glorious in our naval
history, so that for him, more distinctly
perhaps thaja for any other English admini-
strator, may be claimed the title of organiser
of victory. It was under his rule that the
battles of St. Vincent and Camperdown were
fought and won ; that the mutiny of Spit-
head, the outcome of years of neglect, was
happily ended ; that the treasonable revolt at
the Nore was suppressed ; and it was still more
directly by him that Nelson was singled out
for independent command and sent into the
Mediterranean to win the battle of the Nile.
During the two years that followed, a con-
tinual semi-officialcorrespondeiice was carried
on between Spencer and Nelson, some of
wMch has been preserved in the pages of
Nicolas, but much, especially of Nelson's
contribution to it, was unfortunately de-
stroyed as waste mper by an over zealous
servant. Some of Spencer's letters written
to Nelson in the spring of 1800 are particu-
larly interesting, and most of all Spencer's

Spencer

356

Spencer

final suggestion that, if Nelson's health did eminence, literary, naval, and political. As
not permit him to be with the fleet, he ought a girl she had known Johnson well; his
to return to England. It was probably the visits to her mother's house were frequent,
necessity of this recall which led Spencer and the personal tradition of him which she
to doubt the advisability of sending Nelson preserved is recorded by Rogers (Table
to the Baltic as commander-in-chief, and Talk, p. 10). She often sat to Reynolds,
therefore to appoint him as second under and figures in several of his pictures, HI
Sir Hyde Parker, a mistake which Lord St. health compelled her about 1783 to reside
Vincent, who knew Nelson better, en- abroad (G-. BIEEBECK HILL, Letters of
deavoured to rectify when too late. "With Samuel Johnson, ii. 65) ; and at Lausanne
the resignation of Pitt in February 1801, in 1785 she met Gibbon, who describes her
Spencer also went out of office. He had (Miscell. Works, ed. 1814, ii. 384) as 'a
been made a K.G. on 1 March 1799. It is charming woman, who with sense and spirit
said that it was offered him two years before, has the simplicity and playfulness of a
but that he declined it in favour of Lord child.' The letters of Nelson and Colling-
Howe [see HOWE, RICHAED, EA.BL]. wood frequently refer to her as their valued

He was home secretary during Fox's ad- and sympathetic friend, and she used to
ministration, 1806-7, and master of the call the former her * bulldog/ though his
Trinity House ; after which he held no office treatment of Lady Nelson seems latterly to
under the government, devoting himself have alienated her (Nelson Despatches, vol.
principally to administrative work in his viii. Addenda cc.) Her prominence in Lon-
county of Northampton, and to literary or don society and her charm are recorded in
scientific pursuits. He was colonel of the Moore's ( Memoirs ' and Redgrave's * Diary/
Northamptonshire yeomanry : he was for and it was to her that Lord John Russell
thirty years chairman of quarter sessions ; it dedicated * The Bee and the Fly ' (Life of
•was by Ms energy that the innrmary at Alaric Watts, i. 272 ; notes supplied by J. A.
Northampton was built and endowed. He Hamilton, esq.) She died in June 1831,
was president of the Royal Institution, for leaving issue : John Charles, viscount Al-
forty years was a trustee of the British Mu- thorp and third earl Spencer [q. v.l; Sir
seum, and in 1812 was one of the founders Robert Cavendish Spencer [q.v.]; Frederick,
and first president of the Roxburghe Club, fourth earl Spencer and father of the present
But during these later years his fame must earl ; George ; and two daughters.
principally rest on the rehabilitation of the There are several portraits of Spencer.
Althorp nbrary (founded by his ancestor, One at the age of seventeen, by Reynolds,
Charles Spencer, third earl of Sunderland was engraved by T. H. Robinson for the
fa. v.]), said, probably with truth, to be the { Bibliotheca Spenceriana;' a second portrait,
finest private library in Europe. Of this, by Phillips, was engraved by Finden for
with the house and its works of art, an < JSdes Althorpianse ;' a third, by Copley, in
account was published by Thomas Frognall the robes of a knigjht of the Garter, is engraved
Dibdin [q. v.J, under the titles of t Biolio- in Fisher's ' National Portrait Gallery ; ' a
theca Spenceriana' (1814-15), '^EdesAlthor- fourth, by Hoppner, is engraved in OadelTs

pianse' (1822), and *Book Rarities in Lord i Contemporary Portraits ;

fifth, by

Spencer's Library ' (1811), ^ The collection, Shee, was exhibited at the Royal Academy
which was specially rich in Caxtons and in 1804.

other fifteenth-century works, was, with [G-ent. Mag. 1835, i. 89; Nicolas's Despatches
some unimportant reservations, bought in and Letters of Lord Nelson; Doyle's Official
1892 by Mrs. Rylands, and was removed to Baronage ; information from Earl Spencer, K.G-.}
Manchester to form a memorial of her hus- J- K. L.

Jto4, under the name of the ' John Rylands SPENCER, GEORGE TREVOR (1799-

1866), second bishop of Madras, born 11 Dec,

$ed at Althorp on 10 Nov. 1834. 1799 in Curzon Street, Mayfair, was third
cb$, in March 1781. His wife was son of William Robert Spencer [q. v.] He
3yt?^&*l$QBfc daughter of CharlesBingham, gained prizes for Latin alcaics and au Eng-
lAftcao, a woman of great beauty lish essay at Charterhouse, whence ho pro-
"brilliancy of conversation ceeded to University College, Oxford. He
ttcter. For many years, graduated B. A. in 1822, and was created D.D.
i last century and the be- on 16 June 1847. Ordained deacon in 1823
* was well-nigh the most and priest in 1824, he held the perpetual
T — *to& society, and was curacy of Buxton from the latter year till
p - J>eeit t&e friend ; 1829. From 1829 till 1837 he was rector of
<>£ *n£tt of Leaden-Roding in Essex. In 1837 he was
' ••' •

Spencer

357

Spencer

consecrated bishop of Madras, and remained
in India for twelve years. In 1842 he pub-
lished a * Journal of a Visitation to the Pro-
vinces of Travancore and Tinnevelly in
1840-41/ In 1845 he also published * Journal
of a Visitation Tour, in 1843-4, through Part
of the "Western Portion of the Diocese of
Madras.' Besides places in his own diocese,
he visited during this tour Poona, Ahmed-
naggar, and Bombay. In the autumn of 1845
Spencer visited the missions of the Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel and the
Church Missionary Society, and published his
* Journal7 in the folio wing year, accompanied
with charges delivered at St. George's Cathe-
clral, Madras, and at Palamcotta, and appen-
dices containing statistical tables. In 1846
he also published ' A Brief Account of the
C.M.S/S Mission in the District of Kish-
nagur, in the Diocese of Calcutta.' In the
diocese of Madras he established three train-
ing colleges for native converts.

In 1849 he returned to England invalided.
On 4 Oct. 1852 he was appointed commissary
or assistant to Richard Bagot [q. v.], bishop
of Bath and Wells. On 10 May 1853 he
resigned on account of the views on the real
presence held by Archdeacon Denison, ex-
amining chaplain to Bagot , and of Denison's
refusal * to allow him in any way to examine
the candidates for holy orders. An angry
correspondence between Spencer and Denison
followed, which ended in the latter*s de-
clining * any further communication by word
or writing/

In 1860 Spencer was appointed chancellor
of St. Paul's Cathedral, and next year
became rector of Walton-in-the-Wolds. He
died on 16 July 1866 at Edge Moor, near
Buxton.

Spencer married, in 1823, Harriet Theo-
dora, daughter of Sir Benjamin Hobhouse
and sister of John Cam Hobhouse, baron
Broughton [q. v.], by whom, he had issue two
eons and three daughters,

[Gent. Mag. 1866, ii. 281; Foster's Alumni
•Oxon. and Peerage, 1882 ; Croekford's Clerical
Directory ; Letter to Hon. and Right Bev.. the
Lord Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1853 ; Arch-
deacon Denison's Hotes of My life, pp. 225-31.1

G.LB&.N.

SPENCER, GERVASE (& 1763), minia-
ture-painter, began life as a servant in a
gentleman's family; Having a taste for
•drawing, he obtained leave to copy a minia-
ture portrait of one of his master's family,
which was so successful that his master en-
couraged and assisted him to pursue his
studies as an artist. Eventually Speneer
was able to practise for himself, and at- ;
tained such a pitch of excellence that he

became one of the fashionable miniature-
painters of the day. He worked both on
ivory and in enamel, and his miniatures are
carefully and artistically finished. He ex-
hibited occasionally with the Society of Ar-
tists. Spencer was acquainted with Sir
Joshua Reynolds, who painted his portrait
in the act of painting. Speneer made an
etching of this himself, and a few other
etchings by him are known. He died in
Great Marlborough Street, London, on
30 Oct. 1763. He left a daughter, Mrs.
Lloyd, at whose death in 1797 Spencer's re-
maining works and collections were sold by
auction by Hutchins in King Street, Covent
Garden.

[Edwards's Anecdotes of Painters ; Graves's
Disc, of Artists, 1760-1893; Redgrave's Diet,
of Artists ; Propert's Hist, of Miniature-Paint-
ing.] L. C.

SPENCER, EESRY LE (d. 1406), bishop
of Norwich. [See DESPE^SEE, HENBT LE.J

SPH3STCEE, SIB JOHN (d. 1610), lord
mayor of London, was the son of Richard
Spencer of Waldingfield in Suffolk. He
came to London, and was so successful as a
merchant that he became known as i Rich
Spencer.' His trade with Spain, Turkey,
and Venice was very large (State Papers,
Spanish, 1568-79 p. 590, Bom. 1591-4 p. 59),
and he was accused in 1591 of engrossing,
with two other merchants, the whole trade
with Tripoli (zb. p. 67). This lends some
justification for the charge made in a Ettle
book ' written by D. Papillpn, Gent,' that
Spencer became by the practice of merchan-
dise * extraordinary rich, but it was by falsi-
fying and monopolising of all manner of com-
modities' (Vanity of the lAves and Passions
ofM.eny 1651, p. 48). The same writer relates
the story of a plot by a pirate of Dunkirk,
with twelve of his crew, to carry off f

_ sneer

and hold him to ransom for over 50,0002.
Leaving his shallop with six of his men in '
Barking Creek, he came with the other six
to Islington, intending to seize the merchant
on his way to his country house at Canon-
bury, which Spencer had purchased of Thomas,
lord Wentworth, in 1570. The plot was
firustrated by Spencer's detention that night
on important business in the city. Queen
Elizabeth is said to have visited him at
Canonbury in 1581 (NiCHOi«s, Hist, of Canwn?-
bury House, 1788, p. 12).

Spencer was a member of the Clothworkers'
Company, and was elected alderman of Lang-
bourn ward on 9 Aug. 1587. He served the
ofiice of sheriff in 158^4, and that of lord
mayor in 1594-5. During his shrievalty he
was engaged in hunting down papists in

Spencer

35*

Spencer

Holborn and the adjoining localities, and had
to justify before the council the committal of
A. Bassano and other of her majesty's musi-
cians (State Papers, Dom, 1581-90, pp. 198,
202). On. entering upon his mayoralty at
the close of 1594 great scarcity prevailed,
and Spencer sent his precept to the city com-
panies to replenish their store of corn at the
granaries in the Bridge House for sale to the
poor. He stoutly resisted a demand by
Admiral Sir John Hawkins for possession of
the Bridge House for the use of the queen's
navy andbaking biscuits for the fleet (WELCH,
Hist, of the Tower Bridge, p. 99).

He kept his mayoralty at his town resi-
dence in Bishopsgate Street, the well-known
Crosby Place, which he had purchased in a
dilapidated state from the representatives of
Antonio Bonvisi, and restored at great cost.
In this sumptuous mansion during the course
of 1604 Spencer entertained both the Due
de Sully (then M. de Rosny), while ambas-
sador to England, and the youngest son of
the Prince of Orange, with Barnevelt and
Eulke, who came on a mission from Holland
(Slow, Survey of London, 1755, i. 435). To-
wards the close of his mayoralty he boldly
asserted the city's right, which it was feared
the crown would invade, to freely elect a
recorder. Before the close of his mayoralty
Spencer received the honour of knighthood.
By his wife, Alice Bromfield, Spencer had
an only^ child, Elizabeth, who in 1598 was
sought in marriage by William, second lord
Compton (afterwards first Earl of Northamp-
ton). Spencer strongly disapproved of the
match, but Compton's influence at court en-
abled him to procure Spencer's imprisonment
in the Fleet in March 1599 for ill-treating
his daughter (State Papers}Dom. 1598-1601,
p. 169). The young lady was ultimately
carried off by her lover from Canonbury
House in a baker's basket. The marriage
quickly followed, but the alderman naturally
declined to give his daughter a marriage por-
tion. When, in May 1601, his daughter
became a mother, he showed no signs of
-*-^— "*. 1601-3, p. 45). But some
L apparently took place soon
it is said, through the interposition
In May 1609 Spencer refused
to an aid for James I on "be-
3$Bog PrineeHepry (0. 1303-10,

1609-10, and his widow only survived him
till 27 March. He was buried on 22 March,
and Dame Alice on 7 April, in his parish
church of St. Helen, Bishopsgate, where a
fine monument exists to his memory. His
funeral was on a most sumptuous scale (WiN- '
WOOD, State Papers, iii. 136). His fortune
was variously estimated at from 500,0002,
to 800,0007., and the splendid inheritance is
said for the time to have turned the brain of
his son-in-law, Lord Compton. Among other
estates, he was possessed of the manors of
Brooke Hall, Bower Hall, and Booking,
which he obtained from the <jueen on 1 Aug.
1599. True to the last to his parsimonious
principles, Spencer left none of his immense-
wealth to objects of public benevolence or
utility.

[Nichols's Progresses of James I, 1828, i.
pp. 159-60; Remembrancia, pp. 172-3; Cox's
Annals of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, passim ; Col-
lectanea Topographica et G-en, v. 51 ; Nichols's
Canonbury House, 1788, pp. 12-26 ; Doyle's
Official Baronage, ii. 623-4 ; Metcalfe's Book of
Knights; Sharpe's London and the Kingdom,
passim ; City Eecords.]

C. W-H.

$ 'jfe$teo delayed his coatribuiaoii of

id fey Hs executors
was re-

SPENCER, JOHN (1559-1614), presi-
dent of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. [See
SPENSER.]

SPENCER, JOHN (1601-1671), con-
troversialist, born in Lincolnshire in 1601,
was converted to the Roman catholic faith
while a student in the university of Cam-
bridge. He entered the Society of Jesus in
1626, received priest's orders in 1632, and
was professed of the four vows, 5 Aug. (O.S.)
1641. He passed under the name of V incent
HatcliJf, and sometimes under that of Tyr-
whitt. In 1636 he was a missioner and
preacher at Watten; in 1639 a^ missioner in
the Lincolnshire district, and in 1642 pro-
fessor of casuistry at Liege and superior in
the camp mission among the English troops
in Belgium. In 1655 he was missioner at
Antwerp. He returned to the English pro-
vince of the society, and in May 1657 he and
John Lenthall, M.D., held a conference on
matters of controversy with Dr. Peter
Gunning, afterwards bishop of Ely, and Dr.
John Pearson, afterwards bishop of Chester.
He was declared superior of the Worcester
district about 1658 and held that oflice until
1667. Eventually he was taken into the
family of the Earl of Shrewsbury, and died
on 17 Jan. 1670-1.

He was an able controversialist, and wrote r
L 'The Triall of the Protestant Private
Spirit. Wherein their Doctrine, making
kjd Sprit tihe sole gronnd and meanes
* * is confuted/ *>• *"*** ***** 7n™>

Spencer

359

Spencer

1630, 4to. 2. 'Scripture Mistaken the
Ground of Protestants and Common Plea of
all new Reformers against the ancient
Catholieke Religion of England,' Antwerp,
1655, 8vo. Dr. Henry Feme, afterwards
bishop of Chester, published an answer to
this book in 1660. 3. * Questions propounded
for resolution of unlearned Pretenders in
Matters of Religion, to the doctors of the
Prelatical Pretended Reformed Church of
England/ Paris, 1657, 8vo. 4. 'Seisme |
UnmasFt ; or a late Conference betwixt Mr. ]
Peter Gunning and Mr. John Pierson,
Ministers, on the one part, and two Dis-
putants of the Roman Profession on the
other; wherein is defined, both what Schisme
is, and to whom it belongs/ Paris, 1658.
The two catholic disputants were Spencer
and John Lenthall, M.D. (DoBD, Church
Hist, iii. 312). The paper printed at the
end of the conference was republished by
Obadiah Walker and John Massey, under
the title of 'The Schism of the Church of
England, &c., demonstrated in four Argu- j
ments formerly propos'd to Dr. Germing and i
Dr. Pearson, the late bishops of Ely and
Chester, by two Catholic Disputants in a
celebrated conference upon that point/ Ox-
ford, 1688, 4to, This reprint elicited "The
Reformation of the Church of England
Justified' (anon.), Cambridge, 1688, 4to, by
William Saywell [q. v.], master of Jesus
College, Cambridge. Spencer is also credited
with a book against the atheists entitled
* Either God or Nothing/ of which no copy |
has been traced. j

[Be Backer's Bibl. des Ecrivains de la Com- '
pagnie de Jesns; Horns Anglo-Bavaricns, p.
52; Foley's Records, ii. 194, vil. 726; Jones's
Popery Tracts, p. 485 ; Oliver's Jesnit Collec-
tions, p. 195 ; Southwell's Bibl. Scriptornm Soc.
Jesn, p. 504.] T. G.

SPENCER, JOHN, DJX (1630-1693),
master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge,
and author of *De Legibus Hebrseorum/
was a native of Bocton, near Bleane, Kent,
where he was baptised on 31 Oct. 1630
(Lswis, Antiquities of Jfeversham, p. 87).
He was educated at the King's School,
Canterbury, became king's scholar there, and
was admitted to a scholarship of Archbishop f
Parker's foundation in Corpus Christi Col-
lege, Cambridge, on 25 March 1645. He
graduated B.A. in 1648, M.A. in 1652, BD.
in 1659, and D.D. in 1665. He was chosen
a fellow of his college about 1655. After
taking holy orders he became a university
preacher, served the cures first of St. Giles
and then of St. Benedict, Cambridge, and
on 23 July 1667 was instituted to the rectory
of Landbeaeh, Cambridgeshire, which he re-

signed in 1683 in favour of his nephew and
curate, William Spencer. On 3 Aug. 1667
he was unanimously elected master of Corpus
Christi College, and he governed that society
'with great prudence and reputation' for
twenty-six years. He contributed verses to
the Cambridge University Collection on the
death of Henrietta Maria, queen dowager,
1669. He was appointed a prebendary in
the first stall at Ely in February 1671-2, and
served the office of vice-chancellor of the
university in the academical year 1673-4,
during which he delivered a speech addressed
to the Duke of Monmouth on his installation
as chancellor of the university (cf. Hearne's
appendix: to Vindidce Antiq. Oxon. Thome*
Can, p. 86 ; Biogr. Brit.) He was admitted,
on the presentation of the king, to the arch-
deaconry of Sudbury in the church of Nor-
wich on 5 Sept. 1677 ; and was instituted to
the deanery of Ely on 9 Sept. 1677. He died
on 27 Jtlay 1693, and was buried in the col-
lege chapel, where a monument with a Latin
inscription was erected to his memory. He
was a great benefactor to the college, He
married Hannah, daughter of Isaac Puller
of Hertford, and sister of Timothy Puller
[q. yj She died in 1674, leaving one daugh-
ter (Elizabeth) and one son (John).

Spencer was an erudite theologian and
Hebraist, and to him belongs the honour of
being the first to trace the connection be-
tween the rites of the Hebrew religion and
those practised by kindred Semitic races.
In 1669 he published a * Dissertatio de Urini
et Thummim ' (Cambridge, 8vo), in which he
referred those mystic emblems to an Egyp-
tian origin. The tract was republished in
the following year, and afterwards, in 1744,
by Blasius UgoHnus in i Thesaurus Amtiqui-
tatum.7 This was the prelude to a mare
extensive work. In 1685 appeared Spencer's
chief publication, his * Be Legibus Hebrseo
rum, fotualibus et earum Kationlbas Kbn
tres* (Cambridge, 1685, fol.; The Hague,
1686, 4to, libri quattuor). In this work,
which included the earlier treatise on TJrim
and Thummin, Spencer deserted the time-
honoured paths traced by commentators, and
* may justly be said to have laid the founda-
tions of the science of comparative religion.
In its special subject, in spite of certain de-
fects, it stDl remains by far the most im-
portant book on the religious antiquities of
the Hebrews1 (ROBERTSON SMITH, ReUgwn
of the Semites, 1894, Pref. p. vi). The re-
markable nature of Spencer's achievement
is enhanced when, it is remembered tkat
oriental studies were then in their infancy,
and that he was compelled to derive nearly
all his data from classical writers of Greece

Spencer

360

Spencer

and Borne, from the Christian fathers, the
works of Josephus, or from the Bible itself.
Spencer professed that his object -was ' to
clear the Deity from arbitrary and fantastic
humour/ but it was inevitable that his or-
thodoxy should be questioned. Among his
earliest adverse critics may be mentioned
Hermann Witsius in his <~J3gyptiaca' in
1683, Joannes Wigersma, Ibertus Fennema,
Andreas Kempfer, Joannes Meyer, John Ed-
wards (1637-1716) [q. v.], and John Wood-
ward [q. v.] Among later writers Spencer's
chief antagonists were William Jones of
Nayland (1726-1800) [q. v.], and Archbishop
Magee,whorebukedWarburtonfordefending
Spencer against Witsius. The latest works
on comparative religion, such as J. Well-
hausenV History of Israel7 (1878) and C. P.
Tiele's 'Histoire Compared des Anciennes
Religions de TEgypte et des Peuples S6mi-
tiques,' develop and extend the lines traced
by Spencer two centuries ago. A second
edition of Spencer's work appeared at Cam-
bridge in 1727, 4to (revised by Leonhard
Ohappelow), and another at Tubingen, 1732,
2 vols. 8vo,

Spencer also wrote ( A Discourse concern-
ing Prodigies, wherein the vanety of Presages
by them is reprehended, and their true and
proper Ends asserted and vindicated/ Lon-
don, 1663, 4to ; 2nd edit., ' to which is added
a short Treatise concerning Vulgar Prophe-
cies/ London, 1665, 8vo.

A portrait of Spencer, engraved by Yertue,
is prefixed to the treatise ' De Legibus He-
brseorum.' There is also a portrait in Masters's
4 History of Corpus Christi College.'

[Addit. MSB. 5807 pp. 23, 24, 39, 40, 123,
£843 pp. 292, 294, 5880 f. 19 ; Baker's MS. 26,
p. 281; Bentham's Ely, i. 237; Biogr. Brit.;
Bowes's Cat. of Cambridge Books ; Bromley's
Oat of Engraved Portraits, p. 183 ; Calamy's
Abridgment of Baxter, 1713, ii. 118 ; Clay's
Hist, of Landbeach, p. 115; Cooper's Memo-
rials of Cambridge, i. 149; Evans's Cat. of
Engraved Portraits ; Hasted's Kent, iii. 9 ; Le
here's Fasti (Hardy); Locke's Letters, 1708,
p. 444; Masters's Hist, of Corpus Christi Col-
,$ege> Cambridge, p. 163 and index, and also

edit, p. 193 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iv.
281; Richardson's Athense Cantabr.
; Dawson Turner's Sale Cat. p. 42;

ti Idle of Bablrarst, p. 105.] T. C.

JOHN CHARLES, Vis-
and third EAST. SPENCEB
eHe&t son of George John,
[q. v.], by his wife La-
of Charles Bingham,
was bora an 80 May
1 Bt. James's. Sir

*•

brother. He inherited none of his mother's
brilliance and attractiveness. Owing to his
father's political and his mother's social en-
gagements, he was in his early years left
much to the care of servants. It was a
Swiss footman of his mother who taught
him to read, and when, at the age of eight, he
was first sent to school at Harrow, he was a
shy, awkward, and ill-grounded boy, though
fairly intelligent, and a lover of animal and
country life. He was placed in Dr. Bromley's
house, and passed through the different forms,
popular but undistinguished. His school-
fellows included Frederick John Bobinson
(afterwards Lord Bipon), Byron, Viscount
Duncannon (afterwards Lord Bessborough),
William Ponsonby (afterwards Lord de
Mauley), and Charles Pejys (afterwards Lord
Cottenham). In 1798, in spite of his own
desire to enter the navy, it was decided that
he should go to Cambridge, and, having
wasted some two years with a private tutor,
he went up to Trinity College in January
1800. A great deal of time and still more
money he spent in hunting and racing, but,
thanks to his mother's entreaty and the
teaching of his tutor, Allen (afterwards bishop
of Ely), he managed to figure more than cre-
ditably in his college examinations — he was
first in June 1801— and gained a self-con-
fidence, a habit of industry and exactness,
and a command over figures which after-
wards proved of the utmost value to him.
None the less, he always lamented his early
removal from the university and his imper-
fect literary education. He went down in
June 1802, graduating M.A. in the same
year (Qrad. Cantabr. 1800-84, p. 9). His
debts embarrassed his father, and his own
clumsy manners and want of accomplish-
ments made hrm feel himself out of place at
Spencer House. The opportunity of the
peace of Amiens was taken to send him to
Italy and France ; but he refused to go into
foreign society, was bored by works of art,
and came home no more polished than te
went, and unable even to speak French.

Thus equippedhe entered public life, coming
intoparliamentfor Okehampton in April 1804
as one of the supporters of Pitt. For some
time he rarely voted and never spoke, On
Pittrs death in 1806, urged on by his father, he
stood for the vacant seat for the university of
Cambridge against Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice,
third marquis of Lansdowneifq. v.], chancellor
of the exchequer, and Lord Palmerston. He
was second at the poll. Thereupon he was
elected for St. Albans, and sat for that place
; till the general election of November 1806,
when he contested Northamptonshire. Be-
taned attheheadof the poll, he held the seat

Spencer

361

Spencer

till lie succeeded to the earldom twenty-eight
years later. In compliment to his father, who
joined Lord Grenville as home secretary, he
was appointed a lord of the treasury in 1806,
but he only held the office thirteen months,
rarely performed any of its duties, and resided
at Althorp as much as possible. When obliged
to attend the House of Commons, he hired
relays of horses for the return journey to
Northamptonshire, and would gallop all night
after a sitting of the House of Commons to
hunt with the Pytchley next day.

On the fall of the whig government in 1807
he retired for two years without regret to his
country amusements. He attended prize fights
and race meetings, and devoted himself to
the management of the Pytchley hunt. He
boxed well, but shot and rode, though in-
cessantly, not so well. He had a loose seat
in the saddle, met with constant falls in the
hunting field, and repeatedly put his shoulder
out. So devoted was he to the Pytchley, with
which he was connected from 1805, that he
spent on it over 4,OGO/. a year, to his great
embarrassment in after life. He introduced
with success a lighter and quicker build of
hounds, and kept minute hunting journals,
which are still preserved at Althorp.

TTia maiden speech was not made till 1809.
Though he had been brought up a tory,
Cambridge friendships, especially with Lord
Henry Petty and Lord Ebrington, had in-
clined him early to the whigs. Erom the
personal acquaintance he had formed with
Fox about 1806, he contracted a strong ad-
miration for him, and after Fox's death he
began to incline to the more forward party re-
presented by Homilly and Whitbread. Break-
ing away from most of his political connec-
tions, he joined in the condemnation of the
Duke of York's complicity in the scandalous
sales of commissions in the army. The duke
was brought to resign, and the more pru-
dent radicals then thought that enough had
been done. Althorp was accordingly selected
by Whitbread to move a resolution record-
ing the resignation and shelving further
inquiry; this was carried. Thereupon, inspite
of his father's disappointment, he decided
formally to j oin the advanced party. He regu-
larly voted with Whitbread, but did not speak
again in the session of 1809, and only rarely
in 1810. In 1812 he supported Lord Milton's
vote of censure on the government for the re-
appointment of the Duke of York to the com-
mandershijh-in-chief, and replied to Perceval,
but ineffectively . The shoemakers of North-
ampton placed their interests in his hands
with regard to the proposed leather tax in
1812, and he seconded Brougham's motion for
its rejection on 26 June, dwelling charac-

teristically on its hardships to the artisan and
', labouring classes. The tax was none the less
imposed. During 1812 and 1813, except in
; supporting Grattan's Roman catholic emanci-
pation bill, the part he took in business and
; debate was very small. His time was mainly
! spent in country pursuits. On his marriage
| in 1814 he began farming, planting, and
i breeding, at Wiseton, and was little seen for
a year or two outside his county.
1 When the war was concluded in 1815, Al-
i thorp formed a very strong opinion of the
j grievances of the working classes and of
the necessity for reducing taxation and re-
forming the parliamentary representation.
He opposed the suspension of the Habeas
j Corpus Act and the increase of magistrates*
! summary powers, voting with Sir James
| Mackintosh, Romilly, and Brougham, and
' speaking in opposition to the ministerial
policy. So deeply did he feel on these matters
that he constantly attended the debates. On
I practical topics, especially on taxation, he
spoke often and with knowledge and good
sense ; but Lady Althorpjs death in child-
: birth, on 11 June 1818, withdrew him firom
public affairs and from society for a consider-
able time. At the general election his seat
was left uncontested, but for years he was a
broken man, and lived in retirement.
i It was with difficulty that he brought
himself to resume his place in parliament.
He raised a privilege question in March.
1819 (HAysABD, ParL Deb* 1st ser. xxxix.
1167), served on and eventually presided
over a committee on the working of tie
Insolvent Debtors* Act. A bill, founded on
the report of the committee, he conducted
through the House of Commons, but it was
rejected in the House of Lords, As a
ministerial bill it passed in the year follow-
ing (1 George IV, c.^119). He devoted
much time to reading the 'Parliamentary
Debates' and works on political economy,
trade and law, of which last he had gained
a knowledge as chairman of quarter ses-
sions. Accordingly in 1821, 1823, and 1824,
he intnroducedbillsfbrestablishing local courts
for the recovery of small debts, and brought
one to a secondand another to a third reading,
but was compelled towithdrawthemall; they
were, however, the germ out of wnich the
county-court system subsequently developed
(HAJSHBABD, Part Deb. 2nd ser. iv. 1263, ix.
I 543, xi. 852). "When the committee on the
corn laws was appointed in 1821, he served
upon it, and followed the lead of HusHsson.
in resisting further protective duties ; and in.
j February 1822 he introduced apian of his own
i for the relief of the country from taxation (t&.
j 2nd ser. vi. 558). He moved for a committee

Spencer

362

Spencer

on the state of Ireland in 1824, and the mini-
stry conceded an inquiry, but in a limited
form. It was to Lord Althorp that Lord John
Eussell,when defeated in his contest for Hunt-
ingdonshire in 1826, entrusted in the new par-
liament the bribery bill which he had intro-
duced in the last session of the old one. To the
idea of a coalition of the whigs with Canning,
whom he distrusted, Althorp was at first
openly hostile. But when Canning formed
a government in April 1827 he yielded to
the widespread feeling of his party, and con-
sented to give a general support to the new
administration. There was some question
of his joining the cabinet, but to this the
king, whose grants Althorp had more than
once opposed, was expected to object. For j
a short time he was chairman of the finance
committee nominated to inquire into the con-
dition of the revenue. His appointment gave
the occasion for the quarrel between Henries
and HusMsson which broke up the Goderich
administration which followed the death of
Canning [see ROBES-SON, FBEDEETCK Jossr,
first EABL OP RIPOK]. He supported the
efforts of Ms friend Joseph Hume towards
greater public economy, and voted for the re-
peal of the Test and Corporation Acts and for
catholic emancipation. At a meeting held at
his rooms in 1830 it was resolved to raise the
questionofthepublieexpenditure, and Charles
Edward Poulet Thompson (afterwards Lord
Sydenham) [q.v.] introduced a motion ac-
cordingly on 25 March 1830, when Lord
Althorp declared himself a supporter of an
income-tax, though the less advanced whigs
were against it. In the same session he intro-
duced a game bill of a liberal character, which
was lost for the time being owing to the
dissolution, but became law in 1831 as 1 and
2 William IV, c. 32.

In general, Althorp, though in opposition,
was not unfriendly to the Duke of Welling-
ton's ministry, which lasted from October
18S8 until November 1830y and during that
period moderated the hostility of some friends
of extreme views. His placable course was
Ute choice of his individual judgment, for the
wMgs at the time had hardly any party
coteaeaee in the House of Commons, and,
eaceeffc fee occasional gatherings at Althorp's
_. - ,T ^ Albany, no party system was
At length, in 1830, their con-
% disorganised that
r placing the party tinder
lea$eaesb%» and Althorp, who had
feeafcei fitsmfccs^ge^ioii with modest ridi-
mfa m ISS&,; vim Ajsem leader on 6 March,
feed ia Ms supf>ort
^Mef^pfet members as
$ :

of the party were regularly held and a daily
criticism of the ministerial proposals was
entered upon. These steps at once showed
Peel that he had now to deal with a serious
and organised opposition. At the general
election of 1830 Althorp was returned unop-
posed. At a meeting held at his chambers
the whig leaders resolved to support as
a party the cause of parliamentary reform
(BBOUGHJOT, iii. 48), and on the first night
of the new session, 2 Nov., Lord Grey in
the House of Lords and Althorp in the
House of Commons made declarations ac-
cordingly. Ministers were defeated on the
15th, and the Duke of Wellington resigned.

Althorp was most reluctant to assume the
burden of office with Lord Grey ("WALPOLE,
Life of Lord John JRussell, i. 159) ; he ab-
solutely refused Lord Grey's suggestion that
he should form and head the ministry, and
only consented to join it on Lord Grey's
assurance that on no other terms would he
attempt to form one at all. Having con-
sented to be a member, he then selected for
himself, to Grey's surprise, the post of chan-
cellor of the exchequer and leader of the
House of Commons, as being, in spite of his
inexperience, the position in which he
could be of the greatest use (GREVILLE,
2nd ser. ii. 153). He stipulated, however,
that he should not be asked in the event
of Grey's death or resignation to take the
vacant place. His appointment was not at
first popular with his party, but before long
not only the whigs but the house at large
recognised in this shy, unambitious, and al-
most tongue-tied man a person of rare in-
tegrity and ability. 'He became the very
best leader of the House of Commons that
any party ever had.'

His difficulties began with the new session,
and arose from the extravagant expectations
formed by his party of the possibility of
great reductions of public expenditure,
when in fact the previous administration
had not been improvident. On 7 Feb.
1831 he introduced his plan for the settle-
ment of the civil list. To please the new
king it was necessary to offend the whigs ;
few reductions were made, and George IV's
pensions were spared. The insecurity of
affairs on the continent at the same time
prevented reductions in the estimates. His
budget, introduced on 11 Feb. in a some-
what confused speech, was chiefly remark-
able for its proposal of duties on transfers of
real and funded property to compensate
for numerous remissions on imported com-
modities. The vigorous attacks of Peel and
Goulburn compelled the cabinet, in spite
of Althorprs threat of resignation, to with-

Spencer

363

Spencer

draw the duties. He was consequently ob-
liged to give up his remission of the duties
on glass and tobacco, carried his proposals
as to the wine duties only after a struggle,
and was defeated on those as to the timber
duties. The defeat mortified him deeply,
yet he met with little sympathy. What else,
it was said, was to be expected when * a
respectable country gentleman ... is all of
a sudden made leader in the House of Com-
mons, without being able to speak, and chan-
cellor of the exchequer without any know-
ledge, theoretical or practical, of finance? '
(GBEVILLE, Memoirs, 1st ser. ii. 115). Yet
the budget was sound in itself, and might
have been saved in the hands of a more
adroit manager. But for his zeal for the Re- !
form Bill Althorp would haye quitted office.
Time, however, improved bJTn fast. Greville,
who writes of him in February as i wretched'
and doing < a great deal of harm,7 ' leading
the House of Commons without the slightest
acquaintance with the various subjects that
came under discussion7 — a highly unjust ,
remark — recorded in September, * as a proof 1
of what practice and a pretty good under- i
standing can do,* that he ' now .appears to be j
an excellent leader, and contrives to speak
decently upon all subjects ' ($, pp. 116-200). j
He was not a member of the committee of j
ministers which drafted the Reform Bill, j
though he showed as complete a mastery of
its provisions during the subsequent de-
bates as if he had been its author (RussELL,
jRecollections, p. 69). In the cabinet he
urged the complete abolition of pocket
boroughs, and he was in favour of a 15/. or
20Z. firanchise coupled with the ballot.
Having been defeated on Gascoigne's amend-
ment to the Reform Bill, he success-
folly urged on his colleagues an immediate
dissolution. At the general election, which
gave the government a largely increased ma-
jority, Althorp was after a contest returned
at the head of the poll for Northampton-
shire. In the following session, all interest
being absorbed in the Reform Bill, his place
as leader of the house was almost usurped i
by Lord John Russell, who was ia charge of
the bill; but, in spite" of this and of diffe-
rence of opinion as to its provisions, Althorp
and Russell continued close and almost in-
separable allies and Mends throughout (see
MOOEE, Memoirs, vi. 290). Althorp spoke
sensibly on the second reading, and profited
by the diversion of attention top&ss his esti-
mates with little trouble. "When Russell
was exhausted, the whole management of
the Reform Bill in committee devolved upon
Mm, and from 10 Aug. was formally handed
over to him. The necessity for constant

speeches in reply to objections greatly im-
proved Ms efficiency as a debater, and his
moderation gradually gained the outspoken
respect even of his opponents. But repug-
nance to the life of the House of Commons,
to which he wrote that he went down * as if
I was going to execution/ and a desire to
quit office, grew steadily on him. His work
was hard. Obstructive tactics were em-
ployed against the committee stage of the
bill, and only his long-sustained firmness and
good temper foiled them. f Lord Althorp has
the temper of Lord North with the principles
of Romilly,' wrote Macaulay in September
1831. To him the cabinet left the task of
making the one speech (HorsAEB, 3rd ser.
viii. 458) made by ministers in the House of
Commons upon Lord Ebrington's motion for
a vote of confidence, which was the whig
reply to the rejection of the Reform Bill by
the House of Lords (8 Oct.) It was perhaps
his best, for it gave the greatest scope to His
peculiar power of combining thoroughness
with moderation. He rallied his followers
without embittering the conflict with the
upper house.

At the end of November 1831 the govern-
ment had to deal with the serious danger to
be apprehended from the meeting to organise
a strike against payment of taxes, to which •
the Birmingham union, exasperated by the
House of Lords* rejection of the Reform Bill,
had summoned its supporters to come in arms.
Differences of opinion with regard to a treat-
ment of the question began to appear between
Lord Grey and Lord Durham. Altnorp took
the responsibility of extricating the govern-
ment from the necessity of either tolerating
a riot or offending its supporters by privately
sending to Thomas Attwood, through Joseph
Parkes [(j. v.], an urgent message to postpone
the meeting. In this he was successful. In
conjunction with Lord Grey he modified a,
number of provisions of the Reform Bill to
conciliate the House of Lori, and, in opposi-
tion to him, pressed for an early commence-
ment of the following session in order that
the bill might be reintroduced at once. To-
any large addition to the House of Lords
he and Grey were opposed, but he strongly
urged that, when the bill should again have
passed the commons, authority should be
obtained from the king to create, in case of
need, a sufficient number of peers to carry it
through the lords; and with difficulty he
and Lord Grey brought their colleagues to
approve of a creation of ten. On 26 Jan.
1882 he barely escaped a defeat in the House
of Commons upon the payment of the
Russian-Dutch loan (see GTEBT, Correspon-
dence with William IV, ii. 156), due in part

Spencer

364

Spencer

to his own reluctance to allow Ms supporters urged Lord Grey to permit 1dm to retire
to be whipped up against their will until it from public life altogether, but was prevailed
was almost too late. In committee on the upon not to resign, and was ultimately
reintroduced Reform Bill he was again night returned unopposed for Northamptonshire,
after night in close debate with the leading Nevertheless political life became increa-
tory lawyers, and distinguished himself by his ' singly distasteful to him; the state of Ire-
aptitude for discussing and framing the legal land and the tone of the debates upon it in
machinery of the bill. His blunt good sense the session of 1833 alike depressed him. He
defeated Shell's motion on 21 Feb. to dis- was at variance with Stanley on his Irish
franchise Petersfield, which had been made policy, and although both ^measures as ori-
expressly to increase the opposition of the ginally drawn were modified in order to
lords in case it succeeded. With difficulty induce him to continue in office, still, what
he kept in check the Irish members, who satisfaction he felt in the Irish Church Bill
were irritated at Lord Grey's censure on the was destroyed by the fact of having to intro-
Irish tithe agitation, and throughout he was duce a Peace Preservation Act. His support
made to feel that he might lose their support of the latter measure was based on the con-
at any moment. The session, thoughhard was, sideration that the more stringent its pro-
Kowever, something of a personal triumph visions, the more certain it was to be re-
to him. ' It was Althorp carried the bill/ pealed at an early date ; but even so, he in-
said Sir Henry Hardinge; 'his fine temper troduced it in a manner so lukewarm that
did it.' Once, in answer to a most able and only Stanley's brilliant speech late at night
argumentative speech of Croker, he merely on 27 Feb. averted a disaster (HANSAED, 3rd
rose and observed e that he had made some ser.xv.1250). He met with a check in March,
calculations which he considered entirely when, having, in order to please O'Connell,
-conclusive in refutation of his arguments, pressed on the Church Temporalities Bill, in
but unfortunately he had mislaid them, so spite of Peel's remonstrances, he was obliged
that he could only say that, if the house when it came on for the second reading on
would be guided by his advice, they would 14 March to admit that he had overlooked
reject the amendment,' which they" did ac- and failed to comply with the rules of the
cordingly. There was no standing against house and to ask to postpone the bill. His
his influence. Such was his value that Lord own weariness of conflict kep t him frequently
Grey pressed on him a peerage in March silent in debate, and while Peel's authority
1832, that he might take charge of the bill in steadily grew, his was visibly waning. His
tlie House of Lords, after it had left the labour as chancellor of the exchequer, too,
commons. This he refused. He again pressed was very heavy, especially in connection
for a creation of peers before the bill came with the bank and East India charters.

_„ j» - ,1 -. 3' • J/L- i T->_ T •_ . -j. o j A "xTrrn: TTT ^ r^o 4.1,^

on for second reading in the upper house,
but, after threatening to resign, allowed him-
self to be overruled. When Lord Lyndhurst
carried in the House of Lords against the
ministry Ms motion postponing the conside-
ration of the disfranchisement clauses of the
bill, Althorp and his colleagues resigned
(7 May 1832).

Althorp prepared characteristically as he
said to ' expiate the great fault of my life,
itaving ever entered into politics ;' he spent
some hours in a nursery garden buying plants

By his act, 3 and 4 William IV, c. 98, the
charter of the Bank of England was renewed
till 1855, and the periodical publication of
accounts was provided for ; and he contri-
buted the part relating to the bank charter
to the pamphlet, 'The Eeform Ministry
and the Eeform Parliament/ edited by Le
Marchant, which was published in 1834, and
soon ran through nine editions. The budget
of 1833 provided for considerable remission
of taxation, but he was obliged to resist the
proposal for a reduction of the newspaper

Althorp and drawing plans for a new duty, and the ministry was beaten, on
*garcleii there. In a few days, however, the 26 April, on a motion by Sir William Izjgjl"
returned to office, and the tory peers, by for a reduction of the malt duties. The
by the failure of the attempt to vote was afterwards, on 30 April, indirectly

reversed, thanks to a powerful sj>eech from

). After an uneventful Althorp and the clear determination of the
t was prorogued. ministry to resign if beaten again. Still the

budget was very unpopular ; riots took place,
and a repeal of the house duty had to be
Al^tiorp seriously en- promised, at the cost of imperilling the pro-
-to stad for the Tower spect of a surplusfor 1834.

outlay of ; Next year Althorp met with further re-
. t^ beginning of the session with,

xfe wiees& of an opposition to his return
fe lic^awD^Kre affeer the dissolution

Spencer

365

Spencer

needless candour and imprudence he acknow-
ledged, in answer to O'uonnell, the authen-
ticity of his allegation that various Irish
members who had publicly spoken against the
Coercion Act of 1833 had privately approved
of it. A sharp conflict followed between
Althorp and Hichard Lalor Sheil[q.v.],against
whom the accusation was aimed; eventu-
ally Althorp withdrew and apologised for I
the charge against Shell (HA^SABD, Parl, !
Debates , 3rd ser. xxi. 122, 146 ; TBEVELYA^,
Life of Macaulay, L 358). He further suf-
fered in parliamentary credit by too hastily
assenting to O'GonnelTs demand for an in-
quiry into the judicial conduct of Baron
Sir William Cusac Smith [q. v.], which he i
was afterwards obliged to cancel. The budget '
was popular, for its surplus was principally
devoted to reducing the house and window
duties, and the 4 per cent, funds were also
successfully converted into a 3| per cent,
stock. To his disappointment his Tithe Bill
and Church-rate BUI, both promising mea- j
sures, had to be withdrawn in order to I
facilitate the passing of the Poor-law Bill, j
to the preparation of which he had given
great attention. When Stanley and Gra- I
ham resigned, rather than support such a I
reduction of the revenues of the Irish church '
as the Tithe Bill threatened (27 May), Al-
thorp was of opinion that the ministry could
not go on, and would do better to resign
too ; and the remaining events of the session »
showed that he was probably right. The
whigs were lukewarm and the Mng cold,
while the tithe and coercion bills excited the
steady opposition of the Irish members. The
secret negotiation which Edward John Lit- .
tleton (afterwards Lord Hatherton) [q.v.],
the Irish secretary, opened with O'Connefl
further embittered matters, and Althorp did
not escape personal censure. He sanctioned
Littleton's proposal to see O'Connellin June
in order to find out what the Irish mem-
bers really wanted, and authorised him to
say, as was the fact, that the clauses in
the Coercion Bill prohibiting public meet-
ings were still under discussion, but not to
commit the government and himself. He
had afterwards to bear his share of the
blame when CXConnell broke the pledge of
secrecy under which the interview took
place. Personally he was opposed to the
prohibition of public meetings, but had
been overruled by the majority of his col-
leagues, though he carried Ms opposition to
the verge of resignation j but when O'Connell
declared on 3 July in the House of Com-
mons that Littleton, in order to gain time
to carry a by-election at Wexford, had given
Mm AJthorp's assurance that the prohibi-

tion of the meeting's was to be abandoned,
both he and the ministry were made to ap-
pear either to have played O'Connell false
or to have introduced a bill which ran coun-
ter to their convictions. In fact no such
assurance had been authorised, or perhaps
in any such form given, and Littleton had
kept to himself the fact that he had given
any assurance at all. On 7 July Althorp
spoke in defence of Littleton, and cleared
Mm from the charge of having duped O'Con-
nell; but when the opposition threatened
to move for correspondence between the
Irish and the home government, he ten-
dered Ms resignation to Lord Grey. As
he was indispensable to the ministry, Lord
Grey resigned too, on 9 July. Grey's place
was taken by Lord Melbourne. But on
11 July two hundred and six liberal members
sent Althorp an address deprecating his re-
tirement. At the entreaty of Melbourne and
Grey, Althorp, though Ms personal wish was
that the king should send for Peel, consented
to refer the question of Ms return to office
to his three friends, Lord Ebrington, Lord
Tavistoek, and Mr. Bonham Carter. Their
decision was that on the understanding that
the ministry would drop 'the meeting clauses*
from the new Coercion Bill, he should re-
sume office, and, after adding a stipulation
that Littleton should be reinstated also, Al-
thorp acquiesced.

On 10 Nov., "by the death of his father, he
succeeded to the earldom, and Ms friends at
once began to entreat him not to abandon
public life on quitting the House of Com-
mons. The king, who had been unfavour-
ably disposed to the whig ministry, seized
the pretext of the loss of Lord Althorp to
dismiss Lord Melbourne [see HUSSEIN, JOHN,
first EABL ETTSSELL]. Though chagrined
that he should have given the king the op-
portunity of declaring Ms dislike of his mini-
sters (WAI.POLB, JJfe of Lord J. Ifa&eU,
L 209), Lord Spencer withdrew with satis-
faction alike from politics and fern the
court, and devoted the rest of liis life to
those country pursuits to wMch lie had
always been warmly attached. Office, he
said, was misery to mm. In vain Lord Mel-
bourne, on the defeat of Peel (April 1885),
entreated Spencer to hold an office with-
out duties in a new administration. On
examining Ms father's affairs he found them
so embarrassed^ and the estates so heavily
mortgaged, that, as he said, he * could onlj
regard himself as the nominal owner of his
patrimony/ He devoted Mmself to frugality
and farming, broke up the Althorp estaHisli-
ment, let the gardens and park, sold most
of his property about London, virtually

Spencer

366

Spencer

closed Spencer House, and lived on his wife's
property at Wiseton, where his sole extra-
vagance was farming at a loss of 3,OOOZ. In
Kovemberl838 he declined Lord Melbourne's
offers of the lord-lieutenancy of Ireland and
of the governorship of Canada. His influence
was privately employed in 1840 to dissuade
the ministry from adopting an aggressive
policy towards France [see TEMPLE, EtaBY
Jom, third Viscoinra PALMEESTOIT], but
publicly he only emerged from his retirement
to defend his former colleagues in the House
of Lords after their fall in 1841, and to pro-
nounce in favour of the repeal of the corn
laws in a speech at Northampton in December
1843, His blunt statement that protection
was unnecessary and reciprocity a fallacy,
coming from a man of Ms character for
honesty and for knowledge of the practical
needs of agriculture, produced a great im-
pression in the country. In 1844 he received
an unofficial warning that he might be called
on to form a ministry, but nothing came of
it. His last speech, in the House of Lords
was in support of the second reading of the
Maynooth College Bill in June 1845. In
the following autumn he was for the first
time a steward of Doncaster races, and was
taken dangerously ill there during the Don-
caster week. Though it was found possible
to remove him from Doncaster to Wiseton,
he became rapidly worse, calmly arranged
his business affairs, and died on 1 Oct. His
health had been for some tune impaired by
his habit of eating too little food from a fear
of gout. He left no issue, and was succeeded
in the title by his brother.

Althorp's position among English states-
men is certainly unique. "With moderate
abilities he won absolute trust from friends
And opponents alike, thanks entirely to his
perfect truthfulness and to his single-minded
desire to do only what was honourable and
Tight. He stepped at one stride to the leader-
ship of the House of Commons and the chan-
cellorship of the exchequer, and yet never
had a single feeling of personal ambition, or,
incleed, any personal desire of any kind, ex-
•eept to <pit office and public life together at
tfcearliest opportunity. Greville, who, eon-
to his nabit, panegyrised Hm on his
credited frmi with * one talent, and
|fe>ionigh knowledge of the House
Jiis? (Memoirs, 1st ser. iii. 106, 2nd
.Mjk Lord Holland described him
to* 3LQ9@d John Baoss&ll as ' a ™$n who acts on
seropulons* deliberate,
his public duty and
of Lor&
he TOS
* There

is something/ said Jeffrey, ( to me quite de-
lightful in his calm, clumsy, courageous, im-
mutable probity and well-meaning, and it
seems to have a charm with everybody ' (CocE-
BTTBtf, Memoir of Lord Jeffrey, i. 322). He
was nervous and silent even among his own
guests, a hesitating speaker, and much de-
pendent on written notes, though in the de-
bates on the Reform Bill his extraordinary
knowledge took away his nervousness; and
Brougham told Bishop Wilberforce that 'his
readiness was wonderful ' (Life of & Wilder-
force, ed. 1888, p. 234),

His real passion was for country life and
country sport. It is related that once only
was Lord Althorp heard to speak on any
subject with eagerness and enthusiasm, and
that was in praise of prize-fighting. His ser-
vices to English agriculture in all depart-
ments were constant and considerable. He
was one of the founders of the Yorkshire
Agricultural Society, and in 1825 accepted
the presidency of the Smithfield Club, then
in extreme difficulties; thanks to his excel-
lent business abilities and his heartfelt zeal,
he thoroughly re-established it in a few
years. He retained this presidency till his
death, and it is said would work all day in
his shirt-sleeves getting beasts into their
stalls on the day before one of its shows. It
was at the annual dinner of this club at the
Freemasons' Tavern, London, on 11 Dee.

1837, that he first publicly suggested the for-
mation of the society, afterwards established,
with the assistance of the Duke of Richmond,
Philip Pusey [q. v.], and other agriculturists,
as the English Agricultural Society in May

1838, and two years later called the Royal
Agricultural Society of England (cf. Journal
Hoy. Affric. Soc.) 1890, 3rd ser. L 1-19). He
was its first president, and took the chair
at the country meetings held at Oxford in
1839 and Southampton in 1844. The show
at Shrewsbury in 1845 was the last that he
attended. He gave great assistance in the
foundation of the Royal Agricultural College
at Cirencester in 1844, and contributed
papers to the society's ' Journal ' on such sub-
jects as the comparative feeding properties
of mangel-wurzel and Swedish turnips, and
on the gestation of cows. The 'Wiseton'
herd of shorthorns, which he began in 1818
with the purchase of the bull Kegent and
several cows at the famous Colling sale at
Barmpton, ultimately became one of the
largest and best in England, and at his death
included one hundred and fifty head. ISTo
breeder introduced more improvements into
farm cattle than Lord Althorp, and even,
whm he was engrossed with ministerial work
Ms interest in his cattle and sheep was in-

Spencer

367

Spencer

cessant, and calculations and gossip about
them were his favourite and most trusted re-
freslinient in. Downing Street. He also in
later life corresponded with Lord Brougham
on questions of physical science, and was
long a member of the committee of the So-
ciety for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.

The romance of Althorp's life was his de-
votion .to his wife. She was a Miss Esther
AcMom of Wiseton Hall, Northamptonshire,
a stout and somewhat plain lady of con- (
siderable intelligence, who is said to have |
fallen in love with "him when she was twenty-
two and he ten years older, and to have made
the fact so plain to him that, although he
had not intended to marry, he proposed to
her. They were married on 14 April 1814,
and resided on her estate of "Wiseton, con-
sisting of some two thousand acres. While j
she lived he was devoted to her ; when she !
died in 1818 he was inconsolable, and from
the time of her death always wore black, then
the evening dress only of clergymen and per-
sons in mourning (LoED AT.KFT&CABLB, Fifty
Years of My Ztfe, p. 371). He left no issue,
and was succeeded by Ms brother Frederick,
fourth earl Spencer and father of the pre-
sent earl.

Eeynolds painted his portrait when a boy,
and he gave sittings to Butler for a statue to
be erected at Northampton, hut the bust only
was completed ; it is at Althorp. The best !
picture of him is one painted by Richard
Ansdell about 1841, called < A Scene at ]
"Wiseton,' in which he figures with his
stewards, his herdsman Wagstaff, Ms bull !
Wiseton, and his dog Bruce. He is included
also in AnsdelTs picture of the * Meeting of
the Agricultural Society/ of which an en-
graving was published in 1845. A medallion
portrait of frym now belonging to the Royal
Agricultural Society was executed in 1841
by W. Wyon, R.A., from which the Smith-
field Club's medal was reproduced. The en-
graving in the National Portrait Gallery, Lon-
don, is apparently from the same medallion*

[There are two lives of Althorp, both founded
on family papers — one by Sir Denis Le Mardiaat
and the other by E. Myers. Elaborate cha-
racters of him are given in Edinburgh Review,
1846, by Lord John Russell, by Greyille (Memoirs
2nd sex. ii. 296), and, from the agricultural point
of view, in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural
Society of England, by Sir Harry Yerney and
Ernest Clarke (3rd ser. i. 13S-56). See Lord
Hatherfcon's Memoir ; GreviUe Memoirs (1st and
2nd ser.) ; Cockburn's Memoir of Jeffrey ; Boe-
bnek's History of the Reform Bill ; Grey's Corre-
spondence with William IV ; Trevelyan's life of
Maeanlay ; Brougham's Dialogues on InstiiHrt,
Walpole's Life of Lord John Russell ; J. E. But-
ter's life of Grey of Dilston.] J. A. H.

SPENCEB, ROBERT, first
SPEHCEB OP WOBHXEISHTOK (d. 1627),
was the only son of Sir John Spencer (d.
1600), and his wife Mary, daughter of Sir
Robert Catlin [q. v.],was great-great-grand-
son of Sir John Spencer (d, 1522), who traced
his descent from Robert Despencer, steward
to William the Conqueror, and from the
Despeneers, the favourites of Edward II;
he purchased "Wormleighton and Althorp,
and realised great wealth by inclosing lands
and converting others from arable to pas-
ture (see LEABAM, The Domesday <?f Inclo-
sures, 1897 passim ; COLVOEJE;, Warwick&Mre
Worthies } pp. 706-8). His grandson, Sir
John Spencer (d. 1586), further augmented
the family fortunes by marrying Catherine,
eldest daughter of the wealthy merchant,
Sir Thomas Kytson [q. v.], and among his
daughters were Elizabeth, lady Carey [q. v.] ;
Anne, who married, as her third husband,
Robert Sackville, second earl of Dorset [q. v],
and Alice, who married (1) Ferdinando
Stanley, fifth earl of Derby "[q. v.], and (2)
Thomas Egerton, baron Ellesmere and vis-
count Brackley [q. v.] His fourth son, Sir
Richard Spencer (d. 1624) of Ottley, Hert-
fordshire, was knighted 7 May 1603 and ap-
pointed ambassador to Spain in 1604, but got
excused on the plea of health. On 5 Aug.
1607 he was nominated with Sir Ralph
Winwood [q, v/j joint representative of
England at The Hague in the negotiations
for peace between Spain and the United
Netherlands (WxrwooD, Memorials, vol ii
passim; MOTLUT, United Netherlands^ rr.
389,453,535). He died in November 1624
(CaL State Papers, Bom. 1623-5, p. 401),
leaving a son, Sir John, who on 17 March
1626-7 receives a baronetcy which became
extinct on 12 Aug. 1699 (CLBCTEBBFCK,
Heryord»Ure> iii. 96-7, 110-18; BTHOGS,
Extianet Baronetage). Robert's father, Sir
John Spencer, who mast be distinguished
from Sir John Spencer (d. 1610) [q. v.] the
lord mayor, was knighted ia 1588, and died
on 9 Jan. 1599-1600,

Robert, the fifth knight in succession of
his family, received that honour about 1600,
and in the following year served as sheriff
of Northamptonshire. He devoted Mmself
assiduously to sheep-breeding, and at tl*e
accession of James I was reputed the
wealthiest man hi England. On 21 July
he was created Baron Spencer of "Worm-
leighton, and on 18 Sept. following he was
sent to invest Frederick, duke of Wurtem-
berg, with the order of the Garter (Srow,
Annals, p» 828), and was received by him
with great magnificence (AsHMOLB, Order .
of the Garter, p. 411). In domestic politics

Spencer

368

Spencer

Spencer sided with the popular party, and
on 12 March 1620-1 he carried unanimously
in the House of Lords a motion that ' no
lords of this house are to be named great

[The principal authorities for Spencer's life
are his correspondence and papers preserved in
Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 25079 ff. 43-94, and his
household accounts in Addit. MSS. 25080-2.

331. 6s. 8d. to the Virginia Company, in Collins's, Courthope's, and GK E. cfokayneTs
which Southampton was largely interested. Peerages.] A. F. p.

He took an active part in the discussions
relating to Bacon's trial, and advocated his
degradation from the peerage (ib. pp. 93,
102 ; SPEEDING, Life of JBacon, viii. 245,

SPENCER, ROBERT, second EARL OP
SUISTDERLAND (1640-1702), only son and heir
, of Henry Spencer, first earl of Sunderland,

268-9). Later in the same session (8 May by his wfe Dorothy, the well-known 'Sacha-
1621) he came into prominence through rissa J [see SPENCER, DOROTHY], was born at
his quarrel with Thomas Howard, second Paris on 4 Aug. 1640 (Sloane MS. 1782,
earl of Arundel [q, v.] Speaking against ff. 16-22, 5), and succeeded to the peerage as
Arundel's proposal that Sir Henry Yelver-
ton [q. v.j should be condemned unheard,
Spencer referred to the cases of Arundel's
ancestors, Norfolk and Surrey, who had

been, treated similarly. Arundel retorted
with tike gibe that Spencer's ancestors were
then keeping sheep. Refusing to apologise
for this insult, he was committed to the

Tower (G^BBnrEB, iv. 114-16 and note;
previous historians, following

Ki&t. 1653, p. 163, give a less accurate
version of the quarrel). In the following
February Spencer was placed on a commis-

second earl of Sunderland three years later.
The father, HEKBY SPEJSTCER, first EARL OF
StrKDERLAOT (1620-1643), eldest son of Wil-
liam, second lord Spencer, and grandson of

, ,

Robert Spencer, first lord Spencer [q. v."],
matriculated from Magdalen College, Oxford,
on 8 May 1635, and was created M.A. on
31 Aug. 1636. On 19 Dec. following he suc-
ceeded as third baron. "When he was nine-
teen he married, at Penshurst on 20 July 1639,
Lady Dorothy Sidney, and, having sojourned
two years at Paris, he took his seat in the
upper house in 1641. Though nominated

sion to redress the ' misemployment of j lord lieutenant of Northamptonshire, he vo-
lands' {Gal. State Papers, Dom. 1619-23, j lunteered in the royal army when the king
p. 347). He died on 25 Oct. 1627, and was j erected his standard. Charles I trusted him,
buried > at Brington, Northamptonshire (cf. and on 5 Sept. 1642 made him the bearer,
The Muses Thankfulnesse, or a Funeratt \ along with his friend Falkland, of an offer
Jflegie consecrated to the . . . Memory of the of a composition which was submitted to-
late . . . Robert, Baron Spencer of Worm- but rejected by the parliament. He seems
leiffhton, London, 1627, 12mo). He married to have shared Falkland's belief in the
Margaret, daughter of Sir FrancisWiHoughby crown, modified by distrust of the wearer of
of Wollaton, Northamptonshire. She died it. He wrote to his wife from Shrewsbury,
oil 17 Aug. 1597, and Spencer remained for on 21 Sept. 1642, that he would rather
life a widower,^ fact to which Ben Jonson * be hanged ' than fight for the parliament,
alludes in the lines : yet, * if an expedient could be found to salve

Who, since Thamyra did die tlie punctilio of honour, I would not,' he

Hath not brook'd a lady's eye, savs? ' continue here an hour.' A year later,

Nor allow'd about his place on 20 Sept. 1643, he was killed by the side

Any of the female race, of the noble Falkland at the first battle of

rv * c* , ,. „ Newbury. Some three months before his-

^^^^fc^encer had issue four sons and three death, while with the king at Oxford (and
,<**!«8'' Of me sons, John, the eldest, died in consideration, it was stated, of a huge
*Wi0 1 rt Blois j and William, the se- loan), he had been created Earl of Sunder-
assecond baron, dying on land (patent dated 8 June). He was buried
JACKSON, Worte, at Brington in Northamptonshire. A portrait
as*> daughter of by Walker is at Althorp (see GLABENDOK,
earl of S^1^^- Bto. iii. 347 ; LLOYD, Memoirs of Loyalists,

p. 433: Sidney Papers, iL 667 :

As a boy Robert showed extraordinary
d his mother lavished the utmost

Spencer

369

care upon Ms education both before and after
her second marriage in 1652 to Sir Robert
Smythe. In order to make him a staunch
protestant, she secured the services as tutor
of Dr. Thomas Pierce [q. v.], the Calvinist
divine, Binder whom the young earl studied
the rudiments at home and languages abroad
in company with his kinsman Henry Savile
[q. v.], and his mother's brother, Henry Sid-
ney (afterwards Earl of Romney) [q. v.], his
junior by a few months. His close relations
with the Sidneys and all their powerful con-
nections, as welt as his more distant relation-
ship with the Sav&es, the Coventrys, and
Lord Shaftesbury, gave him at the outset of
his career a strong position, which he sedu-
lously improved by his own marriage, and
later by the alliances which he made for his
children. After a sojourn in Paris and in
some of the Italian cities, Sunderland spent
wellnigh two years in the south of France
and at Madrid. Returning to England in
the summer of 1661, he went up to Christ
Church, Oxford. Before, however, he was
matriculated he vindicated the soundness of
his protestant training by joining the cele-
brated William Penn in an eneigetie de-
monstration in 'Tom Quad7 against the
wearing of the surplice, as recently pre-
scribed by the authorities at the king's re-
quest The ringleaders, including Penn,
were rusticated, and Sunderland followed
them into a voluntary exile. He renewed
his association with Penn a few years
later in Paris. After sowing some wild
oats, he commenced in 1663 to pay his ad-
dresses to Anne, younger daughter of George
Digby, second earl of Bristol fq. v.j, by Anne,
daughter of Francis Russel£ fourth earl of
Bedford; the young ladv was not only a
great beauty, but was also only surviving
sister and heiress of John Digby, third earl
of Bristol, to all of whose estates she suc-
ceeded in 1698. In spite of the great access
of influence (more than of actual wealth)
which the match held out, the negotiations
seem to have dragged ; the date was finally
fixed for July 1663, *the wedding clothes
made and everything ready ;f yet at this late
hour, if Pepys may be believed, the bride-
groom flinched from the prospect of matri-
mony to the extent of absconding with an
intimation that he < had enough of it ' (Diary
1 July 1663). Matters were nevertheless ar-
ranged, and the ceremony took place at St.
Vedast's in the city of London on 10 June
1665. _ If the young earPs fears were due to
a suspicion that he had met his match in
duplicity, they were probably not unfounded.
His bride was a ' born intrigante/ and her
'commerce de galanterie * with her husband's

TOX. LTTL

Spencer

uncle, Henry Sidney, was somewhat later to
afford a congenial theme toBarillon and his
fellow-reporters of court intrigue.

Two years after his mamage, in June
1667, Sunderland received a commission in
Prince Rupert's regiment of horse, and for a
short period came into frequent contact with
George Savile (afterwards Marquis of Hali-
fax) [q. v.J, who was serving in the same
troop. His political activity at this time
seems to have been limited for the most
part to the paying of assiduous court to the
royal mistresses. He invited the Duchess
of Cleveland down to his seat of Althorp
and paid similar attentions to Lady Castle-
maine ; and when in 1671 it became evident
that their stars were paling before that of
Louise Renee de Eeroualle [q. v.J he asked
the new favourite to his town house in
Queen Street, and lost enormous sums to
her at basset. In these diplomatic approaches
he was ably seconded by his wife. At Euston
in 1671, in conjunction with Lady Arlington
under the pretext of Hlling the tedium of
the October evenings, Lady Sunderland ar-
ranged a burlesque wedding, in which Mile,
de Keroualle was the bride and the king the
bridegroom {FoEHEBOK, Zouise de Jfceroualle

pp*P sq-)

These diversions were interrupted bySun-
derland's first political employment. He
was despatched in September 1671 upon an
embassage to Madrid, Ms object being to
endeavour to neutralise Spain in the event
of the impending- war with the United Pro-
vinces, He was foiled in his object, and
wrote slightingly of the Spaniards as totally
occupied with points of precedency. * They
talk of other business,' he wrote, < but have
none but how to get the hand of one another *
(several of his letters to Arlington are printed
in ffispama Hfastrata, London, 1703, 8vo).
He seems to have left Madrid in March
1672 for Paris, where he acted for some time
as ambassador extraordinary to the French
king. Continuing his diplomatic career, he
was sent in the following year (May 1673)
to Cologne as one of the plenipotentiaries
with a view to a general peace, which was,
however, frustrated by the devices of the
French. Returning home early in 1674, he
was on 27 May admitted into the privy
council at Windsor, and in October following
appointed a gentleman of the bedchamber
to Charles H. By his efforts Mile, de Ke-
roualle obtained, on 16 July 1675; a patent
of nobility for her bastard by the king,
Charles Lennox, first duke of Richmond
fq. v.] In July 1678 upon Ralph Montana,
duke of Montagu Fq. v.l leaving his post and
hastening back to London in order to defend

BB

Spencer

370

himself against the aspersions of the Duchess
of Cleveland, Sunderland was named am-
bassador extraordinary in his stead, and thus

Spencer

Statesmen,' 'Poems on State Affairs, 1716, L
163). In the crisis^ Sunderland seems to

IN imeguen. J.JJULO wo-c uuc? 0.00 u uj. JLU.O U.IU.LU—
matic appointments. He was henceforth to
exercise a more and more preponderant in-
fluence within the small governing; clique at
Whitehall.

On arriving in England in February 1679,
Sanderland found the eighteen years' parlia-
ment just dissolved. A new one was sum-
moned to meet in March, and, as a pre-
liminary measure of conciliation, the Duke
of York was about to take his departure for
The Hague. Of the old cabal, Danby and
Arlington were under a cloud, and the
reins of power seemed about to be seized by
Shaftesbury, Essex, and Halifax, who were
coquetting with Monmouth, The catholic
party had been cowed by the outburst of
prote&tant fury which Oates and the other
sham informers had known how to evoke.
Not a little depended upon the attitude of
new-comers so able and influential as Sun-
derland and Sir William Temple, lately re-
turned from The Hague. Sunderland's ap-
pearance as a new political planet was marked
by the elaborate dedication to him on his
arrival of Dryden's adapted 'Troilus and
Oressida; or Truth found too late/

Danby was removed from the treasurer-
ship on 22 Feb., and Sunderland, having
paid Sir Joseph Williamson 6,0007. for the
reversion of his post, took the oaths as secre-
tary of state for the northern department in
thecourseofthesamemonth. Upon Temple's
projectingthereformed privy council of thirty
members (April), an inner cabinet, consisting
of Sunderland, Essex, Halifax, and Temple,
was soon evolved to consult upon the < chief
affairs that were then on the anvil/ and * how
they might best be prepared for the council
or the parliament.' In August, alarmed by
the bold tactics of Shaftesbury and his
superior influence over Monmouth, Sunder-
laad joined ^Halifax, upon the sudden illness
of Charles, in summoning the Duke of York
to -taking's bedside. Hie two prorogations
f^miag the dissolution of July 1679, joined
*$;,$$& fpeertainty springing from the pre-
•MM* lealth of the king, caused Halifax
— H so much anxbtythat both with- -

~ j. — „„„ V^^UAU ^ujLuj-ciituiu. seems to
is have looked for guidance mainly to the
i- Duchess of Portsmouth and the voice of the
* -London mob. The duchess was convinced
that Charles would not dare to support his
brother much longer. The Londoners were
ecstatic over Shaftesbury and Monmouth
James's supporters could augur little good
Irom his being sent into Scotland, at the
urgent instance of Sunderland, prior to the
meeting of parliament on 21 Oct. 1680. As
an opportunist, therefore, who desired above
all things to retain office and its emolu-
ments, Sunderland felt some amount of se-
curity in adopting the side of the exclu-
sionists ; but, as an additional precaution,
he began carefully to cultivate relations with
the Prince of Orange, through his uncle,
Henry Sidney, the envoy at The Hague.
He devised and communicated to Sidney
several plans by which the prince was to
render himself popular in England. In the
meantime, with the view of immediately
influencing Charles, he took the ill-advised
step of 'inspiring ' the States-General (with
the connivance of William) to forward a
highly presumptuous * memorial1 to the
Eng-lish monarch on the subject of the suc-
cession, praying him earnestly to settle it
in a manner that would be acceptable to his
protestant parliament and people. Such a
piece of advice proved intensely distasteful
to Charles and provoked his keen resent-
ment, which fell in the first instance upon
Sidney. When the Exclusion Bill, having
passed the commons, was brought up to the
lords (15 Nov. 1680), and defeated owing
mainly to the exertions of Halifax, Sunder-
land filled the cup of his offence by voting
for it, and his worst fears were realised by
his being struck off the council earlv in
February 1681.

During the remainder of Charles II's
reign Sunderland's energies were taxed first
to recover his place, and secondly to sup-
plant Halifax in the royal favour. From
the summer of 1682, when the Duke of
York returned to St. James's, there was no
possibility of mistaking the fact that a
reaction in his and the king's favour had set
in. The Duchess of Portsmouth recanted
with alacrity, and when her reconciliation
with James was cemented by the duke allow-
ing her 6,OOQJ. a year out of the post-office
revenues, Sunderland hastened to follow her
example and avow his errors. He persuaded
her to induce the Duke of York to join her
inapetatiop to the king on his behalf. Pleased
tjo gratify his mistress without displeasing-
to toother, Omarles* finally agreed to listen to

Spencer

371

Spencer

Sunderland's protestations. On 28 Aug. 1682
he kissed tfye long's hand, and next month he
was readmitted to the privy council. Though
mainly due to the Duchess of Portsmouth, this
result was in part attributable to the astute
overtures that Sunderland had for some time
past been mating to Barillon. He now saw
perfectly, he told the ambassador, that a re-
conciliation between Charles and his parlia-
ment was a matter of impossibility, and that
a closer union with France was the only right
policy ; from all relations with the Prince
of Orange he had completely freed himself.
This was enough for Barillon.

So successful was Sunderland in cultivating
the influence of the Duchess of Portsmouth
and Barillon that on 31 Jan. 1683 he was
appointed in Con way's place to the (northern)
secretaryship of state, and thereupon grew
more and more successful in his riTalry of
Kochester and of Halifax. Though the latter
had married SunderlanoVs sister, the two
statesmen had been estranged since the Ex-
clusion Bill, and, in Burners terms, had come
to hate each other beyond expression. Sun-
derland acquiesced in the executions of Rus-
sell and Sidney, and it was mainly through
his influence that Jeffreys was promoted to
be chief justice (29 Sept. 1083). As Roches-
ter became discredited, Sunderland's oppo-
sition to Halifax became accentuated. Hali-
fax was especially anxious for the summon-
ing of a parliament to clinch the king's
present popularity, and a large party among
the courtiers thought that the prevailing
dislike of nonconformists and suspicion of
the nobles would insure a very favourable
assembly. The project was successfully
foiled by Sunderland, who expressed the views
of Louis XIV as he learned them from the
Duchess of Portsmouth and Barillon, His
chief ally among English politicians was
Godolphin. The yiew that they proposed to
take of the prerogative approximated more and
more to the ideal of tke early Stuarts, and
by some outspoken enemies Sunderland was
contemptuously alluded to as 'the calf *s head/
He managed to satisiy the Duke of York
that the reason why he appeared for the ex-
clusion (* which he knew would not pass *)
was to prevent the monarchy being reduced
by limitations to a kind of doyeship (cf.
CAT. A MY, Life, i. 156). Sunderland natu-
rally supported Jefireys's scheme for the re-
lief of loyal Roman catholics in prison in
opposition to Halifax and North, another
enemy whom he lost no means of harassing.

Upon the death of Charles H, Sunderland
was one of the privy council who signed the
order for the proclamation of James (cf.
Thirtieth Rep. Deputy-Ee<p>er of Public Re-

cords, App. pp. 306 seq.) ; but he and Godol-
phin were at first regarded as ruined iu
so far as the court was concerned. James
had indeed good reason to suspect Sunder-
laud of a sinister design against the legiti-
mate succession during the weeks that pre-
ceded Ms brother's death. On the other hand »
apart from the admiration that James had for
his finesse, Sunderland's * command of con-
nections and expedients ' macle a powerful
appeal to the new king. He soon showed
that he meant to follow James's inclinations
as closely as possible. When, therefore,
upon Halifax's refusal, Sunderland promptly
consented to vote for the repeal of the tests,
James had no scruple in giving him the post
of lord president (4 Dec. 1685) in addition
to that of principal secretary of state. In
order to show his zeal, Sunderland urged the
greatest severity in the suppression of Mon-
mouth's rebellion, and helped to stimulate
Eirke's activity during the western assize.
There can be little doubt that he would have
greatly preferred Monmouth's death to his
surrender. When Monmouth wrote to the
king on 8 July he said that he could convince
James of his devotion by 'one word/ and

„ James himself in after time believed that
this word was an exposure of Sunderland's
treachery. The earl was present with Middle-
ton at the interview which the king granted
Monmouth, having previously, it is said, as-
sured the latter of his pardon if he confessed
nothing (cf, ClABKE, Zife of James Z?,iL M
sq. ; MACPHEBSOH, Orig. Papers, i. 146). Ro-
chester declared that Monmouth had prpols
of intrigues both with himself and the Prince
of Orange that would have been absolutely

1 jmytTtmg to Sunderland. Rochester also
charged Sunderland (in a circumstantial
story) with suppressing a last letter from
Monmouth to the king; but evidence so
hostile must be received with reserve.

"These transactions were followed in Janu-
ary 1686 by the failure of Rochester's intrigue
to exalt the influence of Catharine Sedley

? [q. v.], at the expense of the queen and
the catholic camarilla, of which Sunderland
rapidly acquired the confidence. He suc-
ceeded from the outset in entirely gaining
the ear of the <jueen. He represented to her
that the relatives of the king's first wife,
Rochester and Clarendon, were the men
whom the king delighted to honour, while
her own friends were coldly regarded.

In attaining his proximate object — the
abasement of Rochester — Sunderland was no
less successful with the king. He com-
menced operations in ^ovember 1685 by
circulating a story of a mysterious packet
despatched by Rochester to the Prince of

Spencer

372

Spencer

"Orange. This deliberate invention he en-
trusted under pledge of profound secrecy to
Barillon, knowing that it would lose nothing
in the ambassador's next despatch, where it
duly appeared under date 26 Nov. Again,
when Rochester voted against the suspen-
sion of Compton, bishop of London (to which
Sunderland gave his full support), he pointed
out the danger of dissentients and the need
for a united ministry, while he insinuated
that sooner or later dissentients would have
to be eliminated from the council. His mas-
ter-stroke was plaved on 19 Dec, 1686, when
he induced the king to confer on religious
matters with Rochester, by insinuating that
he had traced signs of religious trouble with
indications of a yielding mood in the de-
meanour of that stalwart Anglican. The
result of these overtures and their inevitable
failure fulfilled his expectations, for Roches-
ter was dismissed from the treasurership in
the following January (1687) . Almost simul-
taneously (1 Jan. 1686-7) he had the satis-
faction of sending a letter of recall to Claren-
don, directing him to resign the government
of Ireland to Tyrconnel.

During 1686 James contemplated the ap-
pointment of a vicar-general to exercise the
spiritual prerogatives of the crown in much
the same manner as Thomas Cromwell exer-
cised them under Henry VIH, and Sunder-
land expressed readiness to undertake the
office, which could hardly have failed to
throw much patronage into his hands ; but
eventually, in August 1686, he contented
himself with a seat in the new ecclesiastical
commission. Next year the king, feeling
thoroughly dissatisfied with the results of
the 'closeting' of members, determined to
apply more drastic measures with a view to
obtaining a well-affected parliament. In
November 1687 the lists of sheriffs were re-
vised, and Sunderland, by whose advice the
king was constantly guided in such matters,
was put upon the board for the regulation of
municipalities, along with Jeffreys and Sir
Nicholas Butler. He was elected a KG. on
§6 April in this year, and installed at "Wind-
sor on 23 May following.

SoBdfidand afterwards insisted that he did
a! in Ms power to prevent the king from re-
aetesteyfrom exerting the dispensing
dirom harassing the Ajoglican body,
would doubtless havedictated such
a course; feai ik order to retain his lucrative
essential that he should show
ort of the Mug's -per-
is no doubt that lie
witli the Itoman catho-
James himself

wounded the Anglican party, we must de-
stroy it/ It is more certain that when the
repeal of the Test Act was staunchly opposed
in the lords, he threatened to create the re-

the elder sons of such peers as were already
his partisans. According to Halifax, he
vaunted that rather than lose the vote he
would make peers of the whole of Lord
Feversham's troop. In order to conciliate
the nonconformists, he proposed a number of
ingenious expedients (MACKINTOSH, p. 195).
He tried to throw the responsibility of some
of his recommendations for the relief of Eo-
man catholics upon the papal nuncio, D' Adda ;
but the astute Italian offered "Him no advice,
merely promising him his own and the pope's
prayers for his guidance.

The new year (1688) found Sunderland in
an extremely difficult position. He had given
in Ms adhesion to the victorious catholic
party; but, so far from being unanimous, that
party was split into three widely diverging
factions. First, there were the Fabians, under
the old catholic aristocracy, backed up by
Ronquillo, the Spanish ambassador, who de-
precated the rash policy of James in outrag-
ing public opinion. Then there was the anti-
French party, headed by the papal nuncio, to
which the queen gave adherence. Thirdly,
there was the Jesuit party, supported by Petre,
by the Irish Jesuits, and by all the resources
of French intrigue. Sunderland was not
fully in sympathy with any of them. He
hoped that all might still go well if he were
only promoted to the vacant post of lord
treasurer. But he failed in this, either through
Petre or the cjueenj and when the king
seemed to be giving a decisive adhesion to
the most dangerous courses by admitting
Petre to the privy council, he became dis-
tracted with apprehensions. Petre, in the
advice that he gave the king, drew more and
more closely to France, and Sunderland
realised that not only was Petre becoming
a dangerous rival, but that the handsome
pension which he had been in the habit of
receiving from France was in danger. To
gauge his precise position in relation to the
turn affairs were taking, he had recourse to
two characteristic devices. In the first place
he proposed a reconstruction of the cabinet,
by which the affairs of Scotland and Ireland,
as well as internal matters, were to be referred
to the nominal privy council, which Petre
was not in the habit of attending ; foreign
affairs exclusively were to be reserved for the
secret cabinetwithin the council. His second
step was to demand a secret extraordinary
gratuity from France in addition to his re-
gular pension of sixty thousand livres (about

Spencer

373

Spencer

2,500/.) His pretext for preferring such a
claim was the (pretended) success that had
crowned his efforts in demanding the return
to England of the three British regiments,
which had been in Dutch pay since 1878 ;
and he fortified this cool proposal by pro-
mises of further aid, more particularly in
keeping down his master's own pecuniary
claims upon Louis. The effrontery of the
request astounded Barillon, but he would
have been still more astonished had he
known that through his wife and her gallant,
Henry Sidney, Sunderland was regularly sup-
plying the Prince of Orange with informa-
tion as to the most secret transactions of the
English court.

For the present, however, the success of
these two manoeuvres postponed any resolu-
tion that Sunderland may have dallied with
to desert James at this juncture. He was
beginning to see that the alienation of the
episcopal party had proceeded too far. He
nevertheless, on 8 June, signed the committal
of the seven bishops. Personally he would
have preferred the matter to be laid before
the carefully packed parliament which was
in contemplation for the spring of 1689.
He was not a little impressed by the de-
meanour of the people upon the progress of
the biskops to the Tower. But the charges
of lukewarmness which were brought against
him at the council board made it necessary
for biTn to give decisive proof of his devotion.
He had already compounded for his own
delay by causing his eldest son to abjure
protestantism, and now, in the week of the
bishop's trial, he made public his own re-
nunciation of the protestant religion* A
little later, on 13 July, he appeared at mass
in the king's chapel During the bishops' trial,
though suffering acutely from gout, he ap-
peared, in a wheel-chair to give evidence
against the defendants. On 17 June, a week
after the birth of the prince, he went to St.
James's and pledged the king to the infant's
health, in company with the papal nuncio.
As soon as possible he paid Ms addresses to the
queen, over whom he exerted a great ascen-
dency, and impressed her with the idea that,
now that she had a son, moderation was
above all desirable, and that tiie conversion of
England need not now be pressed, but should
rather be proceeded with 'very gently'
(BTTBITET). But, though assured of the
queen's confidence, Sunderland was never-
theless cautiously preparing for the vicissi-
tudes of revolution. Eiarly in August Russell
wrote to the Prince of Orange of a * Mr.
Roberts, whose reign at court can hardly
last a month, and who has grown so warm
in your interests that I can hardly prevail

on him to stay for his being turned out, . . .
He has desired me to assure your highness
of his utmost service.' There seems excel-
lent ground for identifying l Mr. Roberts *
with Robert Spencer, whose reign at court
was threatened with curtailment by the in-
trigues of Petre.

The approach of danger impelled Sunder-
land to give free play to Ms duplicity. Prin-
cess Anne formed at tfris juncture a juster
estimate of his character than of his motives.
* You may remember/ she says in a letter to
her sister dated 13 March 1687-8, * I have
once before ventured to tell you that I
thought Lord Sunderland a very ill man,
and I am more confirmed every day in that
opinion. Everybody knows how often this
man turned backwards and forwards in the
last king's time, and now, to complete all
his virtues, he is working with all Ms might
to bring in popery. He does not go publicly
to mass, but hears it .privately at a priest's
chamber, and never lets anybody be there
but a servant of Ms 5 he is perpetually with
the priests, and stirs up the king to do things
faster than I believe he would of himself.
His wife, adds the princess, f is just as ex-
traordinary in her kind ; for she is a flatter-
ing, dissembling, false woman, but with such
a fawning and endearing manner that she
will deceive anybody. Yet she will cheat,
though it be for a little; and she has her
gallants. . . . Sure there never was a couple
so well matched as her and her good husband ;
for she is the greatest jade that ever lived, so
he is the subtellest, workinest villain on the
face of the earth.'

Sunderland's attitude and conduct when
the crisis arrived were enigmatic. He laughed
at Barillon's warnings, and when Bevil Skel-
ton [<|. v.] apprised the Mug of the threatened
invasion, he ridiculed it as a chimera. More
than any one else he was responsible for
James's fateful refusal to accept aid from.
Louis in the form of a defensive squadron of
French sMps, He subsequently desired to
take credit for this refusal from the Prince of
Orange. His real motive was much more pro-
bably fear of the contemplated parliament,
should it be discovered that, while in receipt
of French money, he had admitted French
sMps into an English harbour. As in the
time of the Exclusion Bill, he seems to have
had a very imperfect idea of the state of f eel-
ingin the nation at large. Macaulay well calls
him quick-sighted rathea: than far-sighted.
With the fate of Monmoutb before him, he
was thoroughly sceptical about the success
of an invasion. A much more brilliant pro-
spect was indeed afforded him by the chance
of giving a remedial turn to J ames's measures

Spencer

374

Spencer

for I am much poorer nowrf

at home and eventually acting as media- not mercenary ; for I am much poorer nowrf
tor between the king- and the parliament, than when I commenced secretary under
There is no doubt that with this aim in view James.' He claims great credit for having
in the early days of September he recom- advised the king against severe measures in
mended to James the prompt summoning of regard to Magdalen College, and in favour of
a parliament together with the restoration of measures of restitution when the alarm of an
the status quo ante at Magdalen College, the invasion could no longer be disguised, while
rehabilitation of Compton, and the undoing he denies responsibility for a single act of
of the otherarievous and oppressive measures Tyrconnel, though many of his letters of in-
of the last two years. It is possible that he structions are still in existence. ^ He ends
might have even yet successfully carried out in a strain of nauseous hypocrisy: 'My
a policy of conciliation, but he had failed to greatest misfortune has been to be thought
reckon with the growing- exasperation of the promoter of those things I opposed and .
Petre and the extreme catholic party, whose detested. ... I hone, I say, that I shall
suspicions he could not allay. When, in the overcome all the disorders my former life
middle of October, he vehemently opposed has brought upon me, and that I shall
the plan for the arrest of a number of sus~ spend the remainder of it in begging G-od
pected persons, the king was goaded by Petre Almighty that he will please either ^ to put
to denounce, in no measured terms, his ' want an end to my sufferings or to give me
of spirit.' Matters were brought to a climax strength to bear them/ The earl caused the
when theoriginal draft of the projected treaty letter to be translated into Dutch without
between James and Louis was found missing delay (it is reprinted in Somers Tracts, 1813,
from his custody. 'There was doubtless/ x. 344).

says Evelyn * some secret betrayed which Lady Sunderland wrote several letters to
time may discover.7 Sunderland obtained on her friend the diarist Evelyn, in which she
the same day (27 Oct.) his pardon for this made edifying allusion to her husband spem-
delinquency and his dismissal. ' You have tence. Her letters became evenmore pathetic
your pardon/ said the king; * much good may when it was announced to her in July 1689
it do you. I hope you will be more faithful that parliament had decided to except Sun-
to your next master than you have been to derland, as one of the ecclesiastical com-
me* (BBAMSTOJT, AutoUogr^ The pardon missioners, from the Act of Indemnity, an
enabled him to borrow a large sum of money act which, having been revised, was con-
in support of his always tottering finances, firmed by William on 23 May 1690. Me
With this and a considerable amount of bul- was similarly excepted from James s mstru-
lion from the jewel office, after a temporary ment and offer of pardon in 1692. Long
withdrawal to Althorp, he fled to Hotter- before this, however, he had ^convinced
dam, disguised in a woman's dress. This was William that his services were indispensable.
apparently in November, and it was not until He crossed over to England early in 1691,
February 1689 that he was arrested by the and on 26 April again declared himselt a
Dutch authorities, a delay which seems to protestant. William saw him on 13 May.
lend support to the belief of the court of St. He seems to have feared that he might on
Germain, that his arrest was deliberately Hs reappearance in parliament receive some
arranged in order to mask his previous marked af&ont. He waited, therefore, until
treacheries (DAUGEATT, Journal ; cf. MTJXLEB, a day to which the houses stood adjourned,
WUhelmlllimd Waldeck, ii. 1ST). He was and on which they met merely for the pur-
scon released by the Butch authorities. From pose of adjourning again, when he stole down
Amsterdam he wrote on 8 March a letter to Westminster to take the oaths and sign
expressing ' devotion > to William (CaL State the declaration against transubstantiation.
Ityer*, Dom. 1689-90, p. 16). Afterwards He did not venture to attend the king to
moving to Utrecht, he there concocted, in chapel until the following February (LuT-
' i$B0wiE Jtisfciication, * A Letter to a Friend TRELL). Next month an instrument was
CjwaitiT, plainly discovering the De- shuffled through the treasury releasing him

from liability for the eight thousand- ounces
which he had 'borrowed' from the jewel
office. He now began to attend parliament
with regularity. He said very little, but he

signs

and Others for
f of the Protestant Religion
the Kingdom ' (s. sh. fol.
& 1689). In this effusion
'«£ moral e&BSfceiy l*e insinuates that he
dice under James from an idea
lte-c^d prevent great mis-
(jaitfcect it "before,

had never been conspicuous as a speaker,
* The art in which he surpassed all men was
the art of whispering/
By means of the same infinite tact by

CeartaMy which he had governed James, he soon be-

Spencer

375

Spencer

came paramount as the director of the in-
ternal policy of William. Several of his old
subordinates obtained important offices,
notably Trevor and Bridgman, while the
chief secretary, Henry Sidney, was entirely
under Sunderland's influence ; this influence,
though its possessor remained without office,
rapidly became irresistible. In August 1692
William spent a night at his house at Al-
thorp. Rumour was constantly busy with
his name, and the post that he would have ;
in the administration was a common topic
of coffee-house politicians. In September I
1693 he took a large house in St. James's '
Square (^Norfolk House '), and became re-
gular in his appearances at court.

His advice was largely directed towards an
innovation, the adoption of which proved of
the utmost moment in the development of the
British constitution. Though the motive was
different, it was in substance the same ad-
vice he had given to James as to the advan- ,
tages of a homogeneous administration. His I
opinion was that so long as the king tried ,
to balance the two parties against each other '
and to divide his favour equally between
them, both would think themselves ill-used, '
anct neither would afford the government a
steady support. The king must make up
his mind to show a marked preference to
one or the other. The reasons, both general
and personal, for preferring the whigs were
then insisted upon. William's own pre-
dilection was for the opposite plan of
balancing the two parties in an administra-
tion with the idea of exercising a controlling
influence over both, and it was with great
hesitation that he allowed himself to listen
to Sumderiand's arguments, Gradually, ho w-
evef, a united whig ministry was evolved in ,'
substantial accordance with his plan. The
tory leaders, Nottingham, Trevor, Leeds, and ]
Seymour, were one by one dismissed. Go-
<$o$p^in alone of tiie old tories of Charles's
re%a remained at Whitehall, and his re-
s%nstkm was ultimately brought about by <
Sunderland's skilful management. Wltarfcoa '
admitted this feat, from wHch the whigs
themselves had shrunk, to be & masterpiece
of diplomacy. Scarcely less adroit, however,
was tike reconciliation which Sunderland
effected between the king aad the Princess
Anne. He prevailed upon tlie princess to *
write a letter of condolence to the kmgafc
the new year (1695) immediacy alter
Mary's death, and, when she went to Ken-
sington in person, he insured liar a recepti on
of marked civility. In this way, by termi-
nating theqaarrel between tiieking and heir- ,
apparent, he rendered a real service to his
la October ia this year William J

paid him the compliment of staying the
better part of a week at Althorp, Consider-
able surprise was expressed that in the next
session, against the known wish of the king,
he should have supported the scheme for a
parliamentary council of trade; the fact
showed the nervous apprehension he was
under of aggravating the powerful whig
majority. But shattered as his nerve was,
Sunderland still felt a craving for the excite-
ments and the spoils of office. It was not
enough that, after all his crimes, he was still
enjoying the splendours of Althorp, a pen-
sion from the privy purse, and the confidence
of his sovereign about the most important
affairs of state. When, therefore, Dorset re-
signed the post of lord chamberlain on 19 April
1897, men were not surprised to hear that
Sunderland had been appointed in Ms stead.
Three days later he was named one of the
lords justices who were to administer the
kingdom during William's absence in the
summer.

Considerable uneasiness was felt among
honest politicians at the time of the appoint-
ment, but little was said until the following
December, when, in a debate upon the king's
u demand for a strong peace establishment, the
•; remark that < no person well acquainted with
the disastrous history of the last two reigns
can doubt who tha minister is who k now
whispering evil counsel in the ear of a third
master/ let loose all the fear, jeakmsy, and
hatred with which Sunderiand was re-
garded. The jmttOf taosgh they owed Mat
much, were more than coM in his defence.
Montagu frankly compared him to afireeliip,
dangerous at best, but even more dangerous
as a consort than when showing hostile
colours. The efforts of his own satellites,
such as Travor, Guy, Mid Daaeombe, were
quite ineffectual to protect him, and on Ms
own part he exhibited a panic fear. William
appealed in vain to the junto to come to the
rescue, and an address to the king to remove
saeh am evE adviser was impe®oimg, whet
Sunderknd voluntarily and in haste resigned
(2® Dec. 1697)* His friends, <vte had come
to discuss the situation, encountered ltf» on
hkretnira from Kensington without the badge
ofoflice. HeH%bta£leas%tIiiey urgent, have
waited till ifae morrow. ^TtHoaorrow/ fee
exclaimed, 'would have mined me. To-night
has saved ma.' A sanguine view was en-
couraged by the knowledge that Ms old in-
fluence with the king was unimnaire<l7 and
that he would still enjoy the emoluments of
the office, the duties of which, until October
16997wemmaMy perform^ % his seerestary
{cf. L^TTBSIX j TKEE OH^ Letter, pj*.46S-%
A few weeks after this storm in January

Spencer

376

Spencer

1698, his peace was disturbed by his son-in-
law, the Jacobite refugee, Lord Clancarty
[see MACCAJLTHY, DoNOtraH], seeking an
asylum at his house in St. James's Square.
His hiding-place was betrayed to the govern-
ment by his brother-in-law, Lord Spencer,
and Sunderland expressed the heartiest ap-
proval of his son's conduct. As, however,
his statements were generally framed to con-
ceal the truth, it is difficult to know if he
had any part in the transaction or what he
really thought of it. His public life was
drawing to a close, but he had a diplomatic
triumph when, in January 1700, he effected
the marriage of the same son, Charles, to Lady
Anne Churchill, the second and favourite
daughter ofMarlborough. He promised (with-
out much thoughtto the performance) that in
all political matters his son should be guided
solely by Marlborough's superior wisdom.
Though he was graciously received "by the
new sovereign on 11 April 1702, Sunderland
did not long survive William. He was taken
dangerously ill at Althorp on 22 Sept., died
on 28 Sept., and on 7 Oct. was buried with
his ancestors at Brington.

According to Burnet, 'this earl* had a
superior genius to all the men of business he
had known ; but even Burnet found some
difficulty in justifying William's preference
for an adviser so unscrupulous. Sunderland's
portrait was happily hit off in four lines in
a lampoon (one of the many imitations of
Dryden) entitled 'Faction Displayed' (in
which Sunderland is Cethego) :

A Proteus, ever acting in disguise ;
A finished statesman, Intricately wise ;
A second Machiavel, -who soared above
The little tyes of gratitude and love.

(State Poems, 1716, iv. 90). He came to be
regarded by his contemporaries with much
the same detestation that Lord Shelburne
( * Malagrida J ), with less reason, was regarded
& century later. He may not have greatly
surpassed Wharton in profligacy or Marl-
borough (whom he resembled in the politic
use that ne made of women) in treachery;
bu* lie combined with both these qualities a
cieefHBea£ed cynicism and a particularly cun-
aiag md repulsive form of hypocrisy. With
^|K>88i)le exception of Northumberland in
i Ws reign, it is doubtful whether
ow a more crafty and
. In him the extrava-
tet1 j^aeitsy that characterised the
o^ In.,

wfc was his love of Causing, fee yet
<$ MB nsnaerofis pensions

#* «*w AWbor^ with fine

^^-~^-^' -

the 'symmetrical interior 9 so «.&iA.
by Duke Cosmo HI of Tuscany in 1669, and
by John Evelyn in 1673. The exterior was
practically rebuilt during 1688; and the
second earl further laid the foundations of
the splendid library which long reflected
lustre upon his house. Evelyn records his
recent purchase in March 1695 of the unique
mathematical collection of Sir Charles Scar-
borough [q . v.] Apart from his passion for
cards, and the fact, related by Lord Dart-
mouth, that he transacted much of his routine
business in a most haphazard way at the
gaming-table, little is known of Sunderland's
personal characteristics ; but he is said to
have been the introducer about 1678 of a very
curious sty leof pronunciation — a ' court tune/
in which, according to Roger North, the vowel
sounds were distended in thisfashion : ( Whaat,
my laard, if his maajesty taarns out faarty
of us, may he not have faarty others to saarve
him as well, and whaat maatters who saarves
his maajesty so long as his maajesty is
saarved;' and he persisted in this singular
form of affectation until it was adopted and
exaggerated by Titus Gates and other of the
baser sort of politicians.

By his wife, Lady Anne Digby, Sunder-
land had issue three sons and four daughters.
The eldest son,Eobert, lord Spencer, baptised
on 2 May 1666 at Brington, and brought
up, like his father, with the utmost care,
matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, on
2 Sept. 1680, obtained a commission as major

, in the 3rd troop of horse-guards in October
1685, and was sent as envoy to Modena in
August 1687, to bear messages of condolence
on the death of the queen's mother. After
a riotous and profligate life, devoted mainly
to gambling and duelling, he died unmarried
at Paris on 5 Sept. 1688. Scamp though he
was, Lady Sunderland exerted all her wiles
to obtain as a wife for him one of the staid
daughters of Sir Stephen Fox [q. v.], the
latter being one of Sunderland's chief credi-
tors. This purpose she tried to effect, much
against his will, through her trusted ally
and correspondent, John Evelyn. As a
friend to Sir Stephen, Evelyn was much
relieved when he firmly declined the * honour '
as ' too great.' The second son was Charles,
third earl of Sunderland [q. v.] ; and the
third, Henry, died an infant. Of the daugh-
ters, Lady Anne (1666-^1690) was the first

. wife of James Douglas, earl of Arran, and
afterwards fourth duke of Hamilton [Q. v.];
and Elizabeth married, on 30 Oct. 1684,
Donough Maccarthy, earl of Clancarty [q. v.] ;
Isabella died unmarried in 1684; and Mary
died in childhood.

<•'• AJfcer her husband's death Lady Sunder-

Spencer

377

Spencer

land continued to live at AJthorp, where she
died on 16 April 1716. She was a lady of the
bedchamber to Queen Anne, as to Queen
Mary of Modena. Her letters to such varied
correspondents as Evelyn, the Earl of Rom-
ney, the Duchess of Marlborough, and Lady
Kussell are a proof that in cleverness and
versatility she was scarcely, if at all, inferior ,
to her husband, whose intrigues she had
during his lifetime seconded with rare ability. ,
Almost simultaneous with her letters to her
lover we have lucubrations from her to Evelyn
deploring her husband's apostasies, and ask-
ing for a list of pious worts to employ in
the education of her children.

Her portrait, by Sir Peter Lely, preserved
in the Windsor Gallery (of which there is a
replica at Althorp), was engraved by T.
Wright for Mrs. Jameson's l Beauties of the
Court of Charles IL'

A portrait of Sunderland by Carlo Maratti,
now at Althorp,was engraved for Walpole's
* Royal and Noble Authors * (iv. 5). It shows a
subtle and rather effeminate countenance, the
features of which bear a strange resemblance
to those of his wife. Another engraving of
this picture was executed by R. Cooper after
a drawing by R. W. Satehwell. I*ess dis-
tinctive is another portrait of Sunderland by
Sir P. Lely, of which an anonymous engrav-
ing (to which is appended a facsimile auto-
graph) is in the print-room at the British
Museum.

[There is no roll biography of Sonderland.
Short memoirs appear in GolHns's Peerage, vol. L
s.v. Marlborougb, in the introduction, to Bkn-
eowe's edition of Henry Sidney's Correspondence,
and in the Penny Cyclopaedia, miii 296-8. For
the early portions of his career : Bnrnefs Own |
Time ; North's Examen ; IL Savile's Letters ; Tern- (
ple'sMemoirs ; Bulstrode Papers, p. 1 47; Christie's
Life of Sbafteslrary ; Cartwright's Sacharissa j
and the histories of Eaehard, Kanke, and Lin- I
gard are of special value. For his career under j
James H, the autobiographies of Bramston and j

Singer}, the Hatton Correspondence, Dabymple's j
Memoirs* and the Journal <$e Bangean. snpple- |
meat the life of James IE ; Eoberts's Life of ,
Monmotttb ; Lonsdale's Memoirs of the Reign
of James n ; Ralph's History of England ; the
specially valuable History of the Bevolntaon by
Mackintosh ; and the -works of Ranke and Ma-
caulay ; the latter embodies the reports of Barii-
lon. Van Citters, and I/Hermitage (Addit. KS.
17677). For the later period there is — in addi-
tion to the Shre^psbury Conrespondence, ed. Coxe,
1821 (containing many of Sttnd«rlaed*s letters),
Prinsterer's Archives de laMaisond'Orange, 2nd
ser. voL v. passim — Harris's "William III ; Beyer's
William in, and the Lives of Marlborongh by
Coxe and Lord Wolselev. See also very numerous
refereiaees in the first four volumes of LuttrelTs

Brief Hist. Narration of State Affairs ; G-. E.
G[okayne]'s Peerage ; Doyle's Official Baronage ;
Dalton's English Army Lists ; Sanford andTown-
send's Great Governing Families of England, i.
366 ; Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, iv. 5-9 ;
Dibdin's -Sides Althorpianae, 1822 ; Keale's Seats,
1820, iii. 38 (-with a list of the splendid collec-
tion of portraits at Althorp) ; Magalotti's Travels
of Cosmo III, 1821, p. 248 ; Dasent's St James's
Square, pp. 69,218, 235; Mrs. Jameson's Beauties
of the Court of Charles II, pp. 147-58 ; Dryden's
Works, ed. Scott, vi. 231 ; Evelyn's Diary and
Correspondence, passim ; Grammont's Memoirs,
ed. Vizetelly ; Lives of the Norths, ed. Jessopp ;
Cooke's History of Party, vol. i. ; Torrens's His-
tory of Cabinets; Cunningham's laves of Illnstr,
Englishmen, iv. 31 ; autograph letters of Sunder-
land and his wife are in Mr. Alfred Morrison's Col-
lection, Gat. 1892,pp. 208-1 0 ; Addit.HSS. 28094,
25079, 25082, and 28569, £req.] T. S.

SPENCER, SDR KOBERT CAVEN-
DISH (1791-1830), captain in the navy,
born on 24 Oct. 1791, was third son of
George John, second earl Spencer [q.T.], and
brother of John Charles Spencer, viscount
Althorp and third earl Spencer [q, v.] In
August 1804 he entered the navy on board
the Tigre with Captain Benjamin Hallo-
well, afterwards Carew [q. v.j, and served
continuously with him, in the Tigre and
afterwards in the Malta — being promoted
to be lieutenant on 13 Dec. 1810—till ap-
pointed to command the Peloros brig in
October 1812. On 22 Jan, 1813 he was
promoted to be commander of the Kite, from
which he was moved into the Espoir, 0]ae °^
the squadron off Marseilles, under the com-
mand of Captain Thomas Ussher [q. v.] He
was afterwards appointed to the Carron, em-
ploved on the coast of Norih America, was
actiTely engaged in the operations against
New Orleans, and was promoted to post rank
by the comnmnder-in-cliief, Sir Alexander
Forrester Inglis Ck>ehraiie [q. v,], on 4 June
1814. In 1815 he commanded the Cydnus
on the home station, and in 1817-19 the
26-gun frigate Ganymede in, tlie Mediter-
ranean, where he conducted a successful ne-
gotiation with the bey of Tunis. From 1819
to 1822 he commanded the Owen Glendower
on the South American station, and from
1823 to 1826 the 46-gnn frigate Naiad in
the Mediterranean, where he took an active
part in the operations against Algiers in the
summer of 1824 [see KEALE, SIB HAEET
BTTEEAEB], and was afterwards employed
on the coast of Greece during the war of
independence. From August 1827 to Sep-
tember 1828 Spencer was private secre-
tary and groom of the bedchamber to the
Duke of Clarence, then lord high admiral ;
in October 1828 he was nominated a ILC J3L,

Spencer

378

Spencer

and was knighted on 24 Nov. In September and in December 1808 preached at Lady
1828 he was appointed to command the Huntingdon's chapel at Brighton. OnlOJan.
« •• • - -- iT-- TUT--K* — «~™« 1809 he addressed 'an immense congrega-

tion' from Rowland Bill's pulpit in Surrey

Madagascar, again in the Mediterranean,
where he died, off Alexandria, on 4 Nov.
1830. He had just been recalled to England

Chapel. Having visited Liverpool in the

on appointment as surveyor-general of the * summer of 1810, he on 26 Sept. accepted an
ordnance. During these years of peace ser- offer of the pastorate of Newington chapel
vice, and especially in the Naiad, Spencer there. He entered on his duties at Liver-
acquired a reputation in the service as a pool in February 1811, and on 27 June was
- - • "•• -1 T----I- — - — ordained in the chapel in Byrom Street. His

first-rate gunnery officer and disciplinarian.
When the Naiad paid off, she was spoken of
as the perfection of a man-of-war. He was
unmarried.

His younger brother, FBEDEBICK SPENCER,
fourth EABL SPENCER (1798-1857), bora on
14 April 1798, entered the navy in 1811,
and was promoted to the rank of captain
on 26 Aug. 1822. In 1831 he was M.P.
for Worcestershire, and afterwards for Mid-
hurst. On the death of his eldest brother,
he succeeded as fourth Earl Spencer, 1 Oct.
1845; from 1846 to 1848 he was lord cham-
berlain of the queen's household ; was made
a KG. on 23 March 1849 ; in 1854 was ap-
pointed lord steward, and died a vice-admiral

qualifications as a preacher included a melo-
dious voice, a tenacious memory, and a fluent
delivery. He at first preached from sixty-
five to seventy-five minutes, but afterwards,
under medical advice, limited his discourses
to three-quarters of an hour. So great was
his popularity that a new chapel, with accom-
modation for two thousand people, had to be
built for him. The foundation-stone was laid
on 15 April. But his promising career was
prematurely closed. He was drowned while
bathing near the Herculaneum Potteries on
5 Aug. 1811, and was buried on the 13th at
Liverpool. Many funeral sermons and elegies
were published. An elegy by James Mont-

on the retired list on 27 Dec. 1857, when he gomery was appended to the l Memoirs' of

was succeeded by his eldest son, the present
Earl Spencer, K.GL

[O'Byrne'sNav.Biogr, Diet. ; Marshall's Roy.
Kav. Diet. vii. (Suppl. pt. iii.) 256, vui. (SuppL
pt. iv.) 401 ; Gent. Mag. 1831 i. 82, 1858 i. 328 ;
Letters of Sir Henry Cpdrington (privately
printed) ; Official Letters in the Public Eecord
Office: information from Earl Spencer, K.G.]

J.K.L.

SPEBTCEB, THOMAS (1791-1811), in-
dependent divine, second son of a worsted- .
weaver, was born at Hertford on 21 Jan.
1791. He lost his mother at the age of
five. He had to leave school and help his
father in his business when thirteen, but had
already learnt the rudiments of Latin. Some
eighteen months later he was apprenticed for
a sihofttime to a glover in the Poultry, Lon-
doa. 'TOiile here he was introduced to Tho-
mas Wilson, treasurer of the Hpxton Dis-
semters* Training College for Ministers. He
& admitted there m January 1807, after a
at Harwich, during which

[Hebrew, and made an abridgment
* Hebrew Lexicon' In June
1807 he first preached in public at Collier's
32adjiffiaar Hertford, being them only sixteen.
%e serB^ai excited so mneh attention that
Itopg-eachintheneig^hbatiring

Spencer by his successor at Liverpool,
Thomas Raffles.

A portrait, engraved by Scriven from a
miniature taken in 1810 by N. Branwhite,
is prefixed to BalLes's * Memoirs,^ and an
engraving1, by Blood, accompanies four
* Poems ' (1811) on his death by Ellen Ro-
binson. They represent a youth of delicate
appearance with deep-set eyes.

'Twenty-one Sermons' by Spencer were
published in a duodecimo volume by the
Religious Tract Society in 1829, an octavo
edition following in 1830, An American
edition (18mo), with introduction by Alfred
S. Patton, appeared in 1856. A volume of
tracts by Spencer also appeared in 1853.

[Baffles's Memoirs of the Life and Ministry
of Rev. Thomas Spencer of Liverpool, founded
partly on autobiographical notes, contains ex-
tracts from Spencer's correspondence and
specimens of his sermons. It reached a sixth
edition in 1827, and was reprinted at Phila-
delphia (1831) and at Nev York (1835) in vol.
i. of the Christian Library. See also Wadding-
ton's Congregational History (1800-50), p. 182;
Funeral Sermons ; AHibone's Diet. Engl. Lit. ii.
15$7, 2201 ; Brit. MX®. Cat.] Gr. LE G. N;

SPEKOER, THOMAS (1796-185B),
writer on social subjects, son of Matthew
Spencer (1762-1827), ^as bora ^ 14 ^fe-
at Derby* where his father kepta large
sebodL William O-e^rgeSpenceir[q.v.lwas
For some time fee ta^gm a*
near Berfey, md ii* October
JoimTs OoBeg% Cambridge*

Spencer

379

Spencer

He graduated as ninth wrangler in 1820,
and, after taking pupils for a term, was
ordained deacon. While at Cambridge he
fell under the influence of Charles Simeon
[q. v.] For eighteen months he acted as
curate at Anmer in Norfolk, residing in the
house of the village squire, to whose son he
was tutor. For a while he held the college
living of Staplefordj near Cambridge. He
was also a curate in Penzance, and had sole
charge of a church at Clifton for a year or
two. He was elected to a fellowship of
St. John's College in March 1823, which he
retained until his marriage in September
1829. In March 1826 Spencer was pre-
sented by his college Mend Law, afterwards
archdeacon of Gloucester, to the perpetual
curacy of Hinton Charterhouse, between Bath
and Frome. He took pupils, among whom
was the Rev. Thomas Mozley [q. v.J, whose
* Reminiscences, chiefly of Towns, Villages,
and Schools' (1885, ii. 174-85) contain
anecdotes of Spencer. The population of the
parish of Hinton was about 737, and there
had bee® no clergyman and no parsonage
since the Reformation. The income was
about 801. Spencer built a house, erected
cottages, and established a school, a clothing
club, a village library, and field gardens.
He fought against intemperance and pau-
perism ; through his efforts the rates were
reduced from 7002. to 2QGJ. a year. The
labourers learnt habits of thrift and industry
instead of depending upon parish pay. Wages
increased and outdoor relief gradually dimi-
nished. When Hinton was incorporated in
the Bath Union, Spencer was elected a
guardian, and was the first chairman.. His
energies were not confined to local claims.
He travelled about the country preaching
and lecturing, chiefly as a temperance advo-
cate. He was a member of the anti-slavery
conference; he said grace at the first as
well as at the last banquet of the Anti-Com-
kw League ; and he was chairman of the
conference of ministers of religion. His
pamphlets, which are always practical and
written in a plain and lucid style, had an
immense dicolatioi! j of some, as many as
twenty-seven thousand copies were printed.
He resigned Btis curacy m. September 1847,
removed to London, and devoted himself to
the pulpit and platform. IB. March 1851 ha
was appointed secretary of the National Tem-
perance Society and editor of the < National
Temperance Chronicle/

He died at Notting Hill, London, on
2ft Jan. 1853, in Ms fifty-seventh year, and
was buried at Hmton. There is a crayon
portrait as a youth by his bother, "William
&eorge £^>eneer. A life-sized head (1842)

was modelled by his nephew, Mr. Herbert
Spencer. He was a * decidedly fine-looking
man, with a commanding figure^ a good voice
and a ready utterance ' (Mo2LET, ii. 176).

Spencer took no share in party politics,
but devoted himself with much determina-
tion and self-denial to the welfare of the
people. He l was born before Ms time. He
was a reformer in church and state, and he
really anticipated some great movements*
(ib. ii. 177). Thoroughly English, with the
qualities and defects of his race, he had an
independent mind and great powers of appli-
cation. A conscientious attention to the
appeals of duty and justice was his ruling
sentiment. As a churchman he regarded
the church as a growth which called for a
new reformation from time to time.

Besides an account of 'The Successful
Application of the New Poor Law to the
Parish of Hinton Charterhouse7 (1836), and
i Corn Laws and Pauperism ; or the fourfold
Pressure of the Poor Laws upon the Rate-
payers' (1840), he published a couple of
temperance tracts (1843) and a sermon
(1851).

His other pamphlets, which were issued
as a series, are : * The Pillars of the Church
of England/ 1840; * Religion and Politics,'
1840; * Practical Suggestions on Church
Reform; 1840 ; * Remarks on National Edu-
cation/ 1840; { Clerical Conformity and
Church Property/ 1840; 'The Parson's
Dream and the Queen's Speech,' 1841 ; * The
Prayer Book opposed to tite Corn Laws/
1841; 'The Outcry against the New Poor
Law/ 1841 ; f The New Poor Law : its Evils
and tlnp Remedies/ 1841; * Want of Mdelity
in Ministers of Religion respecting the Hew
Poor Law/ 1841 ; ' Reasons for a N0w Poor
Law considered/ 4 parts, 1841; "The Re-
formed Prayer Book of 1842,' 1842; 'The
Second Reformation: proposals ibr the For-
mation of a drareh Re&rmation Society/
1842; <Tne People's Rights, and how to
get them,' 1843; * Observations on the Dio-
cesan School Return/ 184S; 'What David
did : & Reply to tiie Queen's Letter/ 1843,

[Information kindly supplied by Mr. Herbert
Spencer. See also biographical notices in N&-
tioaaal Temperance Ckronicid and Gent. Mag.
March 1853, p. 317.] H. It T,

SPE5T CER, WILUAM GEOR&E (1790-
1866), mathematician, born at Derby in
1790, was the son of Matthew Spencer (176S£-
1827), schoolmaster at Derby, by his wife
Catherine Taylor. Thomas Spencer (1796-
1853) [q. T.I was Ms yomnger brother. He
was educated at his father's school at Bedby.
AJtear ftasas^in^ h5s fatter he commenced, at

Spencer

380

Spender

the age of seventeen, to take private pupils
in algebra, Euclid, astronomy, physics, and
other mathematical subjects, and continued
to teach them throughout life. Spencer was
a man of much strength of character, and
his originality, which he sometimes carried
to an extreme, proved of service to him as a
mathematician. Debarred in large measure
from independent research by the demands
made upon his time by his calling, he perfected
a method of teaching elementary geometry
by a gradual transition from the concrete to
the abstract, thus avoiding the obstacles that
the realisation of mathematical conceptions
presents to the ordinary student of Euclid.
In 1860, in accordance with his methods, he
published a series of problems and exercises
under the title 'Inventional Geometry/ Lon-
don, 8vo, which he stated were ' intended to
familiarise the pupil with geometrical con-
ceptions, to exercise his inventive faculty,
and to prepare him for Euclid and the higher
mathematics.' It was republished in 1892
with a preface by the author's son, Mr.
Herbert Spencer, and has been extensively
adopted as a textbook. The principles which
he laid down had long been in favour in
France and Germany, and are now generally
recognised in England (cf. Journal of Edu-
cation, 1893, pp. 349-51). Spencer died in
March 1866. By his wife Harriet, daughter
of John Holmes, whom he married in 1819,
he had one son, Mr. Herbert Spencer.

Besides the work mentioned, Spencer was
the author of ' A System of Lucid Short-
hand/ of which the manuscript was com-
pleted in 1843. Mr. Herbert Spencer pub-
lished it for the first time in 1894. It is re-
markable for its extreme simplicity and the
ease with which it may be read.

[Information kindly given by Mr. Herbert
Spencer; Mozley's Reminiscences, chiefly of Oriel
College, i. 147 ; Mozley's Reminiscences, chiefly
of Towns, ii. 144-74, Mr. Herbert Spencer does
not consider that Mr. Mozley's impressions of
his lather are always quite accurate.] E. L 0.

SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBEET
(1769-1834), poet and wit, was younger
som of Lord Charles Spencer, second son of
er tliird Duke of Marlborough [see under
iOTBj CHABLBS, third EABL op STTNDER-
i$T toy the Hon. Mary Beauclerk, daugh-
m Ixard Vere. Born in 1769, he was
ectoqa^ afe Harrow and Christ Church, Ox-
on 13 Oct. 1786, but
From 1797 to 1826 he was
of stamps. His wit and
a secured itim great popu-
h "I*opgKG4 ''W&$fr aaad Be was a fire-
At his

house in Curzon Street Pitt and Fox met,
and among his other friends were Sheridan,
Sydney Smith, and Horner. Owing to con-
stitutional indolence he sought no promi-
nence in public life, but was content with
the reputation of a wit and a writer of so-
ciety verses. In 1796 he published a trans-
lation of Burger's * Leonore ; ' in 1802
6 Urania,7 a burlesque of German ghost litera-
ture, successfully performed at Drury Lane ;
in 1804 * The Year of Sorrow/ in memory of
his mother-in-law and other ladies ; and in
1811 a volume of poems. He also wrote in
1802 a prologue to Miss Berry 'splay, 'Fashion-
able Friends ' (see Miss BERET, Journal, ii.
195). Byron pronounced his verses, like his
conversation, ' perfectly aristocratic/ and
coupled him with Moore, Campbell, and
Rogers as a pleiad of poets. Wilson, in
* Noctes Ambrosianae/ referring to his l Bed-
gellert, or the Grave of a Greyhound/
which still figures in some school readers,
makes Hogg say, ' That chiel's a poet ; those
verses hae muckle o' the auld ballart pathos
and simplicity' (BlackwoocFs Magazine,
April 1827). In 1825, owing to pecuniary
embarrassments, Spencer withdrew to Paris,
where Scott in the following year invited him
to breakfast. A prey to poverty and ill-health ,
he remained in Paris till his death on 24 Oct.
1834. He was buried at Harrow.

On 13 Dec. 1791 he married Susan, widow
of Count Spreti, and daughter of Count
Francis Jenison-Walworth, chamberlain to
the elector palatine [cf . art. JENISON, FBA.BTCIS],
According to legend, her first husband com-
mitted suicide in order to enable Spencer to
marry her, and this was said to have sug-
gested Madame de Souza's story of ' Adele
de Senange ; ' but the husband there dies of
apoplexy, and the authoress evidently imi-
tated Madame de Lafayette's * Princesse de
Cleves.'

Spencer had five sons and two daughters.
His two sons, Aubrey George and George
Trevor, are separately noticed.

[A biography was prefixed to a reprint of his
Poems, 1835; see also Times, 30 Oct. 1834;
Gent. Mag. 1835, i. 98 ; Annual Begister, 1834;
Annual Biogr. 1835; Burke's and Foster's Peer-
ages; Hay dn's Book of Dignities; Foster's Alumni
Oxon. 1714-1886; Staunton's Great Schools of
England; Pantheon of the Age; Notes and
Queries, 8th ser. ii. 226; Kaikes's Journal;
Madden's Lady Blessington ; Lockhart's Scott ;
and Lord J. Russell's Moore.] J, G. A.

SPENDER, LILY, usually known as
MBS. JOHN KENT SPENDER (1835-1895),
' novelist, born on 22 Feb. 1835, was the
daughter of Edward Headland, a well-
known physician of Portland Place,

Spens

381

Spens

by his wife, daughter of Ferdinand de
Medina, a Spaniard. Miss Headland was
educated at Queen's College, Harley Street.
In 1858 she married Mr. John Kent Spender,
physician to the Mineral "Water Hospital,
Bath. After her marriage Mrs. Spender
turned her attention to literature. She con-
tributed to the f London Quarterly Review/
the * Englishwoman's Journal/ the 'Dublin
University Review,' the * British Quarterly/
and to a magazine called { Meliora ; ' but after
1869 she chiefly confined herself to novel-
writing. She was active in educational and
social work in Bath until her health failed.
She died at Bath on 4 May 1895. Of Mrs.
Spender's eight children, seven survived her,
Two of her sons, Mr. J. A. Spender and Mr.
Harold Spender, are well-known London
journalists.

Mrs. Spender was the author of:

1. 'Brothers-in-Law/ London, 1869, 8vo.

2. 'Her Own Fault/ London, 1871, 8vo.

3. ' Parted Lives/ London, 1873, 8vo ; 2nd ed.
1885. 4. i Jocelyn's Mistake/ London, 1875,
8vo. 5. * Mark Eylmer's Revenge/ London,
1876. 6. i Both in the Wrong/ London, 1878,
8vo ; 2nd ed. 1886. 7. < Godwyn's Ordeal/
London, 1879, 8vo. 8. 'Till Death us do
Part/ London, 1881, 8vo. 9. 'Gabrielle
de Bourdaine/ London, 1882, 8vo. 10. ' Mr.
Nobody/ London, 1884, 8vo. 11. « Recollec-
tions of a Country Doctor/ London, 1885,
8vo. 12. 'Trust Me/ London, 1886, 8vo.
13. * Kept Secret/ London, 1888, 8vo; 2nd
ed. 1889. 14. * Her Brother's Keeper/
London, 1888, 8vo. 15. < Lady Hazleton's
Confession/ London/ 1890, 8vo; 2nd ed.
1892. 16. <]STo Humdrum Life for Me/
London, 1892, 8vo. 17. <A Waking/
London, 1892, 8vo. 18. * A Strange Temp-
tation/ London, 1893, 8vo. 19. < A Modern
Quixote/ London, 1894, 8vo. 20. c Thirteen
Doctors y (short stories), London, 1895,
8vo. 21. 'The Wooing of Doris/ London,
1895, 8va

[AIMbone's Diet, of Authors, Supplement ii.
1373; Boase and Courtney's Bibliotheea Cornu-
, iii. 1339 .] E. L C.

SPEHS, SIB JAMES Qfc 1571-1627),
Scottish adventurer and diplomatist, was son
of David Spens of Wormiston, by his wife
Margaret Lear-mouth* Hip father formed
one of the party which captured the regent
Lennox at Stirling in 1571, and was shot
while trying to guard him from injury. In
consequence of his treason his estates were
forfeited (BuKrosr, Hist, of Scotland, 2nd
ed. v. 40-1). In 1594 the son James was
provost of Craill in Fifeshire, and during
the rising of Bothwell he was called on to

find security in 500/. for the borough (MAS-
SON, Register of the Scottish Privy Council,
V. 133-4, 142).

In 1598 he and several other Scottish
gentlemen, including his stepfather, Sir
James Anstruther of that ilk, entered into a
project to settle and civilise the Lewis.
Having obtained a grant from James VI,
they furnished themselves with arms and
shipping, and landed in Stornoway harbour
in October 1599. At first all went welL

' They took peaceful possession of the country,
and the inhabitants, mostly McLeods* sub-
mitted to them. But when lulled into
security they were suddenly assailed by
Norman McLeod, and obliged to resign to
him their rights to the island, and to promise
to obtain an amnesty for the islanders.

1 Spens and another were left as hostages for
the fulfilment of the conditions of peace,
and for the time the enterprise was aban-
doned (#. v. 462, 467, vi. 420-3). The attack
on the Lewis was renewed by others in 1605,
but the undertaking again proved too great
for private adventurers. On being released
by McLeod, Spens entered the service of
Charles IX of Sweden, but was recalled by
James "VT, who wished to promote peace
between Sweden and Denmark, and was
unwilling to allow the Swedish service to
be recruited from Scotland. In the begin-
ning of 1612 James sent Sir James Spans,
now a knight, to Sweden, as ambassador on
the accession of Gustavus Adolphus,to urge
on him the expediency of peace with Den-
mark ($, ix. 433). In this mission he was
unsuccessful, and in 1615 he was again in
Scotland, enjoying a pension of 200£ This
he surrendered in 1619, perhaps on receiving
a commission to compound with persons in
trade who had not qualified as appren-
tices, As this office, however, was thought
too important to be held by a subject of
the crown, it was resumed also with a
promise of compensation ( Gal. State Papers,
Bom. 1619-23,- Addenda, 1580-1625. p.
631).

In 1623 Spens was again in Sweden, and
was sent by Gustavus to the Scottish privy
council to request permission to levy troops
in Scotland to repel a threatened Polish in-
vasion. On 24 March 1624 the council
authorised Ms son, James Spens, to levy a
body of twelve hundred men to aid the
Mag of Sweden (MASSOJT, Register of the Privy
OwmciT, xiii 364, 478, 500). In the same

^ year Spens was commissioned to return to
Sweden and to Tbring Gustavus into the great

: alliance against the emperor which was pro-

i jected by England and France. He reached
Stockholm in Augtist and returned m January

Spens

382

Spens

1625 accompanied by Bellin, bearing Gusta-
vus's demands. These were thought extra-
vagant, and the more moderate proposals of
Christian of Denmark having been accepted,
Spens was despatched in March to persuade
Gustavus to enter the confederacy as the ally
of Denmark, Failing in this, he retired into
privatelife untill627,whenhe was despatched
to invest Gustavus with the order of the Garter
{Historical Manuscript Commission, 5th Rep.
p. 304 b ; Cal State Papers, Dom. pp. 62,
119, 180, 213, 233, 275, 578).

In March 1629 Spens was commissioned
by Gustavus to urge Charles to support him
in the thirty years' war. For the next year
he was charged with the superintendence of
Gustavus's levies in England, and several
letters by him are extant on this subject.
They cease in the middle of 1630, but the date
of his death is uncertain. He married Agnes
Dune, by whom he had two sons, James and
David, and a daughter.

[G-nrdiner's Hist, of England, v. 174, 247,
294, 297, 299, vii. 99 ; Nichols's Progresses of
James I, iii. 132, 450r 540; Wood's East Keuk
of Fife, p. 261.] E. I. C.

SPENS, SIB JOHN (1520P-1573), of
Condie, queen's advocate, son of James Spens
of Condie and Joanna Arnot (Reg. Mag,
%. Scot. 1546-80, No. 1389), was born
about 1520, and educated at St. Salvator's
College, St. Andrews, where he became a
determinant in 1543. In 1549 he was, with
eight other advocates, chosen by the court
of session to plead before them in all eases.
On 21 Oct. 1555 he was appointed joint
queen's advocate with David Lander, after !
whose death in 1560 he was made a judge, but !
continued to hold at the same time the office
of queen's advocate, Robert Criehton having
been associated with him as joint queen?
advocate from 8 Feb. 1559-60. WhenKnox,
on account of his letter in reference to the
mass, was in 1563 accused of treason, Spens,
whom Knox describes as ' a man of gentle
nature, and one that professed the doctrine
of the Evangel' (Works, ii. 401), came to
form privately to inquire about the matter,
aT3)!$ expressed the opinion that he had not
feeen gmStfcy of anything punishable by law
BBOX also states that when Spens
to accuse him Before the
* very gently J (ib. p. 403) .
to the queen's party after her
* Bamley; and he was officially
"***~ ""^B pcosemtioB of the mur-

{Meff. P. C Se&til i 4@8X !
«*• - «• , . •» . •» » f

Spens ' who was denounced in the placard
affixed to the Tolbooth as one of the mur-
derers; but in all probability the epithet
'Black ' was made use of to distinguish this
John Spens from the advocate, who, had he
been the person meant, would certainly have
been referred to as queen's advocate. In
1566 he was appointed one of a commission
for the revision of the laws (ActaParl Scot.
i. 29). He remained in office after the
imprisonment of the queen until his death
in 1573.

^ [Knox's Works; Reg. P. C. Scoti. vols. i. and
ii. ; Acta Parl. Scot. vol. i. ; Bnmton and Haig's
Senators of the College of Justice; Qmond's
Lord Advocates.] T. F. H.

SPENS, THOMAS DE (1415 P-1480),
bishop of Aberdeen, third son of John de
Spens of Glen Douglas and Lathallan, and
Isabel, daughter of Sir John "Wemyss of
Hires, ancestor of the earls of Wemyss (Dou-
GLJUS, Baronage), was born about 1415, and
educated at Edinburgh. His great abili-
ties, * rare sagacity,' and t keen intellectual
power, well suited for the conduct of great
enterprises ' (BoECE, Vit. Ep. Aberd.), soon
commended him at the Scottish court. A
year's safe-conduct was granted to hirn by
Henry VI on 16 Dec. 1439 (Rotuli Scotia,
ii. 515) and to Andrew Meldrum, knight.
As archdeacon of Moray he received an eight
months' safe-conduct from Henry VI on
26 June 1446 (ib. p. 328) for himself and
sixty persons, being probably a convoy for
the Scottish princesses Joanna and Anna-
bella, who were sent to the French court after
the death of the queen-mother, Joan Beaufort
{Chron.Ifaffuerran&deMonstrelet). Accord-
ing to Boece, James II then promoted him to
be provost of the collegiate church of Lin-
cluden and archdeacon of Galloway. At the
same time he sent him on an embassy to
Charles VII of France, the letter of credence
being dated at Edinburgh on 28 Dec. 1449,
and delivered at Alencon on 26 March of the
same year (O.S.) He is there styled one of
the king's councillors, and a prothonotary to
the apostolic see (STEVENSON", Letters and
Papers, Rolls Ser.) The objects of this em-
bassy were to congratulate Charles on his
recent successes over the English in France,
and to enlist his aid in marriages proposed
for James IPs sisters, Spens was well re-
ceived at the French court, and, with an
allowance of 3rOOQ£. per annum, undertook
negotiations for Charles with other princes.

On returning to Scotland Spens was com-
missioned by the king of France *to induce
James n to espouse the cause of. Henry VI
against Bjetarft of York. Jaiaes cordially

Spens

3*3

Spens

acceded, and Alexander Vaux, bishop of Gal-
loway, having resigned in his favour, Spens
was promoted to that see. He first appeared
as a lord of parliament in 1451, when in July
he attested the great series of charters, mark-
ing therestoration of William Douglas, eighth
earl of Douglas [q.v.],to the royal favour.
In July 1451 Spens was one of the commis-
sioners for arranging a treaty of peace with
England, for which he had a three months
safe-conduct (5 July) ; the negotiations took
place in August, at St. Nicholas Church,
Newcastle, where the treaty was ratified on
the 24th of that month (RraEE, Fadera, x.
286-7). On 1 Sept. he attested at Falkland
charters of James n to the hishop and chapter
of Brechin, and apparently followed the court
during the winter months to Stirling and
Edinburgh (cf. Reg. Mag. S&nllum Scotia,
passim). On 29 Oct. 1451 Henry VI gave
him and twelve companions a year's safe-
conduct to enable them to go on pilgrimage
to the shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury
and other holy places in England (RYMEE,
303). In October 1452 he witnessed a

x. .

charter granted to Thomas Lauder, bishop of
DmxkelcL Afterthatdate,TintH30 April 1458,
he was chiefly on the continent, acting in be-
half of the Scottish princesses (MICHEL, Les
E&xwisenFrance). He waspresent atGannat
in the Bourbonnais, with the French king,
when Annabella's engagement to Louis, count
of Geneva, was broken off. She returned to
Scotland under the care ^ of Spens, reaching
Kirkcudbright in the spring of 1458.

Spens was now appointed chamberlain of
Galloway (Exckeq. Rolls) and keeper of the
privy seal, and on the death of Ingelram de
Lindsay in 1459 was translated to Aberdeen,
when he resigned the keepership of the privy
seal (Reg- Mag. $t>. ; cf. BRADT, JSp&c. Suc-
cession, i. 158). There is great difficulty in
determining the exact date of his consecra-
tion. On 16 April 1459 he witnessed thechar-
ter granted by Mary of Gueldres founding
Trinity College Church, Edinburgh (Holyrood
Charters, pp. 146, fee.), and the same summer
he presided over the general council held at
Perth on 19 July, being ex offiao conservator
of the Scottish church. On 2 June 1460 he
received a safe-conduct for himself and the
bishop of Glasgow to go to York, Durham,
Newcastle, or other convenient place on mat-
ters connected with the truce (RniBR, ix.
453, x. 453, 476). At Aberdeen Cathedral
on 3 Feb. 1461 he examined and confirmed all
the donations and annexations made to the
commonfund of the chapter (Btff.Aber&v/ii
85), and on 19 March confirmed the privi
leges of the common churches, granting also
to the canons, &c., exemption from mortuary

and testamentary dues. In a safe-conduct
granted by Edward IV on 24 Sept. 1461 he
was included with other Scottish ambassadors
on a diplomatic errand (BYMEE, p. 476). On
' 25 June 1463 he had a year's safe-conduct
from Edward IV for himself and James
Lyndsay, cantor of Moray, &c., and seems to
have been absent from Scotland for some
time (ib. x. 504). Boece states that after
his translation to Aberdeen he had incurred
the animosity of Edward IV through his
efforts to aid Henry VI, and that Edward
offered a reward for hiscapture. Accordingly,
when on his way to Flanders on a mission to
Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, he was
chased by English pirates, and only escaped
to be wrecked on the Dutch coast. In mise-
rable plight, he made his way to the Duke of
' Burgundy, who received him magnificently,
and agreed to various concessions in favour
of Scottish merchants. At Bruges he learned
of an assassination conspiracy against Ed-
ward IV, in which two of his chamberlains
and certain exiled nobles at Bruges were con-
cerned. Going straight to the English court,
3pens laid his information before Edward,
who, completely conciliated, gave him an an-
mial allowance of a thousand rose nobles. The
bishop returned to Bruges, where he received
orders from James III to bring home his
brother, the Duke of Albany, then resident in
Gueldres [see STEWABT, ALEXASTDBE, 1454 ?-
1485]. Spens paid a special visit to the Eng-
lish court to obtain a passport for the duke to
Scotland. Securing an armed escort, they
sailed in two vessels, but when within twenty
miles from the Scottish shores they encoun-
tered five English, warships on their way south
from Ultima Thnle. The English at once at-
tacked and took the Scottish ships.^ The
bishop was thrown into chains, and, with the
Duke of Albany, carried to London ^BoECE).
Edward IV treated both prisoners with every
mark of friendship, and, contrary to the advice
of some of Ms nobles, set them at liberty,
with their companions and the two ships. On
Spens's return to Scotland James IDE sent
him back on an embassy to England, request-
ing that the treaty of peace between th# two
nations might be extended and placed on a
more secure basis.

Spens liad thus gained the cordial esteem
of the French, English, and Scottish kings,
and *his pre-eminent honesty, his ripe saga-
city, and his marvelloits general ability'
made him * one of the most trusted advisers
of all the three.1 To him was chiefly due tlie
meeting between Edward IV and Louis XI
at the bridge of Peeqiugny, near Amieas,
and also the unbroken peace belwem Jftmes
in and Edward IV. In October I4$4 lie was

Spens

384

Spenser

present at the parliament held by James III
at Edinburgh. On 28 March of this year he
was included in a year's safe-conduct (re-
peated on 8 Sept.) with other ambassadors to
confer as to the treaty of peace with Eng-
land ; the negotiations came to a close at the
end of the year (RYMEB, x. 541). In 1468
he was reappointed keeper of the privy seal,
and held the office to 1471. In September
1471 he was engaged at Alnwick in treating
with English commissioners for a permanent
peace, and the suppression of the Incessant
raiding on the borders (ib. x. 716, 749). Next
year negotiations were resumed, and a truce
was proclaimed on 25 May 1472, and on
28 Sept. 1473 a treaty was signed (ib. p. 758).
When in the course of the same year Sixtus IV
elevated St. Andrews into a metropolitan, see,
in opposition to that of York, Spens obtained,
on 14 Feb. 1473-4, a papal bull exempting
his diocese for his lifetime from the jurisdic-
tion of the new metropolitan. In 1474 he was
engaged in negotiating the betrothal of the
infant Prince James (afterwards James IV)
with the Princess Cecilia, youngest daughter
of Edward IV (ib. pp. 814 seq.) The terms
of the betrothal, with a treaty of peace
between the two kingdoms, were solemnly
agreed to in the Greyfriars Church, Edin-
burgh, on 26 Oct. 1474. Thereupon Spens's
diplomatic career closed (cf. RTMEE, x. 850).
Meanwhile the bishop did not neglect either
the duties of his diocese or home politics.
When in Scotland he was always sedulous in
his attendance at parliament, and until 4 Oct.
1479 was almost invariably elected a ' lord
of the articles/ As a lord of council in civil
causes, he was equally attentive to his public
duties. To St. Machar's Cathedral at Aber-
deen Spens was a munificent benefactor. In
pursuance of the work carried on by his pre-
decessors, he filled the windows with stained
glass, set up the stalls in the choir, the bishop's
throne, and richly carved tabernacle work
over the high altar, to which, besides some
gifts, he presented a frontal with his effigy,
arms, and title embroidered on it. He rebuilt
the bishop's palace, and founded a chaplaincy,
latterly incorporated with King's College, as
ipell aa (inl479) St. Mary's Hospital at Leith
"J^yadj Edinburgh, for twelve bedesmen. He
wpsa-wise and patriotic churchman, and the
iweacl of jjeaee both at home and abroad in an
age «f fitrfe and civil dissension. His acti-
— -*— " ^iroed by the existence of over four
i ©feaarfeeas inider the great seal to
ja witness; many others are

at ffimbragh on 14 April
JSUNQ been faasteoed by the

laboured to avert. He was interred the next
day in the collegiate church of the Holy
Trinity, founded by Mary of Gueldres twenty-
one years previously. The last rites were at-
tended by James III, six bishops, and a large-
concourse of the nobility. There is an effigy
of Bishop Spens at Roslyn Chapel, near Edin-
burgh, and an engraving is extant, represent-
ing him with crozier and mitre.

[Acta Parl. Scot. ; Beg. Mag. Sig. Scot. ;
Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer; Exchequer
Rolls; Kotuli Scotise ; Cart. Sanctee Crucis; Epis.
Register and Inventory of Aberdeen ; Rymer's
Fcedera ; Boece's Lives of the Bishops of Aber-
deen ; Keith's Catalogue ; Leslie's Hist, of Scot-
land ; Michel's Les Ecossais en Prance ; Ghron.
of EnguerranddeMonstrelet ; Stevenson's Letters-
and Papers illustrative of the Wars between-
England and France, &c.] W. G-.

SPENSER. [See also DESPENSEB and

SPEBTCER.]

SPENSER, EDMUND (1552 P-1599),

poet, was a Londoner by birth. { Merry

London ' he described as

* my most kindly nurse
That to me gave this life's first native source,
Though from another place I take my name,
An house of ancient fame '

(Prothalamiori), His father migrated to-
London from the neighbourhood of Burnley
in north-east Lancashire, not far from the-
foot of Pendle HilL As early as the close-
of the thirteenth century there was a freehold
held by a Spenser at Hurstwood in the town-
ship of Worsthorne, some three miles to the-
south-east of Burnley. This seems to have-
been the original settlement of the family,
and its head in the reign of Elizabeth bore-
the Christian name of Edmund. This Ed-
mund Spenser died in 1587, having been
twice married, and leaving a son John by
each wife ; both of these John Spensers had
sons named Edmund. In course of time
Spensers settled in other places in the vici-
nity. Lawrence (a name which the poet
gave one of his sons) resided in the poet's
lifetime at Filly Close, where a farm is still
known as Spenser's ; Eobert and John Spen-
ser lived in 1586 at Habergham Eaves, near
Townley Hall; one John Spenser was a,
farmer at the time, at Downham, near
CHtheroe. The poet's hereditary connection
with the Burnley district is corroborated by
his dialect. We find many traces of the north-
eastern Lancashire vocabulary and way of
speaking in the ' Shepherd's Calendar ' and
other of his early pieces (cf. GKOSABT, i.
408-21). Spenser's Lancashire kinsmen held
tMr own with the Towneleys, the Nowells,
i and other old families of the district. Law-

Spenser

385

Spenser

rence Spenser of Filly Close married Lettice
Nowell of the family of Dean Alexander
Nowell [q. v.], and the poet profited by the
educational benefactions of the dean's brother,
Kobert Nowell. The poet, too, claimed some
relationship with the Spencers of Althorp.
He designated as his cousins Sir John Spen-
cer's three daughters (Elizabeth, lady Carey ; j
Alice, lady Strange ; Ann, successively Lady
Monteagle, Lady Compton, and Countess of
Dorset). To each of these ladies he dedi-
cated a poem [see under SPEBCBB, ROBEBT,
first BAJBOS- SPEFCEE]. In ( Colin Clouts
come home againe' he described the * sisters j
three * as

The honor of the noble family
Of which I meanest boast myself to be.

* The poet's father seems to have been John
Spenser, * a gentleman by birth,' who was in
October 1566 * a free journeyman ' in the * art
and mystery of clothmaMng/ and then in
the service of Nicholas Peele, 'sheerman/ of
Bow Lane, London. The Christian name of
the poet's mother was Elizabeth (see Sonnet
Ixxiv.) The parents, according to a statement
of Oloys the antiquary, were living in East
Smithneld when Spenser was born — pro-
bably in 1552. His date of birth cannot be
later than 1552 5 it may have been a year
earlier. In Sonnet Ix. (of his l Amoretti *)
he wrote that the one year during which he
had been in love with the lady to whom
the sonnet was addressed seemed longer to
him 'than all those forty which* he had
previously lived, and there is reason to
believe that he began his wooing in 1592.
He was not an only son. His intimate
friend, Gabriel Harvey, wrote to him of
( your good mother's eldist ungracious sonne *
(see HABVEY'S Letter-Book, ed. Scott, p. 60).
He seems to have had a younger brother
John, doubtless the John Spenser who en-
tered Merchant Taylors* school on 3 Aug.
1571, and afterwards went, like the poet, to
Pembroke Hall. But this brother of the poet
is to be distinguished from John Spenser [<J*v.]j
who became president of Corpus Christi Col-
lege, Oxford. A sister of the poet was named
Sarah.

Spenser was educated at the newly founded
Merchant Taylors7 school, and probably en-
tered during 1561, the first year of its exis-
tence. Nicholas Spenser, a man of great
wealth, was warden of the Taylors' Com-
pany at the time. Richard Mulcaster [q. vj
was* Spenser's headmaster. Robert NoweH,
brother of Alexander Nowell [q. v.]» dean of
St. Paul's, left on his death, 26 Feb. 1568-9,
large sums of money to be bestowed on poor
scholars and other deserving persons. "Hie

YOI-

account-books detailing 'the spending of the
money of Robert Nowell ' by the executors
are preserved at Towneley Hall, and were
printed by Dr. Grosart in 1877 (cf. Hist.
MSS. Comm. 4th Hep. pp. 406-8). There
Edmund Spenser is mentioned among thirty-
one * certyn poor schollers cf the scholls
aboute London' (St. Paul's, Merchant Tay-
lors', St. Anthonys, St. Saviour's, and West-
minster) as receiving a gown early in 1569,
Another entry (dated 28 April 1589) on
a later folio, under the heading of * Geven
to poor schollers of dyvers gramare scholles/
runs, *To Edmond Spensore, scholler of the
Mrchante Tayler scholles, at his gowinge to
Pembrocke Hall in Chambridge, XV The
poet went up to Pembroke Hall (now Col-
lege) as a sizar in May 1569. He matricu-
lated on 20 May,

About the time of his leaving school Spen-
ser appeared in print. On 22 July 1569 the
well-known printer and publisher, Henry
Bynneman, obtained a license to issue an
English version by one Theodore Roest of an
edifying moral tract, originally written in
Flemish prose by an Antwerp physician
named John Yan der N oodt, who had taken
refuge in England from religious persecution.
A French translation was issued in London
in 1568. The work appeared in its English
form nest year with the running title *A
Theatre for Worldlings' (London, b. L 8vo) ;
a dedication addressed to the queen and signed
by Yan derNoodt was dated 25 May. There
followed, as a further introductionto the book,
twenty-one woodcuts in illustration of some
poems by Petrarch and Du Bellay whichYan
der Noodt had studied when compiling his
tract, and opposite each woodcut was placed
a translation into "English verse of the appro-
priate Italian or French poem. The six
poems assigned to Petrarch, which were in
Yan der Noodtfs volume entitled * Epigrams,'
were renderings of the six stanzas of Pe-
trarch's canzone, beginning 'Standomi un
giorno solo a la finestra/ and each consisted
of either fourteen or twelve lines alternately
rhymed. The fourteen sonnets or *Yisipns*
of Du Bellay — four of which were described
as taken *out of the Bevelations of St. John *
— were onrhymed in the English version.
Yan der Noodt in Ms preface writes of these
poems as his own work, but there can be
little doubt that they were the products of
Spenser's youthful pen, and were inserted
by the publisher as letterpress for the illus-
trations. In a collection of verse avowedly

were reprinted with some revision ; Dn Bel-
lay's sonnets were supplied with rhymes, and

oo

Spenser $8

others were substituted for the four 'out of
the Revelations of St. John/ while Petrarch's
poems were renamed ' Visions,' and were
"each made of the uniform length of fourteen
lines. The poems were promising perfor-
mances for an undergraduate.

At the university Spenser read widely and
with enthusiasm, and became not only a con-
siderable Latin and Greek scholar, but an
expert in French and Italian literature. His
Latin verses, if not always exact, show fluency
and ease. Lodowick Bryskett, in 1583 or
thereabouts, describes him as 'not onely per-
fect in the Greek tongue, but also very well
read in philosophie both morall and natural!.'
' He encouraged me long sithens,' Bryskett
adds, 'to follow the reading of the Greek
tongue, and offered me his helpe to make me
understand it ' (A Discourse of Civill Life,
1606). Of modern writers, besides Du Bellay
and Petrarch, he closely studied Marot and
Chaucer. "While an undergraduate he suf-
fered alike from poverty and ill-health. As
a 'poor scholar ' he was awarded two further
sums from the No well bequest— 6s. on 7 Nov.
1570, and 2s. 6& on 24 April 1571. Among
those to whom ' allowances ' were made
'segjrotantibus ' he is mentioned several times,
his illnesses lasting two and a half weeks, four
weeks, two weeks, seven weeks, six weeks (see
GEOSABT, Spenser's Works, i. 36). But on
the whole his university career was beneficial.
He was brought into contact with many
persons of note, such as John Still (after-
wards bishop of Bath and Wells) [q. v.],
Thomas Preston (1537-1598) [q.v.l Lancelot
Andrewes (afterwards bishop of Winchester)
[q.v.],and^robably with his fellow-eomtry-
man, Dr. William Whitaker [q. v.], while he
made firm friends with Dr. John Young (<?.
1605) [q.vAmaster of his college (afterwards
bishop of Rochester), 'the faithful Bony'
of the ' Shepheards Calender.' But his two
most intimate associates at Pembroke Hall
were Gabriel Harvey [q. v.], who became a
fellow in 1570, and Edward Kirke [q. T.I
•who was admitted a sizar in 1571. Both
shared and encouraged Ms literary tastes,
and recognised his budding genius. Though
Spenser is silent in his verse about his col-
lege? he pays a fine compliment to Cambridge
m tike * Faerie Queene* (iv. xi. 34).

** r proceeded MA. in 1576, and in
year left the university. For a
, aee^feg to tfcte statements of his
friend Kwaa?i Kirke, he sojourned with his
^ ^ ™i at 03? Bear Hursfewood. There he
a damsel on whom

6 Spenser

by that name he coloureth'(E. K.'s 'Glossa'
to the Shep. CaL) She was, Kirke asserts,
' a gentlewoman of no mean house nor en-
dewed with anye vulgare and common gifts
both of nature and manners.7 But she dis-
dained the poe t's suit, and his despair is largely
recorded in his works— from the ' Shepheards
Calender,' written about the time and pub-
lished in 1579, to ' Colin Clouts come home
againe,' written in 1591, and published (after
some revision) in 1595. Several attempts
have been made to identity the poet's 'Rosa-
lind.' According to Aubrey, who quotes John
Dryden as his authority, 'she was a kins-
woman of Sir Erasmus Dryden's lady/ i.e. of
Frances, daughter and coheiress of William
Wilkes of Hodnet, "Warwickshire. Dryden
told Aubrey that Spenser was ' an acquaint-
ance and frequenter' of his grandfather, Sir
Erasmus Dryden j that a chamber in Sir
Erasmus's house at Canon Ashby, North-
amptonshire, was still called ' Mr. Spenser's
chamber' late in the seventeenth century;
and that behind the wainscot there was found
' an abundance of cards with stanzas of the
" Faerie Queene" written upon them ' ( AU-
BREY, iii. 542). But, despite the weight to
be attached to such testimony^, chronology
renders it difficult to accept it in all its de-
tails. At any rate, in 1579 Sir Erasmus
Dryden was a very tender youth. The most
plausible theory seems to be that ' Rosalind '
was one Rose, daughter of a yeoman named
Dyneley, who lived near Clitheroe. We
have no clue to ' Menalcas,' who was the suc-
cessful suitor, ' a person unknown and secret,'
says E. KL, 'against whom [the poet] often
bitterly invayeth.'

Spenser's passion for 'Rosalind' stimulated
his poetic impulse, and, while engaged in his
ill-fated love suit, he kept his college friends
Kirke and Harvey informed of many an am-
bitious literary project. By the advice of
Harvey he soon left the north for London.
His disappointment in love and the need of
earning aHvelihood alike rendered the change
desirable. His friend Kirke, in the annota-
tions on the 'June' eclogue of the 'Shep-
heards Calender,' remarks on the counsel to
'forsake the soyle' which Hobbinol (Le.
Harvey) offers the poet : * This is no poetical
fiction, but unfeynedly spoken of the Poet
selfe, who for speeiall occasion of private;
affayres (as I have bene partly of himselfe
informed) and for his more preferment re-
moving out of the Northparts came into the
South, as Hobbinoll indeede advised

privately.' Harvey was in confidential rela-
*™™° with the queen's powerful favourite, the

Bar! of Leicester, ancf Harvey recommended
to Ms patron's notice. Not later

Spenser

387

Spenser

than 1578, possibly in the previous year, Spen- '
ser became a member of the household at
Leicester House (afterwards Essex House) I
in the Strand. For Ms patron's amusement ,
ne made many essays in poetry, while he read
, largely on his own account and confirmed f
Ms intimacy with Harvey. On 22 Dec. '
1578 Spenser presented Harvey, while the "
latter was on a visit to Leicester in London,
with a copy of Copland's now rare edition of
the old romance of 'Howleglas.* Spenser (
made it a condition that if Harvey had not
read the volume by 1 Jan. following, he
should forfeit to the giver an edition of
•* Lucian ' in four volumes. The copy of
•*Howleglas' presented by Spenser is now
in the Bodleian Library, with a note of the
bargain in Harvey's handwriting (MACEA.T,
Annals of tJie Bodleian library, pp. 122-3).
One of Spenser's cMef duties while in
Leicester's service was apparently to de-
liver despatches to Leicester s correspondents
in foreign countries. In Spenser's * View of
the Present State of Ireland,7 one of the in-
terlocutors, Irenseus (who usually utters the
sentiments of Spenser), describes what he
saw * at the execution of a notable traytour
at Limmericke, called Murrogh O'Brien.'
The execution took place in July 1577 (see
Carew Papers, iL 104). Perhaps the identifi-
cation of the poet with Lrenseus is not to be
pressed too rigorously. But if Spenser was in
Ireland in 1577, it was doubtless as a bearer
of despatches from Leicester to his brother-
in-law, Sir Henry Sidney, the lord-deputy.
In April 1579 Spenser's friend Kirke speaks
of hi'm as i for long time farre estranged/ Le.
in some distant foreign land (see E. IL's
4 Epistle to Master Gabriell Harvey,' prefixed
to the ShepkearfeCalender). In Octoterl579,
in a letter writtenfrom Leicester House, Spen-
ser spoke of himself as * mox in Gallias navi-
.gatnro/ and of having to seek Ms fortune

per inhospita Caucasa longe
Pfflrqoe Pyrenseos montes Babylonaque tnrpem,

£e. in Spain and Borne, and even further '
-afield; and he adds in English, *I goe
thither as sent by Mm [my lord] and main-
tained mostwhat of him, and there am to
-employ my time, my body, my mind, to Ms
Honour's service/ He was back at ^West-
minster/ i.e, Leicester House, early in April
1580.

Spenser's association with Leicester brought
Tiun the acquaintance of Sir Philip Sidney,
Leicester's nejhew. This acquaintance
rapidly ripened into a deep and tender friend-
sMp, of singular and excellent influence, both
morally and intellectually [see SrpHEY, SIB
" 1 With another courtier, Sir Edward

Dyer, he also formed a close intimacy. Love
of literature was the main bond of union be-
tween Spenser and his new friends. With
Sidney, Dyer, Drant, and others, he formed
a literary club wMch they styled the Areo-
pagus. Its meetings were apparently held at
Leicester House in 1578 and 1579. There
they debated on and experimented in the
application to English metre of the classical
rules of quantity, a scheme wMch Harvey in
and out of season pressed on Spenser's and
his London friends' attention. Spenser was
for a time attracted by the theory. * I am of
late/ he writes to Harvey, 5 Oct. 1579, * more
in love wyth my English versifying [ie. on
classical fines] than with ryrning, whyche I
should haue done long since, if I would then
haue followed your councelL' And he gives
a specimen of some unimpressive iambic tri-
meters in English, while he announces Ms
intention of illustrating the uses of the classi-
cal metres in an elaborate topograpMcal poem
* Epithalamion Thamesis.' But his good sense
and his fine ear soon revealed to Mm the
weakness of the pedantic arguments wMch
Harvey urged in behalf of Ms metrical sys-
tem, and the delusion that quantity instead
of accent was the right principle of English
verse passed away.

The letters that passed between Spenser
i and Harvey in 1579 and 1580 give full
details of the former's exuberant literary
activity at the period. Of the numerous
works to wMch reference is made in tMs
correspondence, some are not known to be
extant, or, if extant, have been incorporated
in poems wMch are now known by other
" titles than those conferred on them by Spen-
ser and Harvey in 1579-80. Nine English
comedies, called after the nine Moses in the
manner of Herodotus, cannot be identified
with anytMng from Spenser's pea that sur-
vives. * Dreames ? (formerly called 'My
Slumber ^apoem which, in Harvey's opinion,
, rivalled Petrarch's * Visions,' was actually
prepared for printing, with a glossary by

peiiser

worthy of Michael Angelo. Harve/s appre-
ciative description suggests at a first g&ee
some connection with tlsose 'Visions* tKafc
had done duty in Van der Noodt's volume
or with the extant * Raines of Time,' which
was first published in 1591 in the volume
called 'Complaints.' But tlie balance of
evidence is against the supposition t&at
* Drearn.es * escaped destruction. To a like
category belong * The Dying Pelimm/ auot&er
poem ready for the press, and * Tfe English
Poet,1 apparently a prose tract with wmlek
Sidney was possibly familiar before lie wrote
his *Apologie for Poetrie.' * Legends,*

Spenser

388

Spenser

4 Pageants/ and the * Epithalamion Thamesis '
may have been rough drafts of episodes that
found a home later in the l Faerie Queene/
Fragments of the ( Stemmata Dudleiana,' in
which Spenser apostrophised his patron
Leicester, may be embodied in the * Suines
of Time' which was published in 'Com-
plaints' in 1591. Almost all the other
poems published in that volume were men-
tioned in the correspondence with Harvey,
and were probably composed while Spenser

(which were first published in 1596) were
probably written while the poet was under
the thraldom of ' Rosalind.'

But more interesting is it to note that of
the two poems — ' The Shepheards Calender '
and ' The Faerie Queene ' — on which Spen-
ser's fame mainly depends, the former was
completed, and the latter well begun, while
Spenser was under Leicester's roof in 1579.
1 1 wil in hande forthwith with my " Faerie
Queene," whyche I praye you hastily send
me with al expedition,' wrote Spenser on
5 Oct. 1579. Eighteen days later Harvey
replied : * In good faith I had once again
well nigh forgotten your " Faerie Queene ; "
howbeit by good chance I have now sent
her home at the last, neither in better nor
worse case than I found her.' Ten years
elapsed before any portion of that work was
ready for the press. The ' Shepheards Calen-
der,' on the other hand, was sent to press
without delay. On 5 Dec. 1579 the pub-
lisher, Hugh Singleton, obtained a license for
its publication, and it appeared at once in a
small quarto volume bearing the title, 'The
Shepheardes Calender, Conteyning twelue
jEglogues proportionable to the twelve
moneths. Entitled to the noble and ver-
tuous Gentleman most worthy of all titles
both of learning and cheualrie M. Philip
Sidney. At London. Printed by Hugh
Singleton, dwelling in Creede Lane neere
vnto Ludgate at the signe of the gylden
Tunne, and are there to be solde, 1579?

Under the modest pseudonym of *Im-
merito,' the author dedicated in a short
poem this series of twelve dialogues or
eclogues to his Mend Sir Philip Sidney.
Ho mention was anywhere made of Spenser's
An * epistle, dedicatory' to Gabriel
teed 10 April 1579, was signed
may safely be identified with
Harvey's college friend, Ed-
From the same pen proceeded
glossary that were appended

dement

notes

1880, iii. and 1886, ix.) In imitation of the-
Doric dialect of the first named, Spenser
adopted an archaic vocabulary, which/justified
Kirke's glossary. Marot's and Mantuanus's-
influence is apparent throughout, alike in
subject-matter and phraseology, and the-
eleventh and twelfth eclogues are direct
paraphrases from the French poet. In the-
' June ' eclogue Spenser introduced a pane-
gyric on Chaucer, 'who pie says] taught
me homely, as I can, to make.' Love is the
leading, but by no means the sole, topic of
the poems. The condition of the church and
the papal 'heresy' are discussed in the spirit
of a convinced adherent of the established
church. Among the interlocutors of the
twelve dialogues Spenser introduces under
veiled names not only his friend Harvey (as
Hobbinol) and himself (as Colin), but also
Grindal, the archbishop of Canterbury (aa
Algrind),

The work was received with enthusiasm.
A second edition — an exact reprint — was-
issued in 1581 'for John Harison the younger.'
A third and a fourth edition appeared respec-
tively in 1586 and in 1591, both by the same
publisher, while a fifth, printed by Thomas
Creede, was dated 1597. It was translated
into Latin by John Dove about 1585, but
Dove's rendering remains in manuscript at
Oaius College, Cambridge. Spenser was at
once admitted by critical contemporaries to
the first place among English poets. Wil-
liam Webbe, in his ' Discourse of English
Poetrie ' (1586), reserved for the author of
the ' Shepheards Calender,' of whose name he
was uncertain, ' the title of the rightest Eng-
lish poet that ever he read ' (ed. Arber, p. 35).
'He may well wear the garland, and step
before the best of all English poets that I
have seen or heard ' (ib. p. 52). Before 158&
Nash wrote of ' divine Master Spencer.' Sir
Philip Sidney, while deprecating Spenser's-
use of * an old rustic language,' credited the
eclogues with 'much poetry indeed worthy of
the reading ' (Apology for Poetry), Francis
Meres, like Webbe, saw in Spenser the com-
peer of Theocritus and Virgil. ' Master Ed-
mund Spenser,' wrote Drayton, * had done
enough for the immortality of his name had
he only given us his " Shepherd's Calendar,"
a masterpiece, if any/

In 1580 Spenser again appeared in print.
In that year Henry Bynneman published
two volumes to which Spenser contributed.
One was entitled 'Three proper, and wittie
familiar Letters ; lately passed betweene
two Vniversitie men ; touching the Earth-
quake in Aprill last, and our English re-
! fcurmed ^sifying- "With, the Preface of
to them both/ The other

Spenser 3

volume was called ' Two other very com-
mendable Letters, of the same mens writing;
both touching the foresaid Artificial Versi-
fying, and certain other Particlulars : More
lately deliuered vnto the Printer,7 These
five published epistles were drawn from the
recent correspondence of Harvey and Spenser,
and mainly dealt with the vexed question of
English scansion and Spenser's literary pro-
jects. In each volume only one letter was
from Spenser. That which opened the first
he signed * Immerito ; 1 it is without date.
Spenser's second letter prefaced the second
volume, and was dated from Leicester
House 5 Oct. 1579, and is in most copies
signed £ E. Spenser.3 Both volumes, unique
•examples of which are in the British Mu-
seum, throw valuable light on Elizabethan !
literary history (cf. Letter-book of Gabriel \
Harvey, 1573-80, Camden Soa 1884).

Meanwhile Spenser was hoping for more
assured preferment. At last, in July 1580,
probably through the influence of Lord Lei-
cester and his nephew, Sir Philip Sidney, he
was appointed secretary to Arthur Grey,
fourteenth lord Grey de Wilton [Q-v.], then
going to Ireland as lord deputy. He landed
in Ihiblin with Lord Grey on 12 Aug., and
although he twice revisited England in
1589-90 and in 1596, Ireland remained his
home until the close of 1598, within a month
of nis death. For his chief and his policy
he always entertained the warmest admira-
tion (see the View, passim, especially p, 655,
Spenser's Works, Globe edit., and Faerie
Queene, v. ; cf. ROTGSLEY, Westward Ho,
«haps. ix., XL) He accompanied Lord Grey
<m his expedition to Kerry in November
1580, when the Spaniards, who had seized
Smerwick, were captured and executed, and
he gave a vivid picture in his * View of the
Present State of Ireland J of the desolation
that followed in the wake of t those late
warres in Mounster.* As Lord Grey's secre-
tary he had, when in Dublin, to transcribe and
collate official documents, many of which,
dated in 1581 and 1582, are extant with
verifications in his signature. He was well
paid for his services, and in 1582 received
for * rewards ' as secretary 162& He found
a congenial friend in Lodowick Bryskett
[q.v.], another Irish official. On 22 March
1581 he was appointed clerk of the Irish
court of chancery. This post was given Trim
* free from the seal ... in respsct he was
secretary to the Lord deputy ' {Gal. Mants^
Eliz. No. S694). Spenser held it for some
seven years. But besides official employ-
ment lie secured much landed property. On
15 July 1581 he received a lease of the
abbey and castle and manor of Enniscorthy

>9 Spenser

in Wexford county; but this, on 9 Dec. fol-
lowing, he transferred to one Bichard Synot,
The sale money he seems to have invested
in another abbey in New Boss. In 1582 he
received a six years7 lease of Lord Baltin-
glas's house in Dublin, and on 24 Aug. of that
year a lease of New Abbey, co. Kildare.
During the next two years he was officially
described as ' of New Abbey/ where he seems
to have often resided. On 15 May 1583,
and again on 4 July 1584, he acted as a
commissioner for musters in county Kildare.
That Spenser was highly appreciated by the
English society in Dublin is pleasantly shown
in Bryskett's < Discourse of Civill Life 7(1606).
He spent three days apparently in 1588 at
Brysketfs little cottage near Dublin, en-
gaged in literary debate with his fellow-"
guests, Dr. Long, primate of Armagh, Sir
Thomas Norris, and many military and civil
officers stationed in Ireland. But the coun-
try of Ireland was far from congenial to the
poet. He regarded the Irish as a * savage
nation * with whose ideas and demands he
was wholly out of sympathy ; and such scenes
of blood and horror as he witnessed in
Kerry on his arrival permanently depressed
him. He was harassed, too, by pecuniary
difficulties, and by reminiscences of his dis-
appointment in love. * The want of wealth
and loss of love/ wrote a friend in England
in 1586, scarce permitted him to * breathe *
(A. W. in DAVIBON'S Poetical R&apsady, e&
Bullen, i. 65). His main solace was in lite-
rary work. To the continuation of the
'Faerie Queene/ of which book L and part
of book ii. were finished before leaving Eng-
land, he devoted all his leisure. When at
Bryskett's cottage about 1583, he described
to the company the serious aim of the poem.
The earliest references which he made to
Ireland in the work appear in eanto ix. of
book ii. (see stanzas 13, 16, and 24), and that
book was probably completed in the early
years of his residence in Dublin. At tM
end of 1586 he doubtless wrote his elegy oa
'Astrophel,* i.e. Sir Philip Sidney {first
published with £ Colin Clout* in 1595), and
the fine sonnet to his friend Harvey (which
the latter appended to his * Foure Letters'
in 1502).

On 22 June 1588 Spenser resigned his
clerkship of the court of chancery in Dub-
lin, purchasing from Bryskett the poet of
clerk of the council of Munster, 01 which
one of the P&rty he had met at Brysketfc's
cottage, Sir Thomas Norris [q. v.}, was act-
ing president. He had already obtained some
landed estate in the neighbourhood of Cork,
where the Munster council held ifes sessions.
In 1586 the property of the earls of Diamond

Spenser

390

Spenser

in Munsfeer was declared forfeit, and it was
determined to plant it with English colonists.
Spenser heartily approved the 'plantation7
scheme, and shared the accepted belief of
Elizabethan officials that the natives might
justly and wisely be expropriated, and, as
far as possible, exterminated. In the articles
for. the 'Undertakers,' which received the
royal assent on 27 June 1586, Spenser was
credited with 3028 acres. The final patent,
securing his title to this property at an an-
nual rent of SI. 13*. 9& for three years, and
double that rent subsequently, was passed
on 26 Oct. 1591 (see GEOSAET, i. 150-1) . On
the property was the old castle of Kilcolman,
three miles from Doneraile, co. Cork. A
little to the east the Bregoge river flows
into the Awbeg (Spenser's £ Mulla 7), and
some distance south-east the Awbeg flows
into the Blackwater (Spenser's i Awniduif/
see Colin Clouts come home agaim ; Faerie
Queene, iv. xi. 41, and vn. vi. 40).

In Kilcolman Castle Spenser settled in
1588 on taking up his duties as clerk of
the Munster council. It is alleged that a
sister kept house for him, presumably Sarah
Spenser. She afterwards married John Tra-
vers of a Lancashire family, who held some
office in Munster. In 1589 the poet had six
householders settled on his lands. But his
relations with at least one of his neigh-
bours, Maurice, viscount Roche of Fermoy, a
harsh-tempered landlord, who was hostile to
the English rule, involved him in a long
and harassing litigation. On 12 Oct. 1589,
soon after the poet took up his residence
at Kilcolman, Lord Roche accused Spenser,
in a petition to the queen, of intruding on
his property, and of illtreating his servants,
tenants, and cattle. Roche proclaimed that
* none of his people should have any trade
or conference with Mr. Spenser or Mr. Piers,
or any of their tenants being English/ and
caused one Teige OT»yne to be fined ' for that
he received Mr. Spenser in his house one
night as he came from the session at Lime-
rick' (see GEOSAET, i. 157). The quarrel
on for fully five years. Greater
tion Spenser derived from intercourse
another neighbour, a fellow 'under-
taker* ia t&e Munster plantation, Sir Walter
BaEe^b, whose acquaintance Spenser had
^WWWiiready made in London or Dublin,
la 2£@&;$fti6{& was residing at the manor
ioBfla ofT0$gfe& a.t the mouth of the Black-
•wuto!. Mfept visited Spenser at EBcol-
W*, aawi Iso mm tfoe poet confided the sense
«£ iesoWbii ^wli^ residence in Ireland ent-
He iras $tfO: wprMng at the
! a

enchanted. In Spenser's words (in the sub*
sequently written ' Colin Clouts come home-
againe '), Ralegh

'G-an to cast great liking to my lore
And great disliking to my luckless lot
That banisht had myself, like wight forlore,
Into that waste, where I was quite forgot.
The which to leave thenceforth he counselled me,,
Unmeet for man in whom was aught regardful,
And wend -with him his Cynthia to see,
Whose grace was great, and bounty most re-
wardfol.

Ralegh's 'Cynthia' was Queen Elizabeth,
Spenser styled his sanguine friend 'The1
Shepherd of the Ocean/ and crossed the St.
George's Channel with him in October 1589,.
resolved to publish his poem and seek the
favour of his sovereign.

Arrived in London, doubtless in Novem-
ber 1589, Spenser lost no time in entrusting
his manuscript to the publisher, William
Ponsonby [q.v.], who, on 1 Dec. 1589, pro*
cured a license for the publication of ' the fayre
Queene dysposed into xij bookes * (ABBEB,,
ii. 536). Three of the projected twelve books-
were alone completed, and these, in which
Spenser portrayed the adventures of his-
knights of Holiness, Temperance, and Chas-
tity, were published in quarto next year. In
the fewest possible words Spenser dedicated
the volume 'to the most magnificent em-
presse Elizabeth.' A prefatory letter from* the
author to Ralegh, dated 23 Jan. 1589-90,
explained * his whole intention in the course
of this worke/ and six friends —Ralegh,
Harvey (under the name of HobynolL),.
H. B., Rpchard F] S[tapleton ?], W. L., and
Igtioto — prefixed verses, while the author sup-
plied seventeen prefatory sonnets, addressed
to Sir Christopher Hatton, Essex, Lord Grey
de Wilton, Ralegh, Burghley , and other great
officers of state or court-ladies, with whom
his residence in Dublin or at Leicester House
had made hirn acquainted. The success-
achieved by his ' Shepheards Calender * was-
far more than sustained by the publication
of the first three books of the * Faerie Queene/
His right to supremacy amon^ such poets as-
were yet familiar to the EngEsh public was
rendered indisputable. Men of letters, with
whom he now passed much of his time, were*
unanimous in their applause. A second
edition appeared in 1596.

Although Spenser was welcomed at court,,
he failed in his efforts to secure more con-
genial occupation than Ireland could afford.
~ In some of the pithiest and most masculine
verses that he penned he had already de-
•1 picted ' what hell it is in suing long to Hde,*1
and these lines soon afterwards appeared in
mvigomfced point (c£ Mother

Spenser

391

Spenser

Hu&bercTs Tale). He was still in London
on 1 Jan. 1590-1, when he dated thence
( Daphnaida/ an elegy on Lady Douglas,
daughter of Viscount Howard of Bindon, and
wife of Arthur Gorges [q. v.] Ponsonby pub-
lished it immediately, and Spenser dedicated
it to Helena, marchioness of Northampton.
Next month the queen gave proof of her
appreciation by bestowing a pension on the
poet. According to an anecdote, partly re- ;
ported by Marmingham, the diarist ( Diary ',
p. 43), and told at length by Fuller, Lord
Burghley, in his capacity of lord treasurer,
protested against the largeness of the sum
which the queen first suggested, and was
directed by her to give the poet what was |
reasonable. He received a formal grant of !
5QL a year in February 1590-1. But there
is no ground for the common assumption
that the pension carried with it the formal
dignity of poet-laureate.

Spenser soon afterwards resumed residence
at Kilcolman, and amid the sorrows of dis-
illusion penned a charming account of his
travels and court experiences, which he en-
titled * Colin Clouts come home againe.' A
vivid description, under disguised names, is
given of the literary men and women whose
sympathy he had won. Allusion is doubt-
less made to Shakespeare under the name of j
Aetion. Spenser sent the manuscript with a i
letter f dated, from my house of Kilcolman the
27 of December 1591 ' to Kalegh, to whom he
expressed indebtedness for * singular favours
and sundrie good turnes shewed. 7 to him at
Ms l late being in England.7 The poem was
not printed tiB. 1595.

Meanwhile the success of the * Faerie
Queene ' led Ponsonby, its publisher, to col-
lect * such small poems of the same author
as I heard were disperst abroad in sundry
hands.* A license for the publication was
obtained on 29 Dec. 1590, and the volume
appeared next year with the title 'Com-
plaints, {»ntaining8undrie small poems of the
world's vanitie,1 These were nine in number,
viz. *The Euines of Time; * * The Teares of
the Muses ; J * Virgils Gnat ' ^a translation of
the * Culex/ erroneously ascribed to Yirgil) ;
'Prosopopoia, or Mother Hubberd's Tale;'
'TheBuines of Rome, by BeUay ; ' <Muio-
potmos, or the Tale of the Butterflie;*
« Visions of the World's Vanitie ; ' ( Bellayes
Visions/ and * Petrarches Visions.' Most of
the poems were probably juvenile efforts,
which had been in part rewritten. The last
two pieces were revised versions of his contri-
butions to Van der Noodt's volume of 15&J.
The 'Gnat' was described as * long since
dedicated to the most noble and excellent
Lord, tie Earl of Leicester, late deceased**

The title of t The Teares of the MUMS,' an
interesting criticism of contemporary literary
effort, in which each muse in turn deplored
her waning power, was drawn from that of
a Latin poem written by Harvey in 1578.

* Mother Hubberd's Tale ' was stated to have
been * long sithens composed in the raw con-
cept of my youth/ The best poem in the
volume, * Muiopotmos/ an allegorical account
of a proud butterfly who is swept by a gust
of wind into a spider's web, is the most
airily fanciful of all Spenser's works. But
the collection, gave by Its satiric freedom
some offence in nigh quarters. Shakespeare,
in * Midsummer Night's Dream ' (v. L 52-
54), described * The Teares of the Muses * as

* a piece sharp and satirical.' * The Buines
of Time/ in Chaucerian stanza (dedicated to
Sidney's sister, the Countess of Pembroke),
lamented the deaths of Lords Leicester and
Warwick, Sidney, and Walsingham, but it
incidentally reflected on Lord Burghley, with
the result (according to John "Weaver's 4 Epi-
grams/ 1599) that the poem was ' called in.*
A like fate attended * Mother Hubberd's
Tale/ a satire on court vices and follies.

Ponsonby held forth the hope that he might
hereafter issue other neglected or lost pieces
by Spenser—viz. '"Ecclesiastes" and "Can-
ticumCanticorumn translated, "A sennight's
Slumber/' the "Hell of Lovers," « His purga-
torie" — being all dedicated to ladies ; besides
some other pamphlets looselie scattered
abroad, as "The dying Pelliean" [already
noticed as ready for the press in the corre-
spondence with Harvey], "The powers of
the Lord/ « The sacrifice of a Sinner," " Hie
seven Psalms," &e.' None of these works
were recovered.

In 1592 Spenser fell ia love again ; in 1593
the lady after some hesitation accepted his
suit. In sonnets, called * Amoretti, he kept
a sort of diary of his wooing, and we learn
from one of them (No. 74) that the lady's
Christian name was Elizabeth. She WES
probably daughter of one James Boyle, a
Vingmft-n of Richard Boyle, first earl of Cork
[q. v.l Spenser and Elizabeth Boyle were
married on 11 June 1594, either in the
cathedral of St. Finbarr at Cork, or in St.
Mary's Church, Toughal, in tibe neighbour-
hood of which town Elizabeth's fatter had
property. Spenser celebrated his marriage
in a splendid epithalamion — *one of tbe
grandest lyrics in English poetry/

Meanwhile Spenser's neighbour, Lord
Eoche, was still pursuing him with litigation.
In 1593Eoebe presented twopetiMoesagaiBst
? besides one against a certain JOOR Ny

Gallaghan, whom Spenser, 'aheavy adversary
unto your suppliant/ supported asd marrc-

Spenser

392

Spenser

tained, Spenser was charged with, detain-
ing sixteen ploughlands which Roche claimed
as his own property. At length, by a judg-
ment of the court of chancery in Dublin,
Lord Roche was, on 12 Feb. 1594, decreed
possession of the lands in debate. Perhaps
as a consequence Spenser resigned in the same
year his clerkship of the Munster council.

In 1594 Spenser sent to Ponsonby for pub-
lication his 'Amoretti and Epithalamion/
which was licensed for publication on 19 Nov.
1594, and appeared next year with a dedi-
cation by the publisher to Sir Robert Need-
ham,who brought the manuscript to London.
In 1595 Ponsonby also issued l Colin Clouts
come home againe/ with an appendix of elegies
on Spenser's late friend Sir Philip Sidney.
Spenser was only author of the opening
elegy — the beautiful e Astrophel, a pastoral!
elegie.' On the eve of his marriage in 1594
he had completed three more books of the
* Faerie Queene7 (sonnet Ixxx.), and at the
close of 1595 he himself brought them and
some small pieces to London. The ' second
parte of the Faery Queen, containing the 4,
5, and 6 bookes,' was licensed for publica-
tion by Ponsonby on 20 Jan. 1595-6, and
appeared soon afterwards, again in quarto.
The new instalment illustrated allegorically
the characters of Justice, Friendship, and
Courtesy respectively. The popularity of the
second volume (with which a second edition
of the first was often bound up) was as pro-
nounced as that of its forerunner. But a part
of its subject-matter exposed it to censure.
In the fourth book — on Justice — the poet re-
flected unsympathetically on the fate of
Mary Queen of Scots, whom heportrayed
under the name Duessa. James VI of Scot-
land complained to Robert Bowes, the Eng-
lish ambassador at Edinburgh, of these dis-
honouring reflections on his mother, and
Bowes, in repeating the king's complaint to
Burghley, urged that Spenser might be
punished (cf. Cal. Scottish State Papers,
1509-1603, pp. 723-4, 747). But friends
abounded, especially in court circles. In the
autumn he was with the court at Greenwich,
still hopeful of preferment. From Green-
wich on 1 Sept. 1596 he dated his dedication
to two ladies of rank (Margaret, countess of
Cteaberland, and MaW, countess of War-
wick) of Ms 'Foure Hymnes made by Ed-
wwl S^jenseF * (London, by Ponsonby, 1596).
Two of H$0 ^oems — hymns in honour of love
tmdlbe^sfef— -liad beem long in circulation in
*$$*& two new poems celebrated
* pad; 'heavenly beauty/ and

-*-^- •* "** <••. . ,

Earl of Essex at Essex House, where he had
lived in former years while it belonged to
Leicester. On 8 Nov. 1596 there were mar-
ried at Essex House two daughters of Ed-
ward Somerset, fifth earl of Worcester [q.v.],
and in honour of this double marriage Spen-
ser penned the latest, and one of the most
fascinating, of his poems — his ' Prothalamion'
(London, for William Ponsonby, 1596, 4to).
The most elaborate work that Spenser
wrote during this London visit was in prose,
and, although licensed for issue on 14 April
1598, was published posthumously. This
was his ' View of the Present State of Ire-
land, discoursed by way of aDialogue between
Eudoxus and Irenaeus/ a work of very con-
siderable knowledge and shrewdness, the
fruit of keen observation and assiduous
thought. Spenser wrote of Ireland altogether
from the point of view of the Elizabethan
Englishman. He allowed no recognition of
Irish claims and rights. English laws were
to be enforced and Irish nationality to be
uprooted by the sword. Sir James Ware,
who first printed the tract, deplored Spen-
ser's want of charity, and other Irish writers
assert that Spenser s harsh sentiments long
rendered his name abhorrent to the native
population (cf. HABDIMAST). But in his
* V iew * the poet acknowledged defects in the
existing English rule, and denounced, in an-
ticipation of Swift, the ignorance and degra-
dation of the protestant clergy and the un-
readiness of the new settlers to take advan-
tage by right methods of cultivation of the
natural wealth of the soil. Spenser contem-
plated another work on the antiquities of
Ireland of which there is no trace.

Very early in 1597 Spenser returned from
London to Kilcolman depressed in mind and
in failing health. In the ' Prothalamion y
he wrote of himself as one

whom snllein eare,

Through discontent of my long fruitless stay
In Princes court and expectation vayne,
Of idle hopes which still doe fly away
Like empty shaddowes, did afflict my brayne.
On 30 September 1598 he was appointed
sheriff of Cork, and was described in the
royal letter as 'a gentleman dwelling in the
county of Cork who is well known unto you
all for his good and commendable parts,
being a man endowed with good knowledge
and learning, and not unskilful or without
experience in the wars.' The storm that
had long been gathering among the native
Irish was then on the point of bursting. On
14 Aug. 1598 Hugh (Meffl, earl of Tyrone
[<$• v.T, the great Irish chieftain, had de-
feated an English army at the Yellow Ford
on tine Blac&mter, The spirit of discon-

Spenser

393

Spenser

tent which the * plantation J had fomented
among the native Irish in Munster at once
grew active. In Octpher O'Xeill sent a force
of his Irish levies into the province, and
rebellion broke out. Eight thousand clans-
men, tinder the 'sugan5 Earl of Desmond, j
overran county Cork. Panic seized the
English officials, Spenser, the newly ap- ;
pointed sheriff, seems to have been taken i
completely unawares. In October all Mun-
ster was in the hands of the insurgents, j
Kilcolman Castle was burnt over the poet's
head, and he fled to Cork with his wife and
four children. According to Ben Jonson,
whose evidence as that of a contemporary |
•cannot be lightly disregarded, but is on this
point controvertible, one of his children
perished in the flames. At Cork Spenser j
drew up a 'briefe note of Ireland,' which |
he inscribed to the queen. In it he en- '
treated Elizabeth to show unto * these vile
<#itinV the terror of her wrath, and to
equip ten thousand men with a competent
force of cavalry, to exterminate them (CaL
State Papers, Irish, 1598-9, p. 431^3; GBQ-
SABT, L §37-55). Among the Irish state
papers for 1598-9 is an unpublished ma-
nuscript, describing in dialogue form the
attack on the English settlers in "King's
County between the harvest of 1597 and All
Saints' day of 1598. It claims to be from
the pen of Thomas Wilson, although it is
dedicated by 'H. C.? to Essex. The inter-
locutors are named Peregryn and Silvyn
(the names of two of Spenser's sons) 5 and
the tone of their conversation closely re-
sembles that of Lrenaeus and Eudoxus in
his 'View of the Present State of Ireland 3
(Cal State Papers, Irish, 1598-9, pp. 505
seq.) It probably embodies expressions of
opinion which Spenser had communicated to
its author. On 9 Dec. Sir Thomas Norris,
the president of Munster, sent Spenser from
Cork to London, with a despatch reporting
tlie progress of the rebellion (ib. p. 414).
Noms doubtless intended that Spenser should
also advise the government in London of the
general situation. But his physique was
overstrained by the anxieties and hardships
ne had undergone. He found shelter at an
4 fan * or lodging in TT^ng Street, Westmin-
ster, but a month after his arrival — on
Saturday, 16 Jan. 1598-9— he died there.
John Chamberlain, the letter-writer, wrote
next day to his friend Carleton : ' Spencer,
our principal! poet, comming lately out of
Ireland, died at Westminster on Saturday
last1 (Letters temp. JEBs. Oamden Soc. p.
41). Ben Jonson asserts that he perished
*for lack of bread,' and that the Earl of
Essex, learning of his distress in. Ms last

hours, sent fri-m * 20 pieces,' which the poet
refused, saying * he was some lie had no
time to spend them* (Conversations with
Drummmdj Shakespeare Soc., pp. 7, 12).
But this story cannot be literally accepted.
Camden so far corroborates Ben Jonson as
to assert that Spenser's life was a long
wrestle with poverty, and that he returned
to London * a poor man/ John Weever, in
an epigram published in the year of Spenser's
death, declared:

Spencer is ruined, of cnrr latest time
The fairest mine, Faeries foulest want.

The author of the l Returne from Parnassus *
asserts that in his last hours * maintenance *
was denied him by an tLngrateful country.
Fletcher, in the * Purple Island/ wrote of
Spenser :
Poorly, poor man, he lived ; poorly, poor man, he

died.

Nevertheless, he was, at the period of his
death, a pensioner of the crown, and came
from Ireland as the bearer of official des-
patches of moment. It is incredible that
his destitution should have proved so com-
plete as to issue in death by starvation.
Friends, too, were numerous in London, and
they procured for him burial in Westmin-
ster Abbey. His grave was at the south
end of the south transept, a few yards from
Chaucer, the * Tityrus * whom he delighted
to acknowledge as his poetic master. Essex,
according to abundant contemporary evi-
dence, paid the expenses of his funeral (cf.
CAMDEF, Armates, ed. 1688, p. 566; Pm-
STBAS FLBTCHIE, PwrpU Island, EOIXEB,
Worthies). According to Camden 'his
hearse 7 was * attended by poets, and mourn-
ful elegies and poems, with the pens that
wrote mem, were thrown into his tomb.7

A beautiful passage in Browne's * Britan-
nia's Pastorals7 (Bk. 2, Song 1,1L 1005-
1026) attests that Mizabefii ordered a
monument to Spenser's memory, but that
the order was intercepted, and the al-
lotted sum embezzled by an avaricious
courtier. A monument of grey marble was
finally erected by Nicholas Stone at the
cost (40Z.) of Ann Clifford, countess of Dor-
set [q. T.j in 1620. An Englisii inscription
(inaccurate as to dates) described Spenser
as t the Prince of Poets in Ms tyme, whose
Divine Spirrit needs noe othir witnesse then
the Works which he leffc behinde Him.' It
is reported that on the original gravestone
were inscribed two Latin distachs, of whidi
the first, according to Oamden, ran :
Hie prope Chaneerum, Spensere, poefca poafaaa

Oonderis, ©t versa qfoam tamtilo pfO|>w

, J&^e* Regmm, 1600, s. T. *In

Spenser

394

Spenser

ausfrali parte capellse regis '). By a subscrip-
tion raised at Cambridge in 1778 by the poet
William Mason [j. v.],the tomb was repaired
and tbe English inscription was recut with
corrected dates. No trace then remained of
the Latin distichs, and they are now absent
from the tomb (NEALE and BKAYLEY'S West-
minster Abbey, ii. 263-4 ; < Chapter Book/
13 April 1778, ap. STANLEY'S Memorials, p,
253).

Aubrey states on the authority of Chris-
topher Beeston, the old actor, that Spenser
was 'a little man, wore short hair, little
bands, and little cuffs' (Lives, iii. 542).
Harvey bantered him on the fulness of his
beard as a young man in 1579 (cf. Letter-
book, p. 64). Four reputed portraits (in oils)
are known. One belongs to the Earl of
Kinnoull, at Dupplin Castle (half-length) ;
another to the Earl of Carnarvon, at Bretby
Park (three-quarter length) ; a third, a copy
by Benjamin Wilson (presented by the poet
Mason) from a now lost original belonging
to George Onslow, is at Pembroke College,
Cambridge; and a fourth, ascribed to the
Florentine Alessandro Allori (Bronzino), is
the property of the Rev. Sabine Baring-
Gould. An engraving from Lord KinnoulTs
Picture, by C. Warren, was published in
822, and one from Lord Carnarvon's pic-
ture (formerly Lord Chesterfield's), by Cook,
in 1777. Mr. Baring-Gould's picture was
engraved by W, J. Alais in 1880 for Mr.
Grosart's edition of Spenser (vol. ii.) A
contemporary miniature, belonging to Lord
Fitzhardinge, was also engraved by Alais.
Vertue issued an engraving in 1727, and it
has often been reproduced. Another print,
by Fougeron, represents the poet seated.

Spenser's widow Elizabeth (Boyle) re-
married in 1603 one Richard or Eoger
Seckerstone, by whom she had a son Richard.
On Seckerstone's death she married a third
husband, Captain Robert Tynt. The poet's
sister Saxah, wife of John Travers, was buried
with her husband in the chancel of St.
Finbarr's Church, Cork. Their son Robert
Travers erected a marble tomb over his
Brents' grave and received permission from
me dean and chapter to be buried beneath
it. Ho trace of it survives (GBOSAJKF, i.

His

had three sons and a daughter.
, %lvanus (1595 P-1638), married a
e^faolic, Ellen, eldest daughter of
BfcvM l^agfe or Nangle of Monamng, co.
wii© &i at Dublin, 14 Nov. 1637 ; by
two sons— Edmund, who
ed, and William,
fetter succeeded to
fed tfae penalty of

transplantation into Connaught as an l Eng-
lish papist ' during the Commonwealth ; his
lands were assigned, 20 May 1654, to Captain
Peter Courthope and his troop of the Earl of
Orrery's late regiment. William Spenser
solicited Cromwell for a dispensation from
transplantation and the restoration of his
estate, alleging that ' since his coming to
years of discretion he had utterly renounced
the popish religion.7 His petition was fa-
vourably received by Cromwell out of regard
for the good services to the Commonwealth
of the poet, his grandfather; but it was
only after the Restoration apparently that
he recovered possession of Kilcolman. On
31 July 1678 he further obtained a grant of
lands in counties Galway and Roscommon
to the extent of nearly two thousand acres,
including the town of Balinasloe, where an
existing house is shown as his residence.
(This property was sold on 26 Feb. 1716 to
Frederick Trench, ancestor of the Earl of
Clancarty.) William proved a warm ad-
herent of William of Orange, and for his
loyalty received a grant of the forfeited
estate of his cousin Hugoline, including the
lands of Rinny, in 1697. He survived till
about 1720, and left a son Nathaniel and a
daughter Susannah. Nathaniel died in 1734,
leaving three sons and one daughter. The
eldest son Edmund, styled e of Kilcolman/
had a daughter Rosamond, who married one
James Burne. Their daughter, likewise
called Rosamond, married Captain Richard
Tiddeman, whose grandson, the Kev. Edmund
Spenser Tiddeman, rector of West Hanning-
field, is the' present head of the family. KU-
colman Castle is now an ivied ruin.

The poet's second son, Lawrence, was styled
of Bandon ; his will was proved in 1654.

The poet's third son, Peregrine, married
Dorothy Maurice, on which occasion his
brother, Sylvanus, made over to him part of
his estate, viz. the lands of Rinny, near
Kilcolman. He died before 1656, leaving
a son Hugoline, who, taking sides with
James II against William, was attainted and
outlawed on 11 June 1691, and his property
bestowed on his cousin William.

The poet's only daughter, Catherine, is
conjectured to have married one William
Wiseman of Bandon (information kindly
supplied by Robert Dunlop, esq . ; Gent. Mag.
1842 ii. 138-143, 1855 ii. 605-9; GBOSAJJT,
vol. L app. M. pp. 555-71).

Spenser's main achievement, "The Faerie
Queene ' — the only great poem that had been
written in England since Chaucer died —
was in design a moral treatise. According to
Bry&kett's report of the account that the poet
. gave of his scheme to Brysketfs guests about

Spenser

395

Spenser

repeated. 'Very few and very weary are
those/ Macaulay wrote, * who [haying perused
the first canto] are in at tne death of the

1583, Spenser wished £to represent all the
moral virtues, assigning to every virtue a
knight to be the patron and defender of the

same ; in whose actions and feates of armes Blatant Beast'— an unfortunately inaccurate
and chivalry the operations of that virtue, reference to the last incident of the sisth
whereof he is the protector, are to be ex- book, which, as a matter of fact, dismisses
pressed, and the vices and unruly appetites : the Beast unscathed. Nevertheless, the
that oppose themselves again fit the same to be i patient reader is rewarded at every turn by
beaten down and overcome.' The poet sub- ! episodes which are informed by a wealth of
sequently explained in the prefatory letter to j fancy and of musical diction that gives the
Kalegh that, following what he conceived to j * Faerie Queene 7a place among English nar-
be the aims of Homer, Virgil, Ariosto, and ; rative poems not far below the greatest of
Tasso, he laboured to portray 'the image of them — Milton's * Paradise Lost/ c The no-
a brave knight [under the name of Prince bility of the Spencers/ wrote Gibbon in his
Arthur], perfected in the XII private moral memoirs, ' has been illustrated and enriched
virtues as Aristotle hath devised/ Twelve i by the trophies of Marlborough, but I exhort
books were needed for this purpose, and if the | them to consider the " Fairy Queen " as the
effort were well received, the author looked most precious jewel of their coronet.'
forward to expounding in another twelve1 The nine-lined .stanza in which the* Faerie
the twelve political virtues that were essen- Queene ' was written was invented by Spen-
tial to a perfect ruler of men. In working ser, and has since been called * the Spenserian
out his scheme, the poet imagined twelve stanza/ The rhymes run a&a&bcbcc. The
knights, each the champion of one of £the stanza was formed by adding an alexandrine
private moral virtues/ who, under the direc- to the ten-syllabled eight-line stanzas known
tion and in honour of the Faerie Queene, among the French poets as < chant jroyal/ and
should undertake perilous combats with vice I among the Italians as * ottava rima/ The
in various shapes. Prince Arthur was in- J latter was occasionally employed by Chaucer,

troduced into the design as a type of the while Spenser in his * Virgil's Gnat ' and
.. ... . *. ° . ,~ *• - i...... •*• «.... ***«,'••'. .-...

Aristotelian virtue of magnanimity, and was
represented in quest of his fated bride, the
Faerie Queene, in whom Spenser, with
courtier-like complacency, shadowed forth
Queen Elizabeth. The prince, moreover, was
to fall in with each of the twelve knights,
and by his superior virtue to rescue them in
turn from destruction. The careers of the
Red Cross knight of holiness, and of the
knights of temperance, chastity, justice,

* Muiopotmos1 admirably illustrated its capa-
cities. The Spenserian stanza tends, in a far
greater degree than the * ottava rima/ to
monotony and languor ; but Spenser gave it
sustained spirit and energy by the variety of
his pauses,

Except Milton, and possibly Gray, Spenser
was the most learned of English poets,
and signs of his multifarious reading in the
classics and modern French and Italian lite-

friendship, and courtesy, were alone com- j rature abound in his writings, Marot in-
pleted. Of the rest of the design there only spired his i ShepheardsCalender / The * Faerie

survives a fragment dealing with the knight
of constancy (first published in the first folio
edition of 1609). But in the unfinished

Queene " was avowedly written in emulation
of Ariosto's * Orlando/ and Saekville's « In-

,. . duction' to the * Mirror for Magistrates'"

poem Spenser found opportunity to depict ! gave many hints for the general outline (c£

aUegorically not merely all the moral dangers
and difficulties that beset human existence,

Faerie Queene, prefatory sonnet to Sack-
ville). Throughout the great work Homer
and Theocritus, Virgil and Cicero, Petrarch

and Tasso, Du Bellay, Chances:, and many ft

but all the ideals of manliness and of
righteousness in religion and jx>litics that

were current in his day. But it is neither j modern romance writer of Western Europe,
as an ethical tractate nor even as an allegory | are laid under repeated contribution. Spen-
that the poem lives. The fertility of Spen- Bar's scholarly proclivities moulded, too, his
gar's invention impelled him to lavish on each j vocabulary, in which archaisms figured with
of his numerous characters and incidents a i such frequency as to jeopardise his popularity
luxuriance of pictorial imagery which owed | in Ms own day and later; Daniel wrote of
little or nothing to his allegorical or ethical ] Ms * aged accents and untimely words *
intention. Monotony is inseparable from a , (De&o, 1592, sonnet 46). Nome but a very
scheme which involves an endless recurrence zealous scholar would have borne with oqu&-
of contests between types of vices and virtues, nimity the apparatus of notes and glossary
and there is some justification for the charge with which, a friend encumbered Ms early
of tediousness wMch was brought against j poems. Bnt Spenser's subtle sesfclietie sense?
the poem by Lander, and has been frequently j permitted Mm to aasniilate BotMsg tkafc

Spenser

396

Spenser

did not enhance the pictorial beauty of his '
spacious achievement.

Spenser's influence on English poetic litera-
ture cannot be readily over-estimated. In his
own day he found professed imitators of all
degrees of ability, from William Smith, the
author of ' Chloris ' (1595), and Richard Mc-
cob, author of ' The Beggar's Ape ' (1627), to
William Browne, the author of ' Britannia's
Pastorals/ one of his fittest disciples. Richard
Barnfield, Thomas Nashe, Thomas Dekker,
Michael Drayton, Joseph Hall, and Sir Wil-
liam Herbert (in 'Praise of Cadwallader/
1604) were whole-hearted panegyrists. Spen-
ser is very largely represented in the many
anthologies that were issued within two
years of his death. In ' England's Parnassus '
(1600) he is quoted 225 times, while Shake-
speare is quoted only seventy-nine. Ben
Jonson, among his literary contemporaries,
stands alone in the confession that ' Spenser's
stanzas pleased him not, nor his matter'
(Conversations, p. 2), and even Ben Jonson
knew by heart ' some verses of Spenser's
''Calendar" about wine' (ib. p. 9; cf.

* Eclogue ' for October ad fin.) Of a later
generation, Phineas and Giles Fletcher and
Henry More acknowledged Spenser as their
master, and in Milton's eyes ' our sage and
serious poet Spenser' was a sure guide as
thinker as well as j>oet (cf. MILTON, Prose
Works, ed. St. John, ii. 68, in. 84) . Dr. Johnson
was convinced that Bunyan's ' Pilgrim's Pro-
gress ' owed very much to the ' Faerie Queene.'
A perusal of that poem in youth made
Cowley ' irrecoverably a poet.' Dryden re-
cognised in Spenser not merely his own
master in English, but one who was en-
dowed with greater innate genius, and ' more
knowledge to support it/ than any other
writer of any age or country. Pope derived
from his work as much stimulating enjoy-
ment in boyhood as in old age. Dr. Johnson,
writing in the 'Rambler7 in 1751, lamented
that 'the imitation of Spenser' was still

* gaining upon the age.' The 'Faerie Queene'
was one of the few books that Lord Chatham
knew well. Coleridge, Wordsworth, Southey,
and Sir Walter Scott were indefatigable
readers. Of poems written during the eigh-
teenth and nineteenth centuries in Spenser's
own stanza, and more or less under his in-
spiration, the long list includes * The Castle
<i£ Indolence' by James Thomson; 'The
^KKJlmkfere^' by Shenstone; 'The Min-
strel' by Beattie; 'The Cotter's Saturday
Hight' by Burns ; * Lines in the Manner of
Sjeii8fir\¥y Ckieridge (1795 P); 'Gertrude

: Wyoming* % Campbell; 'The Female
^©alsworth; 'The Tale of
F; 'The Eve of St.

Agnes ' by Keats ; 'The Revolt of Islam'
by Shelley ; and ' Childe Harold ' by Byron.
' No other of our poets/ wrote James Russell
Lowell, ' has given an impulse, and in the
right direction also, to so many and so di-
verse minds.' Charles Lamb bestowed on
Spenser his just title when he described him
as ' the poet's poet.'

BIBLIOG-EAJPHT. — All the editions of Spen-
ser's works published in his lifetime are rare.
In the British Museum and the Bodleian
Libraries are copies of the original editions
of all— ' Shepheards Calender' (1579), the
'Faerie Queene* (both parts, 1590 and 1596),
'Daphnaida' (1591), 'Complaints/ 'Colin
Clouts come home againe/'Aiaoretti/ ' Foure
Hymnes,' and ' Prothalamipn.' The Row-
fant, the Huth, and the Britwell Libraries
each lack one work — the 'Shepheards Calen-
der' (1579) in the case of Rowfant, and the
' Daphnaida ' in those of the Huth and Brit-
well Libraries, At Chatsworth are 'Faerie
Queene ' (both parts), ' Complaints,' ' Daph-
naida/ and 'Prpthalamion.' In the A.sh-
burnham collection (to be sold in 1898) are
the ' Faerie Queene ' (both parts), ' Colin
Clout/ and Fowre Hymnes.' The ' Shep-
heards Calender ' and the ' Faerie Queene '
0>oth parts) (1579) are at Trinity College,
Cambridge. A copy of the ' Amoretti'isin
the Edinburgh University Library.

The second edition of the first volume
of the 'Faerie Queene ' (1596) is the rarest
of the works published in the poet's life-
time; the British Museum possesses two
copies and the Britwell Library one copy ;
no more are known. Of the second and
later lifetime editions of the 'Shepheards
Calender '(1581, 1586, 1591, and 1597) all
are at Britwell. The British Museum has
those of 1591 and 1597, the Huth Library
that of 1581, and the Rowfant those of 1586
and 1597.

The first publication which bore Spenser's
name on the title-page after Spensers death
was a reissue in folio of f The Faerie Qveene,
Disposed into xii Bookes Fashioning twelue
Morall Vertues. At London. Printed by
H. L. for Mathew Lownes, 1609.' To this
edition were added, as 'never before im-
printed/ the 'Two Cantos of Mutabilitie/
of which the genuineness has been im-
pugned without warrant. They are doubt-
less all that survived of a continuation of
the great poem, and were intended to form
the sixth, seventh, and part of the eighth
cantos of the seventh ^ook of the ' Faerie
Queene/ which was to treat of constancy.
Todd credits Gtobriel Harvey with the edit-
ing of this first folio edition of the 'Faerie
A copy of an edition in 1613 of

Spenser

397

Spenser

'Prosopopoeia, or Mother Hubberd's Tale,'
is in British Museum, with notes by Warton.

* Brittain's Ida. Written by that Renowned
Poet, Edmond Spencer. London, printed for
Thomas Walkley,' 1628, 8vo, dedicated to
Lady Mary Villiers, is certainly not by
Spenser, to whom it was fraudulently as-
cribed. It may be by Phineas Fletcher
[q. v.], but the point is not determinable. !

Meanwhile, in folio in 1611 (for Matthew {
Lownes), appeared the first collected edi-
tion of Spenser's poetical works. The title-
page ran: 'The Faerie Queen: The Shep-
heards Calendar. Together with the other
works of England's Arch Poet, Edm. Spen-
ser/ It was reprinted in 1617-18 (folio), and
a copy of this edition in the British Museum
contains numerous manuscript notes by j
Thomas Warton. A third folio edition, j

* whereunto is added an account of Ms life,
with other new additions never before in
print/ is dated 1679, and is believed to have
been partly edited by Dryden.

The first attempt at an annotated edition
of Spenser's poetry was made by John
Hughes (1677-1720) [q. v.], who in 1715
brought out ' The Works of Edmund Spen-
ser . , . with a glossary explaining the old
and obscure words . . . the life of the
author, and an essay on allegorical poetry/
6 vols. 12mo; another edition 1750. In
1805 the Kev. Henry John Todd [q. v.] pub-
lished an edition in eight volumes, * with the
principal illustrations of various commen-
tators/ This was long the standard edi-
tion ; but it was largely superseded by J. P,
Collier's edition in 1862, and by Dr. Grosartf s
elaborate edition in ten volumes, privately
printed, 1880-82. A useful reprint of all
the works in one volume, edited by Richard
Morris, with memoir by Professor J. W.
Hales, appeared in 1869 (new edit. 1897).

Other collected editions, of smaller in-
terest and utility, appeared in 1806 (with
prefeee by John Aikin, 6 vols.), 1825 (with
life by George Eobinson, 5 vols.), 1839 (with
life by John Mitford, 5 vols.), 1859 (ed.
George GilfiUan, 5 vols. Edinburgh).

The first complete American edition ap-
peared at Boston in 5 vols. in 1889, with
notes by George StiHman HiUard, and
another edition, by ProfessorFrancis J. Child,
appeared at the same place in 1855.

Since 1609 the * Faerie Queene' has been
published separately thirteen times, includ-
ing editions by Thomas Birch [q. v.] (1751,
3 vols, 4to), by Ralph Churcli (1758, 4 vols.
8vo), and witi illustrations by Mr. Walter
Crane (1894-7). Numerous editions of single
books and selections have been issued of
late fi>r educational pulses. Some bar-

barous attempts to paraphrase the poem in-
clude: * The I? aerie Leveller 7 (extracted from
bk. v.), 1648, 4to ; * Spencer Redivivus . . .
Ms obsolete language and manner of verse
totally laid aside, oeliver'd in heroic num-
bers' (1687, 4to) ; ' Spencer's "Fairy Queen"
attempted in Blank Verse: a fragment"
(1774, 4to) ; * Prince Arthur, an allegorical
Romance1 (2 vols. 1779, 12mo); and 'The
"Fairy Queen," attempted in Blank Terse1
(1783). Portions of the story have been re-
told in 'Knights and Enchanters* (prose),
1873 ; Mrs. Towry's * Spenser for Children/
1878; in 'The Story of the Red Cross Knight'
(1885) ; in * Tales from Spenser chosen from
the u Fairy Queen,"' by Sophia Maclehose
(1889, three editions) ; and in * Stories from
the Paerie Queene * by Hiss Macleod, 1^7.

Thomas James Mathias [q. v.] published
Italian translations of the first tx>ok and of
the unfinished seventh book of the 'Faerie
Queene ' in * IL cavaliero della Croce Rossa,
o la iegenda della Santita . . . recato in
verso italiano detto ottava rima da T. J.
Mathias7 (Naples, 1826, 8vo); and *L&
Mutabilit^, poema in due canti ' (Naples,
1827, 8vo). Five cantos appeared in German
in * Funf Gesange der Feenkonigin ... in
freier metrischer Uebertragung, von G.
Schwetschke7 (Halle, 1854, 8vo).

The ' Shepheards Calender ' was reproduced
in facsimile by Mr. Oskar Sommer in 1890,
and was re-edited by Professor C. H. Herford
in 1895. The text was reprinted by William
Morris at the Kelmseott Press in 1898* and
with illustrations by Mr. Walter Crane in
1897. A Latin version by Theodore Bath-
urst [q, v.] appeared in 1653 (new edition
1732).

* A View of the State of Ireland, written
dialogue wise between Eudoxus and Irensens,
by Edmund Spenser, esq. ... in 1596/ was
first printed somewhat maeeurately by Sir
James Ware J~q. v.] as an appendix to his
'Historie of Ireland' (1633, Mio). Ware,
who found the manuscript in Archbishop
Ussher's library, complains of Spenser's want
of moderation and the vagueness of Ms his-
torical knowledge (ef. Irish Writers^ ii. 327).
A separate issue of Ware's version appeared
at Dublin (1763, 12mo), and it was included
in 'Ancient Irish Histories' (1809, 8vo,
voL i.) It appears in Todd's and all later
collected editions of Spenser's works. Three
manuscripts in the British Museum (Addit.
MS. 22022, HarL MSS. 1932 and 7388) were
collated for the text of the * View ' in tfe0
Globe edition of the collected works.

Eight documents among the Irish State
Papers, dating between 1581 and 1580, bear
Spenser's signature, and one, fek reply to

Spenser

398

Spenser

the inquiries of the commissioners appointed The future president first joined Corpus

in 1589 to report on the plantation of Christi College, Oxford, according to Dr. John

Munster, is a holograph (State Papers, Irish, Rainolds [q. v.], as a < famulus collegii.' He

cxliv.70- cf. CalState Papers, Irish, 1598-9, was doubtless one of the t wo < famuli praesidis,'

of whom one seems usually to have acted as a
'of private secretary. After graduating

[Gabriel Harvey's Letter-book (Oamden Soe.),

* 1884, and Harvey's Works, ed. Grosart, with the B.A., 29 Oct. 1577, he was appointed Greek

published Calendars of Irish State Papers, 1580- reader in the college, "but owing to an appeal

1599, and of the Carew Papers, are the chief to the visitor against his appointment he

•contemporary authorities. Aubrey's Lives sup- was not admitted to the fellowship, which he

plies some seventeenth-century gossip. The most j^^ ^ y^ue of that office, till 7 May 1579,

copious collection of materials is that brought wlien t^e appeai kaa fceen decided in his

together in Dr. Grosart's memoir formuig vol. i. f The Opp0sition may have been partly

oftoeoUeeditiirfSflW<«to(lMa- o ulrit f t

ularit of the president,

1884, privately printed). _ _ _

that by Dean Church in the Men of Letters series.
Other useful memoirs are those respectively
prefixed to Todd's edition of the Works (1805)

-. 20 April 1602. Spenser re-

,

and, by Professor J. W, Hales, to the 0-lobe signed the Greek readership, after holding

_ j?i_;__. /i oot\ __ _:„„;! «Ji* ion*7\. rt-o4v« c-rtrrtn.

edition (1869, revised edit. 1897) ; Craik's some-
what diffuse Spenser and his Times (3 vols.
1845), and the notices in Cooper's Athenae
Cantabrigienses and in Professor Morley's Eng-

the office for the accustomed ten years, in
1588, but, for a while, retained his fellow-
sHp. Leaving Oxford, he held successively
the livings of Alveley, Essex, 1589-92,

list Waters (vol. ix. 1892). Collier's Biblio- Ardleigh, Essex, 1592-4, Faversham, Kent,

graphical Account supplies many useful hints. 1594-9, and St. Sepulchre's, Newgate, from

Among separately issued critical essays are John 1599 to j^s death, besides being presented to

Jortin's Bemarks on Spenser (1734) ; Thomas Broxbourne, Hertfordshire, in 1592. He was

Wain's O^ervatbBS on the Faerie Queene electedto the presidency of Corpus Christi

{1752 and 1762); Wham Huggms^s comments Q u on 9 -^ lQfff A £ t{mQ ^

&?s*SL iSLS^^^U17® rvn brrident <? g- T of $•

Queen (New York, 1847) ; and J. S. Hart's Essay Sepulchre s, Condon, as, on takmg the oaths,

on the Life and Writings (New York, 1847). ^ described as < diocesis Londinensis.' He

A Spenser Society, founded at Manchester in held *ne presidency during an uneventful

1866 by James Crossley [q. v.], has, with the ~™n* ^ ^A — n— •u;,^^ ,,«+n i,;a A^^
object of illustrating Spenser's work, issued re-
, prints of the works of his less-known contem-
poraries in som6 thirty-four volumes (1867-
1882). Of recent contributions to Spenserian
•criticism (not separately published) the most

ieriod in the college history until his death,
'6 April 1614. He was also one of the fellows
of Chelsea College, and was chaplain to
James I. In 1612 he was appointed preben-
dary of St. Paul's. A sermon by mm on

God's Love to his "Vineyaxd,9 preached at

suggestive are Leigh Hunt's essay in his Imagi- Paul's Cross, was published posthumously in

nation and Fancy; John Wilson's seven papers \Q\§

™ BUctwood's Magazine, 1834-5 ; Mr. J R g ^ WBS ^sociated witt two literary
' ,T2£ E 5?3^£VS£S ^erUkings of great mo ment-the transla-

tion of the authorised version of the Bible
and the completing of the publication of the
works of his friend, Richard Hooker [q. v.]
He was on the New Testament committee,
his special department being the Epistles,
while his predecessor, Eainolds, was on that
of the Old Testament. The fact appears to
be symbolised in their respective monuments
opposite each other in the Corpus Chapel,

Poets ; the essays by Mr. Aubrey de Vere and
Professor Dowden. appended to the biography by
Dr. Grrosart j Mr. Buskin's analysis of the first
book of the Faerie Queene in The Stones of
Tenice ; Mr. Roden Noel's preface to Spenser's
"Works in the Canterbury Poets; and Bean
Church's Introduction to a selection from Spen-
sesr's poetry in Mr. Humphry Ward's English
Pdet&l J. W. H.

S. L.

SPEN"SER,JOHN(1559-1614),president where Rainolds is represented as holding in
of Corfus Christi College, Oxford, son of his hand a closed book, Spenser an open
John Spenser, gent., was a native of Suffolk, one.

«EH! was born in 1559. His sister married The first posthumous edition of any part
v.lpresident of Corpus of Hooker's ( Ecclesiastical Polity' was
L He must apparently brought out by Spenser, who in 1604 pub-
the John Spenser (pjfc- lished an edition of the first five books ' with-
r afWigtsr ImAer of ^ the poet, Ed- oat any addition or diminution whatsoever/
1 "" ~ i j^as adraa^fced a scholar i with a brief but graceful and pregnant
$ftfl$$03i» S Aiag. 1571. | address ' To the Reader/ He also took great

Spenser

399

Sperling

pains to recover, in a form fit for publication,
the remaining three books, in which effort, so
far as regards the eighth book, he seems to
have been largely successful, no doubt owing
to the co-operation of Henry Jackson, a
scholar and afterwards fellow of Corpus.
Jackson was also employed in collecting and
editing, under Spenser's guidance, various
sermons by Hooker, including the celebrated
sermon on justification [see art. HOOKEB,
EICHABD, and HOOKEB'S Works, preface,
1888].

Spenser, no doubt, took great pains in
superintending the editing of Hooker's various
works. But it has sometimes been further
said that he took a considerable share in the
composition of them. This statement, which '•
has obtained currency through its repetition
in WoodTs * Athenas Oxonienses J (sub £ John
Spenser7), was originally due to one Ham-
lett Marshall, who seems to have been
Spenser's curate, and in 1615 published a i
sermon by him, dedicated to John King,
then bishop of London. In the dedication
to this sermon he makes this statement:
4 This of mine own knowledge I dare affirm,
that such was his humility and modesty in
that kind ' (namely, in withholding his works
from publication) , t that, when he had taken
•extraordinary pains, together with a most
judicious and complete divine in our church,
about the compiling of a learned and pro-
fitable work now extant, yet would he not
be moved to put his hand to it, though he
had a special hand in it, and therefore it fell
out that tulit alter honores* That Spenser
would often communicate with Hooker on
the work on 'Ecclesiastical Polity/ which
the latter writer was preparing, possibly
make suggestions, or have special points of
difficulty referred to him for advice or infor-
mation, is very probable, but that he made
any substantial contribution to the compo-
sition of the book, without receiving due
acknowledgment from the author, is a sup-
position as wholly repugnant to the character
•of Hooker as it is contradictory of the entire
tone and spirit of the address in which Spenser
introduces his friend's work (FoWLEB, Hist,
of Corpus Ckristi College, p. 173).

Spenser married a sister of George Oranmer
[q. vj, one of Hooker's favourite pupils. Ac-
cording to Wood, S|>enser's portrait was
painted f on the wall in the school gallery J
at Oxford (Athen®, ed. Bliss, ii. 190).

[Fowler's Hist, of Corpus Christi College, Ox-
ford, pp. 143-4, 170-5 ; Wood's Atheaas Otoa. ;
Foster's Alumni Oxon. ; Bnniet's Hist, of the
Reformation, Clarendon Press edition of 1816,
vot ii. pt. ii. pp. 504-5 ; Hooker's Works, Claren-
don Press edition of 1888, editor's prefeee. Ho

mention of Spenser's matriculation or admission
into Corpus Christi College is extant in the uni-
, versity or college registers.] T. F,

SPEBLING, JOHK (1793-1877), lieu-
, tenant royal engineers, son of Henry Piper
Sperling of Park Place, Henley-on-Tnames,
and afterwards of Norbury Park, Surrey,
by Sarah Ann, his wife (d. 28 May J850),
daughter of Henry Grace, esq., of Tottefcr
ham, Middlesex, was bom at Tottenham on
4 Kov. 1793. After passing^ through the
Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and
spending some time in the ordnance survey
of Great Britain, Sperling received a com-
mission as second lieutenant in the royal
engineers on 14 Dec. 181 1. He joined his
corps at Chatham in March 1812, and was
promoted to be first lieutenant on 1 July
1812. J

In December 1813 Sperling embarked at
Ramsgate with the expedition under Sir
Thomas Graham (afterwards Lord Lyne-
doch) [q. v.], to assist the Dutch against the
French, whose garrisons had been recently
much reduced in strength. He was one of
nine officers of royal engineers under the com-
manding royal engineer Lieutenant-colonel
(afterwards Lieutenant-general Sir) James
Carmichael Smyth [q. vTj They landed at
WiHiamstadt on 18 Dec. On 31 Dec, Spear-
ling was at Staandaarhuyten making a bridge
of boats, and in the early part of January
1814 he restored a tete-de-pont which pro-
tected the passage of the river. Chi 11 Jaa,
1814 Sperling, with his sappers, was attached
to a column sent to assist the Prussians in
dislodging the French from Hoogstraateai.
Sperling went to Breda on 21 Jan, to arrange
for accommodating a store depot for tne
bombardment of Antwerp. On 2 Feb. ne
advanced his engineer stores to Merzem,
and during the night commenced the cos-
struetion of a mortar battery, which was
armed and opened fire oa Antwerp on the
afternoon of the 3rd. He did duty in the
trenches until the 6th, when the siege was
raised. The British troops went into canton-
ments, and Sperling, after taking his engineer
stores to Breda, was sent to 'Stolen, in the
neighbourhood of Bergen-op-Zooni, to report
on the fortifieatiotis there.

On 8 March an attempt was made to storm
Bergen-op-Zoom with four columns. Headed
by Sperling, No. 1 storming column effected
an entrance by surprise at the Watergate and
sebed the guard, the French officer simpeMr
dering bis sword to Sperling, who kept it as
a trophy. The parly then swept the ram-
parts for some way, but not being sap|>orted
by the m«.in body of their own, acid en-
countering a krge force of the enemy, it was

Sperling

400

Spicer

obliged to fall "back after the death, of its two
commanders, Carleton and Gore. In the
course of this operation it came across the
second column under Major-general Cooke,
and together they made a stand for the night.
"When the day dawned it should have been
possible to take Bergen-op-Zoom ; but, in-
stead of support, came an order to retire.
The master-general of the board of ordnance
conveyed to Sperling ' a particular approba-
tion of the gallantry and ability shown by
him while attached to the advanced party
which entered the fortress.'

On 23 March Sperling was appointed ad-
jutant and quartermaster of the sappers
and miners, and he accordingly joined head-
quarters at Calmthout. But on 11 April
news arrived of the entrance of the allies
into Paris, and of the change of government,
upon which hostilities at once ceased.

Sperling moved with army headquarters
to St. Graven Wesel on 18 April, and dur-
ing May was employed in preparations for
taMngpossession of the fortresses assigned to
British occupation by the convention. He
also visited all the Scheldt defences. As
soon as Antwerp was handed over, British
headquarters were moved thither. On 7 June
Sperling was sent to London to lay before the
board of ordnance plans and reports of the
fortresses. He returned to Antwerp on
8 July. In August he made a survey and
plan of Liege citadel for Lord Lynedoch,
who was vacating the command, the Prince
of Orange succeeding him. On 10 Sept. he
removed with headquarters to Brussels, and
in October reconnoitred ground which the
Prince of Orange considered a good position
for an army in advance of Brussels.

When the news of Napoleon's escape from
Elba arrived (9 March 1815), Sperlings work
became very heavy. In April he visited
Ghent in regard to the defence works for the
permanent bridge over the Scheldt. On the
21st and 22nd of this month he dined with
Wellington, who, affcer a tour of inspection
of the fortresses, expressed himself well satis-
fied with Sperling's preparations. On 1 May
Sperling reported on the bridge of boats con-
structed at Boom, and then accompanied
Colonel Carmichael Smyth on a tour of in-
spection of the works at Ghent, Oudenarde,
Tocccaay, fihe pontoon bridge over the Scheldt
at Bscaaafes, with its tete-de-pont at Ath.
A sfce£di which he made of the position at
Hal for cleleQiee against an invaoing army
was laid below Wellington on the 17th, who
at <KKse sent Itim to Antwerp to meet Sir
BfflAs fq, v.J and conduct ln.ni. aver

crossed the fron-

tier, and on the 16th all the troops in Brus-
sels were in motion. Sperling joined Colonel
Carmichael Smyth on the 17th, and found
the British army falling back after the battle
of Quatre Bras. Next day Sperling and
Carmichael Smyth accompanied the duke
during the early part of the battle of Water-
loo, and affcer, owing to the various evolu-
tions, they separated from Wellington, they
remained until the great engagement ended,,
for the most part on the hill near the artillery,
occasionally taking refuge in the in&ntry
squares.

On 19 June Sperling returned with Smyth
to Brussels, and arrived on the 24th at Le
Cateau. He then moved with headquarters
towards Paris. On 2 July he visited Argen-
teuil, Bezons, and Carrieres, to report on their
comparative eligibility for bridging the Seine.
Argenteuil was selected, and the bridge was-
in progress the following1 day. On 7 July
Sperling entered Paris with the headquarters
staff. He remained in Paris until 27 Jan.
1816, when he was moved to Cambrai.

Sperling returned to England in November
1818, and retired on permanent half-pay on
24 Jan. 1824. He resided first at Great
Doods, near Reigate, Surrey, and afterwards
in a house which he built for himself in
Palace Gardens, Kensington, London. He
died at Kensington on 13 Feb. 1877.

Sperling married, on 12 March 1819,
Harriet Hanson, by whom he had an only
son, John (1825-1894).

Sperling was the author of ' Letters of an
Officer of the Corps of Royal Engineers,,
from the British Army in Holland, Belgium,
and France, to his Father, from the latter
end of 1813 to 1816,' 12mo, London, 1872.
These pleasantly written letters contain a
detailed diary of his life during an interest-
ing period.

[War Office Records; Despatches ; Royal En-
gineers' Records ; private sources ; his published
letters ; Jackson's Woolwich Journal, April 1 877 ;
Record, 1877; Royal Engineers' Journal, 1877;
Carmichael Smyth's Chronological Epitome of
the Wars in the Low Countries, 1825; Burke's
Landed Gentry ; Porter's Hist, of the Corps of
the Royal Engineers.] R, H. V.

SPICER,, HENEY (1743 P-1804), minia-
ture-painter, was born at Reepham, Norfolk,
about 1743, and became a pupil of Gervase
Spencer [q. v.l He worked both on ivory
and in enamel, and was one of the ablest
miniaturists of the period. He was a mem-
ber of the Incorporated Society of Artists,
and exhibited with them from 1765 to
1783; in 1773 he was secretary to the so-
ciety. He exhibited for the first time at
the Royal Academy in 1774, and about

Spiers

401

Spigurnel

1777 went to Dublin, where he resided for
some years, and was largely employed.
From 1792 Spicer was an annual contribu-
tor to the Hoyal Academy until his death,
which occurred in London on 8 June 1804.
He held the appointment of painter in
enamel to the Prince of Wales. Spieer's
works are of admirable quality, full of
character and finely coloured. His por-
traits of Moody and William Smith, the
actors, George Downing, the dramatist, and
Mrs. Chambers were engraved.

[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists; Graves's
Dictionary of Artists, 1760-1793; Exhibition
Catalogues.] F. M. 0*D.

SPffiRS, ALEXANDER (1807-1809),

lexicographer, was born at Gosport in
Hampshire in 1807. He studied in England,
in Grermany, and in Paris, and graduated
doctor of philosophy at Leipzig, Acting
under the advice of Andrieux, the well-
known poet, he settled in Paris as a pro-
fessor of English, and found employment
at L'ficole de Commerce, at L'Jicole des
Ponts et Chaussees, at I/Ecole des Mines,
and at the Lycee Bonaparte. For fourteen
years he devoted himself largely to compiling
a new English-French and French-English
dictionary. It appeared in 1846 as * General
English and French Dictionary, newly com-
posed from the English dictionaries of John-
son, Webster, Kicharcbon,&c., and from the
French dictionaries of the French Academy,
of Laveaux, Boiste/ &e. (London, 1846). It
proved superior to anything which had pre- ,
ceded it, and was at once * autorisS par le
conseil derinstruction publiqne/ 3 July 1846.
The twenty-ninth edition, in two volumes,
appeared in 1884 (remodelled by H.Witcomb^
Spiers*s successor at the Ecole des Ponts et
ChaussSes), and it remains the standard dic-
tionary. An abridgment, under the title
of * Dietioimaire abrege1 Anglais-Francais et
Francais-Aaglais, abrege* du Diction natre
Gtea&tal de m. Spiers/ was brought out in
1851 and sngplied to almost every school
and lycee in France. In November 1857 be
brought an action against L&m Contanseaa
and hispublishers,Longmans & Co., for pirat-
ing his dictionaries in a work entitled *A
Practical Dictionary of the French and Bug- "
lish Languages/ but Vice-chancellor Sir WH-
liam PajSfe Wood (afterwards Lord Hatherley)
[q. Y.]? in Ms decision on 25 Feb. 1858, said
that, although great use of Spiers's books had
been made without due acknowledgment, yet
in regard to such publications, which were
not entirely original, a charge of piracy could
not be sustained ( Weekly Jteporter, 1857-8,
F?i 352^; Times, 26 Feb. 1858, p. 10).

VOL. T.TTI.

Spiers was nominated an Agreg6 de
FUniversite, an GfBcier de 1'Instruction Pu-
blique, Examinateur & la Sprbonne, and In-
specteur General de FUniversite. He re-
ceived the cross of the Legion of Honour
from Napoleon EEL He died at Passy, near
Paris, on 26 Aug. 1869. He married in 1853
Yictoire Dawes Newman, by whom he left
five sons.

_ Besides his * Dictionary/ Spiers's chief pub-
lications were : 1. * Manual of Commercial
TermsinEnfflishandFrench/1846. 2. 'Study
of the English Prose Writers, Sacred and
Profane/ 1852. 3. ' Treatise on English Ver-
sification/ 1852. 4. 'The English Letter-
Writer/ 1853. 5. * Study of English Poetry,
a choice collection of the finest pieces of the
poets of Great Britain/ 1855. . All these
works were issued in both English and French
editions in London, Paris, and America (New
York or Philadelphia). Spiers also printed
and edited for French students Sheridan's
* School for Scandal * and * The Essays of F.
Bacon, Viscount St. Albans ' (1851).

[Larousse's Grand Dietionnaire, 1875, xiv,
1009 ; American Annual Cyclopaedia, 1869, iv.
542 ; Cooper's Register ami Magazine of Bio-
graphy (1869-70), ii. 106; M, Spiers et MM.
Dramard-Baodry et Cie, appeiants, MM. Hin-
gray. Smith et Hamilton, intimes, Paris, 1880 ;
private information.] 0. C. B.

SPIGTJRNEL, HENRY (1268 M328),
judge, born probably about 1S63, was Yery
probably a son or grandson of Godfrey
Spigurnel, who, in a grant to fr«n in 1^07
(9 John) of fiye bovates of tod and a Tmll
at Skegby in Nottinghamshire, is styled
'semens aoster d,e capella nosta' (JBetf.
Ckctrt. p. 169). The name * Spigoniel * was
originally grren to the officer who sealed the
writs in eLancery; probably the olEee be-
came hereditary, and supplied the surname
of a family. Henry jSpigarnel was sum-
moned to perform military service in 1297,
as possessing lands worth more than 207. a
year. He was also summoned to the parlia-
ment of that year, and to later parliaments of
Bdward I and Edwaxd II. He first appears
in a judicial capacity in 1296 (-4&#r. Mot. Or*p.
L97). On 12 Marcfe 1300 be received protec-
tion for one year on going beyoad seas on the
king's serriee. He eaimot hare gome abroad
for long, for om 15 April of the same year be
received a eammissipii as justice of oyer and
terminer. He exercised this function as well
as that of justice of tlie court of common pleas
in many succeeding years. He was also oae
of the magnates sworn in the parliament of
1301 to treat of the affairs of Scotland (PAir-
Documents* L 240).

On 6 Sej&. 13D7 lie was offered to eon?-

Spillan

402

Spiller

tinue in the office of justice of tlie pleas
coram rege by Edward II. In February
1311 lie was sent by the king on a mission
to the papal court, along with John de Ben-
stede (RYMER, ii. 128). On 8 March 1312
he was sent with twelve others to the bishops
and earls and barons of the province of Can-
terbury about to assemble at London to
explain certain matters touching the ordi-
nances. According to the credible state-
ment of the l Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvon '
(STUBBS, Ckron.ofEdw.IandEdw.il, p. 43),
he and "William Inge, when on circuit in
May 1312 (cf. Patent Roll, Edw. II), had
Piers Gaveston brought before them by the
Earl of Warwick, and condemned him by
the authority of the ' ordinances,7 * whose re-
peal was not fully known to that county.' On
29 May 1314 he and five others were ordered
to be at Westminster on 19 June, prepared to
set out as the king's envoys beyond the sea. In
January 1315 he was again acting as justice
of assize. On 19 Nov. he and the other
justices for holding pleas coram rege were
ordered to sit permanently on the bench, and
forbidden to absent themselves without the
Mng's special order or for infirmity. He was
summoned to the parliament of 14 Jan. 1316.
Although he was over sixty years of age in
1323-4 (17 Edward IT), he still continued
to act as justice until as late as 17 Sept. 1327,
the year before his death, which took place
in 1328.
In the 'Outlaw's Song of Traillebaston

ceeded M.A.* and ^[.B. in 18§6. On 13 April
1826 he was admitted a licentiate of the
King and Queen's College of Physicians in
Ireland, and was elected a fellow on 7 June
1830. He removed to London, and made a
vain effort to maintain himself there by prac-
tising his profession. He was equally unsuc-
cessful in his literary enterprises, and being
reduced to destitution, died in St. Pancras
workhouse on 20 June 1854, leaving a wife
and family. A son of his died of phthisis
in the workhouse immediately after,

Spillan was the author of: 1. * A Manual
of Chemistry,' London, 1837, 24mo. 2. <A
Manual of Percussion and Auscultation as
employed in the Diagnosis of Diseases of the
Chest and Abdomen/ London, 1837, 24mo.
3. 'Libamenta Praxeos Medicae/ London,
1838, 16mo. 4. * A Collection of Medical
Formulae from the most Eminent Physicians/
London, 1838, 24mo. 5. 'A Manual of
General Therapeutics/ London, 1841, 8vo.
6. * A Manual of Clinical Medicine/ London,
1842, 12mo. 7. * Thesaurus Medicaminum/
London, 1842, 12mo. 8. « The Homoeopathic
Preservers' Pharmacopoeia/ London, 1850,
16mo.

He also wrote a preface to Ray's "Treatise
on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity/
and he translated : 1. AndraFs * Clinique
Medicale/ London, 1836, 8vo. 2. SchilTs
' Outlines of Pathological Semeiology/
London, 1839, 8vo. 3. Teste's 'Practical

_, . , ^ o - Manual of Animal Magnetism/ London,

Spigurnel and Roger de Bella Fago, ' gent 1843, 8vo. 4. Jahr's < Homoeopathic Hand-
de cruelt6/_ are contrasted with William book/ London, 1851, 8vo.

Martyn and Gilbert de Knovill, 'gent de
piet£,' all four being named by a commission
of 6 April 1305 commissioners to judge the
trailbastons in the west of England ( WRIGHT,
Political Songs, p. 233; RYMIJB, Fcedera,
L 970).

Spigurnel lived at Kenilworth, and, ac-
cording to his own return in 1316, was lord
or joint lord of various townships in the
counties of Bedford, Buckingham, Oxford,
and Northampton. He had also property in
Essex and Leicestershire. His sons repre-
sented the county of Bedford in the parlia-
ments of 1 and 14 Edward IL
' a Judges of England, iii. 301 ; Gal. Pat.

d* £ 1292-1300, pp. 494, 549, 619, 629,
; C&L of Close KoUs,Edw.n, 1307-13, pp. 41

13-18' pp* 24' 101' U5>

; Cal. Pat. Bolls, Ed-
, pp. 87,206,et passimTW
voi m. &V. iE., Alphabetical Digest, p.
1448; and «ra|iiowfeies cited in text.] W. K. JL
&QUMOL BAOTKL (A 1854), scholar
~ ;A. from

and,

In addition to his medical works, Spillan,
who was a good classical scholar, translated
with critical notes: 5. "The Oration of
^Eschines against Ctesiphon/ Dublin, 1823,
12mo. 6. Sophocles's * Antigone ' and ' OEdi-
pus Colonaeus/ Dublin, 1831, 8vo. 7. Taci-
tus's ' Germania ' and i Agricola/ 1833, 12mo.
8. « The History of Rome by Titus Livius/
vol. i. (Bohn's Classical Library), 1848, 8vo.

[Gent. Mag. 1854, ii. 203 ; Cat. of Dublin
Graduates, p. 530 ; Register of College of Phy-
sicians in Ireland, pp. 96, 107; Lancet, 24 June
1854.] E. I. C.

SPILLER, JAMES (1692-1730), come-
dian, the son of ' the ' Gloucester carrier, was
born in 1692, and apprenticed to a land-
scape-painter named Ross. He obtained
some proficiency, but, soon wearying of his
occupation, joined a company of strolling
players, of which, as low comedian, he be-
came the principal support. Such absurd
experiments as Alexander the Great and Mi-
tiliridates were essayed by him. His genuine
? were, however, soon recognised. From

Spiller

403

Spiller

the outset lie displayed the recklessness and I
intemperance which were the bane of his j
career, and had to resort to various shifts,
and even to quit his engagements and run, [
In order to avoid arrest. At Drury Lane,
wMther he drifted, he is first heard of under
Aaron Hill on 6 Dec. 1709, when he played '
the Porter in Crowne's ' Country Wit.' Har- j
lequin followed on the 27th. On 9 Jan. i
1710 he was the original Corporal Guttum in
Aaron Hill's farce, 'The Walking Statue;' j
on 27 March the First Boatswain in Mrs. j
Centlivre's *A Bickerstaffe's Burying, or
Work for the Upholders/ in which Mrs.
Spiller (Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson) appeared
as Lucy. On the junction of the com- |
panies at the Haymarket, Spiller, who had
to undergo formidable rivalry, especially
from William Pinkethman [q. v.], was dis- (
missed. He, however, played with Pinketh- |
man at Greenwich during the summer of
1710, appearingas Polonius, Marplot in the

* Busy Body,7 Higgen in the * Eoyal Mer- ,
chant/ Brass in the * Confederacy/ Coupler,
and Bustopha in Beaumont and Fletcher's

* Fair Maid of the Mill/ He was in 1711-12 j
back at Drury Lane, where he played Cap- j
tain Anvil in Brome's * Northern Lass/ and
was on 5 June 1712 the original Ananias
in Hamilton's * Petticoat Plotter.' On 6 Jan.
1713 he was the first Smart in Taverner's

{ Female Advocates/ on the 29th the original
iirst soldier in Charles ShadwelPs ' Humours
of the Army/ and Foist (a lawyer) in the i Ap-
parition, or the Sham Wedding/ on 25 Nov.
When the new theatre in Lincoln's Inn
Fields was opened by John Rich [q.v.J Spiller,
though unmentioned by Colley Gibber, was
one of the actors who, with Keen, William
Bullock, Pack, and Leigh, seceded from Drury
Lane, and joined Rich in his new venture.
At Lincoln's Inn fields Spiller remained for
the rest of his life. He was on 3 Feb. 1715
the original Roger in Christopher Bullock's
'Slip/ taken from Middleton's 'A Mad
World, my Masters/ and on the 16th Cris-
pin in Molloy's l Perplexed Couple.' He
played Harlequin in the * Emperor of the
Moon/ Don Lewis in * Love makes a Man,'
and the False Count in Mrs, Behn's piece so
named, and was on 14 June the original
Captain Debonair in Griffin's *Love in a
Sack/ In the following season he played
Gomez in the * Spanish Friar/ Spitfire in
the 'Wife's Relief/ Sir W. Belfond in the
i Squire of Alsatia/ Appetite in the *Sea
Voyage/ Blunderbuss in the i Woman Cap-
tain ' (his wife being Phillis), and Petro in
the i Feigned Courtesans/ to Mrs, Spiller's
Laura Lucretia. On 21 April 1716, after a
fashion of the day, he recited an epilogue

seated on an ass. Spiller was in the habit,
for his benefit, of giving various entertain-
ments, and on 13 April 1717 he announced
*a new comi-tragi-mechanical prologue in
the gay style, written and to be spoken by
Spiller/

The characters subsequently assigned to
Spiller included, with many others, Hob in
the * Countrv Wake/ Bottom, Ben in * Love
for Love/ Hector in the ' Gamester/ Lord
Froth in the * Double Dealer/ Flip in the
< Fair Quaker/ First Murderer in < Macbeth '
and in * Richard HI/ Sexton in 'Hamlet/
lachimo in the 'Injured Princess' PCym-
beline*], Moneytrap in the 'Confederacy/
Gentleman Usher in *Lear/ Pistol in the
t Merry Wives of Windsor/ Pandarus in
'Troilus and Cressida/ Francis in 'King
Henry IV/ pt. i., Mad Englishman in the
1 Pilgrim/ Sham Doctor in the * Anatomist/
Dr. CaiuSj Daniel in * Oronooko/ Foigard in
the * Beaux1 Stratagem/ Marplot, Fourbin
in the * Soldiers* Fortune/ Brush in * Love
and a Bottle/ Sir Politick Wouldbe in < Yol-
pone/ and Spruce in the * Fortune-hunters/

His original characters were fairly nume-
rous, but not as a rule important. Among
them were James Spoilem, so named after
James Spiller in Bullock's * Perjurer/ 12 Dec.
(Spiller, in the prologue, says, *In these
short scenes my character is shown ') ; Peri-
winkle in Mrs. Centlivre's * Bold Stroke for
a Wife/ 3 Feb. 1718; Brainworm in an
alteration of i Every Man in his Humour 7
on 11 Jan. 1725; Mat of the Mint ia tJia
' Beggar's Opera ' on 29 Jan. 1728.

In consequence of his extravagance in
living, Spiller had in early days to take refuge
in the Southward sanctuary, the Mint. Affcer
the abolition of this, he was from time to
time confined in the Marshalsea. He was in
high estimation with a certain world of
fashion, and a public house near dare Market,
held by an ex-deputy-keeper of the Marshal-
sea, which he frequented, obtained much-
vogue. Its original title, the *Bull and
Batcher/ was changed about three months
before his death into the * Spiller's Head/ a
sign presenting the actor's portrait having
been painted and given to the proprietor by
a Mr. Legar.

On 31 Jan. 1730, while performing in Lewis
Theobald's * Rape of Proserpina,' Spiller had
an apoplectic seizure, and died on 7 Feb.
following. He was buried, at the expense of
Rich, in the churchyard of St. Clement's. An
epitaph on Mm, written by a butcher in Clare
Market, is quoted in his biography of 17:29.
It concludes :

He was an inoffensive, merry fellow,
When sober hipp'd, blithe as a birdwhraixaellcnr.

BBS

Spiller

404

Spilsbury

His wife's name stands opposite some
import ant parts, including" Lady Anne in
' Richard nl.J Spiller separated from her,
however, and formed other ties.

Spiller is credited with * performing all his
parts excellently well in an unfashionable
theatre, and to thin audiences/ He had re-
markable skill in transforming1 himself into
whatever character he represented, and one
night, as Stockwell in the ' Artful Husband,'
is said to have completely deceived his special
patron the Duke of Argyll, who, taking him.
for a new hand, recommended him to Rich
as deserving encouragement. According to
Louis Riccoboni, the historian of the stage,
Spiller ' acted the old man in a comedy taken
from Crispin Medicine [«c] with such a nice
degree of perfection as one could expect in
no player who had not had forty years' expe-
rience. ... I made no doubt of his being
an old comedian, who, instructed by long
practice and assisted by the weight 01 years,
had performed the part so naturally; but
how great was my surprise when I learnt
that he was a young man about the age of
twenty-six ! . . . The wrinkles of his face,
his sunk eyes, and his loose yellow cheeks,
were incontestable proofs against what they
said to me. I was credibly informed that
the actor, to fit himself for the part of the
old man, spent an hour in dressing himself,
and disguised his face so nicely and painted
so artificially a part of his eyebrows and
eyelids that at the distance of six paces it
was impossible not to be deceived '(cf. VICTOE,
Sist. of the Theatre, ii. 70).

Steele, in the < Anti-Theatre ' on 29 March
1720 (No. 13), published aletter signed l James
Spiller/ and addressed to the worshipful Sir
John FalstaiF, knight, in which Spiller adver-
tises his benefit, which took place on the 31st.
He talks humorously about his creditors,
who pay their compliments every morning
and ask when they shall be paid. He con-
tinues : < Wicked good company have [«c]
brought me into this imitation of grandeur.
I loved my friend and my jest too well to
gj&t rich ; in short, Sir John, wit is my blind
sl<le/ On this letter Nichols, the editor,
B0$e<$ that Spiller was * a comedian of great
e&eslleittee, who may be considered as the
@fe*t&T of Ms day ... a man of dissipated
apd i^egote life ; always in difficulties, and
lost the advantages of con-
' Nichols also says that
^e loss being probably
in* jnMx «t wMelt lie had a bad

ventures of the late celebrated Comedian, Mr.
James Spiller,' £c., London, n. d. [1729], 8vo
(the chief recommendation of the volume is
its scarcity).

[The Life of Mr. James Spiller, the late famous
Comedian, by George Akerby, Painter, London,
1729, 8vo, ante-dated and rare, with portrait;
The [fictitious] Comical Adventures of the late
Mr. J. Spiller, Comedian, at Epsom in England,
&c., Stirling, 12mp, n. d. [1800] ; Genest's Ac-
count of the English Stage ; Nichols's Theatre,
by Richard Steele ; Gibber's Apology, ed. Lowe;
Doran's Dramatic Annals, ed. Lowe.] J. K.

SPILSBURY, JONATHAN (/. 1760-
1790), engraver, practised chiefly in mezzo-
tint, and between 1759 and 1789 produced
many excellent plates, mainly portraits, which
included Richard Baxter, John Bunyan, after
Sadler; Lord Camden, after Hoare; Miss
Jacob and the Earl of Carlisle, after Beynolds ;
Inigo Jones, after Vandyck ; John Wesley,
after Romney ; and George III and Queen
Charlotte, from his own drawings. He also
engraved some subject-pieces after Murillo,
Rembrandt, Rubens, Metzu, A. Kauffman,
&c. For his print of Miss Jacob, which is
a very fine work, Spilsbury was awarded a
premium by the Society of Arts in 1761,
and for that of the Earl of Carlisle another
in 1763. He exhibited original portraits
and a few biblical compositions with the
Society of Artists in 1763, 1770, and 1771,
and at the academy from4 1776 to 1784. He
contributed a picture d£ 'The Widow of
Zarepta ' to the British institution in 1807,
and this is the last record of him.

He has been confused with his brother,
JOHN SPILSBTTBT (1730 P-1795 ?), also an
engraver, in consequence of phe similarity *
of Christian names ; some of the work exe-
cuted by one or other of the brothers is also
ascribed to a fictitious * Inigo ' Spilsbury.
John Spilsbury, who is said to have been
born in 1730, kept a print-shop in Russell
Court, Covent (Jarden, where he published
some of his brother's plates ; but, according
to a statement made by himself to the Rev.
James Granger (Granger Correspondence,
p. 403), his own work was confined to
maps, ornaments, &c. He, however, exe-
cuted a set of fifty etchings from antique
gems, published by Boydell in 1785, and was
probably the author of a set of twenty-four
plates of heads etched in the manner of
Rembrandt, and portraits of Queen Char-
lotte, J. W. Fletcher of Madeley, and Ben-
jamin; La Trobe, but these, being signed only
*J, Spilsbttry/ may be the work of ;, his
i bisother. He was drawing'-master at Harrow
< school, arf di*d about 1795.
* , Jftsx* SimsfBtnaY, afterwards Mrs. Taylor

Spinckes

405

Spinckes

(d. 1820?), daughter of Jonathan, was a
clever painter of rural and domestic subjects,
and exhibited largely at the Boyal Academy
and the British Institution from 1792 to
1813, Some of her works were well engraved
and became popular ; among them t The
Drinking Well in Hyde Park/ 'The Stolen
Child amid Gipsies/ and 'The Lost Child
Found/ * Reading ' and ( Singing/and * Blessed
are the Meek.' Her portrait of the Eev.
William Kingsbury was mezzotinted by i
H. Dawe. She also executed a few origi-
nal etchings. In or about 1809 Miss Spjls-
bury married one John Taylor, with whom
a few years later she went to Ireland ; there
she is said to have died about 1820.

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; J. Chaloner
Smith's British Mezzotinto Portraits j Nagler's
Kimstler-Lexlkon ; Dodd's manuscript Hist, of
Engravers in Brit. Mus. (Addit. MS. 33405) ;
Cat, of Books on Art ; Exhibition Catalogues.]

P. M. OT>.

SPItfCE3&,NATHA3raEL (3653-1727),
nonjuror, was born in 1653 at Castor in
Northamptonshire, where his father, Edmund
Spinckes, was rector of the parish. His
mother was Martha, eldest daughter of
Thomas Elmes of Lilford, to whom Edmund
Spinckes was chaplain. Nathaniel received
his early education from a neighbouring
clergyman, Samuel Morton, rector of Haddon.
On 9 July 1670 he matriculated at Trinity
College, Cambridge ; in 1673 he migrated to
Jesus College, where he was elected scholar
on the Bustat foundation. He graduated
BA. in 1674, and M.A. in 1077. On21 May
1676 he was ordained deacon by the bishop
of London (Dr. Henry Compton) in the
chapel of London House, and on 22 Dec,
1678 priest by the bishop of Lincoln (Dr.
Thomas Barlow) at St. Margaret's Church,
Westminster. He acted for some time as
chaplain to Sir Richard Edgcomb in Devon-
shire. Thence be moved to Petersham, and
became in 1681 chaplain to John Maitland,
second earl and first duke of Landerdale [q.v,],
forming a lifelongfriendship with his fellow
chaplain, George Hickes [q. y.] On the death
of tke Duke of Lauderd&le in August 1682,
be removed to London and beeaine curate
and lecturer at St. Stephen's, Walbrook
In 1685 he was presented by the dean and
chapter of Peterborough to the rectory of
PeaMrk-cum-Glynton in the north corner
of Northamptonshire. There be married
Dorothy, daughter of Thomas Katland, l a
citizen of London.' On 21 July 1687 he
was installed in the prebend of Major Pars
Altaris in Salisbury Cathedral, and on
24 Sept. 1687 was instituted to the rectory
of St. Martin's, Salisbury, of which Francis

Hill was patron, and three days later was
* licensed to preach5 at Stratford-^sub-Castle.
After the Revolution he declined to take
the oath of allegiance to "William and Mary,
and was deprived of all his preferments in
1690. He had inherited a small patrimony
from his father, who died in 1671, but this
was not sufficient to maintain his family,
and he was in straitened circumstances ; but
he received pecuniary aid from the more
wealthy nonjurors*

Spinckes's high character and varied learn-
ing gave him a leading position among the
nonjuring divines ; he was entrusted with.
the management of the fund raised by the de-
prived bishops; and on Ascension day 171S
he was consecrated bishop, together with
Jeremy Collier and Samuel Hawes, by his
friend'Dr. Hickes, suffragan-bishop of Thet-
ford, assisted by two Scottish bishops, Dr.
Archibald Campbell and James Gadderar
[q. v.], at Hickes's own private chapel in
St. Andrew's, Holbonu In the dispute about
the t usages J which divided the small party
of the nonyorors into two sections, Spinckes
was the leader of the * non-usagers/ that is,
of those who advocated the retention of the
prayer-book as it was, instead of returning
to the first prayer-book of Edward VI, as
the * usagers/ the chief of whom was Jeremy
Collier, desired to do. Spinekes died 28 July
1727, and was buried in the G&x&efa&j ®l the
pariah of St. Faith, on the noiih side of Sfc.
i^auTs, in London, his wife surviving Mm
only one week. Of alargelaimly,trwoak)iie
survived their parents : William, wi® became
a successful and wealthy merchant; and
Anne, who married Anthony Cope,

Among tbfi many friends of Spradaes wag
the pbras Robert Nelson, who bef tteatfaed to
Mm 10GJ. To the fourth edition of his fees*-
known work, * The Sick Mam visited/ 1731,
a portrait of Mm by Yertae, from a painting
by Woliaston, is prefixed, which repesesats
him a& a ***** of & stout face and %ure, in
gown and bands. Beneath tl*e potizait is
the following inseripftim: * Tfee J^ev. Mr.
Spiaekes. Tliis very emiBent divine was
venerable of aspect, orthodox in tratli, his
adversaries being Badges. He "had w^^mmon
leariu^aiidsaperiorjudgiaieiit. Hkpatieiiee
was great, Ms eeif-teiafgreater, liis efa&rity
still greater. His temper, sweefc and HB-
Bao veable beyond compansoai.* He was gene-
rally regarded by Ms contemporaries as one
of the saints of tbe nonjuring party, and,
though he took a leading and nnoorafforass^
ing part in the coaat3pover^es of tfee Say, fee
never seems to have mack a personal momy.

Spinekes was an excellent linguist, being
a proficient in Greek, Latin, A®g io-Saa^on,

Spinckes

406

Spode

^ and French, and having some knowledge of
oriental languages. He was a voluminous
Y writer. His chief publications were : 1. t The
B lEssay towards a Proposal for Catholick Com-
munion, &c,, answered Chapter by Chapter'
[against reconciliation of the church of Eng-
land with the church of Rome, proposed by
Mr. Bassett], 1705. 2. 'The New Preten-
ders to Prophecy re-examined, and their Pre-
tences shown to be Groundless and False/
1705. 3. ' Mr. Hoadly's Measures of Sub-
mission to the Civil Magistrates enquired
into and disproved,' pt. i. 1711 ; pt. ii. 1712.
4. 'The Sick Man visited, and furnished
with Instructions, Meditations, and Prayers/
1st ed.1712; 2nd ed.1718; 3rd ed. 1722;
4th ed. 1731. 5. 'The Case truly stated;
wherein " The Case re-stated " is fully con-
sidered 7 [that is, the case between the church
of Rome and the church of England]. ' By
a Member of the Church of England/ 1714.
6. ' A Collection of Meditations and Devo-
tions in Three Parts/ 1717. 7. 'The Case
farther stated between the Church of Rome
and the Church of England, wherein the
Chief Point about the Supremacy is fully dis-
cussed in a Dialogue between a Roman Catho-
lic and a member of the Church of England/
1718. 8. ' No Sufficient Reason for Restor-
ing the Prayers and Directions of King
Edward VTs First Liturgy/ 2 parts, 1718.
9. 'No Just Grounds for introducing the
New Communion Office, or denying Com-
munion to those who cannot think them-
selves at liberty to reject the I iturgy of the
Church of England for its sake. In answer
to a late Appendix and to Dr. Brett's Post-
script/ 171%. 10. ' The Article of Romish
Transubstantiation inquired into and dis-
proved from Sense, Scripture, Antiquity, and
Reason/ 1719. 11. ' The Church of England-
Man's Companion in the Closet, with a Pre-
face by N. Spinckes/ 1721 ; a manual of pri-
vate devotions collected, probably by Spinckes
himself, from the writings of Laud, Andrewes,
Ken, Hickes, Kettlewell, and Spinckes, which
reached a fifteenth edition in 1772, and was
repubMshed in 1841.

Besides these works, Spinekes wrote a
peface to his Mend Hickes's ' Sermons on
Several Subjects/ 2 vols. published in 1713,
aad also published a volume of posthumous
iisetms^ by Hiekes, with a preface, in 1726.
He Jisj sail to liave assisted in the publi-
ca&m of GhraWs Septuagint, of Newcourtfs
*jRepert®^te/ of HowelFs * Canons,' of
*.<S)feiHWs Alexandrinus/ and of
*Baie^ii^of the Clergy-'

; i$ &>feB Blaekboome ; Life
j$jfc

the Closet, by F. Paget; Spinckes's "Works,
passim ; Hickes's Works, passim ; Lathbury's His-
tory of the Nonjurors; Kettlewell's Life by
Francis Lee, &c. ; KettlewelTs Life, &c., by
author of Nicholas Ferrar (1895) ; Hearne's
Collections, ed. Doble (Oxf. Hist. Soc.)]

J. H. 0.

SPITTLEHOUSE, JOHN (fi. 1653),
pamphleteer, fought for the parliament
against the king at Gainsborough and at the
siege of Newark (1644), remaining in the
army till after the battle of Worcester (1651 )
(Cat. State Papers, Dom. 1654, p. 62). When
Cromwell dissolved the Long parliament
(20 April 1653), Spittlehouse published
several pamphlets in defence of that action,
and urged that Cromwell should imitate
Moses in appointing governors for the people.
On 5 Dec. 1653 the sergeant-at-arms was
ordered to apprehend him and bring him be-
fore council to answer for certain petitions
presented by him to council and parliament
(&. 1653-4, pp. 272, 294, 446). He was
released by order of council on 6 April 1654,
but his arrest was again directed on 19 Oct.
for publishing an abusive answer to Crom-
well's speech of 4 Sept. 1654 (ib. 1654,
pp. 378, 434). His release, on giving a bond
to the extent of 200/. to live peaceably, was
voted on 1 Feb. 1656 (ib. 1655-6, p. 155).
The date of his death is not known.

Spittlehouse was the author of: 1. 'The
Army Vindicated in their late Dissolution of
the Parliament/ 1653, 4to. 2. < A Warning
Piece Discharged/ 1653 (on these two tracts
see GARDINEB, s Commonwealth and Protec-
torate, ii. 223). 3. ' An Answer to one Part
of the Lord Protector's Speech, or a Vindi-
cation of the Fifth-Monarchy Men/ 1654.
4. * The Picture of a New Courtier, drawn
in a Conference between Mr. Plainheart and
Mr. Timeserver,' 1656.

[Authorities mentioned in the article.]

C. H. P.

SPODE, JOSIAH (1754-1827), potter,
was born at Stoke-upon-Trent in 1754. His
father, Josiah Spode (1733-1797), worked a&
a potter with Thomas Whieldon from 1749
to 1754, when he commenced manufacturing
on his own account. The younger Josiah
learnt the trade in his father's workshops, and
is said to have introduced transfer printing
into Stoke. He specially favoured tne blue-
printed ware, particularly the willow pattern,
and much improved the jasper, cream, and
black Egyptian ware. Spode s ware was soon
made generally known through the agency
{ of William Gopeland, a traveller in the tea
! trade, who undertook to sell it to his cus-
tomers on commission. The demand grew
,; so rapidly that Spode, with Copland's co-

Spofforth

407

operation, opened a warehouse in Fore Street,
Cripplegate, London. The trade steadily in-
creased, and larger premises at 37 Lincoln's
Inn Fields, the site of which was formerly
occupied by the Duke's Theatre, were pur-
chased by Spode and Copeland in 1779.

In 1796 the net profits of the firm exceeded
13,QOOZ. On his father's death in the follow-
ing year Josiah returned to Stoke, after
making Copeland a partner and entrusting
the London warehouse to his care. In 1800
Spode commenced to manufacture porcelain,
and introduced bones into the paste as well
as felspar, which increased the transparency
and beauty of the ware. The present method
of ornamenting porcelain in raised unbur-
nished gold was first introduced by him in
1802. In 1805 he also made a fine ware
called opaque porcelain. *He and other
manufacturers inundated France with this
description of ware under the name of iron-
stone china. It almost entirely superseded
their fayence owing to its superior durability *
(GHA"ETEBS). The Prince of Wales visited
Spode's manufactory in 1806, and he was
appointed potter to the king. In 1812 he
erected a large steam engine on his works,
and made many important improvements.

Spode built for himself a very fine house
at Penkhull, Staffordshire, called The Mount,
and thither he and his family removed in
1804. He died there on 16 July 1827, aged
73. At the age of nineteen he married Miss
Barker, daughter of a pottery manufacturer,
by whom he had a son Josiah. His partner,
William Copeland, predeceased him in 1826,
being succeeded by his son, William Taylor
Copeland [q. v.],into whose hands the whole
business eventually passed-through the death
of Spode's son Josiah, on 6 Oct. 1827. Spode
was the most successful china manufacturer
of his time, and lefb a large fortune.

[Ghaffers's Marts and Monograms on Pottery
and Porcelain, 7th ed, 1891 ; Jewitt's Ceramic
Art of Great Britain, 1883 ; Animal Register
for 1827 ; Prof. Church's English Earthenware,
1884 ; Gent Mag. 1827 ii. 470, 1829 ii. 568.]

E.L.R.

SPOFFOETH, KEGINALD (1770-
1827), glee composer, the son of a currier,
was born at Southwell, Nottinghamshire, in
1770. Fig uncle, Thomas Spofibrth, organist
of Southwell collegiate church, adopted him
and taught him music, and he "became a pupil
of Dr. Benjamin Cooke [q. v.] He wrote his
first glee, * Lightly o'er the village green/
in 1797, and in 1793 obtained two prizes
offered by the Nobleman's Catch Club for
glees (* See ! smiling from the rosy east * and
* Where are those hours ? *), which brought
into notice. In 1799 he published a

i Set of Six Glees,* which permanently esta-
blished his reputation. One of these, * Hail !
smiling morn,' is probably the most popular
glee ever written. Another, *Fill high the
grape's exulting stream/ gained a piize in
1810. As a member of the t Concentores
Sodales' he wrote a number of glees and
canons, and some of these, left in a, crude
state and not intended for publication, were
afterwards issued without authority by his ,
! pupil, William Hawes (1785-1846) [q. v.]
| He wrote some ephemeral music for the stage,
I and, being a good pianist, accompanied at
I Covent Garden, under William Shield [q. v.]
j He is best represented by his glees, about
j seventy in number, which are excellent and
; marked by a lively fancy and a chaste style.
| He died at Brompton on 8 Sept. 1827, and
j was buried at Kensington parish church. On
j the colonnade, near the bell tower, in
j Brompton cemetery, there is a tablet to his
memory.

| A younger brother, Samuel (1780-1864),
} was organist successively of Peterborough
[ and Lichfield cathedrals. He composed some
I once popular chants and other church music,
and died at Lichfield on 6 June 1864.

[Barrett's English Crises and Part Songs;
Baptie's English Glee Composers; Biogr. Diet,
of Musicians, 1824; Grove's Diet.; Parr's
Church of England Psalmody ; Brown aad Sfcrafc-
ton's British Musical Biography, 1897-3

J. (X H.

SPOONER, CHAKLES (& 1767), i
tint engraver, was bom in co. We
and became a pupil of John Brooks [q. v J
In Dublin he executed portraits of William
Hogarth (1749), Anthony Malone, Samuel
Madden (1752), and Thomas Prior (1752),
all of which are extremely scarce. He came
to London before 1756, and engraved some
good portraits, two or three of which w&re
from his own drawings ; as well as genre
subjects a&er Bembrandt, Temiers, Sehalkes,
Mercier, and others. Bat he found his chief
employment in making skilful copies of plates
by otheaf engravers for Sa^er and Bowles, the
printeellers. Spooner cfied in London on
5 Dec. 1767, Ms life being shortened by In-
temperance, and wasburied beside Ms friend,
James Macardell [q. v,], in Hampstead
churchyard.

[Bedgrave's IHofc. o€ Artists; J, GhaJooer
Smith's British Mezzoaato Portraits; Dodd's
manuscript Hist* of Engravers in Brit. MBS.
(A4diL MS. 33405}.] R 3C 0TX

, mezzo-

SFOONEB, CHAELES (1806-1871),

veterinary surgeon, born 19 Oci* 1806, was
youngest of the three sons of WaiiamSpooaar
of Fordham, Es^y. His fatiber at tm time

Spooner

408

of his birth occupied the dairy farm at Mistley
Park, Mannington, haying removed thither
from Yorkshire. On leaving school Spooner
•was apprenticed to a chemist, G-eorge Jervis
of Westbar, Sheffield, and at the expiration
of his term entered the Royal Veterinary Col-
lege, as a student, November 1828. He ob-
tained his diploma 21 July 1829, and shortly
afterwards was appointed, chiefly through
the influence of Professor Sewell, veterinary
surgeon to the Zoological Society, a post in
which he was soon succeeded by William
Youatt [a, v.] About the same time, begin-
ning 3 JNov. 1834 (Veterinarian, 1834, vii.
665), he delivered private lectures and de-
monstrations on veterinary anatomy in his
rooms near the college. Spooner was already
* well known as one of the best veterinary
anatomists, perhaps the best, of which the
profession could boast ; (ib. 1835, viiL 646),
and thus a gap which had long existed in the
official college training was efficiently filled.
Early in 1839 he reluctantly accepted the
post of demonstrator of anatomy at the col-
lege and broke up his private classes. His
advancement at the college was rapid. In
the same year he became assistant professor
in the place of Sewell, who was now made
principal of the college on the death of the
Former chief, Professor Coleman (1764-1839).
Spooner delivered his first lecture on 19 Nov.
(#. 1839, xii. 817). Spooner was associated
with Professor Sewell (1780-1853) in the
formation, in 1836, of the Veterinary Medical
Association, of which he became treasurer,
and in 1839 president, an office to which he
was subsequently re-elected annually. In
1842 he became deputy professor of the col-
lege, and in 1853, on the death of Professor
Sewell, principal and chief professor, with
residence in the college. He now stood at
the head of his profession, and in 1858 be-
came president of the incorporated Eoyal
College of Veterinary Surgeons (ib. 1858
xxxi. 349).

In 1865 Spooner was a member of the
esttle plague commission. His judgment
was frequently appealed to in the kw courts.
(cf. Z*mce£, 16 Dec. 1871). Dying on 24 Nov.
|J71, ibe was buried in Highgate cemeterv'
lie mtojried early in 1840 a Miss Boulton of
and left a &m2y of five sons

Spooner

g^^tte some tame joint editor trf the
~* " *" onerwrotelittle. It

where he was aided
£eof anatomy, as a
aejQMEistrator on anatomy,

ceedings of the Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion/ &c. A lecture by him on ' Horses '
delivered before the members of the Farrine;-
don Agricultural Library, was published Sn
pamphlet form in 1861 (wrongly placed in
the British Museum catalogue under the
name of William Charles Spooner).

[The Veterinarian, passim, especially obituary
in xlv. (1872), 89; Biographical Sketch of
Professor Charles Spooner by Professor J B
Simonds, London, 1897; Obituary in Gardeners'
Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, 2 Dec 1871 •
Lancet, 16 Dec. 1871.] E. C-E '

SPOOLER, WILLIAM CHAELES
(1809 P-1885), veterinary surgeon, was born
about 1809 at Blandford, Dorset, where his
father is said to have been an innkeeper. He
was in no way related to his namesake, Charles
Spooner (1806-1871) [q. v.], with whom he
has been frequently confused. He entered
the Eoyal Veterinary College, obtaining- his
diploma 7 March 1829, and began to prac-
tise at Southampton, where he established a
' Veterinary Infirmary, Forge, and Register
Office for the sale of horses/ at Vincent's
Walk, Hanover Buildings. About 1845,
however, he in great measure gave up his
veterinary practice, and commenced, in part-
nership with Mr. Bennett, a manufacture
of chemical manures at Eling Hill Farm.
He subsequently purchased the * Old Bone
Mill' at Eling. Through his exertions the
chemical manure works of Spooner & Bailey,
probably the best at that time in the south
of England, soon became widely known.

In 1840 he was appointed one of the
committee 'to watch over the interests of
veterinary science/ especially with a view to
the establishment of a chartered college of
veterinary surgeons. He lectured constantly
before various clubs and societies in Hamp-
shire and the adjoining counties. He was a
frequent contributor to the earlier numbers
of the 'Journal* of the Eoyal Agricultural
Society, and gained the society's prizes for
two essays—' On the Use of Superphosphate
of Lime produced withAcid and Bones for
Manure' (Journal, 1846, vii. 143), and 'On
the Management of Farm Horses ' (&. 1848,
ix. 249). In 1852 a prize offered by the Bath
and West of England Agricultural Society
for an essay 'On the most Economical and
Profitable Method of growing- and consuming
Eoot Crops ' was awarded to him. This essay
was printed ^mong the society's proceedings
for 1854 (Journal, ii. 1). In the same year
a water drill of his invention was exhibited
at Pusey, and received much praise ($. p.
). Towards the end of his life Spooner
entrated his attention very largely on
man^Eaefcure of superphosphate m.d

Sporley

409

Spottiswood

otjier artificial manures. He suffered greatly
throughout life from deafness, which at last
necessitated his retirement in great measure
from active life. He died of paralysis on

3 May 1885 at his residence at Eling.
Spooner was an excellent judg-e of horses,

and was frequently seen in the t ring 7 at agri-
cultural shows. He was most widely known
for his work on l Sheep/ He wrote : 1. 'A
Treatise on the Influenza of Horses,' 1837, in
.great part a compilation giving * the experi-
ence of many eminent veterinary surgeons/
including Professor Sewell, Youatt, and
Charles Spooner. 2. ' A. Treatise on the
Structure, Functions, and Diseases of the
Poot and Leg of the Horse,' 1840, which has
been erroneously attributed to Professor
Charles Spooner. 3. * The History, Structure,
Economy, and Diseases of the Sheep/ 1844, a
standard, work of which a new (third } edition,
'considerably enlarged/ appeared thirty years
later. The work was undertaken largely ow-
ing to Youattfs recommendation, aiming at
more condensed and practical treatment than
had been the case in Youatt's own treatise on
sheep, issued seven years previously in the

4 Library of Useful Knowledge.' 4. < A Trea-
tise on Manures/ 1847. For the 'Encyclo-
paedia Metropolitana/ at the instance of Pro-
fessor Sewell, Spooner wrote an article on

* Veterinary Art/ which was subsequently
issued as a separate treatise. Spooner also
contributed to Morton's * Encyclopaedia of
Agriculture/ which was published between
1848 and 1853 [see Moposr, JOHH, 1781-
1864], He edited and in part rewrote, in
1842, White's two treatises, * A Compendium
of Cattle Medicine* and * A Compendium of
the Veterinary Art.* Among his minor con-
tributions, which cover a wide range of agri-
cultural topics, may be mentioned papers on

* Cross-breeding in Sheep and Horses/ 'The
Capabilities of the New Forest/ ' The Failure
of the Turnip Crop/ £c.

[Private information from Professor J. B.
Simondsj Veterinary Medical Association Pro-
ceedings, passim; Obituaries in Agricultural
Gazette, 11 May 1885, pp. 597-6 (with por-
trait); Veterinarian, Iviii. 448 (June 1885);
Veterinary Journal, 1885, rs. 461 ; Mark Lane
Express, 1885,i.584; Bell's Weekly Messenger,
11 May 1885 p. 5, 18 May p. 5 ; Live Stock Jom>-
nal, 8 May 1885 ; Works.] E. C-B.

SPORLE Y or SPORTE, RICHARD (d.

1490 ?), historian, became a monk of West-
minster about 1430. He wrote a collection
of annals, of which extracts have been pre-
served in a sixteenth-century copy made by
J. Jocelin (Cotton MS, Vit. E. xiv, 260 ;
also in Harl. 692, f. 198). The entries run
from 1043 to 1483. He wrote also a history

of "Westminster from its foundation, for
which he used Sulcard [q. v.] and other old
authorities. He carries his collection of
charters to the reign of John. The manu-
script containing this work also supplies
another on the abbots and priors of West-
| minster, which appears to be an enlargement
: of the work of Prior John Flete [q. Y.] ; it
ends in 1386 (Cotton. MS. Claud. A. vnL f.
16 ; cf. Flete's MS. in Westminster Chapter
library).

[Dart, Widmore, andDngdale all cite from
the Cotton. MS. Claud. A. viil in their histories
of Westminster.] M. B.

SPOTTISWOOD or SPOTSWQOIX
ALEXANDER (1676-1740), colonial go-
vernor, born at Tangier in 1676, was the
only son of Robert Spotswood and his wife
Catherine Elliott. His father was physician
to the governor and garrison of Tangier,
and third son of Sir Robert Spottiswood
[q. v.J secretary for Scotland. Alexander
became an ensign in the Earl of Bath's regi-
ment of foot on 20 May 1693, obtained a
lieutenancy on 1 Jan. 1696, and rose to be
captain before 1704. He was wounded at
Blenheim, and obtained a lieutenant-colonel's
commission. In 1710 he was appointed lieu-
tenant governor of Virginia under the nominal
governor, George Hamilton, first earl of Ork-
ney [q. v.] fie showed himself a conspi-
cuously energetic administrator, laBotormg
for the good of the colony in divers ways. He
rebuilt the college of William and Mary, and
took measures for the conversion and instruc-
tion of Indian children. He was the Ursfe to
explore the Appalachian mountains in 1716.
He dealt resolutely with the enemies of the
colony, capturing- and putting to death the
famous pirate Edward Teach [q. v.],HBd hold-
ing in check fche Indians on tite firofitaer. In
1 722 he held a conference with the five Balioo»,
and by bis diplomacy the Toscaroras^ who
were threatening the Oarolinas, were disap-
pointed of support

As was usual with the colonial assemblies,
the legislature of Virginia were Imekward
in finding funds for the governors under-
takings against the Indians* and disputes re-*
suited. Spotswood also in 1719 emtangled
bimself in a difficulty with the crown as to
bhe right of presentation to benefices in,
Virginia. This led to hia supersession in
1722, He continued to live in the colony,
holding a large landed estate on the R&pidaa
river in the county of Spotsylvani% whsm,
about 1716, he founded the townofGeraiaaiBa,
carried om extensive ironworks, a®d culti-
vated vines. In 173Gbe was appointed <i8f nty
postmaster for t&e colonies. In 17^ fee re-

Spottiswood

410

Spottiswood

ceived his commission as major-general, and
was engaged in collecting forces for the expe-
dition against Carthagena when, in June
1740, he died. In the state library of Vir-
ginia there are two portraits of Spotswood,
and another is preserved at Sedley Lodge,
Orange County, Virginia.

He married, in 1724, Ann Butler, daughter
of Richard Bryan and goddaughter of James
Butler, duke of Ormonde, and left two sons
and two daughters.

[Genealogy of the Spotswood family by
Charles Campbell, Albany, 1868 ; Official Letters
of Alexander Spotswood, published by the Vir-
ginia Historical Society, 1882; Winsor's History
of America, vol. v. ; Dalton's Army Lists, iii
317.] J. A. D.

SPOTTISWOOD, JAMES (1567-1645),
bishop of Clogher, born at Calder in Scot-
land on 7 Sept. 1567, was the second son of
John Spottiswood (1510-1585) [q. v.], by
his wife Beatrix, daughter of Patrick Crich-
ton, of Lugton and Gilmerton, and the
younger brother of John Spottiswood (1565-
1637) [q. v.], archbishop of St. Andrews.
He was educated at home under a tutor
named ^ William Strange, and then passed
some time at Edinburgh grammar school
and at Linlithgow. In 1579, when ' scarce
twelve years of age/ he entered Glasgow
University, graduating M.A. in 1583. He
spent the next two years in attendance on
his father at Calder, and in 1588 he entered
the king's service. In October 1589 he ac-
companied James VI as gentleman-usher on
his voyage to meet his bride [see ANITE OF
DESTMAEZ, 1574-1619], and on 27 Dec. 1591
he raised the alarm which saved James
from seizure by the Earl of Bothwell fsee
HEPBURN, EBAITCIS STEWART, fifth EABL
OF BOTHWELL]. In 1598 he was sent
abroad as secretary to the ambassadors to
the king of Denmark and the German
princes, and on James's accession to the
English throne Spottiswood was left behind
in attendance on Queen Anne. Early in
the following autumn he was sent with
letters to Archbishop Whitgift, who, finding
mm weE disposed to the Anglican church
fersmaded him to take orders in it. On
M l^ovv letters of naturalisation on his
Mialf jjassed the great seal, and in Decem-
»ar Jbe -was presented by the king to the
; <;,«€ Wells, Norfolk (BLokBKELi^,
~3&). ,For sixteen years Spot-
f to nk parish, refusing- to at-
^~* * i 1S16 Le accompanied ]
"1 oa Ms visitation to
of "Sk AiKtrew®. it

. quam

thesis 'Concio J. Spottiswodii .

habuit ad Clerum Andreanopoli . . . VLV

gradu Doctoratus/ Edinburgh, 1616, 4to.

In 1621 Spottiswood was induced to ac-
cept the bishopric of Clogher ; he landed at
Dublin in April, but his patent was not
dated until 22 Oct. following, and he was
at once involved in a dispute with Ussher
about the exercise of the jurisdiction of his
see ( USSHER, Epistolce, ed. Parr, Nos. 41
42). On the death of Patrick Hamilton
[q. v.], archbishop of St. Andrews, in 1629,
Charles I is said to have offered the see to
Spottiswopdj who refused it, and it was then
given to his brother John ; but this statement
is perhaps a confusion with Spottiswood's
refusal of the offer Charles made him of the
archbishopric of Cashel on the death of Mal-
colm Hamilton in the same year (Laud to
Ussher in Works, iv. 261, 267). When the
Irish rebellion broke out in 1641 Spottis-
wood fled to England; he died at Westmin-
ster in March 1644-5, and was buried in St.
Benedict's Chapel, Westminster, on the 31st
(CHESTER, West. Abbey Reg. p. 139). Spot-
tiswood, who was married before taking
orders, left a son, Sir Henry Spottiswoocf,
and a daughter Mary, who married Abraham
Crichton and was ancestress of the earls of
Erne (LODGE, Peerage of Ireland, vi. 65;
BTJKKE, Peerage, s.v. ' Erne ').

The bishop is believed to have been the
author of an anonymous manuscript in the
Auchinleck library, entitled 'A Briefe
Memoriall of the Life and Death of James
Spottiswoode, bishop of Clogher/ It con-
tains some interesting information about his
early years, but consists mainly of a long
account of his private and public anxieties
during the tenure of his bishopric j the last
few pages are in another hand, and even
they do not extend to the date of his death.
The manuscript was edited and published
by Sir Alexander Boswell in 1811 (Edin-
burgh, 4to). Besides the 'Concio' men-
tioned above, Spottiswood also published
* The Execution of Neshech and the Con-
fyning of his brother Tarbith : or a short
Discourse shewing the difference betwixt
damned Usurie and that which is lawfull.
Whereunto there is subjoyned an Epistle of
. . . J. Calvin touching that same Argu-
ment . . . translated out of Latine/ Edin-
burgh, 1616, 4to. Another work, entitled
' The Purgatory of St. Patrick,7 which has
not been identified, is attributed to him by
Ware, but erroneously according to Sir
A. BoswelL 6

[A Briefe Memoriall, &CM 1811 ; Hew Seott's
Fasti EceL Scot. i. 174; Cotton's Fasti EccL
Hi, 78, 36 ». ; Reg, Privy Council, Scotland,

Spottiswood 4

ed. Masson; Cal. State Papers, Ireland, 1615-
1625; Rymer's Foedera; Ware's Bishops of
Ireland, ed. Harris, p. 188 ; authorities cited.]

A. F, P.

SPOTTISWOOD, SPOTISWOOD, or
SPOTSWOOD, JOHN (1510-1585), Scots
reformer, second son of William Spottiswood
of Spottiswood (killed at Flodden in 1513),
by Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Hop-Prongle
of Torsonce, was born in 1510. The family •
trace back to Robert Spottiswood who pos-
sessed the barony of Spottiswood, Berwick-
shire, in the reign of Alexander IEL John
Spottiswood was incorporated in the univer-
sity of Glasgow in 1534, and took the degree
of M. A. in 1536. He intended to study for
the church, but the persecution of heretics
in Glasgow gave him such a distaste for
theology (WooBBOW, Collections, L 72) that
in 1588 he went up to London with the
intention of applying himself to some other
business. Here, however, he came under
the influence of Archbishop Cranmer, who
admitted him to holy orders. He remained
in London till 1543, when he returned with
the Scots nobles taken prisoners at Solway
Moss, residing mostly with the Earl of Glen-
cairn. In 1544 he was employed by the
Earl of Lennox in negotiations with Henry
VIII relative to the marriage of Lennox to
I&dy Margaret Douglas, the king of England's
niece. By Sir James Sandilands (afterwards J
first Lord Torphichen) [q. v.], a zealous re-
former, he was in 1547 presented to the
parsonage of Calder comitis (now divided J
into the parishes of Mid-Calder and West '
Calder). No doubt he became an intimate
friend of Knox when Enox stayed some time
with Sir John Sandilands at Calder House
in 1555 ; and he seems to have been altogether
dominated by Enox's personality. In 1558
he accompanied Lord James Stewart, after-
wards the Regent Moray, to witness the
marriage of Queen Mary of Scotland to the
dauphin of France. On the institution of
ecclesiastical superintendents by parliament
in July 1560, he was nominated superin-
tendent of Lothian and Tweeddale (Ejsrox,
i. 87), and he was admitted in the following
March without resigning his charge at
Calder. He was also in 1560 named one '
of a committee to draw up the * First Book
of Discipline.' In Quentin Kennedy's * Com-
pendious Bessonyng J in support of the mass,
he is referred to as profoundly * learnit in the
mysteries of the New Testament* (Excx, ,
Works, vL 167). As the superintendent of i
Lothian and Tweeddale — which included
Edinburgh and the most important part of ;
southern Scotland — Spottiswood was a pro-
minent figure in the ecclesiastical politics of

t* Spottiswood

the time, although rather as the mere repre-
sentative of other leaders — Knox, of course,
especially — than as himself a leader. The
fact that on several occasions he wished to
be relieved of the duties of superintendent
would seem to indicate that personally he
would have much preferred a quiet life at
Calder. True, he gave as a reason that he
had received no stipend; but it was not the
stipend that he craved.

On the birth of James "VI Spottiswood was
deputed by the general assembly in June
1566 to congratulate Queen Mary, and to
desire that the prince i might be baptised
according to the form issued in the Reformed
Church ' — a request that was not granted.
After the queen's imprisonment in Loch-
leven and the resignation of the government,
he officiated at the coronation of the young
king at Stirling on 29 July 1567? placing the
crown on his head, assisted by the superin-
tendent of Angus and the bishop of Orkney.
After Mary's flight to England he directed
a letter to the lords who * had made defection
from the king's majesty,' in which he affirmed
that God's just judgment was come upon the
kingdom mainly because the queen's escape
had not been prevented by her execution,
{ according as God's law commanded mur-
derers and adulterers to die the death j * and
exhorted all the supporters * of that wicked
woman ' in whom, he insinuated, i the devil
himself had been loosed,7 to return to * the
bosom of the Kirk* on pain of excommuni-
cation (printed in OAU>BBWOOB'S History,
ii. 482-3); but Calderwood justly states
that the * letter must have been penned by
Mr, Knox, as appeareth by the style ' (i£.
p. 481). Indeed the mild superintendent was
incapable of anything so vehement. In
1570 he was, at the instance of Knox, sent
by the kirk session of Edinburgh to admonish
Sorkealdy of Grange, who held the castle
for the queen? of *hts offence against Bod *

BJJOTATZBTB, Memorials, p. 80),
but without any eSeet. At the assembly
held in April 1576 a complaint was made
against h<™ of having inatigjiratad the bishop
of Boss in the abbey of jEEoIyrood House,
although admonished by the brethren 'not
to do it ; ' but the assembly proceeded BO
farther against him after he h&d admitted his
fault (GALDEBWOOB, iii 361). Although he
had repeatedly asked to be relieved of the
duties of superintendent, he was retained in
the office until the close of his Hie, As*
however, he had received no stipesKi lor
several years, he obtained cm 16 Dec. 1580 a
pension of 45£ 9s. 6«*. for three y^xSya^itfee
pension was renewed on 26 Hov. 158$ for
five years. He died 5 Bee. 1858* Accord-

Spottiswood

412

Spottiswood

ing to his son, 'in Ms last days, when he
saw the ministers take such liberty as they
did, and heard of the disorders raised in
the church through that confused parity
which men laboured to introduce, as likewise
the irritation the king received by a sort of
foolish preachers, he lamented extremely the
case of the church to those who came to
visit him/ and 'continually foretold that
the ministers in their follies would bring
religion in hazard' (SPOTTISWOOD, History,
ii. 336-7).

By his wife Beatrix, daughter of Patrick
Crichton of Lugton and Gilmerton, he had,
with one daughter, two sons : John (1565-
1637) [q. v.], archbishop of St. Andrews, and
James [q. v.], bishop of Clogher.

[Knox's Works ; Histories of Calderwood and
Spottiswood; 'Wodrow's Biographical Collec-
tions ; Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scoticanse, i. 173.1

T. F. H.

SFOTTISWOOD, SPOTTISWOODE,
SPOTISWOOD, or SPOTSWOOD, JOHN
(1565-1639), archbishop of St. Andrews and
Scots historian, the eldest son of John Spot-
tiswood (1510-1585) [q. y.l, by his wife
Beatrix, daughter of Patrick Crightpn of
Lugton, was born in 1565. He studied at
the university of Glasgow under James and
Andrew Melville, taking his M^ degree in
1581 j and in 1583, at the age of eighteen, he
succeeded his father in the charge at Calder.
Although he states that his father before he
died had come to see the evils of 'parity ' in
the church, he appears himself for many ,
years afterwards to have sided with the
stricter presbyterian party. Thus when, in
1586, the king endeavoured to get the sen-
tence against Patrick Adamson annulled,
Spottiswood was one of those who refused to
agree to the proposal (CALDEBWOOD, History,
iv. 883). Calderwood also states that in a
fight in the High Street of Edinburgh
"between the followers of the master of
Graham and those of Sir James Sandilands,
Spottiswood * played the part manfully that
day in defence of Sir James' ($. v. 361). It
"by supporting the policy of the stricter
B that he gradually came into
as an ecclesiastical leader. In
I 10 was named one of a commission for
"life fltf$fcttt£oii of the soutn- western districts
tf titjtffcwl {&.p. 420) ; in 1597 b® revised
ruce and other re-
^fetors, and> according to Oal-
^p^8cl * to be so feaekeFLe, dili-
ia ;^ <5a8& fctfe lie would needs
ad im

tween kirk and king became more strained,
he veered more decidedly towards the king.
In 1600 he acted as clerk of those chosen for
6 the king's side/ in the conference regarding
the representation of the kirk in parliament
by bishops (ib. vi. 3). Although also nominated
by the assembly in 1601 to wait upon the Earl
of Angus — accused of papal leanings — 'to
confirm him in the truth/ so little was he
a bigoted partisan that when in July of
the same year he accompanied the Duke of
Lennox to France, he did not 'scruple to go
in to see a mass celebrated, and to go so near
that it behoved him to discover his head and
kneel' (ib. p. 136). He remained abroad
with Lennox for two years, and on his way
home through En gland was presented at the
court of Elizabeth.

On the succession of James to the English
crown in 1603, Spottiswood accompanied him
on the journey to London ; but, the death of
Archbishop Beaton having occurred soon
after, he was nominated by the king to the
vacant see, and sent back to Scotland to
attend the queen on her journey south
(SPOTTISWOOD, History, iii. 140). From the
time that he became king of England, James
was delivered from the bondage which from
his infancy the kirk had strenuously endear
voured to impose on him, and he now re-
solved to make the most of his liberty. Hia
chief aim now was to assimilate the church
of Scotland to that of England, and espe-
cially to annihilate the pretensions of the
ministers to dictate to the nation in regard
to civil matters. In carrying out this policy
the Mng, when dealing with the kirk, mainly
made use of Spottiswood, and Spottiswood
performed his difficult duties with great dis-
cretion. On 30 May 1605 he was admitted
a member of the Scottish privy council (Reff.
P. C. ScotL vii. 52). In connection with
the affairs of the kirk he paid frequent
visits to London, and he made good use of
his opportunities to place the revenues of
his see on a satisfactory footing. During his
iourneys he had frequent interviews with
his old professor, James Melville, then con-
fined at Newcastle, but failed to effect any
change in his attitude ; and referring to his
death in 1608, lie characteristically describes
Tiim as ' a man of good learning, sober, and
modest, but so addicted to the courses of
Andrew Melvill Ijis uncle as by following
him he lost the king favour, which once he
enjoyed in a good measure, and so made
himself and his labours unprofitable to the
ehturch ' (SpomswooD, History, i ii. 190). The
! latter part of the sentence contains the sum
sabsfcaiiee of Spottiswood's own eccle-
*--* creed j lie was m Erastkn of the

Spottiswood

413

Spottiswood

irictest type, and in ecclesiastical matters
eted simply as the king's servant. In 1610
e was moderator of the assembly at which
resbytery was abolished, and on 21 Oct.
f the same year he and two other Scot-
ish bishops were at the special desire of
he king consecrated to the episcopal office
>y the bishops of London, Ely, and Bath ($>.
>p. 208-9). On 15 Nov. he was also named
me of the commissioners of the exchequer
mown as the new Octavians (Re&. P, C.
ScotL x. 85^). On the death of Archbishop
Gftedstanes in 1615, he was on 31 May trans-
lated to the see of St. Andrews. Shortly
after his consecration the two courts of high
commission for the trial of ecclesiastical
offences were united. In June of the follow-
ing year George Gordon, sixth earl and first
marquis of Huntly [q. v.]y was summoned be-
fore this commission for adhesion to popery,
and, on refusing to subscribe the confession
of faith, he was for a time warded in the
castle of Edinburgh. By warrant of King
James he was, however,freed from prison and
sent to London, where he was absolved by
the archbishop of Canterbury, and received
the eoinmunion at Lambeth (OAIBBEWOOD,
viL 218). On 12 July Spottiswood, in a
sermon in St. Giles's Church, endeavoured to
quiet the excitement of the Scottish kirk at
this seeming usurpation of its disciplinary
prerogatives by asserting that the long had
promised that * the like should not fall out
hereafter7 ($. p. 219) ; but naturally he also
resented the slight put upon himself, and
wrote a remonstrance to the king, which
drew from the king the explanation that all
had been done * with due acknowledgment
of the independent authority of the church
of Scotland/ in testimony of which the arch-
bishop of Canterbury had agreed that his re-
monstrances should be put on record. The
archbishop moreover wrote a private letter
to Spotfciswood giving a full explanation of
his procedure, and stating that, as Huntley
had expressed Ms willingness to communicate
when and where the king pleased, it was
deemed advisable to give him an oppor-
tunity of making good his promise (JEoefe-
wasttical Letters in the Bann&tyne Club, pp.

At the opening of parliament during the
king's visit to Scotland in 1017, Spottiswood,
in his sermon, took occasion to praise l the
Tnng for his great zeal and care to settle the
estate of the kirk, and exhorted the estates
to hold hand to him' (CAIJ>EBWOOB, vii.
250) ; and although, along with the other
prelates, he opposed the enactment that
* whatever his majesty should determine in
external government of the church with the

advice of archbishops, bishops, and a com-
petent number of the ministry, should have
the force of law/ he appears to have induced
the king to forego the measure only by under-
taking that the special ceremonial reforms
which he wished to introduce would receive
the imprimatur of the general assembly of the
kirk. At that assembly, held at Perth in
August 1618, Spottiswood placed himself in
the moderator's chair, and, on the ground that
the assembly was f convened within the
bounds of his charge/ took upon him the office
of moderator without election (zd. p. 307).
He had thus an opportunity in the opening
sermon of expounding the proposals of the
king, of explaining his own attitude towards
them, andof using all his powers of persuasion
— which were great — on their behalf, With
real or affected candour — and in any case with
admirable tact — he admitted that in yielding
to the wishes of the king he was in a sense
acting against his own better judgment ; and
that had it been in his ' power to have dis-
suaded or declined them/ he inost certainly
would. He, however, argued that ' in things
indifferent we must always esteem that to
be the best and most seemly which appears so
in the eye of public authority' (Sermon
quoted in * Life of the Author/ prefixed to
Spottiswoode Society's edition of his Hi&-
tory, p. xci), and that the evil whieh might
here result from ' innovation * was not so
great as that which might result from * dis-
obedience * (tS. p. xc ; see also CAJQBKKWOOB,
vii.311). The appeal was entirely successful.
The five articles, thenceforth kaowm as tfee
Five Articles of Perth, ordained (1) tint* t&e
communion must be taken kneeling ; (2) tltat
in case of sickness commmalom might be ad-
ministered privately ; (3) that baptism should,
under similar circumstances, be administered
in the same way; (4) that childrem should
be brought to the bishop for a Messing 5 and
(5) that festival days should be revived. On
2$ Oct. the articles were sanctioned by am
act of the privy council, and on the 26fch the
king's proclamatioa ratifying and ccai&ai-
ing them was published at the cross of Edin-
burgh. And now that they were sanctioned,
Spottiswood was determine*! that they should
not remain a dead letter. Preaching IB tlie
great church(St. Giles) of Edinburgh, 14May
1619, before the officers of state, he exhorted
councillors and magistrates not only to set a
good example to the people by complying witk
the artieles, but to compel them to obey (*&.
p. S55). At a clioeesan synod held at fidfo-
Wgh oa 26 Get. fee also threatened tfce ut-
most penalties against those ministers who
refused to conform to the new articles (i&. p.
395). Nevertheless a conference ©£

Spottiswood

414

Spottiswobd

and ministers held at Ms instance at St.
Andrews on 23 Nov. to arrange for their en-
forcement practically failed of its purpose
(ib. pp, 397-408) ; and when at a diocesan
synod held at St. Andrews on 25 April 1620
a proposal was made to censure those who
had not conformed, the majority left the
meeting (ib. p. 442). Ultimately in June
1621 the articles were ratified "by parlia-
ment. When the commissioner stood up
to perform the act of ratification, a terrific
thunderstorm broke out (ib. p. 503) ; this the
one party interpreted as a special manifesta-
tion of God's wrath, the other as a witness
of his special approbation, in the same
manner as it was expressed when the law
was given on Sinai.

After the death of King James, Spottis-
wood continued in equal favour with
Charles I. By a letter to the privy council,
on 12 July 1626, Charles commanded that
he should have the place of precedency
before the lord chancellor of Scotland ; but,
according to Sir James Balfour, the lord
•chancellor (Sir George Hay, first earl ofKin-

noull [q. v.]), '

at, stout man,' would

never * suffer him to have place of him, do
what he would ' (Annals, ii. 41). But on
the death of Kinnoull the archbishop, in
January 1635, was himself made chancellor.
Nevertheless Spottiswood appears to have
done what he could to prevent or delay the
introduction of the liturgy. But when he
saw that this was inevitable, he resolved
to act with his customary zeal in enforcing
the royal wishes, and himself in 1637 pro-
cured a warrant from the king peremptorily
commanding the performance of the liturgy
in all the churches. After the riot at St.
Giles on 23 July, of which he was a witness,
he recognised that all his worst forebodings
were realised; and with other privy council-
lors he signed a letter to the king in which
they affirmed that on account of 'the general
grudge and murmur of all sorts of people/
they could not proceed further in the intro-
duction of the service-book until the king
had heard all particulars (printed in SIB
JAMJBS BAI^FOTTR'S Annals, ii. 229-31). He
did everything he could to modify the policy
jf'ifce, king; but events marched too quickly
!©f Jaim, aSd when on 1 March 1638 it was
to him that the covenant was
with enthusiasm by larger num-
people, he is said to have ex-
* W* sfl that we have been doin
is thrown, downat once

land ^he was, on 4 Dec., deposed by the
unanimous vote of the assembly on the mis-
cellaneous charge of ' profaning the Sabbath,
carding and diceing, riding through the
country the whole day, tippling and drinking
in taverns till midnight, falsifying the acts
of the Aberdeen assembly, lying and slander-
ing the old assembly and covenant in his
wicked book, of adultery, incest, sacrilege,
and frequent simony.' The deliverance can
scarce, however, be interpreted as anything
else than the mere expression of bitter par-
tisan spite. Spottiswood remained at New-
castle until the close of 1639, when he went
to London. When in Newcastle he had been
attacked by fever, and, having had a relapse
on his arrival in London, he died on 26 Nov.
He was buried with great pomp in West-
minster Abbey. In his will, dated at New-
castle, 14 Jan. 1639, he made a full declara-
tion of his faith,'in which, as regards * matters
of rite and government/ he expressed himself
thus : ' Myjudgment is, and has been, that the
most simple, decent, and humble rites should
be choosed, such as is the bowing of the knee
in resaving the Holy Sacrament and others
of that kinde, prophannesse being as dange-
rouse to religion as superstition ; and touching
the government of the church, I am verily
persuaded that the government episcopall is
the only right and Apostolique form. Paritie
among ministers is the breeder of confusion,
as experience might have taught us; and
for these ruling elders, as they are a mere
human devise, so will they prove, if they
find way, the ruin both of church and
estate 3 (ib. p. cxxxi). By his wife Rachel,
daughter of David Lindsay (1531 P-1613)
[q. v.], bishop of Ross, he had two sons and
a daughter : Sir John of Dairsie, Fifeshire
(which the archbishop had purchased in
1616), Sir Robert [q. v.], and Anne, married
to Sir William Sinclair of Roslin.

Spottiswood was the author of ' Refutatio
Libelli de Regimine Ecclesise Scoticanae/
1620, but is best known by his ( History of
the Church and State of Scotland from the
year of our Lord 203 to the end of the reign
of King James VI, 1625/ published pos-
thumously at London in 1655 (with a life of
the author supposed to be by Bishop Duppa) ;
again in 1677 j and in 3 vols. in 1847, after
collation with several manuscripts, by the
Spottiswoode Society — a society, named after
the archbishop, which published between
1844 and 1851 twelve volumes illustrating
the ecclesiastical history of Scotland. Under-
taken at the request of King James, by whose
command Spottiswood had access to the ne-
cessary state documents, his work has the
ciistomaxy defects of an official history. But,

Spottiswood

415

Spottiswood

specially as regards the events of his own
ime, it is of value as a counterpoise to the
History ' of Calderwood, and although, of
course, the work of a partisan, is on the whole
written with candour and impartiality.

[Histories by Calderwood and Spottiswood
himself; Spalding's Memorials in the Spalding
Club ; Letters on Ecclesiastical Affairs, and
Robert Baillie's Letters and Journals in the
Bannatyne Clnb; Bishop Ghithrie's Memoirs;
Sir James Balfour's Memoirs ; Reg. P. C. ScotL ;
Bishop Bumet's Lives of the Hamiltons ; Hew
Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scoticanse, ii. 377, 831 ; Life
prefixed to the first edition of Spottiswood's
History, 1655 ; and Life prefixed to that pub-
lished by the Spottiswoode Society.] T. F. EL

SPOTTISWOOD, SPOTTISWOODE,
or SPOTISWOOD, JOHN (1666-1728),
Scottish advocate and legal author, born in
1666, was third and only surviving son. of
Alexander Spottiswoode of Crumstain, advo-
cate, and Helen, daughter of John Trotter of
Morton Hall. John Spottiswood or Spotis-
wood (1565-1637) [q.v.], archbishop of St.
Andrews, was his great-grandfather, and Sir
Robert Spottiswood [q. vj, his grandfather.
Spottiswood studied at Edinburgh Univer-
sity, graduating in August 1686, and was
trained for nearly six years in the * wry ting
chalmer ' of James Hay of Carribber, writer
to the signet, the * ablest writer and convey-
ancerJ of his day. He was admitted advo-
cate on 19 Dec. 1696. In 1695 he petitioned
the Scots parliament for restitution of the
lands and barony of New Abbey, or of the
3,GOOZ. which Charles I promised, but failed,
to pay Spottiswood's grandfather, Sir Robert
Spottiswood, when the estate became crown
property in 1634. On 17 July 1695 the Scots
parliament passed an act strongly recom-
mending the crown to reinstate the peti-
tioner, but without effect. On IS May 1700
he was more successful in recovering from
the heirs of the Bells, interim owners, the
lands and barony of Spottiswoode, forfeited
on the execution of Sir Robert on 17 Jan.
1646. To supply the absence of any provision
in Edinburgh University for the study of
law, Spottiswood about 1703 established
* Spotiswood's College of Law/ He himself
became * professor of law7 in its various
branches. The chief text-book he employed
was Sir George HcKenzie's * Institutes,' but
Spottiswood specially composed *Form of
Process' and * Stile of Writs ? for the use of
his students. He is commonly credited with
the compilation of: * A Compend or Ab-
breyiat of the most important ordinary Se-
curities, of and concerning Rights, personal
and real, redeemable and irredeemable, of
common use in Scotland,* which was long

popular as a professional handbook (cf.
Spottiswoode Miscellany, i. 229). This work
was first published at Edinburgh, 8vo, 1700,
and reappeared in 1702 and 1709 ; but, on
the strength of manuscript notes written on
various extant copies,, the volume is often
assigned to two other Scottish lawyers — to
one Carruthers and to Sir Andrew Birnie of
Saline, a lord of session from 1679 to 1688;
and it is frequently quoted both as 'Carru-
ther's styles ? and as * Saline's styles.' Spot-
tiswood possibly formed his compendium on
notes, some of which were supplied by Car-
ruthers and others by Birnie of Saline. In
, May 1706 he submitted for revision to a
committee of the writers to the signet a fur-
ther ' parcel! of styles ' which he intended for
v publication. In the same year he edited
i Practicks of the Laws of Scotland,5 by Ms
grandfather, Sir Robert Spottiswood (Edin-
burgh, fol.)

Spottiswood was keenly interested in poli-
tics, especially as they bore on the great
question of his day, the projected union be-
tween the two kingdoms, and in 1704 -was
one of the commissioners of supply for Ber-
wickshire. He was also a very early and inti-
mate friend of James Anderson (1662-1728)
[q. v.], author of the * Diplomata Scotise,' and
many interesting traces of their fnendship
are preserved in the Anderson MS3. (Ad-
vocates' Library, Edinburgh). Spottiswood
died while his edition of * Hope's Minor Prac-
ticks * was going through the press, on 13 Feb,
1728, aged 62, and was buried in the <
friars churchyard. In 1710 he married 3
Helen Arbutnnott, daughter of Robert, th
viscount of Arbuthnott, and widow of the
Macfarlane of Macfarlane, and by her had a
son John, who succeeded him, and two daugh-
ters— Helen, married to John Gartshore of
Alderston; and Anna, married to Dr. James
Dundas, an Edinburgh physician.

Spottiswood's works, besides the 'Com-
pend ' already assigned to him, are: 1. *A
Collection of Decisions of the Lords of Coun-
cil and Session,* by Presidents Crilmour and
Falconar,Edkburgii,1701,4to, 2. 'ASgeeeh
of one of the Barons of the Shire of B[erwie]k,T
(anon.), 1702, 4to : repablished in ' Spottis-
woode Miscellany' (L 231). 3. /A Dis-
course showing the necessary Qualifications
of a Student of the Laws, and what is pro-
posed in the Colleges of Law, Historyt and
Philology established at Edinburgh/ Edin-
burgh, 1704, 4to. 4. 'The Trimmer ' (anon.),
Edinburgh, 1706, 4to ; republished in * Spot-
tiswoodeMisceBany'(i.233). 5. *Into<W-
tion to the Knowledge of the Stale of Writs,'
Edinburgh, 1707 4fco, 1708 8vo, 1715. 1727,
1752* & * The LAW concerning t!i6 Ufactaoa

Spottiswood

416

Spottiswood

of Members for Scotland to sit and vote in
the Parliament of Great Britain,' London,
1710, 8vo; Edinburgh, 1722, 12mo. 7, <Form
of Process "before Lords of Council and Ses-
sion, to which is prefixed the present state
of the College of Justice,' Edinburgh, 1711,
8vo, 1718. 8. * Treatise concerning the
Origin and Progress of Fees/ Edinburgh,
8vo, 1731, 1734, 1761. Posthumous was his
* Practical Observations upon divers titles of
the Law of Scotland: commonly called
Hope's Minor Practicks [see HOPE, SIB
THOMAS], with notes and observations . . ,
to which is subjoined An Account of all the
Religious Houses that were in Scotland at
the time of the Reformation/ Edinburgh,
1734, 8vo; The f Account of the Religious
Houses in Scotland' was republished in

by James VI, who appointed him privy coun-
cillor on 25 June 1622 (Reg.P. C. SootL, ed.
Masson, xii. 790). Sir Robert was promoted
to the bench on 12 July 1622, taking the
title of Lord Newabbey from the lands which
his father had purchased and presented to
him. Four years afterwards (14 Feb. 1626)
he was appointed an ordinary lord of session,
in succession to Sir Thomas Hamilton, earl of
Melrose (afterwards earl of Haddington). In
1633 he was nominated as one of the commis-
sioners for the valuation of teinds, and at the
same time was appointed one of the members
of the commission to survey the laws. He
continued in favour under Charles I, and on
the death of Sir James Skene of Curriehill,
in October 1633, Spottiswood was,on Charles's
recommendation, elected president of the

Keith's * Catalogue of Bishops/ 1st edit. 1755 court of session. His speech on that occasion,
(without acknowledgment), and in the 2nd in which he described the relations then
edit. 1824 (with acknowledgment). existing between the bench and the bar, i&

He left in manuscript two volumes to printed in the memoir by his grandson, John
which he frequently refers in his printed Spottiswood (1666-1728) [q. v.], in his edi-
works, and whichhe designed for publication: tion of Sir Robert's ' Practicks/ and in the
(1) a * Scots Law-Lexicon/ and (2) 'Spots-
wood's Practical Titles/

[List of G-rad. Edinb. Uniy, ; Eec. Faculty of
Advocates ; Hist, of the Society of Writers to
the Signet ; Acts of Scots Pail, ix. 481-5, xi.
143 ; Eegister of Testaments ; Burke's Landed
G-entry; Spotfeiswood's Works; Greyfriars Ee-
cords.] W. G-.

SPOTTISWOOD, SIB ROBERT, LOKD

first volume of the i Spottiswoode Miscel-
lany.' Sir Robert was one of the crown
assessors for the trial x)f Lord Balmerino
in 1634, and it was afterwards alleged —
without much foundation — that he gave a
partial and unfair aspect to the case [see
ELPHINSTONE, JOHN-, second LORD BAJ>
MEBEKTO]. His attitude was so distinctly
against the covenanters that in 1638, when

Rachel, daughter of David Lindsay [q.v.], second visit to Scotland. The dominant pres-

bishop of Ross. Educated at Glasgow gram- byterian party accused him of fomenting the

mar school, he matriculated at Glasgow Uni- discord between the king and the people;

versity in 1609, graduating M.A. 15 March and when he appeared before the Scottish

1613. Thence he proceeded to Exeter Col- parliament on 17 Aug. 1641, he was forth-

lege, Oxford, where he studied under John with committed to the castle of Edinburgh.

Prideaux [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Wor- He was specially exempted from the act of

eester (BoASE, Reg. Coll, Exm. pp, c, cxvi). oblivion proposed to parliament ; but on

He pursued his studies on the continent,
chiefly in France, where 'he applied him-
self to the study of the laws civil and canon,

10 Nov. he obtained his liberty on condition
that he should appear for trial when called
upon. The intention of bringing him and

©f theology, especially the oriental the other 'incendiaries* to trial was at length

ta|pages, the holy scriptures, the fathers, abandoned, in deference to the king's wish,

/aafrf eterchMstory.5 His fether had projected and Spottiswood returned with Charles I to

*** ^Kjtay of the Church* before Spottis- England. When the Earl of Lanark, secretary

^^«&oa Ms travels, and he was com- of state [see HAMILTON, WILLIAM, second

I f&make researches ibr documents, DTJXB OP HAMILTON], was apprehended in

""*" *i l*ad been carried tpErtoce December 1643, the king gave the seals of

&~~ IntIas8eardiSirIlol)enrfe office to Spottiswood at Oxford, and directed

**^™^~ «M^;«MM ; j^ ^ act ^ secretary. In this capacity

lAE^, aaad j Spptfciswood sealed several commissions, one
Boofc of ' being m warrant appointing Montrose to be
t A^r .Ms majesty's lieutenant in Scotlancl Sir
Ifotei se&o&fcfroaaa Oxford wit& this warrant,
^ Man.

Spottiswood

417 Spottiswoode

shipped thence to Lochaber, and, meeting
Montrose in Athol, gave him the commission.

Remaining mth Montrose, Spottiswood
was present at the battle of Philiphaugh on
13 Sept. 1645, and was taken prisoner. He
was carried to Glasgow, and removed thence
to St. Andrews, where he was tried by parlia-
ment on the charge of having purchased the
office of secretary without the consent of the
estates, and also with having joined with
Montrose against the state. Sir Robert
pleaded that he had taken the office of secre-
tary at the king's command, temporarily and
under pressure of necessity, and he urged that,
though he had been with Montrose, he had
not borne arms, and also that he had received
•quarter when he submitted himself. On
10 Jan. 1646 the ease came on for hearing.
The last defence was repelled, and, after long
debate, Spottiswood was sentenced to death
on 16 Jan. He was executed at the market
cross of St. Andrews, On the scaffold he main-
tained hift customary courage and dignity.
He was not allowed to address the specta-
tors, but he had Ms speech printed before-
hand, and it was distributed among the multi-
tude, A copy of it is printed in the memoir
preceding the * Practicks/ and also in Wis-
nart's edition of the * Memoirs of Montrose.'

The character of Spottiswood has been va-
riously estimated according to the sectarian
predilections of his critics. While Wishart
describes him as a martyr whose chief crime
was being the son of the archbishop, Baillie
denounces him as a partial and corrupt judge,
and seems to regard his violent end as a
meet punishment for fris alleged unfairness
to Lord Balmerino. Modern opinion inclines
to the decision that Spottiswood was the
victim of thepresbyterian hatred of Charles I.

Sir Robert's only work is his 'Practicks of
the Law of Scotland/ the manuscript of which
is now in the Advocates1 Library, Edinburgh.
It was published by his grandson, John
Spottiswood, advocate, in 1706, with a
memoir.

In 1629 Sir Robert married Bethia, daugh-
ter of Sir Alexander Morrison of Preston-
grange, one of the senators of the College of
Justice, and by her had four sons (including
Alexander, father of John Spottaswooo,
1666-1728J~q. v.l and three daughters. She
died in 163&, and a copy of memorial verses
in Latin is in the manuscript of the * Prac-
ticks,' now in Edinburgh,

[Very full notices of Spottiswood are given in
Wishartfs Deeds of Montroee, ed. Mnrctoeh and
Simpson, 1893. There is also mtteh personal
information in vol. i. of the Spottiswoode Miscel-
lany, 1844. References to Sir Robert will be
icHmd IB Scot's Staggering State of Scots States-

VO&. LTEE.

men, 1754, pp. 23, 74 ; Masson's Register of
the Privy Council, Scotland, vol. xiiL passim ;
Tytler's Life of Sir Thomas Craig, p. 21;
Lyon's Hist, of St. Andrews, ii 36; General
Assembly Commission Records, 1646-7 (Scot.
Hist. Soc.), introduction; Andrew Lang's St.
Andrews, p. 252.] A. BL M.

SPOTTISWOODE, ABTHUB COLE
(1808-1874), major-general, born on 9 Jan.
1808, was the son of Hugh Spottiswoode of
the Madras civil service, who died on his
passage to the Cape, 4 April 1820 (PRnresp,
Records of Madras dmlums, p. 13S); he
entered the East India Company's service as
ensign on 25 Feb. 1824, became lieutenant in
the 37th native infantry (Bengal) on 13 May
1825, captain on 14 Nov. 1883, an major on
17 March 1851. He served with distinction
at the siege and capture of Bhartpur in 1826,
heading the forlorn hope which led the
assault, and receiving the personal thanks of
Lord Combermere (medal and clasp). He was
employed for many years in the stud depart-
ment at Haupur, but left this staff appoint-
ment for a time to rejoin his regiment during
the Afghan campaign of 183&-9, He was
made brevet major on 6 Nov. 1846, and
brevet lieutenant-colonel on 20 June 1854.

He succeeded to the command of the 37th
as lieutenant-colonel on 22 May 1856. His
regiment was at Benares, and on 4 June 1857,
as it was believed to be on the point of mutiny,
orders were given to disannit. It was a case
forsMlfulhandIing,fbr there were otiber native
troops there, and the British force consisted
of only 250 men and three gnm, Spotfeis-
woode still had faith in his men, to whom,
as the native officers said, he had always
been a father ; but he had to parade them
and tell them to lodge tfaeir arms. While
they were doing so the British troops were
seen to be approaching, and a cry rose thafc
they were going to be shot down. The
regiment broke, and some of the men opened
fire, but they were soon dispersed fey the
guns, as were also the Sikh cavalry wn0
sided with them. For a time there was
great risk that the city would kan them,
and much fault was afterwards found with
the arrangements made by the general in
command, Brigadier George Fonsonby.
Spottiswoode carried out tlie bttming of tfie
Sepoy lines during the nigiit, and helped to
provide for the security of the European
women and the treasure. He became colonel
in the army on §3 July 1858, and retired
with the rank of m^or-geiaeiral on 31 Bee.
1861. He died at Hastings on 23 Mare!* W4

[Animal Register, 1874 ; East India
Kaye's Sepoy War, ii. 221 s%] E» It L.

BE

Spottiswoode 418

Spragge

SPOTTISWOODE, WILLIAM (1825-
1883), mathematician and physicist, and pre-
sident of the Eoyal Society, born in London
on 11 Jan. 1825, was son of Andrew Spottis-
woode, sometime member of parliament for
Colchester and partner in the firm of Eyre
& Spottiswoode, queen's printers. The family
was that to which John Spottiswood (1565-
1637) [q. v.], archbishop of St. Andrews,
belonged (see Genealogy of the Spotswood
Family, by C. Campbell Albany, 1868). His
mother was Mary, eldest daughter of Thomas
Norton Longman, the publisher [see under
LOJTG-MAK, THOMAS]. William passed from a |
school at Laleham to Eton, and thence to
Harrow, where in 1842 he obtained a Lyon
scholarship* Proceeding to Balliol College,
Oxford, in 1842, he graduated there B.A. in

1845 with a first class in mathematics. In

1846 he gained the senior university and in

1847 the Johnson's mathematical scholarship.
In 1846 he succeeded his father as queen's
printer. In 1856 he travelled in eastern
Russia, and published next year < A Taran-
tasse Journey through Eastern Russia in the
Autunrn of 1856,' London, 1857. In 1860
he visited Croatia and Hungary.

Meanwhile he was pursuing the mathe-
matical studies which had first attracted him
afc "the university, and in 1847 he issued ' Medi-
tatiaaes Analytical his earliest scientific pub-
lication. From the first he showed ' an ex-
traordinary liking for, and great sME in, what
might be called the morphology of mathe-
matics' (Rev. Prof. Price, master of Pembroke
College, Oxford) . His mathematical work was
described as f the incarnation of symmetry.'
Besides supplying new proofs by elegant
methods of known theorems, he did abun-
dance of important original work, His series
of memoirs on the contact of curves and
surfaces, contributed to the i Philosophical
Transactions * of 1862 and subsequent years,
mainly gave Tij-m his high rank as a mathe-
maticmiL He was also the author in 1851 of
tite first elementary treatise on determinants,
&jid to his treatise much of the rapid develop-
\ of tiKat subject is attributable. In 1865
i pjgesideat of tfee maiheonatical section
\ . Bfeftyb. Association. In 1B71 ae

i to experimental physical
n devoited Ms researches

those who knew of him only as an abstruse
mathematician ? (Proc. Roy, Soc.)

Spottiswoode was elected a fellow of the
E-oyal Society in 1853, treasurer in 1871, and
president on 30 Nov. 1878. He remained
president till his death nearly five years later.
He was awarded the honorary degrees of
LL.D. at Cambridge, Dublin, and Edinburgh,
and D.C.L. at Oxford, and became a corre-
spondent of the Institut de France (AcadSmie
des Sciences) after a sharp contest with M.
Borchardt in 1876. He was president of
the London Mathematical Society 1870-2.
In August 1878 he filled the presidential
chair at the meeting of the British Associa-
tion, which was held at Dublin. His int
augural address described the growth of me-
chanical invention as applied to mathematics.

He died of typhoid fever on 27 June 1883,
while still president of the Hoyal Society,
and was buried in Westminster Abbey. His
successor in the presidential chair, Professor
Huxley, compared him in character to
Chaucer's 'verray perfight gentil knight'
(Proc. Hoy. Soc. xxxvi. 60). A portrait of
him, by the Hon. John Collier, hangs in the
meeting-room of the Koyal Society ; another,
by Mr. GL F. Watts, R.A., belongs to the
family. In 1861 he married the eldest
daughter of William Urquhart Arbuthnot,
member of the Council for India.

Spottiswoode was not only amathematician
and physicist of eminent capacity, but am
accomplished linguist, possessing a remark-
able knowledge of both European and
Oriental languages. His scientific publica-
tions were : ( Meditationes Analytic^/ 4to,
London, 1847; * Elementary Theorems re-
lating to Determinants/ 4to, London, 1851
(a second and enlarged edition appeared in
'Crelle's Journal,' 1856, vol. ll); 'The
Polarisation of Light ' (Nature Series), 1874;
6 Polarised Light ' (voL ii. of ' Science Lec-
tures/ published by the Science and Art
Department), 8vo, 1879 ; * A Lecture on the
Electrical Discharge, itsForm andFunctions,'
Svo, London, 1881 ; and ninety-nine scientific
memoirs in various journals, enumerated ia
the Royal Society's * Catalogue of Scientific
Papers/ vols. i-xL

[Proceediiigs Eoy. Soc, racrmi. p. a
Mature, xxvii. 597 ; art. in Encydop.

&PRAOGE, SIE EDWAED (A 167%
to admiral^ was bora in Ireland, where te
s^tled and iQaaa^d Mary, sster
W»am Lee 1609P-1672) [f. T,]

wm Ms
lave

Spragge

419

Sprat

squadron wMcb. he commanded after the
king's death. Later on he was in the
Low Countries, and married at Brussels
some time before 1660. At the Restora-
tion he came to England, and in 1661 was
appointed captain of the Portland. In 1664
he commanded the Dover, and affcer a few
months was moved into the Lion; then
into the Boyal James, and again into the
Triumph, one of the white squadron in the
battle off Lowestoft on 8 June 1665. On
34 June he was knighted, and in tlie fol-
lowing spring was appointed rear-admiral
of the blue squadron, with his flag in the
Triumph. "When the fleet was divided, he
went to the westward with Rupert, and,
returning with him, took part in the fight-
ing on the last of the four days of the great
battle, 1-4 June 1666. Consequent on
the death of Sir Christopher Myngs [q. v.],
Spragge was moved into the victory as
vice-admiral of the blue squadron, in which
capacity he took part in the * St. James
Fight' on 25 July 1666. In the summer
of 1667 he commanded at Sheerness when
•±he Dutch, forced the passage into the Med-
way, and afterwards had command of a
fimall squadron in the Hope when the
Dutch came up the Thames.

After the peace lie was for some time
eommaader-in-chief in the Downs, with
his flag at the main of the Bevenge. To-
wards the end of 1668 he was sent on a
complimentary minion to the governor of
the Spanish KTetherlands ; and in 1669 went
out to the Mediterranean, with his Hag in
the Revenge, as second in command under
Sir Thomas Allin [q« v.1,, and as eozninandeiP1-
In-chief after Allin Js return to England in
November 1670. After several months of
watching and cfrasiflg the Algerine cruisers,
lie was fortunate enough to find their fleet
lying in Bugia Bay, where he attacked it
on 8 May 1671, cut through tne boom by
which it was protected, and, desteyyed the
wholfi^, &o the number of seven frigates and
three prizes. The blow so terrified the
Algflrfaffifi tnat they p*it tlie dey to deafcli,
and compelled kis successor to make peace
with titee IfetgHi*!^ *|%la was happily eou-
g$&!Jto&JL in tfee Jaollownig December, and in
Mareli 1672 Spragge returned to England
in time to hoist his flag, as vice-admiral of
the red, on board the Loyal London, and
ifeo take a brilliant part in t»he battle of
Soldbay on S8 May, when, towards evening,
i&e Duke of York hoisted the standard OB
board Ms ship. During the remainder of
t&e season he was admiral of the blue, and
m the autumn had command of a small
squadron appointed to drive ofi* the Dutch

herring-boats, a duty he is said to have per-
formed with efficiency and humanity,

In the winter he was sent on a special
mission to France to arrange the plan of
the naval operations for the following sum-
mer, and in the spring hoisted his flag on
board the Royal Prince, as admiral of the
blue squadron. In this capacity he served
during the three several actions of 1673,
markedly distinguishing himself in the
battles of 28 May and 4 June. In the
third battle, on 11 Aug., in command of
the rear division of the fleet, he found him-
self opposed to Gornelis Tromp, whom, it is
said, he had pledged himself to bring in,
alive or dead; and thus not only were the
two rears hotly engaged with each other,
but more particularly the two flagships.
The Royal Prince was presently so much
disabled [see LEAKE, RICHAED-, ROQKE, SIB
GEOBSE] that he shifted his flag to the St.
George. Again, the St. George was dis-
masted, and Spragge was on his way to
another ship_, when a shot struck the boat,
which was immediately sunk and Spragge
with it. The peculiar circumstances othis
death have given frim a celebrity to which
his life had not entitled him. Dryden eulo
gises his courage in his * Annus Mirabilis *
(st. 174). Brave and resolute he undoubtedly
was, and his attack on the Algerine fleet
seems to have been skilfully planned and
well carried out ; but his limited expeiienee
at sea can scarcely fcave made Mm a sea-
man, and if it is true, as alleged, that the
dividing tlie led; in June 1666 was on Ms
suggestion, his ideas of naval strategy were
as fealty as his ideas of naval tactics, wnidk
led fo.im, on 11 Aug. 1673, to separate $k&
rear of the fleet from tfae centre, in order to
settle his |^vate quarrel wit&Tromp, P«^y»
described him as * a merry mam titat sang a
pleasant sosg pleasantly/ and rated his in-
fluence In naval matters very high (Diary,
ed. WneaOey, ¥. juasslm}. He le& no ieg&i-
mate issue. Two illegitimate &cm& and one
daughter are mentioned by Le Here (Pedt-
-'

to tlie Naval Exhibition at Chelsea in
1891,

[Chiirnock'e Biogr. Kav. i. 64; Ledkxtfs
Ivaval History; CchLEber'e Cohimna Eostrata;
Tieds Ccucoeilie Tmwp (1694), pf>. 4&® aeq,;
Hahaa's Influence of Sea Power upon History,
pp. 1S3-4 j State Papeas* Bern. Ckarke H, d^
128, civii. 40-1, 9f, eMr. 124, eccx. $1 Jfoi^
ecexlT, &6-7» 432, 434-9, 446 ; Egsrtoa 2IE $%&»
freq. ; Rochesto's Poems, 1 707.] J, K Jk

THO^AB (163^151% b^hop
of Rochester and dean of Westminster, bora
in 1635 at Beaminster ill Ikarset, as ke states

Sprat

420

Sprat

in his * Sermon before the Natives of Dorset,
8 Dec. 1692 ' (p. 38), was son of Thomas
Sprat, minister of that parish, who is said to
have married a daughter of Mr, Strode of
Parnham. The father was in 1646 seques-
trator of the parish of St. Alphege, Greenwich
<T)RAKE, Blackheath, p. 99), and in 1652 was
in charge of the parish of Talaton in Devon-
shire.

After receiving the rudiments of education
'at alittle school by the churchyard side,' Sprat
matriculated fromWadham College, Oxford,
on 12 Nov. 1651, and on 25 Sept, 1652 was
elected a scholar. He graduated B.A. 25 June
1654, M.A. 11 June 1657, and B.D. and D.D.
3 July 1669. In 1671 he was incorporated at
Cambridge. From 30 June 1657 to 24 March
1670 (when he resigned) he held a fellowship
atWadham, and on 6 Dec. 1659 he was elected
cateehist. The college, which was presided
over by Dr. John "Wilkins, was then the meet-
ing-place of SethWard [q.v.], Christopher
Wren [q.v.], Dr. RalphBathurst fy.Y.], and
others who were interested in scientific study,
and Sprat was drawn by their influence into
the same pursuits. From these gatherings
sprang the Royal Society.

Sprat was one of the contributors of sati-
rical commendatory verses to the 'Naps
upon Parnassus/ 1658, of Samuel Austin,
the younger [j. v,] A poem by him * upon
the death of his late highnesse, Oliver, lord-
protector/ was published, with others by
Dryden and Waller, in 1659, and was de-
dicated to Dr. WilMns*. It was reprinted in
1682 and 1709, and was included in the first
part of DrydenTs ' Miscellany/ Its laudation
of Cromwell frequently exposed Sprat to
censure hi after years. From a second poem,
* The Hague of Athens,' composed * after in-
comparable Dr. Cowle/s Pindarick way/ he
was Known as ' Pindaric ' Sprat. It appeared
in 1659, was reprinted in 1665, 1676, and
1688, and was included in Dryden's < Miscel-
lany 'andPratt's < Cabinet of Poetry/ (vol. ii.)
The poems of Sprat were included in the col-
lections of Johnson, Anderson, Chalmers, and
Saiifed. It is his misfortune that through
SloEl -orcaimstance his name is better known
"

er of English prose.

, ^ *i&fe* t&e Restoration the political views of
He * turned about wrth the
I was ordained priest on 10 March

that the duke had encouraged his studies (Life-
of Cowley, pp. 8-9). At this period his life-
was passed between Oxford and London. On
the royal visit to Oxford in 1663 he preached
at St. Mary's on 27 Sept., and on 29 Sept.,
when the king visited Wadham College,,
* Sprat spoke a speech ' (WOOD, Life, Oxford
Hist. Soc. i. 495-8).

Within the next four years were published
Sprat's two most important works— the-
answer to Sorbiere and the history of the Royal
Society. Samuel de Sorbiere, a Frenchman,
published in 1664 a work entitled ' Relation
d'un Voyage en Angleterre,' in which he-
touched upon some of the defects of the-
national character. Sprat, with some assis-
tance from Evelyn (Diary and Corresp*
1850-2, iii. 144-7), composed a biting reply
under the title * Observations on Monsieur
de Sorbier's Voyage into England.' It was.
addressed to his friend and frequent corre-

r dent, Christopher Wren, and dated Lon-
, 1 Aug. 1664 ^ it was published in 1665-
and 1668, and reissued, with a translation
into English of the original work, in a volume-
dated 1709. An adaptation of it by Joh»
Maximilian Lucas, with a dedication to Johnr
duke of Lauderdale, appeared at Amsterdam
in 1675. It was a popular Vindication of Eng-
lishmen, praised by Addison as * foil of just
satire and ingenuity.' Johnson's comment
on it was that it was ' not ill performed, but
perhaps rewarded with at least its full pro-
portion of praise ' ( JTJSSEKAND, English Essays*
1895, pp. 158-92).

In 1663 Sprat was elected a fellow of the-
Royal Society. His * History of the Royal So-
ciety of London ' came out in 1667, and was-
often republished down to 1764. A French
translation appeared at Geneva in 1669, and
at Paris in!670. Only the second part specifi-
cally relates to the society, the first and third
deal respectively with ancient philosophy and
experimental knowledge. The work was at-
tacked by Henry Stubbe [q_. v.] in three curious-
pamphlets in 1670, mainly on the ground that
it was ' destructive to the establishedReligion
and Church of England/ Sprat needlessly
defended himself in 'A Letter to Mr. EL
Stubs' (sic), 1670 (D'lsBAELi, Quarrels of
Authors, 1814, ii. 1-77). Cowley, in his ode
to the Royal Society, praised Sprat's work,
and Dr. Johnson declared it 'one of the few
books which selection of sentiment and ele-
gance of diction have been able to preserve,
**~ — -jh, written upon a subject flnx and tran-
* * Written in excellent English, it im-
even modem readers with its 'bold
arit ' of observation,
jasttfa friend Cowley died, and
l^sl^tel^ w^oUe tf An Aceorot of the Life

Sprat

421

Sprat

•of Mr. Abr. Cowley'-in a communication to \
Martin Clifford [q. v.], which he prefixed to
Cowley's 'De Plantis lib. 6/ It was con-
siderably amplified and placed before the 1668
edition of the poet's ' English "Works/ which
he undertook in accordance with the terms
of Cowley's will, and until 1826 it was often
reprinted. His defence of his friend's poem of
the 'Mistress' was attacked by the Key.
Edmund Elys [q. v.], in *An Exclamation
against an Apology by an ingenious Person
for Mr. Cowley's lascivious and prophane
Verses.' Johnsonjustly spokeof thebiography
•as * a funeral oration rather than a history/
-a character, not a life, with its few facts * con-
fused and enlarged through the mist of pane-
gyrick.' Clifford and Sprat possessed many
of Cowley's letters, which were full of charm ;
but they would not publish them, and it is not
now known whether they are in existence
Eraser's Magazine, xiii. 395-409, and xiv.
234-41 ; Athentwm, 17 July 1897, p. 99).
Coleridge regretted 'the prudery of Sprat in
^refusing to let Cowley appear in his slippers
and dressing gown.' The inscription on Cow-
ley's monument in Westminster Abbey was
by Sprat. Johnson always read it 'with
indignation or contempt ' on account of its
pagan phraseology and expressions 'too ludi-
crous for reverence or grief, for Christianity
•and a temple' (' Essay on Epitaphs,' Worfa,
1825 ed, v. 262-3).

Sprat was long regarded rather as a wit
.and man of lettersthan as a serious divine and
politician. On 22 Feb. 1668-9, however, he
was appointed to a canonry at Westminster,
und on 22 Feb. 1669-70 he was presented by
the Duke of Buckingham to the rectory of
Uffington in Lincolnshire. Even then he did
not abandon altogether his love of satire. He
is said to have been one of the duke's coadju-
tors in the composition of the 'Rehearsal,' and
to have joined Clifford and * several of the
best hands of these times' in assistingElkanah
Settle [q. v.] in writing the * Anti-AchitopheL'
On 12 Aug.1676 he was nominated chaplain
to CharlesII,and on 29 Sept. 1679 curate and
lecturer at St, Margaret's, Westminster. A
few weeks later Evelyn went to St. Paul's
Cathedral t to hear that great wit, Dr. Sprat/
and noted that 'his talent was a great
memory, never making use of notes, a readi-
ness of expression in a most pure and plain
•style of words, fall of matter, easily de-
livered ' (Diary, 1850, 2nd ed. ii. 137-8),

By this time Sprat was recognised both
an attractive preacher and as a bold upholder
among the clergy of high-church doctrines
and the divine right of Sings. A forfeonate
dbmmstance secured for him stall higher
On 22 Dee. 1680»a fest day,

be and Burnet both preached before the House
of Commons — Burnet in the morning, and
Sprat in the afternoon. The congregation
applauded Burnet, but was highly offended
with the others e insinuations of undutiful-
ness to the king,' and would not compliment
him with the accustomed vote of thanks*
This 'raised his merit at court/ and on
14 Jan, 1680-1 Sprat was installed in a
canonry at Windsor.

On 21 Sept. 1683 he was installed in the
deanery of Westminster, and he was conse-
crated at Lambeth as bishop of Rochester on
2 Nov. 1684, holding both preferments until
his death. The first of these appointments
compelled him to vacate his canonry in the
abbey and his post at St. Margaret's; the
second required his cession of the canonry
at Windsor. He marked Ms gratitude for
his new preferments by bringing out at the
close of May 1685 'A True Account and
Declaration of the Horrid Conspiracy against
the late King, his present Majesty and the
Government/ which^ though anonymous, was
known to be the composition of Sprat. It
purported to be an account of the Rye House
plot, and he drew it up after much hesitation,
as he subsequently pleaded, at the command
of Charles II, who granted *free liberty to
consult the Paper-om.ce and council-books.*
A second edition appeared in the same year,
a third in 1686, and a fourth in 1696. He
subsequently evaded the reiterated commands
of James to write an account of the invasions
of the Duke of Monmouth and the Earl of
Argyll.

The last distinction conferred on Sprat
was the post of clerk of the closet (29 Bee,
1685), but he probably aspired to the arch-
bishopric of York, which was kept vacant
for more than two years. Either under the
influence of this bait or from natural pliancy
of disposition he accepted on 14 July 16$5
a seat on the new ecclesiastical commission
of James 31, and next month opened its pro-
ceedings at Whitehall. Hk coad^fe in
joining *3"H body was much com^asned^
both before and after the revolution. His
own defence of his actions in tliis matter,
as well as his apology for undertaking the
history of the Eye House plot, is set out in
two separately issued letters to the Earl of
Dorset and Middlesex, one dated 21 Feb.
1688-9, and the other 26 March 1689 (the
first was translated into Bmtch at Amsterdam
in 1689); bc^yeierepmtedin 1711* Afsw
weeks after their apfearaaicetfoey wem ®J*j^
cased in printed answers 'by an Bsglisk-
man/ who is said by Ant&soiay a. Wood to
have been Mr. diaiiton.

Sprat

422

Sprat

without hisknowledge and during his absence
at Salisbury, and that he did not suspect any
illegality in its constitution. When he found
the heat with which his colleagues were pro-
ceeding against Compton, the bishop of Lon-
don, he gave his ' positive vote ' for him, and
joined with Bishop Crewe in administering
the diocese. With the object of modifying
the commission's procedure he stayed on, and
he recounts the instances in which his actions
obstructed the proceedings of the court.

Sprat was not averse to the issue by James
of his declaration for liberty of conscience,
and it was read in Westminster Abbey by
Ms orders, William Legge, first earl of
Dartmouth [q. v.], who was then a boy at
Westminster school, witnessed the scene.
There was i so great a murmur and noise
that nobody could hear/ and before it was
finished no one remained in the building
but *a few prebends in their stalls, the
qneristers, and the Westminster scholars/
Sprat himself could hardly ' hold the pro-
clamation in his hands for trembling/ He
would not concur withhis colleagues in order-
ing proceedings against the clergymen who
rentsed to read the declaration, and on
15 Aug. 1688 he sent from Bromley 'a very
honest and handsomeletter ' (EVELYN, Diary,
ii. 279) announcing his withdrawal from the
corn-mission. It was printed separately in a
single sheet (reprint in the ' Gentleman's
Magazine/ 1784, ii. 673), and was praised by
Macaulay as l written with great propriety
and dignity of style/ On its receipt Sprat's
colleagues 'adjourned in confusion for six
months/ and their subsequent proceedings
were of no interest. After penning this
letter Sprat went to Sancroffc to excuse his
presence on the commission on the ground
that he intended to restrain his fellow
members- from violent action. *My dear
brother/ said the archbishop, i I will tell you
the reason : you cannot live on forty pounds
» year as I can/ This keen dissection of
%ratfs eharacter is confirmed by Lord Ailes-
ta?y% remark : * He was a man of worth, but

e' (Memoirs-

eat in the Jerusalem Chamber at Westminster
as his guests from 3 Oct. to 18 Nov. 1689,
"but at the second meeting he raised doubts.
as to the legality of their action and finally
•withdrew.

In May 1692 Sprat fell a victim to a vil-
lainous plot. On the 7th of the month he
was suddenly arrested on the false informa-
tion of a rascal named Eobert Young
(d. 1700) [q. v.] on suspicion of conspiring
for the restoration of James II. It appeared
that Young had caused an accomplice,
Stephen Blackhead, to secretly deposit in the-
bishop's palace at Bromley, Kent, a paper-
purporting to be an address of an association
formed for the purpose of restoring James II,.
and bearing the forged signatures of Sprat
and others. Sprat was confined in the deanery
at Westminster under a guard, but the mes-
sengers sent to his palace, in accordance-
's evidence to discover the in-

^|rew tip the form of prayer for the
Itemee of Wales in 1688, and he
members of the episcopal
%- James to a confe^Bee
la tte eoaveoti©®. of 1689

Mfa the com,

ary. It was his
service of 5 Nov. the

criminating document, failed by an accident
to lay hands on it. Sprat was examined,
denied all knowledge ofany conspiracy or of
any such document as was alleged to be at
the palace, and, after a detention of ten
days, was permitted to return to Bromley*
But Blackhead contrived to find the forged
paper at the palace, and to bring it to-
London. Sprat was again summoned to
Whitehall, but when confronted by Black-
head drove him to confess the truth. The
bishop was in consequence set at liberty on
13 June 1692, which for the rest of his life
he kept < solemnly as a day of thanksgiving
for his deliverance ' (Dartmouth MSS. Hist.
MSS. Comm. llth Bep, App. y. 310). He
wrote a narrative of the plot, in two jaxts,
entitled ' A Eelation of the late wicked
Contrivance of Stephen Blackhead and Eo-
bert Young against the lives of several per-
sons/ The third edition is dated 1693; the
first part was reprinted, with a preface of
extracts from the second part, in 1722, and it
was included im volume vi. of the <Har-
leian Miscellany ' (1744). Macaulay; says-
* there are very few better narratives in the
language,'

After this date the bishop passed his days-
in comparative seclusion. It was rumoured
in December 1702 that he would be made-
lard primate of Ireland, but the translation
was not effected. As a tory and high-
ehurehman he spoke and voted for Saehe-
yereH. In September 1711 his name wa&
inserted in the commission for building fifty
mm churches in and near Lonckp, In 1712
h«iras the sole bishop of tjbe parovin§e of

I 0«Ii$S!El3ill^t^^

of convocataw on tits*

Sprat

423

Sprat

name of the Trinity. He died of apoplexy
in the palace at Bromley on the morning- of
20 May 1713, and on 25 May was buried in
Westminster Abbey, on the south, side of
St. Nicholas's Chapel. A monument, with a
long inscription by John Freind, M.D. [q. v.],
to the memory of the bishop and his son,
Thomas Sprat, was placed in that chapel,
but afterwards, for greater publicity, moved
to the south aisle, near the west door. A
portrait by M. Dahl of the bishop and his
son Thomas is at the Bodleian Library, and a
copy of it was made in 1825 for w adham
College. It was engraved by John Smith in
1712, and was included in 1811 in BoydelTs
'Illustrious Heads' (J. C. SMITH, British
Portraits, iii. 1225). Another portrait of
him, probably by Sir Peter Lely, is at the
deanery, Westminster, and a third and larger
portrait is in the chapter-house at Rochester.
That by Lely was engraved by Vandergucht.
Another portrait of him by Logganwas also
engraved.

Sprat married at the Charterhouse, where
his friend Martin Clifford [q. v.] was master,
Helen, eldest daughter and coheiress of
Devereux Wolseley of Ravenstone, Stafford-
shire, by Elizabeth, third daughter and at
length coheiress of Sir John Zouch, knight,
of Codnor Castle, Derbyshire. His wife was
born at Ravenstone on 15 May 1647, died
26 Feb. 1725-6, and was also buried in the
chapel of St. Nicholas at Westminster. A
monument to their child, George Sprat, buried
4 Oct. 1683, is in St. Benedict's Chajel near
the Poets' Corner. Their only surviving son,
Thomas Sprat, archdeacon of Rochester, was
buried in the abbey oa 15 May 1720 (cf.
Notes and Queries, 4th ser. i. 415).

When Sprat was dean the extensive re-
pairs to the abbey, under the direction of
hia old Mend Sir Christopher ^ Wren, were
commenced. On Ms application a marble
altar-piece, which had for some time lain
among the stores of Hampton Court, was
granted by Queen Anne to the abbey and
ereefeed there. As soon as lie heard of
Biyden's death he * undertook to remit all
the fees and offered himself to perform the
ritesof intermentin the abbey/ but thetager
inscription intended for Stiad-welFs blast w.
th& abbey was suppressed by hjyny as soaie
of the clergy had objected to its terms as
' too great an encomium on plays to he set
up irt a ehureik/ and taelines inBr* Ereiad's
epfcapb ®n John Philips (1676-1 W) [<J^1
* tjm m IKMS luadk getEeiseMilfeoao secundn^
were omitted by Ms

siderable improvements in the building. The
bishop's profuseness in spending money did
not permit him to die wealthy. He left his
money to his son Thomas, but the widow-
was to enjoy the interest during her life.

As a popular preacher Sprat's talents were
in frequent demand on public occasions, at
least eleven of such sermons beingseparately
printed between 1677 and 1695. That before
the king at Whitehall on 24 Dec. 1676, the
subject being ' Unfeigned Simplicity/ was
No, 21 of the ' Bishops' Tracts/ published at
Edinburgh about 1840. The < discourse to
his clergy at his visitation in 1695/ printed
in the ensuing year, inculcated the duty of
good reading and preaching, and the necessity
for liberality in the payment of curates, ft
was reprinted in 1710, 1729, and 1761, and
included in the l Clergyman's iBStarttetor '
(1807, 1824, and 1843). A volume containing
five of his collected sermons was struck off
in 1697, and a second, mt& ten sermons,
appeared in 1710 and 1722.

* Masime semper valuit authoritate/ says
the inscription on Sprat's monument in tie
abbey, and that was a leading trait in his
character. He also loved ease and good living,
and was warped in his views by the advan-
tages of the position which he had acepiied.
Macaulay calls him * a great master of our
language, who possessed at once the elo-
quence of the preacher, of the cositoweraiais^
and of the historian.' Dr. Johnaoa fead
heard it observed/ and with gnat jasfaifls^
that every book by him i» of &fai®
« and that eaek has its distinct aj^e
istical excellence/ His mam m c
with a masterpiece in EngHfife Eteastoa, fer
be assisted Bean AJdriei m resist «ar
original publication Loud Claarei^o^a * His-
tory of the Civil War/

. - , .

(QtdM HM. Soc,^ fi. »§-£
Fosters Alnmrn Ox0B.; €
i 194 ; Jaefcsoi&

28^; KaaWa

316 :

525-7, §50; Vata*ft

Spratt

424

Spratt

558 ; Burnet's Hist. (1823 ed.) ii. 248, iii. 218,
226-7, vi. 1 1 7, 1 64-5; Hacaulay's Hist. ii. 95, 423,
495, iii. 118, 471-2, iv. 248-55; (3-ent.Mag. 1779,
p. 511 ; Wren's Parentalia, 1750, pp. 254-60 ;
Peck's Cromwell, 1740, pp. 81-2; Stebbing's
Verdicts of History Reviewed, p. 78 ; Disraeli's
Quarrels of Authors (1814 ed.),ii. 1-77; Dunkin's
Bromley (1815), pp. 13-22; Curll published in
1715 a meagre account of Sprat, with a copy of
his will; information has also been furnished
for this article by Capt. William Spratt, R.N.I

W. P. C.

SPBATT, JAMES (1771-1853), com-
mander in the navy, a descendant of the Hev.
Devereux Spratt (d. 1688) of Mitchelstown,
co. Cork, where the family settled, was born
at HarrePs Cross, co. Dublin, on 3 May 1771.
After several years in the merchant service,
lie entered the navy as a volunteer in 1796,
served on the coast of Guinea and in the
West Indies, was rated a midshipman on
board the Bellona, and in her was present
in the battle of Copenhagen on 2 April 1801.
In 1803 he was rated master's mate on board
the Defiance with Captain Philip Charles
Henderson Durham [q. v.], was present in the
action off Cape Finisterre on 22 July 1805,
and in the battle of Trafalgar. The Defiance
had been for some time engaged with the
French Aigle of 74 guns, whose fire had
sensibly slackened, and Durham wished to
board her ; but the wind failed, and Spratt,
who had volunteered to lead the boarders,
unable to do so from the ship, and finding
that all the boats were disabled, called to his

lieutenant on 24 Dec. 1805, but his right leg
being now three inches shorter than the left,
and his general health being enfeebled, he
was appointed to the charge of the signal
station at Teignmouth, where he remained
till 1813. He then served for a year on
board the Albion on the North American
station; but his wound still caused hi™
acute pain, and he was compelled to invalid.
He was during the early part of 1815 in
command of the Ganges, prison-ship, at Ply-
mouth ; and in January 1817 retired on his
half-pay and a pension of 91J. 5$. a year.
On 17 July 1838 his scanty means were some-
what increased by his promotion to com-
mander's rank. He settled down in the
neighbourhood of Teignmouth, where he had
married, in April 1809, Jane, daughter of
Thomas Brimage, by whom he had a large
family. To the last he was a remarkable
swimmer ; during his service afloat he saved,
at different times, nine men from drowning
by jumping overboard to their assistance;
and when nearly sixty he is said to have
swum more than fourteen miles for a small
wager. He died on -15 June 1853. His
eldest son, Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt, is
noticed below.

[O'Byrne's Nav. "Biogr.Dict.; Army and Navy
Gazette, 11 March 1893; Gent. Mag. 1853, ii.
311.] J.K.L.

SPRATT, THOMAS ABEL BBIM AGE

(1811-1888), vice-admiral, hydrographer,
and author, eldest son of Commander James

men to follow him, dashed overboard, and, Spratt [q. v.], was born at East Teignmouth.
with Ms cutlass between his teeth, swam to on 11 May 1811. He entered the navy in
the Aigle. His men had not heard or not 1827, and from 1882 served in the Mastiff,
understood, and when Spratt arrived alongside and afterwards in the Beacon, surveying
the Aigle he foundhimself alone. He would vessels in the Mediterranean, under the corn-
not, however, turn back; but, climbing up by mand of Lieutenant Thomas Graves, who
means of therudder chains, got in through one had himself been trained as a surveyor under
of the gun-room stern-ports, and succeeded Captain Philip Parker King [q. v.] He
in getting on to the poop. Here he was at- passed his examination in January 1835 ; but
tacked by three men with fixed bayonets, though specially recommended in October

Two of these he disabled, the third he threw
from the poop on the quarterdeck, where he
trasfik© his neck. Spratt, however, fell with
M04, and found himself in the thick of the
Defiance having succeeded in
men on board. By the time
colours were struck, Spratt's
. shattered by a musket bullet,
tenself back on board the
carried down to the cock-

1837 for gallantry in saving a man who had
fallen overboard, as well as for the valuable
work he was doing in the survey, he was not
promoted to be lieutenant till 15 Oct. 1841,
Graves had just been promoted to the rank
of commander, but remained in the Beacon,
as also did Spratt till 1847, when he was
appointed to command the Volage, on the
same service. On 5 March 1849 he was
promoted to commander's rank, and sue-

not allow his leg to be ceeded Graves in command of the Spitfire,
^ai^'Ww afterwards sent to hos- in? which he continued the surveying work

in the Mediterranean. During tie Crimean
Ms wound was r war the Spitfire was attached to tlie fleet in
sen* g* Blade Sea, and Spratt's trained ability
uently utilised IB lay-

Sprenger

425

Sprenger

ing down positions for the snips, especially
in the attack on Kertch and Eonburn ; his
service was specially acknowledged by the
commander-in-ehief. On 3 Jan. 1855 he
was promoted to the rank of captain, and on
5 July was nominated a C.B. After the
peace he commanded the Medina, still on the
Mediterranean survey, where he remained
till 1863. He had no further service afloat,
and retired in 1870. From 1866 to 1873 he
was a commissioner of fisheries, and from 1879
was chairman of the Mersey conservancy
board, an office he held till his death, at Tun-
bridge Wells, on 10 March 1888.

Spratt, who was elected F.R.S. in 1856,
was known not only as an accomplished
surveyor and hydrographer, but as a culti-
vated archaeologist. ' During his long career
in the Mediterranean he not only rendered
great service to the seamen and the navigators
of all nations by his numerous and excellent
surveys, but his cultured tastes and his scien-
tific training enabled him to combine with his
practical contributions to navigation the
classical and geological history of the various
islands of the Grecian Archipelago, the coasts
of Asia Minor, and other portions of the
Mediterranean Sea ' (RICHARDS).

In conjunction with Edward Forbes [q. v.],
the naturalist, Spratt published, in 1847,

* Travels in Lycia* (2 vols. 8vo) ; and, single-
handed, < The Delta of the Nile ' (1859, fol.),

* Sailing Directions for the Island of Candia'
(official, 1861, 8vo), and 'Travels and Be-
searches in Crete' (1865, 2 vols. 8vo). He
edited the 'Autobiography 'of his ancestor, the
Rev. Devereux Spratt, a kinsman of Thomas
Sprat [q. v.], bishop of Eochester ; and was
also the author of several smaller works
and of numerous papers in scientific journals
(Itoyal Society's Index of Sdentifa Papers j
British Museum Library Catalogue).

[OTByrne's Nav. Biogr. Diet; Sir George
Richards in the Proceedings of the Eoyal G-eogr,
Soc. 1888, p. 242; Times, 15 March 1888; Navy
Lists.] J. K L.

SPRENGKEB, ALOYS (1813-1893),
orientalist, the son of Christopher Sprenger,
"by his wife Theresa, daughter of Herr Die-
trich, was born at Nassereit in the Ober-
Innthal, in Tyrol, on 3 Sept. 1813, He
passed in 1832 firom the gymnasium at Tuns-
oruck to the university of Vienna, where he
studied medicine and oriental languages, and
was encouraged in his studies by Harnmer-
PurgstaU and Rosenzweig. He wrote several
papers on the learning of the East under his
mother's surname of Dietrich. In 1836 he ;
proceeded to Paris, and thence, in fihe'same \
year, to London, where he collaborated in }
th$ fearl of Munster*s projected work on the 1

' Military Science among the Mussulmans *
[see FITZOLABBITOB, GBOEGE AUGUSTUS} In
1838 he obtained letters of naturalisation as
a British subject. On 12 June 1841 lie
graduated M.D. at Leyden University with
a dissertation <De Originibus medicinae Ara-
bicse sub Khalifatu,' and next year for tie
Oriental Translation Fund he executed an
excellent version of * El-Mas'ud£'s Histori-
cal Encyclopaedia,' entitled 'Meadows of Gold
and Mines of Gems, from the Arabic' (Lon-
don, 1841, TO! i. only). Before he was able
to complete a second volume he obtained
an appointment in the medical service of the
East India Company, and embarked for
Calcutta early in 1843. In 1844 he was
appointed principal of the Mahomznedan
college at Delhi, where he remained until
1848, and during that period issued * Techni-
cal Terms of the Sufees' (Calcutta, 1844X
an English-Hindustani grammar (1845),
'Selections from Arabic Authors' (Calcutta,
1845), and * The History of Mahmud Ghaz-
nah' (Calcutta, 1847). He is also credited
during his residence at Delhi with having
printed at his lithographic press, in Hindu-
stani, the first weekly periodical to appear
in an Indian vernacular. On 6 Dec. 1847
he received the appointment, and some two
months later proceeded to Lucknow, as
extra assistant-resident. At Lucknow, the
principal home of oriental lore in India, lie
was employed in the congenial task of cata-
loguing the manuscripts in the libraries^ of
the king of Oudh, the treasures of wfaleli
were almost depleted during the jWjaa
mutiny. The first volume only, co&fcapmg
Persian and Hindustani poetacy, of tilds in-
valuable catalogue was published at Calcutta
(Baptist Mission Press, 1854, 4tp). His
mastery of Persian was displayed in a Ter-
sion of the t GuHstan of Saadi * (1851), and,
to signify his appreciation of tiie wora, tfce
shah sent Sprenger an elephant. Abo&fc
this time Sprenger commenced tlie fonaa-
tion of his own choice oriental litozy, ia "
the interests of which, amd in <pes& of
materials for nis *LIfe of liokmmmd,* lie
subsequently travelled widely in Egypfc,
Syria, and Mesopotamia. T$*£ first porfcam
of the 'life of Mohammad, from odginaJ
sources,' appeared at AHafoabad in 1851. In
the meantime Sprenger had Mfc Lracknow
(1 Jan. 185% and fiom 1851 to 1854 was
stationed at Oalcmfcfea as Persian translate to
the government, aadjdbieipal of the 3W*Q»-
medan College afc Hoogli, and of Hie {^
cutta < Madrassa/ He also acted for some
years as one of tfee secretaries
Society of Bengal,
m&

Sprigg

426

Sprigg

1857, and settled first at Weinheim, and
then at Heidelberg. At Weinheim he drew
up a catalogue of the ' Bibliotheca Orientalis
Sprengeriana ' (containing nearly two thou-
sand entries), which was published at Giessen
in 1857. He wished to dispose of his books
to the Imperial Library at Vienna, but the
Austrian authorities were apathetic, and
after a keen competition with Dr. Karl Halm,
^Direktor J of the Bavarian ' State Library'
at Munich, the collection was secured by
Herr Pinder for the Prussian State Library at
Berlin (1858). Shortly afterwards Sprenger
was called to be professor of oriental lan-
guages at the university of • Berne. In this
capacity he issued two works of importance
in the German language : ( Leben und Lehre
des Mohammed ' (Berlin, 1861-5, 3 vols.
8vo), and 'Die alte Geographic Arabiens'
(Berne, 1875, 8vo). In 1881 he returned
to Heidelberg, where he died on 19 Dec.
1898, in his eighty-first year.

Sprenger married in 1843 Catharine,
daughter of John Peter Miiller of Frankfurt,
and left issue three sons, of whom the eldest,
Aloys, entered the public works department
in; Bidia. Sprenger was not only an ardent
and successful book-collector; hfe know-
ledge of oriental literature was as deep and
discriminating as it was wide. He is said
to have acquired a good practical knowledge
of no less than twenty-five languages. While
in the north of India he was an enthusiastic
mountaineer, and, though he did not grapple
with the difficult subject of old Arabic geo-
graphy until he was over sixty, he dealt with
it with an insigjht and acumen that seemed
almost instinctive.

[Sprenger's Works in British Museum Library;
Wurzbach's Biographisches Lexicon; Schoen-
herr's Spienger in Indien ; Tiroler Sehutzen-
ZeitTing, Innsbruck, 1850 and 18.51 ; .Homeward
Jdail, 29 Jan. 1895 ; Eoyal Astatic Society Jour-
m&, 1894, p. 394; Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, Pro-
<See&@3, 1894, p, 41 ; private information.]

T.&

SPRIGS, JOSHUA (1618-1684), divine,
Igrtised 19 April 1618, was the son of
^^WslBte1 Spring of Banbury, sometime ser-
i^-^ M WBliam, lord Say, and afterwards
I of l$ew College, Oxford. William
3-1*88 hist younger brother. He
\ at Hew Inn Hal,- Oxford, on
lifl not graduate, ami -wmt
3 ^ became M.A. of Biiai-

Wood he became a retainer to Sir Thomas
Fairfax, general of the parliamentary army,
but his name does not appear in .the list of
the chaplains of the New Model, and it is
difficult to say with certainty whether he ac-
tually accompanied Fairfax in the campaigns
which he describes. On 22 June 1649 the
commissioners for the visitation of the uni-
versity of Oxford appointed Sprigg to be a
fellow of All Souls7 College, and on 13 March
in the following year made him also senior
bursar (BuKEOws, Register of the Visitors of
Oxford, pp. 173, 242, 287, 477). On 18 Jan.
1649-50 he was incorporated as M.A.(WooD,
Fasti). 'While he continued in All Souls'
College/ adds Wood, ' he was of civil con-
versation, but far gone in enthusiasm \ and
blamed much by some of the fellows then
there for his zeal of having the history of
our Saviours ascension, curiously carved
from stone over that college gate, to be de-
faced, after it had remained there from the
foundation of that house J (Athene, iv. 136).
In January 1649 Sprigg printed an address
to the members of the high court of justice
deprecating the execution of the king, and
he is said to have preached a sermon against
it at Whitehall on 21 Jan. 1649 (ib. iv. 137 ;
Certain Weighty Considerations, $c., 1648,
4to).

In his religious views Sprigg was an inde-
pendent of the most advanced type. Baxter
defines him as the chief of the * more open
disciples of, Sir Henry Vane/ and 'too well
known by a book of his sermons ' (Religuia
Baxteriana, i. 175). In 1652 six presby-
terian, booksellers of London printed an ad-
dress to parliament, including these sermons
in a list of books of whose blasphemous tenets
they complained (The Beacon Quenched,
1652, 4to, p. 13 ; The Beacon Flaming , 1652,
p. 20).

Holding extreme views himself, Sprigg
was naturally an advocate of toleration, and,
in the debates of the army council on the-
agreement of the people (December 1648),

he said, * would provide for the maintaining
his own truth in the world7 (Clarke
Paper*, it 84, 99). On 23 Dec. 1656, when
parliament was discussing what punishmemfe
shcmM be Mieted on James N&yler [q. v.~l
Sprigg headed a deputation which petit

Affeet the Resto*atioB Sprigg retired to am
estate he hact pazcbased at Crayfofcl im
€>a tfoe death of James, lord Say, m

Sprenger

425

Sprenger

ing down positions for the shi
in the attack on Kertch and Kinburn ; his
service was specially acknowledged by the
Commander-in-chief. On 3 Jan. 1855 he
was promoted to the rank of captain, and on
5 July was nominated a C.B. After the
peace he commanded the Medina, still on the
Mediterranean survey, where he remained
till 1863. He had no further service afloat,
and retired in 1870. From 1866 to 1873 he
was a commissioner of fisheries, and from 1879
was chairman of the Mersey conservancy
board, an office he held till his death, at Tun-
bridge Wells, on 10 March 1888.

Spratt, who was elected F.E.S. in 1856,
was known not only as an accomplished
surveyor and hydrographer, but as a culti-
vated archaeologist. ' During his long career
in the Mediterranean he not only rendered
great service to the seamen and the navigators
of all nations by his numerous and excellent
surveys, but his cultured tastes and his scien-
tific training enabled him to combine with his
practical contributions to navigation the
classical and geological history of the various
islands of the Grecian Archipelago, the coasts
of Asia Minor, and other portions of the
Mediterranean Sea ' (RECHAEDS).

In conjunction with Edward Forbes [q. v.'
the naturalist, Spratt published, in 1841,

* Travels in Lycia* (2 vols. 8vo) ; and, single^
handed, < The Delta of the Nile > (1859, fol.),

* Sailing Directions for the Island of Candia '
(official, 1861, 8vo), and "Travels and Be-
searches in Crete' (1865, 2 vols. 8vo). He
edited the 'Autobiography 'of his ancestor, the
Bev. Devereux Spratt, a kinsman of Thomas
Sprat [q. v.], bishop of Eochester ; and was
also the author of several smaller works
and of numerous papers in scientific journals
(.Royal Society's Index of Scientific Papers ;
Eriti&h Museum Library Catalogue).

[OTByrne's tfav. Biogr. Diet; Sir George
Richards in the Proceedings of the Eoyal G-eogr.
Soc. 1888, p. 242; Times, 15 March 1888; Navy
Lists.] J. K L.

SPRENGER, ALOYS (1813-1893),
orientalist, the son of Christopher Sprenger,
by his wife Theresa, daughter of Herr Die-
trich, was born at Nassereit in the Gber-
Innthal, in Tyrol, on 3 Sept. 1813, He
passed in 1832 from the gymnasium at Inns-
Bruck to the university of Vienna, where he
studied medicine and oriental languages, and
was encouraged in his studies by Hammer-
Purgstallandlloseiizweig. He wrote several
papers on the learning of the East under his
mother's surname of TOietrick In 1836 he
proceeded to Paris, and thence, in the*same
year, to London, where he collaborated in
t&s Earl of Munste*s jjrojeefced work on the !

'Military Science among the Mussulmans'

[see FlTZOLABKUOB, GrEOESE AwtTSItrsJ. In

1838 he obtained letters of naturalisation as
a British subject. On 12 June 1841 he
graduated M.D. at Leyden University with
a dissertation *De Originibus medicinae Ara-
bicse sub Khalifatu,' and next year for the
Oriental Translation Fund he executed an
excellent version of * El-Mas*udfs Histori-
cal Encyclopaedia,' entitled 'Meadows of Gold
and Mines of Gems, from the Arabic' (Lon-
don, 1841, voL i. only). Before he was able
to complete a second volume he obtained
an appointment in the medical service of the
East India Company, and embarked for
Calcutta early in 1843. In 1844 he was
appointed principal of the Mahonunedan
college at Delhi, where he remained until
1848, and during that period issued * Techni-
cal Terms of the Sufees' (Calcutta, 1844),
an English-Hindustani grammar (1845),
'Selections from Arabic Authors' (Calcutta,
1845), and < The History of Mahmud Ghaz-
nah' (Calcutta, 1847). He is also credited
during his residence at Delhi with having
printed at his lithographic press, in Hindu-
stani, the first weekly periodical to appear
in an Indian vernacular. On 6 Dec. 1847
he received the appointment, and some two
months later proceeded to Lucknow, as
extra assistant-resident. At Lucknow, the
principal home of oriental lore in India, he
was employed in the congenial task of cata-
loguing the manuscripts in the libraries off
the king of Oudh^ the treasures of whleli
were almost depleted during the Indian
mutiny. The first volume only, cmfcaiiimg
Persian and Hindustani poetacy, of tins m-
valuable catalogue was published at Catena
(Baptist Mission Press, _1854, 4tp). His
mastery of Persian was displayed in a ver-
sion of the ( GuHstan of Saadi f (1851), ami,
to signify his appreciation of tlie work, tfce
shah sent Sprenger an elephant. Abo&t
this time Sprenger commenced tlie fooaa-
tion of his own choice oriental litoiy, ia "
the interests of which, amd in guest of
materials for fcis *Life of Mokmmmd,* lie
subsequently travelled widely in Egypfc,
Syria, and Mesopotamia. Tfee first portion;
of the * life of Mohammad, from original
sources,' appeared at AHaiiafoad in 1851. In
the meantime Spreagei had leffc LodSaow
(1 Jan. 185% and from 1851 to 1854 was
stationed at Oalcmfefca as Persian translator to
ihe govermiiea^aadjidbwapal of the Matoa-
medan College at Sbogli, and of Hie <|dk
cutfeaiMaarase*7 He also acfeed lor some
rears as one of to secretaries

Society of Bengal, reroairagam
member until Ills dea£k He left India in

Spring-Rice 428

Spring-Rice

avehim

ledge of Irish affairs, while his geniality of ness of the government's majority gav
demeanour made him personally popular in no opportunity of dealing effectively,
the house. On 16 July 1827, when the Spring-Rice was still ambitious of nomi-
Marquis of Lansdowne became home secre- nation as government candidate for the
tary, Spring-Rice was appointed under- speakership when the office should next fall
secretary for the home department (which vacant, and the government was not in-
directed Irish administration) in Canning's disposed to meet his wishes. But he lost
government. His appointment was regarded while in office much of the personal popu-
as a pledge of a change in home policy, larity which attended the early stages of his
for l his intimate acquaintance with Irish public career. By his ' genuine though in-
business and great facility in debate had discriminating cordiality of temper 'he seems
rendered him one of the most trusted and * v J ••• -- * -1 •— --
influential members of his party ' (McCuL-
IAGH TOBBENS, Life of Lord Melbourne, i. ^

224). Most of the reforms in Irish admini- political views failed to progress at the rate
stration which Canmng'sgovernment adopted which the radical section of his party de-
were due to Spring-Rice's initiation. In sired. Consequently, when Abercromby re-
January 1828, when the Duke of Wellington tired from _ the speaker's chair in 1838, the
became prime minister, Spring-Rice quitted distrust with which Spring-Rice had in-

office, and was invited by Lord William — :~J **-'" ~™™ —'«•'—< — K~*X

Bentinck to accompany him to India in a
confidential capacity j but his political friends
were reluctant to lose his services, and at
their instance he remained at home. He con-
tinued an active member of the opposition
until he took office again as secretary to the
treasury in Lord Grey's administration. In
this post, which he held from November 1830
to June 1834, he displayed considerable ability
in debate and a great command of business.
He usually championed his party in opposing _.._.__.._.

O'Connell, and an exhaustive speech on re- (WALPOLE, Lord John Russell, i. 323). But
peal, which he delivered in the session of he was prevailed on to keep his seat and
1834, was long regarded as an authoritative his office till the close of the session, and
statement of the ' unionist ' case (cf. LE on 5 July introduced the penny-postage
MAECHAJST, Life of Lord Spencer, p. 464). scheme. He was created Baron Monteagle
For a few months in the summer of 1834 he in the peerage of the United Kingdom on
was secretary of state for war and the colo- 5 Sept. 1839, and received the vacant comp-
nies in Lord Melbourne's first ministry in trollership of the exchequer, in spite of Lord
succession to Edward Geofirey Smith Stanley Howick's strenuous opposition to the ma/in-*
(afterwards fourteenth Earl of Derby) [q. v.]
His re-election at Cambridge on his entering
the cabinet was opposed by Edward Burten-
shaw Sugden (afterwardsLord St. Leonards)
[q. v.], and he secured a majority of only
twenty-five votes. In February 1835, when,
at the opening of the new parliament, the

tenance of the office.

From the time of his elevation to the
peerage Monteagle retired almost entirely
from public life, and, although in the House
of Lords he was an occasional speaker, par-
ticularly on financial, legal, ^and Irish, ques-

,f 0 „_ K , tions, it was only once in his later years —

question came up of filling the speakership namely, when he attacked the removal of
— ^ a ministerial candidate, Spring-Rice the duties on paper, on 21 May 1860 — that

he prominently attracted public attention.
He was a commissioner of the state paper
office, a trustee of the National Gallery,amem-
ber of the senate of the university of London
and of the Queen's University in Ireland, and
F.R.S. and F.G.S. He died on 7 Feb. 1866
at his seat, Mount Trenchard, near Limerick.
Spring-Rice was a capable man of busi-
ness, and effective as a member of parliament

/ to have raised in many quarters
hopes of preferment which it was not in his
power to satisfy. At the same time his

spired some of his older associates combined
with the hostility of the radicals to render
his nomination impracticable (Melbourne
Papers, p. 380). Though disappointed,
he loyally co-operated in promoting the
election of the rival government candidate,
Charles Shaw-Lefevre [q. v.] In May 1839
he wrote that he was anxious to quit the
House of Commons as soon as possible, in
consequence of the * humiliation arising out
of the hate of the radicals for the manner
in which I have discharged my public duty '

^pa»yib Ibrward by the whigs against James
*y (afterwards BaroB Dunferm-
i, the choice of the more advanced
\ latter was ultimately adopted
Sgring-Rice became, however,
exchequer in Anril 1835
te's second administration,
^ffeb reluctance. He held the
>B3& The post was a
13n?ongfe nc* fault

in opposition; but as a minister in high
office he failed to realise the expectations of
Ms friends. Lord Melbourne speaks of liim

Sprint

429

Sprint

aan too much given to details and
sed of no broad views. To a certain
he was made the scapegoat of an
istration whose very visible defects
rhat obscured its real achievement in
es of its disappointed followers. Short
;ure, he was on that and other grounds
stant subject of the H. B. caricatures.
r (afterwards Sir Henry) Taylor de-
ft him in 1834 as * a light-hearted, warm-
sd man, with a mind not powerful cer-
, but acute and active, accomplished,
ersed in literature and poetry as well
ial to business/ He was a contributor
3 f Edinburgh Review,7 and several of
bters and speeches were published sepa-
\ One of them attracted the hostility
)ker (Croker Papers, ii. 132).
•ing-Rice was twice married : first, on
ly 1811 to Theodosia, second daughter
Imund Henry Pery, first earl of Lime-
she died on 10 Dec. 1839. He married
dly, on 13 April 1841, Marianne, eldest
titer of John Marshall of Hallsteads,
berland; she died on 11 April 1889,
89. By his first wife he had issue five
and three daughters. His eldest son,
tan Edmund (1814WL865), deputy chair-
of the board of customs, predeceased

xandson, Thomas Spring-Rice, the pre-
peer. The youngest daughter, Theo-
L Alicia, married in 1839 Sir Henry
or[q.v.]
portrait by E. U. Eddis belongs to the

iy-

Palpole's Life of Lord John Russell; Sir

ry Taylor's Autobiogr. i. 208, 213; Greville

loirs, 1st ser.; Pryme's Autobiogr. Eecoll.

>, pp. 89, 186; Baikes's Diary ; Fitzpatrick's

•espondence of O'Connell; Hansard, dviii.

{ ; Times, 9 Feb. 1866.] J. A, H.

PRINT, JOHN (d. 1623), theologian,

grandson of John Sprint, an apothecary

Houcestershire, and son of JOBGST SRSTNT

L590), a scholar of Corpus Christi College,

brd, who was admitted in 1560, took the

ree of D.D.from Christ Church on 23 July

4, and was appointed dean of Bristol in

1, canon of Winchester in 1572, canon

3arum in 1574, archdeacon of Wiltshire

.578, and treasurer of Salisbury Cathedral

.584. He was the author of an extremely

e oration * Ad Illustrissimos ComitesWar-

sensem et Leicestrensem Oratio Gratu-

yn& Bristollise habita Aprili anna 1587.

onise, ex Officina Typographica Joseph!

mesii/ one sheet, 12nio (SisYPE, JAfe cf

Utgift> ed. 1822, i 245, 616; Lm&downe

8. 982, £.141).

Fohn Sprint the younger was bora in or

near Bristol, and was elected a student of
Christ Church in 1592. He graduated B.A.
on 6 March 1595-6, and proceeded M.A. on
21 May 1599. Having been ordained, he
attachedhimself to the puritan party, and took
occasion, when preaching at the university
church, to inveigh strongly against the cere-
monies and discipline of the English church.
On being called to account by John Howson
[q. v.], the vice-chancellor, he defied his
authority, and was sent to prison. This
occasioned a great ferment among the puri-
tans, and the matter was referred to the
queen and council. A commission was ap-
pointed, and Sprint was compelled to read his
submission in convocation,

In 1610 Sprint was appointed vicar of
Thornbury in Gloucestershire, where he con-
tinued for some time to hold views adverse
to the Anglican ritual; but he was finally
induced to conform by the persuasion of
Sanruel Burton, archdeacon of Gloucester-
shire. He afterwards published a book en-
titled 'Cassander Anglicanus: shewing the
necessity of conformitie to the prescribed
Ceremonies of our Church in Case of Depri-
vation T (London, 1618, 4to), which had con-
siderable efiect on benefieed clergy of puritan
tendencies. It provoked an anonymous reply
entitled ' A brief and plain Answer to Master
Sprints discourse/ to which Sprint made a
rejoinder entitled * A Reply to the answer of
my first Reason.' Both the latter are printed
with the 1618 edition of ' Cassander Angli-
canus.' In his defence of conformity SpSmt
does not attempt to justify the Anglican
position, but rather argues that the rifees are
non-essential, and that no minister of the
gospel is justified in abandoning his ministry
because tney are enjoined upon him.

Sprint died in 1623, and was buried in
St. Anne's, Blackfriars, leaving two sons,
John (d. 1692) and Samuel Boti took hofy
orders, and were among the ejected ministers
of 1662, John being ejected from tlte living
of Hampstead, Middlesex, and Sapniel fis»
that of South Tidworth, BbmfsMre.

He was the author of; 1. PropeeifcioBS
tending to prove tlie necessary Use of the
Christian Sabbath or fowl's fety/ Lo®cbn,
1607, 4to. 2. ' The Ptaetiee of that Sacred
Bay, framed alter tie Rules of GhxTsWoard/
printed with the femer. fliese two worls
supported the striet Sabbatarian views -which
had gainaBcl ground in England towards tii®
end of Elizabeth's *eign,t!*Qiigli not paravatefc

of Christian Religion fey w
Answer,' London* 161S,8m

Sprott

43°

Sprott

and fearfully troubled in Mind,' London,
1638, 8vo ; 10th ed. 1650. To Sprint is also
ascribed ' A true, modest, and just Defence
of the Petition for Reformation exhibited to
the King's Majestie. Containing an Answere
to the Confutation published under the
Names of some of the Universitie of Oxford,'
1618, 8vo. Some early verses of his are pre-
fixed to Storer's ' Life and Death of Wolsey,'
1599, 4to.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 331, 517;
Wood's Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 59, 197 ; Wood's
History and Antiquities of Oxford, ed. Crutch,
ii. 272-9; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714;
Corser's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica, v. 277 ;
Gloucestershire Notes and Queries, ii. 327-9;
Galam/s Nonconformist's Memorial, ed. Palmer,
ii. 282-4 ; Stratford's G-ood and Great Men of
Gloucestershire, pp. 154-5.] E. I. C.

SPROTT, GEORGE (d. 1608), conspi-
rator and alleged forger, practised as a no-
tary at Eyemouth before and affcer 1600.
About that year he seems to have made the
acquaintance of Robert Logan of Restalrig
fa. Y.] Logan died in 1606. Two years later
Bprottlet fall 'some incautious expressions
to the effect tnat he had proofs that Logan
had conspired with John Kuthven, third earl
of Gtowrie [q. v.], to murder James VI while
on a visit to Gowrie House in 1600. Sprott
was at once arrested on a charge of having
concealed this knowledge and of being there-
fore an abettor of the crime. Mve letters in-
criminating Logan were produced by Sprott,
of which four were alleged to have been
written by Logan to the Earl of Gowrie in
July 1600, and one was said to have been
addressed by Logan to his agent Bower.
Sprott was examined nine times by the
council, and his depositions (of which the
official copies belong to the Earl of Haddiag-
toai) are self-contaradictory. In effect he ad-
mitted that he had forced three of the letters
to Gowrie, counterfeiting Logan's handwrit-
ing; that he had stolen the fourth letter to
GWrie, which was genuinely written by
Logan; and that ae had written the letter
% B@wer irom. Logan's dictation, and then
«efcfied it in a foiged handwriting. All the
im& le&ere feave Been, accepted as genuine
life WHpftsm bisteiaiis in ignorance of the

%F®ttf« eOB&BOOBS.

was tried iy a parMa-
> Was iremd guilty not

tionpaid to Sprott upon the scaffold was due
to a fear that he should reveal too much
(Historic oftheEirk 0/$3<?£&m^,ed.Wodrow,
vi. 779). He adds, i This notar could coun-
terfoote anie mans handwritt vivelie, so that
uo man who knew Restalrig's [i.e. Logan's]
handwritt could discerne it to be counter-
footed.'

[Memorials of the Earls of Haddington, by
Sir William Fraser, K.C.B., i. 102-7; cf. also
Pitcairn's Criminal Trials, ii. 256-60, 276-93;
Examinations, Arraignment, and Conviction of
George Sprot, notary, &c., by Sir William Hart,
4to, 1608, with a long preface by G-eorge Abbot,
dean of Winchester, afterwards archbishop of
Canterbury; cf. also Harleian Miscellany, ix.
560-79 ; Acts Parl. Scotl. iv. 419-22 ; and the
Histories of Calderwood, Spottiswood, Fraser-
Tytler, and B^ll Burton.] J. A-N,

SPROTT or SPOTT, THOMAS (/.
1270 ?), historian, was a monk of St. Augus-
tine's, Canterbury, and wrote a history of that
foundation. It is extant in the Cottoniaa
MS, Tib. A. is, f. 105, and in two late copies,
Cottonian Vit. E. xiv. 243, and Harleiaa
692, f. 75. The first of these three is the
more complete; it has a passage which is
missing at the beginning of the others, and
is continued to the end of the thirteenth
century, while the other copies end in 1221 ;
but it contains no ascription to Sprott, and
is so badly damaged by fire as to be largely
undecipherable. The Cottonian MS. Vit. D.
xi., from which Dugdale quotes the opening
passage, has been totally destroyed by fire.

Sprott's work was used and acknowledged
by Thomas Elmham [q. v.] and William.
Thorne [q. v.] Thome (in TWYSDEIT, Deeem
Script.) copies him freely to 1228, where he
says Sprott's share ends (ib. col. 1881).

A fine manuscript from the library of St.
Augustine's, in hands of the twelfth to
fifteenth centuries, at one time belonged to
on« Thomas Sprott, and a Thomas Sprott is
found connected with St. Augustine's ii
1356.

Leland (Collectanea, iL 51) mentions a
chronicle by Syrott that extends to 1272,
which Oudm (iiL 527) says was among the
manuscripts of Walter Cope, A roll, with
no title, in the possession of Joseph Mayer,
F.8JL, containing brief chronicles from the
beginning of ^ie world to 1307, has beem
printed in facsimile and ascribed to Sprott,
mtt probably on insuiSeieet authority. It
almost entirely of abstracts firom
/ formerly aseribed.
Ste Atarans-

oi ^ the 3?oll, wiiii tie title
of" Sacred and Brofane

Spruce

431

Spruce

Distinct from the roll Is the chronicle of
general history from the creation to 1339,
printed by Hearne in 1719 as Sprott's, with
a number of ' Fragmenta Sprottiana/ from a
manuscript of Sir Edward Bering. But the
originals of these works are not forthcoming,
and what was Sprott's share in them is not
known.

[Hardy's Descriptive Catalogue, in. 125, 208;
Coxe's Catalogue of Manuscripts at Corpus Christ!
Coll. Oxford, No. cxxv, ; Litt. Cantuar. ii. 342
(Bolls Ser.) j information from the Kev, G-. W.
Sprott.] M. B.

SPRUCE, RICHABD (1817-1893),
botanist and traveller, was born in 1817 at
Oanthorpe in the North Hiding of Yorkshire,
where his father was village schoolmaster.
Evincing skill as a mathematician, he ob-
tained a masterhip at St. Peter's School,
York. He began his work as a botanical
collector, especially of mosses and liver-
worts, among the moors of his native county,
publishing his first paper, on the mosses and
hepatics of Eskdale, in the ' Phytologist ' for
1841 (i. 540-4), and subsequently one on
those of Teesdale (Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, 1844), and one on those of
Yorkshire {Phytologist, vol. ii.) A visit to
Dr. Thomas G-lanville Taylor (d. 1848) [q.v.'
in Ireland, in 1842, confirmed his interest in
this group of plants. In 1846, being ordered
abroad for his health, he went to the Pyrenees,
where he spent a year in collecting, describ-
ing his work in three letters addressed to
Sir William Jackson Hooker's ' Journal of
Botany/ He then issued sets of the mosses
and described them in the * Annals and Maga-
zine' for 1849-50 and the ' Transactions of
theBotanical Society of Edinburgh ' for 1850.
In 1849 he was sent to South America by
Sir William Jackson Hooker [a. v.], George
Bentham [q. y.^, and a few other "botanists,
Bentham receiving, naming, and distributing
the plants sent home by him. Towards the
close of the year he started up the Amazon
to Santarem, at the1 mouth of the T&pajos,
where he met Mr. Alfred Jtussel Wallace,
who was mainly engaged in zoological iit-
vestigations. Spruce explored the river Trom-
betas almost to the borders of British Guiana,
and reached Manaos at the montii of tSbe I&©
Negro about the end of 1850. He spent three
years OB. the Rio Negro and Orinoco, crossing
to the latter by the natural canal of the
Oasiquiari, penetrating some distance iu&>
Venezuela, and discovering- many plants new
to science, including mew genera of Legumi- j
BOS»> and no less tSan two hundred speeies :
of tegi in tie rainy forests of the Uftitpes.

atlhedoseef

and then ascended the Amazon by steamer
to Nanta in Peru, proceeding by canoe up
the HuaUaga to Tarapoto at the eastern foot
of the Andes, where he stayed two years and
collected, within a twenty-five mile radius
250 species of ferns. In 1857 he again de-
scended the Amazon, and went up the Pas-
tasa to Oanelos in Ecuador, and then for a
fortnight's journey through the deadly forests
to Banos at the foot of the volcano of Tun-
guragua, temporarily losing most of his bag-
gage in the swollen torrent of the'Topo. Six
months later he moved on to Ambato, which
he made his headquarters for two years
(1857-9), and whence, in spite of the civil
war then raging, he explored the Quitensian
Andes. ^ In 1859 he was commissioned by
the India office to collect seeds and young
plants of the cinchona for India, and suc-
ceeded in procuring on the western slope of
Ohimborazo one hundred thousand seeds and
six hundred plants, which he conveyed to
Guayaquil ; thence Eobert Cross transported
them to India. Spruce's report, on this un-
dertaking was published in 1861 . His health
being completely shattered, he remained on
the Pacific coast until 1864; when, having
lost all his savings through fraud, he returned
to England after an absence of fifteen years.
He brought home with Jn'T" vocabularies of
twenty-one Amazonian languages and maps
of three previously unexplored rivers, BJS
flowering plants, numbering seven thousand
species, were worked out by Bentlam, Pteo-
fessor Daniel Oliver, and others; the fetaas by
Sir W. J. Hooker and John Gilbert Bkfcer;
the mosses by Mitten • the licfedjas b^r Be¥,
William Allport Lekhton [q-T.lf and tlie
fungi by Bev. MEes Joseph Berkeley,, He
received a small government pensfoii, and
the Imperial German Academy gave hiak tibe
degree of doctor of philosophy. He rested
to Coneysthorpe, Castle Howard, near Mai-
ton, Yorkshire, <closa to Ms nasfeive |ia€Je,«©eE
here he spent the last twenty-sev-en years
of his life, worteig o*nfc Ms ftats, ttengik
eonipeled to do mostof Ms *mmk lykgiwi.
Spruce tod at CoMeyaA5ife, ^8 Dec. Ii9^
and was buried in the churchyard at Ter-
ringfcoa sear %• He isnas eleelei « isfew
of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh m
1842 and am associate of the Linnean So-
ciety in 189% aiwi fee "wm als® a iaHe
Royal Geographical Society. His

Spry

432

Spry

Spruce published 'Palmse Amazonicse' in
the * Journal of the Linnean Society* for
1871, pp. 65-183; 'The Hepatics of the
Amazons and Andes/ forming vol. XT. of the
* Transactions of the Botanical Society of
Edinburgh/ 1884-5 ; ' Voyage de Richard
Spruce dans rAmenque Squatoriale pendant
les annees 1849-64/ in the * Revue Bryo-
logique/ 1886, pp. 61-79 ; and the ' Hepatics
of St. Vincent and Dominica' in the ' Journal
of the Linnean Society' for 1894.

[Life by A. G-epp, Journal of Botany, 1894,
pp. 50-3 ; Journal of the Royal Geographical
Society, March 1894; Proceedings of the Lin-
nean Society, 1893-4, p. 35.] G-. S. B,

SPRY, HENRY HARPTJR (1804-1842),
•writer on India, born at Truro on 6 Jan.
1804, was son of Jeffery or G-eoffry Spry (d.
1829) of the excise, bv his wife Philadelphia,
daughter of Joseph Knight of Bodrean, near
Truro. Henry was % educated as a surgeon,
and entered the service of the East India
Company, being appointed assistant surgeon
on the Bengal staff on 10 April 1827. In
1841 he -was elected a fellow of the Royal
Society. He was also a fellow of the
Geographical Society, and a member of the
Asiatic Society, besides being secretary of
the Agricultural and Horticultural Society
of India. He died at Fort William, Cal-
cutta, on 4 Sept. 1842.

He was the author of : 1. ( Modern India,
with Illustrations of the Resources and Capa-
bilities of Hindustan/ London, 1837, 12mo.
2, 'Suggestions for the Introduction oi
Useful and Ornamental Plants into India/
Calcutta, 1841, 8vo.

[Boase and Courtney's Bibliotheca Cornn-
biensis, ii. 680 ; G-ent. Mag. 1843, i. 555 ;
Dodvell and Miles's Medical Officers of India
p. 56; Lady Holland's Memoirs of Sydney
Smith, 1865, ii. 413.] E. I. C.

SPRY, SIB RICHARD (1715-1775)
rear-admiral, second son of George Spry
(1684-1730) of Place in Cornwall, by Ms
wife Mary, daughter of Richard Bullock o:
Helston, was baptised at St. Anthony in
171& He entered the navy in 1733 as a
:' Tt^anteHT per order* on board the Exeter
fii&|&. tfe following year was appointed fa
i^ttpMtafflT, in which he served for four
( home station. He was after
iJw&.jeajes in the Canterbury, an*
au jp^trtWKrvr* OI1 26 June 1740

uperbe, which in October went out to the
West Indies, bearing the broad pennant of
iommodore (afterwards Admiral) Sir Charles
Knowles fa. v.] On 21 Sept. 1744 he was
romotedby Knowles to command the Comet
omb, and sent to Boston to refit. On
2 Feb. 1745, as he was approaching Antigua
n his way back, he fell in with a large
'panish privateer, the Galga, to which, after
stubborn action, he was forced to strike,
?he Comet was so completely disabled that
he Spaniard gave orders to remove her
>eople and sink her ; but before this could
)e done the approach of some ships which
>ut to sea from English Harbour compelled
he Galga to forsake her prize and to fly,
;aking off Spry, however, as a prisoner, and
.anding him two months later at Havana.
?here he was treated with civility. In June
re was sent to Charlestown in a cartel, and
n September he joined Rear-admiral Peter
Warren [q. v.] at Louisbourg; by him he
romoted, on 23 Sept., to be captain of
agship, the Superbe. Returning to
England early in 1746, he was appointed to
the Chester, in which Warren flew his flag
;ill the end of the year, and Rear-admiral
Chambers in the following summer. In No-
vember, still in the Chester, he went out to
che East Indies with Boscawen, took part in
bhe siege of Pondicherry [see BOSOAWEIT,
EDWABB, 1711-1761], and returned to Eng-
land in 1750.

In October 1753 Spry was appointed to
the Garland, and in June 1754 to the Gi-
braltar, in which he went out to North
America with Commodore Augustus (after-
wards Viscount) Keppel [q. y.] He was sent
home in the following spring, and was im-
mediately appointed to the Pougueux, one of
the squadron sent out to North America with
Boscawen. In the winter he was left senior
officer at Halifax, and through the summer
of 1756 was with the squadron under Commo-
dore Charles Holmes [q.v.J, blockading Louis-
bourg. By the death of his elder brother,
in 1756, he succeeded to the family estates
in Cornwall In January 1757 he was moved
into the Orford, in which he served on the
coast of North America tinder Vice-admiral
Francis Holburne [q. v.], at the reduction of
Louisbourg by Boscawen in 1758, and in the
operations in the St. Lawrence tinder Vice-
admiral (afterwards Sir) Charles Saunders
[q. v.] in 1759. In 1760, and again in 1761,
the (hford was one of the grand fleet in the
JBay of Biscay tinder Boseawen or Hawke,
and in. November 1761 Spry was moved into
tJneMars, on the same station, till August
fe0Sj when he went out as commodore and
1 on, th# coast of North

Spurgeon

433

Spurgeon

America. In December 1763 lie was ap-
pointed captain of the Fubbs yacht, and in
April 1766 of the Jersey, in which in May
he went out to the Mediterranean as com-
modore and commander-in-chief. He re-
turned to England in November 1769. On
18 Oct. 1770 he was promoted to be rear-
admiral of the blue, and in 1772 commanded
a squadron in the Channel. In 1773 he held
a command in the fleet when the king re-
viewed it at Portsmouth, and was knighted
on 24 June. He became rear-admiral of the
red on 31 March 1775, and died, unmarried,
a few months later, 25 Nov. 1775, at Place
House, and was buried in St. Anthony
church. He was officially known as a good
officer of respectable service, but in private
as an inveterate perpetrator of disagreeable
hoaxes.

[Charnock's Biogr. Nav. v, 414; Boase and
Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. ; Burke's Hist, of the
Commoners, iv. 69 oj official letters and other
docxunents in the Public Eecord Office.]

J. Z. L.

SPURGEON, CHARLES HADDON
(1834-1892), preacher, came of a family of
Butch origin which sought refuge in Eng-
land during the persecution of the Duke of
Alva. Charles Haddon's grandfather, James
Spurgeon (1776-1864), born at Halstead,
Essex, was independent minister at Stam-
bourne. His son, John Spurgeon, the father
of Charles Haddon, born in 1811, was succes-
sively minister of the independent congre-
gations of Tollesbury, Essex, of Cranbrook,
Kent, of Fetter Lane, and of Upper Street,
Islington.

Charles Haddpn, elder son of John Spur-
geon, by his wife, the youngest sister of
Charles Parker Jarvis of Colchester, was
born at Kelvedon, Essex, on 19 June 1834.
His early childhood was spent with his
grandfather, James Spurgeon, but in 1841
he was sent to a school at Colchester con-
ducted by Henry Lewis. In 1848 he spent
a few months at an agricultural college at
Maidstone. In the following year he "be-
came usher in a school at Newmarket. His
employer was a baptist, and although Spur-
geon had been reared an independent, and
converted in a primitive methodist chapel,
he was baptised and formally joined the bap-
tist community at Isleham on 3 May 1850.
In the same year he obtained a place in a
school at Cambridge, recently founded by a
former teacher and Mend, Henry Leeding.
There he became an active member of a bap-
tist congregation, and while a boy of sixteen,
dressed in a jacket, and turndown collar,
preached his first sermon in a cottage at
Teversham, near Cambridge, Hia success

VOL. ion.

was pronounced ; his oratorical gifts were at
once recognised, and in 1852 he became the
pastor of the baptist congregation, at Water-
beach, Cambridgeshire. In April 1854 he
was ' called 7 to the pulpit of the baptist con-
gregation at New Park Street, Southwark.
Within a few months of his call his powers
as a preacher made him famous. The chapel
had been empty ; before a year had passed
the crowds that gathered to hear the country
lad of twenty rendered its enlargement es-
sential. Exeter Hall was used while the
new building was in process of erection, but
Exeter Hall could not contain Spurgeon's
hearers. The enlarged chapel, when opened,
at once proved too small, and a great taber-
nacle was projected. In the meantime Spur-
geon preached at the Surrey Gardens music-
hall, where his congregations numbered ten
thousand. Men and women of all ranks
flocked to his sermons. The newspapers,
from the ( Times7 downwards, discussed him.
and Ms influence. Caricature and calumny
played their part. On 19 Oct. 1856 a mali-
cious alarm of fire raised while Spurgeon was
preaching at the Surrey Gardens music-hall
led to a panic which caused the death of
seven persons and the injury of many others ;
but the preacher's position was not endan-
gered. At twenty-two Spurgeon was the
most popular preacher of his day.

In 186*1 the Metropolitan Tabernacle in
Newington Causeway was opened for service.
It cost 31,000£, and accommodated six thou-
sand persons* There Spurgeon ministered
until nig death, and, until illness disabled
him, fully maintained his popularity and
power as a preacher. The Tabernacle quickly
became, under Spurgeon's impressive per-
sonality, an energetic centre of religions life.
Many organisations grew up under Ms care
and were affiliated to it. All are now lop-
rishing institutions. A pastors* college, ia
wMch young men were prepared for the
ministry under Ms active guidance, was
founded at Camberwell in 1856; it was re-
moved to the Metropolitan Tabernacle in
1861, and is now located in Temple Street,
Southwark. An orphanage, an iinsectarian
institution, was founded in 1867 at Stock-
well for tie maintenance and education of
destitute orphan boys and girls fit is now-
supported by voluntary contributions to the
amount of 10,000*.); wiule a colportage
association, founded in 1866 to circulate
'religious and healthy literature among all
classes * by means of colporteurs, ~wh& IR&IC&
to be paid a fixed salary and to dfiwfe aH
their time to tibe work, derived in 18W.

A. convinced Cslvinist, staitucfily

Spurgeon

434

Spurgeon

ing till the day of his death to every point in
the system of theology in which he had been
educated, Spurgeon was resolved to sacrifice
nothing in the way of doctrine, even in the
interests of peace among Christian churches.
In 1864 he invited a controversy with the
evangelical party in the church of England.
In a powerful sermon on baptismal regenera-
tion which he preached in that year he
showed that that doctrine, to which he was
strenuously hostile, was accepted in the
church of England prayer-book, and he re-
proached evangelical churchmen, who- in
principle were equally antagonistic to the
doctrine, with adhering to an organisation
which taught it. The attack occasioned much
ferment. Three hundred thousand copies of
Spurgeon's sermon were sold ; and while high-
churchmen were elated by Spurgeon's admis-
sion that a doctrine, which they openly
avowed, found a place in the prayer-book,
low-churchmen were proportionately irri-
tated. Numberless pamphlets set forth the
views of the various parties. The most effec-
tive reply to Spurgeon was made by Baptist
Wriothesley Noel [q. v.], then a baptist
minister. In his 'Evangelical Clergy De-
fended/ Noel censured Spurgeon for intro-
ducing needless divisions among men of like
faith. But Spurgeon remained obdurate,
and emphasised his attitude by withdrawing
from the Evangelical Alliance, which was
largely supported by the low-church party
of the church of England.

Spurgeon's strenuous and unbending faith
in Calvinism loosened in course of time the
bonds of sympathy between him and a large
section of his own denomination. He long
watched with misgivings the growth among
baptists of what he regarded as indifference
to orthodoxy. He thought they laid too
little stress on Christ's divine nature, and
that the Arminian views which were spread-
ing among them tended to Arianism. He
keenly resented what he called the ' down
grade * developments of modern biblical cri-
ticism, and the conviction grew on him that
faith was decaying in all Christian churches.
Consequently on 26 Oct. 1887 he announced
Ms withdrawal from the Baptist Union, the
central association of baptist ministers, which
fosed to adopt the serious view that he
of the situation. Opposition to the
flEBg tendency of modern biblical
, brought him in his later days into
y will many churchmen. It was
<m %at account that he withdrew
MEeasa^on ^ Society , of which hehad
* supporter.

Spurgeon was presented with a testimonial
of 6,2632. During the latter part of his life
he lived in some style at Norwood. He never
practised or affected to practise asceticism, but
was generous in the use of the ample means
with which his congregation supplied him.
His opinions on social questions were always
remarkable for sanity and common-sense.
A liberal in politics, Spurgeon was, after
1886, a prominent supporter of the liberal-
unionist party in its opposition to home rule
for Ireland. Towards the end of his life he
suffered severely from gout, and was re-
peatedly forced to take long rests. He died
at Mentone on 31 Jan. 1892, and was buried
at Norwood cemetery, London. The Me-
morial Hall at Stockwell and the Beulah
Baptist Chapel at Bexhill (commenced in
1895) were erected in memory of him. The
best portrait of Spurgeon is an oil painting
in the pastor's vestry, Metropolitan Taber-
nacle, and there is a bust by Mr. Acton-
Adams at the Pastors' College.

Spurgeon married, in 1856, Susannah,
daughter of Robert Thompson of Falcon
Square, London, by whom he had twin sons,
Charles and Thomas. His widow and sons
survived him.

Spurgeon's early fame as a preacher was
largely due to his extreme youth, to the free
play of his humour, and to the fervour of his
unconventional appeals to the conscience.
But he was by nature endowed with much
oratorical power. He managed with the
utmost skill a clear and sympathetic voice,
while his gesture was easy and natural.
Throughout life his matter united shrewd
comment upon contemporary life with the
expository treatmentfavoured by the oldpuri-
tan divines. In later life he spoke in the pulpit
with somewhat less oratorical effect, but with
an intenser earnestness. His humour was
spontaneous ; it marked his private as well
as his public utterances (see especially W.
WiLLiAJf s, Personal Jtemimscences of C. H.
Spurgreori).

Spurgeon was a prolific author, writing
with the directness and earnestness that dis-
tinguished him as a speaker. From 1865
he conducted a monthhr magazine, entitled
1 Sword and Trowel.' From 1855 a sermon
by him was published every week. These
have been collected in numerous volumes,
and many of them have been translated into
the chief European languages. As many as
2,500 sermons are still on sale. Of Ms other
works, nearly all of which ran into many
editions, the most important were : 1. ' The
Saint and his Saviour/ 1857. 2. ' Morning
Toy Morning/ 1866. 3. * Evening by Evening/
; 1868. 4. < John Ploughman's Talks/. 1869.

Spurgin

435

Spurstowe

5. ' The Treasury of David/ 1870-85. 6. 'Lec-
tures to my Students/ 1st ser. 1875; 2nd ser.
1877. 7. l Commenting and Commentaries/
1876. 8. 'John Ploughman's Pictures/ 1880.
9. 'My Sermon Notes/ 1884-7.

An autobiography, compiled by his wife
and the Eev. W. J. Harrald, his private
secretary, from his diary, letters, and records,
appeared in four volumes in 1897-8.

[Pike's Life and Work of C. H. Spurgeon ;
Shindler's From Pulpit to Palm Branch; Steven-
eon's Sketch of the Life of Spurgeon, 1887;
Needham's Life and Labours of 0. H. Spurgeon ;
Douglas's Prince of Preachers; Drew's Charles
H. Spnrgeon; Record, 5 Feb. 1892; Times,
February 1892; Eeview of Reviews, 1892, i.
239-55; information from the Eev. Thomas
Spurgeon.] A. E, B.

SPTJRGIGr, JOHN Q797-1866), medical
writer, son of "William opurgin, farmer, was
born at Orplands, Bradwell, Essex, in 1797,
and educated at Chelmsford grammar school
from 1804 to 1813, and at St. Thomas's Hos-
pital (1813-15). He matriculated at Cam-
bridge from Caius College on 3 July 1814,
and was scholar from Michaelmas 1815 to
Michaelmas 1816. He afterwards proceeded
to Edinburgh, and, returning to Cambridge,
graduated M.B. 1820, and M.D. 1825. He
was admitted an inceptor candidate of the
College of Physicians on 30 Sept. 1822, a
candidate 30 Sept. 1825, and a fellow on
30 Sept. 1826. He was censor in 1829, and
conciliarius in 1851-3 and 1862-4. He de-
livered the Harveian oration in 1851 and the
college lectures on materia medica in 1852.
Spurgin was physician to the Foundling
Hospital from 1835 to his death, and about
1837 became physician to St. Mark's Hos-
pital.

He enjoyed an extensive private practice,
first at 38 Guildford Street, Russell Square,
from 1820, and at 17 Great Cumberland
Street, Hyde Park, from 1853 to his death-
He was the inventor and patentee of an
4 endless ladder/ an appurtenance of the
scaffolding in building, which came into
general use, and he also brought out the
thermoscope for taking the temperature of
the body. { Dr. Spurgm's Condiment * was
a solution of common salt and alkaline phos-
phates, which he introduced as a digestive
and a purifier of the blood.

After an illness, brought on "by .injuries
received, from thieves in Bishopsgate Street
on 20 Sept, 1865, he died at 17 Great Cum-
berland Street, Hyde Park, London, on
20 March 1866. His portrait is in the
Royal College of Physicians. His widow,
Bose, died on 30 Nov. 1882.

Spurgin had from earlv years studied the

works of Swedenborg, whose views he gra-
dually adopted. He gave an account of his
mental experiences in a lecture read before
the Swedenborg Association on 24 Feb. 1847,
and published m the same year as l A Nar-
rative of Personal Experience concerning
Principles advocated by the Swedenbprg
Association.' He also projected an edition
of Swedenborg's philosophical works, and
made some progress with their translation,
but the only volume published was "The
Introduction to an Anatomical, Physical,and
Philosophical Investigation of the Economy
of the Animal Hingdom,' with an ' address
to the reader * by Medicus Cantabrigiensis,
1861.

Spurgin's other works were : 1. ( Six Lec-
tures on Materia Medica and its Belation to
the Animal Economy,' 1853. 2. * The Phy-
sician for All, his Philosophy, Experience,
and his Mission/ 1855; second curricu-
lum, 1857, dedicated to Lord Palmerston.

3. 'Drainage of Cities, reserving their sewage
for use and keeping their rivers clean/ 1858.

4. 'The Cure of the Sick not Allopathy
nor Homoeopathy, but Judgment/ 1860.

[Munk's Coll. of Phys. 1878, iii. 264; Medical
Times, March 1866, pp. 351-2 ; Spurgin's Nar-
rative, 1847, pp. 8, 9, et seq.; information from
Dr. Venn of Gains ColL Cambridge.]

0.C.B.

SPUItSTOWE,WILLIAM,I).P, (1605?-
1666), puritan divine, was son and heir of
William Spurstowe, citizen and mereer of
London, who was remotely connected with
the Spurstowes of Bunbury, Cheshire, He
was probably born in London about 1605.
He was admitted a pensioner at Emmamtel
College, Cambridge, in 1623, graduated B A.
1626, M.A. 1630, and obtained a fellowship
at Catharine Hall, which he resigned in
1637. He had been incorporated BJu at
Oxford on 15 July 1628. His first preJa«eiit
was the rectory of Great Hampden, Buck-
inghamshire, to which lie was instituted
30 June 163% though lie signs the register as
rector in August 1637 j Be succeeded Egeon
Askew [q. vj, who was kraed on 10 May
1637; to his conneetiom with the paarliar-
mentary leader John Hampden (15M-1643)
[q. v,] he probably owed Ms ffltrodactio® to
public life. He was one of the five divimes
[see GAUJJT, EKBOJHB, t&e elder] who wrota
in 1641 as < SmecfcroHmiis,' the last teee

letters of this word befog Ms initials (TW).
In 1642 fee was eiaplam to Hamp&»*6
of *green coats.* Wife

^ •» _. " T

gammons (B June 1643) to &e WesiMiista
assemHy of airae^and took tfe * le^ro imd
covenant' in fe Ibil0w^ S^lemter. Om

Spurstowe

436

Squire

3 May 1643 he succeeded Calybute Downing March 1654, aged 9. His widow, Sarah
[q.v.J as vicar of Hackney, Middlesex. Onthe became in 1669 the second wife of Anthony
deprivation (1645) of Ralph Brownrig[q.y.] Tuckney [q. v.] He died intestate. He
he was put into the mastership of Catharine founded six almshouses for six poor widows
Hall, having been approved for it by the West- at Hackney, which were finished in 1666,
minster assembly (12 May 1645). He had and endowed by his brother and heir, Henry
previously been approved (17 Feb.) for the Spurstowe, a London merchant.

* ™..._ /-M-II...- i..^ ^: He published sermons before parliament

(1643, 1644), before the lord mayor (1654),
and funeral sermons for Lady Honor v yner
(1656) and William Taylor (1662) ; also: 1.

mastership of Clare College, but this was
.given to Ralph Cudworth [q. v.] He was a
member of the provincial assembly of Lon-
don, and at its first meeting (3 May 1647)
was placed on its committee.

4 The Wels of Salvation opened ; or, a Trea-

Spurstowe was one of the clerical com- tise . . . of Gospel Promises/ 1655, 8vo; 1814,

missioners appointed to confer with the king 12mp ; 1821, 12mo. Posthumous were 2. ( The

in the Isle of Wight (September-November Spiritual Chymist; or, Six Decads of Divine

1648^) rfl«,./v«;3/v« nflfi-«v,o 4-^0+ l,n. oviA "Wi1_ TVra^ifo+irt-no 'Iftfift ftTrn /9, -nortoN* IfifiR £TTTV

the" statement is not credible. Spurstowe tween . . . Hampden and . . . Cromwell,*

was strongly opposed to the judicial pro- 1847, 4to, is a modern fiction to which Spur-

ceedings against Charles, and signed in stowe's name is attached.

January 1649 the * Vindication ' promoted [Wood's Athene Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 287; Wood's

by Cornelius Burges, D.D. [q. v.], protesting ^asti (Bliss), i. 443 ; Calamy's Account, 1713, p.

against the trial. The twenty -sixth ' medi- 471 . Calamy's Continuation, 1727,ii. 613, 743 ;

tation ' in his * Spiritual Chymist ' (1666), Fuller's Hist, of the University of Cambridge,

headed * Upon the Koyal Oak/ gives expres- 1655, p. 170 ; Beliquise Baxterianse, 1696, i. 42,

sion to his loyalty. In 1649 he was made ii. 229, 303, 334, iii. 97 ; Clarendon's Hist, of

D.D. He ref used the ' engagement ' (12 Oct. the Bebellion, 1706,iii.216 ; Walker's Sufferings

1649) of allegiance to the existing govern- of the Clergy, 1714, ii. 151 ; Palmer's Noncon-

ment < without a king or a house of lords ; ' formist's Memorial, 1802, ii. 448 sq.; Neal s Hist.

and, failing to take it by 23 March 1650, was
deprived of his mastership of Catharine Hall,
which , in November, was given to John Light-
foot (1602-1675) [q. v.]

At the Restoration Lightfoot offered to
resign the mastership in his favour, but
Spurstowe declined. He was made chaplain
in ordinary to Charles II, and once preached
at court. Ezekiel Hopkins, D.D. [q.v.], was
his curate in 1660. In the negotiations for
an accommodation of religious parties he was
consulted as a leading man, and was a com-

of the Puritans (Tonlmin), 1822, iii. 325; Eobin-
son's Hist, of Hackney, 1843, ii. 159 sq., 368 sq. ;
LipscomVs Buckinghamshire, 1847, ii. 247, 284 j
Urvrick's Nonconformity in Cheshire, 1864, p.
146 (errs in making him a native of Bunbnry) ;
Mitchell and Stmthers's Minutes of Westminster
Assembly, 1874, pp. 59, 90 ; Whitehead's His-
torical Sketch of New Gravel Pit Church, Hack-
ney, 1889, pp. 6 seq. ; Foster's Alumni Oxon.
1500-1714, iv. 1402; Ashe's Funeral Sermon
for William Spurstowe (the son), 1654; Cole's
Athense Cantabr. (manuscript) ; Lansdowne MS.
916, fol. 56 ; information from the master of

missioner to the Savoy conference (April- Catharine College and from the Rev. A. Marshall,

July 1661), but took no prominent part. At
Ms vicarage-house at Hackney, Baxter spent
a week * in retirement ' while preparing the
answer to the episcopal defence of the prayer-
book. He resigned his living on the coming
, into force of the Uniformity Act (24 Aug.
was succeeded (22 Sept.) by

» - -- -

Great Hampden.] A. G-.

SPYNIE, LOKDS. [See LINDSAY, ALBX-
ANDBB, first lord, d. 1607 ; LHOSAT, ALEX-
AJSTDBE, second lord, d. 1646;
GBOBGE, third lord, d. 1671.]

x _, SQUIRE, EDWAKD (d. 1598), alleged

., B.D. Henceforth he lived conspirator, originally followed the calling of
^ Hacjmey, being a man of inde- a scrivener at Greenwich, where he married

and had children. He then obtained a post
in Queen Elizabeth's stables, but, being * a
man of wit above his vocation,' gave up his
position to become a sailor. In August 1595
fie started with Drake on Ms last voyage to

In 1664 he visited Cam-
entertained at dinner in
Baxte Describes Hm as ' an

leverend -minister; ' (Mamy

! a small Barque. Late in October the Fra^eis
' of ihe fleet off Guade-

Squire

437

Squire

loupe, and was captured by five Spanish ships.
Squire was taken prisoner to Seville in Spain,
where, having been released on parole, he
seems to have formed a plan for discovering
Jesuit secrets by a pretended conversion. By
ids attacks on the Eoman catholics he got
himself imprisoned, and then sent for Richard
Walpole, a brother of Henry Walpole [q. v. J
and *a kind of vicar-general to Parsons.'
Walpole, finding Squire ' a man of more than
ordinary sense and capacity for his quality
and education,7 is said to have instigated him
to assassinate the Earl of Essex and Queen
Elizabeth. In order to disarm suspicion,
a pretext was found for having Squire tried
as a protestant by the inquisition. The de-
sign was the fantastic one of poisoning the
pommel of the queen's saddle, for which
Squire's previous experience in the royal
stables afforded him exceptional facilities.
Soon afterwards Squire was exchanged for
some Spanish prisoners, and he arrived in
England in June 1597. Late in that month
he is said to have rubbed on the pommel _ of
the queen's saddle some of the poison with
which Walpole had supplied him, but natu-
rally without any result. A week or so later
Squire, partly to escape detection and partly
to make an attempt on Essex's life, embarked
on the earl's fleet then about to set out on the
Islands voyage. Between Fayal and St.
Michael's he rubbed some poison on Essex's
chair with equal lack of success [see DEVB-
EEFXjEoBEET, second EA.EL or ESSEX]. Soon
afterwards either Squire himself orthe Jesuits,
believing that Squire had played them false,
informed the English government of these
designs. Early in the autumn of 1598 Squire
was arrested, and on 9 Nov. he was indicted
for high treason. Repeated examinations
by Bacon and others produced varying re-
sults ; at first he denied all knowledge of the
plot; then he confessed both walpole's
machinations and his own attempts ; subse-
quently he retracted the admission of his own
misdeeds, but finally he repeated his confes-
sion, probably under torture, notwithstand-
ing the official statement that it was made
* without any rigour in the world.' He was
condemned and on 23 Nov. was ' hanged,
bowelled, and quartered' at Tyburn, re-
pudiating his former confessions (Slow, p.
787). A special order of prayer and thanks-
giving was issued to celebrate the queen's
escape (printed in IHtwrgwal Services of Quern
Elizabeth, Parker Society, p. 681).

Squire's alleged treason was the subject of
a literary war between the government and
Eoman catholic apologists, and their re^ec-
tive versions differ in almost every detail, the
latter being perhaps the less Ijieredifcte of

the two (seeLiffGAEDjVoLvi. app.noteBBB),
The official account, attributed by Spedding
to Bacon and printed among his works
(Letters and Life, ii. 109-19)y was certainly
written by one who was either present afc
Squire's examinations or had access to the
official documents, which it closely follows
(cf. Cal State Papers, Dom. 1598, pp. 108-
112). It is dated 2B Dec. 1598 (c£ CHAM-
BERLAIN, Letters, p. 47), and was published
as a * Letter written out of England to an
English Grentleman remaining at Padua,
containing a true report of a strange con~
spiracie contrived betweene Edward Squire
. . . and Richard Walpole/ London, 1599,
8vo (British Museum). It was reprinted in
Bishop George Carleton's * Thankfull Re-
membrance,' 1624 ; and again, in 1733, as
1 Authentic Memoirs of Pather Richard
Walpole,' London, 1733, 8vo (for other pam-
phlets taking the same view see Brit. MUB.
Cat. s.v, 'E.O/ [see STTTCLIPSB, MATTHEW!
and A Defense of the Catholyke Cause, 1602,
Pref. p. 2). A reply to the official story
(attributed to Walpole) appeared as 'The
Discpverie and Confutation of a Tragicall
Fiction devysed and played by Edward
Squyer, yeoman soldiar . , . wherein the
argument and fable is that He should be senfc
out of Spain , . . but the meaning and
moralization thereof was to make odiopsthe
lesuites, and by them all cafefeoliqii^
Written ... by M. A. Freest, that knew
and dealt with Squyer in Spain/ 15£% mm.
8vo (the only copy known to be extant is in
the Huth Library), Another reply, *A
Defence of the Catholyke Cause,' was com-
posed the same year by Thomas jBltztortert
fq. v.J butnotprinted until 1602 (St. Qraerf
8vo).

[Works mentioned above in tfae Brit. Mm.
libr.; Cat State Papers, Borau 159S, passim;
Chamberlain's Letters (OaiMbQ Soc.), pp. $&»
28-9, 47; Speed's Historie, pfx 1163-5; C«M-
den's Elizabeth ; SfcoVs Aim*)*, p. 787 ;
Chron. p. 101 ; Poulis's Bofoisb $ieas«5,
PoleVs Collections, ii. 228-53 ; %x»*
LiBgard's Hist vL 285, 334-S; Jes
Generation of a KoifoIkEo^ pp. M~# ; Haz-
litfs BibL CoBecfciow, passim; CsL

SQTJffiE, JOHK

Eeutenant-eolonel royal aagiaeers,
of Dr. John Squire (173WS18) of
London, who foaiAa in 1788 the
the Belief of Widows andCkpfeaiMif

for

Be.

Matthew Bairn fa.T.1

^ Mii

Squire

438

Squire

cond lieutenant in the royal engineers in
January 1797, and was promoted to be first
lieutenant on 29 Aug. 1798.

In August 1799 Squire embarked with the
expedition under Sir Ralph Abercromby
[q. v.] for the Helder. He took part in the
affair of 10 Sept., when he was wounded.
He was also in the actions of Bergen and
Alkmaar on 2 and 6 Oct. He returned
with the army to England at the end of
October.

In 1801 he went to Egypt, and served
throughout the campaign in that country
under Abercromby and under General (after-
wards Lord) Hutchinson. He was present
at the battle of Alexandria on 21 March,
the capture of Rosetta on 8 April, the cap-
ture of Fort St. Julien after a three days'
siege on 19 April, the siege of Alexandria
in August, and its capitulation, after an
armistice of some days, on 2 Sept. During
his stay in Egypt, in conjunction with Cap-
tain "William Martin Leake [q. v.l of the
royal artillery and William Richard Hamil-
ton [q. v.]? he deciphered the Greek inscrip-
tion on the so-called Pompe/s pillar at
Alexandria.

On the conclusion of the Egyptian cam-
paign Squire obtained leave of absence, and,
in company with Leake and Hamilton, made
a tour through Syria and Greece. On leaving
Athens for Malta in the brig Mentor, laden
with some of the Elgin marbles, Squire's
party was wrecked on the island of Cerigo on
17 Sept. 1802, and narrowly escaped death.
By strenuous exertions many of the marbles
and some of the journals, plans, and papers
were recovered. Wherever Squire travelled
he kept a full and accurate journal. On his
arrival home, early in 1803, Squire and Leake
presented to the Society of Antiquaries a me-
moir on Pompey's Pillar, which was read on
3 Feb. by Dr. Raine of the Charterhouse, who
had suggested characters to replace the
eighteen which were entirely obliterated
(Archaohgia, vol. xv.)

Squire was promoted to be captain lieu-
tenant in February 1803, and second captain
on 19 July 1804. He was employed in the
southern -military district on the defences of
$*e eoast of Sussex. On 1 July 1806 he
wa» ^qmoted to be first captain, and ap-
|x>iixfe©eL conmaanding royal engineer in the
coqpacition ta South America. He accom-
1 Sir S&mael Auchmuty to the La
landing in January 1807. Squire con-

tionsfrom28 June to 5 July which culminated
in the disastrous attack on Buenos Ayres
and the humiliating terms by which Monte
Video was given up, and the expedition re-
turned to England. Although Squire re-
ceived the best thanks of Whitelocke in his.
despatch, he bore witness for the prosecution
at the court-martial held in London in March
1808.

In April 1808 Squire accompanied Sir
John Moore's expedition to Sweden, and in
the summer went with that general's army to
Lisbon, taking part in all the operations of the
campaign, which terminated on 16 Jan. 1809
in the victory of Coruna. He embarked the
same night with the army for England, ar-
riving in February. In April he was sent
by^ Lord Castlereagh in a frigate on a secret
mission to the Baltic, to report on the de-
fences and importance of the island of Bort-
holm as a defensive naval station.

On 28 July of the same year he sailed, as-
commanding royal engineer to Sir John
Hope's division, with the army under the
Earl of Chatham to the Scheldt. On 30 July
he reconnoitred with Captain Peake, R.N.,
the channel and shores of the East Scheldt*
He took an active part in the siege of Flush-
ing, and was present at its capture on 14 Aug.,
returning to England in December.

In 1810 Squire published anonymously
* A Short Narrative of the late Campaign
of the British Army, &c., with Preliminary
Remarks on the Topography and Channels
of Zeeland ' (2nd ed. same year). The work
is a careful study of the geography and history
of the campaign, and contains not only out-
spoken criticisms on its conduct, but con-
cludes with an able exposition of operations
which might have been adopted with success.

On 28 March 1810 Squire joined Welling-
ton's army in Portugal. He was at once-
employed in the lines of Torres Vedras, and
on their completion was, in October, ap-
pointed regulating officer of No. 3 district,
from Alhandra to the valley of Calhandrix.
On the retreat of MassSna in March 1811,
Squire accompanied Marshal Beresford's-
corps to the relief of Campo Mayor on
25 March. At the end of March his resource-
in constructing bridges across the Guadiana
and -making a breach in the defences of
Olivenza materially contributed to the cap-
ture of that place on 15 April. Hia services-
were equally great at the two sieges of
Badajoz (5-12 May and 25 May-10 June),
and on "both occasions Wellington mentioned
him in his despatches.

i On 21 June 1811 Squire was attached to
; Lieuteiiantrgenexal Sir Rowland HDl's corps
>. lit Esttoiiadiica. He took part in the battle

Squire

439

Squire

of Arroyo Molino, when the French general,
Girard, suffered an overwhelming defeat on
28 Oct. His assistance was acknowledged
with thanks by Hill in his despatch, and
Squire was promoted on 5 Dec. to be brevet
major for his services. In March 1812 Squire
was one of the two directors of the attack at
the third siege of Badajoz under Sir Richard
Fletcher [q. v.], Burgoyne being the other
directory taking twenty-four hours' duty in the
trenches turn about. On the capture of Bada-
joz by assault, on 6 April, Squire was men-
tioned by Wellington in his despatch, where
he refers to the assistance which Squire ren-
dered to Major Wilson and the 48th regi-
ment in establishing themselves in the ravelin
of San Koque. Squire was promoted to be
brevet lieutenant-colonel on 27 April, and
was awarded the gold medal for Badajoz.

Squire continued to be attached to HilTs
corps, which now attempted the destruction
of the French bridge of boats at Almarez.
But his exertions and fatigue at the siege of
Badajoz had greatly exhausted him; and,
having repaired the bridge of Merida, he was
hastening to join Hill when he fell from his
horse and was carried to Truxillo. There he
died of fever and prostration on 19 May
1812. Seldom was the loss of an officer of
his rank more deplored.

[War Office Records; Despatches; Royal En-
gineers' Records; G-ent. Mag. 1811 i. 481, 1812
i. 668; Conolly's Hist, of the Royal Sappers
and Miners ; Porter's Hist, of the Corps of Royal
Engineers ; private memoir and papers ; Jones's
Sieges in Spain ; Napier's Hist, of the War in
the Peninsula ; Maxwell's Life of Wellington ;
Life of Sir John Moore ; Carmichael Smyth's
Wars in the Low Countries ; Wrottesley's Life
and Correspondence of Field-marshal Sir John
Burgoyne ; Anderson's Journal of the Forces
under Sir Ralph Abercromby in the Mediter-
ranean and Egypt, and the Operations of Lord
Hutchinson to the Surrender of Alexandria, 4to,
London, 1802; Walsh's Journal of the Cam-
paign in Egypt ; MacCarthy's Recollections of
the Storming of the Castle of Badajoz.]

R. H. V.

SQUIRE, SAMUEL (1713-1766), bishop
of St. Davids, baptised at W arminster, Wilt-
shire, in 1713, was son of Thomas Squire (d.
30 Nov. 1761, aged 74), druggist and apothe-
cary of that town, who married, in 1708,
Susan, daughter of John Scott, jector of
Bishopstrow, a neighbouring parish. She
died on 9 Aug. 1758; aged 72 (HoABB,
ModemWiltshire, <Warminster,' pp. 21, 26).

Samuel was admitted pensioner of St.
John's (MLegey Cambridge, on 23 June 1730,
and became Somerset scholar of the college
on 11 July in that year. Dr. John Neweome,
iferwards master of Sfc, John's and dean of

Rochester, one of the whig leaders at the
university, had married his father's sister,
and was able to benefit him by his influence
in the college and with the Duke of New-
castle. Squire, who was known as a plodding
rather than a clever scholar, graduated B.A.
in 1733-4, and M. A. on 5 July 1737, obtained
the Craven scholarship on 10 June 1734, and
was elected a fellow of his college on 24 March
1734-5. He was ordained deacon on Trinity
Sunday 1739, and priest in 1741, and in the
latter year was appointed by his college to
the vicarage of Minting in Lincolnshire. In
February 1742 he withdrew from Cambridge
to reside in the palace at Wells as domestic
chaplain to the bishop, Dr. John Wynn, and
on 21 May 1743 was appointed by his diocesan
to the archdeaconry of Bath and the pre-
bendal stall of Wanstraw in Wells Cathedral.
These preferments he retained until 1761.

Squire developed a keen talent for his own
advancement in life, He adopted Newcomers
whig principles, and from 1748 was chaplain
to the Duke of Newcastle. When the duke
was installed as chancellor of the university
of Cambridge, he preached one of the com-
mencement sermons on 2 July 1749, and pro-
ceeded to the degree of D.D. From that
time he acted as the chancellor's secretary
for university affairs, and he lived for some
period in the duke's house as domestic chap-
lain. As a parasite of the Duke of Newcastle
he was ridiculed in 1749 by William King
(1685-1763) fo. v.], in < A Key to the Frag-
ment. By A-mias Riddinge, B JX/ chap. iv.
(Ki*re, Anecdotes, pp. 153-5). Few men
were more generally disliked |n fee univer-
sity, and the reputation for servility elang
to H™ through life; but his rise in feedrarch
was rapid. By the nomination of the crown
Squire was admitted on 21 Nov. 1749 to fee
rectory of Topsfield in Essex; but to gralafj-
Archbishop Herring, who desired to obtain
that benefice for a relative, he resigned it in
the following March, receiving ia ifcs place
the rectory of St. Anne's, Soho. On^June
1751 he was instituted, on the gift of fee
crown, to the vicarage of Gteeeaiwkli, and
these two valuable benefeesie retained urfi
his death.

On fee estoblM*ment ia 1756 of a toiiBe-
hold for the young Prince of WaJss, affces-
wards George m, the post of clerk of fee
doset was conferred <mS<|iiire. Bntfeewais
notyeisaMed. IB Ctefe*barl758 he urged
IiO&'QbBStaefiatt to otein a biAo
him from feeDafe of N®weasfefe,l^€

1760, and

fefffc

Squire

440

Squire

Davids, "which became vacant after the acces-
sion of George III, was given to him. He was
consecrated on 24 May 1761 . Gray, who often
sneered at his hunger for preferment,wrote to
Dr. "Wharton in May 1761 : ' I wish you joy
of Dr. Squire's bishoprick ; he keeps both his
livings and is the happiest of devils.' A print
called * The Pluralist ' sharply satirised him.

The Duke of Newcastle is said to have ex-
pressed dissatisfaction at Squire's promotion,
and wished * the world to know that he had
no hand in it.' But Squire was under no
misapprehension as to the declining influence
of his old patron, and, with an eye to the
future, openly assigned his good fortune to
the discernment of the king's favourite, Lord
Bute (Notes and Queries, 1st ser., i. 65-7).

The bishop died in Harley Street, London,
London, on /May 1766, after a short illness.
Despite his greed of place, Squire was at
tunes a generous patron, and among others
on whom he conferred favours was the unfor-
tunate Dr. William Dodd [q/y-.Jwho in return
lauded him in his works (DoDD, Poems, pp.
82, 196 ; Thoughts in Prison, iv. 73 ; Mutual

for other instances of Squire's generosity see
Gent. Mag. 1772, pp. 303-4 ; Europ. Mag.
Ivi. 87-8). Squire's dark complexion gave
him the nickname of * The Man of Algola.'

Squire married, on 13 May 1752, Charlotte,
eldest daughter of Thomas Ardesoif of Soho
Square, and she died on 12 April 1771, in her
fiftieth year. They left three children, the
last surviving of whom, Samuel Squire, of
the Inner Temple, died unmarried on 7 Sept.
1843, and was buried in the vaults under
Leamington church.

Squire was elected F.E.S. on 15 May 1746
andJF.S.A. on 2 March 1747-8, and was 'an
active member of both societies.' He was a
student of languages, especially of Saxon and
Icelandic, and of history and antiquities.
He left in manuscript a Saxon grammar of
his composition, and sought to encourage the
study of Anglo-Saxon at Cambridge. His
published writings comprised : 1. ' Ancient
History of the Hebrews Vindicated, or Re-
marks on part of the third volume of the Moral
Philosopher. ByTheophanesCantabrigiensis/
1741. 2. ' Two Essays, the former a Defence
fcapeieiit Greek Chronology ; the latter
Inquiry into the Origin of the Greek
L This provoked an answer,
Beflexions, arising from a
Essays by Mr. Squire/
Iside efc Osiride liber,
[W441 This work he
a <new Eng-
the

1745 ; new ed. with additions, 1753. Both
were dedicated to the Duke of Newcastle.
5. i Letter to a Tory Friend on the present
Critical Situation of our Affairs' (anon.),
1746. 6. ' Remarks on Mr. Carte's Specimen
of his General History of England' (anon.),
1748; attacking Carte's account of the Druids
and laughing at the patronage of the Jaco-
bites. 7. l A letter to John Trot-Plaid, author
of the Jacobite Journal, on Mr. Carte's History.
By Duncan MacCarte, a Highlander,' 1748.
8. * Historical Essay on the balance of Civil
Power in England ' (anon.), 1748. This was
afterwards annexed to the second edition of
his 'English Constitution/ 1753. 9. 4Ee-
marks on the Academic . . .' (anon.), 1751 ; an
attack on some regulations of Cambridge
University. 10. 'Indifference for Religion
inexcusable,' 1758; 3rd ed. 1763; dedicated
to ^ George, prince of "Wales. 11. 'The
Principles of Religion made easy to young
persons, in a short and familiar catechism/
1763 ; dedicated to Prince Frederic William,
and nearly identical with that drawn up for
the prince's private use. A made-up copy
of the bishop's works, with numerous anno-
tations and corrections by him, in four
volumes, is at the British Museum, Prefixed
is a manuscript account of his life by his son,
Samuel Squire. The bishop was the author
of a memoir of Thomas Herring [q. v.], arch-
bishop of Canterbury, his old friend and
patro.., which appeared with that prelate's
* Seven Sermons*" (1763). Some political
letters by him appeared in the * Daily Gazet-
teer' of 1740, with the signature of L. E.,
and many private communications to and
from him are among the Newcastle Papexs
in the British Museum, Additional MSS,
32709-32992.

Squire's library was sold in 1767. It in-
cluded the collections of Dr. John Pelling,
his predecessor at Soho. which he purchased
in 1750.

[Gent Mag. 1762 p. 93, 1766 pp. 203-4, §47,
1771 p. 192 ; Brake's Blackheath, p. 99 ; Baker's
St. John's Coll. Cambr. ed. Mayor, ii. 709-10;
Thomson's Eoyal Society, App, iy. p. :div ; Le
Neve's Fasti, i. 165, 195, 224, 305; Nichols's
Illustr. of Lit. ii. 55, 825, 838, v. 766 ; Nichols's
Lit. Anecdotes, ii. 348-52, iii. 637, viii. 272-4,
461 ; Cole's MSS. 5827 and 5831 ; Bishop New-
ton's Life, 1782, p. 60 ; Corresp. of Gray and
Mason, pp. 97-8, 246, 513; Gray's Works, ed.
Gosse, i. 127, ii. 326-7, ii. 103; Halfcett and
Laing, ii. 1383, iii. 2141, 2147.] W. P. C.

SQTJIBE* WILLIAM (d. 1677), con-
: troyersiaHst, was son of a proctor in the
\ archhishop of York's court. . He entered
j Trinity HaH, Cambridge, in 1647, and
BA. in 1650. He was incoa>

Stack

441

Stackhouse

porated at Oxford in 1652, entering himself was detected while executing secret service
a ' batler ' at Brasenose, and graduated M. A. for the English government, and was to have
on 25 April 1653. Soon afterwards he be- been shot with the Due d'Enghien but was
AH s™io> a»* o f«-n^ reprieved at the last minute. He was re-
leased in 3 814 ^ on the restoration of the
Bourbons. "While in captivity he was pro-
moted to the rank of major-general in the

came chaplain at All Souls' and a fellow
of University College. By the interest of
Sheldon, bishop of London, he was presented
to the rectory of Raulaston or Kolleston,
Derbyshire, in 1675, and on 23 July of the
same year was appointed canon of Lichfield.
He died at Eolleston in 1677, and on 4 Sept.

British army on 25 April 1808, and to that
of lieutenant-general on 4 Jan. 1813. After
his release he was made a general on

was buried in the chancel of the parish 22 July 1830, and died at Calais, at a great
church under a black marble stone. — " "^ "" """"*

Squire published two theological treatises,
viz. : 1. ' The Unreasonableness of the
Romanists requiring our Communion with
the present Romish Church ; or, a Discourse
... to prove that it is unreasonable to re-
quire us to joyn in Communion with it,'

[Gent. Hag. 1834, i. 225 ; Alger's Englishmen
in the Prench Devolution, p. 356 ; Army lasts.]

E.LC.

STACK, RICHARD (d. 1812), author,
entered Trinity College, Dublin, as a sizar
on 27 May 1766, and was elected a scholar
in!769. HegraduatedB.A.inl770andM.A.
in 1779. In the same year he was elected
a fellow of the college, and in 1783 he took
the degree of B.D., receiving that of D.D.
in 1786. He was appointed rector of Omagh,
and died in 1812. He was vice-president of
the Royal Irish Academy.

Stack was the author of: 1. 'An Intro-
duction to the Study of Chemistry/ Dublin,
1802, 8vo. 2. * Lectures on the Acts of the

Stack de Grotto,' three members of which Apples/ 2nd e^t London, l^Svo ^edi-
served in the French army during the eigh- <f ted to Bedby Porteus [q. v.], bishopof Lon-

., ff\it-r J-r • i •*$-,• °.. HrtTI 3 * T rfwvhmvifl evn +lno TSrwaflfl tn -fcko

teenth century (O'HABT, Irish Pedigrees, 11.
809). He entered the IVench army in early

1672, 8vo. 2. 'Some more Considerations
proving the Unreasonableness of the
Itomanists in requiring us to return to the
Communion of the present Romish Church/
1674, 8vo.

[Wood's Athenae Oxon. iii. 114-15; Poster's
Alumni Oxon. ; Le Neve's Pasti Eccles. Anglic.
i 612.] G. LE G. N.

STACK, EDWARD (d. 1833), general,
born in Ireland, came of a family styled

early

life, and became an aide-de-camp of Louis XV.
In 1777 he became lieutenant and accom-
panied La Fayette to America to aid the
English colonists in their revolt. He was
on board Le Bonhomme Richard on 23 Sept.
1779, whenher commander, Paul Jones [q. v.],
captured the Serapis in the North Sea. Soon
after he was placed in command of Dillon's
regiment in the Irish brigade, and proceeded
to the West Indies, where he served under the
Marquis de Bouill6, governor of the Wind-
ward Islands, and assisted in taking the
islands of Tobago, St. Christopher, x\evis,
and Montserrat from the English. He was
promoted captain in 1789, and for his services
in America was made Chevalier de St. Louis
and Chevalier de Cincinnatus dJAm£rique.
He remained in Dillon's regiment until the
Frenchrevolution,whenheenteredtheBritish
service as an officer of the Irish brigade. He
became lieutenant-colonel in the Sthregiment
on 1 Oct. 1794. The brigade was disbanded
in 1798, but he was promoted to a colonelcy
on half-pay on 1 Jan. 1801. On the rupture
of the treaty of Amiens in 1803 he was one ',
of those detained in France by Bonaparte* j
and was first imprisoned at Biche for three j
and then at Verdun. IB 1804 he \

don. 3. 'Lectures on" the Epistle to the
Romans,' Dublin, 1806, 8vo, dedicated to
Porteus. Stack also made several eomtai-
butions to the 'Transactions' of •
Irish Academy.

[Keuss's Eegister of Authors* 1770-90 p. SSI,
1790-1803 ii.348;Dict. of Living Authors, 1816;
Allibone's Diet, of Authors; Imiex lo Transac-
tions of the Boyal Irish Acad. 1813.] EL I. a

STACKEOUSE, JOHN (1742-1819),
botanist, second son of Wifliara Stack-
house, D.D. (d. 1771), rector of & Jtooe,
Cornwall, and nephew of Thomas SfcadkhOTse
(1677-1752) [q. v.l was born afc Tre&aiie,
Cornwall, in 174% On 20 June 1768 fee
matriculated from Exeter Colleges, Oafercl,
and was a fellow of the college irW 1761
to 1764. On snceeeding his relatrpe, Mrs.
Grace Pereival, sister of Sir WiHam Beu-
darves, in the PeiArres esi&fces m 176% fee
resigned his fellowship, ancE, after travellmg
abroad for two or three years, settled oti fek
newly acqnired«^ea%, IB 1804 he res%n«dl
that estate to & eldes! smriviagao% ae&
retired to Ballt Iroiaaiiearljpcooi^elE*
house d&wfeed himself to botoj, and «*-
peciallj to tte stedr o€ sea^

17T5 k* ^ecfced Aetai

Stackhouse

442

Stackhouse

marine algse. He was one of the early fel-
lows of the Linnean Society, being elected
in 1795.

Stackhouse died at his house at Edgar
Buildings, Bath, on 22 Nor. 1819. On
21 April 1773 he married Susanna, only
daughter and heir of Edward Acton of Acton
Scott, Shropshire, by whom he had four
sons and three daughters. The eldest son,
John, died young. The second, Edward
William, assumed the surname of Pendarves
in 1815. The third son, Thomas Pendarves,
succeeded to the estate of Acton Scott, and
assumed the additional surname of Acton in
1834, There is a lithographic portrait of
Stackhouse in his < Dlustrationes Theo-

1815 and 1816 (xi. 154-5, xiii. 445-8, xiv.
289-93), and one, entitled 'Tentamen
Marino-cryptogamicum,' and dated Bath,
1807, in the 'Me* moires de la Socie"t6 des
Naturalistes ' of Moscow, of which society he
was a fellow (1809, ii. 50-97). Stackhouse
also contributed a translation in English
verse to the second edition of the Abbate
Alberto Portia's ' Dei Gataclismi sofferti dal
nostropianeta, saggio poetico' (London, 1786),
and he made several contributions to Coxe's
'Lifeof Stillingfleet.'

[Q-ent. Mag. 1820, i. 88, and works above
quoted ; Boase's Begistrum Coll. Exon., Oxford
Hist. Soc. Publications, xxvii. 148 ; Monkland's
Suppl. to Literature and Literati of Bath, 1855,

phrasti ' (1811), which was reissued in a P- 64 ; Polwhele's Biogr. Sketches in Cornwall,
f^^n^-Pn^^Tnia^^.m-nn-P^Tlnon^rflQf.nfl' 1831, i. 12-17; Boase and Courtney's Bibl.

smaller form in his edition of ' Theophrastus
(1813) ; and his name was commemorated by
Sir James Edward Smith [q. v.] in the Aus-
tralian terebinthaceous genus Stackhousia.
Stackhouse's chief works were : * Nereis

1831, i. 12-17; Boase and Courtney's Bibl.
Cornub. ii. 682; Boase's Collectan. Cornub.
pp. 923-4.] GK S. B.

STACKHOUSE,THOMAS(1677-1752),

theologian, son of John Stackhouse (d. 1734),

Britannica/'lUustrationesTheophrasti/and ultimately rector of Boldon, co. Durham,
his «ditinnnf Thftrnvhrastufl's 'Historia Plan- " " ---«•---

his edition of Theophrastus's 'Historia Plan-
tarum.' The 'Nereis Britannica/ which was
issued in parts, deals mainly with the sea-
wracks or fuci, and was based on his own
researches, together with those of his friends,
Thomas JenMnson Woodward, Dawson Tur-
ner, Dr. Samuel Goodenough (afterwards
bishop of Carlisle), Lilly Wigg, John Pitch-
ford, and Colonel Thomas velley, and the
herbaria of Dillenius, Bobart, and Linnaeus,
The complete work, which was published

and uncle of John Stackhouse [q..v.], was
born at "Witton-le-Wear in that county
(where his father was then curate) in 1677.
On 3 April 1694 he was entered at St. John's
College, Cambridge, but the designation of
<M.A.' which appears on the title-pages of
some of his works does not seem to represent
a degree derived from an English university.
It was possibly obtained, as the tradition in
his family runs, during his residence abroad.
From 1701 to 1704 he was headmaster of

in folio at Bath, with Latin and English Hexham grammar school, and on 28 Dec.
text and twelve coloured plates by the 1704 he was ordained priest in London. He
author, appeared in 1795. An enlarged then became curate of Shepperton in Middle-
-,.,. _,.,. _ * ,_......-. _i.A._ sex, and from 1713 was minister of the Eng-
lish church at Amsterdam. In 1731 he was
curate of Finchley.

For some time Stackhouse lived in poverty,
and in 1722, under the designation of 'A
Clergyman of the Church of England,' ad-
dressed a printed letter to Bishop John

edition, with twenty-four coloured plates,
was published at Bath in 1801, in folio ; and
another at Oxford in 1816, in quarto, with
Latin text only and twenty plates. The
6 Ulustrationes Theophrasti in usum Botani-
corum prsecipue peregrinantium/ Oxford,
1811, 8vo, contains a lexicon and three cata-

logues giving the Linnsean names of the Bobinson (1650-1723) [c[.v.] exposing the
plants mentioned. The edition of 'Theo- * miseries and great hardships of the inferiour
phrasti Eresii de Historia Plantarum libri
decem/ 'perhaps the most unsatisfactory'
ever published (JACKSON", Gftade to the litera-
ture of Botany, p. 22), in 2 vols. 8vo, 1813
a$d> 1814r contains the Greek text, Latin
notes^ a glossary and Greek-Latin and Latin-
€beek dialogues of the plants. From this

Sta^klkM^e^epmited in a separate form 'De _„ ......

Li)«att<^ Smyrna, et Balsamo Theophrasti sellers. From a condition of extreme dis-
Hofcitis&/t wife prefatory t Extracts* from tress he was rescued by his appointment in
"" "~ *" the summer of 1733 to the vicarage of Ben-

ham, or Beenham, Valence, in Berkshire. In

-i *r«v^» t i IT i_ * rm_ _^"u.«U'n

clergy in and about London.' It was re-
issued, and the later editions bore his
name on the title-page. In 1732, while en-
gaged on Ms great * History of the Bible,'
£e issued a pamphlet (now very scarce) called
( Bookbinder, Bookprinter, and Bookseller
confuted; or Author ^Vindication of himself/
which related his troubles with two book-

Bmee's 'Tiaveis la Abyssinia/ Bath, 1815,
m papers by Slackbotise were pub-

* . •£ m» ' w ... i*it T-

fe^ns of the Linnean
y,)y dated 179S and ,
sieal

5^

1737, when he had a house in Theobald's
Court, London, he acknowledged that he
owed to Edmund Gibson [q. v,], bishop of

Stackhouse

443

Stackhouse

London, * the present comfortable leisure for
study and the generous encouragement ' to
his labours. In 1741 he was living at Chelsea
(LYSONS, Environs of London, ii. 92), and no
doubt was often non-resident and working
for the booksellers. He died at Benham on
11 Oct. 1752, and was buried in the parish
church, a monument being placed there to
his memory. By his first wife, who died in
1709, he had two sons (of whom one, Thomas,
is noticed below), and by his second wife,
Elizabeth Reynell, two sons and one daugh-
ter. A portrait of Stackhouse at the age of
sixty-three was engraved by Vertue in 1749
from a painting by J. Woolaston.

The great work of Stackhouse was his
'New History of the Holy Bible from the
Beginning of the World to the Establishment
of Christianity/ which he brought out in
numbers and then published in three folio
volumes in 1737, with a dedication to his
patron, Bishop Gibson. The second edition
came out in two folio volumes in 1742-4, and
it was often reprinted, with additional notes,
by other divines. The work was illustrated
with many views, including the ark inside
and outside, and the tower of Babel. The plate
of the ' Witch of Endor ' was the bugbear
of the childhood of Charles Lamb, and the
quaint representation of the e elephant and
camel ' peeping out from the ark, Lamb never
forgot (Notes and Queries, 4th ser. x. 405,
456, xi. 65, 7th ser. ii. 187, 217). The illus-
trations were altered in the later editions.
This work is said by Orme to be wanting ^ in
originality and profundity, but it states in-
fidel objections with some power. Trusler
compiled from it in 1797 ' A Compendium
of Sacred History.'

Besides sermons, Stackhouse published:
1. l Memoirs of the Life and Conduct of
Bishop Atterbury, by Phiklethes/ 1723,
which he addressed to William Pulteney; a
German translation was published at Leipzig
in 1724, and it was issued with a new title-
page in 1723. 2. An abridgment of Burners
' History of his own Times/ 1724. 3. ' New
Translation of Drelincourt's Consolations
against Death/ 1725. 4. ' A Complete Body
of Divinity in Five Parts, from the best
Ancient and Modern Writers/ 1729; 2nd
edit. 1734 ; reprinted at Dumfries, 3 vols.
8vo, 1776. The fifth part was isssued in 1760
as a separate work, with the title * A System
of Practical Duties, Moral and Evangelical'
5. e A fair State of the Controversy between
Mr. Woolston and his Adversaries/ 1730.
6. e Defence of the Christian Keligion, with
the whole state of the Controversy between
Mr. Woolston and his Assailants/ 1731 and
1733 ; translated into French by Pierre Ohais

at the Hague, and also into German at Han-
over in 1750 (Bwgr. Univ. and Drool's Nou-
velle Biogr. GSn.) L. Fassoni published at
Home in 1761 a dissertation on the 'Book of
Leporius concerning the Doctrine of the In-
carnation/ in which the views of Richard
Fiddes [q_. v.] and Stackhouse were combated.
7. ' Eeflections on Languages in General, and
on the Advantages, Defects, and Manner of
improving the English Tongue in particular/
1731 ; it was based on a plan of DuTremblay,
professor of languages in the Royal Academy
of Angers. 8. * A New and Practical Exposi-
tion of the Apostles' Creed/ 1747. 9. ( Varia
doctrine emolumenta, et varia Studioram.
incommoda . . . versu hexametro ezarata,*
1752; in this scarce work he recapitulated
his own sorrows. 10. * Life of our Lord and
Saviour, with the Lives of the Apostles and
Evangelists/ 1754 and 1772.

Stackhouse added to the third volume of
the works of Archbishop Dawes a supplement
of a regular course of devotions. He is some-
times credited with the authorship of ' The
Art of Shorthand on aNewPlan/ by 'Thomas
Stackhouse, A.M.' [1760 ? 4to]. The topogra-
phical account of Bridgnorth communicated
(about 1740) to the 'Philosophical Trans-
actions ' (xliL 127-36), and sometimes attri-
buted to him, was written by the Rev. Hugh
Stackhouse, minister of St. Leonard and St.
Mary Magdalene in that town and rector of
Oldbury, who died in April 1743.

THOMAS SiA-CKHairsB, M.A (d. 1784), &a
younger son of the elder Thomas StaeMMM*s%,
by his first wife, was born in 1706, married
Hester Nash (d, 1794) in 1767, and died at
Lisson Grove, London, in 1784. He wrote :

1. * Grsecse Grammatices Radimeiifca/ 176&

2. * General Yiew of Ancient Hisfeoiy. Chro-
nology, and Geography/ 1770 ; from the p»~
face (dated ' Wigmore Street, Cavendish
Square, 6 March 1770*) it appears tibfc lie
taught 'some young persons of dkteefeom.
a. £ Chinese Tales,' from the Frenoli, 17»1
and 1817 ; dedicated to Mrs. Polteneyv wk»e
father had frequently been his *feoorteo»
benefactor/

fNidtols's Lik Aneed- it 383-S; €tart. Mag.
1752 p. 478, 1806!. IIS, ISM L^S; Macma-
tion from the Eev. Heair BKKKHIS of Br»lg-
norfcfa, and from Mr. T. fe Sfcaetecwse of 55

Stafford

444

Stafford

and was himself engaged in tuition at Liver-
pool. He is said to Lave sculptured the
figure of painting over the Shakespeare Gal-
lery in Pall Mali, London. His hobby lay
in investigating the remains of the early
inhabitants of Britain, and he published two
works on that subj ect . After walking f con-
siderably above a hundred miles . . . among
the barrows' near "Weymouth and Dor-
chester, he wrote ' Illustration of the Tu-
muli, or Ancient Barrows' (1806), which
was dedicated to William George Maton,
M.D. [q. v.], His second work, the result
of visits to the earthworks and remains in
the southern counties, ranging from Tun-
bridge Wells to Bath, was ' Two Lectures
on the Remains of Ancient Pagan Britain '
(1833), of which seventy-five copies were
struck off for private distribution. He also
published * Views of Bemarkable Druidical
Bocks near Todmorton,' presumably Tod-
morden, near Rochdale. Stackhouse joined
the Society of Friends, and his speech at the
eleventh annual meeting of the Peace Society
is reported in the * Herald of Peace ' (vol. vi.
1827). He died at Chapel Road, Birdcage
Fields, St. John's parish, Hackney, on 29 Jan.
1836, and was buried, with his wife, at Park
Street burial-ground, Stoke Newington, on
4 Feb. His wife Ruth, daughter of John and
Ruth FeU of Blennerhasset, Cumberland,
whom he married at Liverpool on 18 Dec.
1783, died at Stamford Hill on 16 Feb.
1833, aged 76. They had issue three sons
and two daughters.

Other works by Stackhouse were : 1. * A
New Essay on Punctuation,' 1800, 3rd edit.
1814. 2. 'An Appendix and Key to the
Essay on Punctuation,' 1800. 3. < The Ra-
tionale of the Globes,' 1805. 4. <HorneTooke
revived ; or an Explanation of the Particles
of and for; 1813. 5. < Sacred Genealogy ;
or the Ancestry of Messiah ' (anon.), 1822
6. 'Thoughts on Infidelity,' 1823. 7. 'Bi-
blical Researches, with an Explanation of
Daniel's Seventy Weeks,' 1827. 8. 'As-
tronomical Discourses for Schools and Fami-
lies,' 1831. 9. 'The Eclipsareon: a Dia-
gram of the Times in which Eclipses may
in any given Year.' 10. 'The

i Chart/ 11. ' Key to the Egyptian

w»hic Alphabet.'

ouse left in manuscript 'Historical,
Obituary Notices of the So-
'

ha

; Smith's Cat. of Friends
Oj private inforaaatjon.]

'' "

STAFFORD, VISCOUNT. [See HOWABD,
WILLIAM, 1614-1680.] '

STAFFORD, ANTHONY (1587-1645 ?)
devotional writer, born in 1587, was the fifth
and youngest son of Humphry Stafford of
Sudbury and Eaton Socon, Bedfordshire by
Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Cutts of
Childerly, Cambridgeshire. He was descended
from the Stafibrds of Grafton, Worcester-
shire [see under STAINED, HTTMPH:REY,EABL
OFDEVOtf]. Anthony matriculatedas agentle-
man commoner at Oriel College, Oxford on
8 March 1605. In 1606 he also entered as a
student at the Inner Temple. At Oxford he
soon < obtained the name of a good scholar, well
read in ancient historians, poets, and other
authors,' and was on 18 July 1623 created
M. A. ' as a person adorned with all kinds of
literature.' In 1609, 'having then a design
to publish certain matters,' he had been
'permitted to study in the public library.'
The result of his studies was several theolo-
gical and devotional treatises, some of which
gave great offence to the puritans. The
first of these appeared, both in octavo and
duodecimo, in 1611, with a dedication to
Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, ' because my
father was a neighbour to your father, being
much obliged unto him and my whole family
unto yourselfe.' It was in two parts, the
first entitled ' Stafford's Niobe, or his Age of
Teares: a Treatise no less profitable and
comfortable than the Times damnable.
Wherein Death's Vizard is pulled off/ &c.;
the second, ' Stafford's Niobe dissolved into ,
a Nilus, or his Age drowned .in her own
Teares ... an admonition to a Discontented
Romanist.' This was followed in 1612 by
* Meditations and Resolutions, Moral, Divine,
and Political,' with which was printed a
translation of the Latin oration of Justus
Lipsius against calumny. Next came ' Staf-
ford's Heavenly Dogge, or Life and Death of
that Great Cynick Diogenes, whom Laertius
stiles CaiusCselestis/ 1615, 12mo. Stafford's '
' Guide of Honour ; or the Ballance wherein
she may weigh her actions,' was described as
written by the author ' in foreign parts/ but
is undated. It was dedicated to George
Berkeley, eighth baron Berkeley [q.v.]
Other works were: 'The Day of Salvation,
or a Homily upon the Bloody Sacrifice of
Christ/ 1635, 12mo; and i Honour and Vir-
tue triumphing over the Grave, exempli-
fied in a fair devout Life and Death, adorned
with the surviving perfections of Henry,
lard Stafford, lately deceased/ 1640, an-
nexed to which are divers elegies upon
the death of the said lord, mostly written

men of St. John's College, Oxford [see

Stafford

445

Stafford

under STAFFOED, HEKRT, first BABOIT STAP-

But the work of Stafford which attracted
most attention was l The Female Glory ; or
the Life and Death of the Virgin Mary/
1635, 8vo; otherwise described as 'The
Precedent of Female Perfection.' It was
1 esteemed egregiously scandalous among the
puritans/ but was licensed by Laud (cf.
LATTD, Works, vols. vi. and vii.) Henry Bur-
ton [q_. v.] was censured by the Star-cham-
ber ibr attacking it in his sermon * For God
and the King/ and was answered by ELeylyn
in his ' Moderate Answer to Dr. Burton/
and by Christopher Dow in c Innovations
unjustly charged.7 It was reprinted in 1860
as * Life of the Blessed Virgin, very carefully
edited by Orby Shipley, together with fac-
similes of the original illustrations after
Overbeck. In this edition was also printed
for the first time 'The Apology of the Author
from ye Aspersions cast uppon it by H,
Burton/ dedicated to Laud and Juxon,
which Wood had seen in manuscript in the
library of Dr. Thomas Barlow. The only
known manuscript copy is in the library of
Queen's College, Oxford. Stafford was en-
gaged in a suit before the court of wards in
164=1-2 against Lady Anne Farmer and
Charles Stafford, from whom he claimed a
rent-change and arrears. Wood says he died
during the civil wars. He is known to have
been living in 1645.

[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 33, 34».;
Foster's Alumni Oxon. ; Notes and Queries, 4th
ser. vi. 251 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; State Papers,
Dom. Ser. (Hamilton), 1640-1 p. 590, 1641-2
pp. 218, 235 ; Gardiner's Hist, of Engl. 1603-42,
viii. 127 n.] $• LB GL N.

STAFFORD, EDMITJSTD DB (1844-1419),
bishop of Exeter, born in 1344, was second
son of Sir Richard de Stafford, who was sum-
moned to parliament as Baron Stafford of
Clifton in 1371, and Isabel, his first wife,
daughter of Sir Richard de Vernon of Haddon.
Ralph de.Stafford, first earl of Stafford [q. v.],
was hia great-uncle. Entering holy orders,
Edmund s advancement, owing to family in-
fluence, was rapid. In 1369 he was collated
to the prebend of UI veton or Ulfbon at lach-
field, and in 1377 to that of Weeford in the
same cathedral (Le NEVE, i. 633, 635). He
held also the prebends of Welton Paynshall
m Lincoln, and Knaresborough in York, and
was appointed dean of York in 1385. Before
1389 he was made keeper of the privy seal
(A.et$P. C, L 14 d; Bot. ParL ill. 264),and on
15 Jan. 1394-5 was provided by Boui&ee to

Some time elapsed before he visitedhis diocese,
affairs of state detaining him in London. On
23 Oct. 1396 he was appointed lord chancellor.
He held the office until the abdication of Ri-
chard H in 1399. Meanwhile the administra-
tion of his diocese was committed to Dean
Ralph de Tregrisiou. In the parliament of Ja-
nuary 1396-7 he sat as chancellor, and swore
to observe the arbitrary statutes then passed
(ib. pp. 337, 347, 355). But although he lost
the chancellorship at Henry IV's accession, he
remained a member of the privy council (Acts,
i. 100), attended Henrf s first parliament,
and was one of the prelates who assented to
the imprisonment of the deposed Mng. He
was also one of the witnesses to Richard IFs
will (RptER, viii. 77). Early in 1400 he
began his episcopal work in earnest, devoting
nearly a year to the visitation of every part
of Devonshire and Cornwall. But having
appointed Robert Rygge [q.v.] chancellor of
the cathedral, his vicar-general at the end of
September, he returned to London in Janu-
ary, again to become lord chancellor, hold-
ing the office till February 1402-3. He was
trier of petitions in several succeeding parlia-
ments, and was also one of the Mng* s coun-
cil (Itfft. Parl. iii. 427, 545, 567, 572). On
11 May 1402 he was named first in a com-
mission to examine into the propagation, of
malicious rumours against the king (RotEK,
viii. 255). But, except on very rare occasion^
he did not thenceforth leave his c&oeese^
labouring with zeal and diligence tfll five
ears before his death. His

he retired to Ms manor of BIsh0pT#-Olysty
committing the general work of tfee &t©8se
to sulfragana,

Himself a learned man, lie was & gre&fe
of learning, and took snei interest in

, . i -. c.0" i TV* f __ Cti. __ 1

don, had founded in Oxford, thai fee was re-
garded as its second founder j a$aiaj rale* fe&
was its generous beBefa^feor, ani its name
was changed from Stapeldo® HaB tofeete
CollegeiHMsday, Tlteocil
that, besides valuable gifts
extensive aiditkms

Clyst on 3 Sept. 1419^ He age of amrtr>-
five, ami ms Wed w Us €a
nortk side of &e la^-dbapeiL

Oonr^e^ay oaa

Stafford

446

Stafford

ton-R.andolph, pp. xii-xiv ; Boase's History of
Exeter College, p. liv ; Stubbs's Const. Hist. ii.
506, iii. 33, 38.] F. 0. H. K.

STAFFORD, EDWARD, third DUKE
OF BUCKINGHAM (1478-1521), eldest son of
Henry Stafford, second duke of Buckingham
[q. v.], was born at Brecknock Castle on
3 Feb. 1477-8 (( Stafford Register/ quoted
by G. B. C. Complete Peerage, vii. 22 ; Hist.
M8S. Comm. 4th Rep, App. i. 326 ; Brit.
Mus. Add. Ch. 19868). Through his father
he was descended from Edward Ill's son,
Thomas of Woodstock, and his mother was
Catherine Woodville, sister oi .Edward IV7s
queen, Elizabeth; she afterwards married
Henry VIFs uncle, Jasper Tudor, duke of
Bedford [a. v.] His father forfeited all his
honours by his attainder in 1483, when
Edward was five years old, and a romantic
account of the concealment and escape of his
young son is preserved among Lord Bagpt's
manuscripts (Hist. MS8. Comm. 4th Rep.
App. i. 328 b), On the accession of Henry VII,
the attainder was reversed in 1485, and the
custody^ of Edward's lands, together with his
wardship and marriage, which had been

g'ven to the crown, was .granted by
enry "VII to his mother, Margaret, countess
of Richmond (CAMPBELL, Materials, i. 118,
532 et passim). He is doubtfully said to
have teen educated at Cambridge (CoopEE,
i. 24). On 29 Oct. 1485 he was made a
knight of the Bath, and in 1495 he became
a knight of the Garter. On 9 Nov. 1494 he
was present when Prince Henry was created
Duke of York, and in September 1497 he was
appointed a captain in the royal army sent
against the Cornish rebels. In November
1501 he was sent to meet Catherine of
Arragon on her marriage with Prince Arthur,
and on 9 March 1503-4 he was appointed
high steward for the enthronement of Arch-
bishop Warham.

On the accession of Henry VHI Bucking-
ham began to play a more important part.
He was appointed lord high constable on
23 June 1509, and lord high steward for the
coronation on the following day, when he
also bore the crown. On 20 Nov. following
he was sworn a privy councillor. In Henry's
first parliament, which met on 21 Jan.
1509-10 and again in February 1511-2,
B^cMngham was a trier of petitions for

, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland.
From Jnne to October 1513 he was a captain
in Hie English army in France, serving with
fiye^uaated mien in the f middle ward/ On
. 1514 B& was present at the mar-
Htoyy sister Mary with Louis XH
i£e* snd fe served <m commissions for

Shropshire, Herefordshire, Gloucestershire,
Buckinghamshire, Surrey, Kent, and Somer-
set. He was summoned to parliament on
23 Nov. 1514. In 1518 he was thought to
be high in the king's favour, and in August
1519 he entertained Henry with great mag-
nificence at Penshurst. He was present at
the meeting with Francis I in June 1520
and at the interview with Charles V at
Gravelines in the following July.

Nevertheless, Buckingham's position ren-
dered him an object of jealousy and suspicion
to Henry VIII. Even in the previous reign
his claims to the throne caused some to speak
' of my lorde of Buckyngham, saying that
he was a noble man and woldbe a ryall
ruler7 (GAIBDNBB, Letters and Papers of
Henry VII, i, 233,239). He was formidable
alike by his descent, his wealth, his wide
estates, and Ms connections. He was him-
self married to a daughter of the Percys ;
his only son had wedded the daughter of
Margaret Pole, countess of Salisbury [q. v.],
and his daughters, Thomas Howard, earl of
Surrey and afterwards duke of Norfolk,
Ralph Neville, earl of "Westmorland, and
George Neville, lord Abergavenny. He
naturally became the mouthpiece of the
great nobles who resented their exclusion
from office and hated Wolsey as a low-born
ecclesiastic. On one occasion when the car-
dinal ventured to wash in a basin which
Buckingham was holding for the king, the
duke is said to have poured the water into
Wolsey's shoes, and on another Wolsey sent
him a^message that, though he might indulge
in railing against himself, he should take
care how ' he did use himself towards his
Highness ; ' but Polydore Vergil's story, fol-
lowed by Holinshed and others, that Buck-
ingham's fall was mainly due to Wolsey's
malice, lacks documentary proof (BBEWEB,
Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vol. ii.
pt. i. Introd. pp. cvii et sqq.) Nor is
Wolsey's statement to the French minister
Du Prat, that Buckingham fell through his
opposition to the French alliance, the entire
truth, though, that opposition was probably
one of the causes.

According to the tradition followed in the
play of ' Henry VHI ' assigned to Shake-
speare, Buckingham was betrayed by his
cousin, Charles Knyvet, who had been dis-
missed from his service ; but more probably his
betrayer was his chancellor, Robert Gilbert,
who was no doubt the author of an anonymous
letter written to Wolsey late in 1520, giving
an account of the duke's so-called treason-
able practices. Henry took the matter up
himself, and personally examined witnesses
against the duke in the spring of 1521. On

Stafford

447

Stafford

8 April Buckingham was ordered to London
from Thornbury, where he had spent the
winter in ignorance of these proceedings.
On his arrival he was committed to the
Tower (16 April). He was tried before
seventeen of his peers, presided over by the
Duke of Norfolk, on 13 May. The charges
against him were trivial and possibly not
true. He was accused of having listened to
prophecies of the king's death and of his own
succession to the crown, and of having
expressed an intention to kill Henry. The
chief witnesses against him were Gilbert and
Delacourt (his confessor), but the duke was
not allowed to cross-examine them. Henry
had made up his mind that Buckingham was
to die, and the peers did not venture to dis-
pute the decision. He was condemned, and
executed on Tower Hill on 17 May, his body
being buried in the church of the Austin
Friars. An act of parliament confirming his !
attainder was passed 31 July 1523 (Statutes
of the Realm, lii. 246-58).

Buckingham was certainly guilty of no
crimes sufficient to justify his attainder, and
his execution aroused popular sympathy; but
his character does not merit much admira-
tion. Weak and vacillating, he seems to
have treated his dependents with harshness,
and his vast enclosures were a constant sub-
ject of complaint. At the same time he was
devoted to religion. On 2 Aug. 1514 he
obtained license to found a college at Thorn-
bury, Gloucestershire, where he had built
himself a castle and imparked a thousand
acres. He has also been claimed as a bene-
factor of Magdalene College, Cambridge,
which, however, was called Buckingham
College before his time. The college pos-
sesses an anonymous portrait of the duke
(cf. Cat. Tudor ExUb< No. 105). Another
anonymous portrait belongs to the Marquis of
Bath, and a third to the Rev. Abbot Upcher,
Two, attributed to Holbein, belong respec-
tively to the Lord Donington and Sir Henry
Bedinfffeld (cf. Cat . First Loan ExUb. Nos.
44,71; Cat. Tudor J&^.Nos. 69, 136, 439),

Buckingham married, in 1500, Alianore,
eldest daughter of Henry Percy, fourth earl
of Northumberland (cf . CAMPBELL, Materials
for the Reign of Henry VII, ii 554). By
her he had an only son, Henry Stafford, first
baron Stafford [q. v.], and three daughters :
(1) Elizabeth, who married Thomas Howard,
third duke of Norfolk [q. v.] ; (2) Catherine,
who married Ralph Neville, fourth earl of
Westmorland [q. v.]; and (3) Mary, who
married George Neville, third baron of Ber-
gavenny [q« vj ;

[The most important source is the Stafford 1
collection of manuscripts, eompriaag eleven |

volumes, now in the possession of Lord Bagot ;
these are described in the Hist. MSS. Comm.
4th Rep. i, 325 et sqq. They contain a minute
4 Household Book' kept by the third duke, ex-
tracts from which were printed by Join Gage
[Rokewode] in Archaeologia, xxv. 315-41 ; they
were also used by Stebbing Shaw in the pre-
paration of his History of Staffordshire, 1798-
1800. Buckingham's trial has been exhaustively
treated by J. S. Brewer in his Introduction to
voLii. pt. i. of the Calendar of Letters and Papers
of Henry Vin and his Hist, of the Reign of
Henry VIII, i. 375-404. See also Rolls of Parl.
vol. vi. ; Rymer's Fcedera, xii. 783, adii. 238, 432,
637; Letters and Papers of the Reign of
Henry VII, ed Gairdner ; Campbell's Materials
and Andreas's Historia (Rolls Ser,); Polydore
Vergil, ed. 1555, pp. 659 et seq.; Hall's
Chronicle; Bacon's Henry VII; Cavendish's
Wolsey ; Creighton's Wolsey (Twelve English
Statesmen Ser.), pp. 70-2 ; Mis's Orig. Letters,
i. i. 176-9; Granger's Biogr. Hist.; Dodd's
Church Hist.; Lloyd's State Worthies ; HowelTs
State Trials; Lingard's Hist. ; Dugdale's, Burke's
Extinct, Doyle's, and G. E. C.'s Peerages ;
Simms's Bibl. Staffordiensis. The representation
of Buckingham in the play of Henry VIII
assigned to Shakespeare contains several his-
torical errors.] A. P. P.

STAFFORD, SIB EDWARD (1552?-
1605), diplomatist, born about 1552, was
the eldest son of Sir William Stafford of
Graffcon and Chebsey, Staffordshire, by Ms
second wife, Dorothy (1532-1604), dasher
of Henry Stafford, first baron Stafford {$. v.]
William Stafford (1554-1012) [q.^jwaslos
brother, and Thomas Stafford (I533P-155T)
[q. v.] was his maternal uncle. !Ile SfcaJlbrtls
of G-rafbon were a branch of tie same femily
as the dukes of Buckingham and barons
Stafford (see pedigree in < Visitations of Staf-
fordshire) HarL MSS. 6128 & 89-91, aed
1415 f. 109). Sir Edward's motte, wk> 4M
on 22 Sept. 1604, and was teed m Sfc.
Margaret's, Westminster, was a friend aiii
mistress of the robes to Queem Elizabeth,
and it was probably through Iser Mnaiee
that Stafford secured emplo^rmail Jrom tte
queen. In May 1578 he IsjsaM to fewFe Ixsem
sent to Catherine de* l^fedici to peotesfc a^aiM*
AnjouTsinteBtio0 of aee^tog feae s0v^^^a%
of the Netherlaiwis (FioOTB, xi 107> JM
the following year lie was selected to carry
on the n^otiafiops JOT a marriage > beitweea
Elimbeth and Anjoii. In August he^*0 **
Boalogn% ten^mi " "
Elizabeth and im

i579-sa,r ^ '

paid

$89, 791,

Stafford

448

Stafford

Elizabeth, pp. 214, 222-3, 230, 264). On
1 Nov. 1581, on his arrival in London, Anjou
was lodged in Stafford's house.

Stafford's conduct of these negotiations
must have given Elizabeth complete satis-
faction ; for in October 1583 he was appointed
resident ambassador in France and knighted
(METCA:LFE,P. 135) ; his chaplain was Richard
Hakluyt [q. v.] He remained at this post
seven years ; his correspondence (now at the
Record Office, at Hatfield, and among the
Cottonian MSS. in the British Museum) is a
chief source of the diplomatic history of the
period, and has been extensively used by
Motley and others. Many of his letters are
printed in extenso in Murdin's ' Burghley
Papers/ in * Miscellaneous State Papers'
(1778, i. 196-215, and 251-97), and others
nave been calendared among the Hatfield
MSS, (Hist. MSS. Comm.) Stafford showed
his independence and protestantism by refus-
ing to have his house in Paris draped during
the feast of Corpus Christi, 1584. In Fe-
bruary 1587-8 he had a remarkable secret
interview with Henry III, in which that
monarch sought Elizabeth's mediation with
the Huguenots (BAIBD, The Huguenots and
Henry of Navarre, ii. 16). He was in great
danger on the * day of barricades ' (12 May
1588), but when Cruise offered him a guard,
he replied with spirit that he represented
the majesty of England, and would accept
no other protection, and G-uise gave secret
orders that he should not be molested (ib. ;
THTTANTJS, Historia, x. 264-6; MOTLEY,
United Netherlands, ii. 431-2). When he
received news of the defeat of the armada,
Stafford wrote a pamphlet, of which he
printed four hundred copies at a cost of five
crowns, to counteract the effect of the news
of Spanish success which the Spanish am-
bassador in France had circulated. Tn
October 1589 he appears to have visited
England, and returned to Dieppe with
money and munitions for Henry of -Navarre.
He was in constant attendance on Henry
during the war, was present in September
1690' when Alexander Farnese captured
Lagny and relieved Paris, and again was
withJEenry in the trenches before Paris a
later. At the end of that year
ed returned to England, and in the
_ &£ July was succeeded as ambassador
%• Sir Henry Unton [q. v.}, and given 500/.
$& a retract by the queen.
v Sfeafcrd liad ^ apparently been promised
»e sfceretar^sfaiB of state, and during the

$$32!: ^L?^8 ,ere were frwrrart rumours
"t-~- ^ ' that post and to the
of Lancaster

But he had to content himself with the
remembrancership of first-fruits (Nov. 1591)
and a post in the pipe office. He was created
M.A. at Oxford 27 Sept. 1592, was made
bencher of Gray's Inn in the same year, and
elected M.P. for Winchester in March
1592-3. He sat on a commission for the
relief of maimed soldiers and mariners in
that session, and was re-elected to parliament
for Stafford in 1597-8 and 1601, and for
Queenborough in 1604. James I granted
him 60£ a year in exchequer lands instead
of the chancellorship of the duchy of Lan-
caster, which had been promised by Elizabeth.
He died on 5 Feb. 1004-5, and was buried
in St. Margaret's, Westminster (WrsrwooD,
Memorials, ii. 49 ; MACKENZIE WALOOTT, St.
Margaret's, Westminster, pp, 27, 32).

Stafford married, first, Robserta, daughter
of one Chapman, by whom he had a son Wil-
liam, who was admitted a member of Gray's
Inn on 1 May 1592, and two daughters. By
his second wife, Dowglas (sic), daughter of
William, first baron Howard of Emngham
[q. v.], Stafford appears to have had two sons
who probably died young. He has been
frequently confused in the calendars of state
papers and elsewhere with Edward, baron
'Stafford [see under STAFFOKD, HENRY, first
BARON STAFFORD], and with other members
of the Stafford family named Edward, some
of whom were also knights (see pedigree in
Harl MS. 6128, ff. 89-01), and Motley
makes him die in 1590.

[Harl. MSS. 6128 and HIS ; Gal. State Papers,
Dom. and Venetian Ser. ; Cal. Hatfield MSS. ;
Rymer's Foedera ; Egerton MS. 2074, f, 12 ; Off.
Bet, Members of ParL ; Acts of Privy Council, x.
385, xiv. 256, 262, 285 ; Hamilton Papers, ii. 655,
674; Charnberlain's Letters andLeycester Corresp.
(Camd. Soc.) ; Corresp. of Sir Henry TTnton (Box-
burghe Club) ; Teulet's Papiere d'Etat (Banna-
tyne Club), ii. 654; Birch's Mem. vol. ii.; Collins's
Sydney Papers; Spedding's Bacon,i.268; "Wright's
Elizabeth, vol. ii.; Strype's Works; Foster's
Gray's Inn Beg. and Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714;
Simms's Bibl. Stafford! ensis.] A. F. P.

STAFFORD, HENRY, second DTTCE OP
BUCKINGHAM: (1454 P-1483), was son of Hum-
phrey Stafford, who died in the lifetime of
his father, Humphrey Stafford, first duke of
Buckingham [<j.v.1 His mother was Mar-
garet, daughter of Edmund Beaufort, second
duke of Somerset [q. v.] Buckingham was
born in or about 1454, and being still a minor
at Edward IV's accession, that king placed
him under the care of his own sister Anne,
duchess of Exeter. He became second Duke
of Buckingham on the death of his grand-
father, the first duke, in 1460. Knighted at
the coronation of Elizabeth. Woodville in

Stafford

449

Stafford

May 1465, lie was elected to the order of the
Garter nine years later. In 1478 he pro-
nounced sentence as high steward of England
upon Edward's unhappy brother Clarence
(Itot. Parl. vi. 195). Soon afterwards he
was one of the negotiators with France.
But he did not become a prominent political
personage until the death of Edward IV and
the accession of his boy successor. Though
married to a WoodviUe, Buckingham was
almost as much distrusted by the queen's
party as Richard of Gloucester himself His
pretensions as the greatest of the old nobility
were quite irreconcilable with the ambition
of the upstart relatives of Queen Elizabeth.
He hastened to Northampton to meet Glou-
cester, who had been in Yorkshire when
the Mng died, and it was with his help
that Richard arrested (30 April 1483) Lords
Rivers and Grey, and got possession of the
young king, whom they were conducting
from Ludlow to London (Cont. Croyland
Chron. p. 565; POLYDOBE VEBCUL, p. 174).
Richard was prepared to do almost anything
to make sure 01 the continued support of
his powerful partisan. As Protector he in-
vested him Q5 May) with extraordinary
powers in Wales and five English counties ;
there were also conferred upon him the
offices of chief justice and chamberlain of
the Principality of Wales and of constable
and steward of all the royal castles there,
and in the marches as well as those of
Shropshire, Herefordshire, Somerset, Dorset,
and Wiltshire, with the right of levying
forces. Richard entrusted Bishop Morton
to his keeping at Brecon. It was Bucking-
ham who suggested the Tower as a place of
residence for the young king. He was
present with Richard at Dr, Shaw's sermon
from Paul's Cross, assailing the legitimacy
of Edward IV's children (22 June), and two
days later he harangued the citizens at the
Guildhall to the same effect, and suggested
that they should call upon the Protector to
assume the crown (FABYAST ; see art. SHAW,
SIB EDMTOTD). His eloquence extorted ad-
miration, for ' he was neither unlearned and
of nature marvellously well spoken' (MoEB),
but he could not rouse enthusiasm for the
cause he advocated. In Richard's corona-
tion procession (6 July) Buckingham out-
shone all in magnificence; the trappings
of his horse flamed with his "badge of the
burning cart-wheel, and he emulated War-
wick the king-maker in the npmlber of Ms
retainers, who all bore Ms livery of the
Stafford knot (HAM, pp. 375, 382 ; Items, p.
216). At the ceremony itself he officiated
as great chamberlain and bore the
tram (Exc&rpta
vol., LTTT.

later he was given the stewardship of the
honour of Tutbuiy and other Duchy of Lan-
caster estates in Staffordshire, and recognised
(13 July) as sole heir of the old Bohun
family. Richard gave Hm a promise under
his sign manual to restore to him in the next
parliament that moiety of the Bohun estates
which had come to the crown by Henry I Vrs
marriage with Mary de Bohun ; he was ac-
knowledged (15 Juljr) as lord high constable
of England, the ancient hereditary office of
the Bohuns (BTTGDAIE, i. 168 j Complete
Peerage, ii. 64). The powers in Wales aid
the west conferred upon him in the previous
May were in part confirmed, but without
the power apparently of levying troops out-
side Wales (TtoYLB), Yet a month or two
later, and without any apparent provocation,
to the utter surprise of his contemporaries
he was in open revolt. At first sight thtis
sudden change of front seems inexplicable,
It may be that he had taken alarm at the
strength of the movement which at once
began on behalf of the deposed young Hag,
and shrank from the extreme measures
which he knew Richard would not hesitate
to take. He himself alleged that his sup-
port had been secured for the deposition by
testimony which he had found to be false.
But there are indications that personal am-
bition had something to do mth his rapd
volte-face. HemayhaveltadreasoatodfmM
whether Richard would carry out his promse
to restore the Bohun estates? he had wm m
great a position that pedbaps he reWlei
against the limits which Ridbkrdfs chamber
must necessarily put to JtsfTortiier€0$e®si©ii-
It is even possible that he had e«e to tie
conclusion that he had better etons to tie
throne than RieharcL Tfiense is so«e reason
to think it probable that he ksew timfe
Henry IV7s attempt to e^ctede from tie
throne thse deseeja&nts of Jolrn of 6ht
and Catherine Swjpfofd, of wtefc fee i
one, had no legal weight (G&WM
How fax his pans were f
Richard afe

progress atxH

retired to his eas&e
means of deciding He is
two days at T0wfces$wry tec
claim to tl*6 crown, i>®& to
mkdedthattl&eiiesfe
Beaufort daiia "was i
Richmond, by «a aecictetal

ter

was

iilScW 6*

Aweek mnedarof ttep«@»»

Stafford

45°

Stafford

an end to his hesitation. It was decided to
overthrow Richard in favour of a union
of the two roses by a marriage between the
Earl of Richmond and Elizabeth of York.
Henry was invited over from Brittany and
a general rising arranged for 18 Oct. (Rot.
Parl vi, 245). On the llth of that month
Richard, at Lincoln, proclaimed Buckingham
a traitor, the * most untrue creature living.'
At the appointed time Buckingham moved
eastwards with a "Welsh force into Here-
fordshire ; but he could get no further, and
the Wye and Severn were in high flood, long
remembered as * the Duke of Buckingham's
water.' They were impassable even if his
distant kinsman, Humphrey Stafford of Graf-
ton, had not been holding all the fords. Sir
Thomas Yaughan [q. v.] of Tretower cut off
his retreat into the march (ib. ; Cont. Qroyl.
Chron. p. 568). After ten days of weary
waiting Buckingham's army dispersed, and
he fled northwards in disguise to Shropshire ;
a price of 1,000?. was nlaced on bis head ; a
retainer, Ralph Bannister of Lacon Park,
near Wem, sheltered him for a time, but was
not above claiming the reward for giving
him up when his whereabouts was discovered
(RAMSAY, ii. 507). His lurking-place in a
poor hut is said to have been betrayed by
the unusual provision of victuals carried to
it (Cont. Croyl. Chron. p. 568). He was
brought to the court at Salisbury on 1 Nov.
by John Mytton, the sheriff of Shropshire.
Short shriffc was allowed him. A confession

Ellis ; Polydore Vergil, Camden Society ; Dug-
dale's Baronage; the Complete Peerage by
GK E. C[okayne] ; Q-airdner's Life and Eeign of
Bichard III ; Bamsay's Lancaster and York.]

J. T-T.

STAFFORD, HENRY, first BAEOK
STAITOKD (1501-1563), only son of Edward
Stafford, third duke of Buckingham [a. v.],
by his wife Alianore, daughter of Henry
Percy, fourth earl of Northumberland, was
born at Penshurst on 18 Sept. 1501. Until
his father's attainder he was styled the Earl
of Stafford. In May 1516 Wolsey advised
Buckingham to bring Stafford to court, and,
in accordance with the cardinal's suggestion,
he married, apparently on 16 Feb. 1518-19,
Ursula, daughter of Margaret Pole, countess
of Salisbury [q. v.], and sister of Reginald
Pole [q. vj (Letters and Papers of Henry
VIII, ed. Brewer, iii. 498). In 1520 Stafford
was one of those appointed to ride with
Henry VTII at the meeting with Francis I,
and he was also present at the subsequent
meeting with Charles V. By his father's
attainder in 1521 he lost his titles and estates,
but on 20 Sept. 1522 he was granted by letters
patent, confirmed by act of parliament
(Statutes of the Realm, iii. 269-70), the
manors held by his father in Staffordshire,
Cheshire, and Shropshire. His connection
with the ' White Rose ' and the Poles laid
him open to suspicion, and he suffered from
the enmity of Wolsey. On the cardinal's
fall, Stafford petitioned the king to be re-
stored in blood, and stated that he had been

failed to procure him an audience of the king,

and next day, though a Sunday, he was compelled by Wolsey to break up his home

beheaded hi the market-place. His great in Sussex ( PenshurstX and, having * no fit

estates were confiscated. habitation, to board tor the last four years

Buckingham married (February 1466) -with his wife and seven children at an abbey

Catherine Woodville, daughter of Richard, (Letters and Papers,™. 6123). His petition

first earl Rivers, and sister of Edward I V's for restoration was refused, but on 15 July

queen. His widow married, before Novem- 1531 he was granted the castle and manor

her 1485, Jasper Tudor, duke of Bedford, of Stafford, and in 1532 he was made K.B.

after whose death (21 Dec. 1495) she took a The latter honour he declined, preferring to

third husband, Sir Richard Wingfield. She pay a fine of 20£ He welcomed the eccle-

bore Buckingham three sons" and two
daughters. The sons were: Edward, who
became third duke, and is separately
noticed ; Henry, afterwards Earl of Wiltshire
(1509-152a); and Humphrey, who died
young. The daughters were: Elizabeth,
•who married about 1505 Robert Radcliffe,
lord IJiizwalter (afterwards Earl of Sussex)
'fckv.jj and Anne, who married, first, Sir
water, Herbert, and, secondly (about De-
cember 1509), George Hastings, earl of

siastical changes of Henry YHI, frequently
entertained the visitors of the monasteries^
petitioned for various dissolved houses, ana
was active in destroying ' idols.' In 1536
he was placed on the commission of the
peace for Staffordshire and Shropshire, an
appointment annually renewed till the end
01 the reign. When his sister, the Duchess
of Norfolk [see HOWARD, THOMAS n, 1478-
1554], quarrelled with her husband, Staf-
ford refused to allow her to reside in his
house.

Stafford was elected member of Edward VTs
first parliament for the town of Stafford
(November 1547). The same parliament
passed an act for his restoration in blood,

Stafford

451

Stafford

and declared him to be Baron Stafford by
a new creation; as such he was summoned
to the next parliament on 24 Nov. 1548.
In the same year he published "The True
Dyiferens betwen ye fioyall Power and the
EcclesiasticallPower/ London, William Cop-
land, 16mo. This was a translation of Fox's
;De Vera Differentia Regise Potestatis et
Ecclesise/ originally published in 1534 [see
Fox, EDWAKD]. It contains a fulsome dedi-
cation to Protector Somerset, comparing his ,
furtherance of the Reformation to Solomon's
completion of the temple begun by David. A
copy of the work was found in Edward VFs
library, and, according to Ascham, Stafford
was much at the young king's court. Never-
theless he was one of the peers who tried and
condemned Somerset (1 bee. 1551), and, on
Mary's accession, he wrote to her recalling
the services his father had rendered to
Catherine of Arragon. In 1553, according to
Strype, in order to show his compliance, he
pubHshed a translation of two epistles of
Erasmus, showing the * brain-sick headiness
of the Lutherans/ which was printed in
16mo by W. Riddell (Eccl Mem. HI. i. 180;
cf. WOOD, Athena Oxon, i. 266 : no copy has
been traced). On the accession of Elizabeth
Stafford was appointed lord-lieutenant of
Staffordshire, but in the parliament ^of 1559
he dissented from the act of uniformity, and
from another declaring good the deprivation
of popish bishops under Edward "VI. He
died at Caus Castle, Shropshire, on 30 April
1563 (an erroneous report of his death in 1558,
which occurs in the State Papers, Addenda,
1547-65, p. 481, is repeated by Bale and
Wood).

By his wife Ursula, who died on 12 Aug.
1570, Stafford had a numerous family ; seven
children, of whom five were daughters, were
born to him before 1529, twelve before 1537,
and at least one after (Letters and Papers,
xn. i. 638, ii. 1332, xm. i 608; Addit. MS.
6672, f. 193), Of these, Thomas isseparately
noticed, and the youngest daughter, Dorothy, .
*> married Sir William Stafford of Gra£feon,amd j

800/. Roger died without issue in 1640, but
some male descendants of the family are said
still to survive in humble circumstances.

Besides the works mentioned above, Staf-x
ford translated from the French of Treherne *'
a work on forests, which is extant in
Stowe MS. 414, ff. 203-26. According to
Bliss,it was through Stafford's influence that
the c Mirror for Magistrates' was licensed
for press, and he prints an epitaph by Stafford
on his sister, the Duchess of Norfolk (Athena
Grow. L 267). Stafford's letter-book, a volume
of 434 pages, extending from 1545 to 1553, is
among Lord Bagot's manuscripts at Blithe-
field, Staffordshire (Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th
Rep. Apj>. p. 328 a). He also made collections
on the history of his family, which contain
much curious and rare information. They are
extant in Lord Bagotfs collection, which
also contains a 'Registrum factam memo- .
randorum de rebus gestis/ compiled by his
son Edward (i&.)

[Stafford MBS. described above ; -works in
Brit JMus. Library; Letters and Papers of
Henry Tin, ed. Brewer and Gardner, vols. ii-
xv. ; Acts of the Privy Council; CaL State Papers,
Bom. 1547-81, and Addenda, 1647-65;
OS. Ret. Members of Parl. ; Journals of tlie
House of Lords ; Lit. Eemains of Ed-ward VI
(Koxburghe Club) ; Aseham's Letters, ecLMayor ;
Strype's Works, passim; Wood's AtiieiHe, eel
Bliss, i. 266-7; Buraet's Hisl. of Ae Baton®-
taon, ed. Poeoek ; Walpole's Boyal sad
Authors, ed. Park, ii. 47; ffiaoMfe Biiife
Staflordiensis ; Coopers Atfeesse Csntafar. i
553 ; Long's Eoyal Descents, pp. ^ 3®, 74;
Burke's Extinct and 6. K (^kaymjs Peer-
ages.]

STA1T0BJ>, HUMPHREY,

"*-~^^ so® osf

fifth ead <£ ^aiW [see s^er
, EALPH: rat, &si Bin.} His
sioiber, Aim© (* 1438), was assgte a^
Wr of Tteaas, <iai» of

land of William Stafford (1S54-
The second but eldest sor-
ry, succeeded his fofcher, twt
i On 8 April 1566, being suc-

ceeded by his brother Edward, who was
ten on # Jan. 1535-6, and died oa 180*
1603. Edward's grandson Henry died tm-
mamedin October 1637 (see J92»wr <m&
rertue, 1640, an account of his Me and
death by his kinsman, Anthony Stafford

son of Edward JH, audkis wife L«~-~~,w f
l&tr of t&e last Botaa, md of Haeefei,
Northampton, and HiSssex. Bots iat 1402,
Bfcaibfdwasoslya^uroMwimtoMte^s <
early deal& is i&e bi^e *& Sbrewrftej ma^
MmEarl</Sfeaibfd He served is Fraaese la
14^)-1, ai»i was faigfetei Irf H^rj Y m Hi©
latter year (Gtsta Mtmtt* F, pf>. 1*
In Becembear 142Sfae
lands (IWem, x, ^&>
Staibrd weffi«
as early as Fete

Stafford

452

Stafford

became knight of the Garter, and in 1430
accompanied the young king abroad, and was
made constable of France with the governor-
ship of Paris. The day after his arrival
(1 Sept.) there he made a dash into Brie and
recovered some strongholds (Journal d'un
Eour geoisde Paris, p. 259; WAVBUST, pp. 373-
374, 393; MONSTKELET, ed. Douet d'Arcq,
iv.405; GJiron. London, pp. 170-1). Turning
back from Sens, he was in Paris again on
9 Oct., and lodged in the H6tel des Tournelles
(Parispendant la domination anglais,e,T>. 317).
Bedford soon after relieved him, and Stafford
became lieutenant-general of" Normandy, an
office which he retained until 1432, when he
returned to England. In the previous year
he had been created by Henry VI Count of
Perche, a title in which he succeeded Thomas
Beaufort (Revue des Questions historiques,
xviii. 510). On his return he seems to have
opposed Gloucester's ambitious schemes (Or-
dinances, iv. 113).

In August 1436 he took part in a short
campaign in Flanders, and two years later
there was again some talk of his going to
France. He acted as one of the English
representatives in the peace negotiations of
June 1439 at Calais (ib. v. 98, 334 ; STEVEN-
SOW, voL ii. p. xlix) . After his mother's death,
in October 1438, Stafford was known as Earl
of Buckingham (Ordinances, v. 209). He
was appointed in 1442 captain of the town
of Calais, an office which he held for some
years, but frequently performed its duties
by deputy. He took a leading part in the
peace negotiations of 144£ and 1446, and
was created Duke of Buckingham on the very
day (14 Sept. 1444) that Gloucester's great
enemy, Suffolk, was made a marquis (Rot.
Parl. vi. 128 ; cf. Ordinances, vi. 33, 39 ;
Engl. Ckron.ed. Davies, p. 61). The creation
of Henry de Beauchamp as Duke of Warwick
in the following April, with precedence over
him, drew from him a protest, which parlia-
ment met (1445) by decreeing that the two
dukes sihould have precedence of each other
year and year about. The death of the Duke
of "Warwick on 11 June following, however,
8<m supplied a more radical solution of the
P Jaiimlfcy. Buckingham took the precaution
**——«\ in. 1447 a grant of special prece-
e"^e all dukes of subsequent creation
il blood. This doubtless was the
L: omiaent share in the arrest
Bury St. Edmunds in Fe-
_«£#&. pp. 63, 117). He was
teti ^e^htast jiad other of Glouces-

In

of

the commissioners who sat at Koch ester for
the trial of the rebels. In the same year he
became warden of the Cinque ports and con-
stable of Dover and Queenborough castles,
and in the autumn he provided a strong guard
for the king at Kenilworth and Coventry
(Issue Roll, p. 478). His wages as captain
of Calais had by November 1449 fallen into
arrears to the extent of over 19,000^., but
parliament then gave him a lien on the cus-
toms and subsidies (Rot. Parl. y. 206). He
seems to have resigned this unprofitable post
to Edmund Beaufort, second duke of Somer-
set [q. v.], in 1451. In February 1455 he
helped to bail out Somerset, and to arbitrate
between him and Richard, duke of York
(Fcedera, xi. 361-2). He had shown his
dislike of York's ambition a year before by
consenting to act as lord steward at the Earl
*pf Devonshire's trial (Rot. Parl. v. 249). He
it was, too, who had presented the infant
prince Edward to the mad king without suc-
ceeding in making him understand that a son
and heir had been born to him (Paston Let-
ters, i. 263}. About the same time (January
1454) Buckingham was reported to have had
two thousand Stafford knots (his badge of
livery) made l to what intent men may con-
strue as their wits will give them ' (ib. i. 265)-
He consistently supported the queen against
York, and on Henry's recovery accompanied
him against the duke. He vainly endeavoured
to make an arrangement with York on the
eve of the battle of St. Albans (WHETHAM-
SIEDE, Annals, i. 167). He was wounded in
the face at the battle (Paston Letters, i. 327,
330-3). But he soon recognised the accom-
plished fact, and ' swore to be ruled and draw
the line ' with York and his friends (ib. i. 335).
He and his half-brothers, the Bourchiers,
were bound in very heavy recognisances. The
act of resumption passed by the Yorkist parlia-
ment contained an express exception in favour
of his crown grants, and he was placed on
various committees ( Rot. Parl. v. 279, 287).
Entrusted with the ungrateful task of inves-
tigating a riot between the Londoners and
some Italians, he was put in fear of his life,
and in May 1456 fled to Writtle, near
Chelmsford, < nothing well pleased ' (FABYAIT,
p. 630 ; Paston Letters, i. 386). Before the
end of the year Queen Margaret temporarily
estranged rum by the abrupt dismissal of
Archbishop Bourchier and Viscount Bour-
chier from their offices. But on the whole
his sympathies were with the royal party;
possibly he had ideas of holding the rbalance
between Margaret and the Duke of York.
v Sir -James Ramsay thus explains the incident

thinks occurred on »thia occasion)

"

Stafford

453

Stafford

nothing to lean to but the king's grace '( Hot.
Parl. v. 347). In April 1457 Buckingham
was with the court at Hereford, and a year
3 ater accompanied the queen to London for the
famous ' lo veday' between the two rivalparties
(Paston Letters, i. 416, 426). He remained
loyal on the reopening of the struggle in
1459, and in the February following received
a grant in recognition 01 his services against
the rebels in Kent (F&dera, xi. 443). A
few months later he sent away the bishops,
who appeared with an armed retinue just
before the battle of Northampton (10 July
1460) to demand a royal audience for the
Yorkist peers. l Ye come,' said Buckingham,
* not as bishops to treat for peace, but as men
of arms ' (English Chron. ed Davies, p. 96).
In the combat that ensued he was slain by
the Kentish men beside the king's tent (ib.
p. 97). His remains were laid in the church
of the Greyfriars at Northampton (DueDALE,
166). In his will he left gifts to the

canons of Maxstoke (Maxstoke Castle in
Warwickshire being a favourite residence)
and to the college of Pleshey in Essex, which
he had inherited from Thomas of Gloucester
(ib.) He was perhaps the greatestlandowner
in England ; his estates lay all over central
England, from Holderness to Brecknock, and
from Stafford to Tunbridge.

A portrait at Penshurst has no claim to
be a likeness; it was painted by Lucas Cor-
nelisz [q. v.] under Henry VUI, as one of a
series representing constables of Queen-
borough (cf. WALPOLE, .Inters, ed. Cunning-
ham, ii. 302). Probably more trustworthy
is the head on the tomb of Richard Beau-
champ (<7, 1454) at Warwick, engraved in
Doyle's ' Official Baronage.1

Buckingham married Anne, daughter of
Ralph Neville, first earl of Westmorland
[q. v.l She was godmother of the unfortu-
nate Prince Edward (Henry VI's son), and
did not die until 20 Sept. 1480, sur/iving a
second husband, Walter Blount, lord Mount-
ioy (Sot. Parl. vi. 128; Engtith Chron. ed.
Davies, p. 109 ; Tettamenta Vetusta, p. 356).
By her Buckingham had seven sons (four of
whom died young) and five daughters. Of
the sons who reached manhood, Humphrey
was* gretly hurt ' in the battle of St. Albans
(1455), and died not long after (Paston Let-
ters, i. 333; Hot. Parl v. 30aj, leaving by
his wife Margaret, daughter of Edmund
Beaufort, second duke of Somerset [q. v.J, a
son, Henry Stafford, second duke of Bnefemg-
ham [q. v.] Henry, apparently the second ;
son of the first diike,married, before 14^4, the
better Imown Margaret Beaulort, da^er
of Johnv first duke of Somerset, and
of Henry VII by hertettobmd »
Tudor, earl of fcdanond; feezed IB

(Stafford MSS. voL i. f, 3466 ; Test Vet. p.
324; ef. State Papers, Venetian, i. 103). The
first duke's third surviving son was John,K.G,
and earl of Wiltshire, who died 8 May 1473.
The five daughters were: 1. Anne, who
married,first, Aubrey de Vere,heir-apparent of
the Lancastrian earl of Oxford, who was exe-
cuted with his father in 1462; secondly, Sir
Thomas Cobham of Sterborough (d. 1471) ;
she died in 1472. 2, Joanna, married, before
1461, to William, viscount Beaumont, from
whom she was separated before 1477, and nrar-
riedjSacondlVySir William Knyvet of Bucken-
ham in Norfolk ; she was living in 1480. B.
Elizabeth. 4. Margaret. 5.Catherine,married,
before 1467, to John Talbot, third ear! of
Shrewsbury (^.1473); she died 26 Dec. 1476.
About 1450 there was some talk of marry-
ing one of Buckingham's daughters, probablj
the eldest, to the dauphin, afterwards Lotus
XI (BuATrcoinaT, Hist de Charles VII, v. 137).
[Many details of the Stafford family hiatey
are contained in Lord Bagot's Stafford MSS. de*
scribed in Hist. MSS. Comm, 4th Rep. App-pp.
325 et seq. See also Eobnli Parliamenfcorum ;
Proceedings, and Ordinances of Privy Council,
ed. Nicolas ; Inqnisitiones post mortem (Eeoord
Comm.) and Bymer's Fcedera (orig. e&) ; Issse
Roll of the Exchequer, ed. Devon ; Gtesta Henriei
V (English Hist. Soc.) ; Chron. of London and Fa-
byan's Chron., ed. IflHs ; Wavrin's Ctoos. aiad ^e-
venson's Wars in France (Bolls Ser.) ; Ungfisfe
Chron., ed, Davies (Gamden Soc.); Jooraai <fimi
Bourgeois deParisand Paris peedant la Ikamm-
tion Anglaise, pnM. by to Soci^ $e Fffl^iee

TestamentaVetosta; J>a^ale*s^BF€®a@&; €fe*R
Of okayneTs Goanplate I*668811?^!, ^* *£-&»

STAJFFOB3>, JaUMPHK^Y, Boa. m
DEVON 0143^-1469), bom m 14S% wns o^f
son of William Staffori of Bxxi^^Bi^,
and Southwickr Hamp^ire, bjr * "
Cath^ine (d. 1480), r ' *

Chediock. Tb&f&mlj w

Staffordaliire, and was abr^db of^at t©
rhich &e Dukes of Bmck*

father, Sir H
Hooko and
lirey*s

**** m

Stafford

454

Stafford

Further honours followed in the same year j
he was made high steward of the duchy of
Cornwall (15 June), constable of Bristol and
keeper of Kingswood and Qillingham forests
(26 July), and joint-commissioner of array in
Dorset, Wiltshire, and Somerset (12 Aug.)
From 26 July 1461 to 28 Feb. 1462-3 he
was summoned to parliament by writ as
Baron Stafford of South wick, and on 24 April
1464 he was created baron with that title
by patent. On 20 Oct. 1462 he was made
commissioner of array to raise forces in view
of an expected Scottish invasion (HoAEE,
Wiltshire, vi. 157). On 11 Nov. 1464 he
was appointed keeper of Dartmoor, and on
20 March 1464-5 constable of Bridgwater
Castle. In the following year he was selected
by the bishop of Salisbury to settle the dis-
putes between the citizens of Salisbury (id.
p. 169), and on 8 June following was ap-
pointed to deliver the great seal to George
Neville [q^.v.], archbishop of York (RYMEB,
F&dera, xi. 578) . In May 1468 he was made
commissioner to treat for peace with Francis,
duke of Brittany, and on 3 July following
was again a commissioner for array. Accord-
ing to Warkworth, early in 1469 he insti-
gated the execution of Henry Courtenay,
seventh earl of Devon, hoping to get the
earldom for himself (WARKWOBTH. Chron.
p. 6). ^ In the same year he was sworn of
the privy council, and on 7 May was created
Earl of Devon. On 12 July, however, he
was one of the * ceducious persones ' whose
* covetous rule and gydynge ' were denounced
by the commons in a bill of articles pre-
sented by Clarence to the Hng (printed in
WABKWOBTH, Chron. pp. 46-7). In the
same month he was sent with seven thousand
archers to oppose Robin of Redesdale [q, v.l
at Edgecote. He quarrelled, however, with
"William Herbert, first earl of Pembroke
[q.V.], and retired with all his troops (WABK-
WOBTH, p. 7), with the result that Pembroke
was defeated. Edward IV thereupon ordered
the sheriffs of Devonshire and Somerset to
put him to death as soon as he was captured.
He was apprehended by some commoners of
Somerset, and beheaded at Bridgwater on
17 Aug. 1469. He was buried in Glaston-
Ijnry Abbey, >and his will' was proved' on
29 Feb. 1469-70.

, By Ms wife Isabel, daughter of Sir John
Bere^Qr Barre, he left no issue. His widow
married Sir Thomas Bourchier, son of Henrv,

* > > o*

1 March 1488^9, was buried in the parish
etarch at "Ware, where there is an inscription

•tfb. M

tfc lasfe

h& familv, and

t ± ___ i . *

(seeHTTTOHisrs's Dorset, ii. 170-81), but they
were seized by his cousin, Sir Humphrev
Stafford of Grafton (d. 1485), who was a
favourite of Kichard III ; helped to de'feat
his kinsman, Henry Stafford, second duke of
Buckingham [q. v.J, in 1483, and was, after
the accession of Henry VII, attainted of
treason and executed at Tyburn on 17 Nov.
1485 (CAMPBELL, Materials for Henry VIF&
Reign), From him was descended Sir
Edward Stafford [q. v.]

[Rolls of Parl. passim ; Kymer's Fredera, xi.
578, 624, 725 ; Harl. MS. 6129 ; Bodleian MS
1160; Three Fifteenth-Cent. Chron. (Camden
Soc.), where he is confused with John Courtenay,
earl of Devon, who was killed at Tewkesbury
on 4 May H71; Warkworth's Chron. (Camden
Soc.), pp. 1, 6, 7, 30, 46-8; William of Wor-
cester's Chron. (Kolls Ser.) ; Hoare's Wiltshire,
passim; Hutchins's Dorset, ii. 179-81 ; Collin-
son's Somerset; Burke's Extinct, Doyle's and
G. E. C[okayne]'s Peerages.] A. F. P.

STAFFORD, JOHN (d. 1452), arch-
bishop of Canterbury, was probably natural
son of Sir Humphrey Stafford of Southwick
Court, North Bradley, Wiltshire, by one
Emma of North Bradley. His mother be-
came a sister of the priory of the Holy
Trinity at Canterbury, where she died 5 Sept.
1446 and was buried in North Bradley
church under a handsome monument erected
by her son the archbishop. The archbishop's
father, who was twice married, had a legiti-
mate son (by his first wife), Sir Humphrey
Stafford, called 'of the silver hand/ who
was sheriff of Somerset and Dorset and
father of Humphrey Stafford, earl of Devon
[q. v.] Gascoigne (Loci e Libro Veritatum,
p. 40) speaks of the archbishop as illegitimate.
Stafford was educated at Oxford, where he
graduated doctor of civil law before 1413,
when his name appears at the head of the
doctors of that faculty, who subscribed the
letter submitting to the proposed visitation
of the university by Philip Repington [q. v.],
bishop of Lincoln (WooD, Hist, and Antiq.
i. 556). In 1419 he became dean of the
Court of Arches in succession to John Kemp
(1380 P-1454) [q. v.] On 9 Sept. of that year
ne was made archdeacon, of Salisbury, and in
1421 was also appointed chancellor of the
diocese. In May 1421 Stafford was made
keeper of the privy seal, to which office he was
reappointed on the death of Henry V. In
December 1422 he waspromoted to the office
of treasurer, and: made dean of St. Martin's,
London. On 9 Sept. 1423 he was advanced to
the deanery of Wells, and in 1424 received the *
prebend of Stow in Lindsey at Lincoln (LE
NEVE, i. 153, ii, 211). In> politics Stafford
attached himself to Henrjt Beaufort [q. v*J

Stafford

455

Stafford

the bishop of Winchester, through -whose
influence he was elected bishop of Bath and
"Wells on 12 May 1425. He was consecrated
by Beaufort at Blackfriars, London, on
27 May. Stafford now became one of the
lords of the council during the Mng's
minority, but resigned his office as treasurer
on 13 March 1426, at the same time that
Beaufort had to surrender the chancellor-
ship.

Stafford seems to have been reappointed
keeper of the privy seal before 11 July 1428,
and in this capacity accompanied the young
king of France in 1430 (NICOLAS, Proc.
Privy Council, Hi. 310, iv. 29). After his
return to England he was made chancellor
on 4 March 1432, and retained that office
for nearly eighteen years. He is the first
holder of the office who is known to have
been called * lord chancellor J (cf. Rot. Parl,
v. 103). As chancellor Stafford continued
his support of Beaufort's policy, but without
taking any very marked share in public
affairs beyond the duties of his office. He
received his reward when the see of Canter-
bury fell vacant in 1443. Archbishop
Chicheley had before his death intended to
resign, and recommended Stafford as his suc-
cessor to the pope. Before the resignation
could take effect Chicheley died, and Stafford
was appointed to the archbishopric on 13 May
1443. Stafford's experience had made him
indispensable, and he retained his office as
chancellor after his accession to the primacy.
He continued his old political relations and
supported William de la Pole, fourth earl of
Suffolk [q. v.], in the negotiation of the king^s
marriage, at which he officiated on 22 April
1445. He took part in the reception of the
French embassy in July, and as chancellor
replied to the ambassadors in a Latin speech.
He was not, however, so zealous in his support
of the peace as the king wished, and seems
to have endeavoured to hold the balance
between the parties of Suffolk and Gloucester
(Letters and Papers, Henry Tl, i. 92, 104r-
110, 140; Hooz, v. 152-5). Still he con-
tinued in office till 31 Jan. 1450, when in
the midst of the crisis which attended the
fall of Suffolk he resigned the chancery.
Stafford does not seem to have shared in
Suffolk's unpopularity, and his resignation
was perhaps due to the loss of favour with
the court. According to Fabyan (Ckronwle,
p. 623), Stafford accompanied Humphrey,
duke of Buckingham, on his mission to en-
deavour to conciliate Cade on 30 June; but
•vin this, as in a subsequent statement that
Staffordas chancellor issued a general pardon
•a few days later, the chronicler has perhaps
coijfased him with his successor, Joint Kemp.

However, Stafford was certainly on the com-
mission which was appointed on 1 Aug. to
try offenders in Kent (EAHSAT, ii 132). In
August 1451 Stafford received the king when
he came on a pilgrimage to the shrine of
Thomas Becket at Canterbury. He died at
Maidstone on 25 May 1452, and was buried
in the martyrdom at Canterbury Cathedral,
where his tomb is marked by a marble slab
with a brass.

Stafford was engaged in the work of
public administration during almost the
whole of his career. He was fa cautions
experienced official ' (RAMSAY), whose know-
ledge made him almost indispensable to the
government. Bishop Stubbs ( Constitutional
History, iii. 148) says of him that * if he had
done little good he had done no harm.*
Archbishop Chicheley, in recommending
Stafford as his successor to the pope, did so
on the ground of his ' high intellectual and
moral qualifications, the nobility of his birth,
and his own almost boundless hospitality '
(Anglia Sacra, i. 572). Gaseoigne, who was
hostile to the archbishop, says that Stafford
was father of bastard offepring by a nun
(Loci e Libro Yeritatum, p. 231). Eccle-
siastically the most important incident of
Stafford's primacy was the beginning of the
dispute as to the heresy of Bishop ]
Pecock. Pecock'steachinggavemiiclioi
but though he forwarded a statement of Ms
doctrine to Stafford in a document sttffoi
'Abbreviate Eeginaldi Pecock,' Sfcafoi
took no decisive action. agaJmb Mm [see
art. PECocx,BBeiBrAiJ)f PBOQCX, -Bdpeiair
of overmuch Blammp of the €&*$&, n. 61£|

[Letters and Pajxars ffiusteafchre of tkeRe^a
of King Henry VI (Bolls Ser.};
of T. Bekyntoa (Bolls Ser.);Bag
Nicolas's Proceedings and OKimaaeescf t
Council; WIBdns's Concilia ; Bamsay*B Leaiess-
ter and York; Hook's An&Hsfcopa <s£ Caite*
bury, v. 130-87 ; Fos^s Jusdges of Eagted; au-
thorities qttotecl] 0. I* 3L

STAFFOBD, JOHN (172&-1BC36), Ma-
pendeBt divine, was bora afe Leicester m
August 1728. At fel a w^emie lie
in 1749 entered t&e in

Stafford

456

Stafford

11 May. He remained minister of New
Broad Street till his death forty-two ^ years
later. Several years after his ordination he
underwent some loss of reputation owing to
his having interpreted infavour of himself and
his family the terms of a bequest providing'
for an annual sum to be paid to the minister
of New Broad Street for the time being. A
court of law decided in his favour on techni-
cal grounds, but accompanied the decision
with a strong censure on his conduct. He
preached for the last time on 6 Oct 1799. He
died at his house in Ohiswell Street, Fins-
bury, on 22 Feb. 1800, and was buried in
Bunhill Fields. The inscription on his tomb
there says that 'in refuting error he was
skilful, in defending truth bold, in his work
as a Christian minister and pastor zealous
and faithful/ His theology was rigidly Cal-
yinistic. Stafford's wife Hannah, also buried
in Bunhill Fields, was a daughter of Samuel
Blythe. Her five children predeceased both
their parents.

Stafford published in 1772, 8vo, with notes
critical and explanatory, 'The Scripture
Doctrine of Sin and Grace considered in
25 plain and practical Discourses on the
whole 7th chapter of the Epistle to the
Romans ; ' a second edition, 12mo, appeared
in 1773. It is favourably spoken of in John
Ryland's 'Christianse Militias Viaticum,' and
in Edward Williams's ' Christian Preacher/
but is termed 'experimental' in Bicker-
steth's ' Christian Student ' (4th ed., p. 413).
Stafford also published 'A Sermon occa-
sioned by the Death of Elizabeth Stafford
[his eldest daughter], with some Anecdotes
of her,' 1774, 8vo ; 2nd ed. 1775.

A portrait of Stafford, engraved by Val-
lance, is dated 1775.

[Wilson's Dissenting Churches, ii. 243-8;
Gent Mag. 1800, L 286 ; Allibone's Diet. Engl.
Lit. ii. 2218; Lit. Mem. of Living Authors;
Evans's Cat. Engr. Portraits-! G-. LB Q-. N.

STAFFORD, RALPH DE, first EAEL
op STAPFOED (1299-1372), elder son of
Edmund, lord de Stafford (d. 1308), and
Ifcgaret, daughter of Ralph, lord Basset
of Drayton, Staffordshire, and
hter of Ralph Basset (d. 1265)
, was "born in 1299, being nine years
jbis lather's death. He had livery of
6 Dec. 1323, Having been made
on 20 Jan. 1327, he served
$ €be Allowing year against the
Mmself to "William, lord
|-1M4) [q. v.], he swore in
: fa ,&$&&&& the qfuarrel of the lords
$» Mortimer, fourth earl

'

was appointed one of the guardians of the
peace for Staffordshire (Cal. Pat. JRolls, p.
276). In April he was about to go beyond
sea on the ting's business (ib. p. 297), and
in the summer took part in the expedition of
Edward de Baliol [q.v/j into Scotland, where
he served in the ensuing years, being there
with his second wife, Margaret, in October
1336. In November of that year he re-
ceived a summons to parliament, and on
10 Jan. 1337 was appointed steward of the
king's household and a privy councillor
(DoYLE). From 1338 to 1340 he served with
the king in Flanders. It is not always easy
to be certain about his actions, for Froissart
occasionally confuses him with his younger
brother, Sir Richard Stafford (see FEOISSAET,
iv. 60 and 293, v. 201 and 400, ed. Luce),
.who in 1337 was sent with others on an
embassy to the counts of Hainault and
Q-ueldres, and also to the Emperor Lewis (ib,
i. 361, 368), and had a share in the victory
of Cadsant (ib. p. 408), and was in 1339 in
the king's army at Vironfosse (ib. p. 469).
Lord Stafford accompanied EdwaroY on his
hurried return to England on 30 Nov. 1340,
and was sent by the king to Canterbury
with a summons to John de Stratford [q. v.J,
the archbishop, to appear before him (F&dera,
ii. 1148), In the summer of 1342 he under-
took to lead reinforcements to the king's
troops in Brittany (ib. p. 1201), and sailed
in joint command on 14 Aug. (MTTBIMITTH,
p. 125). The expedition, of which the Earl
of Northampton was in chief command, re-
lieved Brest, and the English, after burning
sixty French galleys, landed and overran
the country, and, having sent back their
ships to England to convey the king, laid
siege to Morlaix, and on 30 Sept. defeated
Charles of Blois, who marched to its relief.
After the king's arrival Stafford took part
in the siege of Vannes, and, advancing too
eagerly to meet a sally, was taken prisoner,
and many of his followers were also taken
or slain (FEOISSAET, iii. 25). He was ex-
changed for Olivier de Clisson, and was one
of the English lords who in January 1343
assisted at the arrangement of the truce at
Malestroit, On 20 May he was sent with
others on an embassy to Clement VI with
reference to a peace, and on 1 July to treat
with the Flemings and the German princes
(F&dera, ii. 1224, 1227). He also in this
year accompanied Henry of Lancaster, earl
of Derby (afterwards duke of Lancaster)
[q. v.], in an expedition intended for the
relief of Lochmaban Castle (WALSiNaHAM,
i. 254). He took part in the tournament
held at Hereford in September 1344.

On 23 Feb. 1345 Stafford was appointed

Stafford

457

Stafford

seneschal of Aquitaine, and after Easter
embarked at Bristol with fourteen ships
laden with troops and landed at Bordeaux.
Having been joined by Derby about 1 July,
he took part in the earl's campaign in
Gascony, commanded the attack by water
at the taking of Bergerac on the Dordogne,
was constantly with the earl, and, in con-
junction with Sir Walter Manny [c[. v.],
acted as one of his marshals. Sir Richard
Stafford was also prominent among the
English leaders, was at the siege of Ber-
gerac, commanded the garrison at Liborne,
and assisted in the relief of Auberoche.
After the surrender of Aiguillon in Decem-
ber, Derby appointed Lord Stafford governor
of the place in order that he might operate
on the Lot while he himself attacked La
RSole (FEOISSABT, vol. iii. pref. p. xx), where
Sir Richard was with him at the surrender
of the place in January 1346, In March
Lord Stafford signified his wish to resign
the office of seneschal, and Edward wrote to
Derby bidding him if possible to induce him
to continue in office (Pcedera, iii. 73). ^ Pro-
bably about the beginning of April the
Duke of Normandy (afterwards King John
of France) advanced with a large army to
the siege of Aiguillon. Stafford had re-
paired the fortifications as well as he could,
and where in one place the town lay open
is said to have raised a barrier of wine-casks
filled with stones (BRIGHTON, col. 2589) ;
the garrison was strong, and he defended
the town valiantly (AVESBTJET, p. 356).
Froissart assigns the chief part in the de-
fence to Sir Walter Manny, and it is pro-
bable that Stafford left the place some time
before the siege was raised, which was not
until 20 Aug. ; for he certainly fought in
the division commanded by the Prince at
Crecy on the following Saturday, 28th
(CHASTDOS HERALD, 1. 127 ; according to
FKOISSAKT, this was his brother Sir Richard,
see iii. 169, 408, but the Herald is the better
authority). His brother Richard was also
in the battle, and was afterwards sent by
the king with Reginald, lord Cobham, to
count the slain (tfc. pp. 190, 432). _ Lord
Stafford took part in the siege of Calais, and
in February 1347 was sent by the king and
council on a mission to Scotland with re-
ference to the trial of the Earls of Menteith
and Fife (Cal Doc. Scotland, p. 370).
Returning to the English cam£, he was
present at the surrender of Calais, and, as
one of the king's marshals in conjunction
with the Earl of Warwick, received tto
beys of the town and castle (F^issAKT, iv.
63: according to- another recension, of tjia
« G&roniqtMB/ & p. 293, thia is said to lave

been done by Sir Richard, who was also at
the siege, but this is probably a mistake).
The king granted him some property in the
town (ib. p. 65). He was one of the nego-
tiators of the truce made near Calais on
28 Sept. (Fcedera, iii. 136). During 1348
he was one of the original knights or foun-
ders of the order of the Garter, became one
of the sureties for the Earl of Desmond [see
under FITZTHOMAS or FITZGEBALD, MATTEIOE],
received a grant of 573£ for Ms expenses in
France, and contracted to serve the king
during his life with sixty men-at-arms for
a yearly stipend of 600J. He took part in
the naval victory of LJEspagnols-sur-mer in
August 1350 (FEOISSAET, iv. 89), and in
October was commissioned to treat with tlie
Scots at York (Fcedera, iii. 205).

On 5 March 1351 the tnng created Trim
Earl of Stafford (Doius). Having been
appointed lieutenant and captain of Aqtii-
taine on 6 March 1352, he proceeded thither,
and in September defeated the French
forces from Agen, taking captive, along with
seven knights of the company of the star, a
noted leader named Jean le Meingre or
Boucicaut, for whose capture he received
the next year 1,0002. from the exchequer
(GEOPPEET LE BAEEE, p. 12 ; Issues of t&e
Exchequer, p. 159). During a long session
of the justices in eyre at Chester he joined
the Prince of Wales and others tfee m
1353 in order to prefect tta% asi aisa?-
wards, by the king's ordeis, retene<l t®
Gascony (Ktaainw, col 2606> Hej^Jsei
the expedition fitted out bf tlie Bttfc» of
Lancaster in the summer of 1355 1& a^ Ae
king of Navarre, which "was fiaaly aban-
doned, and the earl sailed later wfHi tfe
Mng to Oakland took part m Bi
campaign in northern 3fr*mee [see
to

the king, he aeeom

m Scotland, wMeh las^i

ife

Bfchard followed tte Primse
France in 1^55, was seaifc fey mm
letters to Eugtod in December,
army, and fought at Poitieis
1366 (AvBSBTjirc, EP* 436, 4M j Ws
IB BAILEE, 55. ISO, m ; to^i
In ISSSfcarfwerf^w
vounff Bui of Be««»a* tois m

Stafford

458

Stafford

Bretigni on 11 May 1360. In 1361 lie ac- him in his Spanish expedition, and was one

companied Lionel (afterwards duke of of a party sent to reconnoitre the enemy

Clarence) [q.v.] in Ms expedition to Ireland. (CHANDOS HERALD, 1. 2461). On 8 Jan.

In that year his brother Sir Richard was 1371 he received a summons to parliament

seneschal of Gascony, and held that office as Baron de Stafford (DOYLE), and on the

until 8 June 1362 (Fcedera, iii. 628, 653). death of his father on 31 Aug. 1372, his elder

The earl is said to have again served in brother (see above) having died previously.
Prance in 1365 (DUGIWLLB), and in 1367 " .-,--.--

contracted during his life to serve the king
in peace or war with a hundred men-at-
arms, at a yearly stipend of one thousand
marks from the customs of the ports of

succeeded as second Earl of Stafford, At
that date he was setting out on the abortive
expedition undertaken for the relief of
Thouars. He accompanied John of Gaunt

[q. v.] in his invasion of France in 1373.
In

London and Boston (Fcedera, iii. 821). In 1375 he took part in the campaign of
Meanwhile in 1366 his brother Sir Richard the Duke of Brittany and the Earl of Cam-
was appointed to go on an embassy, ac- bridge in Brittany, and towards the close of
companied by his son Richard, to the papal the year was made a knight of the Garter,
court. Emaciated and worn out with old He belonged to the court party, but never-
age and constant military service, the earl theless, on the meeting of the * G-ood parlia-
died at his castle of Tunbridge, Kent, on ment* in April 1376, was one of the four
31 Aug. 1372, and was there buried. earls appointed, with other magnates, to
Stafford is much praised for his valour and confer with the commons, and was a member
daring. He was a benefactor to the priory of the standing council proposed by the
of Stone, Staffordshire, founded by his an- commons and accepted by the king. On the
cestor, Robert de Stafford, in the reign of meeting of the parliament of January 1377
Henry I (Monastieon, vL 226, 231), gave he was again appointed member of a com-
the manor of Rollright, Oxfordshire, to the mittee of lords to advise the commons (Rot.
priory of Cold Norton in that county (ib, ParL ii. 322, 326 ; Chron. Anglice, Ixviii. 70,
p. 421), and about 1344 founded a house of 113 ; STTTBBS, Const. Hist. i. 429, 432, 437).
Austin friars in Stafford (ib. p. 1399). He At the coronation of Richard II on 16 July
married (1) a wife named Katherine ; and he officiated as carver, and in October was
(2) before 10 Oct. 1336 Margaret, daughter appointed of the privy council for one year,
and heiress of Hugh de Audeley, earl of Making himself spokesman for the discon-
Gloucester, who died 7 Sept. 1347. By her tentedlords in 1378, he reproached Sir John
he had two sons — the elder, Ralph, who Philipot (d. 1384) [q. v.] for defending the
married Maud, elder daughter of Henry of commerce of the kingdom without the sanc-
Laneaster [see under HESTEY OP LANCASTER, tion of the council, but Philipot answered

first DITKE OE LANCASTER], and died before
1352, leaving no issue, and Hugh (see below)
— and four daughters.

The earl's brother Sir Richard married
Matilda, widow of Richard de Vernon, and
daughter and coheiress of "William de Cam-

him so well that he was forced to be silent.
He was a member of the committee appointed
in March 1379 to examine into the state of
the public finances, and in 1380 of that ap-
pointed to regulate the royal household (Rot.
ParL iii. 57, 73X Froissart says that he

viUe, baron Camville of Clifton, Stafford- took part in the Earl of Buckingham's cam-
shire, and, receiving that lordship by his paign in France (Chronigues, ii. 95, ed. Bu-
marriage,was styled Sir Richard Stafford of chon; but if this is correct there is a confu-
Clifton, and in 1362 is described as baron, sion in the passage between the earl's wife

(Fcedera, iii, 657). The date of his death " " *

has not been ascertained. He left a sou
Richard, who was summoned to parliament
as Baron Stafford of Clifton from 1371 to

and Philippa, the daughter of Enguerrand de
Couci by Isabella, daughter of Edward III ;
compare WALSINGHAM, i. 434, and Fcedera,
iv. 91). On 1 May 1381 he was appointed

^ and died in 1381, leaving by his first a commissioner for settling quarrels in the
wife, : Isabel, daughter of Sir Richard de Scottish marches. He and his eldest son,
Vemon of Haddon, two sons — Edmund Sir Ralph Stafford, one of the queen's at-
de Stafford [q, v.], bishop of Exeter, and Sir tendants and a great favourite with her and
Tt*om«as Stalbrd, the king, whose companion he had been from

HTOH: BE SEAEFOBD, second EABL OP STAP- boyhood, marched northward with the king's
WED (1342 P-1380}^ second son of Ralph, first army in 1385. While the army was near
earl, was, bom afaomt 1342, and served in the York, Sir Ralph was skin by Sir John Hol-
W~A* ^™^_ ^ T*_ -_ 10^ Caving land [see HOLLAND, JOHN, DTOB OP EXBTEE

$ales, he and EABL OP HUNTINGDON]. The earl de-
1% 1363-^ followed inanded justice of the king, and Richard

Stafford

459

Stafford

having promised that it should be done, he
continued his service with the army. It
was evidently in consequence of this loss
that the earl went a pilgrimage to Jerusalem
in 1386, making his will at Yarmouth on
15 April, before starting. He died at
Khodes, on his homeward journey, on
26 Sept., and his body having "been brought
to England by his squire, John Hinkley, it
was buried in Stone Priory (DTTGODALE,
Baronage, i. 162 ; Monasticon, vi. 231). He
married Philippa, second daughter of Tho-
mas de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick (d.
1369), who predeceased him, and had by her,
besides Sir Ralph, four sons — Thomas who
succeeded him as third Earl of Stafford, and
died in 1392; William, fourth earl, who
died in 1395 ; Edmund, fifth earl, who was
killed in the battle of Shrewsbury on
21 July 1403, fighting on the king's side, and
was father of Humphrey Stafford, first duke
of Buckingham [q. v.] — and three daughters,
Margaret, wife of jRalph Neville, first earl of
Westmorland [q. v,T; Catherine, wife of
Michael de la Pole, third earl of Suffolk, and
Joan, married after her father's death to
Thomas Holland, duke of Surrey [q. v.]

[Murimuth, Avesbury, Walsingham (all
Kolls Ser.) ; Geoffrey le Baker, ed. Thompson ;
Kmghton, ed. Twisden ; Froissart, ed. Luce
(Societ^ de 1'Histoire), and ed. Buchon (Pan-
theon Litt.); Chandos Herald's Le Prince Noir,
ed. Michel; Cal. Pat. Bolls; Cal. Doc. Scot-
land ; Fosdera; Rot. Parl. (Record pubL) ; Dug-
dale's Baronage and Monasticon; Doyle's Official
Baronage.] "W. H.

STAFFORD, SIB BICHAED, styled < of
Clifton > (fl. 1337-1369), seneschal of Gas-
cony. [See under STAFEOED, RALPH DE,
first EABL OP STAFFORD.]

STAFFORD, RICHARD (1663-1703),
Jacobite pamphleteer, born in 1663 at Marl-
wood Park m the parish of Thornbury,
Gloucestershire, was tne second son of John
Stafford. The father, who died on 7 Jan.
1704-^ was nephew of Sir John Stafford,
constable of Bristol Castle, and grandson of
William Stafford (1593-1684) [q. v.]

Richard Stafford was educated at the free
schooljWootton-under-EdgejGloucestershire^
and matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford,
on 15 Feb. 1677-8. Soon after graduating
he entered the Middle Temple, where, ac-
cording to Wood,, he applied himself more ,
to divinity than to common law. In 1689
he published, in large quarto, a treatise en-
l titled t Of Happiness, wherein it is fully and
particularly manifested that the greatest
f Happiness of this Life consistethintke Fear •:
of GooV an# keeping His Commandments/

After the revolution Stafford became a rabid
Jacobite. Having on 4 Jan. 1690 presented
to parliament a tract setting forth his poli-
tical opinions (<A Supplemental Tract of
Government '), he was committed for a week
to Newgate. In the ensuing April he was
further committed to the custody of the
sergeant-at-arms (and his chambers at the
Temple were ordered to be searched) for
having handed to the members as they went
into the House of Commons two moreprinted
sheets on politico-religious topics. At the
end of a month he was liberated and sent to
his father in Gloucestershire, l that he take
care of him.' One of these brochures Staf-
ford reissued as his * Clear Apology and Just
Defence/ Edward Stephens [q. v.] thought
it worth while to issue in 1690 a whig-
counterblast, which he called 'An Apology
for Mr. E. Stafford, with an Admonition to
him and such other honest mistaken
People/

In November 1691 Stafford, 'being alto-
gether free and at liberty, though not in his
mind/ retired to Kensington. He there
busied himself in writing and distributing
more pamphlets. One of these, in which he
described himself as 'a scribe of Jesus Christ,'
he delivered at the palace into the hands of
Queen Mary. He was now committed to
Bethlehem Hospital, whence on 25 Nov. the
speaker, received a communication from Mm,
in consequence of which the governor was
ordered to, refuse him the use ol writing
materials. Nevertheless, Stafford coarctmneol
to print more or less incoherent Jacobite bro-
chures and religious tracts. He afterwards
published various religious discourses, a col-
lection of which appeared in 170& He was
probably liberated from Bethlehem Hospital
some years before his death, whfdbtoofcplac©
on 2 July 1703.

Stafford printed a descriptive cata&gii&oi
his own pubEeatiom They incjufe 'Tfej
Printed Sayings of Richard SfcafW, a j»n-
soner in Bedlam ;' appeals tor-*—-* — *
the privy council; and a 1
1 Oct. 1692) wishing James

ir.

€r« MM *x, ft.

STAFFORD, BI€EAEI>

801-1

rector
ford

Stafford

460

Stafford

to two noted practitioners of Cirencester,
Lawrence and Warner, the former being
father of the great surgeon, Sir William
Lawrence [q. v,] He came to London in
1820, and entered St. Bartholomew's Hos-
pital. Here he soon attracted the notice of
Abernethy, who appointed him his house-
surgeon for 1823-4. He was admitted a
member of the Royal College of Surgeons
of England in 1824. He then went abroad
and spent a year in Paris. He returned to
London in 1826, and commenced to practise
as a surgeon. The Jacksonian prize was
awarded to him in this year for his essay
' On Spiaa Bifida, and Injuries and Diseases
of the Spine and the Medulla Spinalis.' He
was elected senior surgeon to the St. Maryle-
bone infirmary in 1831, and was subsequently
appointed surgeon-extraordinary to H.R.H.
the duke of Cambridge, At the Royal Col-
lege of Surgeons of England he was elected
one of the, first fellows in 1843, and he was
made a member of its council in 1848,
though he was soon obliged to retire on
account of ill-health. He was elected Hun-
terian orator for 1851, and prepared an
oration which was printed in the same year.
He was too ill to deliver it, and he died un-
married on 15 Jan. 1854, at 28 Old Burling-
ton Street.

There is a half-length portrait of Stafford,
painted by W. Salter and engraved by J.
Cochran. A copy of the engraving is pre-
fixed to Pettigrew's memoir.

Stafford was a skilful surgeon, whose work
was always conducted upon the legitimate
basis of an accurate anatomical knowledge.
He was a voluminous writer upon subjects
of professional interest. He published 1. ' A
Series of Observations on Strictures of the
Urethra/ London, 8vo, 1828. 2. 'Further
Observations on Lancetted Stylettes,' Lon-
don, ^8vo, 1829; 3rd edit. 1836. 3. 'A
Treatise on Injuries ... of the Spine, founded
on the Jacksonian Prize Essay for 1826,'
London, 8vo, 1832. 4. 'On Perforation of
Strictures of the Urethra,' London, 8vo,
1834. 5. ' An Essay on the Treatment of
some Affections of the Prostate Gland,'
London, 8vo, 1840 ; 2nd edit. 1845. 6. < On
Treatment of Haemorrhoids,' 8vo, 1853.

Medical Portrait Gallery, vol.
iv.; Lancet, 185i, i. 148; Medical Times and
4, i. 100J B'A. P.

THOMAS (1581 P-1557),
born .4*00* 15S1 (Addit. MS. 6672,
fl l&$),was the nintii child, but second sur-

Margaret Pole, countess of Salisbury [q. v.]
Thomas was educated privately, and in July
1550 passed through Paris on his way to
Borne. There an attempt seems to have
been made by Cardinal Pole and Francis
Peto, a nephew apparently of William Peto
[q. v.], to win back Stafford and his brother
Henry to the catholic faith (Cal. State
Papers, For. 1547-53, pp. 70-1, 119-21).
Thomas remained in Italy for three years,
and in May 1553 was at V enice. On the 5th
of that month a motion was carried in the
council of ten 'that the jewels of St. Mark
and the armoury halls of this co uncil be shown
to Mr. Thomas Stafford, the nephew of the
right reverend cardinal of England' (i.e.
Reginald Pole [q. v.]), and on the 9th a
similar resolution permitted him and his two
servants to carry arms (Cal. State Papers,
Venetian, 1534-54, Nos. 749, 750). Thence
he proceeded to Poland, where on 1 Oct.
Sigismund Augustus, king of Poland, and
his queen wrote letters strongly recommend-
ing him to Queen Mary, and requesting that
he might be restored to the dukedom of
Buckingham (&>. For. 1553-58, pp. 15, 16).
On the way he visited his uncle at Dillin-
gen; but the cardinal opposed his return
to England, and refused to give him letters
of commendation to the queen or any one
else.

Mary paid no attention to the Polish king's
recommendations, and this neglect, or a
genuine dislike of the Spanish marriage, in-
duced Stafford to offer a strenuous opposi-
tion to that alliance. He seems to have been
concerned in Suffolk's attempted rebellion in
January 1553-4 [see G-KEY, HBNEY, DUKE
OB1 SrPFOMl, and on 16 Feb. was sent a pri-
soner to the Fleet (Acts of the Privy Council,
1552-1554, pp. 393, 395). He was soon at
liberty, and at the end of March fled to France
(cf. Pole to Cardinal de Monte, 4 April 1554).
He visited his uncle at Fontainebleau, and
told him that he had helped to capture Suffolk
(Cal. State Payer*, Venetian, 1534-54, p.
495) ; but Pole, fearing to offend Queen Mary
and the emperor, drove him from his house.
From this time Stafford threw himself ac-
tively into the intrigues of the exiles in-
France, and at the end of April he made an
abortive attempt to assassinate Sir William
Pickering [q. v.], who, after coquetting with
the exiles, was once more seeking royal favour.
Stafford's ambition was not merely to over-
throw Mary. He was himself of royal descent
on both his father's [see STAJBTOBD, EDWABB,
third DUKE OP BUCKINGHAM] andhis mother's
side [see POLE^ MABGAKET], andy though appa-
rently a younger brother, lie maintained that
he was next heir to the throne after Mary,

Stafford

461

Stafford

who had forfeited her right by marrying a
Spaniard. He even adopted the full arms of
England without, any difference ^ on his seal.
His pretensions involved him in a quarrel
with his fellow exile, Sir Robert Stafford, erro-
neously said to have been his brother (cf.
G. E. CroKAYNBjs Peerage, 'vii. 213), and
* if ever there were a tragico cowce<fo# played,
surely these men played it' (Wotton to Petre,
Cal State Papers, For. 1553-8, p. 264). On
the ground that Thomas sought his life,
Kobert in October 1556 procured his impri-
sonment l in the vilest prison of Rouen, among
thieves an d such honest companions/ Thomas
procured his release two months later, and
retaliated by having Robert cast in heavy-
damages in an action for ' injurious impri-
sonment.' Early in 1557 the English am-
bassadorwas alarmed bv the favourable treat-
ment Thomas was receiving from the French
court, for Henry TI of France had apparently
determined to use Stafford as a pawn in the
coming struggle with England. Though the
Frenchking subsequently deniedhaving aided
Stafford, it is probable that he supplied the
two ships in which Stafford and his sup-
porters embarked at Dieppe on Easter Sunday
(18 April). He landed on the coast of York-
shire and seized Scarborough Castle on the
25th ; in the proclamation he issued (printed
in STRYT?E, -Eccl. Mem. in. ii. 515 ; MAIT-
IAND, Essays on the Reformation^?. 154-6)
he denounced the Spanish marriage, asserted
that a Spanish army was about to land to en-
slave the English, called upon the people to
rise, and styled himself protector (HoLBsrsHED,
ed. 1586, nL 1133 ; STOW, ed. 1615, pp. 630-
631). But his plans were known to the
English ambassador before he left France.
The militia rapidly assembled under the
' command of Henry Neville, fifth earl of
Westmorland [see under NEVHLB, RALPH,
fourth EABI]. Stafford was captured almost
without a blow, and on 2 May was sent to
London, where he was tried and convicted ol
high treason. He was hanged and quartered
at Tyburn on 28 May 1557.

STAFFORD, SIB THOMAS (/. 1633),
reputed author of 'Pacata Hibemia/ is con-
jectured to have been, though apparently on
insufficient evidence (cf. BEEWEE, Cal. Carew
MS8. vol. L p. Iviii), a natural son of Sir
George Carew, earl of Totnes [q.v.] Staf-
ford served under Carew, when president of
Munster, as captain in the wars in Ireland
during Elizabeth's reign. Chronology will not
permit the captain's identification with the
Thomas Stafford of Devon, gent,, who gra-
duated B. A. from Exeter College, Oxford, on
12 Nov. 1613, aged 21 (^^Tm^ALmmi Qxm,
1500-1714), and who may indeed have been
the person designated as Carew's illegitimate
son. Stafford was a common name in the
south-east of Ireland (one Sir Francis being
governor of Glandeboye, another Henry M.P.
for Bungarvan, and another Nicholas bishop of
Ferns and Leighlin, all more or less his con-
temporaries), and it is therefore not unlikely
that Sir Thomas may himself have been an
Irishman. It is as an Irishman rather than as
an Englishman that he speaks of Irishmen
and Englishmen in his preface to 'Pacata
Hibernia.' But however this maybe, Stafford
appears to have accompanied Carew to Eng-
land shortly before the death of Eliz&bet^
and afterwards to have lived with him in tha
capacity of secretary. When Ms patron was
in 1608 created master of the ordmaaee,
Stafford was joined with him as to iissis*^
being by special grace allowed alter \$Bf- s
death to retain his office until fc wppM*-
ment of Lord Vere. On 6 Oefc- ^? f^f*8
knighted in Ireland by Sir Arpmr titoepeaw,
the lord deputy (IteCii^E, f. ^)* «*
1624 he was jecoBa^QflaW 1^ Oaa»vftr a
company in Ireland, bat 8pfaxBB%
cessfally (CW, ~' ' ~ ~~" "

.

int ed that
buried in the same tomb
Avon, and an lBScri|)*W
WarwMve, iL
describing

[Cal. State Papers, Venetian and Foreign Sex.
passim, and Dom. Ser. Addenda, 1547-65, p.
449- Acts of the Privy Council, ed. Dasent;
€k E. C[okayne]'s Peerage, vii. 213; ft™™
Foedera, xv. 440 (document misdated 1556 tor
1557); Ambassades de Noaiiles, 1763,4 ^>ls.;
Reginaldi Poll Epistolse, Brescia, 1744-57 5
vols.; Stryp^sEccl. Mem. passim ; Wnothesle/s
Chron. and Machyn's Diary (G
Bnmet's Hfet. Beformation, ed.
BLolinshed's Chron.; StoVs A

never &m&, mS. it fe

fee

v ^aa )Bwct*K»a, *** ^™r: _ ~ *

Oxewbylw^g,^*
• OB 29 1% 1^9,

"» _._

,
Makifcg

; Fr™e,vr ,;
e England of Elpabe*^ pp.

1 A. JJ *»

Stafford

462

Stafford

published in six yolumes, under the direc-
tion of tae master of the rolls, in 1867-73.

Among the manuscripts thus bequeathed
to Stafford was the original of the l Pacata
Hibernia/ written, we are given by him to
understand, by Carew himself, but ' out of
hisretyred Modestie, the rather by him held
backe from the Stage of Publication, lest
himselfe being a principall Actor in many
of the particulars, might be perhaps thought
under the Narration of publicke proceedings,
to giue vent and utterance to his private
merit and services, howsoever justly me-
morable.7 After having submitted it ' to the
view and censure of divers learned and judi-
cious persons/ the work was published by
Stafford, under the following title, suffi-
ciently descriptive of its contents, 'Pacata
Hibernia : Ireland appeased and redvced ; or,
an Historie of the Late Warres of Ireland,
especially within the Province of Mounster,
under the government of Sir Q-eorge Carew, fc
Knight, then Lord President of that Pro-
vince . . . Wherein the Seidge of Bansale,
the Defeat of the Earle of Tyrone, and his
Armie ; the Expulsion and sending home of
Don Juan de Aguila, the Spanish General!,
with his forces ; And many other remarkable
Passages of that time are related. Illus-
trated, with Seventeene severall Mappes, for
the better understanding of the St orie. Lon-
don, Printed by A. M. 1633. And part of
the Impression made over, to be vended for
the benefit of the Children of John Mynshew,
deceased.7 The book, now exceedingly rare,
was reprinted by the Hibernia Press Com-
pany, Dublin, in 1810, and a new edition
was edited in 1896 (2 yols.) by Mr. Standish
O'Grady. It is an impartial if not very
interesting account of the struggle it records.

JEardy and Brewer's Report on the Carte
Carew Papers, London, 1864, p. 11; Cal.
Carew MSS. pp. Mii, Ixiii-iv ; Wood's Athenae
Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 449.] R. B.

STAFFORD, WILLIAM (1554-1612),
alleged author of the ' Compendious Exami-
nation of Certain Ordinary Complaints/ born
at Eochford, Essex, on 1 March 1553-4, was
second son of Sir William Stafford, by his
second wife and relative, Dorothy, daughter
of Henry Stafford, first baron Stafford fa . v.l
Sp Edward Stafford (1552 P-1605) [q. vjwas
his elder brother. Sir William had acquired
Eochford through his first wife, Mary Boleyn,
sister ofAnne Boleyn, who, after being
Henry YHFs mistress, married first Sir Wil-
liam Gary, m&> alter his death in 1528, Sir
William, was educated at
admitted scholar
t Hew Col-

lege, Oxford, matriculating in 1571, and
being elected fellow in 1573 (Notes and
Queries, 3rd ser. ix. 375 ; JReg. Univ. Oxon.
ii, ii. 54). In 1575, however, he was de-
prived of his fellowship for absenting him-
self from college beyond his prescribed leave,
and he seems to have become a hanger-on at
court, where his mother was mistress of the .
robes to Queen Elizabeth. There he suffered
some slight from the Earl of Leicester, and
developed into a * lewd, miscontented young
person ' (HatMd MSS. ii. 224). In June
1585 he suddenly and secretly left London
for Dieppe, probably with the intention of
joining nis brother Sir Edward, then ambas-
sador in Paris. He was back again in 1586,
and on 26 Dec. in that year he sought an
interview with the French ambassador,
Chateauneuf, at his house in Bishopsgate
Street, asking his aid to escape to France on
the pretext of being unable to tolerate
Leicester's scorn. According to Stafford's
own account, the French ambassador then
inveigled him into a plot for assassinating
Queen Elizabeth, and securing the succession
to the throne of Mary Queen of Scots. The
ambassador's secretary, De Trappes, and a
prisoner in Newgate named Moody were also
in the plot. In the following January Stafford
revealed it to Walsingham. De Trappes was
arrested at Dover and Chateauneuf was sum-
moned before the council. There he acknow-
ledged that he had been privy to the plot, but
swore that Stafford had suggested it, that he
endeavoured to dissuade him, and that he
would have revealed it at once had it not been.
for the respect in which he held Stafford's
mother and brother. After some demur
ChateauneuTs statements were accepted
and Stafford was imprisoned in. the Tower,
where he remained until August 1588 (Cal.
State Papers, Dom. 1581-90, p. 631). The
plot was probably concocted by Stafford in
order that his services in revealing it might
win him favour at court.

After his release Stafford married, in 1593,
Anne, daughter of Thomas Gryme of An-
tingham, Norfolk, were he resided quietly for
the rest of his life. He presented various
books to Winchester College, and died on
16 Nov. 1612. He left a daughter Dorothy,
who married Thomas Tyndale of Eastwood
Park, Gloucestershire, and a son William
(1593-1684) [q.v.]

Apparently on the strength of his initials,
and of an allusion in the dedication to
Queen Elizabeth to 'his late undutiful be-
haviour/ Wood assigned to Stafford the au-
thorship of ' A compendious or briefe exami-
nation of certayne ordinary complaints, of
; divers of our countrymen in these our dayes

Stafford

463

Stagg

By W, S., Gentleman ' (T. Marsh, Lon-
don, 1581, 4to). A second edition appeared
in the same year ; it was reprinted in 1751,
when the publisher attributed the authorship
to Shakespeare. This ridiculous assumption
was easily confuted by Farmer in his l Essay
on the Learning of Shakespeare' (1821, pj.
81-4) The book, which has also been attri-
buted to Sir Thomas Smith (1513-1577)
fq v 1 and his nephew, William Smith, was
republished in the 'Harleian Miscellany*
(1B08, vol. ix.) and in the < Pamphleteer
(1813, vol. v.) ; and a German translation, by
E. Laser, appeared in 1895. In 1876 it was
edited for the New Shakspere Society by
Dr. Furnivall, who combated the authorship
of William Stafford, pointing out the ab-
sence of evidence and the absurdity of making
the allusion to t undutiful behaviour/ written
in 1581, apply to treasonable practices com-
mitted in 1586. But no satisfactory attempt
to investigate the authorship was made until
1891, when Miss Elizabeth Lamond contri-
buted to the < English Historical Review
(vi 284-305) a conclusive refutation ot bta±-
ford's authorship. She discovered two ex-
tant manuscripts of the work— one belonging
to Mr. William Lambarde, and the other
formerly belonging to the Earl of Jersey
(Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Rep. App. i. 92)
and now in the Bodleian Library (Add. C.
273) A third, which escaped her notice, is
is among the Hatfield MSS. (Cal Hatfidd
MSS i! 52). The Lambarde manuscript
was written not later than 1565, and tne
Historical Manuscripts Commissioners erro-
neously dated the two, others 1547. *rom
internal evidence it is evident that the work
was written in the summer of 1549, and it
ffives an invaluable account of mclosures,
tebasement of the coinage, and other causes
of social distress during the reign of fcd-
ward VI. Miss Lamond attributed the

Forewords to the edition of 1876 ; Miss La-
mond's Introd. to her edition of 1893 ; English
Hist. Rev. vi. 284-305; authorities cited in
text.] A. P.P.

STAFFORD, WILLIAM (1593-1684),
pamphleteer, born in Norfolk in 1593, was
the son of William Stafford (1554-1612)
fq .v.], by his wife Anne, daughter of Thomas
Gryme of Antingham, Norfolk. He matricu-
lated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 8 Nov.
1611, graduated B.A. on 4 July 1614, and
was created M.A. on 5 March 1617-18. On
the death of his uncle, Sir John Stafford, in
1624, he succeeded to the estate of Marl-
wood Park in Thorntey, Gloucestershire,
and, according to Wood, was at one time a
member of the House of Commons (perhapshe
was the W.S., member for Stamford in 1661).
He was the author of 'The Reason of the
War, with the Progressand Accidents thereof
written by anEnglishSubject'(London,1646,
4to). He writes as a moderate parliamen-
tarian, and evinces great desire for peace on
the basis of a constitutional monarchy. In
thepref ace he mentions that parts of his work
had been published in the previous year m
much imperfection and some haste. Wood
coniectured that this treatise might be
identical with a pamphlet entitled An
Orderly and Plaine Narration of the JJe-
ginnings and Causes of this Warm Also a
Conscientious Resolution against t&e Warn
on the Parliament Side'^
works are, however, entii „
the latter publication, which
by a staunch royaEstv bri*^,
action of parliament. ^ Sfcafed
great age, and was tamed asfc
1 July 1684 By hi
Was the father of
father of Richard £

Fasti 0*Dfc.

no pu . ., T-..

eveAe may have been, brought itu

and issued it as his own composition
alterations are clumsy;, tot one_added pas-
sage, attributing the rise in pnces to the
inlux of precious metals from Uwlnfc*
is notable as the first indicate oftheper-

ception of this truth in En$?™:/£ MiL
manuscript was published by M*«
nd in 1893 with introduction, appen-
dices, and notes.

real. State Papers, Dom. and Addenda, 1680-
257 CaLHatfield MSS Pt ia.; Had. MBS..

Kotas a ,. -

Oxon. 1500-17H; Brit. S
1307.]

Doet/knoira m

ft

m ftr

1625

v ba

Staggins

464

Staines

volume of 'Miscellaneous Poems.' After
leaving Wigton for a snort sojourn in Carlisle,
he tbok up his residence in Manchester,
where he remained more or less till his death,
butfhe frequently revisited his native county
and spent much time among the peasantry,
amusing them by performances on the fiddle,
and gathering that intimate knowledge of
their customs and dialect which enabled him
in his poems and essays to giye a graphic
picture of his friends. He also went further
afield selling his works, and about 1809 he
visited Oxford. He died at Workington in
1823. He was father of seven children.

In Charles, duke of Norfolk, and many of
the Cumberland gentry, as well as among1
members of both universities, he found
patrons by whom he was encouraged to pub-
lish his ' Minstrel of the North/ London,
1810, 8vo (another edit. 1816). His Other
works were : * Miscellaneous Poems ; (Car-
lisle, 1804, 12mo; 2nd ed. "Workington, 1805,
12mo) ; a further series of ' Miscellaneous
Poems' (Wigton, 1807, 8vo; another ed.,
Wigton, 1808, 12mo) ; and < The Cumberland
Minstrel: being a poetical miscellany of
legendary, Gothic, and romantic tales . . .
together with several essays in the Northern

berland Poetry' contains a small engraved
portrait of Stagg by Robert Anderson from
a painting by R. B. Faulkner.

[Popular Poetry of Cumberland and the Late
Country, by Sidney G-ilpin; Brit. Mus. Cat.;
Oat. of Manchester Free Ref. Library.] A. N.

STAOaiNS, NICHOLAS (1650P-1700),
musician, born about 1650, was son of Isaac
Staggins, who from 1661 to his death in 1684
was one of the musicians of the royal house-
hold. The names of father and son stand in
the list of Charles IPs ' Private Musick/ or
violinists, of 1674 (Rimbault's Notes on
NOBTH'S Memoires, p. 99) . In February 1674-
1675 Nicholas was appointed master of f his
majesty's musick' in the room of Louis
Grabu, with a yearly fee of 200Z. He at-
tended James IPs coronation, and served
during that reign. His appointment was con-
firmed by William HI in 1693 (Treasury
%wsr^l7Aug.)

In 1682 ne was admitted Mus. Doc. of
QaanTbatfdlge — it was said through interest and
wit3ioa£ due tests. To meet such allegations,
'a, grace was |assed on 2 July 1684 consti-
tuting J&agpns professor -of music at the
.TEmiversifcy ^CoopTE, Annals, iii. 601). A
was ^o polished to the effect
"^~r;|toiifebeen Seslrous to per-

u%ikA> f&^M^L. w 3'>j< -i*»'l|1' .< * - _n

music upon the first public opportunity, had
acquitted himself < so much to the satisfac-
tion of the whole university this commence-
ment that by a solemn vote they had con-
stituted and appointed him public professor
of music there' (London Gazette, No. 1945).
There was at that time no endowment for
this professorship at Cambridge, and the ap-
pointment must have been purely honorary.
Staggins was a steward of the St. Cecilia
Music Festival, 1684 and 1685. A concert
of Staggins's vocal and instrumental music
was announced in the ' London Gazette ' of
10 May 1697 to take place on the 13th at
York Buildings. His house and property
were situated at Chelsea, but he was at Wind-
sor when, on 13 June 1700, he was found
dead in his bed (LyTTBELL, Relation). He
was survived by his mother, two brothers,
and a sister.

Staggins's compositions were very slight.
They include: 1. Duologue from Dryden's
* Conquest of Granada,' pt. ii., ' How un-
happy a lover am I.' 2. Songs, 'Whilst
Alexis ' and * How pleasant is mutual love,'
published in Playford's 'Choice Ayres/ 1673.
3. A jig, in Playford's i Dancing Master/
1679.

He wrote music, which was not published,
for odes on William Ill's birthdays, 1693
and 1694, by Nahum Tate. There are six
songs by Staggins in the British Museum
Additional MS. 19759.

[Hawkins's Hist, of Music, p. 739 ; Calendar
of State Papers, 1661-2 p. 176, 1668-9 p. 446;
Treasury Papers, 17 Aug. 1693; Husk's St. Ce-
cilia's Day, pp. 14, 15, 18 ; Sandford's Coro-
nation of James II ; Chamberlayne's England,
1682-1702; Gentleman's Journal, 1693, 1694,
p. 269 ; Registers of Wills, P. C. C., Noel 106 ;
Dyer 55; Administration grant, December 1684;
LuttreU's Brief Relation, iv. 656.] L. M. M.

STATNER, RICHARD (d. 1662), ad-
miral. [See STATEER.]

STAINES, SIB THOMAS (1776-1830),
captain in the navy, was born near Margate
in 1776, and entered the navy in December
1789 on board the Solebay, in which he
served on the West India station till May
1792. In December he joined the Speedy
brig commanded by Captain Charles Cun-
ningham [q. v.], with whom he went out to
the Mediterranean, and whom he followed to
the Imp&rieuse and Lowestoft. When Cun-
ningham was sent home with despatches,
Staines was moved into the Victory, the
flagship of Lord Hood, and, continuing in
her, was present in the engagement of
13 July 1795, and tinder the flag of
Sir John Jervis, in 1796, till on 3 July
\ he was promoted to )>e lieutenant of the

Staines

465

Staines

Petrel sloop. In her lie had active and
exciting service for more than three years,
in the course of which, among other ad-
ventures, the Petrel was captured near Ma-
i°J<?o by f°Ur SPanisl1 Agates, on 12 Oct.
-L798. She was recaptured the next day,
but Staines an,d the other officers and men
had been taken on board the Spanish frigate
and were carried to Cartagena as prisoners.
By the end of the year they were exchanged
at Gibraltar and back to the Petrel, and
Staines continued in her till, on 17 Oct.
1799, he was moved by Nelson into his flag-
ship the Foudroyant. In her he was present
at the capture, in the following year, of the
Gene'reux and Guillaume Tell [see BEBEY,
SIR EDWAED], and afterwards, under the flag
of Lord Keith, in the operations on the coast
of Egypt, during which he acted as the admi-
ral's flag-lieutenant. For his services in this
campaign he received the Turkish order of
the Crescent, and on 15 May 1802 was pro-
moted by Keith to the command of the Ca-
meleon brig, which during the peace was
stationed at Malta. On the renewal of the
war in 1803 the Cameleon joined the blockad-
ing squadron off Toulon, from which she was
detached in successive cruises along the coast

to eastward or to westward, to stop or inter-
cept the enemy's trade. In this work Staines
had marked success, and captured or destroyed
a great many of the French coasting vessels
and gunboats. In September 1804 he was
sent up the Adriatic, and was afterwards em-
ployed in the protection of the Levant trade
until, in September 1805, the Cameleon was
sent home and paid off.

On 22 Jan. 1806 Staines was advanced
to post .rank, and in the end of the year was
appointed to the Cyane frigate, which in
the following summer was attached to the
fleet under Admiral James (afterwards Lord
Gambier) [q. v.] during the operations at
Copenhagen. In February 1808 the Cyane
was sent to the Mediterranean, where, on the
east coast of Spain, she almost at once cap-
tured several merchant ships, and on 22 May,
off Majorca, took a Spanish privateer, the
last Spanish ship of war taken ; a few days
later Staines received a letter from the cap-
tain-general of the Balearic Islands, saying
that they declared in favour of Ferdinand,
and requesting him to come to Palma to
confer as to the measures to be adopted. For
the next year Staines was constantly em-
ployed on the south coast of Spain, assisting
the patriots and repeatedly engaged with
the enemy's batteries and in boat actions.
In May 1809 he was sent to the coast of
Naples, where, on the 17th, near Cape Cir-
cello, he captured two martello towers by a

VOL. LTTI,

happy combination of good fortune and cou-
rage. In June the Cyane was part of the
squadron under Kear-admiral (afterwards
bir Oreorge) Martin [q. v.] which on the &5th
reduced the islands of Ischia and Procida-
and on the 26th was detached, with the'
Espoir brig and several gunboats, to inter-
cept a large flotilla of French gunboats
making for Naples bay. After a brisk action
eighteen of these were taken and four de-
stroyed. In the afternoon Staines landed
and destroyed a battery of 36-ponndeiB on
Cape Miseno. On the next day he destroyed
another battery at Pozzuoli, and in tlie even-
ing engaged the French frigate C&^s, wfcidb,
with a corvette and twenty gunboats in
company, was endeavouring to get to Naples,
while the Espoir and the Sicilian jranboat«
were becalmed some distance off. The force
of the Cyane was much inferior to that of the
Ce"res alone, but the action was continued for
more than an hour, when the Cyane's am-
munition being exhausted, her rigging cut to
pieces, and many men killed and wounded,
the Ce"res succeeded in getting away with
her convoy. Staines himself was most
severely wounded both in the side and
the left arm, which had to be taken out
of the socket at the shoulder. In

ing the action of the 26th Martin had writ-
ten, * No language which I am master of can
convey to your lordship an adequate idea gf
the gallantry, judgment, and good &miw£
displayed by Captain Statues ;y ami o® tike
further report of the action of fcl&e Sftfc Cbl-
lingwood wrote of Staine^s ^Ikaky in a
( succession of battlea' Hie Oy&m ww s&
much battered that she liad to pioeeed to
England to be refitted.

She arrived at Portsmouth In tiie middle
of October, and on 6 Dee. S&oBes was
knighted, and received also peratksion to
wear the order of Ferdinand and Merit «o*-
ferred on him by the Magr of Sicily. He
was then appointed to the Hamadryad ©f 4&
guns, and for tiie jisxt two j&sm w»s em-
ployed in eomvoy daty to Newfoundland m&.
to St. Helena. Early m 1812 i® was ap-
pointed to the Britom frigate, IB w&kfe dop-
ing 1812-1S he eraised, witlt some success,
in the OhaaBel and tlie B»y *»f Biscay, Om
the last day of 1813 he sailed witlt serorml
ships of wax and a laarge eomvoy of Easfc
Indiamen, from whieli he farted al Madeira,
being sent on to Bio Jaaeiro. There he Jtad
orders to go on to Valparaiso to joim Qaf
James Hillyar [q. vJ; fent B
already captured the tLS. irigatetoea^ and
the Briton, with the Tagiis IB ec»]wwf , wwfe
on to Callao and tbenee for a enaise &B
the islands, looking for a UJEL diif wfett

Stainton

466

Stainton

rumoured to have come round Cape Horn.
On 28 Aug. Staines struck the U.S. colours
at Nukahiva and took possession of the is-
land, and sailing thence for Valparaiso, on
17 Sept. accidentally came on Pitcairn's Is-
land, then marked on the chart nearly three
degrees to the west of its true position [see
ADAMS, JOHN, 1760P-1829]. Much to his
surprise, he found it inhabited by an English-
speaking people, who, as he learned, were
the descendants of the mutineers of the
Bounty, The island had been previously
visited by an American merchant ship, but
the news does not seem to have reached
England, and the first information of this
remarkable colony was sent home by Staines,
who rightly judged that the lapse of years
and the care which he had successfully given
to the education of the young people of the
island might be held as condoning Adams's
original offence. The Briton remained at
Valparaiso and the neighbourhood till April
1815, when she returned to Rio Janeiro and
England, and Staines learned that on 2 Jan.
preceding he had been nominated a K.C.B.

From 1823 to 1825 he commanded the
Superbe in the West Indies and at Lisbon ;
and from 1827 to 1830 the Isis in the Medi-
terranean, He had been little more than a
fortnight in England when he died at his
residence, near Margate, on 13 July 1830.
For the loss of his arm he had received a
pension of 300/. The statement of his ser-
vices called for in 1817 is dated at Margate
on 10 Jan. 1818, and is accompanied by a
medical certificate that 'he is incapable,
from wounds in his arm, of writing his
name.' He married, in May 1819, Sarah,
youngest daughter of Robert Tournay Bar-
grave of Eastry Court, Kent.

. [Marshall's Eoyal Naval Biogr. v. (Suppl.
pt. i.) 79 ; G-ent. Mag. 1830, ii. 277 ; James's
Naval Hist v. 32-5; Service Book in the Pub-
lic Eecord Office.] J. K. L.

' STAINTON, HENRY TIBBATS (1822-
1892), entomologist, eldest son of Henry
Stainton of Lewisham, was born in London
on 13 Aug. 1822, his parents removing to
Lewis Dam when he was a few weeks old.
He was educated almost entirely at home,
tet finally attended King's College, London.
For several years he was engaged in com-
mercial occupations under his father.

About 1840, instigated apparently by the
Biev. W. Johnson, a friend of his father, he
"fewrned his attention to entomology, more
,,0sf>ecially to the Micro-Lepidoptera, rising
"jlve in the morning to pursue his studies.
he « Entomologists'
through

ten volumes, and was discontinued in 1861.
'The Entomologists' Annual' was started
by him in 1855, and continued till 1874,
completing twenty volumes ; while in 1864 '
he, with friends, founded the ' Entomolo-
gists' Monthly Magazine,' his connection with
which was kept up till his death. In 1848 he
joined the Entomological Society of London,
was its secretary in 1850-1, and president in
1881-2. He was elected a fellow of the
Linnean Society of London in 1859, and
held the post of secretary from 1869 to 1874,
and vice-president in 1883-5. He became a
fellow of the Royal Society in 1867, and
served on its council in 1880-2. He at-
tended the meetings of the British Associa-
tion, and acted as secretary to the natural
history section in 1864, and from 1867 to
1872. He became secretary of the Eay So-
ciety in 1861, at a critical moment of its
history, and held the post till 1872. He was
a member of the Entomological Societies of
France, Stettin, and Italy, and honorary
member of those of Belgium and Switzerland.
In 1871 Stainton was instrumental in
founding the ' Zoological Eecord Association/
of which he was secretary, till the work was
taken over by the Zoological Society of
London in 1886. He died from cancer in
the stomach at his residence in Lewisham on
2 Dec. 1892. In 1846 he married Isabel,
the youngest daughter of J. Dunn, esq. of
Sheffield.

Stainton was author of : 1. f An Attempt
at a Systematic Catalogue of the British
Tineidae and Pterophoridse/ 8vo, London,
1849. 2. ( A Supplementary Catalogue of
the British Tineidae and Pterophoridss/ 8vo,
London, 1851. 3. < The Entomologists' Com-
panion/ 12mo, London, 1852 ; 2nd edit. 1854,
4. 'Bibliotheca Stephensiana' (a catalogue
of the library, preceded by an obituary notice
of James Francis Stephens Tq. v.]), 4toi, Lon-
don, 1853. 5. 'Insecta Britannica. Lepi-
doptera: Tineina/ 8vo, London, 1854; 3rd
supplement, 1856. 6. ' The Natural History
of the Tineina/ 13 vols. 8vo, London, 1855-
' 1873. 7. ' June : a book for the Country in
Summer Time/ 8vo, London, 1856. 8. ' A
Manual of British Butterflies and Moths/
2 vols. 12mo, London [1856-j 1857-9. 9.
' The Tineina of Syria and Asia Minor/ 8vo,
London, 1867. 10. ' British Butterflies and
Moths/ 8vo, London, 1867. 11. ' The Tineina
of Southern Europe/ 8vo, London, 1869.
He also contributed from 1848 some hundred
papers on entomological subjects to various
scientific journals (see Royal Society's Cat.
Scientific Papers).

Besides the several entomological journals
already named, he edited and supplied notes

Stair

467

Stairs

to J. F. Stephens's i Catalogue of British
Lepidoptera' [in tlie British Museum], 2nd
edit. 1856; to < The Tineina of North America,
by Dr. B. Clemens/ 1872; and to « The Larvae
of the British Butterflies and Moths, by
W. Buckler/ 4 vols. Hay Society, 1886-91.
[Proc. Boy. Soc.lii, obit. p. ix ; Times, 12 Dee.
1892; Entomological Monthly Mag. 1893, p. 1,
•&c., with portrait ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Boy. Soe.
Oat.] B. B. W.

STAIR, EAELS OF. [See BALBrMPLE,
SIB JOHK, first earl, 1648-1707; DAL-
ETMPLE, JOHN, second earl, 1673-1747;
DALKYMPLE, JOHN, fifth earl, 1720-1789;
BALBZMPLE, JOHN, sixth earl, 1749-1821 ;
DALRYMPLE, Srs JOHN HAMILTON MACGILL,
eighth earl, 1771-1853.]

STAIR, first VISCOUNT.
SIB JAMBS, 1619-1695.]

STAIRS, WILLIAM GEANT (1863-
1892), captain and traveller, third son of
John Stairs (£.1888) of Halifax, Nova Scotia,
and of his wife Mary Morrow (d. 1871), was
born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 1 July 1863.
He was educated until the autumn of 1875
at Fort Massey Academy, Halifax, and after-
wards at Merchiatoun Castle, Edinburgh,
until July 1878, when hepassedinto theRoyal
Military College at Kingston, Ontario,
Canada. In September 1882 he went to New
Zealand, where he was employed as a eiyil en-
gineer in plotting and mapping the district
near Hawke's Bay. On 30 June 1885 he was
gazetted to be a lieutenant in the royal engi-
neers, and he then went through a course of
-professional instruction at Chatham, This
was completed in 1886, and at the end of that
year he was the first candidate selected by
Mr. H. M. Stanley for service on the Emin
Pasha relief expedition. He sailed with the
expedition, on leave from the war office, on
20 Jan. 1887, and arrived at the Congo nver
onlSMarch. TheexpeditionreachedLeopoldr
vffle, near Stanley Pool, on 22 April, and the
advance in steamers up the nver commenced
on 8 May. At Bolobo on 12 May the expe-
dition was formed into two columns, btairs
accompanied the advanced column under
Stanley,and commanded the second eomj^ny
ofZaimbaris. Yambuya, thirteen hundred
miles from the sea, was reached on _15 June,
and there the rear column was left behind
under Maior Walter Barttelot, James Sfcgo
Jamesonjq. vA Mr. J. R Troup, and Mr
Herbert wardT

The march of the advanced column east-
ward from Yambuya commenced on 28 June
1887. A little later Stanley, writing of the
dualities of the four members of his staff to
with him (Le. Stairs, Capt. B. H. Nelson, Mr

A. Mounteney Jephson, and Surgeon Thomas
Heazle Parke [q, v.])? observed : * Stairs is the
military officer, alert, intelligent, who under-
stands a hint, a curt intimation, grasps an
idea firmly, and realises it to perfection. On
13 Aug. at Avisibba, in one of the many attacks
by natives, Stairs was wounded by a poisoned
arrow, but, under the skilful care of Surgeon
Parke, recovered. Then followed a terriMe
march of 156 daysinthe twilight of aprimev&l
tropical forest. The little army dro|^9©<i fifty .
men on 20 Sept. at Ugarrowa's settlement,
and on 6 Oct. left Nelson and Parke a»J
I fifty-two men at Kilonga-Longa's, Bet
! Stairs, with Mr. Stanley an4 the reel of fcfee
party, emerged out of the forest imto 0f®a
country near Indesura on 4 Bee. 1887. A
successful fight with natives took place oa
0 Dec,, Stairs leading one of the cobara®;
nd desultory engagements continued umtaJ,
n 13 Bee., Mr. Stanley and Stairs readied
he Albert Nyanza.

Unable to learn anything of Emm Pasfa*
or to obtain eanoes on the lake, the exp&-
lition on 17 Bee. retraced its steps to Wast
Ibwiri, where Fort Bodo was constructed.
On its completion, on 18 Jan. 1868, Stabs
was despatched with a hundred men to bdwf *
up Nelson and Parke. By 12 Feb. Stairs had
successfully accomplished his BBSSIO% wfeiA
involved a journey of seventy-nine miles mA
way. Four days later fe© was saafe*@««30*t
couriers as for back as Ugarrowa's(l^ wlee)
an 1 see them safely across the riw. 1^^
in the year Mr. Stanley k& Si«iis m «*»-
mand at Fort Bodo wtok ^e went m i^trefe
of the rear column, of whiefe *&$&&% lm&
Long been heard

Mr Stanley loomed witkcwfc *ny ialc»-
mation on 20 Bee. 1888, aad m fctie
Stairs was sent forward yi&&h
to hold' the ferry afc Ituri Hirer.
1889 Fort Bodo was taraed, m& tfce
force eroded ^ river and

Here Stairs was Ml is mmm^ m ecoa-
with Parfee, wHk Mr. Stwlqr w? ^
miE ^id Mr. J^mm. aam^t^

Mr. Stanley on 18 Fdb, at £*Tall*®eti tk*

Albert Kyjffi^, where Bmia Pfcs&a

al^^ramvdl OB JO

Zanzibar was maie, ^

hundred ste^, On

with a party to sxpfe© EKPBMOB, or
He

was

Staley

468

Staley

khedive of Egypt, under the authority of the
sultan of Turkey, the third class of the order
of the Medjidie, and permission to accept and
wear it was gazetted on 18 Feb. 1890. On
25 March 1891, influenced by a desire to ob-
tain greater freedom for travel, Stairs ac-
cepted promotion out of the royal engineers to
be captain in the Welsh regiment (the 41st).
In May, with permission from the war office,
he took command of an expedition of the
Belgian Katanga Company to visit Msidi's
country to the west of Lake Bangweole in the
extreme south-east of the territory assigned
to the Congo Free State. The Belgian
Katanga Company, in which there was a
good deal of English capital, was formed ^to
open up the country by trading in india-
rubber and ivory.

Stairs left Belgium in May 1891. He met
with many obstacles at Zanzibar. Even-
tually, with German aid, he got together five
hundred men on the coast, and on 4 July
started for Lake Tanganyika along the beaten
caravan track. Helped everywhere by the
Germans, he reached the lake, and, crossing
' it, made an unprecedentedly rapid march to
Ngwena on the river Luapula. He suffered
from fever during the journey, but otherwise
all went well. Katanga was reached, and
the country found to be in a state of anarchy
consequent on the death of Msidi. Stairs
then took the caravan to the river Shire",
and by way of that river and the Zambesi on
to the coast. While waiting at Chinde for
a ship to Zanzibar, he fell ill of gastric fever.
He died on 9 June 1892.

Stairs possessed all the qualities required
for a leader of men and a traveller, winning
the esteem and affection of those with whom
he acted.

[War Office Records ; Memoirs in the Royal
Engineers Journal, 1892, in Proceedings of the
Royal G-eographical Society, vol. adv. pt. ii., and
in the Times, 11 Aug. 1892; private sources;
Stanley's In Darkest Africa. See arts. JAMESON,
JAMES SLIGO, and PAUKE, THOMAS HEAZLE.}

R,H. V.

STALEY or STAYLEY, WILLIAM
(d. 1678), victim of the * popish plot,' was
the son of William Staley, and carried
on his father's business as goldsmith and
banker in Covent Garden, his customers
being almost entirely Roman catholics. In
coaseqpence of the feeling of insecurity in-
^TmarfV 4 revelations' of Gates and Bedloe

_

in September 1678,a large number of Stale/a
creditors called in their money, and the
was gravely embarrassed. On the
g of 14 HOY. 1678 he was talking over
fltea£ioxi ip the Black Lion Tavejn in
- - Mead named Bar-

thlemy Fromante, a native of Marseilles, and
may well have given vent to some indiscreet
expressions. Though the conversation was-
in French, it was overheard by William Car-
stares, *a Scottish ad venturer/ and his friend,
Alexander Sutherland. The next morning
' Captain' Carstares waited on Staley, and
accused him of high treason, but offered to
suppress the charge in consideration of the
sum of 200/. The banker laughed at the
insolence of the man, but in a few minutes
he was arrested for treason, and five days
later was brought to trial before the king's-
bench. As soon as Burnet heard who the
witness was, he t felt bound,' he says, to do
what he could to stop the prosecution. He
sent to the lord chancellor (Finch) and to the
attorney-general (Sir William Jones) 'to let
them Irnow what profligate wretches these
witnesses were.' But Jones asked him with
asperity what authority he had to defame the
king's witnesses, while Shaftesbury, when he
heard of the affair, exclaimed that all who
undermined the credit of the witnesses were
to be looked upon as public enemies. For
some days Burnet declares that his own life
was in danger in consequence of this inter-
vention. The trial took place before Scroggs
on 21 Nov. 1678. Scant attention was paid
either to Staley's witnesses or to his plea as
to the improbability of his allowing himself
to be overheard while uttering rank treason,
in a public room. Carstares having sworn
that he heard Staley reply in French to his
friend l he [the king] is a great heretic and
the greatest rogue in the world ; here is the
heart and here is the hand that would kill
him ;' and this evidence having been con-
firmed by Sutherland, Scroggs summed up
to the effect that if Staley had spoken these
words he was manifestly guilty of high,
treason under the statute (13 Car. II, cap. l)y
which he caused to be read. Staley was-
found guilty. Dr. Lloyd went to see the
prisoner in Newgate, and offered him his life-
if he would discover any of the plots of his-
co-religionists. To his honour Staley replied
that he knew of none, while he solemnly-
protested that he had not used the words-
sworn against him, On Tuesday, 26 Nov.,
he was dragged on a sledge to Tyburn and
hanged. By the king's special grace the
quarters of his body were delivered to his
mends instead of being set upon the city
gates, according to usage. Staley's friends-
said masses over his remains, and on 29 Nov.
arranged a ' pompous funeral' from his
father's house. This so incensed the govern-
: ment that the coroner was ordered to take up
the body from St. Paul's, Covent Garden, and
! dispose of it to the sheriff of Middlesex in the

Stalham

469

Stampe

usual manner. The day after Staley's death.
commenced the first of the ' popish plot J trials
proper, that of Edward Coleman (d. 1678)
[q. v.] Staley's execution was thus not in-
accurately described "by Dod as ' the prologue
to the bloody tragedy that was now to be
acted.' In the lying deposition of Miles
Prance [q. v.], dated 19 March 1679, Staley
was charged with having been the instigator
of a plot to assassinate the Earl of Shaffees-
bury.

[The Tryal of William Staley for Speaking
Treasonable Words against his Most Sacred
Majesty, 1678, 4to; A True Belation of the
Execution of Mr. William Staley, 1678, 4to;
An Account of the Digging up of the Quarters
of William Stayley on 30 Nov. 1678, s. sh. fol.;
Burnet's Own Time, ii. 161-3 ; Cobbetf s State
Trials, vi, 1 501 ; Willis-Bund's Select Cases from
the State Trials, ii. 470-3 ; LuttrelTs Brief His-
torical Eelation, i. 3, 4 ; Dodd's Church Hist. iii.
265; Eachard's Hist. p. 953; Lingard's Hist.
ix. 384 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Eep,, App.
p. 471, 13th Eep. App. vi. 156.] T. S.

STALHAM, JOHN (d. 1681), puritan
divine, was born in Norfolk, and is said to
have been educated at Oxford. He was i first
preacher of the gospel ' at Edinburgh, and on
5 May 1632 was instituted vicar of Terling,
Essex, in place of Thomas Weld, who had
been deprivedby Laud. Calamy says Stalham
was l of strict congregational principles.*
With two neighbouring ministers, John
Newton of Little Baddow, andEnochGray of
Wickham, Stalham held a debate on infant
baptism on 11 Jan. 1643 at Terling, his op-
ponents being Timothy Batt, a physician,
and Thomas Lambe, a * sope boyler/ both of
London. Stalham published an account of <
it, ( The Svmme of a Conference/ &c. (Lon-
don, 1644, 4to), which he dedicated to the
Westminster assembly of divines. Samuel
Oates, father of Titus Gates [q.v.j, paid '
him a visit in 1647, whereupon Stalham
wrote * Vindicise Bedemptionis in the Fan-
ning and Sifting of Samuel Oates '(London,
164^, 4to), in repudiation of Oates's Ax- .
minian doctrine. By the date of the pub-
lication Oates had been sent to Colchester

Stalham became in 1654 assistant to tie
•county commissioners for the removal of
scandalous ministers. He wrote much against
the quakers, issuing tracts entitled f Contra-
diction of the Quakers to the Scriptures,'
Edinburgh, 1655, 4to (answered by Eiehard
Farnworth [q . v.] in ' The Scriptures Yindica- i
tion against Scotish Contradictors,7 London,
1655, 4to) ; and l The Eeviler Rebuked, or a
Reinforcement of the Charge against the
Quakers/ London, 1657, dedicated to Crom-

well (answered by Richard Hubberthoni
[q. v.] in i The Rebukes of a Reviler fallen
upon his own Head,' 1657, 4to; and by
George Fox in 'The Great Mistery,' 1650,
4to). Stalham afterwards issued ' Marginal
Antidotes, to be affixed over against ... the
Rebukes of a Reviler/ London, 1657, 4to.

Stalham was ejected from Terling by tlse
act of uniformity in 1662, but remained
there as pastor of an influential congrega-
tional church until his death in 168L Some
years later the congregation was described
- as numbering two hundred, of whom twenty
had votes for the county.

His widow, Anna, died in the parish of St
Andrew, Holborn, in 1682 (^Admmistrtti&m
Act Book, 1682).

Besides the works mentioned above, Sfcal-
ham editeda portionof l Unio Reform&ntitna/
an unfinished work consisting of four parts,
by John Beverley, pastor of Ifofchwell, Nortl*-
amptonshire. Stalham was joint editor of &
portion of the second part entitled * Ex&~
men RoornbecM/ published in Latin in Jmse
1659; and edited the third part, entitled
'The Presbyterian and Independent Vin-
dicated/ published in English in November
1659.

[Stalham's "Works and those -written in reply;
Palmer's Nonconformist's Memorial, E, S20;
Neweoqrtfs Eepert. Eeeles, ii. 578; BBraetfa
Frmtspf a Fast, p. 6 ; Smth*s KMkrtie«ai A^-
quateriana, p. 407 ; Sterea Oi^> and his Corre-
spondents, by the present -writer, pp. ©, 7 J Wm&b
Atibenae Oacon. ed. ^iss, m. im&-9 Calamj's
Account, pp. 304 ; Iteri&?B&ima$a «C£fa^fcal
Naneonform in Eeeer, pp. 318, 48% $74 ; Kea-
nett's EegiHter, p. 7^2 ; Divi®oB 0£ t&a Corot j

STAMFOKD, EAKLS OF. [See GRIT,
HBNBT, first earl, 1^9?~WS;
THOMAS, second earl, 1654-1720,]

STAMfQBB, Sra WTTJJAM

1558), judge, [See Srjummi.]

STAMP1, WTTJJAM (1611-165SF),
divine, bom in 1611, was mm of tiatotiiy
Stampe of BraTCrn A.bfoey,
Norton, Oarfbrdslike. He
Pembroke College, Oxford,
and gmdii&led Si, oa 19 Ian, I6S1, ILA. m
24 Oct. 1633, and D.B.<m 18 loir 164S. la
1640 he was incorporated MA. at C^»feri%e,
In 1637 he became vkar of St. Aiaat©'% Ox-
ford, while also kMimg a fellow&Itif «6
P^nbrofee. He was a^mBted t» Ite Aii1-
of ^ep^ey om IS Aug. 164L
uly h® was

some men who had
of Essex

Stanbridge

470

Stanbridge

a number of sailors to make a contribution
in Stepney church,' presumably to the royalist
cause. Next month he vainly petitioned
the House of Commons for release (LrsoNS,
Environs of London, iii. 443, from 'The Per-
fect Diurnal/ August 1642). After thirty-
four weeks' imprisonment he made shift to
get to Oxford during the next year, and his
case was laid before the king. Thereupon
Falkland was sent to the vice-chancellor with
orders to cause the degree of D.D. to be con-
ferred upon him. He was also made chap-
lain to the Prince of Wales. Meanwhile he
had been sequestered by the "Westminster
assembly from his living of Stepney, where,
owing to his zealous loyalism, 1 3 had been in
danger of his life. He followed the Prince of
Wales when he left the country, and also
acted as chaplain to Elizabeth, queen of Bo-
hemia. He was a frequent preacher among
the protestants at Charenton. Afterwards he
removed to The Hague, whence in 1650 he ad-
dressed to his old parishioners at Stepney ' A
Treatise of Spiritual Infatuation, being the
present visible Disease of the English Nation/
the substance of several sermons delivered
there. Another edition is dated 1653. Ac-
cording to George Morley [q.v.], bishop of
Winchester, Stampe died of fever at The
Hague, and was buried in the church of Loes-
dune in the same year.

Stanipe published several sermons preached
before the king at Oxford. ' A Vindication
of the Liturgy of the Church of England/
written by Mm, was not printed. •

[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss) iii. 347-8;
Poster's Alumni Oson. 1500-1714; Macleane's
Hist. Pembroke Coll. Oxford (Oxf. Hist. Soc.),
p. 244 ; Brit, Mus. Cat. ; Cal. of Clarendon Papers,
ii. 336-7, 346, 369.] G-. LB GK N.

STANBRIDGE, JOHN (1463-1510),
grammarian, was born at Heyfordin North-
amptonshire in 1463. In 1475, at the age of
twelve, he was admitted scholar of Win-
chester school (KiEBT, p. 83). He then en-
tered New College, Oxford, and was admitted
fellow, after two years7 probation, in 1481.
Thence he was appointed usher of the newly
founded school of St. Mary Magdalen, of
wMeh John Anwykyll was the first head-
master; and on AnwykylTs death, in the win-
ter of 1487, Stanbridge succeeded him in his
office. This he held till 1494. Among his
scholars was Rob ert Whittington or Whitin-
ton[<j.v.] €^22 April 1501, being thenM. A.
and in holy orders, he was collated by Bishop

of tti*> feps^tai of St. John at Banbury,
grammar, school of which, place his
; relative Thomas Stan-

was about this time master. On 8 Feb. 1507
he was instituted to the rectory of Winwick,
near Gainsborough, and on 3 Aug. (so Le
Neve ; Bloxam says 30 Aug.) 1509 he was
collated to the prebend of Botolph in the
cathedral of Lincoln. He died in the autumn
of 1510. Wood's statement that he survived
till 1522, or later, may perhaps be due
to a confusion between him and Thomas
Stanbridge. A curious print of John Stan-
bridge, from the Gulston collection, is repro-
duced m Beesley's 'History of Banbury.', A
portrait, which Bromley styles t imaginary/
is prefixed to the l Yocabularium Metricum*"
(1582).

The wide reputation of John Stanbridge's
grammars, and of the method of teaching
i in Banbury school, where Sir Thomas Pope
(1507 P-1559) [q.v.] was a scholar, is shown
by the directions for their imitation given
in many ancient school statutes, notably in
those of the Merchant Taylors7 school, and
of Cuckfield, Sussex.

Stanbridge wrote : 1. * Yocabula;' nume-
rous editions were printed by Wynkyn de
Worde (1500 and onwards), Pynson, John
Byddell, and others (AMES, Typogr. Antiq*
ed. Herbert, 1785, pp. 136 sqq.) ; revised
and enlarged by later editors, notably by
Thomas Newton in 1615, and by John
Brinsley in 1630 ; it was known under the
new titles of 'Yocabularium Metricum,*
* Embrion/ ' Embry on Relimatum.' 2. ' Yul-
garia/ of which there is an edition by Wyn-
kyn de Worde, dated 1508. It consists of
only four leaves. The contents are lists of
Latin words, names of the parts of the body,
&c., arranged in the form of Latin hexame-
ters, ^for committal to memory, with the
English equivalents in smaller type above.
3. ^ Sum, es, fui, of Stanbridge.' There is an
edition by Pynson, in eight leaves, undated,
but about 1515. The contents are the same
as those of 4. ^ 4. ' Gradus coparationu cu
verbis anormalis ; ' an undated edition by
Wynkyn de Worde is extant in eight leaves

g525 r) ; and the dates of others are given by
erbert. It is in English, in the form of
question and answer. 5. ' Accidentia/ An
edition by Wynkyn de Worde, of sixteen
leaves, is undated, but conjectured in the
British Museum Catalogue -to be of 1530.
It is a catechism in English on the parts of
Latin speech, and has at the end a few rules,
also in English, for Latin composition. This
last seems to have been expanded into (6)
'Pamiulorum Institutio,' of which there id
> an edition printed by John Butler, but with-
out date. It begins, ' What is to be done
an JBnglyshe is gyuen to be made in.

Stanbury

471

Standish

[Wood's Athense, vol. i. col. 39 ; Eloxam's
Eegister of Magdalen College, iii. 10-15;
Beesley's Hist. ofBanbury, 1841, pp. 194-6;
Bridges's History and Antiquities of North-
amptonshire, ii. 524; Reg. Univ. Oxon. (Oxf.
Hist. Soc.) i. 70 (for Thomas Stanbridge); Le
Neve's Fasti, ii. 114 ; Lansdowne MS. 978, f.
126. Some specimens of Stanbridge's grammars
are given in W. Oarew Hazlitt's Schools ... and
Schoolmasters, 1888, pp. 53-9.] J. H. L.

STANBURY, STANBEEY.
BBZDGE, JOHN (d. 1474), bishop of Here-
ford, was second son of Walter Stanbury of
Morwenstow, Cornwall, by his wife Cicely
(Visit. Cornwall, Harl. Soc. p. 213). He
entered the Carmelite order, and was edu-
cated at Exeter College, Oxford, whence he
graduated D.B. (BoiSE, Reg. Coll. Exon. pp.
Ixix, 367). He subsequently gained great
reputation "by his lectures at Oxford, and be-
fore 1440 he became confessor to Henry VI.
In that year he was nominated first provost
of Eton College, in the foundation of which
he had advised Henry; but he never took
possession of this post, and the first actual
provost was Henry Sever [q.v.l In 1446
Stanbury was nominated by the king to the
bishopric of Norwich, but the pope set aside
the appointment. On 4 March 1447-8, how-
ever, he was papally provided to the see of
Bangor, being consecrated on 20 June fol-
lowing. He seems to have shared the un-
popularity of Henry YFs ministers, and his
name occurs in a song used by Cade's fol-
lowers in 1450 (Stow's * Memoranda ' apud
Three JPifteenth-Century Chromcles, Camden
Soc. p. 100). He is probably to be dis-
tinguished from the John Stanbury who was
vicar of Barnstaple from 1451 to 1460
(CHAHTEE, Barnstaple, p. 93). On 7 Feb.
1452-3 he was translated by papal bull to
the see of Hereford, and was enthroned on
25 April following. Between 1453 and 1467
he was frequently present at the couneE
board (AetsF. C., ed. Nicolas, vol. vL passim),
He took the Lancastrian side during the
wars of the roses, and was captured at the
battle of Northampton on 19 July 1460 and
imprisoned for a time in Warwick Castle,
He died in the Carmelite house at Ludlow
on 11 May 1474, and was buried in Hereford
Cathedral, where a beautifully carved ala-
baster monument with an inscription (printed
by Godwin) was erected over his tomb.
During some architectural alteration in
1844nis episcopal ring and the vestments
in which he was buried were discovered
(Arch&ologiaj mnd. 249-53).

Stanbury, wlio is described as* fecaeprm-
ceps omnium Carmelitarum sui tempons, is
credited by Bale and subsequent writers

with twenty-seven separate works, mostly
on the canon law, but including also sermons,
lectures at Oxford, and theological treatises,
One, entitled ' Expositio in symboltiin fidei/
was an edition of a work written by Eichard
Ullerston [q. v.] in 1409, and completed by
Stanbury in 1463. None of these, however,
are Imown to be extant.

[Bale's Eeliades, ff. 37 &, 92, and Cat. Seripfct
Ord. Cannel. f. 211, extant in Harl MS. S838 (a
copy of the original Sloane MS. BOW in the
Bodleian); William of Worcester ap. Letters
and Papers of Henry VI (Bolls SerA ii 770 ;
Bymer's Fcedera, k. 195, 791, 817 ; HarprfWd'e
Hist. Eccl. Anglic, xv. 25; Leland's liber «k
Scriptt. cp. 572 ; Possevino's Apparatus Sseer, i.
940 ; Arnoldns Bostius' Lit. Q& Seripfct Old.
CarmeL cp. 40 ; AEegre de Casanafce, p, 3S1 ;
Lezana's Annales CarmeL IT. 869 ; Leloars BI1>L
Sacra, p. 971; Villiers de Sfc. BtieBB/s HbL
CarmeL ii. 102-4 ; Pits, Be AiigL Seripfct p. 66£;
Tanner's BibL Brit.-Hib.; Filler's Worthies,
1811, i. 278 ; Leland's Itinerary, 1745, riii. 41,
53; Bavlinsoa's Hereford Cathedral, pp. 4®,
198-9; DoBCTimVs Hereford, L 480-1, SSS ;
Willis's Surrey of Banger, pp. 90^; Ear-wood's
A], Eton. p. i; Le here's Fasti EeeL AngL;
Godwin, Be Prsesilibos An^iae, pp. 491-2,1

.P.

STAITOISH, ARTHUR (;! 1611-lfli),
writer on agriculture, li^ed in Oamfei%&-
shire or south I^ncoInsMia Be wi»
connected with the famllr of Siaaiisfe ©I
StandMi Hall in Lancashire, wiiA 1mA
sereral ofsfao^s im diffeiml f«^
land. Staniisk Iwl l>e« mvtA
by the rapid Mme&tdMm of tfee
and wBem compamtiTeij &3v»aais@d »
lie devoted four years to ym£
parts of Britaim with ft Tiew to ascest^ii^
the general eomditk» of agriciitore. I®
1611 he paMiahed im quarto £ Tki Q®mmsm&'
OompIainV lao&m, mtoA fey WiHk»
Btansby, prefaced by a lie&Bse from Jjxmm %
(dated 1 Aug. 1611), witida was ato ^^rt©d
tefore Ma later wotfe, ^ai^» &$em to
* two S|>ecaallgri0?as3ces '— 4lie
£ wood *

to ren^dy *rf piisalmg ^mter md

fowle

ia
I

dT

Standish

472

Standish

tions of Experience for the increasing of '
Timber and Firewood7 (London, 4to), in
which he proposed to plant two hundred
and forty thousand acres of waste land, and
endeavoured to prove that "by that means
* there may "be as much timber raised as will
maintaine the kingdome for all uses for ever.'
[Standish's Works ; Lowndes's Bibliographer's
Manual, ed. Bohru] & I. C.

STANDISH, FEANK HALL (1799-

1840), connoisseur and author, born at
Blackwell in the parish of Darlington, Dur-
ham, on 2 Oct. 1799, was the only child of
Anthony Hall of Flass, Durham. As cousin
and heir-at-law of Sir Frank Standish of
Duxbury Hall, Chorley, Lancashire, he suc-
ceeded to the estates (but not to the title) of
that baronet in 1812, and by royal license
assumed the name and arms 01 Standish.
He only occasionally visited Duxbury, his
favourite residence being at Seville, Spain,
where he had a fine house, and he spent
considerable time in travelling in France
and other parts of the continent. His in-
come was largely spent in the acquisition of
works of art and literature. He died un- j
married at Cadiz on 21 Dec. 1840 on his way |
home from Seville, and his body was brought i
to Duxbury and buried in the chancel of '
Chorley church.

By Ms will he left to King Louis-Philippe,
as a mark of respect to the French nation,
the whole of his collection of books, manu-
scripts, prints, pictures, and drawings, for
his sole private use or for any public institu-
tion, as the king might think proper. The
collection of pictures was especially rich in
paintings by Murillo and other Spanish ar-
tists, and was deposited in the ' Musee ,
Standish ' in the Louvre. After the revolu-
tion in 1848 the king claimed the collection
as his private property, and at the end of
four or five years the claim was allowed.
The pictures were brought back to England
in an injured state and sold by Christie,
Hanson, & Wood in London in May 1853,
The drawings and books were sold in Paris
in December 1852. It is said that Standish
had intended to offer the collection to the
British government in the event of the au-
thorities consenting to revive the family
baronetcy, but his overtures were unsuccess-
ful

Hie works were : 1. ' The Life of Vol-
taire, with interesting particulars respecting
Ms death, and anecdotes and characters of
Ms Contemporaries,' 1821. 2, < The Shores
-the Mediterranean/ 2 vols. 1837, 1839.
s: the Maid of Jaen, Timon, and
of JWeawaa,1 1888. The first of

these poems was published about 1830, a
second edition being printed at Chorley in
1832. 4. * Notices of the Northern Capitals
of Europe,' 1838. 5, ' Seville and its
Vicinity, 1840, with a portrait of the author.

[G-ent. Mag. June 1841, p. 662 ; Manchester
City News Noteq and Queries, v. 65, 112, 114;
Allibone's Diet, of Engl. Lit. iii. 2219; Barnes's
Lancashire, ed. Croston, iv. 245 ; Curtis's
Velasquez and Murillo, 1883, p. 5.] C. W. S.

STANDISH, HENRY (d. 1535), bishop
of St. Asaph, is stated in Dugdale's * Visita-
tion of Lancashire' to have been son of
Alexander Standish of Standish in that
county, who died in 1445, but the dates
render the relationship improbable. When
young he became a Franciscan friar, and
studied both at Oxford and Cambridge, but
it is uncertain where he obtained his degree
of D.D. He was afterwards appointed warden
of the Franciscan house, Greyfriars, London,
and provincial of the order. When Henry VIII
came to the throne, Standish secured the
royal favour, and preached at court in Fe-
bruary 1511, and in the spring of every year
from 1515 to 1520, receiving 20s. each time.
He was chief of the king's spiritual council,
and in 1515 was engaged in a remarkable
controversy as to the liability of the clergy
to punishment by lay tribunals. Bichard
Kedermyster [q, v.], abbot of Winchcomb,
was the champion for the clergv, while
Standish took the opposite side. Convoca-
tion was displeased, and summoned Standish
before it. He sought the protection of the
king1, who heard the matter out at a meeting
of judges and others held at Blackfriars,
London, while parliament addressed the king
to support Standish against the malice of
his persecutors (HAiLAJMt, Const. Hist. i. 58-
59^). The royal protection was not asked in
vain, and he accordingly escaped punishment.
In other regards he was a zealous upholder
of the church and persecutor of i heretics/
He opposed both Colet and Erasmus. The
latter related in his epistles several dis-
paraging anecdotes of Standish. Erasmus
stated tnat Standish, in a sermon preached
at St. 'Paul's Cross, fell foul of him and his
translation of the New Testament, but when
taken to task by two friends of Erasmus,
probably Sir Thomas More and Eichard Pace,
confessed that his zeal outran his knowledge.
On another occasion Standish fell on his
knees before the king and implored Mm not
to desert the faith of his predecessors, adding
that the church was in the greatest danger
since Erasmus had published nis, new hereti-
cal books. Fuller remarks of Standish's
resistance to Erasmus that this ' was as un-

Standish

473

Standish

equal a contest as betwixt a child and man,
not to say dwarf and giant/

On the nomination of the king he was
appointed bishop of St. Asaph by papal
bull dated 28 May 1518, and was consecrated
by Archbishop Warham at Otford, Kent, on
11 July following. Pace, in a letter to
Wolsey, expresses his mortification at the
promotion. He was one of those appointed
in May 1522 to receive Charles V on his ex-
pected visit to Canterbury, and in the same
year was assessed to find 200£ towards the
ting's expenses in France. In February
1523-4 he was sent with Sir John Baker on
an embassy to Hamburg with a view to the
restoration of the king of Denmark (STBYHB,
EccZ. Mem, i. 90). He was one of Wolsey's
examiners of heretics in 1525 ; received the
recantation of Richard Foster in December
1527, and was on the bench of judges who
tried Billney and Arthur in 1527, and John
Tewkesbury on 20 Dec. 1531. On the return
of Wolsey from Rome in December 1527,
Standish was among the bishops who at-
tended at St. Paul's to welcome the cardinal.

At the beginning of the proceedings for
Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine, Stan-
dish bore an important part as one of the
queen's counsellors ( The Pretended Divorce
of Queen Catherine, Camden Soc. p. 177) ;
and when the proctors appeared before the
papal legate on 29 June 1529, he spoke
against the divorce after Bishop Fisher, 'but
with less polished eloquence.' Catherine
viewed him with distrust, as, though on her
side, he was thought to be entirely in the
king's favour. He afterwards assisted at the
coronation of Anne Boleyn.

On Warham's death in August 1532 he
was deputed by the prior and convent of
Christ Church, Canterbury, to preside in
convocation, and he was one of the three
bishops who on 13 March 1533 consecrated
Cranmer as metropolitan of the church of
England in succession to Warham.

In 1533 John Salisbury (d. 1573) [q._v.]
reported to Cromwell that he had great diffi-
culties in serving an indictment of pwe- ,
munire on Standish and his vicax-geBeral,
who both defied him. On 1 June 1535 he
formally renounced the papal jurisdiction,
the renunciation being dated at Wrexham,
and on the 9th of the following month he ;
died at an advanced age. He was buried in
the Minories, afterwards Christ Church, Lon-
don, where a monument, for which he left '
money, was erected over his remains, which
perished in the great fire. By his will he
left legacies to the cathedral of St. Asaph,
and to the Franciscans of Oxford.

Wood makes fti-m the author of ; L * Ser-

mons preached to the People.' 2. « Treatise
against Erasmus his Translation of the New
Testament; ' but there is no trace of them
having been printed.

[Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic
(Henry VIII), voL ii-uc. ; Wood's Athense OXDB.
(Bliss) ; Knight's Life of Erasmus, 1726 - La
Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 73,- Ellis's Original
Letters, 3rd ser. i 187; Bnmet's EeformaJaos,
1829 i. 25, it 147, &c.; Dodd's Ctmrcfc Hist!
i. 186 ; Newcoort's Bepertorram JSecL L &1 •
Itagdale's Visitation of Lancashire (d
Soc.), p. 291 ; Grey Friars' Chronicle (G
Soc.), 1852, pp. 31-4 ; Foxe's Acfees and ~

meats; Tanner's Bibliotheca Brit.; Coopers
Athena Gantabr. i. 55; Baines's Lancashire
(Harland and Herford), 1870 ii. 160; Brewers
Eeign of Henry YHI, 1884, i. 245, 250, ii W4,
338, 346.] 0. W. a

STAOT)ISH, JOHN (1507 P-1570), arch-
deacon of Colchester, born about 1507, is said
to have belonged to tie family of Stodisli of
Burgh in Lancashire. The pedigrees, how-
ever, are not full enough to decide the mate.
His uncle was Henry Standish [q.v.], bisliQp
of St. Asaph. He was educated at Brasenose
College, Oxford, whence he was moved as &
probationary fellow to Corpus Chris&L He
graduated B A. on 16 May 1528, and
ceeded M.A. on 11 July 1631, BJ>. 1
and, after long teaching in London
preaching at St. Paul's, 3) JD. on S Ang* 1$£L
Wood speaks of Ms * droteig suidl in tbe
faculty of divinity/ and fie was Jeftw «£
Whittingtcm College wtei lie todk fe^ae-
tor's degree. In 154S fea iseeame rector oi
St Andrew Hi^^sfcal^ m ISM war of
Norths!!, Middlesex, and m Marefe 1S$>
rector of Wigan. On 2 Apg. 15©0fee feeeame
canon of Worcester, aael in Jaasirf lti|j$-&
he was ibr a few days aseifleaecM of Col-
chester (Ls NBTB, ii 34^}. S&yjP says
that he was chaplain to Edwari "VI; sal
he was also im l^S vicar of Me^feotoBe,
Leieeste^shlre* IH 1554»aH0r Mmcfs acces-
sion, he was derived 0f Ms iseefeory *€
Wigan because ha was married; bufc fee
seems to liave pet aww Ms wi% w®& m.
1555 he beeam® reete €/Rod
eestehire. On21Cfefc.l557fe
to the preteia of aMaisd m Sfe.

agaia

beth came lo
, Ms

liroae lie loefc fek
awl tfe

31 Ifceh 1570.

Standfeh wrote: L
againefe the

Baasi»

Standish

474

Standish

at the time of Ms Death/ London, 1640,
8vo ; answered by Coverdale. 2, ' Treatise of
the Union of the Church/ London, 1556.
3. ( A Discourse wherin is debated whether
it be expedient that the Scripture should
be in English for al men to read/ London,
1554, 4to; 2nd edit. 1555.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 235;
Chatham Soc. Publ. Ixxxii ; Reg. Univ. of Ox-
ford, i. 150, and Fowler's Hist, of Corpus Christi
College (both Oxford Hist. Soc.) ; Foster's Alumni
Oxon. 1500-1714; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy;
Newcourt's Rep. Eccl. Lond.; Strype's Memo-
rials, i. i 570, IT. ii. 260.] W. A. J. A.

STANDISH, MYLES (1584 P-1666),
colonist, was born in Lancashire about Io84.
In his will he states that his great-grand-
father was (a second or younger brother
from the house of Standish of Standish.' As
he named his estate in New England Dux-
bury, he was probably descended from the
Duxbury branch of the family. It has been
surmised that steps were taken to destroy
the record of his descent to deprive him of
a share in the family inheritance. The prin-
cipal facts supporting this conjecture are that
the page containing the births for 1584 and
1585 of the parish register of Ohorley in
Lancashire, where he was probably born,
has been defaced, and that in his will he
bequeaths to his son Alexander certain estates
in the same county and in the Isle of Man,
which he describes as 'surreptitiously de-
tained from7 him. But the claim put for-
ward by some of his descendants that he was
rightful heir to all the Standish property
appears unwarrantable. Before 1603 Stan-
dish obtained a lieutenant's commission in
the English force serving under the Veres in
the Netherlands, and took an active part in
the war against the Spaniards. After the
conclusion of the truce of 1609 he joined
the puritan colony settled at Leyden under
the ministry of John Robinson (1576?-
1625) [q. v.J, and, on account of his expe-
rience, became their military adviser.

On 6 Sept. 1620 Standish, with the other
pilgrim fathers, embarked on the Mayflower,
wifib, the intention of settling in America
within the territories of the Virginia Com-
pany. Being driven from their course, they
cast anchor on 11 Nov. in the bay of Cape
Cod. To Standish was entrusted the com-
mand of the parties sent out to explore the
country. They incurred considerable risks,
and on one occasion in December were nearly
cut off by the Indians, who took them by
surmise. On 19 Dec. the colonists selected
for* their settlement a site on which, they
, «a©p#erred the name of New Plymouth [see
€NfEDE^ Joro], During the first winter

they suffered heavily from sickness, and
Standish, who lost his wife, was especially
distinguished for his humanity to the sick.
In February 1621 he was unanimously chosen
military captain of the colony. The force at
his disposal was small (in November 1621
there were only thirty- two men in the settle-
ment), and the scantiness of its numbers in-
creased the responsibility of command. Stan-
dish showed himself equal to the require-
ments of his office. In August, with only
fourteen men, he surprised by night an en-
campment of hostile Indians, and rescued a
friendly native named Squanto, who served
as interpreter to the settlement. In the
following month, with ten Englishmen and
three native guides, he explored Massa-
chusetts Bay, and established friendly rela-
tions with the powerful tribes inhabiting its
coasts. The arrival of the ship Fortune on
11 Nov. increased his meagre force by twenty-
seven men. It was a timely reinforcement,
for serious trouble soon arose.

In 1622 an independent settlement was
founded at Wessagussett, now Weymouth,
to the north of Plymouth, by a band of ad-
venturers commanded by Thomas Weston
(1575P-1625?) [q. v.] They were a shiftless
set, and soon earned the hatred and con-
tempt of the Indians by their inability to
provide for themselves and by their trea-
cherous and profligate conduct towards the ,
natives. The Massachusetts tribe, formerly
friendly, resolved to exterminate Weston
and his companions, and, so as to remove
the chances of retribution, prepared to assail
the Plymouth settlers afterwards. The neigh-
bourhood of Wessagussett became the centre
of a great Indian conspiracy, involving most
of the native peoples of New England.
Learning how matters stood, Standish
marched to Weston's settlement, taking with
him only eight men to avoid alarming the
natives. On his arrival he was insulted by
the hostile chiefs, Pecksuot and Wituwamat.
Dissembling his resentment, he invited them,
with a few followers, to a conference, allured
them into a room, closed the door, and killed
them all. An engagement followed, in which
the Indians were defeated, and the settlers
at Wessagussett enabled to retire in safety.
This prompt action broke up the hostile
league, and ^greatly enhanced the reputation
of the English colony.

In the early years of the settlement the
colonists found themselves much prejudiced
by disputes with the merchant adventurers
of London, who had furnished money for the
enterprise. In consequence, in the summer
of 1625 Standish journeyed to London to
seek the intervention of the council of New

Standish

475

Standish

England. His mission, however, bore no
fruit, owing to the paralysis of public business
by the plague, and he returned to Plymouth
in the following April. The merchant ad-
venturers finally, in November 1626, sur-
rendered their claims in consideration of the
payment of 1,8002., in nine annual instal-
ments. Eight leading planters, of whom
Standish was one, with four London Mends,
undertook to meet the first six payments, in
return for a monopoly of the foreign trade.

The colonists were troubled by indepen-
dent adventurers, attracted by their success,
who intercepted their trade and prejudiced
them with the Indians. In 1628 Standish
arrested one of these, named Thomas Morton
(d. 1646) [q.v.], who had established himself
at Merry Mount, now Quincy, near Boston,
where he sold guns and ammunition to the
Indians, and instructed them in their use,
contrary to the provisions of the royal char-
ter. Standish, it is said, wished to have
him shot, but was overruled by the governor,
William Bradford (1590-1657) Jq, v.], who
sent Morton to England for trial (cf. MOT-
LEY'S Merry Mount, a romance).

Besides their troubles with their own
countrymen and the Indians, the colonists
were harassed by the French, who were
jealous of their growing trade. In 1635 a
fort which Standish's friends had established
on the Penobscot for trading purposes was
seized by the Seigneur d' Aulnay de Charnis6,
a Canadian landed proprietor, and Standish
was sent to dispossess him. In this he failed,
owing chiefly to the misconduct^of the cap-
tain of the vessel conveying him and his
men, who fired away all his ammunition at
long range. This was the last enterprise of
importance undertaken by- Standish. The
fortunes of the colony grew more peaceful,
and he passed the remainder of his days on
his estate at Duxbury, on the north sicte of
Plymouth Bay, whither he removed in 1632.
In 1643 he commanded the force sent against
the Narragansetts, and in 1653 he headed
that raised to assail the Dutch; but m neither
case was there actual conflict In addition
to his military office, Standish frequently
filled the post of assistant to the governor, i
and from 1644 to 1649 he was treasurer to
the colony. He died at Buzbury on B Oct.
1656 He was twice married. His first wite,
Rose, died on 29 Jan. 1620-1. ByMswcawi
wife, Barbara, who came out IB 1623, and
who by tradition was a younger sister of
Rose, he had four survivingsons: Alexander,
Miles, Josiah, and Charles, and a daughter,
Lora. In religious matters Stodish never
belonged to the pilgrim communion, but ta©
extraordinary conjecture that he was a Ko-

man catholic is probably without warrant
(Mag. of American Hist i. 390).

No authentic portrait of Standish exists
(Massachusetts SKst Soc. Proceedings, zi.
478 ; "WrffsOB, Memorial Hist of Boston^ i.
65). In person he was slender and of small
stature, but strong and well init. In cha-
racter he was essentially a man of action,
excitable and passionate, prompt in coming
to a determination and unperturbed by sud-
den danger. Brought into constant contact
with the most treacherous race in the world,
he went among them alone or almost un-
guarded, and, though frequent plots were
iormed to destroy him, the respect inspired
by his magnanimity preserved him in every
case. The importance of Ms battles must
not be gauged by the number of combatants.
The success of the settlement at New Ply-
mouth decided which of the European races
should be dominant in North America.
Standish was the most vivid and interesting
of the 'pilgrim fathers/ and romance has
always attached itself to Ms name. In mo-
dern times the legend of the * Courtship of
Miles Standish' has been versified by Long-
fellow. Although the poet's treatment of
the subject is always interesting and fre-
quently inspiring, he has marred his poem
by inaccuracies and ajiachromismswiom de-
tract from its vrawemblmce* Lowell lis®
also celebrated the memory of tfee * i
father' in his 'Interview wiA Mes!
dish/

The estate of Duxburyissffi is H&$®GSm-
sion of his descendants, Hia ffesea^ &«s©
was built by his soa Alexawier, Jm
the corner-stone of tie Bfea
was laid at Dnxbmy. Iteons^scf agraim©
shaft rising ome kira&ed asd ten %et, &®&~
mounted "by a bronze %tne o€8

land m Ymmsfs Cfacmkte cf tte Rigro

1S« '

ing and

18**; T.

. Of
Puritan Captain, Itagi

13hi

also be consulted:
&sli, 1W7;

land-

d@ifeft

Stanfield

476

Stanfield

prints of Miles Standish, 1864; Winsor's Hist,
of Duxbury; Belknap's American Biography;
Savage's G-eneal. Diet. iv. 152; New England
Historical and G-enealogical Reg. i. 47, ii. 240,
v. 335, xxvii. 145; Mag. of American Hist. i.
258, 390.] E. I. 0.

STAISTFIELD, CLARKSON (1793-
1867), marine and landscape painter, spme-
times in error called William Clarkson Stan-
field, born at Sunderland on 3 Dec. 1793, was
son of James Field Stanfield [q. v.J, by his
first wife, Mary Hoad, who died in 1801.
He was called Clarkson after Thomas Clark-
son [q, v.], the anti-slavery agitator. He soon
showed a taste for drawing, which is said to
have been inherited from his mother, and at
the age of twelve he was apprenticed to an
heraldic painter in Edinburgh ; but his love
of the sea, inherited perhaps from his father,
made him enter the merchant service in 1808,
and, after several voyages, he was pressed into
the navy in 1812. In 1814, when in H.M.S.
Namur, he painted scenery for the theatricals
on board, of which Douglas William Jerrpld
[q. v.], then a midshipman, was t managing
director/ and he was sent on shore to adorn
with a painting the admiral's ball-room at
Sheerness. He gave such satisfaction that the
commissioner of the dockyard promised to get
him his discharge and give mm an appoint-
ment in the yard. The commissioner died be-
fore he could fulfil his promise, and Stanfield
went to sea ; but shortly afterwards he was
temporarily incapacitated by a fall, and was
allowed to retire. He went, however, to sea
again, this time on board an East Indiaman.
A sketch-book which he used in China is now
in the possession of his son, Mr. Field Stan-
field. About 1818 he visited his father in
Scotland, and missed his ship, to which he
had been appointed as second mate. He then
retiredfcom the sea and obtained employment
as scene-painter at the sailors' theatre, called
the Royalty, in Wellclose Square in the east
of London. In 1821 he went to Edinburgh
and obtained similar employment at the Pan-
theon Theatre, Here he made the acquaint-
ance of David Roberts (1796-1864) [q.v.],
then employed at the Theatre Royal, and of
Alexander Nasmyth [q. v.] He soon re-
turned to London, whither Roberts fol-
lowed him. Both were employed at the Co-
burg Theatre, where they painted the scenery
of * Guy Fawkes/ and afterwards (from 1822)
at Drury Lane, where Stanfield achieved such
success that in 1826 he was presented by the
proprietors of the theatre with a silver wine-
cooler, in 'testimony of his genius and skill in
the scenic department/ But he had already
Achieved a reputation as a painter of easel
Alettes, and m 1834 he gave up scene-paint-

ing as a profession, though he occasionally
painted scenes for friendship's sake. At the
request of Macready he painted a diorama for
the pantomime at Covent Garden in 1837,
and refused to accept more than 1501. for it,
though offered twice that amount by the
great actor. He superintended the scenery
of Dickens's private theatricals at Tavistock
House. The drop-scene for ' Frozen Deep '
was painted by him in two days, and was
sold for 1,000£ at the Dickens sale at Gads
Hill. He also painted the beautiful scenery
for the pantomime ' Acis and Galatea/ pro-
duced by Macready at Drury Lane in Fe-
bruary 1842. His last work of the kind was
the drop-scene of the new Adelphi Theatre,
painted for his old friend Benjamin Webster
in 1858.

The first picture he exhibited was e A River
Scene,' which appeared at the Royal Academy
in 1820, and was followed by * St. Bernard's
Well, near Edinburgh/ in 1821, and in 1822
he (as well as his friend, David Roberts)
contributed some small works to the Edin-
burgh Exhibition, and in the same year he
sent two pictures to the British Institution.
He was one of the foundation members of the
Society of British Artists in 1823, and con-
tributed to their exhibitions for some years
till he seceded from the society. In 1827
he recommenced exhibiting at the academy,
with a picture of ' A Calm/ and obtained a

Eremium of 50£ from the British Institution
Dr < Wreckers off Fort Rouge.' In 1829 he
sent to the academy 'View near Chalons-
sur-Saone/ and in 1830 ' Mount St. Michael,
Cornwall/ which was much admired. After
this he was a regular contributor to the
academy exhibitions (except in 1839) till
his death. In 1832 he was elected associate,
and in 1835 academician. He exhibited in
all 135 works at the academy, twenty-two
at the British Institution, and twenty-one
at the British Artists. His life was one of
continued prosperity. He frequently went
abroad, and by far the greater number of his
pictures were from sketches taken on the
continent, principally in Italy, but also in
Holland and France. Two 01 his few home
pictures were ' The Opening of New London
Bridge' and ' Portsmouth Harbour/ painted
for William IV, the former of which was
exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1832.
In 1836 appeared one of his most important
compositions, 'The Battle of Trafalgar/
painted for the United Service Club. His
first picture of Venice was exhibited in 1831,
and his first Italian lake scene, ' The Isola
Bella, Lago Maggiore/ in 1834. About this
time (1830) he commenced ten Venetian views
for the banquetting-room of Lord Lansdowne

Stanfield

477

Stanfield

at Bowood, and (1834) a similar number for
the Duke of Sutherland at Trentham Hall,
Venice and its neighbourhood, and the Italian
lakes, with an occasional view on the Medway
and the coast of France, employed his pencil
till 1837, when he exhibited ' On the Scheld,
near Leiskenshoeck— Squally Day/ and the
works of the following1 years show an ex-
tension of his travels to Avignon, Ancona,
Amalfi, and Naples. From 1844 to 1848
the subjects of his exhibited pictures were
principally Dutch, and included 'The Day
after the Wreck; A Dutch East Indiaman
on Shore on the Ooster Schelde ; Zierikree
in the distance ' (1844); and f Dutch Boats
running into Saardam — Amsterdam in the
distance7 (1845) ; but he also exhibited some
Italian scenes like 'II Ponte Eotto, Rome7
(1846), and < Naples' (1847), besides a battle-
piece, ' The Capture of El Gamo by H. M.
sloop Speedy (Lord Cochrane)' (1845), and
< French Troops (1796) fording the Margra7
(1847), painted for the Earl of EUesmere. ^

In 1840 he was recommended country air
for his health, and rented acottage at Northaw
in Hertfordshire, near the residence of his
friend, Joseph Marryat (the brother of Cap-
tain Marryat, the novelist), and in 1846 he
took a lodging at Hampstead. In 1847 he
determined to take up permanent residence
at Hampstead, and left 48 Mornington Place
for The Green-hill, now the Hampstead
Public Library. Here were painted some of
his finest pictures, including 'Tilbury Fort —
Wind against Tide ',(1849), painted for Robert
Stephenson, M.P. ; ' The Battle of Roveredo7
(1851), painted for J. D. Astley,- 'The
Victory (with the body of Nelson on board)
towed into Gibraltar after the Battle of
Trafalgar' (1853), painted for Sir Samuel
Morton Peto; 'The Pic du Midi' (1854);
and * The Abandoned/ a large dismasted dere-
lict, rolling in a heavy sea. It was painted
for Thomas Baring, and is the most poetical
of all his works, and also the most original,
AS at that time a picture without any %ure
or suggestion of human life was almost
unknown. It was sent with two others to
the Paris Exhibition of 1855, when Stanfield
was awarded a gold medal of the first class,
and was exhibited at the Royal Academy
in 1856. . _

It was at Hampstead that many of Stan-
field's happiest years were passed. Many of
the meetings of the ' Sketching Society were
held here, and a large circle of literary and
artistic friends, including Charles Di?tois>
Thackeray, Macready, John Forster, Sir Ed-
win Landseer, David Roberts, Samuel Lover,
C R. Leslie, and the two Chalons were fre-
quent visitors at The Green-hill. In 1851 he

made a somewhat lengthened tour with his
wife and daughters in the south of France
and the north of Spain, and made numerous
sketches, from which many of his later pic-
tures were produced,

In 1858 Stanfield went with his old Mend
David Roberts to Scotland, to receive his
diploma as honorary member of the Scottish
Academy, and in 1862 he was made chevalier
of the Belgian order of Leopold. During
the last ten years of his life his health, which
had been much improved by his residence at
Hampstead, began to fail again. He was
obliged to withdraw in some measure from
the society of his friends, and in 1864 he
sustained a very severe blow by the death
of David Roberts. Nevertheless his interest
in his art never tired, and he continued to
exhibit till his death on 18 March 1867,
when his last picture, 'A Skirmish off Heli-

foland,' was hanging on the walls of the aca-
emy. He died at 6 Belsize Park Road,
Hampstead, whither he had been compelled
to remove from The Green-hill on account
of some projected building operations. He
was buried in the Roman catholic cemetery
at Kensal Green, where a marble cross is
erected to Ms memory. He was twice mar-
ried (first, to Mary Hutchinson, ancl, secondly,
to Rebecca Adcock), and had nine SOBS an4
three daughters, of whom, four SOBS and two
daughters survive. One of his son% <feei|p
Glarkson (see below), followed && a*& o£ fes
father with some success,

Stanfield attained a great Kfntato as &
marine-painter, and was called tie

Vandevelde. Professor "^ ^ ~

as * die leader of the 1 w

averred that he was * Incomparably t

master of ckmd-fom of aft our aitiafe'. Ha

was a manly, sincere, and ac

painter, with a keen sense of Hi© ]

and knowledge of sea, sni siy, H*

afe nature with the eyes of aj

having too special regard tp its *

T •_t?_ _ __ J.V.4. £**nr svF f*Iffl 'WTfB

quailes, so tliafe few of Ms wedb* «*»it

-

poetical leellng.

other reasons, as a earfcaiii ia»otoaT m

treatment and colour, tie exMtom of a

1 number of Hs pieteres a* tie fefe 'roter

exhibition of deceased waters at t&e B0?*l

ticrn. and it kas never meserisea to tJ&ete*rei ifc
attained in Im lifeline His £te^ €$ia£W
Dickens, m a charming «effl«al
published by him m * AB ti» Ye
II June 1867}, calls Mm *
ness, generosity , sad

loving &B& *!K5S& lOflW -_ » * *

lathe National G«D«7 «rf Britt*

Stanfield

478

Stanford

(Vernon Collection) are four of Stanneld's
pictures, ' Entrance to the Zuyder Zee, Texel
Island,' the sketch for ' The Battle of Trafal-
gar,' ' The Lake of Como,' and ' The Canal
of the Giudecca and Church of the Jesuits,
Venice ; ' and at the South Kensington Mu-
seum (Sheepshanks' gift) are * Near Cologne,'
t A Market Boat on the Scheldt,' ' Sands near
Boulogne,' and (Townshend "bequest) ' A
Rocky Bay.' Other pictures by him are at
the Garrick Club, of which he was an active
member. ' The Battle of Roveredo ' is at the
Royal Hollo-way College, Egham. Many of
his pictures have been engraved (two of them,
4 Tilbury Fort ' and * The Castle of Ischia,'
for the Art Union of London), and book illus-
trations after his sketches are to be found in
Heath's 'Picturesque Annual,' 1832, &c,,
Brockedon's ' Road-book from London to
Naples,' 1835, Stanfield's ' Coast Scenery,'
1836, LawsonV Scotland Delineated,' Mapei's
'Italy,' 1847, &c., Marryat's 'Pirate and
three Cutters/ 1836, and 'Poor Jack,' 1840,
Dickens's 'Battle of Life,' Tennyson's ' Poems,'
1857, andTiUotson's 'New Waverley Album.'

GEORGE CLABKSON- STAOTIELD £1828-
1878 J, second son of the second marriage of
William Clarkson Stanfield, was born in Lon-
don in 1 828 . He was the pupil of his father,
and painted the same class of subjects. He
exhibited seventy-three at the Royal Aca-
demy, and forty-nine at the British Institu-
tion from 1844 to 1876. He died in 1878. '

[Cunningham's Lives (Heaton) ; Men of the
Time; Redgrave's Diet.; Graves's (Algernon)
Diet. ; Bryan's Diet. (Graves and Armstrong) ;
Ballantine's Life of David Eoberts ; Life and
Letters of Charles Dickens; Pollock's Life of
Macready; Daffbrne's Pictures by Stanfield ;
Portfolio, viii. 69, x. 124, 135 ; Once a "Week,
ad. 675 ; The Hampstead Record, 27 Dec. 1890 ;
Notes and Queries, 8th ser. xi. 301-2 ; private
notes of Mr. Field Stanfield.] 0. M.

STANFIELD, JAMES FIELD (d.
1824), actor and author, was an Irishman who
was educated in France for the Roman catholic
priesthood. He did not take orders, but went
to sea in a vessel engaged in the slave trade.
After a terrible experience of the traffic at
sea and for a short time on shore in Africa,
he returned to England, one out of three
survivors of the voyage. He renounced the
sea aad joined a theatrical company, appear-
ing in 17B6 at York, where he also tried his
band at writing a comic opera. His expe-
rience drove Mm into the ranks of the aboli-
tionists, where he found many friends, in-
cluding Thomas Clarkson [q. v.] In 1788
ke published a vivid picture of Ms experience
slave trade in a work called ' Qbserva-
a , Chimea Voyage in a series of

letters addressed to the Rev. Thomas Clark-
son,' and in the following year a vigorous
poem called ' The Guinea Voyage ' (London,
4to), In 1807 both works were published
at Edinburgh in one volume. For several
years he held a principal situation in the
Scarborough Theatre, and he afterwards had
the direction of a small company whose cir-
cuit (about 1812) was in the north of York-
shire and some of the adjoining counties. In
1813 he published an * Essay on the Study
and Composition of Biography ' (Sunderland,
8vo), a judicious performance, showing some
erudition, but insisting overmuch upon the
need of l moral illustration,' He was twice
married, and was father by his first wife,
Mary Hoad (d. 1801) of Cheltenham, of
Clarkson Stanfield [q. v.] He died in Lon-
don on 10 May 1824.

[Baker's Biographia Dramatica ; Monthly Re-
view, vols. Ixxix. and Ixxxi. ; Notes and Queries,
8th ser. xi. 301-2 ; Hampstead Record, 27 Dec.
1890; information from Mr. Field Stanfield.]

C.M.

STANFORD, CHARLES (1823-1886),
divine, son of Joseph Stanford, shoemaker
(d. 1862), was born at Green Lane, North-
ampton, on 9 March 1823. He was for some
time a shoemaker, then a lawyer's clerk, and
afterwards a bookseller's assistant. In 1839,
at the age of sixteen, he commenced preach-
ing, and on 22 Oct. 1841 entered the Bap-
tist College at Bristol. His first pastorate
was at Sparrow HiU, Loughborough, where
he stayed from 1845 to Christmas 1846. On
7 March 1847 he became minister of the
United Presbyterian and Baptist Church at
Devizes, where his congregation gradually
increased, and where he on 9 April 1852
opened a new chapel. In May 1858 he was
elected co-pastor with Dr. Edward Steane of
DenmarkPlace Chapel, Camberwell, Surrey ;
and in May 1861, on the retirement of Steane,
received the full charge. He remained at
Camberwell till his death. In 1860 he visited
Taunton, where, and in the neighbourhood, he
succeeded in collecting valuable information
for his work, ' J. Alleine, his Companions and
his Times : a Memorial of Black Bartholo-
mew.' This was published in 1861.

In 1878 Stanford received the degree of
D.D.fromBrown's University, Rhode Island,
America. He was the president of the Lon-
don Baptist Association in 1882. From
November 1881 he became almost blind from
glaucoma, but prepared his work for the
press with a typewriter. He died at 26 De
Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, on. 18 March
1886, and was buried at Norwood on 24 March.
He was twice married. In addition to many
sermons and devotional treatises, he pub-

Stanford

479

Stanger

listed : 1, 'Power in Weakness: Memorials
of W. Kliodes of Damersham,' 1858 ; 3rd edit.
1870. 2. 'Home and Church: a Chapter in
Family Life at Old Maze Pond/ 1871.
3. 'Philip Doddridge, D.D.', 1880 ('Men
Worth jSnowing ' series). 4. * A Memorial of
the Bev. E. Steane/ 1882. 5. < The Wit and
Humour of Life; being Familiar Talks with
Young Christians/ 1886.

[Charles Stanford's Memories and Letters,
edited by his wife, 1889, with a portrait; Baptist
Handbook, 1887, pp. 120-2.] G. C. B.

STAKFOBD,STAMFOED, or
FOED, SIB WILLIAM (1509-1558), ju
born at Hadley, Middlesex, on 22 Aug. 1,
was son of William Stanford, mercer, of
London, and his wife Margaret G-edney.
His grandfather was Eobert Stanford of
Rowley, Staffordshire, After being educated
at Oxford William entered Gray's Inn in
1528, where he was called to the bar in
1536. In 1538 he was employed in dis-
solving the Austin Friars at Stafford, and
on 15 Dec. 1541 he was returned to parlia-
ment as member for that borough. In 1544
he was appointed autumn reader mjhis inn,
but owing to the plague did not deliver his
lectures until the following Lent (DTTGKDAJGE,
Oriff. Jurid. p. 293). He again represented
Stafford borough in the parliament which
met in January 1544-5, and was dissolved
by Henry's death in January 1546-7. In
Edward VI's first parliament Stanford re-
presented Newcastle-under-Lyme (13 Oct.
1547 to 15 April 1552). He was double
reader at Gray's Inn in the spring of 1551,
and on 6 Oct. following was placed on a
commission 'to resolve uppon the refor-
macion of the Canon Lawes' (Acts P. C.
iii. 382). In the following year he was one
of the commissioners empowered to examine
and deprive Cuthbert TunstaUCq.v.], bishop of
Durham. On 17 Oct. he was made Serjeant- i
at-law (M^CHYff, Diary, p. 27). A year \
later (19 Oct. 1553) he was promoted queen s
serieant. In April 1554 he conducted the
crown prosecution of Sir Nicholas Throg-
morton [q. v,l and on 17 May he received
262. 13s. 4d. for his 'travayle and paynes
taken in the two late Parliaments' (Aete
P C. v. 22). In the same year he was
raised to the bench of common pleas, and on

27 Jan. 1554-5 was knighted by Philip
(Earl MS. 6064, f. 80*).. He died .on ;

28 Aug. 1558, and was buned in Hadley
church on 1 Sept. (fl. 897 f. 18) By hi*
Trife Alice, daughter of John Palmer, he
had issue six sons and four daughters. Kis
•widow subsequently married Roger Carey of
Hadley (Za»k MS- 874, f. 60).

Stanford was author of: 1. *Les Plees
del Coron: divisees in plusiours titles &
common lieux . . . composees per le tres
reverend judge Monsieur Guilliaulme Staun-
forde, chivaler . , .' R. Tottel, London,
1560, 4to ; subsequent editions appeared in
1567, 1574, and 1583, 2. 'An Ekposicion
of the Bange's Prerogative ; collected out of
the great abridgement of Justice Fitzherbert
... by Sir William Staunford/ 1567, 4to;
other editions 1568, 1577, and 1590. It
was much used by later legal writers (see
Arcana Parliamentaria, by EN 0., 1685,
pref. p. 1). Stanford is also said to itave
edited the earliest printed version of Glan-
ville's 'Tractatus de Legibus* [see G-i&isr-
VILLE, TLunntf BE], which was published by
Tottel about 1555, 8vo (WEIGHT, Bw$r.
Brit. Litteraria, il 279).

[Works in Brit. Mus. Libr. ; authorities cited ;
Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, ed. GaiKtoer ;
Acts of the Privy Council, 1542-58; Dtig-
dale's Orig. Jnrid. and Chron. Series; lit. Bern.
of Edward VI (Roxtegae Club), passim ;
Machyn's Diary (Camd. Soc.), passim ; (Meiftl
Return of Members of Parliament; Eymer's
FcBdera; Lloyd's State Worthies; Fuller's
Worthies, ii 188 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit-Hib.
p. 691; Wood's Athense ChcQB.-ed. Miss, I
262-3; Stiype*s Works; State Trials, i. 8$&;
Foss's Lives of the Judges, v. 39*)-2;
Staffordshire, ii. 106; Foster's Atom
1500-17U; Gra/slnn Beg. p|K x» $;
Bibl. StaflMEe

STAHOKE,
1884), physieian, soa rf » aratat

WMtehaven, was boro in 17^.

Keswiek, and a towBS&if to
Derwentwater owe bc^e tfemr I
SOF and BTFBJT, J
H.

to a mrgeum ®& w&m»s§®&-
mtei MJ>. •* EiMmgfi m
24 Jane 178a His iisert^ifsa tee to
title * Ite m giue a$ Baaife^^® ©oaaerwBtoam
eonfece yKfceekar/ Be

On

London,

^) Sept 178®.

became pfeysicaam to Ite SbafA^

I» JiS
wife Jolm
WElk
xnitfcee

Stanger

480

to the college claiming to be admitted fellows.
Among the signatories was John Aikin (1747-
1822) [q. v.], the biographer, who was in
consequence refused the use of the college
library (Memoir, ed. Lucy Aikin, p. 178).
The petitioners were excluded under a by-
law which declared that fellows should be
graduates of Oxford or Cambridge, although
the medical school of Edinburgh was then
one^ of the first in Europe. The college
having refused to receive the address, it was
decided that Stariger should apply to the
law-courts to be admitted fellow. On 27 Jan.
1/96 the court of king's benchgranted a rule
to compel the president and fellows to show
cause why they should not admit Stanger.
On 28 April, when Erskine appeared for the
defendants, the rule was discharged by Lord
Chief-justice Kenyon on the ground of an
informality in Stanger's application for ad-
mission. The case was again brought into
the courts in the following autumn, and was
argued on behalf of the plaintiffs by Adair
Law, Chambre, and Christian, with Erskine
Warren, and Gibbs for the defendants, for
three days, 13-16 May 1797, but the court
unanimously refused the mandamus. In 1798

Stanger

Stanger appealed to the public in c A Justifi-
cation of the Eight of every well-educated
Physician of ^ fair character and mature age,
residing within the Jurisdiction of the College-
of Physicians of London, to be admitted a,
.bellow of that Corporation if found compe-
tent. In this able pamphlet it was shown
that Lord Mansfiela had decided in 1767
that the college were bound under their
charter to admit as fellows all duly quali-
fied licentiates of whatever university. But
Stanger's efforts produced little effect. Isaac
Schomberg (1714-1780) [q. v.] had unavail-
ingly put forth a somewhat similar claim in
1753. ^ Stanger was described as possessing
extensive attainments and great energy. Be-
sides his controversial tract, he published
' Eemarks on the Necessity and Means of sup-
pressing Contagious Fevers in the Metropolis,'
1802, 12mo, and contributed a paper on
' Coughs ' to the < Transactions of the Medi-
cal and Chirurgical Society/ He died in
London on 21 Sept. 1834.

[Hunk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 396-7- Diet
of Living Authors, 1816 ; Gent. Mag. 1834, ii.
554; Alhbone's Diet, of Engl. Lit. ii. 2220,]
G-. LE GK 1ST.

INDEX

TO

THE FIFTY-THIBD VOLUME.

Smith

rt-iT — »~ uu.au KJilijruu ti

Smith, Aaron (& 1697 ?) ,

Smith, Aaron i^. 1823}

Smith, Adam (1723-1790)

Smith, Albert Richard (1816-1860)*

Smith, Alexander (fl. 1714-1726)

Smith, Alexander, DJ). (1684-1766)

Smith, Alexander (1760 ?-1829). See Adams,

John. *

Smith, Alexander (1830-1867)
Smith, Sir Andrew (1797-1872)
Smith, Anker (1759-1819)
Smith, Aquilla, M.D. (1806-1890)
Smith, Archibald (1813-1872)
Smith, Arthur, W.W. (1825-1861). See nnde

Smith, Albert Biehard.
Smith, Augustus John (1804-1872)
Smith, Benjamin ((L 1883)
Smith, Benjamin (1783-1860). See under

Smith, "William (1756-1835).
Smith, formerly Schmidt Bernard (1630?-

1708) .....
Smith Charles (1715 ?-1762) . \
Smith, Charles (1713-1777) .
Smith, Charles (1749 ?-1824) .
Smith, Charles (1786-1856) .
Smith, Sir Charles Felix (1786-1858)
Smith, Charles Hamilton (1776-1859)
Smith, Charles Harriot (1792-1864)
Smith, Charles John (1803-1838) .
Smith, Charles Eoach (1807-1890)
Smith, Charlotte (1749-1866) .
Smith, CoMn (1795-1875)
Smith, Edmund (1672-1710) .
Smith or Smyth, Edward (1665-1720)
Smith, Edward (1818 M874)
Smith, Elizabeth (1776-1806)
Smith, Erasmus (1611-1691)
Smith, Francis (fl. 1770)
Smith, Sir Francis Petfcit (1808-1874)
Smith, Frederick William (d. 1835). See

under Smith, Anker-
Smith, Gabriel (d. 1783) .
Smith, George (1698-1756)

VOL. T,TTT,

Smifch, George (1713-1776)
Smith, George (1797 ?-18$©}
Smith, George (180CKi8©8}
Smith, George (181&-1871)
Smith, George (184&-1876)
Smi% George (18S1-18S5)
Smith, George Cfearles 1 17^-lSSS)
Smiih, Gerard Eawmrd (1^4-18®!)
Smifii, ^r Hawj Gsotge

I860)

Smith, Henry (1550 ?-1581)
Smith, Hemrj (!6SO-18fi8 ?} . .
MA, Henry Jote Steven (l^g-18^) ,'
Smith, Horatio, always iuown m Horace

(1T79-1849)

. 57

, gg
®g
. W

, .

Smith, Hamjiforey (4. 1^)

,

Smith, Jas^s, D.D. (l^S-in )
Smi^, James (1775-1883)
Smith, James (1789-1850 1

,

(178&-1867)

Smith, James ^ .

Smith, Sir Jimes Edward (1750-1828)

.
Smith, Jajoes Hieke (lS^-1881). See

(1771-1654) . ..
Smith, Jeremiah. Finch (1S15-189SI
under Smitfe, Jraemiali (1771-1854).

§7

63

. 65

See

|&
Smitk, Joim (156S-1616}

Smith, JoimlS8fr-ieSl)

BmtSwBme " -

Ss*i%Si*&3
Smith, Jeka (1618-16531 *
Sas&fe, Jolm (jl 16S8-I673)
Smith, John (1630-167$ !
Smith, Joim (>. 167S-1G80)

* fi

482

Index to Volume LI 1 1.

Smith, John (1659-1715) .... 76
Smith or Smyth, John (1662-1717) . . 76
Smith, John (1655-1723) . . . ' 77
Smith, John (1657-1726) .... 77
Smith, John (1652 ?-1742) .... 78

Smith, John (fl. 1747) 78

Smith, John (1717-1764), See under Smith,

George (1713-1776).
Smith, John (1747-1807)
Smith, John (1790-1824)
Smith, John (1749-1831)
Smith, Sir John (1754-1837) .

Smith, John (1797-1861) 81

Smith, John Abel (1801-1871) . ""

Smith, John Chaloner (1827-1895)

Smith, John Christopher (1712-1795) .

Smith, John Gordon (1792-1833) .

Smith, Sir John Mark Frederick (1790-1874)

Smith, John Orrin (1799-1843)

Smith, John Prince (1774 ?-1822) .

Smith, John Prince, the younger (1809-1874).

See under Smith, John Prince (1774?-

79
79

80
80

Smith, John Pye (1774-1851) . . 86

Smith, John Baphael (1752-1812) . , 87

Smith, John Eussell (1810-1894) . , 88

Smith, John Sidney (1804-1871) . . 88

Smith, John Stafford (1750-1836) . . 89

Smith, John Thomas (1766-1838) . . 89

Smith, John Thomas (1805-1882) . . 90

Smith, John William (1809-1845) . . 92

Smith, Joseph (1670-1756) . . 92

Smith, Joseph (1682-1770) . . 93

Smith, Joshua Toulmin, who after 1854 was

always known as Toulmin Smith (1816-

1869) 94

Smith, Josiah William (1816-1887) . . 95
Smith, Catherine (1680 ?-1758 ?). See Tofts.
Smith, Sir Lionel (1778-1842) ... 96
Smith, Matthew (1589-1640). See under

Smith, John (1659-1715).

Smith, Matthew (fl. 1696) .... 97
Smith, Michael "William (1809-1891) . . 98
Smith, Miles (d. 1624) . • , . . .98
Smith, Miles (1618-1671). See under Smith,

Miles (d, 1624).

Smith, Sir Montagu Edward (1809-1891) . 99
Smith, Percy GuxUemard Llewellin (1888-

1898). See under Smith, John Thomas

(1805-1882).

Smith, Philip (1817-1885) . .100

Smith, Pleasance, Lady (1773-1877) . 100

Smith, Richard, D.D. (1500-1563) . N . 101
Smith, Richard (1566-1655) . .102

Smith or Smyth, Richard (1590-1675) . 103

Smith, Richard Baird (1818-1861) . . 104

Smith, Richard John (1786-1855) . . 107

Smith, Robert (fl. 1689-1729) . . 109

Smith, Robert (1689-1768) . .109

Smith, Robert, first Baron Carrington (1752-

1888) .111

Smith, Robert Angus (1817-1884) . . 112

Smith, Robert Archibald (1780-1829) . 114

Smith, Robert Henry Soden (1822-1890) . 115
Smith, Robert Payne (1819-1895), See

Payne Smith,
Smith, Robert Percy, known as 'Bobus'

Smith (1770-1845) 116

Smith (afterwards Vernon), Robert Vernon,

Boron Lyveden (1800-1873) . . .116
i,^^ Samuel (1587-1620) . . . .117
,! igtyoib* Samuel (158^1662 ?) . . . .117

Smith, Sir Sidney (1764-1840). See Smith,

Sir William Sidney.

Smith, Stephen (1623-1678) . . . .118
Smith, Stephen Catterson (1806-1872) . ,118
Smith, Sydney (1771-1845) . . . .119
Smith, Theophilus Ahijah (1809-1879), See

under Smith, George Charles.
Smith, Theyre Townsend (1798-1852) . . 123
Smith, Sir Thomas (1513-1577) . . .124
Smith, Sir Thomas (1556 ?-1609) . . .127
Smith or Smythe, Sir Thomas (1558 ?-1625) . 128
Smith, Thomas (fl. 1600-1627) . . .129
Smith, Thomas (1615-1702) . . . .130

Smith, Thomas (d. 1708) 130

Smith, Thomas (1638-1710) . . . .131

Smith, Thomas (d. 1762) 133

Smith, Thomas (d. 1767) 134

Smith, Thomas Assheton (1776-1858) . . 184
Smith, Thomas Barry Cusack- (1795-1866).

See under Smith, Sir William Cusac.
Smith, Thomas Southwood, M.D. (1788-1861) 135

Smith, Walter (fl. 1525) 137

Smith, Wentworth (fl. 1601-1623) . . .137
Smith or Smyth, William (1460?-1514) . . 138
Smith, William (fl. 1596) . . . .141
Smith, William (1550 ?-1618) . . . .142
Smith, William (fl. 1660). See under Smith,

William (d. 1673).

Smith, William (d. 1673) . . . , 148
Smith, William (d. 1696) . . . ,144
Smith, William (fl. 1726). See under, Smith,

William (1651 ?-1735),

Smith, William (1651 ?-1785) . . . .145
Smith, William (1707-1764). See under

Smith, George (1713-1776).

Smith, William
Smith, William
Smith, William

1711-1787)
1730 ?-1819)
1756-1835)

146
147
149
151
153
153
154
155
156
157
160

Smith, William (1769-1839)

Smith, William (1808-1876)

Smith, Sir William (1818-1893)

Smith, William, LL.D. (1816-1896)

Smith, Sir William Cusac (1766-1886) .

Smith, William Henry (1808-1872)

Smith, William Henry (1825-1891)

Smith, William Robertson (1846-1894) ".

Smith, Sir William Sidney, known as Sir

Sidney Smith (1764-1840) . ... .162
Smith, William Tyler (1815-1878) . . .167
Smith, Willoughby (1828-1891) . . .168
Smith-Neill, James George (1810-1857). See

Neill.
Smithson, Harriet Constance, afterwards

Madame Berlioz (1800-1854:) . . .168
Smithson, Hugh, afterwards Percy, first Duke

of Northumberland of the third creation

(1715-1786). See Percy.
Smithson, James, known in early life as James

Lewis or Louis Macie (1765-1829) . . 171
Smitz, Caspar (& 1707?) . . . .173
Smollett, Sir James (1648-1781). See under

Smollett, Tobias George.

Smollett, Tobias George (1721-1771) . . 174
Smyth. See also Smith and Smythe.
Smyth, Edward (1749-1812) . . . .184
Smyth, James Carmichael (1741-1821) . . 184
Smyth, Sir James Carmichael (1779-1888) . 185
Smyth, John (1775 ?-1884 ?). See under

Smyth, Edward.

Smyth, Sir John Rowland (d. 1873) . . 187
Smyth, John Talfourd (1819 ?-1851) . . 187
Smyth, Sir Leicester (1829-1891) . . .188

Index to Volume LI II.

483

PAGE
188

189
189
190
191
192

Smyth, Patrick James (1826-1885) .
Smyth, Bichard, D.D. (1826-1878) .
Smyth, Robert Brough (1830-1889)
Smyth, Sir Warington Wilkinson (1817-1890)
Smyth, William (1765-1849) .
Smyth, William Henry (1788-1865)
Smythe. See also Smith and Smyth.
Smythe, David, Lord Methven (1746-1806) . 193
Smythe, Emily Anne, Viscountess Strangford
(d. 1887). See under Smythe, Percy Ellen
Frederick "William, eighth Viscount Strang-
ford of Ireland, and third Baron Penshurst
of the United Kingdom.
Smythe, George Augustus Frederick Percy
Sydney, seventh Viscount Strangford and
second Baron Penshurst (1818-1857) . . 193
Smythe, James Moore (1702-1734) . . .195
Smythe, Percy Clinton Sydney, sixth Viscount
Strangford and first Baron Penshurst (1780-

1855) 195

Smythe, Percy Ellen Frederick William,
eighth Viscount Strangford of Ireland, and
third Baron Penshurst of the United King-
dom (1826-1869) 197

Smythe, Sir Sidney Stafford (1705-1778) 198

Smythe, William James (1816-1887) . 199
Smythies, Charles Alan (1844-1894) . 201

Snagge, Thomas (1536-1592) ... 202
Snape, Andrew, D.D. (1675-1742) . . 203

Snape, Edmund (fl. 1576-1608) . . 203

Snatt, William (1645-1721) ... 204

SneU, Hannah (1723-1792) ... 205

Snell, John (1629-1679) .... 206

Snelling, Thomas (1712-1773) . . 207
Snetzler, John or Johann (1710 ?-1774 ?) 207

Snow, John (1813-1858) .... 207

Snow, William Parker (1817-1895) . . 208

Soames, Henry (1785-1860) . 209

Soane, Sir John (1753-1887) ... 210

Soest, Gerard (d. 1681) .... 211

Solander, Daniel Charles (1736-1782) . 212

Solanus, Moses, or Moi'se du Soul (d. 1735 ?) 213
Sole, William (1741-1802) ... 213

Solly, Edward (1819-1886) ... 214

Solly, Samuel (1805-1871) ... 214

Solly, Thomas (1816-1875) ... 215

Solme or Soleman, Thomas (d. 1541 ?). See

Soulemont.

Solme, Thomas (fl. 1540-155Q). See Some.
Solms, Heinrich Maastricht, Count of Solms-

Braunfels (1636-1698) ... .215

Soloman, Abraham (1823-1862) . . 216

Solus, Saint (d. 790 ?) ... . 217

Some, Robert (1542-1609) . .217

Some or Solme, Thomas (ft. 1540-1550) . 218
Somer, Henry (fl. 1440) ... .218

Somer, Semur, Somerarius, John (fl. 1380) . 218
Somer, Paul van (1576-1621). See Van

Somer.

Somercote, Swinercote, or Somerton, Law-
rence (fl. 1254) 219

Somercote or Ummarcote, Robert (d. 1241) . 219
Somerled, Lord of the Isles (d. 1164). See

Sumerled.

Somers, Edmund Sigismund (1759 ?-1824) . 219
Somers or Summers, Sir George (1554-1610) . 220
Somers or Sommers, John, Lord Somers (1651-

1716) ,221

Somers, Robert (1822-1891) . . . .229
Somers, William (d. 1560,). See Sommers.
Somersam, Richard (d. 1531). See Bay-field,
Richard.

Somerset, Dukes of. See Beaufort, John, first
Duke (1403-1444); Beaufort, Edmund,
second Duke (d. 1455) ; Seymour, Edward,
first Duke of the Seymour family (1506 ?-
1552; Seymour, William, second Duke
(1588-1660) ; Seymour, Charles, sixth Duke
1662-1748) ; Seymour, Edward Adolphus,
eleventh Duke (1775-1855) ; Seymour,
Edward Adolphus, twelfth Duke (1804-
1885).
Somerset, Earls of. See Mohun, William de

(fl. 1141) ; Carr, Robert (d. 1645).
Somerset, Charles, Earl of Worcester (1460 ?-

1526) 230

Somerset, Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester

(1553-1628) 231

Somerset, Edward, sixth Earl and second
Marquis of Worcester and titular Earl of
Glamorgan (1601-1667) . . . .232
Somerset, Lord Edward (1776-1842). See

Somerset, Lord Robert Edward Henry.
Somerset, Lord Fitzroy James Henry, first

Baron Raglan (1788-1855) . . . .237
Somerset, Lord Granville Charles Henry
(1792-1848), See under Somerset, Henry,
first Duke of Beaufort.
Somerset, Henry, first Duke of Beaufort

(1629-1700) 242

Somerset, Henry, second Duke of Beaufort,
(1684-1714). See under Somerset, Henry,
first Duke of Beaufort.

Somerset, Henry, seventh Duke of Beaufort
(1792-1858). See under Somerset, Henry,
first Duke of Beaufort.

Somerset or Somerseth, John (d. 1455 ?) . 246
Somerset, Poulett George Henry (1822-1875).
See under Somerset, Lord Fitzroy James
Henry, first Baron Raglan.
Somerset, Lord Robert Edward Henry (1776-
1842), commonly known as Lord Edward

Somerset 246

Somerset, William, third Earl of Worcester

(1526-1589) 247

SomerviUe, Alexander (1811-1885) . . .248
Somerville, Alexander Neil (1818-1889) . . 249
Somerville, Andrew (1808-1884) . . .249
Somerville, Hugh, fifth Lord Somerville

(1483?-1549) . . . . .250

Somerville, James, sixth Lord Somerville (d.
1569). See under Somerville, Hugh, fifth
Lord Somerville.

Somerville, James (1632-1690) . . 251

Somerville or Somervile, John (1560-1583) 252
Somerville, John Southey, fifteenth Lord

SomerviUe (1765-1819) . 258

Somerville, Mary (1780-1872) . 254

SomerviUe, Thomas (1741-1830) 255

Somerville, WiUiam (1675-1742) 256

Somerville, WiUiam (1771-1860) 258

SomerviUe, Sir William Meredyth, Baron
Athlumney in the peerage of Ireland, and
Baron Meredyth in the peerage of the United

Kingdom (1802-1873) 258

Sommers, William (d. 1560) . . . .259
Somner, William (1598-1669) . . . .260
Sondes, Sir George, Earl of Feversham (1600-

1677) 261

Sonmans, William (d. 1708). See Sunman.
Soone or Zoone, WiUiam (fl. 1540-1575) . 262
Soowthern, John (d. 1584). See Southern.
Sopwith, Thomas (1808-1879) . . . ,268
Sorocold, Thomas (1561-1617) . . . .264

484

Index to Volume LI 1 1.

Sotheby, Charles (d. 1854). See under Sotheby,

William.

" Sotheby, Samuel (1771-1842) . . . .264
Sotheby, Samuel Leigh (1805-1861) . . 265
Sotheby, William (1757-1833). , . .265

Sothel, Seth (d. 1697) 268

Sotherey, Simon (fl. 1396). See Southrey.
Sothern, Edward Askew (1826-1881) . , 268
Sothern, Lytton Edward (1856-1887), See

under Sothern, Edward Askew.
Sotheron-Estcottrt, Thomas Henry Button

(1801-1876). See Estcourt.
Sotherton, John (1562-1631?) . . .271
Soulemont, Soleman, or Solme, Thomas (d.

1541) 271

Soulis, Sir John de (d. 1818) . . . .272
South, Sir James (1785-1867) . . . .272
South, John Flint (1797-1882) . . ,274
South, Robert, D,D. (1634-1716) . . .275
Southampton, Duke of. See Fitzroy, Charles

(1662-1730).
Southampton, Earls of. See FitzwiUiam,

WiUiam (d. 1542) ; Wriothesley, Thomas,

first Earl of the Wriothesley family (1505-

1550); Wriothesley, Henry, third Earl

(1578-1624) ; Wriothesley, Thomas, fourth

Earl (1607-1677).
Southampton, Baron, See Fitzroy, Charles

(1787-1797).

Southcote, John (1511-1585) . .277

Southcott, Joanna (1750-1814) , , 277

Southern, Henry (1799-1853) . .279

Southern or Soowthern, John (ft. 1584) . 280
Southerne, Thomas (1660-1746) . . 280

Southesk, Earl of. See Carnegie, Sir David

(1575-1658).

Southey, Mrs. Caroline Anne (1786-1854) . 282
Southey, Henry Herbert, M.D. (1788-1865) . 283
Southey, Robert (1774-1848) , , . .284
Southgate, Henry (1818-1888) . . .290
Southgate, Richard (1729-1795) . . .291
Southrey or Sotherey, Simon (fl. 1396) . , 291
SouthweU, Edward (1671-1780). See under

SouthweU, Sir Robert (1685-1702).
SouthweU vert Bacon, Nathanael (1598-

1676) 292

SouthweU, Sir Richard (1504-1564) , . 292
SouthweU, Sir Robert (d. 1559). See under

Southwell, Sir Richard.

SouthweU, Robert (1561 ?-1595) , . .294
SouthweU, Robert (1607-1677). See under

SouthweU, Sir Robert (1685-1702).
SouthweU, Sir Robert (1635-1702) , . .299
SouthweU vert Bacon, Thomas (1592-1637) . 808
SouthweU, Thomas, first Baron SouthweU

(1667-1720) 803

SouthweU, WiUiam (1669-1719). See under

SouthweU, Thomas, first Baron SouthweU.
Sowerby, George Brettingham, the elder

(1788-1854) 804

Sowerby, George Brettingham, the younger

(1812-1884). See under Sowerby, George

Brettingham, the elder.
Sowerby, Henry (1825-1891). See under

Sowerby, George Brettingham, the elder,
Sowerby, James (1757-1822) , . 805
Sowerby, James de Carle (1787-1871) 807
Sowerby, John Edward (1825-1870) 808
Soyer, Alexis Benott (1809-1858) , 808
>t Elizabeth Kraim (1818-1842) 809
* :, John 4^1650). . . . .810
'. . .810

PAGE

Spalding, William (1809-1859)' . . .810
Spark, Thomas, D.D. (1655-1692) . . .811

Sparke, Edward (d. 1692) 311

Sparke or Sparkes, Joseph (1688-1740) , . 812
Sparke, Thomas (1548-1616) . . . .812
Sparke, William (1587-1641). See under

Sparke, Thomas.

Sparrow, Anthony (1612-1685) . . .813
Sparrow, John (1615-1665 ?) . . . .814
Spearman, Robert (1703-1761) . . .814
Spedding, James (1808-1881) . . . ,815
Speechly, WiUiam (fl. 1776-1821) . . .816
Speed, Adolphus (fl. 1650) . . , .817
Speed, John (1552 ?-1629) . . . .818
Speed, John (1595-1640). See under Speed,

John (1552 ?-1629).
Speed, Samuel (d. 1681). See under Speed,

Samuel (1631-1682),

Speed, Samuel (1681-1682) . .820

Speght, Thomas (fl. 1600) . .820

Speke, George (d. 1690). See under Speke,

Hugh.

Speke, Hugh (1656-1724 ?) . . 822

Speke, John Hanning (1827-1864) . . 824

Spelman, Clement (1598-1679) . . 827

Spelman or Yallop, Edward (d. 1767) . 828

Spelman, Sir Henry (1564 ?-1641) . . 828

Spelman, Sir John {1495 ?-1544) . . 888

Spelman, Sir John (1594KL648) . . 883

Spence, Benjamin Edward (1822-1866) . 884
Spence, Elizabeth Isabella (1768-1882) . 884

Spence, George (1787-1850) , . 835

Spence, James (1812-1882) . . 835

Spence, Joseph (1699-1768) . . 836

Spence, Thomas (1750-1814) . . 838

Spence, WiUiam (1788-1860) . . 840

Spencer. See also Despenser and Spenser.
Spencer, Aubrey George (1795-1872) . . 840
Spencer, Sir Augustus Almeric (1807-1893) . 841
Spencer, Sir Brent (1760-1828) . . .841
Spencer, « Buck ' (1748-1808). See Woodham,

Mrs.
Spencer, Charles, third Earl of Sunderland

(1674-1722) 843

Spencer, Charles, third Duke of Marlborough

and fifth Earl of Sunderland (1706-1758) . 849
Spencer, Lord Charles (1740-1820). See

under Spencer, Charles, third Duke of

Marlborough and fifth Earl of Sunder-
land.
Spencer, Dorothy, Countess of Sunderland

(1617-1684) ....... 852

Spencer, Lord Francis Almeric (1779-1845),

See under Spencer, George, fourth Duke of

Marlborough.
Spencer, Frederick, fourth Earl Spencer

(1798-1857). See under Spencer, Sir Robert

Cavendish.
Spencer, George, fourth Duke of Marlborough

(1739-1817) 854

Spencer, George, fifth Duke of Marlborough,

(1766-1840). See under Spencer, George,

fourth Duke of Marlborough.
Spencer, George John, second Earl Spencer

(1758-1834) 855

Spencer, George Trevor (1799-1866) . . 856
Spencer, Gervase (d. 1768) . . . .857
Spencer, Henry le (d. 1406). See Despenser,

Henry le.
Spencer, Henry, first Earl of Sunderland

(1620-1648). See under Spencer, Robert,

second Earl of Sunderland,

Index to Volume LIU.

485

Spencer, Lord Henry John (1770-1795). See

under Spencer, George, fourth Duke of

Maryborough.

Spencer, Sir John (d. 1610) . . . .357
Spencer, John (1559-1614). See Spenser.
Spencer, John (1601-1671) . . . .358
Spencer, John, D.D. (1680-1698) . . .359
Spencer, John Charles, Viscount Althorp and

third Earl Spencer (1782-1845) . . ' .360
Spencer, Robert, first Baron Spencer of

Wormleighton (d. 1627) . . . .367
Spencer, Kobert, second Earl of Sunderland

(1640-1702) 868

Spencer, Sir Robert Cavendish (1791-1830) . 877
Spencer, Thomas (1791-1811) . .878

Spencer, Thomas (1796-1858) . .878

Spencer, William George (1790-1866) . 879

Spencer, William Robert (1769-1834)

Spender, Lily, usually known as Mrs.

John

MJJUAAVLOJ. , J-IJ.J.J, U.OU&OJ.J IVUIM

Kent Spender (1835-1895) . . 880

Spens, Sir James (fl. 1571-1627) . 381

Spens, Sir John (1520 ?-1578) . . 882

Spens, Thomas de (1415 ?-1480) . 882

Spenser. See also Despenser and Spencer.
Spenser, Edmund (1552 ?-1599) . 884

Spenser, John (1559-1614) . . 898

Sperling, John (1793-1877) . . 899

Spicer, Henry (1748 ?-1804) . .400

Spiers, Alexander (1807-1869) . 401

Spigurnel, Henry (1268 ?-1828) . 401

Spillan, Daniel (d. 1854) 402

Spiller, James (1692-1730) . . . .402
Spilsbury, John (1780?-1795?). See under

Spilsbury. Jonathan.

Spilsbury, Jonathan (fl< 1760-1790) . . 404
Spilsbury, Maria, afterwards Mrs. Taylor

(d. 1820 ?). See under Spilsbury, Jona-
than,

Spinckes, Nathaniel (1658-1727) . . 405

Spittlehouse, John (ft. 1658) . . 406

Spode, Josiah (1754-1827) . . 406

Spofforth, Reginald (1770-1827) . . 407

Spooner, Charles (d. 1767) . . 407

Spooner, Charles (1806-1871) . . 407

Spooner, William Charles (1809 ?-1885) . . 408
Sporley or Sporte, Richard (d. 1490 ?) . .409
Spottiswood or Spotswood, Alexander (1676-

1740) 409

Spottiswood, James (1567-1645) . . .410
Spottiswood, Spotiswood, or Spotswood, John

(1510-1585) ....... 411

Spottiswood, Spottiswoode, Spotiswood, or

Spotswood, John (1565-1689) . . .412
Spottiswood, Spottiswoode, or Spotiswood,

John (1666-1728) . . . . . .415

Spottiswood, Sir Robert, Lord Newabbey

(1596-1646) 416

Spottiswoode, Arthur Cole (1808-1874) . . 417
Spottiswoode, William (1825-1883) . . 418
Spragge, Sir Edward (d. 1673). . . .418
Sprat, Thomas (1685-1718) . . . .419
Spratt, James (1771-1858) . . . .424
Spratt, Thomas Abel Brimage (1811-1888) . 424
Sprenger, Aloys (1818-1893) . . . .425
Sprigg, Joshua (1618-1684) . . . .426
Sprigg, William (fl. 1655-1695) . . .427
Spring, Tom (1795-1851). See Winter, Thomas.
Spring-Rice, Thomas, first Baron Monteagle

of Brandon in Kerry (1790-1866) , . 427
Sprint, John (d. 1590). See under Sprint,

John (d. 1628).
Sprint, John fd. 1623) 429

Sprott, George (d. 1608) 430

Sprott or Spott, Thomas (fit 1270 ?) 430

Spruce, Richard (1817-1893) . . 481

Spry, Henry Harpur (1804-1842) . 432

Spry, Sir Richard (1715-1775) . 432

Spurgeon, Charles Haddon (1884-1892) 433

Spurgin, John (1797-1866) . . 435

Spurstowe, William, D.D. (1605 ?-1666) 435

Spynie, Lords. See Lindsay, Alexander, first

Lord (d. 1607) ; Lindsay, Alexander, second

Lord (d. 1646); Lindsay, George, third

Lord (d. 1671).

Squire, Edward (d. 1598) . . . .486
Squire, John (1780-1812) . . . .487
Squire, Samuel (1718-1766) . . . .439
Squire, William (d. 1677) . . . .440

Stack, Edward (d. 1883) 441

Stack, Richard (d. 1812) 441

Stackhouse, John (1742-1819) . . , .441
Stackhouse, Thomas (1677-1752) . . .442
Stackhouse, Thomas (d. 1784), See under

Stackhouse, Thomas (1677-1752).
Stackhouse, Thomas (1756-1836) . . .443
Stafford, Marquis of. See Leveson-Gower.

Granville (1721-1808).
Stafford, Viscount. See Howard, William

(1614-1680).

Stafford, Anthony (1587-1645 ?) . 444

Stafford, Edmund de (1344-1419) . . .445
Stafford, Edward, third Duke of Buckingham

(1478-1521) 446

Stafford, Sir Edward (1552 ?-1605) . . 447
Stafford, Henry, second Duke of Buckingham

(1454?-1483) 448

Stafford, Henry, first Baron Stafford (1501-

1563) 450

Stafford, Hugh de, second Earl of Stafford

(1342 ?-1886). See under Stafford, Ralph

de, first Earl of Stafford.
Stafford, Humphrey, first Duke of Bucking-
ham (1402-1460) 451

Stafford, Humphrey, Earl of Devon (1489-

1469) 458

Stafford, John (d. 1452) 454

Stafford, John (1728-1800) . . . .455
Stafford, Ralph de, first Earl of Stafford

(1299-1872) 456

Stafford, Sir Richard, styled 'of Clifton1 (fl.

(1837-1369). See under Stafford, Ralph

de, first Earl of Stafford.

Stafford, Richard (1663-1708) . . . ,459
Stafford, Richard Anthony (1801-1854) . . 459
Stafford, Thomas (1581 ?-1557) . . .460
Stafford, Sir Thomas (fl. 1683) . . .461
Stafford; William (1554-1612) . . . .462
Stafford, William (1598-1684) . . . .463

Stagg, John (1770-1828) 468

Staggins, Nicholas (1650 ?-1700) . . ,464
iStainer, Richard (d. 1662). See Stayner.
Staines, Sir Thomas (1776-1830) . . .464
Stainton, Henry Tibbats (1822-1892) . . 466
Stair, Earls of. See Dalrymple, Sir John,

first Earl (1648-1707) ; Dalrymple, John,

second Earl (1678-1747); Dalrymple, John,

fifth Earl (1720-1789); Dalrymple, John,

sixth Earl (1749-1821); Dalrymple, Sir

John Hamilton Macgill, eighth Earl (1771-

1853).
Stair, first Viscount. See Dalrymple, Sir

James (1619-1695).

Stairs, William Grant (1863-1892) . . .467
Staley or Stayley, William (d. 1678) . . 468

486

Index to Volume LIIL

PAGE

Stalham, John (d. 1681) 469

Stamford, Earls of. See Grey, Henry, first

Earl (1599 ?-1673) ; Grey, Thomas, second

Earl (1654-1720).
Stamford, Sir William (1509-1558). See

Stanford.

Stampe, William (1611-1653 ?) 469

Stanbridge, John (1463-1510) . . . .470
Stanbury, Stanbery, or Stanbridge, John (d.

1474) 471

Standish, Arthur (fl. 1611-1615) . , .471
Standish, Frank HaU (1799-1840) . . .472

Standish, Henry (d. 1585) ... 472

Standish, John (1507 ?-1570) . . 473

Standish, Myles (1584 ?-1656) . ' '474
Stanfield, Clarkson (1793-1867) . ." .' 476
Stanfield, George Clarkson (1828-1878). See

under Stanfield, Clarkson.

Stanfield, James Field (d. 1824) . 473

Stanford, Charles (1823-1886) . . - 473
Stanford, Stamford, or Staunford. Sir William

(1509-1558) 479

Stanger, Christopher (1759-1834) . . .* 479

END OF THE FIFTY-THIKD VOLUME.

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