DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
HAILES HARRIOTT
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
EDITED BY
LESLIE STEPHEN
AND
SIDNEY LEE
VOL. XXIV. HAILES HARRIOTT
MACMILLAN ANDCO.
LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 1890
18
€£5"
X
LIST OF WEITEES
IN THE TWENTY-FOURTH VOLUME.
J. Gr. A. . . J. G. ALGER.
R. E. A. . . R. E. ANDERSON.
a. F. R. B. G. F. RUSSELL BARKER.
R. B THE REV. RONALD BAYNE.
T. B THOMAS BAYNE.
Gr. T. B. . . Gr. T. BETTANY.
A. C. B. . . A. C. BICKLEY.
B. H. B. . . THE REV. B. H. BLACKER.
W. GJ-. B. . . THE REV. PROFESSOR BLAIKIE, D.D,
Gr. C. B. . . G. C. BOASE. G. S. B. . . Gr. S. BOULGER.
E. T. B. . . Miss BRADLEY. A. H. B. . . A. H. BULLEN.
H. M. C. . . H. MANNERS CHICHESTEE. J. W. C-K. J. WILLIS CLARK. A. M. C. . . Miss A. M. CLERKE.
J. C THE REV. JAMES COOPER.
T. C THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A.
W. P. C. . . W. P. COURTNEY.
C. C CHARLES CREIGHTON, M.D.
M. C THE REV. PROFESSOR CREIGHTON.
L. C LIONEL GUST, F.S.A.
F. D FRANCIS DARWIN, F.R.S.
R. W. D. . THE REV. CANON DIXON. R. K. D. . . PROFESSOR R. K. DOUGLAS. R. D ROBERT DUNLOP.
F. E FRANCIS ESPINASSE.
C. H. F. . . C. H. FIRTH.
S. R. Gf. . . S. R. GARDINER, LL.D.
R. G RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D.
J. T. G. . . J. T. GILBERT, F.S.A.
G. G GORDON GOODWIN.
A. G THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON.
R. E. G. . . R. E. GRAVES.
W. A. G. . W. A. GREENHILL, M.D.
W. H. . . . W. HAINES.
A. H A. HALL.
J. A. H. . . J. A. HAMILTON.
T. H THE REV. THOMAS HAMILTON, D.D.
D. H DAVID HANNAY.
W. J. H-Y W. J. HARDY.
A. J. C. H. AUGUSTUS J. C. HARE. T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDERSON.
R. H-R. . . THE REV. RICHARD HOOPER. W. H. ... THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT.
B. D. J. . . B. D. JACKSON. T. B. J. . . T. B. JOHNSTONE.
C. L. K. . . C. L. KINGSFORD. J. K JOSEPH KNIGHT.
J. K. L. . . PROFESSOR J. K. LAUGHTON.
T. G. L. . . T. G. LAW.
S. L. L. . . SIDNEY LEE.
M. M. ... JENEAs MACK AY, LL.D.
W. D. M. . THE REV. W. D. MACRAY, F.S.A.
J. A. F. M. J. A. FULLER MAITLAND.
L. M. M. . . MlSS MlDDLETON.
VI
List of Writers.
A. H. M. .
N. M
A. N
F. M. O'D. J. H. 0. . .
H. P
N. D. F. P.
G. G. P. . . K. L. P. . .
B. P
E. B. P. . . J. M. E. . . G. B. S. . . G. W. S. .
A. H. MILLAR. NORMAN MOORE, M.D. ALBERT NICHOLSON.
F. M. O'DONOGHUE.
THE REV. CANON OVER-TON.
HENRY PATON.
N. D. F. PEARCE.
THE EEV. CANON PERRY.
EEGINALD L. POOLE.
Miss PORTER.
E. B. PROSSER.
J. M. EIGQ.
G. BARNETT SMITH.
THE EEV. G. W. SPROTT, D.D.
W. B. S. . L. S. . . . C. W. S. . J. T.
H. E. T. . T. F. T. . E. V. . . .
E. H. V. . A. V. ... J. E. W. . M. G. W.
F. W-T. . C. W-H. . W. W. .
. W. BARCLAY SQUIRE.
. LESLIE STEPHEN.
. C. W. SUTTON.
. JAMES TAIT.
. H. E. TEDDER.
. PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT.
. THE EEV. CANON VENABLES.
. COLONEL VETCH, E.E.
. ALSAGER VIAN.
. THE EEV. J. E. WASHBOURN.
. THE EEV. M. G. WATKINS.
. FRANCIS WATT.
. CHARLES WELCH.
. WARWICK WROTH, F.S.A.
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
Hailes
Hailstone
HAILES, LORD, Scottish ]udge. [See DALRYMPLE, SIR DAVID, 1726-1792.]
HAILS or HAILES, WILLIAM AN- THONY (1766-1845), miscellaneous writer, son of a shipwright, was born at Newcastle- upon-Tyne on 24 May 1766. An accident in his childhood prevented him from attending school till his eleventh year. He learnt the alphabet from an old church prayer-book, and his father taught him writing and arith- metic. He remained at school only three years, after which he worked as a shipwright for sixteen years. During this time he ac- quired a good knowledge of Latin and Greek, and also studied Hebrew, together with some other oriental languages. He wrote several papers for the ( Classical Journal/ and con- tributed to the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' and 'Monthly Magazine.' Hails ultimately be- came a schoolmaster at Newcastle, but had only moderate success. He was a Wesleyan methodist, and preached occasionally in the chapel of his sect at Newcastle. He died at Newcastle on 30 Aug. 1845.
Hails wrote: 1. 'Nugae Poeticae/ New- castle-upon-Tyne (?), 1806. 2. < An Enquiry concerning the Invention of the Life Boat,' claimingWilliamWouldhave of South Shields to be the inventor, Newcastle, 1806. 3. 'A Voice from the Ocean,' Newcastle (?), 1807. 4. < Tract No. 6,' published by the Society for the Propagation of Christianity among the Jews, 1809. 5. 'The Pre-existence and Deity of the Messiah defended on the indubitable evidence of the Prophets and Apostles.' 6. ' Socinianism unscriptural. Being an ex- amination of Mr. Campbell's attempt to ex- plode the Scripture Doctrine of human de- pravity, the Atonement, &c.,' two pamphlets on the Socinian controversy, both published at Newcastle in 1813. 7. ' The Scorner re-
VOL. XXIV.
proved,' Newcastle, 1817. 8. 'A letter to« the Rev. W. Turner. Occasioned by the pub- lication of Two Discourses preached by him at the 6th Annual Meeting of the Association of Scottish Unitarian Christians,' Newcastle,. 1818. A second ' Letter' was published in the following year. 9. * Remarks on Volney's " Ruins," or a Survey of the Revolutions of Empires/ 1825. 10. 'The First Command- ment: a Discourse/ Newcastle, 1827. 11. ' A Letter to C. Larkin, in reply to his Letter to W. Chapman on Transubstantiation/ New- castle, 1831. Many of Hails's writings evoked- published replies.
[E. Mackenzie's Hist, of Newcastle, i. 403-4 ; John Latimer's Local Records of Northumber- land and Durham (Newcastle, 1857), p. 204.1
F.W-T.
HAILSTONE, JOHN (1759-1847), geo- logist, born near London on 13 Dec. 1759, was placed at an early age under the care of a maternal uncle at York, and was sent to Beverley school in the East Riding. Samuel' Hailstone [q. v.] was a younger brother. John, went to Cambridge, entering first at Catha- rine Hall, and afterwards at Trinity College,, and was second wrangler of his year (1782).. He was elected fellow of Trinity in 1784, and four years later became Woodwardian professor of geology, an office which he held for thirty years. He went to Germany, and studied geology under Werner at Freiburg for- about twelve months. On his return to Cam- bridge he devoted himself to the study and collection of geological specimens, but did not deliver any lectures. He published, how- ever, in 1792, 'A Plan of a course of lectures.7" The museum was considerably enriched by him. He married, and retired to the vicarage of Trumpington, near Cambridge, in 1818, and worked zealously for the education of the poor
Hailstone
Haines
of his parish. He devoted much attention to chemistry and mineralogy, as well as to his favourite science, and kept for many years a meteorological diary. He made additions to the Woodwardian Museum, and left manu- script journals of his travels at home and abroad', and much correspondence on geologi- cal subjects. He was elected to the Linnean Society in 1800, and to the Koyal Society in 1801, and was one of the original members of the Geological Society. Hailstone contributed papers to the ' Transactions of the Geological Society '(1816, iii. 243-50), the 'Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society '(1822, i. 453-8), and the British Association (Report, 1834, p. 569). He died at Trumpington on 9 June 1847, in his eighty-eighth year.
[Obit, notices in Quarterly Journ. Greol. Soc. 1849, v. xix; Proceedings Linnean Soc. 1849, i. 372-3 ; Abstract of Papers contributed to Koyal Soc. 1851, v. 711. See also Clark and Hughes's Life of A. Sedgwick, i. 152, 155, 195- 197 ; Koyal Soc. Cat. of Scientific Papers, 1869, iii. 125: Notes and Queries, 7th ser. iv. 188, 316; Gent. Mag. May 1818 p. 463, September 1847 p. 328.] H. K. T.
HAILSTONE, SAMUEL (1768-1851), botanist, was born at Hoxton, near London, in 1768. His family shortly afterwards settled in York. He was articled to John Hardy, a solicitor at Bradford, grandfather of the pre- sent Lord Cranbrook. On the expiration of his articles Hardy took him into partnership. The scanty leisure of a busy professional life was devoted to botany, and Hailstone became known as the leading authority on the flora of Yorkshire. He formed collections illustrat- ing the geology of the district, and of books and manuscripts relating to Bradford. He contributed papers to the ' Magazine of Na- tural History ' (1835, viii. 261-5, 549-53), and a list of rare plants to Whitaker's ' History of Craven' (1812, pp. 509-19). His valuable herbarium was presented by his sons to the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, and is now in the museum at York. His brother was the Rev. John Hailstone [q. v.], the geologist. He married in 1808 Ann, daughter of Thomas Jones, surgeon, of Bradford. His wife died in 1833, aged 53. He died at Horton Hall, Bradford, on 26 Dec. 1851, aged 83, leaving two sons, John, a clergyman, and Edward, who is noticed below.
EDWAKD HAILSTONE (1818-1890) suc- ceeded his father as solicitor at Bradford, and finally retired to Walton Hall, near Wakefield, where he accumulated a remark- able collection of antiquities and books, among them the most extensive series of works relating to Yorkshire ever brought together, which has been left to the library
of the dean and chapter, York. Edward Hailstone died at Walton 24 March 1890, in his seventy-third year. He printed a ca- talogue of his Yorkshire library in 1858, and published l Portraits of Yorkshire Worthies, with biographical notices,' 1869, 2 vols. 4to.
[Bradford Observer, 1 Jan. 1852; Times, 27 March 1890; Athenaeum, 5 April 1890, p. 444.] H. K. T.
HAIMO (d. 1054?), archdeacon of Canter- bury. [See HATMO.]
HAINES, HERBERT (1826-1872), ar- chaeologist, son of John Haines, surgeon, of Hampstead, was born on 1 Sept. 1826. He was educated at the college school, Gloucester, and went to Exeter College, Oxford, 1844, where he proceeded B.A. 1849, M.A. 1851. In 1848, while still an undergraduate, he pub- lished the first edition of his work on monu- mental brasses. In September 1849 he was licensed to the curacy of Delamere in Cheshire. On 22 June 1850 he was appointed by the dean and chapter of Gloucester tothe second master- ship of his old school, the college school, Glou- cester. This office he retained till his death, and on two occasions during vacancies in 1853-4 and in 1871actedfor some time as head- master. In 1854 he was appointed chaplain to the Gloucester County Lunatic Asylum, and in 1859 became also chaplain of the newly opened Barnwood House Asylum, near Glou- cester. In 1861 he brought out a much en- larged and improved edition of ' Monumental Brasses.' Haines died, after a very short ill- ness, on 18 Sept. 1872, and was buried in the Gloucester cemetery. A memorial brass bear- ing his effigy, an excellent likeness, was placed in Gloucester Cathedral by friends and old pupils. It is now in the south ambulatory of the choir. Besides some elementary clas- sical school books, now antiquated, he wrote :
1. 'A Manual for the Study of Monumental Brasses,' published under the sanction of the Oxford Architectural Society, 8vo, Oxford, 1848; 2nd edit., 2 vols. 8vo, Oxford, 1861.
2. l St. Paul a Witness to the Resurrection ; a Sermon preached before the University of Oxford,' 8vo, Oxford and London, 1867.
3. <A Guide to the Cathedral Church of Gloucester/ 8vo, Gloucester and London, 1867 ; 2nd edit., revised and corrected by F. S. Waller, cathedral architect, 1880 ; 3rd edit. 1885.
[Information from the diocesan registrars of Chester and Gloucester ; private information; personal knowledge.] J. K. W.
HAINES, JOHN THOMAS (1799?- 1843), actor and dramatist, was born about 1799. From 1823 up to the year of his
Haines
Haines
death he was engaged in supplying the minor theatres of the metropolis with innumerable melodramas of the ' blood-and-thunder ' type, which were mostly successful. His sea-plays gave full scope to the energies of T. P. Cooke [q. v.] His * My Poll and my Partner Joe/ a nautical drama in three acts, produced at the Surrey Theatre on 7 Sept. 1835, yielded a profit of 4,000/. Haines occasionally acted in his own pieces. He died at Stockwell, Surrey, on 18 May 1843, aged 44, being at the time stage-manager of the English Opera House (Gent. Mag. 1843, pt. ii. p. 103). His more popular plays are : 1. * The Idiot Wit- ness ; or a Tale of Blood,' a melodrama in two acts (Coburg Theatre, 1823). 2. ' Jacob Faithful ; or the Life of a Thames Water- man,' a domestic local drama in three acts (Surrey Theatre, 14 Dec. 1834). 3. 'Richard Plantagenet/ an historical drama in three acts (Victoria Theatre, 1836). 4. ' The Ocean of Life ; or Every Inch a Sailor,' a nautical drama in three acts (Surrey Theatre, 4 April 1836). 5. l Maidens Beware ! ' an original burlettainoneact (Victoria Theatre, January 1837). 6. 'Breakers Ahead ! or a Seaman's Log/ a nautical drama in three acts (Victoria Theatre, 10 April 1837). 7. ' Angeline Le Lis/ an original drama in one act (St. James's Theatre, 29 Sept. 1837). 8. < The Charming Polly ; or Lucky or Unlucky Days/ a drama in two acts (Surrey Theatre, 29 June 1838). 9. ' Alice Grey, the Suspected One ; or the Moral Brand/ a domestic drama in three acts (Surrey Theatre, 1 April 1839), 10 'Nick of the Woods ; or the Altar of Revenge/ a melodrama (Victoria Theatre, 1839). 11. 'The Wizard of the Wave ; or the Ship of the Avenger/ a legendary nautical drama in three acts (Victoria Theatre, 2 Sept. 1840). 12. ' The Yew Tree Ruins ; or the Wreck, the Miser, and the Mines/ a domestic drama in three acts (11 Jan. 1841). 13. ' Ruth ; or the Lass that Loves a Sailor/ a nautical and domestic drama in three acts (Victoria Theatre, 23 Jan. 1843). 14. 'Austerlitz; or the Soldier's Bride/ a melodrama in three acts (Queen's Theatre). 15. 'Amilie; or the Love Test/ an opera in three acts. 16. ' The Wraith of the Lake ; or the Brownie's Brig/ a melo- drama in three acts. 17. ' Rattlin the Reefer ; or the Tiger of the Sea/ a nautical drama in three acts. Haines also adapted and arranged from the French of Scribe and St. Georges the songs, duets, quartettes, recitatives, and choruses in the opera of ' Queen for a Day/ which, set to music by Adolphe Adam, was •first performed at the Surrey Theatre on 14 June 1841.
[Lacy's, Buncombe's, Cumberland's, and Web- ster's Collections of Plays.] Gr. Or.
HAINES or HAYNES, JOSEPH (d.
1701), sometimes called COTJNT HAINES, actor, was educated at the school of St. Martin-in- the-Fields, London, and was sent, at the ex- pense of some gentlemen who were struck by his quickness and capacity, to Queen's Col- lege, Oxford. Here he attracted the atten- tion of Joseph (afterwards Sir Joseph) Wil- liamson, a fellow of the college, who, on being appointed secretary of state, took Haines as his Latin secretary. Dismissed on account of his want of discretion, Haines went with an introduction from his late employer to Cam- bridge, and joined a company of comedians at Stourbridge fair. After some experience as a dancer (AsTOX, Brief Supplement, p. 20), he found his way to the Theatre Royal, where Pepys saw him, 7 May 1668, and spoke of him as the incomparable dancer. He says that Haines had recently joined from the Nur- sery (in Golden Lane, Moorfields). After the Theatre Royal was' burnt in January 1671- 1672 he was sent to Paris by Hart and Killigrew to examine the machinery used in the French operas (MALONE, Historical Ac- count of the English Stage, p. 345). His use- less expenditure during this expedition em- broiled him with Hart. His first recorded part is Benito in Dryden's ' Assignation/ a comic servant, who is an unintentional Mar- plot. This character Dryden is supposed to have written expressly for Haines, who in 1672, as is believed, was the original expo- nent. In 1673 he was the original Sparkish in Wycherley's ' Country Wife/ and in 1674 the first Lord Plausible in the ' Plain Dealer.' The original parts he took previous to the junction of the two »companies in 1682 in- cluded Visconti in Fane's ' Love in the Dark/ 1675, Gregory Dwindle in Leanard's 'Coun- try Innocence/ Harlequin in Ravenscroft's 'Scaramouch a Philosopher/ Sir Simon Cre- dulous in 'Wits led by the Nose' in 1677, Whimer in the ' Man of Newmarket/ by the Hon. E. Howard, and Launce in 'Trick for Trick/ D'Urfey's adaptation of 'Monsieur Thomas,' in 1678. In 1684 he played Bullfinch in the revival of Broome's 'Northern Lass/ in 1685 was the original Bramble in Tate's 'Cuck- old's Haven/ and Hazard in ' Commonwealth of Women/ D'Urfey's alteration of Fletcher's ' Sea Voyage.'
Meanwhile the reputation of Haines for writing and speaking prologues and epilogues bad greatly risen. In 1675 a new prologue and epilogue to ' Every Man out of his Humour/ written by Duffett, was spoken by Haines (LANGBAIKE, English Dramatic Poets,}*. 291). The original epilogue to the ' Island Queens ' of Banks was written by Haines, and was in- tended to be spoken by him, 1684. It contained
B2
Haines
Haines
a line to the effect that players and poets will be ruined
Unless you're pleased to smile upon Count Haines.
The prologue to the ' Commonwealth of Women' was spoken by Haines with a western scythe in his hand in reference to the defeat of Monmouth. Haines's name next appears to the character of Depazzi in a reprint of the ' Traytor,' 1692. In 1693 he was Captain Bluffe in Congreve's 'Old Batchelor.' Next year he was Gines de Passamonte in the first part of D'Urfey's ' Don Quixote,' in 1697 was Syringe in the ' Relapse,' Roger in ' yEsop,' and Rumour in Dennis's ' Plot and no Plot.' The character of Baldernae, called in the dramatis personce a Player in Disguise, in the piece last named, Haines says in the prologue, was intended for himself. In 1699 he was Pamphlet, a bookseller, and Rigadoon, a dancing-master, in Farquhar's ' Love and a Bottle.' The pro- logue and epilogue to this were written and spoken by himself. He was in the same year Tom Errand in Farquhar's 'The Constant Couple.' He also played the Clown in * Othello,' Jamy in ' Sawney the Scot,' and other parts. In 1700 he played the Doctor in Burnaby's ' Reformed Wife,' the cast of which piece Ge- nest had not seen. He died next year. As an actor Haines acquired little reputation. As- ton, however, says that there were two parts, Noll Bluff in the 'Old Batchelor ' and Roger in ' ^Esop,' which none ever touched but Joe Haines, and owns to having copied him in the latter. His fame was due to the delivery of prologues and epilogues, often of his own composition. Many of these he delivered under strange conditions or with the most curious environment. Thus the epilogue to 'Ne- glected Virtue, or the Unhappy Conquerour,' was spoken as a madman. The epilogue to ' Unhappy Kindness ' he spoke in the habit of a horse-officer mounted on an ass. This epilogue is assigned to Haines. It appears, however, in the 1730 edition of Tom Brown's ' Works,' iv. 313, with a print representing Haines and the ass on the front of the stage. This performance was imitated by succeed- ing actors. ' A Fatal Mistake, or the Plot Spoiled,' 4to, 1692 and 1696, is, according to Gildon, attributed to Haines. Genest, who de- clares it a wretched tragedy, supposes Haines
hold that, though the first edition alludes to its having been acted, the statement is scarcely credible. Aston says that Haines kept a droll- booth at Bartholomew fair, at which in 1685 he produced a droll called < The Whore of
Babylon, the Devil, and the Pope.' Haines has a reputation for wit, which his prologues and epilogues hardly justify. His vivacity and animal spirits commended him to aristocratic society, both in England and in France. In- numerable stories, one or two of them of in- describable nastiness, are told concerning him. He personated a peer in France, ran into debt three thousand livres, and narrowly escaped being confined in the Bastille ; was arrested for debt in England, and through a trick obtained the payment of the amount by the Bishop of Ely. Gibber in his 'Apology' calls Haines 'a fellow of wicked wit' (i. 273, ed. Lowe). He appears to have been popular among his fellows and at the Covent Garden, coffee-houses. Tom Brown, in his ' Letters from the Dead to the Living,' gives three let- ters from Haines, whom he calls ' Signior Giu- sippe Hanesio, high German Doctor in Bran- dipolis,' to ' his friends at Wills's coffee-house r (BROWN, Works, ed. 1707, vol. ii. passim). During the reign of James II Haines turned catholic. Quin declares that Lord Sunderland sent for the actor, and questioned him as to his conversion. Haines said, ' As I was lying in my bed, the Virgin appeared to me- and said, "Arise, Joe!"' 'You lie, you rogue,' said the earl ; ' if it had really been the- Virgin herself, she would have said Joseph, if it had only been out of respect for her hus- band ' (DAVIES, Dramatic Miscellany, iii. 267). As Bayes Haines subsequently spoke- in a white sheet a recantation prologue, writ- ten for him by Brown, two lines in which were:
I own my crime of leaving in the lurch
My mother-playhouse ; she's my mother church
(ib. iii. 290). Dryden, in consequence, it is- supposed, of an imaginary dialogue between himself and Haines, written by Brown, says in his epilogue to his version of Fletcher's ' Pilgrim ' (some of the last lines he wrote) :
But neither you, nor we, with all our pains, Can make clean work ; there will be some re- mains,
While you have still your Gates and we our Haines.
He assumed the title of count when tra- velling in France with a gentleman, who, to- enjoy his society, paid his expenses. After a short illness he died 4 April 1701 at his lodgings in Hart Street, Long Acre, and was buried in the churchyard of St. Paul's, Covent Garden.
[Works cited ; Genest's Account of the Stage ; Colley Gibber's Apology, ed. Lowe ; Life of the famous Comedian, Jo Haynes, 1701, 8vo; As- ton's Brief Supplement to Colley Gibber ; Baker*
Haines
Hake
Reed, and Jones's Biographia Dramatica ; Da- vies's Dramatic Miscellanies; Timbs's Handbook to London.] J. K.
HAINES, WILLIAM (1778-1848), en- graver and painter, was born at Bedhampton, Hampshire, on 21 June 1778 ; but taken in infancy to Chichesterhe always regarded that city as his native place. He was educated at the Midhurst grammar school, witnessing while there the destruction by fire of Cow- dray House. Two years after that disaster he was with Thew, the engraver, at Northaw, Hertfordshire, where, when sufficiently profi- cient, he worked with Scriven and others on .the Boydell-Shakespeare plates. In 1800 he went to the Cape of Good Hope ; his ship, outsailed by the convoy , successfully resisting on the voyage an attack by a French priva- teer. At Cape Town and in excursions up .the country he made numerous drawings (Caffres, Hottentots, &c.),resemblingCatlin's later American pictures. From the Cape he passed to Philadelphia, where he engraved a .number of book illustrations (' Johnson's Poets/ ' Bradford's British Classics/ &c.) and .some portraits (Drs. Barton and Rush, Sir W. Jones, Franklin, &c.) Returning to England he commenced (1805) work in Lon- don, adding miniature-painting to his prac- tice as an engraver, which brought him again to Chichester and his connections there. Hayley (for whose ' Life of Romney ' he had engraved a plate) warmly befriended him, and •on his recommendation he proceeded (after his Chichester engagements were concluded) to Southampton, but with little result. Again in London his professional prospects improved ; lie adopted a larger scale, and ultimately .painted in oils. Among his many sitters for miniatures in Boyle Street, Savile Row, where lie resided and built a studio, were Lords Strangford and Portarlington, Lord Fitzroy Somerset (afterwards Lord Raglan), Sir An- drew Barnard, and other Peninsula officers ; vthe Earl of Stanhope (engraved by Reynolds), Sir Charles Forbes, Baron Garrow, Legh, the traveller, Salame, interpreter; Lady Anne Barnard, the Misses Porter, Moore, Theodore Hook, Miss Stephens. He painted portraits dn oils of Buchanan McMillan and Captain (Sir E.) Parry (both engraved by Reynolds). Succeeding to some property he retired to East Brixton, where he died 24 July 1848.
[Personal knowledge.] W. H-s.
HAITE, JOHN JAMES (d. 1874), mu- sical composer, was a useful member of the Society of British Musicians, which produced several of his works. His published compo- sitions in elude many songs; some glees; 'Fa- vourite Melodies as Quintets/ 1865 ; a can-
tata, 'Abraham's Sacrifice/ 1871 ; an oratorio, 1 David and Goliath/ 1880; and a pamphlet, ' Principles of Natural Harmony, being a per- fect System founded upon the Discovery of the true Semitonic Scale/ London, 1855, 4to. [Brown's Biog. Diet. p. 296; Musical Standard , vii. 290 ; Musical Times, xvi. 686; Haite's mu- sical works, Brit. Mus. Library.] L. M. M.
HAKE, EDWARD (/. 1579), satirist, was educated by the Rev. John Hopkins
&. v.], and adopted the profession of the law. e resided for a time in Gray's Inn and Bar- nard's Inn, but does not appear to have been a member of either inn. In 1567 his 'Newes out of Pavles Churcheyarde, A Trappe for Syr Monye/ was entered in the ' Stationers' Re- gister.' No copy of the 1567 edition is known; but the work was reprinted in 1579, ' Newes out of Powles Churchy arie. Now newly renued and amplifyed according to the accidents of the present time, 1579, and otherwise entituled, syr Nummus. Written in English Satyrs. . . . Compyled by E. H., Gent./ &c., 8vo, b.L, 65 leaves. From the dedication to the Earl of Leicester we learn that at this date Hake was under-steward of New Windsor. On 16 Sept. 1576 he was acting as recorder at that town ; in June 1578 he was one of the bailiffs ; on 10 Aug. 1586, the queen being at Windsor was received in state by the corporation, ' when she was ad- dressed by Edward Hake, Mayor, in behalf of the said town ; ' and on 7 Sept. 1586, the queen's birthday, Hake delivered an oration in her honour at the Guildhall (TiGHE and DAVIS, Annals of Windsor}. From 10 Oct. 1588 to 29 March 1589 Hake represented New Windsor in parliament. We do not hear of him after 1604, when he published ' Gold's Kingdom.' He was a puritan, and everywhere shows a keen hatred of Roman catholics. His style is unpolished, but vigo- rous and racy.
Hake wrote: 1. 'Newes out of Powles Churchyarde/ 1579, a very curious and rare work. There is a copy at Lamport Hall, Northamptonshire, the seat of Sir Charles Isham,bart., and another belonged to Heber. A facsimile reproduction, with a valuable pre- face, by Mr. Charles Edmonds, forms part of the ' Isham Reprints/ 1872. The dedicatory verses to the Earl of Leicester are followed by an address 'To the gentle Reader/ in which Hake announces that he does not aspire to rank ' amongst the better sort of english Poetes of our tyme/ his professional duties not affording him opportunities of study. He states that he has corrected in many places the text of the first edition, and has introduced occasional additions. After
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the address to the reader come some Latin elegiacs in the author's praise by John Long, and some English verses headed ' The same to the Citie of London ;' to which succeed fifteen six-line stanzas, 'The Author to the Carping and scornefull Sicophant,' some commenda- tory Latin verses by Richard Matthew, a copy of English verses headed ' The Noueltie of this Booke,' and an engraving of Leicester's arms with a rhymed inscription beneath. The satires, eight in number, take the form of a dialogue between Bertulph and Paul in the aisle of St. Paul's. Clerical and legal abuses are denounced ; physicians, apothecaries, and surgeons fall under notice ; spendthrifts, bank- rupts, bawds, brokers, and usurers are se- verely handled; a protest is made against unlawful Sunday sports, and against the dis- creditable uses to which St. Paul's Cathedral wasput (as aplaceof assignation, &c.) 2. 'The Imitation or Following of Christ, and the Contemning of Worldly Vanities : At the first written by Thomas Kempis, a Dutchman, amended and polished by Sebastianus Castalio, an Italian, and Englished by E. H.,' 1567, 8vo, with a dedication to the Duke of Norfolk ; re- issued in 1568 with the addition of l another pretie treatise, entituled The perpetuall re- ioyce of the godly, euen in this lyfe ' (British Museum). 3. John Long, in his address 'to the Citie of London' (prefixed to 'Newes out of Powles Churchyarde '), mentions a lost tract of Hake entitled ' The Slights of Wanton Maydes.' It must have been written in or be- fore 1568, in which year Turberville alluded to it in his ' Plaine Path to Perfect Vertue.' 4. 'A Touchestone for this Time Present, expresly declaring such mines, enormities, and abuses as trouble the Churche of God and our Christian common wealth at this daye. Wherevnto is annexed a perfect rule to be obserued of all Parents and Scholemaisters, in the trayning vp of their Schollers and Children in learning. Newly set forth by E. H./ 1574, b.l., 8vo, 52 leaves. Prefixed is a dedicatory epistle ' To his knowne friende mayster Edward Godfrey, Merchaunt ; ' then comes ' A Touchestone for this Time Present,' in prose, which is followed by ' A Compen- dious fourme of Education.' In the 'Touche- stone ' Hake inveighs against the vices of the clergy, and censures parents for their careless training of children. The ' Compen- dious fourme/ an abridged metrical render- ing of a Latin tract, ' De pueris statim ac liberaliter instituendis,' consists of a series of quaint dialogues on the education of children. In a dedicatory epistle (to John Harlowe) the author states that ' being tied vnto soly- tarinesse in the countrey,' he had translated the tract for recreation, and that he had em-
ployed verse because it is more easily written than prose. The copy of this work in the Bodleian Library is supposed to be unique. 5. 'A Commemoration of the Most Prosperous and Peaceable Raigne of our Gratious and Deere Soueraigne Lady Elizabeth ' (dated 17 Nov. 1575), b.l., 8vo, 20 leaves (Brit. Museum), mixed verse and prose, has a de- dicatory epistle, dated from Barnard's Innr ' To the worshipfull, his verie louing Cowsen M. Edward Eliotte Esquier, the Queenes Maiesties Surueyour of all her Honours, . . . and possessions within her highnes County of Essex.' Park reprinted this tract in his sup- plement to the ' Harleian Miscellany ,'ix. 123,, &c. 6. 'A loyfull Continuance of the Com- memoration. . . . Nowe newly enlarged with an exhortation applyed to this present time r (dated 17 Nov. 1578), 8vo, 24 leaves. There- is a copy in Lambeth Palace Library ; it is a reprint, with additions of the ' Commemora- tion.' 7. 'Dauids Sling against Great Goliah. ... By E. H.,' 1580, 16mo, mentioned in Maunsell's ' Catalogue,' may be a lost work of Hake. 8. 'An Oration conteyning an Ex- postulation . . . now newly imprinted this xvij. day of Nouember' (1587), b.l., 4to, 16 leaves (Lambeth Palace), reprinted in vol. ii. of Nichols's ' Progresses of Que*en Elizabeth,' is the oration spoken by Hake on the queen's birthday, 7 Sept. 1586, in the Guildhall, New Windsor. It was dedicated to the Countess of Warwick, by whom the author had been ' often reuiued and singulerly comforted/
9. 'The Touche-Stone of Wittes,' 1588, is ascribed to Hake by Warton (Hist. EngL Poetry, ed. Hazlitt, iv. 203-4), who had cer- tainly seen it, but no copy is now known.
10. ' Of Golds Kingdome, and this Vnhelping- Age. Described in sundry Poems inter- mixedly placed after certaine other Poems of more speciall respect : And ... an Oration . . . intended to have been deliuered . . . vnto the Kings Maiesty,' &c., 1604, b.l., 4to, 33 leaves, dedicated to Edward Vaughan? was written in London when the plague was raging. The chief topic is the power of gold> but reflections in prose -and verse on many other subjects are introduced. 11. Lansdowne MS. 161 contains three articles by Hake. He is praised in Richard Robinson's ' Rewarde of Wickednesse ' (1574).
[Mr.Charles Edmonds's Introduction to Newes out of Powles Churchyarde, Isliam Reprints, 1872.] A.H.B.
HAKEWILL, GEORGE (1578-1649), divine, was third son of John Hakewill, merchant, of Exeter, who married Thomazin, daughter of John Peryam ; he was therefore a younger brother of William Hakewill [q. v.]
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George was born in the parish of St. Mary Arches, Exeter, was baptised in its church on 25 Jan. 1577-8, and was trained for the university in the grammar school. Sir John Peryam, who built the common room staircase next the hall of Exeter College, Oxford, was his uncle, and Sir Thomas Bodley was a near kinsman. Hakewill, as their re- lative and a Devonian, went to Oxford, ma- triculating as commoner of St. Alban Hall on 15 May 1595. In the following year (30 June) he was elected to a fellowship at Exeter College, on account, says Wood, of his skill as a disputant and orator. He gra- duated B.A. on 6 July 1599 ; M.A. 29 April 1002; B.D. 27 March 1610 (for which he was allowed to count eight terms spent abroad) ; and D.D. 2 July 1611. He resigned his fellowship on 30 June 1611 . After taking his bachelor's degree he applied himself to the study of philosophy and divinity, and entered holy orders. His reading was very extensive, and to further improve his mind he obtained from his college leave to travel be- yond the seas for four years from 1604. He 'passed one whole winter' among the Calvin- ists at Heidelberg (Answer to Dr. Carter, 1616, p. 29). Soon after his return to England he became noted for his talents in preaching and controversy, and in December 1612, when Prince Charles had by his brother's death be- come heir to the throne, 'two sober divines, Hackwell and another,' says one of Carle- ton's correspondents, l are placed with him and ordered never to leave him,' to protect him from the inroads of popery. This chap- laincy Hakewill retained for many years, and on 7 Feb. 1617 he was collated to the archdeaconry of Surrey. Lack of higher pre- ferment was doubtless due to his anti-sacer- dotal views on religion, and his opposition to the projected Spanish marriage of Prince Charles. Hakewill wrote a treatise against the Spanish match while the negotiations were in progress, and presented his composi- tion to the prince without the king's know- ledge. Weldon, who did not love the Stuarts, says that the author, in handing his tract to the prince, added, * If you show it to your father I shall be undone for my good will.' Charles promised to keep the secret, but ob- tained from Hakewill the information that Archbishop Abbot and Murray, the prince's tutor, had already seen it. Within two hours, continues Weldon, Charles gave the work to the king, and Hakewill, Abbot, and Murray were disgraced and banished from the court. Andrewes, bishop of Winchester (according to the ' State Papers '), was ordered by James I to answer Hakewill's arguments.
Hakewill's private means must have been
considerable, for on 11 March 1623 he laid the foundation-stone of a new chapel at Exeter College, which he built at a cost of 1,200/. It was consecrated on 5 Oct. 1624, ' the day when Prince Charles returned from beyond the seas ; ' and Prideaux, the rector, preached the consecration sermon, and afterwards pub- lished it with a dedication to Hakewill, who was lauded for his generosity, though ' not preferred as many are, and having two sonnes [John and George, says the side-note] of his owne to provide for otherwise.' To this gift Hakewill added the sum of 30/. in order that a sermon might be preached every year on the anniversary of the consecration-day. Many years later, on 23 Aug. 1642, he was elected to the rectorship of Exeter College, and al- though he was for some time absent from Oxford through illness, he kept the place until his death, and was not disturbed by the parliamentary visitors to Oxford. On the nomination of Arthur Basset he was pre- sented to the rectory of Heanton Purchardon, near Barnstaple, where he lived quietly during the civil war. Hakewill died at this rectory house on 2 April 1649, and was buried in the chancel on 5 April, a memorial-stone with incription being placed on his grave. In his last will he desired that his body should be buried in the chapel of Exeter College, or that at least his heart should be placed under the communion-table, near the desk where the bible rested, with the inscription ' Cor meum ad te Domine.' These directions were not carried out, but his arms were represented on the roof of the chapel and on the screens, and in the east window was an inscription to his memory ; they were destroyed when the pre- sent chapel was built. He left the college his portrait, painted ' to the life in his doc- torial formalities.' It was placed at first in the organ loft at the east end of the aisle, joining the south side of the chapel, and was afterwards removed to the college hall. An engraving of it was published by Harding in 1796. A second portrait, of earlier date, the property of Mr. W. Cotton, F.S. A., of Exeter, is described in the ' Devonshire Association Transactions,' xvi. 157. Hakewill married, in June 1615, Mary Ayres, widow, of Barn- staple (ViviAN, Marriage Licences, p. 46). She was buried at Barnstaple on 5 May 1618 ; by her Ilakewill had two sons, buried at Exeter college, and a daughter, who married and left descendants.
Hakewill is mentioned by Boswell (Hill's ed. i. 219) as one of the great writers who helped to form Johnson's style. His works are: 1. 'The Vanitie of the Eie. First be- ganne for the comfort of a gentlewoman be- reaved of her sight and since upon occasion
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inlarged/ displaying wide reading. The second edition came out at Oxford by J. Barnes in 1608, and the third in 1615; another impres- sion, erroneously called the second edition, is dated in 1633. 2. ' Scvtvm regium, id est Adversvs omnes regicidas et regicidarvm patronos. In tres libros diuisus,' London, 1612; another edition, 1613. 3. 'The Aun- cient Ecclesiasticall practice of Confirma- tion,' 1613, which was written for the prince's confirmation in Whitehall Chapel on Easter Monday in that year, London, 1613. 4. ' An Answer to a Treatise written by Dr. Carier,' London, 1616. Benjamin Carier [q. v.] argued in favour of the church of Rome. 5. ' King David's Vow for Reformation, delivered in twelve Sermons, before the Prince his High- nesse,' 1621. 6. 'A comparison betweene the dayes of Purim and that of the Powder Treason,' 1626. 7. ' An Apologie ... of the power and providence of God. in the govern- ment of the world ... in foure bookes, by G. H., D.D.,' 1627, although begun long pre- viously. Another edition, revised, but sub- stantially the same, appeared with his name in full on the title-page in 1630, and the third edition, much enlarged, with an addition of 1 two entire books not formerly published,' came out in 1635. The author complained that a mangled translation into Latin of the first edition was made by one f Johannes Jonstonus, a Polonian ; ' was published at Amsterdam, 1632, and was translated back into English in 1657. Hakewill here argued •against a prevalent opinion that the world and man were decaying, as set forth by Bishop •Godfrey Goodman [q. v.] in his 'Fall of Man,' 1616. Goodman replied with * Arguments and Animadversions on Dr. G. Hakewill's Apology ; ' and the additional matter in the 1635 edition of Hakewill's 'Apology 'mainly consisted of the arguments and replies of the t;wo controversialists. Manuscript versions •of Hakewill's arguments against the bishop, differing in many respects from the printed passages, are in Ashmolean MSS. 1284 and 1510. The ' Apology ' was selected as a thesis for the philosophical disputation at the Cambridge commencement of 1628, when Milton wrote Latin hexameters, headed ' Na- turam non pati Senium/ for the respondent to be distributed during the debate. Pepys (3 Feb. 1667) 'fell to read a little' in it, •* and did satisfy myself mighty fair in the truth of the saying that the world do not grow old at all.' Dugald Stewart praised Hakewill's book as 'the production of an uncommonly liberal and enlightened mind well stored with various and choice learn- ing.' 8. ' A Sermon preached at Barnstaple upon occasion of the late happy success of
God's Church in forraine parts. By G. H.,' 1632. 9. ' Certaine Treatises of Mr. John Downe ' [q. v.], 1633, edited by Hakewill, with a funeral sermon on Downe, ' a neere neighbour and deere friend,' and a letter from Bishop Hall to Hakewill printed also in Hall's works (ed. 1839). 10. 'A Short but Cleare Discourse of the Institution, Dignity, and End of the Lord's Day,' 1641. 11. 'A Dissertation with Dr. Heylyn touching the pretended Sacrifice in the Eucharist,' 1641. Heylyn wrote a manuscript reply, and Dr. George Hickes [q. v.] answered it in print in ' Two Treatises, one of the Christian Priest- hood, the other of the Dignity of the Episco- pal Order ' (3rd ed. 1711). Hakewill is sometimes said to have been the 'G. H.' who translated from the French ' Anti-Coton, or a refutation of [Pierre] Coton's letter de- clarative for the apologising of the Jesuites doctrine touching the killing of Kings,' 1611. He translated into Latin the life of Sir Thomas Bodley, and he wrote a treatise, never printed, 'rescuing Dr. John Rainolds and other grave divines from the vain assaults of Heylyn touching the history of St. George, pretendedly by him asserted,' and the views of Hakewill, Reynolds, and others on this matter are referred to in Heylyn's ' History of St. George of Cappadocia,' bk. i. chap. iii. A letter from him to Ussher is in Richard Parr's 'Life and Letters of Ussher,' 1686, pp. 398-9, and two Latin letters to him are in Ashmol. MS. 1492. Lloyd, in his ' Me- moirs' (1677 ed.), p. 640, attributes to Hake- will ' An exact Comment on the 101 Psalm to direct Kings how to govern their courts.' Fulman (Corpus Christi Coll. Oxf. MSS. cccvii.) absurdly assigns to him ' Delia, con- tayning certayne Sonnets. With the com- plaints of Rosamond,' 1592, the work of Samuel Daniel [q. v.]
[Vivian's Visit, of Devon, p. 437'; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 253-7, 558-60; Wood's Fasti, i. 281, 296, 339, 344; Wood's Univ. of Oxford (Gutch), ii. 314 ; Wood's Colleges and Halls (Gutch), pp. 108, 113, 117, 121; Prince's Worthies, pp. 449-54 ; Boase's Reg. of Exeter Coll. pp. Ixiv, 53, 62, 64, 67, 101, 210; Reg. Univ. Oxf. ii. i. 132, 208, ii. 209, iii. 216 (Oxf. Hist. Soc.); Camden's Annals, James I, sub 1621 ; Halkett and Laing's Anon. Lit. pp. 132, 2334; Burrows's Reg. of Visitors of Oxford Univ. pp. Ixxv, Ixxxii, 218, 500; Cal. of State Papers, 1603-23; Pepys, ed. Bright, iv. 225 ; Masson's Milton, i. 171-2 ; Black's Cat. of Ashmolean MSS. pp. 1044, 1373, 1413.] W. P. C.
HAKEWILL, HENRY (1771-1830), architect, eldest son of John Hakewill [q.v.J, was born on 4 Oct. 1771. He was a pupil of John Yenn, R.A., and also studied at the
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Royal Academy, where in 1790 lie obtained a silver medal for a drawing of the Strand front of Somerset House. His first works were for Mr. Harenc at Foots Cray, Kent ; subsequently he designed Rendlesham House, Suffolk, Cave Castle, Yorkshire, and many other fine mansions. In 1809 he was ap- pointed architect to Rugby School, and de- signed the Gothic buildings and chapel there. He was also architect to the Radcliffe trustees at Oxford, and to the benchers of the Middle Temple. Among the churches built by him were Wolverton Church, the first church of St. Peter, Eaton Square (since burnt down, and re-erected by his son from his drawings), and the ugly tower of St. Anne's, Soho. Hakewill wrote an account of the Roman villa discovered at Northleigh, Oxfordshire, first published in Skelton's* Antiquities,' and reissued separately in 1826. On 14 Nov. 1804 he married Anne Sarah, daughter of the Rev. Edward Frith of North Cray, Kent, and died 13 March 1830, leaving seven child- ren, including two sons, John Henry and Edward Charles, noticed below, and a daugh- ter, Elizabeth Caroline, married to Edward Browell of Feltham, Middlesex.
HAKEWILL, JOHN HENEY (1811-1880), architect, son of the above, was architect of Stowlangtofb Hall,' Suffolk, the hospital at Bury St. Edmunds/ and of some churches at Yarmouth. He died in 1880, aged 69.
HAKEWILL, EDWAED CHAELES (1812- 1872), architect, younger son of the above, was a student in the Royal Academy, and in 1831 became a pupil of Philip Hard- wick, R. A. [q. v.] On setting up for himself he built and designed churches at Stonham Aspall and Grundisburgh, Suffolk, South Hackney, and St. James's, Clapton. He was appointed a metropolitan district surveyor, but retired in 1867, and settled in Suffolk. He died 9 Oct. 1872. In 1851 he published 'The Temple: an Essay on the Ark, the Tabernacle, and the Temple of Jerusalem.'
[Diet, of Architecture ; Kedgrave's Diet, of Artists ; private information.] L. C.
HAKEWILL, JAMES (1778-1843), architect, second son of John Hakewill [q. v.], born 1778, was brought up as an architect, and exhibited some designs at the Royal Academy. He is best known for his illustrated publica- tions. In 1813 he published a series of ' Views of the Neighbourhood of Windsor, &c.,' with engravings by eminent artists from his own drawings. In 1816-17 he travelled in Italy, and on his return published in parts *A Picturesque Tour of Italy,' in which some of his own drawings were finished into pictures for engraving by J. M. W.
Turner, R. A. In 1820-1 he visited Jamaica, and subsequently published ' A Picturesque Tour in the Island of Jamaica,' from his own drawings. In 1828 he published ' Plans, Sections, and Elevations of the Abattoirs in Paris, with considerations for their adoption in London.' He also published a small tract on Elizabethan architecture. He was en- gaged in some works at High Legh and Tatton, Cheshire, and in 1836 was a com- petitor for the erection of the new houses of parliament. Hakewill is also supposed to be the author of ' Cselebs suited, or the Stanley Letters,' in 1812. He was collecting ma- terials for a work on the Rhine when he died in London, 28 May 1843. He married in 1807, at St. George's, Hanover Square, Maria Catherine, daughter of W. Browne of Green Street, Grosvenor Square, herself a well- known portrait-painter, and a frequent ex- hibitor at the Royal Academy, who died in 1842. He left four sons, Arthur William, Henry James, Frederick Charles, a portrait- painter, and Richard Whitworth.
HAKEWILL, AETHTJR WILLIAM (1808- 1856), architect, the eldest son, born in 1808, was educated under his father, and in 1826 became a pupil of Decimus Burton. He was best known as a writer and lecturer. In
1835 he published ' An Apology for the Architectural Monstrosities of London ; J in
1836 a treatise on perspective ; in 1851 l Il- lustrations of Thorpe Hall, Peterborough/ and l Modern Tombs ; Gleanings from the Cemeteries of London,' besides other archi- tectural works. He died 19 June 1856, having married in 1848 Jane Sanders of Northhill, Bedfordshire.
HAKEWILL, HENEY JAMES (1813-1834), sculptor, the second son of James Hakewill, was born in St. John's Wood, London, 11 April 1813. He early showed a taste for sculpture, and in 1830 and 1832 exhibited at the Royal Academy, when his sculptures attracted notice. He died 13 March 1834.
[Diet, of Architecture; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; private information.] L. C.
HAKEWILL, JOHN (1742-1791), painter and decorator, son of William Hake- will, the great-grandson of William Hakewill [q. v.], master of chancery, was born 27 Feb. 1742. His father was foreman to James Thorn- hill the younger, serjeant-painter. Hakewill studied under SamuelWale [q.v.], and worked in the Duke of Richmond's gallery. In 1763 he gained a premium from the Society of Arts for a landscape drawing, and in 1764 another for a drawing from the antique in the duke's gallery. In 1771 he gained a silver palette
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for landscape-painting. He exhibited at the Society of Artists exhibition in Spring Gar- dens a portrait and a ' conversation ' piece in 1765, and a landscape in 1766. In 1769, 1772, 1773 he was again an exhibitor, chiefly of portraits. His work had some merit, but he lacked perseverance, and devoted himself to house decoration. He painted many de- corative works at Blenheim, Charlbury, Marl- borough House, Northumberland House, &c. Hakewill married in 1770 Anna Maria Cook, and died 21 Sept. 1791, of a palsy, leaving eight children (surviving of fifteen). Three sons, Henry [q.v.], James [q.v.],and George [q.v.], were architects. A daughter Caro- line married Charles Smith, by whom she was mother of Edward James Smith [q. v.], sur- veyor to the ecclesiastical commissioners.
[Edwards's Anecdotes of Painters ; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880; Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists ; private information.] L. C.
HAKEWILL, WILLIAM (1574-1655), legal antiquary, eldest son and heir of John ' Hakewill, and brother of George Hakewill [q. v.], was born in the parish of St. Mary Arches, Exeter. He sojourned at Exeter Col- lege, Oxford, for a short time in 1600, but left without a degree. He entered himself at Lin- coln's Inn, where he studied the common law, and also took to politics. Several Cornish constituencies, Bossiney in 1601, Michell in 1604-11, and Tregony in 1614 and 1621-2, elected him in turn. He acquired considerable property in Buckinghamshire, dwelling at Bucksbridge House, near Wendover, which passed to his descendants. His influence there was strengthened by his appointment, in con- junction with Sir Jerome Horsey, as receiver for the duchy of Lancaster, in Berkshire,Buck- inghamshire, and adjoining counties. When examining the parliamentary writs in the Tower of London, he discovered that three Buckinghamshire boroughs, Amersham, Mar- low, and Wendover, had formerly returned members to parliament, but that they had allowed the privilege to lapse. At his sug- gestion they claimed their rights, and from 1625 they were recognised. Amersham re- turned him as its member in 1628, but after the dissolution of parliament in 1629 he re- tired from parliamentary life. Hakewill was one of the two executors of his kinsman, Sir Thomas Bodley [q. v.], and one of the chief mourners at the funeral at Oxford on 29 March 1613, the day after which he was, by a special grace, created M.A. of the university. In 1614 Hakewill was one of six lawyers — 'men not overwrought with practice, and yet learned and diligent, and conversant in re- ports and records ' — appointed to revise the
existing laws. When the government re- quired money in 1615, he proposed to raise it by a general pardon on payment by each de- - linquent of 5Z. The proposal was definitely rejected after two months' consideration. In May 1617 he was made solicitor-general to the queen, but he had ' for a long time taken much pains in her business, wherein she hath done well.' In 1621, during the attacks on monopolies, he and Noy were deputed to search for precedents in the Tower, but his labours did not give general satisfaction, In January 1622 he was arrested with Pym and Sir Robert Phillips for some offence in parliament. He was elected Lent reader of his inn in 1624, and was one of its chief benchers for nearly thirty years ; his coat of arms was set up in the west window of its chapel. He served in 1627 on a commission for inquiring into the offices which existed in the eleventh year of Queen Elizabeth's reign, and into the fees levied therein, and he was included in the large commission for the repair of St. Paul's Cathedral (April 1631), when he showed so much interest in its re- storation that he was appointed on the smaller working committee in 1634. He was a great student of legal antiquity, and a master of precedents. In politics he sided with the parliament, and took the covenant. In April 1647 he was appointed a master of chancery, and was nominated by both houses to sit with the commissioners of the great seal to hear causes. He died, aged 81, on 31 Oct. 1655, and was buried in Wendover Church, where are inscriptions on marble to him and his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Henry Wodehouse of Wexham, Norfolk, a sister of Sir Robert Killigrew's wife, and a niece of Bacon. She was married about May 1617, and died 25 June 1652, aged 54; John Hakewill (1742-1791) [q. v.] was a great-grandson.
Hakewill was the author of ' The Libertie of the Subject against the pretended Power of Imposition maintained by an Argument in Parliament anno 7° Jacobi regis,' Lond. 1641. Copies are among the Exeter College MSS., No. cxxviii., British Museum Addit. MSS. 25271, Lansdowne MSS., No. 490, and Har- leian MSS. No. 1578. His argument con- troverted the power of the king to raise money by charges, fixed by the royal prerogative on imports and exports, and Hallam asserts that f though long, it will repay ' perusal as ( a very luminous and masterly statement of this great argument.' The tract is inserted in Howell's ' State Trials,' ii. 407-75, and in Hargrave's edition, xi. 36, &c., with remarks by the editor. Hargrave owned the copy of the work now in the British Museum, and it contains copious notes by him. Hakewill's
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second work was ( The Manner how Statutes are enacted in Parliament by passing of Bills. Collected many yeares past out of the Jour- nails of the House of Commons. By W. Hake will. Together with a catalogue of the Speakers' names/ 1641. It had been in manu- script for many years, and numerous copies had gradually got abroad. One, ' the falsest written of all,' was without his knowledge printed very carelessly. This was no doubt the anonymous volume entitled ' The Manner of holding Parliaments in England . . . with the Order of Proceeding to Parliament of King Charles, 13 April 1640,' 1641. Hake- will's publication was much enlarged in ' Mo- dus tenendi Parliamentum . . . together with the Privileges of Parliament and the Manner how Lawes are there enacted by passing of Bills,' 1659, which was reprinted in 1671. He was a member about 1600 of the first So- ciety of Antiquaries, and two papers by him, 1 The Antiquity of the Laws of this Island ' and ' Of the Antiquity of the Christian 'Re- ligion in this Island,' are printed in Hearne's 'Collection of Curious Discourses,' 1720 and 1771 editions. A treatise by Hakewill on 'A Dispute between the younger Sons of Viscounts and Barons against the claims of Baronets to Precedence' was among the manuscripts of Sir Henry St. George (BERNARD, Cat. ii. fol. 112). His argument ' that such as sue in chancery to be relieved of the judgments given at common law are not within the danger of " praemunire," ' is in Lansdowne MS. No. 174 ; his speech in parliament 1 May 1628 is in the Harleian MS. No. 161 ; and his correspondence with John Bainbridge [q. v.], the astronomer, re- mains at Trinity College, Dublin (Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. p. 594). He compiled and presented to the queen a dissertation on the nature and custom of aurum reginse, or the queen's gold, a duty paid temp. Edward IV by most of the judges, serjeants-at-law, and great men of the realm. Copies are among the Exeter College MSS., No. cvi.,,Addit. MS. British Museum 25255, and at the Record Office.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 231-2 ; Wood's Fasti, i. 354; Prince's Worthies, pp. 449- 451; Cal. of State Papers, 1603-43; Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. p. 594 ; British Magazine and Review, 1782; Hallam's Constit. Hist. (7th ed.), i. 319 ; Lipscomb's Buckinghamshire, ii. 478, 482, 490; Courtney's Parl. Hist, of Cornwall, pp. 169, 302, 325 ; Spedding's Bacon, vol. v. of Life, p. 86, vi. 71, 208, vii. 187, 191, 203.1
W. P. C.
^ HAKLUYT, RICHARD (1552 P-1616), geographer, of a family possibly of Dutch origin, but settled for several centuries in
Herefordshire, where the name appears on the list of sheriffs as early as the time of Edward II, was born about 1552 (CHESTER, London Marriage Licenses}, and after an early education at Westminster School, was in 1 570 elected to a studentship at Christ Church, Ox- ford, where he graduated B. A. 19 Feb. 1574, and M.A. 27 Jan. 1577. He appears to have- taken holy orders at the usual age. While still a boy at Westminster his attention had been turned to geography and the history of discovery. This study he had pursued with avidity while at Oxford, reading, as he tells us himself, ' whatever printed or written dis- coveries and voyages I found extant, either in Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, Portugal,. French, or English languages,' and some time after taking his degree he lectured on these subjects, perhaps at Oxford ( JONES, p. 6). He claims to have first shown in these lec- tures ' the new, lately reformed maps, globes, spheres, and other instruments of this art, for demonstration in the common schools.' In 1582 he published his ' Divers Voyages touch- ing the Discovery of America,' a work which would seem to have secured for him the patronage of Lord Howard of Effingham, then lord admiral, whose brother-in-law, Sir Ed- ward Stafford, going to France in 1583 as English ambassador, appointed Hakluyt hi& chaplain.
In Paris he found new opportunities of col- lecting information as to Spanish and French. voyages, ' making,' he says, ' diligent enquiry of such things as might yield any light unto> our western discovery in America.' These researches he embodied in ' A particular Dis- course concerning Western Discoveries,' writ- ten in 1584, but first printed in 1877, in Col- lections of the Maine Historical Society. A copy of this presented to the queen procured him the reversion of a prebendal stall at Bristol, to which he succeeded in 1586. He- remained in Paris, however, for two years- longer, and in 1586 interested himself in the publication of the journal of Laudonniere, which he translated and published in London under the title of ' A notable History, con- taining four Voyages made by certain French Captains into Florida,' 1587, 4to; and the same year there was published in Paris ' De Orbe Novo Petri Martyris Anglerii, Decades Octo, illustrates labore et industria Ricardi Hakluyti.' [Translated by Michael Lok, London, 1612, 4to.] In 1588 he returned to- England in company with Lady Sheffield, Lord Howard's sister, and in 1589 published ' The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation made by Sea or over land to the most remote and farthest distant quarters of the earth, at
See Notes and Queries^ cxlvi. 335, for details of his ancestry.
Hakluyt
12
Halcomb
any time within the compass of these 1500 yeares' [sm. fol. in one vol.], to the 'burden' and ' huge toil' of which he was, he tells us, incited byhearing and reading while in France, •* other nations miraculously extolled for their discoveries and notable enterprises by sea, but the English of all others for their sluggish security and continual neglect of the like attempts, either ignominiously reported or ingly condemned, and finding few or
excet
none of "our own men able to reply herein, and not seeing any man to have care to recommend to the world the industrious labours and painful travels of our country- men.'
This one volume, which was dedicated to Sir Francis Walsingham, was the germ, or, as it is commonly called, the first edition, of the much larger and better known work which he published some ten years later, under a title almost identical in its general statement, but differing in the details [3 vols. sm. fol. 1598-1600]. The first volume, pub- lished in 1598, contained an account of the expedition to Cadiz in 1596, which, after Essex's disgrace, Hakluyt deemed inadvisable, or was directed, to suppress. As the title of this first volume contained the words, ' and lastly the memorable defeate of the Spanish huge Armada, anno 1588, and the famous victorie atchieved at the citie of Cadiz, 1596, are described,' this title was cancelled, and for the above sentence was substituted ' As also the memorable defeat of the Spanish huge Armada, anno 1588.' This new title- page (having some other minor alterations) bears date 1599, and has given rise to the erroneous notion that there was a second edi- tion of the first volume then published : it is much the more common, and is the one -copied, in facsimile, in the catalogue of the York Gate Library (1886), and verbally in the modern editions, so called, of 1809 and 1884. In April 1590 Hakluyt was appointed to the rectory of Wetheringsett in Suffolk, and here he seems to have resided during the years he was compiling and arranging his great work.
In May 1602 he was appointed prebendary of Westminster, and archdeacon in the fol- lowing year : in 1604 he was one of the chap- lains of the Savoy (CHESTER). He was still occupied with his geographical studies ; in 1601 he is named as advising to ' set down in writing a note of the principal places in the East Indies where trade is to be had,' for the use of the committee of the East India Com- pany, and supplied maps (STEVENS, Dawn of British Trade to the East Indies, pp. 123, 143). In 1606 he was one of the chief promoters of the petition to the king for patents for the colonisation of Virginia, and was afterwards
one of the chief adventurers in the London or South Virginian Company. His last publica- tion was a translation from the Portuguese of the travels and discoveries of Ferdinand de Soto, under the title of ' Virginia richly valued,' 1609, 4to. He died on 23 Nov. 1616, and on the 26th was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Hakluyt was twice married, first in or about 1594, and again in March 1604, when he was described in the license as having been a widower about seven years, and as aged about fifty-two (CHESTER). He left one son, who is said to have squandered his in- heritance and to have discredited his name. Mr. Froude has aptly called Hakluyt's ' Prin- cipal Navigations' 'the prose epic of the modern English nation,' ' an invaluable trea- sure of material for the history of geography, discovery, and colonisation,' and a collection of 'the heroic tales of the exploits of the great men in whom the new era was in- augurated' (FROTJDE, Short Studies on Great Subjects, i. 446). Besides his published works Hakluyt left a large collection of manuscripts, sufficient, it is said, to have formed a fourth volume as large as any of the three of the ' Principal Navigations.' Several of these fell into the hands of Purchas, who incorpo- rated them in an abridged form in his ' Pil- grimes/ whose engraved title-page opens with the words ( Hakluytus Postumus ;' others are preserved at Oxford in the Bodleian Library.
[Material for the life of Hakluyt — chiefly de- rived from the dedications and prefaces to his works, more especially from the dedication to Walsingham of the Principall Navigations of 1589, and of the first volume of the enlarged edition of 1598 — is collected in the article by Oldys, in the Biographia Britannica ; in the in- troduction, by J. Winter Jones, to the Hakluyt Society's edition of the Divers Voyages touching the Discovery of America, and in the article by C. H. Coote in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. See also Wood's Athenae Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 186 ; Fuller's Worthies of England, Herefordshire, and Oxf.Univ. Keg., (Oxf. Hist. Soc.)n. iii. 39, where the name is given with eight different spellings, one of which is Hacklewight.] J. K. L.
HALCOMB, JOHN (1790-1852), ser- jeant-at-law, born in 1790, studied law in chambers with the future judges John Patte- son and John Taylor Coleridge, was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, and went the western circuit. Halcomb, after several failures, was elected conservative member for Dover in 1831. He took some position in the house, but on the dissolution of parliament in 1835 lost his seat. In 1839 he was made ser- jeant-at-law, but his political ambition seems to have spoiled his career at the bar, for he
Haldane
Haldane
did not realise the high, expectations formed of him. He died at New Radnor on 3 Nov. 1852, leaving a widow and four sons.
Halcomb wrote : 1. ' A Report of the Trials ... in the causes of Rowe versus Grenfell, &c.,' 1826, as to questions regarding copper mines in Cornwall. 2. { A Practical Measure of Relief from the present system of the Poor Law. Submitted to the con- sideration of Parliament,' 1826. 3. ' A prac- tical Treatise on passing Private Bills through both Houses of Parliament,' 1836.
[Law Times, 13 Nov. 1852, p. 95.] F . W-T.
HALDANE, DANIEL RUTHERFORD
(1824-1887), physician, son of James Alex- ander Haldane [q.v.] by his second wife, Margaret Rutherford, daughter of Professor Daniel Rutherford [q. v.], was born in 1824 and educated at the high school and univer- sity of Edinburgh. After graduating M.D. in 1848 he studied in Vienna and Paris, and on his return lectured on medical jurispru- dence and pathology in the extra-mural school at Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh. He succeeded Dr. Alexander Wood as teacher of medicine at Surgeons' Hall, and he was also physician to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. He was an excellent teacher and very popular with students. He was successively secretary and president of the Edinburgh College of Physi- cians, and represented the college on the gene- ral medical council on Dr. Wood's retirement. At the tercentenary of the university of Edin- burgh the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him. His death, on 12 April 1887, was the result of an accidental fall on ice on the pre- vious Christmas-day.
[Scotsman, 13 April 1887.] &. T. B.
HALDANE, JAMES ALEXANDER
(1768-1851), religious writer, youngest and posthumous son of Captain James Haldane of Airthrey House, Stirlingshire, and Kathe- rine, daughter of Alexander Duncan of Lun- die, Forf arshire , and sister of the first Viscount Duncan, was born at Dundee on 14 July 1768. His father dying in 1768 and his mother in 1774, he was brought up under the care of his grandmother, Lady Lundie, and his uncles. After attending Dundee grammar school and the high school of Edinburgh he entered Edinburgh University in 1781, and attended the arts classes for three sessions. In 1785 he became a midshipman on board the Duke of Montrose, East Indiaman. He made four voyages in her to India and China. During the last he was second officer. An intimacy which, in conjunction with his brother Robert [q. v.], he contracted with David Bo^ue of Gosport [q. v.], made a deep impression on
him, and in 1794 he abandoned the sea and settled in Edinburgh. He began shortly after- wards to hold religious meetings. In spite of the opposition which the then novel practice of lay preaching excited, he began in 1797 to- make extensive evangelistic tours over Scot- land, preaching wherever opportunity offered, often to large audiences. Encouraged by his success, in the end of 1797 he established in Edinburgh the Society for Propagating the Gospel at Home, a non-sectarian organisation chiefly intended for the promotion of itinerant preaching and tract distribution. Hitherto he had been a member of the Church of Scot- land, but in January 1799, along with his brother and others, he founded a congrega- tional church in Edinburgh, of which he was ordained pastor on 3 Feb. 1799, thus be- coming the first minister of the first congrega- tional church in Scotland. He declined to receive any salary for his services, and the entire congregational income was devoted to the support of the Society for Propagating the- Gospel at Home. At first he preached in a large circus, but in 1801 his brother built him. in Leith Walk a tabernacle seated for three thousand persons, and here he officiated till his death, still spending, however, much time every year in itinerant work. In 1808 he embraced baptist sentiments, and this along with other changes in his views caused a serious rupture not only in his church, but throughout the whole congregational body in Scotland, and was the occasion of much bitter controversy. He and his brother, how- ever, still devoted themselves to the advance- ment of religion all over the country, and re- tained the confidence of good men everywhere. In 1811 he published a treatise, suggested by the dissensions which had vexed him, entitled ' The Duty of Christian Forbearance in regard to points of Church Order.' Its issue involved him in another controversy, the Rev. Wil- liam Jones, a baptist minister in London, and others, replying to it, and Haldane publishing a rejoinder to their strictures. There was scarcely an important religious controversy in his time in which he did not take a part.. Against the Walkerites he published in 1819 ' Strictures on a publication upon Primitive Christianity by Mr. John Walker, formerly- fellow of Dublin College.' The Irvingite movement called forth a l Refutation of the Heretical Doctrines promulgated by the Rev., Edward Irving respecting the Person and Atonement of the Lord Jesus Christ.' Ta this Henry Drummond [q. v.] published a re- j oinder, to which Haldane replied. When the controversy regarding the views of Thomas Erskine of Linlathen [q. v.l and Campbell of Bow was at its height, he gave expres-
Haldane
Haldane
sion to his views in ' Observations on Uni- versal Pardon, the Extent of the Atonement, and Personal Assurance of Salvation.' In 1842 appeared ' Man's Responsibility; the Nature and Extent of the Atonement, and the Work of the Holy Spirit, in reply to Mr. Howard Hinton and the Baptist Midland Association.' In 1843 he issued a tract on the Atonement, and in 1845 a work entitled 4 The Doctrine of the Atonement, with stric- tures on the recent Publications of Drs. Ward- law and Jenkyn.' A second edition of this appeared in 1847. Other works not of a con- troversial kind were : 1. ' Journal of a Tour to the North,' being an account of his first ^evangelistic journey. 2. ( Early Instruction commended, in a Narrative of Catharine Hal- <lane, with an Address to Parents on the im- portance of Religion.' This was called forth Iby the death in 1801 of his little daughter at the age of six, and ran through eleven or twelve editions. 3. ' Views of the Social Worship of the First Churches,' published in 1805. 4. 'The Doctrine and Duty of Self- ISxamination,' being the substance of two sermons preached in 1806 ; he published another work on the same subject in 1830. •5. ' An Exposition of the Epistle to the Gala- tians,' published in 1848. For five years he ^conducted * The Scripture Magazine/ in which many essays from his pen appeared, including 4 Notes on Scripture,' and in addition to the works mentioned he was the author of many tracts. He died in Edinburgh on 8 Feb. 1851.
He was twice married, first in September 1793 to the only daughter of Major Alexander Joass of Culleonard, Banffshire ; and secondly in 1822 to Margaret, daughter of Dr. Daniel Rutherford, professor of botany in the univer- sity of Edinburgh ; his son, Daniel Ruther- ford, by his second wife, is separately noticed.
[Alexander Haldane's Lives of Robert Hal- dane of Airthrey and of his brother, James Alex- ander Haldane, 1852.] T. H.
HALDANE, ROBERT (1764-1842), re- ligious writer, eldest brother of James Alex- ander Haldane [q. v.], was born 28 Feb. 1764 in Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, London. Like his brother he was brought up under the care of his grandmother, Lady Lundie, and his uncles, and the two boys at- tended the grammar school of Dundee and the high school of Edinburgh together. After spending a very short time at Edinburgh University, early in 1780 he joined H.M.S. Monarch as midshipman under his uncle, Cap- tain (afterwards Viscount) Duncan. Next year he was transferred to the Foudroyant, commanded by Captain Jervis, afterwards
Earl St. Vincent, on board of which he saw some active service against the French. The peace of 1783 brought his naval career to a close. Meanwhile he had come under the influence of David Bogue of Gosport [q. v.] On leaving the navy he spent some time under Bogue's tuition, and then returned to Edin- burgh University, where he remained for two sessions, following up his studies by making ' the grand tour ' in the spring of 1785. In 1786 he settled down in his ancestral home at Airthrey, where for ten years he led a country life. The outbreak of the French revolution led him to take a keen interest in politics, but his mind became more and more engrossed with religion. In 1796 he formed a project for founding a mission in India, he himself to be one of the missionaries, and to supply all the necessary funds. He proposed to sell his estates, and to invest 25,000/. for the permanent support of the work. His friend Bogue agreed to accompany him to India, and a body of catechists and teachers and a printing-press were to be taken out. But the East India Company refused to per- mit the mission to be planted on any part of its territory, and the scheme was abandoned. He then turned his attention to the needs of Scotland. In 1798 he sold Airthrey, and began occasionally to preach. Leaving the church of Scotland in January 1799, and joining his brother in organising a congre- gational church in Edinburgh, he set about establishing tabernacles in the large centres of population, after the plan of Whitefield, he himself supplying the necessary funds. To provide pastors he founded seminaries for the training of students, whom he maintained at his own expense. It is said that in the twelve years 1798-1810 he had expended over 70,000/. on his schemes for the advancement of religion in Scotland.
About 1798 he entered into a plan for bringing twenty-four children from Africa to be educated and sent back again to teach their fellow-countrymen, and promised to bear the entire cost of their transport, sup- port, and education, estimated at 7,000/. The children were brought over, but for some reason or other were not placed under Hal- dane's care, though he had arranged for their accommodation in Edinburgh. He was sus- pected by many for his supposed democratic tendencies, as well as his religious views. To vindicate himself he published in 1800 a pamphlet entitled ' Addresses to the Public by Robert Haldane concerning his Political Opinions and Plans lately adopted to promote Religion in Scotland.' In 1808 his adoption of baptist views and other circumstances created widespread discussion in the congre-
Haldane
Haldane
gational body. Among others a bitter con- troversy sprang up between Haldane and the Rev. Greville Ewing in 1810. In 1816 he published one of his more important works, 'The Evidences and Authority of Divine Re- velation ' (second edition, enlarged and im- proved, 1834). In the same year which saw the first appearance of this book he went to Geneva and began a remarkable work of con- tinental evangelisation. A large number of the students of the university came to him daily for instruction, and he gained over them a wonderful influence. In 1817 he removed to Montauban, where he followed a similar course. Here he also procured the printing of two editions of the Bible in French, amounting to sixteen, thousand copies in all, which he circulated along with a French translation of his * Evidences ' and a commentary on the Epistle to the Romans in the same language, and many tracts. In 1819 he returned to Scot- land to an estate at Auchingray, Lanarkshire, which he had purchased. In the end of 1824 lie became involved in a controversy, which raged for twelve years, regarding the circu- lation by the British and Foreign Bible So- ciety of the Apocrypha along with the Bible. His first 'Review of the Conduct of the British and Foreign Bible Society relative to the Apocrypha and to their Administration on the Continent, with an Answer to the Rev. Charles Simeon, and Observations on the Cambridge Remarks,' appeared in 1824. A second * Review ' followed the first. The course of this controversy led him to issue one of his best known works, ' The Authen- ticity and Inspiration of the Scriptures,' which at once reached a large circulation, and has passed through many editions. In 1835 appeared the first volume of another work, which was also destined to attain great popularity, an 'Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans,' the beginnings of which had already appeared in French. The second volume was published in 1837, and the third in 1839. In addition to the works mentioned lie was the author of many tracts and other fugitive publications. He died in Edinburgh on 12 Dec. 1842, and was buried in Glasgow Cathedral. He married in April 1786 Ka- therine Cochrane, daughter of George Oswald of Scotstown.
[Alexander Haldane's Lives of Robert Hal- dane of Airthrey and of his brother, James Alex- ander Haldane, 1852.] T. H.
HALDANE, ROBERT (1772-1854), di- vine, was the son of a farmer at Overtown, Lecropt, on the borders of Perthshire and Stirlingshire, and was named after Robert Haldane, then proprietor of Airthrey. He
was educated at the school of Dunblane, and afterwards at Glasgow University. He then 3ecame private tutor, first in the family at Leddriegreen, Strathblane, and at a later date in that of Colonel Charles Moray of Abercairnie. On 5 Dec. 1797 he was licensed as a preacher by the presbytery of Auch- terarder, but did not obtain a charge until August 1806, when he was presented to the ;hurch of Drummelzier, in the presbytery of Peebles, and was ordained on 19 March 1807. He had won some distinction as a mathema- tician, and when the chair of mathematics became vacant in the university of St. An- drews in 1807 he was appointed to the pro- fessorship, and resigned his charge at Drum- melzier on 2 Oct. 1809. He remained in this post till 1820, when he was promoted by the crown to the pastoral charge of St. Andrews parish, vacant by the death of Principal George Hill, D.D. His predecessor had held the principalship of St. Mary's College in St. Andrews in conjunction with his ministerial office, and the same arrangement was followed in the case of Haldane, who was admitted on 28 Sept. 1820. With the office of prin- cipal was joined that of primarius professor of divinity, and Haldane exhibited conspi- cuous ability, both as a theologian and an administrator.
On 17 May 1827 Haldane was elected moderator of the general assembly of the church of Scotland. His early years had been spent among the dissenters, but throughout his career he adhered consistently to the esta- blished church, and upon the disruption of 1843 Haldane was called to the chair ad interim, and did much to allay the excite- ment at the time. To his evangelicalism and popularity as a preacher is attributed the fact that comparatively few among his parishioners left the established church at the disruption. Earnest and affectionate in his manner he was not only admired as a preacher, but he also commanded in a high degree the attention of his pupils in his academical lessons. He was regarded as an accomplished scholar and a sound theologian. His scientific attainments were also considerable, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh some time before his death. He died at St. Mary's College, St. Andrews, on 9 March 1854, being then in his eighty-third year, and was buried in the cathedral cemetery there. His por- trait is preserved in the hall of the university library at St. Andrews. He was succeeded by the Rev. John Tulloch [q. v.]
Haldane's only publication was a small work relating to the condition of the poor in St. Andrews, and a reply to strictures upon his arguments (Cupar, 1841).
Haldenstoun
16
Haldimand
[Scott's Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanse, i. 239, ii. 393 ; Conolly's Eminent Men of Fife, p. 209 ; Scots Mag. 1806 p. 725, 1807 p. 635, 1820 pt. ii. p. 471 ; Dundee Advertiser, 10, 1 7, and 21 March 1854; private information.] A. H. M.
HALDENSTOUN or HADDENSTON, JAMES (d. 1443), prior of St. Andrews, was appointed to the priorate in 1418. He was dean of theology in St. Andrew's University. He was one of an embassy from James I to the Roman court in 1425. He did much to beautify the monastery and the cathedral church of St. Andrews, and improve tke ser- vices, and was zealous against heretics. Pope Martin V granted him the right of wearing the mitre, ring, pastoral staff, and other pon- tifical insignia in parliament. He died on 18 July 1443, and was interred in the north wall of the lady chapel of the cathedral. He is said to have written a treatise, ' Contra Lolardos,' another entitled ' Processus contra Haereticos/ and a third/ De Privilegiis Claustri sui,' but none of these seem now extant.
[Reg. Prioratus S. Andree ; Rot. Scotise, ii. 253; Dempster's Hist. Eccles. 678; Gordon's Monasticon, i. 83-5, where his epitaph is given.]
J. M. R.
HALDIMAND, SIB FREDERICK (1718-1791), lieutenant-general, colonel- commandant of the 60th foot, governor and commander-in-chief in Canada 1778-85, was born in October 1718 in the canton of Neuf- chatel, Switzerland. It has been stated (Ap- PLETON, vol. iii.) that he was once in the service of Prussia. But ' no person named Haldimand served in the Prussian army between 1735 and 1755 ' (information ob- tained from the British Embassy, Berlin). It is not improbable that Haldimand, like his countryman and brother-officer, Colonel Henry Bouquet [q. v.], was in the Sardinian army during the campaigns against the Spaniards in Italy. Like Bouquet, he was at a later period in the Dutch army. A search in the archives at the Hague has proved that Frederick Haldimand was appointed captain, with the title of lieutenant-colonel, in the regiment of Swiss guards in the service of Holland on 1 May 1755, by an act of the States of Holland, and that he had served in that grade and corps previously, from 1 July 1750, presumably, by act of the Prince of Orange (State Register of Titular Nomina- tions, 1747-91, fol. 49, at the Hague). He is entered in the name-books of Dutch officers after 1750 as serving a la suite, but, singu- larly, his name does not appear in the war- budgets, neither can the date of his entry into the service of the United Provinces be ascertained (information furnished from the
state archives at the Hague). The only in- formation in possession of the British war office is that Lieutenant-colonel Frederick Haldimand, from the Dutch service, was on 4 Jan. 1756 appointed lieutenant-colonel 62nd royal Americans, afterwards 60th foot, and now the king's royal rifle corps, then raising in America under command of the Earl of Loudoun. Haldimand's subsequent commissions in the British army were : colonel in America 17 Jan. 1758, colonel in the army 19 Feb. 1762, colonel-commandant 2nd bat- talion 60th foot 28 Oct .1772, same rank 1st bat- talion 60th foot 11 Jan. 1776, major-general in America 25 May 1772, lieutenant-general 29 Aug. 1777, general in America 1 Jan. 1776. Haldimand went to America in 1758 and distinguished himself at the attack on Ticon- deroga 8 July 1758, and by his defence of Oswego against four thousand French and Indians in 1759. With his battalion he served with Amherst's forces in the expedi- tion against Montreal in 1760. He was in command at Three Rivers, Lower Canada, until 1766, when he was appointed to the command in Florida, which he held until 1778. On his arrival at Pensacola he en- larged the fort, opened up the streets, and otherwise improved the place. He held the chief command at New York for a while during the absence of General Gage, and in August 1775 was summoned to England to
§ive information on the state of the colonies. n 27 June 1778 he was appointed to suc- ceed Sir Guy Carleton, afterwards first Lord Dorchester [q. v.], as governor and com- mander-in-chief in Canada, which post be- held during the remainder of the American war and until November 1784, when he re- turned to England. Haldimand never learnt to speak or write English well. As an ad- ministrator in Canada he is accused of having- been harsh and arbitrary, and more than one action for false imprisonment was success- fully maintained against him in the English courts after his return to England. It was during his government that the first census of Lower Canada was taken, which numbered 113,012 souls, 28,000 capable of bearing arms ; and that the first effective settlement of Upper Canada was made, and emigration from home began. The Canadian county of Haldimand is named after him. Haldimand's correspondence from 1758 to 1785, including theentire records of his successive commands at Three Rivers, in Florida and New York, and in Canada, was presented to the British Museum by his grand- nephew, William Haldimand, M.P. [q. v.], and now forms Addit. MSS. 21661 to 21892. Copies thereof, made by order of the Cana- dian government, have been placed among^
Haldimand
Hale
the archives at Ontario. Some other letters to Sir John Johnson, superintendent of Indian affairs, are in Addit. MS. 29237. Haldi- mand died at Yverdun, canton of Neufchatel, 5 June 1791. His will, dated 30 March 1791, •was proved in the probate court of Canter- bury 2 June 1792.
Haldimand had a younger brother, described as ' burgess of Yverdun and merchant of Turin/ who had several sons. One of these, Anthony Francis Haldimand (1741-1817), merchant of London, founded the banking- house of Morris, Prevost, & Co. By his wife, Jane Pickersgill, Anthony left several chil- dren, including William, the donor of the Haldimand MSS. to the British Museum, and Jane Haldimand, better known under her married name of Mrs. Marcet, the authoress •of various educational books.
[A pedigree, commencing with General Hal- dimand and his brother, with a facsimile of the general's autograph, is given in Misc. Geneal. •et Her. new ser. iv. 369. Some family particu- lars are given in the obituary notice of Professor Marcet in Times, 17 April 1853. No mention of Haldimand occurs in the published autobio- graphies of his friend Bouquet,whose manuscripts are also i n the Brit. Mus. Addit. MSS. Some brief particulars of Haldimand's early services in Ame- rica will be found in Captain Knox's History of the Campaigns in America (London, 1762), and in P. Parkman's Montcalm and Wolfe (London, 1814), and other works. An account of his rule in Canada is given in Macmullen's History of Canada, pp. 211-13. A brief and not quite ac- curate biography of Haldimand is given in Apple- ton's Encycl. Amer. Biog. vol. iii. The writer of the present article has to express his obligations to the Kev. Edward Brine, M.A., British chaplain at the Hague, and to the British Military Attach^ ••at Berlin for their great kindness in forwarding his inquiries at those places.] H. M. C.
HALDIMAND, WILLIAM (1784- 1862), philanthropist, was the son of Anthony Erancis Haldimand (1741-1817), a London merchant, nephew and heir of Sir Frederick Haldimand [q. v.] He was one of twelve children, most of whom died young, and was born in London 9 Sept. 1784. After receiv- ing a plain English education he entered at sixteen his father's counting-house, showed a great talent for business, and at twenty-five became a director of the Bank of England. He was a warm advocate of the resumption of specie payments, and gave evidence in the parliamentary inquiry which led to the act of 1819. In 1820 he was elected M.P. for Ipswich, and was re-elected in 1826, but the return being disputed he gave up the seat. In 1828 he settled permanently at his sum- mer villa, Denantou, near Lausanne. He
VOL. XXIV.
took a great interest in Greek independence, sending the insurgents 1,000/. by his nephew, and guaranteeing Admiral Cochrane 20,000^. for the equipment of a fleet. A visit to Aix- les-Bains for his health resulted in his erect- ing there in 1829 a hospital for poor patients. The municipality gave it his name, but after the annexation of Savoy to France it was styled the Hortense Hospital, Queen Hor- tense having, however, merely endowed some beds in it. Large purchases of French rentes, made with a view of strengthening the new Orleans dynasty, involved Haldimand in con- siderable losses, but his liberality remained unabated. He gave 24,000£ for a blind asylum at Lausanne, and 3,000/. towards the erection of an Anglican church at Ouchy. Inclined to radicalism in politics, and to scepticism in religion, he nevertheless exerted himself in favour of the free church in Vaud, threatened with state persecution. He died at Denantou 20 Sept. 1862. He was unmar- ried, and bequeathed 20,000£, the bulk of his remaining property, to the blind asylum at Lausanne. In 1857 he presented to the British Museum Addit. MSS. 21631-895, which include his great-uncle's official corre- spondence.
[W. de la Rive's Vie de Haldimand ; A. Hart- mann'sGallerieberuhmterSchweizer.] J. G. A.
HALE, SIR BERNA.RD (1677-1729), judge, eighth son of William Hale of King's Walden, Hertfordshire, by Mary, daughter of Jeremiah Elwes of Roxby, Lincolnshire, was born in March 1677, entered Gray's Inn in October 1696, was called to the bar in February 1704, was appointed lord chief baron of the Irish exchequer on 28 June 1722, and was transferred to the English court of ex- chequer as a puisne baron on 1 June 1725 and knighted on 4 Feb. following. He died in Red Lion Square, London, on 7 Nov. 1729, and was buried in the parish church of King's Walden, the manor of which had been in his family since the time of Elizabeth, and still belongs to his posterity. He married Anne, daughter of J. Thoresby or Thursby of North- amptonshire, by whom he had four sons and three daughters. Of his sons, the eldest, Wil- liam, died in 1793, and was buried at King's Walden; the second, Richard, died in 1812 in bis ninety-second year; the third, BERNARD, entered the army and rose to the rank of general, was appointed lieutenant-governor of Chelsea Hospital in 1773, and afterwards Lieutenant-general of the ordnance. He mar- ried in 1750 Martha, daughter of Richard Rigby of Mistley Hall, Essex, by whom he bad one son, who assumed the name of Rigby, and married Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas
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Rumbold [q. v.], governor of Madras, by whom he had issue one daughter only, who married Horace, third Lord Rivers. Hale's fourth son, JOHN, also served with distinction in the army, attaining the rank of general, being appointed governor of Londonderry and Culmore Forts in 1781. He died on 20 March 1806, leaving eleven children by his wife Mary, second daughter of William Chaloner of Gisborough.
[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Hist. Ke<?. (Chron. Diary) 1725; Berry's County Gen. Hertfordshire, p. 36; Misc. Gen. et Herald, new ser. iv. 134 ; Smyth's Law Officers of Ireland; Cussans's Hert- fordshire, Hundred of Hitchin, p. 122 ; Clutter- buck's Hertfordshire, iii. 133; Burke's Landed Gentry.] J. M. E.
HALE, SIB MATTHEW (1609-1676), judge, only son of Robert Hale, by Joan, daughter of Matthew Poyntz, was born at Alderley, Gloucestershire, on 1 Nov. 1609. His father, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, who abandoned the practice of the law because he had scruples about the manner in which plead- ings were drawn, died when Hale was under five years of age, and his mother was also dead. His puritan guardian, Anthony Kings- cote, had him educated in his own principles by Staunton, vicar of Wotton-under-Edge. In Michaelmas term 1626 Hale went up to Magdalen College, Oxford, with a view to taking holy orders. Here he developed a taste for amusements, dress, and manly sports, frequented the theatre, and practised fencing, in which, being tall, strong, and active, he became very expert, and had thoughts of en- tering the service of the Prince of Orange as a soldier. Lawyers he regarded as a barba- rous sort of people, until he came into con- tact with Serjeant Glanville, whom he con- sulted about some private affairs, and who excited in him a taste for law.
He entered Lincoln's Inn on 8 Sept. 1628, and applied himself to the study of law with ardour, reading during the first two years of his pupilage as much as sixteen hours a day, and afterwards eight hours a day. He was a pupil of Noy, who treated him almost like a son, so that he was known as { young Noy,' and he early made the acquaintance of Sel- den, who inspired him with his own love of large and liberal culture. He now sought recreation in the study of Roman law, ma- thematics, philosophy, history, medicine, and theology, avoided the theatre and general society, was studiously plain in his dress, corresponded little, except on matters of business or questions of learning, and read no news. He was greatly impressed by Corne- lius Nepos's l Life of Pomponius Atticus,' whom he resolved to take for his model. He
aimed at a strict neutrality in the approaching- civil strife. He probably advised Strafford on his impeachment in 1640, though he made no speech. He was counsel for Sir John Bramston onhis impeachmentin 1641. Wood {Athence Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 109) states that he- took the covenant in 1643, but his name does- not appear in the list given in Rushworth's 'Hist. Coll.'iv. 480, and it is unlikely that he- should have taken so decided a step. By Laud's desire he was assigned as one of his- counsel on his impeachment (November 1643)> (COBBETT, State Trials, v. 213; Autobio- graphy of Sir John Bramston, Camd. Soc.r p. 78). In 1645 he argued on behalf of Lord Macguire, one of the principal contrivers of the Irish rebellion of 1641, the important point of law whether there was jurisdiction to try an Irish peer by a Middlesex jury for treason committed in Ireland. Prynne ar- gued the affirmative to the satisfaction of the court of king's bench, and Macguire was convicted and executed. He was one of the counsel assigned for the eleven members ac- cused by Fairfax of malpractices against the parliament and the army in the summer of 1646. Burnet says that he tendered his ser- vices to the king on his trial. As, however, Charles refused to recognise the jurisdiction! of the court, he was not represented by coun- sel . Hale defended James, duke of Hamilton and earl of Cambridge, on his trial for high treason in February 1648-9, arguing elabo- rately but unsuccessfully that as a Scotsman the duke must be treated not as a traitor, but as a public enemy. The duke was convicted. According to Burnet he also defended the Earl of Holland, Lord Capel [see CAPEL, AKTHTJR, 1610 P-1649], but this does not appear from the < State Trials ' (WHITELOCKE, Mem. pp. 77, 258, 381 ; WOOD, Athence Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 128 ; COBBETT, State Trials, iv. 577, 702, 1195, 1211 ; BTJENET, Memoirs of the Dukes of Hamilton, p. 398). Though at heart a royalist, he did not scruple to take the engagement to be true and faithful to the Commonwealth required by the ordinance of 11 Oct. 1649 to be subscribed by all lawyers, and thus was able in 1651 to defend the pres- byterian clergyman, Christopher Love [q. v.], on his trial for plotting the restoration of the king. On 20 Jan. 1651-2 he was placed on the committee for law reform. On 23 Jan. 1654he was created a serjeant-at-law, and soon after- wards a justice of the common pleas (COBBETT, State Trials, v. 210 et seq. ; Parl Hist. iii. 1334; WOOD, Athence Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 280, 1091 ; WHITELOCKE, Mem. p. 520 ; Siuedish, Ambassy, ii. 133). Hale stood for his native county at the general election of 1654, and was returned at the head of the poll. Par-
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liament met in September, and set about the great business of settling the nation. Hale spoke forcibly in favour of subordinating l the single person ' to the parliament. Cromwell silenced opposition by requiring members to subscribe a 'recognition to be true and faithful to the Lord Protector and Common- wealth of England.' The majority complied, and all dissentients, of whom Hale was pro- bably one, were excluded by a subsequent vote. According to Burnet, Hale was re- quired by the council of state to assist at the trial of Penruddock (April 1655), but re- fused. This, however, is unlikely, as Penrud- dock's trial took place at Exeter, and Hale belonged to the midland circuit. Burnet also intimates that his seat on the bench was by no means an easy one, his strict impar- tiality rendering him odious to Major-general Whalley, who commanded on his circuit, and also to the Protector. But this is inconsistent with extrinsic evidence. On 1 Nov. 1655 he was placed by the council of state on the committee of trade ; and on 31 March 1655-6 Whalley writes to Cromwell from Warwick requesting the Protector to give more than ordinary thanks to Hale for his behaviour on the bench ; and on 9 April tells Thurloe that no judge had a greater hold upon the l affec- tions of honest men.'
Hale continued to act as justice of the com- mon pleas until the Protector's death, and was offered a renewal of his patent by Richard Cromwell, but refused it, probably because he foresaw that Richard's tenure of power would be of short duration. On 27 Jan. 1658-9 he was returned to parliament for the university of Oxford. He took an active part in the restoration of Charles II, but moved that a treaty should be made with him, and to that end a committee was appointed to search for precedents in the various negotiations had with the late king at the treaty of Newport and on other occasions. The motion was de- feated by Monck. In the Convention parlia- ment, which met in April 1660, he sat for Gloucestershire. He was chosen one of the managers of the conference with the lords on the settlement of the nation, and was placed on a committee for purging the statute book of all pretended acts inconsistent with go- vernment by king, lords, and commons, and confirming other proceedings which were equitable, although technically void. He was also a member of the grand committee for religion, and advocated the old ecclesiastical polity against presbyterianism. He supported the bill of indemnity, but opposed the inclu- sion of the regicides. On 22 June he was called to the degree of serjeant-at-law, and in that capacity was included in the commis-
sion for the trial of the regicides. On 7 Nov. he was appointed lord chief baron of the ex- chequer, and afterwards knighted, somewhat against his will, it is said. One of his last acts in the House of Commons was to intro- duce a bill for the comprehension of presby- terians. It was thrown out on the second reading on 28 Nov. 1660 (Bunion, Diary, i. xxxii, iii. 142 ; WHITELOCKE, Mem. p. 605 ; Cat. State Papers, 1655 p. 175, 1655-6 p. 1, 1656-7 p. 81, 1660-1 p. 354; Thurloe State Papers, iv. 663, 686, v. 296 ; BURNET, Own Time, fol. p. 80, 8vo i. 322 n. ; Parl. Hist. iv. 4, 25, 79, 101, 152-4 ; Comm. Journ. viii. 194 ; SiDERFitf, Rep. i. 3, 4).
At the Bury St. Edmunds assizes on 10 March 1661-2 two old women, Rose Cul- lender and Amy Drury, widows, were indicted before him of witchcraft. They had, it was al- leged, caused certain children to be taken with faintingfits, to vomit nails and pins, and to see mysterious mice, ducks, and flies invisible to others. A toad ran out of their bed, and on being thrown into the fire had exploded with a noise like the crack of a pistol. Sir Thomas Browne gave evidence in favour of the prose- cution. Serjeant Kelynge thought the evi- dence insufficient. Hale, in directing the jury, abstained from commenting on the evidence, but ' made no doubt at all' of the existence of witches, as proved by the Scriptures, general consent, and acts of parliament. The pri- soners were convicted and executed (CoB- BETT, State Trials, vi. 687-702).
After the fire of London a special court was constituted by act of parliament (1666), con- sisting of * the justices of the courts of king's bench and common pleas and the barons of the coif of the exchequer, or any three of them/ to adjudicate on all questions arising between the owners and tenants of property in the city destroyed by the fire. The commission sat at Clifford's Inn, and disposed of a vast amount of business. Its last sitting was held on 29 Sept. 1672. Besides his part in the strictly judicial business of this tribunal, Hale is said to have advised the corporation on various matters relating to the rebuilding of the city. His portrait, with those of his colleagues, was painted by order of the cor- poration and hung in the Guildhall. Hale showed a certain tenderness towards the dis- senters in his administration of the Con- venticle Acts, the severity of which he did his best to mitigate, and also in another at- tempt which he made in 1668, in concert with Sir Orlando Bridgeman, to bring about the comprehension of the more moderate. On 18 May 1671 he was created chief justice of the king's bench, where he presided for between four and five years with great dis-
c2
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"tinction. In 1675 he began to be troubled with asthma, and his strength gradually fail- ing, he tendered the king his resignation, which was not at once accepted. On 20 Feb. 1675-6 he surrendered his office to the king in person. Charles took leave of him with many expressions of his regard, and promised to consult him on occasion, and to continue his pension during his life. He died on the following Christmas day, and was buried in Alderley churchyard, having left express in- structions that he should not be buried in the church — that being a place for the living, not the dead. His tomb was a very simple one ; but his real monument was a clock of curious workmanship, which he had presented to the 'Church on his sixty-fourth birthday (1 Nov. 1673), in which, on the occasion of an ex- amination of the works in 1833, a paper was found with the following words : ' This is the gift of the right honourable Chief-justice Hale to the parish church of Alderley. John Mason, Bristol, fecit, 1 Nov. 1673.' Besides his pa- ternal estate at Alderley, which has remained in the possession of his posterity to the present day, Hale bought in 1667 a small house at Acton near the church with a ' fruitful field, grove, and garden, surrounded .by a remark- ably high, deeply founded, and long extended wall,' said to have been the same which had belonged to Skippon, and which was then 'tenanted by Baxter, to whom, while residing there, Hale extended his friendship and coun- tenance. Baxter thus describes him : ' He was a man of no quick utterance, but often hesitant; but spoke with great reason. He was most precisely just ; insomuch as I believe he would have lost all that he had in the world rather than do an unjust act : patient in hearing the tediousest speech which any man had to make for himself. The pillar of justice, the refuge of the subject who feared oppression, and one of the greatest honours of his majesty's govern- ment.' Hale was also on terms of intimacy with Wilkins, bishop of Chester, with whom "he was associated in his efforts to secure the comprehension of the dissenters, with Barrow, master of Trinity College, Tillotson, Stillingfleet, Ussher, and other eminent di- Tines. His friendship with Selden ceased only at the death of Selden, who made him •one of his executors. Though for his station a poor man, he dispensed much in charity, particularly to the royalists during the war and interregnum, and afterwards to the non- conformists, his principle being to help those -who were in greatest need, without distinction of party or religious belief. As a lawyer he was -distinguished not less by his strict integrity •and delicate sense of honour than by his im- mense industry, knowledge, and sagacity, dis-
daining while at the bar the common tricks of the advocate, refusing to argue cases which he thought bad, using rhetoric sparingly, and only in support of what he deemed solid ar- gument. On one occasion, while he was lord chief baron, a duke is said to have called at his chambers to explain to him a case then pending. Hale dismissed him unheard with a sharp reprimand. He also discountenanced the custom of receiving presents from suitors, either returning them or insisting on the donor taking payment before his case was proceeded with. Koger North imputes to him a bias against the court, but admits that ' he became the cushion exceeding well ; his manner of hearing patient, his directions pertinent, and his discourses copious and, though he hesitated often, fluent/ He adds that 'his stop for a word by the produce always paid for the delay, and on some occa- sions he would utter sentences heroic,' and that ' he was allowed on all hands to be the most profound lawyer of his time ' (Life of Lord-keeper Guilford, ed. 1742, pp. 61-4). Elsewhere North compares the court of king's bench during Hale's chief justiceship to ' an academy of sciences,' so severe and refined was Hale's method of arguing with the counsel and giving judgment (On the Study of the Laws, p. 33). His authority coming at last to be regarded as all but infallible, it would by no means be surprising if he became, as North alleges, exceedingly vain and intole- rant of opposition; but of this, beyond North's word, we have no evidence. Hale remained throughout life attached to his early puritanism. He was a regular attendant at church, morning and evening, on Sunday, and also gave up a portion of the day to prayer and meditation, besides expounding the sermon to his children. He was an ex- treme anti-ritualist, having apparently no ear for music, and o ejecting even to singing, and in particular to the practice of intoning. Though strictly orthodox in essentials, he was impatient of the subtleties of theology (BAXTEK, Notes on the Life and Death of Sir Matthew Hale}. With Baxter he was wont to discuss questions of philosophy, such as the nature of spirit and the rational basis of the belief in the immortality of the soul. He carried puritan plainness in dress to such a point as to move even Baxter to remonstrate with him.
Hale married first Anne, daughter of Henry Moore of Fawley in Berkshire (created bart. in 1627), son of Sir Francis Moore, [q. v.], knight, serjeant-at-law, by whom he had issue ten children, all of whom, except the eldest daughter and youngest son, died in his lifetime. His fourth and youngest son married
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Mary, daughter of Edmund Goodyere of Hey- thorp, Oxfordshire. His first wife was dead in 1664. He married for his second wife Anne, daughter of Joseph Bishop, also of Fawley in Berkshire. She was of comparatively humble origin, ' but the good man,' says Baxter, ' more regarded his own daily comfort than men's thoughts and talk.' By her he had no chil- dren. His posterity died out in the male line in 1782 (Sxow, Survey of London, ed. 1754, i. 285-6 ; HERBERT, Antiq. of the Inns of Court, p. 275 ; Cal. State Papers,~Dom. 1664-5, p. 20 ; BTJRNET, Own Time, fol. i. 259, 554; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. ix. 269-70 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 6th Rep. App. 726 a, 7th Rep. App. 468 b; NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ix. 505 ; LYSONS, Env. ii. 15 ; MARSHALL, Genealogist, v. 288 ; BAXTER, Life, fol. iii. 47).
Hale's j udgments are reported by Sir Tho- mas Raymond, pp. 209-39 ; Levinz, pt. ii. pp. 1-116; Ventris, i. 399-429; and Keble,ii. 751 usque ad fin., iii. 1-622. An opinion of his, together with those of Wild and Maynard, on the mode of electing the mayor, alder- men, and common councilmen of the city of London, was printed in ' London Liberty ; or a Learned Argument of Law and Reason,' London, . 1650. Other of his opinions were published together with { The Excellency and Praeheminence of the Laws of England ' (by Thomas Williams, speaker of the House of Commons in 1562), London, 1680, 8vo. Two of his judgments in the court of ex- chequer, reported by Ventris (loc. cit.), also appeared in separate form as ' Two Arguments in the Exchequer, by Sir Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Baron,' London, 1696. In 1668 Hale edited anonymously Rolle's ' Abridgment,' with a preface, giving a brief account of the author, whose intimate friend he had been.
His earliest original works were : 1. ' An Essay touching the Gravitation or Non- Gravitation of Fluid Bodies, and the Reasons thereof,' London, 1673 ; 2nd edit. 1675, 8vo. 2. * Difficiles Nugae ; or Observations touchy ing the Torricellian Experiment, and th6 various Solutions of the same, especially touching the Weight and Elasticity of the Air,' London, 1674, 8vo. Neither treatise possessed any scientific value. The latter is well described by a contemporary as ' a strange and futile attempt of one of the philosophers of the old cast to confirm Dame Nature's abhorrence of a vacuum, and to arraign the new doctrines of Mr. Boyle and others con- cerning the weight and spring of the air, the pressure of fluids on fluids, &c.' (Philoso- phical Transactions, abridged, ii. 134). These two tracts elicited from Dr. Henry More a volume of criticism worthy of them, en- titled l Remarks upon two late Ingenious
Discourses,' London, 1676, to which Hale- rejoined with 'Observations touching the Principles of Natural Motions, and especially touching Rarefaction and Condensation,' which appeared posthumously, London, 1677, 8vo. Three other works by Hale also ap- peared anonymously shortly after his death. 1 . i The Life and Death of Pomponius Atticus, written by Cornelius Nepos, translated . . . with Observations . . . ,' London, 1677 (a very inaccurate translation). 2. ' Contempla- tions Moral and Divine ' (two volumes of edifi- catory discourses, the fruit of Hale's Sunday evening meditations, with seventeen effusions in the heroic couplet on Christmas. The work was in the press at Hale's death, and is stated in the preface to have been printed without the consent or privity of the author, by an ardent admirer into whose hands the manu- script had come by chance. It was reprinted with Burnet's 'Life of Hale' in 1700). 3. ' Pleas of the Crown ; or a Methodical Summary of the Principal Matters relating to that Subject,' London, 1678, 8vo. This brief and inaccurate digest of the criminal law went through seven editions, being con- siderably augmented by G. Jacob ; the last appeared in 1773, 8vo.
Hale left many manuscript treatises, chiefly on law and religion, and voluminous anti- quarian collections, part of which he be- queathed to Lincoln's Inn and the remainder to his eldest grandson, conditionally on his adopting the law as a profession, and in default to his second grandson. He gave express direction that nothing of his own composition should be published except what he had destined for publication in his life- time, an injunction which has been by no means rigorously obeyed. The following is- Burnet's somewhat confused list of the manu- scripts other than those bequeathed to Lin- coln's Inn, which remained unpublished at his death : '1. Concerning the Secondary Origination of Mankind, fol. 2. Concern- ing Religion, 5 vols. in fol. viz. : (a) De Deo,. Vox Metaphysica, pars 1 et 2 ; (£) Pars 3.. Vox Naturae, Providentiee, Ethicae, Con- scientiae; (c) Liber Sextus, Septimus, Oc- tavus ; (d) Pars 9. Concerning the Holy Scrip- tures, their Evidence and Authority ; (e) Con- cerning the Truth of the Holy Scripture and the Evidences thereof.' Nos. 1 and 2 to- gether constitute a formal treatise in defence- of Christianity, to the writing of which Hale- devoted his vacant Sunday evening hours after the ' Contemplations ' were finished. The composition of the work was spread over seven years, but appears to have been com- pleted while he was still chief baron. The manuscript was submitted to Bishop Wilkins,
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who showed it to Tillotson. Both advised condensation, for which Hale never found leisure. The first part was published after his death as ' The Primitive Origination of Mankind considered and examined accord- ing to the Light of Nature.' In this very curious treatise Hale in the first place attempts to show that the world must have had a beginning; next, with lawyer-like caution, that if by possibility this were not so, the human race at any rate cannot have existed from eternity ; then passes in review certain * opinions of the more learned part of mankind, philosophers and other writers, touching man's origination,' and finally de- fends the Mosaic account of the matter as most consonant with reason. The book was translated forFriedrich Wilhelm of Branden- burg, the great elector, by Dr. Schmettau in 1683. The other parts have never been pub- lished. A copy of the treatise on the ' Secon- dary Origination of Mankind/ made for Sir Robert Southwell in 1691, exists in Addit. MS. 9001. ' 3. Of Policy in Matters of Reli- gion, fol. 4. De Anima to Mr. B. fol. 5. De Anima, transactions between him and Mr. B. (probably Baxter) fol. 6. Tentamina de ortu, natura, et immortalitate Animse, fol. 7. Magnetismus Magneticus, fol. 8. Magne- tismus Physicus, fol. 9. Magnetismus Di- vinus ' (an edificatory discourse published as ' Magnetismus Magnus ; or Metaphysical and Divine Contemplations on the Magnet or Loadstone/ London, 1695, 8vo). ' 10. De Generatione Animalium et Vegetabilium,fol. Lat. 11. Of the Law of Nature, fol.' (Har- grave MS. 485 : a copy of this treatise, made from the original for Sir Robert South- well in 1693, is in Addit. MS. 18235, and another transcript in Harl. MS. 7159). '12. A Letter of Advice to his grandchildren, 4to : ' a transcript of this manuscript exists in Harl. MS. 4009 ; it was first printed in 1816. '13. Placita Coronee, 7 vols. fol : ' the following minute in the journals of the House of Com- mons relates to this manuscript, of which only a transcript (Hargrave MSS. 258-264) appears to be now extant : ' Ordered, that the exe- cutors 01 Sir Matthew Hale, late Lord Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench, be de- sired to print his MSS. relating to the Crown Law, and that a Committee be appointed to take care in the printing thereof.' The editio princeps, however, is that by Sollom Emlyn, published as ' Historia Placitorum Coronas ; The History of the Pleas of the Crown, by Sir Matthew Hale, Knight, sometime Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench/ London, 1736, 2 vols. fol. A new edition by Dogherty appeared in 1800, 2 vols. roy. 8vo. ' 14. Pre- paratory Notes touching the Rights of the
Crown, fol.' Cap. viii. of this manuscript, dealing with the royal prerogative in ec- clesiastical matters, was printed for private circulation by leave of the benchers of Lin- coln's Inn in 1884. The treatise itself is, with occasional breaks, consecutive and com- plete. ' 15. Incepta de Juribus Coronae, fol.' (a mere collection of materials) . 1 1 6 . De Prse- rogativa Regis, fol.' (a fragment, of which Hargrave MS. 94 is a transcript) : tran- scripts of 14, 15, and 16, made partly by and partly under the direction of Hargrave, are in Lincoln's Inn Library. A work entitled ' Jura Coronae : His Majesty's Prerogative asserted against Papal Usurpations and all other Antimonarchical Attempts and Practices, collected out of the Body of the Municipal Laws of England/ appeared in 1680, 8vo, and is probably a garbled version of or compilation from one or other or all of these treatises. '17. Preparatory Notes touch- ing Parliamentary Proceedings, 2 vols. 4to.' (Hargrave MS. 95). ' 18. Of the Jurisdic- tion of the House of Lords, 4to ' (among the Hargrave MSS. in British Museum Library, together with a transcript by Hargrave, by whom it was printed for the first time in 1796 under the title 'The Jurisdiction of the Lords' House in Parliament considered ac- cording to Ancient Records '). ' 19. Of the Jurisdiction of the Admiralty' (Hargrave MSS. 93, 137). < 20. Touching Ports and Cus- toms, fol. 21. Of the Right of the Sea and the Arms thereof and Customs, fol : ' tran- scripts of this manuscript, entitled ' De Jure Maris,' are in Hargrave MS. 97, and Addit. MS. 30228. No. 19, with the transcripts of 20 and 21, now in the Hargrave collection, came in the last century into the possession of George Hardinge [q.v.], solicitor-general to the queen of George III, who gave them to Francis Hargrave, by whom the transcripts were published in 1787 in a volume entitled ' A Collection of Tracts relative to the Law of England, from MSS. now first edited.? There they appear as ' A Treatise in three parts : Pars Prima, "De Jure Maris et Bra- chiorum ejusdem ; " Pars Secunda, " De Porti- bus Maris ; " Pars Tertia, " Concerning the Customs of Goods imported and exported." ' It has since been reprinted in ' A History of the Foreshore/ by Stuart A. Moore, 1888, where also will be found the original draft of the same treatise, printed for the first time from Hargrave MS. 98. The treatise was ascribed by Hargrave unhesitatingly to Hale. Its authenticity has been questioned, but on unsubstantial grounds. The titles correspond with those given by Burnet, and the style is that of Hale. For a discussion of the ques- tion see Hall ' On the Rights of the Crown in
Hale
Hale
the Sea Shore,' ed. Loveland, 5 n., and Jer- wood's 'Dissertation on the Eights to the Sea Shores/ pp. 32 et seq. '22. Concern- ing the Advancement of Trade, 4to. 23. Of Sheriffs' Accounts, fol.' (published in 1683 as ' A Short Treatise touching Sheriffs' Ac- compts/ together with a report of the trial of the witches at Bury St. Edmunds, said to have been written by Hale's marshal, 8vo, reprinted with the l Discourse touching Pro- vision for the Poor/ mentioned infra, in 1716). *24. Copies of Evidences, fol. 25. Mr. Selden's Discourses, 8vo. 26. Excerpta ex Schedis Seldenianis. 27. Journal of the 18 and 22 Jacobi Regis, 4to. 28. Great Commonplace Book of Reports or Cases in the Law, in Law French, fol.'
Manuscripts described by Burnet as ' in bundles ' are : 1. f On Quod tibi fieri, &c., Matt. vii. 12 ; ' perhaps art. No. (8) of Hale's * Works Moral and Religious/ 1805 (see below). 2. ' Touching Punishments in relation to the Socinian Controversy.' 3. 'Policies of the Church of Rome.' 4. ' Concerning the Laws of England : ' possibly identical with Hargrave MS. 494, fol. 299, * Schema Monu- mentorum Legum Anglise/ or with Harl. MS. 4990, f. 1, 'An Oration of Lord Hales in commendation of the Laws of England ; ' or may be the original from which the extracts contained in Lansd. MS. 632 were taken. 5. ' Of the Amendment of the Laws of Eng- land ' (Harl. MS. 711, ff. 372-418, and Addit. MS. 18234, published in 1787 as ' Considera- tion touching the Amendment or Alteration of Lawes ' in ' A Collection of Tracts relative to the Law of England/ by Hargrave, who gives an account of the manuscript, which belonged to Somers, and afterwards to Sir Joseph Jekyll). 6. ' Touching Provision for the Poor ' (printed 1683, 12mo). 7. ' Upon Mr. Hobbs, his MS.' (appears to be identical with the 'Reflections on Hobbes' "Dialogue on Laws'" contained in Harl. MS. 711, f. 418 usque ad fin., of which Addit. MS. 18235 and Hargrave MS. 96 are transcripts). 8. ' Con- cerning the Time of the Abolition of the Jewish Laws.' Burnet also mentions the following as 4 in quarto/ viz. : 1. ' Quod sit Deus.' 2. ' Of the State and Condition of the Soul and Body after Death.' 3. 'Notes concerning Matters of Law.'
A full account of the Hale MSS. in Lin- coln's Inn Library is given in the catalogue (1838) by Joseph Hunter. The collection also contains three manuscript copies of the Bible in Latin which are supposed to have belonged to Hale, one of the fourteenth century and two of the fifteenth century.
The following legal treatises by Hale are mentioned neither in the schedule to his will
nor in the list of his other manuscripts given by Burnet: 1. Hargrave MS. 140, of which Harl. MS. 711, ff. 1-371, is a transcript, a manuscript in Hale's hand, entitled 'The History and Analysis of the Common Law of England.' Apparently the original was in the possession of Harley in 1711, and then lent by him to William Elstob, on condition that no transcript of it should be made (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. iv. 124). Two years later the work was printed as ' The History and Analysis of the Common Law of Eng- land, written by a learned hand/ London, 8vo ; reprinted as by Sir Matthew Hale in 1716, 8vo; 3rd edit. 1739, 8vo. Cap. xi. of this work had appeared in 1700 as a substan- tive treatise, ' DeSuccessionibusapud Anglos, or the Law of Hereditary Descents/ Lon- don, 8vo ; reprinted in 1735. The ' Analysis ' also appeared separately in 1739. A fourth edition of the entire work, with notes and a life of Hale by Serjeant Runnington, issued from the press in 1779, London, 8vo ; a fifth with many additions in 1794, 2 vols. 8vo, and a sixth in 1820, 2 vols. 8vo. 2. 'A Discourse concerning the Courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas ' (printed by Har- grave in the ' Collection of Tracts ' in 1787, from a manuscript derived from the same source as the tract on the ' Amendment or Alteration of Lawes ').
Of doubtful authenticity are : 1. ' A Trea- tise showing how useful . . . the enrolling and registering of all Conveyances of Land may be to the inhabitants of this kingdom. By a person of great learning and judg- ment/ London, 1694, 4to ; reprinted with the draft, by Whitelocke and Lisle, of an act for establishing a county register ; reprinted as by Hale in 1710, again in 1756, and in 'Somers Tracts/ xi. 81-90. 2 'A Treatise of the Just Interest of the Kings of Eng- land in their free disposing power/ &c., London, 1703, 12mo (written 1657 as an argument against the proposed resumption of lands granted by the crown). 3. ' The Ori- ginal Institution, Power and Jurisdiction of Parliaments/ London, 1707, 8vo. This is un- doubtedly spurious. The first part is a mere compilation, chiefly from Coke's ' Institutes/ pt. iv. Of the second part Hargrave had a manuscript, which now seems to be lost, but by which Herbert purported to be the author of the work (see manuscript notes in Hargrave's copy in the British Museum). 4. 'The Power and Practice of the Court Leet of the City and Liberties of West- minster displayed/ 1743, 8vo. 5. ' A Treatise on the Management of the King's Revenue ' (printed with ' Observations on the Land Revenue of the Crown/ by the Hon. John St.
Hale
Hale
John, 1787, 4to ; reprinted 1790, 1792, 8vo). For other manuscript treatises and miscel- laneous collections by Hale see the catalogue of the Hargrave MSS. in the British Museum, and the catalogue of the Hale MSS. in Lin- coln's Inn referred to above.
Hale was a diligent student of Fitzher- bert, and reading habitually pen in hand, he covered the margin of his copy of the ' Novel Natura Brevium' with manuscript notes, which formed a complete commen- tary on the treatise, and were published as such in the 'New Natura Brevium, with Sir Matthew Hale's Commentary,' London, 1730, 4to ; reprinted 1794, 2vols. 8yo. Hale also made frequent annotations in his copy of ' Coke upon Littleton,' which he gave to one of his executors, Robert Gibbon, from whom it passed to his son, Phillips Gibbon (M.P. for Rye, d. 1762), a friend of Charles Yorke (lord chancellor 1770). Yorke copied the notes, and a transcript of his copy was made for Sir Thomas Parker (lord chief baron 1740-72), from which transcript they were printed by Hargrave and Butler in their edition of ' Coke upon Littleton' in 1787 (NiCHOLS,Ze£. Anecd. viii. 558 n. ; The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, authore Ed. Coke, ed. Hargrave and Butler, vol. xxvi.)
Baxter edited from the original manuscript ' The Judgment of the late Lord Chief Jus- tice, Sir Matthew Hale, of the Nature of True Religion, the Causes of its Corruption, and the Church's Calamity by Men's Addi- tions and Violences, with the desired Cure. In three several Discourses,' &c., London, 1684, 4to (re-edited by E. H. Barker in 1832, 8vo). The same year appeared a collection of various fugitive pieces by Hale entitled 1 Several Tracts, viz. : 1. A Discourse of Re- ligion on Three Heads : (a) The Ends and Uses of it, and the Errors of Men touching it ; (6) The Life of Religion and Superaddi- tions to it ; (c) The Superstructions upon it, and the Animosities about it. 2. A Trea- tise touching Provision for the Poor. 3. A Letter to his Children advising them how to behave themselves in their Speech. 4. A Letter from oneof his Sons after his Recovery from the Small-Pox.' Four years later- ap- peared ' A Discourse of the Knowledge of God and of Ourselves, (1) by the Light of Nature, (2) by the Sacred Scriptures. Writ- ten by Sir Matthew Hale' (with other tracts by Hale), London, 1688. A pious 'Medi- tation concerning the Mercy of God in pre- serving us from the Malice and Power of Evil Angels,' elicited from Hale by the trial of the supposed witches, was published by way of preface to ' A Collection of modern rela- tions of matter of fact concerning Witches and
Witchcraft upon the Persons of the People/ London, 1693, 4to. At Berwick in 1762 appeared ' Sir Matthew Hale's Three Epistles to his Children, with Directions concerning their Religious Observation of the Lord's- Day, to which is prefixed An Account of ih& Author's Life,' 8vo; reprinted with a fourth letter and an edificatory tract as ' The Coun- sels of a Father, in Four Letters of Sir Mat- thew Hale to his Children, to which is added The Practical Life of a true Christian in the- Account of the Good Steward at the Great Audit,' London, 1816, 12mo. His ' Works Moral and Religious,' with Burnet's ' Life r and Baxter's ' Notes ' prefixed, were edited by the Rev. T. Thirlwall, London, 1805,. 2 vols. 8vo. This collective edition contains; (l)the 'Four Letters' to his children, (2) an ' Abstract of the Christian Religion/ (3) ' Con- siderations Seasonable at all times for Cleans- ing the Heart and Life,' (4) the ' Discourse- of Religion,' (5) ' A Discourse on Life and Immortality/ (6) ' On the Day of Pentecoslf / (7) ' Concerning the Works of God/ (8) ' Of Doing as we would be done unto/ (9) the translation of Nepos's 'Life of Atticus/" (10) the ' Contemplations Moral and Divine/ with the metrical effusions on Christmas day. A compilation from the New Testa- ment entitled 'The Harmony of the Four- Evangelists/ edited by John Coren in 1720,. is attributed to Hale on the strength of ' a. tradition in the family whence it came/
Portions of Hale's edificatory and apolo- getic writings have also been from time to- time edited for the Religious Tract Society,, and by individual religious propagandists^ whom it is not necessary to particularise- Besides the portrait in the Guildhall already referred to, there is one by an unknown painter in the National Portrait Gallery, to which it was presented by the Society of Serjeants-at- Law in 1877.
[The principal authorities for Hale's bio- graphy are Burnet's Life and Death of Sir Mat- thew Hale, London, 1682, 8vo ; and the brief account given in Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss,, iii. 1090-6. Of more recent lives the most am- bitious is Memoirs of the Life, Character, and Writings of Sir Matthew Hale, knt., Lord Chief Justice of England, by John (afterwards Sir John)Bickerton Williams, LL.D.,F.S.A., London, 1835, a careful compilation marred by the author's- painful desire to edify. See also Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices, and Foss's Lives of the Judges.] J. M. K.
HALE, RICHARD, M.D. (1670-1728), physician, eldest son of Richard Hale of New Windsor, Berkshire, was born at Becken- ham, Kent, in 1670. He entered at Trinity College, Oxford, with his younger brother,
Hale
Hale
Henry, in June 1689, and Mr. Sykes was his tutor. He graduated B. A. on 19 May 1693, M.A. on 4 Feb. 1695, M.B. on 11 Feb. 1697, and M.D. on 23 June 1701. He settled in London, and was elected a fellow of the Col- lege of Physicians on 9 April 1716. He was three times a censor, and delivered the Har- veian oration in 1724. It was published in 1735, and contains an account of the English mediaeval physicians, which makes it one of the most interesting of the orations. Its style is lively and the author shows considerable knowledge of the original sources of English history. He studied insanity and was famous for his extreme kindness to lunatics. He gave the College of Physicians 500/. for the improvement of their library, and his arms, vert, three pheons argent, are still to be seen upon many gf the books. In the college are two pprfraits of him, one being a copy by Richardson, made in 1733, of a painting done during his life. He died on 26 Sept. 1728.
[Hunk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 48, iii. 396 ; MS. Admission Book of Trinity College, Oxford.]
KM.
HALE, WARREN STORMES (1791- 1872), lord mayor of London, descended from a family settled in Bennington, Hertfordshire, was born on 2 Feb. 1791. Left an orphan at an early age, he came to London in 1804 as apprentice to his brother, Ford Hale, a wax-chandler in Cannon Street. He subse- quently carried on a successful business in Cateaton Street, now Gresham Street, re- moving afterwards to Queen Street. His success was largely due to the fact that he was the first English manufacturer to utilise the valuable investigations made by MM. Chevreul and Lussac, the celebrated French chemists, in relation to animal and vegetable fatty acids. He was elected a member of the common council on St. Thomas's day, 1826, and was mainly instrumental in 1833 in in- ducing the corporation to apply the bequest of John Carpenter (1370 P-1441 ?) [q. v.], for the clothing and education of four poor boys, to the establishment of a large public day school. An act (4 & 5 Will. IV, c. 35) was obtained, under which the City of London School was erected in 1837, and "Hale was elected chair- man of the committee, an office which he re- tained till his death. He also took a prin- cipal part in promoting the foundation by the corporation of the Freemen's Orphan School for children of both sexes, which was opened at Brixton in 1854. In 1849 and again in 1861 he served as master of the Company of Tallow Chandlers, and his por- trait in full length is preserved in their hall in Dowgate Hill. He was appointed deputy
of Coleman Street ward in 1850, and became* alderman of the same ward on 3 Oct. 1856. He served the office of sheriff in 1858-9, and that of lord mayor in 1864-5. During hi& mayoralty he continued the work of his two immediate predecessors in raising a fund for the relief of the Lancashire operatives who^ suffered from the cotton famine of 1862-5, and his arms appear in the memorial window at the east end of the Guildhall. To com- memorate his public services in the cause of education, particularly as originator of the- City of London School, and chairman of its- committee of management for more than thirty years, a fund was raised during his- mayoralty, as a result of which the Warren. Stormes Hale scholarship was established in connection with the school on 28 July 1865. He died on 23 Aug. 1872 at his house,. West Heath, Hampstead, and was buried on the 30th in Highgate cemetery. In 1812. he married a daughter of Alderman Richard Lea, and left a son, Josiah, and two unmarried, daughters. A bust by Bacon and a portrait by Allen are at the City of London School,, and a portrait by Dicksee is at the Freemen's Orphan School.
[Times, 4 Oct. 1856 p. 10, 22 Oct. 1856 p. 7, 24 Aug. 1872 p. 9; City Press, 12 Nov. 1864, Suppl.. 24 Aug. 1872 p. 5, 31 Aug. 1872 p. 4, 12 Oct. 1872 p. 5; Price's Descriptive Account of Guildhall, 1886, p. 85 ; City of London School,. Prospectus of Scholarships, Medals, &c. 1867, p. 26, and App. p. 3.] C. W-H.
HALE, WILLIAM HALE (1795-1870), divine, son of John Hale, a surgeon, of Lynn, Norfolk, was born on 12 Sept. 1795. His- father died about four years later. He be- came a ward of James Palmer, treasurer of Christ's Hospital, and from 1807 to 1811 went to Charterhouse School. On 9 June 1813 he matriculated at Oriel College, Ox- ford, and graduated B.A. in 1817, and M.A. in 1820, being placed in the second class ini classics and mathematics. He was ordained' deacon in December 1818, and served his first curacy under Dr. Gaskin at St. Benet, Grace- church Street. In 1821 he was appointed as- sistant curate to Dr. Blomfield at the church of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, and when Blom- field accepted in 1824 the bishopric of Chester Hale became domestic chaplain, a position which he retained on the bishop's translation to London in 1828. Hale was preacher at the Charterhouse from 1823 until his appointment to the mastership in February 1842. He was prebendary of St. Paul's Cathedral from 1829 to 1840, and was archdeacon of St. Albans from 17 June 1839 till his appointment to the archdeaconry of Middlesex in August 1840.
Hale
Hales
The latter preferment he vacated in 1842, being installed, 12 Nov., in the more lucrative archdeaconry of London. In 1842 he became master of the Charterhouse, and from 1847 to 1857 he retained the rich vicarage of St. Giles, Cripplegate. Hale was a staunch tory, and a determined opponent of reform. He hotly resisted the passage of the Union of Benefices Bill, under which some of the ancient city churches were pulled down, and the proceeds of the sales of the sites applied to the erec- tion of churches in more populous districts, and he strenuously resisted the proposed abo- lition of burials within towns. Bishop Blom- field used to say that 'he had two arch- deacons with different tastes, one (Sinclair) addicted to composition, the other (Hale) to decomposition.' Hale died at the master's lodge, Charterhouse, on 27 Nov. 1870, and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral on 3 Dec. He married at Croydon, 13 Feb. 1821, Ann •Caroline, only daughter of William Coles, and had issue five sons and three daughters. His wife died 18 Jan. 1866 at the Charter- house, and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. Hale's antiquarian learning was generally recognised. For the Camden Society he edited: 1. 'The Domesday of St. Paul's of the year 1222 . . . and other Original Docu- ments relating to its Manors and Churches,' 1858. 2. 'Registrum prioratus beatae Ma- riae Wigorniensis,' 1865. 3. ' Account of the Executors of Richard, bishop of London, 1303, and of the Executors of Thomas, bishop of Exeter, 1310,' 1874 (in conjunction with the Rev. H. T. Ellacombe), the introduction to which Hale finished just before his death. His zeal in arranging the records and docu- ments at St. Paul's is acknowledged in Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. p. 1. < Some Account of the Early History and Foundation of the Hospital of King James, founded at the sole •costs and charges of Thomas Sutton,' anony- mous and privately printed, 1854, was by Mm, and he also wrote ' Some Account of the Hospital of King Edward VI, called •Christ's Hospital,' which went through two •editions in 1855. He edited and arranged the ' Epistles of Joseph Hall, D.D., Bishop of Norwich/ 1840, and the volume of l Insti- tutiones piae originally published by II. I.? and •afterwards ascribed to Bishop Andrewes/ 1839. Together with Bishop Lonsdale he published in 1849 the ' Four Gospels, with Annotations.' His translation of the ' Pon- tifical Law on the Subject of the Utensils and Repairs of Churches as set forth by Fa- bius Alberti ' was privately printed in 1838. For E. Smedley's ' Encyclopaedia Metropoli- tana,' 1850, 3rd division, vol. vii., he wrote 4 The History of the Jews from the time of
Alexander the Great to the Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus,' with other articles. Hale also published sermons of all kinds, be- sides charges and addresses on church rates, the offertory, intramural burial, the pro- ceedings of the Liberation Society, and many other topics.
[Foster's Alumni Oxon. ii. 585 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy); Times, 28 Nov. 1870; Guardian, 30 Nov-. 1870, pp. 1389, 1394, 1400, 7 Dec. p. 1427; Halkett and Laing's Anon. Lit. iv. 2417; Stoughton's Eeligion, 1800-50, ii. 239.1
W. P. C.
HALES, ALEXANDER OF (d. 1245),
philosopher. [See ALEXANDEE.]
HALES, SIB CHRISTOPHER (d. 1541),
master of the rolls, son of Thomas Hales, eldest son of Henry Hales of Hales Place, near Ten- terden, Kent, by Elizabeth, daughter of John Caunton, alderman of London, was a member of Gray's Inn, where he became an ancient in 1516 and was autumn reader in 1524. In an undated letter conjecturally assigned to 1520, Prior Gold well of Christ Church, Canterbury, wrote to the lord chancellor begging that 1 Master Xpher Hales ' might be appointed to adjudicate upon a case in which he was inte- rested; in 1520-1 Hales was counsel for the corporation of Canterbury, and in 1523 he was returned to parliament for that city. On 14 Aug. 1525 he was appointed solicitor- general, and he is mentioned as one of the counsel to the Princess Mary in the same year. He was also one of the commissioners of sewers for the Thames between Green- wich and Gravesend, and in 1525 was placed with Lord Sandes, Sir William Fitzwilliam, and others, on a commission to frame ordi- nances for the better administration of the county of Guisnes. The commissioners met at Guisnes and promulgated on 20 Aug. 1528 ' A Book of Ordinances and Decrees for the County of Guisnes,' relating chiefly to the tenure of land, which will be found in Cotton. MS. Faustina E. vii. ff. 40 et seq. They also furnished Henry VIII with a re- port on the state of the fortifications of Calais. Hales was appointed attorney-general on 3 June 1529, and on 30 Oct. following pre- ferred an indictment against Cardinal Wolsey for having procured bulls from Clement VII to make himself legate, contrary to the statute of prsemunire (16 Ric. II), and for other offences. He was on the commission of gaol delivery for Canterbury Castle in June 1530; was one of the commissioners appointed on 14 July following to make inquisition into the estates held by Cardinal Wolsey in Kent ; and was placed on the commission of the j peace for Essex on 11 Dec. of the same year.
Hales
Hales
In 1532 he was one of the justices of assize for the home circuit ; in 1533 he was actively engaged in investigating the case of the holy nun Elizabeth Barton [q. v.], and in 1535 he conducted the proceedings against Sir Thomas More, Bishop Fisher, and Anne Boleyn. He is mentioned as one of the commissioners of sewers for Kent in 1536, in which year he succeeded Cromwell (10 July) as master of the rolls. In 1537-8 the corporation of Canterbury presented him with a gallon of sack. This is doubtfully said to be the first recorded appear- ance of this wine in England. He was one of those appointed to receive the Lady Anne of Cleves on her arrival at Dover (29 Dec. 1539). In 1540 he was associated with Cran- mer, Lord-chancellor Rich, and other commis- sioners in the work of remodelling the foun- dation of Canterbury Cathedral, ousting the monks and supplying their place with secu- lar clergy. He profited largely by the dis- solution of the monasteries, obtaining many grants of land which had belonged to them in Kent. He died a bachelor in June 1541, and was buried at Hackington or St. Stephen's, near Canterbury. Sir James Hales [q. v-] was his cousin.
[Hasted's Kent, ii. 576, iii. 94; Berry's County Genealogies (Kent), 210; Burke's Extinct Ba- ronetage, Hales of Woodchurch ; Dugdale's Orig. p. 292; Chron. Ser. pp. 81, 83; Douthwaite's Gray's Inn, p. 48; Christ Church Letters (Camd. Soc.), p. 79 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Kep. App. 151 a, 152 a, 153 a, 175; Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. Henry VIII, vol. iv. pt. i. pp. 681, 707, pt. ii. pp. 1231, 2177, 2228, pt. iii. pp. 2272, 2314, 2686, 2918, 2931, 3076, vi. 29, 86 ; Wrio- thesley's Chron. (Camd. Soc.), ii. 49; Cobbett's State Trials, i. 370, 389; Chron. of Calais (Camd. Soc.), p. 174; Narratives of the Eeformation (Camd. Soc.), p. 273; Weever's Ancient Funerall Monuments, p. 260 ; Foss's Lives of the Judges.]
J. M. K.
HALES, SIK EDWARD, titular EAEL OF TENTERDEN (d. 1695), was only son of Sir Ed- ward Hales, bart., of Tunstall, Kent, a zealous royalist, by his wife Anne, the youngest of the four daughters and coheirs of Thomas, lord Weston. He was a descendant of John Hales (d. 1539), baron of the exchequer [see under HALES, SIK JAMES]. On the death of his father in France, soon after the Restoration, he succeeded to the baronetcy, and in the reign of Charles II he purchased the mansion and estate of St. Stephen's, near Canterbury, where his descendants afterwards resided. He was educated at Oxford, and Obadiah Walker, of University College, his tutor, in- clined him to Roman Catholicism; but he did not declare himself a catholic until the accession of James II (DODD, Church Hist.
iii. 451). He was formally reconciled to the catholic church on 11 Nov. 1685.
On 28 Nov. 1673 Hales had been ad- mitted to the rank of colonel of a foot regi- ment at Hackington, Kent, but, contrary to the statute 25 Charles II, he had not re- ceived the sacrament within three months, according to the rites of the established church, nor had he taken the oaths of alle- giance and supremacy. James now gave him a dispensation from these obligations by letters patent under the great seal ; and in order to determine the legality of the exercise of his dispensing power in such cases, a test action was arranged. Arthur Godden, Sir Edward's coachman, was instructed to bring a qui tarn action against his master for the penalty of 500Z., due to the informer under the act of Charles II. Hales was indicted and con- victed at the assizes held at Rochester 28 March 1686. The defendant pleaded the king's dispensation. On appeal the question was argued at great length in the court of king's bench before Sir Edward Herbert, lord chief justice of England. On21 June Herbert, after consulting his colleagues on the bench, delivered judgment in favour of Hales, and as- serted the dispensing power to be part of the king's prerogative (see arts. JAMES II and HER- BERT, SIR EDWARD (1648 P-1698) ; HOWELL, State Trials, xi. 1165-1315).
Hales was sworn of the privy council, and appointed one of the lords of the admiralty, deputy-warden of the Cinque ports, and lieutenant of Dover Castle, and in June 1687 lieutenant of the Tower and master of the ordnance. Luttrell mentions, in June 1688, a rumour that he was about to have a chapel in the Tower { for the popish service ' (Hist . Relation of State Affairs, i. 445). When the seven bishops were discharged from his custody he demanded fees of them ; but they refused, on the ground that their detention and Hales's commission were both illegal. The lieutenant hinted that if they came into his hands again they should feel his power (MACATJLAY, Hist, of England, ch. yiii.) Hales was dismissed from his post at the Tower in November 1688. James II, with Hales as one of his three companions, and disguised as Hales's servant, left Whitehall on 11 Dec., in the hope of escaping to France. The vessel which conveyed them was dis- covered the next day as it lay in the river off Faversham, and the king and his three attendants were conducted on shore. Hales was recognised, and kept prisoner at the courthouse at Faversham. Immediately after the king's departure for London he was conveyed to Maidstone gaol, and afterwards to the Tower, where he remained for a year
Hales
Hales
and a half. On 26 Oct. 1689 he was brought up to the bar of the House of Commons, and ordered to be charged with high treason in being reconciled to the church of Rome ( Commons' Journals, x. 274, 275, . On 31 Jan. 1689-90 he and Obadiah Walker were brought by habeas corpus from the Tower to the bar of the king's bench, and were bailed on good security ; but both were excepted out of the act of pardon dated 23 May following. Eventually Hales obtained his discharge on 2 June 1690 (LUTTKELL, ii. 50).
Hales proceeded (October) to St. Ger- mains, where he was much respected but little employed by James II; 'for,' says Dodd, l by what I can gather from a kind of journal of his life (which I have perused in his own handwriting), he rather attended his old master as a friend than as a statesman.' James rewarded his past services by creating him Earl of Tenterden in Kent, Viscount Tunstall, and Baron Hales of Emley, by patent 3 May 1692. Hasted says that he had been informed on good authority that Hales's son and successor in the baronetcy, Sir John Hales, was offered a peerage by George I, but the matter dropped, because Sir John in- sisted on his right to his father's titles, and to precedence according to that creation (Hist, of Kent, ii. 577 rc.) Sir Edward, in 1694, ap- plied to the Earl of Shrewsbury for a license to return to England, but he died, without obtaining it, in 1695, and was buried in the church of St. Sulpice at Paris. He was scrupulously just in his dealings, regular in his habits, and remarkably charitable to those in distress. By the schedule to his will, dated July 1695, he bequeathed 5,000/., to be disposed of according to his instructions by Bishop Bonaventure Giffard [q. v.] and Dr. Thomas Witham.
By his wife Frances, daughter of Sir Francis Windebank, kt., of Oxfordshire, he had five sons and seven daughters. Edward, his eldest son, was slain in the service of James II at the battle of the Boyne, and John, the second son (d. 1744), accordingly succeeded to the baronetcy, which became extinct on the death of the sixth baronet, Sir Edward Hales, without issue, on 15 March 1829.
Hales left in manuscript a journal of his life, which Dodd used in his ' Church His- tory' (see iii. 421, 422, 451, &c.)
[Addit. MSS. 15551 f. 82, 32520 f. 38; Burke's Extinct Baronetcies, p. 234 ; Burnet's Own Time, i. 660; Butler's Hist. Memoirs (1822), iii. 94; Campbell's Lord Chancellors, iii. 562, 576 ; Courthope's Synopsis of the Extinct Ba- ronetage, p. 92; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 451; Echard's Hist, of England, 3rd edit., p. 1077; Foss's Biographia Juridica, pp. 343, 530, 640;
Gillow's Bibl. Diet. ; Lingard's Hist, of England (1849), x. 208; Luttrell's Hist. Eelation of State Affairs, i. 380, 382, 406, 453, 487, 493, 594, 597, ii. 10, 14, iii. 520, iv. 426; Macaulay's Hist, of England ; Panzani's Memoirs, p. 346 ; Wood's Life (Bliss), pp. cv, cix, cxii ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 441, 442, 553, 774.]
T. C.
HALES, SIE JAMES (d. 1554), judge, was eldest son of John Hales of the Dungeon,, near Canterbury, by Isabell, daughter of Stephen Harry. JOHN HALES (d. 1539) was, according to Hasted, uncle of Sir Christopher Hales [q. v.], but Wotton (Baronetage, i. 219) makes them first cousins. John was a member of Gray's Inn, and was reader in 1514 and 1520. He probably held some office in the exchequer, and was appointed third baron 1 Oct. 1522. He was promoted to be second baron 14 May 1528, and held that position on 1 Aug. 1539, but probably died soon after.
James was a member of Gray's Innr where he was an ancient in 1528, autumn reader in 1533, double Lent reader in 1537,. and triple Lent reader in 1540. He was among those appointed to receive the Lady Anne of Cleves on her arrival at Dover (29 Dec. 1539). He was called to the degree of serjeant-at-law in Trinity term 1540, and on 4 Nov. 1544 wa& appointed king's serjeant. He was standing counsel to the corporation of Canterbury in 1541-2, and he was also counsel to Arch- bishop Cranmer, though from what date is- not clear. He was created a knight of the Bath at the coronation of Edward VI, 20 Feb. 1546-7. In April 1549 he was placed on. a commission for detecting and extirpating heresy, on 10 May following was appointed a judge of the common pleas, and in the- autumn of the same year sat on a mixed commission of ecclesiastics, judges, and civi- lians appointed to hear Bishop Bonner's ap- peal against his deprivation, and which con- firmed the sentence. He also sat on the commission appointed on 12 Dec. 1550 to try Bishop Gardiner for his intrigues and prac- tices against the reformation, and concurred in the sentence of deprivation passed against him on 14 Feb. 1550-1 ; and he was placed! on another commission specially directed against the anabaptists of Kent and Essex in January 1550-1. He was also a member of a commission of sixteen spiritual and as many temporal persons appointed on 6 Oct. 1551 to examine and reform the ecclesiastical laws ; and on the 26th of the same month he was appointed to hear causes in chancery during the illness of the lord chancellor, Kich. In January 1551-2 he was commissioned to assist the lord keeper, Thomas Goodrich, bishop of Ely, in the hearing of chancery
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Hales
matters. In 1553 Edward VI determined to -exclude both the Princess Elizabeth and the Princess Mary from the succession and settle the crown by an act of council on the Lady Jane Grey. Hales, as a member of the coun- cil, was required to affix his seal to the docu- ment, but steadily refused so to do on the ground that the succession could only be legally altered by act of parliament. On the accession of Mary (6 July 1553) he showed •equal regard for strict legality by charging the justices at the assizes in Kent that the laws of Edward VI and Henry VIII against noncon- formists remained in force and must not be relaxed in favour of Roman catholics. Never- theless the queen renewed his patent of justice of the common pleas ; but on his presenting himself (6 Oct.) in Westminster Hall to take the oath of office Gardiner, now lord chancel- lor, refused to administer it on the ground that he stood not well in her grace's favour by reason of his conduct at the Kent assizes, and he was shortly afterwards committed to the King's Bench prison, whence he was removed to the Compter in Bread Street, and afterwards to the Fleet. In prison he was visited by Dr. Day, bishop of Chichester ; his colleague on the bench, Portman [q. v.] ; and one Forster. He was at last so worried by their argu- ments that he attempted to commit suicide by opening his veins with his penknife. This intention was frustrated. He recovered and was released in April 1554, but went mad and drowned himself in a shallow stream on 4 Aug. following at Thanington, near Can- terbury. A case of Hales v. Petit, in which his widow, Lady Margaret, sued for trespass done to a leasehold estate which had be- longed to him, after his death but before his goods and chattels had been declared forfeit and regranted to the defendant as those of a felo de se, gave rise to much legal quibbling on the point whether the forfeiture took place as from the date of the suicide or only from the date of the grant. The following extract from Plowden's ' Report ' may confirm the conjecture that Shakespeare took a hint from this case : ' Sir James Hales was dead, and how came he to his death ? It may be an- swered by drowning ; and who drowned him ? — Sir James Hales ; and when did he drown him ? — in his lifetime. So that Sir James Hales being alive caused Sir James Hales to die ; and the act of a living man was the death of a dead man. And then after this offence it is reasonable to punish the living man who committed the offence and not the dead man.'
The Lady Margaret referred to was the daughter of Thomas Hales of Henley-on- Thames. By her Hales had issue two sons,
Humphrey and Edward, and a daughter, Mildred.
[Hasted's Kent, ii. 576, iii. 584; Burke's Ex- tinct Baronetage, Hales of Woodchurch; Berry's County Genealogies (Kent), 210 ; Douthwaite's Gray's Inn, p. 49 ; Chron. of Calais (Caniden Soc.), pp. 173, 174; "Wynne's Serjeants-at-law; Dugdale's Orig. p. 292 ; Chron. Ser. pp. 87, 88 ; Narratives of the Eeformation (Camden Soc.), p. 265 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. App. 1 53 b, 154 a, 155 a; Nicolas's Hist, of British Knight- hood, iii. xiii ; Rymer's Fcedera, ed. Sanderson, xv. 181, 250; Strype's Mem. (fol.), vol. ii. pt. i. pp. 23, 246, 281, 296, pt. ii. pp. 483-4, 487, vol. iii. pt. i. pp. 25, 279-80 ; Strype's Cranmer (fol.), pp. 223, 225, 270-1 ; Cobbett's State Trials, i. 630, 715 ; Burnet's Eeformation, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 458; Holinshed, 1808, iii. 1064,iv.8-9; Foxe's Acts and Monuments, ed. Townsend, vi. 710-15 ; Plowden's Rep. p. 255 ; Addit. MSS. 5480 f. 115, 5520 f. 119.] J. M. R.
HALES or HAYLES, JOHN (d. 1571). miscellaneous writer, younger son of Thomas Hales of Hales Place in Halden, Kent, was not educated at any university, but contrived to teach himself Latin, Greek, French, and German. He was lamed by an accident in youth, and was often called ' club-foot ' Hales. He was clerk of the hanaper to Henry VIII, and afterwards to Edward VI. About 1543 he published l Highway to Nobility,' and trans- lated Plutarch's ' Precepts for the Preservation of Health ' (London, by R. Grafton, 1543). He profited by the dissolution of monasteries and chantries, but converted St. John's Hos- pital in Coventry, of which he received a grant in 1548, into a free school (DTJGDA.LE, Warwickshire, p. 179 ; TANNER, Notitia). By this act he seems to have made himself the first founder of a free school in the reign of Edward VI (DixoN, ii. 508). For the use of this foundation he wrote ' Introductiones ad Grammaticam,' part in Latin, part in English. At this time he was also honourably distin- guished by his opposition to the enclosure of lands. When Somerset issued his commissions for the redress of enclosures in 1548, Hales was one of the six commissioners named for the midland counties. The commission, and the charge with which, wherever they held session, he was wont to open it, have been pre- served (STETPE, Eccl. Mem. iii. 145 ; Cal. of State Papers, Dom. i. 9). By his zeal and honesty he incurred the resentment of Dud- ley, then earl of Warwick, and the inquiry was checked.
In the parliament of the same year, 1548, Hales, who was M.P. for Preston, Lancashire, made another effort to assist the poor by in- troducing three bills : for rebuilding decayed houses, for maintaining tillage, against re- grating and forestalling of markets. They
Hales
Hales
were all rejected (STRYPE, iii. 210). Later in the reign, in 1552, he seems to have taken a journey to Strasburg (Cranmcr's Lett. p. 434, Parker Soc.) On the accession of Mary he retired to Frankfort, and with his brother Christopher was prominently engaged in the religious contentions among tho English exiles in that city (STRYPB, iii. 404 ; Oriy. Lett. p. 764, Parker Soc.) He returned to England upon Mary's death, and greeted Elizabeth with a gratulatory oration, which is extant in manuscript (Harleian MSS. vol. ccccxix. No. 50). This was not spoken, but was delivered in writing to the queen by a nobleman. Hales was restored to his clerk- ship of the hanaper or hamper (STRYPE, An- nals, i. i. 74 ; Cal Dom. i. 125-6). But in 1560 he fell into disgrace by interfering in the curious case of the marriage between the Earl of Hertford, eldest son of the late pro- tector Somerset, and Katherine, one of the daughters of Grey, late duke of Suffolk, which Archbishop Parker, sitting in commission, had pronounced to be unlawful, the parties being unable to prove it. Hales put forth a pamphlet (now in Harl. MS. 550) to the effect that the marriage was made legitimate by the sole consent of the parties, and that the title to the crown of England belonged to the house of Suffolk if Elizabetli should die without issue. He was committed to the Tower, but was soon released by the influence of Cecil, yet in 1568 he was under bond not to quit his house without the royal license ( Cal. Dom. i. 306). The whole affair was very complicated, and endangered the reputation of Sir Nicholas Bacon [q. v.] and other per- sons of eminence.
Hales died on 28 Dec. 1571, and was buried in the church of St. Peter-le-Poer in London. His estates, with his principal house in Co- ventry called Hales's Place, otherwise the White Fryers, passed to John, son of his brother Christopher.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 401-5 ; works cited.] K. W. D.
HALES, JOHN (1584-1656), the < ever- memorable/ was born in St. James's parish, Bath, on 19 April 1584. His father, John Hales, of an old Somersetshire stock, had an estate at Highchurch, near Bath, and was steward to the Horner family. After passing through the Bath grammar school, Hales went to Oxford on 16 April 1597 as a scholar of Corpus Christi College, and graduated B.A. on 9 July 1603 (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., II. iii. 243). His remarkable learn- ing and philosophic acumen brought him under the notice of Sir Henry Savile, and secured his election as fellow of Merton in
1605. He took orders ; shone as a preacher, though he appears never to have had a strong- voice ; and graduated M. A. on 20 June 1609. At Merton he distinguished himself as lec- turer in Greek ; he is said by Clarendon to have been largely responsible for Savile's edition of Chrysostom (1610-13). In 1612 he became public lecturer on Greek to the university. Next year he delivered (29 March) a funeral oration on Sir Thomas Bodley [q. v.], which formed his first publication. Soon after (24 May) he was admitted fellow of Eton, of which Savile was provost.
In 1616 Hales went to Holland as chap- lain to the ambassador, Sir Dudley Carleton [q. v.], who despatched him in 1618 to Dort, to watch the proceedings of the famous synod in which the 'five points' of Calvinism were formulated. He remained at Dort from 13 Nov. till the following February, when he left, and his duty was undertaken by Walter Balcanquhall, D.D. (1586 P-1645) [q. v.] His interesting and characteristic re- ports to Carleton are included in his f Golden Remains ; ' an additional letter (11-22 Dec. 1618) is given in Carleton's ' Letters ' (1757), and inserted in its proper place in the 1765 edition of Hales's ' Works.' In the letter prefixed by Anthony Farindon [q. v.] to the 'Golden Remains' (27 Sept. 1657), Farindon states, on what he alleges to be Hales's own authority, that Hales was led at the synod to 1 bid John Calvin good-night ' when Episco- pius, the well-known Arminian, pressed the verse St. John iii. 16 to support his own doctrine. According to Hales's own letter (19 Jan. 1619), Matthias Martinius of Bre- men, a halfway divine, employed this text. But if Farindon's account be right, Hales, as Tulloch remarks, ' did not say good-morning- to Arminius.' The main effect of the bynod on his mind was to free it from all sectarian prejudice. No incident made a stronger im- pression upon him than the debate on schism, which he reported on 1 Dec. 1618.
Early in 1619 Hales retired to his fellow- ship at Eton. In Sir Henry Wotton, who succeeded Savile as provost in 1623, he found a kindred spirit. He lived much among his- books, visiting London only once a year, although he was possibly there more fre- quently during the period (1633-43) of Falk- land's connection with London [see CART,. Lucius, second VISCOUNT FALKLAND]. The traces of his connection with Falkland are slight ; but his ' company was much desired T in the brilliant circle of men of letters then gathered in London. Suckling, who in a poetical epistle bids him 'come to town/ gives us glimpses also in his ' Session of the Poets ' of his grave smile, his retiring manner,
Hales
Hales
his faculty for ' putting or clearing of a doubt/ and his decisive judgment. Both Dryden and Howe tell a story of his being present when Ben Jonson descanted on Shakespeare's lack of learning. Hales sat silent, but at length said that if Shakespeare ' had not read the ancients he had likewise not stolen any- thing from them,' and undertook to find some- thing on any topic treated by them at least as well treated by Shakespeare. He had formed a remarkably fine collection of books, and his learning was always under his com- mand. Wood calls him i a walking library.' Clarendon speaks of him as having a better memory for books than any man except Falk- land, and equal to him. Heylyn, no very friendly judge, says he was ' as communica- tive of his knowledge as the celestial bodies of their light and influences.' He is said to have been backward in the utterance of some of his broader views, from a feeling of tender- ness for weak consciences ; but in his writings there is no reserve. The charge of Socinian- ism alleged against him is disproved by his brief paper on the doctrine of the Trinity (see, for a statement of difficulties regarding the atonement, his letter of December 1638, in Works, 1765, vol. i.) He had adopted liberal views of toleration, possibly with some as- sistance from Socinian writers (cf. Suck- ling's ' Leave Socinus and the Schoolmen '). Hence, on the appearance (in 1628 and 1633) of two anonymous irenical tracts belonging to that school, he was l in common speech ' accredited with their authorship, an error perpetuated by Wood.
The great contribution made by Hales to irenical literature is the tract on l Schism and Schismaticks,' which appears to have been written about 1636. Hales describes it as l a letter/ and ' for the use of a private friend/ in all probability Chillingworth, who was then engaged on his ' Religion of Pro- testants' (1637). It was circulated in manu- script, and a copy fell into the hands of Laud. Hearing that the paper had given offence to the archbishop, Hales vindicated himself in a letter to Laud, which is a model of firm- ness and good humour. Neither Heylyn nor Clarendon mentions this letter. It appears that Hales had ' once already ' found Laud ' extraordinary liberal ' of his patience, and there is no doubt that Laud now sent for Hales, though the accounts of what passed at the interview are not very trustworthy. Des Maizeaux mentions the story that Hales as- sisted Laud in the second edition (1639) of his ' Conference ' with Fisher. Laud certainly made him one of his chaplains, and obtained for him a canonry at Windsor, into which he was installed on 27 June 1639 (royal patent
dated 23 May). Clarendon says that Laud had difficulty in persuading him to accept this preferment; he would nevet take the cure of souls.
His tract on ' Schism ' was not printed till 1642, when three editions appeared without his name, and apparently without his sanction. In the same year he was ejected from his stall by the parliamentary committee. Though he- was not immediately turned out of his fellow- ship at Eton (Walker is in error here), it seems- that in 1644 'both armies had sequestered the college rents.' Hales hid himself for nine weeks in a private lodging in Eton with ' the college writings and keys/ living on brown bread and beer at a cost of sixpence a week. On his refusal to take the ' engagement ' of 16 April 1649 he was formally dispossessed of his fellowship. Penwarden, who was put into his place, offered him half tne emolu- ment (501. a year, including the bursarship), but this he declined, refusing also a position in the Sedley family, of Kent, with a salary of 100/. a year. He preferred a retreat to- Richings Lodge, near Colnbrook, Bucking- hamshire, the residence of Mrs. Salter, sister to Brian Duppa, bishop of Salisbury, accept- ing a small salary as tutor to her son Wil- liam, who proved ' blockish/ according to Wood. Hales, in his will, calls his pupil his 'most deservedly beloved friend.' To this house Henry King, bishop of Chichester, also- retreated, with some members of his family, and ' made a sort of a college/ Hales acting* as chaplain and using the liturgy. On the issue of the order against harbouring malig- nants, he left Mrs. Salter against her wish, and lodged in Eton, ' next to the Christopher inn/ with Hannah Dickenson, widow of his- old servant. The greater part of his books (which had cost 2,500/.) he sold for 700/, to Christopher Bee, a London bookseller. Always a liberal giver, he parted by degrees with all his ready money in charity to de- prived clergy and scholars, till Farindon, who- visited him daily for some months before his death, found him with no more than a few shillings in hand. But his will shows that he had property to dispose of.
Hales died at Eton on 19 May 1656. De- pression of spirits, caused by l the black and dismal aspect of the times/ probably injured his health; for though he had entered his seventy-third year his constitution was still robust, and he was free from ailment. To- Farindon he gave directions for his funeral, repeated in his will, that he should be buried in the churchyard, { as near as may be to the body of my little godson, Jack Dickenson the elder.' There was to be no sermon or bell-ringing or calling the people together, nor
Hales
Hales
•any t commessation or compotation/ and the tfuneral was to be ' at the time of the next even- song after my departure.' His will is dated on the day of his death. A monument was placed to his memory by Peter Curwen, formerly one of his scholars at Eton. No por- trait of him is known ; but we have Aubrey's graphic description of him as he found him, in his last year, * reading Thomas a Kempis.' He was then ' a prettie little man, sanguine, of a cheerful countenance, very gentle and courteous/ to which Wood adds ' quick and nimble.' He did not dress in black, but in * violet-coloured cloth.' Aubrey says he had a moderate liking for ( canarie ; ' Wood that he fasted every week ' from Thursday dinner to Saturday.' His life was to have been written by Farindon ; but Farindon died be- fore the issue of the ' Golden Remains/ to which his sole contribution is a letter to Garthwait the publisher. It is said that Bishop Pearson was asked to take up Farin- •don'stask ; but he contented himself by pre- fixing to the ' Remains ' a few pages of dis- criminating eulogy. Farindon's materials passed to William Fulman [q. v.], who like- wise failed to write the memoir. Use has T)een made of Fulman's papers by Walker :and Chalmers.
Andrew Marvel justly describes Hales as 4 one of the clearest heads and best prepared breasts in Christendom.' The richness of his learning impresses us even less than his felicity in using it. His humour enables him to treat disturbing questions with attractive lightness •of touch. His strength lies in an invincible core of common sense, always blended with good feeling, and issuing in a wise and thoughtful charity.
Hales can hardly be said to have written anything for publication. Repeatedly urged to write, he was, says Pearson, ' obstinate against it.' His works are: 1. 'Oratio Fune- bris habita in Collegio Mertonensi . . . quo •die . . . Thomse Bodleio funus ducebatur/ &c., Oxford, 1613, 4to. 2. < A Sermon . . . •concerning the Abuses of the obscure places <of Holy Scripture/ &c., Oxford, 1617, 4to. 3. The sermon ' Of Dealing with Erring 'Christians/ preached at St. Paul's Cross, •seems also to have been printed, at Farin- -don's instigation. 4. The sermon ' Of Duels/ preached at the Hague, is said to have been printed, though Farindon implies the con- trary. Other pieces, published during his lifetime, but apparently without his autho- rity, were : 5. ' The Way towards the Find- ing of a Decision of the Chief Controversie now debated concerning Church Govern- ment/ &c., 1641, 4to, anon. 6. 'A Tract con- cerning Schisme and Schismatiques, ... by
a learned and judicious divine/ &c., 1642, 4to ; two London editions, same year, also one at Oxford, with animadversions. 7. ' Of the Blasphemie against the Holy Ghost,' &c., 1646,4to, anon. Posthumous were : 8. ' Golden Remains of the Ever Memorable Mr. John Hales/ &c., 1659, 4to ; 2nd edit., with addi- tions, 1673, 4to ; 3rd edit., 1688, 8vo. 9. ' Ser- mons preached at Eton/ &c., fol. 10. ' Se- veral Tracts/ &c., 1677, 8vo ; 2nd edit., 1716, 12mo, with addition of the letter to Laud. The < Works . . . now first collected/ &c., were edited by Sir David Dalrymple, lord Hailes [q. v.], and printed at Glasgow by Foulis, 1765, 16mo, 3 vols. The collection embraces all that had been previously pub- lished with several new letters, and is a beautiful specimen of typography. It should be observed, however, that ' some few obso- lete words are occasionally altered/ and the editor has expunged, on fastidious grounds, ' two passages in the sermons.' The Socinian tracts falsely accredited to Hales are the 'Anonymi Dissertatio de Pace/ &c., by Samuel Przypkowski, and the 'Brevis Dis- quisitio/ &c., by Joachim Stegmann the elder. Curll printed in 1720 ' A Discourse of several Dignities and Corruptions of Man's Nature since the Fall/ &c., which he assigned to Hales. It is an abridgment of a treatise by Bishop Reynolds of Norwich.
[Des Maizeaux's Historical Account, 1719; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 409 sq. ; Wood's Fasti, ii. 299, 334 ; Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, 1714, ii. 87, 93 sq. ; Clarendon's Life, 1759, i. 27 sq.; Aubrey's Lives, 1813, p. 364; Suckling's Works, 1696, pp. 8, 32 sq. ; Dryden's Essay of Dramatic Poesie, 1693, p. 32; Eowe's Life of Shakespeare, prefixed to Works, 1709, i. p. xiv; Marvell's Eehearsal Transpos'd, 1672, p. 175 ; Heylyn's Life of Laud, 1668 ; Chalmers's Gen. Biog. Diet. 1814, xvii. 32 sq. ; Tulloch's Kational Theology, 1872, vol. i.] A. Gr.
HALES, JOHN (d. 1679), painter. [See HATLS.]
HA.LES, STEPHEN (1677-1761), phy- siologist and inventor, was born in Septem- ber 1677 at Bekesbourne in Kent. His birth- day is given variously as 7 Sept. and 17 Sept. He was baptised on 20 Sept. (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. iv. 407). He was the fifth or sixth son of Thomas Hales, by Mary, daugh- ter of Richard Wood of Abbots Langley, Hertfordshire. Thomas Hales, who was the eldest son of Sir Robert Hales, bart., died in his father's lifetime, and the baronetcy is now extinct. The family was a younger branch of the family of Hales of Woodchurch, to which Sir Edward Hales [q. v.] belonged. Stephen was entered as a pensioner at Corpus
Hales
33
Hales
Christ! College, Cambridge, on 19 June 1696, and was admitted a fellow 25 Feb. 1702-3 (M.A. 1703, B.D. 1711). In 1733 he was created D.D. by diploma of the university of Oxford.
During his residence as a fellow he became intimate with William Stukeley the anti- quary, his junior by ten years, with whom he ' perambulated ' Cambridgeshire in search of Ray's plants. He is said to have constructed an instrument for showing the movement of the heavenly bodies, a similar contrivance to that afterwards known as an orrery. He also worked at chemistry in ' the elaboratory at Trinity College,' no doubt that of Vigani, built by Bentley.
He was appointed perpetual curate, other- wise minister, of Teddington, Middlesex, in 1708-9. His earliest signature in the parish register occurs on 2 Jan. 1708-9. He vacated his fellowship by his acceptance of the living of Porlock in Somersetshire, which he after- wards exchanged for that of Farringdon in Hampshire. He made his home at Tedding- ton ; but it appears from a letter preserved in the Royal Society Library that he occa- sionally resided at Farringdon.
He became a fellow of the Royal Society on 20 Nov. 1718, and received the Copley medal of that society in 1739. He became one of the eight foreign members of the French Academy in 1753. He was proctor for the clergy of the diocese of Winchester, and one of the trustees for the colony of Georgia. In the latter capacity he preached in St. Bride's Church, London, on 21 March 1734. The ser- mon, a dull one on Gal. vi. 2, was afterwards published. The plant Halesia remains as a memento of this connection, having been named in his honour by the naturalist John Ellis, governor of the colony. He was active in the foundation of the Society for the En- couragement of Arts an<I Manufactures and Commerce, now known as the Society of Arts, and became one of its vice-presidents in 1755. Frederick, prince of Wales, the father of George III, is said to have been fond of surprising him in his laboratory at Tedding- ton. When the prince died, there was, accord- ing to Horace Walpole, some talk of making Hales, ' the old philosopher,' tutor to the young prince. He was not, however, ap- pointed to this post, and Masters (History of Corpus Christi, 1755) is probably wrong in stating that Hales had ' some share in the instruction of her [the Princess of Wales's] illustrious offspring. In 1751 he was appointed clerk of the closet to the princess-dowager, and chaplain to the prince her son. She seems to have retained a regard for him, for this 'mother of the best of kings,' as she styles
VOL. XXIV.
herself, put up the monument to Hales in Westminster Abbey. He declined a canonry of Windsor offered to him by the king. He was an active parish priest, as the registers of Teddington show. He made his female- parishioners do public penance for irregular behaviour. He enlarged the churchyard (1734) ' by prevailing with the lord of the- manor.' He helped his parishioners to put up (1748) a lantern on the church tower, so- that the bells might better be heard. In 1754 the timber tower on which the lantern, stood was pulled down, and a brick one put up in its place. Under this tower, which now serves as a porch, his bones rest. In 1753 he arranged for the building of a new aisle, and not only subscribed 200/., but per- sonally superintended the building. In 1754 he helped the parish to a decent water supply, and characteristically records, in the parish register, that the outflow was such as to fill a two-quart vessel in ' 3 swings of a pendu- lum, beating seconds, which pendulum was- 39 + T25 inches long from the suspending nail to the middle of the plumbet or bob/' He had Peg Woffington for a parishioner and Pope for a neighbour. Spence records a* remark of Pope : ' I shall be very glad to- see Dr. Hales, and always love to see him ; he is so worthy and good a man.' He is men- tioned in the ' Moral Essays,' epistle ii. (to- Martha Blount, 1. 195). He was one of the- witnesses to Pope's will (COURTHOPE, Pope}.
Horace Walpole calls Hales ' a poor, good, primitive creature.' His contemporaries speak of his ' native innocence and simpli- city of manners.' Peter Collinson, the natu- ralist, writes of l his constant serenity and cheerfulness of mind ; ' and it is recorded of him that ' he could look even upon wicked men, and those who did him unkind offices, without any emotion of particular indigna- tion ; not from want of discernment or sen- sibility ; but he used to consider them only like those experiments which, upon trial, he found could never be applied to any useful purpose, and which he therefore calmly and dispassionately laid aside.' He continued some at least of his parish duties up to within a few months of his death. His signature, in a tremulous hand, occurs in the Tedding- ton register on 4 Nov. 1760. He died on 4 Jan. 1761, ' after a very slight illness,' his thoughts being still busy with his scientific work. He married (1719?) Mary, daughter of Dr. Richard Newce of Much Hadham, Hertfordshire, and rector of Hailsham in Sussex. She died without issue in 1721, and was buried at Teddington on 10 Oct.
Hales's work falls into two main classes f (1) physiological and chemical, (2) inven-
D
Hales
34
Hales
tions and suggestions on matters connected with health, agriculture, &c.
He was equally distinguished as a botani- cal and as an animal physiologist. His most important book, * Statical Essays,' deals with both subjects. This book, founded chiefly on papers read before the Royal Society, was well received at the time, and was translated into French, German, Dutch, and Italian. It consists of two volumes, of which the first, dealing with plant-physiology, was published under the separate title of * Vegetable Sta- ticks,' in 1727.
The study of the anatomy of plants made, as Sachs points out, small advance during the eighteenth century, but there was a revival of plant-physiology, to which Hales's work was the most original and important contri- bution. Much of his work was devoted to the study of the loss of water which plants suffer by evaporation, and to the means by which the roots make good this loss. In these subjects many of his experiments re- main of fundamental importance. With re- gard to the passage of water up the stems of trees it is worth notice that he made a sug- gestion which has quite recently, under dif- ferent auspices, met with a good deal of ap- proval, namely, that the ' force is not from the roots only, but must proceed from some power in the stem and branches '( Veg. Staticks, p. 110). It is especially characteristic of his work that he sought a quantitative knowledge of all the functions which he investigated. Thus he calculated the available amount of water in a given area of soil, and compared it with the loss of water due to the evapora- tion from the plants growing on that area. He also estimated the rain and dew fall from the same point of view ; the variation in root force at different times of day ; the force exerted by peas as they imbibe water and expand ; the rate of growth of shoots and leaves by using the method still in use, of marking them at equal intervals.
With regard to the nutrition of plants in general he was far in advance of his age in two particulars : (1) He wrote well and clearly against the theory of the circulation of sap, then and long afterwards in vogue, a theory which rendered any advance in know- ledge impossible ; (2) finding that gas could be obtained from plants by dry distillation, he was led to believe that gas might be con- densed or in some way changed into the sub- stances found in plants. In thus recognising the fact that the air may be a source of food to plants, he was a forerunner of Ingen- Housz and De Saussure, the actual founders of the central principle of vegetable nutrition ; but his views were not clearly enough elabo-
rated or supported by experiment, and they failed to make much impression. He con- nected the assimilative function of leaves with the action of light, but, misled by the Newtonian theory as to the nature of light, he supposed that light, the substance, was itself a food.
The latter half of ' Vegetable Staticks ' contains a mass of experiments on the gases which he distilled from various substances. He began the work in connection with his theory of the gaseous nutrition of plants, and seems to have been led on by its intrinsic interest. It led him to speculate on com- bustion and on the respiration of animals, and if his work had no direct chemical outcome, it prepared the way for the work of Priestley and others by teaching them how to mani- pulate gases by collecting them over water. His papers on sea-water and on the water of chalybeate springs also contain interesting chemical speculations.
Hales's contributions to animal physiology have been well summarised by Dr. Michael Foster : ' He not only exactly measured the amount of blood pressure under varying cir- cumstances, the capacity of the heart, the diameter of the blood-vessels and the like, and from his several data made his calcula- tions and drew his conclusions, but also by an ingenious method he measured the rate of flow of blood in the capillaries in the ab- dominal muscles and lungs of a frog. He knew how to keep blood fluid with saline solutions, got a clear insight into the nature of secretion, studied the form of muscles at rest and in contraction, and speculated that what we now call a nervous impulse, but which was then spoken of as the animal spirits, might possibly be an electric change. And though he accepted the current view that the heat of the body was produced by the friction of the blood in the capillaries, he was not wholly content with this, but speaks of the mutually vibrating action of fluids and solids in a way that makes us feel that, had the chemistry of the time been as advanced as were the physics, many weary years of error and ignorance might have been saved.' In first opening the way to a correct appreciation of blood pressure, Hales's work may rank second in importance to Harvey's in founding the modern science of physiology. In his work on animals and plants alike the value of what he did depends not merely on facts and principles established, but on his setting an example of the scientific method and his making widely appreciated a sound conception of the living organism as a self-regulating machine.
Hales's best known invention was that of
Hales
35
Hales
artificial ventilators. The method of in- jecting air with bellows he applied to the ventilation of prisons, ships, granaries, &c. By means of a correspondence with D u Hamel, the well-known naturalist, he succeeded in •getting his invention fitted to the French prisons in which English prisoners were con- fined. On this occasion ' the venerable pa- triarch of Teddington was heard merrily to say "he hoped nobody would inform against him for corresponding with the enemy."' By a curious coincidence a method of ven- tilating similar to Hales's was brought out at the same time (1741) by Martin Triewald, captain of mechanics to the king of Sweden. The diminution in the annual mortality at the Savoy prison after Hales's ventilator had been put up seems to have been very great. Newgate also benefited in the same way.
In a letter to Mark Hildesley, bishop of Sodor and Man (BUTLER, Life of Hildesley, 1799), Hales writes, in 1758, of having for the last thirty years borne public testimony against drams ' in eleven different books or newspapers,' and adds that this circumstance * has been of greater satisfaction to m.9 than if I were assured that the means which I have proposed to avoid noxious air should occa- sion the prolonging the health and lives of an hundred millions of persons.' It would seem from this that he believed his efforts against spirit-drinking to have had a beneficial effect. His writings on this subject were certainly popular. His anonymous pamphlet, ( A. Friendly Admonition to the Drinkers of Brandy,' &c., 1734, went through several •editions, a sixth being published by the So- ciety for the Promotion of Christian Know- ledge in 1807. In another pamphlet, ' Dis- tilled Spirituous Liquors the Bane of the Nation,' 1736, he shows the general evil aris- ing from spirit-drinking, and seeks to rouse the interest of the landed classes by showing that dram-drinkers lose their appetites and lower the demand for provisions. The injury to the landed interest thus caused by the distillers of London he estimates at 600,000/. annually.
Hales made experiments or suggestions on the distillation of fresh from salt water ; on the preservation of water and of meat in sea-voyages; on the possibility of bottling chalybeate waters; on a method of cleans- ing harbours ; on a ' sea-gage ' to measure un- fathomable depths, the idea of which he took from the mercurial gauge with which he measured the pressure exerted by peas swelling in water ; on a plan for preserving persons in hot climates from the evil effects of heavy dews ; on the use of furze in fencing river banks ; on winnowing corn ; on earth-
quakes ; on a method of preventing the spread of fires ; on a thermometer for high tempera- tures ; on natural purging waters, &c.
His portrait by Francis Cotes, R.A., was engraved by Hopwood, and published in R. J. Thornton's ' Elementary Botanical Plates/ 1810; more recently as a woodcut in the 1 Gardener's Chronicle,' 1877, p. 17. He was also painted by Hudson, and a 12mo portrait was engraved in mezzotint by McArdell, pro- bably from this portrait. His monument in Westminster Abbey has a bas-relief in profile by Wilton.
Hales's principal works are: 1. 'Vege- table Staticks ; or an Account of some Sta- tical Experiments on the Sap in Vegetables . . . also a Specimen of an Attempt to Analyse the Air . . . ' London, 8vo, 1727. 2. ' Sta- tical Essays,' containing : vol. i. ' Vegetable Staticks;' vol. ii. ' Haemastaticks : or an Ac- count of some Hydraulick and Hydrostatical Experiments made on the Blood and Blood- Vessels of Animals : with an Account of some Experiments on Stones in the Kidney and Bladder ; ... to which is added an Appendix containing Observations and Experiments relating to several Subjects in the first Volume,' 8vo, London, 1733. 3. 'A Friendly Admonition to the Drinkers of Brandy and other Distilled Spirit' (anon.), London, 8vo, 1734. 4. ' Distilled Spirituous Liquors the Bane of the Nation ; being some considera- tions humbly offered to the Hon. the House of Commons, &c., &c. To which is added an Appendix containing the late presentments of the Grand Juries,' &c., January 1735-6, London, 8vo, 1736. 5. ' Philosophical Experi- ments : containing useful and necessary In- structions for such as undertake long Voyages at Sea ; showing how Sea- water may be made fresh and wholesome, and how Fresh Water may be preserved sweet ; how Biscuit, Corn, &c. , may be secured from theWeevel, Maggots, and other Insects ; and Flesh preserved in Hot Climates by salting Animals whole ; to which is added an account of several Expe- riments and Observations on Chalybeate or Steel-waters, with some Attempts to convey them to distant places, preserving their vir- tue to a greater degree than has hitherto been done ; likewise a proposal for Cleansing away Mud, &c., out of Rivers, Harbours, and Reservoirs,' London, 8vo, 1739. 6. ' An Account of some Experiments and Observa- tions on Mrs. Stephens's Medicines for Dis- solving the Stone . . .' 8vo, London, 1740. 7. 'A Description of Ventilators [and] a Treatise on Ventilators,' 2 vols. 8vo, Lon- don, 1743 and 1758. 8. 'An Account of some Experiments and Observations on Tar- Water . . . ,' London, 8vo, 1745. 9. < An
T>2
Hales
Hales
Account of a Useful Discovery to Distill double the usual quantity of Sea-water, by Blowing Showers of Air up through the Distilling Liquor . . . and an Account of the Benefit of Ventilators . . . ' 8vo, London, 1756.
[Masters's Hist, of Corpus Christ! College, 1753, and Lamb's edition, 1831 ; Annual Register, 1761, 1764; numerous passages in G-ent. Mag. and Annual Register; Lysons's Environs, 1795 ; W. Butler's Life of Hildesley, 1799; Teddington Parish Register and Teddington Parish Maga- zine ; Notes and Queries, passim. Two letters are preserved in the Library of the Royal So- ciety; one letter is published in W. Butler's Life of Hildesley. The author of this work speaks of an unfortunate loss of Hales's papers. Lysons, in his Environs of London, speaks of many papers of Hales being in his possession, but these do not seem to have been published.] F. D.
HALES, THOMAS (jl. 1250), poet and religious writer, was a Franciscan friar, and presumably a native of Hales (or Hailes) in Gloucestershire. Quetif and Echard, finding manuscripts of some of his works in the li- braries of Dominican houses, without any fur- ther ascription than ' frater Thomas/ thought he might belong to that order, and other writers, as Bale and Pits, have given his date as 1340. But that he was a Franciscan is clear from the title of a poem ascribed to him in MS. Jesus Coll. Oxon., and from a prologue attached to a manuscript of his life of the Virgin, formerly in the library of the abbey of St. Victor. He is probably the 'frater Thomas de Hales ' whom Adam de Marisco mentions as a friend (Mon. Franciscana, i. 395, in Rolls Series). The date thus arrived at is corroborated by allusions in his love song to 'Henri our king,' i.e. Henry III (1. 82; cf. 1. 101), and by the dates of some of the manuscripts of his works which belong to the thirteenth century. Hales is said to have been a doctor of theology at the Sorbonne, and famous for his learning as well in France and Italy as in England ; but nothing further is known as to his life. The following works are ascribed to him : 1. ' Vita beatse Vir- ginis Marise,' manuscripts formerly in the libraries of the Dominicans of the Rue St. Honore (sec. xiii.) and of the abbey of St. Victor. 2. * Sermones Dominicales ; ' in MS. St. John's College, Oxon. 190 (sec. xiii.), there are some 'Sermones de Dominica proxima ante adventum,' which may be by Hales, for the same volume contains 3. ' Ser- mones secundum fratrem Thomam de Hales ' in French. 4. ' Disputationes Scholasticae.' 5. 'A Luve Ron' (love song) in MS. Jesus College, Oxon., 29 (sec. xiii.) ; this early English poem, composed in stanzas of eight
lines, is 'a contemplative lyric of the simplest, noblest mould,' and was written at the re- quest of a nun on the merit of Christ as the true lover. It is printed in Morris's ' Old English Miscellany' (Early English Text Society). From the manuscript at St. Victor Hales seems to have also written 6. ' Lives- of SS. Francis and Helena ' (mother of Con- stantine the Great). Petrus de Alva con- fuses him with the more famous Alexander of Hales [see ALEXANDER, d. 1245].
[Bale, v. 49 ; Pits, p. 442 ; Quetif and Echard's Script. Ord. Prsed. i. 490; Waddingus, Script. Ord. Min. p. 324; Sbaralea, Suppl. in Script. Ord. S. Francisc. p. 676 ; Fabricius, Bibl. Lat. Med. JEv. vi. 235, ed. 1754 ; Histoire Litteraire de la France, xxi. 307-8; Fuller's Worthies, i. 215; Ten Brink's Early English Literature, translated! by H. M. Kennedy, pp. 208-1 1 ; Coxe's Cat. Cod. MSS. in Coll. Oxon.l C. L. K.
HALES, THOMAS (1740 P-1780), known as D'HELE, D'HELL, or DELL, French drama- tist, born about 1740, belonged to a good English family (BACHATJMONT, Memoires Se- crets, xvii. 17), which was settled, according- to Grimm, who knew him well, in Gloucester- shire. Grimm states that Hales (or D'Hele, as he is always called in France) entered the English service in early youth, was sent to Jamaica, and, after having travelled over the continent, lived for some time in Switzerland and Italy (Correspondance Litteraire, Paris, 1880, xii. 496). GrStry, his one intimate friend, assures us that D'Hele was in the English navy, where he first gave way to the excess in drink which partly ruined him (Me- moires, ou essais sur la Musique, i. 326). Th& date of his withdrawal from the service i» fixed at 1763, while at Havannah (Suite dw Repertoire du Theatre Franqais, t. Ivi. p. 85). He went to Paris about 1770, and wasted his small fortune. It is not known how he attained the mastery of the French language which he so delicately displayed in his charm- ing conte, ' Le Roman de mon Oncle.' He gave this little literary masterpiece to Grimm for his' Correspondance Litteraire/ July 1777. Through Suard, whose salon was always open to Englishmen, he made the acquaintance of Gretry, to whom he was recommended ' comme un homme de beaucoup d'esprit, qui joignait a un gout tres-sain de I'originalitS dans les idees ' (Memoires, i. 298). Parisian society was divided into the partisans of Piccini and Gluck, and D'Hele ridiculed the fashionable musical quarrels in a three-act comedy, ' Le Jugement de Midas,' for which Gretry, after keeping it a long time, composed some charm- ing music (E. FETIS, Les Musiciens Beiges, ii. 145). The regular companies would not look at the piece, but, thanks to the support
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Hales
of the Chevalier de Boufflers, Mme. de Mon- tesson undertook to bring it out at the private theatre of the Due d'Orleans on 27 June 1778. Her admirable acting and savoir-faire — she filled the theatre with the high society of the day, including bishops and archbishops — largely helped the success of the piece. A few days later it was represented at Versailles. The press was loud in its praise (11 Esprit des Journaux, August 1778), and the 'Journal de Paris' (29 June) printed some complimentary verses addressed to the authors. Grimm .•assured his correspondents : ' Nous n'avons pu mous empecher d'etre fort etonnes a Paris qu'un etranger eut si bien saisi et les con- venances de notre theatre et le genie de notre langue, meme dans un genre d'ouvrage ou les nuances de style echappent plus ais^ment peut-etre que dans aucun autre' (Correspon- dance Littcraire, xii. 118). D'Hele may have borrowed something from ' Midas,' an Eng- lish burletta by Kane O'Hara (BAKER, Bioy. Dramatica, iii. 41), but the wit, light raillery , and ingenuity of ' Le Jugement de Midas ' are all his own. For his verse he was obliged to solicit the help of Anseaume, of the Italian troupe (Memoires de Gretry, i. 299) ; a like service was rendered him in his next comedy by Levasseur. D'Hele contributed to the * Correspondance Litteraire ' in October 1778 a reminiscence of his Jamaica residence, re- lating to negro legislation in 1761 (Corr. Litt. xii. 170).
He followed up his first dramatic success •with ' Les Fausses Apparences ou 1'Amant Jaloux,' a comedy of intrigue, full of vivacity, humour, and pointed dialogue. Gretry again contributed the music. It was played before the court at Versailles in November 1778 (GRETRY, Memoires, i. 325), and at Paris on 23 Dec. Freron thought it inferior to ' Midas,' although the author was ' le premier depuis dix ans a la comedie italienne qui eut parle francais' (JuAnnee Litteraire, 1778, t. vii.) La Harpe protested against the unstinted praise bestowed on the piece by certain jour- nalists (Cours de Litterature, 1825, xv. 447, &c.) The plot is said to have owed something to Mrs. Centlivre's ' The Wonder, a Woman Keeps a Secret' and Lagrange's 'Les Contre- temps,' 1736. It was played at the Opera Comique 18 Sept. 1850. His third piece, ' Les Evenemens Impr6vus,' borrowed from an Italian source, ' Di peggio in peggio,' was given at Versailles on 11 Nov., and at Paris two days later. This was thought to be written with less care than its predecessors (Mercure de France, 4 Dec. 1779, pp. 84-8), but met with equalsuccess ( Journal de Paris, 14Nov. 1779). It was not very satisfactorily translated into English by Holcroft, who, with all his know-
ledge of French literature, did not know the writer was an Englishman. It formed the basis of * The Gay Deceivers' by George Col- man the younger, given at the Haymarket on 12 Aug. 1804. Michael Kelly had brought it from Paris (Reminiscences, 1826, ii. 223). D'Hele composed for the actor Volange a comedie-parade, ' Gilles Ravisseur,' played at the Foire St. Germain 1 March 1781, in the Theatre des Variete's Amusantes.
Besides D'Hele's devotion to the bottle he had a passion for an actress of the Comedie Italienne, Mademoiselle Bianchi, for whom he abandoned his dramatic career and all his friends. On being separated from her he died of grief, 27 Dec. 1780, aged about 40. He is a remarkable example of a man who, writing in a foreign language, attained fame in a department of literature wherein success is peculiarly difficult, and who has remained al- most unknown in his own country. D'Hele's three pieces remain in the repertory of the Theatre FranQais. Gretry and Grimm have preserved some characteristic anecdotes of his philosophic humour and independence. Jouy praises the ingenious imbroglio of his plays (Theatre, 1823, t. iv. p.xi); Hoffmann gives 'L'Amant Jaloux' as a model of comic opera in its best days ; and his literary merit has been fully recognised by Barbier and Desessarts (Nouvelle Bibliotheque d'un homme de ffout, 1808, ii. 197), La Harpe (Correspon- dance Litteraire, 1804, i. 30, ii. 254, 328, and Cours de Litt. 1825, xiv. 458), Geoffrey ( Cours de Litt. Dram. 1825, v. 311-19), and M. J. Chenier ( Tableau historique de la Litterature Franqaise, 1816, p. 344).
His works are: 1. 'Le Roman demon Oncle, conte,' first published in the 'Correspondance Litteraire de Grimm et de Diderot,' and by Van de Weyer, ' Choix d'Opuscules,' 1st series, 1863, pp. 70-4. 2. ' Le Jugement de Midas, comedie en trois actes en prose melee d'ariettes, representee pour la premiere fois par les comediens Italiens ordinaires du roi, le samedi, 27 Juin, par M. d'Hele, musique de M. Gretry,' Paris, 1778, 8vo (2 editions) ; Parme, 1784, 8vo. 3. ' Les Fausses Appa- rences, ou 1'Amant Jaloux, comedie en trois actes, me!6e d'ariettes, represent^ devant leurs majestes a Versailles en Novembre 1778, les paroles sont de M. d'Hele, la musique de M. Gretry,' Paris, 1778, 8vo (2 editions), and 1779, also Parme, 1781, 8vo; reprinted as 'L'Amant Jaloux, ou les Fausses Apparences ' in 'Bibliotheque Dramatique,' 1849, t. xxx. 4. 'Les Evenemens Imprevus, comedie en trois actes, melee d'ariettes, representee pour la premiere fois par les comldiens Italiens ordinaires du roi le 13 Novembre, 1779, paroles de M. d'Hell. musique de M. Gretry,'
Hales 3;
Paris, 1779 and 1780, 8vo ; < Nouvelle edition, corrigee, conforme a la representation et a la
Eartition gravee/ Toulouse, 1788, 8vo ; trans- ited as ' Unforeseen Events, a comic opera, in three acts, from the French of M. d'Hele/ in the 'Theatrical Recorder/ by Thomas Holcroft, 1806, vol. ii. (Nos. 2, 3, and 4 are reproduced in l Petite Bibliotheoue des Thea- tres/ 1784, 18mo, in ' (Euvres^ de D'Hele/ Paris, 1787, 18mo, in < Theatre de 1'Opera Comique/ Paris, 1812, 8 vols. 18mo, t. vii., and in Lepeintre, ' Suite du Repertoire du Theatre Francais/ Paris, 1823, t. Ivi., 18mo.) 5. ' Gilles Ravisseur, come'die-parade en un acte et en prose par M. Dhell, represented pour la premiere fois, a Paris, sur le Theatre des Varietes Amusantes le ler Mars 1781, et a Versailles devant leurs majestesle 10 Sept. suivant/ Paris, 1781, 1782, and 1783, 8vo (reproduced in 'Petite Bibliotheque des Theatres/ 1784, 18mo). 6. ' Les Trois Freres Jumeaux Ve"nitiens/ by Colalto, revised by D'Hele and Cailhava in 1781, still in manu- script.
[The only satisfactory account of D'Hele is by S. Van de Weyer, Lettre I. sur les anglais qui ont ecrit en Franqais, first published in Miscel- lanies of Philobiblon Society, 1854, vol. i., and reproduced in Choix d'Opuscules, 1st series, Lon- don, 1863. See also Memoires de Gretry and Correspondance de Grimm (passim), Luneau de Bois Germain, Almanach Musical, 1781 ; Alma- nach des trois grands spectacles de Paris, 1782; Mercure de France, 6 Jan. 1781; Nouveau Dictionnaire Historique, Caen, 1783, t. iv. 336; Annales Dramatiques, Paris, 1809; Michaud, Biographie Universelle, x. 603; Hoefer, Nouvelle Biographie G6nerale, xxiii. 138-9; Athenaeum Francois, 1 2 May 1855 ; Examiner, 26 May 1855 ; Journal des Debats, 22 June 1856; Saturday Review, 4 Oct. 1856. The article by A. Houssaye in Galerie de Portraits du xviii6 siecle, 2e serie, 1854, pp. 365-70, is very inaccurate, like the few scattered notices in English biographical dictionaries.] H. B. T.
HALES, WILLIAM (1747-1831), chro- nologist, born 8 April 1747, was one of the children of the Rev. Samuel Hales, D.D., for many years curate and preacher at the cathe- dral church of Cork. He was educated by his maternal uncle, the Rev. James King- ston, prebendary of Donoughmore, and in 1764 entered Trinity College, Dublin, where in 1768 he became fellow and B.A., and afterwards D.D. As tutor at the college he wore a white wig to obviate the objections of parents to his youthful appearance. His numerous pupils are said to have described his lectures as ' pleasant/ though he occa- sionally roused his pupils from bed by a dose of cold water. Hales also held the professor- ship of oriental languages in the university.
Hales
His first published work was ' Sonorum doc- trina rationalis et experimentalis/ London, 1778, 8vo, a vindication and confirmation from recent experiments of Newton's theory of sounds. In 1782 he published ' De moti- bus Planetarum dissertatio/ Dublin, 12mor on the motions of the planets in eccentric orbits, according to the Newtonian theory. In 1784 he printed at his own expense ' Ana- lysis Aequationum/ Dublin, 4to. His friend, Baron Maseres, inserted it in his ' Scriptores Logarithmici/ and printed 250 separate copies. La Grange sent Hales a complimentary letter fromjBerlin on the ' Analysis.' In 1788 Hales, who had already taken orders, resigned his professorship for the rectory of Killeshandra,. co. Cavan, where he lived in retirement for the remainder of his life. From about 1812 he also held the chancellorship of the diocese of Ernly. In 1798 he procured from the government some troops who tranquillised the country round Killeshandra. Hales was a good parish priest, ' equally pleasing/ says his biographer, f to the gentry and the lower orders.' He was a kind-hearted, well-in- formed man, who told anecdotes well. He rose at six and spent the day in learned studies. In the evening he told his children stories from the ' Arabian Nights/ or played with them the game of ' wild horses.' Until 1819 he was constantly engaged in writing- for publication. His best-known work, ' A New Analysis of Chronology/ occupied him twenty years. It was published by subscrip- tion in 1809-12, 3 vols., London, 4to. A second edition appeared in 1830, 4 vols., Lon- don, 8vo. Hales, noting the great discord- ance of previous chronologists, f laid it down as a rule to see with mine own eyes ' (Letter to Bishop Percy, 6 June 1796), and investi- gated the original sources. He gives the ap- paratus for chronological computation (mea- sures of time, eclipses, eras, &c.) Hales's work deals with the chronology of the whole Bible, and gives a portion of the early history of the world. In 1801 Hales suffered from < a most malignant yellow fever/ caught during a kind visit to a stranger beggar-woman. He recovered, but from about 1820 or earlier he suffered from melancholy, and his mind seems to have become disordered. He died on 30 Jan. 1831, in his eighty-fourth year. Hales married, about the middle of 1791, Mary, second daughter of Archdeacon Whitty. They had two sons and two daughters.
A list of Hales's works, twenty-two in number, is printed at the end of his last pub- lication, the ' Essay on the Origin and Purity of the Primitive Church of the British Isles/ London, 1819, 8vo. His most important pub- lications, besides those already enumerated,
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are: 1. 'Analysis Fluxionum,' in Maseres's ' Scriptores Logarithmic!/ vol. v., 1791, &c., 4to (mainly a vindication of Newton. Hales relates the effect of electrical fluid on himself in a violent fever). 2. * The Inspector ; or Select Literary Intelligence for the Vulgar, A.D. 1798, but correct A.D. 1801, the first year of the Nineteenth Century,' 1799, 8vo (cp. Gent. Mag. 1799, 865-72). 3. ' Irish Pursuits of Literature,' 1799, 8vo (cp. ib. Ixix. 1135 if.) 4. ' Methodism Inspected,' 2 parts, Dublin, 1803-5, 8vo. 5. 'Dissertations on the Principal Prophecies respecting . . . Christ,' 2nd ed. London, 1808, 8vo. 6. ' Let- ters on the . . . Tenets of the Romish Hier- archy,'London, 1813, 8vo ; also other writings on the church of Rome. 7. ' Letters on the Sabellian Controversy,' published in the 'Anti- Jacobin Review,' and reprinted as ' Faith in the Holy Trinity,' 2nd ed., London, 1818, 8vo.
[Memoir of Hales in the British Mag. and Monthly Kegister of Religious . . . Information, vol. i. 1832 ; Nichols's Lit. Illustr. vii. 786, viii. 317, 320, 678 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] W. W.
HALFORD, SIR HENRY (1766-1844), physician, was second son of Dr. James Vaughan, a successful physician of Leicester, who devoted his whole income to educating his seven sons, of whom John (d. 1839) be- came judge of the court of common pleas, Peter (d. 1825), dean of Chester, and Charles Richard (d. 1849), envoy extraordinary to the United States. The sixth son, Edward Thomas, was father of Dean Vaughan, A aster of the Temple. Henry, born at Leicester on 2