Nnrtlf (EaroUtta »mt
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Frederick L. Wellman
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J^^
QCT^ 199d
FLORA
OF
BIEII. FIIBIIII. in SIM
FEOM THE
Taurus to Ras Muhammad,
AND FEOM THE
Mediterranean Sea to the Syrian Desert.
I
BY
Rev. GEORGE E. POST, M.A., M.D., D.D.S.,
SYRIAN PROTESTANT COLLEGE,
BEIRUT, SYRIA.
ADDENDA.
The following plants have mostly been discovered since the printing of the Flora was commenced in 1883. Among them, however, are a few which were overlooked when the text was prepared.
It is recommended that references to these Addenda be made in the margin, in their places in the Flora.
Page 40. After R. cliionopUlus. R. §ericeii§, Peyrou. 2f .03 to .05, tufted, silky; neck thickened; roots fibrous. Root-leaves ob- long, 2-3-pinnatipartite into oblong lobes. Scapes not longer than leaves, 1-liowered ; sepals sparingly pubescent, more than half as long as obovate-cuneate petals ; carpels round, thick-margined, ending in a short, fitraightl beak ; disk finely granular — .June to August — 'Ain- Judai (Lebanon).
Page 41. After B. Cassius. li. Sclaweinftirtliii, Boiss, 21 .3 to .25, appressed-hirsute, yellowisli-canescent; root-stock horizontal. Root-leaves trisect into cuneate-oblong segments, sparingly dentate at tip ; stem-leaves petioled, pinnatisect into linear-oblong, sometimes in- cised lobes, the uppermost leaves with 2-3, linear lobes. Flowers .02 broad, long-peduncled; sepals villous, spreading-deflexed, petals obo- vate, twice and a half as long as calyx ; fruiting head globular, axis glabrous; carpels semi-ovate, ending in a slender, recurved, crosier-like beak, as long as they — May — Wet meadows ; Neb'-el-'Asal ; Jebel Keniseh ; top of Jebel Baruk.
Page 41. After R Chius. R. PaiiSi- Jordan!, Asch. 0 .25 to .3, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; stem branched. Lower leaves cuneate-obovate in outline, palmately 2-3-lobed or -divided, divisions cuneate, with 3, oblong, obtuse, entire or 1-2-dentate lobules. Pe- duncles slender, usually longer than leaves. Flowers .005 to .006 broad, petals longer than sepals; heads globular, .005 broad; carpels round- obovate, disk studded with unarmed tubercles ; beak one-third as long as ovary, slightly curved or straight — Spring — Wadi Dra'a (Moab).
Page 43. After Var. incurvus. Yar. scandiciuus, Boiss. All the leaves dissected into narrow, linear lobes — Southern Palestine.
Page 44. After iV. ciliaris. Var. divaricata, Post. Carpels united for one-third their length, divaricate — Phoenician coast.
Page 45. After D. Orientale. I>. glandulosum, Boiss. et Huet. © .4, branched, glandular-pubescent at petioles and inflorescence with golden hairs. Racemes loose ; middle lobe of purple petal linear, bifid, somewhat shorter than lateral lobes ; spur twice as long as petal ; capsule much shorter than peduncle, oblong, somewhat flattened and incurved, long-beaked — Early summer — Aintab.
After B. tomentosum, Var. longecalcaratuin, Post. Spur twice as long as purple petal — Aintab.
Page 46. After B. Cappadocicum. I>. flavum, D. C. © .4 to
.5, hirsute-viscidulous, branching from base and above, branches rigid. Floral leaves short, undivided. Flowers .008 long, yellow, loosely ra- cemed ; petal 3-toothed at tip, the lateral teeth longer, half-ovate, the middle tooth short, broad, denticulate ; spur as long as petal, curved upward; capsule oblong, .01 to .015 long, tapering at base, aJrwpiZy cuspidate — July — Palmyrene Desert.
Page 47. After D. Bovei. I>. Ainaiii, Post. (Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ill, p. 152). 2| .6 to 1; root of 1-2, oblong tubers; stem glabrous, terete. Leaves glabrous except at ciliate margins and sparingly hairy nerves, the lower .2 to .3 broad, palmately parted into overlapping, obovate-oblong, cuneate, obtusely incised, lobed and toothed segments. Raceme .1 to .3 long, rather dense; floral leaves linear, acute, the lower longer, the upper shorter than blue, .025 long, flowers; peduncles recurved, club-shaped, two-bracted at or below middle, bearded with yellow hairs; spur once and a half as long as sepals, straight; ovaries glabrous — August and September — Subalpine Amanus.
Page 47. After D. Ithaburense. ♦ * * * Follicles 3-5. Petals separate, entire, the upper falcate, short- spurred, the lower clawed.
D. I^tapliysagria. L. © Stavesacre. .5, soft-hirsute. Raceme elongated, often branched at base. Leaves palmately parted into 5-7, lenticular, acute, entire or trifid lobes ; peduncles ,twice as long as flower, 2-bracted; spur obtuse, one-fifth as long as sepals; limb of lower petals obovate-lanceolate ; capsule inflated, hirsute — June — Rashein (Lebanon).
Page 47. Before BERBERIDACE JE. MENISPERHACEiE, D. C. (Moon-Seed Family).
Woody climlers with ohlong^ oltuse leaves, 7io stijndes, hypogynous, dioecious or polygamous flowers, (ours) 6- an- droids and Z-gynous, sejpals and petals six, in two rows, irn- Iricated in the lud ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, (ours) with, scanty albumen, and an incurved c??i5ry (9 — Carpels free, inserted on the receptacle, style 1. Ovules solitary in carpels, amphitropous, attached to ventral suture.
COCCUEUS, D. C. CoccuLus.
Upper sepals larger. Petals shorter than sepals. Anthers 4-lobed. Styles erect or re- curved, undivided. Drupe com- pressed, the scar of the style near the base; stone tubercled at back, deeply excavated at sides ; seed horseshoe-shaped ; cotyledons linear, flat.
C. Eeaeba, Del. 5 Crlau- cous, puberulent ; branches
(a) Piece of pistillate plant of Menispermum Leseba. (6) Piece of of starainate plant of same.
slender, " elongated somewhat twining. Leaves oblong, subsessile. Cymes few-flowered, short-peduncled, axillary — Summer — Sinai.
Page 64. After N. sylvestre. N. aureuin, Boiss. et Held. 2f Root creeping ; stems erect, branching. Leaves not auricled at base, the lower 3-1-pinnatisect into linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly dentate segments. Fruiting racemes .2 to .25 long, straight; silicles oblong-linear, .005 long, about half as long as pedicel and twice to thrice as long as apiculate style; valves 1-nerved — Summer — Near Elmalu (Northern Syriaj.
Page 66. After C. uUginosa. C. Oraeca, L. 0 .1 to .15, gla- brous or sparingly ciliate. Leaves pinnate, leaflets petiolulate, obovate, obtusely lobed or parted, the terminal lobe cuneate. Pods. 03 long, .003 broad, ending in a style as long as their diameter — May — Shady places, Feitrun (Lebanon) ; Mt. Cassius.
Page 68. After H. matronalis. H. Aiutabica, Post. (Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot., Vol. xxiv, p. 424). If .3 to .4, sparingly hairy; stems nearly simple. Lower leaves obtuse, lyrate-jpinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, upper entire, acute. Petals deep violet; (immature) pods stiff, gla- brous— Spring — Aintab.
Page 69. Mtev M. torulosa. M. Bungei, Boiss. 0 Stem .4 to .6, branching from base and above, beset with simple hairs. Leaves beset with bipartite hairs, oblong-linear, sinuate-dentate. Racemes .3 to .3 long, loose; pedicel a little shorter than calyx; petals oblong- linear, pink; siliques straight or circinnate, glabrous; stigma short- conical, acutish — April —
Var. glabre§cen§, Boiss. Stem glabrous. Leaves scabrous only at margins — Fields west of Palmyra.
Page 72. 8. Lmselii, L., should be S. graiidifloruiii, I'ost. (Plantse Postianse, i, 3).
Page 75. After U. goniocaulon. E. Libanoticum, Post. (Plan- tse Postianse, III, 5), 1^ .1 to .13, canescent; stems numerous, ascend- ing, stii. Leaves linear, entire. Flowers * * ; siliques few, with short pedicel narrower than pod, ascending, stifi; style slender, twice to thrice as long as diameter of pod, stigmas retuse — June — Between el-Qal'at and Rijal-el-'Asherah, northern Lebanon (2800 m.).
Page 75. After E. picrpureum. E. Blancheanum, Boiss.^ .3 to .4, greyish-canescent. Leaves linear-subspathulate to linear, entire, the lower tapering to a petiole. Flowers pinkish-purple, .01 to .013 long, short-pedicelled ; pods .01 to .03 long, .0015 thick, more or less falcate-recurved ;- style .003 long, tapering — July — Palmyrene Desert.
Page 77. After va7\ foliosa, Post. Yar. acutelobata. Post. Root-leaves runcinate-lyrate ; stem-leaves acutely triangular-lobed or serrate — Es-Salt to 'Amman.
Page 83. A. argenteum, Wittm., should be A. murale, W. K.
Page 83. After A. eriophyllum. A, Cilicicum, Boiss. et Bal. (D .3 to .4, green, sparingly beset with minute scurf; stem corymbose-panicled. Leaves oblong-spathulate. Petals obovate, deep yellow; fruiting racemes short; silicles on capillary, wavy pedicels, stellate-hirtulous, .002 broad, orbicular, twice as long as apiculate style; seeds wingless — June and July — Kurd Dagh; mountains west of Marash.
Page 85. After A. macrostylum. A. mmutum, Schlecht. 0 .05 to .1, hirtulous with stellate hair, branching from base. Leaves minute, obovate to oblong, obtuse. Petals pale yellow, linear, retuse ; fruiting racemes somewhat elongated; silicle orbicular, .003 broad, re- tuse, four times as long as apiculate style ; seed with narrow membran- ous margin — April.
Yar. conclen§atunij Post. Fruiting raceme short, forming an almost globular head — Hassan Belyley Pass (Amanus).
Page ^Q. After A. Damascenum. A. dasycarpum, Steph. 0 .1, branching from base. Leaves entire, obovate, obtuse or acutish. Racemes dense ; sepals at length deciduous; petals nearly linear; silicles elliptical to orbicular, convex, about as long as style: seeds wingless — Spring — Tiberias; Palmyrene Desert.
Page 86. Before A. aureum. A. homolocarpum, F. and M.
0 .05 to. 13, grey, branching from base. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers minute; petals spathulate-cuneate, yellow, shorter than calyx; fruiting raceme. 03 long; silicles longer than spreading pedicel, orbicular, .004 broad, scarcely inflated, five times as long as filiform style; seeds with narrow margin — Spring — Sinai.
Page 87. Before C. saliva. C. sylvestrii, Wallr. 0.3 to .5, appressed-strigulose. Leaves entire or denticulate. Fruiting ra- cemes .2 to .3 long, loose; pedicels spreading, twice to thrice as long as pyriform, .006 long, punctate, margined silicle; style half as long as pod — Spring — Fields; middle zone of Lebanon and Antilebanon to Aintab, and northward.
Page 88. After C. Bursa-Pastoris. Var. ixiiiiuta, Post. Pods .0025 long. Leaves linear — Mukhtarah (Lebanon).
Page 94. Before C. oxyceras. C. AmaHi, Post (Plantse Postianae, V, 2). @ .1, green; stems 2-3 from neck. Lower leaves repand, pe- tioled, obovate-oblong ; cauline oblong, obtusely auricled, clasping. Raceme .03 long in fruit; flowers * * =^, silicles obtriangular-obcordate, with moderately diverging horns, and style as long as sinus — July — Moist woods ; Amanus.
Page 95. After IBERI§.
* Leaves entire or nearly so. Flowers, radiating. Perennials.
1. I. §empervireiis, 5 -^ ^^ -^5 branches ascending, naked below, leafy above. Leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, glabrous. Flowers white; silicles in a short raceme, ovate, with acute sinus and lobes; style longer than sinus — 3Iay and June — Aintab ?
Page 97. Before ISATI8.
^AMERARIA, Desv. Sameraria.
Calyx equal at base. Petals oblong-spathulate, clawed. Stamens free, toothless. Silicle indehiscent, coriaceous or chartaceous, not fungous, cordate at base, surrounded by a broad, membranous wing, the cell coriaceous or membranous, keeled at back on either side or furnished with wings shorter and narrower than cell. Style filiform. Seed 1, pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent — Annual, glau- cous herbs, with entire, oblong, cordate-clasping stem-leaves, bractless racemes, deflexed fruiting pedicels, and pale yellow flowers.
S. Ariiicna, L. 0 Silicle orbicular, hirtulous, with a closed sinus at tip : style as long as sinus ; mar- ginal wing more or less plicate — Spring — Overflowed ground. Near el-Weshen (Palmy rene Desert).
Page 108. After C. hrncliycarpa. C glaiices- cens, D. C. 2f .3, glabrous below; stems angled, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves petioled, round- ovate, obsoletely 3-nerved at base, the lower .03 to .03 Silicle of samemia long. Racemes terminal, glandular; bracts sessile, rmena.
oblong; pedicels thrice as long as bracts; petals oblong, obtuse, netted- veined, 3-4 times as long as calyx; pods Iroad-linear, acute, falcate, sparingly papillose — Spring — Palmyra.
Page 112. After R. KaJiirina, Mull. 0 .3 or more, glabrous. Lower and middle leaves lanceolate-spathulate, entire, upper ternate! Racemes loose; pedicels longer than flower; sepals linear-oblong, about as long as white corolla; lateral lobes of upper petals half-ovate, deep- ly incised ; capsule obovate, glabrous, short-3-toothed with somewhat constricted mouth — Spring — Jebel Usdum to 'Ain- Jidi.
Page 124. In place of Var. i^ruinosus. I>, deserli, Post. (Plant^e Postianse, ii, 6). 11 .3, pruinose-velvety ; stems numerous, simple or stiff-branched. Leaves connate at base, appressed to stem, scabri- dulous at margin, scarcely longer than internodes. Flowers solitary or 2-3 in a cluster; scales scarious, ovate, cuspidate; calyx about twice as long as scales, teeth oblong-ovate, the nerves of the sinuses long-decur- rent; lamina pink, obovate-cuneate, dentate — April to July — Moun- tains south of Qaryetein.
Page 125. After D. Jloribundus. ». Hau§$kiieclitii, Boiss." % .15 to .2, tufted, many-stemmed. Leaves rigid, linear, scabrous at margin; sheaths of stem-leaves longer than diameter of stem, with short limb. Stems 1-2-flowered ; scales short-ovate, hyaline at margin, acute, mucronate, one-third as long as calyx; calyx-teeth triangular, acute, white-margined ; lamina obovate, dentate, white at upper, green- ish or brownish at lower surface — July — Top of Jebel Baruk; Sudr- esh-Sheikh-'Ali (Antilebanon).
Page 127. After T. Syriaca. T. flliform]'§, Post. (Plantge Postianse, V, 3.) 0 .5, glabrous; stem reddish, minutely white-dotted, stiff-panicled from base. Leaves linear, 3-5-nerved, scabridulous at margin, the upper subulate. Pedicels filiform, 1-3 times as long as calyx; calyx-teeth short-triangular, mucronate; lamina white, oblono- entire; capsule about twice as long as calyx — July — Amanus. °'
Page 129. After G. Aucheri. O. liygropliila, Post. (Plantae Postianae, ii, 6.) If .1, crisp-puberulent below, glabrescent-glaucous above; stems elongated, pendulous, forked-branched. Leaves fleshy, rounded at base, oblong, .15 to .18 long, .02 to .03 broad, obtuse, 5- nerved, scabridulous at margin. Bracts scarious, triangular; pedicels capillary, 2^-3 times as long as turbinate-campanulate calyx ; calyx- lobes ovate, broad-margined; claw included; lamina pink, oblong, .003 to .005 long, twice as long as calyx — July — Ditches; Mar Lian (Qaryetein).
Page 129. After G. ortegiodes. G. tubulosa. Nob. 0 .1 to .2, glandular-hirtulous ; stem and branches filiform, forked. Leaves
6
linear-setaceous, .005 to .015 long, acutish. Pedicels much longer than calyx; calyx tubular-campanulate, .003 to .005 long, membranous between nerves, teeth ovate, obtuse; petals purple, cuneate, refcuse, as long as calyx; capsule oblong-cylindrical, as long as calyx; seeds transversely wrinkled — May — Kef r Huneh to Jezzin (Lebanon).
Page 130. After G. porrigens. O. Aiitilibaiiotica, Post. (Plantse PostiauEe, ii, 6.) 5 .08 to .2; branches minutely puberulent, erinacous. Leaves .008 to .015 long, .001 to .0015 broad, minutely and sparingly puberulent-scabridulous, terete, pricMy mucronate. Heads dense, terminal, easilj/ hrolcen off ; bracts longer than calyx, dilated at base, linear-lanceolate, prickly; calyx cleft for one-fourth its length into ovate, prickly-mucronate teeth ; lamina white, spathulate, entire, slightly exserted — July — Top of mountain above Bludan.
Page 137. After 8. crassipes. S. papilloma, Boiss. 0 .3 to .4, hirtulous; stems forked-branched. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear- lanceolate, the floral longer than flowers. Flowers subsessile, alar and terminal; calyx setose at green nerves with lojig, icavy^ soft painllcB^ cylindrical and in fruit oblong-club-shaped, teeth lanceolate, acute; lamina pink, cuneate, 2-lobed ; capsule twice as long as carpophore — Spring — BeirCit; Beit-Meri.
Page 140. After S. Kotschyi. Var. effu§i§$ima, Boiss. Stems much-branched. Alar peduncles sometimes .02 to .05 long. Lobes of crown triangular — Marash.
Page 141. After 8. Cassia. S. iiitricata, Post. (Bull. Herb. Boiss., iir, 154.) 2^ ? .6 to 1, papillose-roughened below, glabrous- viscid at inflorescence ; stems numerous, intricately panicled, branches filiform. Leaves grass-like, .02 to .05 long, the uppermost very narrow. Peduncles much shorter than calyx; calyx .015 long, glabrous, red- lined, teeth ovate, obtuse; lamina greenish, cuneate, bij^artite to be- yond middle, half as long as calyx ; lobes of crown tooth-like ; capsule oblong, as long as carpophore — August and September — Gaiour Dagh (Amanus).
Page 145. After Yar. stenophylla. Var. brevipes, Post, Pe-. duncles short — "Wadi-el-Qarn (Antilebanon).
Page 146. After 8. 8c'hlumbergeri. S. f iifidelium, Post. (Bull. Herb. Boiss., in, 154.) % .16 to .3, glabrous, many-stemmed from base; stems stiff, geniculate, 1-2-flowered. Leaves linear-spathulate to linear-long-acuminate, the lower .04 long, .002 to .005 broad. Calyx pale green or red-striped, cylindrical, then club-shaped, .025 long, teeth triangular, scarious-margined ; claws dilated, glabrous ; la- mina pale, linear-cuneate, bifid to beyond its middle ; capsule ovate, about as long as carpophore — August and September — Gaiour Dagh (Amanus), 1500 m.
Page 148. After A. setacea. Var. puberulent a, Post. The whole plant puberulent — Gaiour Dagh (Amanus), 1500 m.
Page 153. After A. Libanotica. A. Adoiiidis, Peyron. 11 .1 to .15, tufted, glabrous; stems filiform. Leaves .003 long, linear, ob- tuse. Stems few-flowered ; pedicels twice to thrice as long as calyx ; sepals oblong, acute ; petals obovate, twice as long as calyx — June — Neb'-el-Hadid; Afqa.
Page 155. Before CERASTIUJW.
MCEXCHIA, Ehr. MffiNcnrA.
Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, entire or retuse. Stamens 4-8-10. Styles 4-5. Ovary oo-ovuled. Capsule 8-10-dentate, teeth revolute at margin. Seeds reniform — Annual, glaucous herbs differing from Cerastium in habit, short capsule, and nearly entire petals.
M: octandra, J. Gay. 0 .15 to .3; stem 1-2-5-flowered. Leaves lanceolate-linear, acuminate. Pedicels filiform, much longer than calyx ; bracts herbaceous, narrowly scarious ; flowers 4-merous ; sepals lanceolate, acute, scarious-margined, longer than white petals; capsule oblong, little shorter than calyx — Spring — Beirut, near the river; border of Pines.
Page 155. After C. KotscJiyi. C. trigyuuiii, Vill. li .05to.l, tufted; trunks procumbent, rooting; stems glabrous or puberulent. Leaves glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, acutish. Cyme 1- oo-flowered; pe- dicels long, glandular-pubescent, in fruit reflexed ; sepals oblong, ob- tuse, scarious-margined; petals obcordate, about twice as long as calyx; capsule twice as long as calyx, teeth at length spreading — Summer — Top of Jebel Makmel.
Page 159. After P. tetraphyllum. P. alsiiiefolium, Biv. 0 .02 to .15, branching from base, procumbent. Leaves somewhat fleshy, in fours or twos, opposite. Cymes dense, flowers 5-androus; pedicels about as long as calyx ; sepals ovate, mucronate ; petals oblong, nearly entire, half as long as calyx ; style shorter than ovary — Spring — Sands ; Phoenician coast.
Page 160. After H. hirsuta. H. deii§iflora, Williams. MS. 0 .1 to .15, strigose-pubescent, greyish-canescent. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, tapering at base, obtuse; stipules triangular. Flowers sessile, in clusters of 3-12, shorter than the leaf; calyx-lobes with a thickened, narrowly hyaline margin, acutish, the outer two ovate, the inner elliptical — Spring — Lebanon.
Page 162. After P. arge?iiea, var. scariosissima. P. ecliiiiata,
Desf. 0 .OSto.l, pubescent; branches ascending from neck. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, scabrous, denticulate. Clusters dense, in the axils; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than flowers; calyx urn-shaped, lobes spathulate, truncate, aristate — May — Sands; coast to Beit-Meri and Bikfayah.
Page ITO. Before H. hircinum. H, ADdro§aBmuiii, L. 5 -^
or more, glabrous ; stems erect. Leaves coriaceous, ovate from a ses- sile, cordate base, .03 to .07 long, obtuse. Cyme corymbose, sheathed at base by upper leaves ; sepals ovate, obtuse, persistent ; capsule larger than a marrowfat pea, berry-like — Summer — Eocky places; Kurd Dagh and Amanus.
Page 171. After H. hircinum. HE. Olympiciiiti, L. 2f .5,
glabrous, glaucous; stems decumbent or ascending from a hardened root-stock. Leaves sessile, lenticular^ .01 to .02 long, prominently pel- lucid-dotted. Cyme terminal, 1-5-flowered; calyx less than half as long as corolla, growing in fruit, lobes not Uack-dotted, the outer ovate, cuspidate, the others ovate-oblong, acute; flowers .04 broad — Sum- mer — Gaiour Dagh (Amanus).
Page 173. After H. confertum. Var. stenobotrys, Boiss. Asperulous, glabrescent above. Calyx-lobes oblong^lanceolate, obtu- sish, short-fringed — 'Ain-Judai (Lebanon).
Page 172. After H. liyssopifoliumf var. latifolium. Var. micro- calyciiium, Boiss. Leaves narrow ; sterile twigs imbricated ; sepals ovate, obtuse, densely glandular — Amanus; Kurd Dagh.
After E. TieliantJiemoides. Var. iiauiiiii, Keller et Post. . .15 to .2. Leaves minute, scabridulous and glabrescent, glandular — Gaiour Dagb (Amanus).
Page 177. After A. lauitercBflora, var. ^9a?/iV?«. Var. g^labres- ceiis, Boiss. Stems glabrous. Leaves nearly glabrous. Involucre half as long as calyx or less — Palestine.
Page 177. After A. apUrocarpa. 8. A. Kurdica, Schlecht. % 1 or more, hirtulous-tomentellous. Raceme loose, often paniculate. Lower leaves cordate-reniform, o-7-lobed, the floral smaller, more or less deeply palmatipartited into linear-oblong, acutely crenate lobes. Peduncles shorter than calyx ; involucre a third as long as calyx, lobes triangular; calyx-lobes lanceolate; petals violet; seed white pustular, somewhat grooved at back — Summer — Rocks ; Antilebanon above -^ebedani.
Page 180. After TIL.IACEJE, before ORE^VIA.
TIJLIA, L. Linden.
Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, naked, or with petaloid scales at inner aspect of base. Stamens numerous, free or irregularly polyadel- j)hous at base. Ovary o-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Style simple, stigma 5-dentate. Fruit globular, indehiscent, by abortion 1- celled, 1-2-seeded — Trees with axillary or terminal cymes, the pe- , duncle united as far as middle with a leaf-like bract.
T. argeiitea, Desf. q .6 to .8; comus ovate. Buds pubescent; leaves with cordate, oblique base, ovate, acuminate, acutely dentate, white with fine stellate wool at lower surface. Capsule as large as a marrowfat pea, obovoid -globular, apiculate, ribs scarcely prominent ^— Summer — Amanus.
Page 183. Mtex L. nodifiorum. L*. toxiciiin, Boiss. 5 .15 to .2, glabrous, glaucescent ; branches stiff, simple, forming an intricate bush. Leaves thick, oblong, ,005 to .014 long, the lower obtuse, the upper acute. Flowers terminal, solitary or 2-3 in a head; sepals oblong, with scarious, glandular-denticulate margin, mucronate, about one- third as long as yellow, acutish petals ; capsule globular-ovate, a little longer than sepals — June and July — Top of Mt. Hermon. Poisonous to goats.
Page 184. In place of 14. L. Austriacum. L., Peyroiii, Post. (Plantre Postiance, iii, G.; © .3 to .4, glabrous; stems branching from base or above, loosely corymbose. Leaves rather crowded, linear, acute, .005 to .012 long. Flowers few, solitary, pedicels erect in flower, nodding in fruit; sepals ovate or nearly orbicular, obtuse, mucronulate, narrowly scarious-margined, one-third as long as pale petals and capsule; capsule globular, .01 in diameter, more than twice as long as sepals — April and May — Fields; Ilauran to Ccelesyria, Antilebanon, and Aintab.
9
Page 191. After d. asphodeloides. O. Pyrenaicuiti, L. 2^.5,
soft-pubescent, glandular above; stems ascending. Leaves reniform, 7-9-cleft into obtuse, crenate-dentate lobes, the upper small, palmati- parted. Peduncles axillary, pedicels reflexed in fruit; sepals oblong, short-mucronate ; petals purple, obcordate, ciliate above base, about twice as long as calyx; valves appressed-pubescent or glabrescent- Summer — Afqa (Lebanon).
Page 200. After MEI^IACE^.
Order ACfeUIFOl^IACE^, D. C. (Holly Family).
Trees or s/iruds, with small, axilla?'?/, 4:-S-merousJloivers, a mimtte calyx, free from the 4:''^-celled ovary and resulting ^-'^-seededj lerry-lihe drupe* the stamens as many as the petals^ alternate with them, inserted at their hase — Calyx imbricated in aestivation. Cells of ovary 1-2-ovuled. Al- bumen copious, embryo straight, small.
ILEX, L. Holly.
Calyx persistent, 4-5-toothed. Corolla rotate, 4-5-parted. Ovary sessile, nearly globular, 4-5-celled, stigmas 4-5, nearly sessile. Drupe globular, pyrenes 4-5, crustaceous — Shrubs, with leathery, ^glossy, alternate leaves,
I. Aqiiifolluiii, L. 5 5 2 ^0 ^ or more. Leaves ovate, acute, wavy, spiny-dentate or entire. Peduncles axillary, short, many-flowered, flowers somewhat umbelled ; drupe dark crimson, as large as a marrow- fat pea — May — Gaiour Gagh (Amanus).
Page 202. After R. Libanotica. R. glaberrima, Peyrou. ^ 2 to 4, unarmed, glabrous. Leaves petioled, oblong to lenticular, .0^5 to .05 long, entire. Umbel long-peduncled ; drupe black, as large as a currant, half as long as pedicel — May — Forest of Ehedin.
Page 222. After T. Cassia. T. Amaua, Post, .1 or more, soft-pubescent. Leaflets obovate to cuneate-truncate, denticulate at tip. Flowers 2-4 in axillary and terminal clusters, pale yellow ; calyx- teeth one-fifth as long as hirsute tube, narrow-triangular, acute ; corolla once and a half as long as calyx, immature pods sparingly hairy — April — Hassan Beyley to 'Othmaniyeh; BeiBn to Kurk-khan.
Page 222. After T. astroites. T. aurantiaca, Boiss. 0 .1 to .15, appressed-pubescent, procumbent. Stipules short-triangular; leaflets obovatc-cuueate, small, denticulate at tip. Peduncles filiform, twice to thrice as long as leaves; flowers 8-12 in a head, orange-colored ; calyx half to one-third as long as corolla, teeth setaceous, longer than tube; pods appressed-pubescent, curved, .02 long, .001 thick, trans- versely reticulate-nerved — June — Kurd Dagh.
Page 222. After T. Noeana. T. ortUoceras, Kar. et Kir. 0
Appressed-hirsute, erect. Stipules semi-sagittate, dentate; leaflets obovate, dentate at tip. Peduncle nearly 0; flowers 2-4, .005 long, sessile ; calyx a little shorter than corolla, teeth subulate, longer than tube; pods appressed-puberulent, .012 long, .0015 broad, straight, re- ticulate-veined with the areolce longer lengthwise — Spring — In a gar- den near Beirut (Peyron).
3
10
Page 235. After T. minima, T. lunata, Boiss. © .B to .4, papillose-hairy, procumbent. Stipules semi-ovate, striped, denticulate at tip. Peduncles 1-3-flowered, shorter than leaves, long-awned; ca- lyx-teeth setaceous, somewhat longer than tube, two-thirds as long as corolla; pod nodding, flat, semilunar^ .018 long, .01 broad, transversely nerved, with an acute, incurved beak — June — Aintab.
Page 236. After T. Schlumlergeri. T. A§clier§oiiii, Urb. 0 .03 to .05, diffuse, prostate. Stipules ovate to ovate-lanceolate, pinnat- ifid-dentate; leaflets triangular-obcordate, with 2 teeth on each side of sinus and a mucro at its bottom, glabrous at upper, sparingly hairy at lower surface. Inflorescence 1-flowered, peduncle shorter than petiole; flower .004 long; calyx-teeth triangular to triangular-lanceolate, half as long as puberulent tube ; corolla twice as long as calyx, yellow ; ovary linear, style falcate, stigma capitate — April — Nazareth.
Page 229. Aiter M/denticulata. M. sessilis, Peyron. 0 .1 to .15, pulescent. Stipules semi-ovate, acute, entire. Flowers solitary or twin, sessile or nearly so, minute ; pod sparingly pubescent, .003 broad ; coils 4, rather compact; margin prominent, deeply grooved on either side, with 2 rows of short prickles at right angles to face of coil — May and June — 'Ain-Sofar; Kefr Silwan; Hammana; el-Masna'ali (Anti- lebanon).
Pagb 231. Before M. parmjlora. M. Italica, L. 1 or more; stem stout, erect. Lower ^tv^vXes f ringed-toothed ; leaflets large, obo- vate-cuneate. Racemes longer than leaf; flowers .005 long, yellow; pod obovate-glohular, .003 long, corky— April and May — Near Zuq (Lebanon).
Page 234. After T. lappaceum. T. ]Lig[U§ticiim, Balb. 0 Soft-hispid ; stems erect or decumbent. Free portion of stipules lan- ceolate-setaceous ; leaflets obovate ; heads ovate or oblong, usually two, one peduncled, the other sessile ; calyx longer than pink corolla, teeth equal, triangular at base, setaceous at tip, twice as long as tube — Spring — Beit-Meri.
Page 242, Before T. Aintalense. T. inulti§triatuiii, Koch. 0 Glabrous ; stems elongated, ascending or diffuse. Free part of stipules lanceolate, mucronate; leaflets obovate to elliptical-acute, all serru- late; heads ovate, base usually naked; calyx-teeth nearly equal, lan- ceolate at base, then subulate, erect, at length recurved, somewhat shorter than cylindrical, at length ovate tube, which is 24-nerved at base, and between the nerves smooth or obsoletely transverse-nerved; corolla purple — Spring — Palestine.
Page 242. After T. glomeratum. T. suffocatuni. 0 Glabres- cent; stems short, prostrate, rosetted. Leaves long-petioled, leaflets cuneate-retuse or obcordate, serrulate at tip. Heads sessile, axillary, confluent at the lower part of the stems, and sheathed by cuspidate stipules; flowers nearly sessile; calyx twice as long as white corolla, teeth lanceolate, at length recurved or falcate, as long as the at length ovate tube — April — Nazareth ; Jaffa.
Page' 250. After Lotus Conimbricensis. X \ Floioers yellow.
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Pase 355. Last line but one. In place of A. Pfusianus. A. gos- sypinus.
Page 359. After A. eallichrous. A. Moabiticus, Post. 0 .05 to .1, sparingly hairy, diffuse. Leaves .035 long; leaflets 5-8 pairs, el- liptical, obtuse, .006 long, .003 broad. Heads a little larger than a mar- rowfat pea, 4-6-flowered, peduncle as long as leaf or shorter; calyx ■white-and-black-hairy, teeth linear-setaceous, as long as tube ; corolla violet; lamina of vexillum obovate-retuse ; pod * * — April — Between Mashatta and Ziza (Moab).
Page 361. After A. honibycinus. A. Palmyren§i8, Post (Plan- tse Postianae, i, 6). 0 .4 to .5, crisp-white-and-black- villous ; stems prostrate. Leaflets 8-10 pairs, obovate, .008 long, retuse, rather remote. Racemes loosely 5-10-flowered, peduncle shorter than leaf; calyx-teeth as long as tube; corolla white, .03 long; pods oblong, incurved, white- fleecy — April — Wells of Abu Fadil, west of Palmyra.
Page 36S. In place of A, Prusianus, Boiss. A. gossypinns,
Fisch. 5 . 3 to ,4 ; branches long, loosely spiny ^ woolly canescent. Spines .03 to .08 long; stipules ovate at base, abruptly cuspidate, at length glabrescent; leaflets 4-8 pairs, ovate to obovate-oblong, .005 to .01 long, long-prickly, woolly-canescent. Axils oo -flowered, forming ovate or globular, terminal heads, a little smaller than a walnut; bracts oblong, boat-shaped, villous at upper part of back ; calyx .007 long, woolly- canescent — Summer — Bashlamish, base of Amanus, and eastward.
Page 369. In place of Var. alpimcs. Post. Var. filagineu§, Boiss. Heads scarcely larger than a filbert, often crowded together at tip of branch. Spines .03 to .03 long, those of heads leafless. Leaflets 3-4 pairs, .003 to .006 long— Top of Akher Dagh.
Page 369. Before A. psilacmos. A, exig:uu§, Post (Plantae Postianae, in, 7). 2( .04 to .05, heads Just emerging from shingle ; trunk vertical ; branches numerous, ascending, covered with imbricated, dead petioles. Leaves few, .013 to .018 long, forming an involucre to the heads, and mixed with the flowers ; spines yellow, short ; stipules ovate, acute, scarious; leaflets 1-4 pairs, lenticular, .006 to .01 long, white-silky, prickly-mucronate, much longer than petiolar spine. Axils 4-6-flowered, crowded into cocoony, globular, terminal heads, larger than a filbert ; bracts ovate-oblong, acute, shorter than calyx, fleecy ; calyx fleecy, split to base, .013 long; corolla shorter than calyx, cream- colored — July — Shingle; top of Sudr-esh-Sheikh-'Ali (Antilebanon).
A. Antiochiaiius, Post. If .3 to .3; branches yellow, loosely leafy, densely tomentellous between stipules, beset with old spines at base. Spines .03 to .05 long; stipules ovate-triangular, cuspidate- tapering, tomentellous toward base, glabrescent toward tip; leaflets 6-8 pairs, oblong, tapering at base and tip, .006 long, .003 broad, spiny- mucronate, longer than petiolar spine, appressed-silky, pale green. Axils 5-6-flowered, crowded into an ovate or globular head, .03 to .05 long, intermixed with leaf-bearing spines ; bracts linear, tapering, long- villous at back, nearly as long as calyx; calyx .009 long, villous, teeth longer than tube — August — Near Antioch.
Page 370. After A. Bethlemiticus. A. Barbeyanii§, Post (Plantae Postianae, v, 5). ^ .3, erinaceous; branches beset with old, weak, spreading, blackish spines. Stipules lanceolate, glabrous, the
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free portion ciliate at margin; spines weak, .02 to .04 long, hairy ; leaf- lets 5-6 pairs, lenticular, spiny-mucronate, appressed-canescent, .006 to .008 long, .003 broad. Axils 3-5-flowered, few together at tips of branches ; bracts ovate-orbichlar, boat-shaped, short-mucronate, crisp- tomentellous at back; calyx white-hairy, split nearly to base, teeth subulate ; vexillum .02 long — July — Amanus.
Page 373. After A. macrocephalus. A. Elireiiliergii, Bge. If .3 or more, glabrous; stem slender. Stipules herbaceous, oblong-lan- ceolate; leaves .15 long; leaflets 8-12 pairs, oblong-linear to linear, the longest .015 long, .002 broad. Peduncles longer than globular heads; calyx campanulate, stiff-villous, .016 long, teeth longer than tube, as long as vexillum; vexillum recurved, scarcely longer than the wings and keel, orbicular, notched — Summer — Beskinta (Lebanon).
Page 374. After A. Kotschyanus. A. lUitchcllii, Post (Plantac Postianse, i, 7). 2f .12 to .15, appressed-canescent, diffuse. Stipules minute, triangular, ciliate, green at tip, connate at base; leaflets 8-13 pairs, oblong-cuneate, obtuse or retuse, .004 to .007 long. Peduncles twice to thrice as long as leaf ; heads ovate-globular ; bracts triangular, longer than pedicels ; calyx appressed-white-and-black-hairy ; teeth triangular-lanceolate, one-fourth as long as tube; corolla deep-violet, .02 long, vexillum obtuse, longer than wings — April — Border of Syrian Desert, between Es-Sait and Abu-Dali
Pagje 283. After 0. Plolemaica. O. Ktirdica, Post (Plantse Postianse, iv, 6). 2|[ .15 to .2, appressed-silky, canescent, nearly erect. Stipules scarious, connate beyond middle; leaves .08 to .12 long, of 4-9 pairs; leaflets obovate, .007 long, mucronate or muticous or retuse. Calyx -teeth subulate, twice as long as tube; corolla .008 long, pink, scarcely twice as long as calyx; (young) pod appressed-silky, long- prickly — June — Kurd Dagh.
Page 288. After F. serratifolia. V. aiirautia, Stev. 2f .5 to 1, hirtulous, erect. Leaves .15 to .2 long; leaflets 5-7-pairs, ovate, .03 to .04 long; petiole muticous or mucronate; stipules unequal, one cor- date-ovate, the other oblong-lanceolate. Racemes co -flowered, as long as leaves or shorter ; calyx hirsute, the lower tooth lanceolate, as long as_ tube, half as long as orange-colored corolla, the others very short, triangular; pod long-stipitate, flattened, rhombic — June — Kurd Dagh.
Page 390. After F. gracilis. V. pube§cen§, D. C. 0 .3 to .4,
puherident, slender, climbing. Leaflets 3-5 pairs, ovate to ellijjtical; stip- ules semi-hastate, linear-lanceolate, entire. Peduncles filiform, 1-5- flowered, muticous, somewhat longer than leaf; calyx half as long as bluish-white corolla; pod linear, pubescent, .01 to .015 long, .002 to .003 broad, 4-6-seeded— Spring— Beirut; Beit-Meri.
Page 295. After 0. hirsutus. Var. gla1>ratu§, Boiss. Gla- brescent — Amanus.
Page 314. Before U. Libanoticus. U. Pe§talozzae, Boiss. 2f .1 to .3, glaucous, more or less pubescent-glandular. Root-leaves spath- ulate, obtuse, cuneate at base, obsoletely denticulate, stem-leaves obovate-oblong. Panicle glandular-hirsute, flowers somewhat one-sided ; corolla pale pink, twice and a half as long as calyx, cleft to middle into lanceolate, tapering lobes =- Spring .^ Sof Dagh to Akher Dagh, and northward.
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I*AGE 316. After S. amplexicaule.
* * Annuals or monocarpic. Leaves Jlat.
S. Amani, Post (Plantoe Postianse, v, G). 0 .1 to .3, crisp-pu- berulent; stems simple or branching from neck, thyrsoid-panicled, pale or reddish. Leaves numerous, flat, spathulate, the lower .013 to .02 long, .002 to .004 broad, obtuse, entire, the upper whorled. Cymes 4- 12-flowered; calyx-teeth oblong, acute, cuspidate, tawny; petals .002 long, white, lanceolate, tapering, scarcely longer than calyx ; stamens 10-12; carpels puberulent, erect, beaked — July — Amanus.
Page 319. Add a semicolon at the end of line 3, under PU:XICA. The line will then read "with two tiers of cells, the lower consisting of 3, and the upper of 5 ; "
Page 322. After E. roseum. E. orig^aiiifoliiiiii, Lam. If .2 to .3; stolons hearing dtclb-like duds at their tips, covered with imbricated scales. Leaves somewhat petioled, ovate, acute, remotely repand -den- tate. Flowers few, .008 broad, nodding in the bud — August — Jebel Sunnin.
Page 322. Before Oeder XLV. CUCURBITACE^.
ClRCiEA, L. Enchanter's Nightshade.
Calyx-tube slightly prolonged beyond ovary, limb 2-lobed, lU length circumscissile, caducous. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2, al- ternating with petals. Fruit pear-shaped, bur-like with hooked bristles, 1-2-celled; cells 1-seeded — Tender herbs, with small, white flowers, in peduncled, terminal and lateral racemes ; leaves alternate, petioled.
C, Eutetiana, L. If .3 to .6. Leaves ovate, cordate or rounded atbase, repand-denticulate. Bracts 0; pedicelsreflexed in fruit; calyx- teeth ovate, acute; petf^ls 2-lobed, short-clawed — Summer — Woods: Amanus.
Page 342. After B. triclwpodum. Var. depauperatum, Boiss. Tnvolucels as long as flowers — Among reeds, at mouth of Beirut river.
Page 348. After B. angustifolia.
REUTERA, Boiss. Reutera.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals ovate, nearly entire, convolute at tip. Fruit laterally flattened, ovate to oblong. Ribs of mericarp 5, filiform, obsolete. Grooves 2-3-vittate. Inner face of albumen flat -- Biennial or perennial herbs, with yellow flowers.
B. tenuis, Boiss. et Haussk. % .1 to .15; stems rigid, filiform, forked-branched. Root-leaves rosetted, petiole once and a half to thrice as long as limb; limb truncate to cordate at base, orbicular, .01 in diameter, acutely 5-10-dentate; stem-leaves at forks reduced to a setaceous sheath. Umbels with 2-3, short, capillary rays ; fruit oblong, .002 long, longer than pedicel — Rocks over tombs near fountain on east side of valley south of Yebrtid.
Page 849. After P. eriocarpa. P. Moabitica, Post (Bull. Herb. Boiss., Ill, 156). 0 .1 to .25, papillose-hairy or glabrescent, forked- branching from base. Leaves all ternatisect into petiolulate, oblong to cuneate, lobed and dentate segments ; petioles winged, ciliate-margined. Umbels with 4-6, nearly equal, filiform rays, .01 to .015 long; fruit
14
ovate-oblong, .0015 long, shorter than pedicel, white-hispid; stylopo- dium reversed top-shaped, separated at tip, half as long as tapering, straight styles ~ April — Wadies east of Dead Sea, and Jordan Plain.
Page 350. After S. capilUfoUa. S. IIeriiioiil§, Post (Bull. Herb. Boiss., i, 399). @ or Q 1; tuber as large as a filbert, globular, fibril-bearing beneath; stem slender, terete, paniculate-branched. Leaves * *, the upper reduced to a long caudate sheath. Umbels with 3-3, equal rays, .013 to .025 long; involucre leaves 1-3, laneeolate-subulate, much shorter than rays ; involucel leaves 4-8, lanceolate, tapering, un- equal, half as long as pedicels; fruit nearly globular, .003 long, shorter than the longest pedicels ; stylopodium depressed-mamillary, shorter than recurved styles — June — 'Ain-esh-Sha'arah (Hermon) ; Kurd Dagh.
Page 351. Before G. HaussTcnechtii. O. pterocarpum, Boiss. 2X .3 to .35, sparingly corymbose-branched. Leaves linear in outline, .1 long, .01 broad, pinnatisect into crowded segments, dissected into capillary lobes ending in a white bristle. Umbel with 5-9, unequal rays, the longest .05 to. 06 long in fruit; fruit short-pedicelled, truncate at base and tip, .01 to .016 long, wings Iroader than seed — June — Kurd Dagh.
Page 353. After C. Libanoticum. C. auraiitiacuni, Post (Plantge Postiange, iir, 8). (2)1; stem erect, striate, sparingly hirtulous, forked, panicled-cymose. liower \ea.\eswhite-hispiduhus, oblong in out- line, .1 or more long, .04 broad, tripinnatipartite, segments of all orders oblong, lobules .003 long ; upper leaves pinnatipartite into capillary lobes. Leaves of involucel and lanceolate petals orange-colored; fruit linear, .01 long, .0015 thick, chib-shaped at tip; styles divergent, twice as long as depressed-conical, broad -margined stylopodia — July and August — Subalpine grain fields between^ Sikr-Ibrisah and el- Merj-et-tawil (Northern Lebanon).
Page 360. Before F. pauciradiata. F. Kurdica, Post. 2( 1 or more, glabrous, glaucous ; root-stock thick, horizontal ; stem terete, leafy, panicled above. Leaves triangular-ovate in outline, ternately bi- pinnatisect, axes distant, the lower leaves .35 to .3 long and broad,' lobules clustered, .003 to .005 long, .001 broad, thick, mucronulate. Kays .03 to .05 long, unequal, 3-4; leaves of involucre and involucel lanceolate-linear ; pedicels short — June — Kurd Dagh.
Page 363. After J, dichotoma. J. ^Ve§tii, Post (Plantae Postia- nse. III, 9). (D 1 to 1.5, glabrous, ;glaucous;£stem terete, striate, pani- culately much-branched. Leaves oblong in outline, lower tripinnati- parted, .3 long, .04 broad, primary segments distant, secondary ovate- orbicular, .004 to .007 long, few, oblong, flat, .003 to .004 long, .001 broad; upper leaves reduced to oblong-lanceolate sheaths. Rays 1-3, unequal, .03 to .05 long, 3-6 times as long as umbellets; leaves of in- volucel ovate, one-third as long as pedicels ; pedicels 7-10, longer than fruits; (immature) mericarps elliptical, convex, central area distinct from fungous margin; vittae indistinct — July — Fields, a little dis- tance from baseof Hallmat-Qobu, just at top of Wadi Theniyyet-er-Ras.
Page 380. After 0. Capensis. O. 8chimperi, Presl. 2X .5 to ,6; stems numerous, wand-like, rigid, punctate-scabrous below, gla- brous above, forked, loosely coryinbed. Leaves glabrous, linear, taper-
is
ing at base, acute at tip. Stipules tooth-like. Pedicels much shorter than flower; calyx-teeth ovate-triangular, acute, shorter than tube; corolla blue, .016 long, lobes oblong-linear, one-third to one-fourth as long as tube — April — Gravel ; Wadi Hebran (Sinai).
Page 383. After G. Bocco7iL O. Sliepardi, Post. 2f .3 to .5, glabrous, turning blackish in drying ; stems numerous, ascending from a woody base, quadrangled, more or less long-panicled above. Leaves in sixes, oblong-lenticular, .015 to .025 long, .002 to .004 broad, mu- cronate, scabridulous at margin. Pedicels usually longer than flowers; corolla .002 long, pinkish, lobes oblong, obtuse; fruit glabrous — July and August — Gaiour Dagh (Amanus).
Page 385. After Cr. aureum, Var. obloiigifolium, Boiss. Leaves oblong to ovate. Panicle contracted — Gaiour Dagh (Amanus).
Page 386. After G, jungermannioides. O. Petrae, Hart. .25 to .3, hispidulous; stems diffuse, 4-angled, brittle. Leaves in fours, linear, 1-nerved, stiff, .008 long, .001 broad, acute, scabridulous at margin. Cymes axillary and terminal, few-flowered, and 2-4 times as long as leaves ; pedicels capillary; corolla. 002 broad; fruit (immature), hispid with hooked hairs — Winter — Petra.
Page 392. After A. Tiumifusa. A. €r]iauten§is, Post (Plantae Postianse, iii, 10). 2f Hirsute, turning blackish in drying; stems climbing, ending in broad panicles. Leaves in threes or pairs, oblong- lenticular, .004 to .01 long, .0015 to .003 broad, muticous, the lower reflexed. Cymes loose; corolla greenish-yellow, sparingly hairy with- out, funnel-shaped, lobes oblong, revolute, rather obtuse, longer than tube; anthers oblong ; style bifid at tip; fruits minute, hispid — July and .August — El-Ghautah (Damascus) .
Page 402. Before 8. TJcranica. S. Kurdica, Post (Plantai PostianaB, iv, 7). % .45 to .5, velvety with intermixture of longer hairs; stems numerous, simple or sparingly branched. Lower leaves oblong- spathulate, entire, silky, tapering into a petiole, .01 to .035 long, the rest .04 long, pinnatisect into a few, oblong to linear lobes, the terminal lobe oblanceolate, entire or irregularly dentate. Peduncles long, naked ; head flattened-hemispherical, .02 broad; scales of involucre lanceolate, hirsute, half as long as flowers; corollas woolly outside, pink, scarce- ly radiating; involucel very villous; awns of calyx twice as long as purple, 28-34-rayed crown — September — Kurd Dagh.
Page 413. -Before £RIOERO]%\
A^TER, L. AsTEK.
Head usually radiate, rarely discoid. Rays in one row, pistillate. Disk flowerets tubular, perfect. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Akene flattened, beakless. Pappus hairy, in 1-xi rows — Perennial, rarely biennial herbs.
A. Amaiii, Post. 2^ .0, glabrous; stem striate, simple, corymbose above, leafy. Leaves oblong-linear, .03 to .04long, .004 to. 005 broad, 3-nerved toward tapering base, acutish. Peduncles .02 to .03 long, beset with short, linear bracts ; heads few, .008 broad ; scales of invo- lucre oblong, obtuse, 3-uerved, the inner more than half as long as narrow, pale pink rays; disk flowerets two-thirds as long as rays; hairs
16
of pappus equal, as long as flowerets; akenes appressed-bristly - - September — Amanus, above 'Othmanlyeh (Plain of Issus).
Page 413. After E. alpinum. E, Shepardi, Post (Planto; Postianse, v, 8). 2^ .6 to .8, pubescent; stems erect, corymbose pani- cled above. Leaves entire, acute, the radical oblanceolate, tapering to a petiole, the lower cauline oblancoolate, tapering at base, the upper oblong-linear, sessile. Involucre pubescent, scales linear, acuminate, with tawny rib, and straw-colored, scarious margin, three-fourths as long as fawn-colored pappus; rays pale, linear, a little longer than pappus — July — Amanus.
Page 433. Before A. montana. A. flabellata, Post (Plantse Postianse, v, 9). 2f .3, appressed-silvery-silky ; trunks prostrate or ascending, bearing sterile and fertile stems. Leaves of sterile stems fan-sliajjed, bipinnatipartite into linear, undivided or bitid lobules, .004 to .006 long, .001 broad; leaves of simple or sparingly branched fertile stems ovate in outline, 2-1-pinnatipartite into lobules longer than those of sterile stems. Heads solitary, small; involucre pubescent, scales lanceolate, scarious-margined ; rays yellow, about twice as long as in- volucre, oblong, obtuse, entire; akenes ribbed-angled, with a short crown — July — Amanus.
Page 439. Before P. teucofJiyllum. P. depauperatiini, Post (Bull. Herb. Boiss., in, 158). 2^ .15 to .25, woody at base, appressed- silvery-silky; stems numerous, ascending, the fertile with scattered, minute leaves to tip. Leaves ovate in outline, petioled, fan-shaped, bipinnatiparted into linear, acute lobules, .003 to .004 long, .001 broad. Corymb terminal, dense, 3-lO-flowered, .01 to .015 broad, capitate; pedicels half as long as .004 long, .001 broad, obovate-conical heads; scales of involucre oblong, obtuse, the interior scarious at tip ; crown half as long as ribbed akene — August and September — Subalpine regions; Gaiour Dagh (Amanus).
Page 443. After S. dorimformis. S. Otlionnse, M. B., 1 to 2, glabrous except sparingly puberulent under surface of leaves; stem striate, ending in a broad corymb. Lower leaves petioled, oblong-ljin- ceolate in outline, often .5 long, .08 to .2 broad, pinnatisect into 6-10, oblong-lanceolate, acute, incised-dentate segments on each side of pe- tiole, the lower often 2-parted ; upper leaves sessile, lobes narrow ; flo- ral leaves linear, undivided. Heads cylindrical, .01 long, .003 broad, 5-7-flowered ; scales of involucre 5, glabrous, iinear-spathulate, squa- mules few, short; rays 1-2, thrice as long as involucre ; akenes silky; pappus twice as long as involucre — Summer — Amanus.
Page 449. After C. corymbosa^ var. Libanotica. Var, iiiicroce? pliala, Post. Heads compact, .01 to .02 broad; outer scales of invo- lucre .015 to .02 long — Izra' (Leja) ; Gergesa; Nebo.
Page 451. After G.foliosa. C Po§tiana (Winkler, Synopsis Cousiniae, p. 223). © .4; stem cobwebby, branched, leafy, many- headed. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-pinnatilobed,- the lower petioled, the upper sessile, decurrent, lobes triangular, spiny; upper- most leaves forming an involucre to the heads, all cobwebby. Heads solitary or twin, ovoid-conical, as large as a hazelnut, about 20-flowered ; scales of involucre 50 or more, erect, spiny-mucronate — July — Wadi- el-Mal (Antilebanon).
17
Pase 458. After €. Syriaca. C. Anranitica, Post (Bull. Herb. Boiss. I., 400). 2f 1 or more; stems cobwebby, canescent. Lower stem leaves .6 long, .25 broad, sessile, decurrent, ovate-lanceolate in out- line, glabrescent at u^per, cobwebby at lower surface, pinnatisect into long-lanceolate, decurrent, entire or short-lobed segments, lobes short- triangular, ending in a strong spine. Corymbs of 2-5, peduncled heads; heads ovate-turbinate, .1 long, .08 broad; involucre constricted at tip, glabrous, scales coriaceous, reddish, the lower reflexed or spread- ing, appendix triangular-lanceolate, long-tapering, the upper appress- ed, ending in an ovate, short-tapering, spiny-mucronate appendix; flowerets deep purple; akenes somewhat tetragonal — July and August — Fields; Jaulan and Haurau.
Page 460. Before SERRATUL.A.
. AUTRAS^IA, C. Winkler et Barbey. Autrania.
(Plantse Postianoa iir, 11, 12).
Heads homogamous, flowerets equal, perfect. Scales of involucre in 5 rows, green at base, the outer and middle narrowing abruptly into a spine, the inner with a deltoid, scarious appendix, with dark, tawny base, somewhat fringed margin, and spinescent tip. Receptacle flat, sparingly bristly. Anthers sagittate at base. Akenes squamous- wrinkled, obpyramidal, 4-5-angled. Pappus of co rows of bristles, the inner feathery, the outer shorter, not feathery — Perennial, alpine plants.
A. pulcliella, Winkler. 2f .05, nearly stemless, 1-headed. Leaves resetted at top of root-stalk above vestiges of old leaves, short- petioled, oblong-spathulate in outline, .03 long, .01 broad, pinnatifid or lyrate, appressed-canescent on both sides, ciliate-dentate at margin, lobes 3-4 pairs, oblong-ovate, spiny-mucronulate, terminal ovate. Head obovate, .035 long, .025 broad at tip; scales of involucre hirsute or appressed-pubescent under base of appendix, ovate to oblong and linear, about as long as spiny appendix ; flowers pale pink, longer than scales — July — Rijal-el-'asherah (Northern Lebanon), 2600 m.
Page 464. After C. laxa. C Ainani, Post. (Plantse Postiange V, 9). 2f .4, white with appressed, detersile wool; stems angled, corym- bose-panicled from lower third. Leaves obsoletely dentate, pitted, the lower oblong in outline, .06 to .1 long, petioled, entire or pinnately divided into oblong segments, the terminal larger, rhomboid-ovate; stem-leaves sessile, with narrower segments, the uppermost oblong, undivided, small, bract-like. Heads ovate-turbinate, .01 long, .007 broad ; scales of involucre appressed-tomentellous, ovate, pale, ending in a triangular, straw colored, 7-13-pectinate appendix; flowerets deep pink; pappus white — August — Amanus.
Page 467. After C. EausslnechUi. C. sclerolepis, Boiss. % 1; stem sparingly cobwebby, leafy below, simple, racemose-3-7-headed above. Leaves pubescent-scabrous, petioled, lyrate-pinnatipartite, the lower on a petiole . 15 long, with 2-4, lateral, small, ovate segments, and a terminal, oblong segment .07 to .1 long; other leaves oblong- lanceolate, short-decurrent. Peduncles beset with scarious, tapering scales, as long as heads; heads globular, .03 in diameter; scales of involucre coriaceous-scarious, white, glossy, entire or obsoletely den- ticulate-fringed at margin, ovate to oblong, ending abruptly in a
18
spine, which in the middle ones is as long as scale ; flowerets pink — July — Marash.
Page 471. After G. GTieiracantha. Var. los]gt§pma, Post. Seg- ments of leaves linear, elongated. Spines of involucre one-third as long as head — Woods; Mt. Cassius.
Var. latifolia, Post. Most of the leaves undivided, the upper and terminal segment of lower (when lyrate) oblong -lanceolate, .03 to .01 broad — Amanus.
Page 473. After G. lanatus. Var. IatlfoIiu§, Post. Leaves of stem and involucre broader, glabrescent — Galilee ; Coslesyria.
Var, proliferti§, Post. Low, .1 to .'Z^, proliferous. Leaves as in last - - Common.
Page 483. Before H. prcmltum, Vill. M. Pelleterianom, D.C.
% Root-stock prsemorse, stolonif erous ; stems 0. Leaves rosetted, oblong-spathulate, .03 to .05 long, .01 to .02 broad, stellate-tomen- tellousj and upper surface with long, tawny bristles from a bulbous base. Scapes .1 to .3 high, sparingly tomentellous, and beset with black, stipitate glands. Heads hemispherical, .02 broad ; scales tomen- tellous and black-stipitate-glandular, oblong, scarious-margined, — July — Amanus,
Page 484. After H. BalanscB. H. §triguIo§iiiii, Post (Plantse Postianse, v, 11.) If .5 to .8, clothed with long hairs from dilated base, mixed at inflorescence with short hair. Stem-leaves oblong, acute, .1 long, .02 broad, sessile, repand-dentate, the lowest half-clag23iDg at base. Heads racemed-panicled, .02 long; scales acute, puberulent, the midrib sparingly beset with black prickles — July — Amanus. ■
Page. 484. After H. Lilanoticum. M. Tialgatun], Koch. 71 1 or more, more or less hirsute or glabrescent ; stem leafy, corymbose- panicled above. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, .05 to .1 long, acute, coarse- serrate, the cauline sessile. Peduncles and acute scales of .02 longheads puberulent, more or less black-glandular-hairy — Summer — Amanus.
H. Bartocyi, Post (Plantse Postianee v. 10). 11 1 or more, green, sparingly beset with hairs from a tubercle. Leaves repand^ dentate, lower tapering to a margined petiole, obovate-spathulate, .3 long, .05 broad; middle leaves similar but sessile, half-clasping; upper sessile, oblong-ovatq, cordate-auricled, half -clasping at base, .05 to .01 long, .03 to .01 broad, obtuse to acute. Inflorescence corymbose-pan- icled: peduncles beset with black glands, and short, lanceolate-subu- late bracts; heads .012 long; scales acute, scarious-margined, beset with black, glandular hairs — July — Amanus.
H. AutranI, Post (Plantas Postianas v, 11.) 2f Root-stock prse- morse; stem .3 to .5, thyrsoid-panicled from base, clothed with short wool and long, wavy hairs, arising from a tubercle. Leaves repand- denticulate, sparingly beset with bristles from a tubercle, lowest ovate- oblong, acute, with petiole .1 to .15 long, .03 to .04 broad; cauline ovate to ovate-lanceolote, .03 to .01 long, acuminate, sessile, the upper smaller, bract-like. Heads .015 long ; scales acute, white-bristly, scarious margined — July — Amanus.
Page 488. Before L. mminea, L. I<. muralis, L. 2f 1 or more, glabrous ; root prsemorse ; stem leafy. Leaves tender, the lower long-
19
petioled, the rest with a short, winged petiole, auricled at base, all lyrate-pinnatisect, the terminal segment cordate or hastate, 3-5-lobed, the lateral lobes 2-3 on each side, decurrent, coarse-lobed. Peduncles elongated, filiform; heads cylindrical; scales glabrous, the lower mi- nute, ovate, the upper lanceolate, obtuse; flowers sulphur-colored; akenes black, elliptical, compressed, 5-ribbed on each side, ending in a short beak.
Var. slnuata. Post (Bull. Herb. Boiss., iii, 159). Lowest leaves not lobed, petiole narrow-winged, lamina obtusely 5-lobed or coarse- serrate; stem-leaves auricled at base, sinuate or obscurely angled- lobed on each side, ending in a broad-rhomboid, entire, coarse-serrate lobe, or this lobe hastate, or 5-serrate-lobed and serrate — August and September —Gaiour Dagh (Amanus).
Page 491. After Z. glomerata, Cass. Z. Foxil, Post. 0 .1 to .25, glabrous; stems simple or forked. Boot-leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to a petiole, .06 to .08 long, .01 broad, coarsely incised-den- tate and denticulate, with narrow, triangular teeth ending in a cartila- ginous tip ; cauline leaves oblong, decurrent, irregularly coarse-serrate. Heads solitary, .015 long, half to one-fourth as long as bracted pe- duncles; scales oblong-ovate, white-tipped; akenes white, fungous, appressed-silky, lateral wings hyaline, eroded, rather narrower than akene; pappus silky, twice as long as akene, persistent — April — Between Jebel Usdum and 'Ain Jidi.
Page 503. Line 6, should be f t StyU glabrous Mow, hairy alove.
Line 7, read, in place of TRACHELIUM, TRACHELIOPSIS.
Page 507. Instead of TKACHEL.IUM. TI^ACMEI^IOFSIS, Buser (Gen. Nov. Bull. Herb. Boiss., ii, 524).
Flowers cream-colored, or pale blue. Sepals more or less linear, erect or spreading. Corolla funnel-shaped, lobes oblong-triangular, somewhat hooded at tip. Stamens 5, anthers linear, apiculate. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, ovules numerous. Style twice as long as corolla, glabrous below, hajry above, stigmas 3, lanceolate or Ungulate. _ Cap- sule erect, pyriform, with pores at base. Seeds oblong, wheat-like or almond-shaped, tawny or yellowish, glossy, somewhat lined — Peren- nial herbs with fleshy root-stock and brittle stems. The two species described under Trachelium, p. 508, belong to this genus.
Page 526. After V. canescens. Y, parvillorum, D.C. .3 to
.6; stems erect, puberulent, stiff-branched. Leaves somewhat fleshy, rounded at base, petioled, ovate-oblong-obtusc] to lanceolate-tapering, .03 to .06 long. Umbels axillary, sessile or peduncled ; pedicels longer than flowers ; calyx-lobes triangular ; corolla yellowish-red or purple, .003 broad, lobes oblong, obtuse; croion reduced to 5, short, 'purple glands; follicles linear-lanceolate, glabrous, .00 long — July — Hauran. Page 533. After a Myxa. C. Otaaraf, Forsk. 3 Ohara^. 3 to 5. Leaves short-petioled, oUong-spathulate, .04 to .06 long, .01 to .015 broad, minutely puberulent, light-green. Cymes loose; calyx- teeth broad-triangular, very short; corolla tube shorter than calyx, lobes rounded; anthers barely exserted or included; stigmas linear- club-shaped; drupe orange-colored, round-ovate, .007 long — July and August — 'Ain- Jidi,
20
Page 539. Between XICHINOSPERlfEUM and *
* Nutlets adherent ly inner face and margins, withpricMy wings at hack.
E, Szovitsianum, F. et M. 0 .2 to ,4, rough with short bristles arising from a tubercle; stem more or less branching from base. Leaves linear-spathulate to linear, .02 to .04 long, .0015 to .004 broad. Racemes loose; bracts longer than pedicels and fruits ; fruiting pedicels thick, recurved, 1-3 times as long as fruits; lobes of calyx linear, about as long as fruit; wings of nutlet with 5-6, triangular-acuminate prickles — May — Baalbek.
Page 544. Anchusa STiattucTciiy Post, is A. Aucheri, Alph. D. C. Var. brunneo-purpurea, Post.
Page. 562. Before G. sten<ypliyTlu8. C. Armenus, Boiss. et Ky. 1( Hirtulous, pale green. Leaves sagittate-hastate at base, triangular- lanceolate, the lower long-petioled, .07 long, somewhat dentate near base, the auricles deeply and obtusely 2-3-lobed; the upper hastate- lanceolate, acuminate. Peduncles much longer than leaves, 3-7-flower- ed; pedicels as long as calyx or longer; bracts setaceous ; sepals oblong- lanceolate, acuminate; corolla pale pink, .025 long, four times as long as calyx; seeds tubercled and wrinkled — SiDring — Aintab.
Page 566. Analytical table of SOL.ANACE^ after LYCIUM.
ATKOPA. If Herbs. Flowers solitary or twin in axils. Fruiting calyx unchanged.
Page 576. Before V. Sinaiticum. V. Sliepardi, Post (2) .3 to .6, pannous with yellowish-grey wool, panicled above. Root leaves obo- vate to oblong, .1 to .2 long, .02 to .04 broad, tapering to a petiole; stem-leaves at base of branches cordate-clasping, acuminate. Flowers 2-4 together, in compact racemes ; pedicels as long as flowering calyx or shorter; calyx .002 long, parted nearly to base into oblong-lanceo- late, obtusish teeth ; corolla * ; capsule oblong, .004 long — Summer — Gaiour Dagh (Amanus).
Page 754. After 3. EPIPACTIS. SPIRANTHES. Leaves rosetted at base. Perigonium white, .006 long, at right angles to ovary.
Page 756. Before TINJEA.
SPIRANTHES, Rich. Spiranthes.
Perigonium ringent, forming a right angle with the ovary. Label- lum grooved, with two warts at base, undivided, somewhat enclosed in the lateral petals. Column somewhat half -terete, beak bifid, erect. Anther movable, free, incumbent on beak. Pollinia 2, bifid, somewhat club-shaped, attached to an oblong gland. Ovary twisted — Small- flowered perennials, with spiral inflorescence, and fusiform tubers.
S, autumnalis. Rich. % .2 to .4; tubers minutely papillary. Leaves rosetted at top of tubers, ovate to oblong, petioled. Flowering scape lateral, beset with appressed, lanceolate sheaths ; spike slender, .05 to .1 long, pubescent-glandular; bracts ovate-triangular, cuspidate, longer than ovary ; labellum obovate-oblong, crenulate at tip — Octo- ber and November — Rocks at mouth of Dog River.
Si
Page 810. Before JUKfCUS.
L.UZUL.A, D. C. Wood-Rush.
Perigonium glume-like, divisions 6, coherent at base, equal or somewhat unequal. Stamens 6, inserted at base of perigonium. Ovary 1-celled, -with 3, erect ovules. Style 1, filiform, stigmas 3, filiform, villous. Capsule 3-ceUed, 3-valved — Perennials, with flat leaves, sheathing at base.
li. Forsteri, Sm. Ti .3 to .4; root-stock fibrous; stems tufted. Branches of corymb 1-3-flowered; pedicels erect, even in fruit; capsule triquetrous, «,cute — April — Middle zone of Lebanon.
Page 834. After J3. Libanoticus.
* * * * Inflorescence terminal, eompound-umlellate, spikelets sessile, 4-5 in a cluster, subtended ly 4, glume-like tracts.
S. iimbellatus, Post. 0 .3 ; roots fibrous ; culms clustered, tri- quetrous, leafy. Leaves flat, narrowly linear, overtopping inflorescence. Involucre leaves similar to cauline, the longer odcs many times longer than urabel, leaves of involucels similar but narrower, all scabrous- margined; bracts boat-shaped, ovate-oblong, scarious except green midrib, which is excurrent in a long mucro or cusp ; glumes oblong- lanceolate, scarious, with a green midrib, mucronate — April — Wadi Draa' (Moab).
Page 39. Before B. myosuroides. R,. orbiculatui, Bl. (Boiss. Suppl.Fl. Or., p. 5). 71 .1 to .2, sparingly hairy; neck fibrous. Root- leaves long-petioled, cordate-orlicular, obtusely 5-lobed, lobes erenate or lobuled. Scapes 1-flowered, with a few, minute, sessile, 3-lobed leaves, the upper 3 opposite ; flower rather large ; sepals oblong-orbicular, persistent ; petals yellow, at length reddish, obovate, twice as long as calyx; fruiting head globular, .008 in diameter; carpels triangular- ovate, flattened, .003 long, as long as or a little longer than slender, straight beak — May — Walls of castle, QaPat-el-Fakhrah (Lebanon).
Page 148. After 8. apetala. 3. S. marltima, Don. 0 .03 to
.05, glabrous; stems spreading, ascending. Leaves muticous or short-
/ apiculate. Sepals ovate, obtuse, muticous, shorter than capsule ; petals
lanceolate, about as long as sepals or 0 — Spring — Rocks ; Ras-Beirut.
Erratum in Addenda, p. 5. Instead of Page 112. After i?. Kahirina, read Page 112. After M. lutea. R. Kahirina.
N.B.— After the printing of the Addenda, pp. 57-04, and 09-72 were reprinted. The Addenda belonging to those pages were intro- duced into the text.
INTRODUCTION.
The region covered by this Work is unequalled by any of tlie same size on the globe, not only for the thrilling and important events of human history of which it has been the theatre, but for its unique geological structure, its great diversity of surface and climate, and its remarkable fauna and flora. It is the meeting point of three continents*, and, as such, a link of connection between them all. It is marked geographi- cally by two mountain systems parallel to oue-another and to the coast, and extending from the Taurus to the latitude of Ras Muhammad.
The northernmost chain of the v^^estern system, Gaiour Dagh (Ama- nus), extends from the valley of the Ak Su, near Marash, southward to the valley of the lower Orontes. Its loftiest peak is about 8000 feet high. From the mouth of the Orontes to the Nahr-el-Kebir extends the Nusairy chain. A spur of this chain. Mount Cassius, rises abruptly from the sea just south of the mouth of the river, and attains a height of 6400 feet. The rest of the chain lies a little more inland, occasionally approaching the sea. Its highest summits hardly reach 4000 feet. From the Nahr-el-Kebir to the Qasimiyeh (the lower Leontes) stretchc the noble chain of Lebanon, the highest peak of which is not less thai 10,320 feet above the sea. From the Qasimiyeh to the Debbet-er-Ram- leh is a series of chains of hills and mountains of which Jebel Jermuk in GaJ^lee is 3934 feet high. Summits nearly as high overlook Hebron, and the plateau of the Tih. Debbet-er-Ramleh, a broad plain of shifting sands, separates the Tih from the rugged, bald, igneous chain of Sinai. The bold headland of Ras Muhammad, at the junction of the Gulfs of 'Aqabah and Suez, ends the long mountain system nearly 700 miles from its starting point.
The parallel system commences at the north by a chain of low hills, extending from Kapu Tcham, near Marash, southward to Sof Dagh and Kurd Dagh, and Jebel Bil'as and el- Jebel-el-Abiad in the Syrian Desert, and sinks into the broad plain between Hems and Antilebanon, " the entering in of Hamath.'' Antilebanon rises south of this plain, and trends parallel to Lebanon, varying in height from 4000 to 8700 fee*;, and ends in the grand mass of Herm^on, which dominates northern and. eastern Palestine and the Damascus plateau from a height of 9400 feet. A break of about 40 miles occurs between Hermon and the mountains of Gilead. This interval is occupied by the plain of el-Jaulan. This great lava plateau has been formed by the eruptions of the numerous volcanic cones which diversify its surface. It is bounded eastward by an isolated volcanic chain, the Jebel-el-Duruz (Alsadamus), the "hill of Bashan." This chain trends north and south, parallel to the main systems, and appears as if set back from them'to a distance of about forty miles. The outpour of lava from its craters has contributed its share to the formation of the fertile wheat fields of Bashan. Its highest cone, el-Qul€b, is 5400 feet above the sea. The main range, broken as above shown by the plain of el-Jaulan, is continued in the mountains of Gilead and Moab, which rise from 500 to 1000 feet above the trans-
* Asia Minor must be regarded, from the stand point of its Natural History, as belonging to Europe rather than Asia.
INTRODTTCTION. 33
Jordanic plateau, and from 8000 to 4000 above the Mediterranean. From the latitude of the southern end of the Dead Sea this range is continuous with that of western Arabia. Its highest peak, Mt. Hor, is 4800 feet above the Mediterranean, and 6100 above the Dead Sea.
Between these two great mountain systems is a cleft, beginning in the valley of the northern affluent of the Orontes, a few hundred feet above the sea level, and extending up the Orontes valley to Ccelesyria, where it attains an altitude of over 4000 feet, and then, following the Leontes and the Jordan, sinks at the Dead Sea to a level nearly 1300 feet below the Mediterranean. From the Dead Sea it rises in the 'Ara- bah to a height of 600 to 700 feet above the Red Sea, and then sinks again to the sea level, and is continued southward on the floor of the Gulf of 'Aqabah, These grand features of the physical geography of the country are shown in detail on the map which accompanies this sketch.
Skirting the eastern mountain system are the great plains, which extend eastward to the Euphrates and Persia. A large part of these plains is arable, and many of thedi are exceedingly fertile. But all of them are coterminous with the Syrian Desert. South of the latitude of the Dead Sea mountains and plains alike are desert.
The flora of Amanus, while closely approximated to that of the Taurus, contains a considerable number of plants peculiar to itself. The Nusairy chain has little to distinguish its flora from that of the lower zones of Lebanon. Lebanon, however, from its isolated position, and the considerable height of its alpine summits, has a large and exceedingly interesting flora, containing an unusually large proportion of peculiar species. A noteworthy feature of its alpine region is the almost complete absence of Arctic species. The warm period which succeeded the cold has almost obliterated the glacial plants. Their place has been taken by a highly specialized local flora. The flora of western Palestine is closely allied to that of the foot hills of Lebanon, but as we enter the Tih it becomes more and more similar to that of Sinai and the Egyptian deserts, which is Arabian and north African. The flora of Kurd Dagh does not differ very greatly from that of Ama- nus. But that of the desert chains between Aleppo and Hems is rich in peculiar species. There can be no doubt that further exploration will result in many new discoveries in this little worked part of our field. Antilebanon, while having much in common with Lebanon, has a much poorer flora, and fewer distioctive plants. The chains of Gilead and Moab differ markedly from those of western Palestine, and every journey illustrates the botanical riches awaiting the explorer into those little known regions. The flora of the Dead Sea chasm has a number of immigrants from the tropical regions of India, Arabia, and Ethiopia. That of the tablelands and plains contains a large number of plants not found elsewhere in our district, but, for the most part, widely disseminated over the same plains outside of our limits.
' The very large number of species found in a country so limited is to be accounted for by its microcosmic cliaracter. Within an area of 50,000 square miles is found a strip of sea coast, sharing the climatic conditions of the Mediterranean littoral. The western range of hills and mountains, receiving the air from the sea, saturated with moisture, precipitates it in a rainfall of about 36 inches on the coast, and perhaps
24 INTRODUCTION.
50 on the upper zones of Lebanon. These mountains are channeled into deep valleys, some with a general east and west trend, and others north and south, each having a different exposure, an arrangement eminently favorable to the growth of a great variety of species. The air, from which so much moisture has been precipitated, passes over to the parallel chains, which abstract from it a large part of its remaining moisture. The rainfall of the second range is probably not more than half that of the first, while that of the eastern plateau is still less, probably not more than 10 to 12 inches. As a natural result of this physical conformation, the flora of the maritime watershed of the coast range differs considerably from that of its much steeper eastern decli- vities, and still more from that of the inland range, which again differs strikingly from that of the eastern plateau. The deep chasm of the Jordan and the Dead Sea, with its tropical climate, adds to the variety and numbers of species. The deserts, although useless for agriculture, have a large and most interesting flora, differing almost totally from that of all ,the other regions. Finally the very considerable difference of latitude, nearly ten degrees to less than two of longitude, has its full share in enriching the number and diversity of forms. As a result of these conditions the district covered by our Work contains 126 Orders of phsenogams and acrogens, 850 genera, and about 3500 species. The significance of these figures will appear if we recall that our region is only about as large as England, or as the State of New York.
The author owes it to himself to say that this "Work has been pre- pared under unusual difliculties. He was compelled to collect and arrange the Herbarium on which it is founded. The many thousand species, and scores of thousands of specimens, have been studied and arranged by himself. He has had access to few books of reference, especially of the more costly, illustrated works on Oriental plants. His studies have been pursued in the scant leisure of a life devoted to pursuits in no way germain to Botany. Numerous perilous and costly journeys, undertaken for the purpose of collecting plants, and studying them in their habitats, have absorbed the brief vacations of busy years. His work has been often interrupted by intervals of months, and more than once of one to two years. The task of drawing most of the illustrations, and superintending the execution of the wood cuts, has fallen on him. The printing, which has been achieved in spite of the limited typographical resources of the Mission Press, has been a labor of no trifling magnitude. He trusts that an indulgent public will pass a lenient judgment on imperfections, of which no one is more conscious than himself. He cannot close without acknowledging the assistance of the late Messrs. Boissier of Geneva and Blanche of Syria, and of Messrs. Barbet and Autran of Geneva, and Baker of Kew, in the determination of doubtful plants, and especially in the diagnosis of new species. He is also greatly indebted to Mrs. Shepard of Ain- tab, and Rev. H. E. Fox, M.A., of London, for valuable collections of plants of Syria and Palestine, and to Professors Porter and Day, of Beirflt, the genial companions, who have shared with him the fatigues and perils of his later journeys, and aided his studies by their advice and criticism.
ANALYTICAL KEY
TO THE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK.
Series I. PHiENOGAMIA. Flowering Plants.
Plants having true flowers, with stamens and pistils, producing genuine seeds, which contain an embryo.
Class I. EXOGEIST^. The stem composed of bark, wood, and pith ; the bark increas- ing every year by concentric layers from within, the wood in the same manner from without. Leaves generally netted-veined. Floral envelopes usually in fours and fives.
Subclass I. ANGIOSPEEM^. DICOLYLEDONS. The pistil consisting of a true ovary containing ovules, the cotyledons two, or in CERATOPHTLLE^ four.
Division I. POLYPETALiE. Flowers having both calyx and corolla, the latter of separate petals,
A. The stamens more than 10, or more than twice as many as petals. 1 , The calyx free from the pistil or pistils. Pistils generally numerous, separate or united in flower, separate
in fruit. Page
Implanted on inner aspect of calyx-tube Kosa, 308
Implanted on the torus (receptacle or thalamus).
Stamens implanted on calyx, separate Eosace^, 299
Stamens adnate to base of petals, 1-adelphous Malvace^, 174
Stamens implanted on torus. Eanunculacej;:, 34
Pistils 3-12, united by ovaries, or 1, with 3-6 lobes. Placenta in axis. .......... Ranunculaceje, 34
Placenta parietal Eesedace^, 110
Pibtil 1, but styles or stigmas sometimes multiple.
Ovary 8-30 celled; ovules on septa; aquatics Nymph^ace.«, 48
Ovary 5-celled ; stamens l-adelphous ; anthers reniform Hibiscus, 179
Ovary of 5 cells united (at maturity) by twisted styles Monsonia, 190
Ovary 2-5-celled. Leaves with pellucid or black dots.
Stamens 3-5-adelphous Hypericine^, 169
Stamens 12-15, separate Peganum, 199
Leaves without dots.
Calyx of 2, fugacious sepals ; fruit a silique. Glaucium, 52
Calyx imbricated in bud ; sepals 5 ; fruit a capsule. .... Glinus, 165
Calyx valvate in bud, 5-fid ; fruit a drupe or capsule. . . , Tiliace.e, 180 Ovary of 1 true or oo false cells ; sepals 2-3, hood-like, caducous. . Papaverace.e, 49 Ovary of 1-2 perfect or 3 imperfect cells ; placentae 3, parietal. . . Cistineje, 114 Ovary 1-celled ; placentae 2-8, parietal. Desert shrubs, leaves not dotted ; fruit an ovate, 1-celled pod . . . Cleome, 108 Shrubs, leaves not dotted ; stamens separate ; fruit a berry . Cratasva, Capparis, 106 Shrubs or herbs ; leaves usually dotted ; stamens 3-5-adelphous ; fruit a capsule. Placentae fixed at base and tip, otherwise free .... Eeaumuria, 168
Placentae parietal Hypericine.?:, 169
Ovary 1-celled, placenta 1, parietal. Herbs with palmate, dissected leaves; fruit a follicle . . . Delphinium, 44
Shrubs or trees, with 2-3-pinnate leaves Acacia, 298
Shrubs or trees, with undivided leaves Amygdale^, 299
2. Calyx more or less adherent to compound ovary.
Ovary in two tiers, lower of 3, upper of 5 cells Granate^, 319
Ovary 2-5-celled. Leaves pellucid-dotted. Myrtace^, 318
26 ANALYTICAL KEY.
Leaves not pcUucid-dotted, ' Page
Stipulate 5 trees, fruit a pome PaMEJi,301
Exstipulate ; prostrate herbs with fleshy leaves. . , Mesembryanthemum, 326
Ovary 1-celled, half free ; calyx-lobes 2. Portulaca, 165
Ovary 1-celled, inferior, leatles, thorny, succulent plants. . . . Cactaceje, 325
B, Stamens as viany as -petals and opposite them. Ovary 1-celled.
Anthers opening elastically by valves Berberidace-s:, 47
Anthers not opening elastically.
Climbing shrubs J flowers minute, in axillary cymes . . . MenispermacewSe, 2
Herbs 5 flowers solitary, pedicelled. ...... Pbimulace^, 515
Herbs or shrubs ; flowers sessile in spikes or heads. . . . Plumbagine^, 510
Ovary 2-4-celled. Calyx teeth obsolete or small; corolla hood-like, united at tip. . . Amfelide^, 202
Calyx 4-5-fid ; petals not united at tip Ehamne^, 200
C. Stamens not more than 10, or not more than twice as many as petals, or, if as many, alternate
with them.
1 . Calyx free from ovory .
* Ovaries 2 or more, separate.
Stamens united by filaments, anthers anherent to stigma. . . Asclepiadeje , 523
Stamens separate, Crassulace^, 313
* * Ovaries 2-5, more or less united below, separate above.
Style 1 J leaves pellucid-dotted ; plants with heavy odor Eutaceje, 196
* * * Ovaries or lobes of compound ovary 5, connected by styles.
Stamens united in a ring at base Geraniace^e, 189
* * * * Ovary single. Ovary of 1 carpel ; placenta parietal ; style or stigma 1 5 fruit a pod. . Leguminos.e, 208 Ovary compound with more than 1 cell, placenta, style or stigma 1-celled, with several stigmas or styles, or placentae or a loment. Corolla irregular.
Of 2 petals ; sepals 2-5; stamens'3. Oligomeris, 113
Of 4 petals. in pairs. Not bilabiate ; stamens 4, separate; stigmas 2 .... Hypecoum, .'".3
Bilabiate; stamens 6, 2-adelphous ; stigma 2-lobed. . . . Fumariace.e, 54 Of 5 petals.
Stamens 5 ; stigmas united Violarip.a:, 118
Stamens 10, 5 with anthers, 5 without. Moringe^, 207
Corolla regular or nearly so. <
Seeds 1-2 at base of cell or pendulous. Trees with or without Turpentine odor ; stigmas 3. . . Anacardiace.v., 205
Herbs or shrubs ; styles 2-3 PARONycHiE.ai:, 158
Seeds more than 1, in axis or at base ; herbs. Calyx gamosepalous.
Exstipulate . , Sileneje, 121
Stipulate Polycarpe^, 158
Calyx polysepalous.
Herbs . Alsine^, 147
Shrubs or trees Tamarix, 166
Seeds numerous, on 2 or more parietal placentae.
Erect herbs or shrubs ; placentae 2 Cleome, 107
Prostrate herbs or small shrubs Frankeniaceje, 121
Bog-herbs ; glandular-hairy; placentae 3-5 Droserace^, 317
2-00 -celled. Flowers irregular. Stamens 1-2-adelphous. 8, adherent to corolla ; anthers 1-celled, opening at tip. . . Polygalace*, 120 10, free ; pod more or less divided by approach of sutures . . Astragalus, 253 Flowers regular or nearly so.
Stamens 2-3; petals 4 ; shrubs or trees Oleace^, 519
Stamens 6, tetradynamous ......... CRuciFERiE, 57
ANALYTICAL KEY. 27
Stamens as many or twice as many as petals. Ovules 1-2 in each true or false cell. Herbs. Page
Capsule with 3, l-ovuled cells .... Andrachne, Crozophora, 726 Capsule with 5 true or 10 false cells. .... Linages, 181
Shrubs or small trees.
Leaves ovate, leathery ; fruit a berry Hex, 9
Leaves ovate, leathery ; fruit an olive-shaped drupe. . . . Balanites, 199
Leaves oblong-elliptical ; fruit a capsule Euonymus, 200
Leaves palmate J fruit a key or capsule Sapindace^, 204
Ovules 2 or more in each cell. Exstipulate. Stamens 10, l-adelphous at base ; leaves trefoil . . . OxALiDEiE, 196 Stamens separate. Style 1 J calyx more or less gamosepalous. . , . Lythrarieje, 319
Styles 2 J calyx .5-fid or parted Saxifraga, 312
Styles 2-5 J calyx gamosepalous Silene^e, 121
Stipulate.
Style 1 ; sepals 5 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 Tetradiclis, 198
Style 1 ; calyx and corolla 4-5-merous . ... ZyGOPHYLLE^i:, 184
Styles 3 ; calyx and corolla 5-merous Telephiura, 1G4
Styles as many as sepals. Elatine^, 1G8
2. Cahjx adherent to ovary, or to disk lining its tube.
Tendril bearing ; fruit a pepo or berry. Cucurbitace^, 322
Without tendrils. Ovules more than 1 in each cell. Ovary 1-2-celled.
Fleshy herbs ; fruit a pyxis : style 5-6-fid Portulacace^, 165
Herbs or shrubs : fruit a capsule or berry : styles 1-2. . . . Saxifragace^, 312 Ovary 2-6-celled : style 1.
Stigma 4-6-lobed or capitate Gnagrarieje, 321
Stigma trifid Podanthum, 506
Ovules 1 in each cell.
Stamens 8 : aquatics, with dissected leaves. Halohage.e, 318
Stamens 10 : prostrate herbs Neurada, 309
Stamens 2: calyx-lobes 2: petals 2 . ; Circaea, 13
Stamens 5. Flowers umbelled or capitate : fruit of 2 mericarps . Umbellifer^, 327
Stamens 5-10 : climbing herbs, with glossy leaves j fruit a berry, . . Hedera, .377
Stamens 4-5.
Shrubs or trees : leaves opposite : fruit a 2-seeded drupe .... Cornus, 377
Shrubs or trees : leaves alternate : fruit a drupe or capsule. . . Ehamne^, 200
Division IL MONOPETAL^. Petals more or less united.
A, Stamens more numerous than corolla lobes.
Ovaries 5 : stamens 10 '. Umbilicus, 314
Ovary 1-celled. Placenta 1, parietal.
Corolla papilionaceous Leguminos^, 208
Corolla spurred. , Delphinium, 44
Corolla regular . . Mimose.e, 211
Placentae 2, parietal : petals in pairs, irregular Fumariacejj, 54
Ovary 2-celled.
Cells 1-ovuled . . ^ Polygalace^, 120
Cells oo-ovuled . "VYithania, 568
Ovary cc-celled.
Stamens free from corolla, or nearly so, separate Ericace^:, 508
Stamens implanted at base of corolla or on its tube.
Filaments l-adelphous : anthers reniform, 1-celled Malvace.e, 174
Filaments l-xi-adelphous at base Styracace^:, 518
28 ANALYTICAL KEY.
B, Stamens having anthers as many as eorolla-lobcs and opposite them. Ovary I-celled.
Capsule cc-ovuled : style 1. Primulace^, 515
Utricle 1-seeded : styles 5 or 1 with 5 stigmas. .... Plumbaginea:, 510
C. Stamens as many as corollorlobes, alternate with them, or fewer. 1 . Ovary adherent to calyx-tube, i.e., inferior.
Tendril bearers, anthers sometimes united. Cucurbitace^, 322
Tendrils 0. Anthers syngenesious.
Filaments separate : flowers axillary. Ecballium, 324
Filaments separate : flowerets in involucred heads. . . . . Composite, 405 Filaments more or less united : flowers scattered, bilabiate, . . Lobehacejs, 501 Stamens separate.
Free from corolla. Campanulace.*:, 501
Implanted on corolla. Less in number than corolla-lobes.
Corolla funnel-shaped, VALERiANACEie, 894
Corolla bilabiate. Morina, 399
2-5, usually as many as corolla lobes.
Flowers usually in an involucred head Dipsaceje, 399
Flowers in cymes or panicles. Leaves opposite, exstipulate and entire, or stipulate and
pinnate Cafrifoliace.e. 378
Leaves whorled, exstipulate, or opposite, stipulate. . . Rubiacewe, 379
1 . Ovary free from calyx, i.e. superior. * Corolla irregular : stamens with anthers only 4 or 2. Ovules 1 in each cell : cells 1-4.
Ovary 1-celled : inflorescence globular GLOBULARiEJi, 608
Ovary 4-lnbed. Aromatics with labiate flowers. Labiatje, 611
Ovary 9-4-celled, not lobed. VERBENACE.aj, 609
Ovules numerous, or at least 2 in each cell. Ovary and capsule 1-celled.
Herbs without leaves, parasitic. Orobanchace^, 601
Herbs, aquatic or marshy, with dissected leaves. . . . LsNTiBULARiEai, 605 Ovary and capsule 2-celled : placentae central.
Seeds few, borne on hook-like processes. Acanthacejj, 606
Seeds many or few, not on hook-like processes. . . . Scrophulariaceje, 5/1
Ovary and capsule incompletely 4-celled Fedahne^, 606
* * Corolla slightly irregular : fertile stamens 5. #
Filaments, or some of them, woolly : fruit a 2-celled capsule. . . Verbascum, 573
Filaments not woolly.
Fruit a 2-celled capsule. Hyoscyamus, 570
Fruit 4 nucules : style arising from their midst Echium, g50
* * * Corolla nearly or quite regular. f Stamens as many as corolla-lobes. Ovaries 9, united by styles or stigmas in flower, separate in fruit. Filaments separate : pollen granular. . . . . . . Apocynaceje, 521
Filaments usually 1-adelphous : anthers adherent to stigma ; pollen
in masses. ......... AscLEPiADEiB, 523
Ovary 1, divided into 4 lobes around the style Borraginej;:, 529
Oyary 1, not divided or lobed.
1-celled : fruit a pod or capsuled Mimose.*:, 211
Style 1, stigma 1 : fruit a pod.
Style 1, stigmatose on 2 lines : pyxis incompletely 4-celled. . . Plantago, 667
Styles, stigmas, or parietal placentae 9 GrENxiANEJi, 528
Styles 0 : stigmas 2-lobed : fruit a small drupe Salvadorace^, 521
2-10-celled, style 1 : partitions sometimes not found in fruit. ^
Stamens distinct irom corolla or nearly so. Linejj, 181
Stamens inserted on corolla. 4 : corolla scarious : capsule imperfectly 4-celled Plantago, 667
I
ANALYTICAL KEY. 29
5, and occasionally more : capsule 2-celled. Page
Ovules numerous in each cell. Estivation imbricated : filaments woolly. .... Yerbascum, 573
^Estivation wrinkled, valvate, twisted or induplicate, rarely
imbricated. Solanace^, 565
Ovules and seeds 1-3 in each cell.
Style short : drupe 4-celled, or nutlets 2-4 Borraginej!:, 529
Style long : flowers showy : capsule 2 4-valved. . . Convulvulace.e, 556 f t Stamens fewer than corolla lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous.
Ovary 2-celled : cells 00 -seeded Celsia, 581
Ovary 2-4-celled : cells 1-seeded. Verbenaceje, 609
Stamens 2, rarely 3 : ovary 2-celled. Herbs or small shrubs : corolla rotate, slightly bilabiate . . VERONicEiE, 572
Shrubs or trees. Corolla-lobes 4-6, valvate in bud : seeds pendulous .... Oleaceje, 519
Corolla-lobes 5-8, involute in bud: seeds basilar, erect . . . Jasmines, 518
Division III. APETALE (MONOCHLAMTDE), sometimes destitute of both kinds of floral envelopes (ACHLAMYDJE)
A. Flowers inserted on the lining of a hollow torus.
Tree, with palmate leaves and milky juice : fruit a fig Ficus, 729
B. Flowers not inserted in a hollow torus, nor on aments. 1 . Ovary or its cells cc-ovuled. Ovary adherent to calyx. Stamens 9-11 : herbs with pinnate leaves and racemed flowers . . , Datisca, 325 Anthers 6: non-parasitic herbs, with lurid, curved flowers . Aristolochiaceje, 706 Anthers numerous : parasites : flowers white or yellow . . . CyxiNACEaj, 705 Ovary free, but sometimes enclosed in calyx.
Flowers subtended by 2, scarious bracteoles Trianthema, 327
Flowers destitute of scaly or colored bracts. Herbs.
With fleshy leaves : flowers solitary in axils Aizoon, 327
"With awl-shaped leaves : flowers solitary Sagina, 148
With awl-shaped leaves : flowers capitate . .... Queria, 152
With round to obovate, spathulate or elliptical leaves . , , Mollugine,e, 164
Desert shrubs : fruit a 3-celled, berry-like capsule ... Ochradenus, 111
Trees : flowers dioecious, racemed on year-old branches .. . . Ceratonia, 297
2, Ovary or its cells 1-4-ovuled.
* Pistils more than 1, separate or nearly so.
Stamens inserted on the calyx : leaves stipulate Alchemilla, 306
Stamens inserted on the torus : leaves exstipulate .... Kanunculace^, 34
* * Pistil I , simple or compound. Ovary inferior in perfect or pistillate flowers.
Aquatic herbs with opposite, dentate leaves Callitriche, 318
Herbs with tender stems and leaves : stipulate .... CYNOcRAMBEJi:, 733
Annual, dioecious herbs : exstipulate Spinacia, C80
Herbaceous parasites : flow^s spiked, polygamous. . . Balanophoracej!, 714
Woody parasites Loranthace^, 71
Shrubs or herbs, exstipulate SANXALACEiE, 7l2
Ovary adherent to calyx by its lower part only.
Exstipulate Chenopodiaceje, 676
Stipulate ,.,.,., Sclerocephalus, 162
Qvary free, but included in calyx-tube. Shrubs or small trees with scurfy leaves ,,.,,, Eleagnaceje, 710 Herbs : calyx colored : leaves simple, opposite . . , , Nyctagineje, 672
Small herbs with green calyx ••.,,,,.. Aizoon, 327
Ovary free from calyx : calyx sometimes 0, Stipules sheathing.
Monoecious shrubs or small trees : leaves palmate Eicinus, 727
Herbs or shrubs: flowers peifect : fruit a nutlet . . . PoLVGONACEiE, 695
30 ANALYTICAL KEY.
Stipules not sheathing. Herbs with watery juice. Page
Ovary 5-celled Seetzenia, 186
Ovary 1-celled. Style or stigma 1 ; flowers with bracts or 0 ; leaves simple . Ueticace^, 728 Styles or stigmas 2-3.
Embryo peripheral 5 leaves undivided Paronychieje, 158
Embryo falcate-folded ; leaves palmate Cannabis, 731
Desert shrubs ; cells of oo-celled berry 1-seeded Maerua, 110
Shrubs ; fruit drupe-like Ehamnus, 201
Trees 5 fruit drupe-like Celtis, 729
Trees ; fruit samaroid , . Llmus, 728
Stipules 0. Aquatics ; leaves finely dissected, whorled J cotyledons 4. . Ceratophylle^, 745 Fleshy, prostrate herbs ; bracteoles 2, scarious , . . . . Trianthema, .327 Weedy herbs or shrubs, with 2-3 bracts under flowers. . . Amarantace^, 673
Herbs, shrubs or trees without scaly bracts. Juice watery.
Fruit a utricle Chenopodiace.e, 676
Fruit a 5-10-celled berry Phytolaccaceje, 694
Fruit a I-celled, indehiscent berry Daphne, 708
Fruit a 3-2-celled capsule Euphorbiace^, 715
Fruit a double samara; styles 2 Acer, 204
Fruit a simple samara ; style 1 Fraxinus, 519
Fruit a dry drupe; leaves pinnate Pistacia, 206
Fruit a drupe; leaves entire Laurus, 708
Fruit a dry nutlet Thymelaea, Lygia, 709
Juice milky ; flowers moncEcious in a common involucre . . Euphorbia, 716
C Flowers rnoncecious; one or both kinds in aments or heads.
Fertile flowers in an ament ; staminate racemed Humulus, 730
Fertile flowers solitary or clustered ; staminate in aments. Leaves pinnate ; fertile flowers and fruit naked .... JuGLANDACEiE, 734 Leaves simple ; fertile flowers 1-3 in a cluster, each in a cupule . . Q,uercus, 737 Fertile flowers in an urn-shaped involucre ; staminate in globular aments . Fagus, 741 Fertile aijd staminate flowers in aments or heads. Ovary and follicle l-celled, 00 -seeded ; seeds tasseled .... Salicinej:, 741 Ovary 1-2-celled ; cells l-seeded.
Parasitic on trees Loranthace.e, 711
Non-parasitic shrubs or trees. Calyx regular, conspicuous in fertile flowers, fleshy in fruit . . Morus, 729
Calyx 0, or rudimentary and scaly. Style 1, stigma 1; flowers in globular heads .... Platanaceje, 734 Styles or long stigmas 2.
Fertile flowers 2-3 above bract; nucules naked . . . Betulace^, 735
Fertile flowers 1-2 above bract, each with an involucre. . Cupulifer^, 736
Subclass II. GYMNOSPEEM^. POLYCOTYLEDONS. Pistil an open bract or altered
leaf, bearing two ovules on it& edge or upper surface ; flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Shrubs, usually climbing; leaves brittle ; fruit drupe-like. . . . Gnetace^, 746
Shrubs or trees : leaves awl-shaped or needle-shaped .... Comfer.5:, 746
Class II. ENDOGEN^. MOXOCOTYLEDOKS. The stem composed of bundles of
fibres and vessels not arranged in layers, in Grasses often hollow. Veins ol leaves usually
parallel, rarely netted. Floral envelopes usually in 3's or 6's.
Division I. PETALJ^J. Flowers with perigonium. 1 . Ovary inferior. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular.
Aquatics, ovules and seeds numerous Hydrocharitaceje, 752
Terrestrial climbers ; ovule^ 1-3 in cells ; leaves vein-netted. . Dioscoreace^, 777
Flowers perfect, ovules and seeds generally numerous. Stamens bearing anthers usually 1-2, gynandrous, bilabiate . . Orchidej:, 753
Stamens 3 ; anthers extrorse ; roots bulbous, cormous, or fibrous . . Iride^e, 766
ANALYTICAL KEY. 31
Page
Stamens 6 ; anthers extrorse ; bulbous plants Amaryllide^, 774
2' Ovary superior. * Divisions of Tperigonium 6, 7-arclij 4, nearly alike inform and color.
Perigonuim glume-like Juncacej:, 810
Perigonium petal-like.
Trees with flowers on branched spadix, in spathe Palm e^e, 812
Climbing shrubs 5 flowers dioecious (rarely perfect); stigmas 3 . . Smilace^,778 Herbs or shrubs, flowers perfect, moncecious or polygamous ; styles 1-3 Asparagacea:, 779 Cormous herbs; flowers showy on scapes ; capsule septicidal . . CoLCHicEiE, 782 Herbs with tuberous, woody, or fibrous roots, or bulbs or rhizomes;
capsule loculicidal Liliace^e, 781
* * Divisions of perigonium of 2 sorts, herbaceous or searious sepals and colored petals.
Glumaceous bracts 0 ; pistils oo , separate ; stamens 6-8 ... Alismace^, 820
Division II. APETAL^. Perigonium absent or reduced to scales.
1. Spadiceous.
Aquatics, immersed, with jointed stems and small flowers . . . Naiadace.-e, 822
Aquatics, not immersed ; flowers spiked or capitate Typhace^, 814
Terrestrials ; leaves usually netted-veined ; fleshy spadix in spathe . . Aroide^, 815 2. Glumaceous. Flowers in spikelets, each flower subtended by one or two glumelike bracts.
1 bract to each floweret ; sheaths closed ; stem usually solid . . Cyperace^, 827'
2 bracts (pales) to each floweret ; the spikelet enclosed in 2 glumes;
sheaths split ; stem usually hollow GRAMiNEiE, 838
3. .Aquatics, not spadiceous, nor glumaceous. Minute, stemless, floating, leaf-like plants ; flowers from edge or upper
surface of frond Lemnaceje, 819
Plants with distinct stems and leaves; flowers axillary , . . Naiadaceje, 822
Series II. CRTPTOGAMIA or Flowerless Plants. ACOTYLEDONS. Class III. ACROGEN^E. Plants with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels; leaves when existing veined. Spores-cases on under-surface of leaves, which are sometimes rolled up
into false cells Eilices, 905
Spore-cases under shield-shaped, stalked scales of a terminal spike or
cone ; leaves 0, or a whorl of teeth at joints of stem . . Equisetace^e, 904 Spore-cases in axils of simple leaves or bracts Lycofodiace^, 911
SIGNS USED m THIS WORK.
0 An annual plant.
(D A biennial plant.
21 A perennial plant.
5 A shrub. •
5 A tree.
The decimals signify parts of a metre.
The whole numbers signify metres.
A dash - between figures, as 4-5, signifies to; between words serves to connect them .
The English names of Genera are in small capitals after the Latin name. The Arabic names of Genera follow the English, in italics.
The English names of Species follow the signs 0 etc., in Roman type. The Arabic names follow the signs, or the English names (where they exist), in italics.
CONSPECTUS OF CLASSES, SUB-CLASSES AND DIVISIONS.
Page. SERIES I. Phsenogamia. Flowering Plants. Cotyle-
donous Plants 33
Class I. Exogens 33
Sub-Class I. Angiosperm83. Dicotyledons 33
DIVISION I. Thalamiflorse 33
Eanunculacese to Tiliacese.
DIYISIO:^ II. Disciflorse 181
Lineae to Moringese.
DIVISION III. Calyciflora3 207
Leguminosse to Ericacese.
Section L Polypetalge. Leguminosse to Corn acese. .207-377 Section II. Gamopetalse. Caprif oliacese to Ericaceae . 378-608
DIVISION lY. Corolliflorse 510
Plumbaginese to Plantagineae.
DIVISION Y. MonocUamydese. Apetalous Plants .. . 672 Nyctaginese to Ceratophyllese.
Sub-Class II. Gymnospermse. Di-Polycotyledons . . 745
Class II. Endogens. Monocotyledons 762
SERIES II. Cryptogamia. Flowerless Plants. Aco-
tyledons 904
Class III. Acrogens 904
FLORA.
SERIES I.
PH>ENOGAMIA or FLOWERING PLAf .3.
Plants having true flowers, with stamens and pistils, and producing genuine seeds which contain an embryo.
Class I. EXOGEXJE.
Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a layer between the other two, and increasing, wlien the stem continues more than one year, by the addition each year of a layer next to the bark ; the bark also growing, from year to year, by a layer on its inner surface. Leaves generally netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or several in a whorl. Parts of the flowers usually in fours or fives.
Subclass L AIS'GIOSPERM^. DICOTrLEDON^OUS PLAKTS.
Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules, and forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two.
DIVISION I. THALAMiFLOR/E.
Floral envelopes generally double, i. e., consisting of both calyx and corolla. Petals and stamens generally separate, implanted on the receptacle, under the ovary, free from it, and from the calyx. A few genera and species of this division are destitute of petals.
34
RANUNCULACE2E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
Order I. RA«[U]VCUI.ACEiE. (Crowfoot Family.)
Herbs, or woody vines, loith colorless acrid juice, jpolypetci- lous, or apetalous, with the calyx ofteyi colored like a corolla, hypogynous / the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few pistils, all distinct, or pistils slightly connected hy ovaries, —Flowers regular oi* irregular. Sepals 3-14. Petals 3-14, generally equal in number to petals, sometimes irregular, or wanting. Stamens separate, indefinite ; anthers united to filament. Pistils equal to sepals in number, or indefinite, free or united below, l-celled. Fruits akenes, or dehiscent follicles, one- to several-seeded.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) Half flower of Ranunculus, showing the torus on which are inserted the calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistils, all separate from each other : some of the pistils open showing the erect seed. (6) One of the petals with scale at base, under which nectar is usually found, (c) One of the akenes enlarged, (d) The same opened showing the erect seed, (e) Flower of anemone. (/) Pistil of same, with ovary split open, showing j7enrfMZous seed, (o-) ^Estivation, valvular, of Clematis. (A) Induplicate ffistivation of another Clematis. (») Akene of Clematis, with its long silky tail.
RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3$ .
Tribk I. CliEMATIDE^. Sepals valvate or induplicate in bud. Petals wanting,
1. CLEMATIS. Ripe akenes with long feathery tails. Seeds pendulous.
Tribe II. ANEMONES. Sepals imbricated in bud, colored like petals. Petals wanting, or present ; pore, if present, at apex of claw. Seeds pendulous * Petals wanting. Perennials.
2. THALICTRUM. Involucre wanting. Akenes grooved lengthwise.
3. ANEMOINE. Involucre distant from flower. Akenes not grooved.
* * Petals destitute of pore. Jlnnuals.
4. ADONIS. Leaves, radical and stem, ternately divided.
■?«• -x- * Petals witJi, pore at summit of claw. Annuals.
5. MYOSURUS. Leaves all radical, linear, entire.
Tribe 111. RANUNCUIiK^. Sepals and petals flattened, imbricated in bud. Petals generally with pore or scale at base. Seeds erect.
6. RANUNCULUS. Akenes destitute of a pair of smooth cells at base.
7. CERATOCEPHALUS. Akenes with a pair of smooth cells at each side of base. Tribe IV. HRIiliEBORE^^. Sepals imbricated ia bud. Petals bilabiate or
irregular. Fruit a whorl of several seeded follicles. * Flowers regular.
8. HELLEBORUS. Leaves palmate. Sepals petal-like. Petals. tubular bilabiate.
9. GARIDELLA. Leaves pinnate. Sepals not petaloid.
10. NIGELLA. Leaves pinnate. Sepals petaloid.
* * Flowers irregular.
11. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred. Petals small in 2 pairs.
Tribe V. PiEONIKiE, Sepals imbricated in bud. Petals broad. Base of carpels surrounded by a ring. Ovules numerous.
12. PiEONIA. Leaves bi-ternatisect. Flowers large, red.
1. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's Bower. jJu
Sepals 4. Petals wanting. Akenes numerous, sessile, dehiscent, dry. - Style with long plumose tail (Fig. 1, i.) — Perennial vines climbing by the twisting of the petioles. Leaves opposite,
* Flowers solitary nodding, with involucre near lase.
1 C. Cirrliosa, L. 71 'S-* Sf- Leaves clustered heart-ovate, coarsely-toothed, entire, or ohscurely lohed. Involucre cup-shaped, bilabiate, near the flower. Sepals whitish-yellow, ovate— Spring — Hedges from Aintab to southern Palestine. Flowers much larger than in 3 and 3.
* * Inflorescence 'paniculate. Base of 2^(^nicle nalced.
2. C Flaminiila, L. 1(! Leaves tchen young pnlescent, afterirnrds smooth, bi-pinnate ; segments ovate or oblong entire, or 3 - lobed, slightly oblique. Sepals oblong, obtuse, white. Akenes pubescent, with proinlnent ma?'gi7i. — Spring and Summer — Hedges and thickets, common in Syria and Palestine. FloAvers 0. OlGm. broad,
Var. maritime, Boiss. Lobes of leaves linear — With type.
Var. lobata, Post. Leaflets broader, coarsely serrate or lobed.
3. C vitalfoa, L. 21 Leaves 2^^^5es(?e?^?, especially on nerves, bi-pinnate, divisions ovate-acuminate, sUgJitly hecLrt-shaped at dase, coarsely toothed, occasionally entire. Sepals white, oblong, woolly on both sides. Carpels hirsute, margin incanspicitous — Summer — Hedges and thickets near coast of Syria and Palestine. Flowers 0.01 m. broad.
36 RANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
Var. Syriaca, Boiss. Leaflets regularly coarse-toothed. Carpels less convex — Tripoli.
Var. integrifolia, Post. Leaflets entire. With type.
2. THAL.ICTRUM, L. Meadow-Rue.
Flowers without involucre. Sepals 4-5. Petals wanting. Carpels dry, without tails, grooved lengthwise — Perennial herbs with ternately or pinnately decompound leaves, and small panicled flowers.
1. T. Orientale, Boiss. 21 Leaves 3 - ternately compound ; leaflets obovate. Sepals petaloid, white, longer tJian sta7nsns. Carpels 3 - 6 ; stigma oblong, straiglit — April to June — Clefts of rocks near Ghazir.
2, T. minus, L. If Leaves 3 - pinnately compound ; leaflets ovate or more or less cuneate-obovate, 2-3 - fid or lobed. Panicle pyramidal spreading. Sepals fugacious, as long asjllaments or shorter. Carpels 3-8 ; stigma short, obliquely adherent to carpel.
Var. nutans, Kegel. Smooth. Leaflets sometimes white beneath, acutely lobed or cut — Early Summer — Shady places. Mt. Cassius, and northward.
3. A]X[EMOBilE, L. WiNDFLOWER. J^*-
Involucre distant from flowers, composed of three leaves, more or less dissected. Calyx corolla-like ; sepals 5 to 15. Corolla wanting. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, without tails — Perennial herbs with handsome flowers, and ternately parted or dissected leaves.
1. A. Coronaria, L. If o^w^^i^j'Vu Root tuberous. Sepals 5-7 olovate, pubescent without. Carpels covered with dense wool,, ending in a long filiform style. Torus ovate or oblong — February to April.
Var. typica, Post. Calyx scarlet, cr yelloio, or rosecolored. Sepals broad. Leaves much dissected. Flowers sometimes 0.07 m. broad — Everywhere in Syria and Palestine below sub-alpine regions.
Var, caerulea, Post. Leaves as in last. Flowers generally somewhat smaller, blue. Sepals obovate-oblong — With type.
Var. parviflora, Boiss. Divisions of leaves not much dissected. long. Flowers small, blue. Sepals oblong — Rather rare.
Var. incisa, Boiss. Leaves as in last. Beirut.
2. A. blancla, Schott et Kotschj^ If Root tuberous, oblong, rarely cylindrical. Sepals 9-15, oblong-linear, blue, smooth without. Carpels pubescent, ending in a short black style ; stigma spherical, black. Torus hemispherical. — Spring — From Taurus to Lebanon, 1000 to 2000 m. Flower about 0. 02 m. broad. Leaves ternately decom^DOund.
RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 37
4. ADOXIS, L. Pheasant's Eye.
Flowers destitute of involucre. Sepals 5. Petals 5-15, destitute of nectar-bearing pore. Akenes nearly globular, ending in a hard, beak-like style — Annual herbs, with much dissected leaves, and crimson, orange, or yellow flowers. The distinctive characters of our species ill-defined, and inconstant. Foliage and mode of growth of all alike.
* Inner face of tarijel straight, destitute of tooth,
1. A. Palsestina, Boiss,0 Flower 0.02m. broad, crimson. Calyx smooth. Petals flattened, obovate. Spike dense, cylindrical. Carpels dilated at middle, surrounded 'by a toothed crest ; lower portion tuberculated, wrinkled, upper ending in a short, pyramidal, slightly hoohed beak — Spring — Fields, Palestine.
2, A. Aleppica,' Boiss. 0 Flower 0.02 m. to 0.035 broad. Calyx smooth. Petals flattened, spreading, obovate. Spike cylindrical. Carpels oblong, wrinMed lengthwise, tapering to a straight, sharp leal:, clmtmeled at hase, equalling them in length — Spring — Fields, from Coelesyria to Aleppo, and Aintab, and northward.
15. A. autiimiialis, L. 0 Flower 0.01 m. to 0.014 broad, crimson, orange-colored, or yellow. Calyx smooth. Petals concave, connivent. Spike oblong. Carpels Yig. 2 pitted and wrinkled, ending in a short, straight beak — Spring — Fields, Syria and Palestine ; common.
A^ar. erJocalycina, Post. Calyx villous — Com- mon with type. ( A, eriocalycina, Boiss.)
"^ * Inner face of carpel furnished loith a tooth.
4. A. aestivali§, L. 0 Flower 0.015 m. to 0.02 broad. Calyx smooth. Petals flattened, elliptical. Spike dense, oblong, or cylindrical. Carpels oblong- pyramidal, pitted, surrounded at hase by a toothed crest with short exterior spur. Beak ascending ; tooth distant from its base — Spring — Fields, northern Syria.
Var. squarrosa, Boiss. Spike short. Base of carpel rectan- gular. Crest acute. Tooth prominent, nearly as long as beal' — With type.
Var. Iotigiro§tra, Post. Beak of same length as carpel, grooved— Aintab. Ba'albek.
5. A. microcarpa, D.C. 0 Flower about 0.01 m. broad. Petals flattened, elliptical. Spike dense, oblong. Carpels small, pitted, oblong, ending in an ascending beak. Tooth short, obtuse, at base of beak— Spring— Aleppo to Moab. Above Jericho. Too near A. autumnalis.
6. A. dentata, Del. 0 Dwarf. Flower 0.01 m. broad, or less, yellow or orange-coloured. Calyx smooth. Petals connivent obovate. Spike dense, cylindrical. Carpels reticulate, wrinkled, surrounded near the middle by a toothed crest, from the outer aspect of which pirojects a spur as long as beal. Beak ascending, blackish. Tooth near the base of beak, thick— Spring— Aleppo and Palmyra to Ilamath. Gaza, and southward in the Tih.
38 KANHNGULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
Var. snbinermis, Boiss. Flowers smaller. Spike more com- pact. Crest of carpels less prominent — Damascus* Borders of et Till.
7. A. flammca, Jacq. 0 Stem stout. Flower 0.015 m. to 0.03 broad. Calyx appressed-hairy. Petals linear-elliptical, flattened. Spike cylindrical loose. Carpels ovate, ending in an ascending, black beak. Tooth ohtuse, near l)ase of heah — Spring — Fields, throughout ; rather rare. Too near A.
5. MYOSURUS, L. Mouse-Tail,
Flowers destitute of involucre. Sepals 5, furnished with a spur at base. Petals 5, with filiform claw, and nectar-bearing pore at base of lamina. Akenes wedge-shaped. Style beak-like, short— Small annual herbs, with undivided leaves.
M. laiiiiiinus, L. 0 All the leaves clustered at the root, linear. Scape 1-flowered, Petals sliorter than calyx. Carpels crowded on a tapering spike— Spring — Above Zebedani. El-Balqa
6. RANUXCUL.US, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. ^tJ,2i
Sepals 3-5. Petals 5, rarely more, with pore at base, naked, or covered with a scale. Akenes numerous, usually flattened, apiculate — Annual or perennial herbs.
§ 1. BATRACmUOT. 11 Petals white, furnished With a naled pore athase. Aquatic jjerenniaU, loith floating or immersed leaves.
1. R, aqnatilis, L, % Flowers O.Ol m. to 0,02 broad. Peduncles as long as, or longer than, leaves. Petals oliovate, hroad. Stamens numerous — Spring.
Var, lieteropliyllii§, D.C. The floating leaves round, with icedge shaj)ed, crenate loles. The immersed leaves capillary, much dissected — Hums.
Var. §M]!>iiicrsiis, Gr. et Godr. All tlie leaves immersed, wkh elongated capillary lobes, — Canals and streams ; common.
Var. spSagerosperiiiHS, Boiss. Sepals J to -^- as long as petals. All the leaves immersed, with short and stiff loles. Carpels nearly globular, scarcely keeled — Common.
Var. paiitotlirix, Bl. Leaves much dissected, lobes long, slender — Common, with var, suhmersus,
2. R. trifliopliyllus, Chaix. 11 Flowers less than 0.01 m. broad. Peduncles usually shorter than leaves, sometimes longer. Petals usually narrow, sometimes broad, less than tirice as long as sepals. Stamens few. — Spring — Aintab to Galilee, and southward. A species with much dissected leaves, and capillary lobes, too near to var. pantothrix of last.
§ 2, FICARIA, 21 Petals 8-12, yellow. Pore at lase of j^etals covered irith a scale.
3. R. €altliaefoliu<>i, Jord. 1^ S^ tfj^ Leaves ovate-cordate entire or pinnate, or obscurely toothed. Peduncles as long as, or longer than, leaves. Sepals yellowish- white. Corolla ^.^% m. to ^.^% Inroad.
RANUNCULACEiE. (CBOWFOOT FAMILY.) 39
Carpels ovate, hirsute— Febm&rj to April— Wet places, from Aintab to Jerusalem.
4. R.. ficarioides, Bory et Chaub. 11 Dwarf. Leaves small ovate-cordate, with obtuse, crenate lobes. Peduncles shorter than leaves. Sepals yellow. Corolla ahout 0.01 m. broad. Carpels oblong, smooth — March to May — Lebanon, from 500 m. to 1,500.
§ 3. EURANUNCUL. US. 0 or "^l. Sepals 5. Petals generally yelloio, sometimes scarlet, or crimson, or orange-colored, or wJi ite. Pore at base oj petals generally covered tcith a scale.
Series I. Perennials.
* Divisions of root grumous.
t Carpels nearly spherical. Alpine plants.
5. R. myosuroides, Boiss. et Ky. 21 Dwarf (0.03 to 0.00 m..) glabrescent. Root-leaves 1-2 or more, with 3-5 oblong, entire, or bifid lobes; stem-leaves 3-parted, or wanting. Flowers 0.007 m. broad-, petals elliptical, somewhat longer than sepals. Spike oblong. Carpels smooth, oblong. Style shorter than ovary, straight — May to July — Alpine regions of Lebanon and Antilebanon.
t t Carpels flattened. \ Root-leaves, or all but the lowest, palmately lobed or cut. a. FloiDcrs large, red, or rose-colored, or orange, or yellow, or white.
6. H. Asiaticii§, L. 2^ 6^«i\\j'lli Appressed hairy. Lower leaves round, crenate ; the others more or less dissected, with oblong, toothed lobes. Flowers 1-5. Corolla 0.02 m, to 0.08 broad, cri7nson, or rose-colored, or orange, or yellow, or ^ohite. Spike 0.02 m., or more in length, dense. Carpels papyraceous. Beak reflexed, shorter than ovary — February to May — Fields, and waste places, Syria and Palestine, Notwithstanding its brilliant flowers, not to be regarded as the " lily of the field. ^''
Var. tcnuiloI>u§, Boiss. Leaves much dissected — With type, b. Floicers medium-sized, yelloic, or ichitish.
T. R. Sprimerianus, Boiss. 11 Hirsute. Stem stout, 0.04 m, high, much hrinched. Root-leaves round, with heart-shaped base, and th7'ee obtusely lobed divisions. Spike oblong. Carpels triangular-py?'a- midal, beset with hairs icith a tubercled base. Beak as long as ovary, straight, or slightly curved, hooked at extremity — May to July — Subalpine regions of Lebanon and Antilebanon, El-Buqa'.
8. R. ]>aina§ceiiu§, Boiss. et Gaill. 2^. Stem and induraent as in last. Root-leaves as in last, with numerous, overlapping, obtuse lobes. Lobes of stem-leaves oblong, obtuse. Spike ovate, at length oblong. Beak curved — Spring — Fields, Aintab to Damascus, and the Buka'. This and the last are probably varieties of R. oxyspermus, M.B.
9. R. cuneatu§, Boiss. % Villous. Stem slender, 0.25 m. high, with few branches. Root leaves round-ovate, with wedge-shaped, or rounded, or heart-shaped base ; lobes not over-lapping. L/obcs of stem-leaves linear, acutish. Spike ovate. Beak straight — Summer —Alpine regions of Lebanon .
40 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
10. R. Chaerophyllos, L. If Appressed-silky-hairy. Nech covered with dense fhres. Lower root-leaves nearly round, S-lobed, dentate ; the remainder dissected into oblong or linear lobes. Stem, l~3JloiDered. Spike ovate-oblong. Carpels ovate, punctate, ending in a spreading, recurved beak — Spring — Aleppo, Antilebanon, and Lebanon, below 1,000 m., to coast.
I I Moot leaves pinnately parted.
11. R. millcfoliatus, Vahl. 1^ Glal/rescent. Leaves 2-3- pinnately parted, lobes oblong, or linear, acute. Stem simple, 1-2 Jiowered. Spike oblong. Carpels nearly spherical. Beak recurved, half as long as ovary — Spring — Abeih at el Hadhirah, and probably elsewhere in Lebanon.
12. R. myriophyllus, Euss. 2f 5^« Canescent with appressed wool. Leaves pinnately dissected ; lobes oblong, somewhat acute. Stem divaricately much branched. Fruiting peduncles long. Spike oblong. Carpels triangular-obpyramidal, punctate, smooth, ending in a slightly spreading beak, shorter than ovary — Spring — Fields, Syria and Palestine.
Var. Hicrosolyniitaiiiis, Post. Lobes of leaves linear. Flowers whitish, often 0.02 m. or more in breadth. Fruiting peduncles thickened. Beak shorter than in type — With type throughout. {M. Hierosolymitanus, Boiss.)
* * Divisions of root fibi'ous.
t Rachis hairy. "
13. R. palustris, L. 11 Rootstock short. Hair of stems and petioles sliort, dense ; of leaves appressed- villous. Root-leaves ovate, ternately parted ; divisions cut-lobed, obtusely toothed. Peduncles grooved. Carpels ovate, ending in a short, straight beak — Spring — Wet jilaces near Aleppo.
14. R. Xeapolitauus, Ten. 1^ Upper portion of stems ap" jDressed hairy, Rootstock short, with thickened fibres. Lower leaves round-ovate, ternately parted ; divisions cut-lobed, acutely toothed. Peduncles slender, grooved. Carpels round, ending in a short, conical beak — End of Spring — From Lebanon to Aintab, and northward.
15. R. cliiO]ioplislii§, Boiss. % Smooth, dwarf, tufted. Neck thickened, ^'\\X\ fihrous roots. Root-leaves oblong, 'i-Z-pinnately parted, with oblong lobes. Scapes not longer than leaves, 1-2 flowered. Sepals smooth. Carpels ovate, margin thicTcened ; disk tubercled ; beak not hooked — Summer — Alpine regions of Lebanon and Anti- lebanon.
16. R. €lemi§sus, D.C. If. Dwarf. Rootstoclc oblique. Neck clothed ivifh fibres, furuished with vv^hitish hairs. Root-leaves smooth, round, palmately divided into 3-5 segments, which are dissected into oblong lobes. Scajjes longer than leaves, 1 -flowered. Sepals p>ubescent. Carpels triangular-ovate, flattened ; margin not thicJcened ; beak hooTced — Summer — Alpine regions of Lebanon and Antilebanon.
t t Rachis smooth. Inflorescence corymbose, loose.
17. R. €as§ius, Boiss. 2|! Appressed-silky-hairy. Root-stoch horizontal, with descending fibres, and sliort terminal suchers. Radical leaves pentagonal, tcrnate, the middle segment petiolulate, and all the
RANUNCTJLACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 41
segments divided into oblong-cuneate cut lobes. Carpels ovate, punctate^ slightly hairy, marginate, tapering into a short straight beak — May and June — Lebanon and Antilebanon, and northward.
18. R. €on§taiitinopolitanus, Urv. 71 Villous below, appressed-hairy above. Eoot-fibres descending directly from neck. Root-leaves triangular-ovate, ternate, with obovate, cut, and coarsely toothed lobes. Carpels large, ovate, striate^ smooth, ending abruptly in a very short, hooked beak — April to June —
Var. Palcestinus, Boiss. Lobes of leaves cuneate at base — Hedges, Aintab to Antilebanon and Lebanon. Plain of el Huleh,
Series 2. Annuals. * Carpels riot margined. Petals destitute of scale at base.
19. R. sceleratiis, L. 0 Stem erect, often thickened. Lower leaves 3-parted, with oblong or cuneate, lobed or cut divisions. Carpels in ovate heads 0.002 m. to 0.004 long, minute, obovate, with grooved border, and short, mucronate beak — Spring — Wet places from Hamath to Tripoli, and probably elsewhere.
* * Carpels mare or less flattened, margined, generally tubercledor
prickly. Petals with scale at base.
t Leaves undivided.
20. R. opliiog^lo§§ifolius, Vill.0 Glabreacent. Stem fistulous, erect. Lower leaves ovate or ovate-cordate, upper oblong-lanceolate. Flowers about 0.005 m. to 0.007 broad. Heads as in last. Carpels as large as mustard seeds, ovate, slightly flattened ; margin narrow, beak short, black, hooked — Spring — Wet places near Tripoli, and probably elsewhere.
21. R. laterifloru§, D.C. 0 Glabrous. Stem erect, fistulous. Leaves oblong -elliptical. Flowers small, sessile in axils, or terminal. Heads round-ovate ; carpels ovate, with tubercled disk, and acute margin. Beak nearly as long as ovary, lanceolate, hooked — Spring — Syria. Moab.
t t Leaves palmately divided, cut or loled, sometimes much dissected.
22. R. Cbius, D.C. 0 Villous or glabrescent. Stem much branched. Leaves round-heart-shaped, with three crenately-lobed divisions. Peduncles opposite leaves, thickened hi fruit. Flowers 0.004 m. broad. Petals as long as sepals. Heads globular 0.005 m. broad. Disk of carpels studded with tubercles, ending in a hooked hair. Margin acute, not grooved, tapering to a hooked beak, half as long as ovary — Spring — Coast of Syria, and Lebanon.
23. R. pl&ilonotis, Retz. 0 Hirsute. Lower leaves ovate- cordate, sometimes broader than long, crenate-toothed or lobed. The rest 3-parted, with cut and toothed divisions. Flowers 0.01 m. broad. Petals ticics as long as sepals. Heads ovate, 0.004 m. broad. Carpels nearly round; disk tubercled near the 2-grooved Tuargin ; beak very sJiort, oUuse — Spring — Aintab to Aleppo.
24. R. trachycarpus, F. et M. 0 Hirsute. Root-leaves 3-parted or cut. The remainder trifid, with lobed
43 EANUNCULACE^. (CEOWFOOT FAMILY.)
segments.^ Petals a little longer than sepals. Heads spherical, about 0.005 m. in diameter. Carpels ovate; margin 2-grooved, disk tubercled, beak tapering, half as long as ovary — Spring — Wet places from Hums to Kerak.
25. R. lomatocarpus, F. et M. © Fig. 3
Glabrescent. Leaves ternate ; divisions obovate, those of lower leaves obtusely lobed and cut, of upper leaves dissected into oblong and linear, ' acute lobes. Petals twice as long as sepals. Head 0.01 m. or more in diameter. Carpels ovate ; disk tu- bercled ; margin with, or without groove, tapering into a slightly curbed heaJc, half the length of ovary — Spring — Fields, Syria and Palestine ; common. Leaves often much dissected into narrowly linear lobes.
Var. cornuta§, Post. BeaJc as long as ovary Head of r. lomato-
— With type — (i?. cornutus J>. O.) carpus, var. eornutus.
26. R. mnricatus, L. 0 Glabrous or glabrescent. Root-leaves long-petioled, round or Tcidney-shaped, with 3 cut and toothed divisions. Upper leaves cuneate at base, with 3 ohlong, cut or toothed dimaions. Petals a little longer than sepals. Heads generally more than 0.01 m, in diameter. Carpels large, ovate, with muricate disk, and strongly grooved margin, tapering abruptly into a beak as long as ovary — Spring — Ditches and wet places ; common throughout.
27. R. arvensis, L. © Glabrous or slightly-hairy. Lower leaves cuneate-obovate, cut or toothed, or 3-parted ; the remainder ternate, dissected into linear lobes. Carpels 0.006 m. long, obovate ; disk muricate ; margin at right angles to surfaces of disk, broad, fringed at both edges with stiff spines much larger than those of the disk ; beak usually 0 — Spring — Fields common.
Var. rostratus, Post. Spines of disk shorter, sometimes reduced to tubercles ; spines of margin short, often mere teeth. Carpels ending in an oblique, slender, curved beak, more than half as long as ovary — Lebanon. Bethel.
Var. long^ispinus, Post. Spines of margin longer than ovary — 3Iinat el Husn, Beirut.
28. R. Pinardi, Boiss. © Dwarf, appressed-hirsute. Lower leaves round-wedge-shaped, obtusely 3-3-toothed ; the rest dissected into linear-oblong lobes. Carpels few, 0.01 m. long, 0.003 broad ; disk minutely tubercled ; margin tumid, obtuse, tapering into a lanceolate, circinnate beak twice as long as ovary — Summer — Anti- lebanon, above Rasheiya and Zebedani.
T. CERATOCEPHALUS, M(ENCH.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, with nectar-bearing pore at base, covered with a scale. Akenes caducous, with an empty cell at each side of base. Beak long, sickle-shaped — Dwarf annual herbs, with palmate leaves, dissected into linear lobes.
C. falcatus, Pers. © Beak curved upward, hooked— Spring —
Fields, Syria,
\
RANTJNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.") 43
Pj^ ^ Yar. TUlgaris, Boiss. Scape as long as, or
longer than leaves. Beak broad at base.
Var. exscapus, Boiss. Canescent, or rufescent. Scapes short or 0
Var. incurvus, Boiss. Scapes longer than leaves. Base of beak narrow.
8. HELLEBORUS, L. Hellebore. ^ ^
Sepals 5, petaloid, persistent. Petals small, tubular, bilabiate. Carpels united at base — Peren- nial herbs, with palmate or pedate leaves, and Head of Cerato- greenish, lurid, nodding flowers, eephaius faicatua, j^ vcsicarius, Auch, 2^ 0.3 m. to 0.5 high.
var. Tu gans. Root-leaves long-petioled, ternate, with petiolulate segments, dissected into cuneate cut-toothed lobes. Floral leaves sessile, with 3-5 oblong-cuneate, cut-toothed lobes, overtopping the flowers. Carpels inflated, forming a light green, spherical capsule, 0.04 m. or more in diameter — February to May — Woods, Mt, Cassius and northward.
9. OARIDEL.L.A, Totjrn.
Sepals 5, caducous, not petaloid, shorter than petals. Petals 5, with a long claw, having a nectar-bearing pore at its apex, and a bilabiate limb ; both lips bifid, the outer much longer than the inner. Fruit a 2-3-celled capsule — Annual, erect, rigid herbs, with pinnate leaves dissected into linear or capillary lobes.
0. unguicularis, Lam. 0 Claws twice as long as sepals and laminae, or longer. Laminae wavy-margined. Capsule 0.005 m. to 0.01 broad, composed of two or three follicles, united for two thirds of their length — Spring — Fields, Syria and Palestine.
10. BflGELiLiA, L. Fitch. Fbnnel-Flower. Jtl**, -J^iy^
Sepals 5, petaloid, caducous, longer than petals. Petals small, clawed, with bilabiate lamina, the outer lip cleft into two or more lobes, and the inner smaller, entire or bifid. Nectar-pore at base of outer lip. Fruit composed of 5-13, more or less united follicles. Style long, beak-like — Annual herbs with leaves, 1-3-pinnately dissected into linear or capillary lobes.
* Flowers hlui&h. Carpels not oompreised. Inner lip of petals Tuilf or more than half as long as outer,
1. N. arvensis, L. 0 Leaves simple, or 1-2-pinnately divided. Claw short. Inner lip of petal half as long as outer, Carpels 3-5, strongly 3-ribbed adherent for two thirds of their length, forming an obconical capsule ; leak as long as ovary, or a little shorter — Spring —
Var. $^lauca, Boiss. Glaucescent. Lobes of leaves long, acute — Maritime plain of Syria.
Var. divaricata, Boiss. Glaucous. Lobes of leaves short, obtuse. Upper leaves sometimes simple — Syria and Palestine. Alexandria.
44 RANUNCULACEJS. (CKOWFOOT FAMILY.)
Var. caiidata, Boiss. Carpels united to their middle only — Vineyards and fields near Aintab.
2. N. deserti, Boiss. 0 0.02 m. to 0.04 in height. Flowers small. Petals short-clawed ; inner lip nearly as long as outer. Car- pels 3, adlierentfor one third of their lengthy 3-nerved below, 5-nerved above ; leak a little longer than ovary — Spring — From El Balqa to the Tih, and southward.
3. ]V. stellari§, Boiss. 0 Flowers medium-sized. Petals long- clawed ; inner lip about half as long as outer. Carpels 5, lanceolate, keeled, adherent for one fourth of their length, 1-nerved ; leak tic ice or three times as long as ovary — Spring — Fields, Kessab ; Lattakia.
4. IV, satiTa, L. 0 Nutmeg-Flower. ^j^\ if- • •\3^-i\ lJ\ Flowers large. Petals short-clawed ; inner lip nearly as long as outer. Carpels 5-7, inflated, warty at sides, united to ajyex ; heaJcaslong as ovary — Spring — Fields, Egypt. The black seeds of this species are siir inked over some kinds of bread in the East,
Var. brachyloba, Boiss. Densely branched, hirsute. Cap- sule very warty — Aintab and westward.
* * Flowers yellowish- white. Inner lip of petals 'very short . Carpels flattened.
5. N. Orieiitali§, L. 0 Lobes of leaves rigid. Sepals gla- brous. Petals short-clawed ; exterior lobe ovate, short-bifid. Carpels united for half their length ; nerves three, distant, connected by transverse veins — May — Amanus and eastward.
6. N. oxypetala, Boiss. 0 Lobes of upper leaves often oblong- lanceolate. Sepals glabrous. Petals minute, clawed ; external lip broader than long, somewhat ^-lobed, lateral lobes short, round ; intermediate lobes dissected into bristles longer than stamens. Carpels united beyond middle ; nerves 3, approximate- — May — Fields, Aintab to Aleppo.
Var. IVocana, Boiss. Petals long-clawed — Bludan.
Var. tennifolia, Boiss. Lobes of leaves slender. Petals long- clawed — Aintab .
7. IV. eiliaris, D.C. 0 Sepals hispid. Petals clawed ; outer lip cuneate, bifid, with long, linear, hispid lobes. Carpels 5-15, hispid, adherent for a little more than ^ their length, prominently 3-nerved — April to June — Fields, Syi"ia and Palestine.
11. DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur. ^\g,
Sepals 5, irregular, pctaloid, the uppermost spurred or helmet shaped. Petals generally 4, the upper two prolonged into spurs, which are included in the spurs of the calyx, and all separate, or united into a monopetalous spurred corolla. Follicles 1-5 separate — Annual or perennial herbs.
RANUNCULACB^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 46
* Follicle 1. Petals united,
t Petal B-loled,
X Peduncle nearly 0. Floral leaves longer tluin flower^ much dissected.
1. D. axilliflorum, D.C. 0 Glabrescent, or puberulent above. Bepals ovate-oblong. Upper lobe of petal oblong, bifid, as long as ovate, lateral lobes. Follicle glabrescent, or appressed-pubescent, cylindrical, obliquely wrinkled, nearly sessile, appressed to stem — May and June — Coelesyria, Lattakia and northward. Flowers violet, or bluish-white.
X X Peduncle as long as, or longer than follicle. Floral leaves simple or nearly so.
2. D. Orientale, J. Gay. 0 Sparingly pubescent. Racemes l(yng, dense. Sepals round-ovate and ovate. Upper lobe of petal oblong, bifid, much longer than the triangular, oMuse, lateral lobes. Spur shorter than petal. Fruiting peduncles curved upward, longest near base of raceme. Follicles sparsely glandular, cylindrical, abruptly mucronate, — April to Jun« — Damascus to Aintab and Marash, and northward. Flowers deep violet or purple, retaining their color for a long tirne when dry. Flowers oj this species have been found in the garlands of mummies 3,000 years old, with color but slightly faded,
3. D. toineiito§uiii, Auch. 0 Appressed-canescent, branching from base. Racemes short, loose. Sepals ovate, and ovate-oblong. Petal triangular, with scarcely distinguishable lateral lobes. Spur a little longer than petal. Fruiting peduncle erect, refracted at insertion oj lon^ bracts. Follicle appressed-hairy, cylindrical, tapering into a beak one-third its length — Spring — Waste fields, Aleppo to Aintab, and northward. Flowers violet to light-blu£, and rose-color,
4. D, olig^anthum, Boiss. 0 Appressed-canescent, branched from base. Racemes short, flowers 1-7 rose-colored. Petal cuneate at base, triangular, obscurely 3-lobed. Spur somewhat shorter than petal. Calyx and corolla somewhat persistent after flowering. Fruiting peduncle divergent, refracted at insertion of short bracts. Follicle woolly, oblong, inflated, ending abruptly in a short beak — May and June — Aintab to Palmyra, and Coelesyria, and eastward.
5. D. sulphureum, Boiss. et Haussk. 0 Low, appressed- pubescent, corymbose. Flowers 3-5, in short raceme, sulphur-colored. Upper lobe of petal S-toothed, longer and narrower than lateral lobes. Spur twice as long as petal. Fruiting peduncle recurved. Follicle pendulous, hirsute with white hairs, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate — Spring — Grassy places in mountains about Marash, 1,300 m.
6. D. pu§illuin, Labill. 0 Dwarf, 0.02 m. to 0.08 high, soft- velvety, canescent. Branches divergent from neck. Racemes dense, with 3-5, rose-colored flowers. Petal rhomboid, with 3 obscure lobes of equal length, the middle one truncate, 3-toothed. Spur shorter than petal. Fruiting peduncle refracted at apex. Follicle oblong, com- pressed appressed-hairy — June — Lake Yam\ini. Lower regions of Antilebanon.
46 RANUNCULACEiE. (CROWI'OOT FAMILY.)
7. D. rig-idum, D.C. 0 Velvety-canescent, viscid, rigid, much branched from base. Racemes with few, scattered, icliite, or rose- colored flowers. Middle lobe of petal Mjid, much shorter than lateral, rounded lobes. Spur as long as petal. Fruiting peduncle long, straight, or slightly dent near a'pex. Follicle sparingly glandular-hairy, oblong, curved upward, ending abrwptly in a beak one-third to one-half its length — April to July — Fields, Syria and Palestine.
8. I>. Cappadociciim, Boiss. 0 Pubescent with white hairs below, and golden hairs loith glandular lyase above. Lobes of leaves oblong-lanceolate. Racemes loose ; flowers violet. Middle lobe of petal oblong, bifid, as long as, and narrower than lateral lobes. Spur tioice as long as petals. Fruiting peduncles sj^reading, recurved. Follicles sparsely hairy, oblong, tapering into a beak one-fourth their length — June — Aintab and northward.
t t Petal obovate, broader than long, truncate, ^-toothed.
9. D. cleserti, Boiss. 0 Dwarf puberulent, viscid, dichoto- mous from base. Leaves oblong, minute. Flowers minute, terminal., yelloio. Spur horizontal, as long as petal. Follicle pubescent, oblong, few seeded — Spring — Lesser desert (Barriyat Ja'far).
1 1 1 Petal 5-lobed. Calyx spur boat-shaped icith a crozier-shap)ed extremity.
10. I>. aiitltoroideiiin, Boiss. 0 Appressed-j^ubescent, dichotomous. Flowers whitisli-rose-colored. Upper lobe of petal bifid longer than intermediate triangular lobes. Lower lobes ovate, larger than the rest. Follicle oblong, ending abruptly in a beak one-fourth its length — Summer — Dry places from middle zone of Antilebanon, Lebanon, and Coelesyria, to Aintab and northward.
* * Follicles 3. Petals distinct, the upjper notched.
11. 1>. peregrinuin, L. 0 More or less pubescent, or glabrous, glaucescent. Branches stiff, straight, nearly naked. Lower leaves 3-parted, leaflets cut into linear-lanceolate lobes. Upper leaves entire, linear. Flowers molet-colored. Laminae of lateral petals a little shorter than, or as long as claw. Spur straight, ascending, once and • a half to tioice as long as flower. Follicles cylindrical, mucronate or aristate, slightly hairy — June to October — Dry places, Syria and Palestine to 1,500 m. A variable species, including D. virgatum, Poir, and perhaps D. halteratum, Sibth. et 8m,
Var. <len§uiii. Pubescent. Racemes long, dense. Calyx sparingly pubescent. Spur 1^ as long as flower.
Var. laxiim. Puberulent, or glabrous, glaucescent. Racemes loose, few-flowered. Calyx as in last. Spur twice as long as flower. Follicles turgid. (Z), mrgatum, Poir). The commonest variety.
Var. eriocalyx. Calyx densely pubescent. Spur 1^ as long as flower. Follicle turgid, somewhat torulose — Beilan.
12. I>. Bovei, Decaisme. 0 Dwarf, glabrous, excepting the appressed-pubescent peduncles. Branches rigid. Lower leaves oblong- spathulate, trifid. Stem leaves linear -lanceolate, acute, undivided.
KANUNCULACB^. (CHOWPOOT FAMILY.) 47
Racemes shorty loose. Laminae of lateral petals one-half or one-third as long as claw. Spur ascending, thrice as long as flower. Follicles glabrous^ somewhat divergent — Spring — Lesser desert.
' * * * Follicles 3-5. Petals separate, setose, the upper ^-loled.
IS. I>. Ithaburense, Boiss. 2f Sparingly pubescent. Stem tall, angled, simple. Leaves pahnately -parted, segments cuneate, cut and divided into oblong-linear lobes. Racemes rather dense. Flowers Muish-ichite. Sepals pubescent without ; petals setose. Follicles hirsute, tapering into a long beak — May and June — Valley to the north of el Jebel el Ahmar, near Antioch, Mt. Tabor.
12. PiEOXIA, L. Peony. Narmishlc.
Sepals 5, persistent, leaf -like, unequal. Petals 5 or more. Follicles 2-5, dehiscent on their inner side — Perennial herbs, with 1-2 ternate leaves, large showy flowers, and fleshy root-stock, bearing tuberous fibres.
P. corallina, Retz. If Leaves bi-ternate, glabrous, rarely puberulent beneath, leaflets distinct, oblong-elliptical, entire. Flowers rose-colored, 0.1 m. broad. Follicles woolly, becoming horizontal — Spring — Woods, Cassius, Amanus, and northward.
Var. triternata, Boiss. Leaflets round-ovate, frequently sub- cordate, obtuse, or slightly acute — Afka. Amanus.
Order II. BERBERIDACfliE. (Barberry Family.)
Herbs or shruhs^ with alternate leaves^ with sepals and petals hoth imbricated in the bud, in two rows. The hypo- gynous stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them / anthers adnate, opening by two elastic vaPoes at the top, Ova/ry solitary, 1-celled. — Sepals 34-6. Petals as many, or twice as many as sepals. Frnit a berry, or an inflated capsule, irregularly torn at maturity.
* Fruit an inflated capsule. Flowers panicled. L BONGARDIA. Herbs. Leaves all radical. Capsule O.Ol m. long.
2. LEONTICE. Herbs. Stem leafy. Capsule 0.02 m. to 0,03 m. long.
* Fruit a small berry. Flowers in small, corymbose racemes.
3. BERBERIS. Shrubs with 3-parted thorns.
1. BOXOARDIA, C. A. Mey.
Sepals 3-G, bracts 0. Petal 6, destitute of scale, but furnished with a nectar-bearing pore at base. Stamens 6. Style short; stigma discoid, plicate-lobed. Ovules 5-6, basilar. Fruit an inflated capsule, opening when ripe by an irregular laceration ; seeds 1-4, globular — Glabrous herbs, with leaves all radical, and root a large turnip-shaped conn, 0.20 m. or more beneath the surface of the soil.
48 BERBEHIDACE^. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)
B. chrysogonum, L. If ^urf-ud-dih. — Leaves pin- -pm. 5. natisect, segments sessile, obovate-cuneate. 3-6 fid at apex, opposite, or in whorls of 4 at the lower part of the leaf. Stem loosely panicled with scales at the base of the branches. Capsule ovate-oMo?ig, 0.01 m. long — Early Spring — Fields, Syria and Palestine to 1,000 m. Root used as a remedy for Epilepsy.
2. LEO^TICE, L. Lion's Leaf.
Sepals 6, bracts 0. Petals 6, with a stipitate scale at inner face of base. Stamens 6. Style short, stigma obtuse, indistinct. Ovules 2-4 basilar Capsule inflated, seeds globular — Glabrous herbs, with root as in last, and leafy stem.
Li, leontopetalum, L. 2f KTiamirat Adhdr. Leaves Mternatisecty leaflets ovate or obovate, rarely subcordate. Inflorescence a large, dense, leafy panicle. Bracts oblong, much shorter than the pedicels. Capsule round-ovate,0.02 m. to 0.03 long — Early Spring — Fields, Syria and Palestine to 1,000 m. Root used as a remedy for Epilepsy. Bongardia
cliirvsoEro*
Var. oblong^ifolium, Post. Leaves 2-3-ternatisect. num, l. Leaflets oblong, obtuse, truncate or retuse, cuspidate — Aintab.
3. BERBERIS, L. Barberry. Berleris.
Sepals 6, bracteolate. Petals 6, concave, with two glands at inner aspect of base. Stamens 6. Stigma peltate. Berry with 3-3 subbasilar, erect seeds — Shrubs with 3-5-parted thorns.
B. cretica, L. 5 Low. Leaves firm, nearly sessile, obovate- elliptical, entire, or slightly serrate, hardly as long as 3 -parted thorns. Racemes few-flowered, corymbose, shorter than leaves. Berries ellip- soid, blach — Summer — Lebanon and Antilebanon, above 1,200 m. B. crat(Bgina, B. C. is a variety of this species with longer leaves and exserted racemes.
Order IIL IVYIWPHiEACEiE. (Water-Lily Family.) AquatiG perennial herhs, with submerged root-stocks, and floating or emersed cordate or peltate leaves^ and floating or emersed flowers / the ovules i^arietal, and the embryo en- closed in a small sac at the end of the albumen, next to the hilum. — Flowers regular, axillary, solitary. Torus fleshy, urn-shaped, enclosing carpels. Sepals 4-5, inserted at base of torus. Petals numerous, inserted in many rows into the torus. Stamens indefinite, in many rows inserted into the torus ; anthers adnate. Fruit berry-like consisting of the fleshy torus, enclosing carpels, which adhere to it and one another. 1. :NY]»IPIIiEA, L. Water-Lily. Watee-Nymph. Ul-Haudhdn.
Sepals 4, green outside, nearly free. Petals destitute of a nectar- bearing pore, inserted over the whole torus. Stamens inserted on the
NYMPHiBACE^. (PONDLILY FAMILY.)
49
fleshy torus which incloses the carjDels, the outer petaloid. Carpels 18-20, connate forming a capsuloid berry with a concave summit, having a globular projection in the centre — Flowers white, blue, or rose-color, very showy.
N. alb», L. If White Water-lily. Leaves cordate entire. Sepals obtuse. Petals lohite^ ovate, obtusf^. Anthers blunt. Stigmas with short,, cylindrical appendages — Summer — Huleh and; northward.
2. WUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Pozjd-Lily. Spattek-Dock.
Sepals 5. Petals stamen-like, or scale-like, with a nectar-bearing pore at back, inserted under the carpels. Carpels connate, in a ring, forming a capsule-like berry — Flowers yellow, not showy.
]!¥, luteum, L. If Common yellow Water-lily. Leaves ovate deeply cordate. Sepals orbiculate, concave. Anthers oblong-linear. Stigma unbilicate, 12-16-rayed, entire, or slightly repand — Summer — In ponds and streams, throughout.
Order IV. PAPAVERACE^. (Poppy Family.)
Herbs with milky or colored juice^ flowers regular (except Hyjpecomn^ which has two unequal pairs of opposite petals)^ with fugacious sepals y poly androus hypogynous, the ovary 1-celled' with two or more parietal placentm^ or a silique^ %celled hy a spongy partition connecting the placenice, or a lotnent separated into joints hy transverse partitions^ or apparently a many-celled capsule^ the placentce nearly reaching the axis, — Petals 4-6. Stamens usually numerous (in Hypecoiim 4). Ovules numerous. Capsule opening by pores or valves. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.
Fig. 6 c
e f Fig, 6. (o) Bud of Papaver rhaeas, L. showing the caducous sepals, separating like a hood, (ft) Open flower of the same, showing 4 petals, numerous stamens, and obovate
5
50 PAPAVBRACE^, (POPPY FAMILY.)
ovary, crowned with a convex disk and rayed stigmas. (ci Ripe capsule of same, with umbonate disk, {d) Capsule of P, hybridum, L, (e) Silique of Clielidonium. (/) The same after separation of valves, (g) Loment of Hypecoum procumbens, L.
•^ Flowers regular.
1. PAPAVER. Ovary an incompletely several-celled capsule Stigmas 4-20.
2. RCEMERIA. Ovary 1-celled, Stigmas 3-4 Fruit elongated siliquiform.
3. GLAUCIUM. Ovary a silique with spongy partition, and 2-cells, Stigma 2-lobed.
* * Flowers irregular, the similar petals opposite each other in pairs. Ovary 1-celled,
4. HYPECOUM. Plants with orange-colored juice, and leaves dissected like those of
Fumaria.
1. PAPAVER, L. Poppy. KUshJcMsh.
Sepals 2-B. Petals 4, rarely 5-6, crumpled in the l)ud. Stamens very numerous. Stigma sessile, united in a flat 4-20-rayed disk crowning the ovary. Capsules ovate club-shaped, or cylindrical, or ellij)tical, with parietal placentae extending nearly to the axis, forming several to many false cells, opening by pores or chinks under the edges of the stigmas — Herbs, with generally milky or colored juice, the flower buds nodding.
* Biennials, Floicers dull jAnkish. DUlc angled. Stigmas 3-9.
1. P. Liibaiiotictim, Boiss. (D Sparingly bristly. Stems low, ascending, simple, 1-flotcered, or somewhat hranched Ijdoxo %^-fiowered. Leaves pinnatisect with slioi% crowded, oblong, obtuse lobes. Buds obovate. Capsule glabrous, obovate-oMong^ 0.015 m. to 0.02 long, much broader thnn depressed-conical disk — Late Summer — Highest summits of Lebanon and Antilebanon.
2. P. Caueagicueii, M. B. (D More or less bristly. Stems much hranched, many-Jlowered. Leaves bipinnatisect or parted, with elongated, oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute lobes. Buds spherical. Capsule glabrous, rarely somewhat appressed hairy, elliptical or oUong, 0.01 m. long, broader than conical or pyramidal disk — Late Sumfner — Highest summits of northern Amanus, and Akkerdagh.
3. P. liyoscyamifoliuiii, Boiss. et Haussk. @ Glaucous. Stem thick, thyrsoid. Leaves short, somewhat leathery, sparingly bristly, oblong-lanceolate, pinnatipartite, with short, triangular, slight- ly dentate lobes. Buds ovate. Capsule glabrous, oblong, angled, with abruptly tapering apex, and convex, 4-5-lol)ed disk, narrower than capsule — Summer — Chalky soil, 300 m. to 600 ; Aspadrul near Aintab, and northward.
* * Annuals.
t Gap>sule glabrous.
\ Filaments awl-shaped.
a. Stem leaves not clasping.
4. P. rlijeas, L. 0 Corn-Poppy. Shuqaiq un-nu'-mdn. Bristly, rarely glabrescent. Leaves pinnately or bipinnately parted or cut, with oblong-lanceolate segments. Petals deep crimson, usually broader
PAP AVERAGES. (POPPY FAMILY.) 51
than loug. Anthers oblong or ovate. Capsule obovate, club-shaped, or oblong. Stigmas 6 to 10 — Spring — Fields and waste places, common everywhere.
This variable species should include P. iniibo- Fig. 7
natum, Boiss. with umbonate capsule, (Fig. 6, c), probably P. slyJatiim, Boiss. et Bal., and P. caavatiiiJi, Boiss. et Haussk. It also includes var. g-cstiiiiiui!i, Boiss. with short obovate cap- sules, (Fig. 6, I) ; var. obloei^atum, Boiss. with obovate-oblong capsules ; var. Syriactim, Boiss., with oblong, club-shaped capsules. All these («) Disk with overlap- varieties vary with leaves entire or nearly so, or ?'"§ scallops (&) Disk with segments more or less acute, sometimes ^'^^ ^«P^^^*^^ ^^^"°P^- linear, entire or toothed, sometimes obtuse, rarely ^. Plants of both vane-
,' ,_. T IT J \ 1 ties in all other respects
lyrate. P. diitomm, L. would seem to be only ^s in P. rhieas. a variety with the scallops of the disk not overlap- ping. The scallops of fully ripe capsules seldom overlap, (see Fig. 7, ?>).
5. P. polytricliiim, Boiss. et Ky. 0 More or less hirsute. Leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid or pinnatisect, with sliort, oUusely Med segments. Petals crimson. Anthers ovate-globose. Capsule club-shaped, obovate-oblong, with convex, or umbonate disk. Stigmas 7-8 — Spring — Rocky places and fields, Beirut, El-Koura, Antilebanon, Damascus, and northward. Too near the last.
&. Stem leaves clasping.
6. -P. i^lauciim, Boiss. et Haussk. © Glaucous, glabrous with exception of a few bristles along peduncles. Radical leaves obovate- oblong tapering to a petiole ; stem leaves cordate at base, pinnately lobed or parted, lobes triangular, obtusely toothed. Sepals glabrous. Petals crimson. Capsule ovate, stipitate. Disk flat, with broad scallops. Stigmas less than 12 — Early Summer — Tchermalik, in northern Syria.
X X Filaments cltib-shaped at apex.
7, P. somiiiferHin, L.0 Common Poppy. Glaucous, glabrous, or sparingly bristly. Leaves oblong, unequally dentate below, cordate at base. Petals white, or rose-colored with eroded-lobed margin. Capsule obovate, stipitate, with flat disk — Spring.
Var. glabrum, Boiss. Stouter, glabrous, leaves less deeply lobed. Capsule large, flattened-spherical. Stigmas 10 to 12 — Es- caped from cultivation. Cultivated for Opium.
t t Capsule bristly,
8. P. liytoridiim, L. 0 Setulose. Leaves bipinnatipartite, with linear segments. Petals vinous-red. Capsule (Fig. 6, d) ovate- globular, copiously beset with strong, needle-like, curved bristles. ^ Disk one-third as broad as capsule, sulcate, obsoletely crenate — Spring — Fields; common.
53
PAPAVERACEiK. (POPPY FAMILY.)
Fig
9. P. Argemoiie, L. 0 Setulose. Leaves bipin- natisect. with acute lobes. Stem elongated, erect. Petals pale scarlet. Capsule (Fig. 8) oUong- elliptical, sparingly beset with ^ceah, straight bristles. Disk a little narrower than capsule — Spring — Fields ; less common than last.
2. r<i:iie:ria, Medik.
Sepals 2. Petals 4, crumpled in the bud. Stamens numerous. Style short ; stigmas capitate. Capsule slen- der, cylindrical, 1-celled, splitting into 3 or 4 valves — Annual herbs, with violet or crimson flowers.
Capsule of argemone, L.
1. R. liyl»ricla, L. 0 Leaves 2-3-pinnatisect, with Fig. 9 linear lobes. Petals 0.02 m. long, and 0.03 broad. Pods
withfeio, short hrisfles, or glalrescetit, little broader than j)a- duncle, and generally much longer — Spring — Fields ; common.
2. R. Orieiitali§, Boiss. 0 Salihh. Leaves pinnati- sect or parted into ovate-oblong, lobed or dentate segments. Petals 0.01 m. long. Pods with copious, spreading bristles, considerably Irroader than peduncle, and usually shorter — Spring — Tara, east of Dead Sea, lesser desert, and east- ward and southward.
3. GLrAUCSUI^I, TouRN. Horn Poppy.
Sepals -2. Petals 4, crumpled in the bud. Stamens numerous. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed or horned. Pod linear, elongated, 2-celled by a spongy partition (siliquiform) — Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, with saffron-colored juice, and buff, yellow, or rarely scarlet flowers.
* Ovary more or less hairy or bristly.
1. O. corniculatum, L. 0 HasMshat-ul-MamUa. j,y|,rlda All the leaves pinnatipartite, with oblong, dentate segments,
and truncate, lobed or dentate apex, the lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile, with truncate base Sepals papillose, hairy. Pods appressed- hairy, hairs dilated at base — April to June.
Var. Phfleniceum, D.C. Petals orange-colored, generally with a purple spot at base — Fields and roadsides, throughout.
2. O. Arabicum, Fresen. (f) Glaucous. Radical leaves lyrate- pinnatipartite, with ovate, obtuse, dentate segments ; upper leaves clas- ping, d-5-lobed. Sepals papillose-hairy. Petals yellow. Pods beset with scattered bristles dilated at base, or glabrescent — Spring — Stony places, Khan Khadrun, between Jerusalem and Jericho, and southward to Sinai.
Var. graiidiflorum, Post. hirnUe with long appressed hairs ■ O, grandijlorum, Boiss.)
Flowers as large as G. luteum. Pods - Qaldun, N. of Damascus {perhaps
PAPAVERACE^. (POPPY FAMILY.) 53
S, Cr. graiicliflorum, Boiss. et Huet. 2f Glaucous, tomen tellous. Radical leaves pinnatisect, sublyrate, with obovate-oblong segments ; upper leaves clas^nng^ 2nn?iatipartite. Sepals 0.05 m. long, papillose-hairy. Petals large, orange-colored, with a molet spot at lyase. P(xl hirsute with long, app7'essed hristles — Spring — Valley of Cedron (Barbey).
4. €r. Aleppicii52i, Boiss. et Haussk. 21 Green, with sparse, papillary hairs. All the leaves pinnatipartite, with oblong segments, parted into oUong, mucronate lohes. Sepals 0.05 m. long, glabrous, or papillose-hairy. Petals large, crimson. Young pod appressed-hirsute.
- June — Calcareous fields among grain. Aintab to Aleppo.
* + Ovary more or less tuberculate, not hairy.
5. O. luteum, Scop.® Glaucous, more or less papillose-velvety. Ptadical leaves iDinnatipartite-lyrate with ovate-oblong, lobed, rarely parted, segments ; upper leaves ovate, sinuate-lobed, with Ijroad, cordate, clasping dase. Sepals more or less papillose- hairy. Petals yellow, large, 0.04 m. long. Pod very long, 0.15 m. to 0.20, scah'ous icith white tubercles — Summer — Rocky and sandy places along coast. {G. Jlavurn, Crantz).
6. O. leiocarpum, Boiss. 2j; Papillose or glabrescent. Radical leaves lyrate, segments oblong, sinuate-dentate; upper leaves clasping at base, ovate or oblong, sinuate-toothed or lobed. Sepals sparsely papillose, or glabrescent. Petals yellow, half as large as in last, 0.02 m. long Pods slightly tuberculate, 0.10 m. to 0.15 long, slightly torulose
— Summer — Subalpine regions of Lebanon and Antilebanon. Foliage and inflorescence much smaller than in last. (.Perhaps G. vitellinum, Boiss,- et Buhse, the only difference seeming to be the smooth pods of the latter).
4. HYPECOUM, L.
Sepals 2. Petals 4, convolute in bud, in opposite pairs, the outer entire or trilobed larger than the inner, which are tripartite. Stamens 4. Stigmas 2. Pod a loment, with 1 seeded cells, often separating into joints when the pod is ripe — Annual herbs, with yellow, narcotic juice, and bi pinnatisect, dissected leaves, intermediate between Papa- veracese and Fumariacese,
* Exterior petals {Fig. 10 a?id 11 a.) tri-lobed. Lobes of leaves oblong, or oblong -linear.
1. H. procuinbeiis, L. 0 Stem ascending or Fig. 10 j)rostrate. Sepals more or less acuminate, denticulate or entire. Lateral lobes of inner petals oblong, entire, shorter than middle stipitate, subcordate, cocMeariform, ciliate lobe. Pods (Fig.C),«7.) erect-recurved, striate, nodose at joints — Spring — East of Jordan. Southern Palestine, and southward.
Outer petal of
Var. g-randifloru]!!!, Post. Stems erect. Leaves h. procum- more dissected and with longer lobes than in type, bens ; natural Flowers larger, and vermng toward orano;e-color. Lateral ^^^■^-
54 PAPAVERACE/E. (POPPY FAMILY.)
lobes of inner petal longer than middle one — Dry hill sides and fields; common throughout. {H. grandiflorum^ Benth.)
2. H. iuiberbe, Sibth. © Stems ascending or prostrate. Sepals dentate. Inner petals wi^A, molet-'base,t\ie middle lobe loat-shapecl^ with entire margin. Pods slender^ erect, curved, striate, scarcely swollen at joints — Spring — Gaza and southward.
Fig. 11
3. H. parviflorum, Barb. © Glaucous, Stems prostrate, often half buried in sand. Flowers minute. Lateral lobes of inner petals violet, consideraUy shorter than middle stipitate, cochleariform, fimhriate lobe. Pod slender, moniliform, generally straight, often with tumid joints, where stung bv insects — Early Spring — Lesser desert. Both this and the last may prove on "• otV.TarS! further study to be varieties of H. procunibens., L. mm, Barb.
b.Ar\ inner petal;
* * Exterior petals elli2ytico-rhomhoid, entire. Lobes ff*^ aTnaturai
I
a
of leaves linear-awl-shaped.
size.
4. H, pendulum, L. © Salihh. Stem erect. Inner petals somewhat smaller tlian outer, the middle lobe stipitate, nearly orMcu- late, ciliate. Pods straight, refracted^ dhsoletely 2-6 rihbed, separating late or not at all into joints — Spring — Sinai and Arabia Petraea; east of the Jordan and Lebanon, to Aleppo, and northward.
Order V. FUMARIACE^. (Fumitory Family).
Tender., (jldhroiislierljs^ with watery juice, usually onuch dissected leaves, irregidar flowers, with 4 free or somewhat united jyetals, and 6 diadelphous stamens 0][>j)Osite the outer petals. Corolla flattened, closed at apex ; the 4 petals in pairs, the similar ones opposite each other ; the outer with spread- ing tips, and (in ours) the upper only spurred at base ; the inner narrower, with callous tips united over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, united by their filaments ; the middle anther of each set 2-celled, the lateral 1-celled. Pod either a 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent nutlet, or a silique.
1. CORYDALIS. Fruit an ovate, or oblong-lanceolate silique.
2. CERATOCAPNUS. Lower fruits urn-shaped nutlets with a conical lid, upper oblanceo- late capsules with an ensiform beak.
3. FUMARIA. Fruit a globular, 1-seeded nutlet
1. CORYDALIS, D.C. Corydalis.
Upper set of stamens long-spurred at base. Stigma 2-lobed. Silique many seeded; seeds arillate — Perennials, (ours) with tuberous roots^ and terminal racemes of handsome flowers.
FUMARIACE^. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)
55
1 .C. rutaefolia, Sibth. 71 (Fig. 12) Stem destitute of scales at base. Stem leaves opposite, short- petiolecl or sessile, 1-2-ter- nately-parted, leaflets petio- lulate, entire or trisect, with large ovate, rhomboidal, or elliptical lobes. Flowers deep Tose-colm^ed, crescentic, %oith upturned spur, Silique ovate
— April and May — Alpine and subalpine regions of Lebanon, Antilebanon, Amanus, and northward.
2. C. solida, Smith. Jl Stem scaly at base. Stem-leaves alternate, long- petioled, 2-ternately parted, and dissected into small, oblong lobes. Flowers ptallid; spur straight, or somewhat dejiexed at apex, Silique oblong-lanceolate — Spring
— Middle and subalpine regions of Lebanon, Anti- lebanon, Nusairy Moun- tains, and northward.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12. («) Flower bud of Corydalis rutaefolia, Sibth, (Zi) One of the caducous sepals, (c) A flower, after the separation of the calyx, (rf) The upper petal, (c) A lateral petal. (/) The lower petal {g). The upper set of stamens, with a long spur. (A) The lower set of stamens, without spur, (i) The pistil, with its slender style, and 2-lobed stigma.
2, CERATOCAPXOS, Dueieu.
Upper set of stamens spurred at base. Stigma minute, flattened, dilated. Nutlets 1 -seeded; capsules 1-2-seeded; seeds not arillate — Perennial, climbing, tendril-bearing vines, with short racemes of small rose-colored flowers.
C. Palaestina, Boiss. 2^ Leaves°l-2-ternate ; leaflets petiolulate, ovate, obtuse, entire, mucronulate. Bracts in flower a little longer, and in fruit a little shorter than pedicel — Feb. to May — Hedges and rocks ; coast range and maritime plains of Syria and Palestine.
3, FUMARIA, L. Fumitory. Shahtarraj. Riz-ud-dejdj.
Spur of upper set of stamens often obsolete. Stigma 2-homed. ISTutlet indehiscent. Seeds not arillate — Annuals, without tendrils, with finely dissected leaves and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes.
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE SPECIES.
^ Fruiting pedicels recurved. Sepals broader than corolla. 7, F. Capreolata, 6, Anatolica, S, Tliureti.
56 FUMARIACE^. (PUMITOIIT FAMILY.)
* * Fruiting pedicels erect or spreading t Flowers smaller than F, officinalis, ie., less than 0,01 m. long. f Sepals broader than corolla, 5, F. micrantlia. J X Sepals narrower than corolla, or wanting. 2, F. Vaillantii, 3, parviflora, 4, asepala. I f Flowers as large as, or larger than F. officinalis, ie., 0,01 m. or more in length, a. Sepals as broad as, or broader than corolla. 11, F. GaiJlardoti. b. Sepals narrower than corolla, 1, F. officinalis, 9, macrocarpa, 10, Judaica. $ 1. OFFICINAL ES. FlowersO.Olm.long,orle.ss. Fruit nearly smooth.
1. F. offleiiiali§, L. 0 Lobes of leaves flat, oblong-linear. Sepals ovate, acuminate, acutely dentate, a little narrower than pink corolla, and one-third as long. Bracts a little shorter than erect-spreading fruiting pedicels. Fruit ohcordate, hroader than long — Spring — Ba'albek and northward.
2. F. Vaillaiitii, Loisel © Glaucous, rigid. Lobes of leaves flat, narrowly linear. Sepals oblong, acute, dentate, narrower than pedicel, one-eighth to one-tenth as long as pink corolla. Bracts as long as erect-spreading fruiting pedicels. Fruit globular, ohtuse — Spring
— Aleppo.
3. F. parviflora. Lam. 0 Glaucous, diffuse. Lobes of leaves narrowly-linear, ohtuf^r^ Sejoals ovate, dentate, acute, a little hroader than the pedicel, one-sixth as long as w7u^e, rarely pinkish corolla. Bracts as long as erect-spreading fruiting pedicels. Fruit globular, apAculate
— Feb. to May — Fields and grassy places ; everywhere.
4. F. asepala, Boiss. 0 Glaucous, rigid, low, compact. Lot^es of leaves flat, oblong-linear, «cw^6. TXaceuies few Jloicered, nearly sessile, overtojjped, and more or less concealed l)y upper leaves. Sepals usually alorti'De, Corolla white. Bracts as long as erect-spreading fruiting pedicels. Fruit globular, apiculate — Feb. to May — Fields ; Phceni- cian coast and Lebanon to Aintab, and northward.
5. F. micraiitha. Lag. 0 Green. Compact, erect or spreading. Lobes of leaves narrowly linear. Sepals round-ovate, half as long as, and broader than rose-colored corolla. Bracts somewhat longer than erect-spreading fruiting pedicels. Fruit globular, somewhat keeled, obtuse — Spring — Fields; common.
6. F. Anatolica, Boiss. 0 Green. Compact, erect or spreading. Lobes of leaves narrowly-linear. Sepals, ovate-acuminate, dentate, half as long as, and a little broader than pink corolla. Bracts larger than recurved fruiting pedicels. Fruit globular, obtuse — Spring — Fields ; Mt. Carmel to Aintab, and northward. Too near F. micrantha.
$ CAPREOIiAT-SJ, Flowers between 0.01 m, and 0.015 long. Fruit nearly smooth. Pedicel recurved.
PAPAVERA(iE^. (POPPY FAMILY.)
7. F. eapreolata, L.0(Fig.ia). Lobes of leaves Hat olttvae. Sepals ovate, acute, dentate, somewltat Jjroader tJian^ and half as long as irhite^ jmvple-tiiJ'ped corolla. Bracts shorter than fruiting pedicel. Fruit somewhat compressed, globular, obtuse — 'Spring — Diffuse, climbing or pendulous on hedges and walls; maritime region and coast ranges; Bauias.
57
Fig. 13
/
of leaves minuie^ oblong-linear, acute. Sepals ovate, repand-dentate, somewhat broader, and one-half to one-third as long as (leej) jdnk corolla. Bracts a little shorter than fruiting pedicel. Fruit ovate-globose, acutish — Spring — Near Ehedin. Too near F. Anatolica.
^ 3, AGRARI^. Flowers between 0.01 m. and 0,015 long. Fruit tubercled
9. F. iiiacrocarpa, Parl,0 Lobes of leaves oblong, rather obtuse. Sepals lanceolate-linear, much narrower, and one-third as long as pale-pink, greenish- tipped corolla. Bracts about as long as erect-spreading fruiting jiedicels. Fruit large, globular, slightly compressed, scarce- ly heeled — Spring — Fields and rocky places ; maritime regions, and coast ranges.
Fiff. 13. («) Flower of Fumaria capreolata, L. (b) One of the sepals somewhat enlarged, (c) Upper petal, (d) Lower petal, (c) One of the lateral petals. (/) Upper set of stamens with its spur, (it) The pistil with 2-horne(l stigma, (A) The nutlet with the bract sub- tending its pedicel.
10. F. Jiiilaiea, © Lobes of leaves oblong, acutish. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, much narrower, and one-fourth as long as pale-pink, purple-tipped corolla. Bracts from half as long to as long as fruiting pedicels. Fruits smaller than the last, compressed, heeled, obtuse — Spring — Hedges, and stony places, maritime plain and coast ranges. Too near F. macrocarpa.
11. F. Oaillardoti, Boiss. 0 Lobes of leaves oblong, obtuse. Sepals oblong, acute, dentate at base, as broad, and half as long as pale, purple-tipped corolla. Bracts longer than erect-spreading, or someiohat recurmd fruiting pedicels. Fruit globular, compressed, keeled, obtuse, mucronulate — Spring — Phoenician plain, and lower regions of coast ranges.
Order VL CRUCIFER^, (Mustard Family).
Ilerhs or sJirtcbs with jncngeni^ watery juice^ usually al- ternate leaves, and cruciform, tetradynamous flmoers ; fruit a silique, silicle, indehiscent 1-celled nutlet, or loment. — Sepals 4, generally caducous. Petals 4, hypogynous, .2:enerally regular, opposite each other in pairs, their spreadino^ limbs
58
CRUCIPER^. (mustard FAMILY.)
forming a cross. Stamens 6, 2 of them shorter, and inserted lower down, (rarely 4 or 2). Ovary consisting of two coalesced carpels, 2-, i*are]y 1-celled ; style and stigma entire, or 2-lobed.
Fig. 14
Fi?, 14. (a) Flower of Mustard, enlarged, (b) The tetradynamous stamens, also enlarged, (c) Siliques of Arabis turrita, L., one of them with the valve gone, showing the seeds suspended from the marginal placenta?, (rf) A seed cut crosswise, much enlarged, showing the accumbent cotyledons, and the wing around the seed, (e) The embryo (/) A flower of Matthiola, (g) Its tetradynamous stamens, enlarged, (h) A raceme of Draba. (?) A silicle of the same, cut across, showing the partition, and seeds suspended from marginal placenta?. (;) One of the seeds cut across, much enlarged, showing the incumbent cotyledons.
Suborder I. SILiIQUOStE. Pods siliques, linear, r^r oblong (except in ^nastatica II, Savignya 94, and Carrichtera 25), dehiscent for their whole length, or all except the apex (except in Andreoskia). Valves parallel to septum, and equalling it in breadth.
Tribe I. ARABIDEJE. Seeds orbicular or oval, in one row (except in Nasturtium 5, Nasturtiopsis 4, and Arabis 6). Cotyledons accumbent (in Nasturtiopsis 4, incumbent). * JVot desert plants.
1. MATTHIOLA. 1^ 0 Woolly herbs. Flowers pinkish-purple, yellow, or livid. Pods
flattened, often 2-homed.
2. CHEIRANTHUS. 71 Canescent, shrubby plants. Flowers large, yellow. Pods 4-angled.
3. NASTURTIUM. 1^ Glabrous or glabrescent herbs. Flowers white. Pods linear, or ob
Ion?, turgid. Seeds in 2 rows, 5. BARBAREA. If!® Glabrous herbs ; stems 4-angled. Flowers yellow. Pods 4-angled.
CliUCIFERiE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 50
6. AARBIS. 2X (D 0 Herbs, usually pubescent; radical leaves spathulate. Flowers white
pink, or yellow. Pods linear, flattened, 1-nerved. Seeds sometimes in 2 rows.
7. CARDAMINE © Glabrous herbs. Flowers white. Pods flattened. Nerves 0.
9. ANDREOSKIA, © Glabrous herbs. Flowers white. Pods linear, keeled, 2-horned.
** Desert plants, or plants of Jordan Valley. 4. NASTURTIOPSIS. © Green herbs. Flowers yellow. Pods short, cylindrical, turgid.
8. MORETTIA, If Prostrate, stellate-tomentose herbs. Flowers whitish pink. Pods
oblong, terete.
10. NOTOCERAS. © Dwarf, appressed-canescent herbs. Flowers minute, white. Pods
oblong, keeled, 2-horned
11. ANASTATICA, © Dwarf stellate-canescent herbs. Flowers minute, white. Pods
ovate-spherical, a<uricled.
Tribe II. SISYMBRIE^. Pods linear. Seeds thickish, mostly oblong, usually in 1 row. Cotyledons incumbent, or obliquely accumbent. * Stigma bilamellate.
12. HESPERIS. If Flowers pinkish-purple, or livid. Robust herbs.
13. MALCOLMIA. © Flowers white, pink, or yellow. Delicate herbs.
14. EREMOBIUM, © Flowers pink. Confined to sands of coast, and deserts.
* * Stis-ma sessile, or with 2 short lobes. f JVeither canescent, nor clothed with branching, oppressed hairs.
15. SISYMBRIUM. © @ Leaves pinnatifid or parted. Flowers yellow, purple, or white.
16. ALLIARIA. (2) Leaves ovate-cordate, or reniform. Flowers white.
17. CONRINGIA. © Leaves oblong, or elliptical, clasping. Flowers yellow.
t I Canescent with appressed, branching hairs.
18. ERYSIMUM. If (D © Flowers yellow, or purple.
Trlbe III. BRASSICE-SE. Pods linear, or oblong (except Savignya 24, and Carrichtera 25). Cotyledons conduplicate.
* Pods linear, or oblong, t Seeds in one row, wingless. Flowers white , or yellow.
19. BRASSICA. © Valves 1-nerved,
20. SINAPIS. © Valves 3-nerved.
t t Seeds in two rows, loingless. Flowers yellow, or pinkish-purple.
21. DIPLOTAXIS. © Valves 1-nerved. Flowers yellow,
22. MORICANDIA, If © Valves 1-nerved. Flowers pinkish-purple,
* * Pods oblong, elliptical, or nearly spherical, beaked.
23. ERUCA. © Pods oblong ; beak ensiform. Flowers pinkish-purple, or yellow.
24. SAVIGNYA. © Pods elliptical, chartaceous ; beak aristate. Flowers pink.
25. CARRICHTERA. '© Pods nearly spherical ; beak chartaceous. Flowers yellowish-
white.
Suborder II. SIljICUI^OSiE, Pods silicles (occasionally oblong, or linear), dehis- cent for their whole length, or nearly to their apex, (or nearly indehiscent,Coluteocarpus 30).
Series A, Valves flattened parallel to septum, or not flattened.
Tribe IV, AJLYSSINE^. Pods ovate, elliptical, lenticular, orbiculate, or oblong. Seeds in 1-2 rows, or sometimes 1 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent.
* Pods 0,01 m.to 0,05 long, elliptical, oblong, or linear, sometimes sinuate
26. RICOTIA,© Pods elliptical, chartaceous, flattened ; seeds 2-8, wingless. Flowers pink.
27. FARSETIA. If Pods elliptical, or linear ; seeds QO, winged. Flowers purplish.
60 CRTJCIFERiE. (MDSTAJID FAMILY.)
28. FIBIGIA, 24 Pods elliptical, 0.02 m. long ; seeds X, winged. Flowers yellow.
29. AUBRIETIA, If Pods elliptical, 0.01 m. long, pubescent. Leaves scattered. Flowers
pinkish-purple,
30. COLUTEOCARPUS, 1(! Pods ovate, 0,02 ni. long, glabrous. Root-leaves resetted.
Flowers white. * * Pods less than 0.01 m. long, lenticular, elUjitical, globular, or orbicular,
31. KO^NIGA. 2^0 Pods orbicular, flattened. Flowers white.
32. ALYSSUM, If © Pods orbicular, or lenticular, flattened. Flowers yellow, or
yellowish-white.
33. DRABA. If Pods lenticular, or elliptical. Petals entire, or notched, yellow, or white.
34. EROPHILA. If Pods ellip.ical. Petals 2-lobed or parted, white.
Tribe V. CAMESilNE.E. Pods oblong-linear, ovate, obovate, or orbicular. Seeds in 2 rows. Cotyledons incumbent,
33. LEPTALEUM, © Pods oblong-linear. Dwarf, 0.05 to 0.10 m. Glabrous plants.
36. CAMELINA, © Pods ovate, obovate, or orbicular. Tall, 0,30 to 0,50 m.
Series B. Valves flattened contrary to partition.
Tribe VI. LEPIDINEiE. Pods ovate, obovate, obcordate, orbicular, or elliptical; valves boat-shaped. Cotyledons incumbent, conduplicate, or convolute.
37. CAPSELLA. ® Pods obcordate, < r ovate, wingless; seeds numerous.
38. LEPIDIUM. If (D © Pods ovate, elliptical, or orbicular, wingless, rarely winged.
Stamens 4 or 2, Flowers minute, white, or yellow.
39. .(ETHIONEMA. 2^ © Pods obcordate or ovate, winged. Flowers pink, purple,
or rarely white.
Tribe VII, THliASPII>E.E. Pods composed of twin, orbicular cells, or oblong, ovate, obovate, obcordate, or obtriangular. Cotyledons accumbent.
40. BISCUTELLA. © Pods composed of twin, orbicular cells.
41. IlELDREICHIA. 2f Pods obovate-truncate, broader than long. Alpine plants.
42. THLASPI. d) © Pods obcordate, or oblong. Flowers racemed, sometimes irregular,
43. IBERIS. (D © Pods ovate, obcordate, or obovate-horned. Flowers in umbels, irregular.
44. TEES D ALIA. © Pods obovate, keeled, winged. Flowers racemed, minute, wljite,
45. CARPOCERAS, (D Pods obtriangular, horned.
Suborder 111. NUCAMENTACEiE. Pods indehiscent, twin, or sinple nutlets,, wingless, or winged.
Tribe VIII. SENEBIERIE^E. Pods twin, 1-celled nutlets. Cotyledons narrow, incumbent.
46. SENEBIERA. (2) © Pods broader than long, rough-tubercled.
Tribe IX. ISATII>E-E. Pods single nutlets, winged or wingless, 1 celled with 1-2 seeds, or 2-4-celled with 1 seed in each cell.
* Pods winged. t Cotyledons accumbent. Pods orbicular, or obovate.
47. PELT ARIA. If Pods large, 0.01 m. Stamens not appendaged. Tall, glabrous herbs.
48. CLYPEOLA, © Pods small, 0.004 m. or less. Low, canescent herbs.
t t Cotyledons incumbent. Pods ovate, oblong, or linear, 49 TSATIS. if © Pods bony or horny, with leathery or papery wings, I t t Cotyledons wrinkled lengthwise. Pods ovate.
CllUCIFERyE. (MUSTAIID FAMILY.) 61
50. BOREAVA. 0 Pods 4-winged. Plants with habit of Bunias.
* * Pods wingless {except Bimias'), f Cotyledons incumbent, flat, or transversely wrinkled.
51. NESLIA. 0 Pods small, 0.02 m., oblate-spheroidal 5 style awl-shaped.
f t Cotyledons wrinkled lengthwise.
52. TEXIERA, 0 Pods spherical, smooth, pendent by delicate peduncles.
53 CALEPINA. 0 Pods ovate-spherical, rough ; style apiculate.
54 SCHIMPERA. 0 Pods obliquely ovate, with oblique beak. Desert herbs.
t t t Cotyledons accumbent,
55. MVAGRUM. 0 Pods violin-shaped ; style awl-like ; cells 3, the central fertile.
56. EUCLIDIUM. 0 Pods small, 2-celled, appressed to stem. Low, rigid herbs.
57. OCHTIIODIUM. 0 Pods small, 2-celled, peduncled, with 4 rough-tubercled angles.
t t t t Cotyledons curved, or convolute.
58. BUNIAS. 0 Pods 4-angled, winged, keeled, 4-2 celled, cells in pairs,
1 1 t t t Cotyledons eondtiplicate.
59. ZILLA. 5 Pods ovate-pyramidal, 2-celled. Thorny desert shrubs.
Suborder IV. IiOMENTACKtE. Loments transversely 2-jointed ; lower joint indehiscent, seedless ; or dehiscent, 2-ceIled, 2 - go, seeded ; or more or less obsolete : upper joint indehiscent, 1-celied 1 - co-seeded, or 2- cx-celled, cells in 1-2 rows, 1-seeded.
Tribe X, CAKIIiINK.E. Lower joint of loment conspicuous, indehiscent, seedless ; or dehiscent, seedless or seeded. Upper joint 1-celled, 1-6-seeded, or with 1-4 cells, in one row.
* Loioer joint of pod indehiscent.
60. CRAM BE, 1i Lower joint pedicilliform, seedless ; upper globular, obsoletely ribbed.
61. RAPISTRUM. 0 Lower joint obovate, seedless ; upper ovate, ribbed.
62. DIDESMUS. (2) 0 Lower joint oblong, seedless ; upper ovate-pyramidal, ribbed.
63. CAKILE. 0 Lower joint barbed at base ; upper ensiform, 1-seeded.
64. EN ARTHROCARPUS. 0 Loment elongated ; each of its joints 2-6-seeded.
* * Lower joint of pod dehiscent, ^-valved, in ours 2-4 seeded,
65. ERUCARIA. 0 Lower joint cylindrical, 2-4 seeded, upper globular, or oblong, 1-4
celled.
Tribe XL RAPHANEiE. Loments, with obsolescent or obsolete lower joint: upper joint 1-celled, GO-seeded ; or with numerous, 1-seeded cells in 1-2 rows, cells at length separating.
* Cells of upper joint 1-Cr> in l-row, or 2-6 in two rows.
66. RAPHANUS. 0 Lower joint rudimentary. Seeds globular.
67. ANCHONIUM. IX Lower joint obsolescent. Seeds oblong, broad.
* * Lower joint obsolete. Cells of upper joint go, in 2 rows.
68. CHORISPORA. 0 Sterile cells usually alternating with fertile. Style long,
69. STERIGMA. © All the cells fertile. Style short,
1. MATTIHOLA, II. Br. Stock. MentMr.
Calyx erect, saccate at base. Petals clawed. Pods with thick septum ; lobos of stigma erect, connivent, decurrcnt along style, often horned — Woolly or canescent herbs, with stellate, or branching hairs, and purplish, yellowish, or livid flowers.
62 CRUCIFEK^. (MUSTATID FAMILY.)
* Perennials. Horns of stigma 0, or very shorty 0.002 m, long. Petals purplish, livid, or dingy -yellow.
1. M. albicauli§, Boiss. 11 Stellate-velvety. Stem 1 m, to 1.20, sulcate, angled. Leaves oblong, entire, acute, 0.10 to 0.15 m. long. Petals dingy-purple. Vo^& glabrous, 0.12 m. long, and 0.006 broad ; stigma narrow. Seeds with broad wing — April to May — Moab?, and eastward to Persia.
2. M. crassifolia, Boiss. et Gaill. 2^ Densely woolly with hrancliing hairs ; base bushy. Leaves oUong, entire, or olsoletely sinuate, obtuse. Fetals jmr^jlish. Pods 0.10 m, long, and 0.004 broad, woolly ; stigma a little narrower than ripe pod — April to June — Rocks ; Phoenician coast, and probably southward.
Var. pinnatiflda, Post. Lower leaves more or less pinnatifid — Beirut.
3. M. Damascciia, Boiss. 21 Densely woolly with branching hairs ; stems simple or branched at base. Leaves ovate-oblong, sinuate, or coarsely 2-3-toothed-lobed. Petals dingy-yellow. Pod 0.15 m. long, 0.003 broad, woolly ; stigma much narrower than ripe pod — April to June — Antilebanon. Damascus.
4. M, tri§ti§, L. If Appressed-canescent, much branched, shrubby at base. Leaves linear, entire, or 1-2-dentate-lobed on each side. Flowers sessile ; petals livid, or 'purplish. Fods slender, 0.07 to 0.08 m. long, spreading ; stigma with lateral tubercles, or horizontal, acute horns, 0.002 m. long — Early Summer — Pits at quarries ; Beirut ^Blanche).
5. M. Arabica, Boiss. If Woolly- canescent, 0.75 m. to 1 m. high, many stemmed, rigid, branching from base. All the leaves lanceo- late-linear, entire. Flowers sessile ; petals livid. Pods spreading, pubescent, 0.05 m. long, incurved-twisted ; stigma ovate, somewhat broader than pod — Spring — Ut Tih, and eastern desert.
* * Annuals. Stigma ^-horned. Pods terete. t Lamina of petals obovate or oblong, pmrpjle or pinlc.
6. ]?I. liumilis, DC. © Ashy -velvety, 0.10 m. Leaves linear, or lanceolate, dentate, or pinnatifid. Flowers sessile. Pods 0.03 m. to. 0.05 long,0. 0015 broad; stigma short, conical, or bigibbous ; horns 0.001 m. to 0.002 long, horizontal — Spring — Gaza, and southward to Egypt.
7. ]fl. tricuspidata, L. © Canescent, low, 0.15 m. to 0.20, diffusely branching from base. Leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, with rounded lobes. Pods 0.06m. long, 0.002 broad, spreading, woolly; stigma conical, with divergent or horizontal, awl-shaped horns, equal- ling or exceeding it in length — March and April — Sands along coast ; commori.
Fig. 15
Pod of M. tricuspidata.
CRUCIFERiE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 63
§. M, bicornis, Sibth. et Sm. 0O.4Ora. Ashy-jntherulent, bran- ching. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the upper Unea7\ entire. Pods 0.06 m. long, 0.001 broad ; stigma Dcry short, obtuse, with hori- zontal or incurved horns, 4 or 5 times as long as diameter of pod — April and May — Fields ; Aintab and northward.
9. in. aspera, Boiss. © Rough with branching hairs, greenish. Stem low. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, obsoletely rep)and. Pods rigid, spreading; stigma conical, more or less elongated, with erect or divergent, awl-shaped horns, twice as long as diameter of pod — Spring
— Desert of Judaea.
tt Laniiifm of petals linear-lanceolate.^ livid, tmvy-margined.
10. M. oxyceras, DC. 0 Qurainah. Canescent, glandular. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sinuate, &r pinnatifid. Pods 0.07 m. long, 0.001 broad, terete, torulose ; horns of prominent stigma acute, awl- shaped, 4-6 times as long as diameter of pod, horizontal or deflexed — March to May — Waste places ; Palmyra to Coelesyria, Moab, southern Palestine, and southward.
Var. lunata, Boiss. Stigma short, obtuse ; horns horizontal, or incurved — Lower Jordan valley.
Var. forcipifera, Boiss. Stigma short ; horns short, broad at base, incurved, with introflexed tips, often contiguous — Aleppo.
- Var. brevicornis, Post. Jerla'-. Pods often contorted. Stigma more or less prominent ; horns horizontal or deflexed, once or tioice as long as diameter of pod — Same range as type. (if. livida Del,)
2. CHEIRAMTHUS, D.C. Hand-Flower.
Calyx erect, saccate at base. Petals clawed, yellow. Pods 4-angled, flattened ; valves 1-nerved ; lobes of stigma divergent — Perennials, shrubby at base, canescent with bipartite hairs.
C. Clieiri, L. 11 Wall-flower. Leaves lanceolate-linear, entire, or somewhat dentate. Flowers 0.02 m. long, deep-yellow, fragrant
— Spring — Antioch.
3. I^ASTURTIUM, R. Br. Water-Cress. Jerjdr,
Sepals equal, spreading. Petals entire, clawed. Pods generally turgid, more or less flattened, valves nerveless, or obsoletely 1-nerved; stigma nearly simple. Seeds in 2 rows, minute — Glabrous, or spar- ingly hairy, perennial herbs.
* Flowers white. Glands 4, p)lacental.
1. N. officinale, L. 2J! Common Water-Cress. i^esM^Z. Qiirrah. Leaves pinnate, 3-7 pairs ; leaflets repand-elliptical, terminal round- ovate, cordate at base. Pods oUong-Unear, 0.015 to 0.02 m. long, and 0.002 m. broad, longer than nearly horizontal pedicels, often incurved; seeds pitted — March to July — Wet places ; common.
* * Floicers yelloio. Placental glands 4, valvular 2.
2. N. sylvestre, L. 71 Leaves pinnatisect or pinnatifid, with Uong, or lanceolate, entire, dentate, or pinnatifid segments ; upper
<^
64 CRUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
leaves ofte?i linear. Pods linear^ 0.01 m. long, and 0.001 m. broad, as long as horizontal pedicels ; seeds somewhat rough — April to June — Streams and wet meadows ; subalpine Lebanon.
3. N. coronopifoliiim, DC. If Stem nearly naked, ascend- ing. LeSiYes jnnnatijid-dentate, (resembling those of Plantago Corono- pus) pubescent. Pods linear, incurved, as long as pedicel — Spring — Southern end of Dead Sea.
4. IV. inacrocarpiiiii, Boiss. 2^ Radical leaves long-petioled, oblong, entire, toothed, or lyrate-pinnatifid ; stem-leaves auricled, divided into long^ narrow, linear, entire lobes. Fruiting raceme zigzag. Pods linear, 0.05 m. long, 0.001 broad, four or Jive times as long as the erect-spreading 'pedicel, tapering at point — April to June — Lebanon and Antilebanon ; rare.
4. IVASTURTIOPSIS, Boiss.
Calyx equal at base. Petals clawed, entire. Placental glands 2, elongated; valvular, semiannular. Stigma simple. Pods oblong, tur- gid ; seeds in 1 or 2 rows ; cotyledons incumbent — Annuals with yellow flowers, resembling Nasturtium.
»f. Aratoica, Boiss. © Sparingly pubescent, ^^g. 16
green. Leaves oblong, dentate, or pectin ate-pinnati- fid. Pods 0.012 m. long, 0.0015 broad, incurved, as long as slender pedicels — March — Ut-Tih and
southward . Pod of N. Arabica.
5. BARlSASiEA, R; Br. Winter-Cress. Yellow-Rocket.
Calyx equal at base. Petals clawed, entire. Pod oblong, or linear; valves keeled, or ribbed ; stigma somewhat retuse. Seeds elliptical — Biennial, or perennial, glabrous herbs, with yellow flowers.
1. B. plaiitaginea, DC. @ % Lower leaves ovate-oblong, petiolate, or sublvrate, lateral loles usually minute, tooth-li^e ; upi^er leaves sJiort auricled at Use, oblong, dentate. Flowering racemes dense. Pods 0.03 m. or more long, erect-spreading, curved, with a rather long, slender style — May to July — Mountains ; Besherri ? ; north of Amtab, , and northward.
2. B. minor, Koch. 21 Rhizome horizontal. Root- Fig. 17 leaves long-petioled, small, ovate-oblong, entire, or obsolete- ly repand, or sublyrate ; stem-leaves long-auricledatbase^ incised-p>innatijid, or lyrate,t'he uppermost undivided, incised- dentate. Pods 0.02 m. long, 0.002 broad, horizontal ; style apiculate — l^Jay and June ~ Wet places ; subalpine regions of Lebanon, Antilebanon, and northward.
6. ARABIS, L. Rock-Cress.
Calyx erect, base equal, or bisaccate. Petals clawed. Stio-ma undivided, or retuse. Pod sessile, elongated, linear; valves flattened, or convex, 1-nerved. Seeds in one row, rarely in 2 — Herbs with white, pinkish-purple, rarely yellow flowers, and undivided leaves.
CRUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 65
* Seeds wingless^ or nearly so, t Annuals^ with Iranching hairs,
1. A. vcriia, L. 0 Stem 0.20 m., simple, or sparingly branched. Root-leaves odovate ; stem-leaves round-ovate, with clasping base, _ all serrate. Raceme with few, purplish flowers, 0.005 m. long ; pedicel shorter than calyx. Pods 0.04 m. long, nearly erect — Spring —Sandy places, and fields ; Hebron to Lebanon, Antilebanon, Nusairy Moun- tains, and northward.
2. A. Montbretiana, Boiss. 0 Stem 0.15 m. to 0.20, nearly simple. Root-leaves oUong ; stem-leaves ovate-oblong^ with _ sagittate, clasping base ; all more or less dentate. Raceme with few, white flowers, 0.003 m. long ; pedicel a little shorter than calyx. Pods 0.04 m. long, spreading — Spring — Lebanon, Antilebanon, Nusairy Mountains, and northward.
3. A. auriciilata, Lam. 0 Stem somewhat branched, 0.30 m. Root-leaves oblong ; stem-leaves ovate-oblong, with sagittate, clasping base; all denticulate. Raceme with somewhat numerous, minute^ white flowers. Pedicel longer than calyx. Fruiting raceme zigzag. Pods 0.05 m. long, less than 0.001 broad, spreading — Spring — Gilead, Hauran, Antilebanon, Lebanon, and northward,
4. A. Auclieri, Boiss, 0 Villous. Stem nearly simple, 0.35 m. Root-leaves ovate ; stem-leaves oilong, and oUong-ovate, not clasping at base; all denticulate. Racemes with few, ^c7w^6 flowers, 0.005 m. long. Pods 0.03 m. to 0.04 long, 0,001 broad, erect — Spring — Sandy fields; Damascus to Aintab, and northward.
t t Bimnials, glaucous, or hirsute.
5. A. perfoliata, Lam. © Glaucous. Stem 0.60 m. to 1 m. Root-leaves runcinate-dentate, hirsute with branching hairs ; stem- leaves oblong-lanceolate, cordate-sagittate at base, denticulate, or entire. Petals pale cream-colored. Pods stiff, 6-8 times as long as pedi- cel ; seeds in 2 rows — Spring — Qodmus in Nusairy Mountains, and northward.
6. A. laxa, Sibth. and Sm. @ Glaucous. Stem 0.60 m. to 0.80. Root-leaves lyrate, obtuse, hirsute with branching hairs ; stem-leaves oblong, acute, cordate-auriculate, entire. Vetvil^ white. Pods 0.12 m. long, 0.0015 broad, along one side of stem, spreading — April to July
— Shady places ; middle region of Mt. Cassius.
Var. cremocarpa, Boiss. Pods <^e^&?;6^, 0.10 m. to 0.13 long
— Bikfaya, Hammana, and mountain above Batroun.
7. A. sagittata, Bertol. (D Hirsute. Stem, simple, 0.60 m. Root-leaves oblong, petioled, dentate; stem-leaves ereci, oblong, obscure- ly dentate, with spreading auricles. Pods erect, torulose,_0.05 m. long, 0.001 broad — May and June — Middle region of Lebanon, and northward.
tit Perennials,
§. A. albida, Stev. If Canescent, or woolly. Stem 0.20, simple, or slightly branched. Root-leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse ; stem-leaves
66 CRUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
ovate, clasping, sparingly toothed. Petals white, showy, 0.015 long. Pods 0.04 long, 0.0014 broad, toi-ulose, erect, or somewhat spreading — April to September — Rocks ; alpine and subalpine Lebanon, and Antilebanon, and northward.
Var. umbrosa, Boiss. G-reen, slender^ zigzag. Stem-leaves oblong^ or oblong-lanceolate — Shady places.
Var. tliyrsoidea, Boiss. Green, low, 0.05 to 0.10. Leaves small, obovate, few-toothed. Racemes dense. Pods 0.025 long — Dhohr- el-Qodhib.
Var. brevifolia, Boiss. Felty-canescent. Stems tufted, brittle. Leaves small, few-toothed — Exposed places.
Var. Billardieri, Boiss. WooUy-canescent. Stems more loose- ly tufted than in last. Leaves smaller, entire, or 1-2-toothed at base. Pods 0.02 to 0.05 long — Shady places.
* * Seeds broadly winged. Biennials.
9. A. turrita, L. (D Puberulent, with branching hairs. Stem 0.50 erect, nearly simple. Root-leaves 0.10 m. long, elliptical, tapering into a petiole ; stem-leaves oblong, obtusely cordate-clasping ; all denticulate. Pods (Fig. 14, c.) 0.12 long, 0.002 broad, recurved, on erect, very short pedicels — May to August — Woods ; Amanus.
7. CARDAMIBfE, L. Bitter-Cress.
Calyx equal at base, upright, or spreading. Petals clawed. Pods linear, flattened ; nerves 0. Stigma simple — Annual, or perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves, and white flowers.
1. C hirsiita, L. 0 Small Bitter Cress. Leaflets 2-4 pairs. Flowers 0.003 long, much overtopped by young jjods. Pods 0 02 long, 0.001 broad, erect — February to May — Fields and shady places ; common.
2. C. ulig^iiiosa, MB. 2^ Leaflets 2-7 pairs. Flowers 0.006 long, overtopping the young 2iods. Pods 0.03 long, 0.001 broad, some- what spreading — May to August — Wet places ; Lebanon, and northward.
8. MORETTIA, DC.
Calyx erect, equal at base. Petals oblong linear, entire, pink. Pods short, terete ; stigma thickened at base, bifid. Valves with small partitions on their inner surface — Perennial, branching, prostrate, or ascending, stellate-canescent, desert herbs.
]fl, caiiescens, Boiss. % Rahhmi. Leaves short-petioled, ovate-oblong, entire, or obsoletely toothed, 0.01 to 0.015 long, Pods 0.01 long, nearly erect — February to May — East of Gilead to El- 'Arabah, and Et-Tih, and southward.
9. ANDRE08KIA, Reichenb.
Calyx erect, nearly equal at base. Petals small, oblong, white. Pods linear, indehiscent, flattened, valves ending in divergent horns,
I
CRUCIPBR^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 67
half, or more than half as long as style — Annual herbs, with habit of Carclamine.
A. Cardamine, R'c'h'b. © Glabrous, 0.6. Base of petiole with large^ semi-orlicular auricle ; leaflets 4-5 pairs, ovate-oblong, ob- tusely crenate. Pods 0.02 long, 0.003 broad — Spring — Moist places, Tripoli and northward.
10. NOTOCERAS, R. Br.
Calyx somewhat spreading, equal at base. Petals minute, white. Pods short, somewhat dehiscent ; valves keeled, honeycombed on their inner face, ending in a divergent mucro, longer than style ; stigma capitate — Dwarf, desert annuals, canescent with bipartite hairs.
;N, Canarieiise, R.Br. © 0.05 to 0.10, ascending. Leaves oblong-linear, tapering at base, 0.02 long. Pods 0.01 long, 0.0015 broad ; mucro 0.001 long — March and April — Mar Saba, Jericho, and eastward, and southward.
11. AN ASTATIC A, L. Rose op Jericho.
Calyx erect, equal at base. Petals minute, white. Pod ovate- globose, inflated, 2-celled, dehiscent. Valves with a transverse auricle at apex, divided within by a transverse partition into two compart- ments ; seeds solitary in each compartment, pendulous. Style awl- shaped ; stigma indistinct — Dwarf, dichotomous, prostrate annuals. Fruiting plant indurated, woody, with branches incurved, forming a globe,- which expands again when immersed in water. Fruit persis- tent.
4. Hierocliuiitiiia, L. © Stellate-canescent. Leaves obovate, repand, tapering, into a short petiole — February to May — Around Dead Sea, along borders of Et-Tih, and southward.
12. HESPERI!^, L. Rocket.
Calyx erect, bisaccate at base. Petals clawed. Pods elongated, terete, usually tardily dehiscent, sometimes breaking into irregular joints. Septum with narrow, transverse areolae — Perennial, or bien- nial herbs, with purple, violet, or livid flowers.
* Flowers ijui'ple, or molet. Biennials or perennials.
1. H. K.ot§cliyana, Fenzl. If 0.30 to 0.40. Canescent with loose branching hairs. Stems nearly simple. Root-leaves oblong-lan- ceolate, coarsely dentate ; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, denticulate. Petals pale violet. Pods rigid, glairous, 0.05 to 0.06 long, 0.001 broad — May to July — Subalpine regions of Lebanon, and Cassius, and northward,
2. H. matronal is, L. (2) 0.80 to 1. More or less pubescent with coarse, branching hairs. Stems paniculate. Leaves ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, dentate. Petals light purple. Pods erect-spreading, rough, fiexuous, 0.10 long, 0.0015 broad — June and July.
G8 CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.)
Var. runcinata, Boiss. Glandular, with intermixture of spread- ing hairs. Loicer leaves often lyrate — Nusairy Mountains. Subalpine regions of Amauus, and northward.
* * Petals livid. Perennials.
3. H. pnlmoiiarioides, Boiss. 2^ 0.30, simple or branching at base, minutely glandular-woolly, with intermixture of scattered bristles. Root-leaves oblong-spathulate ; stem-leaves tapering to a margined petiole, or sessile, more or less clasping, triangular-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, more or less acute ; all entire or obsoletely denti- culate. Pedicels longer than calyx, recurved in fruit. Pods glahrous, ^-angled^ as broad as thickened pedicel, 0.10 to 0.13 long — April and May — Bludan to Aleppo, Aintab, and eastward.
4. H. secuncliilora, Boiss. et Sprun. 2^ More or less hispid with spreading bristles. Lower leaves wavy-pinnatifid ; stem-leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, dentate at base. Racemes somewhat one- sided. Pedicels shorter than calyx. Pods spreading, glabrous, or rough, flattened, very long, subtorulose — Early Spring — Said by Paine to have been found in Gilead and Moab ; not found by others ; perhaps the following.
5. H. pendula, DC. 11 Minutely glandular-woolly, with in- termixture of scattered bristles. Root-leaves runcinate-lyrate ; stem- leaves sessile, triangular-lanceolate, acutely dentate. Racemes loose. Pedicels shorter than calyx. Pods 0.06 to 0.08 long, 0.003 broad, i^re^ hirsute with hranching hairs, sub-torulose, j^^ndulous — April to June — Rocky places and woods ; Gilead and Moab, Lebanon above 1,500 m., Antilebanon, plain of Damascus, and northward.
13. MALCOLMIA, R. Br.
Calyx erect, equal, or bisaccate at base. Petals clawed. Pods elon- gated, terete, often tardily dehiscent, tapering into a capitate or conical stigma, formed by two connivent lamellae — Annual herbs, with pink, white, or yellow flowers.
* Calyx hisaccate. Pod soon dehiscent. Style apiculate. Stigma capitate.
1. M. conftisa, Boiss. 0 0.10 to O.Olo, ashy stellate-puberulent. Leaves small, oblong or oblong-linear, or somewhat repand. Petals 0.003 long, pale. Pods 0.03 long, 0.001 broad, torulose, piibernlent ; stigma truncate, bilobed — March and April — Sands along Phoenicean coast
2. M. pulcliella, DC. 0.05 to 0.10, many-stemmed, diffuse, ascending, glabrous, or sparingly appressed-pubescent below. Leaves obovate to oblong, entire, repand, or more or less sinuate-pinnatifid. Petals 0.01 long, pale-pink. Pods 0.03 to 0.04 long, 0.001 broad, glabrous ; stigma truncate, or bilobed — January to April — Sandy places ; borders of Et-Tih, and northward along coast.
Var. pygmaBa, Post. More or less stellate-canescent below. Leaves small, sinuate-toothed or pinnatifld. Flowers smaller, pale — Borders of Et-Tih, and southward. (31. pygmma, Bel.)
CRUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 69
* * Galyx nearly equal at hase. Pods tardily dehiscent^ gradually tapering into an acute or ohtme stigma,
3. M. Africana, L. 0 0. 30, pubescent, with scattered, single and forked hairs. Leaves oblong, dentate^ or repand-toothed. Flowers 0.005 long, white. Pods 4i-a7igled, spreading, scabrous, 0.06 long, 0.0015 broad — Spring — Sandy places ; Et-Tih, Dead Sea, and Moab, to Damascus, Aleppo, and northward, and eastward.
4. M. torulo§a, Desf. 0 0.25, sparingly pubescent, or hispid, with branching hairs, and bristles. Leaves oblong, acutely dentate or pectinate-pinnatijid. Flowers 0.003 long, white. Pods terete^ hirsute, torulose, 0.03 to 0.04 long, 0.001 broad — March to May — Fields and waste places, throughout, and southward through the Tih, to Egypt. Var. contortuplieata, Boiss., with twisted and coiled pods, occurs with type.
Var. leiocarpa, Boiss. Pods glabrous. Leaves generally scarcely dentate — Palmyra, Haur^n, and Gaza.
5. M, Auranitica, Post. 0 0.10, sparingly glandular-puleru- lent, except lower surface of rachis of leaves, which is villous with Iranching hairs. Leaves linear-lanceolate, runcinate. Raceme few- liowered ; flowers 0.012 long, pinlc ; sepals green, nery sparingly papil- lose^ scarious-margined, obtuse ; lamina of petals obovate-oblong, as long as calyx. Pedicel half as long as calyx. Young pods very spa- ringly papillose-hairy — May — In wheat field, east of Sowarat-es- Saghiri, Hauran. Root-leaves 0.04 long, 0.008 Iroad^ rosetted,
6. M, Zachlen§i$, Post.0 0.10 to 0.15. Sparingly pubescent or hispid. Stems single, erect. Leaves oblong-linear, pectinate-pinnatijid. Raceme few-flowered ; flowers 0.01 long, piiik ; sepals hispid with branching wavy hairs, acutish, scarious-margined ; lamina of petals obovate-oblong. Pedicels half as long as calyx. Pods .... — April and May — Zahleh. Root-leaves 0.03 to 0.06 long^ 0.005 hroad, rosetted.
* * * Calyx Usaccate. Pods tardily dehiscent, gradually tapering into
a style. Septum areolate, rarely fungous,
t Flowers pinJc.
7. M. €hia, Lam. 00.10 to 0.20, canescent, with appressed bi- partite hairs, branching. Leaves entire, olovate to oblong, tapering to a petiole. Flowers 0.008 long. Pods 0.05 to 0.06 long, 0.001 broad, nearly erect, puberulent ; style conical — April to June — Rocky places ; Hebron to Phoenicean coast, Lebanon, Antilebanon, Damascus, and northward.
8. M. crenulata, DC. 0 0.10 to 0.20, green, scabrous, or glabrescent ; stems numerous, simple. Leaves crenulate-repa7id, lower oblong, tapering to a petiole, upper sessile, clasping, oblong-lanceolate, long-auricled. Flowers 0.015 long. Pods 0.08 to 0.13 long, 0.0035 broad, spreading, glabrous or sparingly papillose-hairy ; style bifid — January to May — Deserted fields ; southern Palestine and Moab to Aintab.
10
70
CRUCIFERiE. (mustard FAMILY.)
1 1 Flowers yellow.
9. ]fl. coiirmgioide§, Boiss. 0 0.05 to 0.10, green, scabrous- papillose ; stems simple. Root-leaves obovate-oblong, tapering at base, repand^ ai' entire ; stem-leaves short aurided, acutely denticulate. Flowers 0.013 long. Pods 0.06 to 0.09 long, 0.0015 broad, horizontal, glab- rous ; style terete, slightly bifid — April to June — Fields and rocks ; Damascus, Antilebanon to 1,500, and Zahleh, to southern Palestine.
14. EREIVIOBIIJM, Boiss.
Calyx erect, long persistent, bisaccate. Petals linear-spathulate, entire, jDinkish. Pods linear, torulose. Seeds nearly orbicular, mar- gined. Cot5-ledons obliquely accumbent — Annual herbs, canescent with stellate hairs, or glabrescent.
1. E. liiieare, Del. 0 Prostrate, or ascending, branching, compact., 0.10 to 0.30. Leaves sessile, oblong, or oblong-linear, entire. Racemes dense., many-flowered; flowers 0.005 long, overtopped by young pods (as in Cardamine hirsuta) ; pedicels half as long as calyx, or less. Fiuiting TSiceme com2Mct. Pods 0.015 long, 6.001 broad, stellate- canescent, 6-18-seeded — February to May — Sandy places ; in the Tih and southward.
Fig. 18
Fig. 18. (a) Fruiting raceme of E. lineare, Del. (b) Fruiting raceme of E. Fieldii, Post. (e) Pod of E, Fieldii.
2. E. Fieldii, Post. 0 Prostrate, branching, straggling ; stems 0.10 to 0.20 long. Leaves sessile, oblong-linear, linear, or cylindrical, fleshy. Racemes loose, few-flowered ; flowers 0.01 long, not overtopped by i)ods ; pedicels nearly as long as calyx. Fruiting raceme elongated, loose. Pods 0.015 to 0.025 long, 0.002 broad, puberulent or glabrescent, 4-8-seeded ; seeds ticice as broad, as in last — February to April — Sandy places ; Et-Tih, and southward.
ClltTCIFERJ5. (^rUSTARD FAMILY.) 71
15. SISYMBRIUM, All. Ped. PIedge-Mcstard.
Calyx erect, or spreading, generally equal at base. Petals clawed. Pod& flattened or terete, 4-6-sided ; stigma capitate, or obsoletely bi- lobed — Annual or biennial herbs with yellow, white, or pink flowers.
* Floicers 0.002 lo7ig, cream-colored, or lohite. Pods flattened., 1-nerved,
1. S. piimilum, Steph. 0 0.02 to 0 30, scabrous with short, branching hairs. Root-leaves obovate-oblong, sinuate-dentate, or pin- natifid ; stem-leaves oblong, sagittate, entire. Flowers cream-colored. Pods 0.015 to 0.03 long, 0.001 broad, spreading, sJiort-pedicelled, incur- ved, puberident, longitudinally veined — Spring — Aleppo, Damascus, and walls of Jerusalem, to Arabia Petrsea, and eastward.
2. S. Tlialiaiiiim, L. 0 Mouse-ear Cress. 0.30, sparingly pilose, with simple, or branching hairs. Root-leaves rosetted, oblong, tapering to a petiole ; stem-leaves linear-oblong, sessile ; all remotely denticulate. Flowers white. Pods 0.015 to 0.02 long, 0.001 broad, spreading, lo?ig pedicelled (0.012), straight, or incurved, glabrous — Spring — Bikfaya, Lebanon ; Husn Suleiman, Nusairy Mountains.
3. S. nudum, Belang. 0 0.05 to 0.12. Leaves all radical, minute, oblong, entire, or somewhat dentate. Flowers cream-colored. Pods 0.02 to 0.03 long, O.OOl broad, short jiedicelled, erect — Spring.
Var, toraeliycarpum, Boiss. Pods 0.015 to 0.02 long. Valves longitudinally veined — Lebanon.
* * Flowers 0.003 long, jjinh. Pods cylindrical, 1-nerved.
4. S. Scliimperi, Boiss. © 0.08, ashy-puberulent. Leaves bipinnatisect, with small oblong, obtuse lobes. Raceme few-flowered. Pods 0.04 long, 0.001 broad, short-pedicelled, spreading, somewhat re- curved, stellate-jmderulent — Spring — Moab {Tristram), Sinai, and eastward.
* * * Moicers 0.003 long, yellow. Pods cylindrical, 1-nerved.
5. S. Sophia, L. 0 0.40 to 1, ashy-puberulent or glabrous. Stem branching. Leaves M-t/ri-pinnatisect, into minute oNong-linear, acute lohes. Racemes many-flowered. Pods 0.02 to 0.04 long, 0.001 broad, erect-spreading, glabrous ; pedicels 0.01 long — April to June — Roadsides and waste places ; common throughout.
* * * * Flowers from 0.002 toO.OH long, yellow. Pods terete, d-nerved.
t Fruitiiig pedicel very short, as thick as p>od. Septum thick.
6. S. Columnse, Jacq. (|) 0.30. to 0.50, more or less loosely hirsute. Leaves runcinate-pinnatipartite ; lobes of lower leaves o^^aie- dblong, dentate, with an ascending auricle at dase ; lohes of upper leaves linear or lanceolate, terminal hastate. Flowers 0.006 long ; calyx erect. Pods 0.09 long, 0.0015 broad, horizontal, sparingly hirsute or glabres- cent —- May to July — Fields and roadsides ; Lebanon, Antilebanon, and Grilead to Damascus, Hums, Aintab, and northward.
T. S, Pannonicum, Jacq. 0.30 to 0.50, more or less loosely hirsute below. Lower leaves runcinate-pinnatipartite ; lobes ollong-
72 CRUCIPER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
linear', dentate, with an ascending auricle at hase ; upper leaves 'pinnate^ with linear leaflets. Flowers nearly 0.01 long ; calyx spreading. Pods 0.09 long, 0.0015 broad, spreading, glabrous — May and June — Tripoli, Buqa', and Damascus, to Aleppo, and northward, and east- ward.
Var. rigidulum, Boiss. SallhJi. 0.l5 to 0.20. Lobes of upper
jeaves short — Sinai, and perhaps Et-Tih.
8. S. ery§iinoide§, Desf. 0 Thuwwdt. 0.15 to 0.30, nearly glabrous. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, lobes oNong, dentate, not auri- ded at dase Flowers 0.002 long ; calyx somewhat spreading. Pods 0.02 to 0.035 long, 0.001 broad, horizontal, glabrous — Spring — Jericho, Ghor es Safieh, and southward.
1 1 Fruiting pedicels somewhat lengthened, slender. Septum thin.
9. S. Irio, L. (D 0.60, glabrous. Leaves runcinate-pinnatisect ; lobes oblong-lanceolate, toothed, not auricled. Flowers 0.003 long. Pods 0.05 long, 0.001 broad, erect-spreading, four to Jive times as long as pedicels — March to June — Road sides and waste places ; every- where.
10. S. Damasceiium, Boiss. et Gaill. d) 0.40 to 0.60, hirsute, with spreading and retrose hairs. Lower leaves lyrate-runcinate ; lobes somewhat dentate, the lower minutely auricled at loicer edge. Flowers 0.005 long. Pods 0(05 to 0.06 long, erect spreading, six to eight times as long as pedicel — May and June — Subalpine Lebanon; Wadi el Qarn, . Antilebanon ; Damascus.
11. S. L«aeselii, L. d) 0.40, hirsute with spreading and retrorse hairs, or glabrescent. Leaves runcinate ; lobes oblong-lanceolate or linear, acutely cut or dentate, not auricled. Flowers 0.014 long, showy. Pods somewhat curved, nearly erect, thrice as long as slender pedicel ; stigma Uhbed — May and June — Aintab and northward, and east- ward.
***** Flowers 0.003 long, yellow. Pods awl-shaped. Septum thin.
12. S. officinale, L. © 0.40, retrorsely hairy, or glabrescent. Leaves runcinate ; lobes 2-6 pairs, those of lower leaves ovate-oblong, the terminal truncate, those of upper linear lanceolate. Pods 0.015 long, 0.0015 broad at base, appressed to stem — Spring — Waste places ; everywhere.
****** Flowers 0.002 long, cream-colored, bracteate. Pods terete.
Septum spongy,
13. S. ruiicinatum, Lag. 0 0.30, nearly glabrous. Leaves acutely runcinate dentate. Flowers solitary. Pods hardly 0.02 long, 0.0014 broad, somewhat incurved — April to June — Et-Tih to Haui'an, Damascus, Aleppo, and northward.
Var. Tillosuni, Boiss. Pubescent throughout — Jebel Qaisun, Damascus.
CRUCIFERiE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 73
16. ALiLiIARIA, Adans. Garlic-Mustard.
Calyx erect. Petals clawed, white. Pods terete, with 3-nerved valves ; septum pellucid ; seeds striate — Biennial herbs, with cordate- ovate leaves, formerly attributed to Sisymbrium, from which they differ in habit.
A, officinale, DC. © 1, somewhat villous at base, glabrous above. Lower leaves reniforni^ repand-crenate, upper cordate-ovate, acutely dentate. Pods .05 long, .002 broad, with short, thickened pedicel — April to June — Shady places ; Mount Cassius, and north- ward.
17. CONRIIVCJIA, R'c'h'b.
Calyx erect, bisaccate. Petals clawed. Pods linear, flattened, or acutely 4-angled ; valves 1 -nerved — Annual, glaucous herbs, with oblong, or elliptical, entire, auricled, clasping stem-leaves, and ra- cemed yellow flowers,
1, C. Orientali§, L. © .6. Leaves oblong, wavy-margined. Pods .12 long, .002 broad, spreading, 4-angled ; valves somewhat keeled ; style tajjering ; stigma minute, capitate, retuse ; seeds rough — February to May — Fields ; Phoenicean coast to Antilebanon, and northward.
2. C. clavata, Boiss. © .1 to .25. Leaves elliptical. Pods .06 long, .0015 broad, valves obsoletely 1-nerved ; style dub-shaped, quadranglecl ; stigma bifid w^ith connivent lobes ; seeds glabrous — May and June — Fields ; Buqa' and Antilebanon to Antioch, Aintab, and northward.
18. ERYSIMUH, L. Treacle-Mustard.
Calyx erect, equal at base, or bisaccate. Petals clawed. Pods 4-angled, terete, or flattened, valves 1-nerved or keeled ; stigma capitate, retuse, or 2-lobed — Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, canescent with appressed, simple, bifid, or branching hairs. Flowers yellow, or purple.
* Annuals. Floicers yelloio. Pods ^L-angled.
1. E. repaiidiim, L. © .15 to .3 green. Leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, repand-dentate, often recurved at apex. Pedicels sliort. Flowers .008 long. Pods .04 to .09 long, .0015 broad, rough-hairy, spreading, rigid, often torulose ; style thick ; stigma retuse — April to June — Fields ; Moab and Gilead to Lebanon, Antilebanon, Aleppo, and northward, and eastward, A variable species.
Fm. 19.
Pod of Erysimum repandum.
74 CRUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY J
Var. rigidum, Boiss. Low rigid. Pods somewhat thicker — Same range as type.
2. E, tenellum, DC. © Low, green, stem branching. Leaves linear, long, repand-dentate. Flowers (size of E. Helveticum) nearly sessile. Pods canescent ; stigma loith long divergent lobes — Spring — Between Aleppo and Mosul.
* * Biennials, Flowers yellow. Pods Ai-angled, or terete. t Pods 4i'a7igled,
3. E. Smyrnseum, Boiss. et Bal. @ Green, stems leafy, pani- culate above. Lower leaves oblong, inincinate, or dentate : upper linear, dentate or entire. Pedicels a little shorter than calyx. Flowers about .01 long. Pods .04 to .08 long, erect-spreading, clothed with Upar- tite intermixed icith a few hrancMng hairs, tapering into a style nearly as long as their breadth ; stigma truncate — Spring — Rasheiyah.
4. E, verrucosum, Boiss. et Gaill. <D .4, greenish ; stems angular-striate, leafy, branching at base and apex. Leaves oblong, ob- tuse, repand-dentate, tapering at base. Flowers .01 long ; pedicel half as long as calyx. Pods .04 to .05 long, erect-spreading, thick, rigid, rougfi with 2-^-4t-branchi)ig wool, and warts ; stigma sessile, t/run- cute — Spring — Western slopes of Antilebanon.
Var. leptocarpnni, Boiss. Pods more slender, icith less promi- nent warts — Amanus to Aintab and Marash, and northward.
5. E. scabrum, DC. @ .2 to .8, canescent, branching from base ; stems simple, erect. Root-leaves oblong, subdentate, tapering into a petiole ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, denticu- late, or entire. Flowers .008 long. Pods .02 to .03 long, .0015 broad, erect, or somewhat spreading, minutely tubercled, and pubescent ; style /iUfo?'m, .002 long — Summer — Mountains of Gilead ; Lebanon 1,000 to 3,000 ; Amanus.
Var. adpressnm. Pods appressed to stem, slender — Mountain above el Me'asir, Lebanon. Gesbel Dagh, Amanus.
1 1 Pods terete, obscurely '^-angled,
6. E. g^oiiiocauloii, Boiss. (2) .2 to .7, greenish ; hairs of stem and branches bipartite, of leaves usually stellate. Several-stem- med from neck ; stems simple or paniculate, acutely angled. Root leaves tapering to a long x^etiole, oblong, or lanceolate, denticulate, or entire. Flowers .01 long ; pedicel shorter than calyx. Pods .025 to .04 long, .0015 broad, terete sub-quadrangular, curved or twisted, densely stellate-iDoolly ; style slender, .001 to .002 long — April to June — Rocky places ; Lebanon above 1,200, Cassius, Amanus, and northward.
Var. brachycarpiiin, Boiss. Robust. Pods .012 to .02 long, more 4-anglecl than in type — Fim-ul-Mizab ; Cassius.
CHUCIFERiE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 75
Var. minus, Boiss. .15 to .3. Root-leaves dentate, stem- leaves entire, or obscurely denticulate — Lebanon and Antilebanon.
^ ^ ^ Perennials. Flowers yellow or purple. Pods 4:-angled.
7. E. crassipes, C. A. M. If .3 to .6 canescent ; stems numerous, slender, rigid. Leaves narrowly linear, entire. Flowers 'l/elloio, .1)08 long, nearly sessile. Pods .05 long, ,001 broad, spread- ing, rigid, on short, thick-pedicels ; style less than ,001 long, cylindrical ; stigma retuse — March to June — Stony places in moun- tains, throughout,
8. E, bamosum, Blanche {Iji herdario). If .4 to .6, canescent, scabrous with bipartite hairs. Stems erect, simple or slight- ly branched above. Root-leaves narrowly linear. Stem-leaves some- what broader, all entire. Flowers .008 long, pale yellow?, nearly sessile. Pods .015 to .02 long, .0015 broad, or thick short pedicels, terete or somewhat flattened, recurved, Jiook-shaped, with a thread-like style, .0{}5 long; stigma obscurely bifid — May — Jebel-el-Abiadh, between Hamath and Palmyra.
9. E. piirpureuni, Auch. If .25, canescent ; trunk procum- hent, shrubby ; stems herbaceous, ascending. Leaves linear, lower runcinate-pinnatifid, upper dentate, or entire. Flowers 2^inMsJir-2)ur2:)le, .01 to .012 long, short pedicelled. Pods .05 long, .001 broad, spreading, on short, thick pedicels; style .002 long, tajjering ; stigma Hlobed — April to June — Middle and subalpine zones of Lebanon, and Antilebanon.
Calyx equal at base. Petals clawed. Pod linear-cylindrical, terete, or somewhat flattened, or 4-sided; valves 1-nerved, wdth anastomosing veins — Herbs or shrubs with yellow flowers.
* Pods terete, cylindrical, or linear-fiattened. Beak seedless,
1. B. nigra, L. 0 Black Mustard. Khardal Asicad. .6 to 1, or taller, sparingly liairy. Leaves petiolate ; the lower lyrate, or deu- tate-lobed, or serrate ; the upper lanceolate, entire. Racemes naked. Pods more or less apxDressed, .01 to .02 long, .0015 to .002 broad, terete, nearly 4-angled. Seeds Uackish, pitted — April to June — Roadsides and waste places ; everywhere.
2. B. bracteolata, F. et M. 0 Glabrous. Leaves petioled ; lower lyrate, with 1-2 small, lateral segments, terminal large, oblong, irregularly lobed at base ; upper oblong-linear, entire. Racemes some- times leafy. Pods .02 long, .002 broad ; beak .004 long — Spring — Moab (^Tristram).
3. B, rapa, L. (D Turnip. Lift. Suljum. .6, green. Root-leaves more or less scabrous, lyrate ; uj^per acuminate, cordate-clasping at base. Racemes clustered before flowering. Pods .02 to .03 long, .0015 to .002 broad ; beak .008 to .01 long — Spring ~ Fields ; common ; often escaped from cultivation.
76 CRUCIFER^, (mustard FAMILY.)
4. B, lasiocalycinum, Boiss. et Haussk. 0 .45 to .75, sparingly hairy below. Lower-leaves lyrate, with acute, denticulate lobes ; upper lanceolate, acutely dentate. Flowers long-pedicelled (larger than those of Sinapis arvensis). Young pods spreading ; style cylindrical — Gardens ; Alej)po. An imperfectly known species (Brucastrum lasiocalycinum, Boiss. et HaussJc).
* * Pods cylindrical, somewhat flattened* Beah seed-hearing at dase.
5. B. deflexa, Boiss. © .6 and taller, hispid. Lower-leaves oblong-lanceolate, irregularly dentate-loded, upper linear-lanceolate, denticulate or entire. Calyx inoolly-canescent. Pods .05 to .06 long, .0015 broad, torulose ; style thick, .002 long — May and June — Buqa' and Antilebanon to Aleppo, and eastward.
6. B. Toiirnefortii, Gou. 0 Fig. 20. .5, somewhat jja^nllose-hairy heloic. Root-leaves resetted, runcinate-lyrate^ with dentate segments ; stem-leaxes few, small, linear, denticulate, or en- tire. Pods .02 to .05 long (without Pod of Brassica Tournefortii. beak), .002 broad ; beak .01 to .015
long, tapering — March to May — Sandy places ; maritime plain.
7. B, a<lpres§a, Moench. 0 1 or more, siiaringly papillose- reflexed-hairy below, glabrous above. Root-leaves lyrate, segments dentate ; stem-leaves few% oblong-linear, denticulate, or entire. Pods appressed, .005 to .01 long (without style), .001 broad ; style geniculate, rarely straight, .005 long, thicTcer tlian %>od — March to May — Fields and road sides ; common, iHirschfeldia adpressa, Mmnch.')
N.B. — To this genus belong B. oleracea, L., CaWage, with its many cultivated varieties, as Broccoli, Caulifloioer, Kale, and Eohh raU ; also B. Napjus, L., Rapeseed with its varieties.
20. SOfAPIS, L. Mustard. Khardal.
Scarcely distinguished from Brassica by the 3-nerved valves of pods.
* Pods loith coiiical heaJi^.
1, S. juncea, L. 0 Gkibrou^. Lower leaver oblong-lanceolate dentate sometimes lyrate, uj)per lanceolate-linear, entire or dentate. Pods rather erect, torulose ; beak long, awl-shaped at apex ; valves keeled — Spring — Jericho. Cultivated for oil.
2. S. arvensis, L. 0 Field Fig. 21. Mustard. Charlock. Khardal larri. .6 to 1, more or less hirsute. Leaves ovate, unequally dentate, radical sometimes lyrate. Pods .03 to .05
long, .002 broad, erect, or slightly Pod of S. arvensis, type,
spreading ; beak often as long as
rest of pod — Spring — Fields and waste places ; common.
Var. §^eniiiiia. Pods as above, glabrous — everywhere.
CRUCIFERiE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 77
Var. ]IIe§opotamica, Boiss. Pods .02 to .03 long ~ Beiriit.
Var. Orientalis, Boiss. Pods retrorsely hispid — Common.
* * Pods with long^ ensiform, flattened leak.
3. S. alba, L. © White Mustard. Ehardal aUadh. 1 and higher, hispid. -^^°- '*'*•
Leaves puberulent, pinnatisect, with unequally dentate-lobed segments. Pods .03 long, .004 broad, torulose, generally hirsute ; beak seed-bearing at base, decurrent — Spring — Waste places ; everywhere. Pod of Sinapia alba,
21. DIPL.OTAXIS, DC.
Calyx spreading, equal at base. Petals clawed. Pods linear, flattened ; valves l-nerved. Seeds in 3 rows — Erect, branching herbs, with yellow, pink, or white flowers, and aspect of Brassica.
* Flowers yellow,
1. D. tenuifolia, L. If .6, glabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceo- late, sinuate-dentate, or pinnately cut or parted, with linear lobes ; rarely entire. Pedicels twice as long as flowers. Pods erect on ascending pedicels, .04 long, .003 broad ; style .003 long — June to November — Walls and roadsides.
Var. integrifolia, Boiss. Nearly all the leaves entire — Castle of Antioch.
2. D. Timinea, L. © Jureijir. .3, sparingly^apillose-hairy ; stems simple, or branched at base. Root-leaves sinuate-lyrate, with short, obtuse lobes ; stem-leaves few, oblong, or linear, dentate. Pedicels shorter than flowers. Pods ascending, .03 to .03 long, .0018 broad ; style .003 long — November to May — Roadsides ; common.
Var. integrifolia, Boiss. Leaves entire, or scarcely crenate — Coast, Jerusalem, and probably elsewhere.
Var. foliosa, Post Stems leafy. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, irregularly dentate — Plain of Sharon.
3, D. Harra, Forsk. % So't'ra, .3 to .4, hispid, rarely glabres- cent ; stems multiple, branching, often woody at base. Leaves obovate-oblong, coarsely-toothed. VQ^icalslonger than flower, slender, often deflexed. Pods stipitate, .04 long, .003 broad, with hroad, sulsessiUy Moled stigma — February to May — Sterile places ; Damascus to Ghor-es-Safieh, Et-Tih, and southward, and eastward.
Var. glabra, Post. Glabrous. Leaves oblong, sparingly toothed — Damascus, Antilebanon.
12'
78
CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.)
Flowers lilac-pinJc, or white.
4. D, erncoide§, L. © .3 to .6, sparingly papillose-hairy ; stems branched from base and above . Leaves runcinate-lyrate, dentate, uppermost oblong, dentate. Pedicels about as long as flowers. Pods ascen- ding, .02 to .04 long, .002 broad, style .003 long ; stigma Ulobed — January to April — Fields ; Damas- cus and Ccelesyria to Moab, Jordan valley, southern Palestine, and southward, and eastward.
Fig. 23*
5. D, acri§, Forsk. 0 Shuqaiyar, .01, sparing- ly haiiy, or glabrescent. Leaves oblong or obovate, dentate, obtuse. Pedicels ascending, about as long as flower ; flower .013 long, Pods erect, short stipitate, .02 to .035 long, .002 broad ; stigma sessile, truncate — Spring — Et-Tih, and southward.
22. HORICAIVDIA, DC.
Calyx erect, bisaccate. Petals clawed. Pod linear, more or less flattened ; valves keeled, 1-3-nerved. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows — Gla- brous herbs, with large pinkish-puri[3le flowers.
* Leaves undivided, the upper cordate-auricled, clasping at base. Pods somewhat 4:-angled. Valves 1-nerved, Biennials or perennials.
1. in, Jamaica, Boiss. d) If Khusidnrel-Jemdl. Tahaq. Leaves .06 to .1 long, obovate to ovate, the lower tapering at base. Pods .05 to .07 long, .002 broad ; seeds in 2 rows — February to May — Et-Tih and southward.
2. ]fl, damosa, Boiss, 5 BJmmimah. .6, Leaves .01 to .02 long, oblong ; the lower and those of sterile branches often repand-den- tate, ,with cuneate base. Pods .04 to .06 long, .001 broad ; seeds nearly in 1 row — March to May — Et-Tih and southward, and east- ward.
* * Leaves bipi
Pods flattened. Annuals,
Valves obsoletely B-nerved.
3. M, clavata, Boiss. et Eeut. 0 Fleshy, .1 to .2 ; stem flexuous, branching from base. Lobes of leaves linea/r, somewhat terete. Pods .02 long, .001 broad ; seeds in 2 rows — February to April — Et-Tih and southward.
23. ERUCA, DC.
Calyx equal at base, erect. Petals veined, clawed, entire or retuse. Pod linear or oblong, appressed, with ensiform style, and convex 1- nerved valves. Seeds in 2 rows, or rarely in 1 — Branching, erect-herbs, with yellow, lilac-veined petals.
CRUCIFERJS. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
79
1. E. sativa, L. 0 .5, more or less papillose- hairy. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnatisect into oblong, dentate lobes. Beak half as long as pod or moi^e — March to May — Roadsides and fields ; common.
Var. eriocarpa. Pods scabrous with retrorse hairs iE. Cappadocica, Boiss., var. eriocarpa) — Wadi el Qarn, Antilebanon.
Var. Cappadocica, Segments of leaves less toothed. Pod longer, glabrous, beak one-third its length ; seeds larger than in type. (E. Cappadocica, Boise.) — Be- tween Hamath and Palmyra.
Fig
24. SAVIOXYA, DC. El-Qulaiqalah.
Calyx erect, equal. Pod stipitate, elliptical, with chartaceous valves ; septum with 2 layers. Stigma simple. Seeds in 2 rows* winged, with half-adnate funicles — Viscid, glabrous, or sparingly hairy divaricately branched, desert herbs, with small pale pink flowers.
S. iSlgyptiaca, DC. Shaldimh. 0 .Ito .15. Leaves fleshy, the lower obovate-oblong, dentate, petioled ; up- per linear, pinnatifid, or entire. Pods on flliform, spreading pedicels twice their length ; style apiculate — Feb- ruary to April — Et-Tih and south- ward.
Fig. 25.
Pod of Savignya iEgyptiaca.
25. CARRICHTERA, DC.
Calyx erect, equal at base. Petals clawed, entire. Pod globular- ovate ; style flattened, spoon-shaped, ovate, leaflike ; cells 4-ovuled — Dwarf annuals, with small cream-colored, violet-veined petals.
.1 to .3, glabrous, or slightly hairy, dichoto-
C. vellaB, DC. 0
mous from base. Leaves bipinnatisect into linear lobes May — Aleppo to Moab, Jerusalem, Et-Tih, and southward ward.
March to and east-
26. RICOTIA, L.
Calyx bisaccate. Petals clawed, obcordate or retuse. Fruit a flat lenticular or elliptical silicle, 1-celled by disappearance of thin septum, or a linear 2-celled silique with papyraceous septum. Seeds in 1 row, flattened, wingless — Annual, sparingly hairy herbs, with pink or white flowers, and recurved fruiting pedicels.
80
CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.)
1. R. Liunaria, L.
.2 to .4. Leaves 2-3 pin- nate, with petiolulate divisions, and ovate, lobed segments. Petals obcordate. Silicles lenticu- lar or elliptical, .03 long, .013 broad, 2-7 seeded, mucronate with short style — Spring — Coele- syria, Lebanon, and coast to southern Pales- tine ; Jordan valley.
Fig. 26.
Pods of Ricotia Lunaria in different stages of development.
2. R. sinuata, Boiss. et Held. 0 Leaves bipinnatisect, with petiolulate ovate-cuneate, deeply lobcd segments, those of upper leaves linear. Petals retuse. Siliques .04 to .05 long, .004 broad, 7-8 seeded, sinuous contracted between the seeds ; style one-third as long as breadth of pod — Spring — Beilan and northward.
27. FARSETIA, Turra. Jerba'.
Calyx equal at base. Petals clawed, with oblong-linear limb. Silicle canescent (in ours) oblong, ovate, or elliptical ; stigma 2-lobed. Seeds in 2 rows, flattened, broadly winged — Low shrubby canescent plants, with forked hairs, purplish flowers, and linear, entire leaves.
F, JEgy^tiaea, Turra. 5 '4. Silicles oUong or elliptical, .015 to .02 long, .006 broad ; seeds 12 or less — Spring — Around the Dead Sea and southward.
Var. OTalis, Post. Lower, mote spinescent Silicles ovate or elliptical, .01 to .015 long, .006 to .008 broad ; seeds 6 or less — Around the Dead Sea and southward. (F. ovalis, Boiss.)
Pod of F. ^gyptiaca.
28. FIBIOIA, Medik.
Calyx bisaccate or equal at base. Petals clawed ; limb oblong, entire. Silicles hirsute, elliptical or orbicular, sometimes obovate, flattened, 2-celled ; septum nerveless, with fine transverse veins.
Stigma minute, capitate. Seeds in 2 rows, flattened, winged nial herbs or low shrubs tomentose, with stellate hairs, racemose-spiked (ours) yellow.
Peren- Flowers
CRUCIFER/E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
81
F. clypeata, L. If .4 to .8.
Root and lower stem-leaves oblong spathulate, upper oblong, or oblong- linear, all entire or repand. Silicles elliptical, ovate-elliptical, to obo- vate-elliptical ; style apiculate ; seeds 3-8, usually broader than wing — Spring — Rocky places in mountains, throughout.
Var. rostrata, Post. Style half or one-third ^ long as breaclth of pod. {F. rostrata, Sclieiik.)
Var. macroptera, Post. Wing as broad as or broader than seed. iF. macroptera, Ky.)
Fig. 28.
Fig. 29.
Pod of F. clypeata.
Pod of F. clypeata with valves removed to show seeds.
Var. obovata, Post. Pods obovate. (^F. oliovata, Boiss.)
Var. erioearpa, Post. Pods densely woolly. {F. eriocarim, DC.)
29. AUBRIETIA, Adanson.
Calyx erect, bisaccate Petals clawed, limb entire or retuse. Sili- cic ovate-oblong ; style apiculate ; valves convex ; septum with 1-2 longitudinal folds, and numerous, transverse, minute areolae , ; seeds in 2-rows, numerous, minute — Tufted, perennial herbs, with short branching wool, and pink or white flowers-
A, liibaiiottca, Boiss. 2]! .1 to .15, spreading, canescent. Leaves oblong-deltoid, entire or with a tooth at each angle. Fruiting racemes flexuous. Valves nerveless — Summer — Alpine and sub- alpine regions of Lebanon ; Coelesyria.
30. COLIITEOCARPUS, Boiss.
Calyx erect, equal at base. Petals clawed, with entire limb. Sili- cic papyraceous, inflated, ovate, dehiscent only at apex ; style apicu- late ; valves reticulate, 1-nerved ; septum marginal, incomplete ; seeds wingless — Perennial, glabrous, tufted herbs, with white flowers and habit of Thlaspi. '
C reticulatus, Lam. '^. Leaves rigid ; the radical rosetted, tapering at base, linear-oblong, sharply 3-4-dentate on both sides ; stem-leaves entire, ovate or oblong, acute. Raceme before flowering capitate, afterwards somewhat elongated — Summer — Alpine and subalpine Lebanon and Antilebanon ; Jebel Qaisun, near Damascus.
31. KCEXIOA, Adanson.
Calyx erect, equal. Petals entire, white. Silicle flattened, nearly orbicular ; septum reticulate ; seeds margined — Annual or perennial herbs, canescent with bipartite hairs.
13
82 CRUCIFEK^. (mustard FAMILY.)
1, K.. L<ybica, Viv. © Prostrate. Leaves lanceolate-linear, obtuse. Silicles beset with 2-parted hairs ; cells 4-5 seeded — Sj)ring
— Desert of Moab {Tristram). Et-Tih.
2. K, Aratoica, Boiss. 0 DhahMydn. Prostrate. Leaver-ob- long-spathulate or linear, obtuse, tapering into a petiole. Silicles sparingly hairy ; cells 1-2 seeded — Spring — Borders of Et-Tih and southward.
To this genus belongs the Sweet Alyssum, K. raaritima, L., which is found sparingly, escaped from gardens.
32. ALYSSUM, L. Alimtn.
Calyx erect, equal at base. Petals entire or refuse, yellow or cream-colored. Silicles obovate, orbicular, elliptical, or lenticular ; cells 1-3 or 4-6 ovuled ; septum nerveless with fine transverse venules
— Annual or perennial, stellate-woolly or scurfy herbs.
* Silicles flattened or convex, cells 1-ovuled. Filaments toothed.
t Perennials,
\ Low .1 to .3. Lower-leaves less than .01 long. Silicles not over .004 long.
1, A. ali>e§tre, L. If Shmbby at base. Leaves obovate or oblong, the upper often lanceolate-linear. Flowers .002 long ; petals obovate, sometimes refuse. Fruiting racemes rather long., dense. Sili- cles olomte, to O'Date-ellixMcal, .002 to .003 long, .0015 to .002 broad, more or less stellate-woolly ; style nearly as long as pod ; seeds wing- less — Summer — Alpine and subalpine regions of Lebanon, Antileba- non, Amanus, and northward.
Var. g-eiminiiin, Boiss. Appressed-canescent ; stems slender, .1 to .2 long, prostrate er ascending, tufted.
Var. siiffriiticens, Boiss. Appressed canescent ; stems ascend- ing, .2 to .3.
Var. obOTatiiiii, Boiss. As in preceding, but leaves all obovate- spathulate, obtuse.
Var. miiiutifloriiui, Boiss. Scurfy. Summit of Sunnin.
2. A. concleusatniii, Boiss. et Haussk. 2J! or (2) Scurfy, '?/ ichite ; stems indurated at base, ascending, .12. Leaves minute ;
obovate-obloug, obtuse, tapering into a j^etiole. Flowers larger than in last ; petals obovate. Fruiting racemes umbel-liJce, contracted, cofym- hose. Silicles narroicly ellvptical, .004 long, .0015 broad, tapering at base, obtuse ; style one-third to one-half as long as pod — Summer — Subalpine regions of Amanus, and Akherdagh and northward.
X X Tall, .3 to .8. Lower-leaves more than .01 long, obovate or linear- spathulate, Silicles not more than .005 long.
3. A. constellatiim, Boiss. 21 .5 or taller, scurfy ; stems herbaceous, reddish, loosely corymbose paniculate. Leaves oblong- spathulate, .04 long, .01 broad, tapering gradually into a j)etiole. Fruiting racemes contracted, umbel-like, corymbose ; silicles scurfy.
CRUCIFER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
83
lenticular^ .005 long, .002 broad ; style one-third their length — Later Summer — Subalpine regions of Amanus and northward,
Var. eonfertiiiii, Boiss. Lower. Corymb contracted. Silicles .003 long, .002 broad — Alpine regions.
Var. leptdotuiii, Post. Leaves of sterile stems smaller, densely scurfy. Silicles as in last — Amanus.
4. A. arg^enteum, Wittm. 2^ .3 to .4, stems clustered^ shrubby at base, herbaceous above, corymbose at apex. Lower-leaves obovate oblong, .012 long, .004 broad, upper linear-oblong, all scurfy white beneath. Fruiting racemes short, corymhulate, silicles scurfy, flattened, obovate or orliculate^ .003 to .004 long, .002 broad, style nearly as long as pods to half their length ; seeds broadly loinged — May to October — Subalpine and mountain regions, Lebanon to Amanus, and northward.
Var. maerocarpuiii, Post. Stem-leaves .02 to .03 long. Sili- cles .005 long, .004 broad — Cassius and Amanus.
5. A. creiiiilatiim, Boiss. If .5 or taller, shrubby at base. Leaves of sterile branches scurfy white, linea7'-spathulate, .035 long. Fertile stems corymbose-paniculate. Leaves green, oblong-linear. Fruiting rac^emes contracted, almost umbel-like ; pedicels cajnllary flexuous ; silicles sparingly scurfy, orbicular, . 002 to , 003 in diameter, retuse, menibranous, crenulate at margin ; seeds narrowly winged — Early Summer — Middle region of Mount Cassius,
\XX Tall,.^ to .4. Lower -learns linear, plicate, croicded. Silicles .0l5 long.
6. A. saniariferum, Boiss. et Haussk. If or 5 *^ to .5.
Leaves of sterile branches scurf j plicate, of fertile green, linear, not pli- cate, all .02 to .03 long. Fruiting racemes corymbose. Pedicels filiform, reflexed. Pods glabrous, p)apyraceous, obovate-orbicular, thin, with short style, and wingless seeds — May and June — Middle mountain region of Amanus, and northward. Fruit resembling that of Peltaria.
1 1 Biennials. Pods oboDate, .003 to .004 long,
7, A. eiriopliylliiin, Boiss. et Haussk. (g) Sterile stems .1, crowded loitli minute, densely pannous, oblong- obovate leaves ; fertile stems, .1 to .3, with few, green, sparingly woolly leaves. Inflorescence much branched, corymbose ; fruiting racemes dense .02 to .03 long ; silicles stellate-woolly, obovate-elliptical, .003 long ; style one-third their length ; seeds wingless — Sum- mer — Amanus to Akherdagh, and northward.
Var. iiinbellatuiii, Post. Fruiting racemes .01 to .015 long, umbelliform. Silicles lenticular,. 00^ long, .0015 broad — Gesbeldagh. Akherdagh.
8. A. €a§siuiii, Boiss. (2) .5 to .8, green, sparingly stellate-hairy. Stem stout, leafy above, dense- ly corymbose. Leaves oblong, the lower often .05 long, tapering at base. Fruiting racemes .08 long ; silicles .004 to .005 long, on horizontal pedicels, sparingly hairy ; style one-half to one-third as long as pod ; seeds narroioly winged — Summer — Fields
Fig. 30.
End of raceme
of Alyssum
Cassium.
84 CRUCIFER/E. (mustard FAMILY.)
Var. caiiescens, Post. Leaves smaller, obovate oblong, more or less silvery-canescent, mixed with green foliage — Khotscli-Bel, Amanus, 1,500.
* * Silicles unequally convex ; cells 2-ovided. Filaments winged, toothed or a2Jpe7idaged, rarely toothless.
t Perennials.
9. A. moutauuui, L. If .15 to .25, greenish or canescent ; branches ascending, Iierlaceous, or woody at base. Leaves oblong- obovate, or oblong-linear. Petals retuse. Fruiting raceme .04 to .06 long ; silicles more or less scurfy, obovate to orbicular, . 004 long, retuse ; style ctbout as long as pod ; seeds narrowly winged or wingless — May and June — Subalpine regions of Lebanon, Antilebanon, Cas- sius, and northward.
10. A. praecox, Boiss. 1(! .15, silvery-scurfy ; branches ascend- ing, iDoody. Leaves ol)ovate to oblong. Petals retuse. Fruiting racemes .02 to .03 long ; silicles glabrescent, ovate to obovate-orbicu- lar, .006 long, retuse ; style shorter than pod ; seeds wingless — May and June — Middle region of Amanus, and northward.
Var. nauuui, Post. .03, tufted. Fruiting racemes .01 long, contracted — El-Jebel-el-Abiadh, between Hamath and Palmyra.
11. A, siiffruticeiis, Boiss. 2|! Scurf y-canescent ; branches slwrt, prostrate, zigzag. Leaves oblong-linear. Petals entire. Silicles ovate, sparingly scurfy ; seeds mngless — Summer — Alpine region of Barakatdagh, Amanus. Summit of Hermon. {Tristram).
12. A. lepidotuni, Boiss. If .05, silvery-scurfy, densely tuf- ted; sterile branches .01 long, herbaceous. Leaves minute, iml>ricated, the lower spathulate, the upper ovate-elliptical. Petals retuse. Fruit- ing racemes .01 long or less, with few pods, umhel-Vike ; silicles scurfy, ovate-orbicular, .004 long, retuse ; style nearly half as long as pod — Summer — Top of Sunn in, and northward.
13. A. Mouradiciim, Boiss. et Bal. If .15, scurfy ; branches prostrate or ascending. Leaves obovate to liuear-spathulate. Petals obovate-cuneate, entire. Fruiting racemes .03 to .06 long ; silicles glahrous, ovate-orbicular, .006 long, retuse ; style about as long as pod ; seeds wingless — April to August — Middle, subalpine, and alpine zones of Lebanon, Nusairy Mountains, and northward.
14. A. tetrasteinoii, Boiss. 2f .05, shrubby at base, scurfy below, short-woolly above. Leaves .... Petals oblong-cuneate retuse. Fruiting racemes short ; silicles scurfy, ovate, somewhat retuse ; style about as long as pod — Summer — Mountains of Northern Syria.
Var. latifoliuiii, Boiss. Leaves oblong-elliptical — Summer — Mountains near Nazareth.
1 1 Annuals. X Petals nearly twice as long as adyx.
15. A, iiiacrostyluni, Boiss. et Huet. © Canescent, strigulose with scattered, branched hairs ; branches short, prostrate or ascending.
CRUCIPER^. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)
85
Leaves obovate or oblong. Petals oblong-spathulate entire. Pedicels recurved ; silicles twice as large as those of A. montanum^ strigidose, ovate ; style nearly as long as pod ; seeds wingless — Spring — Har- mon (Tristram), Mount Akdagh, northern Syria, and northward.
I I Petals little if any longer than calyx. § Silicles glabrous.
16. A. niiiiimuin, Willd. 0 .1 to. 15, canescent-scurfy, dwarf, branching from base. Leaves oblong-linear. Petals linear, retuse. Fruiting raceme elongated, dense ; pedicels erect ; silicles orbicular, .0025 long retuse ; style one-sixth to one-fourth as long as pod ; seeds narrowly margined — Spring — Fields ; Aleppo and northward.
§ § Silicles scabrous with stellate h^irs.
IT. A. umbellatuin, Desv. 0 .03 to .05, scabrous branching at base, prostrate or ascending, branches nearly simple. Leaves linear, or linear-oblong. Petals o'etuse. Fruiting racemes .01 to .02 long, contracted, urabel-lilce or conical ; silicles imbricated, ovate, .004 long ;
style short ; seeds narrowly margined El Kufr, Hauran. Northern Syria.
April and May — Roadside
18. A. Szo\ritsianuin, F. etM. 0 .03 to .1, appressed-canes- cent with stellate hairs, branching from base, branches simple. Leaves obovate to linear-oblong. Petals pale, narrowly linecw-cuneate, entire. Fruiting racemes .015 to .05 long, cylindrical ; silicles densely imbrica- ted, ovate, .003 to .004 long ; style short, seeds narrowly margined — April to June — Mountains of Hauran, Antilebanon, Lebanon, Cassius, to Aleppo, Aintab, and northward.
19. A. strictiim, Willd. 0 .1 to .3, gTeenish-canescent, bran- ching from base, branches simple. Leaves broadly oblong-linear, obtuse. Petals oblong-oblanceolate, entire. Fruiting racemes .06 to .09 long, cylindrical ; silicles loosely imbricated, elUijiical, sparingly hirsute ; style short, conical ; seeds narrowly margined — Spring — Waste fields, Ba'albek, Mar 'ash, and northward.
Fig. 31.
20. A. campestre, L. 0 .1 to .25, ashy or yellowish ; stems usually numerous, branching from base and above. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate to oblong. Petals bifid. Fruiting racemes .03 to .07 long ; pedi- cels spreading ; silicles orbicular, .003 to .005 long ; style one-fourth to one-sixth as long as pod ; seeds nar- rowly margined — Spring — Fields ; everywhere.
Var. g^enuinum, Boiss. Rays of stellate haijs of pod short.
Var. pilosum, Post. Rays of stellate hairs of pod long.
Var. hirsntum, Post. Stellate hairs of pod in- termixed, with simple or doid)le hairs arising from a tuber- pruitinii raceme cle. {A. hirsutum, M. B.) of Aiyssum
campestre, 14
86 CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.)
* * * Silicles cowoex^ canescent ; cells 2-oDulecl. Filaments toothless. An7iuals.
21. A. pauiaseenum, Boiss. et Gaill. 0 .1, ashy, branching from base. Lieaves all ohovate to obovate-oMong . Flowering racemes dense ; petals bifid. Fruiting racemes .03 to ,03 long ; silicles scurfy, orhimlai\ .002 long ; style as long as pod, or shorter ; seeds wingless
— Spring — Fields ; Damascus. Qaldiin. Deir 'Atiyeh.
22. A. calyciiium, L. 0 .08 to .25, branching from base. Lower-leaves obovate, iqyper ohlanceolate to oUong-linear, all silvery. Flowering racemes dense ; fruiting loose .08 to .1 long ; se])als persis- tent in fruit ; silicles orbicular, retuse, .003 \ong,tHth Jiattened margin; style almost 0 ;