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LaGrD ~ P246¢ A GREEK AND ENGLISH
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-
LEXICON
TO THE
NEW TESTAMENT:
IN WHICH
THE WORDS AND PHRASES OCCURRING IN THOSE SACRED BOOKS ARE DISTINCTLY EXPLAINED ; AND THE MEANINGS ASSIGNED TO EACH AUTHORIZED BY REFERENCES TO PASSAGES OF SCRIPTURE, AND
FREQUENTLY ILLUSTRATED AND CONFIRMED BY CITATIONS FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT AND FROM THE GREEK WRITERS.
TO THIS WORK IS PREFIXED,
A PLAIN AND EASY GREEK GRAMMAR,
ADAPTED TO THE USE OF LEARNERS,
AND THOSE WHO UNDERSTAND NO OTHER LANGUAGE THAN ENGLISH.
BY
JOHN PARKHURST, M.A.
FORMERLY FELLOW OF CLARE HALL, CAMBRIDGE.
WITH THE MORE VALUABLE PARTS OF THE WORKS OF SOME LATER WRITERS, ADDED BY THE LATE
HUGH JAMES ROSE, B.D.
OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE,
A New Witton,
CAREFULLY REVISED, WITH THE ADDITION OF POINTS TO THE HEBREW, AND AN APPENDIX OF PROPER NAMES TO THE NEW TESTAMENT, BY
J. R. MAJOR, D.D.
KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON.
. ; TAANASOE, MH EIAOTES TAS FPAPAS. Mart. xxii. 29. Toy TavTwy KaKey airioy py) avaywwcKey BiBdia, Vuyic dappaka. CHRYSOSTOM.
LONDON: ,
LONGMAN & CO.3 T. CADELL ; HAMILTON, ADAMS, & CO.; wuiTtteEr & CO.3 J. DUNCAN ; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO.; F. & J. RIVINGTON ; J. DOWDING ; NISBET 0. ; H. WASHBOURNE ;. HOULSTON & STONEMAN ; E. HODGSON; STEVENS & NORTON ; SOUTER & LAW; H. BICKERS; G. ROUTLEDGE ; G. BELL: AND J, & J. J. DEIGHTON; T. STEVENSON ; AND J. HALE, CAMBRIDGE: AND J, H. PARKER,
OXFORD. 1845,
RSM CPST WA
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SECA He a a Dari Sh ger 3G
TO HIS GRACE
WILLIAM, LORD ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY,
THE CONSTANT FRIEND AND PATRON OF THAT SCRIPTURAL LEARNING OF WHICH HE IS HIMSELF SO DISTINGUISHED AN EXAMPLE, THE FOLLOWING HUMBLE ATTEMPT TO PROMOTE IT IS INSCRIBED,
WITH SENTIMENTS OF THE DEEPEST RESPECT
AND MOST SINCERE GRATITUDE, BY
HIS GRACE'’S OBLIGED AND HUMBLE SERVANT,
HUGH JAMES ROSE.
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PREFACE
TO
MR. ROSE’S EDITION.
In presenting to the public a new edition of Parkhurst’s Greek Lexicon, it is just to the publishers to mention the additions which have been made to it at their request.
Although the warmest acknowledgments are due from the English public to the venerable and learned author of this useful work, it is not to be denied that it labours under very considerable defects. The peculiar opinions of the school of Hutchinson, of which Mr. Parkhurst was at least an admirer, induced him to attri- bute great importance to etymological researches; and his own (in which he in- dulged so largely in this Lexicon) are unfortunately in the highest degree fanciful and uncertain. The cosmological theories of Hutchinson and Bate are dwelt on with a frequency and an extent little adapted to the plan of the Lexicon; and their other tenets occasionally give a tinge to the author’s interpretations and comments which deprives them of the authority which his sound learning and exceeding love of truth would otherwise bestow on them. I presume not to pronounce an opinion on the merits of the Hutchinsonian philosophy. I reverence the piety and the learning of many of its followers: but a book for general use and general readers was not the place for introducing tenets so much doubted and opposed.
A still greater fault in the Lexicon is the want of accurate discrimination between the various senses of the same word. Great inconvenience also arises from the paucity of instances given under each head, and the looseness of the references to profane authors. These defects had altogether banished the work from the shelves of the critical reader, and its place has been supplied there by the labours of recent German Lexicographers, those especially of Schleusner, Bretschneider, and Wahl. That these books, however, should entirely usurp the place of a work as much superior to them in sound principle as it is, perhaps, inferior in some other respects, is a subject of serious regret: for although what is commonly termed Rationalism does not appear in its worst form in the books I have referred to, it has occasionally had no inconsiderable influence on the interpretations which they
vi PREFACE TO MR. ROSE'S EDITION.
present’. Nor are they by any means free from defects of a different kind. Let me not be suspected of wishing to depreciate those by whose labours I have so largely profited in the execution of the following work, nor of being insensible to their very great merits in many respects. Those merits are, however, too well known to require any panegyric from me. It is my less grateful task to point out some deficiencies which render any attempt, however humble, to produce a work likely to be more useful to at least one large class of readers, entitled to forgive- ness, if not to commendation. Schleusner’s work then is, 1 think, characterized by one defect, of a nature exactly opposite to that which I have remarked of Parkhurst. Instead of confounding various senses under one head, he multiplies’ the senses of the same word in a manner frequently quite unreasonable, and calculated to mislead the student. Where the context, and the context alone, affixes a peculiar meaning to a word, that meaning becomes, in Schleusner’s hands, a distinct and recognized sense of the word itself. In respect to the arrangement, indeed, of the various senses of words, as well as in critical powers, Wahl appears to me very far to surpass Schleusner. But Schleusner’s work labours under another and very serious defect, one indeed which renders the execution of another Lexicon, on the same extended plan as his, almost indispensable. No one who has examined his work with any accuracy can suppress a doubt whether he has consulted a large portion of the places which he cites. His plan, it would appear, has been this:—he has collected the best commentators, and has copied their references, very often without examining them. If there were no proofs of this from internal evidence, it would be impossible to doubt the fact, when things are so managed that in the very same article we frequently find references to the same author from the book and section in one edition, and from the page in another, and then find the solution to the enigma by tracing the one reference perhaps to Elsner, and the other to Kypke’. Writing as I do, in the country, with a very small command of books, I must freely own that I have not always myself been able to verify the references which I observe ; but I confess my surprise that a man of Schleusner’s learning and dili- gence, resident, as I believe he was, at Wittenberg, should have failed in dis- charging so necessary a part of the task he has undertaken. The student who uses Schleusner’s work, if he finds a statement that such or such an usage of a word is supported by various places of profane authors, ought always to examine those places for himself, and not rely on the accuracy of the statement. Here again, as far as I have had opportunities of comparing them, Wahl is entitled to the un-
* With respect to Schleusner, it will be sufficient to notice, among many instances, his article on the word $wv), as showing his feelings. Wherever a voice from heaven is mentioned, he quietly (§ 6) translates the word by thunder, and says that it was a Jewish custom to designate thunder in a similar way. Even if he were right, it would be perfectly unpardonable for a lexicographer thus arbitrarily to decide the sense of Scripture, in direct opposition to the general voice of scholars as well as divines.
The reader who will look to the words Odvarog and Osérvevorog in Wahl will find that his orthodoxy is of a very questionable nature.
* As a single instance, I would refer to Schleusner’s article on érur\apBavw, §§ 6 and 7.
* It is curious that Schleusner is often contented with the first loose reference, even to those common authors whom he must have had by him. Thus, for example, in mwepirimarw, Herodotus is cited by page.
PREFACE TO MR. ROSE’S EDITION. Vii
doubted preference. I must observe, too, among Schleusner’s minor defects, that he does not always cite the Scripture itself, either of the Old or New Testa- ment, with accuracy’, though I doubt not that the carelessness thus evinced arises from the severity of the labour he had undergone, and under which the most patient and laborious spirit will occasionally bend.
Of Bretschneider’s work I would only say, that it appears to me faulty because the author endeavours to reduce the fleeting and delicate senses of words to an arrangement too strictly logical, and thus sacrifices utility to the appearance of philosophical accuracy. Its principal value arises, I think, from his intimate acquaintance with the style of the Apocryphal writings of the Old and New Testa- ment, and the illustrations of the sacred writings which he is enabled to adduce from that source. : |
Wahl appears to me very far the first of the three in powers of arrangement and in critical knowledge of the language of Scripture. To one who lived near a large library, and did not regard trouble, his book would be most useful ; but for common readers, the mere fact, that, for the sake of saving space, he rarely or never cites the words of any authors, but gives references to them, is a serious, nay, an insuper- able objection. In the edition, too, at present in use’, the errors of the press, especially in the references to Scripture, are so numerous, (a defect very rare in the works of Wahl’s diligent and laborious countrymen,) that mistakes and trouble are perpetually arising.
In addition to these objections, the fact, that all these works are written in Latin, renders them less useful to the class of readers for whom Parkhurst’s Lexicon was especially designed. It appeared to me, therefore, that I might be useful, if I endeavoured, with the assistance of these later Lexicons, to make such additions to Parkhurst, and to introduce such corrections as would at once give the English reader some of the advantages now exclusively possessed by the readers of the foreign Lexicons, and present to the student in divinity a safe, and, at all events, a less insufficient assistant to his studies, than he could have found in Parkhurst heretofore.
I am very far from thinking that I have done all that ought to be done, or all that, under different circumstances of situation, of health, and of other occupations, I might perhaps have been able to do myself. What I have done has been nearly this. I have carefully examined the three Lexicons referred to, and have selected from each article such matter as appeared to me most useful, adding occasionally from my own very limited reading, such other information as that reading would supply. In particular, I have often briefly adverted to the various interpretations
1 For example, in the word carivayt., he quotes Oe for Oeov¥, in Rom. iv. 17; and in xomtaw he quotes ézi and a dative, from John iv. 6. where we find 2x with a genitive. So again (vol. iii. 615. in rvedpua, § 20.) we find an incorrect citation of Rom. viii. 2; and in professedly citing the LXX, it is not uncommon for him to use some of the other versions. Schleusner’s way, too, of citing the Psalms is most troublesome. He follows no general rule, but sometimes refers to the LXX, sometimes to the Hebrew. Thus, in zpocdoxdw, he cites a given Psalm, as Ps. exviii., and in the very next word he cites it as Ps. exix. I have referred generally to Mill’s edition of the LXX for the Psalms. The two latter instances of inaccuracy (viz. John iv. 6, and Rom. viii. 2.) are not corrected in the Glasgow 4to edition of 1824. The first is.
2 The prospectus and a specimen of a new and improved edition have just appeared. To show how inaccurate Wahl is, I would beg the reader to examine his article on meorevw.
vill PREFACE TO MR. ROSE’S EDITION.
of the same passage, having often experienced, when without access to books, the pleasure and advantage of finding that an interpretation which had occurred to myself was at least not so unreasonable as not to have been proposed by some writer of credit. But I have not often presumed or pretended to decide on these interpretations, being fully sensible that that momentous task belongs to more advanced learning and maturer years than mine.
The additions to the present edition are enclosed within square brackets [ ]; and when it is remembered that the number of additional pages in this edition is above 200, that a good deal of useless matter in Parkhurst (especially his etymo- logies) has been cut off, or printed in smaller type as notes, that many articles are entirely re-written, that the page itself is very much increased in size, and the type closer, these additions will appear to amount to at least one-third of the work.
I have thought that it would be useful for those who are attending to the style of the New Testament, to distinguish the words which do not occur in the LXX version of the Old; and such words are distinguished accordingly by the mark (>. I have usually added in such cases, as well as others, instances from the Apocryphal writings, where such instances are found.
It may be right to notice that no change has been made in Parkhurst’s view of the Greek Article in the Lexicon. The fact is, that, as is stated in the note there, I had prepared a long article, according to Bp. Middleton’s view of this subject, adding instances from the New Testament under each head, and venturing to suggest such observations as occurred to me. But since I made that statement, Professor Scholefield has republished Bp. Middleton’s work, and it can now be procured by every reader. Under these circumstances, as I am not ashamed to own that I cannot satisfy myself on a point on which opinions differ so widely, that, while Bp. Middleton maintains that the article is always used in compliance with the strictest rules, a living prelate has declared his opinion, that its use is guided by no rule at all, I have withheld the article in question for farther consideration.
In the Grammar I have endeavoured to introduce such additions from Buttmann and Matthiz as may make it (especially in the Syntax) more generally useful.
{ cannot conclude this preface without publicly expressing the obligations I am under to my brother, the Rev. Henry Rose, Fellow of St. John’s College, for the great assistance he has given me in the completion of this work. With the ex- ception of a few additional notes’, and a few trifling alterations, he is indeed entitled to my thanks for the whole of the matter from the word Kapro¢ to Zvpdw, from ‘YaxivOwog to "Yrooré\Xw, and from Xdproc to *OQpoc.
I have restored the accents to the Greek?; but I fear that my distance from the press, and my consequently never seeing more than the first proof, will have caused
many errors of the press both on this and other points, for which I must entreat the reader’s pardon.
Horsham, Jan. 2, 1829.
* I remember, especially, that I am answerable for the note on kAyjpoc IV.
? I should likewise have preferred affixing the points to the Hebrew ; but as it was found, on the commencement of the work, that it would have been necessary to procure new types to carry this intention into effect, and that delay would have thence arisen, the plan was abandoned,
PREFACE
TO THE
REPRINT OF MR. ROSE’S EDITION.
Parxuurst’s Lexicon to the New Testament was considered, even in its original form, as a valuable auxiliary to the labours of the student. The additions and improvements which it has since received, cannot fail to have rendered it still more acceptable and useful. By the unwearied pains of that eminent scholar and divine, Mr. Rose, it now presents a copious storehouse of materials for the elucidation and illustration of the sacred text ; and will remain a lasting monument of his learning, diligence, and research. The errors of the press, to which he has alluded in his Preface, as likely to arise from restoring the accents to the Greek, have been carefully corrected in this edition. His wishes have also been carried out in the affixing of the points to the Hebrew. ‘This task has been kindly undertaken, and ably executed, by the Rev. Dr. M‘Caul, Professor of Hebrew in King’s College, London ; from whose pen the following observations are subjoined, for the inform- ation and guidance of the reader :—
“ With regard to the Hebrew roots assigned by Parkhurst, the student will observe that, in consequence of his rejection of the system of the vowel-points, they sometimes differ considerably from those given in modern Hebrew Lexicons. In such cases, the reader must be led by the weight of evidence and analogy, and receive or reject Parkhurst’s conjectures accordingly. He will, however, often find them both sagacious and valuable anticipations of that system of comparative etymology which now obtains in the Indo-European languages, and which has of late been applied to the Hebrew and its sister dialects*.”
In order to distinguish the few observations, that have been now inserted, from the additions of Mr. Rose, the following mark has been adopted: ft tT.
1 Gesenius’ Thesaurus, and last edition of his Manual Lexicon ; Fiirst, Chaldee Lehrgebiiude, Concordance, und Lexicon ; Herbst’s Conjecturze Etymologicz ; Lepsius’ Sprachvergleichende Abhandlungen ; Pott’s Etymologische Forschungen ; Benfey iiber das Verhialtniss der iigyptischen Sprache, &c. &c.
x PREFACE TO THE REPRINT OF MR. ROSE’S EDITION.
An Appendix of the Proper Names occurring in the New Testament, which were (with a few exceptions) omitted by Parkhurst, accompanies the present edition. The materials for this have been supplied by the Lexicon of Dr. Robinson, pub- lished at Boston, in America, 1836.
With this statement the work is again put forth, in the well-grounded hope that the labour bestowed upon it will not fail of the end proposed,—the advancement of the student in the all-important study of the Holy Scriptures, “‘ which are able to make him wise unto salvation, through faith which is in Christ Jesus.”
London, April 1845.
Dr. M‘Caut having been prevented by absence and other circumstances from seeing the proof-sheets, errata in the Hebrew and Syriac have escaped detection, which will be corrected in a future edition.
PAGE. COL. LINE. PAGE. COL. LINE, : Di Bost he 0 °@ e 12 2 26 for myxp read nix 482 1 65 for laias vom ladas 49. \1..).13. §—:) has? ee (M25? ts 0 6642 28 — > Gal “ae - 1422 1 4 — m3 — 3 Saree > tala y 577 1 40 — w~acalo aielate 9a ag Sf eX SE AS | : a 7; 224 2 36 — rb - apba 603 1 62 — aoa — ald 618 1 57 — fej) _ 1=)a) 225 2i13— a a)°) — qo a. 2a a. 37 665 2 42 — oiiana — oldao oe EN NR a a 3 697 1 52 — =< Gam
PREFACE
TO
THE FIRST EDITION.
AsouT seven years ago was published an Hebrew and English Lexicon, with a Grammar prefixed; and I must with gratitude acknowledge that the favourable reception given by the public to that work has been a considerable support to me in going through the following laborious performance ; the general design of which is to facilitate an accurate and critical knowledge of the Greek Scriptures of the New Testament to all those who understand English.
If we consider how long the Reformation has been established among us, and reflect that the Church of England has always professed the highest regard for both the volumes of the inspired writings, it may appear justly surprising that the attainment of the languages, in which those sacred books were originally penned, has not been long ago made as easy as possible to English Protestants; and it is still more astonishing that the very first entrance on studies so delightful, and so important, has been kept in a great measure barred against common Christians, by requiring, as a postulatum for their admittance, that they be previously acquainted with Latin. |
As a sincere friend to sound Protestantism, in contradistinction, I mean, from the abominable errors and superstitions of popery on the one hand, and from the unscriptural, absurd, and wicked reveries of the enthusiastic, self-illuminated sects on the other, I could wish it might be seriously weighed on the present occasion, whether the extraordinary respect still shown by Protestant nations to the Roman, in preference to the sacred Hebrew and Greek tongues, be not in truth a noxious relic of popery. Since the time and pains which youth commonly spend on a language of such real difficulty as the Latin, might, with the assistance of proper Grammars and Lexicons, be abundantly sufficient for their instruction in the Hebrew of the Old, and in the Greek of the New Testament, and might enable them to read, in their original purity, those divine writings, on which their profession as Protestants, and, what is of yet greater moment, their faith and hope as Christians, are founded.
xii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
That our country has, from the times of the Reformation down to this day, been blessed with many learned and pious men, will hardly be disputed by any who im- partially reflect on the history of literature and religion among us; and yet it is equally certain that few, very few, have endeavoured to introduce their countrymen to a direct acquaintance with the languages in which the Sacred Oracles were at first delivered. What poor assistance has till of very late years been offered to the mere English Protestant for enabling him to understand the original of the Old | Testament, it is not my present business particularly to declare: with regard to the New, indeed, somewhat more has been attempted. I have now before me a small octavo, entitled, ‘‘ A Greek-English Lexicon, containing the Derivations and various Significations of all the Words in the New Testament, &c., by T. C., late of C. C. C., in Oxford: London, printed in 1658.” Who was intended by the initials T. C. I know not; but in Calamy’s Abridgement of Baxter’s Life, p. 188, it is said, that Mr. Joseph Caryl, author of ‘‘ An Exposition, with Practical Obser- vations, on the Book of Job,” had a hand in the work just mentioned. But it is the less wonderful that the editor, whoever he was, did not choose to put his name at length to the title-page of this Lexicon, since it is, in truth, only an abridged translation of Pasor’s; which material circumstance, however, the translator has not been ingenuous enough to acknowledge, nor, so far as I can find, has ever once mentioned Pasor’s name. At the end of the Lexicon, besides a Greek and English Index, and a grammatical explanation of the second chapter of Romans, are added an English Translation of Pasor on the Greek Dialects of the New Testament, and another of the common Greek Grammar. On the whole, as this Lexicon has most of the excellences of Pasor’s, which is no doubt a valuable work, so it cannot be denied that it has likewise all its imperfections, and particularly that very consider- able one which arises from ranging the Greek words, not alphabetically, but under their respective roots; a method which must.to a beginner occasion a great deal of unnecessary trouble. But the most remarkable work of this kind furnished by the last century is Symson’s Lexicon and Concordance, printed likewise in 1658, in a small folio, under the titles of ‘‘ Lexicon Anglo-Greeco-Latinum Novi Testa- menti,” &c., and of “'H THE KAINHS AIAGHKHS ZYM@ONIA, or An Alpha- betical Concordance of all the Greek Words contained in the New Testament, by Andrew Symson;” a performance this, which, whilst it exhibits the prodigious labour of its author, can give one no very high opinion of his genius or skill in the art of instruction. If, indeed, the method and ingenuity of this writer had been proportionable to his industry, one might, I think, almost affirm, that he would have rendered all future Greek and English Lexicons to the New Testament in a great measure superfluous ; but by injudiciously making the English translation the basis of his work, and by separating the etymological part of the Greek from the explanatory, he has rendered his book in a manner useless to the young scholar, and, in truth, hardly manageable by any but a person of uncommon application.
After the greater part of the following sheets had passed through the press, I got a sight of Dr. John Williams’s ‘Concordance to the Greek Testament, with the English Version to each Word,” printed in 1767 ; of which I shall only observe, that the Doctor’s method is so concise, and his plan so very different from mine, that, had his Concordance been published sooner, I could have derived no great assistance from it.
SRE ere! ft!
a) ee i ee
—
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. xiii
The above-mentioned are all the English Lexicons to the Greek Testament that I can find to have been yet published; and as I have freely and impartially deli- vered my sentiments concerning them, it may be reasonably expected that I should now give some account of my own work.
Proper names then being excepted, (of which, however, I have inserted some of the principal,) the reader will here find a// the words which occur in the New Testa- ment, whether Greek, Oriental, or Latin, placed in alphabetical order, together with the gender and genitive cases of substantives, and the terminations of adjectives, which respectively denote the manner in which they are declined. As to the verbs, I had once some thoughts of adding the first futures, perfects, and other principal tenses, as Schrevelius has done, but, upon further consideration, judged it would be more for the benefit of the learner, whenever he was at a loss for the tenses of a verb, carefully to attend to its characteristic, and then to have immediate recourse to the Grammar, where, I hope, he will rarely fail of meeting with full information.
I have further endeavoured accurately to distinguish the primitive from the de- rived words, and that the learner may instantly, by a glance of his eye, discern the one from the other, the former are printed in capitals’, the latter in smail letters. By primitive words are meant such whose derivation can be fairly traced no farther in the Greek; and by derivatives, those that are plainly deducible from some other more simple word, or words, in that language. It must be confessed, that etymo- logical writers have, by their forced and whimsical derivations, drawn upon them- selves part of that contempt which has been so liberally poured upon them; and as to the Greek Lexicographers in particular, nothing has run them into such risible absurdities as their attempting to assign Greek derivations to primitive words of that tongue. It were no difficult matter to produce instances of this sort from most of the Lexicons hitherto published, but the learned reader will easily recollect enow; and, for my own part, I very ‘willingly forbear to expose men who, with all their mistakes, have deserved well of learning and of religion, to the petulancy of ignorance and the contempt of fools. The truth of the case is plainly this, that whatever were the nature of that confusion at Babel, yet it is as evident as any matter of fact can be, that the traces of great numbers of Hebrew words are pre- served not only in the Greek and Latin, but also in the various languages which are still spoken in the world, and particularly in the Northern? tongues, where one should least expect to find them: and in relation to the Greek in particular, I will venture to add, after long attention to the subject, that almost all the Greek® primitives, which virtually include the whole language, may be naturally and
1 N.B. The Oriental and Latin words which occur in the New Testament are likewise printed in capitals, since they also ought to be considered as primitives with respect to the Greek.
? See Thomassin. Preefat. in Glossarium Hebraicum, pars iv. § v. pp. 96, 97.
% That what I have above said may not be deemed a novel opinion, I think proper to remark, that the learned author of the Port-Royal Grammar, Preface, p. 8. edit, Nugent, speaking of the Hebrew, says, it “is the most ancient of all languages, from whence the Greek itself derives its origin.” And the writers of the Universal History, vol. xvi. p. 53, 8vo edit., express them- selves thus : “That the most ancient Grreck tongue approached much nearer the Eastern languages than those dialects of it used by even the oldest Greek classics, appears from the obsolete radices of that tongue, which generally discover a near relation to the Hast. The proximity of the earliest Greek language to the Oriental tongues was well known to Isaac Casaubon and Erpenius, and may be so to any who examines the Greek roots with proper attention.” See also the learned
xiv PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
easily deduced from the Hebrew. This, if I am not greatly mistaken, I have demonstrated in the ensuing Lexicon with respect to such primitives’ as are used in the New Testament; and these, it must be observed, comprehend a very large part of all the radicals in the Greek language. And though I am far from presuming that in such a number of derivations no oversights have escaped me, and have proposed some with a declared doubtfulness of their propriety, yet it is not a few
mistakes, quas aut incuria fudit, Aut humana parum cavit natura,——
that can, with any equitable judge, invalidate the general truth which I have en- deavoured to establish on the evidence of many plain and indisputable particulars.
By the Greek primitives. being thus throughout referred to their Hebrew roots, the relation between those two languages is clearly shown; and I cannot but hope this part of my work may both prove a recommendation of it to those who already understand Hebrew, and incite others to undertake the easy task of acquainting themselves with the rudiments of that origina] tongue.
When the primitive words in Greek are once settled, it is no difficult matter for a person, tolerably skilled in the language, to refer the derivatives and compounds to their respective radicals. Here, indeed, former Lexicon-writers have contributed ample assistance, and I have scarcely ever seen reason to differ from them all in this branch of our business.
Etymology, however, is but a small part of the Lexicographer’s task. To assign the primary sense of every radical and derived word, and thence to arrange in a regular order the several consequential senses, and to support these by apposite citations or references, explaining likewise, in their proper places, the various phrases and idioms of the language—unoc opus, uic labor est; in the particulars just mentioned consists the main difficulty of writing a Lexicon, and by the manner in which they are executed must its merit or demerit be principally determined. All I can say for myself in these respects is, that I have honestly and conscientiously done my best; nor have I knowingly and wilfully misrepresented a single word or expression, nor paid a regard to the opinions of any man, or number of men, what- ever, further than they appeared to me agreeable to the Sacred Oracles, and to the analogy of the Greek tongue.
Where more senses than one are assigned to a word, these are distinctly placed in several paragraphs, with the Roman, and in some cases, with the common, numeral figures prefixed; and every sense, which occurs in the New Testament, is authorized by citing or referring to the passage, or passages, where the word is so applied. This method, at the same time that it presents the more advanced scholar with the evidence on which each particular meaning is attributed to every word, will, I doubt not, be also found by experience to conduce greatly to the ease and advantage of the beginner. At least it seems to me far preferable to that followed
Gale’s Court of the Gentiles, pt. i. book i. ch. 12. entitled “ European Languages, especially the Greek and Latin, from the Hebrew.” [Vitringa, Observ. Sacr. lib. i. cap. vii. and Dr. Greg. Sharpe’s Seventh Letter on learning the Hebrew Language, and his Hebrew Lexicon and Index.]
1 Of these, however, I would be understood to except some few which are formed from the sound, that is, immediately from nature.
‘PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. Xv
by Mintert and others, of huddling the various senses of a word together, and leaving the learner to assign the distinct meaning of it in a particular passage as he can. On the other hand, I have endeavoured to avoid a fault which, I think, Stockius’s over-diligence has sometimes betrayed him into, namely, of multiplying the meanings of words too much by divisions and sub-divisions, which, I appre- hand, tend rather to perplex than to instruct.
Among the various attacks that have been, of late years, made upon Divine Reve- lation by open or disguised infidels, it is not to be wondered that the style of the inspired penmen of the New Testament has not escaped their malignity, and it must be owned that some well-meaning Christian writers have undesignedly con- tributed to propagate and confirm the notion of its barbarousness, by calling many forms of expression Hebraisms, which do indeed agree with the Hebrew idiom, but which are also found in the purest of the Greek classics, who cannot be supposed to have had any direct acquaintance with the Hebrew tongue. Numerous instances of such phrases are given in the course of the following work : and to illustrate this subject a little further, I would beg the reader’s attention to the three following observations. First, that in the apostolic age Greek’ was the most universally spoken and understood of any language upon earth: but secondly, that in all the Eastern parts of the world it had undoubtedly received a strong tincture from the Hebrew and Oriental tongues: and lastly, that the books of the New Testament were written not only for the benefit of this or that particular Church, or people, but of the whole world, both Jews and Gentiles. Such being, in the time of the apostles, the real state of the Greek language, and of mankind in respect to it and to the Evangelical writings, we may defy the utmost wit and malice of the enemies of God’s Revelation to point out a wiser method of communicating the Scriptures of the New Testament to the world, than that which the Holy Spirit has actually employed,—namely, by causing those Divine Oracles to be penned in such a Greek style, as, at the same time that it might zm general be understood by every man who was acquainted with the Greek language, was peculiarly conformable to the idiom of the Jews and of the Eastern nations; and the adorable propriety of this latter circumstance will appear still more evident, if we reflect that in the apostles’ days the world, both Jewish and heathen’, had been for nearly three hundred years in possession of the Septuagint version of the Old Testament [at least of the Pentateuch]; the Greek of which translation did likewise greatly abound in Hebrew and Oriental forms of expression, many of which are adopted by the Evangelical writers.
Let us suppose that a person whose native language was Greek, and who had read some of the best Greek authors, but was entirely ignorant of the Eastern tongues, had met with some or all of the sacred books of the New Testament soon after their publication: the principal difficulty, I apprehend, which one thus qualified would find in understanding their style, would have arisen, not from the
? Thus, about sixty years before Christ, Cicero tells a Roman audience, that “ Greek was read among almost all nations, whilst Latin was confined within its own narrow limits. Greca leguntur in omnibus feré gentibus, Latina swis finibus exiguis sané continentur.’ Pro Archia Poeta, § 10. edit. Gruter.
2 [See Whitaker’s Origin of Arianism, p. 213.]
Xvl . PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
Oriental idioms occurring therein, (for most of these are used also by the purest Gréek classics, and the meaning of others is so plain as not to be easily mistaken,) but from the peculiar senses in which they apply single words; as, for instance, niorte, for faith, or believing in God; dtxatoovrn for imputed righteousness; «riove for creation, or production from nothing: and it will be necessary to observe, that, in delivering that blessed doctrine which was ¢o the Greeks foolishness, it was absolutely impossible for the sacred writers to express themselves at all, concerning the most essential points, unless they had either coined new words, or used such old ones as they already found in a new sense; new, | mean, to the mere Gentile Greeks, who were unacquainted even with the notions these words were intended to convey, till they had learned them from the explanation of the terms themselves, or from the previous preaching of the Gospel,—but by no means new to the Grecizing Jews, and to all those who had read the Septuagint translation, since the same words had been there applied in the same senses. The writers, therefore, of the New Testament, or rather (with reverence be it spoken!) the Holy Spirit, whose penmen they were, wisely chose, in expressing evangelical notions, to employ such Greek terms as had been long before used for the same purposes by the Greek translators of the Old Testament: and thus the Septuagint version, however imperfect’ and faulty in many particulars, became, in this respect, not to the first age of the church only, but also to all succeeding generations, the connecting link between the language of the Old and of the New Testament, and will be regarded in this view as long as sound judgment and real learning shall continue among men.
But it is time to return, and give the reader an account of the assistances I have used in compiling the ensuing work. In deriving, then, the Greek primitives from their Hebrew originals, I have received considerable help from Thomassin’s Méthode d’Etudier et d’Enseigner la Grammaire et les Langues. I have, however, seen but too frequent reason to dissent from the derivations proposed by that writer, and have often substituted others more probable (I hope) in their room. In the explanatory part, besides continually consulting the common Lexicons, and many of the best commentators and critics, (a list? of whom may be seen below,)
1 “ Tt is certain,” say our English translators in their preface, “ that (i. e. the LXX) trans- lation was not so sound and perfect, but that it needed, in many places, correction.” And again : “It is evident the Seventy were interpreters ; they were not prophets. They did many things well as learned men ; but yet, as men they stumbled and fell, one while through oversight, another while through ignorance ; yea, sometimes they may be noted to add to the original, and sometimes to take from it.”
2 Alberti (Joan.) Observationes Philologicze in Sacros Novi Foederis Libros. Lugd. Bat. 1725.
Blackwall’s Sacred Classics, 2 vols. 8vo. Bocharti Opera omnia, a Leusden, &c. 3 vols. fol. Lugd. Bat. 1692. Bos (Lambert) Ellipses Greecee, edit. 7ma, Lugd. Bat. 1750. Doddridge’s Family Expositor, 6 vols. 4to. Elsneri (Jac.) Observationes Sacree, 2 tom. 8vo. Traject. ad Rhen. 1720. Fell’s (Bishop) Paraphrase and Annotations upon all the Epistles of St. Paul, Oxford, 1684. Gregorii (Joan.) Novum Testamentum cum Scholiis Greecis, Oxon. 1703. Lardner’s Credibility of the Gospel History, vol. Ist and 2nd. Leigh’s Critica Sacra. Locke on St. Paul’s Epistles. Martinii Cadmus Greeco- Phoenix. [ Mintert
will
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. iat
and occasionally recurring to a considerable variety of other writers, I have also carefully perused several of the best Greek authors in the original, with a direct view to the improvement of this work. The writings of Josephus, in particular, have furnished many passages for illustrating not only the phraseology, but like- wise the histories and predictions of the New Testament’. And here I would, once for ail, request the forgiveness of the candid and ingenuous, if, on some occasions, I seem to go too far beyond my title-page, and instead of a Lexicon- writer turn commentator. In mitigation of this offence (if such it be) I must beg leave to plead, that my grand view was to throw light on the inspired books of the New Testament, and to make them easily intelligible to the English Christian; and that from this, my principal scope, I hope it will not be found that I have often deviated. And if an author might be permitted to speak a word or two more in favour of his own performance, I would in this place humbly recommend the following Grammar and Lexicon, first, to all those who may have an inclination to learn the Greek language, though previously unacquainted with Latin: secondly, to those who having formerly acquired: some knowledge of Greek at school, but having afterwards intermitted such studies, are in more advanced life desirous of consulting or reading the evangelical writers in the original: thirdly, to the youth of our schools and universities; who will certainly meet with many things in this which are not to be found in the common Lexicons, and which, I trust, will tend to give them right apprehensions with regard to many particulars, both of Christian faith and practice: and fourthly, may I add, that I am in hopes this work may be of some service to my younger brethren of the clergy ? who are not only here presented with a critical explanation of all the words and phrases in the New Testa- ment, and with the illustration of many difficult passages, but are also generally re- ferred to the /arger expositions of such writers, both of our own and other countries, as seem to have excelled on the several subjects of sacred criticism.
After all, I am thoroughly sensible that a work of this kind must, from its very nature, be capable of continual improvement, and really apprehend that it is almost an absurdity to talk of a perfect Lexicon or Dictionary: I have accordingly endeavoured, while the sheets were printing off, to supply such deficiencies and correct such mistakes as had before escaped me; and it seems but a fair request
Mintert (Pet.) Lexicon, &c. Francof. ad Moen. 1728. Pasoris (Georg.) Lexicon, &c. Poolii Synopsis. Raphelii (Georg.) Annotationes in S. S. ex Xenophonte, Polybio, Arriano, et Herodoto, 2 tom. 8vo. Lugd. Bat. 1747. Sehmidii (Erasm.) Concordantiz N. T. Stockii (Christ.) Clavis N. T. edit. quinta. Lipsie, 1752. Suiceri Thesaurus Ecclesiasticus, 2 tom. folio. Amstel. 1682. Tromii (Abrah.) Concordantize Greecze in LXX Interpretes, 2 tom. folio. Westenii (Joan. Jacob.) Novum Testamentum Greecum, cum Lect. Var. et Commentario, 2 tom. folio. Amstel. 1751. Whitby on the New Testament, 2 vols. 4to. Edinburgh, 1761. Wolfii (Jo. Christ.) Cure Philologicee, &c. 5 tom. 4to. Hamburg, 1739. 1 I have also made considerable use of the works of Lucian, which are generally cited according to Benedictus’s edition in 2 tomes 12mo, Salmurii, 1619.
XViil PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
that no one would pass a final judgment on my interpretation of any particular word or expression, till he has consulted not only the Lexicon, but the Appendix’.
I cannot conclude without expressing a cheerful hope of approbation from the truly candid and Christian reader: but as for those qui se rerum omnium primos esse putant, nec tamen sunt, who imagine themselves to be much more accurate and accomplished scholars than they really are, and therefore assume a privilege of hastily condemning or insolently sneering whatever does not exactly coincide with their own sentiments,—to such gentlemen as these I would just whisper in the ear,
MOMEIZOAI pdéy torw jf) MIMEIZOAI*?
and if they doubt the justice of applying the proverb to the present case, I would beg them to select a few such words as occur pretty frequently in the Greek Testa- ment, and endeavour to go through their various acceptations in the manner of this Levxicon; and, if their pride has not quite eaten up their good-nature, I dare say that two or three trials of this kind will, at least, turn their contempt of the Lexicographer into pity, and incline them to think that even some considerable and obvious mistakes might be justly pardonable in a work, which, they will be con- vinced, must have required so long and so close an application.
But whatever censures malignant criticism may pass on the ensuing performance,
or whatever reception it may meet with from my countrymen in general, praised be:
the Father of Mercies and the God of all Comfort, who, amid a variety of avocations and infirmities, hath enabled me to bring it to a conclusion. And may the blessing of the same God attend it to the heart of every reader! May He prosper it to his own glory, to the diffusion of Divine knowledge, to the promotion of Christian practice, to the salvation of souls! | Amen and Amen.
1 N.B. In this Second Edition the appendiz is digested into the body of the work. 2 “Tt is easier to blame, or sneer, than to imitate.”
~ i
oo) bee
ADVERTISEMENT
TO
THE SECOND EDITION.
In order to give the reader some distinct information in what respects the present edition of the Greek and English Lexicon differs from the former, it may be proper to observe,
Ist, That the typographical errors of that edition are in this carefully corrected.
2ndly, That the Appendix is here digested into the body of the Lexicon ; so that, on any occasion, there will be but one alphabet to consult.
8rdly, That, since the former edition, the author was, by means of the Rev. William Salisbury, rector of Moreton, Essex, favoured with the sight of a manu- script Greek Lexicon to the New Testament, in three thin volumes folio, written in Latin by the Rev. John Mall, formerly an eminent schoolmaster at Bishop’s Stort- ford, Herts, and by him evidently designed and prepared for the press. On a careful and attentive perusal it appeared a judicious and valuable work. It is now reposited in the library of St. John’s College, Cambridge; and hopes are entertained that some member of that respectable and learned society will ere long present it to the public, since it would certainly be a valuable accession to sacred literature, by sup- plying in a great measure to the younger student the want of those eminent scriptural critics, Raphelius, Elsner, Alberti, and Wolfius, not to mention others therein quoted. However, as Mr. Mall and myself had drawn our information from nearly the same sources, and our plans were in some respects different, I could derive but little additional assistance from his Lexicon for the improvement of the present publication.
4thly, That, in this edition, some parts of the preceding, which seemed wrong or exceptionable, are expunged, many altered, and many additions made, chiefly from the accurate Kypke’s Observationes Sacre, and from works lately published in our own language; such as Bp. Pearce’s Commentary, Mr. Bowyer’s Conjectures, (4to, edit. 1782,) Dr. George Campbell on the Four Gospels, Michaelis’s Intro- duction to the New Testament, translated by the learned Mr. Marsh, and by him enriched with many critical and instructive Notes.
a 2
xx ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SECOND EDITION.
5thly, That the most material and best authenticated various readings, particu- larly from Mill’s, Wetstein’s, and Griesbach’s editions of the Greek Testament, are here fairly, though briefly, presented to the reader’s consideration and judgment ; and may, it is hoped, incite the more advanced student diligently to consult those elaborate and critical editions, and may particularly induce him to peruse Mr. Marsh’s excellent publication above mentioned.
Lastly, That, in the whole, about a hundred and ten pages are now added to the Greek and English Lexicon.
NOTICE
CONCERNING THE FIRST OCTAVO EDITION.
Tue reader will please to observe, that in this Third Edition the typographical errors of the former are carefully corrected; that some explanations and positions contained therein, which seemed erroneous, are here expunged or rectified ; and some additions made, principally from Kypke’s Observationes Sacre, and from Dr. Macknight’s luminous and valuable Commentary and Notes on the Apostolical Epistles—a work highly meriting a place in the library of every Christian divine.
"EPPQS0.
Peer A Tee Th |
A
PLAIN AND EASY
GREEK GRAMMAR,
ADAPTED TO THE USE OF LEARNERS,
AND OF
THOSE WHO UNDERSTAND NO OTHER LANGUAGE THAN ENGLISH.
A NEW EDITION, CORRECTED AND IMPROVED.
Minus sunt ferendi hanc Artem (Grammaticen scilicet) ut tenuem ac jejunam cavillantes, que nisi Oratori futuro Fundamenta fideliter jecerit, quicquid superstruxeris corruet : Necessaria Pueris, jucunda Senibus, dulcis Secretorum Comes, et que vel sola omni Studiorum
Genere plus habet Operis quam Ostentationis. QuinTILIAN. Institut. Orat. lib. i. cap. 4. § 1.
Utinam essem bonus Grammaticus! Sufficit enim ei qui Auctores omnes probé vult intelligere,
esse bonum Grammaticum.—Non aliunde Dissidia in Religione pendent quam ab Ignoratione Grammatice. Prima ScaLiGERANA.
es be ~ Ry is Saar, Son: ae “Rd, 9 pte. iat =. eye eo ey Obs ,
; - aang ‘aa i) alicinty 3
ay , Be Sa part 2A ‘onelteems a 7. uy i ws vets of et ca ; bj =
wpeseayo ’ a Baas & LLP ARIES
- a Highs Bee hk oe ah ‘ Ke
a ie hie ag Bit?
A a: ia Ge tiie
PEP PR Geico’ fa atau ; Naty fits. ives)
poh ae
bNeY dR ako is
BORO cm st) 88
CONTENTS.
PREFACE ‘ ; . ; . : ; : . ‘ . Sect. I. Of the Letters and Reading - II. Of Words, and first of the Article IIL. Of Nouns Substantive, and their Declensions . IV. Of the Gender of Nouns Substantive VY. Of Heteroclites, or Irregular Nouns
VI. Of Nouns Cognate, Feminine, Patronymics, Gentiles, Preacuaren: Lagelifieatess,
Diminutives, Verbals, and Compounds VII. Of Adjectives and their Declensions : ° VIII. Of the Comparison of a &e. IX. Of Pronouns . ; : X. Of Verbs, and first of Varies in @
XI. Of the Passive Voice of Verbs in w, and first of the Aviary. Verb eipi
XII. Of the Middle Voice of Verbs in w, and of the ne oe Verb XIII. Of Contracted Verbs 7 2 XIV. Of the Second Conjugation, or ‘of dodtiniug Verbs i ine .
XV. Of Irregular Verbs in pu ° ; : XVI. Of Defective, Verbs XVII. Of Impersonal Verbs : XVIII. Of Adverbs and Interjections XIX. Of Conjunctions : XX. Of Prepositions XXI. Of Syntax, and first of Cadiaed —— Of Government —— Of Infinitives and Peale ‘ —— Of the Construction of Adverbs and Interjéctioris ‘ —— Of the Construction of Conjunctions and Prepositions XXII. General Observations for rendering Greek into English XXIII. Of Dialects, and particularly of the Aitic XXIV. A Grammatical Praxis on the first Chapter of St. John’ 8 Gospel
eae perneye
ot
RY OD
-
wae er , ar UP Pi a ert
jee Z qf besa.
oki i w a) pops a dearth wie ah
PREFACE.
Berne desirous of assisting my countrymen, to the best of my abilities, in learning the original Greek of the New Testament, I have thought proper to publish the ensuing Grammar, which is drawn up in the plainest and easiest manner I could devise, and adapted to the use of the mere English reader. It is true indeed that we already have several Greek Grammars written in our own language; and could I have found any one of these that would have answered my purpose, I should have been very glad to have referred my readers to it, and to have saved myself the trouble of compiling a new one; but al/ the Greek Grammars I have yet seen in English proceed upon a supposition that the learner already understands Latin. Thus, for instance, Dr. Milner, though in the preface to his third edition he remarks that he has offered to his countrymen THe First Grezx Grammar IN Enouisn, yet in the course of his work he renders most of the Greek examples not into English but Latin, and at page 8 observes, that he has omitted the definitions of things common to Latin and Greek, because the young scholar is supposed to be acquainted with them from his Latin Grammar; and the author of the Port-Royal Grammar, at the beginning of the 7th book, which treats of the Greek Syntax, ‘‘ professes to comprise no more precisely than what the Greek varies in from the Latin, judging it quite unnecessary to repeat how an adjective agrees with its substantive, or a verb with its nominative, and such other rules as are exactly uniform in both languages.” Edit. Nugent, p. 315. Let me add, that every man who has thought much upon such a curious and extensive subject as grammar may justly claim some indulgence to his own notions concerning it, and ought to be allowed his own peculiar method of arranging his conceptions, and communicating them to others.
What I have just alleged (not to insist on other reasons that might be urged) will, I hope, be deemed a sufficient apology for my adding another Greek Grammar to those already published; and far from designing in the least to detract from the merit of the excellent grammarians who have preceded me, I very thankfully acknowledge the almost continual assistance I have received from them. Besides the common Greek Grammar, I have throughout consulted the Port-Royal, Dr. Busby’s, Dr. Milner’s, and Mr. Stackhouse’s; but am most especially obliged to Mr. Holmes, though in deducing the tenses of verbs from their theme I have preferred the common method, as appearing to me more easy and simple than his; and have in the syntax endeavoured to illustrate the government of Greek verbs, by the force of a preposition
XXVi PREFACE.
understood, in a fuller and clearer manner than is done in any other work of the kind that has come to my knowledge.
In making use of this Grammar, the rules and examples, which are printed in the larger English and Greek types, should be carefully distinguished from those that are printed in the smaller. The former are the principal and most necessary, and are’ all that even the youngest scholar needs to learn by heart: as for the others, it will be sufficient to read them over attentively two or three times, and to consult the Grammar for them as occasion may require.
But since this work may not improbably fall into the hands of some persons who, though destitute of the benefit of a master, may yet be desirous of acquainting them- selves with the original language of the New Testament, I shall, in this place, add some more particular and minute directions, to assist in such a truly laudable, and (J am persuaded) by no means impracticable, undertaking.
It will be necessary, therefore, for such persons, after carefully perusing the two first sections of the Grammar, to make themselves perfect in the declension of the article, Sect. Il. 14. They should then proceed to the IIIrd Section, and commit likewise to memory the examples of the three declensions of simple nouns, tipi ; Adyoc and Edrov; deAgiy and cwyua: but, on this first application to the Grammar, I would advise them not to trouble themselves at all with the contracted nouns under each declension, nor with the Attic nouns under the second. The principal rules of the [Vth Section are so plain and easy, that reading them over two or three times will be sufficient; and Sect.-V. and VI. should at present be entirely omitted. As for the declensions of uncontracted adjectives, in Sect. VII., they can occasion the learner but little difficulty, supposing him already perfect in declining the uncontracted substantives: the contracted and irregular adjectives in this Section should be left for future consideration; but the principal rules and examples in Sect. VIII. and [X. are to be now learned. The beginning of Sect. X. will require particular attention, and the active voice of a verb in w must be gotten by heart. The principal of the following rules should also be committed to memory. In Sect. XI., after reading the two first rules, the verb eiué and the passive voice of a verb in w must likewise be learned by heart, nor can the principal rules in this section be dispensed with. If the directions hitherto given have been duly observed, the formation of the middle voice, and of the deponent verb in Sect. XII. will be very easy; the principal rules, however, will here also require the same attention as in the preceding sections; and the learner, to try his knowledge of the Greek verbs, may now attempt to draw out several schemes or trees, as in Sect. XII. 16, but must not be discouraged if he finds that at first he makes some considerable mistakes: to be perfect in the formation of the Greek verbs requires long use and practice in the language, and greater readiness in the rules for forming the tenses than can reason- ably be expected from a beginner. Sect. XIII. XIV. XV. and XVI. should be as yet omitted, and an attentive reading or two will suffice for the four following sections. This brings us to the Syntax, Sect. XXI., in which the learner should
1 Only observe that the examples of the active and passive voices of riarw (Sect. X. and XI.) and of the auxiliary verb eiwé (Sect. XI.), though absolutely necessary to be learnt by heart, are printed in a sma/ler character, in order that each of them might be presented to the learner at one view.
>
PREFACE. XXVii
commit to memory the principal rules. And the general observations in Sect. XXII. will, I hope, well repay his careful and repeated perusal ; but the XXI[Ird Sect., Of Dialects, is designed for his future instruction. And now he may, without further preparation, proceed to the Grammatical Pravis in Sect. XXIV., and should endeavour by the references to the foregoing parts of the Grammar, and by the assistance of the Lexicon, to make himself perfect master of every word in it, except only the contracted nouns and verbs, the verbs in pu, and the anomalous ones; and even for all these, when they occur, he would do well to consult the Grammar. Having thus mastered the first chapter of St. John, he may, with the assistance of the English translation, go on to the second’ and following chapters, still taking care to account grammatically for every word in the manner of the pravis; and as he advances in reading, he must also peruse in order such parts of the Grammar as were before omitted, and learn by heart the examples of the contracted substantives, Sect. III.; of the contracted and irregular adjectives, Sect. VII.; of the contracted verbs, and those in pr in Sect. XIII., XIV., and XV. I would also particularly recommend to him, for six or seven months at least, to write down the Greek words (especially the primitives) that occur, and their English interpretation, in opposite columns, and to endeavour, by frequent repetition, thoroughly to connect these in his mind. And thus he may, ere long, be enabled, even without the assistance of a master, to read the New Testament in the language’ wherein it was at first written, and obtain the satisfaction of examining for himself what were the real doctrines of Christ and his apostles, in the words not of a fallible, though truly excellent, translation, but in those of the infallible, because inspired, ORIGINAL.
' Hoole’s edition of the Greek Testament, in which the primitive roots of the Greek words are printed in the margin, seems the best for the use of a beginner.
2 I would here be understood to speak of the language of the New Testament in general, with- out dogmatically deciding that the Gospel of St. Matthew was originally written in Greek ; on which subject the reader may do well to compare Dr. Lardner’s History of the Apostles and Evangelists, chap. v., with Dr. George Campbell’s Preface to St. Matthew’s Gospel.
ABBREVIATIONS IN THE LEXICON EXPLAINED.
Att.
et al.
et al. freq. freq. oce. inter al. oce.
q- q. d.
Attic.
(et alibi) and in other texts.
(et alibi frequenter) and in many other texts.
(frequenter occurrit) denotes that the word occurs frequently.
(inter alia) besides other texts.
prefixed to one or more references, denotes that either the word itself, or else the word in the last-mentioned sense, occurs only in the text or texts referred to.
(quasi) as if, as it were.
(quasi dicas) as if one should say.
cn ey . n NUP LAS rs tb ncaa i Rpenrys
RARE FAS PEs ser a
aA arr av 0 avo ap yap yev 7% OE Na, die dia El eval
Re eS es >
EH
S
-—— -—__ _-_____,
OF
=
VI NW a
ra
rege GE
eS a
au :
Oo,
= lami “3
LIGATURES or ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED.
es ~
A PLAIN AND EASY
GREEK GRAMMAR, &e.
SECTION I. OF THE LETTERS AND READING.
1. Tue Letters in Greek are twenty-four, of which the following Table shows,
The N. eles, Capitals, Small, Sound, or Power. Alpha A a a
Beta B (3, © b
Gamma r hy g hard, as in good Delta A 8 d
Epsilon E E e short
Zeta Z & % Zz
Kta H n ee, or € long Theta 'S) 0,3 th
lota I t i
Kappa K K k
Lambda white r l
Mu M je m
Nu N v n
Xi z E z
Omicron O oO o short
Pi 6 A T, @ p
Rho P 0; p r
Sigma =, C o,C,¢ (final)
Tau T tT, 1 t
Upsilon Y v u
Phi @ p ph
Chi xX x ch hard, as in chord Psi od p ps
Omega Q w o long
2. Writing over the letters several times is the best way of making them familiar to the learner, who should also, as he is going through the grammar, continually exercise himself in reading.
3. T before y, «, , and x, is sounded like n, as in d@yyeXog angelos, ayxadn ancalee, iyé lune, Eyxo¢ enchos.
4. Y before « is pronounced like the Eng. wh, thus vidc pronounce whios. Comp. rule 11. below.
5. Of the Greek letters these seven, a, €, 9, 1, 0, v, w, are vowels; the remaining seventeen are consonants.
6. The vowels, in respect to quantity or time in pronouncing, are divided into long, n, w ; short, ¢, 0 ; doubtful, a, t, v.
7. Diphthongs (dipOoyyot, i. e. double sounds) are formed of two vowels joined together, and in A
2 A PLAIN AND EASY | SECT. I.
Greek may be reckoned twelve ; six proper, at, av, ét, €V, ot, ov ; and six improper, q@, 7, p, NU, UL, WY 5 the little stroke under a, 7, w, standing for iota, and being called iota subscribed, or subscript.
8. The consonants are divided into nine mutes, 7, 6, ¢; «, ¥,X%3 T, 5,93 four liquids, A, p, v, 9 ; o, and three double letters, Z made of é¢ or od ; & made of yc, xg, or x¢ 3 and yf, of Be, ze, or ge.
9. The nine mutes are divided into tenues, or smooth, 7, x, Tt ; medic, or intermediate, B, y, d; and aspirate, or rough, o, x, 9; of which the labials, or lip-letters, 7, 8, ¢ 3 the palatines, or palate- letters, x, y, x; and the dentals, or teeth-letters, r, 6, 8, are related respectively, and frequently exchanged for each other, i. e. one labial for another labial, as a for 8 or ¢ ; one palatine for another palatine, as « for y or y ; or one dental for another dental, as r for 6 or 0.
10. If in a word one mute follows another, a tenuis is put before a tenuis, a media before a media, and an aspirate before an aspirate, as rérumrat, for réruprat, he was smitten ; EBdopog, for Erropoc, the seventh ; éripOny, for trirOnyv, I was smitten.
11. Every word having a vowel or diphthong for the first letter is, in most printed books, marked at the beginning either with an aspirate, i. e. a rough breathing (‘), as Spoc pronounce horos, or with a smooth one (’), as dpo¢ pronounce oros.
12. The former only of these breathings is of necessary use, and may be considered as a real. letter, which was! anciently written H?, then F, and for expedition (‘); whence the other side of the letter, 4, in quick writing (’), was taken to denote the smooth breathing. [1t occurs in this form in the most ancient editions of the Greek writers. The spiritus was introduced by the Alexandrian grammarians 200 years B.c.]
13. Almost all words beginning with v or p° are aspirated, or marked with a rough breathing ; and if there be two ps in the middle of a word, the former is marked with a smooth, the latter with a rough breathing, as i/pwoo pronounce errhoso, r6ppw porrho.
14. Of the marks over words, called accents, I shall only observe, that the acute (’) marks the. elevation of the voice in a syllable, the grave (°) the depression of it, and the circumflex (~) first the elevation of the voice, then the depression of it, in the same syllable, and is therefore placed only on long syllables.
“5. A dicresis (“) divides diphthongs, and shows that the vowels are to be sounded separate ; as dUmvoc, pronounce a-upnos.
16. A diastole (,) distinguishes one word from another ; thus 7d,r¢ and the is distinguished from rére then.
17. An apostrophe (’) is the mark of the vowels a, ¢, +t, 0, or more rarely of the diphthongs az, ot, being rejected at the end of a word, when the word following begins with a vowel, as aX’ éyw for ad\Xa éyod ; and observe, that if the first vowel of the second word have an aspirate breathing, a preceding tenuis or smooth consonant must be changed into its correspondent aspirate or rough one, (comp. above 11.) as aq’ Hyper for dad rpdv, vixO’ ddAnv for vicra OAny, Comp. above 10.
18. N is frequently added to words ending in « or 1, if the next word begins with a vowel, to prevent the concurrence of two vowels, as eixooww dvdpsc for tixoot dvdpec twenty men, TUmTovow abréyv for rimrover abroy they beat him, wey abr@ for Edwe adr he gave to him.
19. A letter or syllable is called pure which has a vowel, and impure which has a consonant, before it ; thus w in wotéw is pure, in TUTTw, impure.
20. The manner in which most Greek books were formerly printed, makes it necessary to add a Table of the most usual ABBREVIATIONS Or LIGATURES, which see fronting page 1.
21. As to the Greek punctuation, that language, in its present form, has four marks or stops ; the full stop and comma, as in English,—a dot placed towards the upper part of the word, and serving both for a colon and a semicolon, as Adyog’—and the mark of interrogation resembling our semicolon, as Adyoe 5
22. The Greeks express their numbers either by their small letters with a dash over them, thus, a’, or by their capitals. To express numbers by their small letters they divide their alphabet, which
with the addition of the three ézionua, s orav, 4 kémra, and % caymt, consists of twenty-seven letters, into three classes: the letters of the first class, from a to 0, denote units; of the second, from 1 to 4, tens; of the third, from p to 4, hundreds. Thousands are expressed in the same order by adding an accent under the letters ; thus ¢ is 1000.
Units. Tens. Hundreds. Thousands.
a’ Le 10 | 100 | a 1000
, 2] « 20 | o 200 | p 2000
4 oe 30 | 7 300 | jy 3000
4 je 40 v 400 a) 4000
é 5 | 9’ 50 | ¢ 500 | « 5000 sf 6 | 2’ 60 | x 600 |‘ 10000 -
a Yi 70 | wv 700 | « 20000
7’ 8 | x’ 80 | ow 800 | (p 100000
0’ 91, 90 | 2, me 900 | ‘o 200000
1 See the Lexicon under this letter H. 2 See Montfaucon’s Palwographia Greca, p. 33. 275. 278.
3 Thus many words used by our Saxon ancestors begin with hr, as hpacode ragged, hpeap raw, hpeod a reed, &c.
FOE reel a |
SECT. II. GREEK GRAMMAR. 3
They join them thus, a’, 11; ¢8', 12; ty’ 13, Ke. ; KB’, 22; Ay’, 335 wd", 44, Ke. ; pa’, 101; oa’, 211; reG', 322, &e. ; gpa’, L115 yes’, 1666; apn’, 1768, &c. In denoting their numbers by capi the Greeks use six letters, I, ta or pia, 13; Il, wévre, 5; A, déea, 10; H, éxardy, 100; X, xAra, 1000; M, pipra, 10000. Two of these letters placed together signify the sum of the numbers ; thus II is 2, ITIII 8, AA 20: and when the letter II (5) incloses any one of these, it denotes that it is to be multiplied by 5, or raises it to 5 times its own value ; thus JA is 50, IKI 500,
IXI 5000, [MI 50,000 ; and 1768 may be thus expressed, XJHI HHIATATIIII.
SECTION II.
OF WORDS, AND FIRST OF THE ARTICLE.
1. Worps are, in Greek, usually distinguished into eight kinds, called Parts of Speech ; Article, Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Participle, Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition. |
2. Of which the first five are declined, the last three undeclined.
3. A word is said to be declined when it changes its ending ; and to be undeclined, when it does not.
4. The Article, Noun, Pronoun, and Participle, are declined by number, case, and gender.
5. Numbers are two ; the singular, which speaks of one, as Noyog a, i. e. one, word ; and the plural, which speaks of more than one, as X6yor words.
6. To these the Greeks have added a third number, called the dual, which speaks of two only, as Aéyw two words. [This number did not exist in the oldest state of the Greek language. It is not found in the Latin, which is in many respects the oldest form of the Greek ; nor in the A®olic dialect, which retains far more of the ancient language than the others.]_ It is not much used in the profane writers ; and neither in the New Testament, nor in the Septuagint version of the Old, do we ever meet with a dual, either noun or verb ; and therefore—Observe, once for all, that though in the following examples, both of nouns and verbs, the dual number is printed, yet it may greatly contribute to the ease and progress of the learner entirely to omit it in declining.
7. A case is a variation of the termination or ending, denoting certain particles, of, to, &c.
8. The Cases are five in each number, nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative.
9. } “ Things are frequently considered with relation to the distinction of sex or gender, as being male or female, or neither one nor the other. Hence,”
10. “ Substantives are of the masculine, or feminine, or neuter, that is neither, gender.”
11. “ The English language, with singular propriety, following nature alone, applies the distinction of masculine and feminine only to the names of animals ; all the rest (except in a figurative style) are neuter.” But,
12. In Greek, very many nouns, which have no reference to sex, are masculine or feminine.
13. The mark of the masculine gender is 6, of the feminine 4, and of the neuter 76. To this the grammarians have given the name of adpQpoyv, or article, which properly denotes @ joint in the body, because of the particular connexion it has with the nouns. And before we come to the declining of nouns, it will be necessary to be quite perfect in
14. The manner of declining the article 6, 9, 76, the or a.
Singular. Dual. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. M. F. N. ~ Nom. 6, 7), 76, the or a N. A. ro, ra, rw, the two N. ot, at, ra, the Gen. rod, Tij¢, Tov, of the or of a| G. D. roiv, raiv, rotv, of the | G. r&v, rév, rér, of the Dat. rp, TZ, T~, to the or to a two D. roic,-raic, roic, to the Ace. rov, rnv, 76, the or a A. rotc, rac, Ta, the
15. The article has no vocative, but the interjection © supplies the defect of this case in all numbers, as O does sometimes both in Latin and English. ‘ 16. N.B. In declining the article, and in all the following declensions of substantives, the learner should the Greek words, first with, and then without, the English ; and should always, in declining, name the number and case, thus: singular, nominative 6, 1), 76, the or a; genitive rov, rig, Tov, of the or of a; dative r@, ri, rw, to the or to a, &c.: plural, nominative oi, ai, ra; genitive Téy, THY, THY ; dative rotg, &c.
? Bishop Lowth’s Introduction to English Grammar, p. 27, 28. 2nd edit.
A2
4 A PLAIN AND EASY SECT, Il.
SECTION III.
OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE, AND THEIR DECLENSIONS.
1. Nouns or Namgs are of two kinds, substantive and adjective.
2. A Noun Substantive is the name of a substance or thing, as dvOpwrog a man, modEpoe war, KadXog beauty.
3. There are in Greek three declensions, or ways of declining substantives. Compare sect. ii. Rule 3.
4, Of which the two first have an equal number of syllables in all numbers and cases, and are therefore called parisyllabic!; but the last inereases,in the oblique cases?, and so is called imparisyllabic §.
OF THE FIRST DECLENSION.
5. The first declension of substantives takes, in general, the termination of the feminine article, and hath in the nominative four terminations, 7 and a feminine, n¢ and ac masculine; as 9 Tim, 4 Movoa ; 6’Ayxione, 6 Aiveiac.
[The Ionic dialect has 7 universally in the final syllable of this declension, as coin, ynéon, Movon, Midng. The Doric a. The Attic retains a where a vowel or 9 precedes the termination, as codia, ac, @3 veaviac, ia; Hpépa, ac, a, except a0don, ne, husked wheat, ai9on, fair weather, oon, Thue. vi. 56. and the compounds of perpéw *.]
[In AXolic, the forms y¢ and ag were changed into a, i. e. in the old Greek, and so in Homer pnrura, &c. ; whence the Latin form poeta, cometa, &c. Hence too the Latins changed Greek names in ac¢ into a, and the Greeks change the Roman names in a into ac, as SvAAac.]
6. ‘H rip, the or an honour, is thus declined :
Singular. Dual. Plural.
N. 2) Tup-x, the or an honour Fi N. at Tip-ai, the honours
G. rij¢ Tys-ij¢, of the or an — ee Ar MES cs the G. rev Tip-dy, of the —
D. ry Tip-%, to the or an — we D. raic Tip-aic, to the — , G. D. raiv Tip-aiy, of . ,
A, ryv Ti-ny, the or an — ie jos ae ? A. tag Tip-dae, the —
V. & Tip-4, O honour ~~ V. & Tip-ai, O honours
7. The nouns that end in a, ne, and ae, differ but little from those in y, and are thus declined :
Sing. N. 7 Movea, a Muse, G. rijg Modone, D. r7 Motoy, A. rijv Movoar, V. & Moica. Sing. N. 6 ’Ayxionc, Anchises, G. rot ’Ayxioov, D. rq Ayxioy, A. roy Ayxiony, V. &’Ayxion. Sing. N. 6 Aivetac, Aineas, G. rod Aiveiov, D. rg Aiveig, A. rov Aivsiay, V. @ Atveia.
In the dual and plural they are all declined like Ti.
8. Nouns ending in da, 0a, pa, and a pure (see sect. i. 19.) make their genitive in ag, and dative in g, as Anda, MapQa, xjpépa, pdAia ; and so do nouns in a contracted of aa, as pva from prada.
9. Nouns in ac and n¢ reject ¢ in their vocative.
10. But nouns ending in rc, and those denoting countries and nations, poetic nouns in wag, and the compounds of perpéw to measure, twéw to sell, and rpiBw to beat, make their vocative in a; thus, KpiTyc, Tlépone (a Persian), nuywomne, yewpétonc, ByBvor@Anc, wavdorpiByc, have the vocatives kotTa, Ilépoa, &e. .
11. Nouns in orne have either y or a in the vocative, as Agoryc, Voc. © Ayorn or Agora.
12. Some nouns in ag make a in the genitive, especially proper names, as Boppac, Owpdac, Knoae, Aovrac, G. Boppad, Owpa, Kynga, Aoved. [In old Greek (Hom. Il. ¢. 85), from the Nom. yc, two forms, ao and ew, occur, of which the lst remained in Doric (Pind. Pyth. iv. 21), the 2nd in Ionic (see Herodotus, passim) ; and, in some cases, in Attic. This form is always monosyllabic ; see the first line of the Iliad. It was, of course, originally written 0, and hence came the Attic contraction ov, and the Aolic form ev. From the 1st form ao, arose the Doric genitive a, which is retained in proper names and some other nouns by the Attics.]
13. Contraction is the drawing of two final syllables into one: and there are contracted nouns of every declension. In this the general rule of contraction is, to cut off the vowel before the termina- tion throughout all the cases ; thus, N. » yadéyn, yadq (a weasel), G. rij¢ yadéne, yadijc, D. r9 yaréy, yar, A. THY yarény, yadiy, V. & yadén, yar ; N. 2) pvda, pra (a pound), G. rig praac, pvac, D. rH prdg, prvd, A. tiv prdaav, pray. But ea is contracted into , as N. ‘Eppéac, —ij¢ (Mercury), D. ‘Eppéig, —j, A. ‘Eppéayv, —iy, unless p or a vowel immediately precedes, and then the contraction is in a, as tpéa, &, wool. On is contracted into n, as (fem.) awAdn, aadij, simple.
1 From the Latin par equal, and syllaba a syllable.
2 All the cases except the nominative are by Grammarians called oblique, because they deviate or decline from the nominative.
3 From the Latin impar unequal, and syllaba a syllable.
4 In Pierson on Meeris, p. 184. a few more examples are given.
Teer ee be
SECT. III. GREEK GRAMMAR. 5
OF THE SECOND DECLENSION,
14, The second declension takes, in general, the termination of the masculine or neuter article, and hath in the nominative two terminations, og masculine and feminine, and oy neuter, as 4 Adyog a word, 1) 606¢ a way, Td Evov wood.
15. ‘O Adyog the or a word is thus declined :
Singular. Dual. Plural. N. 6 Aéy-oc the or a word MT en eae N. ot Ady-ot the words ~ 7 . . . oy-wW the ~ , re Ving te ae apy erat ratoaaes A. ro ry és the or a@ word G. D. roty Ady-ow of A. Hs yr site the word. Vv. a agin or to the two words che eggplant iy . ® Ady-e O word ; V. & Ady-ot O words
16. The neuter £vAoyv is declined in like manner : only observe that the nominative, accusative, and voeative of neuter nouns are always alike, and in the plural these cases, both in the second and third declension, end in a, thus,
, Sing. N. A. V. rd Zddov, G. rod Zddov, D. rp Ebr. Dual, N. A. V. rw Zidw, G. D. roty Zddowv. Plur. N. A. V. ra ftXa, G. rév EdAwy, D. roi¢g Eddore.
17. The Attics! have a peculiar manner of forming some nouns of this declension, by changing the last vowel or diphthong into w, ot into w,and a long or at, before the termination, into ¢, as from 6 vadc a temple, vewc, from rd avwyaov an upper chamber, dvwyswy : and as the Attics in all other nouns have the vocative like the nominative, so in these nouns also, thus,
Sing. N. V. 6 vewe, G. rov vew, D. rq ve, A. Tov vewr.
Dual, N. A. V. rw ved, G. D. roiy veg.
Plur. N. V. ot veg, G. rdv vedv, D. roic vee, A. rode vewe. Sing. N. A. V. ré dvwyewy, G. rot advwyew, D. TP avwoyew. Dual, N. A. V. ro avwyew, G. D. roiy advwyepy.
Plur. N. A. V. ra dvwyew, G. rov dvwyewr, D. roig avwyspe.
18. [In the accus. the Attics often omit v, as Xay@ a hare, Ew the morning ; and this is regular in proper names. ]
19. There is one noun in we of the neuter gender, rd ypéwe a debt.
20. [The Attics often declined after this form words of the 3rd declension; for we find yédwy from yéAoc, jjowy and jjow from jjpwe, and Mivw (both in the gen. and acc.) from Mivwe. On the other hand, the later Greeks declined some nouns of the 2nd decl. in we, according to the 3rd.]
21. Contractions in this declension are made thus, ¢ and o before w or a diphthong are dropped ; éo and oo are contracted into ov, and ea into a. Thus 6 ddedgudéog a sister’s son:
Sing. N. 6 adedgud-éo¢, —ovc, G. rod —éov, —ov, D. rp —éy, —@, A. Thy —éov, ody, Ke. ‘ ~ ~ ’ ~
Dual, N. A. V. rw adedgudiw, —G, G. D. roiv adedguléory, —oiv.
Plur. N. ot adeAgud-éor, —ot, G. rHv adeAGiO-Ewy, —Ov, &e.
Sing. N. A. V. rd dcréov, dcrodv, a bone, G. rov dcréov, dorov, D. rp dcréy, doT@.
Dual, N. A. V. rw dcréw, d07H, G. D. roiv dcréoww, dcroiv.
Plur. N. A. V. ra écréa, dora, G. rév dcriwy, dora, D. roig dcréotc, dcroic.
Sing. N. 6 vdoc, vous, the mind, G. row vdov, vov, D. re vow, vp, A. Tiv vor, voor.
, ~ ~ ~ Dual, N. A. V. rw vow, vd, G. D. roiv véoww, voir. Plur. N. V. ot vdot, voi, G. rév vowy, vv, D. roig vdorg, voic, A. rode vdovc, vovc.
[“ The plural and dual of the form in ooc do not occur, but are formed by analogy. ‘Aveyiadoic and 9vyarp.dotve are of this form also.” Matth.]
OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
22. The third declension is imparisyllabic, and hath in the nominative nine terminations, a, 1, v neuter ; w, feminine ; and », , p, c, W, of all genders.
‘O Aehgiv a dolphin is thus declined :
Singular. Dual. Plural.
N. 6 Aedoiv the or a dolphin N. ot Aedgiv-ec the dolphins
G. row Asddiv-o¢ of the or of N. A. V. rw Asddiv-e two G. rév Asdgiv-wy of the dol- a dolphin dolphins phins
D. rp Asdrgiv-t to the or to a D. roig Asd¢i-ot to the dol- dolphin phins
A. riv Asdgiv-a the or a dol- G. D. roiv Asddgiv-otv of A. rode Asr¢iv-ag the dol- phin or to two dolphins phins
V. & Asdoiv O dolphin V. & Asddiv-eg O the or O
dolphins
1 There are three principal dialects of the Greek language, the Attic, Ionic, and Doric. See sect. xxiii.
6 A PLAIN AND EASY SECT, III,
The neuter 7rd cépa a@ body is thus declined, Comp. Rule 16. Sing. N. A. V. 7d cpa, G. rod owparoc, D. ry cwpare. Dual, N. A. V. r® owpare, G. D. roivy cwparow. Plur. N. A. V. rad cwpara, G. rév cwparwy, D. roig owpact,
OF THE GENITIVE SINGULAR,
23. [Generally the genitive is o¢, either—(1.) Added at once to the nominative, as pay, pnvoc, though in most cases the long vowel is changed into the corresponding short one, as Ayyy, Atpév-oc, XO, 4 X00C (contr, 7 xXovC) ; and, in some, this short one is rejected by syncope, as kiwy, cvdvoc, kuvoc 5; waTnp, TaTépoc, warpdc: or (2.) When the nominative ends in ¢, this letter in the genitive is changed into oc, the short vowel being, as before, introduced, as rpunone, rernpeog 3 aidwe, aiddoc —ovg ; Bove, Bode. This rule embraces the words beginning with a double letter, as @, i. e. ye, Ke or x¢, or W, i.e. Bc, we, d¢ ; for example, aig (aiyc), aty-6¢ ; ahwarnt (dAwomrnKe), dhowrecog ; OpiE (Opixe), rpixdc ; and gréh (GrAEBC), PAEBdC; WP (WE), WC; KaTHAUP (KarHrALpc), KarHALTog. The nominatives in ac, etc, ovc, which make the genitives in avroc, evroc, ovroc, are hardly exceptions to this rule, as the form of the nominative was originally avg, evc, and ovc, or more properly ayre, &c., which was gradually softened down to the present forms, It must be observed, that in this large declension, the exceptions to the preceding rules are numerous. Probably the formations were at first far more regular, but as, from various causes, the forms of the nominatives have changed, an apparent irregularity has been introduced. The most usual is, that, after a vowel in the nominative, instead of o¢, the terminations dog, Poc¢, and roc, are used to preserve the length of the termination of the nominative. Use will best teach which of these terminations is received. The following rules, however, may be useful. ]
24. [(1.) Words in a and « take roc, as cpa, pede; except yadda, yadaxrog (from ydadak pro- bably), and civynmt, ovvnmig (Attice ocvnmewc).—(2.) Words in v (except dsrv, doreog or dorewe, and 7, mweoc) and ac take arog. Some, however, in ac, whose last syllable but one is short, take apoc, as ~ap, Eapoc, i.e. they follow the general rule-—(3,) Neuters in ac short, make arog or aoc, which the Attics contract into we, as kpéac, Kpéaroc, Kpéwe ; and feminines in ag short, make doe, as mwaoTac, taotadoc.—(4.) Words in uc make tog (Attice ewe), doc, ioc, troc. Probably the original form was torocg (see Hom. Il. O. 87), from which the others were formed by elision and provincial pronunciation.—(5.) Some words in n¢ have yroc, as wévne, giddTyn¢c. Tlapyvne (a mountain on the borders of Attica) has Ildpyvn90c.—(6.) Neuters in og make eog (Attice ovg).—(7.) Some words in ug make not only voc, but vdoc (as xAapdc) and vOoc (as Képuvc).—(8.) Some words in we make woe, 28 Howe, and wroc, as dwc.]
25. [It may be observed generally, that, to account for the apparent irregularities, the original forms of the nominatives should be known. Thus, for example, of nouns in ovc, some make ovvrog, some dvToc, some doc. Those in ovyrog are contracted nouns, as wéhuTovc, wedtTovvToc, from péAc-. ToEtc, —devroc ; and, as well as those which form ovroc, fall under the general rule (2), the old termination having been eve or evre and ove or ovrc. Those which form in oo¢, are probably not derived from older forms of this sort, and are therefore also obedient to the same rule, “Odot¢ was originally perhaps édwyv (Herod. vi. 107.) or 6d6vc. Tove has zrodég ; but it seems to have had another form még, as its compounds are often parisyllabic. Again, the old forms of yd\a, yuri, tdwp, oxwp, were probably yadak, yivak, tdac, onac. The diphthongal terminations have many irregular forms, as vaic, vadg and ynd¢ 3 ypat¢ only ypadc. Kreic and cic make evdc; kXéic makes «ewddc. }
> OF THE ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR,
26. The accusative singular usually ends in a: but nouns in tc, ve, ave, and ove, which have o¢ pure in the genitive, change ¢ of the nominative into » in the accusative ; as N. dgtc @ serpent, G. dgtoc, A. dguv ; N. Bérpue a bunch of grapes, G. Bérpvoc, A. Borpuvy ; N. vac a ship, G. vadg, A. vaiy ; N. Botc an ox, G. Bodc, A. Bovv!. But barytones, i.e, nouns not accented on the last syllable, which have o¢ impure in the genitive, make in their accusative both a and y, as N. éou¢ contention, G. o.doc, A. Epida and gory ; N. xéovue a helmet, G. xdpv00c, A. edpv0a and xépvy, Tlove¢ a foot, in the accusative has only zdda, but its compounds have both a and vy, as rodvmovg many footed, zohbzroda and rodirovy, &e. So creic a key, has in the accusative both cXsida and «Xéiv ; maic a boy, watda and mdiv ; yapic, G. yaproc, when signifying favour has only yagev, when a god- dess xapira. [Oxytones, i.e. nouns accented on the last syllable, also having o¢ impure in the geni- tive, have only a, as éA7ic, é\zida.]
OF THE VOCATIVE SINGULAR.
27. The vocative singular is generally like the nominative, and always so in participles ? of this third declension : but sometimes it differs—1. By changing the long vowel of the nominative into a short one, aS nom. 6 répny tender, voc. & répey ; nom. 6 rarHo, voce. @ Tarep.—2. By casting off the final ¢ of the nom. from nouns in eve and ove, and barytones in tc and ue, as N. Baowredc a king, V. & Baorred ; N. Bote, V. & Bod ; N. dguc, V. & de; N. vénrue a stranger, V. & véndv ; N. waic, V. & mai. So N. avat aking, V. & ava. But 6 rotc a foot, 6 ddotvc¢ a tooth, have in the vocative & rove, & 6d0v¢.—3. By changing ¢ of the nom. into vy, or «g into ev, as N. 6 MoAvdduac Polydamas, V. &
1 The poets, however, have fotpva, via, Boa. 2 See the participles active under the examples, sect. x. 11.
Py ete
SECT. IIT. GREEK GRAMMAR. 4
TloAvddpay ; N. 6 radac miserable, V. & radav ; N. 6 xapieue agreeable, V. & yapiev. [This rule in fact coincides with the last, if we remember that these formations in ag and ec are in general cor- ruptions of the form avg and evc.]—4. Nouns in and w¢ have the vocative in ot, as Anrw Latona, voe. Anroi.—5. Proper names change the long vowel of the nom. into its short one, as N. ’Azé\Awy, voce. “AvoAXov ; nom. Swxparne, voc. Lweparec.
OF THE DATIVE PLURAL.
28. [The dative plural appears to have been originally formed from the nominative plural by adding « or ot, and considering the neuter termination to be e¢ instead of a, as in Ionic, Molic, and Dorie, this form remained, raidec-o1, dvipec-o1, rpaypareo-. Then the usual changes for the sake of euphony took place, i.e. some vowels and consonants were omitted, and other alterations were made when necessary for the sake of quantity, which in this case was determined by that of the nom. plural. Thus dpriPecor, dpridect, dpviOor, dpvicr; ruplEvrec-c1, ruPlévTect, TUPEYTAL, TUdO- tiot ; a change analogous to that already observed in the nominative. These remarks can be easily applied to explain different examples: as practical rules, the following may suffice.] The dative plural is formed—1l. From the dative singular, by taking ¢ before t, and rejecting 6, 0, v, and 7, as D. sing. Bérpu, D. plur. Bérpucr ; Aaprads, Aapmwacr ; dp, dpriar; Sedgin, SeAgior ; cwpare, owpact.—2. From the nom. sing. by adding ¢ to nouns ending in &, y, or ¢ after a diphthong, as N. xépaé, D. plur. eépaéi!; N.”Apad, D. plur.”Apayr!; N. Baoiredc, D. plur. Baciredor. But xreic, G. erevdc, a comb, makes xreci; wove, G. 7oddg, a foot, woci; and obec, G. wrog, an ear, &oi.— 3. The dative singular evrt is in the dative plural changed into e:or, oyre into ovot, as from rifévtt, riOeiot, from Aéovrt, Néovor.—4. Nouns in no, G. epocg, by syncope poc, make the dative plural in act, as from rarnp, zarpaot. So apny has dpvaot, viedo, w son, vidor; but yaornp, yaorijpe, CwTNHO, TwWTIpot.
5. The poets often form the dative plural from the dative singular, by changing ¢ into eox or ecat, as D. sing. fjowe to a hero, D. plur. joweot or Npwecor.
29. Contractions in this declension are of two kinds. The first in the nominative, as well as in all the other cases, without changing the natural terminations, as in the two first declensions. Thus N. 6 Adag, ade, a stone, G. Adaog, Nao, &e. ; N. 1) daic, dd, a torch, G. daidoc, dddoc, &e. ; N. rd Eap, ho, spring, G. ~apoc, jooc, &ec. ; N. 6 ryunecc, rywye honourable, G. rysnevToc, rypivrog, &e. ;
. 0 wAakéec, TAaKOUE, a cake, G. ThaxdevTog, TAaKovrTOG, &e. But
30. The second sort of contractions have no place in the nominative, but change the natural ter- minations of some other cases. Observe, therefore,
31. 1. The Rules of Contraction—1. All these nouns before contraction are declined according to the example As\giv ; but—2. When contracted, to avoid the concourse of vowels, the genitives singular change their ao or aw into w ; aot into w; 00 into ov; and likewise the eo into ov, ew plur. into w, cot dual into ot, if they come from nouns in ye, é¢, or o¢.—3. Datives singular always contract ai into q, si into et, u into t, ot into o..—4. Nominatives, accusatives, and vocatives contract ae and aa, and ea after p into a, ea from ne pure into a or 9 (as vyiye, ace. byca and byii), sa impure into ; also ee from ye, é¢, or o¢ into 9; 逢, eac, into et¢; ta into 4, and cag into tc; vEC, vac into v¢; 0&¢, oac into ove; oa into w. ‘
N. B. Though these Rules of Contraction must necessarily appear puzzling to a beginner, yet, for his encouragement, he may be assured that PRACTICE will soon make them familiar, and indeed the best way of learning them will be by diligently committing to memory the following examples of contracted nouns. We observe then,
32. II. The Cases to be contracted. 1. Nouns in ye, oc, and é¢ are contracted in all cases that can admit of contraction. And note, that some nouns in y¢ are masculine, others feminine ; nouns in o¢ and ¢¢ neuter only. ‘O Anpoobivne Demosthenes is thus declined and contracted : Sing. N. 6 Anpocbév-nc, G. —eoc¢, ove, D. —éi, et, A. —ea, n, V. —ec. Dual, N. A. V. Anpoobéiv-ee, n, G. D. —éory, oiv, Plur. N. V. Anpoobéveec, etc, G. —iwy, Sv, D. eot, A. —eae, evc ?. Neuters in ¢¢ and o¢ are thus declined : Sing. N. A. V. rd réX-o¢ (an end), G. —e0c, ovc, D. —et, eu. Dual, N. A. V. réd-ee, 4, G. —éouv, ot. Plur. N. A. V. réd-ea, n, G. —éiwv, Gv, D. —eor.
Note. The compounds of cAéog are doubly contracted, as N. 6 ‘Hpaxd-éne, jc, G. —éeoc, éovc, and toc, [observe also, that, in neuters, if a vowel precedes ea, it is contracted only into a, not 7, as ra
1 As to the two datives xépat: and “ApaW:, this rule coincides with that immediately preceding ; for xépaf makes in the dative sing. xépax:, and so in the dative plur. it would, according to that rule, have xépaxox, of which xépaf: is only a different expression. So “Apay, dat. sing. ”“Apafz, and dat. plur. “Apafor or “Apa. Comp. sect. i. rule 8.
2 [It must be observed, that proper names have properly no plural. The learner will, therefore, attend only to the forms.
8 A PLAIN AND EASY SECT. Ill.
xpéa from xpéog, khéa from Kdéoc,] &e. but voe. ‘Hpa«A-eec, —erc. Some proper names in ng form the accusative in ny, as ’Apioropayne, acc. ’Apioropaynv.—This is usually called the first declension of contracted nouns,
2. Nouns in t¢ and ¢ are contracted only in the dative singular, and in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural : t¢ is masculine or feminine, « neuter.
Sing. N. 6 dgu¢ (a serpent), G. —woc, D. —ti, 4, A. —tv, V. —t Dual, N. A. V. d¢ue, G. D. —towv. Plur. N. V. 6¢-te¢, uc, G. —iwv, D. —wot, A. —tag, tc.
Neuters in t, as civnme mustard, are declined in the same manner, only the nom. ace. and voc. sing. are alike (comp. Rule 16), and the nom. ace. and voce. plur. are formed —ta,+. This declen- sion in tog is properly Ionic, as appears from its being used by Herodotus, who wrote in that dialect. The Attic form, which is used by the writers of the N. T., is as follows :
Sing. N. 6 d¢-1¢, G. —ewe, D. —éi, ex, A. —iv, V. —t. Dual, N. A. V. é¢-ee, G. D. —éouv. Plur. N. V. 6¢-e&¢, suc, G. —éwv, D. —eor, Acc. —eacg, ete.
Thus also are declined 9 dvvapic power, 7 7éXtc a city, &e.
This is usually called the second declension of contracted nouns.
3. Nouns in eve, ve, and v (G. eo¢), are likewise contracted only in the dative singular, and in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural, as
Sing. N. 6 Baoth-evbc¢ (a king), G. —éoc, Attic —éwe, D. —éi, ci, A. —éa, V. —ev. Dual, N. A. V. Baow-ée, G. D. —éour. Plur. N. V. Baow-éee, cig, G. —éwv, D. —edor, A. —éare, éic.
So 6 rijxue (a cubit), G. —eoc, Att. —ewce; but A. —vy, V. —v, and dat. plur. ryxeot.—So the neut. rd dorv a city; only remember that the nom. ace. and voe. sing. are alike, and that the nom. ace. and voe. plur. are formed in —ea, n. This is called the third declension of contracted nouns.
4, Nouns which end in ve, G. voe, contract only in the nom. ace. and voce. plur., as 6 Bdrp-ve, G. —vog, N. V. plur. Bérp-vec, vc, A. —vac, ve. So 6 oraxue an ear of corn, 6 ix9b¢ a fish, n dpxug a net, » Spv¢ an oak.
[The following are somewhat irregular :
1. Sing. N. vatc, G. vedo, or voc, or vade, D. yni, A. vady, and in later writers yada. Dual nom. and ace. are wanting ; G. and D. veoiv.
Plur. N. vijec, and vavg in later writers. G. vedv, D. vaiior, A. vaic, and in later writers vdac.
2. S. N. ypatic, G. ypadc, D. ypat and yoni, A. ypaty, V. ypad.
P. N. yodeg and ypijec, G. yodwy, D. yoator, A. ypaie.
3. S. N. Bovc, G. Bode, D. Bot, A. Boty.
P. N. Boece, G. Bowy, D. Bovai, A. Boag and Bode. ]
5. Nouns in w and we are contracted only in the singular, their dual and plural being declined
like Adyog of the second declension, as 17) Aexw a woman in child-bed. Sing. N. 7 Aey-w, G. —édoe, ov¢, D. —éi, ot, A. —da, , V. ot.
There are but two nouns in w¢ that follow this form, 1) aidwg¢ modesty, and 4 Hwe the morning. Nouns thus declined are feminine only.—This is usually called the fourth declension of contracted nouns.
6. Nouns neuter in ag pure and pag are contracted in all the cases that admit of contraction, thus,
Sing. N. A. V. rd Kép-ac (a horn), G. —aroc, aoc, wc, D. —art, ai, q. Dual, N. A. V. xép-are, ae, a, G. D. —droww, dow, pr. Plur. N. A. V. cép-ara, aa, a, G. —arwy, dwy, &y, D. —aor.
So ro xpéac flesh.—This is usually called the fifth declension of contracted nouns.
33. In all the declensions of substantives—1. The nominative, accusative, and vocative dual are always alike ; so the genitive and dative dual.—2. In the plural the nominative and vocative are always alike ; and the genitive always ends in wy.—3. In every number the nominative, accusative, and vocative of neuter nouns are always the same, and in the plural these cases, if wncontracted, always end in a, except in Attic nouns of the second declension in wy. See above, Rule 16.
34. N. B. Here let the learner, before he proceeds, write down with the article through all the numbers and cases, and commit to memory, several other examples of nouns of each declension, besides those above given.—’Opyh anger, tpbpva the poop of a ship, ayopa a market-place, pwpia folly, rapiac a butler, caTparng w viceroy, KpiTHG @ judge, oivorwAn¢ a vintner, may be very proper examples of the first declension ;—'H 006¢ a way, rd réxvoy a child, of the second ;—and of the third, 6 phy a month, 6 aorno a star, 4 vve, G. vuKrdg, the night, 9 préW, G. prEBde a vein, wédt honey, varv, G. —vog, mus- tard, vonpa a design ;—and for the contracts in this declension 1) reimpn¢e a galley, rd ‘Immopavéc the Hippomanes, 6 Weprkdéene Pericles, 4 divaptc power, both according to the Ionic and Attic form, 6 Bappeic an umpire, 7 ypaic, ypadc, an old woman, i) pew parsimony, rd Kpéag flesh.
Mav. V. GREEK GRAMMAR. 9
SECTION IV.
OF THE GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 1. Tue gender of Greek nouns is known either by their signification or by their termination.
I. By THEIR SIGNIFICATION.
2. Nouns signifying males, winds, months, and rivers, are generally masculine. 3. Nouns signifying females, countries, islands, cities, trees, and plants, are for the most part feminine. 4. Nouns referring to both sexes are common, as 6 cai 1) wapQévog a virgin.
II. By tHerrR TERMINATION.
5. In the declension, nouns in 7 and a are feminine, in y¢ and ag masculine (as in sect. iii. 5).—6. In the second declension, nouns in og (and wg) are masculine, and sometimes feminine or common.
7. Nouns in oy are neuter, whatever they signify, as rd kopaotov a damsel, rb Ovyarptor a Little
8. Nouns of the third declension in y, 2, p, J, ac -avroc, ne, etc, ev¢, ovc, we, are generally mas- culine ; in w, 1, y£, Tne -TNTOC, tC, VE, ate, ave, adc -adog, generally feminine ; in a, t, v, ap, op, ac -aroc are almost always neuter.
SECTION V.
; OF HETEROCLITES, OR IRREGULAR NOUNS.
1. Hererocrites (so called from érépwe cXtrd¢ otherwise declined) are such nouns as differ from the common way of declining, by being either defective, variant, or redundant.
2. Defectives in number are either singular only, as generally proper names and such as want the plural in sense, as the names of herbs, liquors, ages of men, virtues, vices, and the like; or plural only, as the feasts of the gods, thus, rd Avovicra the feast of Bacchus; some names of cities, as ai *AOijvat Athens, ra ‘lepocd\vpa Jerusalem.
3. Defectives in case are—1. Aptotes (from a neg. and mr@otc a case), which have but one ending for every case, as the names of letters, d\ga, Bijra, &c., foreign names, AaBid, IopanA, names of numbers from four to a hundred, as zéyre, é, &c., and some substantives neuter, as rd yoewy fate, d&ac the body, trap a vision, &¢.—2. Monoptotes (from povog a single, and mr@oic¢ case), which are used but in one case, as 7) xpsiw necessity (Hom. Il. x. 172), 1) dwe a gift, & trav ho, such an one! ho you, sir! at Karaxhoec the Fates.—3. Diptotes (from dic twice, and mr@ocg a case), which have but two cases, as 6 Nic a lion, A. roy Xiv; so the dual dugw, G. and D. dudow, both.—4. Triptotes (from Tic thrice, and rrG@otg a case), which have but three cases, as 6 paprue a witness, A. paoruy, D. plur. paprva. So the blessed name 6 “Incovg Jesus, as to termination, N. 6 Inootg, G. D. V. 'Inood, A. "Inoovr.
4. Variants in gender are masculine in the singular, and mase. and neut. in the plural, as sing. N. 6 deopdc a chain; plur. ot cecpoi and ra decpa. So dippoc, eixrdoc, &e. But sing. 7 xéAevOoc a ; plur. ra xéXevOa. Sing. 6 cai 7) Tadprapog Tartarus ; plur. ra Taprapa.
5. Variants in case, as To yév-v the knee, ro d6p-v a spear, G. —aroc ; 7d bdwp water, gen. Wdaroc; 1) YVV & woman, gen. yuvaikdc, &c. voc. yivat, as if from yivagé. But these irregularities may be best learnt by usr.
6. Redundants form their oblique cases in a two-fold manner. Thus some nouns in ovg are declined after both the second and third declension, as 6 vovg¢ the mind, G. vod and vodc, D. vg and vot. So xpovc, &c. Some nouns in we of the Attic form are declined also according to the third, as 0 yéhwe laughter, G. yédw and yédwTog ; 6 Kddwe a cable, G. kadw and cadd\wroc. Some nouns in ne are declined after the first and third, as 6 OdAne Thales, G. Oadov and OdAnroc. ‘O Mwaije, Moses, Mat. viii. 4. hath dat. Mwog, Mat. xvii. 4. ace. Mwojy, Acts vi. 11. and also G. Mwcéwe, Mat. xxiii. 2. D. Mwoci, Mark ix. 4. A. Mwota, Luke xvi. 29. as if from Mwoevc. So from Mwi-
= cic, Acts vi. 14. we have not only acc. Mwiojy, Acts vii. 35. but also G. Mwicéwe, Acts xv. 1. and D. Mwicei, 2 Tim. iii. 8. as if from Mwicetc. Some nouns have a double genitive, &c. of the same declension, 7 Tiyp-tc¢, a tigress, G. —doc and —uog ; ) Oépu-t¢ right, G. —idog and —oroc. ‘O Zeic Jupiter is thus declined : G. Zyvdc or Atég, D. Znvi or Att, A. Ziva or Aia, V. & Zed. The truth is, Avéc, &c. are from nom. Aic ; Zynvdg, —vi, —va from nom. Znv.
10 A PLAIN AND. EASY SECT. VI.
SECTION VI.
OF NOUNS COGNATE, FEMININE, PATRONYMICS, GENTILES, POSSESSIVES, AMPLIFICATIVES, DIMINUTIVES, VERBALS, AND COMPOUNDS.
1. CoGnaTe nouns are of various sorts ; for—1. From most adjectives may be deduced masculines in wy, feminines in Ty¢, ca, vyn, and neuters in coy ; as from ¢gidog, n, ov, come Pitwy (a proper name) and pAdryg, pidria, piroobyy, and 7d girtor love, friendship.—2. From the dative plural of the third declension in ovo. are formed feminines in ta; as from yéopwy an old man, dat. plur. yépovet, comes yepovcia a senate.—3. From adjectives,in n¢ come feminines in eva ; as from dAnOjc true, ddnea truth.—4. From substantives are made adjectives in atoc, aXeoc, and toc, as dpopaiog, obpaviog, from dpdpyoc, obpavec.
2. Feminine substantives from masculines of the first declension in n¢ end in tc, rpra, or repre, as 4 mpopirtc a prophetess, n ToinTrpra a poetess, ) abAnrpic a minstreless, from 6 wpopHATne, 6 mourns, 0 abdnrhc. From masculines of the second they end in a, ty, or ama, as O24 a g 3 dovAn a female slave, iarpivy a female physician, ixava aw she-wolf, from their masculines O¢dée, dovXoc, iarpdc, AVKog. From masculines of the third they often end in awa, acca, era, as Méatva a lioness, dvacoa a queen, iépera a priestess, from 6 Aéwy aw lion, 6 avak a king, 6 iepede a priest.
3. Patronymics (from rarpdg dvopa, the name of a father) are names which the poets give to per- sons from their fathers or ancestors, thus InXsidng is the son of Peleus,’ Arpeidne the son of Atreus, Hoarnkidne a descendant of Hercules.—1. Masculine patronymics end in adne, we, or tadne ; for 1. From primitive proper names of the first declension in ag or ne, or of the second in tog, come patronymics in adne, as Aive-dadnc, ‘Immor-ddne, “Hdt-adne, from Aivei-ac, ‘Immér-ne, “HAt-oc. 2. From the second in og impure, or from the genitive of the third, in we, as Aiax-idng, Neorop-idne, from Aiak-d¢, Néor-wp, —opo¢'. But when the penultima (i.e. the last syllable but one) of any genitive is long, the last syllable may be changed into tadne, as ’Ayxio-1adye, "ArXayr-1ddne, from “Ayxio-nc, ov; ”Ard-ac, avroc. So from IInAeve, -é0c, Ionic -ijoc, comes IInXe-idne, by crasis IInAeidne, and Ionic IInAHeadne.—2. Feminine patronymics end in ag, tc, nic, evn, or wy ; for 1. From masculine patronymics in adne and tong, by leaving out dn, come ac and tc, as ‘“HArae and Kadnpic, from “HAtadne and Kadpidng ; but the poets often insert n, as Kadunic, Bovonic, Xovontc. 2. Feminine patronymics from primitive nouns of the second and third declension with the last syllable impure? end in tvn, with the last syllable pure in wv ; as ’Adpaor-ivn, Nno-ivn, from ”Adpaor-og, Nnp-ev¢ ; and ’Axp.ot-wyn, "Hert-wvn, from ’Axpiot-oc, Heri-wy. Note, patronymies in dye and vy are of the first declension, but in wy, ac, and tc of the third.
4. Gentiles, or the names of townsmen, end generally in rne¢, ato, toc, tvoc, or Eve 3 as Nrapridrne, ’"AOnvaioc, BaBvrwrt0c, ‘Pynyivoc, AXeEavdpedc from the cities Urdprn, APjvar, BaBvrwr, ‘Py- yoy, AreEdvdpsa. Feminines end often in ooa, as Kofjooa, Kidiooa, from Konry, Kiduxia 3 and sometimes in ta, from masculines in toc, as "AOnvaia, &e.
5. Possessives, or adjectives expressing possession or relation, are derived both from proper names and appellatives, and end in ¢0¢, tog, er0c, Koc, vec, or wince; as “Exrépeoc, marpwioc, ‘AxidXetog, povotkdc, avOowrvoc, AOwdne, from “Exrwo, tarnp, AxvdAkic, wovoa, dvOpwroe, difoc.
6. Amplificatives increase the signification, and end in og, tag, or wy, as apvetdc a full-grown lamb, from dpc a lamb ; madvdc a great boy, a lad, from raic a boy; twywviag a man with a great beard, from twywy a beard; cropiag one with a large mouth, from ordpa a@ mouth ; yewv blubber-lipped, from yeitdog a lip.
7. Diminutives are derived both from proper names and from appellatives. 1. Masculines gene- rally end in wy, a£, oxoc, oc, ve, as pwpiwy a fool, from pdpoc, AiPak a little stone, from hiPoe, avOowmicKxog a little man, a manikin, from Gv0pwzoc, towridog a little love, from towc, —wrog, Atéyve, diminut. of Atovictoc Dionysius.—2. Feminines end in ic, oxy, vy, as Konvic a little fountain, from cpqvn, watdiokn a little maid, from maic, waiddc, rodixvy a litile city, from 7é6dAt¢.—3. Neuters in tov, Ovyarpuoy a little daughter, from Ovyar-np, —poc [and especially in dor]. ;
8. Verbals are deduced, Ist, from the active present of verbs, as vikn a victory, from vikdw to con- quer, eidoc a form, from ¢idw to see: 2ndly, from the 2nd aor. as guyn flight, from pvyor, 2 aor. of pevyw to flee; ma0og suffering, from éxa0or, 2 aor. of obsolete 779w to suffer: 3rdly, from the perfect middle, as Adyo¢ a word, from dédoya, perf. mid. of Aéyw to speak ; reopH food, from rérpoga, perf. mid. of rpé¢w to nourish: 4thly, from the three persons singular of the perfect passive, which end in pat, cat, and rat, as yodppa a letter, ypappy a line, from yéypapupat, | pers. perf. pass. of yoaduw to write; Wadpoc a psalm, from Padpar, 1 pers. perf. pass. of Paddw to sing to music ; Kpiote judg- ment, from kéxoroat, 2 pers. perf. pass. of kpivw to judge; doxisacia proof, from dedoxipaca, 2 pers. perf. pass. of doxysdfw to prove; rourng a poet, Xprord¢ Christ (anointed), xapaxrnpy a character, pyrwp an orator, eOagiori¢ the art of playing on the harp, dpxnorpa the orchestra, and dpxnorpic a dancer, Koupnthnowy a cemetery, dporpoy a plough, and adjectives in reog, as Xexréoc, from the respective third persons perf. pass. reroinrat, Kéyptorat, Kexdpakrat, Ehpnrar, KexiOdprora, Ooxn- oTat, Kexoipnrat, Howrat, AEdEKTat.
1 Tonic patronymics end in iwy, as from Kpdévos Kpoviwy; Dorie patronymics in das, as from Kpéwy Kpewvdas. 2 See sect. i, 19.
¥ =! - : =
GREEK GRAMMAR. 11
9. The Greeks delight in compounds. Sometimes they form these of two nominatives, leaving out such letters as would seem harsh, as vavpayia a sea-fight, from vaig a ship, and pay a fight ; some- times of a genitive and nominative, as vewaotxog a dock, literally a ship’s house, vewg oikog ; some- times of a dative (or, as some call it, an ablative) and a nominative, as dpecirpopoc nourished or bred in the mountains, from dat. plur. dpece in the mountains, and rpodd¢ nourished ; sometimes of a noun and verb, as vovveyne wise, discreet, from vot (acc. of votg) mind, understanding, and éxw to have ; sometimes of numerals joined to other nouns, as rerparoug a four-footed creature, a quadruped, from rérrapeg (neut. —pa) four, and rovg a foot ; ExatdvTapxog a centurion, from éxardy a hundred, and doxo¢ a commander ; sometimes of several particles added together, as dtézrep, drwodnrorovy, &c.— N.B. This section is inserted in conformity to the method of that excellent grammarian, Mr. Holmes ; though, after all, most of the observations contained in it will be best learned by use, and by diligently
consulting a good lexicon.
SECT. Vil,
SECTION VII. OF ADJECTIVES AND THEIR DECLENSIONS.
1. A Noun adjective, or more properly an adjective 1, so called because adjectitious, or added to a substantive, denotes some quality of the substantive to which it is joined ; so in the expressions ayabic GvPpwrog a good man, Kady yuvy a fair woman, piyag oixog a great house, the words good,
_ fair, and great are adjectives.
2. Adjectives are declined in a three-fold manner, that is, either by three terminations, or two, or
one. OF ADJECTIVES OF THREE TERMINATIONS.
3. Adjectives of three terminations end in oc, vc, wy, ac, etc, wc, and are declined after the manner of substantives according to their termination. Thus,
4. Adjectives of three terminations in o¢ (as rahdc fair, ayadc¢ good, and participles in voc) are declined like substantives of the second and first declension, that is,—mase. OS like the 2nd, fem. H like the Ist, neut. ON like the 2nd, as
Singular. Dual. Plural. —--. %. N. M. F. N. M. F. N. . Pit-oc, —n, —ov N. A.V. N. —o., —at, —a - —ov, —nc, —ov ae G. —wyv, —wy, —wy D —y, —7, —Yv ee ee " D. —org, —atc, —ore A. —ov, —nv, —ov G. D. A. —ove, —ac, —a Vv. —& —, —ov —ov, —aw, —ov V.—or., —alt, —a
5. But adjectives ending in o¢ pure or poc make the nom. fem. in a, Gen. in ag, dat. in g, &e. (comp. sect. iii. 8.) as sing. N. &yt-o¢ and av@no-dc, a, ov, G. ov, ac, ov, D. w, a, w, A. ov, av, ov, V. , a, ov : except some contracted ones (of which presently) and numerals in oo¢, as dydo-oc eiyhth, which make y in the fem. ‘
6. Contracted adjectives in o¢ are declined like contracted substantives of the second and first declension, as Sing. N. ypta-eoc, ot¢; ta, Hj; E0v, odv; G. E0v, ov; Enc, He; éov, od; D. Ew, @; ey, 9; tw, @; A. soy, ody; Env, fv; eov, ovv, Ke. Sing. N. dpyup-éoc, ove; éa, A; Eov, ovv; &e. Sing. N. azdéoe, ovc ; én, H; Gov, ov; G. dov, oF; &e.
7. AdAog, GAN, Go, forms its neut. sing. in 0, but is in all other respects declined like didoc. (Comp. sect. ix. rule 8.)
8. Adjectives of three terminations in uc, wy, ac, eg, we, are declined like substantives of the third and first declension, that is to say, the masculine and neuter are declined like the third, and the feminine like the first, thus,—M. Y> like the 3rd, F. EIA like the Ist, N. Y like the 3rd, as 7d0¢
sweet, Singular. Dual. Plural. M. F. N, M. FP. N. M. F, N. © ’ ~ * , ~ ~ , N. Hd-vc, —#ia, =— N. A.V. N. —éec, ic, —état, —éa G. —éog, —éliac, —éoc ; Py ; G. —twy, —tdv, —twy D toe ow . fos ~ —é, —éld, =-&& 2 H £ - —ti,ei, —etig, —éi, ci D. —éou, —eiatc, —éor , ~ ~ ‘ cd A. —tv, —#iay, —# é G. D. A. —éac, sic, —siac, —éa Vv. —4, —éta, —wv —éow, —tiary, —éowy V. —éeg, sic, —eiat, —éa
[ Note. Some adjectives in vc have ea for vy in the accus. sing. as evpéa, evOéa.
Sometimes these
adjectives are considered as having only two terminations, See Hom. Od. E. 467. M. 369. Thue. iv. 83. 104. viii. 8. 64.]
M. ON like the 3rd, F. OYSA like the Ist, N. ON like the 3rd, as ixwy willing, and participles in wy. Sing. N. ‘Exwyv, ovoa, dv, G. dvtog, ovane, dvroc, Ke.
? See Bishop Lowth’s Introduction to English Grammar, p. 40. note [1].
12 A PLAIN AND EASY SECT. VII,
M. A® like the 3rd, F. AZA like the Ist, N. AN like the 3rd, as wae all, and participles in ag. Sing. N. lac, raca, wav, G. ravriéc, radone, ravroc, &e. Particip. N. Tiac, aca, av, G. avroc, done, avroc, &e. Two adjectives in ag are thus declined : —ac, awa, av, G. —avog, aivne, avoc, &c. namely, ped-ac black, rad-ag miserable. M. EI® like the 3rd, F. EZSA like the Ist, N. EN like the 3rd, as yapieug gracious. Sing. N. Xapi-ec, eooa, ev, G. evroc, toone, evroc, &c.
Note, ogc, otoca, ory, are contracted into ove, ova, ovy, as pedird-e1c, od¢ (honeyed); deooa, ovooa; dev, odv, &e.: Etc, Hecoa, nev, into yo, nooa, ny, as Timn-ec, He (honourable) ; hecoa, Hoca ; Hev, Hv : (comp. sect. iii. 29.) And observe further, that participles in et¢ form their feminine in loa, as Tu@Deic beaten, tioa, Ev, G. EvToc, Eionc, évroc.
M. Q® like the 3rd, F. YIA like the Ist, N. OS like the 3rd, as participle rerupw¢ having beaten.
Sing. N. rerug-we, via, 6c, G. droc, viag, droc, Ke.
9. The adjectives rodve much, and péyac great, have their neut. sing. woAd and péya, and their accus. masc. zoAvy and péyay, but borrow! all the rest from the old words wodAdg and peyadoc, thus, Sing. N. zodvg, wodAH, woAV, G. odAod, TodAijC, TOAAOD, &e. Sing. N. péyac, peyddn, péya, G. peyadou, peyadnc, weyddov, &c.—N.B. The learner should here write out, through all the cases and numbers, those of the above examples which are designedly left imperfect. ,
OF THE ADJECTIVES OF TWO TERMINATIONS.
10. Adjectives of two terminations end in o¢, we, ac, n¢, t¢, ovg, ve, nv, wv; and are declined after the manner of substantives, according to their termination.
11. Thus those in og and the Attics in we are declined like the second declension ; all the others like the third.
EXAMPLES, Masc. and Fem. Neut.
Sing. N. 6 cai 9 Evdot-oc, Kai TO évoot-ov 6 Kai 4 edye-we, cai Td evye-wy (Attic) 6 Kai 1) asiv-ac, Kai TO déiv-ay 6 Kai » adnO-ne, cai TO adnO-éc 6 Kai 7) evxap-te, kai TO evyap-t 6 kai 4 Oim-ovg, Kai TO Oim-ovy 6 Kai 7) Gdaxp-ve, kai Tb ddakp-v 6 Kai » appnr, kai TO Gpp-ev 6 xain evdaip-wy, Kaird eddap-ov.
12. These adjectives make their genitives respectively in ov, w, avTog, £0¢, ove, tTOC, odog, Vos, EV0C, OVoc, as Substantives of the like terminations.
13. Most derivative and compound adjectives in o¢ are thus declined with two terminations, and thus the Attics decline all adjectives in o¢. Some adjectives are declined both with two and with three terminations, as aidvt-o¢, a, ov, and 6 Kai 4 aiwyt-o¢, Kai Tb —ov; Tép-ny, eva, ev, and 6 Kai % TEONY, Kai TO TépEV.
14. N. B. The learner, in declining the above adjectives, should repeat the proper articles with every case, as, Sing. N. 6 cai 7) évdok%oc, cai rd Evdotov, G. row Kai ric Kai Tov évdotov, D. r@ wai rH wai Tp évddew, A. roy kai rv Kai rd Evdokov, &c. Sing. N. 6 cai 7 adnOie, cai rd adnGéc, G. rou Kai THe Kai Tov adnO-é0c, otc, D. r@ wai rH Kai rp adnyO-ki, ci, A. Tov Kai Thy adnO-éa, 7H, Kai TO addnGéc, V. masc. and fem. & addnO7e, neut. ® ddnBéic. Comp. sect. ili. 32.
OF ADJECTIVES OF ONE TERMINATION.
15. Adjectives of one termination end in , tv, ¢, p, W, and are declined after the manner of sub- stantives, according to their termination, but are scarcely used in the neuter gender ?. Sing. N. 0 cai » dom-at, G. ayoc, rapacious TpLtyAwyx-tv, G. tvoc, three-pointed mwodvdeip-ac, G. adoc, many-topped Tpicpakap, G. apoc, thrice-happy aidiop, G. oro, swarthy.
16. Decline dp7aé thus, and so the rest : Sing. N. 6 cai 1) pat, G. rov cai rig dprayoc, D. rp kai ry dowayt, A. rov cai rv dowaya, V.® dowak. Dual, N. A. V. rw cai ra dpwaye, G. D. roiv cai taiv aprdyow. Plur. N. oi cai ai dowayec, G. rév aprwaywy, D. roic cai raic dpmakt, A. rov¢g cal Tac domayac, V. & dprayec.
1 The poets often use G. wodéos, D. woAdci, plur. N. wodées, G. roAéwv, D. modo, A. modéas, also moAAOs, H, dv,
like @éAos. 2 See Port-Royal Greek Grammar, by Nugent, p. 74, and Holmes’s, p. 25.
SECT. VIIT. GREEK GRAMMAR. 13
17. The numerals sic one, dvo two, rpsic three, riccapec four, are declined as follows :
Sing. N. cic, pia, tv, G. évdg, prac, Evdg, D. Evi, wig, évi, A. Eva, piar, ev.
So its compounds pndeig and oddeig no one, Ke. N. pndsic, undepia, pndéiv, G. pndevoc, pndemac, pndevoc, &c.
Dual, !N. A. V. dd0, G. D. dvoty and dusiv, D. duci poetic. But do is used for all genders and eases except the dative.
Plural, N. oi cai ai rpeic, kai ra rpia, G. rpr@y, D. rpii, A. rode Kai rac Tetic, Kai Ta Tpia.
Plural, N. oi cai ai riccapec, cai rd técoapa, G. recodowy, D. riccapot, A. rov¢ Kai Tda¢ réc- capac, kai ra Téooapa.
SECTION VIII. OF THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES, &e.
1. Apsectives in Greek, as in English, have three degrees of comparison : the positive, as great ; the comparative, as greater, or more great, of two ; the superlative, as greatest, or most great, of many.
2. Adjectives in oc, after a long? syllable, form their comparative and superlative by changing o¢ into orepoc, and oraroc, as pos. évdofog noble, compar. évdotédrepog nobler, superl. évdofsrarog noblest ; after a short * syllable, into wrepog and wrarog, as pos. copde wise, compar. copwrepoc wiser, superl. cogdraroc wisest. But if the preceding syllable be doubtful, the comparative and superlative are formed either in orepo¢g and oraroe, or in wrepog and wrarog, as loog or icog equal, compar. and superl. icérepog and iséraroc, or iswrepog and iswrarog.
3. Adjectives in exc, to form the comparative and superlative, change that syllable into eorepoc and ecraroc; in tc, ap, and ove, take repog and rarog; in ye, ve, and ac, add to their neuters repo and raroc ; in ny and wy add to their nominatives plural repo¢ and raroc; in & change og of their genitive singular into corepog and torarog.
EXAMPLES, Posit. Compar. Superl. In ee, yapiec EOTEDOC, eoTaToc a axa de f hae 3 \ TEPOS, TATOC
nC, evoeB-n¢, éc 1
ve, &vp-UC, U TEVOG, TaToc
ac, péd-ac, av J
nv, Téo-nv, Eveg
wy, Tpddp-wy, oat FER OSs eye &, Bra-E, Kc LoTEDOC, torarog
4. Some adjectives in o¢ cast away o or w in their compar. and superl. as yepatdéc, yepairepoc, yepairaroc. So madatdc, cxoraioc, Vépsroc, Cektde.
5. The Attics compare many adjectives in o¢ by atrepog and atrarog, as idtog, idtairepog, idtai- taroc. So ijovyoc, icoc, péooc, tANoIoc, doc, &c. ; and many by eorepog and eorarog, as aidoioc, aiéouicrepog, aidoisctaroc. So yevvatoc, srovdaioc, aviagdc, &c. Some with both, as dopevoc, dopevairepog and dopeviorepoc, &c. A few by torepog and toraroc, as AdXoc, AaXiorEpoc, AaXi- eraroc, by syncope NaduoTog.
[6. Adjectives in vce and some in po¢ often change those endings into wy and toroc; as edpdc, tipiwy, EvpioToc; aicypdc, aicyiwy, aicxiorog. So éxOpdg, oikrpdg, evdpdcg; and paxpéc¢ has pyKioToc. | _ [7. Some also ending in o¢, nc, and ac, form in the same way, though somewhat irregularly,
Thus, cadéc, KadXiwy, Kka\Xtoro¢g Kakéc, Kakiwy (KkaKwTEpoc), KaKtoTO¢ girtoc, gpirtiwr, pittoroc
(also, iArepoc, pidraroc) AdXoc, —— AdXtorog péyag = ———-—— péytorog éheyxne —_—— éhéy XLoTOC.
1 So Dual, N. A. V. Gude both, G. D. dupoiv. Comp. sect. v. 3, 3.
2 The last syllable but one that has a Jong vowel (see sect. i. 6.) or a diphthong in it, is always long, as papos, eXotos; so if it has a short or doubtful vowel before two consonants or a double one, as ceuvés, évdofos: but if it has a short vowel before a single consonant, the syllable is short, as copés. The doubtful vowels, a, «, v, before another vowel, are generally short; but before a consonant, often long.
3 Yet from dcrAdos, ovs, we have comparat. neut. dimAdtepoy, Mat. xxiii. 15.
14 A PLAIN AND EASY SECT. VIII.
Some of these forms, in the comparative, instead of « and their own consonant, take oo or rr, or some form not far removed from this: as,
éhaxve, éLdoowv
paxpoc, pidcowyv, whence, perhaps, peilwv KoaTvc, (xpariwy, Kpdoowyr,) Kpsicowy raxtc (old form, Oayic), Paccov
Boaxds, Bodoowv.
So Bdcowy, yboowv, rasowv, from Balic, yAuKic, raxtc. “Hoowy, or ijtrwy, is by some derived from ypyiciwy ; but jjxcora shows that it is properly »)ciwy, from some unknown positive. ]
[8. There are many comparatives and superlatives, which appear to be derived from substantives and prepositions, and others whose positive is lost or unknown. ]
FROM SUBSTANTIVES.
Kép0oc, KEpdiwy, Képd.oroe, | ee gory ae “Aone, apeiwy, do.orocg, f ’ aidyoe, Gdyvoy (adv.), daAyworog, more and most painful ptyoc, ptyiwy, piytora (adv.) Kvooc, Kdduoroc, most glorious bBptoric, wUBprordreoog and —draroc, more and most insolent K700¢, KHOLoTOC boc, inpirEpoc, trorog. FROM ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS.
ayxov, ayxorepoc, adyxtoroc
700, TOTEPOC, ( mpdraroc) TpaToC
UTrép, UTEPTEPOC, uméprarocg
Tpwi, m pwtrepoc.
We may here observe, that adverbs and prepositions form comparatives and superlatives ; as,
avw, ayvwréipw, avwrarw or avwrara, ayxov, ayxorépw, and (dyxtov) dooor.
FROM UNKNOWN POSITIVES.
apeivwy, better. :
BéXrEpoc, BéXrarog,
or usually in Attic, > better, and best. BeXriwy, BéXrioTOC,
These are usually assigned to aya06c¢, whose regular forms occur in later writers, and such as are not Attic. ‘ pEiwy, peioroe, less, least.
This is assigned to puxpdc, whose regular comparative, puxpdrepoc, is found.
mieiwy or WAéwy, TAEiaTOC, more, most.
The neuter is usually m\éov, and in the plural in Attic we usually find wAéovec or wXeiovc, wAéova
or 7AEiw. . Paw, pdoroc, easier, easiest.
It appears that there was an old word pfioc, whence came pyirepoc and pyiwy, or Dorice pai- Tepo¢g, and patwy; the Attic form of which is p¢wy, and in the superlative pyirarog and pijicroc, Dorice pdicroc, Att. pgorog.
xElowy, yEinioroc, worse, worst.
Perhaps from yéeyn¢ (which in Homer has a comparative sense), from which comes yepeiwy, in
Homer, as dpsiwy from” Apne. omAOTEpOC, OTAOTAaTOG, younger, and youngest.
The following may class under the same head ; they are commonly derived from verbs :
Awiwy or AYwv, AWiora or Agora, better, and best. These may come from Awioc, which has \wirepoc.
péprepoc, pépraroc, and Péproroc, better, and best. Said to be from géow, in the sense of rpogipw, whence comes rpogepnc’ Aevrepoc, Sebraroc.]
9. Sometimes comparatives and superlatives are compared again, as from compar. ysipwy worse, xetpdrepoc much worse ; from é\dytoroc least}, thayororepog less than the least.
1 See Lexicon on this word.
ee
10. Comparatives and superlatives are generally declined like other adjectives ; but comparatives in wy, especially irregular ones, thus, Sing. N. 6 cai % wAeiwy, rai rd —ov, G. —ovoc, D. —or, A. —ova, oa, w, kai rs —ov, V. —ov, Dual, N. A. V. —ove, G. D. —ovorv, Plur. N. V. —ovec, og, ove, kai r&4 —ova, oa, w, G. —ovwy, D. —oot, A. —ovag, oac, ov¢, kai ra —ova, oa, w. So peifwy, cpsirrwy, &c.
SECTION IX. OF PRONOUNS.
1. A pronoun is so called because it stands pro nomine, for, or instead of, a noun.
2. Pronouns may be distinguished into personal or primitive, possessive, demonstrative, relative, com- pound, and reciprocal.
3. The personal or primitive pronouns are three, éyw I, plur. 2petc we, of the first person ; ob thou, plur. ipeig¢ ye, of the second ; G. od he or she, plur. o¢eig they, of the third ; which are thus declined :
Singular. Dual. Plural. N. ’Eyo I xee N. 1peic we G. ipod or pov of me N. A. vGi, v@ we or us two G. nudy of us D. poi or poi to me G. D. viv, v@v of or to us two D. piv to us A. éyé or pé me A. apa¢ us. N. =v tho soit a N. dpeic ye G. aod of thee N. Aine pak Of gt o® you tao i fate ef aun Bi 'goi'to thee G. D. ogaiv, ogy of or to you ine D. spiv to you A. oé thee A. tpdic you N. Wanting N. ogeic they G. od of him or her N. A. ogwi they two G. cgay of them D. of to him G. D. odmiv of them two. D. odict to them A. = him A. opag them.
4. [From the oblique cases of ty, ov, od, and the nom. plural and dual, are derived the possessive pronouns, having the signification of the genitive of the personals. Thus, ude, 7, dv mine; cdc, H, . év thine; éd¢ or de, tj, dv his; spwitrepog, a, ov both yours ; vwirepoc, a, ov both ours; nuérEpoc, a, ov ours ; bpétepoc, a, ov yours ; op0c, H, dv and ogérepoc, a, ov your, in the plural, and used by the poets as the pronoun possessive of the 3rd pers. sing. his.]
5. The demonstrative pronouns are [00¢], odro¢ this, and éixetvoc that, he. [Ode is declined like the article. In Attic it is 60i.] Odroc is thus declined:
Singular. Dual. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. otroc, arn, rovro N. A. N. otrot, atdrat, radra G. rovrov, ratvrne, TovTou TOUTW, TavTa, ToOUTW G. rotTwrv D. rotrp, raity, rotvrw G. D. D. rotrowg, rabratc, rovroc A. rotvrov, taitny, TovrTo TOUTOLY, TavTaLY, TOvTOLY - A. rovroug, ratiTacg, Tavra.
6. In like manner are declined the compounds rot-ovrog such, roo-ovTog so much, THALK-oVTOE so
eat, as N. rnAtx-odToc, tyduK-abryn, THALK-ovTO, G. TNALK-ovTOV, THALK-avTNC, TNALK-obTOV, &C. But the Attics form the neuter of these in or.
7. ’Exéivoc is declined like the relative pronoun dée¢, ending the neuter sing. in o: Sing. N. éxeivoc, ixeivn, éxeivo.
8. The relative pronouns are oc, #, 5, who, which, and abréc, abrn, abté, he, she, it. “Oc is thus declined :
Singular. Dual. Plural. M. F. N. M F. N M, F. N N. dc, i), é N. ol, ai, a G. ov, HC, ov N. A. &, a, ra) G. av D. 4, > @ G. D. oiy, aiv, otv D. otc, alc, lc A. oy, iv, 6 A. ove, dc, a.
Adroc is declined in the same manner, forming the neut. sing. ino. [Adrdg has properly the sig- nification of he, she, it, only in the oblique cases ; in the nominative it is he, himself, and if the article precedes, it is the same. This, by the Attics, is made into airéc, airh, rauré or rauTéy, Tavrod, &e. ig and viv are used for the ace. sing. of adré¢ in all genders ; and viv also in the ace. plural. ]
16 ; A PLAIN AND EASY SECT. X.
9. The compound pronouns ip-avrod myself, ce-avrod thyself, have only the singular ; but éavrow himself, both the singular and plural. All of them want the nominative and vocative: Sing. G. éuaut-ov, ic, ov, D. guavr-p, 9, @, A. iuavr-dy, Hy, 6. So ceavrov and éavrod; but this last in the plural, G. iavr-dv, D. éavr-oic, atc, oic, A. gavr-obc, ac, &. [To express the plural of éuavrov and ceavrov, the Greeks use npeig adroit, ipeic abroi, &e., and we find also of@y airay, &e.]
10. To the above must be added the indefinite pronoun deiva a certain person or thing, and the indefinite ric any one, also the interrogative ri¢ who? what?
1l. Activa is generally undeclined, but it is sometimes declined thus: Sing. N. 6, 9, 7d deiva, G. deivoc, D. dein, A. diva [plur. N. deivec, G. deiywr].
12. Tig is thus declined :
Singular. Dual. Plural.
M. F. N. M, F. N. N. ric, ri N. rtvéc, Tiva G. rivoc N. A. revé G.- Tivey D. revi G. D. revoiy D. resi A. tid, Ti A. Tivae, riva.
13. The compound Sartg who, whosoever, is declined like b¢ and rig, thus, Sing. N. darce, tric, 6,71, G. odruvoe, Horivoe, ovrivog, D. @rin, yreve, grim, A, dytwa, iyvtwa, 0,7t, &e. The Attics for the G. and D. sing. of dc7«¢ use brov and ory, and for the G. plural érwr.
14. [The reciprocal pronoun a4\A7Awy is thus declined: G. dAAHAwy, D. adAHrorg, GAAHAaLE, A. adAndoug, ag, a, dual gen. dat. d\AnAowv, —auy, ace. dAANAw, a, one another.]
SECTION X.
OF VERBS, AND FIRST OF VERBS IN Q.
1!, “ A verRB is a word which signifies o do, to suffer, or to be.” Hence, 2. “ There are three kinds of verbs, active, passive, and neuter.
3. “A verb active expresses an action, and necessarily implies an agent, and an object acted upon ; as, to love, I love Thomas :” to beat, I beat John.
4, “ A verb passive expresses a passion or a suffering, or the receiving of an action, and necessarily implies an object acted upon, and an agent by which it is acted upon ; as, to be loved, Thomas is loved by me ;” John is beaten by me.
5. “So when the agent takes the lead in the sentence, the verb is active, and is fullowed by the object ; when the object takes the lead, the verb is passive, and is followed by the agent.”
6. “ A verb neuter expresses being, or a state or condition of being; when the agent and the objec acted upon coincide, and the event is properly neither action nor passion, but rather something between both ; as, J am, I sleep, I walk.”
7. Verbs in Greek are declined by persons, numbers, tenses, moods, voices, and conjugations.
8. “ By the designation of person a verb corresponds with the several personal pronouns ; by that of number it corresponds with the number of the noun or pronoun it belongs to, whether singular, dual, or plural ; of tense or time, it represents the action, passion, or being, as present, past, or future, whether imperfectly or perfectly, that is, whether passing in such time, or then finished ; of mood or mode, it expresses the various manner of the action, passion, or being :” of voices, it denotes action, passion, or both. Comp. above 2, &c.
9. Greek verbs then have—1l. Three Persons; first, second, and third.—2. Three numbers; sin- gular, dual, and plural.—3. Hight tenses or times. [The time in which an action can take place, is either present, past, or future. Of the present, there is only one simple form in Greek, as rimrw. Of the past, we may observe, that an action is either, (1) with relation to itself, entirely past, or, (2) relative, past with respect to another time expressed or understood. Now, the aorists desig- nate the time wholly past ; the imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect, the relative time. The imperfect represents a past action, as continuing during another past action, and accompanying it ; the perfect, a perfect action continuing to the present time ; the p/uperfect, also a perfect action continuing to a past time. The future time has three modifications, either, (1) with respect to its future beginning
1 In the beginning of this section I am greatly indebted to Bishop Lowth’s Introduction to English Grammar, pp. 43—46, second edition.
eRe WAYS
SECT. X. GREEK GRAMMAR. 17
fut. 1 and 2 act. and fut. middle), or, (2) as future and complete (fut. 1 and 2 pass.), or, (3) as and finished with respect to an action to take place hereafter (3rd fut. pass.). Thus, yoagw, I write. ite ts Aor. typawa, I wrote, but the writing may perhaps not be existing. Perf. yéypaga, J have written, and the writing exists. Aor. éynpa, I have married. Perf. yeyapnra, I am married. Pluperf. 1) wéAuc érereixioro, the city had been fortified, and was so still at the time referred to. Imperf. éypagov, I was writing. In the same verb, the different forms of the future cannot be distinguished more than these of the aorists, except the 3rd fut. pass., which has the same relation to the other futures as the + to the aorist. This tense properly marks a future action, the beginning of which, however, in to time, is past, but the consequences of which continue. Thus, pepigerac tcPAd Kaxoiowy, will be mixed (continuing, not will have been mized). Sometimes it expresses rapidity of action.]—4. Five moods: the indicative, or declaring mood, as rizrw I smite ; the imperative, or bidding, as rimre smite thou ; the optative, or wishing mood, as ¢i?e rizrotut I wish I smite ; the subjunctive, i. e. sub- joined or put after a conjunction, as tay rizrw if I smite; and, lastly, the infinitive mood, which is i ite as to person and number, as rizrety to smite, and has very much the nature of a noun, for which it is frequently used in Greek.—5. Three voices: the active, as riarw I smite; the passive, as rirropa I am smitten (see rules 3 and 4 above) ; and middle; which last is in signification fre- uently active, sometimes passive, but seems most properly to express reflected action, as rimropat i smite myself. 10. There are two conjugations, or different ways of declining different verbs: those of the first conjugation end in w, as ruxrw I smite, rysdw I honour ; of the second, in pu, as tornpe I place.
11. Here follows the conjugation, or method of declining the active voice of a verb in w, which the learner must diligently commit to memory, repeating every person in each tense, first with the English, (except in the optative and subjunctive moods,) as rizrw J smite, rimrere thou smitest, ronret he smiteth ; plur. rbzropev we smite, rbmrere ye smite, rowTovet they smite; and then without, as TUNTW, TUTTEC, TITEL, Ke.
ACTIVE VOICE.
Pres. Ist Fut. Perf. Tizro, Tivo, réTuga.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Singular. | Dual. Plural.
Persons, Ist J, 2nd thou, 3rd he. | 2nd ye two, 3rd they two. | Ist we, 2nd ye, 3rd they. Pres. I smite, TUTNT-W, étc, et éTOY, éTOV OMEV, &§TE, OvdL, Imperf. I did smite, irvrr-ov, é¢, é éTOV, érnv Omeyv, ETE, OV.
1 Fat. J will smite, rib-w, ELC, gt ~~ eTOY, éTOV OMEV, ETE, OUCL. 1 Aor. J smote, éruy-a, ac, € arov, arny apev, aT& av. Perf. I have smitten, rérvd-a, ac, € aroy, arov apev, aTe&, act. Plup. I had smitten, trerig-ecv, ELC, Et etTOY, iTV ELEY, ELTE, ELA. 2 Aor. I smote, éruT-ov, éc, é eTOY, érnv Omev, ETE, OV.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Pres. 2nd pers. Smite thou, rixr-e,
Perf. and Pluperf. TETUG-E, \irw let him | erov, érwyv | ere, érwoay, let them.
2 Aor. TUT-E,
1 Aor. riv-ov, 4arw aroy, aTwy | ars, adrwoar. OPTATIVE MOOD, €iOe J wish.
Pres. and Imperf. TUTT-OUt,
1 Fut. TUW-oupe, ,
Perf. and Pluperf. rerig-oups, (9 °° oiroy, oirny | omev, ore, over.
2 Aor. TUT-olpt, J
1 Aor. row-ayu, atc, at arov, airny | apev, acre, auer.
1 Aor.? folic, riwe-a, ac, é aTrov, arnv | apev, are, av.
1 See Dr. Clark’s note on Homer, II. iii. 141. but especially Lud. Kuster, de vero Usu Verborum Mediorum.
2 This Holic Ist aorist, as the grammarians call it, is much used by the Attics in the second and third person singular, and in the third person plural. B
18 A PLAIN AND EASY SECT. XK.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, édy if.
Pres. and Imperf. rvzr-w, 1 Fut.tand 1 Aor. rid-w, |
2 Aor. TUT-w, 9S; Perf. and Pluperf. rerig-w,
y nTov, NTov WHEY, TE, wot
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pres. and Imperf. rizr-etv, to smite.
1 Fut. Tow-eLy, to smite hereafter.
1 Aor. Tiw-at,
Perf. and Pluperf. rerug-évai, > to have smitten.
2 Aor. TUT-tiy,
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. and Imperf. rimr-wy, | smiting. 1 Fut. Tow-wy, f oved, Ys about to smite. 2 Aor, TUT-WY, ovoa, ov, having smitten?. 1 Aor. ruw-ag, aca, av, having smitten.
Perf. and Pluperf. rervg-Wc, via, 6¢, having smitten.
[it must be observed, that there is no single verb which has all these tenses. Very few verbs have both the aor. 1 and aor. 2 ; and this observation applies also to the passive voice. There the lst and 2nd aor. are seldom found in the same verb. Again, it is rare to find the perfect active, and what is called the perfect middle, in the same verb. Whenever the imperfect and 2nd aor. in the active would have the same termination, the 2nd aor. rarely occurs. See some further observa- tions on the future. We may take this opportunity of observing, that probably the 2nd and 3rd person dual were always the same.]
12. Participles are a kind of verbal adjectives, and are so called because they participate of the nature both of an adjective and of a verb, being declined (comp. sect. vii. 8.) and joined with sub- stantives like the former, but denoting time, and expressing an action or state, and governing cases like the latter. Comp. sect. xxi. 55.
OF THE FORMATION OF THE TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE, AND FIRST OF THE PRESENT TENSE AND CHARACTERISTIC LETTER.
13. The present tense active is the theme (76 0éua) or foundation of all the rest.
14. The characteristic letter is that which immediately precedes the termination, as y in Aéy-w, AEy- Etc.
15. But when two consonants, 77, «7, or wy, precede the termination, the former of these is the characteristic, as + in ri@rTw, p in Témy.
16. The present, first future, and perfect, are the three principal tenses, whence the other tenses respectively are derived or formed ; and in these three tenses the characteristic letter is varied in a fourfold manner, whence there are four classes of characteristics.
17. The characteristics—
1. Of the first class or labials* are in the | i 4 F present 7, B, 9, 7; PAAR sy . 2. Of the second class or palatines ° are in List fut. ared ¢ $ in the perfect the present x, y, 00, TT, shales d into 4 into x 3. Of the third class or dentals* are in = g the present 7, 6, 0, 2, w pure, j if
4, Of the fourth class or liquids are in the present Ay fy Vy Py Bs to which charac are added & circumfiexed in the first future, and «a in the perfect, but wo is changed into pnea, and vi into Ka.
1 Some grammarians have said, that the subjunctive mood of verbs has no first future. But they are mistaken. For, Mark xiii. 11. we have NaNhenre: John xvii. 2. Rev. xiii. 16, tva dwon; Eph. vi. 3, tva oy; 1 Cor. ix. 18, tva Gow ; Matt. xxvi. 17, érosdowper. So in the middle voice, Acts xxi. 24," iva Eupytwvrat: Luke xxii. 30, iva kadionade ; Luke xxiv. 49, Ews ov évdtanobe. In the passive, 1 Cor. xiii. 3, iva kavOjowmuac; | Pet. iii. 1, tva—sepanOaioeeT Mat. v. 25, uimote—AAnOion.
2 When the future ends ‘in w circumflexed (see § 38, below), the participle is —dy, odaa, ovv. G. ovvtos, ovens, ovvtos, &c.
3 See sect. i. 9.
ae mod Bl pS
SECT. X. GREEK GRAMMAR. 19
OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE AND THE AUGMENT.
18. The imperfect is formed from the present by changing w into ov, and prefixing the augment, as TUTTW, ETUTTOY.
19. The augment is of two kinds, syllabic and temporal. [The use of the augment in the oldest writers is extremely fluctuating, i. e. in Homer and Hesiod. Herodotus generally uses it.]
OF THE SYLLABIC AUGMENT.
20. The syllabic augment is ¢ prefixed to a tense when the verb begins with a consonant ; for then « is prefixed to the imperfeet, pluperfect, and to the Ist and 2nd aorist of the indicative, but not of the other moods !.
21. If the verb begins with op, the p is doubled after ¢, as pirrw, Eppurrov.
22. The Attics prefix « to verbs beginning with o or w, and preserve the breathing of the theme, bpaw, éwpaor. : ;
23. The Attics also change the syllabic augment into the temporal, as from péd\A\w, Enero, Attic jpsdror.
OF THE TEMPORAL AUGMENT,
24. The temporal? augment is 7 or w prefixed to a tense instead of a changeable vowel or diphthong.
25. The changeable vowels and diphthongs are a, €,0} at, av, o: a and ¢ are changed into , o into w; and the « of the diphthongs is subscribed ; as dxobw, Hkovov; épeidw, Hosdoy 3 dpdTTw, @puTTov; aipw, yoov; avidvw, niEavor; oikilw, wxZor.
26. If a verb begins with an unchangeable vowel or diphthong, that is, with 9, t, v, w, &, Ev, ov, the same will be the beginning of all the tenses, as nyéw, Hxeov ; ebOdvw, evOvVOY, Kc.
27. Yet the Attics change ev into nv, as evdw to sleep, imperf. Attic nidoy. [This is matter of considerable doubt; the change is often made in the editions, but with no consistency in the MSS.]
EXCEPTIONS,
28. Four verbs beginning with a have no augment, dw to breathe, dov ; diw to hear, diov ; anbéicow to be unaccustomed, anPecooy ; and andiZomat to be tired, andiounv.
29. Some verbs beginning with « takes after it for the augment, as Zyw to have, siyov. So tru, Exw, Eptw, éornKw, Exopat, ipéw, icriaw, tdw, Ew, Epiw, 20ifw, tpyaZopat, eXicow. So Exw, sirov, which last preserves the augment throughout all the moods.
30. E before o is not changed, but the o is changed into w, as éoprazw, éwpraZov.
31. Some verbs beginning with ot have no augment, particularly those derived from oivog wine, oiwvdc a bird, otak a helm.
OF THE AUGMENT OF COMPOUNDS,
32. Compound verbs have the augment in the middle if they begin with a preposition, or with dug and ev before a changeable vowel or diphthong, as caray:vwoxw to condemn, kareyivwoxoy ; tycaraXsizw to forsake, tycarikamoy; dvoamtoriw to disbelieve, dvonricreov; evepyeriw, edno- yéTeov.
33. (Except a few in which the preposition does not change the sense of the word, as caQetdw to sleep, xaQevdoy ; or where the simple verb is out of use, as avTiBodéw to intercede, 7)vT13dXeor.)
34. All other compounds have the augment in the beginning, as ¢iAocogéw to philosophize, éptdo- Topeov ; avropoéw to desert, nuTopddeoy ; dpodpovéw to agree, wmogodveoy ; adoovéw to be unwise, Hopdveoy ; Svoruyéw to be unfortunate, Ovorbyxeov.
35. Some are augmented both in the beginning and in the middle, as évoydéw to disturb, nvoxXeov; avopAdw to correct, nywpPoor; and a few either in the beginning or the middle, as avotyw to open, | aor. voita, and (Attic) dvéiwéa.
36. Prepositions in composition with a verb beginning with a vowel ® lose their final vowel, as Tapakovw, TapyKovoy (except Tepi, 7d, and sometimes dyugi, and ézi); and if the verb begins with an aspirate breathing, the prepositions change their last tenuis into its corresponding aspirate, as in dpawéw, compounded of azé and aipéw, épiornpe of éxi and tornme.
37. Compounds with é« change it into é before the augment, as éxgépw, 2Zé¢epov ; compounds with éy and ody, which either change or cast off v, receive the v again before the augment, as Asirw, évéderrov; uBrExw, tvéBrerov; cuppdatw, cuvippanroy ; cvorpigw, ouvéorpEpoY 5 oulnréw, cuvecireoy.
1 See the above example of tértw.
2 So called because it lengthens the time (tempus, —oris) of pronouncing the syllable. 3 Comp. sect. i. 17, B2
20 A PLAIN AND EASY SECT. xX.
OF THE FUTURE.
38. [The original termination of the future was, no doubt, éow in all eases. Then in some words , and in others o was rejected, partly for euphony, partly, it may be, to distinguish different senses of the same word ; and thus two forms of the future arose.]
[ Verbs, whose characteristic is X, have partly the Ist, partly the 2nd form of the future. Thus (1) cw, (doar, Il. A. 409.) from Aw ; and (2) oredéw, from oréddw.]
[ Verbs, whose characteristics are p and v, have regularly the 2nd form. ]
[The Attics, especially, contract this form ew into w. They do this exclusively in verbs whose characteristic is X, p, v, 9 3 in the rest they have generally o, but in the futures in dow, éow, iow, and dow they frequently reject the o and contract the remainder, as kad@, oikrid, &c.]
[Hence, as from the first form sow arose two new forms, the one in ow, the other in éw, &, the latter being chiefly used in verbs whose characteristic is , », v, 9, the former in the rest, the grammarians have chosen to suppose the existence of two futures in each verb, deriving this latter form from the 2nd aorist; but this is entirely false. The foregoing remarks will sufficiently illustrate the reasons for the following rules, as, for instance, in the case of rbmrTw, TUTTEGW, TUTTO, tivw.] The future is formed from the present by changing the characteristics
of the first class into W, as rirrw, riw ;
of the second _ into &, as Aéyw, AéEw 5
of the third into o, as weiOw, weiow! ; and by adding to the characteristics of the fourth class 6 circumflexed, as vipw, vend. (Comp. above, 17, 4.)
39. [Zo and 77 are considered as y, «, x, and have g in the future, as rapdoow, rapatw, but] some verbs form their fut. in ow, as dypwoow, dypwow ; and many in Zw, in Ew, as aidlw, aidkw ; and some of these latter in yw, as chafw to clang, wrayéw. [‘Apwalw, raiZw, and cvpigw, have both forms, in ~ and in o.]
40. The penultima? of the fut. is commonly long, except in the first class of characteristics, where it is always short, and is made so either by striking out the second of two consonants, as Téwvw, TEM 5 or the second vowel of a diphthong, as gaivw, gaya ; or by using a doubtful vowel short, as Kxpivw, KOLYW.
a Four first futures change the breathing of the present, as Op&w from rpéyw to run; Opiw from rpédw to nourish ; Ow from rigw to smoke ; Ew from éyw to have. The three last are thus distinguished from the Ist futures of rpérw to turn, of riwrw to smite, and from the adverb éw without, respectively.
42. Kaiw or gw to burn, c\aiw or k\dw to weep, change in the Ist future ¢ into v, as Katow, kAavow.
OF THE FIRST AORIST.
43. The first aorist is formed from the first future by changing w into a, and prefixing the augment, as row, rua; oikiow, wkioa.
44, The penultima of the first aorist is commonly long, and therefore, in verbs with the fourth class of characteristics, a of the first future is changed into n°, as Wado, ébnra; € into &, as orEpH, éoretoa ; and a doubtful vowel is used long, as xpid, Expiva.
45. A few first aorists do not preserve the characteristic of the first future, as @nxka I placed, éOwxa I gave, nea I sent, cima I said, ijveyna I brought, teya I burnt. [Some of these were probably originally perfects. ]
OF THE PRETER-PERFECT.
46. The preter-perfect is formed from the first future by changing
in the first class of characteristics Ww into ga,
in the second, Ew into ya, in the third, ow into Ka, in the fourth, ® into ra,
but pw into znca, and yw into ea. And if the verb begins with a single consonant, or * with a mute before a liquid, the first letter of the theme must be repeated before the augment, as riww, réruga 5 ypalw, yéypapa: but a tenuis® is prefixed instead of an aspirate, as Qiow, ré0vKa: and to a double
1 [In verbs pure, when a diphthong precedes, the rule holds, as cei-w cei-cw. But verbs in éw, aw, da, tw, take the long vowel instead of the short one; or rather eécw, edow, edo, become, as in the augment, yow andwcw. But teéw, apkéw, féw, akéouat, déw, éuéw, veckéw, take the short termination; kadéw, aivéw, déw, woféw, wovéw, have both; déw, véw, mrAéw, Tvéw, Péw, xéw, Make evow. When aw is preceded by e¢, ¢, A, p, it makes aow, except xpaa, xpdouat, and tAdw. Ow makes dow in verbs not derivative.]
2 i. e. the last syllable but one.
3 And if the verb had « in the present, which was lost in the first future, that letter is subscribed, as gaivw, pave, épnva; and sometimes a is preserved long, as kepdaivew, kepdava, éxépdava.
4 These verbs have e prefixed to the perfect, notwithstanding they begin with a mute before a liquid, as yvdw to know, éyvaka; yvwpile, to make known, éyvwpixa; ypnyopéw.to watch, éypnyopnka.
5 A tenuis is likewise used in any syllable of the preterperfect, whenever an aspirate begins the next syllable, as Gantw to bury, aw, térapa; tpépw to nourish, Opévw, tétpEeda.
vere et ele
SECT. X. GREEK GRAMMAR. 2] consonant, namely, 2, £, W, or to any other two consonants but a mute followed by a liquid", only ¢ is prefixed, as Pad, Palka; cxapw, toxaga. If p begins the verb, it is doubled with ¢, as pilw, Eppupa.
47. If the temporal augment have place, it is used in the perfect and pluperfect throughout all the moods.
[The regular ending of the perfect seems to have been ka from ow, which remains in all words whose futures are in acw, cow, now, oow, wow, an@ generally in verbs in Aw and pw. The future in Ew being, as has been shown, really, either yow, cow, or yow, and that in pw, Bow, row, or gow, probably formed also originally yea, yxa, Bea, &e.; where, however, « had the force of an aspiration, and was omitted after changing the preceding tense into an aspirate, which will be seen, from considering the conjugation of the perf. pass.: and verbs in pw and vw, in forming the perf., either suppose a future in now and make yea, or change the v before x, or reject it. The following rules are more precise :]
48. Verbs of two syllables of the fourth class change « of the first future into a,as oré\Xw, oredG, éoraXka.
49. Verbs of two syllables in ecyw, www, and vrw cast away v of the future from the perfect, as kréeivw, Krevd, Exraxa; Oivw, Ovvw, réOvKa. Others change vy? into y, as gaivw, pavd, rigayca ; pordirvw, portvvd, pepddrvyKa.
50. Perfects in yxa often cast off the first vowel of the theme, as kapyw, capo, xixpnea, for Kexanka.
OF THE PRETER-PLUPERFECT.
51. The preter-pluperfect is formed from the perfect by changing a into ev, and prefixing « if
the perfect begins with a consonant, as réruga, érerdgetv.
/
OF THE SECOND AORIST.
52. The second aorist is formed from the present by changing w into ov, and prefixing the augment, as ypagw, Zypagov.
53. The penultima of this aorist is commonly short, and therefore, first, Verbs whose penultima is long* because wr, AX, pv, precede w, cast away the latter consonant, as rimrw, éruToy 3 Kapvw, éxapoyv.—2ndly, Verbs in Zw, cow, or rrw, if their future ends in w, form their second aorist in yor, as rarTw, Taw, érayor, [for here oo, rr, and & are considered as equivalent to y, and £w is formed from yeow, yow ;] if in ow, in doy, as gpafw, dpdow, *ppadoy [because here the letter d, though rejected in the future, existed once in the present, and must enter again into the aorist].— 3rdly, The vowels and diphthongs of the present are changed thus, n, w, at, av into a, as AO, 2aboy ; rpwyw, Erpayov; gaivw, tpavoy; Tabw,ixaoy. E is likewise changed into a, as TpéTw, érparoy ; except in éAeyov from Aéyw, éBAezrov from Préw, EPAeyov from géyw. Ev is changed into v, as devyw, Epvyor ; and ov into 0, as dkotw, jKoov. Eis changed into 1, as Asizw, édeTov; but in the fourth class, verbs of two syllables change « into a, as oreipw, éoxapov ; of three, into ¢, as dgcidw, woedor.
54. The following verbs have the penultima of their 2nd aorist long by necessity :—1st, those of two syllables beginning with a vowel or diphthong, as ézw, sizov: eipew, edpov :—2ndly, those where several consonants (except as in rule 53.) precede w, as zipOw, érapQov; dépKkw, SapKoy :— 3rdly, most contracted verbs (of which hereafter) retain their vowelsand diphthongs, as Foseakany édovTov.
55. These have their second aorists irregular; B\azrw, {BaBov; cadiarw, txaduBoy ; Kpirrw, ExpuBov; Parrw, EBagov ; oxanTw, tcxagoyv; paxTw, tppagoy ; OdrTw, tragov; Opirrw, érpvgov; piztw, tppidov; mANTOw, Exayoy and ExAnyov; opiyxw, Eopvyov; Piyw, e~vyov. [Many of the
d aorists given above, as examples, do not occur; but only the 2nd aorists passive, or perfects middle, derived from them. Thus tordpny, toradny, épOapny, rimpaya, dadta, iwdyny, éragny, 28a Bnyv, occur, but not the aor. 2 active. ]
56. The tenses of the other moods are formed from the correspondent ones of the indicative, as in the following
TABLE OF THE COGNATE OR CORRESPONDENT TENSE IN THE ACTIVE VOICE,
Indicat. Imperat. Optative. Subjunct. Infinit. Particip. Pres. TUTTW TUTTE TUNTOUMLE TUNTW TURTEY TURTWY Imperf. | éruxrov Ist Fut. | ridw roporpe rope Tipwv Ist Aor. | éruda ripov Tiwary Tivo rowat rowac Perf. TéTuga TETUGE TEeTipoue TETUGW rervéevat TETUGWC Pluperf. | trervgew 2nd Aor.| éruzoy TUTE TUTOUe TUTw TUTELY TUTOY
1 These repeat the first consonant, although they do not begin with a mute and aliquid, namely, rrwxetw to be poor,
mwentwxevka; arom to fall, némtwka.
pépvnuac; Ktaouac to possess, kéxtnuac, but we meet also with éxrnua. 2 That is, they in effect retain their y; for y before x is pronounced like v. 3 If a vowel comes before two consonants, the grammarians call the syllable /ong by position.
To which add the deponents (comp. sect. xii. 15.) uvdouac to remember,
22 A PLAIN AND EASY SECT. XI.
In the fourth class the fut. is circumflexed : Ist fut. oTepw omEpoipe | omepeiy |. omepor. N.B. The learner should repeat the table, first in the order of the tenses ; thus, Indicative mood, rizrw, trunrov, Tow, érupa, &c.; and then in the order of the moods, as, present tense, rimrw, rimTe, rimroipt, &e,
SECTION XI.
OF THE PASSIVE VOICE OF VERBS IN o, AND FIRST OF THE AUXILIARY VERB «ii.
1. As in English we have no passive voice but what is made of the participle passive joined to the auxiliary verb fo be throughout all its variations, as J am smitten, I was smitten, I have been smitten, &c.; so in Greek several forms in the passive are expressed by the participle perfect and the verb sipi to be.
2. Here follows, therefore, the irregular verb sivi to be, declined throughout, which the learner must repeat, first with the English to each word, as sing. eiut I am, sic or si thou art, tori he is; plur. éopéy we are, oré ye are, sict they are ; and then without the English, as sing. sipié, ec or <i, tori, &c. The succeeding example of the passive verb rimroya: must also be repeated in like manner.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Singular. Dual.- Plural. Persons hi 2. 3. 1, 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Pres. J am, eipi, _— ic or et, dori éorév, tardy | topiv, toré, ici Imperf. J was, HY, je; 7 or Hy qTov, ayrnv MEV, TE, yoav Fut. I shall be, Eo-Opal, Y, evar? omeBov, ecOov, eoOov | dusOa, ecbe, ovrat
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Pres. Be thou, tot or oo, Eorw | ——— Eorov, torwy | —— ore, torwoar.
OPTATIVE MOOD, «Oe I wish.
Pres. & Perf. I were, einy, eine, ein einroy, sinrny | einuev, einre, einoay Fut. [may be hereafter, icoipny, ovo, otro oimeDor, orcor, oicOny | oipeOa, orobe, owvro.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, édv if.
Pres. & Perf. Ibe, 0, DL, ”y | HTOv, Tov | yey, Are, Wor. INFINITIVE MOOD. Pres. eivar to be. Fut. éoeoOan to be hereafter. PARTICIPLES. M. F. N. M. F. N. Pres. Being, N. wv, . otca, dy. Fut. About to be, N. éodperv-o¢, n, ov. G. bvrocg, ovone, dyroc. G. Ov, MC, ov.
[To these tenses may perhaps be added an imperfect middle, juny.)
3. All verbs in w are in the passive voice conjugated as the following example of riaropat IT am smitten.
1 [In the Ist person the Attics often use 4}; and in the 3rd generally 7v.] 2 By a common syncope, éerac.
23
GREEK GRAMMAR.
SECT. XI.
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SECT. XI. GREEK GRAMMAR. 95
OF THE FORMATION OF THE TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE.
4, There are nine tenses in the passive voice, of which the three principal, namely, the present, the perfect, and the second aorist, are formed from the active.
OF THE PRESENT.
5. The present tense is formed from the present active by changing w into ona, as rizrw, romTopat. OF THE IMPERFECT.
6. The imperfect is formed from the present by changing pat into py, and prefixing the aug- ment, as rimropat, érurréuny; ayopat, nyouny.
OF THE SECOND AORIST.
7. The second aorist is formed from the second aorist active by changing ov into nv, as éruzov,
OF THE SECOND FUTURE,
8. The second future is formed from the third person singular of the second aorist by adding copa, and dropping the augment, as érian, ruTjoopat.
OF THE PRETER-PERFECT. 9. The perfect is formed from the perfect active by changing, in the first class of
pure into pyat, as rérupa, TéTuppat; impure into pat, as rérepha, TéETEppat ;
characteristics, ¢a {
finto yar, as NeAeya, édeypat ;
“ d in the second, ya lafter y into pat, jAeyxa, HArAcypar;
into opat, as TérEetka, TeTELTpAL ; in the third, ca into pat, when the penultima of the perf. active is ong, and the characteristic of the present is w pure, as weroinxa, weroinpat ;
in the fourth,«a _ into pat, as @Vadka, fPadkpar: but tigayxa makes wégacpat.
EXCEPTIONS.
10. Except, in the third class, some verbs in w pure, which make the perfect in cpat, although the penultima of the perfect active be long, as jjrovopat, from dkotw to hear, kixpovopar from Kpovw to knock, éxratopa from wraiw to stumble, cecéXevopar from Kededw to order, cékXecopar from KArEiw to shut, cécetcpat from ceiw to shake, éyywopat from yvdw to know, réO@pavopat from Opadvw to break.
11. In the second and third class the penultima ev drops its ¢, as in wéguvypat from gevyw to flee, réxvpat from yéw, yevow to pour.
12. From verbs in atyw and vyw the Attics form the perfect passive in cpat, as régacpat from daivw, pepddruopar from porivw.
13. In the first class, verbs of two syllables, which have rpe in the penultima, change « into a, as orpegw to turn about, torpspa, Eorpappar; TotW, TéTpEpa, TéTpappal; TPEpw, TETPEGA, TEPPappat. prose this last resumes the @ of the lst future active, to distinguish it from the perfect passive of rpérw.
OF THE PERSONS OF THE PERFECT. 14. The persons of the perfect are not in all verbs formed as in réruppat, but variously in
different verbs, as follows : In the first class,
The characteristic of the perf. act. is thus changed before pat, cat, and rat: for rérugpat, rerupoat, rérupra are used réruppat, rérvpar, rérumra, &e.; for rérepppar, TerEeppoat, Térepprat are used réreppat, Térepat, réreprrat, from réprw. (Comp. sect. i. 10.)
96 A PLAIN AND EASY nner. Gers
In the second class,
For -xpat, -yoat, and -yrat are put -ypat, -fat, and -«rat, as AéXsypar, AéAeEau, AEAEKTAaL, from Ey. In the third class,
For -xpat, -eoat, and -crat are put -opat, -cat, and -orat, as Timeopat, wémeroat, wéeTEoTat, from meiOw. In the fourth class,
The characteristic of the perf. act. is altogether omitted, as in épadpar, tadoa, &hadrat, from Wadrw ; but ripacuat, widavoa, wéipayrat.
OF FORMING THE PERSONS OF THE DUAL AND PLURAL PERFECT.
15. M before pat in the first class, y before jai in the second, and o before pat in the third, are preserved in the first person dual and plural', as in rerdppe-Oov and -Oa from réruppat; edéype- Ooy and -$a from dédeypar ; wersiope-Ooy and -Oa from réweopat.
16. In the second and third person dual and in the second plural the tenues of the third person singular are changed into their aspirates, as from rérurrat, rirupOov, TrérvgOe; from éAEKTat, AéexOov, AéExOe ; from réipavra, TipavOov, zégayGe. But if the third pers. sing. end in rau pure, then o is inserted before Ooy and 0¢; thus from vevéuynrat, veviunodor, vevéipnode.
17. The third person plural is formed from the 3rd person singular, if it end in rat pure, by inserting v before rat, as from Kékpirat, KéepiyTat.
N.B. Lt would be very proper for the learner in this place to write out, according to the above rules, the perfect passive yéypappat from yodgw, rémdeypat from whékw, wéeTAHQopar from TAHOw, Eowappat from oveipw, AéEAvpat from bw, throughout all the persons and numbers.
OF THE PRETER-PLUPERFECT, AND MOODS OF THE PERFECT.
18. The pluperfect is formed from the perfect by changing pa: into pyy and prefixing « if the verb begin with a consonant, as rérvppat, éreroppny.
19. The persons of the pluperfect are formed after the analogy of the persons of the perfect, preserving the terminations as in érerippny.
20. So, as to the other moods, the perfect imperative derives its second person sing. from the second person sing. of the indicative, as rirupat, rervio; AésAsEat, NéAsEO; Kéxpioat, KéKpico ; its other persons from the second pers. plural, as rérug@s, rerigOw; édeXMe, AEhEXOW; KEKpLOOE, aexpic0w. Whence also may be deduced the perfect infinitive, as AshéyGat, rexpicOa. The perfect optative and subjunctive are most usually formed by the auxiliary ciny and & ; but some- times the optative is formed from the indicative by changing pa: into pny, as AéAvpat, Aedv- pévoc einy and AeAvpnv 2, vo, vTo, Ke. a, &, 0, take « before pny, as éxTapat, éxraiuny, ato, aro, &c. Sometimes the perfect subjunctive is formed by changing the vowel of the indicative before pat into @, as Exrapar, teropat.
OF THE FIRST AORIST.
21. The first aorist is formed from the third person singular of the perfect by changing at into nv, and tenues into their aspirates, and dropping the prefixed consonant, if any, as réruzrat, érigOny; wpuKra, wpvxOnv.
22. Verbs which in the perfect had changed ¢ into a, resume their ¢ in the first aorist; as Zorpappat, torpépOnv ; and those which had cast away v, poetically take it again, as %é«divOny for écAOny from Kcrdivw.
23. Some first aorists in the penultima have 7 for @ of the perfect, as éragQnv I was buried, from Odrrw, TeOappar; érpépOny I was nourished, from rpégw, TeOpappat, to prevent the disagreeable concurrence of aspirates. Comp. p. 20, note 4.
24. Some first aorists assume o, as {uvyjoOny from pésyvynrac; and some reject it, as é¢wOny from cioworat; and some change 7 into ¢, as evpéOnv from evpyrat.
1 And where y precedes the characteristic of the theme in the second class, it is preserved also in the second and third person both of the singular and of the dual, and in the second person of the plural, as from é\éyxe, perf. pass. Hre-ypar, ~yfac, -ykTac- Dual, -ypeOov, -yx0ov, yxPov. Plur. -yueba, -yxe-
2 See more in Port-Royal Grammar, by Nugent, p. 162. ; :
3 AgexravOny in the N. T. (see Rev. ii. 13. ix, 18, 20. Mat. xvi. 21.) is formed, after the same analogy, from
QT OKTELVO.
SECT. XII. GREEK GRAMMAR. O47
OF THE FIRST FUTURE,
25. The first future is formed from the third person sing. of the first aorist by adding copa, and dropping the augment, as érig¢@n, rugOjoouat. (Comp. rule 8, above.)
OF THE PAULO-POST-FUTURE.
26. The paulo-post-future is formed from the second pers. sing. of the perfect by inserting ou before at, as rérupar, rervomar; wéwhe~at, weTrEEopat.
27. The tenses of the other moods are formed from the correspondent ones of the indicative, as in the following
TABLE OF THE COGNATE OR CORRESPONDENT TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE.
Indicat. Imper. Optat. Subjunct. Infin. Particip. Pres. TUTTOpat TumTou | TUTToiLnY TUTTwpat TunTecOat =| ruTTopevocg Imp. érumrounv Perf. TéTUppat rérupo | rervppévoc einy | reruppévog w | reru~Oat TETUPpEVOS Plup. éreToppnv P.-post-fut. | rerdopar rervPoimny retuwecOar | rerubopevoc 1 Aor. érigOny TOPOnTe | TUPOEinv Tu¢da Tugenvat Tupleic 1 Fut. TupOjoopat TugOnooimny TugOnoeaOat | ruPOnodpEvog 2 Aor. éromny romnOr: | rumeiny TUT@ TurHva _—| Tumeic 2 Fut. TUTHCopat TUTNooiUny TumyoecOa | rurnodpevoc
28. N. B. The learner should repeat this in the same manner as the similar table in the active voice, sect. x. 57.
SECTION XII. OF THE MIDDLE VOICE OF VERBS IN Q, AND OF THE DEPONENT VERB. 1. Tue tenses of the middle voice are declined after the form of the active or passive, according
to their termination ; thus perf. mid. réruz-a is declined like perf. act. rérug-a, ac, ¢, &c. and 1 fut. mid. riw-opat like pass. pres. riwr-opat, y, erat, Ke.
2. Here follows, therefore,
A TABLE OF THE COGNATE OR CORRESPONDENT TENSES IN THE MIDDLE VOICE.
Indicat. Imperat. Optative. Subjunct. Infinit. Particip. Pres. romropat | rurrov | rurroipny | rUmTwpat | TYTTEDOat | TUTTOMEVOY Imperf. | éruxropny 1 Fut. | rvpopac Tuvoimny rowecOar | rubopevoc
or or or or
TUToUpat TUTOLMLHV rureioOae | rurovpevog
lL Aor. | éruddpny | revae | rupaipny | rdpwpae | rdvbacOa | rupdpevoc Perf. rétuTa rérume | rervTouu | TeTUTW rerumévae | TeTvTWC Pluperf, | érervzevy ° 2Aor. |érurépny | rurod | ruroipny | romwpa | ruméicOar | rurdpevog
3. N. B. The learner should here repeat all the persons of every tense, which he will easily do if he is perfect in the terminations of the active and passive voices.
4. But the terminations of the Ist aorist, indicative, imperative, and optative, and of the 2nd [form of the] fut. being somewhat peculiar, may be learned thus :
Indic. 1 Aor. sing. irud-auny, w, aro. Dual, adpeOov, acOov, doOnyv. Plural, dueOa, acd, avro.
Imper. ] Aor. sing. riW-at, doOw. Dual, acOov, doOwy. Plural, acd, doOwoar.
Optat. 1 Aor. sing. ru-aipny, avo, arto. Dual, aipeOov, arcOov, aicOny. Plural, aipeOa, arcOe, avo.
Fut. Indic. sing. ! ruz-otpat, 7, cira. Du. obpeOor, cioBor, sioOov. Pl. otpea, tice, ovvrat.
1 These three verbs, €5w, miw, day, do not circumflex their second future middle, and are formed as gayouac, —eoa, —erat; pl. —<opeba, —eobe, ovrac; infin. paéyerdar, &. Thus édouce is distinguished from édovpaz, 2 fut. mid. of €{w to sit: but observe it makes its 2 pers. sing. dn, Att. dec.
98 A PLAIN AND EASY SECT. XII.
OF THE FORMATION OF THE TENSES IN THE MIDDLE VOICE.
5. The present and,imperfect are the same as the present and imperfect passive.
6. The future is formed from the future active by changing w into ona, as rw, ropouat, [and @, ovpat,] as Ware, Yadovpat.
7. The first aorist is formed from the first aorist active by adding pny, as trupa, trupapny.
8. [The perfect middle is derived from the 2nd aor. passive by changing w into a, and prefixing the reduplication, as érimnyv, réruta. But in the penult,]
[(9.) @ (arising from « and « in the present) and « are changed into o, as in Zozopa, éoroAa, exTOva, TéToua, Aédoya, pépova, &c.]
[(10.) a from a: or y, or a long in the present, becomes 9, as dédna, réOndXa, AEANDa, except Kékpadya, wimpaya, répodoa, ta0a, taya, Xéaxa. |
ea t from « is changed into o1, as wézrot@a. |
[(12.) ¢ from ¢ becomes long, as zré@ptKa. |
13. The pluperfect is formed from the perfect by changing a into ey, and prefixing ¢ if the verb begins with a consonant, as réruza, érerimety.
14. The second aorist is formed from the second aorist active by changing ov into opny, as éruror, irurouny.
OF THE DEPONENT VERB.
15. A deponent verb hath generally an active signification !, but is declined in some tenses after
the passive, and in others after the middle form, as déyopat to receive.
Pres. déyopat, 1 Fut. déZopar, Perf. dédeypac.
Indicative. | Imperat. Optative. Subjunctive. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. déyouar | déxou | dexoipny Oéywpat déyec@at Sex dpevog Imperf. édeyounv 1 Fut. dsEopat OsEoiunv OsfecOar dcEdpevoc I Aor. edctduny | déEar detaiuny d&Fwpat déFacPat OeEapevoc Perf. dédeypar | dsdeZo | Oedeypévog einy | dedeypévoc | dedéy Oat dsdeypévoc Pluperf. ededéypny Paulo-post-Fut. | dedéZopat dedeEoipny OedéEeoOar | edeZdpnevoe 2 Aor. &éxOny | d&xOnre | dexOeiny dex 0G dexO vat dex Oeic 2 Fut. dexOnoopat dexOnooipny dex OnoecOan | dexOnodpevog
16. The following scheme or tree will show at one view how the tenses of a Greek verb are derived or branched off from the theme or root.
étruTroy
roypw, réruga, réruppa, érigOny, rudOhjoopat
éTUTOV
Tirrw,
TY TITQ
| The 2d aorist (as 23éx@nyv) in these verbs has often a passive sense.
SECT. XIII. GREEK GRAMMAR. 99
N.B. Jt will be a very useful exercise for the learner to display other verbs in the same manner, as of the first class, rip7w, AciBw, ypagw ; of the second, wréxw, AEyw, Boéxw, dpdccw or —rrw ; of the third, dvirw, oreidw, reilw, dodZw, riw ; of the fourth, ParXrw, vépw, daivw, oreipw, TEpvw.
17. In parsing a Greek verb or participle, i. e. in deducing it grammatically from its theme, the best and most natural way seems to be by naming those tenses and words only which, according to the above rules and the preceding tree, intervene between the theme and the word proposed, or which are necessary to account for its form: for instance, if it be required to parse the verb rupOncera, 3d pers. sing. 1 fut. pass. indic. of rizrw, let the learner proceed thus : rimrw, (1 fut.) riww, (perf.) réruga, (perf. pass.) réru-ppar, —Par, —rat, (1 aor.) érvgOny, (1 fut.) rup@ncopat,
hoy, rugOncera. Again, for ru7etrat, 3d pers. sing. 2 fut. indic. middle of rimrw; rizr,
(2 aor.) éruror, (2 fut.) rum, (2 fut. mid.) ruwotpar, rug, rumeirar. For éreroifa, 3d pers.
sing. pluperf. indice. mid. of zei@w, let him say, weiOw, (1 fut.) weiow, (perf.) mémetka, (2 aor.) *
ExWov, (perf. mid.) xézro.8a, (pluperf. mid.) éeoifev, —erc, —e. Once more, for arecrahpévoc,
particip. perf. . mase. sing. nom. case from the compound verb dzocréhAw, let him name
arosrehw, (1 fut.) atooreda, (perf.) 2? dméoradka, (perf. pass.) dwéoradpat, (particip.) awecrad- evoc.
18, For the manner in which verbal nouns are deduced from verbs, see section vi. 8.
SECTION XIII.
OF CONTRACTED VERBS.
1. Verss ending in dw, éw, and éw, are in the present and imperfect of all moods most usually contracted ; and hence arise the contracted or circumflexed verbs ; the first kind in &, ge, ¢, from verbs in dw ; the second in &, ic, <i, from verbs in éw ; the third in 6, oic, ot, from verbs in 6w.
2. In these verbs no tenses but the present and imperfect are contracted, all their other tenses being formed regularly like verbs of the third class in w pure.
3. The rules of contraction are much the same as in nouns (see sect, iii. 31): for, 1. In verbs in dw, if o or w follow a, the contraction is into w; if any other vowel or diphthong follow it, into a3. 2. In verbs in éw, ¢ is contracted into et; eo into ov. But if a long vowel or a diphthong follows «, the contraction is made by dropping ¢«. [In short words the contraction is in general only used in the case of ee into «. Thus we say, rpei, irpa, mveiv ; but rpéw, yéopat, Toomer, TVEOVGL, TEY, &e.] 3. In verbs in 6w, if w or 7 follows o, the contraction is into w; if ¢, or 0, or ov, the contrac- tion is into ov ; if any other vowel or diphthong follow o, the contraction is into o: ; except in the infinitive, os: into ov, as ypvaderv, yovcovy, and in the 2d pers. pres, indic. pass. ypuody, yovaod.
4, These rules would of themselves enable the learner to give the contracted form of these verbs
from the uncontracted, which latter is declined regularly, as in rirrw. It may, however, be proper to add,
5. A TABLE OF THE CONTRACTED VERBS DECLINED IN THEIR PRESENT AND IMPERFECT TENSES, ACTIVE ‘AND PASSIVE.
ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense. Singular. Dual. Plural.
l. Ty-dw, aete-ac ae-g || de-a ao-@ de-at aov-@ 2. pr-iw, =o €1C-€1C é€t-Et é€-si, TOY | Tov Eo-00, pev | é€-et, TE | E0v-0U,o4 3. xpvc-dw, @& 6etc-0i¢ det-ot || dé-ov 60-0v 6&-0U dov-0v
- Imperfect Tense. l. érip-aov, wy atc-ac aeé-a as-a aé-c do-& ae-a aov-wy
24f ; ~ , , ’ ~ ’ ~
2. ipir-eov, ovy EEC-ELC EE-EL ée-et, Tov | eé-ei, TNV || 0-00, pev | ée-et, TE | Eov-oUY 3. éxpvo-oov, ovy 0&¢-0UC o&-ov || 6€-0v 0&-0v 60-00 6€-00 oov-ouv
1 The 2d aorist should here be named because it is necessary to account for the form, i.e. in the present instance, for the characteristic, of the perf. mid. wémoifa. See above 8. 2 See sect. x. 32 and 48. 3 [Some few verbs make » instead ofa. Thus {dw has ¢@, Gis, Sir fn, Civ, &e. xpaouag, xpncGac; * . TEVA, Teeny;
diuiWaw, debyv.]
30 A PLAIN AND EASY
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect.
Singular. Dual. l. rip-ae, a as-a ae-a aé-a 2. pir-ee, et &é-€i, TW &&-€l, TOY | &&-€i, TWY 3. xpvo-o8, ov o&-o8) 6&-0v oé-ov OPTATIVE MOOD, €i0e I wish. Present and Imperfect. Singular. Dual. 1. rip-coumt, pe | dotc-~e | aot-@ || dow aoi-@ 2. gid-Eout, otpe | Eorc-oi¢ | Eor-o8 Eot-0l, TOV | 01-01, THY 3. xove-doiut, otpe | dorc-oig | dot-ot || dot-ot oot-ot SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, édy if. Present and Imperfect. Singular. Dual. l. ryi-dw, ayc-dce | ay-d in-a an-a 2. pir-éw, 6 éye-ge | &y-9 én-i}, Tov | &-i, Tov 3. xpuo-60, @ dyc-oig | dy-ot 6n-@ 6n-@
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pres. and Imperf. 1. rip-dev, dv. 2. gid-éery, civ.
SECT. XIIT. Plural. ae- aé-a é€-et, TE | €€-ci, TwOaV 6&-0v 0é-00 Plural, dow-p dow dou-@ Gou-ol, ws | Eor-ol, TE | Eot-ol, Ev 6ot-o% 6ot-ot 6ot-ot Plural. adw-o an-a dw-& éw-@, pev én, TE éw-@, ou 6w-@ 6n-& 60-6
3. Xpvo-dey, ovv.
PARTICIPLE. l. ryp-dwy, Gy | dovoa-doa dov-@y 5 dovroc-Hvro¢e | aovanc-wone | dovroc-®yToc 2. gii-iwy, Gy | govea-otca éov-ovuyv || Gen. <éovroc-ovvrog | eovonc-ovone | éovroc-ovvTo¢ 3. Xpud-dwy, Gy | dovea-ovoa dov-our dovrog-ovvTog | oobanc-ovone | dovToc-ovYTOg PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD, Present Tense. Singular. | Dual. Plural. 1. rup- -dopa, @ os dy-G |ds-a ad-oh ae-tk ad-os5 ae-& ao-w 2. pid- Eopat, ov, par éy-y _|ée-€t, Ta £6- ov, peOorié ée-el, o0ov|cbor ie6- ov, wealé ée-8t, 006) é é0-00, vTae 3. xovs-dopat, ov |dy-00|de-08 06-08 6-00 \06-00 6&-00 —|d0-00 Imperfect Tense. j to érup-ad- o dov- oO as- a as-@ ae-& aé-a ao-w ae-a ao-@ 2. E@id- £0- ov, wNY éov-ov beret, TO |\e0- ov, peOov|ée- él, ofov &é- ei, cOny 66-00, pe0a|é éé- éi, o0e\é £0-00, vTO 3. éxpva-06-00 —|dov-0|de-0v 06-08 6€-00 0é-00 06-08 de-00 = |d0-00 IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect. Singular. Dual. Plural.
lt. ryi-aov, @ aé-a ae-a aé-a ais-a aé-a
~ Ul ’ ~ ’ ’ ’ ~ ‘ 2. pir-é gov, 0. eé-éi, TOW ée-el, o0ov &é-el, COwy &&-El, oO &é-ei, COwoav
Ud ~ La - , ~ *
3. xpuc-dov, ov | 08-00. é-00 0€-00 oé-0v
0€-0U
SECT. XIII. GREEK GRAMMAR. 3
OPTATIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect.
Singular. Dual. Plural. 1. rep-aoi-y do-@ jao-w |\aoi-g dow-@ |ot-5 jaoi-w do-~ ——\dot- 2. gtA-£0i-0i, wnv|sot-ot, o|€0t-01, TO||E0i-oi, weDoy|éot-ol, GOov|evi-ot, cOnyr|\E0i-01, wePaléot-ot, oOE\éot-01, vTO * . ~ ~ , 7 , ~ , ’ , ~ ~ 3. xpvo-ooi-oi |dot-ot |dot-ot —_||o0i-ot dot-ot \00i-08 oot-ot \dot-ot ~—_|ot-0%
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect.
Singular. . Dual. Plural. 1. rip-dw-6 dy-G \an-a aw-w an-a aw-@ in-a adw-@ 2. Pr-Ew-G, par 9-9 éy-i}, Tat ew-w, psBov|én-7, cov \Bov ew ws, peOa Eni} o9¢ |éw-H,vrae 3. xpve-dw- |dy-0t [on-@ \0W-W 6n-@ OW-W 6n-@ 6w-@
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pres. and Imperf. 1. rip-dec@at-aoOat. 2. dr-éeoPar-sioPat, 3. yovo-decOat-ovoPat.
PARTICIPLE,.
1. rip-adpevoc-w 2. gth-eduevoc-ob MEVOS, EVN, MEVOY. 3. xouvo-odpevoc-ov
The middle voice is contracted like the passive, it having the same present and imperfect tenses.
6. In contracted verbs the vowel before cw in the Ist fut. and before xa in the perfect, is gene- rally long, as Tisaw, Tinjnow, TeTinKa; Piriéw, Githow, TEpitynka; XpVTdw, XovTwoW, KExXptowKa.
EXCEPTIONS.
7. Ist, Verbs in aw, that have ¢, «, A, or 9 pure, before dw (and some others), form their first future in dow and perfect in axa, as idw, idow, tiaka; SO KoTIdw, yeXdw, tpaw.—2ndly, Some verbs in éw make éow and exa, as aidéw, apxéw, guéw, &c. and some of two syllables, in ebow and evra, as mvéw to breathe, whéw to sail, yéw to powr.—3rdly, Some verbs in 6w make dow and oca, as apdw to plough, du6w to swear, dvow to blame.
8. Contracted verbs generally want the 2nd aor., 2nd fut. and perfect middle. But
§. The second aorist, when used, is formed from the imperfect by casting away the vowel before OY, AS éTipaoy, ETimoy ; Epireor, Eptror.
32 A PLAIN AND EASY SECT, XIV.
A TABLE OF CONTRACTED VERBS CONJUGATED THROUGH THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE.
ACTIVE VOICE.
PASSIVE VOICE.
MIDDLE VOICE.
‘Pres. — riptdw-@ Pres. —- rytdoprar-@pat Pres. = rysdopat-Gpac Imperf, éripaov-wy Imperf. éripadpny-opny Imperf. éripaopnv-wyunv 1 Fut. rivjow Perf, TeTipnpac 1 Fut. ripqoopa 1 Aor. ériunoa Pluperf. éreriyunpny 1 Aor. § éripnodpny Perf. = rerinra P.-p.-fut. reriysyocopat Perf. = réripa Pluperf. éreripjrey lL Aor. éripnOny Pluperf. éreripev 2 Aor. éripoy 1 Fut. = reunO@noopar 2 Aor. éripouny 2 Fut. ripe 2 Aor. éripny 2 Fut. ripovpar
2 Fut. ripnoopa Pres. girAéw-@ Pres. gtAéopat-ovpat Pres. iAgopat-ovpat Imperf. éidcov-ovy Imperf. égiredunv-odpny Imperf. égiredpnv-odpnv 1 Fut. gAjow Perf. —-wegdidnpat 1 Fut. gtAjoopat 1 Aor. épiinoa Pluperf. éwegiurnpny 1 Aor. égirAnodpny Perf. wepirtnka P.-p.-fut. repirjoopat Perf. égira Pluperf. éregiAjrew 1 Aor. é@tAHOny - Pluperf. izegitev 2 Aor. éptAov L Fut. gAnPjoopa 2 Aor. égurduny 2 Fut. gro 2 Aor. éepirny 2 Fut. grovpar
2 Fut. gAjoopa Pres. ypvodw-& Pres. xpvodopat-ovpar Pres. xyovodopat-ovpat Imperf. éxpdcoov-ovy Imperf. éxypvoodunv-odpnvy Imperf. iypvoodpunv-ovpnv 1 Fut. yovodow Perf. Kxexpvowpar 1 Fut. ypvowcopat 1 Aor. éxpvowoa Pluperf. ixeypvowpny l Aor. éxpvowodpnv Perf. Keyovowka P.-p.-fut. keypvow copat Pluperf. éxeypvowxev 1 Aor. éxpvowOny
1 Fut. ypvowOjcopat
10. The other moods are easily formed from the indicative. 11. The formation of the tenses is the same as in ry¥zrw throughout all the voices.
SECTION XIV. OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION, OR OF DECLINING VERBS IN pu.
1. THE conjugation of verbs in pt flows from the contracted verbs in aw, ew, and ow.
2. These verbs, though rarely used in the present, imperfect, and second aorist, are, however, declined after a peculiar manner in those three tenses, their other tenses being formed nearly as verbs in w.
OF THE FORMATION OF VERBS IN mw, AND OF THEIR TENSES.
3. Verbs in ut are formed from verbs in aw, ew, ow, [vw, &c.] by changing the termination w into pu, and the short characteristics a, ¢, 0, into their long ones n, n, w; and by prefixing the redu- plication of the first consonant with t, unless the verb begins with a double or two consonants, and then ¢ only is prefixed; thus,
torn to set, from ordw; (1 fut.) ornow, (perf.) Eoraxa }. Tidy to place, from Sew; (1 fut.) Show, (perf.) réOetKa. Sidwyt to give, from d6w; (1 fut.) dwow, (perf.) dédwxa.
} Sometimes €ornxa: See Port-Royal Grammar, by Nugent, p. 212.
Nes Oly Oa
SECT. XIV. GREEK GRAMMAR. 33
| 4. Some verbs in jx have a letter inserted after the reduplication, as rivadnye to fill, from maw, Tiprpnu to burn, from paw.
5. Some are without a reduplication, as gnpi to speak, oBijut to extinguish, ddwpt to take, [and all whose radical form is more than dissyllable, as deixyupe, &c.] ’
6. Sometimes, though very rarely, ¢ is used in the reduplication instead of ¢, as réOvnpt to die, from Ovaw.
7. The preter-imperfect tense is formed from the present, by changing pe into ny and prefixing the augment, unless the verb begins with 1, as ri@nyu, ériOny ; tornpt, torny.
8. But observe that this imperfect is not so often used as another formed, as it were, from iordw, riliw, dwdw, namely, iorwy, ag, a ; ériBovr, exc, Et 5 édid-ovy, ovg, ov. So likewise for the second person singular of the imperative is used tora, rides, didov.
: 9. The second aorist is formed from the imperfect, by rejecting the reduplication, as ériOyy, @Ony ;
tn», jv; but ¢ before two consonants is changed into ¢, as torny, tory.
10. The present passive is formed from the present active, by changing pe into pat, and the long
: vowel before pu into a short one, as tornpt, torapar; riOnpr, TiMepar; didwpt, didopar. Except anpa, and some others.
11. The perfect passive always has the penultima short, except the Bootie réOemac'.
12. Verbs in pt have no second future, perfect middle, nor second aorist passive ; and indeed so great is their imperfection that there is scarce one to be found in every respect regular. The most perfect are the three following, tornpt, riOnyr, didwyt, and tinue to send.
aa eee
_ 13. A TABLE OF VERBS IN js DECLINED IN THEIR PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND SECOND AORIST TENSES, ACTIVE, PASSIVE, AND MIDDLE.
ACTIVE VOICE.
| , INDICATIVE MOOD. si Singular. Dual. ’ ‘Plural. - Pres. IL. tor-nye?, ne, not a- a- | f aot ‘ e . 7. 3 2. riO-np 4, 1£5 ie ® Tov, Tov Pa ke eh. ee cir | 3. did-wyt, we, wot o- o- ovaot [4. dsixv-vpt, ve, vor v- v- Vou Imp. 1. tor-ny, NC, n a- a- 2. érib-ny, NC, n é- &- Se Boit-w, ion, a Tov, THV a pev, = TE, av [4. édeixy-vy, ve, v v- b- 2 Aor. 1. éor-ny, NC, n NTov, Hrnv Nev, NTE, noav 2. 0-ny, NCs n ETOY, éTnv EMLEV, ETE, ecay 3. f-wy, wc, ww oroyv, érny oper, or€, ocay IMPERATIVE. Pres.& | 1. tor-a0i4, a- a- a- Imp. f2. riO-eri, é- BAR é- - &- ve a1) BS 3. did-oft, 6- o- das | Saad o- ? [4. deixv-vOr, b- v- v-
2 Aor. 1. orij-01, oTH-Tw, Ke. 2. Osc, Oé-Tw, Ke. 3. dd¢, 06-rw, &c. formed as the present °.
1 The penultima, however, of the first aorist éré@nv is shortened. 2 (The learner must observe the different force in the different parts of this verb. The following tenses are transitive :— Pres. tornuc, I make to stand. Imperf. tornv, I did make to stand. Put. erijaw, I will make to stand. Aor. 1. éarnoa, I established.
The following are intransitive :— Aor. 2. éarnv, I stood. Perf. éoe7nxa, I have taken my stand, or I am fixed or established.)
3 Jonic or Poetic; in Ionic and Attic prose t:éace.
4 in prose, in the second person singular, the forms rie, torn, didov, deckvy are used.]
5 [In the third person plural, for @érwoav, &c. the forms Oévtwy, cravrwy, dévtmv, are common; and similar forms may be observed in many other imperatives. ]
C
34 A PLAIN AND EASY SECT, XIV. OPTATIVE.
Pres. &) 1. tor-at- ai- } Imp. f2. 7.6-ei- nv, nC, 4 NTOV, HTHY niLEV, NTE, Noay and ¢i- | ev 3. dtd-oi-} ot-
2 Aor. 1. orai-nv,nc,&e. 2. Oei-nv, ne, &e. 3. doi-nv, ne, &c. formed as the present. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. 1 tor-6, Ho a 7- 1 7- 7 and 2. riO-G, Yo, ¥ ii- ¢ TOY, Tov OpEev, I~ T&, OL fmp. ~. 3: 385." oc, af im I 2Aor, Il. or-6, ye, I 7- 1 7- 1 2. 0-6, ae 7- Tov, Tov OPEV, 7- TE, wot 3. OG, Gt, @ a- J i J INFINITIVE. Pres. 1. tor-dvat. 2. r:O-évar. 3. d0-dvat. [4. detcv-bvac.] 2 Aor. 1. orijy-at. 2. Osiv-ac. 3. Oovv-at. PARTICIPLE. M. F. N. Pres. 1. tor-ae, aoa, av ) 2. ruO-cic, tioa, éy M. F. N. 3. dwW-otc, ovoa, dv Gen. 1.) ayvroc, aone, avTo¢ [4. dexv-icg, toa, dtr] \ 2. évrog, stone, évTog ’ 3.( dOvToc, ovonc, dvTog 2 Aor. 1. or-de, doa, av [4.} tyro, bone, bvroc] 2. 0-éic, fioa, év 3. 6-ov¢, ovoa, ov J PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Pres. 1. tor-a- 2. riO-«- ) a) a) a) 6 3. did-o- pat, Gat, Tat peOov, a0ov, olor pea, oe, vra 4. Osixv-v- Imperf. 1. tor-a- = rage pny, 0, TO peOov, ofov, oOny peOa, oOs, vro 4, ideucv-d- ; In the 2d pers. sing. the forms torw, érifov are also used. IMPERATIVE. Pres. 1. tor-a- and 2. 7riO-«- Tinp. 8. did-0- 0, o8w o8ov, oOwy oe, oOwoay 4. déixv-v- The forms torw, rifov, didov are also used in the 2d pers. singular. OPTATIVE. Pres. 1. tor-ai- 1 and 2. r0-<i- pny, 0, TO peOov, o0ov, oOnv peOa, o8&, vro Imp. 3. 606-oi- f Perf. 1. éor-ai- 2. reO-Ei- pny, 0, ro, &c., formed as the present. 3. de6-oi-
1 [The verbs in vc have only the present and imperfect tensés after this form; and they derive the optative and subjunctive of these from forms in tw.]
. ior- . r0-
oud-
e t0T-
. Te-
y ded-
@par,
GREEK GRAMMAR.
ij - o-
SUBJUNCTIVE.
"i- Pa
wpsOoy, fj- > cBov, cBov, | wusOa, 7 @- @
\ dpa, &c., formed as the present.
INFINITIVE.
Aid . tor-ac0ae . TiO-ecOae . Ot0-o0Pat
. Osixy-vobat
rm OOD
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. 1. ior-d-pevoc, 2. 710-é-pevoc, 3. O1d-6-pevoc, 4, dsuxv-d-pevoc,
35
i a0e, wyrat
pévn, ov
MIDDLE VOICE.
N.B. The present and imperfect of all moods are the same as in the passive.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
2Aor. éor-a- 20-é- pny, 0, TO peOov, oPov, ocOnv peOa, 0c, vTo 3-4. In the second person singular the forms é0ov and édov are used. IMPERATIVE, 2 Aor, ora- 6é- 50, o0w ofov, ochwy ofc, clwoav 66- In the second person singular the forms or, 00%, dod, are used OPTATIVE, 2 Aor. crai- 1 O¢i- > PHY, 0, To peOov, cfov, cOny peOa, o0e, vro oi- J ‘ SUBJUNCTIVE. 2 Aor. or- 9, ti- 1 7}- | 7- 6- Gpat, y, i- rat | wpsOov,- > cov, cBor wpa, - > o8e, Grae 3- @, a- | j- é- INFINITIVE, PARTICIPLE, M. F. N. 2 Aor. ora- } 2 Aor. ora- } 0é- ofa ¢- fevoc, pévn, pevoy as J ss. f
» And @oi-pnv, -o10, &e.
36 A PLAIN AND EASY SECT. XV.
A TABLE OF THE VERBS IN pt CONJUGATED THROUGH THE TENSES OF THE ; INDICATIVE MOOD.
ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. MIDDLE VOICE.
Pres. ‘ornpe Pres. torapat Pres. ‘orapac Imperf. iorny Imperf. iordunv Imperf. iorayny 1 Fut. orjow Perf. torapat 1 Fut. ornoopa 1 Aor. éornoa Pluperf. éorayny 1 Aor. tornodpny Perf. ornKca lAor. éoraOny 2 Aor. éorapny Pluperf. éornkey 1 Fut. orabnoopat 2 Aor. éorny P.-p.-fut. éordcopat Pres. = riOnue Pres. riOepat Pres. ridewar Imperf. éri®ny Imperf. éridéuny Imperf. ériéunv 1 Fut. Ohow Perf. réOeymat 1 Fut. Onoopat 1 Aor. é0nxa} Pluperf. éreOcipny 1 Aor. éOnxapny Perf. risa 1 Aor. éréOnyv 2 Aor. i0&unv Pluperf. éreOeixey 2 Fut. reOjoopat 2 Aor. é@ny P.-p.-fut. rePeioopar Pres. didwpt Pres. didopat Pres. didopat Imperf. ididwy Imperf. édiddpunv Imperf. 2dWdpny 1 Fut. dwow Perf. dedopar 1 Fut. dwcopar Ll Aor. wa? Pluperf. éedduny lL Aor. idweapny Perf. dsdwKa 1 Aor. | 2660nyv 2 Aor. éduny Plup. téedoxvew 1 Fut. doOjoopar * 2 Aor. idwy P.-p.-fut. dedwoopat SECTION XV. OF IRREGULAR VERBS IN um. TABLES FOR CONJUGATING THE MOST USUAL IRREGULAR VERBS IN it. 1. For sipi to be, see sect. xi. 2. 2. [Eipt to go?. ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE. Pres. eit, ele or ei, elon troy, troy ipev, _—tre, iact Imp. ge, ge, EL getrov, geitny GEEV, YELTE, eoay or
pee, = Te, gecay or yoar.
Of this imperfect there exists another form also in common use, jjia or ga, which was probably originally the Ionic form, as éa, ja, for iv from eiui. There is also another imperfect found in the old poets, viz. tov (qtov, gov).
IMPERATIVE.
Pres, 1: or «i, irw | troy, irwv | ire, irwoar.
1 The first aorist active, €@nxa and édwxa (whence | aor. mid. 2@nxdunv and édwxdunv) are irregular, (see sect. x. 45.) and not declined beyond the indicative. 2 In the present elu: always signifies, J will go.
GREEK GRAMMAR.
SECT. XV. OPTATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. tote or ioiny. | Pres, tw, ige, &e. INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE,
Pres. iévat.
| Pres. iwy, tovoa, ior.
In composition the infinitive has often the form eivat.
Pres.
Imperf.
Fut. 1.
MIDDLE VOICE.
INDICATIVE. iguat, igoar, &e. a” ieuny, &e. eioopat
37
Ace i! \ These two chiefly occur in the old poets.
eioapnv INFINITIVE. Pres. tso0at.
The other tenses are scarcely used. “Ine to go is declined in the rampets manner: but in prose are principally used of the compound | verb ain, 3 pers. plur. pres.! aziaow in the indicative, a7viwovr in the subjunctive, and dztévat in the infinitive.
3. “Inpe?, from éw to send.
ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Pres. inns, ing, tga leroy, terov temev, . tere, — tgiou or iaor ov eo o er is oe id Imp. yY, ing, leTOV, eT HY leer, lETE, teoav | 1 Aor. nKa (for oa), 7 HkKac, KE, &C.4 1 Fut. ow, Hoerc, Hoe, &e. 2 Aor. i, nC, UP are not used. In the plural} Perf. ¢ixa, tixac, eixe, &e. Epev, Ere, Eoay or sipev, Ke, Plup. sikav, &c. IMPERATIVE. Pres. ° ° : Iinp isOt or te, térw,&e. | 2Aor. ée, eTw, &e. OPTATIVE. Pres. er ce ce Imp lELnY, gine, tein, &e. ev e a 2 Aor. EtnV, ELNC, ein, &e. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. id, ie, p &e. 2 Aor. ae Wo, &e. INFINITIVE. Pres. Imp igvae = || Ss 2 Aor. eivat PARTICIPLE. Pres. igic, isioa, tev | “\2 Aox.. “ete; sioa, ty
PASSIVE VOICE.
“Tepat to be sent is formed, through all its tenses, like rifewat. The Ist, aor. is #@qv, or with the augm. €Onv.
1 So €igiacw, Heb. ix: 6. 2 Itis declined like 7¢@nuc, only as an irregular reduplication. 3 Also tov, tes, ic; Whence in composition, from agpinur, pre, Mark i. 34.
388 A PLAIN AND EASY SECT. XV.
MIDDLE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD. 1 Aor. Hxapny, jew, ijearo, &e. - ( f 2 Aor. Euny, #00, &ro | EueOov, eo0ov, toOny | epeOa, tobe, tvro Or, with augment, eiuny, &c.
IMPERATIVE. 2 Aor. too, to0w | or, taOwv | oe, écOwoay SUBJUNCTIVE, 2 Aor. gpa, Ds «Fra, &e. INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. 2 Aor. toa | 2Aor. Eyevoc, eEnévyn, epevory
“Inc to desire is found only in the passive pres. teat, and Imperf. téuny.
4. “Hpat, from Ew to sit.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Pres. jpat, aoa, rat, hpsOov, noOov, ma0or Hea, noble, qvra Imp. ny, 00, oro, HjusOov, Ho8ov, HoOnr npela, node, HvTO IMPERAT. 700, 7000, &c. | INFINIT. 700at | PARTICIP. ipevoc.
So the compound ca@npat to sit, which is more used.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Pres. xd0-nuar, oa, nrat | nyeBov, nobov, nodov | npeOa, noe, yvra Imp. éixa0-nuny, noo, ro | 1 Fut. ca0joopac IMPERATIVE, Pres. xa0-noo, noOw no8or, noOwy noGs, noOwoav Imp. caQov, Attic OPTATIVE. KaQoipny, KaQoiro | SUBJUNCTIVE. Ka@wpat INFINITIVE. Ka0joOat | PARTICIPLE. Ka0npevoc.
5. “Evvupt, from Ew to put on, sipar I am clothed.
ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. 1 Fut. ow or tcow 1 Aor. toca, &e.
INFINITIVE. 1 Aor. feat.
PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD. Perf. cipa, loa, tira, &e. [The perf. had also the form fopnat; for we find imp. fea, plup. ¢oro.] PARTICIP. Perf, sipévog | 1 Aor. Mid. ioodpny.
[N.B. The compound dygevvvpe has fut. dugeéow, and Attice augid. Aor. 1. Hugieoa. Perf. pass. Huplecpat, Hupieca, Hupieorar, &e. |
SECT. XVI. GREEK GRAMMAR. 39
SECTION XVI.
OF DEFECTIVE VERBS.
1. [A great number of Greek verbs are used only in some tenses, while the tenses which are wanting are supplied by others derived from verbs of similar sense proceeding from the same original and obsolete form, or even from verbs entirely different and agreeing only in signification. Thus verbs in dyw have only the pres. and imp. act. and pass. ; their other tenses are derived from the forms which are the basis of those in advw. Again, in dodw, only the imperf. iwowy and perf. éépara are used. For the fut. we have 6fopuat from dzropat; for the aorist, eidorv from eidw; for the aor. pass. ®¢0nv. These verbs are wrongly called anomalous (or irregular) by the gram- marians, because they choose to derive all their discordant parts from one determinate present tense, though not according to common rules. I have, however, called them here simply defective, adding the tenses from other verbs, commonly used to supply their defects. ]
A LIST! OF THE MOST COMMON DEFECTIVE VERBS IN THEIR MOST USUAL TENSES, TOGETHER WITH THE OBSOLETE VERB OR VERBS WHENCE THOSE TENSES ARE FORMED.
7
A. To admire "Ayapat, [or aydopat, (Hesiod, Theog. 619.) whence] ] fut. adydoopat, 1 aor. Hyacapny ; 1 aor. pass. HyaoOny.] break “Ayvupt, [from the obs. dyw,] 1 fut. aw, Att. afm, whence careaEw, Mat. xii. 20;
1 aor. gata, [aZatpu, dEw,] whence caréaga, John xix. 32; 2 aor. [pass.] éayny; perf. fiya?, whence caréaya.
bring “Ayw, 1 fut. aZw, perf. ya, Att. ayjoya, 2 aor. yyov, Att. Hyayor, imperf. dyaye, infin. dyayeiv. [The Ist aor. 7a in the simple verb is not used by good writers, but the compounds occur. In the passive we have perf. #ypat, aor. HxXOnv, fut. ayOnoopat. |
sing "A dw, 1 fut. mid. doopat; 1 aor. act. goa.
take Aipéw, 1 fut. aionow, 2 aor. sikov, 2 fut. XG; 2 aor. mid. eiAdpuny, 2 fut. Edodpat, from Aw. [It has the other tenses, yonra, Honpat, yoéOnv.]
[lift up Aipw The first is noticed for the two forms of aor. mid. apopunv for joduny and
*Aciow Jf noaduny, both in Homer. In the other moods, only dpoipny, dowpat, apic8a. In Attic, the forms ypdpny, &e. are usual, as in the active joa, Ke. asiow is only used in the indicative. From it come dépoy, 7epuévoc, dwpro, which occur in various writers. ]
perceive ais0dvopat, 1 fut. mid. aicOjoopar; 2 aor. yoOduny; perf. pass. GoOnpat, from aio@éopat [and aioopat].
keep off "AdéEw, 1 fut. dheEQow, 1 aor. HrAsEQoa ; but 1 aor. infin. [mid.] aéEacPae [from GXéxw. |
wander "AXnpt and ahaAnut, infin. adAjjvat, part, adsic; pres. pass. dAdAnpar and dAnpat, perf. 7jAnpa and adyAnpat, from addw.
be taken “AXioxopat, 1 fut. d\woopat : the following tenses have a passive signification, perf. j\wKa and éddwxa, from ddéw; 2 aor. Hwy and éartwy, imper. &wO1, opt. ahoiny, subj. dX@, infin. dAdvat, part. ddovdc, from dwt.
consume "AvaXionw, | fut. dvadwow, [1 aor. avidwoa and yvddwoa,] perf. avfjwKa and nvadwca; perf. pass. avjwpat, [from dva\ow. The 2nd a being long, the Attics give no augment. ]
sin ‘Apapravy, | fut. duaprhoopat, perf. yyaprnca, [yuaprnpa, ypaornOny,] 2 aor. Hpaoroy, HuBporoy, poet. from adpaoréw [and adpaprw].
clothe "Apopeévyvps, 1 fut. dugiow, 1 aor. judieca; perf. pass. nugisopat, particip. nHugecpévoc, Mat. xi. 8.
read ‘Avayivookw, imperf. aveyivwocoy, perf. dvéyvwxa, 2 aor. aviyywy; 1 fut. mid. dvayvoocopat, from avayvéw and adyayyvwpt, which see in Lexicon.
refuse "Avaivopat, | aor. mid. yvyvdpny.
} This is by no means intended as a complete Catalogue of all the anomalous verbs observed by grammarians, much less of all the tenses wherein they are to be found in the poetic and other dialects; but is principally designed to assist the readers of the Attic writers, especially of the N. T. For more particular information concerning the anomalous verbs, Dr. Busby’s Prose Grammar, and Maittaire’s Grace Lingue Dialecti may be consulted.
2 [The sense of this tense is passive, I am broken.)
live germinate
feed will
cat
marry
A PLAIN AND EASY SECT. XVI.
‘Avéduvw from ij0w, whence the tenses also come. Aor. Eadoy, opt. adoupt, subj. dow, inf. ddeiv, part. ddov, perf. ada. The fut. adjow (Herod. v. 39.) comes from adéw. Thus also the perf. dinca. (See Eustath. p. 1721. 60.) “Adw is found in Plutarch.]
’Avoiyw, [imperf. dvéwyov,] 1 fut. avoigw, I aor. jnvota, Att. dvipta; [perf. act. advewya;] perf. mid. dvéwya ; perf. pass. dviwypat, 1 aor. avepyOnv.
"Avoyw, fut. avetw, perf. dywya, (without augment in Attic writers,) plup. yvwyev, imper. dvwy61, avwyOw, and also dywys, avwyérw, &c. Matthize thinks that this verb arose from the perfect dywya, which might be derived from the 2nd fut. form of dvdcow.]}
"Aravodw, 1 aor. drnipa for drnbpnoa, 2 aor.amnipov.
"AreyOavopa or dréxyOouat, 1 fut. drexOnoopa, 2 aor. awnxOdpuny; perf. pass. amrnyxOnpat.
"ArddAupt. See ddd\dw.
"Apioxw, 1 fut. dptow, 1 aor. ijpeca; perf. pass. Hpecpat, [1 aor. nptoOny from
aow. |
Avidvw and abfw, 1 fut. ab¥now, 1 aor. nvEnoa and nvéa; perf. pass. nbénpar, 1 aor. nbEnOny from [avyw].
"AyOopat, 1 fut. dyOjooua and dyOécopat ; 1 aor. pass. 7x 0éoOnr.
B.
Baivw, [1 aor. §8ynoa,] perf. act. B&Bnka; 1 fut. mid. Bnoopar, 2 aor. E8nyv; imper. Be, Bar, and Bd [in compounds,] (as if from Baw.) [opt. Bainy, subj. Ba, infin. Biyvat, part. Bac. ‘There is (chiefly in the poets) a shortened form of the perfect ; thus we find BéBaper, BeBaor, BeBwe. It appears that from Baw arose several forms, BiBdw and BiBalw, (which the Attics used instead of Byow and @Bnoa, in a transitive sense,) Bjjpe and Baivw, only used in the pres. and imperf. The compounds have sometimes a passive, as, perf. mwapaéBapuat, 1 aor. mapeBabny.]
[Bad\Aw, fut. Bare, (BarAyjow occurs,) 2 aor. ZBadov, perf. BEBAnKa; pass. aor. é3\nOnv. Homer uses tenses as if from a verb PAu. Bodéw is derived from this. ]
[Bidw, fut. Buscopar, 1 aor. {Biwoa, 2 aor. {Biwy, imper. BiwO, opt. Buyny, infin. Bidvat, part. Brodc. The 1 aor. act. is intransitive, the same tense middle is transitive. ]
Biaordvw, 1 fut. Bracrnow, 2 aor. ~Bdacrov, [perfect BeBrAdornKa] from BX\acréw.
Béorw, 1 fut. Booxnow, 1 aor. EBdoxynoa, from Bockéw. ;
Botddopa, 1 fut. BovrAnoouat, perf. BsBovra; perf. pass. BeBotdAnpar, 1 aor. EBovdrHOny, from BovrAéomat.
Bowoxw and BiBpwoKw, 1 fut. Bowow, perf. BEBowxa, from Bodw ; 2 aor. ZBowr, from Beg. [This verb has also in the pass. BeBpwyuat, fut. BeBowoopat, aor. 1. EBpwOny, fut. BpwOjoopat. |
L. Tapéw, 1 fut. yapnow, 1 aor. tyaunoa, perf. yeydunxa ; also 1 aor. Zynua, and
1 aor. mid. éynpdpny, from yapw. Ieivouat, yévw, an old verb, (preserved in the Latin gigno, genui,) has two
as |! he begotten § derivatives, as it appears to have had two significations, J beget and I am, or
or be born r be born or be [Tivopat cr yiyvopat, which is used only in the present and imperfect.
grow old
know
hite
Tam born. Thus yrivopat, 1 aor. éyewadpuny, I begot, and]
But there are various tenses derived from the old verb still in use. Fut. yevjoopat, perf. yeyévnpat, 1 aor. tyevnOny, and again, 2 aor. éyevouny, perf. yéyova. The form yéyaa comes from another old form of the verb yaw.]
(noackw, 1 fut. ynpdow, 1 aor. éynpaca or éynpa; infin, ynpavat, part. ynode, from yHonpe.
Tiveokw and ytyy@ocw, | fut. mid. yywoopar; | aor. act. éyywoa, [in compounds, ] perf. éyywea, 2 aor. éyywy, [which is used in all moods and numbers,] from yvow and yvope; perf. pass. Eyywopar. [The 2 aor. mid. oceurs in Aischylus ovyyvoiro, 3 pers. sing. opt. ]
Tonyopéw. See éypnyopéw.
A.
Adxvw, 1 fut. dn€opat, perf. dédnyxa, 2 aor. *axov; perf. pass. Sédnypat, | aor. s0nxOny, from OjKw.
SECT. XVI.
To fear show
ask see
be like
drive away
hope
cone
GREEK GRAMMAR. Al
Asidw, 1 fut. Ssiow, perf. dédexa; perf. mid. dédouca for dédouda for sound’s sake, [and also dédva, which makes in the plural d&dmev, dédire, and we find in the 3rd pers. of the pluperf. 2dédtoay,] pres. imper. dedeOc, from dédipe.
Acviw and deixvupt, 1 fut. deiEw, perf. dédeeya; perf. pass. déderypat, [1 aor. pass. 2dciyOny. |
‘ie 1 fut. denoopat; perf. pass. dedénpat, 1 aor. 2denOny, from deéopat.
Aépxw, 2 aor. Zdpaxoy; perf. mid. dédopxa, [pass. aor. épaxny and édépxOny, in active senses. ]
[Acdpdccw, fut. Spdcopa, perf. dédpaxa, 2 aor. fdpay, ac, a, &c., 3rd pers. pl. Zdpav, imp. doar, opt. dpainv, subj. dod, dodge, inf. doava, part. dpde.]
Aoxéw, 1 fut. doxnow and d6€w, 1 aor. éddenoa and édoka, perf. dedéxnea; perf. pass. dédoypat, from ddcw.
Abvapa, Sivaca and divy, (Rev. ii. 2.) imp. tuvapny, Att. ydvvapny, 1 aor. éSuvnoauny; perf. pass. deddyvnuat, 1 aor. ydvvyOny, also édvvadoOny and 7OvvacOny.
Atyw and ddw, 1 fut. diow, perf. dédvea, 2 aor. Zdvv. [In the pass. we have téy'Ony ; pres. mid. (in an intransitive sense) dvouat, fut. ddcomat, aor. édvoapny. |
E.
Edw, | fut. taow, 1 aor. siaca, perf. ciaxa and éaxa.
’Eysiow, 1 fut. éyeo@, 1 aor. ijyepa, perf. tynysoxa; perf. pass. éynyeppae for Hyeppar.
’Eypnyootw, | fut. éypnyophow, | aor. typnydpyoa, perf. éypnyopxa for éypnydonka ; perf. pass. éyopnydonuar; perf. mid. éypjyopa, every where dropping the augment.
"Edw, perf. 2dndoxa ; perf. pass. 2dndeopar; perf. mid. %dnda, 2 fut. topuar for édovpar. [ EoQiw in pres. is common. ]
"EZouat, 2 fut. mid. édodpar. See KabéZopa.
"E0éAw. See Gérw.
"EO, perf. mid. ciw0a for ei0a, particip. eiwOwe, -via, -d¢
[Eidw has two senses: (1.)
2 aor. eidov, (or, in Homer, tdov,) imp. idé opt. Wor, subj. 166, inf. idsiv, part. idov. There is a passive and a middle in old writers in the sense of appear or resemble, and the tenses are eidopat, imp. eidéuny, imper. idov, | aor. mid. sioauny. Then (2.
[It is not ae in the present. There are two forms of the future, eidjow and eicovat. For the present, the middle perfect is used, and this is made up either of irregular forms, or from parts of tonut. The following table will be useful. ]
[ Perf. in the sense of the present.
Indicative. Imperative. Optative. Subj. Infinitive. Part. oida, oic0a, oide ich, iorw eldgsiny ei0@ eidévar | eidwe iorov, toroy | torov,torwy iopev, tore, isact | tore, torwoay
Plup. or imp.
goav, goacg gos Att. or or
yon, goecda, gdey
goeroy, &e. or Attic Qorov, yorny
YOuEv, yore, yoar.]
Eixw, perf. mid. oika and toca, pluperf. Zoicery and égxecy, part. éoucwg and eixwe.
"EXatrvw, 1 fut. ttdow, [and Att. éX@,] 1 aor. 7jAaca, perf. #Aaxa, Att. 2ApAaka ; perf. 2AjAapat and fAacugs, 1 aor. HAGOny and 7ArAacOny, part. éaPeic, from éLaw, [é\ay occurs in Hom., é\a as imperative in Pindar. ]
"EArropat, 1 fut. €tWouat, perf. mid. Att. Zo\7a, pluperf. 26A7ew and éwrre.
"Erw, 1 aor. sia,