tHE LIBRARY
BRIGHAiVi YOUNG U; I/, i PROVO, UTAH
\
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http://www.archive.org/details/historyofgeng>iizOOpt
PH^5M THE
HISTORY
O F
Gengbizcan the Great,
Firft Emperor of the Antient
Moguls and Tartars;
In Four BOOKS :
CONTAINING
His Life, Advancement and Conquefls 5 with a ftiort Hiftory of his Succe/Tors ro the prefent Time ; the Manners, Cuftoms and Laws of the Antient Moguls and Tm^rs ; and the Geography of the vafl: Countries of Mogolifiufi^ lurquejlan^ Capfchac, 7'ugureji aa, and the Eaftern and Wefteru Tartary.
Cclleacd from fevcral Oriental Authors, and Euro- peanTrzvcUcvs; whofe Names, ^\'ith an Abridg- ment of their Lives, are added tc this Book,
■'■■■■I ■ III- ■. iw ■■■ ■»i. ■■iiMiiri I ■ill, ■mill ,1 ■■itWfliHI » li iiiiFi«Oil,
By the late M. Petis de Ic Croix SeniorH Secretary and Interpreter to the King in the Turkijh md Arahkk Languages.
And now faithfully tranflated into EngUjh.
LONDON:
Primed for ^. Darly in BarththmiwChfey E. 'Etll in Cornhilj W.rayhrxn Pater -ncfter-Row, ^V; and % Inhys at the Weft End of Sf. Paul's Church-jard^ and J. Oibom m Lombard' Strata M.DCC.XXIL
( in )
T O K I S
Ro YAL Highness
THE
Prince of WA LES,
SIR,
''StIv<:
immm
T is with the utmoft Refpc(fl, that I prelume to lay at Your Royal Feet the Hiftory of aa Afutkk Prince, who exceUM all his PrcdecclTors in Bravery and good Fortune^ and made hiiidelf (thQ not born a King) Monarch of all Tkrtaryj Per(ia^^ a great part of Chind^ and many other vaft Countries; carrying his vido- rious Arms as far as Mufcovy : A Prince, who was Chafte, Jui\ and Temperate ; an excellent Husband, Father, Friend add Maftcr^ and a gieat General
A 2 I.
iv 7) EVICATlOn.
I am perluaded when the Readers of this Hiftory will be delighred with that Great Princess Charadcr, rhey caonot fail of cal- ling to mind thofc Virtues which have ren- dered Your Royal Highneft the Darling of our Nation ; in whole Pcrlbn thoie QiialijS- cations fhine with the greater Luftre, as they are heighten d by that Candour, and general Benevolence towards Mankind, in which the Chara(5lcr of Gerjghizj;an appears defedive.
May the fame good Fortune attend all Your Undertakings which attended His ; and may Your Pofterity be as re- nowned as his SuccefTor and Defcendent Tamerkin was, is the ardent Wiih of
Tour Rojfd Highnefs^s
inofi obedient and mofi
devoted humble Servant.
«t
tMt TQ^ %^t iQfg; t^
■*-!M«-«»- ^l^ ««*«' ^^ -iS-^-t?-
THE
/rf;/f/& PREFACE
^gl E are indebted for this Hiflory t6 '^ the late M, Pet/s de la OoiXy Sccre-^ preter to the King fa ifh and Arabick Languages, T^mm^i ^,]^^ died AVc/. 4. 1(^05. in the 73d Year of his Age^ after having executed this Employment for the fpace of forty four Years ivith as much Honour and Integrity as Under-* ftanding. He is well known to the learned World by many excellent V/orks which he has cornpofed, . He tranflated the Hiftory of France into the Turki/h Language, by which means he publiflied the Grandure of our Monarchs to the fartheft Parts of all JJia^ He digef- ted the three Volumes of Voyages into the the Eafi Indies of Me T/jcvenot the NepheW;^ being his particular Friend, He alfo made aa accurate (^atalogne of afl the 7urkyh and Per^ jian Books which arc ia ilie King's Libra- ry. He compofcd two compieat Difton^iie^
A 3 t>)r
vi The <P<I^EFJCE,
for the French and TurkiJIj Languages, And, in fhort, when he was dyings he w^s about to prefent the World with the Hillory of Gen-
H E undertook this Hiftory by M. Colkrt^s Order. This great Minifier being wholly em- ployM in aggrandizing his Mafter's Glory, and putting our Nation in a condition of envyiftg nothing which belonged to Strangers, was accuftomed every Week to call together, either in the King's Library or his own, a certain number of learned Men ; as Meflieurs Renaw dot, CharpentieYy Vaillanty Biz,ot, Gallois^ Cotte-- lier^ many learned Jefuits, and others, to con- fer with them about the Sciences, in which each of them was skilled. He alfo caufed their Works to be examined before him, and often propofed new ones to them; and to encou- rage them in their Studies, obtained from the King Rewards fuiting their Merits and La- bours.
I N one of thefe Conferences, where M. De la Croix had the Honour to be call'd iiu the Hiftory of the Ottomans, by that celebrated I'urkifi Author Al7ulcair Tajik KuprhMde, fai- ling into M. Colherth Hands^ he order'd M- Petis to tranflate the Preface, and more particularly a Poem in the Book which treated of the Life and Anions of Gengbizcan. The Poem being trandated, this great Minifter would hear it read, and found this Mo;juI Hero more juftly merited that proud Title of Conqueror of j4fia, than the famed Macedonian. He therefore or* der'd our learned Interpreter to compofe this Hiftory : And to render it more exad, he commanded him to read carefully all Authors, * both
The (PREFACE, vii
both Eaftern and European, who made any mention of this great Prince.
M. De la Croix^ the better to anfwer M, C(?/- beris Intentions, after having tranflated the four principal Authors Works who had writ, ex frofejfo^ the Aiftions of Genghixcariy read ail the Relations of the Travels of fuch as made any mention of this Monarch ; and by this means reports nothing which is not confirmed by the Teftimony of Authors worthy Credits
THIS Hiftory, which coft him more than ten Years Labour, is ufeful not only to the Learned who are curious to know paft Events, or to Geographers, who have remained moftly ignorant to this day of the Names of the Towns, Roads, Rivers, and Mountains in Grand T^at- tary^ but likewife to all thofe who trade to China^ tfie Eafl Indies, PerJtUy or other Eaftern Parts of the World, purfuant to the Treaty of Commerce renewM and eftablifhed by the means of M. Col- bert in 1708. between £^iu/V the Great and the Emperor oiPerfia^ which is highly advantageous to the French Nation^and was managed by Mon« feigneur the Count de Pontchartrain^ Secretary of State, whofe Diligence and Zeal will not fuf- fer him to lofe any Opportunity of fervsng his Country. Merchants will therefore doubdefs be glad to fee a perfed Account of this Coun- try, and become acquainted with the Manners and Culloms of its Inhabitants.
A S to the Pronunciation of proper Names, \t is convenient to know? that the greateft part of thofe European Authors who have pub- liihed Tranflations of Eaftern Book?^ have fpelt the proper Names according to their own
A 4 Fancy.
Vill
The T(!IBFAC E.
p^cy. M. de Herbcloty for example, has writ them very near the fame as they are pronounced in tht Indies, And this is whatM. Petis has rather chofe to do, than to imitate that famous Arnbick Profeffor M. Vattiery who in thofe Tran- flations he has publifhed, tho very excellent in all things elfe, has fo corrupted the proper Isamcs, that one can fcarce know them : for in- ftead of writing Ahdallah, he puts Gabdole; infteiid of Emir Almoumini^ he puts Miramomo- liHj and fo of others. Marcopolo has no lefs disfigur'c! the Ealkrn Names : For Genghix^can he writes Cingifran,
THIS Hiftory has been read and corrcfted
by fcvcral Perfons who underftand the Eaftern
Languages, and who take place amongft Men
of Learning : For the Author was not one of
thofe opiniatcd Writers who think no Man on
Earth capable of amending their Works. He
freely confulted his Friends, and profited by
their Remarks. If the late M. Herhelot had
been of this I'emper, his Biilroihqne Oriemale
bad not been fo full of Errors, but would have
been digefted into a better Order,
THE Hiftory of Genghizcan has been exa- mined with fo much the more Care, in that the Author defigned in publifliing it the Advantage of his Countrymen ; and nothing has been neg- Icded that could render it both ufefu). and a- grceable to the Readers. M. de Vljle^ one of the beft Geographers of the Age, drew the Map, according to the Diredionshe received from the two Meffieurs Petis de la Croix* And M. Petis^ the Author's Son, not only revifed this Work; but, toreador it yec more worthy
the
the Reader's Curiofity, he has added an A- bridgement of the Lives of aJl rhofe Authors from whom this Hiflory of Genghiz^can was col- leded. He has alfo traiifiated the Lives of a great many Eaftern Hiftorians, Phy/icians and others, which he defigns foon to prefent the Publick.
iX
THE
THE
CONTENTS
BOOK L
HAP. I. Of the Scythians or Tartars, and antient Moguls. Of Genghizcan j Country, AnceftorSy and Genealogy. Of his Birth and Name, and the Troubles he fufferd during his Mimrity from the rebellious Chiefs or Cojis of the Moguls after his Father's Death.
Page I. Cfiap. II. Of Ounghcan King of the Keraites, otherwife known by the Name of Prefter John of Afia. Of the Ari'ival of Temugin at Caraco- rum, and of the Confprracy formd agoing him there, 20.
Chap. Ill, Teii)ugin*.f Retreat from OunghcanV Court. His firfl Combat with his Father-in-Lmfs Troops. The Moguls refufe to fay Tribute to Ounghcan. Temugin is declared General of the Mogul Army. ^j.
Chap. IV. OunghcanV JVar with the Moguls. The Death of that King, and of the Prince hit Son. Temugin proclaimed Emperor of the Mo- guls,
The CONTENTS.
guls, Tartars, and other the Northern Nations o/A(ia» 51*
Chap. V» 7%<f Moguls IVar againfl the Can of the Naimans. Temugin'j Expedition againft Toufta-Bey^ Can of the Merkites. Regula- tiom of the Mogul Army- 6y.
Chap. VI. T'he Defcripion of the General Diet ef the Moguls, called in their Language Couriltay. *The Uftablijhment of the YaflTa, that is to fay,, the Mogul Lavjs. Temugin changeth his Name for that of Genghizcan. 78.
Chap. VI 1. T*he Death of Prince Boynic. Gen- ghizcan y Expedition againft Tou6ta-Bey, and the Succefs of n. Cafchluc'i Flight to Gurcaa the King of Turqueftan^ v^ho gives Inm his Daughter in Marriage. A Defcription of the Yugures, and their Religion. 90.
Chap. VIII. GenghizcanV firfi War againft the Northern Parts of China, caBed Cathay ; and the Succefs of it. HiS Return into his own Coun- try. His Expedition to the Defart c/Capfchac, otherivije called Decht. 97,
Chap^IX. Gcnghizc2Lr\* s fecondlVar with China, and the taking of Pequin the Capital City of the Northern China J (?r Cathay. io5c
Chap, X. Genghizcan'j War againft the reft of his Enemies in Caracatay, Mogoliflan, and ,Tur- queflan. The Perfidy of Prince Cafchluc to his Father-in- Lav) Gurcan, The Moguls War againft Cafchluc. The Death of that Prince. Genghizcan*! Alliance -with the King of Ca- rizme. iit.
BOOK
The COKTEMTS.
BOOK IL
CHAP- L T'he Aherattonof the Treaty of Peace made hetv^en Genghizcan ofnd the King of Carizme. An AbYiJgmem of the Hiftcry of the Sultam Seljukides, and the Ktngs of Ca- rizme. 125.
Chap. IL An Envoy fent to Genghizcan from the Cdiff of Bagdad, to ruin the Interefi of Suhan Mehemed King of Carizme. 132-
Chap. III. Of five great Q^^eenSy the Wives of Genghizcan ^ and of hh four principal or dar- ling Sons. 1 3 p.
Chap. IV. The King of Csirizmc'sXonduEf towards the Moguls, The Mogul Merchants go to Ca- rizme. 142,
Chap. V. 'T/je Mogul Mercbams are affaffinated^ and the Peace brQken. 146.
Chap. VI. Prepay at ion < for IVm- againfi the King of Carrzme. Th State .of ACxz at tJje time of the Moguls hruptiou. 152.
Chap. Vli. Genghizcan'/ Arrival in the Domi- nions of the Sultan of Carizme. 7%e Battel of Caracou. 158.
Chap. VIII. The Siege of Otrzv. 164.
Chap. IX. The Sieges of the Cities of Saganac, Uzkend, Aifchafche, Fenaket or Toncat, ty Toufchican. 172.
Chap. X. The Siege of Cogcndcy and the Hifiory of Timur Melic. i8«r.
S^ S^ ia>?
BOOK
The CONTENTS.
BOOK ni.
CHAP- L Genghi7canV Expedhim into Tranfoxiana. The takini of the Cities of Zarnuc and of Nur, aoj*
Chap, IL l%e Siege of Bocara. 208*
Chap. IIL T'he Siege of Samarcaiid- 7 ip*
Chap. IV, Gcnghizcan fends thirty tboufand Mej- under the Command of three Generals y to fmfue the Sultan of Carizme. Their Journey thro Co* raflana. T'he Death of Sultan Mehemed Kiitg o/Carizme» 229.
Chap. V. The Siege of the City of Carizme, Ca- pital of the Kingdom of that Name* I'he Ad^ 'ventures of the Queen Turcan-Catun, the Mo- ther of the King o/Carizme. 23^.
Chap. VL GenghizcanV Expedition to Nacfcheb, Termed^ Bedafchan, and other Places. ^57.
Chap. VIL The Moguls Hunting, 260.
Chap. VIII. The Mogul Generals Expedition to Nifa, Caendar, ^w^Damegane. 267.
Chap. IX- The taking of the Fortrefs 0/ Ylale. The Captivity of the Queen Turcan-Catun, the Mo- ther of Sultan Mehcmcd. The Conquefi of the Cities of Kdy Com, and other Places in the ?cr- fian Hircania. 2 7 J.
BOOK IV.
CHAP. I. Gcnghizcaii'f Expedition to the Country of Bale, amiently called Badriana. Tie Siege of Talcan. 285 .
f Chap.
The CONTENTS.
Chap. II. Trince TuIiV Expedition againfi the Sul- tan Gelalcddin, Son of Sultan Mehemed. The Sieges of the Cities of Merou and Nifchabour.
290.
Chap. III. She Sieges of the Cities of Bamian, Candahar, Frontier-T'ovjns 0/ India on the fide o/Perfu. ^ 301.
Chap. IV. Prince Coutoucou*^ Expedition againfi the Sultan Gelaleddin. 'The Continuation of the Siege of Bamian . 306.
Chap. V. The Battel between Genghizcan and Gelaleddin. This Sultans Pajfage to India.
313-
Chap. VI. The ReduBion of Azerbijana, or the antient McdisLy toGcnghizczns Ohdience. The Moguls JVar againfi the Georgians. 323.
Chap. VII. Genghizcan*! Employments during the Expedition of the Generals Hubbe and Suida in Azerbijana, and what the other Generals of the Army did. ' 33^*
Chap. VIIL Genghizcan *jr Return from the Coun^ try of Iran to the Country of Touran, that isy from Pcr/ia to Tartary. 338.
Chap. IX. The Generals Hubbe and SuidaV Ex- pedition to the Kingdom of Schirouana • Their Travels by Derbende, or the Cafpian Ports. 344.
Chap. X- Genghizcan^jD^/^^rf^rf/rowSogdiana for the Diet at Toncat. The Arrival of the Princes his Sons at this Diet 3 y i.
Chap. XL The General Diet held in the City of Toncat. 5 5<j.
Chap. XII. Genghizcan'j- Return to Caracorom, the Seat of his Empire. The Moguls Marriages. The beginning of the War of Tangut. ^ 61.
Chap. XIIL GenghizcanV March to Tangnt. The lafi AElion^ of the Sultan Gelaleddin at bis Return prom India. The Battel fought with Schidafcoi: iht Sovereign of Tangut. 3 70.
Chap.
TBe CONTENTS.
Chap. XIV. T'he Mvancement of Ofiai Cm to the gt-eat Empire of Afia- Ihe Death of Gett^ ghizcan. 378*
AN Abridgment of the Hiftory o^Genghi%^ cans Succcflbrs. 9 8y*
T'he Hifiovy of Toufchi, Geoghixcan'i eldefl Son.
$26.
The Branch of the Uzbec Cans^ Kin^ of Tranf-
oxiana, defended from the fame Toufchi Can^
the Son of GenghiMan. 393«
The Hfjiory of Zagatai Can^ Cenghhcm^s fecond
Son* 394.
The Hifiory ofO&zi Caatt, third Son ^Genghk-
can, and his Succejfor. 397*
The Hiftory ofTuli-Cm^ GcnghizOitk^s fourth Son.
398. The Hiflmy 1?/ Hulacou Cnny the fecond Son of Txxliy and of his Poftertty^ 401.
A N AkiJgment of the Lives of the Author Sj^ out
-^S of 'whofe Works the Hiftory of Genghizcan
has ken coUeBed. 408,
The Names of the European Authors^ and Travel-^
Urs^ who are madeufi of to prove the Truth cf
the FaBs nkud iit the Hiftory of Gengbucaii.
435.
Th
6
The N^fnes of the tmhe Years of the M o G u I. IQilendar»
|
1. The Moufe |
1215 |
|
9. The Ox |
121^ |
|
3. The Leopard |
iai7 |
|
4. The Hare |
1 2 18 |
|
5. The Crocodile |
X219 |
|
6, The Serpent |
1220 |
|
7. TheHorfe |
1221 |
|
8. The Sheep |
X222 |
|
9. The Monkey |
I22| |
|
10. The Hea |
1224 |
|
II. The Dog |
122$ |
|
12. The Hog |
1226 |
For an Account whereeff fee Pdgs 209. ef
this Book.
THE
1
i
^^S
oo
SS
AMap of the
ORTHERNASIAl
CalaiZatcd /vr • M : Petd ,5 d.e la Croix s
Wiiliam Be I Hie
/
The N^fnes of the tmlve Years of the M o G u JL K^lendar^
|
1. The Moufe |
1215 |
|
a. The Ox |
121^ |
|
J. The Leopard |
iai7 |
|
4. The Hare |
1 2 18 |
|
5. The Crocodile |
X219 |
|
6, The Serpent |
1S20 |
|
7. TheHoife |
I22I |
|
8- The Sheep |
Z222 |
|
9. The Monkey |
122; |
|
10. The Hen |
1224 |
|
II. The Bog |
1225 |
|
12. The Hog |
1225 |
Tor an Account rfhereofy fee l^age 209. if
this Book.
V
^h
THE
A rlvex-tLlexu-erit
J7ic OcituahofLr afthe 7hri^/i.r ^
c a;
TTT
w
CO
THE
HISTORY
O F
Genghi^^can the Great.
tl* \h th rh *f> i^f A ^ if J, t^ t^ »^ ^ xhth ^h rh ^h <.t. S >h t?» ^ ^ A tj <i t?r
C H A p. I.
Of the Scythians or Tartars^ d/?d antient Moguls, Of Genghizcan^i Countrj^ An- €ejtors^ and Genealogy. Of his Birth^ and Name^ and the Troubles he jujfer'^d during his Minority ^ from the rebellion Chiefs or Cms of the Moguls after his Father'^ s Death.
F the Greatnefs and Rapidity of Conquefts, the Variety of Events, the Downfal of Empires, and E- ftablifhment of the greaccft Mo- narchy that ever the World knew, can recommend aHiflory, >vithout doubt this i£ Genghizcan and his Succeflfors will be well re-
B ceiv^d^
% The Hist O'RY of
ceiv^d. This Prince laid the Foundation of a Monarchy greater in its Extent than thofe poflfeffed by Alexander or Augujlur ; for he ex- tended his Dominions to more than eighteen hundred Leagues from Eaft and Weft^» and a- bove a thoufand from North to South '♦ It Abiilcairm likewife jflourifh'd for more than one whole Age ; fyis Tarikh ^j-j^^. jg -q f^y^ from the Elevation of Genghiz.- Alofinan, ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ Throne, to great part of the Reign ''^' oi "fimur CaaUy his fifth Siicceflbr in the Chmefe
Empire, But what is yet more extraordinary, is, that Genghitcan had much fewer Forces -when he began his Conquefts; than Alexander or Cafar, and that he kept them with as much Prudence as Valour. He even excelled all his SuCceflbrs put together in the number of his Vidories ; and was not: contented with the fingle Title of Conqueror, but ft rove to me- rit that of a Lawgiver alfo : tho this appearM incompatible with the continual martial Em-* ployments whftfh his almoft inceflant Wars en- gaged him in. Thus he made hinifeif acknow- ledged to be the greateft Prince that ever fill'd the Eaftern Throne ; and all Hiilorians have given him the Highcll Titles and Encomiums A-J that ever Emperor was honoured witbai '^ :
iJN They iirname him the Sultan * of the Moguls
. and T'urksy the Conqueror ^ of the World, the
/ only King of Kings^ the Support of Binces,
Beyzavi in the Mafter of Thrones and Crowns : they like- his Nizam y^ife fay that God never invefted any Sovereign
Aitavarikh
■ Wc are fole Ruler of the Earthy from the fanhcft Eaft even to the Weft.
' The Prince and Chief of the Moguls was Gengb'tzcan*
♦ Saltan of the Moguls and Turks^ fcle King of Kings, Pofleflbr of the Crown and Throne.
^ The conquering G^;3tjj*?/*^jw*
Oil
Divaaali*
Genghizcan the Great. 3
en Earth with lb great Authority. Neverthe-
hfs, how confiderabie foever this Hiftory may
make this Monarchy appear to be, yet it muft
be contefs^d, that till this time we in Europe
have had very lictle Knowledge of this Pco- Mfrconde
pics or knew what the MoguU wefe, from in Rouzec
whence defcended, or who have reign'd over Aflafa.
rhem. We have little Knowledge of their
fever al Countries and Tribes, ait ho Genghis.-'
cans Succeilbrs have carry'd their viftorious
Arms even into Hungary and Bohemia^ where
they fought a famous Battel in the Year 1242 * > ^ , .^
and they have likewife had Differences ^^'J^'v 807?^*
lint French in Syria on feveral occafions. And
before this time Hulakou^ Grandfon to Gen- N^
ghizcauy had ruined the famous Empire of
the Califs^ or Succefibrs of Mahomet^ after
having cut off ithe Head of Mufiafem BHlah,
the laft of the AhalJtde Califs, in the City of J^;^^;^* [y
Bagdad^ in 1258. Notwithftanding all thefe x,u|jfc,at^a-
remarkable Events, and that there are yet li- vankh. /
ving at this day fome of the Defcendants of /
this Prince, as well in Afia as in Europe, with- /
out mentioning thofe in India, who poflefs the
mighty Empire whofe Prince is calPd the Great
Mogul, who is defcended from itamerlain the
Great, who fprung from Genghiuan by the jj^^arfco
Mother's Side, in the fifth Generation, ^ Mau- 1^ jangib*
grc all this, I fay, thefe known Fads, and the
* Umr^j Duke of Silefia was kill'd. The Kinj; of H««^it- rv favod hioifelf in Aufiri^, whofe Pfince ftripped him of all the iliche? his Queen had fenc him to keep. He was ac laft exilM inio^Sdavma, where he pad the reft of his Days in extreme Mifery,
^ The Cans of Crim or little Tartary Precopnfts^ who defended from Tcufchkan the Son of GenghUcan \ the l/*- bHsv!ho eftablifhed themfelves ia 1498, In the Kijigdom of Jr^nfoxiana^ as alfo in Capichac.
B a adual
4 The History of
adnal Exiftence of fo many Princes of the Race, it is mofl furprizing that this Nation is foiittic known to us in Europe \
Schicardus. I^ "^^ txMz^ that the Empire of the prefent Moguls is nev/, it not being above a hundred iind fifty Years (inceit was founded by Humayoun in Indoftan ^ ; and it is more than five hundred Year^fincc Gefighiz,can was proclaim^ Emperor of the Moguls and "Tartars : but both Nations
Hezarfen, i^^j .j^^ (^^^^ Original And in this Hiftory
the Moguls oi Tartary are caU'd the antient Mo- guls^ only to diitinguifti rhem from the Moguls oi India y who are more known.
But to return to Genghix^cnn^ all the Aloguls and Tartars of all forts acknowledge him to be the grcateft of all their Princes. ^ He was Abnkair, the Son of a Can named Pifouca^ or Tefouca, f* '• who had reigned in the antient Mogolifian^ a
Country iituate in Great Tartar}^ and in a Pro- vince call'd Caraiatay^ This Great Tartary in Afia^ as well as the VitxXc Tartary in Europe^ are no other Countries but thofe which in paft times were call'd Scythia, They contained many Kingdoms, but they are now divided into fo many petty Monarchies, that it is almoft im- pofTible to give a perfect Account of the Num- ber or Names of them all.
The Eaftern Authors are content to divide them into four Parts, The firft of which is Capfchacy compofed of many great Pro- vinces, amongft which h that of the Getes^ fi- tuate to the Eaflward of the Moguls^ and to
^ Ut *vix qutf^iuain nojlritm ejus nomen aud'terit,
' The Moguls of the Eaji Indies are dcfcended from the
antient hlcguh by Tamer lain.
^ InCa-tacatay was a great Can who was CdMt^ Plfouca,
the Son oi Piutan*
the
Gengliizean the Great. j
the Northward of Trarifoxianuy and the Coun- try which the River Sibon * waters. The fc- * Oxuj- cond Diviiion is Zagatuy^ which was call'd by the Anticnts Iranfoxiana., and by the A^ Tabs Mmuarannabar. 'I'he third is Caracatay, 'which contains "Turqueflan^ the Country of the Naimansy the Country of the Gelayrs^ of whom the Keraites make but a part, the Country of the Tugures^ Tangut, Khotban or Kbyta or Koutan ; the Country of the Cal- inucks^ and the Kingdom of Courge. which bor- ders en China and on the Sea. The fom*th part is composed of the antient AIog^Aifian^ which is Gog and Magog, whofe Situation is fo differently defcrib'd by Hiftorians, tho it is indeed tlie Country potfefs'd by Gengbiz^can : Some have placed it in AJia Minor, others only in Lydia., others in Colchis and in Hyberia ; and feme Travellers have placed it in the Country of the firft Scythians, beyond Cbina^ to the North Eaft of AJia^ frying, to fupport their Conjedures, that the Children of Magogs the fecond Son of yaphet^ went from the North Parts of Europe to the North Parts of AJia^ where they gave their Name to the Country they inhabited. In a word^ this Country is, (ituate in the moil Eaftern Pare of Afiay to the Northward of China, and was always well- peopled. The Oriental Writers call its Inha- bitants Moguls^ and the Europeans have given them other Names,
la the time of Genghiz^canh great Grandfa- ther, they made a \raft progrefs, and ad- vanced as far as Caracataiy where they obh'g'd fome Cans to pay them Tribute ; but in the twelfth Century, in which Genghiz^can was born, they were Tributaries to the King of the Keraites*
B J In
in T^irikh Gazjny.
T^e History of
In the feventh Age there were two forts of Moguls, the one called Dirlighin Moguls^ and the other Niron Moguls : the Sequel of this Hiflory win (hew why they were thus call'd. The birlinghin Moguls were the Nations of Congoraty BerlaSy Merccut, Courlas, and many others. And the Inhabitants of Merkity Tan^ jout, Mercaty Joumoguly Nironcaiaty Tecamoguly and feme others befides, were call'd Niron Mo-- guh ; amongft whom we mull: obferve that the Titcaynogul and Nironcaiat properly belonged to Genghizcans Family.
The Word Cayat figniiies a Smith, Cabukaytf the Great Grandfather of Gmghiz^can^ to make himfelf diftingiiiih'd from the other Cans of the Tribe of Niron his Relations, added the Name of Cijyat to that oi Niron ; which Name his par- ticular Tribe were known by : Since which time, this Name, as a Title of Honour, has remained cot only to the Tribe, but to the Can himfelf, who is the Head of them all. The Origin of this Word wasderivM from a certain People who liv'd at the remoteft Northern Parts of Mogohftan^ which were called Cay at y becatfe their Chiefs had heretofore erected a Foundary for Iron- work in a Mountain railed Arkenekonty which gain'd them a great Reputation^ and made this Brand) of the Moguls hirrhly efteem*d-, by the great Advantage all the Moguls Country re- ceived from this Invention '^ they therefore cailtd thefc People the Arkenekom- Smiths. And Gtyighix^cans Anceftors being a-kin to them by Ku':>r«qufs. ^IliPnces with this People^ " fome miAakea
' They hid never befoi e that tim«? had the Art of in^iking ufe of Iron-
* Innc tempcrti Chingis faher quidam erat in fopulo Moal, O fHrabatur de Anmaiibus Vnc Gan ^uod ^oterat^ c/c.
Wri-
t
\
Genghizcan the Great. 7
Writers have publifli'd/that this Prince was the Son of a Blackfmith, and had been of that Trade himfelf. What occafionM them to fall into this Error %vas, that every Mogul Fami- ly, to preferve the Memory of thefe illuftriouz Founders, or Smiths^ were accuftom'd the firfl Day of the Year to celebrate a Feaft, during which they erefted a Forge, with its Bellows, in which they lighted a Fire, and heated a VV^edge of Iron, which they beat with Ham- mers upon an Anvil ,• and this Beating was preceded and concluded with Prayers. Thefe Writers doubtlefs, not knowing the Meaning of this Ceremony, and ignorant of the Rea- fon why the Sirname of Cayat was given to Gengbiz,cans F*ami!y, were perfuaded tliat this Can had been a Smith, and that in Thankful- nefs to God for having raifed him to the Throne, they had eftablifhed this Ceremony. Thus having fearched no farther into the Hif- tory of the antient Moguls ^ they made Genghizr can pafs for a mean Perfon, whofe Elevation to the Empire was owing to nothing but his good Fortune.
But thofe Hiftorians who have made a cu- Abulcair. rious fearch into Antiquity, to difcover the |^'" Abdal- Origin of this Prince , have had other Sen- ^^"^.•^j^^^^ timents of him. They all fpeak of his Father ^hy;;, aI- Pifouca Behader"^, as of a Can the moft conR- mnQhc^or derable amongft the antient Moguls : He had, Aimama- fay they, two Kingdoms of great Extent ; he J^-^^^^^.^ had married Oidon Aikeh^ the Daughter ot a ^^ ^^31^,^ ^ . ,,, AiUiyar.
' This Emperor was Mafter of wo Kingdoms, over both which he ruled,
* The Mogul Emperors, to the number of twenty one, have reigned in Perpa 150 Years; the fiift Ot which was Gen<» gh^zcan the Son ot Pifouca.
B 4 Can,
8 The HisTouY of
Can, his ' Pvclation, who had gained many Vic- tories over his Enemies. ^ It may be plainly fee n by this that the me^n Birth they report him to have had is purely the eftefi: of the Ig- norance or Malice of thefc Writers; whereas his Father was defcended, in a dired Line for feven Defcents, from Biiz^engir firnamed the Jtift^ whofc Reputation was fo great both in the Eaftern and Northern Parts o( Jfia, that there was no confiderable Prince who would not gladly have paft for his Relation, or been proud of being ally'd to him. ^ We may then reft aflibred that Genghiz,cmi the Son of Pijhuca was born a Prinee or Can. t- Retnus A^ almoll: all Empires'^ and illuftricus Fami- and Kowu' lies have their fabulous Stories and falfe Aiiracles fo.' Sons of to grace their Beginnings, the M/g«/j have not •^'^^^''' . failed to have theirs^ and have rather chofe to ihe^Son of ^^^^"P^ their Hiftory than to let it pafs una- ^tiphcr. dorn'd with fomething marvellous. They have attributed ftrange Revelations to Genghiz^can ; and to gain the greater Veneration from tlie People, they have cVen deiff^d him : thofe who were moft intereflcd in his Advancement, have had the infoleoce to make him pafs for the Sqh of God; but his Mother, more modeft, faid only^ that he was the Son of the Sun : but not
'^ They were all Emperors of the Eaft, and the greateft of them all was Buzengir Can.
'^ The greareft of ihcfe was Buz,engiry from whom all the Mogul C^ns dcfcended.
" Bin AhdalUtif in his fecond Chapter of his Luhbattaou* arikh fays, ihat Genghiz^can hved in the days of Abut Mtiflim Merouz,y^ who according ro the Hiftorian Almak'we was m the dajs o{' Merauana the elder^ the laft of the Ommiades Califs, This ylbou Mufltm was he who took the Diadem from thtOmmiades Cah'(s, and gave it to the Abajfides^ A. D. 749# ^fg. 132.
being
■**^'«,
Genghizcan theGredt. 9
being bold enough to aver that /lie was per- fonally bebv'd by this glorious Planet, fhe pre- tended to derive this fabulous Honour from his ninth Predeceflbr ; and his Partizans reported, that Buz^engir was the Son of the Sun.
The Turks and J'artars believe that the Mo- Manakef- ther of Suz^en^ir was the Root from whence all chy. the Mogul Emperors fpamg: and Hiftory, or fabulous Story, has given ground to Hiftorians to report, that a Woman was the firfl: of this illuftrious Family, which cannot be traced farther than her : /iie is called Alancoua \ She had been married, and had born two Sons^ the one named BaElotn^ and the other Balac- touty according to Manopolo^s Report : other Marcopo- Authors call them Eelkeda and Tekeda. 'Tis 1^- faid that Dotiyan- Bycm her Husband died fome time after ; and that inftead of think- ing of marrying again, being efteem'd a very vertuous Lady, fhe lived a retired Life, and eafily made the World believe that fhe applied her felf wholly to the well educating of her Children : Neverthelefs fome time after flic appear^ to be big with Child', at which her deceafed Husband's Relations mnrmur'd, and fhe was at laft forced by them to appear before Marrakcf- the chief Judge of the Tribe. It is true, flic ^*^y- made no fcruple of doing it, but went boldly to the Judge, and defired him to give attention to what fhe ftiould relate, and weigh Well every
* It ifi affirmed that Gaighizcan derived bis Original from a ^^oman calied Alancoua*
^ She became with child ; they accufed her of a Crime, and carried her before the Judge^ who cjueftjon'd her about it : ftie faiJ fhe had not had converranort wuh any Man li- ving, and was upon her Bed, when a Light appeared which peaetrated three times into her Body.
circum-
lo 71^^ History 0/
circumftance of what had happen'd to her, be- fore he paft his Judgment on her. The Judge asked her by wh m file was with child : ihe Mirconde. anfwer*d that no man had occafioned it, but that one day lying negh'gently upon her Bed, an extraordinary Light appeared, illuminating the dark Room where (he lay ; that this Light^ whofe exceeding Brightnefs even blinded her, fcemed to environ her, and three times /be felt it penetrate even into her Body. * And this good Lady being defirous to prove her felf in- nocent to the People, and to perfuade them that her conceiving with child was a Prodigy, and not naturally, Hie is faid to have added, that each time the Light penetrated her Body, (he Warrakef- conceived a Son ; and therefore they muft wait ^^y- till the time of her Delivery, and that if ihe
brought into the world three Male Children, it was an inconteflable proof of the Truth of \Khat (he told them ,- but on the contrary, if file brought not three Sons, (he would fubmit to fufl'er the moft cruel Torments they could invent* The time of her Delivery being come, Ihe (ilenced the Calumnies her Husband's Re- lations had raifed of her, and juftified her Virtue * by bringing three Sons, who in procefs of time gave their Names to three confiderable Tribes, of which they were the Chiefs. MJrcondc* Bux>engir was one of thefe three Sons, and the Heads of their Defendants were called Noura- nyounj that is to fay, Children of Light. This Fable hath caufed fome Authors to call Gengblx.-
' I conceived with child, and I an^ big with three Sons ; wail till I am dclivcrM, and if 1 bring three Male Children, you will be convinced of the Truth ok what 1 fay ; if 1 bring nof three Sons, do with me wbatfoever you think good.
♦ She brought into the world three Male Children.
can
Genghizcan the Great. 1 1
can the Son of the Suriy believing him to be defcended (romAlancoua by Buzenglrj his Pre- deceflbr in the ninth degree. Marrakefchy an Arabian Wi&onzny who relates this Fable, pro- fefles that he does not credit it, and that he is fully perfiiaded this Lady only invented it to avoid the Death which by her Crime (he had merited ^ : but the Perjian Condeinir^ a celebra^ ted Hiftorian, compares the Chaftity of Alan^ coua to that of the Moon ; and after having related the Faft in a more modeft manner, affirming that the Light entered into her Mouth, and thence defcended into her Womb, adds, that fhe was really brought to bed of three Sons, as fhe had foretold : And this Predidion, being thus verified, made her be afterwards look'd on as a Saint or Prophetefs.
It is moft certain, that theA/og///j look on this Fable as a facred Truth, and that it is held a great Miracle amongft them ; and they remaia perfuaded that God fending his Light to Alan- couay defign'd that a Prince fhould be one day born of the Defcendants of this Woman, who (hould avenge God on Mankind for all the Injuftice committed by them on Earth ; and they believed Genghix^can to be that Prince.
Thefe three Children, whofe Names were Mlrconde. BucaHy Bosky and Buzengir, no fooner appeared in the world, but Superftition confecrated A-' lancoua^s Cheat to the People, and diftinguifh'd thefe her three laft Sons from all the other Moguhy and the People gave to them and their Succeflbrs the Sirname of Niron^ : I fay, to
"■ — i— — — — — — Mi— m, aiiii MM— — K— — ^— — i— ^.•i'^^— i— ■ I I I ■"**
"^ She invented ibis Rdion only to avoid being put to death.
^ Corrupting the Word Ncuranyc^in^ which fignifies Chil- dren of Light*
thefe
12 77;^ History of
thefe three laft Sons, for her other Children were called Dirlighiriy to diftinguilh that they were only Moguls born without a Miracle.
The fame Condemir makes Alamoua to be defcended from Noah ; ^ he fays, that flie was the Daughter of Tchonbinecariy whofe Anceftors he makes to htOguz., Caracariy Mogolcanznd Turk^ \vho was the Son of Japhet, the Son of Noah : this Ttirk is the Perfon from whom the Turh pretend to proceed, he was the firft King of the Eajlern Tartary^ in the days of Cayamerres the firft King of P^y?/z.
In fine, Genghix^can, according to the Report of Fadlallab who writ his Life, had for his Fa- ther Pifouca JSehader^ and for his Grandfather PuYtan the Son of Cabalcanj who fprung from ^umcnetan Son to Baifancourcany whofe Father was called Caiducan; this laft was the Son of Toiitomitencany who had for his Father Boucacan the Son of Buz^engiry firnamed the Juft. Bin Abdal- Amongft thefe Princes there were particular-.^ latif. ly three, who have renderM themfelves worthy our notice : Bux,engiry by a thoufand Virtues, and by his Quality, being King of Cotan ; Cabnkan made himfelf the Admiration of all jllia by bis Courage ; and Pifoucay the Father of Genghiz^caUy was fam'd for having brought tinder his Command the greateft part of the Chiefs of the Mogul Nations, with the Kings of Caracatayy who troubled his Quiet : he van- quilh'd them, notwithftanding they frequently received Succours from the King of the nor-
' Tuvk^ the Son of Japhety fucceeded bis Father ; the Tttrks call themfelves Sons of Japhe/. He was ihe firft Turkjfh King;, as Kay^umerres is reported to have been the firft King of Perfa^
them
Genghizcan the Great. x^
thern Parts of Chinaj or from Cathay. The An. Dom. laft Battel that Ayj«c^ fought, before the Birth *M4* of Genghiz^can^ was againft a People called Sow f^^l!^ tnouguls^ or 'tartars : To revenge himfelf for an ^"^^^^^ Affront he had received of them, he caufed his Forces to march to their Frontiers, entered and piHag'd their Country, "temngincany Gene- ral of feveral Hords or Tribes, came to drive him thence ; but Pifouca went to meet him, and put him to flight after a bloody Battel, and re- turned with Honour to his Country-Houfc, where he commonly relidcd, called DHon Tl- dac^ in Teca Mogoliflan.
To perpetuate the Memory of this Victory, condemi^ he gave the Name of the Can he came from vanqui/hing, to a Child of which Olon Ayke, the firfl: of his Wives, was foon af er brought to Bed *, calling him Temugin. ' And congealed Blood being found in the Infant's Hands, ' Pi- Mlrcondfe. fotica was much furprized, it appearing to him an extraordinary Accident; Jie therefore, ac- cording to the Cuftom of the Moguls^ confulted Tcxcira, the Aftrologers and Southfayers* ; but he was not content with their Conjefiures. And . Soughoudgin his Relation, and firfl: Minifter, a^ Condcmlr. Man of great Capacity, very skilful in war- like Affairs, and one who had acquired much Knowledge in Chhm^ where he had long refi- ded \ 1 fay, this SoughcudgtH was the only Perfon
* Q^nihU^an was born Jnno Dommiti*i4* in the Reiga of i4wh the fevcnth King of France ; and thrt Year was tfao Yftar of the Hog^ according to the Mogul Calendar.
* C^drikhun fefnrlie Dermucht Dachr.
* He was firft named Temugin*
^ Genguix^tan H'tjo de Sukik Ssdi$r nach corrknd^ ela.no dela hyxaray 546.
* Pif0Hca called him temu^m*
who
14 Tl'f J^I STORY of
An. Dotn. 'whc could fatisfy the Mogul Can ; "* he told H54- him. That the Planet that reign'd at his Son's Hcg. S49. jji, th, fliewM that he fiiould have many Ene- ^JjiQ^"]^ mies to combate with ; and that the Biood ebfen^'d in his Hands foretold that he flbould Itain the Fields with their Blood, and over- come them all ; and that he (hould in a little time be Grand Cham of all Scythiuy becaiife the Houfe of his Nativity ' in his Horofcope was Librny which was a celeftial Sign^ and the (cv^n Planets at that time were all in that Sign.
In cfteft, the Eafteni. Authors fay in their
figurative Stile, * That the Air or Wind, im-
Cundenifi. ' patient of his Severity, blew with luch Vio*
' Jencc in Afia in the time of his Reign, that
* many thoufands of People were deftroy'd/
This Prediciion pleafcd Pifnica ; He foon conceivM mighty hopes equal to what it pro- mifed, and thought he could fee in his Son 7e- tnuglns Face all the Prefages of an heroick Mind. Nor was he deceivM in his Conjedures : This young Prince had fcarce attained to his ninth Year, when he would apply himfclf to no other Exercife than Arms. Abukair '^"^^ great MiniHer Soughoudgin died before this time, but he left a Son called Carajchar NevihYij who was a Man of great Parts and Learning. Pifouca chofe him to breed up ' Te- mugin; and the Sequel proves that he made no ill choice.
* §luaniio Chin(iuli:,can nacU^ truxo en fus dos manos a pretedo er; cada una deltas un poco de Sangre que fue cierto ft07ioflico de fu crueldad.
' His Horofcope was Llhra^ a celeftial Sign, and all the fcven Pl.incts in it.
' Seeing his Son of a noble Genius, he committed him to the Care ot an Atabec^ or Governour, of high Birth and Qi»aliiy.
About
Genghizcan the Great ly
About this time Pifouca faw the Courfe of his *"• l>«m> Profperity crofsM by anadverfe turn ot Fortune „'^^' The King of China took and kept him long a ^^:^ Prifonerin his Dominions, and treated him ve- """"^^^ ry ill ; but Pifouca had the good Fortune at lall to break his Chains. He bribed thofe that guarded him, and found a ^vay to efcape to th^Teca-Moguli where being come, he thought of nothing but how to revenge himfelf upon the King of China. In 6rder to which, he married his Son Temugin (tho he was not thir- teen Years old) to a Princefs who was Daugh- ter to the Can of Naiman^ who had as much Caufe as he to hate the King of China. Thefe two Cans were defigning to go and attack this Prince with all their united Forces, but Death prevented them ' : {ox Pifouca died, and Bm Abdal- then all things were quite altered in lefs than '^"^'' a Yearns (pace, and put into a very ill Pofture;
Pifouca having made war with the People of Bin Abdal* I'anjouty Mcrkity and feveral other Tribes of the laiif. Branch of Niron^ his Relations, and forc'd them to acknowledge htm for their Sovereign j foon after his Death all thefe Nations revolted, the Cans of "Tanjout and Merkit, Gemouca Coufin to Prince Temugin^ and feveral Heads of o- ther Tribes whom Pifouca had fubjedcd, join'd together, and came to attack Temugin, who, notwithftanding his Youth, courageoufly fct up his Standard % animated by his Mother s Ex* ample, who lliow'd her felf a noble Princefs, fuch as k became Pifouca^ Wife to be. He
' When P'tfoujca. died, Cenghiz^can was bur thirteen Years old 5 Ann. Beg. 5<^2. It was in il66. two Years or there- abouts after the Birth of Phiilf Auguftus King of Frame.
* It was a Staff, at the end of which a Horfe^s Tail wa$ fafteuM) which ferved for a Standard in the Armies*
i6 Tbt Hi STORY of
An. Dom, exhorted his Subjefts to defend themfelves, and 1166. ^i|.|^ her, putting himfelF at the Head of his ^
v!!^^ Army, march'd to his Enemies, and imme-r'^^
^^''y^^ diately gave them battel with good Succefs.;^ But Fortune in the end turn'd againft him; he^ was beaten, and 7^^«//f//2 fell feveral times into his Enemies hands, yet had always the luck to efcape.
Mfrcohde Being in the fourteenth Year of his Age, he efpoiifcd/^z^r^.^ Couginey the Daughter of a A/o* guJ Cm, the Chief of the Nation of Congoraf^
Oiingiicaii and Kinfmnn to OmghcaHKing of zUq Keratic^.
Kingojihc^y this Lady he had a Daughter that Year?
Kfiaircs, ^ 3Qt ihg Yq^v following a powerful Party of
rw^Pref ^^ Inhabitants of MerLh having learned that lemugiH was gone rrom his Kmgdom on an E:^pedition, went into Nironcaiat to plunder ir^ it belonging to one of his Tribes. They lurprl^edthofe few Forces that guarded it, and 3i(teK a night rcfiftaucc^ they enterM and car- ried off all that was valuable, as alfo the Princeft Puna Coaghie, who was big with herfecond Child, and fent her to the King of the Keraitesy thinking it would much oblige him to put into his power a Princefs of fuch extraordinary Beauty as (lie was.
The King of the Keraites certainly received this Prefent with much Joy ; but he always lookM on Puna Cougine as a Father on his Chid ; zr\dLi\\oT'€?}mgin had a great many Enemies in his Court who prefs'd him to marry this Lady himfclf, he anfwer^d, that he could not marry his Son's Wife. He fpoke thus, becaufe in the
/ The Pcrfccations Ttmngin fuffer*d from the neighbouring Cans or Princes.
time
Genghizcan the Great. 17
time that he made a League of Friendfhip with An.Dom^ Pifouca, he called Temugin his Son ,• he there ^^^8. fore treated her as if Ihe had been his own ^^' ^^"^^ Daughter. ^w^V^^
So foon 2iS Temugin heard that his Wife was in the King of the Kemites Hands, he ordered a Ne- viao ^ to go and demand her in his Name, and to acquit himfelf of this Commiffion vvith all Diligence. The Nevian obcv'd, and was no fooner arrived at Caracorom, where tuis King liept his Court, but he obtained Audience ; and after havmg made inm the ufual Compliments, he declared the SubjeS of his Embaify, The King received him favourably, and granted all he defired ; he even committed the Princefs to IiisCare, charging him to treat her with all the Refped and Tendernefs that he in duty owed to his Monarch's Wife.
The Princefs Ptd^ta Cougine was fo near her time, that fhe was obliged to flop for fome Days on tha Road ; in which time flie was de- livered of a lovely Son, whom fhe caufed to be wrapt up in foft Fade, and fo carried in her Lap, without \Vdnmi\g its tender Limbs. This fucceeded fo well, that when fhe arriv'd at Temugjns Palace, notwithftanding the tedious Tourney fhe had gone, the Child was found to be in perfeft Health. The Care fhe had take ^ of this young Prince was very acceptable ^^ her Lord : Hs calfd him ^ougi\ And ^Q^y aItho7l*w//^/;« had continued to fupport ^ War CoiiJcmfri for feven or eight Years after his Father's Death, and that O Im Ayke his M other ufcd all her Eiforts to maintain him on the Throne
• That IS to fay, a Prince of that Court.
♦ In the Mogul Language Ji^gi fignifies happily arrivccf.
C bi5
i8 The History of
An. Dom. his Father had left him in, yet of necefTity he y7o. ix\u[i at laft fink under the weight of fo mSny \J^X^' Enemies ; and therefore it was no wonder that he was in the end taken Prifoner by the Tribe of 'ta>ijout. ^ And what was more grievous to him than his Prifcn, was, that his own Tribe oi Niroyi Cayaty feducM byTouBa Bejy Gan of the Merkitesy the moil: powerful of all his Ene- mies, revolted at. the fame time, and took np Arms againft him. He again had the good Fortune to cfcape fi om his Enemies hands by his Wffdom ; and then he began wifely to con- fider, that tho he had again efcaped, yet he mud now yield to Neceffity, and provide a Retreat for himfelf, in cafe his Enemies refused to make a Peace with him ; and that fuch a Re- treat could not be procured from anv Prince, but on very difadvanrageous Terms. He therefore made all the Advances poflible to bring the Cans to an Accommod^ition. He offer^'d them all they could defire ^ but they having no other Defign than entirely to ruin the Family of jP/- foucUy rejeded all his Propofals, in fuch fort^ that they invaded and ufurpM the greaceft part of his Dominions. He ufed many vain Efforts to refift them ; fo that at length, defpairing to retrieve hisLoffes, he took a Refolution to take refuge under the King of the KeraiteSy who he flattered himfelf would give him a gocd Re- ception, becaufe /^//oK^^ Ijis Father had before aflifted this Prince againft his Enemies.
About this time Temugin had a Dream that- prelag'd h!.s future Greatnefs, He dr<^am*d
• The Tvibe of Niro»^ who had been fubdued by Pifoucay abandonM Ternug'm^ and put ilicaifelves undci* the Banner of the Tiibc cf Tanjoidt^
that
Genghizcan the Great. 19
that his Arms were grown of an extraordinary ^n- r>om. length, that he had a Sword in each of his ^^'^^^^ Hands, and that the Point of that in his right J^Xj Hand was turn'd towards the Eaft, and the Marrakcf. Point of that in his Left to the Weft. He chy. communicated this Dream to the Queen his Mother, who explained it in a manner fuit- ing tiie ambitious Ideas fhe had conceived of him. She told him,, that thefe two Swords prefigured to him the Empire of two Parts of the World.
Fiatter'd wath fuch vaft Expeftations, he was conrirm'd in his Dcfign of retreating to the Grand Can's. To this eflfeft, he feut a Prince, or Nevlan, to Caracorom, and did not in vain implore the Protection of Ounghcnn: The King granted him an Afylum in his Court ; and fent him word by the Nevian, that he might look on him as a Man who thought himfelf ab- fokitely bound to his Service, by the Angular Obligations he lay under to his Father Pifouca. "Teinugin^ thus afliired of the Grand Can's Pro- tedion, had nothing more to do but contrive his Retreat. He left the Management of his Kingdom to his Uncle Utagekin, and marry *d the Queen Oukn Ayke, his Mother, to the Emir Buxracy whom he made to fit on his right hand above all the other Princes ,• and then lie de- parted with Carafchar to go for the King of the Karaites Court, ^ Carafchar took all the Precautions imaginable for the Safety of his Prince whom he had the Honour to accompariy. He chofe fix thoufand Soldiers for his Guard,
* AccompanyM by Carafchar^ be took refuge under
C 2 and
ao The HisTo-RY of
An. Dom. » and engaged all his faithful Servants to follow 117c. him; giving them hopes that the Grand Can JJj^l^ would not fail to lend Affiftance to Temugirij ^^^^ and re-eftablifh them in their Fortunes, to the Confufion of their Enemies- Thus the brave Son of Pifouca put himfelf at the Head of thofe who would follow his Fortune ; which tho but few in number, and appearing an inconfidera- ble Band of Forces, yet in relped of their Courage and Fidelity to their Prince, were for- midable.
C H A ?• IL
Of Oui^bcan Kj^g of the Karaites, other- wife %mmn by the Name of Prefter John if Afia* Of the Arrival of Tejiiugin at Caracorom, and of th^ Confj^tracj formd againft him there.
BEFORE wx fpeafc of the Reception Onnghcan gave Tim^m^ I think it will not Paris. be improper to relate what Hiftorians have faid of this King, bccaufehe was not only a Prince of glorious Memory^ bat alfo a Perfou who has a confiderable lliare ia this Hiftory^
His Predeceflors hid been powerful Lords in the Norflicrn Firts of Aji^^ that is to fay, in MogaUflan^ in Gdair^ Turqueftan, and fome other Parts of C^racatay. Some of his
' Pi/Jwc4 being dead, this young Pdncc went to 0«;?fAr4», who was King of Caracatay^
An-
Genghizcan the Great. 21
Anceftofs had even afllim'd the Title of Pa- Am i>oin. ^iifcha ^ i but their Greatnefs in time de- "70. cay^d. And his Family, which was one of [^^;^^* the mojft illuftrious in all Caracatayy in the Coun- ^■^^^'^^ try oiGelaiYy contained Cix great Branches or Tribes of Dirlighin Moguls ^ amongft whom were the Keraites^ who made cruel Wars with their Neighbours. The Grandfather of Oungh- cany whofe Tribe refided at Caracoromy was one of the moft confiderable and mod valiant Princes of the Keraitesy but at the fame time one of the moft unfortunate. Several Cans of Caracatay combined againft him, and vanquifh'd him twice ; and one amongft the reft, named Padjaii^ii, Naour^ his Relation and next Neighbour, ha- ^.38. ' ving drawn him into an Ambufcade near a Wood, feized and immediately fcnt him under a ftrong Guard to the King of Courga ' in China, where he finifli'd his Life in a ftrange manner ; for the King of Courga caufed him to be bound, and fow'd up in a Sack, and cruelly let him expire on a wooden Afs.
^ The Widow of Mergous, which was the Name of this unhappy Prince, inconfolable for his Lois, and having a lively Senfe of the un- worthy Ufage given her Husband, took a Re- folution to be reveng'd, whatever it coft her ; and you /hall fee in what manner (he obtained her Ends. Tho Naour was the principal Caufe of her Grief, and Objeia of her Hate, fhe feign'd herfelf to be angry with none but the King of Courgay and caus'd Naour to be told^ after flie had been fifteen Months a
* Whids figaifies Emperor.
^ Some pytcsnd that this Courga w^^ Corea* ^ She was call'd Cmtomj.
C S V/idow>
jz Tl^e HlStORYof
An^Doni, Widow, that being refolv^d to leave off her ^no' Mourning, flie paffionately defired to divert
^!!^r>S ^^^ ^^'^ ^^^'^ '^^^ Company ; and that if he yet ^'^'^^"^ retained any part of that Afteftion he had pro- fefs'd to have for her before her Marriage with Mergousy fliefhould not refufe to make him her Husband: In fine, that if he appprovM of \^hat llie proposed, of making merry with her, he fliould prepare to receive her, for ihe would forthwith come to him, with only a few of her Attendants; and that (he would take care to l^rilig with her good ftore of Bourachios, or Leather Barrels, filled with an excellent Cam^ 7nez»y %r Drink ^ Naour falls into the Snare, and fends the Princefs word back, that nothing could be more agreeable to him than her Com- pany. The Lady immediately makes ready to |0 ; and after having fent before her a hundred Sheep, and ten Mares, flie fets forward, at- tended by Chariots, loaden with great Veflbls made of Ox-hides, full of Cajmnez,* Being ar- rived near Naoz^rh Tents, flie ordered that the Sheep (hould be given to the Cooks to drefs, and the Chariots full of the Veffels placed with- in two iPaces of the Tent in which they were to feaft. The Can went out to meet the Prin- cefs with all the Demonftrations of Joy and Rcfpeft of a paiEonate Lover. He had a long Convcrfation with her. The Table was fpread, and fhe caufed fome of the Barrels ofCammex, to te brought into the Tent, which (lie prefented to Naour. He drank of this Liquor with much Pleafure, and made himfelf drunk. Then (he gave the Signal to her Attendants, who open-
' Some call it Cofmof. It is a Drink made of Mares Mfik' a«t! prepared after a particular manner,
ing
Genghiitcan the Great. ij
i22g the great Barpels, there c^i^ie forth inftantly An. Dom. arm 'd Men, who joininf^ with the reft of the '^^o* Princefs's Attendants, tell upon Naour, whom f^)^" flie had already ftabbu, and cut him \n pieces. ^"'^'^^^'^^ Nor could their Fury be appeafed till they had fpilt the Blood of all thofe Domefdclis whom this Can had caufed to come into the Tent to ferve tlicm- Such was trie Ven- geance this generous Woman took on her Husband's Enemy. And file concerted her Meafures fo well to execute her bold Defign, that file retreated in Safety, without any dif- covery being made of what fhe had done, or failing into the Hands of tho-fe w^ho might have reveug'd Naour^s Death. By -this great Adion jflie acquit^ a mighty Fame, and all the Princes of that Age highly efteem'd her.
Merj^ous Can left two Sons by this Princefs, Fadlallah, Cojn Boiruc and Gurcan ; the firfl of whom dying, f. 212. lei't feveral Children, the eldefl: of whom was Oungbcan^ who wae at iirft called 'Togrwh At ten Years of Age he accompanied his Father in \n^ Wars Togrul was in that Expedition where his Grandfather was taken by Naoiir^ and with much difficulty efcaped. And ha- ving more Merit, and being better beiov'd than the reft of his Brothers, they conceived a moft inveterate Hatred againft him, when they faw him feated on the Throne of he KerakeSy which he took pofl'effion of atter the Death of his and their Father. This Averfion was in- creafed in them, when they faw the King of China fend an Ambaffador to congratulate him, giving him the Name of Ounghcan, by which he intimated that he merited the Title of Grand Can, and that he acknowiedgM him for fuch. And in truth this Name^ which fignify'd the firftof Cans, pleafed him fo much, that he af-
C A ftmi'd
14
An. Pom.
1 1 70. Hcg. 566.
Matthew Paiis.
Tk HlSTORT 0/
fun^'d ity and quitted that of T'vgml, which he alwaysditliked, becaufc it was the Name of a certain Bird that v as accounted an ill Omen.
Odr^gbcan had afterwards more than one Quarrel with his Brothers and Goufins, fomo of whom he put to death. This rigorous Treatment of them caufed his Uncle G«r- can to make war againft him. They came co Blows in the open Field, where, after a bloody Battel, Ounghcan was vanquifli'd, and defpoird of all his Dominions : But be had recourfe to Pifouca^ lemugivs Father, and by his Affif- tance he expellM his Uncle Gurcan^ and pur- fued him even to the Kingdom of CachiUy and fo was re-eftablifh'd in his Throne.
This fame Ounghcan^ King of the Ke^'aites^
was that Prince who rtiade fo great a Noife in
the Chriftian World towards the end of the
twelfth Century, "^ under the Title andQiiali-
ty of the Prefter John of Afia^ which Name the
Neftorians firfl ft tied him by* And there are
yet to be (qcw circular Letters Tent by him to
Chriftian Princes during his Reign ; one of
V hich was to Pope Alexander IIL one to the
King of France^ one to the Emperor of Con-
ftantinopley and one to the King of Portugalj
all writ in a very lofty Stile ; in which he
feem'd to defign to give to thofe Princes to
whom they were addrefled, an Idea of his
Greatnefs, and to perfiiade them that he was
the grcateft Monarch that ever AJia produced.
There is yet remaining in French a Copy of the
Letter he VvTit to King Lewis VIL the Father
oi Philip Augiifttts ; but it feems by the Writing
not to have been writ above three hundred
* Ounghcan is ihc Prejler John o(jiJJa.
Years
Gcngmzcza the Great. if
Years, and it begins with thefe Words^ * Pre/- An. Dom.
* ter John, by the Grace of God, the moft ^^7o.
^ powerful Monarch, King of all Chriftian f^ ^^^*
* Kings, wiflieth Health, &c' ^-^"V^
This Letter is fiil'd uith an Account of this T^e origi^ Princess Magnificence : Heboaftsof his great »^^' ^/ ^^/> Wealth, the Vaftnefs of his Dominions, in f'^^ ^^ which he comprehends India^ and iill the Inha- ^^^l^l^ ^^' bitants of Gog and Magog : he proudly fpeaks Hands, of feventy Kings, who (^rvc him^ and are his Subjeds ,• he vaunts of the Tribute he extorts from an Ifraelitijh King^ who is Lord of ma- ny Lords, Dukes, and Jewijh Princes ; he in- vites the King of France to come and fee him^ promifing to give to him great Dominions, and alfo to make him his Succefior. He proceeds in this Letter to name the difterent forts of Peo- ple and Rarities that are in his Kingdoms. In jfine^ he omits nothing that may conduce to his advantage, and fpeak him a moft powerful Mo- narch. He calls himfelf a Prieft^ becaufe of the Sacrifice of the Altar, which, as fuch, he performs ; and King, as he txccixtts Juftice and Right as fovereign Judge. He fpeaks of St. Thomas, conformable to the fabulous Notions of the Indians ; and at the Conclufion of his Letter, defires the King to fend him fomc va- liant Cavalier who is of the French Generation, Thefe are his Words-
But 'tis not difficult to difcover that this Let- ter is a Counterfeit, and that it was not writ by Ounghcan. The Nefiorians who in that Coun- try were very numerous, having eftabhilied themfelves therein the Year 757. by the means of the Miffionaries of Monjjoul and Bafra^ were the Authors of this Letter; having by means /
of their Emillaries fpread a Report oi^r all Chriflendom, that they had converted the grea-
tcft
^6 7%e Hist ov.r of
An. Dorn. tefl: P^rt of the People in Scythia, and alfo tfie 1 «7o- King himfelf, who was the moft mighty and \^^1^ powerful King that ever reignM there / that ^"^y^^ hisConverfion was fofincere, that he was be- come a Prieil, and had taken the Name ofjohn. They added thefcCircumftances, to render their fabulous Stories more like Truth ; and composed thcfe vain Letters, to make the Zeal of their Sect more refpefted and commended, by their having gainM fo great a Prince to Chrif- tianity.
All the ufe we can make of thefe Letters for
our HiftorVj is to prove that the World was at
that time perfuaded, and believ^'d, that this King
was a very great Prince^ and likev/ife both a
Chriftian and a Prieft^ There is alfo found a
Mat hew ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ Pope's, \vho ftiles him a moft holy
Paris, />.82. Pfi^ft 3 yc^ ^^ reality there is not the lead Ap-
sacJdo- pearance that he was a Chriftian, but only that
sem fano he permitted Chriftians to live under him, ^ and
tjjfvnum. ^^^^ f^j^^ ^f j^ig Subjefts had embraced the
Chriftian Religion; nay more, that he even fuf-
fer'd them quietly to haveBifhops. What is
really true, is, that this King was the moft con-
fiderable Can of the Kingdom of Caracatajy and
that a great number of Sovereign Princes paid
him Tribute. Ahulfarage obferves, that he was
Sovereign over all the Eaftern Turks ; but we
muft take notice, that in his time the greatefl:
part of the Tartars were callM Turks^ tho they
were not of the Country of Turqueflan,
' Et vocdhant eum Keftoriani Kcg^m Jjhannemy cr plus dkchAnt dc tfto in decuple c^tiam vent as tjfet. Sic ergo exu tJtt magna fama de illo Rage Johanne ; f>^ cjuando ego iranfivi fer pafcua ejus^ nullas ali^iuid fcietat de eo mfi keftoriani pand. Rubruquis,
Gtn^ihcm the Great. 2^
* Oufighcan was a Native of the Kingdom of An. Dom, the Knaitesj whofe Dependants were rhe In- ''74. habitants ot Gelair and Tendouc^ which pof-^^^'l^* fefs'd the largeft Countries of Camcatay. The c^iXuir. capital City of his JFCingdom v.'rs Camcorom^ ficuate about ten or twelve days Journey from the Place w^here Temugm hrft kept his Court, and about twenty days Journey from China* ^ This City after Ounghcans Reign became the , Refidence of the Mogul Emperors. Temugin e- ^^J^' jftabliftVd his Seat there, and his Succettbrs made it the principal City of the Empire. The * Emperor OEiay Caan^ GenghiTicans third Son, caufed it to be rebuilt after his Expedition '^^"^^^- inco China, and gave it the Name of O/i^r^e?/^- ^^2*^' baleg.
This Digrcflion T thought necelTary, to prove who Onnghcan v^/as, in whofe Court Temugin fought an Afylum from the Perfecutions of his Neighbours. And now let us return to this Prince. * He arrived fitfely at Caracoronty be- ing conduftcd thither by the Prince Carqfchar, Ann.Dom* 117^* He was then in his twen- tieth Year. ^.Ounghcan received him kindly^ and gave him all the Marks imaginable of FriendAip and Aflfeftion, acknowledging the grateful Senfe he retain d of the great Services the deceafed Pifouca had done him. Temugin treated him with a like Refpeft, and mutual
^ Ounghcan who was the Governour of the Keralte Nation.
* Ounghcan erat Dominus ctijufdam vUiuU quA dicttur Caracorom^ populum hahens fuh fe qui dUebantur Krit^ Merkit^
' And arrived in his own Country, where he built a City- which he called Ourdouhalcg ; and this was the City of Cn- racorom*
® Caracorom iignifies black Sand*
^ Temugin comes 10 the Court of Qunghcan King of ipe
Ci-
28 Tl^e History of
An. Dom. Cu^IUties pafs'd between them. And, as In all ^'74- Courts^ the Favourites carets him whom their i!l^A3* Mafter refpefts ; fo here the Courtiers all ftrove ^^y^ to pieafe and oblige Temugm, whom their Mo- narch ftrove daily to do Honour tOj and much loved. Abulfa- Some Days after his Arrival, Carafchar dc-
rage. fired Ounghcan to give his Mafter a private Audience, which was granted. ^ Then Ca- r a/char^ being the Prince's Governour, firft made to the King a hill Recital of ail the In- juftice and Perfeciitioos the Mogul Cans had treated tins young frmcc his Mafter withal fince his Father Pifcmds Death ^ and finifh'd his Diicoarie with fuppllcating hiaii to per- jint him tc continue in his Court till he was of years to be able to revenge himfelf upon tbm:n. 'femugin^ after his Governour had ended his Diicourfe, affured the King of his Obe- dience and Fidelity ^ adding^ that he would entirely devote bimfdt to his Service. Oungh'- eancari:k'd the young FYioce, and promifed him his Protection ; and that he would not only imhc the Mbi^ul Cms ceafe to perfecute the 'J'ribe of the Teca- .Moguls who had always been faithful to him^ but that he would force the I'ribe of Nhvn Cmat to x^tnm to cheir Duty : In line, he treated him with all the Goodnefs that a Kuig could &ev;' ^ nay Indeed ufed him as a tender Father would his Son. He added ntore Officers to his Retinue, and honoured him highly. He fent Lords from his own Court to thofe Cans who were the greateft Enemies to lemuginy to threaten tliem in his Name with his Difpleafure, declaring war with them if they
He continued in Oiinghcm'% Service till he was of age.
con-
GmghviCMi the Great. 29
continued any Hoftilities againft Temugin. An. Dom.
Carafchar had indeed much Wifdom and judg- ^ '74. ment, and it was doubt lefs by his fage Counfel !^^Z^ and Inftrii(5t:ions that the young Mogul Prince ^v^^ came to be fo foon capable of fuch a great Trull as hedifcharg'din OunghcansCo\xn, who honoured him greatly, calh'ng him his Son ; nay he even plac'd him above the Princes of his own Blood/ and committed theConduft of his Armies to him in a War he had with the Can of l^endouc, 'Temugin made his Courage appear on this occafion ; and feme Mogul Cans refufing to pay the Tribute they ufually paid to Ounghcan, felt his Valour. He behaved himfeff on all oc- eafions with fo much prudence and Wifdom, that Omighcan undertook nothing without firft confulting him.
AH this good Succefs^ and the Confidence the King had in this young Mogul Prince, feem'd to fecure him his Favour for ever ; but his Virtues created him Enemies^, even more dan- gerous than thofe who forcM him to fly his Kingdoms.
The Princefs Onifoulougme^ Daughter to the King, charm M^with 7'^;;?«(^/>/s Valour and Per- fon^ fell in love with him, ' and rejeftcd the AbulcaiV, Offers of Gemoucha^ Can of the Tribe of ^i2-^^•^•3• gerat^ who had asked her in Marriage with much Earneftnefs. Ounghcan gave her to T^;??^^'' gin, ^ and this Marriage was celebrated with Abulcafr, as much Pomp as if it had been the Grand Can's p* 2u/. 5. himfelf Gemouca could not patiently fee this; he lov'd the Princefs, and faw himfelf flighted
* Genipuca was in love with Omfouhugine^ but ihe »ov*4 Tcmu^in.
* Gen^foizxan marries the Princefs ; Gemc^m is mad with Hage^ and lofes the Grand Can's Favou^
he
3© 77;^ Hi STORY of
An. Dom. and rejeded, his Love and Honour both in- 1^75* JLir'd and aftVonted ; This enraged him fo, thac Heg, 57i.j^^ refolv'd ro revenge himfelf firft on hisRi- ^'"^'^^^ val, and then on the King of the Kemites,
Marrakefchy^ a celebrated Arabian Author, fays, ' That the Fire of Envy vvas kindled in
* the Hearts of thofe who belonged to the ^ Grand Can, and that they invented devilifli ^ Stratagems to ruin the young Mogul Prince, ^ and fet the King againfl him ^ that they laid
* Snares (like Huntlmen) to entrap him, and ^ omitted nothing to break the Union that ^ was betwixt the King and him/ Thefe are tlie Words of MarYokeJchy,
Gemouca^ now a defpairing dcfperate Lover, eahly found People difpofed to join with him, A thoufand envious Wretches ofler'd themfelves to affift him. in his Revenge : Yec notwithftand- ing they wxre all combined againft "temugm^ and
Confi^lrac^ their Impatience great to ruin him, it was ma-
againjiTe- ny Years before they could bring it to pafs.
jiiugin. rj'j^^ Credit of this young Prince, whom the King had made his firft Minifter, the great number of his Friends, and the Services he did Ounghcmij defeated all their Plots and villanous Defigns a long time ; ^ but the Grand Can, \vho wanted nothing but a Mind firm and conftant, proof againft Sycophants Whifpers, at laft fuffer'd himfelf to be feducM with Calum- nies : But before he gave ear to 'femugins Ene-
Abulfa- niies, many great Events paft.
rage* 'TouSia Bey, Can of the Merkitesy was at the
head of thofe who fought to ruin the Alogid Prince ,• and feeing that their Defigns did not
' He was valiant^ and fear'd of his Enemies, which gained him the Envy of his Equals, who did him ill Offices with Ounghian^
fuc-
Genghizcan the Great. 51
fuccced, he broke Fnendfliip with Onnghcav, ^^"- ^om^ refolding publickly to make known tlic Hatred p^^^^. he bore to T^w//^-/^. He ]omd with the Can ^'^^^* of TanjoiUy and rhey made a League together, "'"'^'^^^^ and had fo formidable an Army when joinM, that they doubted not of overthrowing both the Father and Son-in-law together. They re- ceived into their Party all that were Enemies to Ounghcan^ 0$ well as T'emugin ; and to make their FriendOiip and League lafling, the Can of 'Tanjout propofed to the Confederates, to con- firm their Union with a folemn Oath, frequent with the Mogtds to fwear on fucb occafious.
All the Cans and Emirs^ or their Deputies^ hew'd in pieces with their Sabres, a Horfe, a wild Ox, and a Dog, and then pronounced thefe Words: '' Hear, O God 1 O Heaven ! O Earth I the Oach that wc fwear z^'xin^i Omgham and ^'^^ Mo- Y'emugin; If one of us fpare them when oc- 8^'^ ^^^^^- cation offers, and fail to keep the Promifehe ha^; made to ruin them, and affiit their E- nemiesagainft them, may he become as thefe
This Oath was a long time kept fecret ; but at laft the King 2.\\d the Mogul Prince having been inform'd of ail by a Lord of the Congorats^ pre- pared for the War, and to prevent their Ens- mieSo 'Temugin ask'd to go againft them in Perfon. The half of the Army xvas given him. To thefe Forces he I'oiiiM h?s Mogub ; and ha- ving fee op his Standard % he marched to the Borders of the j'ayiputSy of whom he got intel- ligence by his Scouts, knd by his extraordinary
' This was a long Staff or Pike, to whidi a Horfe^s Tail
wasty'd.
^l The Hi iTO KY of
An. Dom. Diligence furprlzeci their General with his Ar- ^i77- riva]^ v/ho did his utmoft to avoid fighting,
^^" till fuch time as fome of the Allies Forces, '^"''''''^ whom heexpefted, had joined him 9 and there- fore amufed Temugin (o long with fometimes fending Parties towards the Mountains, where others were entrenched, or other Stratagems of War, that the NaimanSy who being join d in league with the Cans, were informed by their
Caraouls. Scouts that the Grand Can had not all his Ar- my with him^ took this opportunity, whilft the iV%/// Prince was on this Expedition^ to enter into the Dominions of the King of the Keraites ; and this Enterprize they undertook by the Ad- vice of a younger Brother of Ounghcan% whofe Name was Erhecara^ who had many Years be- fore retired to the Naimans. Whofe King Tayancan^ accompanied with this maleconten* ted Prince, briskly attacked the Grand Can^ who thought of nothing lefs than this Irrup- tion^ having the Year before made Peace with the Naimans on very advantageous Terms for them. Tho much furpri^ed, yet he omit- ted not to oppofe them bravely, but in vain ,- lot this unfortunate King, after a tedious Fight, found himfelf obliged to fly, to avoid falling into the Enemy^s Hands. The greateft part of his Soldiers were either kill'd or wounded, the Capital City taken and pillaged ; and his Bro- ther Erkecara afcended his Throne as King of the Keraites. The Remainder of his fcatter'd Troops, with Prince Sancoun his Son, retired to the Mountains ^ zndOunghcan^ by unfrequented Ways, went to feek his Son-in-law, whom he found juft cox the point of giving battel tD the Tanjouts, and their Confederates.
The Mogul Frinco was much amiized when he faw the King in his C^imp. He made him
Genghizcan the Great. jj
many Complimeats of Condolance, and com- An. Dom. forted him with Hopes of having now his full rr'^'^^* Revenge. In order to which, Ounghcan put vj^^l^ himfeh^ at the Head of the main Body, "Temu- ^^^^ gin commanded the left Wing, and a Keraite Lord the right ,- and in this order they vigo- roufiy attacked the TanjoutSy who defended them- {c\\es obftinately. The Vidory was a long time doubtful, but at lad the Grand Can was Conqueror ; for Temugin^ after having animated the IVoops, both by his Words, and more by Ins Example, broke in with fuch Fury upon the Confederates Troops, that he put their right Wing into diforder. The reft of the King's Army taking frefli courage at this fight, fell in upon them w^ith fuch Refolution, that they were routed : And fo great a Slaughter was made of the Tanjouts that day, that tliat Nation was almoft intirely deftroy'd.
But this great Viftory could not fatisfy Ounghcan s Revenge j he muft regain his Throne, and puniih the reft of his Enemies, He or- dered T'emugin to levy more Troops. This Prince immediately iuued forth his Orders ; and by his Care the Year following he had got together a formidable Army of Kerahes.
The Confederate Cans were not idle on their fide, nor were their Troops lefs numerous- It is true there were but few Imjmas ; but to make amends, T'ouBa Bey brought a great number of Mo^khes with him.' There Hkewife came many Hords ^ of Dirlightn Moguls. The Can of Nah man came in Perfon at the Head of his Troops, and the Tribes which Erhcara had engaged to his Party confiderably augmented his Army.
A Hord Is a Tribe of TdrtMn living together ia Ttms*
D They
v>V"v^
54 Tl)e Hist o RY of
An. Dom. Thcy had at firft only Skirmiflies, and the ^179- Van-Guard on both fides fought feveral times f^^* with equal Advantage ; but at laft, the two Armies feeing each other, ranged themfelves in Order of Battel, and "f^mugm at the Head of his Troops began the Fight. He was immediately followed by the whole Army s I'hc Fight was fmart and very obftinate, and perhaps' the moft bloody that Hiflory ever recorded. The Leaders of the Enemy at lall gave way and fled : Their Example de- fpirired ^11 their Forces, who foon followed, and fo great a Slaughter was made of them by the Purfucrs, that the Fields were all dyed in their Blood. In this dreadful Confufion it was not known what became of Erkecara ; but the Grand Can OunghcanWis Brother, entered vic- torious into Cdracoronty and was re-eftabli(h'd in his Throne An. Dom. 1 1 79. An. nSc. The Year after this famous Viftory, Gemouca^ Can of the JageratSy who was the Author of this War, being IHII an Enemy to Temuginy and Jholding il Correfpondence with the Confede- rate Cans^ by the Mediation of the Prince »S'^;7c(>^?2, obtained leave to return to the Grand Can s Court ; where he was no fooner arrived, but he apply'd himfelf artfully to gain the Friendiliip of all thofe whom Imugms great Exploits had rendered envious, and who by private Whifpers and Pradices endeavour'd to ledcn his Credit. But he ftrove above all things to pleafe the Prince Sancoimy who was very yonng. He eafily gain'd his Ear and good Opinion : He reprefented Temiigin to him in the blacked Colours, to render him odious in his Eyes. He did not flop there ; ho ftrengthned his Cabal, redoubled his Plots^ and /pread m^ny Calumnies ag^inft the Mogul
Priace>
Genghizcan the Gnat. jjr
Prince, which his Friends fupporced. He ^^i. Dom. failM not to find People enough who Aiblly [n- „\'^ '• fpired Prince Sanioun with the Sentiments they vJ^lZ ' d^efired againfl Temn^Jn; making him beh'eve he was an ambitious Man, who had no other dehgn in view, biit to deprive him ot tlieSuc- ceilion, and get the Crown. To accomplifli which, he held fecret intelligence with X'ov^;^- can, King of the Naimans^ whofe Daugiitcr he had marry Vi in his Minority, which King was a known Enemy to his Father the Emperor; *and thatTemugin built his Hopes on this Can's Affiflance, of whofe Fricndfhip he was well aflTur'd.
Thefe Difcourfes had at laft the Effeft (7^- An. iiSS, niouca defirM upon the young Prince, and Te- jnngin pall in his Opinion for a Traitor* He by many Letters to the Grand Can his Father, a.dvertifed him of what he had been fccrctly in- formed, and omitted nothing that could render the Mogul Prince fufpeaed. The Kiii^ at firft did not regard Sancotins Advice, but look'd on it as coming from Gemoucas Malice, who had infpired him witb thefe Notions : and without giving ear to it, continued to love Temiigin, and to employ him on fcveral Occafions where he had need of his Valour or Counfel. But at laft Sancoun and Gemouca^ the one fpur'd on by Fear, and the other by Hate, redoubled their Efforts, and took fo much pains, that they broke the King*s Peace, and made him jealous oi Teimghu The Grand Can's Troops and his being quarter xi together in the fame Province, the ieaft Motion of the Mogul Troops appeared to Prince Sancoun treafonable Defigns. This young Prince lived in perpetual Difquiet and Mifirufl: ; he daily fent Couriers v^ith Packets of Letters to his Father,, in which he ceafed
}^eg. ^88,
^6 The Hist o'RY of
y\n. l>om. not to advrife him to be on his guard, and ly'oo ^^'^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ Imagination or Fears could in- vent againft Temugin* Ounghtaft was no longei proof againft his Son's Soliicitations, \iv^ho con- jured him earneftly to fecure T'emugtTiS Perfon ; yet It was not without much Reludance that hq at jaft confented to refolve on feizing upon him. For firft the Love he had for the ^ Prin- cefs his own Daughter^ and next his refle&ing on the great Services Temugin had done him, long kept him in fufpence, and racked his Soul : but his Love for his Son overcame all ; and the Fear of ^emugifis wronging him of the Crown when he was dead, as he was made to apprehend he defignM to do,, made him determine to fecure his Son-in-law.
' The Pi incefsfald to her Fmher weeping, my Husband is innocent, believe not thefe malicious Tongues. Ahulcair^
CHAP.
Genghizcan the Great, 37
An, Donri<
I19> Hcg.589,
CHAP. III.
TcinuginV Retreat from Oimghc^n^s Court^^ His frfi Combat ivith his Father4n-Law'^£ Troops. The Moguls refuje to fay Tribute to Ounghcan. Temugia is declared Ge^ »eral of the Mogul Army.
WHEN Temughis Enemies were affured that die King had refolded tofcfze this Prince's PerfoH;, they were overjoyed \ ' but as it often happens in the Aftairs of rHis world, that the Succefs does not always anfwer out DcCiYc^^ and that Fate often confoinids our politick Defigns, the Mogul Prince'i^ Affairs took quite another tarn than Onnghcan zn<kGe- 7muca expefted.
Bata andKifchelik^ two of the King's Slayer, (Come Authors fay they belong'd to an old Lady of the Court} heard from a Place where they were hid fame part of this Confpiracy ; but: particularly the Refolation the King had ta- ken to arreft: ^l^emugim They haftened to the Hord where thii^ Prince was encamped with his Troops by th$ King's Order, who had fent him from Court under pretence that his Prefence was neceffary in the Army, but in
' Itmu^n remain d moce thiMi eighteen Years ii\ Oungh' imii'st Service. Mircande,
- Onnghcan was. difple^fcd with two youag Men, who ficd fer Safety to Jamgin^ Who rcceiv'd them krndly^ and^ h^ai- kcn'd i,a ihctn.. Marrakifchy,
D 5 reality
v.-^'V^s-^
^8 Tl'^ Hi s t o TiY 0/
A.i. Dom. reality to gee him away from his own Guards ; f'??- for all the Soldiers ador'd the Mogul Prince,
^^S- ')59. j5^j.|^ becaufe of the brave Aftious he had done in the Field, and his Liberality to them every where elfe, of wliich they had a grateful Senfe. • Thefe two Slaves gave him notice to take care of himfclf; nay, it is faid, that they toldhirti the very Day that was fix'd to feizp hini.
Tho T'emugin could hardly credit what the Slaves told him, yet he Aid not omit to thank tliem, and promifed that on all occafions where- in he could fcrve them, he would manifeft his Gratitude for the Afrei:tion they had jfhcw'd for him. After this^ he co?i(v^x^d Cavafehaty and the reft of his flithfalicft Friends> what to do; amcngft whom it Vas refolved, that they fliould not do any thing raHily, but lie in ambufcadc on their guard, and if any came to attack them, defend themfelves valiantly. And the Slaves afTuring him it was in his Tent he W^iS to be feized^ Tenmgin ordered that all things of value fhould be rcmov'dout of it, that the Pavilion and Tents Ihoutd be left ftanding, that all his Family and Officers fhould quit them, and that they fliculd leave Fires burning in the Camp all Night. Th^n he march'd a- way with 2\\ his Troops, to go and poflefs thcnifelves of a narrow LaneorPafs.
T^w/zg/Vi'sOftjcers had no /iioner executed his Orders and departed, but Oumjjcan^ Troops, who had marched all Night, arrivM. They "Wer^C far more numerous than TemuginSj and commanded by Sancoun and Gemouca. The
* They even toM him the time when Onnghcan defigt\*ci to tall upon him. Jbi^lfartige.
Prince
I
Gengfiizcan the Great. ^p
Prince rid full fpeed up to the Tents which he An. Dom. fawftanding, and illuminated by the Fires left **93- within ; ' but the Mogul Prince\s Tenc he chief- ^.^""l' l^^; ]y aimM at, at which they fiiot a prodigious Quantity of Arrow-s, not doubting but the Cries of the Wounded would focn drive out the Enemy they wanted to find : but they were mueh (urprized when they could hear no Voice or Noife. They enter'd, and finding no body in that nor the other Tents, they imagin'd Fear had made the Afj^/// Prince betake hinlfelf to flight. They refolv a to follow him ; and look- ing on him not as an Enemy whom they mufl fight, but as a Man difmay'd by his own Guilt, who ftroi^e to efcape from them, they followed the Track where his Army had gone, and ne- ver thought of keeping the Soldiers in their Ranks, who marched in diforder more like a confufed multicudc of Men and Horfes, than an Army.
Mean time, Temuginviho was not above two or three Leagues from his Camp, had polled himfelf at the foot of a Mountain in a narrow Pafs called Germeghah^ cov^cr'd by a Wood, WMth a Brook before him : bur when he Hiw his Enemies coming up to him in diforder, he pafs'd the Brook, and charged them fo hotly, they had not time to difcover who they were that afikulted them; which increafed the Dif- order that was already arnongll them, in fueh a manner, that Ounghcans Troops, after a ve- ry flight Refiftaiice, fled before him. In th[s Fight they loft a great many Soldiers and Offi-
* They ran and ptevccd the Tents witb their Arrows, btit Oicy pcrceivM no body ; i\icn they fent Detachments after him, bwt they could not find him. Marrahcfchy.
n A cers-
40 The HiSTonr of
An. Dom. ^ers. The Priace Sancoun' himfelf was wound- i»93' e<3 fn the Face by an Arrow, and was obliged
\^^^J^' to fave himfelf, and all thofe that efcaped from "temugiv, by flying to Caracorom. This AAioit happeuM Ann. Dom. 119^,- Temugin liad not fix thoi\(2inA Men, and 'tis afiirrnM that he defeat- ed ten thoufand. He was then about forty Years of Age.
This firft Battel was a Prefage to him of a great many other Vidories. ^ When the Divine
Marralcef- < Providence, fays an Arabian Poet, throws
^^'* ^ down to thee the Cable of good Fortune, all
^ Creatures fhall combine to render thee hap-^
* py, even thy Enemies fhall contribute to it ;
* and if thou mceteft with any Obftacic, For- ^ tune Oialf take care to remove it/' This was what befel the Mogul Vnnvx m the end, thofe who ilrcve to abafe hi'm were the caufe of his rifing ; and h fecm'd as \i he Hood in need of their Hatred and Malice to effablifli him in his Empire^
If the Grmd Cm had notfo^erUbimfelf to be pre~po{le4\l agatnft him, this Frlnte^ who had already li^ed in his Court fiin^leen Years, had paft the reft of his Life in th^ Employ- ments and Station he had given hirn^ and had been content with being a Depefld^iit Can under him : but God was determined W make life oi him to punifli Afiay whofe Crimes had arm*d his Vengeance agaluft them.
After this Battel l^tmupn thought rJ0 mrn^ of any thing but how ta itcixtt himfelf from a?>y farther Infults, auJ to open himfeif a way to the Thronev He firait retired with his Porches Bear to tfe^ J^^keBaljmta ^ • There
* Some caB k M Foentain of fair W^Ktu ihid.
Gengliizcan the Great. 4 1
he caird together all his Relations and Friends ; An. Dom* and the Battel of Germegbah having as it "93- -were given a new Luflre'^to his Name, all ^J^^J^ the Malecontents of the Grand Can's Court ^^^f^ failM not to go and join with hiin. ^ There daily arrived in his Camp entire Troops of Soldiers, with their Officers, who had before fervM under him, offering him their Lives and Fortunes.
When he faw that he had an Army ftrong enough to execute his Defigns, he quitted the Lake Baljoutay and went and encamped on the Froiuiers of China^ upon the Banks of the Ki- vcvCacoul'^y at the foot of a very high Moun- tain. He ftayM there fome Months, which he very well employed : for in that time he accom- plifli'd his Defign of bringing all the Officers and Soldiers intirely into his Intereft ; fome by Promifes of Rewards, and others, his particu- lar Friends, by the hopes of Advancement t fo that his whole Army was difpofed to follow him wherever he would lead them. Then he decamp'd, and march'd for Mogoliftan his na- tive Country.
His Subjefts the Tec a Moguls received him with Tranfport, as a Prince whom they paf- fionately loved, and had loft with much re- gret. The Inhabitants of Niron Cay at fent their Deputies ,• nay, even fome of the moft confidc- rable Perfons amongft them went in Perfon to congratulate him on his Return to his King- doms, and oflfer'd him their Affiftance if he had
* He retires from the Field of Battel to the Lake Baljonta^ y/hkh is a fait Lake, and has not much Water. Abulcair,
* it was alfo called Caramourany u e. the yellow River,
occa-
41 The Hi STORY of
An. Dom. occafion. He thanked them all for their Good- 1194. Will, retained thofe whom he thought moft fin-
1^^^ cere, and concerted with them what meafiires ^"^'"^^^^^^^"'^ to rake to be revenged on his Enemies. ^ It v/as immediately refolved in his Council, that it fhouid be publickiy forbidden in all the ATo- gf4 Provinces to pay the cuflomary Tribute to the Grand Can Ounghcan. But before this Or- der was pubh'fird, r*hey founded the People's 1 emper i and knowing they fear'd Ounghcaris
CourouU Power, they fummoned feveral Diets, in order to
^^y* difTipate their Fears, The greateft part of the
Perfons thus caird, appeared. Temr^sin V^idhi:- fore them the miferable Slavery they had long groan'd under, the Tyranny that was exercifed over them, not only by the King of the Keraitesy
AbulcAir, but by his Favourites, to whom they paid in--
^^' tolerable Tribute. He reprefentcd to them.
That it was in their own power now to deliver themfelves from this cruel Yoke j That the Mo^ guls^ their Countrymen, who had been his Companions in the hue Vidory, were fenfible that theirPerfecutor was not invincible; That having at their Head now a Man who had gainM fo many great Victories for Ounghcay?. iheir Enemy, they need not doubt but he wonld conquer for them a!fo who were his Subjects
Ibid./. 3. and Friends : To conclude, knowing the Power Religion has over the Peoples Minds, he fi- niftied with affuring them that this important Entcrprize which he now propofed to them, proceeded not from himfelf alone, but that the Almighty had infpird him with thcfc
* He ftay'd fome time near the Lake Baljouta^ then decam- ped, and went to the Frontiers ot Chinay and chere cjommped on die Bank of a River at the foot of a iVIoantaln, Mlrcondc»
Thoughts,
Genghizcan the Great. 4^
Thoughts, andfent him to deliver rhem from An. Dam. this heavy Yoke of Slavery. ii9v
This Speech of T'mug'm made fuch an im- "Tj^^ preflion on the Peoples Minds, that all the ^^""^^^ Affembly gave him their Applaufc, and promi- fed to obey him. When he was thus afliir'd of the Good-Will of his Subjefts, the Teca Moguls and Niron Cayats, he raifed only four thoufand five hundred Soldiers more, whom he join'd to thofe he already had ,• and then fent and pro- pofed a League to the Commander of the Con^ gorcits, his Brother-in-law, for his Father*in-law the Can q^ Ongornt \sisis dead, wliofe Daughter Puna Couglne was "temugiiis fecond Wife. With this Prince he made a League, as alfo with tl>e Cans of the Nation of Courlas \ ^but for thofe of the Soumogulsy or Tartars^ they refused to enter into the League, till he conftrain*d them to it by force of Arms. The Cans of Mer- cat, feeing what had happened, chofe to do freely what he would otherwife compel them to. And feverai Tribes, after their Example, put themfeives under his Command, notwith- ftanding they were follicited by fome Cans to ftand out, particularly thofe of Merkity amongft whom TouSiahy^ the mortal Enemy oi'Temugins Family, was the moft powerful.
All theCansof ^S'or/?//^^^/, Mercat, Courlas, the T^e Mo- Teca Mogiilsy Niron Cayaty and fome others, 8"^^ ^^(^(^ caufed to be publifti'd in their Dominions, that ^yj^'^^^^ '^' for the time to come^ no more Tribute /liould Ounghcan. be paid to Oimhcan^ on any Caufe or Pretext whatfoever. Purfuant to this Declaration, the People of all thofe Countries pulfd down the Offices, and drove away the King of the Ke- raites Receivers, who fled to Caracorom to give the King Advice of this Rebellion.
Ounghcan
44 ^^ History of
An. Dom. Ounghcan ufed all the means pofTible to ob-
Hc"^^*A ^^^^ ^'^^^^ P^^^y Sovereigns to return to their ^J^^^' Duty, but he could not gain his ends,- and at laft defpairing to obtain any thing of them by gentle means, he remitted all forts of Tribute, and Impofitions to the Merkitesy who had not revolted from him, and made large Promifes to iTcu^a Bey their principal Can, hoping that this Party of the Moguls would ballance the Power of the other.
It is true, 'Temugins Cunning and Wifdom was fucb, that all the Grand Can^s Threats and Promifes were ineffe^lual, either to regain or intimidate the People's Hearts ; he knew fo well how to guard his own Frontiers, and thofc of his Allies, that his Enemies could not pene- trate into their Countries. In fine, his Conduft was fuch, that all the Nations of his Party look'd upon him as their Deliverer. Yet tho he was very defirous to enter upon Aftion, he o- mittcd not to counfel the other Cans firft to fend an Ambaffador ^ to Ounghcan^ to propofc an Accommodation, on condition that he fhould rcleafe them from all Taxes, as he had done the Mer kites.
An the Cans left the Management of this Affair wholly to him, protefting they would approve of whatever he fliould think fit to do. Tentugin caft his Eyes on a Man named Arm- joun (for fo Fadlallah calls him.) He gave him all ncceffary Infrruftions, and fent him away with all Diligence ; tho perhaps in his Soul he was Icfs defirous of Peace than he appeared to be by this Adion, and rather wifh'd to be revenged.
* They fen J sn Anabaflador, bui no Peace was made. A
Gengliizcan the Great j^y
So foOn as this Ambaflfador arrived at Ounghcaiis An. Dom. Court, he defired Audience, and was admitted * ^^^7- to the King's Prefence ; to whom, purfuant to ^J^NrxS his Orders, he firfi made a recital of the Ser* ^^^^ vices Pifouca had formerly done him : Next he reminded him of his Breach of Faith with Te^ mugifiy whom he had promi fed to proted, and ne- ver to hearken or give credit to any that fhould fpeak againft him, or endeavour to caufe diftruft between them; and then hinted how contrary to this his Promife, he had given credit to his Enemies, without fearching into the Truth of the Matters they laid to his charge, or giving him leave to clear himfelf. Next he made a particular recital of the great Services Temu^ gin had done him, which were fijfficient to fe- cure him of his Love and Fidelity to him. At laftf he concluded, with entreating him to grant Peace to the Moguls^ and renew the tender Friendftiip that had fo long been between him and his Son-in-law, which he would never have loft, had it not been for his Enemies.
Ounghcan gave no anfwer to the Ambaflfador, but rerer'd the Affair to his Councirs Delibe- ration. Arnipun retirM to the Tent which hr5 Attendants had prepared for him ; and there the Prince Sanc&un^s Partizans and Gemoucas Friends treated him bafely, and put a thou- fand Indi^ities upon him, of which he loud- ly complained, but rcceiv'd not any Satisfaftion. He continued here a whole Year in the utmoft Pain and Uneafinefs, Ounghcan ftill putting him off from Month to Month ,• when he was ftill promifed an Anfwer to his Propofals, but he never got any. At laft he loft all Patience, and fent his Mafter an Account of all that had paft. Temugin fent him exprefs orders to re- turn.
4^ The History of
An. Dom. turn, after having made one Effort more to ob-
1 197. lige the King to explain himfelf. Heg. 594. 7 Ounghcan would willingly have made peace, """^^y^^ but the" Prince his Son, who ftillharbour'd in his Bread the Sufpicions which Gemouca had infus'd into him, and whofc Hatred feem'd rather augmented by Tl'w^^/Vs defeating him, crofs'd this Negotiation, and hinder'd its co- ming to a good EtfeS. For Saytcoun was one of thofc obftinate Perfons, who when they have taken a thing in their heads to believe or do^ are not to be convinced oi^ their Error ; and therefore he himfelf carry 'd the King's Anfwer, and told the Ambailador, that the Moguls muft not expeift to obtain any Peace but by fubmit- ting to whatever the King fhould pleafe to re- quire of them ; that as for T'emugin *, he would neither commune with, nor fee him, but with their Swords in their Hands.
So haughty an Anfwer obliged the Ambafla- Aov Arnljoun to retire immediately. He foon arrived at Mogoliftany and rendered an Account of his Negotiations to the Confederate Princes, who were all fo difpleafed at the Grand Can's Infolence, that they renewed their Protefta- tions to throw off his Yoke, and promifed an inviolable Faith to one another, calling Hea- ven to witnefs their Oaths, and then proceeded to prepare for War. Temu^Wy tranfported to fee all things go as he wifli'd, difpofed himfelf to anfwer the Confidence the Allies had placed in him.
' Ounghcan would really have made peace, bur Sancoun oppofed It wJih ali his nught, MtrconJe.
* S.ir,coun faid, there is bciwixt Timagm and me ftO Kca- fon but ihc Swoid. Ibid.
The
Genghizcan the Great 47
The Year following, being Ann.Dom. 1200. ^^* l^om. Sancouriy to fhow that he meant as he faici, faird^^^^* not to fend feme Troops into MogoUflnn to ra- ?^1^* vage the Country, and fpread a Terror in the ^^^^ Rebels Minds. But his Defigns were fruftra- ted> his Enemies defending tbemfelres brave- ly. It is true, this Year they did no great mat- ters on either fide ; nothing confiderable paft , nevertheiefs, the Mcguls always got the better, and beat every Party that encounter'd them. And Temugtn gained much Honour by his Con- duft.
The Grand Can, enraged with the ill Sue- cefsof hisArms in Mogoliftan^ and being flung that thefe petty Princes fliould be able to refift him fo long, caufed Troops to be levied all over his Dominions, and drew together above thirty thoufand Men out of the Provinces of I'urquejlany T^endouc^ and other Places depen- ding on his Kingdom of G£»/a/V. Neverthelefs, whilft thefe new Levies were marching to Cara-- corontj to join thofe of Caracatay^ and other Handing Troops, he fent to fummon the Moguh to furrender before it was too late, threatning to treat them with the utmoft rigour if they returned not to their Duty i proraifing, that on the contrary, if they would fubmit and truft to his Clemency, they fliould receive all , the Satisfaftion they required, and fo prevent the dire EflFeds of his Anger, and their own inevitable Ruin.
This Conceffion of the King of the Keraites was enough to fhake the Conftancy of the Con- federates ; but Temugin difpatched Me{fengers immediately every way, to perfuade the Moguh that Ounghcan made thefe fine Pfomifes only to araufe and furprize them, and that they muft put no truft in him* He thought it not enough
to
4? The History of
An. Dortu to reprefent to them by his Envoys what he had 1 200. ^Q f^y ^^ ^j^^jj^ Qjj j.j^j5 important Subjed,- bat
yj^!^ he called an AfTembly at Manquerule^ whi- ther he invited all the Cans concern^. So foon as they were met, he informM them of what was then doing at Caracorom^ fliewing them Letters which he had received from his Correfpondents there, and aflbred them that what they contained had been confirmed to him byhi5 Spies, which was, that the Grand Cail and his Son had fworn the Ruin of the Confe- derate Cans, whom they already look'd on as their Slaves and Vaffals, and that they were refoiv^d to put all to Fire and Sword in the il%7^/ Countries : They promife us, added he, good Treatment, for no other reafon but becaufe they fee us with our Swords in our hands, and in a Condition to defend our felves ; they wifli no other but that we were fo foolifli as to fear them, or fo credulous as to believe them ; and then, alas, we were undone. Let us not bafe- ly deliver our felves into our Enemy's hands ; believe me, let u$ bravely defpife their Threats and Offers, and fear nothing, whilft we con- tinue in a perferS: Union amongft our felves.
An, rioi* Some Cans were at iirft of opinion to ac- cept OtOighcans Propofals ; but others, Icfs ti-
Jouinim morous, nobly oppofed them/ And it was at
cha! l^ft refolvMby the whole Arfembly, That eve- ry Can fhould bring into the Field as many Men as his Tribe could fumiihi that one half of the Troops of the Mercats fhould remain be- hind to obferve the Merkites^ and guard the Frontiers ,• that the War fhould be carried on with all imaginable Vigour ; and that, in fine, T'emugin ftiould be declared General of rhe whole Army.
Then
Genghizcan the Great. 4p
Then they immediatelj^ prefented to this An. Dom. Prince the Topouz, ^ ; but he would not ac- ^ '^^* o cept it but on condition that every Man Jr>)^ fliould promife to be entirely obedient to his Orders, and that he lliould have full Power to punifh thofe who did not do their Duty. They granted him all he ask^ , and then he received the Staff of Power. ' After which, every one returned to his own Country, and thought of nothing but putting their Troops in a condition to take the Field, and march to the general Rendezvous.
Tho Jemugin had no caufc to diftruil: the Fi- delity of his own People, yet to be the more fecure of them, and to engage them firmer to bis Intereft, he gave Largefles to them, and all the reft of his Army. And to fliew that he knew how to recompenfe thofe that ferved him, being indebted for his Life to the two Slaves who left Ounghcan\ Court, and came to his Camp to give him notice of that King's De- figns againft him> he in publick acknowledged the Obligation he had to them, gave them the Praifes they merited, made them confiderable Prefents ; and to honour them the more, declared them "fercans % affign'd them a Revenue for their Maintenance, and exempted them and their Children from all Taxes % with a Power
to
* This IS a Staff of Authority, a Ihort Truncheon made of a particular Falhion.
* It was in the Year 1201. when this Refolmion was taken.
* It is a Title that is given amongft the Tartars and Mc guU to thofe who have receivM of their Prince fome great Privileges and Advantages, which diftingullhes them from the "cftof hisSubfecls. Marrakefchy.
' The Terran is exempt from all Duties ; be divides not Ws Booty with any body, not even with the Prince's Cuf-
E ^^^'
v^^^Vx.^
50 The History of
An. Dom. to take firfl of the Plunder that (hould be got- 1 201. ^g„ j[j| the War. He gave them likewife the
i^^Z^* Privilege not to be obliged to divide the Booty "^ that they fliould take with the Princess Recei- vers and OiEcers of the Cuftoms. Befides all thcfe Privileges, he permitted them to enter in- to his Tent whenever they pleafed, without be- ing obliged to ask leave of any of his Of- ficers, and declared them exempt from all Pu- nishment whatever Faults they committed, at Icaft if it were not proved that they had com- mitted a Fault more than nine times. He added to all thefe Favours, that thefe Privileges (hould continue to the Defccndants of thefe two Ter- tanSy even to the feventh Generation, or, ac- cording to the Report of fome Authors^ to the ninth*
But it was not to thefe Slaves alone that he fliew'd his Gratitude ; but he loaded with Be- nefits atl thofe who had left Ounghcan to follow him, and chofe out of them all his general Of- ficers, and honoured them with his Friendfhip and Places of Truft.
tom^Officers ; he goes into the King's Prcfence without asking leave ; aad ts pardoned nine times, let the Fault be what it will* Abtdfatdge.
IS iS ®
CHAP.
Genghizcan the Great, yj
An. Dont*
CHAP. IV.
OunghcanV War with the Moguls. The Death of that Kjng^ and of the Prince his Son. Temugin proclaimed Emperor of the Moguls, Tartars, and other the Nor-^ thern Nations of Afia.
T EMU gin's Behaviour and Liberali- ty to the Slaves, did him great Service ; for it gained him the Hearts of a great many of the Soldiers. All xh^ Mogul Cans, ex- cept thofe -whom 'TouBa-Bey and Gentouca had prevailed upon to enter into OunghcansV^LXty^ admiring his Generofity, grew more zealous to fecond him in all his Defigns. When all the Confederate Troops were come together, 7^- mumi named his Lieutenant Generals and other ^ Officers ,• and, contrary to the Cuftom* of the Scythiansy who ufed to attack their Enemies in one main Body, he divided his Army into two Wings, and in the Center placed his own Troops asa Bodyof Rcferve j which Cuftom he ever after continued to ufe. And confidering that Fear often feizes thofe who are firft at- tacked, he march'd direftly to the Frontiers of the Grand Can^s Dominions, where he learnM that his Army was already in Motion, which he refolved father to attack than ad on the defenfive.
Tho the Spring v/as not yet come, yet the King of the Keraites had already got bis Troops
E a into
^2 T^^ History of
An. Dom. into the Field. "^ He made them take long 1202- Marches fo foon as he was inforni'd that 7mu- V^k/^ ^r^^ was already on his Borders; but the Bag- ^^^^ gage being very rich, and tlie V/aggons that be- longed to his Army heavy loaden> and by confe- quence more troublefom than thofe of the Moguls, hindered their March ; for which reafon 7emu- gins Army advanc'd fwiftly, and foon arrived at the Place where theydefignM to make a ftand, and wait the Enemy's coming up. It was in a Plain cali'd Tangut, belonging to the Ke- raltes.
'Temugin having learnM in this Place that the Grand Can was but three Leagues aud a half off from him, halted; and to encourage his Soldiers, confulted the Aftrologers and Ma- gicians. Marco Polo reports, that this Prince order'd them to try his Fate- by ' Wands, to fee which of the two Armies fiiould be vido-
nous.
* Temtigin marches with the Mogul Army, and Ounghcan comes to meet him with a great many Forces, jibuUatr.
^ This Experiment of the Canes was then in ufe amongft the Tartars^ and is Hill among the Africans^ Turks and other Mahometan Nations. The Cojas, or Regifters of their Cor- fairs or Pirate Ships, commonly try this Trick before they fight; and this is what they call, Do the Bock* It is true, that they oftner ufe Arrows : Two Men fit on the Ground overagainft one another, and hold each of them two Arrows by the Iron Part or Heads ; the Ends of the two contrary Arrows 3re fixed together one in another by the Notches where the Bow-ftring comes in fhooting, fo that the four Arrows together make as it were but two Sticks in a parallel Line, Then the Coja reads a certain Arabian Prayer. They pretend that during this Reading, thefe two pair of Arrows, two of which reprefent the Chriftiaas, the other the Turks^ fliall approach one another, in fpiie of thofe that hold them, and after fighting the one Pair fibali get aboY« the other. Thevtnof's Travels, lib. i.
This
Gcnghizcan the Gnat. j^
This Magical Experimenr v/^ls performed af- An. Dom, ter this manner: ^ThcMagiciaustooka piece of '^^^* green Cane, which they fplit in two to make tAVO \^1^ Sticks, which they fet upright on the Ground ^^^ at fomc diftance from one another, after having writ on the one the Kamc of lemugin (whom MarcQplo calls Cwgis) and on the other Onngh- can (whom he names Umcan ;) then they told T'emugin they would begin and read their Con- jurations, aiid that during their reading, the two Canes, by the Power of their Idols, Ihould approach near to one another, and begin a Combat ; at the Conclusion of which the one jftiould get up upon the other, which fhould prefage that Prince /liould be Vidor whofe Name was on the Cane that was uppermoft.
The Mogul Army would be witnefs of this Experiment. The Magicians read their Book ; the two Sticks were prefently \x\ motion ; they approached, touched and fought, and at laft Ounghcans remained undermofl. This Prodigy fo animated the Moguls and their Commanders, that they march'd boidly againft the Enemy.
But the Keraitesy who were no lefs defirous of fight uig than rhty^ met them half way. The Grand Can, who commanded in Perfon, and the Prince his Son, feem'd to promife them- felves an entire Vidory. The two Armies be- ing come in view of one another in the Plain, flrove to place themfelves as advantageoufly as they could on both fides, and were drawn up in order of Battel by their Generals, according to the beft of their Skill.
^ Cingis commando alii fuoi Jjlrolo^t C7 Incantator't che doveffero dire quat ejfercito dovee haver vittoria. Coftoro fnfa una Canna verd^^ la divtfero in dm farti per longo^ (src. Marcopolo.
£ -> Mir^
54 TheHistoi^rof
Aft. Dom- Mircondey a Perjian Author, defirous to re- ^-^-- prtfent the vaft number of the Combatants
•^^1^' which compofed thofc two mighty Armies, •^^^^"^ makes ufe of an oriental Hyperbole, and fays, the Neighing of the Horfes, and the Cries of the Soldiers, obh'ged Heaven to Xhut its Ear ; and the Air, by the great number of Arrows they Ibot againft one another, feem'd to be a Field of Ganes and Reeds.
Temugin before the Fight harangued his Ar- my once again in this manner : He firft talk'd to them of the Value of Liberty, and what a glorious thing it was to be free, and then fet before them the Miferies of Slavery : He re- prefented to them, that this was the great Day m which they muft make themfelves happy or miferable for the reft of their Lives ; that there- fore they muft fight bravely and conquer, or die like Men in the Bed of Honour j that the Grand Can now made them pafs for Rebels, and look'd on them as revolted Slaves, but that he hoped, by their obtaining a glorious Vifto- ry, they wcuid convince the World of the Wrong that had been done them by their Ene- my who had fo long ufurp*d an Authority over them and their lawful Princes, to which he had no right, and put a Yoke of Slavery on their Kecks ; which they bravely throwing off, fhouid no longer be his Vaflals and Slaves, Names which we fcorn longer to bear, and which, faid he, our Enemies Blood muft v/afh off from us.
Ounghcnn faiiM not like wife to exhort his Troops to light, by jfhewing them, firft, that their Enemies were not {q numerous as they, yior fo well difciplin'd and skilful in the Art of War. ' Thefe Rebels, faid he, will quickly fiy before us; they are not hardy Soldiers
* enur*d
Genghizcan the Great. 55
^ cflurM to War like you/ (This Prince feemM An* Donu to have forgot, thsit Temuginy and the greateft '^02. part of thofe he talkM of, had often defended ^JXS* him, and were not ignorant in any part of ^^""^^^^^ War, or timorous in Fight.) He had made a longer Speech to his Army, i[ the Moguls had given him time ; but the Prince Carafchar, who commanded the Van-Guard o^Temugiris Ar- my, attack'd theirs briskly, which was com- manded by Gemouca. The Combate was fliarp ; the perfonal Hatred betwixt thefe two Gene- rals rendered \t obftinate and bloody, and Co- rafchar was overthrown. Then Suida Behader, at the head of the old veteran Troops join'd \jith the Soumogulsy (o vigoroufly charged Ounghcans main Body, that they gave back ; and Gemouca advancing tofuftain them, after defea- ting Carafchar^ was obliged alfo to give ground. At the fame time T'emughh two Wings of his Aj'my, the one commanded by Prince Huhbe^ and the other by Prince Trca^ attacked the Ene- my's two Wings. It is impollible fufficiently to commend the Bravery the Troops fhow'd on both fides for the fpace of three Hours. The Kernhes fought with fo much Courage, that the Viftory often feem'd ready to declare it felf 011 their fide ,• tho in the end the Moguls gain'd it r for 7e?nugm, when he found it was time to ad- vance with his Corps de referve, where he was With the Princes his Son, fell on with fo much P'ury, that he overthrew all that oppofed him- This Advantage enflam'd the Mo^^^/y Courage, and damped the Keraites, w^ho began to give backj and break their Ranks on all fides. Their King, md the Prince his Son, ufed all their Endeavours to rally them together again, bur in vain. At laft, they were obliged to be- take themfelves to flight, after their Army's
E 4 Example,
5<5
An. Dom.
1202. Heg. 59?-
Mirconde,
Joumy in chankuf- cha.
The History of
Example, v/ho being fallen into Confufion, fled before the Enemy, Who eagerly purlued chem^ and made fo great a Slaughter amongft thern, that all the Fields were fi rew'd with dead Bo- dies. This Viftory greatly enrich'd the Mo- gnlsy who plundered the Baggage, and found enough to fatisfy their Avarice. They alfo took abundance of Prifoners, and a great num- ber of Horfes.
In fine, this Day, which was fatal to Otmgh- cmty decided T^7;^?/g;>/s Fate, who was then for- ty eight Years of Age ; for it put him into podeffipn of the Kingdom of the Keraites^ and all Cnrncatay: And the vanquifh'd King not on- ly lofl: forty thoufand Men'kiird in the Fight, but had the Grief of hearing that all his beft Troops which reraainM were gone over to his Enemy- Some Hiftorians report that Ounghcm was kiird in this Battel; but they are mif- taken t It is true, he irv'as wounded in the Fight, which Wound obliged him at laft to quit the Command of his Army, defigning to retire to CaracoYom ; but feeing himfelf purfued by a Troop of Moguls, he faved himfelf by flying to his Enemy Tayamariy whofe Prpteftion he im- plored. His retreating thither was much won- dered at ; every body being amazM that he fliould ask Proteftion of a Can by whom he was hated, and in a Court where there werefeveral great Narman Lords whom he had ill ufed^ who tail'd not to relate to their Prince all the In- juries this now fligitive Prince had done their Country; faying, that they fuppofed his flying thither was a further Proof of his' Malice to them, fince it could be with no other delign but to draw the Vigor's Anger upon the Naimamy to occafion their Ruin, and involve them in his own Misfortunes i which he could never bring
about^
Gen'ghizcan the Great. j7
about, tho he often attempted it, during his An. Dom. Profperity* 1201.
Tayancan^ who was naturally ungonerous, and ^^^^ ^^^ had even more Averfioa to the Grand Can than '^*^^'V>-' tbofc who perfuaded him to guard himiclfagainil him, gave ear to their Difcourfes, and follow 'd the Cotinfel they all gave him, to put the Grand Can to death. Thus the Can of the Naimnnsy inftead of fuccouring this ruined King, which had been far more honourable for him, and per- haps more advantageous, caufed him to be feized The principal Lords of this Court, refoiving to rake away this unfortunate Prince's Life, held a. gfe4t Council, at which their Prince took care not to be prefent i vainly imagining that he ihould by this means skree^t bimfelf from the Reproaches of the other Cansy who might juftly blame him for having bafelf vio- lated the Law of N^ti^Sns and Hofpitality. Nay, he even ptetended to be difpleafed at the Death of his Enemy ^ but v-hen he faw at his Feet this poor Mon^fch*s Head, whicli Was prefented to him, he cou^d not conceal his [oy^ nor contain from infulting liim, tho d^didy in Words full of Scorn and Spite, which an Au- tftor much blames in thefe Words : ' it' is a- balb
* AAion, fays he ^ to tear or rend off a dead
* Liofi^s Beard/ The Tongue in the Head was two or three times put oirt of the Mouth in 'T'ayancans^ Prefence, moving a.v the Head Idiy cut oC At which fome Lords who "Wttc skiird in A/iroIogy % when the Can a.<ted theitt whether this ftirprizing Motion of the Tongue
^ 'Tis X bafe A<flian to rend off the Beard of a dead Lion. Ahulcalr*
* RtibrHditdhy a Frtnch Auihor, fays^ that in this Country Aftrology was a Scicni:^ bcld in great Eftimaciou,
pre-
^8 The History of
An. Dom. prefaged any ill to him. or his Kingdom, an-^
1202. iVcr'd, It was their opinion it pre^ged that
By fhe^A?/- '^^^^g^^^ ftiould one Day govern the Naimam^
ptis Ac. ii'gocd Care \vas not forthwith taken topre-
couni the vcnt IK,
Ycaroftbe Sancoun accorapany'd the King his Father to ^^fl/ ^^^^ Borders of the Naimans ; but fearing to ^^^^^"^ hazard both their Perfons in one Place, he part- ed from him, and retired in difguife fecrctly to Caracatay^ where he lay conceardfome time, and waited to hear News of his Father : But when he wa informed of his unfortunate Death, he fled fartiier oif, croiilng T'tirquefiaHi and ftopp'd not kill he came to the Kingdom of Teht, where h^ iiv*d unknown.
The Kingdom of "Tebety of which no doubt but the Reader will be glad to know fome par- ticular Account, is fituated between thirty and forty Degrees of Latitude, and between a hun- dred and a hundred and ten Degrees of Longi- tude, according to the Situation, given it by the Eaftera Geographers ^ It contains part of the Region called Turc-Hinde^ becaufe it is a part of lurqueftan on the one fide, and of India on the other. Some di */ide it into two Parts, calling it the Great and Leffer T'ebet. The Great borders on China^ the Lefs is fituate to the Eaft of the little Kingdom of Kafchemire^ juft behind the Mountains; and they are both but fix Weeks Journey over. This Country is full of Towns and Villages well inhabited; the People are fo good humour'd and chearful, that they breathe nothing but Joy and Pleafiirc.
' Teht IS a great Country whofe Capital City bears tts Kanie« It is fituate between Coraffana and Chui^y and a pavt of If^dia. It makes part cf the Couniry of the Turks. Sm Akiiardis Geography*
B»tr
Gm^hizcainihe Great. 5^
But what IS moft furprizing, is^ that there is An. Doou a Mountain called J abal Ajfumoum \ which in- *^^2. fpires all thofc with Melancholy who come ^^' l^ near enough but to finell it, nay, even turns ^Hog. their Tongues black, in fuch a manner, that \,ir>f\J they remain black all the reft of their Lives.
'Tis from this Country that red Sulphur is brought, and the fineft Tyger-Skins, as alfo that excellent Musk that is generally called. The Musk of I'ebet. It is taken from a ' Creature much like a wild Goar, and yet in fomething re- fembliqg a Hog. But in a City czWdSchage^ there is a fort of Rat ' whofe Navel produces fuch precious Musk, that it furpafies all other. It is very much fought after, is often very fcarce, and generally very dear ; and this is the reafbn that the "tebet Musk is always prefer'd before the Indian and Chrnefe* Here is alfo found much Civet ; and the Rhubarb that grows here is ex- tremely valued.
The Women are handfome the tawney, and they have one particular Qualitj^ which many People would not diidike, that is, to fteal Chil- dren from one another to fell, and their Huf- bands do the fame. It is in this Country that the Maids cannot marry before they have had Commerce with fome Man ; and fhe who has had the moft Lovers is the moft advantageouf- ly marryM. The great number of Gallants paflbs for a Mark of the Merit and fine Quali- fications of a Maid ; and the Husband values her according to h<" Prefents ihe has received from her Lovers, which he looks on as her Por-
* That IS CO uy, the Mount of Poifon,
* Named ia the Arahi^n Tongue T)<ihat Aimifc. ^ Calkd j^arai Almtfc,
tion<
6o The History of
An. Dom. tion. Their being thus proftituted while fin- I202, gjg^ does not render them vicious after Mar-
Mo|. ^The ^^^S^ ' ^"^> ^" the contrary, itfecms that they Hog. become more chafie for being debauched, it
\^rY>^ being very rare to find one who is not faithful and true to her Husband.
But to return to Sancom : This Prince, af- ter having lived fome time in the Kingdom of Tthety return'd to Turquejlanj and ftaid in the City of CafchguTy or Cafgar \ where he lived, as he had done elfewhere, withoiit difcovering him- felf to any body. But one Day, having obfcrv'd fome Moguhy whom he had fecn at Caracorom in Temugins Train, he imaginM they were Spies come to feek after him ; and fearing to be ta- ken, he fpeedily^rc.turn'd into the Kingdom of ^dety where he had no better Fortune than Ouvghcan his Father ?; for being feized for a Spy, he w^as put to death. An. Dom. 1202.
"Temugin was no fooner inform^ of Oungh-- c/i»'s Death, but without lofs of time he con- tinued to feize the Grand Can's Dominions as his Right by Conqueft ; and thus he foon be- came Mailer of all his Treafures and Palaces. And Smicmn being no where to be found, he remained the peaceable PoiTeffor of ail the Ke- raites Countries* The neighbouring Princes who fearM Oimghcan becaufe he was more po» tent than they, faw with Joy the War the Afo- guh waged againft him, hoping that it might diminifh his Forces, and weaken his Power; but they little thought his Crown and King- doms would ail fail entirely into Temugirls
The Town from whence the Sv/edes took iheir Original, according to M. Sparvtnfili^ a Swide,
hands :
Genghizcan^if^e Great. 6i
Hands: And thus their Fear did not ceafe, An. Dom* but changed Its^ Objeft. 1202.
k was about the End of the Year 1202. that !^^»* ^^5>. this Prince, being forty niHc Years of Age^ ^£^f * retired into his own Country ^ where he was s^^v*^ received with the Acclamations, not of hi^ own People and Subje^s only, hut of all the Confede- rate MognU who had been Sharers in this Vido- ry, orbecaufc of this his Succefs were obliged to come and teftify their Acknowledgments to him^ beh'eving they could never be thankful e- nough to him tor having delivered them all from Otnighcans Tyranny > whom they call'd the Per- fecutor of their Nation ; and charmM with Te^ niiigins Valour, Wifdom, and Love to them, they praised him to the Skies. He fail'd not to make advantage of this Opportunity fo pro- pitious to his Designs. He again ufed his Elo- quence, the Power of which he had expe- rienced, and promifed the Moguls great For- tunes if they would but zealouOy fecond him in what he defired. The People, g^in'd by hi^ Rhetcrick, and by the great things their Countrymen and Friends who had accompa- nied him in the War related of him every where^ refolv'd to chufe him their Grand Can or Cham, that is to fay, Emperor of all the Tribes. The Cans who had been the Com- panions of his Viftory, finding their Acconnc in advancing him to this great TUpiity^ anima- ted the other Cans to follow their Example. The Prefents Tetnugin made them, under pre- tence of dividing with them the Riches of the vanquifli'd King, and the Fear of being forced to do what was pretended to be neccflfary for the Honour and Welfare of the Mogul Nations, made them all yield, with a feemmg Willing-
f^2 Ti^^ Hi STORY 0/
An. Dom. nefs, to Temngin's Rcqueft, and agree to his be-
1202. ipg Emperor. Mol'S MefTcngers were difpatch'd to the abfeot 1*^. ' Can$, to 2cq\id.int them with what had been re- ^•v-v> folv'd in the great Aflembiy that was held for Tcmugin this purpofe. The Coronation of tfus Prince V r^tfed to ^i^^j^ agreed on ,- and they thought tiO
Place 10 proper to pertorm this Ceremony m as the Province of Teca-Moguly at Dllon lldacy %vhere Temugin was born. The People run from all Parts to be Eye-witneffes of this great Ceremony, where the principal Aftor fooni came, accompanied by all the Cans his Par-^ tizans. He placed himfelf upon a plain Seat> which they fxad fct for him upon an Eminence, from whence he harangued. the Aflembly with his ufual Eloquence, His Speech being ended, they placed him upon a black Felt Carpet, vvhich they had fpread on the Ground; and the Pcrfon who was order'd to gii^e the Peo- ples Voice, pronouncM to him aloud the Peo- ples Pleafure in this manner : Firft he told him. That whatever Authority or Power he had given him, was derived from Heaven, and that God would not fail to biefs and profper his Defigns if he governed his Subieds well and juftly ; but that, on tiiecontrary, he would render himfelf miferable if he abufed that Power, which the blatk Felt 0x1 which he fat did intimate to him. After this Remonftrance, feven Cans, or Princes, liftod him up with a ceremonious Air, and bare him to the Throne which was prepared for him in the vcyid^ of the Affembly. Then they proclaimed him Empe- ror, and save him the Title of Grand Can, or Cham, of all the Mogul Nations, even of the Merkitesy whom they declared Rebels for not fiibmitting to him. Then they bow'd ^^^^^ J * knee
Genghizcan the Great. ^j
knees nine times before this their new Emperor, An. Dom* to fliew the Obedience they promifed to him. *^'^^- The People, after their Example, made him ^|^^; y!P' nine Bows, accompanied with Acclam:>tions nor, ^ and Shouts of Joy, to afliire their new Emperor s^,^'-v>^ that they would afafolutely fubmit, and be o- bcdienc in all things whatfoever he (hould command them to do.
He promifed^ on his part, to govern them with as much Jiiftice as Mercy, and to defend them againfl: all their Enemies.^ always to pro- cure their Good and Eafe, to acquire Glory and Fame for them, and make their Names known to all the Earth. And having much caufe to praife the Soumoguh (who are parti- cularly called 7"/jrr/zr/ % by reafon of the River Tata that waters their Country) he declared in the Mogul Language, that he would add to his Title of Emperor of x\\q Moguls that of Grand Cham of the Tartarsj both to do that Nation Honour, and teftify to them the Refpcft he had for tliem, and how well he was facisfy'd. with their Conduft tho they had been once his Enemies.
^ Tis from hence ttiat the fcveml Scythian Nations who became Subjc^s to Temtcgin were by degrees calkd by a ge- neral Name, either Moguls ou Tartars ; but the lad Name Jbaving in the end prevaird, ail Scyih/a is now calkd Tartarjy both in the Weft and Southern Parts of Apa.
It IS tnie, the Name 7ata^ or Tatar ^ was not ratogethcr unknown in the Eaft and North* It was of long (landing amongft the Chineft. Before the Commg of our Lord Jefus Chrift, and for fome time after, they bad had War with a Kaiion who was not known to them but by the Name of Tata. Thcfe were, without queftion» the Sourmgtsis, and fome other Nations 5 for the Name of T^irMrs vj^s not known in any other Country before Genghizcan s time*
It rouft be obfcrv'd, that the Chiftefe have no r in theic Alphabet, they therefore pronounce Tata inftead of Tartar.
^4 The Hi sTO R y of
An.Dom. This Ceremony was performed during the r202. Reign of Philip Jugi/ftus K'mg o^ FVance -, and
Hc!^- 599- ^vas no fooner over, but the Grand Can diP- '%g. ^^ tributed Prefents, firfl: to tlie great People,
^•^-x.^ and then more Largefles to the Populace, to (how his Liberality. He continued the Fe{- tival of his Coronation b/ magniiicent Treats, according to tlse Cuftom of thofe Nations, ma- ny Days; and after they were ended, and he had in particular made merry with his Friends, he difmifs'd the People, and thanking his Friends, teftified the grateful Senfe he had of their Love and Services to him, aod aflured them of his future Favour and Protedion.
Whilft this was tranfafting, a Brother of Omghcan came to offer his Service to T'emugin^ and his Daughter in Maniago, This Prince •was called Hakemhu, The Grand Can re- ceived him favourably, and after having fpo- Icen handfomly of the dcceafed King of the Keraitesy this Prince's Brother, he gave him the Employ he defired, and accepted of his Daugh* ter with Joy, protefting that he would always have for her and him much Refpe(5i:. 1 owe you, faid he, a kind Treatment, in acknow* Icdgment of that kind Reception your Bro- ther gave me, and the Affeftion he fhow^'d for me in my Misfortunes. In truth, tho 1 never gave him any )uft Ctinft to be angry with me, or in any kind oflfended or wrong'd Prince Sancmn his Son, but, on the contrary, did them many confidcrable Services, yet they confpired againft my Life, and looked on me as the grea- tefl of their Enemies ; yet I never blamed them, but imputed all their Perfecutions of me to Gemoucn. Their Hatred to me was his Work alone, and 1 have not a Jot the lefs Refpeft for their Memories^ tho they fought 3 my
Genghizcan the Great. 6j
my Life, than i[ they had continued always An. Dom. my Friends. ^2^2.
The Keraite Prince thanked femupnr for his JJ^|; l^^f; Favours, and took leave, fetting out with all ^]^. ' Diligence to go where his Employ demanded s^\ri^ his Prefence. The Grand Can fully dellgn^d to marry his Daughter ; but perceiving that the Captain of his Guard, whom he much efteem*d and honoured with his Friendfliip, was fallen in love with this Princefs, he gave her to him in Marriage, and the Marriage-Feaft was kept at his Expence, with much Splendour.
Seeing himfeif Emperor of fb many Nations, he thought lefs of enjoying peaceably his new Grcatnefs, and tailing the Pleafurcs of Empire in Repofe, than of rendring himfelf ftill more worthy of his good Fortune, by new Exploits, His Enemies, jealous of his Greatnefs, foon fumiflied him with the Opportunities he want- ed to aggrandize himfelf and People. The firft Commotion was in Caracatay. But before I proceed to relate thefe Wars, it is ncceftary that I fpeak a few words of Caracatay.
^Tis a large Country that extends it felf from Th Ve- the South to the North from the ChmefeV^aWfi^'P^^^^^f even to the antient MogoUftan \ It is bound- J^'^ ^^^^^ cd on the Weft by Mount Imansy and on the [acatay. *** Eaft by the Ocean and China* It is divided a- mcJngft feveral Princes, and inhabited by fcve- ral different Nations or forts of People* It contains the Kingdoms of "fangut^ the Naimam^ and many others, f Some European Geogra-
* Called iathe A/^jjuZ Tongue Ancou or Avcncouh.
' Some Geographers will have it that even the Calmncks Country and the Kingdom of Cojir%e^ which ii the Ccr^a^ h a part of it ; and Cara^atay is alfo called Kkita or Kbon- tan by the Orientals.
F phers
66 Ti^e Hist o RY of
An. Dom. phcrs h:ive taken it for Cathayy but were de- 1202. ceived for want of knowing that Cathay was
Heg. $09. ni ' wr \C
Mot 7he C'^Z^ ^^tf • . . ^
Hog, The Name or Caracatay was given to the
(•Y^ Country of Scythia after a furious War which the Scythians had with the Chmefe^ The *Scy- /A/^;?/ had at the beginning of this War the Ad- vantage of the Chrnefe^ and being puffed up with this good Succefs, entered the Kingdom of China \ but having loft one confiderable Battel, they were obliged to retire, and return back to their own Comitry. The King of China^ reiolving not to lofc the Advantage this Viftory had given him, caufed them to be pur- fued by two of his Generals \ who entirely routed and brought them under his Obedience. He did yet more ; for fearing left the Scythians jfliould revolt, he made thefe two Generals who had beat them. Cans, or Govcrnours, oyer them : and they, by his Command, built Forts and ftrong Towns For Colonies of Chinefe Troops, which he fcnt thither to awe them.. Thefe Forces^ dcMnd to guard the Country, held the People long in fubjedion ; but by de- grees their Defcendents forgot the Chinefe Cuf- toms, and ufing to live as the Scythians^ be- came Scfthiafis themfelves : And in the end C/^i* na had no greater Enemies than they.
When the King of China eftablifhed thefe two Generals in the Tandy Scythiay he gave it the Name of Caracatayy a!Iuding to the Name of his own Country Cathay "" ; and to /ignify the Conqueft he had made, and (how it was an
wiaUk
' Thefe Generals were named pimping and Quincing.
* Conquerors are ufed to do fo ; and our Kings have al- t^tays comprehended under the Name of £rantc the Coun- tries liiey have fubdued^
acqui"
Genghizcan the Great. 67
acquired Dominion, he added the Epithet Ca- ^« ^om, r^, a Word ufed by the Tartars and Turks to fig- ^^^'^• nify blacky to diftinguifli thefe two Countries |^^|' 'i^^J from one another : yet in time they have Hog. ^ been confounded by People who did not con- i^VNJ fider the Epithet Caray which makes the Dif- ference betwixt the two Countries, and that Crr^f^m/ is barren and unpleafant, and, on the contrary, Cathay^ that is, China^ isa fine Coun- try, fruitful, and filled with all forts of good things.
^^^'^ ^^^ ^ w^^^ ^
CHAP. V.
The Moguls War agdnft the Cm of the Nai- mans. TcmuginV Expdition againft Touda-Bey, Can of the Mcrkites. Re- gnUthm of the Mogul Army,
TAyancan Priace of the Naimans", one of the moft confiderable Princes of Ca- racatay, and Father-in-law to Jemwrint was aftonifhed at his Son-in-law's Greatneis and good Fortune j which gave him Tome dif- quiet, notwithftauding theUnion and good Un- derftanding there had been of long time be-
< Thefe mlmans were the People whom the Antiems «n'd the ife'don-Scythlans, and theit Capttal City is Jjfeao» iiiScythia^ to which the Moderns have ^Y«i she Name ot Succuir.
V » tweeo
^8 The History of
An.Dom. twecti them. And the fame Man who had
12C2. jjggj^ i-hg Caufe of the King of the Ki^nites
Mog. ^The R"J"i perfuaded Tayancan to declare waragainft
Hog. the new Emperor. L/VNJ ^ Gemticay 2l Prince of the Tribe of Jage-^ ratj after the Battel was fought in the Plain of T'angut^ having fled with the reft, thought he could not fecure himfelf any way fo well as to offer his Service to the Can of the Nah nfansy the he had heard of the Death of Oungh^ can the King of the Keraites. T^ayancan, who knew him by Report to be a Man of great A- bilities, accepted his Oft'ers. Gemouca having gatherM a$ much of the fcatter'd Remains of Ounghcans Army as he could meet with, re- pairM to Tayancans Court, where he arri- ved attended by a tolerable number of good Soldiers and almoft all the Officers that had efcaped the Enemy's Hands. The Can re* ceived him very well, and promifed him and his Friends Employments fuitable to their Merits. Gemoucuy who had a very fubtle Wit, and was well skilfd in all the Arts of Courts, foon gain'd fo great an Afcendant over T^ayancauj that he could perfuade him into doing any thing he counfelfd him to, and fo prevailed eafily upon him to make war with the new Mogul Emperor, whom he boafted he knew perfeSly, having lon^ conversed with, and ftudied him- He is^ faid he, a Man of an unbounded Ambition, and has no other view but to ruin all Princes, and quarrels with
' Tewugin^s old Rival Gemouca went to Tayancan* It n necelTary, fays he, thac Friends Ihould join to attack an £" ncmy* AbuUair^
them
Genghizcan the Great. 6^
them on purpofe to invade their Dominions. ^"* T>om. Nor had he quarreled with the Emperor 0///?^/?- ^^J^^^- c^/f and Pxiqcc Sancoun, but becaufe he is one mo|. tA«' of the moft ungrateful and perfidious of all Hog. Men living : And at the fame time that he ^^•v^ was loaded with their Favours, and poffefs'd the Honour of their Alliance and Aflfedicn, he meditated on nothing but the horrible De- ' fign of depriving them both of their Empire and Lives.
Tho this Difcourfe was nothing but pure Calumny and Falfliood, and that Tayancan wa$ not ignorant that he who fpoke it was a de- ceitful Sycophant, yet he gave ear to him. The great Power Temugin had over the Moguh^ theConquefts he had made of feveral Provin. es of Caracatay^ and his being fo near him, and fo powerful, rendered him uneafy ; but above all, Temugins warlike Difpofition, and his conti- nual exercifing his Troops, made "Tayancan think him dangerous. Thus, lefs feduced by ^^^^(wc^'s Soil ici tat ions than by his own Fears and Jealoufies, he took up a refolution to go to war with him. For this effeft, he ask'd the AfTiftance of fome other Princes, whofe Inte- reft it was to put a flop to the new Emperor's growing Greatnefs. He fent Ambatladors to TotiFIa-Heyy and other Cans of the Merkites^ who defired no better than to join with him. The Can of Ouyrat, and the Can o( Kerit, who was a Relation of Oungbcan, entered into this League ; and Gemouca engagdd the whole Na- tion of the Jageratsy who foon fent him all their Troops.
TemMgin, on the other hand, was informed of thefe Pradices by his Correfpondents and Spies, and even by Alncm Can of the Tril>e of Car-
F 3 l^^>
I
70 The Hi sto-Rr of
An. Dom. luc ^, who fent him word that Tayaman had f 202. propofed to him to join their Forces together.
Mo^ ^xlf A Relation of Alacou carried T'emugin the very ^0%. ^ Letter the Naiman Can had writ, in which were
v^Y^w> contained all the Particulars of the Confpiracy, and the Names of the Cans beforcmentioned who were engaged in it.
The Emperor of the Mg/z/j, on this Advice, convened his Council, which was compofed of his Uncle Vtegekiriy the Prince Carafcha'y and feme other Perfons j he alfb would have his own eldeft Son Prince Jougiy otherwife called T^Qufchyy affift at the faid Council He had no fooner made known to them the wicked Inten- tions of the Can of thtNaimam^ but War was refolve^ on. Then the Grand Can's Orders were Tent to all Parts to his OiEcers, and new Levies were made. It was in the beginning
An. ijoj. of the Year 1205. that his Army was called to- gether. So foon as the Emperor arrii^ed, his Tents were fet up, and he aflign^'d the Command t( each Troop to fuch Officers; as he thought proper^ to whom he gave hts Orders,
Then he fent Prince Cvbta and Prince Hubbe with theitr Troops, to discover the Enemies, Thefe two Captains went as far as the Banks of the River Altay^ where they learned by fome Prifoners whom they took in their March, the State of the Enemies : They informed them that Tayancan was preparing to come into the Field ,* that the Troops of Merkity Ker'n^ Oiiy- raty and Jageraty Were already come to the
' ' I'll! I .. II I !■
^ Condtmif fays that this Prince was a great Allrologcr, ^nd that he bad by his Skill difcoverM that Temugin^s Planet was turnM towards the Zenith of Glory, and that on the contrary, Ta'jancm's declined towards the Nadir of Hii*
Nei-
Genghizcan th Great. 71
Naimans Camp ; that Gemouca was to command An. Dom. onepart of them ,• and, that it was reported , ^203. in T*ayancan$ Army, that he defign'd to meet V^^' ^fP' and fi^ht the Moguls. Cubla and Huhbc being Jf;^^, inform'd of all they wanted to know, returned \.^^\p%j back with their Troops to the Frontiers, and fent the Emperor word of all they had learn 'd. And waiting his Anfwer and Orders, they intrenched themfelves iii an advantageous Poft ; becaufe being far from the main Body of the Army, they fear'd being furprized : yet they often venturM to go forth of their Intrench- ments to make Inroads into the Eiiemy's Country.
However, all that was told thefc Captains was not true ; for T^ayancan^ following the Ad- vice of his Council^ far from going to feek out Temugin, waited his coming. He thought he ought to hearten up his Troops by Reft, rather than tire them with long Marches. He was perfuaded that his Son-in law would not fail to come and attack him ; and he flattered himfelf that Temugins Army, after having traveled (o vaft a way as the Moguls muft neceflarily do^ and thro the Scarcity of Viduals they muft fufter in the Defar ts they muft pafs thro, would eafily be overcome by an Army, frefh and In full flrength.
One part of what "fayancan imagined came to pafs,' for Temugin coming up with the main Army, joinM the Troops 011 the Frontiers which he had fent before. There he ftay a, and ra- frelh'd his Soldiers as well as the Place would permit ; and then quitting his own Country, he march'd in good order to the Banks of the KiVQYAltay; and no Troops appearing todif- pute the Paffage over it, he was much furpri- zed, becaufe he did not exped to crcfs it with-
F / out
71 77;^ History of
^n. Pom. out Oppofition. It is certain, he muft have 120^ fuffer'd much if any had refifted, tho ever fo
'uoo^The^^^^' But T^ji/i^r^/;, altho Gemoucay whom he Motifc! had made bis Lieutenant General, reprefented
v^v^y-N^ to him that it was much better to prevent and meet the Enemy, than to wait their coming ; that in fo doing he would prevent the Moguls ravaging his Country; that his Soldiers not being fo well trained to War, or fo hardy as 'femugins^ fliculd be Jed farther off from their own Country, left the Conveniency of retreat- ing, in a Place fo well known to them> fhould render them more cowardly and apt to fly : ^Tayancanj as I faid, inftead of hearkening to lu's Advice, or making advantage of the Mo- gals Wcarinefs, by giving them no time to re- cover, flatter'd himfelf that their Horfe was by this time in a bad Condition, and the far- ther they came, the lefs able they would be to fight ; and on the contraiy, his Troops being in full ftrength, would eafily get the Vidory : and fo ftaid in the Heart of his Country expeding T'ernvgin^ who foon arrived*
This Emperor's Army was neither fo fa- tigued or ill fed as his Father-in-law imagined, bccaufe he had taken care to provide good ftore of dry'd Flefh, to ferve when the frefli Meatfaii'd; befides which, the Officers and great Men had all made Provifion of Camrnex. \ and the meaner Perfons, Goats Milk drefs'd and hardened * i they had alfo bought abun-
' Mares Milk.
' This boird Milk fervcs the Tartan for feveral Ufcs in their need. They make a fort of Poltage with \t*^ they, put rt into a little Barrel with Water, and tie k under their Horfes Belly, whole jogging on njakes the hard Miik ciflblve in the Water, anc fo they eat it without any other dreffing.
dance
Genghizcan th Great. 7^
dance of Forage in tiiofe Countries that had An. Dom. plenty : In fine, the IniprudcDce of Tayancan /203. gave time to the Moguls to recover their Fa- K'^^?' tigue, and well recruit themfelves. Tajnncan "^MoHfe! contented himfeif with fending cut Scours to w^/O dikovQT them, \vhen they were near at hand ; and when he hc2,vd thev were cominp^
^ •■ - - - -'io
to-
wards hiin, and fonie experienced Captains whom he had fent to view them, convinced him how formidable the Enemy was, he began to repent that he had not followed GcmQucas CounfeL
The Can of the Tribe oi Jagernty tho he faw too well that Tayancan had committed a great Fault in defpiiing his Advice^ yet ihow\i not the leaft Difcpntent, nor appeared Ms zealous for the common Caufe. He harangued his Officers, fpeaking to them of Temugins vail Ambition that excited him to endeavour to reigo oi^er all the Cans j as alfo, that they fliould refled how he had already got poileffion of the greateft part of the <Af(?^^/ Nations, and many Tribes of the Country of Caracatay - at laft ha concluded with exhorting them to fight valiaatiy for their Liberty^
Wnen the Armies were in fight of one ano-- Battel he^ ther, and ranged in Order of BatteL prince ^^''^''^'^^''* Jmgi^ and one of his Uncles^ began the Fight, '\^^f^^ charging layancans Army with much Vigour *^ jnans' but Cacbluc^ "faymcans Son, fuflain'd the Shock with fuch Courage and Refolution, that his Troops gave no ground. Thefe two young Princes^ whom the Love of Glory equally en- flamed^ ufed all their Endeavours to iliow that neither would yield Precedency to the other, either in Skill or Valour. The mutual Re- fiftance the Van- Guards made on both fides,
en-
74 ^^ History of
An. Dom. engaged by little and little the other Corps, and
'203. bQth Armies came to blows. UoL^ul ' The Fight lafted from the rifing to the fet- Moufe. ting of the Sun, and was as bloody as obfti- ^^'^Y^w' nate. Tayancan performed all the Parts of a good General ,• and Gemoucay fpurM on by the particular Hatred he bore the Grand Can, fig- nalized hirafelf by a thoufand heroick Actions : But Temugin feem'd to have Viftory at his beclc. The Mqguls fougnt with fuch Rage and Bold- nefs, that at laft they brdke the Enemies Ranks^ put them to flight, and made terrible flaughter of them. ' Tayancan was wounded mortally, and died foon after of his Wounds. Cachluc his Son, and TouEia-Bey^ fled with all thofethat fcaped out of the Moguls hands. As for Ge- The Death ntouca, his Rage made him venture too far, 4?/Gemou- for he was taken Prifoner ; and after the Battel ca, Terou- ]j[^ Head w^as ftruck off', he being lookM on as gii'i£»f. the principal Caufe of all the Bloodflied and ^" Miferies o( this War.
After this happy Succefs, the Kingdom of the Vanquirti'd became a Prey to the Conque- ror, who brought under his Obedience a vaft Tradof Land. * The War thus finifhed, Te- 7migin returned to Caracorom^ where, during the Winter, his Court was filled with Ambafladors, fomc of whom were fent to congratulate him on his Vidories, and others to ask his Protcc-
* The Furndce of the Jight continued glowing from Morn- ing till Evening, fays Condemir,
* Ta'^ancan was kiird, CachUic flics, as alfo th€ Moguls of Merkity Ouyrat^ and fagerat^ Ahulcalr^ p. 7.
^ After the gaining this famous Vidory, Temugm rediic'd to his Obedience the greateft part of the JHogul People, whom he brought into Subfeftion by his viftorious Sword, Conde- wr, (who places this Event in the Year 1205, but that can- not be.)
tion,
Genghizcan the Great. 75
tion, or to pfFer fubmiffive Terms to him from An. Douu their Mafters. 120^
Almoft all the Calmuck Tribes in the Eaftern jj^^- ^^ Parts put themfelves under his Proteaion ; but M^ufe. on the North fome Tribes remain Vi, whofe v,>^v^ Cans, jealous of their Liberty, refuted to ask his Favour; and (oma Mogul Tribes who were fartheft out of Temugins reach, follow M their Example. TouBa-Bey ft rove all he could to foment their Hatred againft the Emperor. He having once been very great, and a powerful Prince in Mogoliftaity could not bear to fee the fuddcn Greatnefs of the new Emperor, who was but a Mogul Subjecl once as well as he ; and therefore JouSia-Bey was not one of the laft who join'd Tayancan. T'emugin alfo looking on him as his worft Enemy, refoVd to turn his Arms againft him i not out of diflike only, but becaufe this Can had fo highly injured him, that he had a juft pretext to finifli his Con- queft of Mogoliftan.
He paft the Winter in regulating the Aftairs of thofe Countries he had conquered ; and af- ter having given Orders to his Generals to put his Troops in a readinefs to march againft. the Tribes oiMerkity who were now joined by fome 'tmjoutSj and Prince Cachluc T^ayancans Son, he fet out in the beginning of the Spring of the Year 1204. at the head of a powerful Army. ^"* ^204-
^ TotSa-Bey was not infenfible what Thoughts and Refentments Temugm muft have of his Con- duft ; yet flattering hirafelf that notwithftand- ing the ill Fortune he had had, he fiiould one
' It was the time of the Year whcti Day and Night were €<^i, that Temugin^ with an Army like a rolling Sea, march- ed againft Tou^a-Bfj the Can of the Merkites. Condefnlr.
time
76 Tk History o/
An. Dom. time or other be more fucceisful, wm not an**
^'f^^l Fovided, but aifo made great Preparations
^^^jll ^or War : Yet when he heard that his imperious
Ox. Enemy approach'd his Capital City Cachin with
<^r\->>J (o great an Army, the like of w^hich was nei^er
fecn before in Mogoliftan^ his Heart failed, and
he with his eldeft Son fled * to Boiruc, T'ayancans
Brother, to whom Cachiuc was already fled for
Iheiter, The Grand Can by this means found
none to oppofe him but iome Fugitives w^ho
were flying from the Danger. .
' The City of Cachin endeax^ourM to make feme defence, and feem'd refoii^^ed to (land a long Siege ; but notwithftanding they made a Vigorous Refiftance at firft^ yet they were ia a h'ttle time obliged to furrender, and 7^- mugin put all to the Sword who had oppofed him. After which he made an Oath of Fide- lity to be adminifl:er''d, not only to thofe to whom he committed the Charge of the For- trefs, and all the Tribe of Cachiny bat even to all others of the People who were of the Tribe of the Merhts ; and all the Cans whom he par- doned, fwore to obey him.
After having given all neceffary Orders in the Merhts Country, his new acquired Domi- nions^ he returuM to his Capital ; where he was no fboner arrived, but having confider'd the vaft number of his Conquefts, he judged it proper to prevent Difbrder and Confufion, by
^ In the ^i^nn^GefJghizcan marched t^p'm&TouHa.Beyy who did not ftay his coming to hun, but fled to Boiruc. A* huicair^ p. 7.
5 When he came before dachin, he befieged the Caftle, atid hnving taken it in a fliort time, he razed it, and put all thofe to the Sword who refiftcd him. Minondc.
Genghizcan the Great. 7^
regulating his Empire, For this Caufe ' he cal- An. Dom led a general Diet, which he ordered to be held ^^o^, on NouTQux., that is to fay, the firft Day of the JJ"^' ^^^- Spring of the Year 1205, the fame Day 'that the If.pll Sun enters into Avies. He fent Meffengers to \,r>/-^ the Princes his Sons who were far off, and to the other Princes of the Blood ; he alfo fent to the Cans, Emirs, and all the great Officers to whom he had given the Government of the Countries he had conquer^, and, in fine, to all the great Lords, either MoguU or T'anars.
In the mean time, not to continue idle, he refolved to eftablifh good Orders in the Army which he had with him. He divided the Sol- diers into feveral Tomans ^ ; at the Head of each Toman he placed a chief Officer or Ge- neral, under whom he 'appointed ten Officers, who each commanded a Hezare * ,- and every one of thefe itn Officers had ten other Offi- cers under him, each of thefe commanded a Sede^; and the Centurion had under him ten leffer Officers, each of which commanded a Dehe '. The Generals of thefe Tomans were. to a<9: under the Command of fome one of the Grand Can^s Sons. ^ * This was the man- ner in which Temugin divided his Troops into Corps,- after which, he difpofed of thefe Em- ployments to fuch Men as were moft capable
^ He called a Diet in the Winter, and early in the Spring G$nghiz.can afcended the Throne, Ahulcair.
^ Thefe were Corps or Battalions of ten thoufand Men,
• A Regiment of a thoufand Men.
^ A Company of a hundred Men,
' A little Body of Soldiers compofed of ten Men,
7* He divided the Troops that had fcryed him againit Ounghcan into Tomans, Hezares, Sedes, and Dehes, and made thefe Employments hereditary to the Sons of every OiScen Mkconde^
and
;f8 The Hi story of
fiti. Dom. and v/orthy of them. Then he confider'd nia- 1705. turely of making new Laws, of which a Mc- S^^'^^L^oml was by his order drawn up, which lie ^^J'/rrV communicated to his Privy-Council, before he sj^ysl/ cxpoled ir ro the General Diet.
C H A R Vt
The Dcfcripi/071 of the Qenerd Diet of the Moguls, oaUed in their Language Cou- riltay. "The Eftablijjjment of f /;e Yafla, thc^t h to fny^ the Mogul Lms. Tc- mugin changes his N^me for that of Gcughi/xaxi.
WH E N the Prmces of the Blood % the Nevians, Cam, Emirs^ and other Lords who were to compofe the General Diet, were arrived at the Place the Mogul Emperor had appointed, and that the firfl Day of the Spring was come, they drclX themfclves all in white. The Grand Can rJrcfl like the reft, came to the Aflfembly, Then he fat down upon his Throne in the midft of the Princes of the Blood, with his Crown upon his Head^ all the Cans and other Lords * wifhing the Continuation of his Profperity and Health, which was followed with Shouts of joy^ and loud Acclamations of all the People who were prefent at the Affem-
* Tcrnugin orderM his Sons, the Emirs, Ncvians, and all Ac great Men of MogoUfi/tfi^ to aifemble 5 and the Turc^mani call tl.is fort of Aflembly Couriiiay* Condemlr.
* Ail the Aflimbly made Vows for his Profpcrityt U.
3 Wy
Genghizcan the Great. yp
bly^ After which, not contented to confirm An. Dom, the Mogul Empire alone to him and his Sue- ^^^'j- ceflTors, they added all thofe Kingdoms and Na- JJ^* ^J|; tions he had fubdued, and declared even all Lefp^rdf the Defcendents of thofe vanquifhed Princes ^^^y^ deprived of all Right or Title to any of thofe Dominions. ^ V/hen he had thanked them ail for the Marks of Love and Refpeft they fhowM him, being fenfiblc that the chief Duty of z Prince is to eftablifh good Laws, he declared to them that he thought to add to the antient Laws of the Land fome new ones which he defired, and commanded that they would ob- ferve.
' "fhe Laws of Genghizcan''.
By the First Law it is ordainM to be- Heve that there is but one God the Creator of Heaven and Earth % who alone gives Life and Death, Riches and Poverty, who grants and denies whatfoever he pleafes, and who has over all things an abfolute Power.
It fecms that Temugin had not publifhed this Law *, but to fticw what Religion he was of;
for
* After rhe Salutations they began to read the Tafa. jibulcalf* *' The Laws in the Mogul Language are called Taffa^ and fbmetimes Tafac, Some Authors give them the Name of Altoura^ but it is very improperly; becaufe this Word M- toura ought not to be ufed but for the Law of AUJes^ A- iulcairy p. 7*
^ To adore one God alone was the firft Law. Mirconde* ^ "I'ho this Law had been long obferved by the Tartars in Its Purity, and is at this Day by a great many of them ; yet Superftitton had by little and h'ttle introduced Idobfry into their Religion : tho the Superftitious did not think it to be coniiary to the Lawgiyct's Intention \ to faye whici), thofe of
the
9o Ti^^ Hi sTo R Y of
An. Dornu for far from ordaining any Puniftiment or Per-
l2o^ fecution againft thofe who were not of his
M?' ^rhi ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ diftiirb or moleft any Perfon
uJpard. on account of Religion, and defired that every
\.^^-Vx^ one fhould be left at liberty to profefs that
Rubniquis. ^vhich pleafed him beft, on condition that he
Carpin. believed there was but one God. Some of his
Marcopo- ^^'^^ Children, as alfo fome of the Princes of
io. his Blood were Chriftians, and others made pro-
feffion of Judaifm or Mahometauifiny or elfe were
Genghiz' like him, Deifts ; for his Sefi: was more fol-
c^nwas a jo^v^d jn Tartaryth^LU any ather^ tho there were
^^'^^' alfo a great many Idolaters ^
II. He ordained by another Law^ that the Heads of SeAs, the Religious, the Devotees, the Criers of the Mofques, and thofe that wafh the Dead, fnould be exempted from all pub- lick OiBces as well as the Phyficians.
III. He forbad, under pain of Death, that any Prince or other Perfon whatfoever, fhould ever prefume to caufeliimfelf to be proclaimed Grand Can or Emperor, without having firfl been duly el eded by the Princes, Cans, Emirs,
the Tartars who were neither Chiiftians nor Mahometans in- troduced a Diftindion between a celeftial God and a terrefirial. They always ador'd the firft, yet the fecond faird not to find a Place in their Houfes under the Form of an Idol, or Statue co- vered with Felt, and named Naiigay* They accompaiiied this with ethers, which they faid were the Images of his Wife and Children; and they addrefsM themfelves lo ti)cfc Images when they had any domeftick Wants. Ruhruquis»
^ Dicono ejfervi il Dio alto fuhlime O* celejie al qual 9gni ghrno col turribulo^ v incenfo non domandon altra fenon huon intelUtto CT* fanita* Ne hanno pot un altro che chia* mano Nati^ay che a modo di una ftatua coptrU d^ faltrcg
Marcopolo.
3 apii
Genghizcan tk Great. 8i
And the other Mogul Lords, lawfully aiTcmbled An. Dom. irt a general Diet. 1205.
^ Hcg. 602.
IV. The Heads of Nations were by a par- u%ard: ticular Law forbidden to ufe all Titles of Ho- v.y^Y"^ nour^ whicii they affeded to have, in imita- tion of the Mahometans. He alfo forbids that any fhould give to the Enfiperor who fucceeded him, any Title but that of Caan^ with two ^^. He defired that for the time to come all his Subjefts ibould call him by the plain Title of Can ; which was ever after praftifed by all that fpoketo him : ^ But when any Perifon writ to him, they always added fome other of his Ti- tles to that of Can.
♦ V He ordain'd that Peace fliould never be made with any King, Prince, or People, till fuch time as they were entirely fubduM.
• VL The dividing of the Troops fmo tens^ hundreds, thoufands, and ten thoufands, was alfo made a (landing Order, as a thing ve- ry commodious in raifing an Army with more fpeed> and to make Detachments with Eafe and Order.
VIL That when there was a Neceffity of taking the Field, the Soldiers fhould receive their Arms from the Officers Hands, with whom tltcy fhould be left at the end of tha
* As we m Europe ufe only the plain Title of King : and not like the Turks^ wtto neither fpeak nor write to their Sove- reign wiihout joining w«h his N^me fome pompous Title, as that of moft happy, raoft powerful, invincible^ pr, the Difpofer of Crowns, ere.
G Cam-
8i The HisToi^Y of
An, Pom. Campaign '. That they ihould be obliged to *205' Keep their Arms clean, and in good Condition, Mel ^l*e ^"^ ^^ ^^^ ^hcm to their Commanders w^hen ^fard. ever they were getting ready to give battel.
VIII. It was forbidden, on pain of Death, to pillage the Enemy before the General had grant- ed leave : But it was likewife ordain'd that the meaneft Soldier (hould have the fame Ad- vantage as the Officer, and remain Mafter of the Booty he fhould be found poffeft of, on condition he paid to the Can's Receiver tho Duties or Share {pecify'd by the Laws.
IX* Temugm being fenfiblc that coatinua! Exercife was necellary for his Soldiers, to keep them in good order ; and Hunting appearing to him the mo/l proper Employment to exercife his Troops, he ordain'd that every Winter the hilnting of Beads Ihould be performed in the manner following.
Mii\ondc. X. That from the Month which with us is Marchy to that which anfwers to our October^ no Perfon ftiould taJ:c Stags, Deer, Roe-bucks, Hares, wild Aflcs, nor fome certain Birds, to the end that the Court and Soldiers might find fufficient Game during the Winter, in the Hunt- . ings they were obliged to make.
• In brief, thcy^ IhowM to tfeeir Generals both Edge and Point, and were obliged by this Law to carry all their Arms fo (bon as the War was finilTied, into the King 5 Stoie-ixiufes, from whence they fetched them m the V^^ inter (or Huniing, xvhich they always exercifed thenQfelves withal when no war* like Occaiion piefeiued to ufe diem. li^dlalUh*
XI. Ic
Gengyzcan the Great. 8j
An. Dom. XI. It was likewife forbid to cut the Throats „'^^^* of the Beafts a Man fliould kill : He muft tie the J5^| %l\ h^gs^ rip up the Ben>s put in his Hand, and iTopard. pluck out the Heart. v,^^/'^^
Xn. The Ordinance that the Blood and En- trails of Beafts jfliould be permitted to be eat en, was made in his time, and put amongft his Laws ; whereas it was forbidden the Mogub^ be- fore then, to eat the Blood or Inwards of Beafts* But as he was one day returning from an Expe- dition, Provifions fell fhort for the Soldiers, and they were almoft faint with Hunger : then meeting with a sreat Qiiantity of Beafts In- wards newly kili d by People who had been hunting in a great Party, Hunger ccnftrain'd them to eat them ; nay the Emperor himfelf eat with them : and from that Moment the Prince, confidering how ufefiil this Food might be to his Troops on the like occadon, refolved to give Liberty to all his Subjeds to eat them, ^t^A afterwards made it a Law.
XIII. The Privileges and Immunities grant- ed to t\iQ Tercnm was regulated in the manner already related.
XIV. To banifh Idlenefs out of his Domi- . nions, he obliged all his Subjeds to fervethe Publicic in fome kind or other. Thofe who went not to the Wars, were obliged at certaia Seafons of the Year to work fo many Days on the publick Strudures, or do fome publick Work for the State, and one Day in every Week em- ploy themfelves in the Service of the Empe- rf>r ?n particf^far.
U 2
XV, The
84 Tie Ui ST o-RY of
An, Doin.
i2o$- XV. The Law againft Thieving was. That Mo^^The ^^^ ^"^^'^ ftolc any thmg of confiderable value, Lefpard! as an Ox, or other thing equal to that in Price, ^^w^-y-s^ fhould be puniftied with Death, and their Bo- dies cut afunder in the middle with a Hanger, That thofe whofe Theft was not of valae e- nough to merit Death, fhould receive fo many Blows with a Cudgel, either more or Icfs, in proportion to the Value of the thing ftolen* The number of thefe Blows were generally feven, feventeen, twenty fevcn, thirty feven, and fo on to feven hundred .; but this Punifli- ment might be bought off by paying nine times the Value of the thing ftolcn. The Ex- adnefs with which this Law w'as obferv'd, fe- cured all the Moguh and Tartars who were Sub- jc&s to the Grand Can, from robbing.
XVI. It was forbidden all his Subjects throughout his Dominions to take any Perfon for his domeftick Servant who was of his own Nation, to the end that they mig-ht all addid themfelves to War, and be obliged to take care of the Captives they fhould take, v/hom they muft preferve for their own Service, He like- wife publifhed two Ordinances : by the one it was forbidden, on pain of Death, to all M^-
» guls and T'anars to give Meat or Drink to a- tiother Perfoo's Slave, as alfo to lodge or clothe one, without PermifEoa from his Mafter ^ and the other Ordinance obliged under the fame Penalty, all Perfons that liiould meet in the way with a fugitive Slave^ to feize and bring him back to his Matter.
XV II. By the Law concerning Marriages it w^s ordain'd that the Man fliould buy his
Wife,
Genghizcan the Great. S^
. Witc^ 2nd that he fliould not marry with any An. Dom. Maid to whom he was a-kin in the hVft or fe- ^^^5' cond Degree ; but in all oriier Degrees it w;is ^,'^^" ^i^^' permitred : fo that a Man might^marry two i%ar/. own Sifters. Polygamy, was permitced^ and t/VXi the free Uk of their Women Slaves ,• which was at lafl the occaiion of that great Liberty, that every Man took as many Wives and Slaves as he could maintain. * The Management of the Man's Fortune, amongft the lanarsy be- longs to the Women , They buy and fell as they thidi fit. The Husbands wholly employ themfelves with Hunting and War, and trou- ble themfelves with nothing elfe. The Chil- dren who are born of the Slaves are legitimate, as weiJ as thofe born of the Wives ; but the Wives Children, and cfpecially thofe born of the firft Wife, are the rnoll reipeded by the Father, who ifirft advances them. And this Advantage not iajuriog the reft, occalioiis no Diforder in the Family, who generally live m a perfed Union and Amity.
XVIIL Another Law condemn^ ail Adul- terers to die, and it was permitted a Man to liili rhcm when fnrprized \i\ the k6u The In- habitants of Caindu murmur'd againft thisLaw, becaufe they had a Cuftom amongft them, to teftify their RefpeCi: and Love to their Friends, . by offering their Wives to them when they came to fee them, and regale them with their Company. They prefented feveral Petitions to the Emperor, deliring taey might not be de- prived of this Privilege and Means to treat
* Le donm fono alii mar'u't di pocA fpeza^ anx,l dl gran gUA- dagno c£r utiU p$r It uaficim^ et sfferchiU Marcopolo,
' G 3 their
%6 The Hi stov.r of
All. Dom. their Guefts. This Prince, yielding to their
'2^5- Importunities, left them to their Sbame, and
M^ taV S^^^^^^ what they defired. But to the end
iJj;nrd. the Modeily of his other Subjeds might not
U^V^w^ ^^ offended, by his permitting fo vile a Cuf-
tom, which he thought contrary to Reafon and
Honour, he at the lame time declared that he
looked on thefe People as infamous.
Mamaie XIX. To preferve Amity amongft his Sub- of tht jeds, he regulated Alliances, and extended the Duad. Ties of Relation by Marriage very far He permitted two Families to unite, tho they had no Children living: it fufficed that the one had Rubruquis, had a Son, and the other a Daughter, tho both dead; they might write a Contraft of Mar- riage, and perform the Ceremony in their Names ; and they w ere reputed married, tho dead, and the Families reilly allly'd to one a- nother by this Marriage.
This Cuftom is ftill h\ ufe amongft the Tir- tars at this day, but Superftition has added more Circumftances to it : They throw the Contract of Marriage into the Fire, after ha- ving drawn fome Figures on it to reprefeut the Perfons pretended to be fo marryM, and fome Forms of Beafts ; and are perfuaded that all this is carried by the Smoke to their Children, who thereupon marry in the other World,
XX. Thunder, in antient Mogoliflan and the adjacent Countries, was fo dreaded by the Mo- gulsy becaufe it did often much Mifchief, that io foon as ever they heard it begin they all threw themfelves defperately into the Rivers and Lakes, and were often drown'd : Temugin finding this extraordinary Fear caufed him to lofe nany of his beft Soldiers, even when he
had
Getighizczn the Great. 87
had moft need of them, ftridly forbad, under '^n* ^om. a fevere Perialty, any Perfons to bathe or wafli ^^^^• themfelves upon any pretence whatever ,• nay, j^j^|' ^^^* they were not permitted to wafh their Clothes Leopard! in running Waters during the time it thunder'd j "^.^r-y-^j the People being thci'^eb made to believe that the Exhalations they caufed to break forth in difturbing the Waters, occafion'd the Thunder, which would not do them half fo much harm, if they withdrew far from any Water. They immediately fubmitted to this Law, which the Tartars, who are not Mahometansy do ftill ob- ferve. But for thofe that are Mahometans, they look upon it as a fuperftitious Cuftom, which contradiifts one of the principal Points of their Religion, which gives its Profeffors full Liber- ty to wafh in any Place where they find Wa- ter; nay, they are e\^en perfuaded that without fuch Wafhing therfe are no hopes of Salvation for them.
XXI. Spie^, falfe Witnefles, Sodomites, and Sorcerers, were condemned to be put to death,
XXIL He publiffi'd moft fevere Ordinances againft Governours who fail'd of doing their Duty, but principally thofe vvho coram<inded in far diftant Countries. In whatever Place they were. Death v/as their Paniftiment if their Condua was blameable,- but if their Fault was but flight, thev muft come in Perfon to the Grand Can, and juftify themfelves. And this Prince was in this Cafe a very fevere Judge.
Many other Laws were pnblifhed which iire not fpecifyM in the Authors I have tranflated, . I am not igaorai^t that-ia tht Levant there is found a CoJleftion of Laws entitled Tafa Gen-^
G 4 ^biz^ani ;
88 77;^ History of
J\T\.T>om. ghiZfCani * ; bat no Perfon has as yet brought a y,^^V\ particular Account or Copy of them into France^ M^ ^1?e ^"^ therefore we cannot fully fatisfy the Rea~ LeoparJ^ dcr's Curioiity.
The Laws we have recited, and which were doubtlefs the principal ones, remained in full Vigour during lemugivis Reign and his SucceiTors. "Tamerlam himfelf, who was born a hundred and eleven Years after this Prince, caufed them to be obferved throughout all his Empire ; and the Cri7n l^artarsy as well as others, to this day religioufly obferve them. Itmuft be confefsM they could not be broken without in- curring very great Penalties , which alone was enough to make them continue long in force, and without queftion preferved them fo long. Marrakef' O^^^ Author affures us that the Grand Can ciiy, invented them all himfelf, without confulting
any Books, or the Example of former Kings^ and that they all were made by his own Wif- dom : But other Authors pretend that they %vere only copy^d from thofe which the O- rientals heretofore attributed to the Invention of Turk^ the Son of Japhet^ the Son of Noah.
'Temugtn confirm^ to his Friends the Com- mands he had ^xstw them ; he even made their Employments more advantagequs than before. i\b«IcAir, And having more Defigns in his Thoughts /. 5. than he communicated to his Mogul Subjeds, befide the Methods he had already made ufe of to gain their Hearts, he had recourfe to Re- Thc Name vclations, telling them that God had aflur'd tf/Temu- him that he &ould become M^fter of the fdtntT^' World, but that it was bis Pleafure that Ocnohiz- ^^ fl'iould change his Name, and that they
That is to fay; the Laws of Genghiz^oan*
fhould
GcnghizcsLU the Great. S9
{hould call him Genghiz.can\ He added, that Aa,Dom. they ought not to doubt of the AccompHHiment *2os. of this Divine Promife, becaufe they had fecn ^^' ^^^' that which had been made him in the fame L^p^r/. manner fome Years before fo happily fulfilled, v^^r>^^oO iw his fo glorioufly delivering them from Oungh- cans Tyranny.
Other Authors relate this Revelation to Abulfa- have been pretended to be revealM by another rage, p, Perfbn, and tell the Story thus : They fay there 281. was a Man *, one of the firft Rank amongfl the Moguls^ who after having wander'd flark naked in the Defarts for fome time, cnter'd into^ the Affembly, and declared aloud, that he came commiifioned by God to find out the Son of Pifoucaj to advertife him to take the Name of Gen^h'tTLcariy that is to fay, the Can of Cans, and to affure him that he fhould be Emperor of the whole Earth. This Deceiver made a florid Difcourfe upon the Glory and Honour this- Prince ihould acquire under this new Name. And to make himfelf be heard with greater Attention, he had the Boldnefs to aver chat he only related God's own Words. The Prophets, fays a lurkijh Poet, who foretold nothing but w-hat was poilible, were always applauded. In fine, 7(?w«g/X> whom we fhall henceforward call Genghiz^cany appaarM to be in a condition able to make good the Prophecy by Force of Arms ; and the People readily gave credit to it. A- nother Author affures us, with much Appea- ^\^ ^bdcl^
: latiL
* GenghlsLcm \ti the Tartar Language fignifies Can the Son of Can.
^ This Man was called Bet Tangru He was a P 'eft and Magician, He faid he was a great Penitene, and made them believe that he had been taken up into Heaven^ where be re- cciv^d bis Miflioa, Condcmtr*
ranee
9© Tie Hist onr of
An.Dom. raiice of Truth, that this Prince fecretiy hired
^2^5- this Impoftor to aft this Cheat. M J. 7 £ 'I'^ conclude, a Diet was called towards Leofatd. the end of the Year i2oy. Genghiz^canj accord- v^^V^w/ ing to his wonted Cuftoms, gave Prefcnts to every Body, and nothing but Prayers and ar- dent Wifhes for his Profperity were to be heard. His Friends the Mogul Lords, who were privy to the Secret of this pretended Revelation, fupported him ftrongly in all things ; fo that the Report was foon ipread over all MogoUftan and Tartaryy and was fo ftrongly credited, that they look'd upon aii the reft of the World as if it belong d of right to the Grand Can their Emperor.
CHAP, VIL
The Death of Frmce Boy rue. .Genghiz- can^ Expedition ^g^inji Tou€ta-Bey ^ arid the Succefs of it. CafchlucV flight to Gurcan the Kjng of Turqueflan, who gives htm his Daughter in M^rria^ge. A Defoription of the Yugures^ and their Religion.
An. noi. npHIS Prophecy was very ufeful to Gen-
Condcmir! X gbiz^can^ lOr the Moguls breathed nothing
but War ; nay they even thought it a Crime in
thofe princes who refifted, wliom they endea-
AbulcaiV, vour'd to deprive of their Kingdoms. Boymcy
f, 8. Brother to the deceafed Can of the NaitnaHs^
to whom CafchJuc his Nephew and Tmffa-Bey
were
Genghizcan the Great. p t
-were fled, was the firft Vidim to this Predic- An. Dom^ tion. '2o5,
This Prince, being informed of the Moguls JJg- ^gj Refolution, had made all the Preparation poflTi- ^are. ^ ble to receive them : bnt it (ignified little, the v^^v^ TouEla-Bey affifted him with his Troops of F^^^^^l^^^ Merkites ; for after a very (light refiftance^ojr^/c ^ 3^9* fled, but was taken in the chafe by a party of Moguls^ and brought a Prifoner' into their Camp, where he was put to death. And this fo much daunted his People, that his Army difperfed. Cajchhc and TouSfa-JBey, after having given orders to their Soldiers whither to repair, betook themfelves to flight, and retired to the Frontiers of their Territories ^lArdifchy where they deflgned to get together fome Troops which had not been able to join the Army before the Fight.
In the mean time Gemhix^can^ not being far from the Country of Ta^guty marched in the year i20(5with a fl:rong Detachment into that Country to revenge himfeif upon Schidafcou who was the Can oi it^ and who had fecretiy lent fuccours to his Enemies ,• and there he cunning- ly ilirprized Campion the capital City of Tangin . Omplon which foaftoniftied Schuiafcou^ that he immedi- theCapi- ately fubmitted, and made ufe of the great ^^' ^^'> ^/ Lords of that Country to intercede for his Far- ^*'"»^''* don with the Emperor, to whom they went loaded with Prefents. The Conqueror pardon'd the Can, and rcftorcd him to his Kingdom with the fiame Power as before, on condition that he (hould every year pay him a certain Tribute, and permit a Garifon of Mogids to remain in the Fortrefs of Campion. And thus the Grand Can, being fatisfied with the immenfe Riches he had found in that City, returned back to his Army.
It
c^i The History of
An. Dom. Ic is in the City of Campion that the Caravans w*^^/7V ^^ Merchants flop, which come from the Weft, Mo^. The ^^^^ ofcen from the South, to trade with China cXcodile. bccaufe they arc forbidden to go further : and v-^^^ here they fometimes fojourn a long time, which RuUnquis. gives au opportunity to the Inhabitants to en- rich themfelves greatly. Here are a great many learned Men who ftudy the Sciences, which they call Schimiay Limiay and Simia. The firft treats of Phyfick, Philofophy, Chymiftry, and Jf'aJlallah. the Philofophers Stone ; the fecond of Aftro- nomy, and natural Magick ,• and the third of Theology, and Cabal iftry, which contains the Knowledge of good and bad Angels, and teaches the Operations which belong to thefe Sciences. Exptd'ium Genghix,can almoft at the f^ime tivac conquer^ liZatTifi the Countries of Cy^^y^/V and Cachin^ which laft '^c^caHff^^^"^ formerly- the Country o( Tangiu bore. the Her- I" 1207. he Icarnt thdit Cafchluc zud'TouBa-Bey kits, and had got together all their Forces in the Country agatttft of Ardifch in the Tribe of Merkit. He gave Cafihluc. ^j^^j^ ^1^^ 1^^^ j-jj^^ j^^ ^^yj J ^^yf^Q ^Q fortify
Condcmir, themfelves, and marched againft them- in the midft of the Winter. Thefe Princes amazed at
Abulcair- his fudden Arrival, and finding their Army not . ftrong enough to ftand againft him, retired farther off, and went and encamped even under the Fortrefs oi Ardifch.
But their Enemy, notwithftanding the bad- nefs of the Ways and rigour of the Seafon, foon appeared before the Place, and forced them, maugre all the Precautions they had taken, to come to an Engagement with him* The Bat- tel did not laft long j for the Moguls, as if aflfur'd of the Viftory, fell with fuchFury on their E- ncmies, who were inferiour to them both in Ccurage and Number;, that they foon put them
to
Genghizcafl the Great. ^^
to flight* "Toucld-Bey was kflled in the Afiion. ^"- l^oau As for Cafchluc, lie was fo canning as to get out of „ ' ^^^" the Croud, and wich fome expert Soldiery efcape moi^xU to Turcjneftnn^ where he had the good fortune serpent. to be flickered by Gurcan^ one of the mod v^-^v'^b^ powerful Princes of ^fouran \ that \% to fay, of the 'Tartar !i Country whici) h beyond the River GihoHy reaching to the Borders of Caracatay. King G/^rc/zi^ touched with his Misfortunes, re- ceived, him kindly, and conceived fo tender a Fricndftiip for this young Prince, that he gave him his Daughter in Marriage to comfort him in all his Troubles.
All thefe Conquefts and happy Succefs raifed Genghix^can to fo high a pitch of Greatnefs, that many fovereign Princes fent to ask his Protcdion, and among the rcfi-'Ar/lanca^ Prince of the Carluqnes in Caracatay : but there hap- pened to Gen^f^Izcan fometh ing yet more advan- tageous, whicii compleated his good Fortune ; and that was the Difcontent of a Prince of Turqueftan named Idicout^.
He was Can of the Tugures ,• and tho a very MirconJe* powerful Prince, yet was Tributary to Gurcan King of Turqueftan^ who generally kept among F^^^^^l^^h, the Tugures a kind of Intendant of that Pro-^'^^ ' vince, to be watchful for his Intereft, and to gather the Tributes which that People were obliged to pay him. He who at this junfturc
.11 "I - ■■ ■ ■ — - — ■ -■ • ■
* Some call this Country Touran^ bccaufe ft was heretofore the Po' tion of Tour the Son of IPeridoun^ King of Perfta^ of the firft Dynafty named Pifchdadtens. Thus by the word Iran we muft imderftand all Perfta^ and all the Countries fi- tuate beyond the River Gihon, otherwife call'd Oxus. TadlaU lahy p*lt6.
* Idicout m the Mogul Language (ignifics thd Prince then reining. Abnlcair, p. 8. Abulfarage.
held
p^ Tk H I vS f o E Y bf
An. Dotn. held this Employment there, was called Schot^d-
^ao8. fe^. This Mart, being naturally covetous and
jHcg. 60^- j^^(^y^ befides the Money and Wares which he
^^* J/ levied as due to his Mailer, extorted more for
v,^Yxl/' himfelf ; infomuch that the Tugures finding
themrelve<; oppreft, complained of bis Abufes to
their Prince : he forthwith fpoke to Schouakem,
but he could get no Reparation or reafonable
Anfwer from him ; nay he even anfwerM to the
Remonftrances he made to him with Threats*
The Prince was fo enraged at his Infolence^
that to be revenged he caufed him to be aflafli-
nated, and forthwith fent two of his chief
Officers to Genghiz>ean to inform, him pf what
had paft, and to ask his Proteftion, becaufe
after this Aftion which he had been obliged to
MiKoiide. perform, he fearM the Refentments of Gurcan*
ThefeMeflengers overtook the 7^%«/ Emperor
iii the Country of Tangut^ where he was then
gone to reduce to his Obedience Schidafcou^
wiio with fome other Cans had revolted fromi
Abulcair him, amongft whom was the Can of Crequir,
/• »• ' whofc Country he entirely ruined.
The A%/// Emperor, glad of an opportunity Abiilfa- to make King G^r^^i^ uneafy, who was ne- ra^e, ' ver a Friend to him, and had now made an Alliance with Cafchluc his Enemy, received thefe Envoys from Idkoui much better than he would otherwife have done. He hearkened to them, and made them fuch an Anfwer as they wiflied; and whet they returned back, he na- med two fit Perfoos to accompany them, whom he charged to affure the Can of his Friendftiip and ProteSion againfl Gurcan.
This civil and generous Procedure charmM
the Can of the Tuguresy who ftrait took all that
he had moll: precious and valuable in his Trea-*
furcs, and went to Genghizcan in perfon to offer
3 him
Genghizcan the Great. pj
him his fervice ; which he did with all the Zeal An. Dom. imaginable, and all the Refpeft his Quality ^210, would admit. This Condefcenfion rendered ^^ ^^2.* this Prince Co agreeable to the Grand Can, that ^f^/ he received him with all the Teftimonies of \,^y^ Afteftion that he could defire. The AflTurances Idicout gave him of his Zeal were not contradic- ted by his Adions ; for he afterwards ferved the Mogul Emperor efFeftually, who, as an acknowledgment of the Services he did him, gave him one of his Daughters in Marriage, and ever after looked on him as one of his Childf en. King GunaUy who upon the news of Schouakem's being affaffinated was tranf- ported with Rage^ and threatned Idkout with Fire and Sword, could not execute his Threats before he heard that this Prince was become Genghiz^can^ Son-in-iav/ ; and the fear of draw- ing the Moguls Army upon himfelf ftifled his Rage.
The Religion of the Ttigures has not been of the Yu- perfeftly known to Hiftorians : fome have writ 8"^^*- that they were Idolaters ^ others that they were Rubruqm'ff. Chriftians, h\xtNeJhriam; and others that they ., j .^ were Mahometans; becaufe feveral amongft. g^ *' them made profeffion of all thefe Religions. Their Prieiis, whom they calFd Lamay had their Heads and Beards qqite ihaved; their Superiours cbiiged them to obferve Chaftity, and to ferve in the Temples ; they had to co- ver their Heads a kind of Mitre, and for their Habit a yellow or red Tunick, clofe-bodied as a Caflbck, and girt about the Wafte : over this Tunick they \vore a Cloak cut after the manner of a Chriftian Deacon's Cope. When the Lamas Ruuruquis. are in their Temples, they are feated on Benclies over againft one another, holding their Books HI their hands : they are always bare-lieaded,
and
^6 A Hi sTo R Y of
An. Dom. and inftead of finging they read to themfelves 1 2 TO. fofcly, and generally keep filence Thofe who
S^ a ^ril* ^^po^^ them to be Idolaters, have never declared ^feep. ^ ^^ what particulars they were fo. The Idols
Vx-y-%^ they had are no fufficient proof of it, fince in the Converfation Rubruquis had with them they aflbred him that they adored but one God ; and that tho they had Images, it was only to put them in mind of thofe they reprefented, and not to adore them. Which might make one conclude, that they then made profeffion of Genghiz^cans Religion, with a fmall mixture of the Superftitions which they had in common with xhQ Moguls.
The Moguls w^ere Indebted to the Tugures for the Art of Writing they now ufe, which was wantitig before their Union with this People. Whether they found the manner of the Tugures writing more conveniient than their own, we know not ; but they took to it^ and have ufed it ever fince ^
The Tugures in antient times had that Name conferred upon them, even by the mou h of Oguz, himfelr : he called them Tuguresy that is to fay. United. He has always paffed amongft them for a great Prophet ,• and the Turks of the
l-adlallah. Uft Ages, chat is to fay, the Ottomansy who by the title of Ogufians which they bear yalue them- fdves as being his Defcendant^, fay that when he was but a year old hefpoke^ and gave him- felf the Name of Oguz»i but at eighteen God
^ The Leitcv which Mangiucaan the Son of Gcnghizcan^ Emperor of the Moguls^ writ to St. L^wis King of Irance in 1 2 '54. was in the Mogul Language, but in the Yt^guriati Chaiaders, and the Lines were writ from the top to the bottom, and muhiplicd from the left to the right. i^«-
3 il»
GcngKizcan the Great. 97
iHuminated his Underftanding ; and whereas An Dom. all Mankind were at that time Idolaters, he „^'^'^' brought them out of their Errors, and made ^^^^,* ^^^* them worfhip only the one true God ; which fo sheep. much difpleafed his Relations, that they refol- ^^/W\J ved to ruin him : but with the Affiftance of feme other Perfons whom he had converted, he r^fifted them fo vigoroully, that his Father was killed by an Arrow in the Fighr, and his Un- cles put to flight. This is what Fadlallah re- ports of OgUTL ^
♦ The Son of Caracan ; Caracan the Son of Mo^olcan; M^golcan the Son of Alirtge-Cariy the fourth King of the Oriental Turks^ of th^ Pofterity of lurk the Son of ^aphet^ the Son pf Noah. From this MogoUan the Moguls are de- fcendied ; as arc the Tartars from latarcan the Son of Alinge.
CHAP. VIII
Genghizcaii^ jirjt War againjt the Nor- thern Farts of China, called Cathay ^ and the Succefs of it. His Return in- to his own Country. His Expedition to the Defart of CapfchaCj otherwife called Decht.
ALT H O Ge7ighi2xan, when he was on his j^Jj.^qj^j^^ return to Caracoromy had refolved not to renew the War for fome time^ yet he neglefted not to raife Recruits, and ftrengthen his Ar- my, to let his Enemies fee that he was always
H in
^Z T^^ HiSTO KY «/
An. Pom- in a Condition to be fear'd; and that whilfi: i2io. he was in peace he applied himfelf, accord-
^^S-^^7- jj^g to the Refohitions taken in the laft D'lti^ ^ J/^ to regulate the Affairs of his Kingdoms, and fe-
\,,r\r^ cure the beft he was able thofe Countries he bad conquered. All things look'd now as if he defign'd to live in Repofe^ andtafte the Sweets of that peaceful Eftate which by fuch vaft Fa- tigues he had obtained : but the Love of Army, the darl ing Paffion of his Soul, permitted him not to reft ; and he thought of nothing elfe but how to find a Pretext to fall out with the Chi* siefe, againf> whom in particular he had formed fom^ deiigns.
1 he piefent State of Affairj?^ all being now in peace, affording him no means to quarrel, he loughc amongft the Tranfaftions of paft Ages for fomething fit to urge agaiuft them ; ^ and calling to mind the Injuries the Kings of China iiad heretofore done to his Auceftors, nay to his own Father and People, "^ lie conferred with his Nevians and other Princes of his Court, continually entertaining them with Difcourfes of the Injuries and Wrongs their Fa- thers had fuffer'd by the Chimfe. ^ This was the Caufe^ faidhe^ that our Cauntiy w'as looFd upon with fo much Scorn, and dd[]^KQi by all the Nations of ^//2. In fine, he excited them to revenge, by urging, that they had no o- ther way to vindicate their Honour, and make
5 He cail'd to mind his Father*s Wrongs, and Hghmg, rcci- fed ibe laiufticc of the K?ng of China, dhulcnir^ p. 9*
• He recounted to liis Courtiers the injuries the King of ChtrtiA had done thcif Attceftor5» Mirconde, ^ fl
' He faid, that fincc the great God had given him the Vk* tory over all his EncnnieF, he had realbn to expcd that he would do the fame for him over th«g Chmfe*
them-
Genghizcan the Great, pp
themfelves famous to Poftericy. Neither did An. Dom^ he forget to remind them of the Promife God ^210. had made to him, to affift and render him vie- ^^'^^l^ torious over ail his Enemies. ^^]^p^
The Mg^«/ Princes and Lords faii'd not to iys/\i applaud their Emperor's Deiign, whether it was out of Compiaifadce, or that they found it agreeable to Reafoo and Jaftice, is not the queftion. A Council was callM to confult on Ways and Means how to bring this great En- terpri^e to pafs , and it was refolv'd that firft of all an Ambaflador fhould be fent to Altouncan King of China to demand SatisfaSion for all the Damages and injuries done to the Atoguls by his PredeceiTors, with Orders that in cafe he re- fufed to comply^, War fhould be declarM agairtft him. For this purpofe they chofe jf^jfer, ait old CouTtief, a Man perfeflly sidled in State- Affairs, and fent him a way in the Winter-Sea- fon. Jafer being i^rrivQd at Canhatec^ w:hich was the old City of Perjuin, one of the Capital Cities of Cathay % andtheantient JJ^T^i^^c^^of the Seresy had Audience of the King, w^hom he ac- cidentally found in this City, for he was not ufed to reiide there but only in the Summer. This Ambalfador made a long Harangue, w^hich he began with expatiating on his Mafter's
* The Country of Cath/ty >yKich h here fpokeof, is Chha It fclf, and not Grand Tartary^ as it was long thought to be by us Enrcpeans* The l^ailern Geo|raphers have made k Vnovm by the Limits they have given ft Iti their Maps, anJ their Killorians have declared it "in exprefs Words, Bcfides, it is now plainly discovery that the Name of Cathay parti- cularly belonged to the (ts'tti Northern Provinces of this great Kingdom; and iXm the Southerft Parts, which con- taiaM the nine other Provinces, were called Mangi ; Butthefb Somlie^rn Pans were not coaqwerM by Genghizcan^ biit by tb« ^ic^!4h his Sxicccflbr?, Jn. Dmj. 1 263. Hes. 667^
H z Greats
lOo 7l?^ Hi STORY 0/
An. Docn. Grcatnefs, his Elevation to the Empire of the 1 2 10. Moguls and Tartars j and the choice God had
Mo^'. ill "^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ govern the World : he after- steep, wards demanded reparation of the King for
v^V^^ ^11 ^he Damages and Injuries which his Pre- deceffors had done the Moguls; telling him that if he refused to comply with thefe De- mands, he had Orders to declare War agaioft him^ and to aflure him tlmt Genghiz.can^ at the Head of a moft powerfii! Army, would come and drive him out of his Kingdom, and efta- blifh one of his own Children on his Throne.
Mirconde. j^/j/^r's Difcourfe appeared very furprizing ta * the King of Cbinuy who was much aftonifli'd that the Mogul Em^tror (hould form fuch a De- jfign, and venture to attack and begin a War againft a Nation whom he had reafon to fear, confidering the great Damages and Lofles he himfelf coiifefs'd his Nation had fuftain'd by them. The King complainM to the AmbaflTador, faying. Your Mafter treats me as i( he thought me a lurk or a Mogul i arid with this Anfwer he fent him back : Go tell Genghiz^can that al- tho I cannot hinder him from making war with me, yet I will meet him with an Army that ftiall make him repent his Raflineft. Jafer re- turned with all diligence to Caracoyomy and gave his Mafter an account of his Negotiation, and the Obfervations he had made, puffuant to the Orders he had given him;
Genghiuan having received this Anfwer from the King of CA/>/^, continued to make Prepara- tions for the War- So foon as the Scafon permit- ted him to take the Field, he ^x^iApd, hrs Army into two Bodies ,- the moft confiderable he took along with him^ and the «her he gave the Command of to three of his Sons, Jougj^ Za- gntay, and OBa/. Thefe three Princes marched
to-
Genghizcan the Great. loi
towards Courge ^, or Corea i they did no Injury An. Dom. to the Calmacks * thro whofe Country they pad, ^^*^' becaufe this Nation, which was firuate on the m^'/iL Confines of Caracatayy had already fubmitced smp. to Genghiz^can : but when they were come to ^y^^-^^ the Borders of Courgey where there were but a few Troops left, the reft being all gone to join the King of Chinay they made terrible Devaftations both in the Towns and Villages wherever they came, as alfo in the open Coun- try, carrying away all the Horfes and Cattel they found.
The Emperor of the Moguls did no lefs Mif- chief on his fide with his Army : for after ha- ving llrengthen'd it with fome Troops which Waited to join him near the, 7^7, a River of C^- racatay^ he entered China at the great Gate in the Wall *, which Alacousy of whom .we have be- fore made mention, caufed to be open'd* This Alacons was Can of the Kingdom of Aricout^, to whbfe Care heretofore the Emperors of C^/k^ had committed this Gate and Wall. This Prince was at this time difplcafed with Al- touncariy and held fecret intelligence with Gen-
• A Kingdom fituate on the Confines of C^/W on the North, having the Sea on trhe Eaft. This Country contained about feven hundred ihoufand Souls, and had been almoft always governed by a King of their own Nation, who (om^- rioics were likewKe Monarchs even of China it lelf : but the King of China in his turn was alfo revenged, having made hiinfelf Mafterof Cottrgc. FadUUahy p. 34«*
* The Calmacks are a Nation to the Eaftward, not to be confounded with that of the Calmucks who live in the Weft of ^yi4f towards the Volga.
' The Chinefe baiit this Wall in paft Ages, betwixt the Mountains, to hinder the Turks and Aiogub fvom making In- roads into this great Kingdom* This Wall was call'd .i^en- tmh in the Mogul Tongue, and Sedd Yadpudge or Madgouge to in the Arai'iany which fignifics Gog and Ai/i^o|'sBank.
H 3 ghiTLcan-i
101 7%e Hi sroTX^ of
An. Dam. ghhcan, whom he was very ufeful to on this rsio, Occafion* He did not only open a way for
Mof . ^rile ^^^ Moguls into Chim^ but gave them fome of shceps his own Officers to be their Guides.
C/VNJ AD the Cities which made no refiftance, but open'd their Gates, and furnifhed Provifions to Genghiz,cany were by that generous Prince fpared but thofe that oppos'd him were all plundered, aslikewife feveralconliderableCaflJes, out of which he took al! the Riches that were there depofited for fecurity : And ail this he did whilft he waited for the coming up of the Army which the young Princes commanded.
/ibulcair. On the otheriide, the King o^ China join'd to
/'• 9- his Army the Troops of Courgey and putting him- felf at the Head of thefe united Forces, march- ed directly towards the Moguls ; but when he was come within a few Days Journey of them$ his Soldiers being much fatigued, ftayM to reft, arid for t:heir Security he caufed ail the Carts to be placed round the Army ; then they made a large deep Ditch before them. His Troops (iay'd not fo long in this Camp as they conid have wi/Iied ; for being foon informM that Gengh?z.can was coming to attack them, the decamp'd to go and meet him.
titrconde. So foon as the two Armies were in fight of one anotlier, they ranged themfelves in order of Battel, and fell to Blows. The Combat was bloody. 1 he King of China loft thirty thou- fand Men, and the Mogi^t Emperor liad a great many Officers kilfd, and more Soldiers than the Enemy. The latter retired with all the Spoils he had gotten by tlie way of the Province of Peqmn, in which he had fome Intelligence. The Chinefe did not venture to follow him, be- caufe they were no leis fatigued than the Moguls^ and had great need of Repofe. For this reafon,
re-
Genghfzcan the Gnat 105
reflecnng only on the great lofs of Soldiers they An. Dom, had juft feir, and fearing left Gen^htz,can thoiud v,'^'^' befiege their Capital City, they refolved to JJ^f'/^f; make Peace with him, in order to get him out Monkey. of Chinuy which the War had already reduced ^..--.•"v^^^ to a mifcrable Condition.
Ahouncan therefore fent zw Ambaffador to . GmghiTLcan to propofe a Peace, with his Daugh- ter Cubcou Caiune \\\ Marriage, promiiing to i^m^ this Princefs to him under the Conduft of one of the greateil Lords in his Court, and pa^lalla^ with all the Splendor and Attendance fuiting ^. 349. an Emperor's Daughter and '^^iic. The Mogul Emperor, pleas'd with the condefcending Of- fers of zw Enemy whom he found he could not vanquifii, accepted the Propofals he made him^ and married the Princefs of China fo foon as Ihe arrived in his Camp; and, accompanied with the Princes his Sons^ retired wath her to Caracorom.
But he remained not unafiive any longer than was abfolurcly neceftary to recruit his Army, for two Reafons : firft, becaufe he -would not fufter the Soldiers to- be idle ; and next, be- caufe he had formVi a great Defign in his own mind. He meditated how to conquer all the Weftern Countries of Tartary for his eldeft Son, and fiatter'd himfelf that he Thonld fuc- ceed in this Undertaking, becaufe of the Ani- mofities that were amongft xh^T'artar Cans. He firft difpofe<l a Part of his Troops in the Countries he had fiibdued, to keep them quiets and prevent their revolting ; and then^with the red: of his Army he kt oiit on the way to the vaft Country, called the Plains of Ca/jfchnc\ His eldeft Son, as being the Pcrfon the moft interefted, taif d not to accompany him in this Expedition,
H 4 The
104 ^^ History of
/\n. Dom. The Country of Capfchac is of a vaft Extent,
12 n. and is accounted the moft confiderable part of
Moo ^rt ^^^^^^y- ^^ reaches from Eaft to Weft from Tur-
^fnkey! queftan even to the River VolgUy and all along
v^,rv'>^ the Borders of the antient BulgariUy and the
J^if^rlf' antient Ruffiay and from the Volga to the Coun-
c ^r{ ^^y ^^ Criniy where the People dwell who are
^^ ^ ^^' called the Z//«/e or Crim "tartan. Its greatcft
Length from North to South is from the Caf--
plan Sea to the great fandy Defarts, or rather
to the Frozen or North Sea.
* This Country has but few Towns. Its Soil, if we except the great Defarts on the North Side^ is excellent, abounding in all forts of Grain, Pafturage and Cattcl. A better Air cannot be found, nor better Water. The Wo- men arc handfomer there than in any other part of Tartary. The Men are courageous, and Lo- vers of War. They are divided into Tribes, many of which are at prefent compofed of Moguls and "furks. The Towns being few, and the open Countries very large, every Tribe tranfport themfelves frequently from one Place to another, feeking every Winter in the Sou- thern Parts for Subfiftence for themfelves and Beads, and In Summer vifitiug the Northern Parts of their Country.
Altho every Tribe has its particular Prince or Can, which, governs it ; yet this Part of Tartaryy ever fince the Moguls fubdued it, has always had a King, or Grand Can, to
* This Country Is alfo callM Vecht Capfchac^ and Dtcht B«- reke. Decht fignifies large level barren Gountries ; ^nd Bereke is the Name of a Grandfon of GenghixLcan^ who fucceeded bis Brother Raitican in the Kingdom oi C^pfi^^c^ io which he gave his Name, and was the firft of the Mogul Gaos of Capfchac^ who made profcffion of the Mahomaan Faith.
whom
Genghizcan the Great. i o j
whom the others did Homage. This Country An. Dom, in part Ages was overftocked with Peopie, ^^u, and from thence came the Hims^ the Getes or ^^S' ^,^^* Goths, the Gepides, iht Vandals, th(^ Alalm, the pjthy! Swedes-^ and other Nations who have rcnder'd v,^-v;rO themfelves but too famous in the World by the Diforders they committed.
Seray is the Capital City of Capfcbac, fituate on the Banks of the River Seiicla^ which dif- charges it felf into the Volga^ Batucan laid the Foundation of this City, and Berekecan hi$ Brother finidhed it. The three fineft Rivers in the Country oiCa^fchacy are the Vvtgay the Jayc^ and the Irtijh.
But let us return to Genghiz,can. By the Vic- tory he had formerly gain'd over Ounghcan he thought he had a right over feveral Tribes of Cnpfihac who lived in fubjeftion to this van- quifh'd King; and for this reafon he marched hi^ Troops to that fide of the Country. No fooner did he appear on their Frontiers, but thefe Tribes fubmitted to him ; as did others who inhabi- ted the Country of Getesy fituate in Capfchacy on the Borders of Mugohftan : which all toge- ther in a fliort time compofed a vafl Arm\\ Thefe Nations, and fome others, of whom Hif- torians have made no mention, having join'd him, Genghizcan gave the Command of one half of them to Prince JonghCany call'd alfo Touchy y his eldeft Son, leaving him in this Country with many Mogul Officers to govern them, and re- turned to Mogohjlan with the other half, which made an Army great enough for any Under- taking.
y^^f-Cmf after the Departure of the Empe- ror his Father, made fome new Conquers, which gave much caufe of Jealou/y to feveral Nations of the Weftern Tartars. Thefe Peo- ple
lo^ The History of
An. Dom. pic combined againft him' ; but he defeated
i2i2. them in feveral Skirmifties, and particularly
j^' ^ne ^^^ Comam, the antient Bulgarians^ Valacks^ and
J^;,. Hungarians y who heretofore inhabited the Coun-
O^V^w/ try of the Himsy Vandals y and other Nations,
which for along time have not been diftin-
guifti^d but by the common Name of T'artars.
' He rendered himfclf Maftcr of the Countries of Vecbt Caffchaf^ Sagine^ Bulgaria^ Ruj^a^ Alajfan^ Tanker^ and Other Kii^oms and Provinces. £h AbdaUanf.
il
CHAP- IX.
Genghizcan^i fecond War with China^ and the taking of Pequin the Cafitd City of the Northern China,