139
F786
54513
PREFACE.
'HE first Phrenological CHART ever produced was printed on a single sheet, the size of our common note paper, and was sold for a cent, It simply gave the names of the organs then discov- ered by Dr. GALL. The next was larger, and gave Iboth the names and definitions of the organs ; still later, the charts of Drs. GALL and SPUKZHEIM em- braced all the above, together with some account of the Temperaments. But as it was with the invent- ors of the steam-engine, the locomotive, and the steamboat, so it has been with phrenologists. Each succeeding author is supposed to have availed him- self of all that has been proved to be true and useful, adding thereto his own observations and experiences. Thus the improved charts of to-day are as unlike those first printed as are the modern steamers, loco- motives, and engines to those *first invented.
During our thirty years' experience in the prac- tical application of scientific rules to character read- ing, we have used many different charts, revising old ones year after year, and adding one improve- ment after another. The present work embodies our latest and best ideas on the subject, so far as they can be set forth in this condensed and popular form.
IV PREFACE.
It contains not only all of the PHRENOLOGY of pre- vious charts or hand-books for self-instruction, but it embraces much more of PHYSIOLOGY and PHYSIC OGNOMY than jiny former book of the kind.
In this Illustrated Hand-book we have endeavored to incorporate just that kind of matter best suited to both the EXAMINER and the EXAMINED, and to put it in the smallest possible compass compatible with completeness of statement and ample illustra- tion. We have endeavored to be systematic in our arrangement, succinct and clear in our expositions, and popular rather than technical or professional in our style. We do not claim that this work is free from error. Our knowledge of Anatomy, Physiol- ogy, Chemistry, Astronomy, etc., will, we doubt not, increase with our years and with more careful study ; so we intend it shall be with our knowledge of Phrenology and Physiognomy. We hope to re- vise this and all our other works when time may permit. We ask examiners and readers to kindly point out errors and to suggest improvements, that we may correct the former and incorporate the latter In future editions.
That this little work may be the means of encour- aging the reader to correct any errors of judgment or improper habits he may possess — to cultivate and develop all the higher qualities of mind and heart—, and to make the most of his opportunities and of
himself, is the desire of
THE AUTHOR. YORK, January, 1869.
INTRODUCTION.
THE HUMAN SKULL.
THE BRAIN AND THE SKULL.
OME knowledge of the structure of the human brain, and of its appear- ance when exposed, as well as of the general forms of the skull, will be useful to the learner. We can here merely give very brief descrip- tions, referring those who desire further information to our larger and more elaborate works.
The human brain is an oval mass filling and fitting the inte- rior of the skull, and consisting of two substances, a gray, ash- colored, or cineritious portion, and a white, fibrous, or medullary por- tion. It is divided, both in form and function, into two principal masses — the cerebrum and the cerebellum.
The cerebrum is divided longitudinally into two equal hemispheres, and each of these, in its under surface, into three lobes. But the most remark- able feature in the structure of the cerebral globe is its numerous and complicated convolutions, the fur- rows between which dip deeply down into the brain. By means of these foldings the surface of the brain is greatly increased, and
* The side and top of the cerebrum are seen in this engraving. A A. The scalp turned down. B B. Edge of the base of the skull, the top having been sawed off and removed. C. Dura Mater, a part of the lining membrane of the skull raised up from the brain. D. Left hemisphere of the brain. E. Bight hemisphere. F. The longi- tudinal cleft or fissure which divides the hemispheres.
In the next engraving the brain is fully exposed.
BRAIK IK THE
SKULL.*
BRAIN EXPOSED.
VI
INTRODUCTION.
power gained with the utmost economy of space ; for it is a demon- strated fact, that in proportion to the number and depth of these con- volutions is the mental force. " The mind's revolvings," as Wilkinson beautifully expresses it, "are here represented in moving spirals, and the subtile insinuation of thought, whose path is through all things, issues with power from the form of cerebral screws. They print their shape and make themselves room on the inside of the skull, and are the most irresistible things in the human world."
The cerebellum lies underneath the posterior half of the cerebrum, and is about one-eighth the size of the latter organ. It is divided into lobes and lobules, and consists of a gray and a white substance, like the cerebrum, but is not convo- luted on the surface like the cerebrum ; the gray matter somewhat darker than that of the cere- brum occupies the surface of the cerebellum, the white being interiorly disposed.
Extending from the base of the brain to the atlas or bony pivot on which the head restsr is the medulla oblongata. It is conical in shape, and may be considered as merely the head or beginning of the spinal cord, which continues it, and, in fact, extends the brain down the vertical canal, and by means of the nerves which it gives off, and which pass through notches between the vertebrae, connects it with every part of the body. There are generally reckoned eleven pairs of nerves arising from the brain, and thirty-one from the spinal marrow. It is thus seen that the whole nervous apparatus is included in the mental system, and that the brain, as the organ of the overruling mind should be, as it unquestion- ably is, is omnipresent in the human body.
Now, as is the soul which is incarnate in it, so is the brain in texture, size, and configuration ; and as is the brain, so is its bony casement, the cranium, on which may be read, in general forms and special eleva- tions and depressions, and with unerring certainty, a correct outline of the intellectual and moral character of the man.
* a. The brain. Z>. Cerebellum. /. Medulla oblongata. g, g. Nerves distributed to the arms, k, k. Great sciatic nerve, distributed to the lower limbs. /. Dorsal nerve. n. Lnmb'ir nerve, m. Plexus of cervical nerves. 1. Olfactory nerve. 2. Optic nerve. 3, ^ 5, 6. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth nerves. 7. Portio diira of the seventh nerv* 8, Auditory nerve and par vagum. 9. Hypoglossal nerve.
SPINAL CORD AND NERVES.*
INTRODUCTION.
vil
MALE SKULL.
FEMALE SKULL.
The heads of the sexes differ in shape as much as do their bodily forms. The engravings here presented are from two skulls in our possession, and were copied by daguerreotype, and show their relative size and shape. The first is from the skull of a man, and is a fair speci- men of the male head. It rises high from the opening of the ear,#, to Firmness, b. It is large in the social region, particularly at Amative- ness, c. The phrenological organs of force, pride, energy, and self-reli- ance are predominant. The second is of a well-balanced female skull, and is fine, smooth, and even. The leading developments are at d, in the region of Philoprogenitiveness, Adhesiveness, and Inhabitiveness, while at b and c it is much less than in the male. At e, Benevolence, and at /, Veneration, the female is rela- tively more developed, but less so at Firmness and Self-Esteem, b.
The skulls of races and nations also differ widely in form, and these differences are found to correspond with known differences of character. In the Caucasian it will be seen that the forehead is prominent and high, the coronal region elevated, and the back-head moderately projected. The facial angle, measured according to Camper's method, is about 80°. It indicates great intellect- ual power, strong moral or spiritual sentiments, and a comparatively moderate development of the pro- pensities. The special organs in which the Cau- casian brain most excels, and which distinguish it CAUCASIAN SKULL. from those of all less advanced races, are Mirthfulness, Ideality, and Conscientiousness, the organs of these faculties being almost invariably small in savage and barbarous tribes.
See what a contrast between the Caucasian skull and those of the North American Indian and the negro here represented ! One of the most distinctive traits of the aboriginal American skull is roundness. This quality is very manifest in every as- pect, but still more so in the vertical and back views than in the one here presented. Great breadth immediately NEGRO SKULL. above the ears and in the region of Cautiousness and Secretiveness, and a lofty coronal region, are also prominent characteristics. The forehead is broad and very prominent at the lower part, but retreating, and not high. The back-head in the region of the affections is, in
INDIAN SKULL.
Vlll
INTRODUCTION.
general, only moderately developed, but there is almost always a large and sharply defined occipital protuberance.
The negro cranium is long and narrow. Compared with that of the Caucasian, the difference is seen to be striking. In the side view of the former the frontal region is less capacious than in the latter, the forehead more retreating, and the occiput comparatively more full. The' facial angle is about 70°, the jaws being large and projecting, and forming what is called the prognathous type. Here the animal feelings predominate over both the intellect and the moral sentiments. The top view shows the facial bones compressed laterally, but projecting enormously in front.
We might carry these comparisons still farther, and show that each nation has its peculiar type of skull, the English differing strikingly from the French, and the American from both, and so on, but space will not here permit, and we must refer the reader to " New Physiog nomy" for additional particulars on this and kindred topics.
BONES OF THE HEAD AND FACE.*
* A. Frontal bone. B. Temporal bone. C. Zygoma. D. Mastoid process. E. Pa- rietal bone. F. Occipital bone. G. Malar bone. H. Superior maxillary bone. I
Nasal bone. K. Inferior maxillary bone. Conr>.oid process.
L. Angle of the jaw. M. Coudyles. N.
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
FIRST PRINCIPLES.
I. PHRENOLOGY DEFINED.
\HRENOLOGY is a system of mental philosophy founded on the physiology of the brain; It treats of mind, as we know it in this mortal life, associ- ated with matter and acting through material instru- ments.
In its practical application, Phrenology becomes an art, and consists in judging from the head itself, and from the body in connection with the head, what are the natural tendencies and capabilities of the individual.
Phrenology does not now claim to be entirely complete as a science or perfect as an art, and it demands recognition and acceptance only so far as it has been firmly established on the broad and immovable basis of the constitution of man.
The chief principles of Phrenology — every one of which is supported by an array of unquestionable facts and susceptible of the clearest proof— are the following :
1. The I»rain is the Organ of the Mind.
2. Each Faculty of the Mind has its separate or special
Organ in the Brain.
1*
FIG. 1.— "THE DOME OF THOUGHT.
10 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
3. Organs related to each other in Function are grouped to-
gether in the Brain.
4. Size, other things being equal, is the Measure of Power.
5. The physiological conditions of the Body aifect Mental
Manifestation.
6. Any Faculty may be Improved by Cultivation and may
deteriorate through Neglect,
7. Every Faculty is normally Good, but liable to Perversion.
II. BKAIN, THE ORGAX OF MIND.
While in this material world, where the all-wise Creator has seen fit to place it, mind can neither act nor be acted upon except through an organized apparatus. Impressions of external objects must be received through the organs of sense and their delicate nervous filaments, and thought can find expression only by means of the physical instruments under its control.
Now, if we go behind these instrumentalities, tracing back the nerves which ramify through all the bodily organs to their focus in the interior of the cranium, what do we find ? Not mind, but brain — not the immaterial intelligence which receives, analyzes, and compares the impressions trans- mitted through these nerves, but a material apparatus — an organ. Without this organ, no mental manifestation would be possible while mind remains linked to matter.
That the brain is the organ of the mind is now universally admitted, and it is necessary merely to mention a few of the facts by means of which the truth of the proposition has been established.
1. Consciousness localizes the mind in the brain, giving a clear conviction that it is there, and nowhere else.
2. Deficiency of brain is always connected with a low degree of mental power.
3. The brain is found to be larger and more complicated in proportion to the strength and variety of the faculties mani- fested.
4. Mental disturbances always accompany affections of the
?IRST PRINCIPLES. 11
brain, a fever or a blow on the head often changing an intel- ligent and gifted individual into a raving maniac.
5. The rapid withdrawal of the blood from the brain causes a swoon, and temporarily suspends consciousness.
6. Where a part of the skull has been removed and the brain laid bare by an injury, it has been found that conscious- ness could be suspended by merely pressing on the brain with the fingers, and restored by withdrawing the pressure.
V. It has been observed also, in cases where the brain has been exposed to view, that in dreamless sleep it is motionless; that dreams agitate it in proportion to their vividness, and that when awake the motion is still greater.* Cases coming under this head are quoted at length by Mr. Combe in his " System of Phrenology," to which the curious reader is referred.
It being proved and conceded that the brain is the organ of the mind, it follows that every mental affection must be accompanied by a corresponding state of the organ, and that every state of the organ must be attended by a certain deter- minate condition of mind ; and secondly, that the manifesta- tions of mind will bear a strict relation in power and variety to the size and quality of its instrument.
III. THE BRAIN A CONGERIES OF ORGANS.
The brain, as a whole, is admitted to be the organ of the mind, as a whole. The mind is made up of many separate faculties, from which fact alone it might be inferred that the brain has a corresponding separate organ for each. That such is the case is conclusively proved by evidence which can not be set aside or successfully controverted. A small
* A writer in the Medico- Chirurgiccd Review mentions that many years ago he had •'frequent opportunities of witnessing similar phenomena in a robust young man, who *o8t a considerable portion of his skull by an accident which had almost proved mortal. When excited by pain, fear, or anger, his brain protruded greatly, so as sometimes to disturb the dressings, which were necessarily applied loosely ; and it throbbed tumultu- ously, in accordance with the arterial pulsations."
The cause of these appearances obviously was, that the brain, like the muscles and other organs of the body, is more copiously supplied with blood when in a state of activity than while at rest; and that when the cerebral blood-vessels were filled, the volume of the brain was augmented, and the protrusion above noticed took place.
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
portion of this evidence — all that our space will allow — may here be cited :
1. In all other parts of the system — throughout all nature, in fact — each function has an organ for itself. Sight has the eye ; hearing, the ear ; digestion, the stomach ; and it may be further observed, that wherever the function is compound, the organ is correspondingly so, as in the case of the tongue, in which there is one nerve the office of which is to move the member and thus subserve the purpose of speech, a second which communicates the sense of feeling, and a third which conveys the sense of taste.* In short, in the whole human frame there is, so far as we know, not a single instance of one nerve performing two functions. Reasoning analogically, therefore, we infer that functions so essentially different as observing and comparing — not to speak of others still wider apart — must have separate cerebral organs.
2. Individuals frequently exhibit extraordinary capabilities for some particular pursuit or branch of study, while in regard to all other departments of mental effort they never rise above mediocrity. If the brain were a unit in function, each faculty- should be manifested with equal efficiency through its agency.
3. The various mental powers in man do not appear simul- taneously. The child loves and fears long before he has any notion even of veneration or of moral responsibility. He observes, too, the qualities of external things almost from the commencement of his existence, but the power to reason con- cerning them comes later. This seems to show that loving, for instance, requires the exercise of one part of the brain, and venerating another — that observing has one organ, and reasoning a different one.
4. In dreaming, one or more faculties may be in active exercise, while all the others are apparently dormant. Erno-
* But the most interesting example of distinct functions being dependent on distinct organs, is furnished by the spinal marrow. This is composed of two double columns, the anterior being appropriated to motion, the posterior to sensation. This, Sir Charles Bell clearly proved in the following manner : he cut an anterior nerve at its root in an ass, and the parts through which it ramified lost the power of motion, though feeling remained unimpaired. He cut a posterior nerve in another, and the parts through which it ramified lost the power of feeling, but retained that of motion.
FIRST PRINCIPLES. 13
tions of love, fear, anger, and jealousy may arise and succeed each other, coming and going without order or restraint (the controlling organs being asleep), or a thousand vivid but disjointed conceptions may fill the mind — sometimes rational, but oftener absurd, and always differing from the ordinary and orderly operations of the fully awakened brain. If the brain were a single organ, these partial manifestations could not occur, but all the faculties would be asleep or awake together.
5. Partial idiocy and partial insanity are plainly contradic- tory to the doctrine of the organic unity of the brain. Some idiots, utterly deficient in intellect, have strong moral feelings. Others manifest only the propensities. In many, perfectly idiotic in everything else, some particular faculty is strongly developed — as Time, Tune, or Calculation. Pinel mentions an idiot girl who manifested wonderful propensity and talent for mimicry — could imitate anything she saw or heard, but who displayed no intellectual faculty in a perceptible degree, and evidently attached no ideas to the sounds she uttered.* Were deficiency of brain, as a whole, the cause of idiocy, these phenomena could not occur, for whatever brain might exist would be as competent to manifest one faculty as another. Partial insanity furnishes equally conclusive evi- dence on the same point.
6. Partial injuries of the brain result in a suspension of one or more faculties, while the others retain their normal activity, which could not be the case if the brain were a single organ.
7. Referring to our own individual consciousness, we may satisfy ourselves at any time that the faculties must act through a plurality of organs, for we find ourselves feeling and manifesting not only different but opposite emotions at the same time. This would be clearly impossible with but a single organ for all the faculties.
* Mr. Combe mentions an idiot in Liverpool, named Jones, who manifested great facility in learning languages ; " Show him," he says, "a passage in the Bible, and he will point out and read the parallel passage in seven or eight other languages. But about the meaning he has no idea. Now if the brain were a single organ, this would be the same as if a man had the power of walking east, without having the power of walking west."
14: HOW TO BEAD CHAfcACTEtt,
III. GROUPS OF ORGANS.
The location of any particular organ being known, it would naturally be inferred that other organs having related func- tiong might be found in the same region of the brain. This inference is in accordance with the fact as established by observation, and furnishes another evidence of the truth of Phrenology, for this arrangement is the natural one, and the one which best serves the purpose of facilitating the action of the faculties through their organs, each being thus enabled to support and co-operate with the other members of the same class. It will also be seen, further on, that the arrange- ment of the groups in the cranium is in accordance with the same beautiful natural order.
IV. SIZE THE MEASURE OF POWER.
That size, other things being equal, is- the measure of power, is a universal and undisputed law, and requires no detailed exposition here. It is the basis of all our calculations and reasonings in mechanics and natural philosophy as well as in Physiology and Phrenology.*
V. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.
In stating the general law, that size is the measure of power, we are always careful to add the qualifying clause — " other things being equal." The " other things" which modify this law in the case of the brain are certain physio- logical conditions, such as Temperament ; Quality ; Health ; Respiration; Circulation; Digestion; Activity; Excitability; and Balance or Harmony, all of which affect mental manifes-
* When the brain is below a certain size, idiotism is the invariable result. In the lowest class of idiots, the horizontal circumference of the head, taken a little higher than the orbit, yaries from 11 to 13 inches ; in a full-sized head, the circumference is 22 inches ; in SpurzheinVs skull it is 22>£. In such idiots the distance from the root of the nose, backward over the top of the head to the occipital spine, is only 8 or 9 inches ; in a full-sized head it is 14 ; in the skull of Spurzheim it is 15 6-10. Let those who deny the influence of size reconcile these facts with their belief. " But," say Borne, " we know idiots who have large heads." Our reply is— so -0 we ; but, then, in these cases, the brain is not healthy. A large leg is usually indicativ • of strength ; but this is not the case when the leg is large from disease. But though dLease be absent, if the size of the brain be very deficient, idiocy is invariable, and men remarkable for great force of character, as Bruce, Cromwell, Bonaparte, Franklin, Webster, and Bums, invariably have heads of unusual magnitude.
FIRST PRINCIPLES. 15
tation in a greater or less degree, and must always be taken into account in estimating character.
VI. IMPKOV ABILITY.
Every faculty of the human mind is susceptible oi being improved by judicious culture. This is a principle of great practical importance, and affords opportunity and encourage- ment to every one (for all have more or less need of improve- ment), and especially to those who have marked and embar- rassing deficiencies of character. It is only applying to the mind through its organ, the brain, or to a faculty of the mind through its special organ, the same means we make use of to strengthen the arm or increase the flexibility of the fingers — properly adapted exercises. The improvement of man does not imply the extinction of any faculty or the creation of new faculties, but the development and training of all existing mental powers. The means through which each faculty may be strengthened, if too weak or restrained, if too active or influential, will be pointed out in another place.
VII. ALL THE FACULTIES GOOD.
Each faculty is in itself good, and was given by the Creator for the benefit of its possessor and the world, but may be perverted and distorted, and thus made an instrument of evil, or stunted and dwarfed, so as to become impotent for good. When rightly developed, acting in harmony, and with the lower faculties duly subjected to the higher, each contributes its share to the welfare and happiness of man.
There is no organ of murder, but there is a faculty intended to impart energy, executiveness, force and effectiveness in character and action, which, when large, active, and not restrained by the more conservative powers of the mind, may lead to violence and bloodshed. So the property- getting, accumulating propensity, given us for the laudable purpose of making a wise provision for the future, may, by perversion and lack of moral control, become the instigator of fraud and theft. In all cases the evil is the result of a disorderly manifestation^ and not the legitimate action o^ the faculty*
16 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
II
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.
I. BODY AND BRAIN.
has been stated in the previous chapter that mental manifestation, depending primarily upon the size of the brain for its power and efficiency, is modified by certain bodily conditions which affect the action of the organs. These conditions are so important in their practical bearings, that the student of Phrenology, especially if he have in view any application of the science either in public or merely among his friends and acquaintances, should not fail to make himself familiar with them.
The intimate connection between body and brain is illus- trated in many ways, and in the experience of every one. They ax3t and react upon each other. The nerves which ramify through every part of the body, all have their focus in the brain. If the body be ill, weak, or exhausted, the brain gives but feeble manifestations. If the body be stimulated or exhilarated, the brain shares its strengthened or quick- ened action. The influence of mind upon body is not less potent. Hope and joy quicken the circulation, brace the nerves, and give firmness and tension to the muscles. Grief and despondency have a relaxing tendency, weakening the limbs and deranging all the functions of the body, and especially those of digestion and secretion. In the same way other conditions of body and mind, whether constitutional and permanent or pathological and temporary, act and react upon each other, making it necessary for him who would study mind and read human character to make himself familiar with the conditions of the body, and equally so for him who would minister to the needs of the body, either in sickness or in health, to make himself acquainted with the existing state of the mind as well as its permanent characteristics.
THYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. IT
II. TEMPERAMENT.
First in order, in noting the physiological conditions which affect mental manifestation, is temperament, which may be defined as " a particular state of the constitution depending upon the relative proportion of its different masses and the relative energy of its different functions."
Temperament has generally been looked at from the stand- point of physiology and pathology rather than from that of anatomy, and the classification of the various constitutional conditions now generally accepted by physiologists is founded on the distinct influences of the stomach, the lungs, the liver, and the brain, either of which predominating gives its peculiar conformation and complexion to the body and its specific tone to the mind. We have, then, under this arrangement, four temperaments. They are called : the Lymphatic Tem- perament ; the Sanguine Temperament ; the Bilious Tem- perament ; and the Nervous Temperament.
1. The lymphatic temperament, depending on the pre- dominance of the stomach, is characterized by roundness of form ; repletion of cellular tissue ; softness of the flesh ; a weak pulse, and a languid condition of the system generally. The complexion is pale, the hair generally light, and the eyes light and dull.
2. The sanguine temperament, depending upon the pre- dominating influence of the arterial system, is indicated by a moderate plumpness of parts; tolerably firm muscles; light or chestnut hair; blue eyes; a strong, full pulse; and an animated countenance. Persons with this temperament are ardent, lively, and impressible, and possess more activity am energy than those having the lymphatic temperament.
3. The bilious temperament, having the liver for its b?<is, has for its external signs black hair ; a dark yellowish skin ; black eyes; firm muscles; and harshly expressed forms. It indicates great activity, energy, and power.
4. The predominance and abnormal activity of the nervous system gives rise to the nervous temperament, a constitutional condition marked by light, thin hair; slenderness of form; delicate health ; general emaciation ; rapidity of muscular
18 HOW TO HEAD CHARACTER.
action; and vivacity in sensation. It imparts great sensi- bility and mental activity.
This classification has clearly a physiological foundation, but the nomenclature adopted (drawn from pathology rather than from anatomy or physiology) is objectionable, and two of the conditions or temperaments themselves — the lymphatic and the nervous— as usually described, are diseased and abnormal, and not healthy states of the constitution. While, therefore, we acknowledge its value in a pathological point of view, and take into account the morbid conditions it embraces, we prefer to base our examinations on what w^ deem a simpler, and at the same time a more comprehensive, system founded on anatomy.
There are in the human body three grand classes or systems of organs, each having its special function in the general economy, namely : the Motive or Mechanical System ; the Vital or Nutritive System ; and the Mental "or Nervous System. On this natural basis rests our doctrine of the temperaments, of which there are primarily three, correspond- ing with the three classes of organs just mentioned, namely:
1. The Motive Temperament ;
2. The Vital Temperament ; and
3. The Mental Temperament.
Each of these temperaments is determined by the pre- dominance of the class of organs from which it takes its name. The first is marked by a superior development of the osseous and muscular systems, forming the locomotive appa- ratus ; in the second, the vital organs, the principal seat of which is in the trunk, give the tone to the organization ; while in the third, the brain and nervous system exert the control- ling power.
THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT.
In the motive temperament the bones are comparatively large, and generally long rather than broad, and the forin manifests a tendency to angularity. The muscles are only moderately full, but dense, firm, and possessing great strength. The figure is generally tall; the face long; the cheek-bones high; the front teeth largo; the neck rather long; the
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 19
shoulders broad, and the chest moderately full. The com- plexion and eyes are generally, but not always dark, and the hair dark, strong, and rather abundant. The features are strongly marked, and the expression striking and sometimes harsh or stern. The whole system is characterized by strength and toughness, and is capable of great endurance. Persons in whom this temperament predominates possess great energy, physical power, and capacity for work. They have strongly marked characters, and are the ac- knowledged leaders in the sphere of active life. They are men for the field rather than the council chamber, and are often found at the head of public works and of armies. They are observ- ers rather than thinkers ; are firm, self- reliant, constant in friendship and in FlG> 2-WM" REEVES' love ; executive, ambitious, and persevering. They love power and conquest, and often pursue their ends with a reck- less disregard for their own or others' physical welfare. As speakers, they use strong expressions, emphasize many words, and talk to the point, hitting the nail on the head with a heavy blow.
There is an abnormal development of this temperament, in wrhich both the vital and mental systems are sacrificed to mere animal strength. It is marked by a small head, deficient in the coronal region and broad at the base ; a short, thick, neck; broad shoulders; expanded chest, and large, dense muscles, the tendons of which are apparent through the skin. The possessor of this excessive development is remarkable for brute strength, and for nothing else, unless it be stupidity. Muscle is a good thing, but it is not well to absorb all of one's brain in producing an excess of it.
Full or large Firmness, Combativeness, and Destructive
* William Reeves, a popular Methodist clergyman, is noted as an active, energetic, and efficient worker in his chosen profession. His character is as strongly marked as hie features. He has black hair, dark brown eyes, and a dark complexion.
20
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
ness, and a strongly developed perceptive region are charac- teristic of the motive temperament.
The motive temperament is generally predominant and Strongly marked among the North American Indians, and is very common in Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and France. In America, the States of Vermont, Maine, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and Arkansas are noted for its development. It prevails in mountainous regions.
THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT.
This temperament, depending upon the predominance of the vital organs which occupy the great cavities of the trunk,
is necessarily marked by breadth and thick- ness of body, rather than by length. Its prevailing characteris- tic is rotundity. The chest is full ; the abdo- men well developed ; the limbs plump and tapering, and the hands and feet relatively small. The neck is short and thick; the shoulders broad, but not angular; and the head and face corre- sponding with the other
parts of the system, incline to roundness, as seen in fig. 3. The complexion is generally florid, the eyes and hair light, and the expression of the countenance pleasing, and often mirthful.
Persons in whom this temperament predominates are both physically and mentally active, and love fresh air and exercise as well as lively conversation and exciting debate, but are, in
FIG. S.-^REV. CHARLES H. SPURGEON.*
* Rev. Charles Haddon Spurgeon is a vory popular English minister of the Baptist denomination. He is ardent, impulsive, persuasive, and very effective as a preacher.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 21
general, less inclined to close study or hard work than those in whom the motive temperament takes the lead. They are ardent, impulsive, versatile, and sometimes fickle ; and possess more diligence than persistence, and more brilliancy than depth. They are frequently passionate and violent, but are as easily calmed as excited, and are cheerful, amiable, and genial in their general disposition. Being fond of jovial com.' pany and good living, they are more liable than others to become addicted to the excessive use of stimulants, as well as to over-eating, and should be on their guard against this danger, and curb their appetites with a strong will.
Phrenologically, the vital temperament is noted for large animal propensities generally, and especially Amativeness, Alimentiveness, and Acquisitiveness. Benevolence, Hope, and Mirthfulness are also generally well developed.
An undue and abnormal preponderance of the absorbent system, and a sluggish action of the circulatory organs, pro- duce the unhealthy condition called in the old classification the lymphatic temperament, characterized, bodily and men- tally, by insurmountable languor, sloth, and apathy.
The vital temperament is the prevailing one in Germany, Holland, and England, and in low countries and valleys generally ; also among the negroes.
THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT.
The mental temperament, depending upon the predomin- ance of the brain and nervous system, is characterized by a frame relatively slight and a head relatively large ; an oval or pyriform face ; a high, pale forehead, broadest at the top ; delicately cut features ; an expressive countenance ; fine, soft hair; a delicate skin, and a high-keyed flexible voice. The figure is often elegant and graceful, but seldom striking or commanding.
Sensitiveness, refinement, taste, love of the beautiful in na- ture and art, vividness of conception, and intensity of emotion mark this temperament in its mental manifestations. The thoughts are quick, the senses acute, the imagination lively, the moral sentiments generally active and influential,
HOW TO BEAD CHARACTER.
In the mental temperament, the superior portions of the forehead together with the coronal region are most fully de- veloped. Causality, Comparison, Ideality, Spirituality, and
Veneration are generally prominent, while the or- gans which lie in the bas- ilar and posterior regions of the cranium are not so fully developed.
It is the excessive or morbid development of this temperament — unfor- tunately very common in this age and country — which corresponds with the nervous temperament of the pathologists. It is characterized by emacia- tion of muscles, weakness of body, intensity of sensation, and a morbid impressibility. The foundation for this diseased condition is laid in the premature and disproportionate devel- opment of the brain, and it is built up by sedentary habits ; the immoderate use of tea, coffee, tobacco; and other hurtful indulgencies.
The mental temperament is the prevailing one among scholars everywhere, and especially in Ireland, France, and America.
FIG. 4.— ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.*
BALANCE OF TEMPERAMENTS.
Where either of the temperaments exists in great excess, the result is necessarily a departure from symmetry and har- mony, both of body and mind, the one, as we .have seen, always aifecting the character and action of the other. Per- fection of constitution consists in a proper balance of tem- peraments, and whatever tends to destroy this balance or to increase existing excesses should be carefully avoided.
* A young English poet of undoubted genius, whose head is something like that of Edgar A. Poc. Is he not sadly wanting in vitality ?
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.
Fig. 5 is a tolerably good illustration of a well-balanced temperament and a harmoni- ous organization.
A thorough practical knowl- edge of the temperaments alone will enable one to form a correct general estimate of character. The practical dif- ficulty (by no means nnsur- mountable, however) lies in measuring accurately the rel- ative proportion of the dif- ferent elements in each indi- vidual temperament, so as to give each its due influence on the character. Study, careful observation, and the
necessary practice will enable the student to do this in time, however, with great exactness.
III. QUALITY.
The next physiological condition to be considered, as affect- ing mental manifestation and modifying the law of size, is quality. A piece of wrought iron is much more tough than a piece of cast iron of the same size. Density gives weight and strength. Porous, spongy substances are light and weak. The lion is strong because his muscles, ligaments, and bones are dense and tough. It is the same in man as in beast, in brain as in muscle. Real greatness can exist only where a bulky, compact brain is combined with strong nerves and a dense, tough, firmly-knit body. Men with small heads may be brilliant, acute, and, in particular directions, strong, but they can not be comprehensive, profound, or commanding; and, on the other hand, men with large heads may be dull, if not stupid, on account of disease or low organic quality. Both high quality and large size are essential to the highest order of power, whether of body or of mind.
* Formerly a merchant, now a banker in New York, He is a " Friend," or Quaker.
24 HOW TO KJ2AD Gr/ARACTER.
It is difficult to illustrate by means of wood-cuts the con- ditions denominated high and low quality respectively, but
HIGH QUALITY. LOW QUALITY.
FIG. 6.— REV. F. W. ROBERTSON.* FIG. 7.— AITTOINE PROBST.t
figs. 6 and 7 will convey an imperfect idea of their external manifestations. Observe the features of the two characters, and note the difference.
IV. HEALTH.
Having taken note of the size of the brain and the original organic quality of the body (with which the brain must correspond), the existing condition of the whole, as regards health, must be taken into account.
All states of the body aifect the mind, as we have shown in a previous section. The strong thoughts which have moved the world have not been sent forth among men through the agency of weak, sickly bodies. The motive power of muscle and of brain is the same. We can no more write, study, or think energetically and effectively when sick, than we can wield the ax, the sledge hammer, or the scythe.
* An English clergyman who resided in Brighton, of singularly refined tastes, fervent piety, and impressive eloquence. He died in 1863.
t Antoine Probst, a brutal murderer, confessed that he killed seven persons — the Deering Family. He was executed in Philadelphia in 1866,
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 25
Animal power is not mind, but it is something which mind requires, in this life, for its manifestation. Memory, reason, eloquence, poetry, philosophy, and even morality, are affected by disease. A disordered body involves disordered or weakened mental manifestations. In some diseases, as in consumption, for instance, there is often great clearness and vividness of conception and a high tone of moral feeling, but there is, at the same time, lack of power and continuity, and a fitful and vacillating state of mind. " A sound mind in a Bound body" is the law; and in the sickly body, a weak and inefficient state of mental action.
V. RESPIRATION.
Respiration is one of the most important functions of the physical system. Breath and life are one. When the former fails, death supervenes. Even plants breathe, in their way, and die at once if air be excluded from them.
The power of respiration depends upon the size of the chest and the condition of the lungs. The size of the chest is readily ascertained by measurement.* This, other things being equal, will be the measure of the breathing power. The general health as well as the condition of the lungs must oe taken into account as modifying the energy of respiration. The signs of good breathing power, in addition to a broad or jieep chest, are considerable color in the face, warm extremi- ties, elastic movements, and vigorous functions generally. Where it is deficient, there is general pallor, with occasional flushing of the face, cold hands and feet, blue veins, and great liability to colds and coughs.
Our vitality is in proportion to our respiration. The asser- tion of a distinguished physician, that " many people die for want of breath — when it is their own carelessness alone that prevents them from breathing," is no less true than startling. If we only half breathe — and many scarcely do that — we only half live. To expand the chest, therefore, and to increase our breathing power where it is deficient, is of the utmost import-
* Military regulations require the circumference of the recruit's chest to be equal to one half his height.
2
26 HOW TO READ CHARACTER
ance. Whether, as Alphonse i^e Roy and others have coi> tended, the development of the chest be actually an absolute standard of the length of life or not, it is clear enough that by expanding it, life may be prolonged and health and beauty promoted.*
VI. CIRCULATION.
Respiration and Circulation are closely related. Lungs and heart co-operate harmoniously in the work of manufac- turing vitality. Between the heaving of the chest and the beating of the pulse, there is a definite relation both in strength and rapidity.
Good blood is the result of pure food properly assimilated and fully oxygenated by the copious breathing of pure air, and it is the office of the heart to propel this blood through the system. From the blood is made muscle, nerve, and brain. If the blood be good, these are strong, healthy, and efficient. If the blood be poor, or charged with impurities, the structures built up by it will be weak and disordered ; for " the blood is the life thereof."
The signs of a good circulation are — a healthy color in the face, warm extremities, and a slow, strong, steady pulse.
VII. DIGESTION.
Digestive power depends primarily upon the condition of the organ of digestion — the stomach ; but is affected by both circulation and respiration. If the former be deficient, the proper quantity of blood may not be sent to the stomach during the process of digestion ; and if the latter be imperfect, the blood sent to the stomach will lack its full quickening and strengthening power. Copious breathing promotes the process of digestion and strengthens the digestive organs as well as the lungs.
A good development of firm, solid flesh and a healthy color are signs of sound digestive organs and an effective
* To cultivate breathing power and expand the chest, practice the following exer- cise : Stand erect, throw the shoulders back, and then breathe slowly, freely, and deeply, fitting the lungs to their utmost capacity at every inspiration.. Do this several times a day in the open air if practicable, and if not. in a well- ventilated room,
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. 27
performance of the digestive process. Emaciation, paleness, a sallow or pimpled skin, and a peevish and desponding state of mind are indications of deranged or imperfect digestion.
VIII. ACTIVITY.
Activity is a matter of temperament mainly, and is greatest where the motive and the mental temperaments are both strongly developed. Its indications are length of body and limb, with very moderate fullness of muscle. The deer, the greyhound, and the race-horse illustrate the fact that activity and ease of action are associated with length and slenderness, and delicacy of structure.
IX. EXCITABILITY.
This is another condition depending upon temperamental combinations^ and has its greatest normal manifestations in those in whom the vital and the mental temperaments are both well developed. It is morbidly active in persons whose nerves are disordered and whose systems have been subjected to the stimulation of alcoholic liquors, tobacco, and strong tea and coffee. In the lymphatic tempera«ment there is the opposite condition, — a general coldness and apathy, which nothing seems to arouse into a genuine feeling of interest in present things and passing events.
X. BALANCE OF CONDITIONS.
It is essential to a harmonious character, and the most efficient action of the faculties, that all the developments of the body and brain and all the physiological conditions of both be well balanced — that there be no marked excesses or deficiencies ; and in estimating the influence of the body upon the mind in. any given case, we must not only consider its individual developments and conditions, but the proportions and relative activity and power of each. Where all act together harmoniously, the effective strength of each is increased ; while, on the other hand, lack of balance or harmony impedes the action of a.U,
28
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
III.
GROUPING OF THE ORGANS.
FIG. 8.— THREE EEGIONS.
I. PLAN OF THE GROUPS.
•HE arrangement of the various organs of the brain in groups fur- nishes a beautiful illustration of that perfect adaptation of means to ends which charac- terizes all the works of God, and which man can only ap- proximate in his most skillfully contrived inventions. The place of every organ of body and brain is just that which best fits it for its special function, and grouped around it for its support, and for co-operation with it in action, are those organs most closely related to it in function. Observe, for instance, the relations so admirably indicated in the arrangement in contiguity of Amativeness, Parental Love, Friendship, and Inhabitiveness ; or of Acquisitiveness, Secre- tiveness, Destructiveness, and Combativeness. So Individu- ality, I ^)rm, Size, Weight, Color, Order, and the rest of the Perceptives, indicate by their locations not only their matter of-fact tendencies, but their relationship to each other and to the external senses — seeing, hearing, etc.
In accordance with the same principle, we find the groups so placed that the location of each indicates its rank in the graded scale of functions. The propensities or animal organs (fig. 8) are placed next to the spinal column, in the base of the brain, and in close connection with the body. Rising above these? we come into the region of intellect; while
GKOUPING OF THE ORGAKS. 29
that, in the coronal region, are the moral or spiritual senti- ments, through which we are brought into relation with God.
II. THE GROUPS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.
The first • division of the faculties of the mind and the organs of the brain is into three grand classes :
1. The Propensities ;
2. The Intellectual Faculties ; and
3. The Moral or Spiritual Sentiments.
How these great classes of faculties are arranged, each in its special region of the brain, may be seen in fig. 8. The Propensities, having to do with natural things, and being closely related to. the physical system, are placed nearest to the body, with which their connection is intimate through the spinal marrow and its ramifying nerves. In front, the Intel- lectual Facu^fes are arranged in appropriate order. They are not in quite so close connection with the body as the Propen- sities, nor yet too far removed, and have their out-look, as it were, upon the external world. Above these, and crowning all, are the MORAL SENTIMENTS, occupying the highest place, as they are highest in function and relation. Through them, as through windows opening toward heaven, the soul gets glimpses of things lying above and beyond its present narrow environments — of a better life, and of the joys to which it can here only aspire.
The Propensities give force and efficiency in all actions; adapt us to our fellows ; and lead us to take care of ourselves. The Intellectual Faculties enable us to obtain knowledge of men and things ; to compare and arrange facts ; and to invent and construct what we need for the practical application of our knowledge. The Moral or Spiritual Sentiments are meant to control all the rest by subjecting them to the tribunals of kindness, justice, and the Divine Law.
The grand classes or orders of faculties and organs we have thus described and illustrated are each divisible into smaller groups, the members of which bear a still closer relation to each other than to the members of other sub- groups.
30 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
LARGE. MODERATE.
FIG. 9.— YANKEE SULLIVAN. THE PROPENSITIES. FIG. 10.— REV. DR. BOND.
LARGE. SMALL.
11.— REV. H. M. GALLAHER. FIG. 12.— A PARTIAL IDIOT.
LARGE. THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. SMALL.
13.— T. WORCESTER, D.D. FIG. 14.— BRIDGET DURGAN.
THE MOEAL SENTIMENTS;
GROUPING OF THE ORGANS.
fill. It is elevating and chastening in its influences, and acts in co-operation with the strictly religious group, to which it is closely allied.
9. The Religious Group has the highest office of all, and tends to elevate man into fellowship with angels, and beget aspirations after holiness and heaven, while making him at the same time meek and humble — even as a little child —
LARGE.
SMALL.
Fia. 20.— EMANTJEL KANT. FIG. 21.— A NEGRO.
REFLECTIVE GROUP.
toward God. When large and active, and holding the lead- ing place which belongs to it, all the other groups are sancti- fied through its action.
Our illustrations, so far as they go, tell their own story too well to need much comment. We select extreme cases when we can, in order to make the contrast as great as possible, and thus impress the fact illustrated upon the mind. Some of the sub-groups are not susceptible of pictorial illustration.
CLASSIFIED LIST OF ORGANS. L— THE PROPENSITIES.
I. THE SOCIAL GROUP.
1. Arnativeness. 3. Adhesiveness.
2. Philoprogenitiveness. 4. Inhabitiveness.
5. Continuity (not grouped).
o*
34: HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
II. THE SELFISH GKOUP.
E. Vitativeness. 8. Alimentiveness.
6. Combativeness. 9. Acquisitiveness,
7. Destructiveness. 10. Secretiveness.
II.— THE MORAL SENTIMENTS.
I. THE SELFISH GKOUP.
11. Cautiousness. 13. Self-Esteem.
12. Approbativeness. 14. Firmness.
II. THE RELIGIOUS GROUP.
15. Conscientiousness. 17. Marvelousness.
16. Hope. 18. Veneration.
19. Benevolence.
\
III. SEMI-INTELLECTUAL GROUP.
20. Con struct! vp.p.esa 22. Imitation.
21. Ideality. 23. Mirthfulness. C. Human Nature. I). Agreeabteness,
III.— INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES.
3 GROUP OF THE EXTERNAL SENSES.
Feeling. Hearing.
Sight. Taste.
Smell.
II. PERCEPTIVE GROUP.
24. Individuality. 28. Color.
25. Form. 29. Order.
26. Size. 30. Calculation
27. Weight. 31. Locality.
III. THE LITERARY GROUP.
32. Eventuality. 34. Tune.
33. .Time. 35. Language.
IV. THE REFLECTIVE GROUP.
36. Causality. 37. Comparison.
DEFINITION OF THE ORGANS. 35
DEFINITION OF THE ORGANS.
1. AMATIVENESS, Love between the sexes — desire to marry. &.. CONJUGALITY, Matrimony — love of one — union for life.
2. PARENTAL LOVE, Regard for offspring, pets, etc.
3. FRIENDSHIP, Adhesiveness — sociability — love of society.
4. INHABITIVENESS, Love of home and country.
5. CONTINUITY, One thing at a time — consecutiveness.
E. VITATIVENESS, Love and tenacity of life — dread of annihilation,
6. COMBATIVENESS, Resistance — defense — courage — opposition.
7. DESTRUCTIVENESS, Exccutiveness — force — energy.
8. ALIMENTIVENESS, Appetite — hunger — love of eating.
9. ACQUISITIVENESS, Accumulation — frugality — economy.
10. SECRETIVENESS, Discretion — reserve — policy — management.
11. CAUTIOUSNESS, Prudence — provision — watchfulness.
12. APPROBATIVENESS, Ambition — display, —love of praise.
13. SELF-ESTEEM, Self-respect — independence — dignity.
14. FIRMNESS, Decision — perseverance — stability — tenacity of will.
15. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, Integrity — love of right — justice — equity.
16. HOPE, Expectation — enterprise — anticipation.
17. SPIRITUALITY, Intuition — faith — " light within" — credulity.
18. VENERATION, Reverence for sacred things — devotion — respect.
19. BENEVOLENCE, Kindness — goodness — sympathy — philanthropy
20. CONSTRUCTIVENESS, Mechanical ingenuity — sleight of hand.
21. IDEALITY, Refinement — love of beauty — taste — purity.
B. SUBLIMITY, Love of grandeur — infinitude — the endless.
22. IMITATION, Copying— patterning— mimicry— following examples.
23. MIRTHFULNESS, Perception of the absurd — jocoseness — wit — fun.
24. INDIVIDUALITY, Observation — desire to see and examine.
25. FORM, Recollection of shape — memory of persons and faces.
26. SIZE, Cognizance of magnitude — measuring by the eye.
27. WEIGHT, Balancing — climbing — perception of the law of gravity.
28. COLOR, Perception and judgment of colors, and love of them.
29. ORDER, Perception and love of method — system — arrangement
30. CALCULATION, Cognizance of numbers — mental arithmetic.
31. LOCALITY, Recollection of places and scenery.
32. EVENTUALITY, Memory of facts and circumstances.
33. TIME, Cognizance of duration and succession of time — punctuality
34. TUNE, Sense of harmony and melody — love of music.
35. LANGUAGE, Expression of ideas— memory of words. 36 CAUSALITY, Applying causes to effect — originality.
37. COMPARISON, Inductive reasoning — analysis — illustration.
C. HUMAN NATURE, Perception of character and motives.
D. AGREEABLENESS, Pleasantness — suavity — persuasiveness.
SYMBOLICAL HEAD
ILLUSTRATING THE
NATURAL LANGUAGE OF THE FACULTIES.
LOCATION OF THE GROANS.
NAMES AND NUMBERS OF THE ORGANS.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 31
IY. THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.
I. AMATIVENESS. (l.) .,
Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it. i
>OC ATION. — The organ of Amativeness occupies the cerebellum, situated in the base of the back-head, as shown at 1, figure 23. To find it, feel on the middle line toward the base of the skull, at the back part of the head, and you will discover a small bony projection called the occipital process. Below this point, and between
FIG. 24.— AARON BURR.*
FIG. 25.— GEORGE BANCROFT^
two similar protuberances (the mastoid processes) behind the bottom of the ears, lies the organ in question. Its size is indicated by the extension of the occipital swellings back' ward and inward of the mastoid processes, and downward from the occipital process. Observe the striking contrast
* Aaron Burr, third Vice-President of the United States, was noted for his debauch- ery in private life, as well as for his unscrupulous conduct as a statesman.
t George Bancroft, American historian, is best known for his " History of the United Stales," (he most complete and elaborate work of the kind yet produced. He was never married. Observe how short and narrow the head back and below the ears, in th« organ of Amativenes*. See also Rev. Dr. Pusey, fig. 97.
38
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
between figs. 24 and 25 in respect to this region ; how full the head behind the ears in the one case, and how small in the other! The characters of the two men correspond with their developments. When it is large, the neck at those parts between the ears is thick, and it gives a round expansion to the nape of the neck, as shown in fig. 26. Fig. 27 shows it small.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGNS. — A large cerebellum and a full
neck are usually accom- panied by a prominent if not massive chin, in- dicative of the strength of circulation, vital stam- ^\ I/
ina, and ardor of passion we expect to find in per- sons thus characterized. FIG. 26.-LARG*. Another and an ^failing
sign of Amativeness is the breadth and fullness of the lips. Their redness indicates present activity of the organ. The absence of color indicates inactivity.
3. NATURAL LANGUAGE. — The action of Love on the chin, constituting what may be called its natural language, consists in throwing it forward or sidewise, the former movement being the more natural to woman and the latter to man. These movements of the chin are accompanied by a slight parting and considerable humidity of the lip
4. FUNCTION. — The function or use of Amativeness is to manifest sexual feeling, and give the desire to love and be loved, and to marry.
There is no phrenological organ of more importance, or which has a greater influence upon human character and human destiny, or the bearings and relations of which are more extensive. It increases greatly in size and becomes active at the age of puberty. In males, it nearly doubles in size between the ages of ten and twenty, and the feelings and emotions dependent upon it undergo a corresponding change. The gentler sex, which before were viewed with comparative indifference,, now seem invested with every charm. Their
THE ORGANS AND TIIElft FUNCTIONS. 39
forms seem the perfection of grace, their faces all but divine, their voices enchanting, and their smiles bewitching beyond expression. The fair ones, at the same period, are conscious of similar feelings, and both sexes discover their greatest bliss in each other's society.
Dr. Spurzheim, speaking of this propensity, says : " Its influence in society is immense. It may excite various feel- ings, such as Combativeness, Adhesiveness, and Destructive- ness, inspire timid persons with great moral courage, and at other times and under different circumstances mitigates oar nature, and increases the mutual regards of the sexes toward each other."
5. PERVERSION. — The abuse and disorderly gratification of this propensity is fraught with innumerable evils, physical, intellectual, and moral, destroying the health of the body and debasing the tone of the mind ; and so great is the influence of the amative propensity, that only the full development and proper activity of the higher intellectual faculties and moral sentiments are sufficient to hold it in subjection and make it duly subservient to the great end for wrhich it was created.
6. CULTIVATION. — Where this organ is small, its size and activity may be increased, like those of any other organ or part of the body, by judicious exercise ; and this exercise consists in a manifestation of the feeling of love for the opposite sex, which should be encouraged and promoted by social intercourse and the contemplation of the advantages and pleasures of the conjugal union. Any one desiring to cultivate Amativeness, then, should go into society as much as convenient, make it a point to be as agreeable as possible to those persons of the other sex with whom he or she may be brought into contact, trying to appreciate their excellences and to admire their personal charms. A wrell-developed man or woman — one in whom all the elements of masculine or feminine organization and character are present in due pro- portion— will exert a strong influence upon the love feeling of the other sex and help largely to awaken and develop the organ of Amativeness. Such persons should be sought, and a warm intimacy established with them. Marriage, when
4:0 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
founded on constitutional fitness and true affection, awakens and develops this organ greatly in those in whom it is deficient or inactive.
7. RESTRAINT. — The excesses and abuses to which this pro pensity often leads are by no means always referable to the excessive development of the organ in the brain. The true cause is often — perhaps in a majority of cases — a pathological one — gastric irritation and an inflamed state of Jie blood. A too stimulating diet ; liquors, wines, tea, coffee, and tobacco j and the excitements of the feverish sensational life of our fast age are the principal causes of this unhealthy condition. The first step, then, is to remove these causes. Abandon the stimulants, withdraw from the sphere of social excitements, and cultivate the society of people who are living a quieter and more sober, earnest,' and natural, but not less happy, life. Bathing and exercise in the open air, with a rather spare and cooling diet, will greatly aid in restoring the system to a healthy tone. Beyond these hygienic measures, the only means to be relied upon are the restraining influences of the aspiring and governing intellectual faculties and the moral sentiments. These must be cultivated, and their controlling influence brought to bear upon the unruly propensity. Make good use of the means God has placed within your reach for the government of your passions, asking Him to aid you, and you will not struggle in vain.
II. CONJUGALITY. (A.)
Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto Ms wife , and they shall be one.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Conjugality or Union for Life is situated in the lower part of the back-head (A, fig. 23), just above Amativeness. It does not admit of pictorial illustration, except merely to indicate its place, as in fig. 28.
2. FUNCTION. — The instinct of permanent union between the sexes which it is the function of Conjugality to manifest, though closely related to Amativeness, is a distinct faculty, and each may be exercised independently of the other. In fact, Conjugality very often comes into activity before Ama-
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.
tiveness, and the young heart pants to find its mate, and really does select, meets with a response, and never regrets the choice, or changes in the least. Some of the most perfect and happy of unions ever known have been of this sort, formed in childhood, perhaps five years before the promptings of Amativeness were experienced.
3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — Some birds and animals choose a sexual mate, and remain faithful to that mate for life, as the lion and the eagle. The sheep and horse associate promiscuously, and do not choose mates at all. The lion and eagle manifest one faculty that the horse and sheep do not evince, consequently the disposition to choose a sexual mate for life is a distinct and special
faculty. Among the lower animals, those that pair for life are just as constant in aifection the whole year round as they are during the procreating season, showing that for ten months in the year Amativeness is by no means their bond of union.
4. CULTIVATION. — One desiring to develop this organ should strive to center all his or her hopes, in- terests, and plans for life in the one already beloved, and not let new faces awaken new loves. Be as much as possible in the com- pany of the chosen companion, and
when absent cherish every memorial, association, and remi- niscence connected with him or her, not allowing the affections to wander, but keeping ever in view the good qualities and charms of person and mind which first attracted you.
5. RESTRAINT. — Should the chosen one die, or love be blighted in any way, it may be necessary to restrain an excessive manifestation of this faculty leading to despondency and broken-heartedness. Try, then, to appreciate the ex- cellences of others ; seek society, and try to find a suitablw
FIG. 28.— FBMALE HEAD.
42 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
object upon which to bestow your affections, remembering that " there are as good fish in the sea as ever were caught."
III. PARENTAL LOVE. (2.) Can a woman forget her sucking child ?
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Parental Love or Philopro- genitiveness is situated above the middle part of the cerebel- lum (2, fig. 23), and about an inch above the occipital protuber- ance. When large, it gives fullness to the back-head above
FIG. 29.— QUEEN VICTORIA.* FIG. 30.— A. JoHNsoN.t
Amativeness, as seen in fig. 29, which may be contrasted with fig. 30, in which the organ is small.
2. FUNCTION. — Parental Love, as its name implies, is the peculiar feeling which watches over and provides for the wants of offspring. Its primary function is to impart love for the young, and particularly for one's own children ; but it also leads to a fondness for pets generally, as an incidental manifestation. It gives a softness of manner in treating the feeble and the delicate, even in advanced life ; and persons in whom this organ is large in combination with Benevolence, are better fitted for the duties of a sick-chamber than those in whom Philoprogenitiveness is small. The natural language of the faculty is soft, tender, and endearing. It is essential
* Queen Victoria is known to have been a loving wife, and to be the excellent but perhaps over-fond mother of many children.
t Johnson was a bachelor, no lover of children— and children, we are sure, would avoid him — and is said to have been a v.-oman-hater. Observe his lips and mouth.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 43
lo a successful teacher of children. Individuals in whom th<j organ is deficient, have little sympathy with the feelings of the youthful mind, and their tones and manner of communi- cating instruction repel, instead of attracting, the affections of the pupil. It is particularly well developed in the negro, who makes an excellent nurse. In selecting a person to take care of children, always, if possible, take one in whom this organ is full or large.
3. PERVERSION. — A perverted manifestation of Parental Love spoils children by excessive indulgence or pampering, or by allowing them to rule, instead of yielding that obedience which is due from offspring to parent.
4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — Those who possess the feel- ing of parental love in a high degree, show it in every word and look when children are concerned-; and these, again, by a reciprocal tact, or, as it is expressed by the author of Waverly,
by a kind of ' free-mason- ry,' discover at once per- sons with whom they may be familial*, and use all manner of freedom. It is common, when such an Pro. 31.— FEMALE SKULL, individual appear^ among FIG. 32.— MALE. them, to see him welcomed with a shout of delight. Other individuals, again, feel the most marked indifference toward children, and are unable to conceal it when betrayed into their company.
The organ of Parental Love is more prominently developed in the female than in the male head. It is this, iij part, that gives its proportionally greater length from the forehead to the occiput in the former. Figs. 31 and 32 indicate this and other differences between the heads of the two sexes. Of course there are exceptions to this general rule. Sometimes the back-head is small in women, and also occasionally very large in man. In these cases it will generally be found that the woman resembles her father and the man his mother.
5. CULTIVATION. — To cultivate the organ of Parental Love one should court the society of children, play much with
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
them, find try to enter into the spirit of their sports and games, and to sympathize with them in their little joys and griefs, being always tender and indulgent toward them. Those who have no children of their own should, if they have the means to support them, adopt one or more, or provide some suitable pets. The organ is large in Ralph Wells, a teacher. 6. RESTRAINT. — If there be a tendency to idolatrous fond- ness or to undue and hurtful indulgence, the restraining influ- ence of reason and moral sentiment must be brought to bear. It should be impressed upon the mind that the good of the child requires the exercise of the parents' authority, and that they are responsible for all the evils which come from their neglect to exercise it.
IV. -FRIENDSHIP. (3.)
The soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as hie own soul.
LAKGE- 1. LOCATION. — The organ of
Friendship or Adhesiveness is situ-
NOT SO LARGE.
FIG. 33.— MLLE. N.* FIG. 34.-IsAAc T.
ated at the posterior edge of the parietal bone (3, fig. 23), just above the larnbdoidal suture. It projects at the pos-
* Mile. N., a young Parisienne, was so tenderly attached to a lady of her own age, that neither marriage nor the solicitations of her mother could induce her to leave her. Her friend died at a time when such an event was least expected, but Mile. N. did not immediately exhibit any marked signs of grief, so that her friends deemed her resigned
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 45
terior and lateral part of the head, on each side of Inhab- itiveness, and a little higher than Philoprogenitiveness, and when very large produces two annular protuberances there.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — Friendship (Adhesiveness) holds fast, clings, adheres, and is represented by the round muscle which surrounds the mouth and draws together or closes the lips. When this muscle is large and strong it produces slightly converging wrinkles in the red part of the lips, some- times extending slightly into the white part. Small perpen- dicular wrinkles in the red part of the lips indicate a smaller degree of Friendship, but not a deficiency.
3. NATURAL LANGUAGE. — The great activity of this organ disposes persons to embrace and cling to each other; two children in whom it is active will put their arms round each other's necks, and lay their heads together, causing them to approach in the direction of the organ of Adhesiveness, or assuming this attitude as nearly as possible. A dog, when anxious to show his attachment, will rub his head at the seat of this organ on his master's leg.
4. FUNCTION. — This organ gives the instinctive tendency to attachment and delight in the return of affection. It causes one to seek company, love society, and indulge friendly feelings. Those in whom it is strong feel an involuntary impulse to embrace and cling to any object which is capable of experiencing fondness. It gives ardor and a firm grasp to the shake with the hand. In boys, it frequently displays itself in attachment to dogs, rabbits, birds, horses, or other animals. In girls, it adds fondness to the embraces bestowed upon the doll. The feelings which it inspires abound in the
to the loss of her companion. A day or two elapsed after the burial when she was found in her chamber quite dead, having committed suicide. A letter, addressed to her parents', disclosed the state of her mind previous to the fatal act, the substance of which was that she could not survive the loss of her friend. In scanning the con- formation of the back-head of Mile. N., it must be at once seen how very large the region of the social sentiments appears. Mark the great distance from the ear back- ward. It i* an extraordinary instance, and t^ above account furnishes the surprising fact in connection with so great a development.
t Father Hacker is a Roman Catholic priest of New York, of German and English gtock, aoted for learning, talent, energy, and strength of character.
46 HOW TO BEAD CHARACTER.
poetry of Moore. He beautifully describes its effects in th* following lines :
The heart, like a tendril accustomed to cling, Let it grow where it will, can not flourish alone ;
But will lean to the nearest and loveliest thing It can twine with itself and make closely its own.
5. PERVERSION. — Perverted Friendship leads to bad com- pany and the formation of attachments for the unworthy.
6. CULTIVATION. — Friendship may be cultivated by associ ating freely with those around us, going much into society, and keeping the heart open to all social influences. One should strive to be as companionable as possible, and not too exclusive and fastidious in regard to associates.
7. RESTRAINT. — Friendship hardly needs restraining, but should be kept under the guidance of the intellect and moral sentiments, so as not to be bestowed upon unworthy objects
V. INHABITIVENESS. (4.)
The Lord forbid it me, that I should give the inheritance of my fathers unto thee.
LARGE. NOT LAKGE.
Fio. 35.-RHV. T. O. PAINE.* FIG. 36.-REv. G. H.
1. LOCATION. — Inhabitiveness is located between Parental Love and Continuity, on the back part of the head. Where
* Mr. Paine is a Swedenborgian preacher, and author of a work well known and esteemed in his church, " Of Restoring the Holy Tabernacle," etc.
t Mr. Hepworth is a popular and eloquent Unitarian minister of Massachusetts.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 47
it is large or very large and Continuity moderate, an angle is formed near the union of the lambdoidal sutures, between which and the occipital bone there will be considerable distance.
2. FUNCTION. — The function of this organ is to give lore of home and country, a desire to have a permanent abode, and attachment to any place where one was born or lias lived. The feeling is particularly strong in the Swiss, and in the inhabitants of mountainous countries generally.
3. CULTIVATION. — To increase the activity of this organ, one should make home as attractive as possible, and cultivate a love of it by planting trees, vines and shrubs, and by dwelling on the associations and memories connected with it. Reading the history of one's country, and cherishing a just pride in its greatness and glory, has a tendency to arouse and increase feeling.
4. RESTRAINT. — Where this feeling is very strong and active, absence from home or country often causes a terrible feeling of home-sickness. This excessive local attachment may be weakened by going frequently' abroad, reading books of travel, and becoming interested in foreign countries.
VI. CONTINUITY. (5.)
Let every man abide in the same calling wherein he was called.
1. LOCATION. — Continuity or Concentrativeness is situated next above Inhabitiveness and below Self-Esteem. When large, it gives a general fullness to that region ; and when moderate or small, a marked depression will be perceptible.
2. FUNCTION.— The function of Continuity is to give con- nectedness to thought and feeling, and thoroughness in the elaboration of ideas or the working out of the details of any plan. It enables us to keep the other faculties concentrated upon a single object, and to follow a train of thought uninter- ruptedly through all its phases till we reach the legitimate conclusion. It gives unity and completeness to mental operations.
3. EXCESS. — A too strong development of this feeling leads to excessive amplification and tedious prolixity.
48 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — Continuity is very largely developed in the German head, and only a little less so in the English, and the people of these nationalities generally stick to one thing — one trade or profession through life, and in literature and art produce elaborate and finished works, noted for unity and completeness. The American has in gen- eral but a moderate endowment of the faculty, is correspond- ingly versatile, and often changes his occupation. He is,
FIG. 37.— THOMAS HUGHES.*
FIG. 38.— ELIHU
perhaps, first a lawyer, then a doctor, and finally a or a farmer — possibly all these at once ; and this is one of the greatest defects in the American character, and accounts, in fact, for the superficial nature of much of our literature, and the want of thoroughness in our studies and in v^ur scientific
O
investigations. The defect is increased in those (Schools where a great many studies are pursued at one time.
5. CULTIVATION. — Such an arrangement of work or business as will compel continuous attention to one thing, or a steady adherence to one line of conduct, will tend to increase the activity of the faculty undei consideration, and promote the growth of its orgfin in the brain. Let it be *' one thing at a time."
* Thomas Hughes, member of the British Parliament, and author of " Tom Brown's School Days,'1 etc., manifests in his works the imlueuce of this organ.
t Well known as " the Learned Blacksmith/ Observe also his large Individuality.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 49
6. RESTRAINT. — To restrain the excessive or too influential manifestation of Continuity, one should reverse the directions given in the preceding paragraph, and compel, by some arrangement of occupation, a frequent transfer of the atten- tion from one thing to another. In writing or speaking, where there is a tendency to prolixity, it is well to prescribe to one's self, before commencing, rather narrow limits, and make it a point not to overstep them.
VII. VITATIVENESS. (E.)
All that a man hath will he give for his life.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of this faculty is located just be- hind the ear, below Combativeness, and forward from Amative- ness (fig. 23, E). See also fig. 39.
2. FUNCTION. — It gives a love of existence for its own sake, tenacity of life, dread of death, and resist- ance to disease.
3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — There is a remarkable difference among men in regard not only to the love of life and the dread of death, but to the actual hold upon life. One passes through cholera or yellow fever ; ,gets shipwrecked, arid goes for days without food and lives, while others " give up" and let FlG go of life when they might have held on. Some yield readily to disease, and resign themselves to die with little reluctance, while others struggle with the utmost determination against death, and by the power of the will often recover from a sickness that would quickly prove fatal to another with the same degree of constitution and vital power, but lacking this faculty of resistance to death. This difference is believed, on the evidence of thousands of obser- vations, to be due to the different degrees of development of
* An American politician and statesman, noted for his independence, persistence, *ud tenacity as well as for physical -v^d mental vi£T
.— THOMAS H. BENTON.*
60
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
a fundamental faculty which we call Vitativeness. It is not recognized by the European writers on Phrenology.
4. CULTIVATION. — The constant contemplation of the pleas- ures and advantages of life, and the formation of plans to secure these pleasures and advantages in the largest possible measure, or to do good by living, will tend to increase the size and influence of this orgaia.
5. RESTRAINT. — A morbid love of this life should be held in check by cultivating faith in God and in a better life to come. Let us cheerfully accept the inevitable.
VIII. COMBATIVENESS. (6.)
Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might.
1. LOCATION. — Combativeness lies behind and above the ears, as shown in the diagram (fig. 23) at 6. To find it off the
MODERATE.
FIG. 40.— J. H. HOPKINS, D.D.*
FIG. 41.— HORATIO POTTER, B.P.f
living head, draw a line from the outer angle of the eye to the top of the ear, and thence straight backward from an inch and a half to an inch and three quarters, and you will be on
* Dr. Hopkins was for some years Presiding Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, and was distinguished for energy, industry, and contro- versial ability.
t Horatio Potter, D.D., is Protestant Episcopal Bishop of New York. <IP<! \» much beloved and admired by his people for intelligence^ devotion, mil<1ness. aurl majr i/iuiuiity.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 51
FIG. 42.
the place of the organ. On the cranium it corresponds with the inferior pobteii<,t angle of the parietal bone, above and a little behind the mastoid process, and when large, gives great breadth to the heH at that point, as shown in fig. 42. Fig.
43 shows the form of the head
when this organ is small.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGNS. — In * connection with the breadth of
the back part of the side-head at
the point we have indicated, there FlG' 43' may generally be observed a marked enlargement of the neck below, as in Marshall, the English boxer (fig. 44). This sign, when present, we consider infallible, and as it is not often covered by the hair, is readily seen. ,
Prominence of the ridge of the nose is believed to be another sign of Combati veness. It is certainly a well-defined characteristic of most great warriors, pugilists, and other fighters.
3. NATURAL LANGUAGE. — The action of Combative- ness tends to. throw the head backward and a little to the side in the direction of the organ, and to give the person the attitude of a boxer. It also, when ex- cited, gives a hard thump- ing sound to the voice, as if each word were a blow.
4. FUNCTION. — Combat- iveness is not primarily a fighting faculty, and might
have received a better name. Its ofiiee is to give the will and ability to overcome obstacles, to resist aggression, contend for rights, and to protect person mid property. If it be necessary to fight for these objects, it gives the pluck to do it, A cou-
FIG. 44. — MAKSHALL — MUEDERER.
£2 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
siderable endowment of it is indispensable to all great and magnanimous characters. Even in schemes of charity, or in plans for the promotion of religion or learning, opposition will arise, and Combativeness inspires its possessor with that instinctive bold- ness which enables the mind to look undaunted on a contest in virtue's cause, and to meet it without the least shrinking. Were the organ very
deficient in the promoters of such schemes, they would be liable to be overwhelmed by contending foes, and baffled in all their exertions.
5. PERVERSION. — When too energetic and ill-directed, Combativeness produces the worst results. It then inspires with the love of contention for its own sake. In private society it produces the controversial opponent, who will wrangle and contest every point, and, " e'en though van- quished, argue still." When thus energetic and active, and not directed by the Moral Sentiments, it becomes a great disturber of the peace in the domestic circle ; contradiction is then a gratification, and the hours which ought to be dedi- cated to pure and peaceful enjoyment are imbittered by strife. On the great field of the world its
FIG. 47. , PIG. 48.
abuses lead to quar- rels, and, when combined with Destructiveness, to bloodshed and devastation.
C. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — This organ is generally more developed in men than in women, and in male than in female animals. It is constantly found large in military commanders
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
53
and others who have shown remarkable valor and disregard of danger. Napoleon's generals Ney and Marat are ex- amples in point. Look, too, at the skull of General Wurmser (fig. *5), who defended Mantua so obstinately against Napoleon ! See how broad it is from side to side in the region of the org-dri we are illustrating ! and compare it with that of the Cingalese boy (fig. 46) which we have placed near it. Our own great commanders, Grant, Sher- man, Sheridan, Hancock, and Thomas (fig. 49). Are remarkable for this development and for th qualities it indicates.
The ancient artists treem to have known that there exists some con- nection between this configuration and animal courage, for they have given it to the heads of their gladi- ators and wrestlers.
The heads of courageous animals between and behind the ears are wide, as in fig. 48, while those of timid and shy ones are narrow at the same place, as ;in fig. 47.
7. CULTIVATION. — To cultivate this organ where deficient, one should rather court than avoid encounters wTith whatever has a tendency to call out a spirit of defiance, resistance, or oppo- sition ; and should make it a point to engage in debates and mental contests on every suitable occasion.
8. RESTRAINT. — To restrain Combativeness, requires the controlling power of the intellect a*id the Moral Sentiments, which should be placed as guards over it, to quell at once, before it burst into flame, the rising spirit of anger and con- tention. As precautionary measures, we should avoid excit- ing discussions and conflicts of opinion, as well as scenes and places where temptations to quarrel and fight would be likely to assail us
PIG. 49.— GENERAL THOMAS.*
* Major-General George H. Thomas is an officer in the United States Army, greatly distinguished himself during the late civil -war,
54:
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
IX. DESTRUCTIVENESS. (7.) Be ye angry, and sin not ; let not the sun go down on your wrath.
1. LOCATION. — Destructiveness (7, fig. 23) is situated in> mediately above the ear, and its development gives prominence
LARG3. NOT LARGE.
FIG. 50.— LEONARD BACON.*
FlG. 51.— -AlJBERT BARNES.t
to the skull at that point, and breadth to the center of the basilar region of the head, as shown ir fig. 52. Fig. 53 shows the form given to the skull by its deficiency. When well
developed it is easily
distinguished. 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL
SIGN. — In carnivo- rous animals — the
linn, the tiger, and
the wolf, for instance
— the upper jaw Fie. 52.— DESTRFCTIVENESS projects forward of FIG. 53.— DESTRUCTIVE-
the lower; while in
vegetable eaters the reverse is true, as seen in the sheep, the goat, the cow, etc. In carnivorous birds, the upper mandible
* A prominent minister of the Congregationalist denomination in New Haven, Conn., regarded as the champion of his sect in New England.
t Dr. Barnes, formerly of Western New York, now of Philadelphia, is well and widely fcnown as $n author, and as a pulpit orator o/ the Presbyterian denomination,.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 55
is much longer than the lower, bending over, as in the eagle, the hawk, etc. It is believed that in man analogous physical peculiarities indicate dispositions allied to those of the class of animals to which the resemblance may be traced. Thus an individual, like that represented in fig. 54, in whom the upper jaw projects slightly beyond the lower, will be founc to have large Destructiveness and to be particularly fond of animal food ; while fig. 55 represents one who prefers vege table food, and is adverse to the shedding of blood, Destruc-
FIG. 54.— DESTRUCTIVENESS LARGE.
FIG. 55.— DESTRUCTIVENESS SMALL.
tiveness being small. This sign, however, requires the con firmation of more extensive observations.
3. NATURAL LANGUAGE. — When very active, this propensity produces a quick step, a drawing up of the body to the head, and a stamping or striking downward, also a wriggling of the head, like the motion of a dog in the act of worrying. It gives a dark expression to the countenance, and harsh and discordant tones to the voice. If in a friendly converse with a person in whom the organ is large and Secretiveness small, one happens to touch on some irritating topic, in an instant the softness of Benevolence and the courtesy of Love of Approbation are gone, and the hoarse growl of Destruc- tiveness indicates an approaching storm.
4. FUNCTION. — This is one of the organs given to man for Belf-preservation. It imparts the energy and executiveness necessary to enable us to overcome obstacles and remove or
56
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
crush whatever is inimical to our welfare ; to tunnel mount- ains, fell trees, blast out rocks, and face the storm. It impels us to destroy in order not to be ourselves destroyed; to endure and to inflict pain,' when necessary, as in a surgical operation ; to kill the animals necessary for our subsistence ; and even to take human life in defense of our own lives, our liberties, or our country's safety.
5. PERVERSION. — A delight in destruction, in giving pain
FIG. 56. — BUIXDOG.
FIG. 57.— DEER.
in destruction, in
LJ
for its owTn sake, in killing through revenge, * malice, or a mere thirst for blood, are per- versions of a beneficent faculty. Professor Bruggmans, of Leyden, told Dr. Spurzheim of a Dutch priest whose desire to kill and see killed was so great that he became chaplain of a regiment solely to have an opportunity of seeing men destroyed in battle.
6. ILLUSTRATIVE EX- AMPLES. — Busts of Ca- ligula, Nero, Severus, Charles XII., and Catherine de Medicis present remarkable prominences in the place of this organ. It was large in the ancient Roman head generally, but comparatively small in the Greek. It is large in the heads of most savage nations, and especially so in those of the Caribs. The Hindoos gener- ally have it small.
All deliberate murderers, in common with carnivorous ani- mals, such as the lion, the tiger, and the wolf, have a large development of Destructiveness. Observe fig. 56 in contrast with fig. 57. It is also larger in men than in women, as indi- cated by the broader heads of the former, and the manifesta- tions correspond.
7. CULTIVATION. — The killing of noxious animals, the extir- pation of weeds, the clearing of forests, the breaking up of the land, hunting, fishing, and so forth, help to exercise and develop Destructiveness, We may also cultivate a whole-
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 57
«ome indignation when wronged, fight against public evils, and exercise our energy in striving to remove or destroy whatever impedes our progress.
8. RESTRAINT. — To restrain Destructiveness, cultivate Benevolence and a mild and forgiving spirit, avoid killing anything if possible, and take but little animal food and no alcoholic liquors.
X. ALIMENTIVENESS. (8.)
For one believeth that he may eat all things ; another, who is weak, eateth herba.
1. LOCATION. — It is situated, as may be seen by reference to our diagram (fig. 23), immediately in front of the upper part
LAKGB. SMALL.
FIG. 58.— ALEXANDER DTJMAS.* FIG. 59.— MB. .
of the ear (8). In the brain, it occupies the anterioi convolu- tions of the middle lobe, and externally corresponds with the anterior part of the temporal bone. To find it on the living head, take the upward and forward junction of the ear with the head as the starting-point, and draw a line half an inch forward, inclining a little downward, and you will be upon it. It lies nearly parallel with the zygomatic arch, which is often rendered prominent by it, when large, but the distance of the arch from the proper walls of the skull is variable, and it therefore furnishes no certain guide. The temporal muscle also opposes an obstacle to a correct judgment of its degree
* W§U known as a very prolific French novelist of the modern sensational »ch<X)J.
58 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
of development, but may itself be taken as a sign of character in relation to this propensity, as it is almost always large in connection with large AHmentiveness, and its lower part is pushed outward, making it appear as if lying on a pyramidal instead of a vertical-sided cranium.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — In addition to the size and strength of the temporal muscle, and the broadness of the head on and above the zygomatic arch already alluded to, we find accompanying large AHmentiveness a greater or less enlargement of the lower part of the cheeks, as shown in fig. 58, sometimes, when excessive, resulting in an overlapping of flabby integument, which gives a gross animal look to the face. Fig. 59 showrs these signs small.
3. FUNCTION. — The function of this propensity is to prompt us to select food and to take nourishment. Its action creates the sensations of hunger and thirst, and when unperverted, and the stomach in a healthy condition, furnishes a sure guide as to the quality and quantity of food necessary for the pur- poses of nutrition and health.
4.. PERVERSION. — Perverted AHmentiveness leads to glut- tony and drunkenness, to the use of condiments, coffee, tea, tobacco, and other unnatural stimulants, such as opium, arsenic, and morphine, and through these to disease, suffering, and premature death.
5. CULTIVATION. — To increase the activity of this faculty, when it is weak or dormant, one should make his table and its belongings as attractive as possible, provide the best and most finely flavored dishes his means will permit, and then sit down with the determination to erjoy the meal as much as possible. If the inactivity of AHmentiveness result from disease of any kind, its restoration will come with that of health. The latter requires the first attention.
6. RESTRAINT. — To restrain this propensity is difficult, and requires the exercise of the higher organs, whose action has a tendency to hold the appetites in check. In addition to this, the temptations of sumptuous tables and rich, highly season- ed food should be avoided. You should " eat to live, rather than live to eat,"
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.
59
XI. KIBATIVENESS. (F.)
Look not on the wine when it is red. At the last it biteth like a serpent, and •tingeth like an adder.
1. LOCATION. — This organ is situated in front of Aliment- iveness. It is not marked on our diagrams. (See fig. 60.)
2. FUNCTION. — It gives a fondness for liquids; a love of water, and a desire to
drink, bathe, swim, etc.
3. PERVERSION. — In its perverted action, it leads to excessive drink- ing, unquenchable thirst, and drunkenness. ^
4. CULTIVATION. — The ^ practice of bathing, swimming, boating, and the moderate drink- ing of pure water will tend to increase the action of this faculty.
5. RESTRAINT. — To restrain a too strong appetite for drink, abstain wholly from all beverages except water, and cultivate the higher faculties ; a love for literature, art, and nature, or whatever else has a refining and elevating tendency; and especially seek the help from above which comes only through the awakened and sanctified moral sentiments.
XII. ACQUISITIVENESS. (9.)
If any provide not for his own, and especially for those of his own household, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Acquisitiveness is situated on the side of the head next above Alimentiveness (9, fig. 23). To find it on the living head, take the middle of the top of the ear as a starting-point, and move the finger directly upward one inch, and then horizontally forward the same
o
FIG. 60.— WILLIAM COBBETT.*
* An English writer and politician who spent a portion of his life in America, au<J Wa.s noteti for his controversial tastes and abilities,
60
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
distance, and it will rest upon the place of the organ. On the skull, Acquisitiveness corresponds with the anterior inferior angle of the parietal bone. Figs. 63 and 64 show how its
FIG. 61.— GEOKGE PEABODY.*
FIG. 62.— J. D. B. DE Bow.t
development affects the form of the head as seen in front, giving greater width, when large, to this portion of the brain. 2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — Persons noted for their love of gain and ability to acquire property are observed to have, as a general rule, massive noses, and it is believed that thickness of the nose above the wing (fig. 65, a) is the true facial sign FIG. 63. of Acquisitiveness. The sign is promi- nent in likenesses of the Rothschilds, Billy Gray, John Jacob Astor, and in the living faces of the men of our day who have made or are making fortunes. The noses of the Jews are
* Mr. Peabody, the American banker, is as well known for his princely munificence as for his immense wealth.
t The late Mr. De Bow, best known as the editor of De Bow's Beview, was a good commercial and statistical writer, and had great talent for business, but never accumu- lated, money,
FIG. 64.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 61
generally thick as well as arched, and the arched or hawk nose lias, not inaptly, been called the Commercial Nose ; though it is not in the form of the profile, as some have asserted, but in the thickness of the trunk, which almost invariably accompanies it, that the sign of the trading or money-getting propensity resides.
3. FUNCTION. — Acquisitiveness prompts to acquire, to accumulate, to store our surplus, to make provision for the future. It incites the farmer, the mechanic, the manufacturer, the merchant, and the professional man to diligence in their respective callings, and is one of the sources of the comforts and elegances of life. Its regular activity distinguishes civilized man from the savage. The latter is, in general, con- tent with the satisfying of his present wants, while the former looks thoughfully forward to pia the possible necessities of the future. Consum- ing but a portion of what he earns, the industrious and prudent citizen contributes to the national wealth, and leaves something behind him for the benefit of posterity. The objects of Acquisitiveness may be various — in one, money or lands ; in another, books or works of art ; in a third, old coins and other objects of antiquity, the propensity taking its direc- tion from other faculties with which it is combined.
4. PERVERSION. — Excessively developed, Acquisitiveness engenders a miserly, grasping penuriousness, and an all- absorbing love of .gain for its own sake; and when not con- trolled by the moral sentiments, results in theft and other dishonest means of acquiring the coveted lucre.
5. CULTIVATION. — When the organ is small, and there is too little economy, and a tendency to lavish and careless expenditure, some plan, devised by the intellect, must be put into operation to compel, as it were, a more prudent and saving course. Keeping a strict account of expenditures, and especially personal expenses, and looking over and bal- ancing cash accounts frequently, will serve to remind one how the money goes and wherein much of it might readily be
62 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
saved. Making up one's mind to get rich, if there be a strong will to back the resolution, sometimes arouses Acquisitiveness, and finally greatly increases its power.
6. RESTRAINT. — The only way to restrain this or other powerful propensities, is by cultivating the higher faculties and sentiments, and bringing their influence to bear upon them, thus keeping them in due subjection. Benevolence, Conscientiousness, Ideality, and the reflective faculties tend to counteract a miserly tendency or a too great love of money.
XIII. SECKETIVENESS. (10.)
He that keepeth his mouth, keepeth his life ; but he that openeth wide his lips shall have destruction.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of this propensity is situated at the inferior edge of the parietal bone (10, fig. 23), immedi- ately above Destructiveness, or in the middle of the lateral
FIG. 66.— F. D. HUNTING-TON, D.D.* FIG. 67.— J. C. SMITH, D.D.t
portion of the brain. When this organ and Destructiveness are both highly developed, there is a general fullness of the lower and middle portion of the side-head, as in the outline, fig. C8. Fig. 69 shows it small.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — The breadth of the wings of
* Francis D. Huntington, D.D., formerly of Boston, well known both as an authoi and as a preacher, is Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Maine.
t Dr. John Cotton Smith is an eminent leading Protestant Episcopal clergyman of New York,
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 63
the nose next to the face indicates Secretiveness. This is in accordance with the physiological action of this faculty, which tends to shut the mouth and expand the nostrils. This sign is large in the Negro, the Chi- nese, the North American Indian, and in most savage and half-civilized tribes.
3. NATURAL LAN- GUAGE. — Persons have Secre-
FIG. 68.— SECRETIVENESS LARGE.
who
FIG. G9.— CLARA FISHER.
tiveness large, manifest its natural language in various way* — buttoning up the coat to the chin, wearing a high, tight cravat ; or, if a woman, a dress fitting high up on the neck. Those who possess little Secretiveness wear their clothes more loose and open. This propensity, when predominantly ac- tive, produces a close, sly look, admirably ex- emplified in our likeness of Constance Emily Kent, the murderess ; the eye rolls from side to side; the voice is low; the shoulders are drawn up toward the ears, and the footstep is soft and gliding. The movements of the body are toward the side. Sir Walter Scott aocurately describes the look
FIG. 70.— CONSTANCE EMILY KENT.*
4 An English murderess, who showed a great deal of cunning.
64 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
produced by this faculty and Cautiousness in the following lines :
"For evil seemed that old man's eye, Dark and designing, fierce yet shy. Still he avoided forward look, But slow and circumspectly took A circling, never-ceasing glance, By doubt and cunning marked at once, Which shot a mischief -boding ray From under eyebrows shagged and gray."
4. FUNCTION. — The Good Book says : " A fool uttereth all his mind, but a wise man keepeth it till afterward." The fool thus characterized has no Secretiveness.
This faculty gives the wise man his prudence — restrains expression till " afterward" — till a suitable occasion. It imparts, in fact, an instinctive tendency to conceal, and the legitimate object of it is to restrain the outward expression of our thoughts and emotions, giving the understanding time to pronounce judgment on its propriety. Some instinctive tendency to restrain within the mind itself — to conceal, as it were, from the public eye — the various emotions and ideas which involuntarily present themselves, was necessary to pre- vent their outward expression ; and nature has provided this power in the faculty of Secretiveness. Those in whom it is deficient are characterized by a lack of tact, great bluntness of manner, and an instantaneous expression of every thought and feeling ; and they seldom suspect any hidden purpose in another. Othello is described by lago as such a person. He says:
" The Moor is of a free and open nature, That thinks men honest that but seem to be so ; And will as tenderly be led by the nose As asses are 1"
5. CULTIVATION. — Where the instinct of concealment is not sufficiently developed, the intellect shou'd, so far as possibler supply the necessary policy. There must also be a constant effort to suppress injudicious out-gushings of feeling. Impulse must be kept in check by Cautiousness and reason. Every- body is not to be trusted.
6. RESTRAINT. — To restrain the too influential action of this faculty, a more frank, open, and straightforward manner should
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 65
be cultivated, and constant effort be made to give hearty expression to thought and feeling.
XIV. CAUTIOUSNESS. (11.) A prudent man foresee th the evil, and hideth himself.
1. LOCATION. — The place of the organ of Cautiousness is on the upper, lateral, and posterior part of the head, and near
LARGE. MODERATE.
FIG. 71.— JOHN BOWLING, D.D.*
FIG. 72.— REV. J. G. BARTHOLOMEW.!
the middle of the parietal bone (11, fig. 23). When large, the head is very broad at that point, as in figs. 71 and 73, while a deficiency gives quite another shape to the skull, as in figs. 72 and 74. To find Cautiousness on the living head> take the back part of the ear as the starting-point and draw a perpendicular line upward, and where the head begins to round off to form the top is the location of the organ.
2. NATURAL LANGUAGE. — The action of this faculty raises the head and body and gives the former a rotary motion, as in looking on all sides, whence the
* Dr. Dowlmg, an Englishman by birth, is pastor of a Baptist Church m New York, and author of a work on the Christian Martyrs.
t A Universalist preacher in Brooklyn, N. Y., of marked talent, and much respected and esteemed by all who know him.
Fi». 73.
FIG. 74.
66 HOW TO READ CHARACTER
French name given to the faculty by Spurzheini — Circonspec' tio?i, to look around one's self.
3. FUNCTION. — It is the function of Cautiousness to give prudence, watchfulness, carefulness, and provision against danger. It is one of the restraining powers of the mind, and prevents the propelling forces of our nature from phinging us into difficulty and danger. Persons having it well developed are habitually on their guard ; they know that it is more diffi- cult to sustain than to acquire reputation, and, consequently, every new undertaking is prosecuted as carefully as the first. They look forward to all possible dangers, and are anxious to anticipate every occurrence ; they ask advice of every one, and often, after having received much counsel, remain imde- cided. They put great faith in the observation, that of a hundred misfortunes which befall us, ninety-nine arise from our own fault. Such persons never break any article ; they may pass their lives in pruning trees, or in working with sharp tools, without cutting themselves.
4. EXCESS AND PERVERSION. — When the faculty is toe largely developed, with moderate Hope, it produces doubts, irresolution, and wavering, and may lead to absolute in* capacity for any decisive and vigorous action. A great and involuntary activity of it produces panic — a state in which the mind is hurried away by an irresistible emotion of fear, for which no adequate cause exists.
5. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — In armies and other large bodies of men, a panic becomes contagious, and results in the abandonment of everything else in obedience to the one absorbing instinct of self-preservation. A large development of this organ, combined with large Destructiveness, predis- poses to suicide. Dr, Andrew Combe examined a number of suicides in the Morgue (dead-house) of Paris, and found in them Hope generally small, with Cautiousness and Destruc- tiveness large. Cautiousness is larger in the Germans, English, and Scotch than in the Celtic French or Irish.
6. CULTIVATION. — By an intellectual effort, one may arouse Cautiousness into activity nul promote its development. The disastrous results of indiscretion, carelessness, rashness, and
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.
recklessness should be kept before the mind, and a prudent and watchful policy resolved upon. Causality and Firmness should be called to the aid of weak Cautiousness.
V. RESTRAINT. — Causality and Firmness should be brought into action to restrain as well as to encourage this faculty. Reason should tell us that excessive or over-active Cautious- ness inclines us to magnify dangers, and to be irresolute and over-anxious, and we should therefore try to adopt a more bold and decided course of action than mere feeling would suggest. Cornbativeness and Destructiveness may also be made to partially offset this faculty, and promote a more daring spirit.
XV. APPROBATIVENESS. (12.) Do good, and thou shall have praise.
1. LOCATION. — Approbativeness is located on the upper and back part of the top side-head, at the point marked 12 in
HODEBATE.
FIG. 75— R. HANKS, D.D.* FIG. 76.— JOHN P. DURBIN, D.D.t
the diagram (fig. 23). When large, it produces a remarkable fullness and breadth in the upper and back part of the head. On the skull, it commences about half an inch from the lamb- doidal suture.
* B.\ Hanks is an impressive and eloquent preacher of the Protestant Methodist denomination.
t Dr. Durbin is one of the most powemu and controlling leaders of the Methodist Episcopal denomination in the United States.
68 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — Approbativeness manifests itself in the face by the lifting of the upper lip, sometimes exposing the teeth, as shown in fig. 77. It is generally largely de- veloped in the French, the Irish, and especially in the Negro. The latter is no less remarkable for his love of praise than for showing his teeth.
3. FUNCTION. — This faculty gives regard for character, desire to excel and be esteemed, love of praise, ambition, affability, and politeness. Mr. Combe calls it " the drill master of society;" and in this capacity it leads to acts of moral tendency, as our ill feelings and selfishness are restrained to please others; but it does not FIG. 77. decide what actions are praiseworthy and what are not, but merely judges these actions in reference to some conventional standard set up by custom or by the dictates of the other faculties, and praises or blames accordingly as they do or do not conform to this standard.
4. PERVERSION. — No faculty is more prone to run into excess than Approbativeness. It leads to self-praise, vanity, and egotism. The diversified forms in which its activity appears are well exposed in Young's " Love of Fame."
t
" The love of praise howe'er conceal' d by art, Reigns, more or less, and slows in every heart : The proud to gain it, toils on toils endure ; The modest shun it, but to make it sure. O'er globes and scepters, now on thrones it swells, Now trims the midnight lamp in college cells ; 1Tis Tory, Whig ; it plots, prays, preaches, pleads, Harangues in senates, squeaks in masquerades; It aids the dancer's heel, the writer's head, And heaps the plain with mountains of the dead ; Nor ends with life, but nods in sable plumes, Adorns our hearse, and flatters on our tombs."
5. ILLUSTRATVE EXAMPLES. — The French are remarkable for a large development of this organ, while the English are more noted for Self-Esteem. The influence of Approbative- ness shows itself in the manners, institutions, and daily litera- ture of France in an extraordinary degree. Compliments and praises are the current coin of conversation, and glory
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 69
the condiment of the fenst of life. Americans also generallj have the faculty largely developed.
Approbativeness is generally more active in woman than in man, shown in her greater love for display, fashions, etc., and it has been observed that a greater number of women than of men become insane through excess of this feeling.
6. CULTIVATION. — One who finds himself too careless of reputation arid of the opinions of his fellow-men, should strive intellectually to arrive at a true estimate of the real value of public opinion, and of the importance of one's character and standing among men. The cultivation of manners and the strict observance of the etiquette of social intercourse wrill help to develop the organ of Approbativeness.
7. RESTRAINT. — To restrain Approbativeness, one must cultivate Self-Esteem and Conscientiousness, and, doing what is right, try to not care too much what people say about it. Have less fear of " Mrs. Grundy." Too great sensitiveness to praise and blame must be overcome by allowing reason to show how little either is generally worth, and by recalling to mind how often the feelings have been hurt in the past, when, as has been afterward seen, there was no real cause.
XVI. SELF-ESTEEM. (13.) What ye know, the same do I know also ; I am not inferior unto you.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Self-Esteem is situated at the back part of the top-head (13, fig. 23), where the ooronal sur- face begins to decline toward the back-head, and a little above the posterior angle of the parietal bones. When it is large, the head rises far upward and backward from the ear in the direction of it, as in fig. 78. Fig. 79 shows the form of the head when Self- Esteem is small.
2. NATURAL LANGUAGE. — The action of this faculty throws the head back in the direction of its phrenological organ, as shown in fig. 81, and gives a dignified and upright carriage 'to the body. Fig. 80 shows the attitude induced by a deficiency of the faculty.
3. FUNCTION. — The function of Self-Esteen is to inspire self-
70
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
respect, self-reliance, independence, dignity, magnanimity, pride of character, and an aspiring and ruling disposition.
MODERATE.
FIG. 78.— GEN. E. KIBBY SMITH.*
FIG. 79.— GEN. RosECRANs.t
Its due endowment produces only excellent results, and we find that in society, that individual is uniformly treated with most lasting and sincere respect who esteems himself so
FIG. 80.— DEFERENCE.
FIG. 81.— DIGNITY.
highly as to scorn every mean action. By communicating a feeling of self-respect, it frequently and effectually aids the
* A noted " Confederate" officer in the American Civil War.
t Distinguished in the army of the Union in the American Civil War.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 71
FIG. 82.— PRIDE.
moral sentiments in resisting temptation to vice. Several individuals in whom the organ is large, have stated to us that they have been restrained from forming improper connections by an overwhelming sense of the degradation which would result from doing so ; and that they believed their better principles might have yielded to temptation had it not been for the support afforded to them by the instinctive impulses of Self- Esteem."
4. PERVERSION. — Perverted Self- Esteem manifests itself in insupport- able pride, hauteur, forwardness, superciliousness, imperiousness, and an insatiable love of power.
5. DEFICIENCY. — A predisposition to excessive humility and a painful lack of self-confidence are the results of deficient Self-Esteem. A person thus constituted has no reliance upon
himself' if the public or his superiors frown, he is unable to pursue even a virtuous course, through diffidence of his own judgment. Inferior talents, combined with a strong endow- ment of Self-Esteem, are often crowned with far higher suc- cess than more splendid abilities joined with this sentiment in a feebler degree.
6. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE. — At Heidelrbers: Dr. Gall saw a
O
girl of eighteen, of a remarkable character. Every word or gesture in the least familiar revolted her. She called on God on every occasion, as if he took a special interest in her affairs. When she spoke, assurance and presumption were painted in her features ; she carried her head high, and a little backward, and all the movements of her head expressed pride. She was not capable of submission; when in a passion, she was violent, and disposed to proceed to all extremities. Although only the daughter of a quill merchant, she spoke her native lan- guage with extraordinary purity, and communicated writh none but persons of a rank superior to her own.
7. CULTIVATION. — By assuming the attitude of Self-Ksteem
72 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
and trying to imbibe its spirit at the same time, the faculty may be strengthened and its activity promoted. The too low self-valuation which arises from a deficient development of this faculty, should be corrected by bringing prominently into view the best traits of one's character and reflecting on the exalted nature of those endowments. "I am a man," Black Hawk said to Jackson. " I am a man," or " I am a woman," should be the proud assertion of the too modest reader, who must learn to hold up the head in all company. A correct phrenological delineation of character will do more than anything else to correct false, and especially too low estimates of character.
8. RESTRAINT. — To restrain forwardness, pride, excessive self-confidence, and an overbearing, domineering spirit, culti- vate the moral sentiments, and especially Veneration, seeking in religion that grace which maketh humble like a little child. Correct too high estimates of yourself by the exercise of reason and the help of Phrenology.
XVII. FIRMNESS. (14.)
Be ye steadfast, immovable ; always abounding in the work of the Lord.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of this faculty is situated at the back part of the coronal region (14, fig. 23), on the median line, and between Veneration and Self Esteem. Figs. 85 and 86 show how its degree of development affects the form of the skull.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGNS. — The facial sign of Firmness, corresponding with the situation of its phrenological organ, is the perpendicular straightness or convexity and stiffness of the center of the upper lip (fig. 87). To tell a man to "keep a stiff upper lip" is equivalent to telling him to be firm — to hold his ground. This faculty has also one of its most strik- ing indications in the size and strength of the cervical vertebrae, or bones of the neck, and in the perpendicularity of the neck itself.
3. NATURAL LANGUAGE. — The action of Firmness throws the head, face, and neck into the line of the phrenological
THE OKGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 73
organ of the faculty. When it predominates, it gives a peculiar hardness to the manner and stiffness and uprightnefis
MODERATE.
FIG. 83.— F. W. HEDGE, D.D.*
FIG. 84.— W. H. ETDEK, D.D.t
to the gait (the foot being brought down heavily on the heel), and an emphatic tone to the voice.
4. FUNCTION. — Firmness imparts stability of character, tenacity of will, perseverance, and an aversion to change. It seems to have no relation to external things, its influence terminating on the mind itself, and it adds only a quality to the manifestations of the other powers: thus, acting along
FIG. 85.— LAKGE. FIG. 86.--SMALL.
with Combativeness, it produces determined bravery ; with Veneration, sustained devotion ; and with Conscientiousness,
* A Unitarian preacher and an author of reputation. His scholarship is of the high- est order. Noted for determination and strength of will.
t A Universalist minister of high culture, fervid eloquence, and great kindness of heart.
74 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
inflexible integrity. It gives perseverance, however, in acting only on the other faculties which are possessed in an available degree.
5. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — Firmness is much larger in some nations than in others. The English have it much more fully developed than the French. The latter, under the influence of large Combativeness and moderate Cautious- ness, make lively and impetuous charges, shouting and cheering as they advance; but if repulsed or steadily resisted, their ardor abates, they become discouraged, and any serious reverse is apt to become a total defeat ; while the English, on the other hand, are less impetuous and dashing, but hold steadily to their purpose, and if repulsed, return undiscouraged to the charge, or, if com- pelled to fall back, obstinately dispute the enemy's advance step by step. -Americans of
the Northern States resemble the English in this respect, though they unite with this persevering steadfastness some of the impetuosity of the French. The men of the South have less Firmness and show less persistency ; acting more under the influence of Self-Esteem and Approbativeness, they fight for glory, and refuse to yield through pride rather than from genuine steadfastness.
6. CULTIVATION. — Firmness may be developed by a well- considered and wise assumption of positions which are clearly important to be held. The faculty is then stimulated by Conscientiousness, Self-Esteem, and Approbativeness. One must constantly remember his weakness in this matter, and strive to have a mind of his own, and to overcome difficulties instead of turning as.de to avoid them.
7. RESTRAINT. — To restrain Firmness, we must subject it to the influence of reason and the moral sentiments. Listen, at least, to advice, and if good try to profit by it. The needless losses and humiliations to which obstinacy and an unreason- able persistence in a line of conduct proved to be wrong or impracticable has subjected us, should be constantly recalled to mind when we are tempted to be willful or stubborn.
THK ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. T5
XYIII. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. (15.)
Till I die I will not remove mine integrity from me. My righteousness I hold fast, and will not let it go.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Conscientiousness is situated on the posterior and lateral parts of the coronal region (at the point marked 15 in fig. 23), upward from the fore part of
FIG. 88.— THE GOOD BOY.
FIG. 89.— THE BAD BOY.
Cautiousness and forward from Approbativeness. On the skull, its place is on the upper and forward part of the parietal bone, about three inches above the opening of the ear, and about one and a half inches from the middle line of the head. When large, with deficient Firmness, it gives the head the shape shown in fig. 90. Fig. 91 represents it small.
2. FUNCTION. — Conscientiousness imparts a perception and love of right, an innate sense of accountability, and a dis- position to fulfill promises, speak the truth, and strive for purity and moral excellence. A sense of guilt, repentance, and desire to reform also arise from its action. It is a regu- lator of all the other faculties. If Combativeness and Destruc- tiveness be too active, Conscientiousness prescribes a limit to their indulgence ; it permits defense, but no malicious ag- gression ; if Acquisitiveness urge too keenly, it reminds us of
FIG. 90.
FIG. 91.
HOW TO READ CHARACTEK.
the rights of others ; if Benevolence tend to^v ^rd profusion, tliis faculty issues the admonition, Be just before you are generous ; if Ideality aspire to its high delights, when duty requires laborious exertions in an hurable sphere, Conscien- tiousness supplies the curb, and bids the soaring spirit restrain its wing.
When this faculty is powerful, the individual is disposed to regulate his conduct by the nicest sentiments of justice ; there is an earnestness, integrity, and directness in his manner which inspire us with confidence and give us a conviction of his sincerity. Such an individual desires to act justly from the love of justice, unbiased by fear, interest, or any sinister motive.
3. DEFICIENCY. — Small Conscientiousness leaves the pro- pensities without adequate control. The feeling of justice being wanting, the mind does not furnish reasons to oppose to the influence of the baser inclinations. A deficiency of Conscientiousness in connection with large Secretiveness, especially when the latter is aided by Ideality and Wonder, produces a tendency to magnifying so strong in some cases that the unfortunate victim of a bad organization finds it quite difficult to overcome it.
4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — The sentiment of truth is found by the English judges to be so low in the Africans, the Hindoos, and the aboriginal Americans, that such individuals are not received as witnesses in the colonial courts ; and it is a curious fact, that a defect in the organ of Conscientiousness is a reigning feature in* the skulls of these nations.
5. CULTIVATION. — A constant effort to keep a sense of right and wrong uppermost in our minds in all our transactions, and to make everything subservient to justice and moral principle, will induce activity and development in the organ, ^nd make doing right more and more easy and pleasant. Our motto should be: "Let justice be done though the heavens fall."
6. RESTRAINT. — There is seldom great need to restrain this faculty, but sometimes it makes one in whom it is largely developed and morbidly active censorious, and too exacting
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 77
and fault-finding in respect to others, and liable to an uncalled- for sense of guilt and imworthiness in regard to himself. These perverted manifestations should be met by cultivating Benevolence, Self-Esteem, and Firmness, and by correcting intellectually the false estimates of sentiment and feeling,
xix. HOPE. (16.)
Now the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace in believing, that ye may abound in hope.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Hope is situated on the side of the top-head (16, fig. 23), on a perpendicular line drawn
LARGE. NOT SO LARGE.
FIG. 92.— BESSIE INGLIS.* FIG. 93.— EDWARD THOMSON, D.D.t
upward from the front part of the ear, and between Marvel- ousness and Conscientiousness.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — Hope elevates the center of the eyebrow, opens the eyes wide, and turns them upward. It gives an open and pleasant expression to the whole countenance.
3. FUNCTION. — In persons with large Hope, "the wish is father to the thought." With large Approbativeness, they expect to rise to distinction ; with large Acquisitiveness, they think they shall become rich, "The sentiment of Hope,'1
* An English authoress and a very popular public reader.
t A Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, eminent as a writer and a preacher-
78 HOW TO BEAD CHARACTER.
Spurzheim truly says, " is indeed necessary to the happiness of mankind in almost every situation. It often produces more satisfaction than even the success of our projects. Its activity, however, varies greatly in different individuals ; while some easily despair, others are always elated and find 'everything for the best; constant hope sustains them in the midst of difficulties ; the first plan for accomplishing any object having failed, only stimulates them to form new ones, which they confidently expect will succeed. Those who are everlastingly scheming, or building castles in the air, possess this faculty in a high degree. It seems to induce a belief in the possibility of whatever the other faculties desire, without producing conviction ; for this results from reflection."
This sentiment is not confined to the business of this life, but, passing the limits of the present existence, inspires ex- pectations of a future state, and a belief, hope, and trust in the immortality of the soul.
4. EXCESS AND DEFICIENCY. — Hope, like any other faculty, may be too strong or too weak. In the former case it induces us to expect things which are uureasonable, not founded on probability, or altogether impossible. When too feeble, on the contrary, especially if Cautiousness be large, it is apt to produce lowness of spirits, melancholy, and even despair.
5. CULTIVATION. — Lively youthful society, and the com- panionship of those who are cheerful and buoyant, has a tendency to promote Hope and develop the organ in those who are naturally too easily discouraged and apt to look on the dark side. Such ones should remember, too, that " every cloud has a silver lining," and that though "grief may endure for a night," "joy cometh with the morning." Nil desperan- dum — never despair.
6. RESTRAINT. — To hold in check excessive expectation, cool judgment must be kept always on guard to correct the over-estimates of this sentiment. In business, persons in whom Hope is too large or active, should adopt and strictly adhere to the cash principle, both in buying and in selling, as there is always a great liability to buy too much, and sell without sufficient security for the payment.
THE ORGANS AND THElft FUNCTIONS. 79
XX. SPIRITUALITY. (17.) We through the Spirit wait for the hope of righteousness by faith.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Spirituality (17, fig. 23) i* situated immediately above Ideality, in the lateral parts of the anterior region of the top-head.
LARGE.
NOT LARGE.
FIG. 94.— P. N. LYNCH, D.D.* FIG. 95.— H. W. BELLOWS, D.D.t
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — Large and active Spirituality gives a singularly elevated expression of countenance. The eyelids are lifted and the eyes often turned ob- liquely upward. When the excite- ment of the organ results in the feeling of wonder, the expression becomes like that of fig. 98.
3. FUNCTION. — The function of this organ is to give a perception of v^ spiritual things, faith in the unseen, and an intuitive knowledge of what is true and good, with a prophetic insight and an internal consciousness of immortality and a supersenuous existence.
4. PERVERSION. — Perverted Spirituality leads to stiper-
* Dr. Lynch, Roman Catholic Bishop of Charleston, S. C., holds a high position in his church. He is noted for his learning, kindness of heart, and spiritual-mludedness. t Dr. Bellows is a distinguished Unitarian minister of New York.
FIG. 96.— WONDER.
SO HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
stition, fear of ghosts, credulity, and excessive lore of the wonderful. There are many disposed to believe in dreams, sorcery, amulets, magic, astrology, in the mystic influence of spirits and angels, in the power of the devil, in second-sight, and in miracles and incomprehensible representations of all sorts. Some also are disposed to have visions, and to see ghosts, demons, and phantoms. This sentiment gains credence to the true and also to the false prophet, aids superstition, but is also essential to the belief in the doctrines of refined religion. It is more or less active, not only in different in- dividuals, but also in whole nations ; its functions are often disordered, constituting one form of insanity called demono* mania.
5. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — A gentleman who moved in the best society in Paris asked Dr. Gall to examine his head. The doctor's first remark was, "You sometimes see visions, and believe in apparitions." The gentleman started from his chair in astonishment, and said that he had frequent visions ; but that never, up to this moment, had he spoken on the sub- ject to any human being, through fear of being set down as absurdly credulous.
Spirituality was largely developed in Joan of Arc, Cromwell, Tasso, Swedenborg, Stilling, Wesley, Burns, Scott, Hawthorne, and Laura Bridgeman, and correct portraits of them show a marked fullness in the region assigned to its organ.
6. CULTIVATION. — To cultivate this faculty, the attention should be frequently directed to that class of subjects upon which it is legitimately exercised — the Deity, a future exist- ence, intuitive perceptions, premonitions, etc. Meditations on divine things, the reading of religious works, and attend- ance upon religious meetings will aid in its development, if right use be made of such opportunities. The mind should be kept open to the intuitive perception of truth, and all super- sensual impressions and premonitions be heeded.
7. RESTRAINT. — When it becomes necessary to hold in check the too active manifestations of Spirituality, the restraining organs of Cautiousness, Self-Esteem, and Firmness must be called to the support of reason, and the mind with-
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 8l
drawn from the constant contemplation of the spiritual and fixed upon the real, tangible things of this life. Strict atten- tion to practical matters, and a resolute performance of the common duties of life will help to give a healthy tone to the mind.
XXI. VENERATION. (18.)
Humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord, and he shall lift you up.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Veneration is situated in the middle of the coronal region (18, fig. 23), between Benevo- lence and Firmness. Fig. 99 shows it large, and fig. 100 smalL
LARGE. SMALL.
FIG. 97.— DR. PUSEY.*
FIG. 98.— GEO.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — Sir Charles Bell says, " When rapt in devotion- al feelings, when all outward im- pressions are un- heeded, the eyes are raised by an action neither taught nor acquired. Instinctively we bow the body and
FIG. 99.— LARGE.
FIG. 100.— SMALL.
* Rev. Edward B. Pusey, D.D., is a distinguished "high church" Episcopalian clergyman, noted as a leader of the ritualistic party in the English Church, t An English naturalist, in whom Veneration is somewhat wanting.
4*
S2 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
raise the eyes in prayer, as though the visible heavens were the seat of God. In the language of the poet —
Prayer is the upward glancing of the eye, When none but God is near.
'I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills,' the Psalmist says, from whence cometh my help.' "
3. NATURAL LANGUAGE. — The natural language of this faculty carries the head upward in the direction of the organ. The voice is soft, subdued, reposing, and adoring. The greatest difference is perceptible in the tones and manner of prayer of clergymen in whom the organ is large, compared with those in whom it is small; there is a soft breathing- fervor of devotion in the former, and a cold reasoning formal- ity in the latter. One reaches the head, the other touches the heart.
4. FUNCTION. — The faculty of Veneration produces rever- ence in general, and especially for religion and things sacred ; adoration of a Supreme Being; a disposition to pray and observe religious rites and respect for whatever is perceived to be great and good. It is the source of natural religion, and of that tendency to worship a superior Power which manifests itself in all well-organized men. The faculty, how- ever, produces merely an emotion, and does not form ideas of the object to which adoration should be directed.
5. PERVERSION. — This faculty, when unenlightened, may lead to every kind of religious absurdity, as worshiping beasts and stocks and stones. Many African negroes, American Indians, and even Hindoos, have but a moderate intellectual development compared with Europeans, and their superstitions are more gross. Socrates did not assent to the popular religious errors of the Greeks, and in the ancient busts of him lie is represented with a splendid forehead. Veneration is large also in negroes, who are prone to superstition.
Nothing is. more common in the hospitals for the insane, says Pinel, than cases of alienation produced by devotional feelings excessively exalted, by conscientious scruples carried to prejudicial excesses, or by religious terror. As this kind uf insanity, Dr. Gall says, is often present without derange-
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTION*,- 83
ment of the other faculties, physicians ought to have inferred that it is connected with disease of a particular part of the brain.
6. CULTIVATION. — Attendance on religious worship, daily family devotions, and association with persons religiously dis- posed, and especially those whose character is such as to command great respect, will do much to develop reverential feelings. Respect to all superiors should be cultivated, and the mind often led to the contemplation of the greatness and goodness of God.
7. RESTRAINT. — In those rare cases where there is danger of this sentiment running into the forms of fanaticism and religious monomania, measures should be taken to withdraw the mind from the constant contemplation of subjects on which the mind is warped, and to counteract the perverted tendency by enlisting interest in worldly matters and by the exercise of the reasoning faculties in relation to it. It should be remembered, in such cases, that worship is not the only business of life, but that while on the earth we have duties connected with the earth to perform, and which we are not at liberty to neglect. A balanced mind is the best.
XXII. BENEVOLENCE. (19.)
Be ye kind one to another, tender-hearted, forgiving one another.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Benevolence is situated in the middle of the fore part of the top-head. Its location is marked with its proper number (19) in our diagram (fig. 23). On the skull, its place is just forward of the fontanel, or what is com- monly called the opening of the head. The fontanel is at the meeting of the coronal and sagittal sutures. In the young child it is cartilaginous ; but from the time of birth it begins to contract, and is generally completely ossified and closed between the second and third years. When large, it gives great elevation to the fore part of the top-head, as represented in fig. 103. Fig. 104 shows it small.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — The action of the muscular fibers, which, passing down from the middle of the forehead
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
over the phrenological organ of the faculty, are inserted near the root of the nose, elevates the inner extremities of the
FIG. 101.— S. H. WESTON, 1>.D.*
FIG. 102.— CHAKLES FLEMING^
brows, sometimes causing, when strong, short horizontal wrinkles in the center of the forehead, and indicates active benevolence — kindness tianslated into deeds. Persons with this sign well developed will be found not merely sympathetic, but ready to take hold and help those in need of assistance.
Men have more of this working Benevolence than
women, and it i« proper they should have, as their
power to help is greater ; but
women are more sympathetic and
more readily touched by pity. 3. NATURAL LANGUAGE. — It
should be observed, also, that the
activity of this faculty relaxes the features and gives an open, genial, benignant, and pleasing expression to the whole countenance. See the contrast in
* Dr. Weston is an Episcopal clergyman of New York, noted for his kind and sym- pathetic disposition.
t Mr. Fleming ie thus described by the author of " The Autobiography of a Phrcs nologist :" u I can truly say that he was one of The worst characters I ever knew, and ignorant to a degree that perfectly amazed nie. He had a small head, which swelled out above and behind the ears. His forehead was 'villainously low,' and retreating, and the vertex of the head was very high, but rapidly declined toward the forehead, and also eloped downward toward the parietal bones. His harshness and cruelty Almost exceeded belief." He would not " spare the rod," but use it freely.
FIG. 104.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 85
FIG. 105.-A MISEK.
FIG. 106.— A LIBERAL.
this respect, between the liberal, generous man and the pinched-up miser (figs. 105 and 106).
4. FUNCTION. — St. Paul gives a beautiful description of the genuine character of this sentiment in his account of Christian charity : " Charity," he says, " suffereth long and is kind ; charity envieth not ; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed ap," etc. Christ also illustrates it in the parable of the good Samaritan. It gives kindness, sympathy, a desire to make
others happy, and a self-sacrificing disposi- tion. It produces liber- ality of sentiment to- ward all mankind, a disposition to love them, and to dwell on their virtues rather than their vices. A person in whom this feeling is strong, rarely complains of the ingratitude or heart- lessness of others. His goodness provides its own reward.
5. PERVERSION. — This sentiment, beautiful as it is in its proper action, is, like all others, liable to perversion and abuse. It requires to be directed by Conscientiousness and intellect and restrained by Firmness and Cautiousness, other- wise it produces abuses. Some men, for instance, give with an inconsiderate prodigality, which, while it soon deprives them of the means to exercise their Benevolence in that way, also fails to effect the degree of good that the same means judiciously applied might have accomplished. That individual is best fitted to mature wise plans of charity who has a large endowment of this sentiment combined with powerful intellectual faculties and a good degree of Cautious, ness and Firmness.
6. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — Murderers generally have the forehead "villainously low" in the region of Benevolence. Caligula, Caracalla, Nero, Catherine de Medicis, Danton, Robespierre, and all individuals and tribes of men remarkable for cruelty, as the Caribs? the North American Indians, etc.,
86 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
are remarkable for the same characteristic. Foreheads re- markably lofty in the region assigned to the organ of Benevo- lence are, on the contrary, among the leading traits of persons distinguished for their benevolent feelings. Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, Henri Quatre, Father Mathew, Oberlin, Jeannin, Malesherbes, Beecher, and Howard may be referred to as illustrating this development.
7. CULTIVATION. — One in whom this sentiment is not suf- ficiently strong, should read and reflect upon the life of Christ, and of such men as Oberlin and Howard, and try to appreciate their self-sacrificing goodness. They should also strive to be less selfish and accustom themselves to deeds of active benevo- lence, giving according to their means as opportunity shall offer. The world is not so full of selfishness as such persons are apt to think, and they will find that . those who are least selfish are most happy.
8. RESTRAINT. — There is no necessity, in general, to restrain this sentiment, but it needs the guidance of sound judgment, and should be subservient to Conscientiousness. "Be just before you are generous." But we may be both.
XXIII. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. (20.)
Skillful to work in gold, in silver, in brass, in iron, in stone, and in timber ; in purple, in blue, in fine linen, and in crimson ; also to grave any manner of graving.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Constructiveness (20, fig. 23) is situated just forward of Acquisitiveness, the location of which has been already described. On the skull, its place is at the inferior and outer parts of the frontal bone immediately above the spheno-ternporal sutures, and behind and above the outer angle of the orbit. Its development gives breadth to the head above the zygomatic arch. Fig. 109 shows it large, and fig. 110 small. "If the base of the brain be nar- row, this organ," Mi'. Combe says, "holds a situation a little higher than usual, and there will then frequently be found a slight depression at the external angle of the eye, between the zygotnatic process and the organ in question."
2. FUNCTION. — By its means birds build nests, rabbits bur- row, the bearer makes its hut? and man constructs whatever
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.
87
his necessities, his comfort, his tastes, or his higher sentiments require, from the hovel and the tent to the palace and the temple. "It invents and produces fortifications, ships, the
NOT SO LARGE.
FIG. 107.— JOHN SCOTT, D.D.* FIG. 108.— GEO. W. EATON, D.D., LL.D.t
engines of war, the implements of manufactures, instruments of all kinds, furniture, clothes, and toys ; it is essential not only in every mechanical profession, but in all employments that in any way require manual nicety, as the arts of drawing, engraving, writing, carving, and sculpture.
3. PERVERSION. — Large Constructiveness not sufficiently- controlled and guided by the higher intellectual faculties, sometimes leads to great waste of time and labor in attempts to invent perpetual motions or other impossible machines; with deficient Conscientiousness, it may employ itself in making counterfeit money, false keys, arid other dis- honest contrivances.
4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. —
The organ of this faculty is seen to be largely developed in busts and portraits of Michael Angelo, Canova, Brunei, Whitney, Fulton, Franklin, Watt, Smeaton, Stephenson,
* A leading minister of the Pittsburg Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and editor of the Methodist Recorder.
t Ex-President of Madison University, New York, and a Baptist minister of great earnestness and piety.
FIG. 109.
FIG. 110.
88 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
Howe, Morse, arid artists, inventors, and builders. It is generally large in French, Italian, and American heads — and fairly so in the English.
IN THE ANIMALS. — Among the lower animals, it is clear that the ability to construct is not in proportion to the general intelligence ; for the elephant, the dog, and the horse, though in sagacity approaching very closely to the more imperfect specimens of the human race, never attempt to con- struct anything, while the bee, the beaver, and the swallow, with far less general intelligence, rival the productions of their superiors. Their skulls make plain the reason why.
5. CULTIVATION. — The constant use of tools, however awk- wardly at first, the study of the mechanic arts, writing, drawing, etc., will exercise this organ and promote its development.
6. RESTRAINT. — To restrain this faculty is not often neces- sary. If its action should lead to the pursuit of mechanical chimeras, or to become a mania, it must be kept within due bounds by the exercise of the judgment, or, if necessary, mechanical pursuits should be abandoned and some calling adopted which will bring other faculties more prominently into action.
XXIV. IDEALITY. (21.)
O Tyrus, thou hast said, I am of perfect beauty, thy borders are in the midst of the eea, thy builders have perfected thy beauty.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Ideality is situated nearly along the temporal ridge of the frontal bone (21, fig. 23), between Mirthfulness and Sublimity, and directly above Con- structiveness. It is here that the last fibers of the temporal muscle are inserted.
2. FUNCTION. — This faculty produces a perception and love of the beautiful, good taste, refinement, sense of propriety, and appreciation of art and poetry. It desires to elevate and endow with a splendid excellence every object presented to the mind. It stimulates the faculties which form ideas to create scenes in which every object is invested with the per- fection which it delights to contemplate. It is particularly
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.
valuable to man as a progressive being. It inspires him with a ceaseless love of improvement, and prompts him to form and realize splendid conceptions. When predominant, it gives a manner of feeling and of thinking befitting the regions of fancy rather than the abodes of men. Hence those only on
KOT LARGE.
FIG. 111.— A. C. Cox, D.D.*
FIG. 112.— BARNAS SEAKS, D.D.t
whom it is largely bestowed can possibly be poets ; and hence the proverb, " Poeta nascitur, non fit."
3. DEFICIENCY. — There are persons who can perceive no excellence in poetry, painting, or sculpture, and who value nothing merely for its beauty. Such persons declaim against ornament in dress, furniture, architecture, etc., and deem the solid and the useful (in its restricted sense) as alone worthy of the attention of rational, immortal beings. For such per- sons the varied loveliness of hill and dale, of sun and shade, of bird and flower is displayed in vain. Wordsworth speaks of one of this sort when he says —
A primrose by a river's brim, A yellow primrose was to him, And it was nothing more.
4. PERVERSION. — When permitted to take the ascendency
* Arthur Cleveland Cox, D.D., Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Western New York, is distinguished both as a preacher and as a poet. He is considered as the mouth- piece of High Church Episcopalianism in this country.
t Dr. Sears has an enviable reputation as a scholar and an author, as well as in the sphere of clerical duty and philanthropic effort. He is now geaeral agent of the Peabody Southern Educational Fund.
90 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
over the other powers, and to seek its own gratification *o the neglect of the serious duties of life, — or when cultivated to so great an excess as to produce a finical and sickly refinement, fastidiousness, and distaste for every-day life, it becomes a source of great evils.
5. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES.- — If we pass in review the por- traits and busts of the poets of all ages, we shall find the con- figuration of head produced by large Ideality common to them all ; as in Pindar, Euripides, Sophocles, Heraclides, Plautus, Terence, Virgil, Tibullus, Ovid, Horace, Juvenal, Boccacio, Ariosto, Aretin, Tasso, Milton, Boileau, J. B. Rousseau, Pope, Young, Gorsset, Voltaire, Goethe, Klopstock, Wieland, Richter, Wordsworth, Tennyson, Bryant, Long- fellow, etc. Dr. Bailly, in a letter, dated Rome, 30th May, 1822, addressed to Dr. Brayer, says : " You may tell Dr. Gall that I have a mask of Tasso, taken from nature, and that although part of the organ of poetry be cut off, nevertheless the lateral breadth of the cranium in this direction is enormous."
Shakspeare illustrates the poetical manifestation of Ideality, in connection with Sublimity, in the following lines :
" I have bedimmed
The noon-tide sun, calTd forth the mutinous winds, And 'tween the green sea and the azured vault Set roaring war ; to the dread rattling thunder Have I giv'n fire, and rifted Jove's stout oak With his own bolt ; the strong based promontory Have I made shake, and by the spurs pluck' d up The pine and cedar."
6. CULTIVATION. — One who desires to cultivate this faculty ehould, in the first place, carefully avoid all low and vulgar habits, associates, and surroundings, and make it a point to keep good company, be scrupulously neat, and as tasteful as he knows how in dress, surround himself, if possible, with works of art, and practice the best style in conversation and manners. He should as an additional means study poetry, art, and general literature, and try to appreciate beauty in all its forms.
7. RESTRAINT. — Perfection is not one of the qualities of earthly things, and the fastidious and too imaginative must try to realize that air castles and ideal men and women are rather out of place in a rough practical world like this,
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS- 91
XXV. SUBLIMITY. (B.)
His pavilion round about him wore dark waters and thick clouds of the pkiea; tht Lortl also thundered in the heavens, and the Highest gave his voice.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Sublimity is situated on the side-head, directly above Acquisitiveness (B, fig. 23), and behind Ideality.
2. FUNCTION. — The function of Sublimity is to give percep- tion of the grand and sublime in nature, art, and literature — to enable us to appreciate mountain scenery, the vastness of the ocean, the grandeur of a thunder-storm, the roar of artil- lery, the clash of armies, etc., or descriptions and pictures of such scenes. It is also an element in religious faith, and assists our conceptions of
God and immortality. It co-operates with Ideality in the artist and the poet, and with Veneration aud Spirit- uality in the religious wor- shiper.
Sublimity is not recog- nized by the European phre- nologists, generally, as a distinct faculty, but we believe it to be so, and con- FlG" 113-WM- o. BRYANT.*
sider its functions determined and its organ fully established.
3. CULTIVATION. — The contemplation of mountain scenery, the storm-tossed ocean, the roaring cataract, the fiery volcano, the reverberating thunder, and whatever else is grand, stu- pendous, or sublime, will call out this faculty and aid in the development of its organ ; as will thoughts of the infinite and eternal, and of God the author of all.
4. RESTRAINT.— To restrain Sublimity is not often necessary, unless a perverted manifestation result in extravagance and bombast, which must be held in check by Ideality, Order, and the reflective faculties.
* The well-known, American poet, author of " Tha.natopsi»" and. other poems.
92 HOW TO BEAD CHARACTER.
XXVI. IMITATION. (22.) Follow not that which is evil, but that which is good.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Imitation is situated on the side of the top-head, between Ideality and Benevolence.
LAKGE.
SMALL.
FIG. 114.— REV. DANIEL BALLOU.*
FIG. 115.— ROBERT COLLTEB, D.D.t
When it is large, and Benevolence is only moderate, the anterior part of the top-head is nearly level; with Imitation and Benevolence both large, we have the handsomely curved outline shown in fig. 116; and when Benevolence is large and Imitation small, the form is like that represented in fig. 117.
2. FUNCTION. — This faculty gives one an aptitude to copy, take pattern, mimic, imitate anything
seen or heard — to be- come, for the time being, somebody else rather than our own proper self. It is es- sential to actors, ora- tors, painters, sculptors, designers. If it be not well developed in them, their representations will be imperfect.
3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — It is told of Garrick, the
* A Universalist clergyman of ability, benevolence, and high moral worth. An effective preacher.
t A Unitarian minister, noted for his fervid oratory, great kindness, active benevo- tence, and practical commop sense.
FIG. 116.
FIG. U7.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 93
great actor, that he possessed such an extraordinary talent for mimicry, that, at the court of Louis XV., having seen for a moment the king, the Duke d'Aumont, the Duke d'Orleans, Messrs. d'Aumont, Brissac, and Richelieu, Prince Soubise, and others, he carried off the manner of each of them in his recollection. He invited to supper some friends who had accompanied him to court, and said, " I have seen the court only for an instant, but I shall show you the correctness of my powers of observation and the extent of my memory;" and placing his friends in two files, he retired from the room, and, on his immediately returning, his friends exclaimed, " Ah ! here is ticking, Louis XV., to the life !" He imitated in succession all the other personages of the court, who were instantly recognized. He imitated not only their walk, gait, and figure, but also the expression of their countenances.
In children, Imitation is more active than in adults. Young persons are very apt to copy the behavior of those with whom they associate ; and hence the necessity of setting a good example before them, even from the earliest years.
4. CULTIVATION. — Writing from copy, drawing, making patterns and models, attending dramatic exhibitions, taking part in private theatricals, and trying (on suitable occasions, of course) to mimic our friends and others we meet, will give exercise and development to this organ.
5. RESTRAINT. — A too strong tendency to mimic, copy, or plagiarize must be held in check by the exercise of Firmness, and the avoidance, so far as possible, of servile imitation of all. sorts,
\
XXVII. MIRTHFULNESS. (23.)
A merry heart doeth good like a medicine
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Mirthfulness is situated on the side of the upper part of the forehead (23, fig. 23), between Causality and Ideality.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGNS. — Mirthfulness shows itself on the face in a graceful turning upward of the corners of the mouth, as in fig. 120. The reader will need to make but a few careful observations to be convinced (if, indeed, any one
HOW TO BEAD CHARACTER.
doubts it) that there is the relation of cause and effect between a disposition to make and enjoy "fun" and the upward curv-
FIG. 118.— AKTEMUS WARD.* FIG. 119.— KANOSH, AN INDIAN CHEEP.
ing of the corners of the mouth. See portraits of Cervantes, Rabelais, Sterne, Piron, Neal, and others noted for their large development of Mirthfulness.
3. FUNCTION. — The function of Mirthfulness is to enjoy sport and gayety, and appreciate the witty, the ludicrous, the droll, the comic- al, the incongruous, and the eccentric ; and we take pleasure in saying that it is one of the distinguishing character- istics of man. It is not permitted to the lower animals to laugh or compre- hend the causes of laughter.
4. ILLUSTKATVE EXAMPLE. — Some- times Benevolence is exercised in con- junction with Mirthfulness; sometimes Benevolence and Ideality join with Mirthfulness; sometimes Approbativeness; sometimes Secre- tiveness and Amativeness; sometimes all together, as when the
* Mr. Charles F. Browne, better known as " Artemus Ward,1' was one of the most noted of American humorists. Mirthfulness is geen to be very well developed. The contrast between Ma head and that of the Indian Chief is very striking.
FIG. 120.— NEW HOLLAND WOMAN.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 95
Irish hod-carrier rescued the lady's parasol which was being blown away, and handing it to her said, " Och, if you were half as strong as you are handsome, it never would have got away from you." She replied, " I do not know which most to thank you for, your kindness or your compliment." He responded, " Niver mind ; a single glance at your beautiful bright eyes pays me for both," and he again bent himself to his work. The wit of this consists in embracing an oppor- tunity to say a brilliant, pleasant thing without being rude, and we admire it more than we laugh at it.
5. CULTIVATION. — The facetious aspects of things and sub- jects should be contemplated, and the idea that dignity and self-respect require perpetual seriousness must be resolutely combated. The company of mirthful people should be sought, for nothing is more contagious than genuine jollity. There is a time to laugh as well as a time to weep, and laughter is promotive of health and longevity. The injunc- tion to " laugh and grow fat ! " is not without a physiological reason, nor is the Shaksperian adage, that " a light heart lives long," a mere poetical flourish.
" Jog on, jog on the footpath way And merrily hent the style-a ; A merry heart goes all the day, — Your sad tires in a mile-a."
6. RESTRAINT. — It is the abuse of this faculty that we should strive to avoid, by cultivating sobriety and reverence. Benevolence also should be called in to aid us, showing that we often give great pain by our disposition to " make fun " at the expense of others.
XXVIII. INDIVIDUALITY. (24.)
Come, behold the works of the Lord.
1. LOCATION. — The organ ^ of Individuality is situated in the center of the lower partiof the forehead (24, fig. 23) im- mediately above the top of the nose. When large, it pro- duces breadth, projection, and descent between the eyebrows at that part (fig. 121). When small, the eyebrows approach closely to each other and lie in a nearly horizontal line.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGX. — The faculty is represented
00 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
facially bj the projection and breadth between the eyebrows and the downward curving of the latter at their inner corners. 3. FUNCTION. — This faculty imparts the desire and ability to know objects as mere existences, without regard to their modes of action or the purposes to which they may be sub- servient. Individuals in whom it is large wTill observe and
FIG. 121.— JOHN STUART MILL.*
FIG. 122.— PRINCESS AucE.t
examine an object with intense delight, without the least consideration to what it may be applied — a quality of mind which is almost incomprehensible to persons in whom this organ is small and Causality large. It prompts to observa- tion, and is a great element in a genius for those sciences which consist in a knowledge of specific existences, such as natural history. It leads to giving a specific form to all the ideas entertained by the mind. It also gives the tendency to personify nations and phenomena, or to ascribe existence to mere abstractions of the mind, such as ignorance, folly, or wisdom.
4. DEFICIENCY. — When the organ is deficient, the individual fails to observe the things which are around him. He may
* A distinguished member of the English Parliament, a political economist, author ef " A System of Logic," " Principles of PoHtical Economy," " On Liberty," etc, t Daughter of Queen Victoria of England.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 97
visit a house and come away without knowing what is in it ; or walk through the country and observe nothing. The external senses may be perfect, but owing to the feebleness of Individuality, they may not be called into action for the purpose of obtaining knowledge.
5. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — To the artist this organ is of great importance. It enables him to give body and substance to the conceptions of his other faculties, and confers on him a capacity for attending to detail. In the pictures of an artist in whose head Individuality is deficient, there is an abstract- ness of conception and a vagueness of expression that greatly detract from their effect. In the works of an individual in whom these organs are large, every object appears full of substance and reality ; and if he paint portraits, the spectator will be so impressed with their individuality, that he will be apt to fancy himself acquainted with the original.
The organ was large in Shakspeare, Sheridan, and Sir "Walter Scott. It is not so large in the German as Causality; it is larger in the English, and still larger in the French and Americans.
6. CULTIVATION. — Natural history — especially botany — anatomy, mineralogy, and chemistry «re departments of knowledge particularly fitted to develop this faculty. It is also exercised in the study of Phrenology and Physiognomy.
7. RESTRAINT. — To restrain is seldom, if ever, necessary. Reflection may, however, be set as a guard upoo Xndividuality, if observation become obtrusive.
xxix. FORM. (25.)
Show them the form of the house, the fashion thereof, ana »C the forms thereof.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of this faculty is situated in thfe internal angle of the orbit (25, fig. 23), and if large, pushes the eyeball toward the external angle, a little outward and downward.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — The phrenological organ and the physiognomical sign may be considered one in this case. It gives breadth between the eyes, as in the accompanying portrait of the celebrated Rubens, the artist (fig. 125).
5
98
HOW TO BEAD CHARACTER.
3. FUNCTION. — It is this faculty which enables us to re member, and with the aid of Constructiveness to reproduce^
MODERATE.
FIG. 123.— REV. W. H. PENDLETON.* FIG. 124.— REV. SIDNEY A. COREY,!
the forms of persons and things — to make patterns, models^ pictures, statues, etc., and to describe persons, places, and objects of all sorts. It disposes us also to give figure to every being and conception of our minds, as to God, to death, to hope. It is essential to painters, sculptors, and architects,
and very important to the phre- nologist and physiognomist.
4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — The celebi*ated Cuvier owed much of his success as a com-, parative anatomist to tin's organ. De Candolle mentions that "his memory was par- ticularly remarkable in what related to forms, considered in the widest sense of the word ;
FIG. 125.— RUBINS. tne figure of an animal, seen in
reality or in drawing, never
left his mind, and served him as a point of comparison for all similar objects," This organ, and also the organs lyir><r
* A Baptist minister, distinguished as an orator, and an advocate of the American Bible Union. See how "broad between, and how full the eye ! t A Baptist minister, noted as an eloquent and earnest preacher and lecturer.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 99
along the superciliary ridge, were largely developed in his head.
Mr. Audubon says of the late Mr. Bewick, the most eminent wood-engraver whom England has produced : " His eyes were placed farther apart than those of any man I have ever seen."
5. CULTIVATION. — The best way to cultivate the organ of Form is to study such sciences as Phrenology, Physiognomy, botany, etc., and accustom one's self to constant observation of the configuration of everything presented to the eye.
6. RESTRAINT. — To restrain is not necessary.
xxx. SIZE. (26.)
To measure Jerusalem, to see what is the breadth thereof and the length tiwraof.
LARGE. NOT LARGE.
FIG. 126.— EDWARD R. AMES, D.D.* FIG. 127.— RICHARD FULLER, D.D.t
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Size is placed at the internal extremity of the arch of the eyebrows (26, fig. 23), on each side of Individuality.
2. FUNCTION. — The faculty of Size, as its name implies, gives the power of determining the magnitude of objects, ability to measure by the eye and appreciate proportion, and to detect any departure from it. It is important to every one, but particularly so to geometricians, architects, carpen-
* Edward Raymond Amos, D.D., a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, \» noted for his devotion and for business sagacity in the affairs of his denomination, t An eminent Baptist clergyman of Baltimore, much respected and loved by MB peopl*
100 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
ters, machinists, and artists. In union with Locality it gives conceptions of perspective.
3. CULTIVATION. — This organ may be exercised by constant attempts to estimate the length, breadth, and other dimensions of objects, verifying observation by measurement. The same studies recommended for the cultivation of Form will be useful in this case also, as they involve size and proportion as well as configuration.
4. RESTRAINT. — To restrain is not necessary.
xxxi. WEIGHT. (27.)
Who weighed the mountains in scales and the hills in a balance.
LARGE. NOT LARGE.
FIG. 128.— ISAAC FERRIS, D.D., LL.D.* FIG. 129.— RICH. S. STORRS, JR., D.D.t
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Weight is located on the superciliary ridge, about one third of its extent from the root of the nose (27, fig. 23). When large, it sometimes depresses the eyebrow at that point, as may be seen in our likeness of Brunei, the distinguished English engineer (fig. 130).
2. FUNCTION. — The faculty of Weight gives a perception of the laws of gravity, motion, etc., and ability to apply them.
* An eminent minister of the Reformed Church and Chancellor of the University of New York.
+ Dr. Storrs, an eloquent preacher of the Congregationalist denomination, is alsw well known as a writer and lecturer.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 101
Persons in whom Individuality, Size, Weight, and Locality are large, have generally a talent for engineering and those branches of mechanics which consist in the application of forces; they delight in steam-engines, water-wheels, and turning-lathes. The same combination occurs in persons dis- tinguished for successful execution of difficult feats in skating? in which the regulation of equi- librium is an important element.
3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — Mr. Simpson published in the Edinburgh Phrenological Jour- nal (vol. ii. p. 412) an interesting and ingenious essay on this organ, in which he enumerates a great number of examples in proof of its functions. It is large, says he, in Dr. Chalmers, Dr. Brewster, Sir James Hall, Sir George Mac- kenzie, Professor Leslie, and in Mr. Jardine and Mr. Stephenson, two very eminent engineers.
_r •L. FIG. 130.— BRUNEL.
Mr. Richard Edmonson, of Manchester, England, mentions that a great number of ob- servations have led him to the conviction that this organ gives the perception of perpendicularity. Workmen who easily detect deviations from the perpendicular possess it large ; while those who constantly find it necessary to resort to the plumb-line have it small, and vice versa.
Brunei, the great engineer of the Thames Tunnel, and his son, builder of the Great Eastern (fig. 130), possessed a remarkable development of Weight, while the organ of Color was totally wanting.
4. CULTIVATION. — Skating, practicing gymnastic feats, balancing a pole, riding on a horse, walking, climbing, sail- ing, gunnery, etc., exercise and develop Weight.
5. RESTRAINT. — If one be prone to attempt dangerous feats of climbing, walking on narrow places, etc., he should cultivate Cautiousness and hold Weicht in check.
102
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
XXXII. COLOR. (28.)
Though thou clothest thyself with crimson, and deckest thee with ornaments of gold, and rentest thy face with painting, in vain shalt thou make thyself fair.
1. LOCATION. — The place of the organ of Color (28, fig. 23) is the middle of the eyebrow, at the most elevated part of the superciliary ridge.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — The form of the eyebrow is
MODERATE.
FIG. 131.— ISAAC WESTCOTT, D.D.*
PIG, 132.— CHARLES HoDGE.t
greatly modified by the development of this organ. The ordinary indication of its full development is the regular arching of the brow, as seen in fig. 131 ; but sometimes the brow is pushed forward and made very prominent at that point. When large, it also gives a peculiar appearance of fullness to the upper eyelid.
3. FUNCTION. — Its function is to distinguish all the shades of color, and the relations of harmony or of discord between them. When large, the faculty of Color gives great delight in contemplating colors and good taste in their use and com- bination in dress, painting, etc. Those in whom the organ is deficient, on the contrary, experience little interest in coloring,
* Dr. Westcott is a Baptist minister of great piety and zeal, and a very effective preacher. He is pastor of the Bloomingdale Baptist Church, New York.
t A prominent Presbyterian minister, editor of the Biblical Repertory, and an author of note in hie denomination.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 103
and are almost insensible to difference of shades, hues, and tints.
4. DEFICIENCY. — Certain persons are almost destitute of the power of distinguishing colors. Dr. Spurzheim mentions a family, all the individuals of which distinguish only black and white. Dr. Unzer, of Altona, could not perceive green and blue ; and inability to distinguish between these colors is- very common. To many, also, green and red look the same. This defect is called color-blindness.
5. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — The organ of Color is gener- ally more developed in woman than in man; hence it happens that the eyebrows of women are more finely arched ; and this explains why they are more frequently lovers of flowers and fond of a variety of colors in dress. Among great painters, this organ is seen to be very large in those most distinguished as colorists ; for instance, Corregio, Titian, Claude Lorraine, Rubens (fig. 125), Rembrandt, Poussin, and Raphael.
6. CULTIVATION. — Observing and classifying or arranging colors, painting, cultivating flowers, etc., will exercise and aid in the development of this organ.
7. RESTRAINT. — To restrain is not necessary.
XXXIII. OKDER. (29.) Let all things be done decently and in order.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Order is situated over the outer corner of the eye (29, fig. 23), between Color and Calculation.
2. FUNCTION. — The function of this organ is well indicated by its name. It gives method and order to physical objects, and is, perhaps, a co-worker with the reflective faculties in the conception of system, generalization, and classification.
3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — Dr. Spurzheim mentions that the Sauvage de 1'Aveyron, at Paris, though an idiot, could not bear to see a chair or any object out of its place ; and that as soon as anything was deranged, he, without being excited to it, directly replaced it. He likewise saw in Edin- burgh a girl who in many respects was idiotic, but in whom
104
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
the love of order was very active. She avoided her brother's apartment in consequence of the confusion that prevailed in it. It is usually large in Quaker ladies, of whom Lucretia Mott is an example.
4. CULTIVATION. — Any business that requires system and
FIG. 133.— HENKT C. CABEY.*
FIG. 134.— JAMES P.
orderly arrangement, as well as studies involving the contem- plation, a regular arrangement of objects will help to develop Order.
5. RESTRAINT. — Where there is a morbid action of this organ, making the subject painfully susceptible to the in- fluence of disorder and lack of methodical arrangement, an effort must be made to withdraw the mind from the contem- plation of such matters. It should be considered how im- possible it is to have everything exactly to one's mind in this respect, and that we only waste our time and mar our temper in the attempt to reduce everything to the regular arrange ment we love. Avoid becoming: " more nice than wise."'
XXXIV. CALCULATION. (30.)
The very hairs of your head are all numbered.
It. LOCATION. — The organ of Calculation is situated at the
* A distinguished American author and political economist.
t A noted hunter, trapper, and guide of the Rocky Mountains. He died in 1867.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 105
outer angle of the eye (30, fig. 23). When large, it swells the frontal bone at that particular spot.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — In individuals endowed with great calculating powers, the external angle of the eyebrow is either much pressed down or much elevated, the configura-
FIG. 135.— DB. HIND.* FIG. 136.— GEORGE CoMBE.t
tion in both cases resulting from the great development of the part of the brain situated behind the outer angle of the orbit, which forms a ridge, above or below which the eye- brow naturally slides. The portraits and busts of great cal- culators, like Newton, Euler, Kaestner, Herschel, Buxton, Colborn, Safford, etc., all present either one or the other of these external signs.
3. FUNCTION. — Whatever concerns unity and plurality belongs to this faculty; hence its end is calculation in general. The recollection of the numbers of houses, or of pages where we have read passages, depends upon this faculty. It gives ability to reckon in the head, or facility in mental arithmetic.
4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — Dr. Spurzheim mentions that "certain races of negroes make five the extent of their enumeration, that is, they count only as far as five by simple
* An English astronomer distinguished for his ability as a calculator. t Mr. Combe was so deficient in this faculty of Calculation that he was never able to master the multiplication table. See his lectures on Phrenology.
5*
106 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
terms ; all their numbers after five are compound, whereas ours are not so till they have passed the number ten ; while our terms, six, seven, etc., are simple, they say five-one, five- two, five-three, etc. Negroes in general," he continues, " do not excel in arithmetic anci numbers ; and, accordingly, their heads are very narrow in the seat of the organ of Number." Among the most remarkable examples of the extraordinary development of Calculation, Jedediah Buxton and George Bidder, of England, and Zerah Colburn and Truman H. Safford, of the United States, may here be mentioned.
5. CULTIVATION. — The study of arithmetic and algebra, and the practice of calculation in its various forms, and especially mental computations, exercise and develop this faculty ; as also the habit of charging the mind with the memory of the numbers of houses in a street, the pages of a book, etc.
6. RESTRAINT. — To restrain is not necessary.
XXXV. LOCALITY. (31.)
We are journeying to the place of which the Lord said, I will give it you ; come With us.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Locality is situated in the forehead, on each side of Eventuality and over the inner coi- ner of the eyebrows (31, fig. 23).
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — A marked prominence above the inner corner of the eyebrows, on each side of the mesial line, as in Captain Cook (fig. 139), indicates large Locality.
3. FUNCTION. — The faculty of Locality gives the ability to form conceptions of place and to find places, delight in scenery, memory of the location of objects, love of travel, etc.
4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — Locality is large in the busts and portraits of all eminent navigators and travelers, such as Columbus, Cook, Mungo Park, and Sir Samuel Baker; also in great astronomers and geographers, as Kepler, Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Newton. In Tasso the poet, also, it appears to be very large, and he manifested the faculty in a high degree.
In the mask of Sir Walter Scott the organ is large. Readers
THE ORGANS. AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 107
similarly endowed are almost as much delighted with his descriptions of scenery as by a tour made by themselves amid
LARGE.
NOT LARGE.
fie. 137.— O. B. FROTHINGHAM, D.D.* FIG. 138.-JAMES F. CLARKE, D.D.«-
tlK mountain glens ; while those in whom the organ is small, are quite uninterested by his most splendid poetical landscapes. This author wrote so pictorially, that he almost saves an artist, who means to illustrate his pages, the trouble of invention. The organ is more developed in men than in women, and the manifestations correspond.
5. CULTIVATION. — Traveling, the study of geography, and a persevering exercise of the niem- i)iy in reference to places, roads, landmarks, the location of the phrenological organs, etc., wilJ promote the activity and devel- opment of this organ.
6. RESTRAINT. — A too strong disposition to rove, or a rest- less desire for a continual change of place, must be met by
* Dr. Frothingham is a Unitarian minister of New York, and a writer of great ability on theological subjects. He is one of the leaders of the rationalistic party in the Unitarian denomination.
t A preacher and writer of great talent, and minister of the Church of the Disciples CCnitarian) in Boston. He is known as a reformer and a philanthropist.
FIG. 139.— CAPTAIN COOK.
108
HOW TO READ CHA-RACTER.
the cultivation of Continuity and Firmness, and a resolute determination to settle down and establish a permanent home.
XXXVI. EVENTUALITY. (32.) Remember the days of old, consider the years of many generations.
LARGE. MODERATE.
FIG. 140.— S. H. TYNO, D.D.* FIG. 141.— SAMUEL OSGOOD, D.D.t
1. LOCATION. — The organ of this faculty is situated in the center of the forehead (32, fig. 23), to which when large it gives a rounded fullness, as in fig. 142. Fig. 143 shows it small. Taking the root of the nose as the starting-point, we first come to In- dividuality, which lies between the eyebrows. The next organ is Event- uality, just above the eyebrows.
2. FUNCTION. — The function of Eventuality is to impart memory of facts, recollection of circum- stances, news, occurrences, and pass- ing events — whatever has been said, heard, seen, or in any way once known. It seems to perceive the impressions which
* Stephen H. Tyng, D.D., is a prominent clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and pastor of St. George's Church, New York. He ie regarded by many as one of the best extemporaneous pulpit orators in the city.
t Rev. Dr. Osgood is pastor of the Church of the Messiah (Second Unitarian), Ne\r York, and is distinguished both as a writer and as a preacher.
FIG. 142.
FIG. 143.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 109
are the immediate functions of the external senses, to change these into notions, conceptions, or ideas, and to be essential to attention in general. Its sphere of activity is very great, and expressed by the verbs in their infinitive mood. It desires to know everything by experience, and consequently excites all the other organs to activity ; it would hear, see, smell, taste, and touch ; is fond of general instruction, and inclines to the pursuit of practical knowledge.
3. CULTIVATION. — Reading history, mythology, the news- papers of the day, etc., always charging the memory with the events and occurrences related ; writing down or verbally relating the incidents of every-day life, and telling stories and anecdotes, will give exercise to the organ and promote development.
4. RESTRAINT. — To restrain is not necessary.
XXXVII. TIME. (33.) To everything there is a season ; and a time to every purpose under the heaven.
LARGE. NOT LARGE.
FIG. 144.— OLE BORNEMANN BULL.* FIG. 145.— T. B.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of this faculty is situated just above the middle of the eyebrow (33, fig. 23), and between Locality and Tune.
* Die Bull is well known the world over as a violinist of great ability. He is a Norwegian by birth.
t Rev. T. B. Hayward is a minister of the New Church (Swedenborgian), and much respected and esteemed by all who know him.
110 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
2. FUNCTION. — This organ imparts recollection and intuitive knowledge of the lapse of time; memory of dates ; ability to keep time in music; also to perceive those minuter divi- sions, and their harmonious relations, which constitute rhythm. Persons who have it large are invariably accurate dancers, and generally fond of the exercise.
3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — Individuals are occasionally met with who estimate the lapse of time so accurately that they are able to tell the hour without having recourse to a timepiece. An illiterate Highlander, who was long in the service of Sir G. S. Mackenzie as a plowman, could tell the hour of the day with great exactness, and also the time of high water, although he resided seven miles from the sea. Sir George had not become acquainted with Phrenology at the period of this man's death. The lower animals seems to be endowed with the power of perceiving and appreciating intervals of time. Mr. Southey, in his Omniana, relates two instances of dogs who had acquired such a knowledge of time as would enable them to count the days of the week. He says : " My grandfather had one which trudged two miles every Saturday to cater for himself in the shambles. I know another more extraordinary and well-authenticated example. A dog which had belonged to an Irishman, and was sold by him in England, would never touch a morsel of food upon Friday. This may or may not be true. We ourselves do not believe it. The same faculty of recollecting intervals of time exists, though in a more limited extent, in the horse.
4. CULTIVATION. — Regular habits in respect to time, as in rising, retiring, taking meals, etc., and the practice of music, dancing, and rhythmic gymnastic exercises tend to promote the activity of this organ.
5. RESTRAINT. — To restrain is unnecessary.
xxxvin. TUNE. (34.)
Praise the Lord with harp ; sing unto him with the psaltery and an instrument of ten strings. Sing unto him a new song.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Tune is situated on the side ©f the forehead just above the outer corner of the eyebrow
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. Ill
and next to Time (34, fig. 23). A great development of the organ enlarges the lateral parts of the forehead ; but it? appearance varies according to the direction and form of the convolutions. Dr. Spurzheim observes, that, in Gliick and others, this organ had a pyramidal form ; in Mozart, Viotti* Zumsteg, Dussek, Crescentini, and others, the external and
NOT LARGE.
FIG. 146.— MLLE. DE KATOW.* FIG. 147.— WILLIAM COLLIER, D.D.*
lateral portions of the forehead are enlarged, but rounded. Great practice is necessary to be able to observe this organ successfully ; and beginners should place together one person possessing a genius for music, arid another who can scarcely distinguish between any two notes, and mark the difference of their heads. The superior development of the former will be perceptible at a glance.
The heads of Italians and Germans, in general, are broader and fuller at the situation of this organ than those of Span- iards, Frenchmen, and Englishmen in general ; and musical talent is more common in the former than in the latter.
2. FUNCTION. — The faculty of Tun£ gives a perception of melody, the harmony of sounds, and the ability to learn and remember tunes; other faculties are required to compose. Tune is only one ingredient in a genius for music. Time is
* A celebrated Russian violinist. See how full in the temples I t A minister of the Methodist Protestant Church and a leader in the denomination, lie is noted for zeal and earnestness.
112 HOW TO READ CHARACTEE.
requisite to give a just perception of intervals; Ideality, to communicate elevation and refinement; and Secretivenesa and Imitation, to produce expression ; while Constructiveness, Form, Weight, and Individuality are necessary to supply mechanical expertness — qualities all indispensable to a suc- cessful composer or performer.
3. CULTIVATION. — Singing and the practice of vocal and instrumental music, attending concerts, and the constant effort to appreciate music will lead to an increased activity and consequent development of the organ of Tune.
4. RESTRAINT. — Restraint is seldom called for, but should there be an excessive fondness for music, interfering with other studies or pursuits, or with the common duties of life, one must resolutely hold it in check by the exercise of the restraining organs, such as Conscientiousness, Firmness, and the reflective intellect.
XXXIX. LANGUAGE. (35.) Keep thy tongue from evil, and thy lips from speaking guile.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Language is situated on the back part of the orbitary plates, the bones which form the roof of the eyes and support the anterior lobes of the brain.
2. PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGN. — A large development of Lan- guage is indicated by prominent eyes. Sometimes the eyes not only project, but are also depressed, when the under eyelid presents a sort of sack or roll or appears swollen. Both of these signs are conspicuous in fig. 148.
3. FUNCTION. — This faculty gives verbal memory and capacity for learning arbitrary signs of all kinds ; and persons who have it large readily remember words, and learn by heart with great facility. When Language is very large and the general intellect only moderate, it is surprising what a volume of words can be poured forth to express a few ideas, and sometimes no idea at all. This class of persons have great pleasure in hearing themselves talk, and are rendered uncomfortable if not allowed to indulge in their favorite occupation. If they write, their style is like their speaking,
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. US
destitute of condensation — they scribble whole pages about nothing.
4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — This, like all other organs, seems composed of different parts. Some persons are apt to forget proper names, while they recollect words denoting the qualities of external objects. Disease or accident has entailed
LARGE. ONLY FULL.
FIG. 148.— WM. R. WILLIAMS.* FIG. 149.— ROBERT TURNBULL, D.D.t
this peculiarity in several instances. " One Lereard, of Mar- seilles," mentioned by Dr. Spurzheim, " having received a blow from a foil on the eyebrow, lost the memory of proper names entirely ; he sometimes forgot the names of his intimate friends, and even of his father, as he stated in a letter written to Dr. Gall for advice." It is large in Charles Dickens, and small in General U. S. Grant.
We frequently meet with men of great talent only moder- ately endowed with Language, and others whose mental powers are very common-place who have this organ large. Many persons who are largely endowed with this faculty, and who have an excellent verbal memory, and learn by heart with great readiness, yet make little progress in learning the science of a language.
* Dr. Williams is pastor of the Fifty-fourth Street Baptist Church, New York, and is distinguished for his eloquence, learning, talent, authorship, and piety.
t A Scotchman by birth, and now pastor of the largest Baptist church in Hartford, Conn. He is also an author of merit.
114 HOW TO REAP CHARACTER.
5. CULTIVATION. — The constant practice of talking and writing, the study of languages, and the committing to memory of any arbitrary signs, are all adapted to promote the development of this faculty.
6. RESTRAINT. — Where Language is very large and active, it sometimes leads to verbosity, garrulity, and circumlocution, in which case there must be a systematic effort to check this tendency by a severe lopping oif of redundancies in writing and a constant watchfulness over one's self in speaking.
XL. CAUSALITY. (36.) Ajud Paul reasoned with them out of the Scriptures. [The why and wherefore Faculty.}
LARGE. NOT SO LARGE.
FIG. 150.-W. F. MORGAN, D.D.* FIG. 151.— W. B.
1. LOCATION. — Causality is situated in the upper part of the forehead (36, fig. 23), on each side of Comparison, which occupies the center. The two together, when both are large, give great fullness to that portion of the forehead, as seen in fig. 20.
2. FUNCTION. — The faculty of Causality gives the percep- tion of the relation between cause and effect, " the why and wherefore." Comparison seizes the general relations between
* William F. Morgan, D.D., is rector of St. Thomas1 Church (Episcopalian) in New York, and is greatly respected and esteemed by all who know him.
t Rev. W. B. Hayden is a preacher of note in the Swedenborgian denomination, and the author of several works on subjects connected with New Church doctrines.
THE OttGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 115
objects, but Causality ascends beyond juxtaposition and rela- tions; it penetrates the manner in which effects and their causes are connected together, seizes the action of one body on another, and traces the result of that action. It impresses us with an irresistible conviction, that every phenomenon or change in nature is caused by something, and hence, by suc- cessive steps, leads us to the great Cause of all. It is also creative, producing originality and forethought, and ability to adapt means to ends.
3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — Dr. Gall speaks of a cast molded on the head of Kant, the great. metaphysical philos- opher, after his death, in wThich he found an extraordinary prominence in the region assigned to Causality. (See fig. 20.) Afterward he became acquainted with Fichte, in whose head he found the region still more largely developed than in Kant.
As examples of large Causality, we may mention Plato, Socrates, Bacon, Montaigne, Galileo, Descartes, Leibnitz, Sir Isaac Newton, Franklin, Cuvier, Gall, Napoleon, Dupuytren, Fourier, Brunei, and Webster.
4. CULTIVATION. — The study of philosophy in all its branches, and especially Phrenology in its theoretical aspects ; planning ; contriving ways and means ; meditating on the laws of nature ; and trying to trace out the connection between observed phenomena and their causes, all serve to exercise Causality and increase its power.
5. RESTRAINT. — To restrain this faculty is seldom necessary. If too active, divert the mind by strict attention to practical affairs, cultivating the Perceptives.
XLI. COMPARISON. (37.)
The invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Comparison is situated in the upper part of the forehead on the middle line between the two sides, and generally just below the roots of the hair, the bottom being about the center of the forehead (37, fig. 23). It is prominent in the portrait of Linna3us, whose pursuits necessitated the constant exercise of the faculty.
116
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
2. FUNCTION. — Comparison gives ability to perceive differ- ences and resemblances ; to reason inductively ; to analyze,
FIG. 152.— M. J. SPALDING, D.D.*
FIG. 153.— JOHN MCCLOSKEY, D.D.t
classify, compare, and draw inferences ; and to judge correctly of the congruousness of objects or ideas. It seems also to
exert a harmonizing influence over the action of all the other faculties.
3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. — Among nations, it is very large in the French and in the Irish. Thomas Moore may be instanced as one of the best examples of its manifestation in literary composition. " The harp that once through Tara's halls," illustrates his use of Comparison as a figure of
speech. Another short poem — " Though fate, my girl, may bid us part" — is almost entirely made up of a description and
* Dr. Spalding is Archbishop of Baltimore and Primate of the Eoman Catholic Church in the United States. His " History of the Reformation" is one of the standard works of his church.
t Dr. McCloskey, second Archbishop of New York, is considered one of the most polished pulpit orators in the Catholic Church, and he is noted for his kindness of heart and active benevolence.
FIG. 154.— LINNAEUS.
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 117
comparison of conditions. The following often-quoted lines are likewise in point:
" When I remember all
The friends so linked together, I've seen around me fall,
Like leaves in wintry weather ; I feel like one who treads alone
Some banquet hall deserted, Whose lights are fled, whose garlands dead,
And all but he departed."
Comparison was large in the heads of Curran, Burke, Pitt, Chalmers, Franklin, Roscoe, Hume, Jeffrey, Patrick Henry, Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Webster.
The teachings of the Bible are addressed to this faculty in an eminent degree, being replete with analogies and com- parisons ; as " Unto what is the kingdom of God like, and whereunto shall I resemble it ? It is like a grain of mustard seed," etc. " It is like leaven," etc.
4. CULTIVATION. — Studying logic, mental philosophy (phre- nologically, of course), chemistry, botany, etc., or the con- stant exercise of one's analytical powers in any branch of study or business, may be made subservient to the develop- ment of this faculty.
5. RESTRAINT. — To restrain is not necessary.
XLII. HUMAN NATURE. (c.)
Behold, I know your thoughts, and the devices which ye wrongfully imagine against me.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Human Nature is situated on the median line of the forehead, between Comparison and Benevolence (C, fig. 23).
2. FUNCTION. — The function of this organ is to furnish us with an intuitive knowledge of character, or to enable us to perceive the state of mind or feeling possessed by others, so that we may successfully adapt ourselves to them and operate upon their feelings. It gives sagacity, and is possessed in a very remarkable degree by our North American Indians. It was large in Napoleon and in old Hayes, the great rogue- catcher and detective of New York, as it is also in Gen, Grant,
118 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
3. CULTIVATION. — No better means can be made use of to improve this faculty than to make human nature a study, using Phrenology and Physiognomy as guides in its prosecu- tion. Observe every one you meet, and note the expression,
LARGE. MODERATE.
FIG. 155.— THEO. L. CUTLER.* FIG. 156.— Jos. T. DuRYEA.t
tones, and actions of each, and try to read them as you might an open book.
4. RESTRAINT. — If too suspicious, by reason of over-large Cautiousness and large or perverted Human Nature, one must cultivate Benevolence, Hope, and Conscientiousness, and try to take a kinder, more lenient, cheerful, and j aster view of his fellow-men.
XLIII. AGREE ABLENESS. (D.)
A soft answer turneth away wrath, but grievous words stir up anger.
1. LOCATION. — The organ of Agreeableness is situated in the upper edge of the forehead (D, fig. 23). It lies directly over the inner angle of the eye and about two inches above the ridge of the eyebrow. It is apt to be marked by a depression in the American head ; but is prominent in the French, who are said to be the most polite.
* Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler is pastor of the Lafayette Avenue Preshyterian Church in Brooklyn. He is one of the most popular preachers in the United States.
t Rev. Joseph T. Duryea, lately one of the pastors of the Collegiate Reformed Church in New York, BOW of Brooklyn, is a young man of brilliant powers and of great promise,
THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.
2. FUNCTION. — It imparts the ability to make one's self acceptable to others, and to adopt a persuasive and con- ciliatory mode of address and pleasant manners. One who has it large can utter even the most unwelcome truths with- out giving oifense ; and with large Imitation and Benevolence,
FIG. 157.— SCHUYLKR COLFAX.* FIG. 158.— FRANK P. BLAIR, jR.t
to which it is closely allied in location, is sure to be a genera1 favorite, especially if the social organs be large.
3. CULTIVATION. — The study and constant practice of the art of politeness, which has its foundation in this organ in conjunction with Benevolence and Conscientiousness, will tend to arouse the spirit of Agreeableness. By acting in such a way as to make ourselves, so far as possible, agreeable to those around us, we shall in time come to feel agreeable, and shall develop the organ of that feeling. [See our hand- book, " How to Behave,"]; for lessons in politeness, and the study of a courteous deportment.]
4. RESTRAINT. — To restrain is not necessary.
* An American politician and statesman of fine ability and strong personal inf uence.
t A general in the Union Army during the American Civil War ; not noted for suavity of manners.
% "How to Behave,1' A Pocket Manual of Republican Etiquette and Guide to Correct Personal Habits, with Rules for Debating Societies and Deliberative Assemblies. Price, 75 cents ; or, in connection with "How to Write, How to Talk, and How tp Ity Business," complete in one rojume, $2 25,
120 HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
V.
THE ART OF CHARACTER READING.
I. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.
[N character reading, as in everything else, it is im- portant that we begin in the right place — at the begin- ning—and that, having begun rightly, we proceed step by step according to the natural sequence of the points to be considered. " Order is heaven's first law," and by means of method we make simple and easy what at first sight seems complicated and difficult.
1. SIZE. — Size, you will re- FIG. 159.— ANDREW JACKSON. . .
member, other things being
equal, is the measure of power. Having the living subject before you, commence by considering his or her size — the size ef the person as a whole. How does it compare with the average development of the race, nation, and sex to which the subject belongs. Having settled this point in your mind, you have the first element of the combination which is to determine your estimate of character.
2. QUALITY. — Having determined the size, your next in° quiry should be, " What is the Quality ?" Quality is mainly a matter of temperament. What, then, is the temperament of the subject ? We have described the Temperaments, and shall take it for granted that you know how to distinguish them ; but, to make the matter still plainer, if possible, we will restate and illustrate in a somewhat different form, look-
THE AKT OF CHARACTER READING.
FIG. ISO.— THE ENGLISH GIRL.
ing at the subject in its physiognomical as well as its physio- logical and phrenological aspects.
Each temperament has a configuration peculiar to itself; so
that the general outlines of the person, or of any part of it, will indicate to which the subject belongs. Take the head (in- cluding the face) as an example. Observe its configuration as seen in front and in profile.
3. THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. — We will suppose, for instance, that the subject before you has a face and head which, in the front view, present a nearly circular outline, like fig. 160. The profile will show the same tendency to roundness as in fig. 161 ; and this will be the character of the whole physical system — the body and limbs being pvump and full, and the whole figure broad and stout rather than long and slender.
Now, you may at once conclude that your subject has a predominance of the Vital Temperament, and this fact will furnish the key to his or her character.
There will be great vigor, a good digestion, love of fresh air and exercise, and a fondness for good living and physical enjoyments gener- ally, with a disinclination to hard and pro- tracted labor.
Mentally, you may look for ardor, impulsive- ness, enthusiasm, and versatility, if not fickle- ness. There will be more diligence than per- sistence, and more brilliancy than depth. There _
. , J FIG. 161.— PBOFIL*.
may be a quick and violent temper, but it will
be easily calmed, and in general the disposition will be cheer- ful, amiable, and genial.
4. THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT. — Perhaps your next sub-
6
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HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
ject will have a face like figs. 159 and 162, in which length is the predominant characteristic. The profile will present strong angular lines, as in fig. 163, in place of the curves which prevail in the previous illustration. The figure will bo
FIG. 162.— HON. MR. JULIAN, M.C.
FIG. 163.— PROFILE.
found to be tall and striking, with a manifest tendency to angularity, as in the features.
In this case you have the Motive Temperament before you, and may infer density and firmness of texture in all the organs, and great strength and endurance in the physical system, with energy, capacity for work, and a strongly marked character, in which executiveness, love of power, stability, persistence, and directness are noticeable traits. There may be, though not necessarily, an objectionable degree of hardness and coarseness ; but we shall generally find a degree of firmness and constancy which may be relied on in business, in friendship, or in love. This temperament and form of face are less common among women than among men, and the characteristics we have named are of course subject to the modifications superinduced by sex and age.
5. THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. — A third form of face it shown in fig. 164. It may be called the pyriform or pear- shaped face, of which the profile is less rounded than in fig. 161, less angular than in fig. 163, and more delicate tbao
THE ART OF CHARACTER READING. 123
either, as in fig. 165. As it is the expansion of the superior parts of the face, including the forehead, which gives the pyri- form shape to the whole in the front view, you may without looking farther set down your subject who presents this form as having a predominance of the Mental Temperament. You
PIG. 164.— RACHEL. FIG. 165.— PROFILE.
will find the figure in this case slender and delicate rather than elegant or striking. The indications are great mental activity, a lively imagination, fine sensibilities, refinement, delicacy, taste, and literary or artistic talent.
Of course these forms and the temperaments they indicate occur in all degrees of development and in combinations innumerable, and are modified by the state of the health and other conditions already noted. You will learn in time to attribute to each its proper strength and influence. See what is said on Balance of Temperaments (Chap. II., Sec. II.), also High and LOAV Quality (Chap. II., Sec. III.).
In connection with Temperament, Breathing Power, Circu- lation, Digestion, Activity, Excitability, and General Health, must be noted by means of the indications we have given in Chap. II.
Having proceeded thus far, you have a good general idea of the capacity and tendencies of the person before you- '-the outlines, as it were, of the character.
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
II. THE GJROtirS OF ORGANS.
You should next seek to estimate the power of the brain, as a wkole. You have already taken into account the element of size in the person, as a whole, and have considered the brain in its influence upon temperament. Get now its absolute size by measurement,* and then proceed to ascertain the relative development of its different parts or regions. Which pre- dominates ? the Region of Propensity, the Region of Intellect, or the Spiritual Region ? If Intellect be the leading development, FIG. 166.— THREE the forehead and whole anterior compart- ment of the cranium, as marked on the diagram (fig. 168), will be deep and broad, as in fig. 167. Here the posterior compartment or Region of Propensity is short and narrow, and the Superior or Spiritual Region (seat of the Moral Sentiments) only moderately developed. If your subject have a forehead like this, you will infer that he is both an observer and a thinker of more than ordinary capacity.
If the lower part of the forehead predominate, as in fig. 169, perception will be found in the ascendant; and if the upper portion be largest, as in fig. 168, there will be more thought- fulness or reflection and less observation — more philosophy and less science — more of the theoretical than of the practical. The predominance of the propensities gives breadth to the base of the brain between and behind the ears, as in fig. 170, and length to the posterior lobe, as in fig. 171. From the lateral development you will infer appetite, energy, economy,
* In measuring the head as here suggested, pass the tape around it horizontally about an inch above the eyebrows, or so that it will pass over the organs of Individu- ality and Parental Love. This will give some idea of the size, of the head ; but the fact that some heads are round, others long, some low, and others high, so modifies these measurements that they do not convey any very correct notion of the actual quantity of brain. These measurements range somewhat as follows in adults :
T or Very Large, 24 inches and upward ; 6 or Large, from 23 to 23} ; 5 or Full from 22 to 22* ; 4 or Average, from 21 to 21 i ; 3 or Moderate, from 20 to 20* ; 2 or Small, from 19 to 19* ; 1 Below, 19. Female beads are half an inch to an inch below these measurements, corresponding with their bodies.
THE ART OF CHARACTER READING.
policy — a disposition to preserve, provide for, and defend one's self. The extent backward from the ear indicates the
power of the social element, INTELLECTUAL.
and gives the fraternal, af- fectionate, loving, domestic, and patriotic disposition
Development obliquely upward from the ear, or in the superior part of the posterior region, giving height and breadth to that portion of the head (of which also fig. 171 affords an illustration), imparts prudence, aspiration, dig- nity, pride, self-reliance, arid love of distinction, FlG- 167.— WILKIE COLLINS.*
power, and position. If the coronal region, or top-head, pre-
THOUGHTFUL.
OBSERVING.
FIG. 168.— HEPWORTH DixoN.t FIG. 169.— A LOWLANDEB.
dominate, as in fig. 172, in which it will be seen that the
* An English novelist and miscellaneous writer, noted for his skill in the manage- ment of the plot in his fictions. " After Dark," " The Dead Secret," and " The Womaa in White" are among his most popular works.
t An English journalist and author, best known here through his " New America,"
126
HOW TO READ CHARACTER.
height from the opening of the ear to the apex of the head is very great, you may assume that the subject has a strono-
EXECUTIVE.
SPIRITUALLY MINDED.
FIG. 170.— GENERAL JOSEPH HOOKER.* FIG. 171.— THEODOSIA BURR ALLSTON.t
natural tendency toward a moral and religious life — to manL fest faith, hope, and charity — to reverence God and his laws, and to aspire after purity and holiness.
Having ascertained which of the groups of organs, as a whole, pre- dominate, your next step should be to determine the controlling organ in that group. " If it be Conscientious- ness in the moral group, and that is the controlling group of the brain, then everything must be squared according to the rule of rectitude. If Benevo- lence is the controlling organ in that group, then everything must be gov- erned according to the spirit of kind- ness and sympathy. If Veneration be the strongest, then there is a tendency to think of God and to reverence his authority; if Conscien- tiousness lead the person to be honest, it is for God's sake ;
* Known in the Union Army, in the American Civil War, as " fighting Joe Hooker." t Daughter of Aaron Burr.
$ Rev. Benjamin Szold is a Jewish Rabbi of Baltimore, but by birth a Hungarian, and is distinguished for piety and learning.
FIG. 172.— BENJ.
THE ART OF CHARACTER READING. 127
if through Benevolence he become a benefactor, it is for God'a sake ; his Spirituality begets a yearning for the life to come, because God is the light thereof; Hope fixes its aspiration upon the Father of all, and thus he inclines to walk with God and have his conversation in heaven. This, at least, will be the form of his piety and the tendency of his moral life.
"In the selfish group, with Acquisitiveness predominating, energy, skill, and executive force will back up that element, and money-making, though it may be honestly done, will seem to be the great drift of the person's life."
As the predominant group determines the general tend- encies of the mind, so the strongest organ in that group influences the action of all the rest. In this way, if the faculty which inspires ambition be strong, the talent, skill, energy, enterprise, prudence, policy, friendship, affection, all incline toward and sustain ambition.
A perfectly balanced brain will seldom, if ever, be found ; but supposing one to be in equilibrium, then the course of action wThich a person thus endowed would pursue, would be determined by the paramount external