ii . . 'A Of x; r- a 9 10- ; ru li a m a AN ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, AND THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS FROM NEWFOUNDLAND TO THE PARALLEL OF THE so/ HERN BOUNDARY OF VIRGINIA, AND FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAJ WESTWARD TO THE 102o MERIDIAN BY NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, Pn/X, Sc.D., LL.D. DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW VORK BOTANICAL GARDEN; PROF/ SOR IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY AND HON. ADDISON BROWN,A-B., LL.D. PRESIDENT OF THE NEW YORK BOTANf 111 GARDEN THE DESCRIPTIVE /EXT CHIEFLY PREPARED BY PROFESSOR BRITTON, WITHfHE ASSISTANCE OF SPECIALISTS IN SEVERAL GROUPS; THE FIGURES ALSO DR/VN UNDER HIS SUPERVISION SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED IN THREE/VOLUMES Vol. II. AMARANTHACEA TO LOGANIACEAE AMARANTH/TO POLYPREMUM NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1913 j COPYRIGHT, 1913 BY NATHAN V L. BRITTON AND HELEN C. BROWN, E.\rutrix of the Estate of SON BROWN, deceased. LANCASTER. PA. CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. 16. AMARANTHACEAE 17. CHENOPODIACEAE 18. PHYTOLACCACEAE 19. CORRIGIOLACEAE 20. NYCTAGINACEAE 21. AlZOACEAE 22. PORTULACACEAE 23. ALSINACEAE 24. CARYOPHYLLACEAE 25. CERATOPHYLLACEAE 26. CABOMBACEAE 27. NELUMBONACEAE 28. NYMPHAEACEAE 29. MAGNOLIACEAE 30. ANNONACEAE 31. RANUNCULACEAE 32. BERBERIDACEAE 33. MENISPERMACEAE 34. CALYCANTHACEAE 35. LAURACEAE 36. PAPAVERACEAE 37. FUMARIACEAE 38. CRUCIFERAE 39. CAPPARIDACEAE 40. RESEDACEAE 41. SARRACENIACEAE 42. DROSERACEAE 43. PODOSTEMACEAE 44. CRASSULACEAE 45. PENTHORACEAE 1. CLETHRACEAE 2. PYROLACEAE 3. MONOTROPACEAE 4. ERICACEAE 5. VACCINIACEAE Choripetalae (continued) i 46. PARNASSIACEAE 8 47. SAXIFRAGACEAE 25 48. HYDRANGEACEAE 26 49. ITEACEAE 30 50. HAMAMELIDACEAE 34 51. ALTINGIACEAE 35 52. GROSSULARIACEAE 41 53. PLATANACEAE 6 1 54. ROSACEAE 75 55- MALACEAE 75 56. AMYGDALACEAE 76 57. MlMOSACEAE 77 58. CAESALPINACEAE 80 59. KRAMERIACEAE 83 60. FABACEAE 84 61. GERANIACEAE 126 62. OXALIDACEAE I3O 63. LlNACEAE 132 64. BALSAMINACEAE 133 65. LlMNANTHACEAE 136 66. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 141 67. RUTACEAE 146 68. SlMAROUBACEAE 196 69. POLYGALACEAE 199 70. EUPHORBIACEAE 201 71. CALLITRICHACEAE 202 72. EMPETRACEAE 205 73. BUXACEAE 205 74. ANACARDIACEAE 211 75. CYRILLACEAE Gamopetalae 666 6. DlAPENSIACEAE 668 7. PRIMULACEAE 673 8. PLUMBAGINACEAE 675 9. SAPOTACEAE 694 10. EBENACEA-i SYMBOLS USED, 1-666 211 76. ILICACEAE 214 77. CELASTRACEAE 230 78. STAPHYLEACEAE 233 79. ACERACEAE 234 80. AESCULACEAE 235 81. SAPINDACEAE 236 82. RHAMNACEAE 242 83. VlTACEAE 242 84. TlLIACEAE 286 85. MALVACEAE 322 86. THEACEAE 330 87. HYPERICACEAE 334 88. ELATINACEAE 340 89. CISTACEAE 341 OO. VlOLACEAE 425 91. PASSIFLORACEAE 430 92. LOASACEAE 435 93. CACTACEAE 440 94. THYMELEACEAE 441 95. ELAEAGNACEAE 442 96. LYTHRACEAE 443 97. MELASTOMACEAE 445 98. ONAGRACEAE 446 99. TRAPACEAE 452 100. HALORAGIDACEAE 477 101. ARALIACEAE 478 102. AMMIACEAE 480 IO3. CORNACEAE 480 485 666 705 ii. SYMPLOCACEAE 707 12. STYRACEAE 717 13. OLEACEAE 719 14. LOGANIACEAE 720 486 490 493 494 498 500 5oi 505 5ii 513 526 527 537 539 545 564 565 568 574 575 577 582 584 611 612 616 619 660 721 721 723 729 ENGLISH FAMILY NAMES Petals distinct, or none (continued) 16. AMARANTH FAMILY 17. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 1 8. POKEWEED FAMILY 19. WHITLOWWORT FAMILY 26 20. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY 30 21. CARPET-WEED FAMILY 34 22. PURSLANE FAMILY 35 23. CHICKWEED FAMILY 41 24. PINK FAMILY 61 25. HORNWORT FAMILY 75 26. WATER-SHIELD FAMILY 75 27. SACRED-BEAN FAMILY 76 28. WATER-LILY FAMILY 78 29. MAGNOLIA FAMILY 80 30. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY 83 31. CROWFOOT FAMILY 84 32. BARBERRY FAMILY 126 33. MOONSEED FAMILY 130 34. STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY 132 35. LAUREL FAMILY 133 36. POPPY FAMILY 136 37. FUMEWORT FAMILY 141 38. MUSTARD FAMILY 146 39. CAPER FAMILY 196 1-666 40. MIGNONETTE FAMILY 199 41. PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY 201 42. SUNDEW FAMILY 202 43. RIVER- WEED FAMILY 205 44. ORPINE FAMILY 205 45. VIRGINIA STONE- CROP FAMILY 211 46. GRASS-OF-PARNAS- sus FAMILY 211 47. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 214 48. HYDRANGEA FAMILY 230 49. VIRGINIA WILLOW FAMILY 233 IV CONTENTS. VOL. II. 50. WITCH-HAZEL FAM 51. ALTINGIA FAMILY 235 52. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 236 53. PLANE-TREE FAMILY 242 54. ROSE FAMILY 55. APPLE FAMILY 56. PEACH FAMILY 57. MIMOSA FAMILY 58. SENNA FAMILY 59. KRAMERIA FAMILY 340 60. PEA FAMILY 61. GERANIUM FAMILY 425 62. WOOD- SORREL FAM 63. FLAX FAMILY 64. JEWEL-WEED FAMILY 440 65. FALSE MERMAID FAMILY 441 66. CALTROP FAMILY 67. RUE FAMILY 68. AILANTHUS FAMILY 445 69. MILK WORT FAMILY 446 88. 234 70. SPURGE FAMILY 452 235 71. WATER- STAR WORT 89- 236 FAMILY 477 242 72. CROWBERRY FAMILY 478 90. 242 73. Box FAMILY 480 91. 286 74. SUMAC FAMILY 480 322 75. CYRILLA FAMILY 485 92. 330 76. HOLLY FAMILY 486 93- 334 77. STAFF-TREE FAMILY 490 94- 340 78. BLADDER-NUT 95- 341 FAMILY 493 96. 425 79. MAPLE FAMILY 494 97- 80. BUCKEYE FAMILY 498 430 81. SOAPBERRY FAMILY 500 98. 435 82. BUCKTHORN FAMILY 501 440 83. GRAPE FAMILY 505 99- 84. LINDEN FAMILY 511 IOO. 441 85. MALLOW FAMILY 513 442 86. TEA FAMILY 526 101. 443 87. ST. JOHN'S-WORT 1 02. 445 FAMILY 527 103. WATER-WORT FAMILY 537 ROCK-ROSE FAMILY 539 VIOLET FAMILY 545 PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY 564 LOASA FAMILY 565 CACTUS FAMILY 568 MEZEREON FAMILY 574 OLEASTER FAMILY 575 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY 577 M EADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY 582 EVENING- PRIMROSE FAMILY 584 WATER-NUT FAMILY 611 WATER- MILFOIL FAMILY 612 GINSENG FAMILY 616 CARROT FAMILY 619 DOGWOOD FAMILY 660 Petals wholly or partly united, rarely separate or wanting 666 1. WHITE ALDER FAMILY 666 2. WlNTERGREEN FAMILY 668 3. INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY 673 4. HEATH FAMILY 675 5. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY 694 6. DIAPENSIA FAMILY 705 7. PRIMROSE FAMILY 707 8. PLUMBAGO FAMILY 717 9. SAPODILLA FAMILY 719 INDEX OF LATIN GENERIC NAMES IN VOLUME II. 10. EBONY FAMILY 720 11. SWEET-LEAF FAMILY 721 12. STORAX FAMILY 721 13. OLIVE FAMILY 723 14. LOGANIA FAMILY 729 732-735 SYMBOLS USED is used after figures to indicate feet. 'is used after figures to indicate inches.' " is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch. ^ over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the vowel. "* over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound of the vowel. IN THE METRIC SYSTEM. The metre = 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches.' The decimetre = 3.94 inches. The centimetre = S of an inch, or 4! lines. The millimetre = ^s of an inch, or i a line. 2i millimeters = I line. /ery nearly ILLUSTRATED FLORA. VOL. ii. Family 16. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i : 204. 1805. AMARANTH FAMILY. Herbs, some exotic genera low shrubs, with alternate or opposite simple mostly entire thin leaves. Flowers small, green or white, perfect, monoecious, polyga- mous, or dioecious, bracteolate, variously clustered, usually in terminal spikes or axillary heads. Petals none. Calyx herbaceous or membranous, 2-5-parted, or 5-cleft, the segments distinct or somewhat united, equal, or the inner ones smaller. Stamens 1-5, mostly opposite the calyx-segments, hypogynous ; filaments distinct, united at the base, or into a tube; anthers i-celled or 2-celled. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, i-celled ; ovule solitary in the following genera, amphitropous (sev- eral in some tropical genera) ; style short, elongated or none; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a utricle, circumscissile, bursting irregularly or indehiscent, i-seeded in our genera. Seed mostly smooth ; embryo annular ; endosperm mealy, usually copious. About 40 genera and 475 species, widely distributed, most abundant in warm regions. Anthers 2-celled ; leaves alternate. Calyx 2-5-parted or of 2-5 sepals. i. Amaranthus. Calyx of the pistillate flowers wanting. 2. Acnida. Anthers i-celled ; leaves opposite. Flowers in small axillary clusters. 3. Cladothrix. Flowers variously spicate or paniculate. Calyx 5-cleft ; filaments united into a tube. 4. Froelichia. Calyx s-parted ; filaments united at the base. 5. Iresine. i. AMARANTHUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 989. 1753. Annual branched erect or diffusely spreading glabrous or pubescent herbs, most of the species weeds, with alternate, petioled pinnately veined entire, undulate or crisped leaves and small monoecious polygamous or dioecious green or purplish mostly 3-bracteolate flowers in dense terminal spikes or axillary clusters. Calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals. Stamens 2-5; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid or oblong utricle, circumscissile, bursting irregularly or indehiscent, 2-3-beaked by the persis- tent styles. Embryo annular. [Greek, unfading flower, from the dry, unwithering bracts.] About 50 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following some 22 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species : Amaranthus caudatus L. Utricle circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid. Flowers, at least the upper, in dense terminal spikes. Axils not spine-bearing. Sepals oblong to lanceolate. Spikes stout, 4 "-7" thick. T . A.retrofle.rtts. Spikes slender, 2" -3" thick. 2 . A. hybridus Sepals spatulate. 3 . A.Palmeri. A pair of stout spines in each axil. 4. A. spinosus. Flowers all in small axillary clusters, mostly shorter than the leaves. Plant prostrate ; bracts oblong ; utricle smooth. 5. A. blitoides. Plant erect, bushy-branched; bracts subulate; utricle wrinkled. 6. A. graecizans. Utricle indehiscent, membranous, coriaceous or fleshy. Upper flowers in terminal, more or less elongated spikes. Sepals 5, clawed; flowers dioecious; southwestern species. 7. A.Torreyi. Sepals 2 or 3, oblong or spatulate ; flowers monoecious or polygamous ; in waste places. Utricle smooth, dry, scarious. 8. A. lividits. Utricle fleshy, 3-s-nerved. 9 . A. deflexus. Flowers all in small axillary clusters shorter than the leaves. Plant not fleshy; stem prostrate; leaves crisped. 10. A. crisflus. Sea-coast fleshy plant; stem short, erect; leaves not crisped. n. A.pumilits. i AMARANTHACEAE. VOL. II. i. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Green Amaranth, Red Root. Fig. 1659. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Sp. PI. 991. 1753. Roughish-pnberulent, rather light green, stem stout, erect or ascending, commonly branched, i- 10 tall. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, slender-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or acuminate at the base, the larger 3 '-6' long, their margins undulate or entire ; flowers green, polygamous, densely aggregated in terminal and axillary spikes, which are sessile, stout, obtuse or subacute, ovoid-cylindric, erect or ascend- ing, \'-2\' long, 4"-7" thick ; bracts subulate, twice as long as the 5 scarious narrowly oblong or slightly spatulate mucronate-tipped obtuse or often emar- ginate sepals; stamens 5; utricle slightly wrinkled, thin, circumscissile, rather shorter than the sepals. A weed, in cultivated and waste soil, throughout North America, north to Nova Scotia, North Dakota and Wash- ington. Also in Europe. Naturalized from tropical America. Rough pigweed. Aug.-Oct. 2. Amaranthus hybridus L. Spleen Amaranth. Pilewort. Fig. 1660. Amaranthus hybridus L. Sp. PI. 990. 1753. Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Sp. PI. 991. 1753. A. chlorostachys Willd. Amaranth. 34. pi. 10. t. 19. 1790. A. paniculatus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1406. 1763. Similar to the preceding species but darker green, or purple, pubescent or nearly glabrous; stem usually slender, erect, usually branched, 2-8 tall. Leaves bright green on both sides or paler beneath, usually smaller, slender-petioled; spikes linear-cylindric, axil- lary and forming dense terminal panicles, ascending, somewhat spreading or drooping; bracts awned or awn-tipped, twice as long as the 5 oblong acute or cuspidate sepals ; stamens 5 ; utricle scarcely wrinkled, circumscissile. A weed, in waste grounds, range nearly of the preceding species, its races differing in color, pubescence and length of the awns of the bracts. Naturalized from tropical Amer- ica. Slender pigweed. Red amaranth or cockscomb. Prince's-feather. Flower-gentle. Careless. Floramor. Aug.-Oct. . //X. V. jf 3. Amaranthus Palmeri S. Wats. Palmer's Amaranth. Fig. 1661. A. Palmeri S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 274. 1876. Somewhat resembling the two preceding species, stem erect, slender, branched, 2-3 tall, usually pubes- cent above. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, prominently veined, slender-petioled, the lower petioles often longer than the blades; flowers polygamous or dioecious, borne in elongated erect or drooping spikes often i long or more, and some of them commonly in small clusters in the upper axils ; bracts subulate, spiny-awned, spreading, twice as long as the sepals ; sepals 5, spatulate, clawed ; utricle dry, tircumscissile. In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to Texas and in east- ern Massachusetts. Adventive. Native from New Mexico to California and Chihuahua. June-Sept. Amaranthus caudatus L., with long dense red nod- ding terminal spikes, has been found in waste grounds in Connecticut. GENUS i. AMARANTH FAMILY. 4. Amaranthus spinosus L. Spiny or Thorny Amaranth. Fig. 1662 Amaranthus spinosus L. Sp. PI. 991. 1753. t ' Rather dark green, glabrous or somewhat pubes- cent above, stem stout, erect or ascending, ridged, usually much branched, sometimes red, i-4 high. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, slender-petioled, acute at both ends, i'-3' long, with a pair of rigid stipular spines i'-i' long at each node, the midvein excurrent; flowers monoecious, the pistillate in numerous capitate axillary clusters, mostly shorter than the petioles, the staminate in dense terminal linear-cylindric spreading or droop- ing spikes i '-6' long; bracts lanceolate-subulate about as long as the 5 scarious oblong mucronate-. tipped i -nerved sepals, and the thin imperfectly cir- cumscissile utricle ; stamens 5. In waste and cultivated soil, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Mexico. Naturalized from tropical America. A troublesome weed southward. Red amaranth. June- Sept. Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Prostrate Amaranth. Fig. 1663. A. blitoides S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 273. 1877. Nearly or quite glabrous, rather pale green, stem diffusely branched, prostrate and spreading on the gorund, ridged, 6'-2 long, often forming mats. Leaves obovate or spatulate, i'-i' long, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed into slender petioles, sometimes longer than the blades ; flowers polyg- amous, in small axillary clusters mostly shorter than the petioles ; bracts oblong to lanceolate-subulate, little longer than the 3 to 5 oblong-lanceolate acute or cuspidate sepals ; stamens 3 ; utricle nearly smooth, circumscissile, equalling or slightly longer than the sepals. In waste places, especially along the principal routes of travel, Maine to southern Ontario and North Dakota, south to New Jersey, Missouri and Kansas. Naturalized from west of the Rocky Mountains, where it appears to be indigenous from Washington to Utah, Colorado and Mexico. June-Oct. 6. Amaranthus graecizans L. Tumble-weed. Fig. 1664 Amaranthus graecizans L. Sp. PI. 990. 1753. Amaranthus albus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1404. 1763. Glabrous, pale green, stem erect, bushy- branched, whitish, 6'-2 tall, the branches slen- der, ascending. Leaves oblong, spatulate or obovate, l'-li' long, slender-petioled, papil- lose, the midvein excurrent ; flowers polyga- mous, several together in small axillary clusters shorter than the leaves, commonly not longer than the petioles; bracts subulate, pungent- pointed, spreading, much longer than the 3 membranous sepals; stamens 3; utricle wrinkled, circumscissile, longer than the sepals. In waste and cultivated soil, throughout North America, except the extreme north. The leaves fall away in autumn, and on the western plains the plant, thus denuded, is freely uprooted and blown before the wind, whence the popular name. June-Sept. AMARANTHACEAE. VOL. II. 7. Amaranthus Torreyi (A. Gray) Benth. Torrey's Amaranth. Fig. 1665. Amblogyne Torreyi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 5 : 167. 1861. Amaranthus Torreyi Benth. ; S. Wats. Bot. Cal. 2 : 2 : 42. 1889. Glabrous or nearly so, stem stout or slender, erect, grooved, usually much branched above, 2-3 tall. Leaves lanceolate or rhombic- lanceolate, thin, narrowed above to a rather blunt apex, mostly cuneate at the base, \\'- long, i'-i' wide, slender-petioled ; flowers dioecious, borne in terminal slender some- times panicled spikes and in small axillary clusters; bracts shorter than or about equal- ling the 5 sepals, cuspidate ; sepals of the pistillate flowers obovate or broadly spatu- late, clawed, obtuse or emarginate, those of the staminate flowers narrower and subacute ; utricle dry, indehiscent. In dry soil, western Nebraska to Nevada, south to Mexico. Plant with the aspect of Acnida. June-Aug. 8. Amaranthus lividus L. Purplish Ama- ranth. Fig. 1666. Amaranthus lividus L. Sp. PI. 990. 1753. Euxolus lividus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13-: 275. 1849. Glabrous, rather succulent, purplish-green or red; stem erect, slender, branched, i-3 tall. Leaves ovate, entire, i'-3' long, strongly emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, slender-petioled ; flow- ers monoecious or polygamous, in dense terminal spikes and in capitate axillary clusters usually much shorter than the petioles ; bracts shorter than the 2 or 3 oblong or spatulate sepals ; utricle dry, sca- rious, smooth, indehiscent, longer than the sepals. In waste places, eastern Massachusetts to southern New York. Adventive from tropical America. July- Sept. Amaranthus gracilis Desf., which differs mainly from this species by its warty utricle, has been found in bal- last at the seaports and is reported from Ohio. It is native of tropical America and has been confused with A. viridis L. 9. Amaranthus deflexus L. Low Amaranth. Fig. 1667. Amaranthus deflexus L. Mant. 2: 295. 1771. Euxolus deflexus Raf. Fl. Tell. 3 : 42. 1836. Glabrous, purplish-green, rather succulent, stem usually much branched, erect, stout or slender, i-3 tall. Leaves ovate or oval, obtuse retuse or emarginate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, I '-3' long, \'-\\' wide, slender-petioled, the petioles often as long as the blades or the lower ones longer; flowers polygamous in dense, mostly short and thick terminal spikes and capitate in the axils ; bracts shorter than the 2 or 3 oblong or spatulate sepals usually very short ; utricle fleshy, 3~5-nerved, smooth, indehiscent, longer than the sepals when ripe. In waste places and ballast along the coast, Massa- chusetts to southern New York. Also in California. Probably adventive from Europe. July-Sept. GENUS i. AMARANTH FAMILY. 10. Amaranthus crispus (Lesp. & Thev.) A. Braun. Crisp-leaved Amaranth. Fig. 1668. Eitxolus crispus Lesq. & Thev. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 6: 656. 1859. Amarantus crispus A. Braun ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 428. 1890. Pubescent, stem copiously branched, slender, spreading on the ground, prostrate, forming mats 8'-2i in diameter. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly acute at the apex and narrowed at the base, petioled, 4"-i' long, their margins remarkably crisped ; petioles shorter than or exceeding the blades ; flowers all in small axllary clusters shorter than the petioles; bracts lanceolate, cuspidate, shorter than the 5 sepals; utricle wrinkled, inde- hiscent, about as long as the sepals. In waste places, New York city, Brooklyn and Al- bany, N. Y. Also in France. Native region unknown. June-Sept. ii. Amaranthus pumilus Raf. Coast Amaranth. Fig. 1669. Amarantus pumilus Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5 : 360. 1808. Euxohis pumilus Chapm. Fl. S. States 381. 1860. Glabrous, fleshy, branched, the branches pros- trate or ascending, 3'-8' long. Leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate, obovate or suborbicular, most of them clustered toward the ends of the branches, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, prominently veined, petioled, 3"-io" long, the veins often purple ; flowers few together in small axillary clusters; bracts lanceo- late, subacute, shorter than the 5 oblong obtuse sepals ; stamens 5 ; anthers yellow ; utricle fleshy, indehiscent, faintly 5-ribbed, slightly wrinkled, nearly twice as long as the sepals when mature ; seed very large for the genus. On sea beaches, Rhode Island to North Carolina. Dwarf amaranth. June-Sept. 2. ACNIDA L. Sp. 1027. 1753. Annual, erect or decumbent, glabrous branching herbs, similar to the dioecious Amar- anths, with alternate petioled thin pinnately veined leaves. Flowers small, green, i-3-bracted, in terminal and axillary, continuous or interrupted spikes, or clustered in the axils. Stami- nate flowers consisting of 5 scarious erect i -nerved mucronate sepals longer than the bracts, and as many stamens ; filaments subulate, distinct ; anthers 2-celled. Pistillate flowers without a calyx ; ovary ovoid or subglobose ; stigmas 2-5, papillose or plumose, short or elongated. Utricle fleshy and indehiscent, or membranous and bursting irregularly or circumscissile ; seed erect, smooth and shining. [Greek, without nettle.] About 6 species, natives of eastern North America and the West Indies. Type species : Acnida cannabina L. Utricle fleshy, angled, indehiscent ; salt-marsh plant. i. A. cannabina, Utricle membranous, irregularly dehiscent or circumscissile ; plants of fresh water swamps. Utricle circumscissile. 2. A. tamariscina. Utricle irregularly dehiscent. 3. A. tuberculata. AMARANTHACEAE. VOL. II. i. Acnida cannabina L. Salt-marsh Water- hemp. Fig. 1670. Acnida cannabina L. Sp. PI. 1027. 1753. A. rusocarpa Michx. FL Bor. Am. z : 234, pi, 50. 1803. Succulent, stem stout or slender (sometimes i' in diameter at the base), usually much branched, i-io tall, the branches ascending. Leaves lanceolate, acumi- nate but generally ^blunt-pointed and apiculate at the apex, 2'-6' long, i'-ii' wide, narrowed at the base, entire or slightly undulate; petiole usually shorter than the blade; staminate spikes i'-5' long, usually dense; sepals oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, acumi- nate or obtusish, cuspidate or mucronate ; fertile spikes dense or loose; stigmas slender, papillose-hispid, \" long ; utricle fleshy, indehiscent, 3~5-anglcd, subglobose or obovoid, i"-2" long when mature, becoming black, much longer than the bracts. In salt and brackish marshes, and up the rivers to fresh water, New Hampshire to Florida. Water-leaf. July-Aug. Acnida floridana S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 10 : 376, a more slender plant, of the southern Atlantic coast, with narrower slender-petioled leaves, the flowers in elongated interrupted spikes, and a smaller utricle, may occur in southern Virginia. 2. Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood. Western Water-hemp. Fig. 1671, Amarantus tamariscinus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 165. 1833-37. Acnida tamariscina Wood, Bot. & FL 289. 1873. Similar to the preceding species, much branched, erect, the branches usually slender, erect-ascending. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2'-6' long, mostly long-acuminate., but sometimes obtuse at the apex and mucronate or cuspidate-tipped, narrowed at the . base, the petioles commonly shorter than the blades ; spikes mostly loose or interrupted, often 5' long; sepals lance- olate, subulate-acuminate ; stigmas plumose, rather short; utricle membranous, not angled, i"-i" long, cir- cumscissile; bractlets lanceolate, cuspidate. In swamps, Illinois to South Dakota, Texas and New Mexico. July-Sept. 3. Acnida tuberculata Moq. Rough- fruited Water-hemp. Fig. 1672. A. tuberculata Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13-: 278. 1849. A. tamariscina subnuda S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 429. 1890. A. tamariscina concatenata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20 : 158. 1895. A. tamariscina prostrata Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 20 : 158. 1895. Erect ascending or prostrate, sometimes 10 high, the branches flexuous. Leaves lanceolate to rhombic- spatulate, acute or obtuse, 6' long or less; inflores- cence spicate, or glomerate in the axils ; utricle ovoid, often tubercled. irregularly dehiscent, about \" long. Swamps and river shores, Quebec to North Dakota, south to Kentucky, Louisiana and Missouri. Consists of several races, differing in size and habit. July-Sept. Celosia argentea L., a tall glabrous herb with white or pink flowers subtended by a bract and bractlets in a long dense spike, having 5 sepals, filaments adnate at the base, and the ovary with several ovules, widely dis- tributed in tropical regions, has been found as a waif in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. GENUS 3. AMARANTH FAMILY. 3. CLADOTHRIX Nutt.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13': 359. 1849. Annual or perennial diffusely branched stellate-pubescent herbs, with opposite entire or slightly undulate petioled leaves, and very small perfect 3-bracted flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils. Calyx of 5 equal pilose erect dry oblong i-nerved sepals. Stamens 5, hypogy- nous, their filaments united at the base, their anthers i-celled. Ovary subglobose; style short; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent. [Greek, branch-hair, from the stellate pubescence.] About 4 species, natives of southwestern North America and Mexico, the following the generic type. i. Cladothrix lanuginosa Xutt. Fig. 1673. Cladothrix. Achyranthcs lanuginosa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 1 66. 1833-37. Cladothrix lanuginosa Nutt. ; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13= : Part 2, 360, as synonym. 1849. Perennial, somewhat woody at the base, or sometimes annual, stem terete, much branched, sometimes thick- ened at the nodes, the branches prostrate or ascending, 4'-i2' long. Leaves orbicular, broadly ovate or rhombic- ovate, obtuse or acute, usually narrowed at the base, entire, inconspicuously veined, rather firm, 2"-i2" wide, the petioles shorter than or equalling the blades ; flow- ers i" broad or less, mostly clustered in the axils of small upper leaves toward the ends of the branches. In dry soil, South Dakota to Kansas, Texas, Colorado, Arizona and Mexico. June-Sept. 4. FROELICHIA Moench, Meth. 50. 1794. Annual, erect woolly or silky, branching or simple herbs, with opposite sessile entire or slightly undulate narrow leaves, or the lower and basal ones contracted into petioles. Flow- ers perfect, 3-bracted, often bracteolate, in panicled dense spikes. Calyx tubular, nearly terete, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, very woolly, its tube longitudinally crested and sometimes tuber- cled in fruit. Stamens 5, their filaments united into a tube, which is 5-cleft at the summit and bears the i-celled anthers between its lobes. Ovary ovoid; style slender or wanting; stigma capitate or penicillate. Utricle indehiscent, enclosed by the tube of united filaments. [Name in honor of J. A. Froelich, a German botanist.] About 12 species, all American. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the Southwestern States. Type species : Gomphrena interrupta L. Stout, 2-4 tall ; crests of fruiting calyx continuous, dentate. i. F. campestris. Slender, io'-2o' tall ; crests of fruiting calyx interrupted. 2. F. gracilis. i. Froelichia campestris Small. Prairie Froe- lichia. Fig. 1674. Froelichia campestris Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 397. 1903. Stem stout, woolly, 2-4 tall, the branches slender, erect-ascending, leafless above. Upper leaves linear or linear-oblong, sessile, acute or acuminate at both ends, i '-3' long, the lower spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse or acute at the apex, 3'-6' long, i'-i' wide, narrowed into margined petioles ; spikes mostly opposite, narrowly ovoid or oblong, obtuse or subacute, i'-i' long; fruiting calyx with prominent longitudinal wing-like toothed crests. In dry soil, Illinois and Minnesota to Nebraska and Colo- rado, Tennessee, Kansas and Texas. June-Sept. Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Moq. in which this was included in our first edition, has a hairy, not woolly stem and calyx-crests more deeply cut. It inhabits the Southern States and is recorded from Delaware. AMARANTHACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Froelichia gracilis Moq. Slender Froelichia. Fig. 1675. Froelichia gracilis Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13--. 420. 1849. Similar to the preceding species but the stem slender, branched, especially from the base, or sometimes simple, io'-2o' tall. Leaves all linear or linear-oblong, acute at both ends, 9" -2' long, sessile or the lower commonly spatulate, obtusish and narrowed into very short peti- oles ; spikes alternate or opposite, oblong, mostly obtuse, i'-i' long; fruiting calyx with 5 longitudinal rows of processes or these confluent into interrupted crests. In dry soil, western Missouri and Nebraska to Colorado and Texas. June-Sept. Gomphrena globosa L., the Globe Amaranth, cultivated for ornament, native of the Old World tropics, with densely capitate red or white flowers, the filaments united into a long tube, has been found in waste grounds in Ohio. 5. IRESINE P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 358. 1756. Annual or perennial tall herbs, with opposite broad petioled thin leaves and very small polygamous perfect or dioecious 3-bracted white flowers, in large terminal panicles or pan- icled spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the pistillate usually woolly-pubescent. Stamens 5, rarely less ; filaments united by their bases, filiform; anthers i-celled. Utricle very small, subglobose, indehiscent. [Greek, in allusion to the woolly pubescence.] About 20 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following typical species another occurs in the southwestern United States. i. Iresine paniculata (L.) Kuntze. Blood- leaf. Juba's Bush. Fig. 1676. Cclosia paniculata L. Sp. PI. 206. 1753. Iresine celosioides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1456. 1763. Iresine paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 542. 1891. Annual, stem erect, usually branched, slender, 2-5 tall, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, 2 r -6' long, slender-petioled, pinnately veined, nearly or quite glabrous; flowers very numerous, i" broad or less, in large terminal much branched panicles; calyx and bracts silvery, dry; pistillate flowers white- villous at the base, about twice as long as the bracts. In dry soil, Ohio to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Widely distributed in tropical America. Aug.- Sept. Family 17. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 15. 1829. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with angled striate or terete stems. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, exstipulate, simple, entire, toothed or lobed, mostly petioled (in Salicornia reduced to mere ridges). Flowers perfect, pistillate, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, small, green or greenish, regular, or slightly irregular, variously clustered, commonly in panicled spikes, bractless or bracteolate, occasionally solitary in the axils. Petals none. Calyx persistent, 2-5-lobed, 2-5-parted or rarely reduced to a single sepal, wanting in the pistillate flowers of some genera. Stamens as many as the lobes or divisions of the calyx, or fewer, and opposite them ; filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk usually none. Ovary mostly superior and free from the calyx, i-celled; ovule solitary, amphitropous ; styles 1-3; stigmas capitate, or 2-3-lobed or divided. Fruit a utricle, with a thin or coriaceous pericarp. Seed vertical or GENUS i. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 9 horizontal ; endosperm mealy, fleshy or wanting ; embryo partly or completely annular or conduplicate, or spirally coiled. Abouf 75 genera and 550 species, of wide geographic distribution. * Embryo annular or conduplicate, not spirally coiled; endosperm copious (except in Salicorma and Kochia). Leafy herbs ; endosperm copious. Fruit enclosed by or not longer than the calyx or bractlets. Flowers perfect or some of them pistillate ; calyx herbaceous or fleshy. Calyx 2-s-lobed or 2-5-parted ; stamens 1-5. Fruiting calyx wingless, its segments often keeled. Calyx herbaceous or but slightly fleshy in fruit ; flowers mostly in panicled spikes. j. Chenopodiuin. Fruiting calyx dry, strongly reticulated ; leaves pinnatifid. 2. Roubiei'a. Calyx very fleshy and bright red in fruit ; flowers densely capitate. 3. Blitum. Fruiting calyx horizontally winged. Endosperm mealy ; leaves sinuate-dentate. 4. Cycloloma. Endosperm none ; leaves linear, entire. 5. Kochia. Calyx of i sepal ; stamen i. 6. Monolepis. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of pistillate flowers none ; fruit enclosed by 2 bractlets. Bractlets flat or convex, not silky. 7. Atriplex. Bractlets silky-pubescent, conduplicate. 8. Eurotia. Calyx of both kinds of flowers 3~s-parted ; fruit ebracteolate. 9. Axyris. Fruit much exserted beyond the i-sepaled calyx; flowers perfect. 10. Corispermum. Leafless fleshy herbs with opposite branches; endosperm none. n. Salicornia. ** Embryo spirally coiled; endosperm little or none. Shrub ; flowers monoecious, not bracteolate. 12. Sarcobatus. Herbs ; flowers perfect, bracteolate. Fruiting calyx wingless; leaves fleshy, not spiny. 13. Dondia. Fruiting calyx bordered by a thin horizontal wing; leaves very spiny. 14. Salsola. i. CHENOPODIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. Annual or perennial, green and glabrous, white-mealy or glandular-pubescent herbs, with alternate petioled entire sinuate-dentate or pinnately lobed leaves. Flowers very small, green, perfect, sessile, bractless, clustered in axillary or terminal, often panicled or com- pound spikes. Calyx 2-5-parted or 2-5-lobed, embracing or enclosing the utricle, its seg- ments or lobes herbaceous or slightly fleshy, often keeled or ridged. Stamens 1-5 ; filaments filiform or slender. Styles 2 or 3; seed horizontal or vertical, sometimes in both positions in different flowers of the same plant, firmly attached to or readily separable from the pericarp ; endosperm mealy, farinaceous ; embryo completely or incompletely annular. [Greek, goose-foot, from the shape of the leaves.] About 60 species, mostly weeds, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Chenopodiuin rtibrum L. * Embryo a complete ring; plants not glandular. Leaves white-mealy on the lower surface (except in some races of No. i). Leaves or some of them mostly sinuate-toothed or lobed. Sepals strongly keeled in fruit. Pericarp firmly attached to the seed ; stem erect, tall. i. C. album. Pericarp readily detached from the seed ; stem low. 2. C. incanum. Sepals not keeled in fruit ; stem decumbent. 3. C. glaucum. Leaves mostly entire. Leaves linear to oblong, short-petioled. 4. C. leptophyllum. Leaves broadly ovate, long-petioled. 5. C. Vulvaria. Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces when mature. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, entire. 6. C.polyspermutn. Leaves, at least the lower, sinuate, toothed or incised. Stamens 5 ; calyx not fleshy. Pericarp readily separable from the seed. Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled. 7. C. Boscianum. Leaves triangular-hastate ; calyx-lobes keeled. 8. C. Fremontii. Pericarp firmly attached to the seed. Flower-clusters, at least the upper, longer than the leaves. 9. C. urbicum, Spikes loosely panicled in the axils, the panicles shorter than the leaves. 10. C. murale. Stamens only i or 2 ; calyx slightly fleshy, red. 12. C. nibnim. Leaves very coarsely 2-6-toothed. n. C. hybridum. Leaves broadly triangular-hastate, entire or merely undulate. 13. C. Bonus-Henricus. ** Embryo an incomplete ring; plants glandular aromatic. Leaves ovate or oblong, pinnately lobed; flowers in long loose panicles. 14. C.Botrys. Leaves lanceolate; flowers in continuous or interrupted spikes. 15. C. ambrosioides. IO CHEXOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. i. Chenopodum album L. Lamb's Quarters. White Goosefoot. Pigweed. ' A " Fig. 1677. Chenopodium album L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. Chenopodium viride L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. C. Berlandieri Moq. Enum. Chenop. 23. 1840. C. paganum Reichenb. Fl. Germ. 579. 1830. Chenopodium album viride Moq. in DC. Prodr. I3 : : 71. 1849. Annual, stem striate and grooved at least when dry, erect, commonly branched, i-io tall. Leaves rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, acute, cuspidate or sometimes obtuse at the apex, 3- nerved. white-mealy beneath or sometimes green on both sides, dentate, sinuate lobed, or entire, I '-4' long; petioles often as long as the blades; spikes terminal and axillary, often panicled ; calyx about \" broad in fruit, its segments strongly keeled, usually completely enclosing the utricle; styles short, seed horizontal, black, shin- ing, firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo a complete ring. In waste places. A common weed throughput North America except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Wild spinach. Frost- blite. Baconweed. Muckweed. Fat-hen. June-Sept. Consists of many races. 2. Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller. Mealy Goosefoot. Fig. 1678. C. Fremonti incanum S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9 : 94. 1874. C. incanum Heller, Plant World i : 23. 1897. Annual, densely white-mealy nearly or quite to the base, usually much-branched, i high or less, the branches ascending. Leaves ovate to rhombic, i'-i' long, often nearly as wide as long, few-toothed with rather blunt teeth or some of them entire, paler beneath than above, the slender petioles mostly shorter than the blades ; spikes short, borne in the upper axils and in terminal panicles ; calyx densely mealy. In dry soil, Nebraska to Wyoming, Kansas and Ari- zona. May-July. 3. Chenopodium glaucum L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. Fig. 1679. Chenopodium glaitcnin L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. Blitum glaucum Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 608. 1837. Annual, succulent, stem usually much branched, decumbent or prostrate, or with erect branches, 4'- 18' high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lan- ceolate, slender-petioled or the uppermost nearly sessile, obtuse or acute at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, white-mealy beneath, dark green above, i '-2' long, the lower or all of them sinuate-dentate or lobed ; flowers in small axillary often branched spikes, the clusters usually shorter than the leaves, or the upper panicled ; calyx about $" broad, its segments oblong or obovate, obtuse, neither fleshy nor keeled in fruit ; utricle brown, depressed, its summit not completely covered by the calyx ; styles short ; seed sharp edged, that of lateral flowers ver- tical, somewhat exserted, that of terminal flowers commonly horizontal ; embryo a complete ring. A weed in waste places throughout North America except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe ; now found in most cultivated areas of the globe. June- Sept. GENUS i. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. II 4. Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. Narrow-leaved Goose foot. Fig. 1680. Chenopodium album var. leptophyllum Moq. in DC. Prodr. I3 2 : 71. 1849. Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt. ; Moq. in DC. Prodr. I3 2 : 71. As synonym. 1849. Chenopodium leptophyllum var. oblongifolium S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9 : 95. 1874. Chenopodium leptophyllum subglabrum S. Wats. Prop. Am. Acad. 9: 95. 1874. C. oblongifolium Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 137. 1906. Annual, scarcely succulent, stem slender, usually erect, striate or grooved, at least when dry, branched, 6'-2i tall, mealy above, the branches erect-ascend- ing. Leaves linear to oblong, white-mealy beneath, green above, acute or acuminate, or the lower ob- tuse, entire or the lower rarely toothed, short-peti- oled, i'-ii' long, i"-3" wide, i-3-nerved; flowers in continuous or interrupted axillary and terminal simple or branched spikes; calyx about \" broad, its segments strongly keeled and nearly covering the fruit; styles short; seed horizontal, readily de- tached from the pericarp ; embryo a complete ring. In dry soil, Manitoba to Wisconsin, Missouri, New Mexico and Arizona. Also on the shores of Lake Erie and on sands of the seashore, Maine to New Jersey. July-Sept. 5. Chenopodium Vulvaria L. Stinking Goose- foot. Fig. 1 68 1. Chenopodium Vulraria L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. Annual, white-mealy, unpleasantly odorous, much branched, the procumbent branches i long or more. Leaves broadly ovate, entire, i' long or less, the slender petioles about as long as the blades; flowers in dense short axillary and terminal simple or branched spikes mostly shorter than the leaves; calyx-segments ovate- lanceolate, keeled in fruit, obtusish ; seed horizontal, shining, the pericarp coherent; styles short. Waste grounds, Ontario to Delaware and Florida. Ad- ventive from Europe. July-Sept. 6. Chenopodium polyspermum L. Many- seeded Goosefbot. Fig. 1682. Chenopodium polyspermum L. Sp. PL 220. 1753. Annual, glabrous, not mealy, stem stout or slen- der, erect or decumbent, commonly much branched, striate, 6'-3 high. Leaves oblong, elliptic or ovate, slender-petioled, entire, thin, green on both sides, obtuse at the apex, narrowed rounded or truncate at the base, i'-3' long, 4"-:*' wide; flowers in loose axillary and terminal panicles; calyx less than i" wide, its segments oblong, subacute or obtuse, some- what scarious, not keeled, not completely covering the top of the fruit; styles short; seed firmly at- tached -to the pericarp, horizontal; embryo a com- plete ring. In waste places and ballast, Massachusetts to New Jersey. Adventive from Europe. July-Sept. Allseed. 12 CHEXOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. 7. Chenopodium Boscianum Moq. Bosc's Goose foot. Fig. 1683. Chenopodium Boscianum Moq. Enum. Chenop. 21. 1840. Annual, light green, stem slender, erect, striate, usually much branched, i-3 tall, the branches very slender, divergent or ascending. Leaves thin, green on both sides, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, slender- petioled, \'-2\' long, the lower sinuate-dentate or nearly all of them entire ; flowers in slender terminal and axil- lary spikes ; calyx-segments broadly oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined, not keeled, or scarcely so in fruit, herbaceous, nearly covering the utricle; styles short; seed horizontal, readily separating from the pericarp, black, shining; embryo completely annular. In woods and thickets, Connecticut to New Jersey, Indiana and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Texas. July-Sept. 8. Chenopodium Fremontii S. Wats. Fremont's Goosefoot. Fig. 1684. Chenopodium Fremontii S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 287. 1871. Annual, glabrous or very nearly so, light green, stem stout or slender, erect, grooved, branched, i- 3 tall. Leaves thin, green on both sides, broadly triangular-hastate, sinuate-dentate or the upper en- tire, mostly obtuse at the apex, truncate or abruptly narrowed at the base, slender-petioled, i'~4 long and nearly as wide, the uppermost sometimes very small, oblong or lanceolate and acute; spikes slen- der, axillary to the upper leaves and in terminal panicles; calyx \" wide, its segments keeled in fruit, and nearly enclosing the utricle ; pericarp easily separable from the seed; seed horizontal, shining; embryo completely annular. In woods and thickets, South Dakota and Nebraska to Montana and Nevada, south to New Mexico, Arizona and northern Mexico. July-Sept. 9. Chenopodium urbicum L. Upright or City Goosefoot. Fig. 1685. Chenopodium urbicum L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. Annual, green or but slightly mealy, stem com- monly stout, erect, branched or simple, channeled, i-3 tall. Leaves hastate or triangular-ovate, acute at the apex, truncate subcordate or abruptly narrowed at the base, stout-petioled, coarsely and irregularly dentate or the uppermost entire, the larger 3'-s' long ; spikes in terminal and axillary narrow erect panicles, the upper longer than the leaves ; calyx i" broad, its segments oblong, ob- tuse, herbaceous, not keeled and not entirely en- closing the fruit; styles short; seed horizontal, rather firmly attached to the pericarp, its margins rounded ; embryo a complete ring. In waste places, especially in the cities, Nova Sco- tia and Ontario to southern New York. Adventive from Europe. Much less common than the following species. June-Sept. GENUS I. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. io. Chenopodum murale L. Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. Sow-bane. Fig. 1686. Chenopodium murale L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. Annual, scarcely or not at all mealy, some- what scurfy above, stem erect or decumbent, usually branched, i-2j high, leafy to the sum- mit. Leaves rhombic-ovate, thin, bright green on both sides, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply and coarsely sinuate-dentate, broadly cuneate or subtruncate at the base, slender- petioled, 2'-4' long; flowers in loose axillary panicles shorter than the leaves, often not longer than the petioles ; calyx-segments not entirely enclosing the utricle ; styles short ; seed sharp- edged, horizontal, firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo completely annular; stamens 5. In waste places, Maine to Michigan and British Columbia, south to Florida and Mexico. Natural- ized from Europe. Widely distributed as a weed in civilized regions. June-Sept. 11. Chenopodium hybridum L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Fig. 1687. Chenopodium hybridum L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. Annual, bright green, not mealy, sometimes more or less scurfy; stem slender, erect, usually branched, 2-4J tall. Leaves ovate or rhombic- ovate, long-acuminate at the apex, truncate rounded or subcordate at the base, thin, slender- petioled, sharply dentate with 1-4 large acute teeth on each side, or the upper lanceolate and entire, the lower 4'-?' long; flowers in large axillary and terminal panicles; calyx about i" broad, its segments oblong, rather obtuse, herba- ceous, slightly keeled, incompletely covering the fruit ; stamens 5 ; styles short ; seed horizontal, sharp-edged, firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo a complete ring. In woods and thickets, sometimes in waste places, Quebec to British Columbia, south to southeastern New York, Kentucky, Arkansas, Utah and New Mexico. Also in Europe. Sow-bane, Swine's-bane. July-Sept. 12. Chenopodium rubrum L. Red Goosefoot.^ Pigweed. Fig. 1688. Chenopodium rubrum L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. Blitian rubrum Reichb. Fl. Germ. Exc. 582. 1830-32. Annual, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, not mealy, stem erect, leafy, i-2i tall, often much branched, the branches strict or ascending. Leaves thick, ii'-4' long, rhombic-ovate or rhombic-lanceolate, petioled, acute acuminate or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, coarsely sinuate-dentate or the upper entire; flowers in erect compound leafy- bracted axillary and terminal spikes often exceed- ing the leaves; calyx 3-5-parted, its segments slightly fleshy, red, not keeled, obtuse, about as long as the utricle; stamens I or 2; styles short; seed horizontal, \" wide, shining, rather sharp- edged, separating from the pericarp; embryo annular. On the seacoast, Newfoundland to New Jersey, and in saline soil in the interior across the continent, south to central New York, Nebraska and British Columbia. Also in Europe and Asia. Swine's-bane. July-Sept. Chenopodium humile Hook., of similar situations, is lower, has flowers in axillary clusters and a smaller seed, and may be specifically distinct. CHENOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. 13. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. Good King Henry. Perennial Goosefoot. Fig. 1689. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. Blitnin Bonus-Henricus Reichb. Fl. Germ. Exc. 582. 1830-32. Perennial by a thick rootstock, glabrous, dark green, not mealy ; stem erect, usually stout, simple or little branched, channeled, i-2i tall. Leaves broadly triangular-hastate, palmately veined, entire or undulate (rarely with I or 2 small teeth), the apex and basal lobes usually acute, the lower long- petioled (petiole often twice as long as the blade), the upper much smaller and short-petioled ; flowers in terminal and axillary, simple or panicled, com- monly dense spikes sometimes 3'-4' long ; calyx 4- 5-parted, the segments not longer than the fruit ; styles elongate ; seed vertical, or that of terminal flowers horizontal, black, shining, blunt-edged ; embryo a complete ring. In waste places, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Massa- chusetts and southern New York. Naturalized from Europe. All good. English mercury. Wild spinach. Fat-hen. Roman plant. Elite. Mercury-goosefoot. Smiddy-leaves. Markery. June-Sept. 14. Chenopodium Botrys L. Feather Geranium. Jerusalem Oak. Fig. 1690. Chenopodium Botrys L. Sp PI. 219. 1753. Annual, green, glandular-pubescent and viscid, strong-scented; stem slender, erect, simple or branched, 8'-2 tall. Leaves ovate or oblong, deeply and usually irregularly pinnately lobed, acute or obtuse at the apex, petioled, $'-2' long, or the upper- most much smaller, the lobes mostly obtuse and dentate ; flowers in numerous loose axillary cymose panicles mostly longer than the leaves ; calyx 3~5-parted, the segments lanceolate, acute, thin, very pubescent, rather longer than the utricle ; seed horizontal or vertical, firmly attached to the peri- carp ; embryo an incomplete ring. In waste places, Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Wash- ington, southeastern New York, Kentucky and Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. The leaves fall in autumn, leaving the panicles as narrow naked wands. Turnpike-geranium. Hindheal. Ambrose. July-Sept. Chenopodium incisum Poir., of tropical America, with puberulent flowers and acute leaf-lobes is reported as established in Maine. 15- Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Mexican Tea. Fig. 1691. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. Chenopodium anthelminticum L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 408. 1867. Annual or southward perennial, glabrous or slightly glandular-pubescent, green, not mealy, strong-scented, stem much branched, ascending or erect, leafy, 2-3i high, angular and grooved. Leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse or acute at the apex, petioled, repand-dentate, undu- late, coarsely dentate, incised, or the upper en- tire, i '-5' long, the upper numerous and much smaller ; flowers in small dense axillary often leafy spikes, mostly shorter than the subtending leaves ; calyx usually 3-parted, completely en- closing the fruit ; pericarp readily separable from the seed ; seed horizontal or vertical, shining ; embryo an incomplete ring. In waste places, Maine and Ontario to Florida, west across the continent to California. Natural- ized from tropical America. Introduced as a weed also into southern Europe and Asia. Consists of numerous races, the spikes leafy to leafless. Aug.- Oct. GENUS 2. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 2. ROUBIEVA Moq. Ann. Sci. Nat. (II.) i: 292. 1834. A perennial herb, glandular-pubescent, strong-scented, prostrate, and diffusely branched, with narrow small short-petioled deeply pinnatitid leaves. Flowers small, green, perfect, or pistillate, solitary, or in small axillary clusters. Calyx urn-shaped, 3-5-toothed, narrowed at the throat, in fruit becoming obovoid, strongly reticulated and closed. Stamens 5. Styles 3, exserted. Wall of the pericarp thin, glandular. Seed vertical. Embryo a com- plete ring in the mealy endosperm. [Name in honor of G. J. Roubieu, French botanist.] A monotypic genus of South America, often included in Chenopodium. i. Roubieva multifida (L.) Moq. Cut- leaved Goosefoot. Fig. 1692. Chenopodium mitltifiditm L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. multifida Moq. Ann. Sci. Nat. (II.) I : 293. pi. 10. 1834. Usually much branched, very leafy, prostrate, or the branches ascending, 6'-i8' long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong in outline, i'-ii' long, iJ"-4" wide, deeply pin- natifid into linear-oblong acute entire or toothed lobes ; flowers 1-5 together in the axils, sessile, less than \" broad, some perfect, some pistillate; fruiting calyx obovoid, obtuse, 3-nerved and strongly reticulate-veined, \" thick; utricle com- pressed. In waste places and ballast, southern New York to Virginia. Naturalized or adventive from tropi- cal America. June-Sept. 3. BLITUM L. Sp. PI. 2. 1753. Annual glabrous or sparingly pubescent succulent branching herbs, with alternate has- tate petioled rather light green leaves. Flowers small, green, or reddish, aggregated in glo- bose axillary sessile heads, or the upper heads forming an interrupted spike. Calyx 2-5- lobed, becoming pulpy and bright red in fruit. Stamens 1-5. Pericarp separating from the seed. Seed vertical, shining. Embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. [The classical name of orache.j One or perhaps two species, natives of North America and Europe, the following the ge- neric type. i. Blitum capitatum L. Strawberry Elite or Spinach. Fig. 1693. Blitum capitatum L. Sp. PI. 2. 1753. Chenopodium capitatum Aschers. Fl. Brand. 572. 1864. Stem ascending, erect, or prostrate, 6'-2 long, commonly much branched, the branches ascending. Leaves usually longer than wide, il'-3' long, rather thin, sinuate-dentate, or the upper or sometimes all of them entire, cordate or reniform, the apex and basal lobes acute or acuminate ; lower petioles often longer than the blades; heads sessile in the axils and on the sides of the upper part of the stem or branches, 2"-$' in diameter in flower, becoming bright red and s"-8" in diameter in fruit, and then somewhat resembling strawberries; seed com- pressed, ovate, enclosed by the calyx, or when quite mature slightly exserted. In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah and to Nevada. Also- in Europe. Indian paint. Indian strawberry. June-Aug. i6 CHEXOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. 4. CYCLOLOMA Moq. Enum. Chenop. 17. 1840. An annual diffusely branched glabrous or cobwebby-pubescent herb, with alternate peti- oled irregularly toothed leaves, and small sessile bractless perfect or pistillate flowers in panicled interrupted spikes. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes keeled in flower, a thin horizontal irregularly dentate wing developing below them in fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2-3. Fruit (except its summit) enclosed by the calyx, depressed. Seed horizontal; embryo a complete ring in the mealy endosperm. [Greek, circle-border, alluding to the calyx-wing.] A monotypic genus of north central North America. i. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Winged Pigweed. Fig. 1694. Kochia atriplicifolia Spreng. Xactr. Fl. Hal. 2 : 35. 1801. Cycloloma platyphyllum Moq. Enum. Chenop. 18. 1840. C. atriplicifolium Coult. Mem. Torr. Club 5: 143. 1894. Pale green or becoming dark purple, bushy- branched, 6'-2o' high, the stem and branches angu- lar and striate. Leaves lanceolate, mostly acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed into slender petioles, irregularly sinuate-dentate with acute teeth, i'-3' long or the upper much smaller; spikes numerous in terminal panicles, loosely flowered, i'-3' long, slender ; fruit, including the winged calyx, 2" broad ; calyx-lobes not completely covering the summit of the utricle, which appears as a 5-rayed area. Along streams and on banks, Manitoba to Indiana and Illinois, Nebraska and Arizona. Tumble-weed. Occasional in waste grounds farther east. Summer. 5. KOCHIA Roth; Schrad. Journ. Bot. i: 307. pi. 2. 1799. Perennial or annual herbs or low shrubs, with alternate sessile narrow entire leaves, and perfect or pistillate flowers, sometimes bracteolate, clustered in the axils. Calyx 5-lobed, herbaceous or membranous, wingless, or sometimes developing a horizontal wing, enclosing the fruit. Stamens 3-5, their filaments linear. Ovary ovoid, narrowed upward into the style; stigmas 2. Utricle pear-shaped or oblong, the pericarp membranous, not adherent to the seed. Seed inverted; the testa thin; embryo annular; endosperm none. [Name in honor of W. D. J. Koch, 1771-1849, Director of the Botanical Garden at Erlangen.] About 35 species, mostly natives of the Old World, the following introduced from Europe. An indigenous species, K. amcricana, occurs in the western United States. Type species: Kochia Scoparia (.L.) Roth. Kochia Scoparia (L.) Roth. Fig. 1695. Kochia. Chenopodium Scoparia L. Sp. PI. 221. 1753. Kochia Scoparic Roth ; Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot. 3 : 85. 1809. Annual, pubescent or becoming glabrate, stem erect, slender, rather strict, branched, leafy, i- 2i tall. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, cili- ate, acuminate at the apex, i'-2 f long, i"-2" wide, the upper gradually smaller ; flowers sessile, in the axils of the upper leaves, forming short dense bracted spikes ; fruiting calyx-segments each with a short triangular horizontal wing. In waste places, Ontario, Vermont and northern New York. Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. Belvedere-, broom- or summer-cypress. July- Sept. Bassia hirsuta, a related pubescent annual, native of Europe, has been found in Massachusetts and New Jersey. Its fruiting calyx is not winged. GENUS 6. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 6. MONOLEPIS Schrad. Ind. Sem. Gott. 4. 1830. Low annual branching herbs, with small narrow alternate entire toothed or lobed leaves, and polygamous or perfect flowers in small axillary clusters. Calyx of a single persistent herbaceous sepal. Stamen i. Styles 2, slender. Utricle flat, the pericarp adherent to the smooth vertical seed. Embryo a very nearly complete ring in the mealy endosperm, its radicle turned downward. [Greek, single-scale, from the solitary sepal.] About 5 species, natives of western North America and northern Asia. Type species : Mono- Icpis trifida Schrad. i. Monolepis Nuttalliana (R. & S.) Greene. Monolepis. Fig. 1696. Blitum chenopodioides Nutt. Gen. I : 4. 1818. Not Lam. 1783. IHittim Nuttallianum R. & S. Mant. i : 65. 1822. Monolepis chenopodioides Moq. in DC. Prodr. I3 2 : 85. 1849. Monolepis Nuttalliana Greene, Fl. Fran. 168. 1891. Slightly mealy when young, pale green, glabrous or nearly so when old ; stem 3'-i2' high ; branches many, ascending. Leaves lanceolate in outline, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, i'-2$' long, narrowed at the base, 3-lobed, the middle lobe lin- ear or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, 2-4 times as long as the ascending lateral ones ; flowers clus- tered in the axils; sepal oblanceolate or spatulate, acute or subacute ; pericarp minutely pitted, about i" broad; margins of the seed acute. In alkaline or dry soil, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico and southern California. June-Sept. 7. ATRIPLEX [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1052. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs, often scurfy-canescent or silvery. Leaves alternate, petioled or sessile, or soime of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small, green, in panicled spikes or capitate-clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers bract- less, consisting of a 3~S-parted calyx and an equal number of stamens ; filaments separate or united by their bases ; a rudimentary ovary sometimes present. Pistillate flowers sdb- tended by 2 bractlets which enlarge in fruit and are more or less united, sometimes quite to their summits, their margins entire or toothed, their sides smooth, crested, tubercled or winged ; perianth none ; ovary globose or ovoid ; stigmas 2. Utricle completely or par- tially enclosed by the fruiting bractlets. Seed vertical or rarely horizontal ; embryo annular, the radicle pointing upward or downward; endosperm mealy. [From a Greek name of orache.] About 130 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 50 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Atriplcx hortcnsis L. Annual herbs ; stems or branches erect, diffuse or ascending. Leaves hastate, ovate to rhombic-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. Plant green, glabrous or sparingly scurfy, not silvery ; leaves slender-petioled. i. A. hastata. Plant very scurfy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, short-petioled. 2. A. rosea. Plant densely silvery ; leaves hastate, entire or little toothed. 3. A. argentea. Leaves oblong, densely silvery, entire ; plant of sea beaches. 4. A. arenaria, Perennial herbs or shrubs ; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, entire ; plants of the western plains. Fruiting bractlets suborbicular, wingless, their sides crested or tubercled. 5. A.Nuttallii. Fruiting bractlets appendaged by 4 vertical reticulated wings. 6. A. canescens. i8 CHENOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. i. Atriplex hastata L. Halberd-leaved Orache. Fig. 1697. Atriplex hastata L. Sp. PI. 1053. 1753. Atriplex patula L. Sp. PI. 1053. 1753. Atriplex littoralis L. Sp. PL 1054. 1753. A. patulum var. hastatum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 409. 1867. Annual, green or purple, somewhat scurfy, at least when young; stems erect, diffuse or ascending, branched, i-3 tall. Leaves slender-petioled, acuminate, linear-lanceolate to broadly triangular- hastate, entire or sparingly toothed, i'-6' long, truncate or narrowed at the base, the basal lobes divergent, acute or acuminate; flowers in panicled interrupted slender mostly leafless spikes, and usu- ally also capitate in the upper axils ; fruiting bract- lets united only at the base, fleshy, triangular or rhombic, 3"-4" wide, their sides often tubercled; radicle of the embryo ascending. In salt meadows and waste places, most abundant near the coast, Nova Scotia to South Carolina, Ohio and Mis- souri and in saline soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, Nebraska and Utah and on the Pacific Coast. Also in Europe. Consists of many races, differing in leaf-form and in width of the bractlets. Lamb's-quarters. Fat-hen. Aug.-Oct. 2. Atriplex rosea L. Red Orache. Fig. 1698. Atriplex rosea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1493. 1763. Annual, pale green and very scurf}', stem erect or de- cumbent, usually much branched, i-2$ high. Leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, short-petioled or the upper ses- sile, coarsely sinuate-dentate, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, i'-3i' long, i'-3$' wide, often turning red; flowers mostly in axil- lary capitate clusters, often dense, or some in few ter- minal spikes; fruiting bractlets broadly ovate or trian- gular-hastate, strongly veined, mealy-white, dry, about 3" broad, united only at their bases, their margins toothed or lacerate and sides tubercled. In waste places and ballast, Nova Scotia to New York and New Jersey. Adventive from Europe. Aug.-Oct. 3. Atriplex argentea Nutt. Silvery Orache. Saltweed. Fig. 1699. Atriplex argentea Nutt. Gen. i : 198. 1818. Atriplex volutans A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club 25 : 203. 1898. Annual, pale, densely silvery-scurfy or becoming smooth, stem erect or ascending, bushy-branched, 6'-2o' high, angular. Leaves firm, triangular- hastate or rhombic-ovate, mostly acute at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, petioled or the upper sessile, entire or sparingly dentate, \'-2.' long, the basal lobes short ; flowers in capitate axillary clusters, or the staminate in short dense spikes; fruiting bractlets suborbicular, rhombic or broader than high, 2" -4" wide, united nearly to their summits, the margins sharply toothed, the sides sometimes tubercled or crested; radicle of the embryo pointing downward. In dry or saline soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado and Utah. June-Sept. Atriplex expansa S. Wats., admitted into our first edition, is not definitely known within our area. GENUS /. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 4. Atriplex arenaria Xutt. Sea-beach Atriplex. Fig. 1700. Atriplex arenaria Xutt. Gen. i : 198. 1818. Annual, pale, densely silvery-scurfy; stem bushy-branched, 6'-i8' high, the branches ascend- ing or decumbent, angular, slender. Leaves oblong, entire, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, very short-petioled or sessile, i'-ii' long, 2\"- 10" wide, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral veins few and obscure; flowers in axillary clusters much shorter than the leaves ; fruiting bractlets triangular wedge-shaped, broadest above, 2"-$" wide, united nearly to the several- toothed summits, their margins entire, their sides reticulated, or sometimes crested or tubercled; radicle of the embryo pointing downward. On sandy sea beaches, Massachusetts to Florida. July-Sept. 5. Atriplex Nuttallii S. Wats. Nuttall's Atriplex. Fig. 1701. A. Nuttallii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 116. 1874. A finely scurfy pale green shrub, i-2i tall, the branches erect or ascending, rather stiff, striate or terete, leafy, the bark nearly white. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, entire, -2' long, 2"-$" wide ; flowers in terminal spikes and capitate clustered in the axils, often strictly dioecious; fruiting bractlets ovate or suborbicular, united to above the middle, i*"-2i" broad, the margins toothed, the sides crested, tubercled or spiny. In dry or saline soil, Manitoba to Saskatchewan, south to Nebraska, Colorado and Nevada. Aug.-Oct. 6. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) James. Bushy Atriplex. Fig. 1702. Calligonum canescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 370. 1814. Atriplex canescens James, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 2: 178. 1825. A pale densely scurfy shrub, i-3 high, re- sembling the preceding species and with simi- lar foliage. Flowers in short terminal spikes and in axillary clusters, commonly dioecious, sometimes monoecious ; bractlets ovate in flower, united nearly to their summits ; in fruit appen- daged by 4 broad thin distinct wings, which are 2"-4" broad at the middle and usually about twice as high, strongly reticulate-veined, not tubercled nor crested, toothed near their summits or entire. In dry or saline soil. South Dakota to Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico, west to Oregon and California. Sage-brush. Cenizo. July-Sept. 8. EUROTIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 260. 1763. Pubescent perennial herbs or low shrubs, with alternate entire narrow leaves and monoe- cious or dioecious flowers, capitate or spicate in the axils. Staminate flowers not bracteolate, consisting of a 4-parted calyx and as many exserted stamens. Pistillate flowers 2-bracteolate, the bractlets united nearly or quite to their summits, densely covered with long silky hairs, 2-horned ; calyx none ; ovary ovoid, sessile, pubescent ; styles 2, exserted. Seed vertical ; 2O CHEXOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. embryo nearly annular in the mealy endosperm, its radicle pointing downward. [From the Greek for hoariness or mould.] Two known species, the following of western North America ; the other, of western Asia and eastern Europe is_the generic type. i. Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. American Eurotia. White Sage. Fig. 1703. Diotis lanata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 602. 1814. Eurotia lanata Moq,. Enum. Chenop. 81. 1840. A stellate-pubescent erect much-branched shrub i-3 high, the hairs long, white when young, becom- ing reddish brown, the branches ascending, very leafy. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, i'-2' long, 2"-$." wide, their margins revolute, the midvein prominent, the lateral veins few ; flowers monoecious, densely capitate in the upper axils, form- ing terminal leafy spikes ; bracts lancolate, 2"-^" long in fruit, appendaged by 4 tufts of spreading hairs; calyx-lobes acute, pubescent ; utricle loose, the pericarp readily separating from the large seed. In dry soil, Saskatchewan to western Nebraska, Texas, California and Washington. Winter-fat. Romeria. June- Sept. 9. AXYRIS L. Sp. PI. 979. 1753. Annual herbs with alternate entire petioled leaves and small monoecious flowers, the pistillate ones pilose or villous, the staminate ones uppermost, very small. Staminate calyx 3~5-parted ; stamens 2-5. Pistillate calyx 3-4-parted; ovary suborbicular, somewhat flattened; stigmas 2, filiform, connate at the base. Utricle obovate to cuneate, winged or crested at the apex, enclosed in the perianth. Seed erect; embryo horseshoe-shaped; endosperm copious. [Greek, mild to the taste.] Five or six species, natives of northern Asia, the following typical. i. Axyris amarantoides L. Upright Axyris. Fig. 1704. Axyris amarantoides L. Sp. PI. 979. 1753. Erect, often much branched, i-2 high, pubes- cent, the slender branches ascending. Leaves ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, entire, acute or obtusish, narrowed at the base, thin, li'~3' long, the slender petioles 3"-7" long; staminate flow- ers minute, glomerate-spicate; fruit oval or obo- vate, more or less winged at the top, flattened. Waste and cultivated grounds, Manitoba and North . Dakota. Naturalized from Russia or Siberia. 10. CORISPERMUM [A. Juss.] L. Sp. PI- 4- 1753- Annual herbs, with alternate narrow entire i-nerved leaves, and perfect bractless small green flowers, solitary in the upper axils, forming terminal narrow leafy spikes, the upper leaves shorter and broader than the lower. Calyx of a solitary thin broad sepal, or rarely 2. Stamens 1-3, rarely more, and one of them longer. Ovary ovoid, styles 2. Utricle ellipsoid, mostly plano-convex, the pericarp firmly adherent to the vertical seed, its margins acute or winged. Embryo annular in the somewhat fleshy endosperm, its radicle pointing downward. [Greek, bug-seed.] About 10 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones the following typical. GENUS 10. GOOSEFOOT FAMIL^. 21 i. Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Bug-seed. Fig. 1705. Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Sp. PI. 4. 1753. Glabrous or pubescent, rather pale green, somewhat fleshy, stem striate, erect, sometimes zigzag, usually much branched, 6'-2 tall, the branches slender, ascending or divergent, spar- ingly leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, \'-2' long, i"-2" wide, cuspidate at the apex; upper leaves ovate or lanceolate, appressed-as- cending, or at length spreading, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, i'-J' long, scarious-margined ; utricle ii"-2" long, i"-i" thick, narrowly winged, obtuse, subacute or mucronate by the persistent styles. In sandy soil, shores of the Great Lakes to the Northwest Territory, Arctic America and British Columbia, south to Missouri, Texas and Arizona. Also in Europe and Asia. Bugweed. Tumble-weed. Corispermum nitidum Kit. (C. hyssopifolium microcarpum S. Wats.) with smaller fruit and upper leaves usually not imbricated, is a race of this, or a closely related species, ranging from Nebraska to Texas and Arizona and also occurring in Europe. ii. SALICORNIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753. Fleshy glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with opposite terete branches, the leaves reduced to mere opposite scales at the nodes, the flowers sunken 3-7 together in the axils of the upper ones, forming narrow terminal spikes, perfect or the lateral ones staminate. Calyx obpyramidal or rhomboid, fleshy, 3~4-toothed or truncate, becoming spongy in fruit, deciduous. Stamens 2, or sometimes solitary, exserted; filaments cylindric, short; anthers oblong, large ; ovary ovoid ; styles or stigmas 2. Utricles enclosed by the spongy fruiting calyx, the pericarp membranous. Seed erect, compressed ; embryo conduplicate ; endosperm none. [Name Greek, salt-horn; from the saline habitat, and horn-like branches.] About 10 species, natives of saline soil, widely distributed in both the Old World and the New. Only the following are known to inhabit North America. Type species : Salicornia europaea L. Annuals ; stems mostly erect. Scales very short, acute or blunt; spikes i"-ij4" in diameter. Scales mucronate-tipped ; spikes 2" -3" in diameter. Perennial by a woody rootstock ; stems trailing or decumbent. 1. S. europaea. 2. S.Bigelovii. 3. S.ambigua. i. Salicornia europaea L. Slenderer Jointed Glasswort. Fig. 1706. 1753. Salicornia europaea and var. herbacea L. Sp. PL 3. Salicornia herbacea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 5. 1762. Salicornia rubra A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 122. 1899. S. europaea prostrata Fernald, Rhodora 9: 206. 1907. Annual, 6'-2 tall, stem usually erect, much branched, the branches slender, ascending, spreading or nearly upright, their joints 2-4 times as long as thick. Scales acute or rather obtuse, i" long or less, broadly ovate or wider than long; fruiting spikes i '-3' long, about ii" in diameter; middle flower of the 3 at each joint twice as high as the lateral ones, reaching nearly or quite to the top of the joint; utricle pubescent. In salt marshes, Anticosti to Georgia ; about salt springs in central New York ; in saline soil from Mani- toba to British Columbia, south to Kansas and Utah. Also in Europe and Asia. The plant often turns bright red in autumn, forming vividly colored areas, hence called Marsh-samphire. Frog-, crab- or sea-grass. Pickle-plant. Saltwort. English sea-grass.. Chickens'- toes. July-Sept. fHENOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Bigelow's Glasswort. Fig. 1707. Salicornia mucronata Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 2. 1824. Not Lag. 1817. Salicornia virginica Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13": 145. 1849. Not. L. 1753. Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 184. 1859. Annual, stem and branches stout, erect or nearly so, 2,'-i2 r tall. Scales ovate or trian- gular-ovate, sharply mucronate, i"-ii" long, at length spreading; fruiting spikes i'-2i' long, 2 "-3" in diameter, their joints not longer than thick; middle flower slightly higher than the lateral ones, reaching very nearly to the end of the joint; utricle pu- bescent. In salt marshes. Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas. Also in the Bahamas, Cuba, Porto Rico and on the Pacific Coast. Plant bright red in autumn. July-Sept. 3. Salicornia ambigua Michx. Woody Glasswort. Fig. 1708. Salicornia ambigua Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 2. 1803. Perennial by a woody rootstock, stem trail- ing or decumbent, 6'-2 long, the branches ascending or erect, slender, nearly or quite simple, rather long-jointed, 3'-8' long. Scales broadly ovate or wider than high, acute or obtuse, appressed or slightly divergent; fruit- ing spikes i'-ij' long, about 2" in diameter, their joints not longer than thick; flowers all about equally high and about equalling the joints. On sea beaches and salt meadows, New Hamp- shire to Florida and Texas, and on the Pacific Coast from British Columbia to California. Bermuda ; Bahamas ; Cuba to Santa Cruz. Aug.- Sept. 12. SARCOBATUS Nees in Max. Reise N. A. i : 510. 1839. An erect much branched shrub, with spiny branches, alternate linear fleshy entire ses- sile leaves. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate in terminal ament-like spikes, the pistillate solitary in the axils, or rarely several together. Staminate flowers without a calyx ; stamens 2-5 together under peltate rhombic-ovate acute spirally arranged scales ; filaments short. Pistillate flowers sessile or very nearly so ; calyx compressed, ovoid or oblong, slightly 2-lipped, adnate to the bases of the 2 subulate exserted papillose stigmas, appendaged by a narrow border which expands into a membranous horizontal wing in fruit. Seed vertical, the testa translucent, double ; embryo coiled into a flat spiral, green ; endo- sperm none. [Name Greek, flesh-thorn, from the fleshy leaves and thorny stems.] A monotypic genus of western North America. GENUS 12. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 2 3 i. Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. Grease-wood. Fig. 1709. Batis (?) vermiculata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 128. 1838. Sarcobatus vermicularis Torr. Emory's Rep. 150. 1848. Glabrous or the young foliage somewhat pu- bescent, much branched, 2-io high, the branches slightly angled, leafy, nearly white, some of them leafless and spine-like. Stem i'-3' in diam- eter ; wood yellow, very hard ; leaves obtuse or subacute, \'-\\' long, i"-ij" wide, narrowed at the base; spikes of staminate flowers i'-i' long, ii"-2" in diameter, cylindric, short-peduncled or sessile; wing of the calyx 4"-6" broad when ma- ture, conspicuously veined. In dry alkaline and saline soil, western Nebraska, Wyoming to Nevada and New Mexico. Wood used for fuel, for want of better, in the regions where it occurs. June-July. Fruit mature Sept.-Oct. 13. DONDIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 261. 1763. [SUAEDA Forsk. Fl. AEg. Arab. 69. pi. i8b. 1775.] Fleshy annual or perennial herbs, or low shrubs, with alternate narrowly linear thick or nearly terete entire sessile leaves, and perfect or polygamous bracteolate flowers, solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments sometimes keeled or even slightly winged in fruit, enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5. Styles usually 2, short. Pericarp separating from the vertical or horizontal seed. Embryo coiled into a flat spiral. Endosperm wanting or very little. [In honor of Jacopodi Dondi, Italian naturalist of the fourteenth century.] About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western and southern parts of North America. Type species : Chenopodium altissimum L. Annuals of the Atlantic sea coast ; leaves not broadened at the base. Dark green, not glaucous; sepals acutely keeled; seed black. i. D. linearis. Light green, glaucous ; sepals scarcely keeled ; seed dark red. 2. D. maritime. Perennial of the western plains ; leaves broadened at the base. 3. D. depressa. i. Dondia linearis (Ell.) Heller. Tall Sea-Blite. Fig. 1710. Salsola salsa var. americana Pers. Syn. i : 296. 1805. Salsola linearis Ell. Bot. S. C. & G. i : 332. 1821. Dondia linearis Heller, Cat. N. Am. PI. 69. 1900. D. americana Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. i : 584. 1896. Suaeda americana Fernald, Rhodora 9: 146. 1907. Annual, dark green or purplish green, not glaucous, stem erect or procumbent, i-3 tall, pale green or nearly white, branched, the branches slender, very leafy, erect-ascending or sometimes recurved, more or less secund. Leaves of the stem linear-subulate, \'-\\' long, those of the branches much shorter, somewhat 3-angled, lanceolate-subulate, widest just above the base, the upper surface flat; sepals purple- green, glaucous, all or some of them acutely keeled or almost winged; seed orbicular, black, shining, i" broad. On salt marshes, beaches, and along salt water ditches. Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Texas. Bahamas ; Cuba. Sea-goosefoot. Aug.-Sept. CHEXOPODIACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Dondia maritima (L.) Druce. Low or Annual Sea-Blite. Fig. 1711. Chenopodium maritimum L. Sp. PI. 221. 1753. Suaeda maritima Dumort. Prodr. Fl. Belg. 22. 1827. Dondia maritima Druce, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist. 1896 : 42. 1896. Annual, pale green and somewhat glaucous, stem mostly decumbent, bushy-branched, 5'-iS' high, becoming brownish, the branches ascending. Leaves $"-12" long, those of the branches not conspicuously shorter than the upper ones of the stem, 3-angled, broadest at the base ; sepals pale green, rounded or very obtusely keeled, somewhat roughened; seed orbicular, dark brownish red, shining, about i" in diameter. On sea beaches, stony and muddy shores, and in salt marshes, Quebec to southern New York, New Jersey and southward. Also on the coasts of Europe and of northwestern North America. July-Sept. Suaeda Richii Fernald, of the coasts of Maine and Nova Scotia, has smaller seeds, the leaves not glaucous. 3. Dondia depressa (Pursh) Britton. Western Sea-Blite. Fig. 1712. Salsola depressa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 197. 1814. Suaeda depressa S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 294. 1871. Dondia depressa Britton ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. i: 585. 1896. Perennial by a deep slender woody root or sometimes annual, branched from the base and usually also above, 6'-2 tall, the branches decumbent or ascending, usually very leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, i'-i' long, broadest at or just above the base, or the upper lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate and commonly much shorter ; sepals acute, one or more of them strongly keeled in fruit; seed about \" in di- ameter, rather dull, minutely reticulated. In saline soil, Minnesota to Saskatchewan Ter- ritory, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado and Nevada. June-Aug. 14. SALSOLA L. Sp. PI. 222. 1753. Annual or perennial bushy-branched herbs, with rigid subulate prickle-pointed leaves, and sessile perfect 2-bracteolate flowers, solitary in the axils, or sometimes several together. Calyx 5-parted, its segments appendaged by a broad membranous horizontal wing in fruit and enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5. Ovary depressed ; styles 2. Utricle flattened. Seed horizontal; embryo coiled into a conic spiral; endosperm none. [Name Latin, a diminutive of salsus, salty.] About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution on seashores and in saline districts, occa- sionally pernicious weeds in cultivated grounds. Type species : Salsola Soda L. Calyx coriaceous, not conspicuously veined ; plant maritime. Calyx membranous, very strongly veined ; plant an inland weed. 1. S. Kali. 2. S. pest if er. GENUS 14. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY i. Salsola Kali L. Saltwort. Prickly Glassvvort. Fig. 1713. Salsola Kali L. Sp. PI. 222. 1753. Salsola Tragits L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 322. 1762. Salsola caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. in. 1788. Annual, glabrous or often pubescent, loosely much branched, i-2 high, the branches ascend- ing or spreading, mostly stout, somewhat ridged. Leaves dull green or grayish, 3"-io" long, suc- culent, lanceolate-subulate, swollen at the base, the midvein excurrent into a stout yellowish green prickle; flowers solitary in the axils; wing of the persistent calyx nearly orbicular, lobed, becoming lacerate, not conspicuously veined, 2"- 4" in diameter; calyx coriaceous, veined, its wing about as long as the ascending lobe. On sea beaches. Cape Breton Island to Florida. Also in Europe and Asia. Sea- or Salt-grape. Sea- thrift. Russian thistle. Kelpwort. July-Sept. 2. Salsola pestifer A. Nelson. Russian Thistle or Cactus. Fig. 1714. S. Kah rosacea Pall. 111. PL 36, pi. 28, f. i. 1803. Not S. rosacea L. S. Kali tenuifolia F. W. Meyer. Chlor. Han. 470. 1 836. S. pestifer A. Nelson, Rocky Mt. Bot. 169. 1909. Similar to the preceding species, but bushy branched, the branches usually slender. Leaves and outer branches usually bright red at matu- rity; leaves not noticeably swollen at the base, linear, prickle-tipped, less fleshy; calyx mem- branous, veiny, its wing as long as the ascending lobe or longer. In cultivated fields and waste places, New Jersey to Ontario, the Northwest Territory, Kansas and Washington. A very troublesome weed in many parts of the Central and Western States. Naturalized from northern Europe or Asia. July-Sept. Family 18. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 213. 1836. POKEWEED FAMILY. Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees) with alternate entire mostly exstipulate leaves, and perfect regular polygamous or monoecious usually racemose flowers. Calyx 4~5-parted or of 4 or 5 distinct sepals, its segments or sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals wanting. Stamens as many as the calyx-segments or sepals and alternate with them, or more numerous, hypogynous; filaments subulate or filiform, distinct or united at the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, often nearly separated. Ovary superior, several-celled in most of the genera ; ovules solitary in the cavities, amphitropous. Styles as many as the carpels, short or none; stigmas linear or filiform. Fruit a berry in the fol- lowing genus, capsular or samaroid in some others. Endosperm mealy or fleshy. About 22 genera and no species, mostly in the tropics. i. PHYTOLACCA L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753. Tall perennial herbs (some tropical species woody), with ample petioled exstipulate leaves, and small flowers in terminal racemes, which by the further growth of the stem become opposite the leaves. Pedicels bracted at the base and often 1-3 bracted above Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent rounded sepals. Stamens 5-30, inserted at the base of the calyx ; anthers mostly oblong. Ovary subglobose, composed of 5-15 distinct or somewhat united carpels. Fruit a depressed-globose S-iS-celled i aicy, fleshy berry. Seeds I in each cavity, erect, corn CORRIGIOLACEAE. VOL. II. pressed; embryo annular in the mealy endosperm. [Name Greek and French, referring to the crimson juice of the berries.] About 24 species, the following typical one of eastern North America, the others tropical. i. Phytolacca americana L. Poke. Scoke. Pigeon-berry. Garget. Fig. 1715. Phylolacca americana L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753. Phytolacca decandra L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 631. 1762. A glabrous strong-smelling succulent erect branching herb, 4-i2 tall, the root perennial, large, poisonous, the stem stout, its pith divided into disks separated by lens-shaped cavities. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pinnately veined, acute or acuminate at both ends, 8'-i2' long; petioles '-4' long; racemes peduncled, 2'-8' long; pedicels divergent, 2"-6" long, each with a subulate-lanceolate bractlet at its base and usually 2 similar ones above ; flow- ers perfect; calyx white, 2" -2" broad, its sepals suborbicular, or oval ; stamens 10, slightly shorter than the sepals ; ovary green, lo-celled ; styles recurved ; berry dark purple, s"-6" in di- ameter, 3"-4" high, its 10 carpels conspicuous when dry. In various situations, Maine and Ontario to Min- nesota, Arkansas, Florida and Mexico. Bermuda. Sometimes a troublesome weed. Naturalized in Europe. Young shoots eaten like asparagus. June- Sept. Berries ripe Aug.-Oct. Inkberry. Redweed. Red-ink plant. Pocan-bush. Coakum. Cancer-jalap. American nightshade. Pokeweed. Family 19. CORRIGIOLACEAE Reichenb. ; Moessl. Handb. i 1 : 51. 1827. WHITLOW-WORT FAMILY. Low herbs, erect or prostrate, with opposite mostly stipulate entire leaves, and small, perfect flowers in cymes. Sepals 4 or 5, distinct, or partly united, white or greenish, persistent. Petals none. Stamens i-io, usually 4 or 5, borne at the base of the ovary, or rarely on the calyx-tube (hypanthium) ; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, short. Ovary sessile, i-celled; styles mostly 2, more or less united, often short; ovule solitary, amphitropous. Fruit an achene or utricle, i-seeded. Endosperm nearly enclosing the embryo. About 1 8 genera and 100 species of wide geographic distribution. Leaves stipulate. Sepals awn-tipped ; calyx sessile. i. Paronychia. Sepals not awned ; calyx pedicelled. Styles long ; sepals cuspidate ; radicle ascending. 2. Anychiastrum. Styles very short or wanting ; sepals mucronate ; radicle descending. 3. Anychia. Leaves not stipulate. 4. Scleranthus. i. PARONYCHIA [Tourn.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 272. 1763. Tufted herbs, our species perennials, often woody at the base, with opposite leaves, scarious stipules, and small clustered scarious-bracted apetalous flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the segments awn-tipped. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the calyx, sometimes alternate with as many staminodia. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, narrowed upward into the style ; styles united nearly to the stigmas; ovule solitary, amphitropous. Utricle membranous, included in the calyx, i-seeded. [Greek, for a disease of the fingers and a plant supposed to cure it.] About 50 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following about 7 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species : Illecebrum Paronychia L. Flowers clustered. Flowers hidden among the bracts and stipules. i. P. argyrocoma. Flowers not hidden among the bracts and stipules. Stems erect ; inflorescence open. Calyx i"-iJ4" long, the sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate. Branches of the inflorescence ascending. 2. P.Jamesii. Branches of the inflorescence spreading. 3. P. Wardii. Calyx 2" long, the sepals lanceolate. 4. P. dichotoma. Stems prostrate or diffuse ; inflorescence contracted. 5. P. depressa. Flowers solitary. 6. P. sessiliflora. GENUS I. WHITLOW-WORT FAMILY. i. Parcnychia argyrocoma (Michx.) Nutt. Silver Whitlow-wort. Fig. 1716 Anychia argyrocoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 113. 1803. Paronychia argyrocoma Nutt. Gen. i : 160. 1818. Stem erect or ascending, much branched, 3'-8' high, clothed with silvery appressed scale-like hairs. Leaves linear, i-nerved, acute or mucronate at the apex, pubes- cent or nearly glabrous; stipules silvery-white, scarious, entire, usually shorter than the leaves ; flowers in fork- ing cymes, subtended and concealed by the large silvery membranous bracts; calyx-segments 2"-2\" long, their awns erect, nearly as long as the segments, pubescent or glabrous ; staminodia minute and much shorter than the filaments or wanting. In rocky places, mostly on mountains, Maine, New Hamp- shire and Massachusetts, and from Virginia to Tennessee and Georgia, the northern plant less pubescent than the southern, and more floriferous. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. Called also silver chickweed and silverhead. July-Sept. 2. Paronychia Jamesii T. & G. James' Whitlow-wort. Fig. 1717. Paronychia Jamesii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 170. 1838. Scabrous-pubescent, stems 3'-io' high, much branched from the base. Leaves linear-subulate, 10" long or less, the lowest obtuse, the uppermost mucronate or bristle-pointed; stipules entire; flow- ers in small cymes, the branches of the inflorescence ascending; bracts shorter than the calyx; calyx i"- \\" long, the segments lanceolate, gradually acumi- nate, tipped with divergent awns of about one- fourth their length; staminodia about as long as the filaments. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico. July-Oct. 3. Paronychia Wardi Rydb. Ward's Whitlow-wort. Fig. 1718. Paronychia Wardi Rydb. ; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 400. 1903. Branched from a woody base, or simple up to the inflorescence, minutely pubescent, the branches slender. Leaves linear-filiform, 3"-io" long, acute, early deciduous ; branches of the inflorescence spreading, very slender ; calyx puberulent, only about i" long; sepals oblong, abruptly acuminate, the short awns at length divergent-ascending. In dry or stony soil, Kansas and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico. Aug.-Oct. 28 CORRIGIOLACEAE. VOL. II. 4. Paronychia dichotoma (L.) Nutt. Fork- ing Whitlow-wort. Nailwort. Fig. 1719. Achyranthes dichotoma L. Mant. 51. 1767. Paronychia dichotoma Nutt. Gen. I : 159. 1818. Much branched from the thick woody base, gla- brous or puberulent, 4'-i4' tall. Leaves subulate, smooth, all acute, mucronate or bristle-tipped; stipules entire, silvery, often s"-6" long, tapering into a slender awn ; cyme loose, its branches ascend- ing; calyx 2" long, glabrous or merely puberulent, the awns of its segments divergent, short; stami- nodia of minute bristles hardly one-fourth as long as the filaments ; styles nearly as long as the peri- anth-segments, the stamens fully one-half as long. In dry soil, Maryland to North Carolina, west to Arkansas and Texas. July-Oct. 5. Paronychia depressa (T. & G.) Nutt. Depressed Whitlow-wort. Fig. 1720. P. Jamesii depressa T. & G. Fl. N. Am. i : 171. 1838. Paronychia depressa (T. & G.) Nutt.; A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 236. 1899. Root deep, woody, the numerous prostrate or spreading branches 3' longer less, forming dense mats, roughish-puberulent. Leaves linear, 3"- 7" long, cuspidate ; stipules silvery, as long as the leaves or shorter, long-acuminate ; flowers in small cymes, or solitary in the axils; calyx pubescent, about li" long, exceeded by the bracts; awns of the sepals divergent-ascending; filaments shorter than the slender staminodia. In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska and Wy- oming. June-Aug. Paronychia diffusa A. Nelson, of South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming and Colorado, differing in shorter bracts and stipules, does not appear specifi- cally distinct. 6. Paronychia sessiliflora Nutt. Low Whit- low-wort. Fig. 1721. Paronychia sessiliflora Nutt. Gen. i : 160. 1818. Densely tufted from stout thick roots, low, the internodes very short and hidden by the imbricated leaves and stipules. Leaves linear-subulate, gla- brous or puberulent, the lowest erect and obtuse, the uppermost recurved-spreading, mucronate or bristle-pointed; stipules 2-cleft, usually shorter than the leaves; bracts entire, mostly shorter than the flowers; flowers sessile, solitary at ends of branch- lets; calyx i"-iS" long, its segments hooded at the apex, tipped with at length divergent awns of nearly their own length; staminodia about as long as the filaments. In dry soil, Saskatchewan to Montana, Nebraska and Colorado. Aug.-Sept. GENUS 2. WHITLOW-WORT FAMILY. 29 2. ANYCHIASTRUM Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 400. 1903. Annual or perennial, diffusely spreading or prostrate herbs, the foliage finely pubescent or glabrous, the stipules short or elongated, the small flowers in dichotomous cymes, with bracts similar to the leaves. Flowers manifestly pedicelled. Sepals distinct or nearly so, erect, cuspidate or abruptly tipped, not awned. Stamens mostly 5, borne at the base of the ovary. Styles united nearly to the stigmas. Utricle nearly or quite enclosed by the calyx. [Greek, star- Anychia.] Four known species, of the southeastern United States. Type species: Anychiastrum riparium (Chapm.) Small. i. Anychiastrurn montanum Small. Moun- tain Anychiastrum. Fig. 1722. Anychiastrum montanum Small, Torreya 10 : 230. 1910. Annual or biennial, minutely pubescent. Stem branched at the base, the branches spreading, diffuse, 2'-8' long, slender, purplish; leaves spatu- late to elliptic-spatulate, acuminate or acutish, 2"-5$" long; stipules silvery; calyx I" long in fruit; sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, glabrous, abruptly tipped, but not cuspidate. In dry soil, mountains of Pennsylvania to Georgia. Aug.-Sept. 3. ANYCHIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:112. 1803. Annual herbs, with repeatedly forking stems, elliptic oval or oblanceolate opposite mostly punctate very short-petioled leaves, small scarious stipules, and minute green apetal- ous flowers. Calyx 5-parted, its segments oblong, concave, not awned. Stamens 2-5, inserted on the base of the calyx; filaments filiform. Staminodia wanting. Ovary subglobose, com- pressed; styles 2, distinct, or united at the base; ovule solitary, amphitropous. Utricle sub- globose, somewhat compressed, longer than the calyx. [Derivation same as Paronychia.] Only the following species, natives of eastern North America. Type species : Anychia dicho- toma Michx. Pubescent ; flowers sessile ; stems mostly prostrate or ascending. Glabrous or nearly so ;' flowers pedicelled ; stems usually erect. 1. A. polygonoides. 2. A. canadensis. i. Anychia polygonoides Raf . Forked Chick- weed. Fig. 1723 Anychia polygonoides Raf. Atl. Journ. 16. 1832. Anychia divaricata Raf. New Fl. N. A. 4: 42. 1836. Pubescent, stems mostly prostrate or ascending, much forked, 3'-io' high, the internodes often shorter than the leaves. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 2"-4" long, \"-\" wide, mucronate or acute at the apex, sessile, or the base tapering into a very short petiole, usually very numerous and crowded; flowers sessile in the forks, more or less clustered, scarcely \" high, inconspicuous except when fully expanded ; stamens commonly 2 or 3, sometimes 5. In dry woods, thickets and in open places, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida, Alabama and Texas. As- cends to 5200 ft. in Georgia. Illustrated in our first edition as A. dichotoma Michx., but this proves to be the same as the following species. June-Sept. CORRIGIOLACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Anychia canadensis (L.) B.S.P. Slen- der Forked Chickweed. Fig. 1724. Queria canadensis L. Sp. PI. 90. 1753. Anychia dichotoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 113. 1803. Queria capillacea Nutt. Gen. i: 159. 1818. Anychia capillacea DC. Prodr. 3: 369. 1828. Anychia canadensis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 1888. Glabrous or very nearly so, stem very slender or filiform, usually erect, repeatedly forked above, 6'-i2' tall, the internodes sometimes i' long, much longer than those of the preceding species. Leaves elliptic, oval or sometimes ob- lanceolate, 3"-8" long, i"-4" wide, obtuse or short-pointed at the apex, narrowed into petioles about i" long, not crowded; flowers minute, more or less pedicelled. In dry woods, Vermont and Ontario to Massa- chusetts and Georgia, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Arkansas. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Caro- lina. June-Sept. 4. SCLERANTHUS L. Sp. PL 406. 1753. Low annual herbs, with rather stiff forking stems, opposite subulate leaves connate at the base, no stipules and minute green clustered apetalous flowers. Calyx not bracted, deeply 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes awnless, the cup-like tube (hypanthium) hardened. Stamens i-io, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary ovoid; styles 2, distinct; ovule solitary, pendulous, amphitropous. Utricle i-seeded, enclosed by the calyx. [Greek, referring to the hard calyx-tube.] About 10 species, of wide geographic distribution in the Old World, the following naturalized from Europe as a weed. Type species: Scleranthus annuus L. i. Scleranthus annuus L. Knawel. German Knotgrass. Fig. 1725. Scleranthus annuus L. Sp. PI. 406. 1753. Much branched from long and rather tough roots, the branches prostrate or spreading, 3'-5' long, roughish- puberulent or glabrous. Leaves subulate, 2"-i2" long, ciliate, light green, often recurved, their bases membran- ous at the junction; tube of the calyx lo-angled, rather longer than the lobes, usually glabrous, the lobes some- what angled on the back and their margins incurved. In fields and waste places or on dry rocks, Quebec and On- tario to Pennsylvania and Florida, mostly near the coast. Naturalized from Europe. Very common in parts of the Eastern and Middle States. Gravel-chickweed. Parsley-piert. March-Oct. Family 20. NYCTAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 213. 1836. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. Herbs (some tropical genera trees or shrubs) with simple entire leaves, and regular flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, in the following genera subtended by involucres of distinct or united bracts. Petals none. Calyx inferior, usually corolla-like, its limb campanulate, tubular or salverform, 4~5-lobed or 4-5-toothed. Stamens hypogynous ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Ovary enclosed by the tube of the perianth, sessile or stipitate, i-celled, i-ovuled ; ovule campylotropous ; style short or elongated ; stigma capitate. Fruit a ribbed, grooved or winged anthocarp. About 25 genera and 350 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in America. Involucre of united bracts ; pairs of leaves equal. i. Allionia. Involucre of separate bracts ; pairs of leaves mostly unequal. Wings or ridges of the fruit not completely encircling it. 2. Abronia, Wings of the fruit completely encircling it. 3. Tripterocalyx. GENUS i. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. 3 1 i. ALLIONIA Loefl. ; L. Syst. Ed. 10, 890. 1759. [OXYBAPHUS L'Her.; Willd. Sp. PI. i: 185. 1797.] Forking herbs, with opposite equal leaves, and involucres in loose terminal panicles or solitary in the axils of the leaves. Involucre 5-lobed (of 5 partially united bracts), 3-s-flow- ered, becoming enlarged and reticulate-veined after flowering. Perianth campanulate, its tube constricted above the ovary, its limb corolla-like, deciduous. Stamens 3-5, generally 3, unequal, hypogynous. Fruit obovoid or clavate, strongly ribbed, pubescent in most species. [Name in honor of Chas. Allioni, 1725-1804, a botanist of Turin.] About 40 species, natives of North and South America, one Asiatic. Type species : Allionia violacea L. Fruit pubescent. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile or very nearly so, 4" wide or less. i. A. linearis. Leaves from linear-lanceolate to ovate-cordate. Leaves sessile or nearly so, lanceolate to oblong. Pubescence fine and short, often wanting below the inflorescence. 2. A. albida. Pubescence, or some of it, of long hairs, especially below, and at the nodes. 3. A, hirsitta. Leaves manifestly petioled, ovate, often cordate. 4. A. nyctaginea, Fruit glabrous. 5. A.Carletoni. i. Allionia linearis Pursh. Narrow-leaved Umbrella-wort. Fig. 1726. Allionia linearis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 728. 1814. Calymenia angustifolia Nutt. Fraser's Cat. Name only. 1813. Oxybaphus angustifolius Sweet, Hort. Brit. 429. 1830. Stem slender, terete or somewhat 4-angled below, glabrous, glaucous, 3'-4i tall, erect, the branches and peduncles sometimes puberulent. Leaves linear, thick,, i-nerved, i'-2j' long, i"-4" wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, sessile or the lower occasionally short-peti- pled; involucre about 3-flowered, green before flower- ing ; perianth purple, longer than the involucre ; stamens and style exserted; fruit commonly roughened in the furrows between the 5 prominent ribs, pubescent. In dry soil, Illinois to Minnesota, Wyoming, south to Texas and Mexico. Adventive in Connecticut. June-Aug. Allionia Bushii Britton and Allionia Bodini (Holz.) Morong, admitted as species in our first edition, prove to be conditions of this species with the involucres solitary in the axils. Allionia glabra (S. Wats.) Kuntze, of the Southwest, differing in being glabrous throughout, has recently been collected in western Kansas. 2. Allionia albida Walt. Pale Umbrella-wort. Fig. 1727. Allionia albida Walt. Fl. Car. 84. 1788. Oxybaphus albidus Choisy in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 2, 434. 1849. A. bracteata Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 29: 690. 1902. A. lanceolata Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 29 : 691. 1902. A. chersophila Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 354. 1909. Stem erect, furrowed or striate, 4-sided below, i-3 tall, glabrous or short-pubescent above, or pubescent to the base, the peduncles and branches commonly glandular and viscous. Leaves lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, 3-veined from the base, glabrous, pubescent or ciliate, the upper sessile, sometimes bract-like, the lower short-petioled ; invo- lucre much enlarged in fruit, pubescent, ciliate, becoming whitish and purple-veined ; perianth pink, white or lilac; fruit with hispid ribs, roughened in the furrows. South Carolina to Tennessee, South Dakota and Colo- rado, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Consists of numer- ous races, differing in pubescence and width of leaves. May-Aug. NYCTAGINACEAE. VOL. II. 3. Allionia hirsuta Pursh. Hairy Umbrella- wort. Fig. 1728. Allionia hirsuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 728. 1814. Oxybaphus hirsutus Choisy in DC. Prodr. 13 : Part 2, 433. 1849. Calymenia pilosa Nutt. Gen. i : 26. 1818. Allionia pilosa Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 29 : 690. 1902. Stem slender, i-3 tall, erect, angled and striate, glandular-pubescent and pilose, especially at the nodes, occasionally glabrate toward the base. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, sessile or the lowest sometimes short-petioled, pubescent, i'~3' long; branches and petioles very pubescent; inflorescence usually contracted; stamens often 5 ; fruit narrowly obovoid, the ribs obtuse, pubescent, sometimes with low intermediate ribs in the furrows. In dry soil, Illinois to Saskatchewan, Wisconsin, Okla- homa and New Mexico. July-Aug. 4. Allionia nyctaginea Michx. Heart-leaved Umbrella-wort. Fig. 1729. Allionia nyctaginea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 100. 1803. Oxybaphns nyctagineus Sweet, Hort. Brit. 429. 1830. Allionia nyctaginea ovata Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 146. 1894. Allionia ovata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 97. 1814. Stem angled, often 4-sided below, rather slender, glabrous or but slightly pubescent, i-3 tall. Leaves broadly ovate to oblong, 2'-^' long, i'-3' wide, acute at the apex, cordate, rounded, truncate or narrowed at the base, ail petioled except the small bract-like uppermost ones, glabrous or nearly so; peduncles and pedicels commonly pubescent ; pedicels 6" long or less ; involucre shorter than the flowers ; perianth red ; stamens 3-5, exserted ; style exserted ; fruit oblong or narrowly obovoid, very pubescent. In dry soil, Illinois to Manitoba, Louisiana, Texas and Colorado. Adventive further east. May-Aug. Allionia comata Small, of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico, differs in being viscid-hirsute ; it is reported from Nebraska, perhaps erroneously. 5. Allionia Carletoni Standley. Carleton's Umbrella- wort. Fig. 1730. Allionia Carletoni Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 12: 355. 1909. Stem stout, simple or branched, softly pubes- cent to the base, about 3 high. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, thick, acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, 2'-$' long, ii' wide or less, puberulent on both sides, short-petioled or almost sessile ; inflorescence paniculate ; invo- lucres about 8" broad, softly pubescent, their lobes obtuse, ciliolate, their stalks 4"-5" long; fruit oblong, narrowed to both ends, glabrous, 2$" long, prominently ribbed. Kansas and Oklahoma. June-July. GENUS 2. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. 33 2. ABRONIA Juss.; Gmel. Syst. 1008. 1791. Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite petioled thick entire leaves, one of each pair somewhat larger than the other. Stems ascending, erect or prostrate, branching, mostly glandular-pubescent, with clustered or solitary numerous-flowered involucres on long axillary peduncles. Flowers sessile, usually conspicuous. Perianth-tube elongated, tubular or funnelform, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, the lobes obcordate or emarginate. Stamens 3-5, unequal, inserted on the tube of the perianth; anthers linear-oblong, included. Style filiform. Fruit dry, i-5-winged or ridged, the wings broad or narrow, reticulate-veined. Seed cylindric, smooth, shining; one of the cotyledons is abortive, the seedling appearing monocotyledonous. [Name from the Greek, graceful.] About 45 species, all American, mostly of western North America. Type species : Abronia californica Gmel. i. Abronia fragrans Xutt. White Abronia. Fig. 1731. Abronia fragrans Nutt. ; Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. 5 : 261. 1853. Perennial, viscid-pubescent, stem erect or as- cending, usually much branched, i-2 high. Leaves oval, ovate or oblong-elliptic, petioled, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cuneate, truncate or rounded at the base, \'-2\' long; bracts of the involucre 5 or 6, ovate or elliptic, white, $"-8" long; flowers greenish-white, very numerous in the involucres, 8"-i2" long, fragrant, opening at night ; fruit 4"-6" high, coriaceous with 5 or sometimes fewer, undulate coarsely reticulated ridges about i" wide, which do not close over its summit. In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Colorado, Texas and Mexico. Reported from Iowa. June-Aug. 3. TRIPTEROCALYX [Torn] Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. 5: 261. 1853. Annual much-branched herbs, more or less pubescent with flattened hairs, with opposite, usually unequal leaves, and axillary or lateral long-peduncled involucres subtending numer- ous pink or whitish flowers, the involucral bracts separate. Perianth-tube elongated, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the perianth-tube; filaments short. Fruit dry, leathery, completely encircled by 2 to 4 broad reticulated membranous wings. [Greek, three-winged calyx.] About 5 species, natives of western North America, the following the generic type. i. Tripterocalyx micranthus (Torr.) Hook. Pink Abronia. Fig. 1732. Tripteridium micranthum Torr. Frem. Rep. 96. 1845. Abronia micrantha Chois. in DC. Prodr. 13 : Part 2, 436. 1849. Tripterocalyx micranthns Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. 5 : 261. 1853. [By typographical error macranthus.l Annual, glabrous below, more or less glandular- pubescent above, stem ascending, branched, i-2 high. Leaves quite similar to those of Abronia fragrans in size and outline; involucral bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; flowers several or numerous, about 6" long, greenish-white ; calyx-limb about 4" broad ; fruit nearly i' high, its 2-4 membranous wings 4"-?" broad, entire-margined, shining, very conspicuous, glabrous, united over the body of the fruit, beauti- fully reticulate-veined. In dry soil, South Dakota to Montana, Nevada, Kansas and New Mexico. June-Aug. 34 AIZOACEAE. VOL. II. Family 21. AIZOACEAE A. Br. ; Aschers. Fl. Brand. 60. 1864. CARPET- WEED FAMILY. Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, mostly prostrate and branching, with (in our species) opposite or verticillate leaves and solitary cymose or glomerate perfect, small, regular flowers. Stipules none or scarious, or the petiole-bases dilated. Calyx 4~5-cleft or 4~5-parted. Petals small or none in our species. Stamens perigynous, equal in number to the sepals, fewer, or more numerous. Ovary usually free from the calyx, 3-5-celled, and ovules numerous in each cell in our species. Fruit a capsule with loculicidal or circumscissile dehiscence. Seeds am- phitropous; seed-coat crustaceous or membranous; endosperm scanty or copious; embryo slender, curved. About 22 genera and 500 species, mostly of warm regions, a few in the temperate zones. Fleshy, sea-coast herbs ; leaves opposite ; capsule circumscissile. i. Sesuvium. Not fleshy ; leaves verticillate ; capsule 3-valved. 2. Mollugo. i. SESUVIUM L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1058. 1759. Fleshy decumbent or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves and solitary or clustered axil- lary pink or purplish flowers. Stipules none, but the petioles often dilated and connate at the base. Calyx top-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, ovate or lanceolate. Petals none. Stamens 5-60, inserted on the tube of the calyx. Filaments filiform, sometimes united at the base. Ovary 3-5-celled. Styles 3-5, papillose along the inner side. Capsule membranous, oblong, 3-5-celled, circumscissile. Seeds round-reniform, smooth; embryo annular. About 4 species, natives of sea-coasts and saline regions. Besides the following, another, S. Portulacastrum L., the generic type, occurs in the Southern States. Stamens 5; coastal species. i. S. maritimum. Stamens numerous ; inland species. 2. S. sessile: A- i. Sesuvium maritimum (Walt.) B.S.P. Sea Purslane. Fig. 1733. Pharnaceum maritimum Walt. Fl. Car. 117. 1788. Sesuvium pentandrum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 556. 1821. Sesuvium maritimum B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 20. 1888. Annual, glabrous, decumbent or as- cending, rarely erect, branches 2 r -i2 r long. Leaves obovate or spatulate, entire, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, narrowed into a petiole or the upper ones sessile, 4"-i2" long; flowers sessile or very nearly so, about 2" broad, mostly solitary in the axils ; stamens 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes ; capsule ovoid, about 2" high, scarcely longer than the calyx. Sands of the seashore, eastern Long Island to Florida. Bahamas ; Cuba. July-Sept. 2. Sesuvium sessile Pers. Western Sea Purslane. Fig. I734- Sesuvium sessile Pers. Syn. 2: 39. 1807. Annual, glabrous, fleshy, usually much branched, the branches erect or ascending, 4-16' long. Leaves oblanceo- late to obovate, obtuse, i' long or less, narrowed into short petioles ; flowers sessile or nearly so, 4"-6" wide ; calyx- lobes lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, short- horned near the apex; stamens numerous; capsule about as long as the calyx. On beaches, and saline plains, Kansas to Utah, Nevada, Cali- fornia, Texas and northern Mexico ; also in southern Brazil. March-Nov. Tetragonia expansa Murr., New Zealand spinach, a succu- lent herb with large deltoid or rhomboid leaves and indehis- cent axillary, tubercled fruit, has been found in waste grounds in Connecticut. GENUS 2. CARPET-WEED FAMILY. 2. MOLLUGO L. Sp. PI. 89. 1753. Herbs, mostly annual, much branched, with verticillate, or in some species basal or alternate leaves, and small cymose or axillary whitish flowers. Stipules scarious, mem- branous, deciduous. Calyx 5-parted. Sepals persistent, scarious-margined. Petals none. Stamens 3-5, when 3 alternate with the cells of the ovary, when 5 alternate with the sepals. Ovary ovoid or globose, usually 3-celled. Capsule usually 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds small, the testa smooth, granular or sculptured. About 12 species, most of them of tropical distribution. Besides the following typical one, another occurs in the Southwestern States. i. Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet- weed. Fig. 1735. Mollugo verticillata L. Sp. PI. 89. 1753. Prostrate, glabrous, not fleshy, much branched, spreading on the ground and forming patches sometimes 20' in diameter. Leaves verticillate, in 5*5 or 6's, spatulate, obovate or linear, entire, obtuse, 6"-i2" long, narrowed into a petiole; flowers axillary, less than i" broad; pedicels filiform; sepals ob- long, slightly shorter than the ovoid capsule, which appears roughened by the projecting seeds; seeds reniform, usually smooth and shining. In waste places and cultivated grounds, New Brunswick and Ontario to Minnesota, Washing- ton, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Native of the warmer parts of America, now widely distrib- uted as a weed. Also called Indian chickweed. Devil's-grip. May-Sept. Family 22. PORTULACACEAE Reichenb. Consp. 161. 1828. PURSLANE FAMILY. Herbs, generally fleshy or succulent, rarely somewhat woody, with alternate or opposite leaves, and regular perfect but unsymmetrical flowers. Sepals com- monly 2 (rarely 5). Petals 4 or 5, rarely more, hypogynous, entire or emarginate, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, equal in number to the petals or fewer, rarely more ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i-celled ; style 2-3~cleft or 2-3-divided, the divisions stigmatic on the inner side; ovules 2-00, amphitropous. Capsule membranous or crustaceous, circumscissile, or dehiscent by 3 valves. Seeds 2-00, reni form-globose or compressed; embryo curved. About 180 species, mostly natives of America. Calyx free from the ovary ; capsule 3-valved. Seeds numerous ; stamens 5-00 i. Talinum. Seeds not more than 6 ; stamens 2-5. Perennials ; petals distinct. Plants with corms or thick rootstocks. 2. Claytonia. Plants with bulblet-bearing runners. 3. Crunocallis. Mostly annuals ; roots fibrous ; petals united at the base or distinct. Petals 3, united at base, unequal, the corolla-tube slit down one side ; stamens 3. 4. Montia. Petals 5, equal, distinct or very nearly so ; stamens 5. 5. Limnia. Calyx partly adnate to the ovary ; capsule circumscissile. 6. Portulaca. i. TALINUM Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 245. 1763. Fleshy glabrous erect or ascending, perennial or annual herbs, with scapose or leafy stems, alternate terete or flat exstipulate leaves (terete and clustered at the base in the following species), and mainly cymose racemose or panicled flowers. Sepals 2, ovate. Petals 5, hypogynous, fugacious. Stamens as many as or more numerous than the petals and adherent to their bases. Ovary many-ovuled ; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule ovoid, oval or globose, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, borne on a central globose placenta. [Aboriginal name of a Senegal species.] A genus of about 12 species, all but i or 2 natives of America. In addition to the following, about 6 others occur in the western United States. Type species : Portulaca triangularis Jacq. PORTULACACEAE. VOL. II. Flowers 4"-8" broad ; sepals deciduous. Stamens 10-30; capsule globose. Stigma-lobes very short. Stigma-lobes about one-third as long as the style. Stamens only 5 ; capsule oval. Flowers io"-is" broad; sepals persistent. 1. T. teretifolium. 2. T. rugospermum. 3. T.parviftorum. 4. T. calycinum. i. Talinum teretifolium Pursh. Fame-flower. Fig. 1736. Talinum teretifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 365. 1814. Perennial, erect, 4'-i2' high, leafy at the base. Leaves linear, terete, 4'-2' long, about i" wide, the base broad- ened and prolonged posteriorly ; scape-like peduncles 1-5, terminal, branched, leafless, slender, bracted at the nodes, 3'-6' long; cymes terminal, loose, the branches ascending or divaricate ; flowers pink, 6"-8" broad, opening for a day; sepals membranous, deciduous, ovate, obtuse, 2" long, about half the length of the petals; stamens 10-30; style as long as the stamens ; stigma-lobes very short ; capsule globose, 2" in diameter; bracts of the cyme ovate or ovate-lanceolate, i" long, prolonged posteriorly. On dry rocks, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Kansas, Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 3800 ft. in North Carolina. May- Aug. 2. Talinum rugospermum Holzinger. Prairie Talinum. Fig. 1737. T. rugospermum Holzinger, Asa Gray Bull. 7: 117. 1899. Perennial or perhaps biennial, though first described as annual, the root deep, the slender scape-like pedun- cles 10' high or less. Leaves basal, linear, terete, i'-2 f long; cymes and petals like those of T. teretifolium, the pink flowers 6"-8" wide, opening late in the after- noon ; sepals deciduous ; stamens 12-25, the red fila- ments very slender, the anthers short, nearly spherical; lobes of the stigma nearly linear, one-fourth to one- third as long as the style ; capsule globose, about 2" in diameter; seeds faintly roughened, but scarcely rougher than those of T. teretifolium. Prairies, Indiana to Minnesota and Wisconsin. Summer. 3. Talinum parviflorum Nutt. Small- flowered Talinum. Fig. 1738. Talinum parviflorum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 197. 1838. Perennial, similar to the preceding species, leafy below. Leaves terete or nearly so, linear, rather more slender, broadened at the base ; scape-like peduncles very slender, 3'-8' tall ; cymes loose, their branches and pedicels as- cending; flowers pink, 4"-$" broad; sepals ovate, deciduous, acute or subacute; stamens 5 (or sometimes fewer?) ; style somewhat longer than the stamens; capsule oval, 2" high, about i" in diameter ; bracts of the cyme narrowly lanceolate, slightly prolonged posteriorly. In dry soil, Minnesota to Missouri, South Da- kota, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas. May- Sept. GENUS i. PURSLANE FAMILY. 37 4. Talinum calycinum Engelm. Large- flowered Talinum. Fig. 1739. Talinum calycinum Engelm. in Wisliz. Rep. 88. 1848. Perennial, erect from a very thick root, slender, 6'-io' high. Leaves nearly terete, clus- tered at the base, i$'-2' long, the base triangular- broadened, slightly prolonged posteriorly; cyme terminal, somewhat compound, scarious-bracted, its branches ascending; flowers pink, io"-i5" broad ; sepals broadly ovate, persistent, cuspi- date; petals twice as long as the calyx; stamens 12-30; style about twice as long as the stamens; capsule globose-ovoid, about 3" in diameter. In dry soil, western Missouri, Nebraska and Kan- sas to Texas. Rock-pink. June. 2. CLAYTONIA [Gronov.] L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753. Perennial succulent glabrous herbs, with corms, or thick rootstocks, petioled basal leaves, and opposite or alternate cauline ones. Flowers terminal, racemose. Sepals 2, ovate, per- sistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, distinct. Stamens 5, inserted on the bases of the petals. Ovary few-ovuled; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule ovoid or globose, 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. Seeds compressed, orbicular or reniform. [In honor of John Clayton, i686?-i773, Amer- ican botanist.] About 10 species, natives of northern North America. Type species: Claytonia virginica L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, s'-f long. i. C. virginica. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 2'-$' long. 2. C. caroliniana. i. Claytonia virginica L. Spring Beauty. May- or Grass-flower. Fig. 1740. Claytonia virginica L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753. Ascending or decumbent, perennial from a deep tuberous root, stem 6'-i2' long, simple or rarely with a few branches. Leaves elongated, linear or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, nar- rowed into a petiole, the basal z'~7' long, i"-6" wide, the cauline shorter and opposite ; raceme terminal, loose, at length 3' -5' long, somewhat secund ; flowers white or pink, with darker pink veins, 6"-io" broad ; pedicels slender, at length l'-ij' long and recurved; petals emarginate; cap- sule shorter than the sepals. In moist woods, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to Georgia, Montana and Texas. Very vari- able in the breadth of leaves. Ascends to 2400 ft. in Virginia. Good-morning-spring. Wild potatoes. March-May. PORTULACACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Caro- lina or White-leaved Spring Beauty. Fig. 1741. Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am i : 160. 1803. Similar to the preceding species but some- times more nearly erect. Basal leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong, ii'-3' long, 6 "-9" wide, obtuse; stem-leaves on petioles 3"-6" long; flowers fewer. In damp woods, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, Connecticut, south to North Carolina along the Alleghanies, and to Ohio and Missouri. Rare or absent near the coast in the Middle States. As- cends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. March-May. Claytonia lanceolata Pursh, .a related species, with sessile shorter stem-leaves, occurs from the Rocky Mountain region to the Pacific Coast, and perhaps in the extreme western portion of our territory. 3. CRUNOCALLIS Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 139. 1906. A somewhat succulent low herb, perennial by long stolons, bearing bulblets, the leaves opposite, the inflorescence a few-flowered terminal raceme. Sepals 2, nearly equal. Corolla regular, of 5 similar and equal distinct petals. Stamens 5. Ovary about 3-ovuled. Capsule i-3-seeded, the seeds roughened. [Greek, beauty of a spring, in allusion to the habitat of the plant.] A monotypic genus of western North America. i. Crunocallis Chamissonis (Ledeb.) Rydb. Crunocallis. Fig. 1742. Claytonia Chamissoi Ledeb. ; Spreng. Syst. Veg. i : 790. 1825. Montia Chamissonis Greene, Fl. Fran. 180. 1891. Crunocallis Chamissoi Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33 : 139. 1906. Annual, glabrous, stoloniferous at the base, stems weak, ascending or procumbent, 3 '-9' long. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, ob- tuse, narrowed into a petiole or sessile, i'-2' long, 3"-$" wide; flowers few, pink, racemose, 3"-4" broad, the petals much longer than the calyx; pedicels slender, 4"-is" long, recurved in fruit ; capsule very small. In wet places, Minnesota to British Columbia and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and to California. May-June. 4. MONTIA [Micheli] L. Sp. PI. 87. 1753. Small annual glabrous herbs, with opposite fleshy leaves and minute nodding solitary or loosely racemed white flowers. Sepals 2 (rarely 3), broadly ovate, persistent. Petals 3, hypogynous, more or less united. Stamens 3 (very rarely 5), inserted on the corolla. Ovary 3-ovuled ; style short, 3-parted. Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds nearly orbicular, com- pressed, minutely tuberculate. [In honor of Guiseppe Monti, Italian botanist and author of the eighteenth century.] A genus of few species, widely distributed in the colder parts of both hemispheres, the follow- ing typical. GENUS 4. PURSLANE FAMILY. 39 i. Montia f on tana L Water or Blinking Chickweed. Blinks. Water-blinks. Fig. 1743. Montia fontana L. Sp. PI. 87. 1753. Densely tufted, very green, weak, diffuse or ascending. i'-6 long, freely branching. Leaves opposite, spatulate or obovate, mainly obtuse, 3"-6" long, i" broad or less; flowers nodding, solitary and terminal or in a small loose leafy-bracted raceme ; sepals obtuse, slightly shorter than the ovate-oblong petals ; capsule globose, nearly i" in diameter. In springs and wet places, St. Anne des Monts, Quebec ; Maine, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Labrador, Newfoundland, and across arctic America, extending south in the mountains to California. Also in the Andes of South America, in Australasia and in north- ern Europe and Asia. Summer. 5. LIMNIA [L.] Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. 11. 1812. Fibrous-rooted succulent herbs, mostly annual in duration, with basal petioled leaves, and a pair of sessile or connate-perfoliate leaves on the stem below the inflorescence. Flowers pink or white, racemose. Calyx of 2 persistent sepals. Petals 5, distinct and equal. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-ovuled. Capsule 3-valved, 2-3-seeded [Greek, referring to the marsh habitat of some species.] Twelve species, or more, natives of western North America. Type species : Limnia sibirica (L.) Haw. i. Limnia perfoliata (Bonn) Haw. Spanish Lettuce. Fig. 1744. Claytonia perfoliata Bonn ; Willd. Sp. PI. i : 1186. 1798. L. perfoliata Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. 12. 1812. Montia perfoliata Howell, Erythea i : 38. 1893. Annual, roots fibrous, stems several, erect or ascending, simple, 3'-i2' high, bearing a pair of connate-perfoliate leaves near the summit, completely or partially united into an orbicular concave disk, 2' broad or less. Basal leaves rhomboid-ovate, long-petioled, the blade i' long or more, obtuse or acute at apex, narrowed into the petiole ; petioles shorter than the stems; raceme usually pe- duncled, loosely or compactly several-flow- ered, sometimes compound; bracts broad, deciduous; flowers white or pink, 3"-s" broad ; petals and stamens 5 ; capsule globose, i"-2" in diameter, 2-5-seeded. Established near Painesville, Ohio. Native from British Columbia to Mexico. April-May. 6. PORTULACA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753. Diffuse or ascending, glabrous or pubescent fleshy herbs, with terminal flowers. Sepals 2, united at the base and partly adnate to the ovary. Petals 4-6 (mainly 5), inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Stamens 7-, also on the calyx. Ovary many-ovuled; style deeply 3-9-cleft or parted Capsule membranous, dehiscent by a lid, many-seeded. [Latin, in allu- sion to the purging qualities of some species.] A genus of about 20 species, all but 2 or 3 natives of America. In addition to the following, some 7 others occur in the southern United States. Type species : Portulaca oleracea L. Glabrous throughout ; flowers small, yellow ; leaves flat. Leaves mainly rounded at the apex; seeds minutely rugose. i. P. oleracea. Leaves mainly retuse ; seeds prominently tuberculate. 2. P. retusa. Pilose-pubescent especially in the axils ; leaves terete Flowers red, 4"-6" broad. 3. P. pilosa. Flowers variously colored, \'-2 r broad. 4. P. grand iflora. PORTULACACEAE. VOL. II. i. Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane. Pussley. Fig. 1745. Portulaca oleracea L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753. Annual, prostrate, freely branching from a deep central root, branches 4'-io' long. Leaves alternate and clustered at the ends of the branches, obovate or cuneate, 3"-io" long, rounded at the apex, very fleshy; flower- buds flat; flowers solitary and sessile, 2"-3" broad, yellow, opening in bright sunshine for a few hours in the morning; sepals broad, keeled, acutish; style 4-6-parted; capsule 3"- 5" long; seeds finely rugose, about i" long. In fields and waste places, nearly through- out our area, and in warm and tropical America. Native in the southwest, but naturalized north- ward. Widely naturalized as a weed in the warmer parts of the Old World. Summer. 2. Portulaca retusa Engelm. Notched or Western Purslane. Fig. 1746. Portulaca retusa Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 6: 154. 1850. Closely resembles the preceding species. Leaves cuneate, generally broader, mostly retuse or emar- ginate, but some of them rounded ; sepals broad, obtusish, carinate-vvinged ; style larger, 3-4-cleft; capsule 2"-3" long; se.eds distinctly tuberculate, nearly i" long; petals smaller than those of P. oleracea and the flowers opening earlier in the morning than those of that species, where the two grow together. Minnesota (?), Missouri to Arkansas and Texas, west to Nevada. Growing in large patches, sometimes several feet in diameter. Pigweed. Summer. Portulaca neglecta Mackenzie & Bush, of Missouri, is described as having larger flowers. 3. Portulaca pilosa L. Hairy Portulaca. Fig. 1747. Portulaca pilosa L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753. Annual, spreading or ascending from a deep root, more or less .densely pilose-pubescent, with small tufts of light-colored hairs in the axils of the leaves. Branches 2 r -6' long; leaves linear, terete, obtuse, 4"-8" long, about l" wide, alternate, and clustered at the ends of the branches ; sepals oblong acute, membra- nous, not carinate, deciduous with the operculum of the capsule; flowers red, 4"-6" broad; stamens numerous; style 5-6-parted ; seeds minutely tuberculate. In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida, Missouri, Kansas, Texas and Mexico. Also in tropical America. Summer. GENUS high, the trunk up to 4^ in diameter. Leaf- buds silky-pubescent ; leaves scattered along the branches, 6'-io' long, 3'~4' wide, thin, oval, acute or somewhat acumi- nate, rounded or truncate at the base, light green and more or less pubescent on the lower surface, especially along the veins; petioles i'-ii' long; flow r ers oblong-campanulate, greenish-yellow, 2' high ; petals obovate or oblong, much longer than the spreading deciduous sepals; cone of fruit cylindric, 3'-4' long, about i' in diameter, rose-colored when mature. In woods, New York and Ontario to Illinois, Missouri, Georgia, Mississippi and Arkansas. Heart-wood soft, yellowish-brown ; sap-wood lighter. Weight per cubic foot 29 Ibs. Ascends to 4200 ft. in Virginia. Yellow or black linn. May-June. GENUS 2. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 2. LIRIODENDRON L. Sp. PI. 535- i?53- A large forest tree. Leaves alternate, truncate or broadly emarginate, 4-6-lobed or rarely entire, recurved on the petiole in the laterally compressed obtuse buds. Stipules united at the base. Flowers large, slightly fragrant. Sepals 3, petaloid, reflexed. Petals 6, connivent. Anthers linear, extrorse. Carpels spiked on the elongated receptacle, 2-ovuled, samaroid, i-2-seeded; seeds pendulous by a short slender funiculus at maturity. [Greek, a tree bearing lilies.] Two species, natives of eastern North America and China, the following one the generic type. i. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Tulip-tree. Lime-tree. White-wood. Fig. 1850. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Sp. PI. 535. 1753. A magnificent tree 6o-i9O high with diverging curved branches, the trunk 4-i2 in diameter. Leaves glabrous, very broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in out- line, truncate or broadly notched at the apex, truncate, rounded or cordate at the base, 3'-6' long with 2 apical and 2-4 basal lobes, or occasionally entire ; flowers about 2' high, erect, greenish-yellow, orange-colored within ; petals obovate, obtuse, about equalling the reflexed sepals ; cone of fruit dry, oblong, acute, 3' long. In woods, Vermont to Rhode Island, Florida, Michigan, Arkansas and Mississippi. May-June. Wood soft, yellow- ish or brownish ; sap-wood nearly white. Weight per cubic foot 26 Ibs. Cucumber-tree. Blue-, white- or yellow-poplar. Lynn- or saddle-tree. Hickory- or tulip-poplar. Basswood. Saddle-leaf. Canoe-wood. Family 30. ANNONACEAE DC. Syst. i : 463. 1818. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, generally aromatic, with alternate entire pinnately veined leaves. Stipules none. Sepals 3 (rarely 2), valvate or rarely imbricate. Petals about 6, arranged in 2 series. Stamens oo ; anthers adnate, extrorse. Carpels co , separate or coherent, mainly fleshy in fruit. Seeds large, anatropous ; embryo minute ; endosperm copious, wrinkled. About 46 genera and 550 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in the temperate zones. i. ASIMINA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 365. 1763. Small trees, or shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary nodding flowers. Buds naked. Sepals 3, ovate, valvate. Petals 6, arranged in 2 series, valvate or imbricated in the bud, those of the outer series the larger when mature. Receptacle subglobose. Stamens and carpels 3-15. Style oblong, stigmatic along the inner side; ovules numerous, in 2 rows. Fruit, large fleshy oblong berries. Seeds large, flat, horizontally placed, enclosed in fleshy arils. [From the aboriginal name Assimin.] About 7 species, natives of eastern and southeastern North America, the following typical. i. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. North Amer- ican Papaw. False banana. Fig. 1851. Annona triloba L. Sp. PI. 537. 1753. Asimina triloba Dunal, Mon. Anon. 83. 1817. A tall shrub or tree io-45 high, the trunk s'-io' in diameter. Shoots and young leaves dark-pubescent, becoming glabrous at maturity; leaves obovate, acute, 6'-i2 r long, cuneate or rounded at the base ; petioles 4"- 6" long; flowers axillary, on shoots of the preceding year, appearing with the leaves, i'-ij' in diameter, dark purple; sepals ovate, 4"-6" long, densely dark- pubescent, as are the short peduncles ; outer petals spreading, nearly orbicular, slightly exceeding the ovate inner ones ; stamens numerous, short ; fruit a fleshy berry, tf-f long, i'-2' thick, sweet, edible and brown when ripe, pendulous, several on a thick peduncle. Along streams, southwestern Ontario and western New York, Pennsylvania and western New Jersey to Michigan, Florida, Kansas and Texas. March-April, the fruit mature in October. Wood light, soft, weak, greenish-yellow. Weight per cubic foot 24 Ibs. Custard-apple. Fetid shrub. RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. Family 31. RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Gen. 231. 1789. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs, or rarely climbing shrubs, with acrid sap. Leaves alternate (except in Clematis), simple or compound. Stipules none, but the base of the petiole often clasping or sheathing. Pubescence, when present, composed of simple hairs. Sepals 3-15, generally caducous, often petal-like, imbricate, except in Clematis. Petals about the same number (occasionally more), or want- ing. Flowers regular or irregular. Stamens oo , hypogynous, their anthers innate. Carpels oo or rarely solitary, i-celled, i-many-ovuled. Ovules anatropous. Fruit achenes, follicles or berries. Seeds with endosperm. About 35 genera and noo species, distributed throughout the world; not abundant in the tropics. * Carpels several-ovuled (i-2-ovuled in nos. i and 8); fruit a follicle or berry; sepals imbricated in the bud. (HELLEBORKAE.) Flowers regular ; leaves palmately nerved or palmately compound. Petals wanting. Carpels ripening into a head of red berries. i. Hydrastis. Carpels ripening into a head of dry follicles. 2. Caltha. Petals present, narrow or small, linear, flat. 3. Trollhts. Petals present, narrow or small, tubular, at least at the base. Sepals persistent ; stem tall, leafy. 4. Helleborns. Sepals deciduous ; stem scape-like, bearing one leaf. 5. Eranthis. Flowers regular ; leaves ternately or pinnately compound or decompound. Petals not spurred. Low herbs with solitary or panicled flowers. Carpels and follicles stalked. 6. Coptis. Carpels and follicles sessile. 7. Isopyrum. Low shrub with racemose flowers, the fruits follicles. 8. Xantlwrrlii~ti. Tall erect herbs with racemose flowers. Fruit berries. 9. Actaea. Fruit follicles. 10. Cimicifuga. Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs. u. Aquilegia. Flowers irregular. Posterior sepal spurred. 12. Delphinium. Posterior sepal hooked helmet-like. 13. Aconititm. ** Carpels i-ovuled; fruit an achene. Sepals imbricated in the bud. (ANEMONEAE.) Flowers subtended by involucres remote from the calyx or close under it. Styles short, glabrous or pubescent, or none. Involucre remote from the calyx ; styles short, subulate. Involucre of 3 simple sessile leaves close under the flower. Involucre of 3 compound sessile leaves ; leaflets stalked ; stigma sessile. Styles elongated, densely plumose. Flowers; not subtended by involucres. Small annual herbs ; leaves basal, linear ; sepals spurred. Low or tall herbs, mostly with both basal and stem leaves ; sepals spurless. Petals none ; leaves palmately lobed. Petals present, bearing a nectariferous pit at the base of the blade. Achenes compressed, smooth, papillose or spiny ; flowers yellow. Achenes transversely wrinkled ; flowers white. Achenes swollen, smooth ; sepals 3 ; petals mostly 8. Achenes compressed or terete, longitudinally nerved. Petals none ; leaves ternately decompound. Petals present, with no nectar-bearing pit ; leaves dissected. Sepals valvate in the bud; leaves opposite. (CLEMATIDEAE.) Petals none. Sepals and stamens spreading ; flowers panicled. Sepals and stamens erect or ascending ; flowers mostly solitary. Petals present, small, spatulate. 14. Anemone. 15. Hepatica. 1 6. Syndesmon. 17. Pulsatilla. 1 8. Myosurus. 19. Trautvettaria. 20. Ranunculus. 21. Batrachium. 22. Ficaria. 23. Halerpestes. 24. Thalictrum. 25. Adonis. 26. Clematis. 27. Viorna. 28. Atragene. i. HYDRASTIS Ellis; L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1088. 1759. Erect perennial pubescent herbs, with palmately lobed reniform leaves, and small solitary greenish-white flowers. Sepals 3, petaloid, falling away at anthesis. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Carpels o, each bearing two ovules near the middle, and in fruit forming a head of i-2-seeded crimson berries, somewhat resembling a raspberry; stigma flat. [Greek, water- acting, from its supposed drastic properties.] Two known species, the typical one of eastern North America, the other Japanese. GENUS i. CROWFOOT FAMILY. i. Hydrastis canadensis L. Orange-root. Golden Seal. Fig. 1852. Hydrastis canadensis L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1088. 1759. Perennial from a thick yellow rootstock, about i high. Basal leaf long-petioled, 5 '-8' broad, palmately 5-g-lobed, the lobes broad, acute, sharply and unequally serrate; cauline leaves 2, borne at the summit of the stem, the upper one subtending the greenish-white flower, which is 4"-S" broad when expanded ; filaments widened, about 2" long ; anthers oblong, obtuse ; head of fruit ovoid, blunt, about 8" long, the fleshy car- pels tipped with a short curved beak. In woods, Connecticut to Minnesota, western On- tario, Georgia, Missouri and Kansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. April. Called also yellow puccoon, yellow-root, turmeric-root, yellow Indian paint. Indian-dye, -iceroot or -turmeric. Ohio cucuma. Eye-balm or -root. Yellow eye. Ground- raspberry. 2. CALTHA [Rupp.] L. Sp. PI. 558. 1753. Succulent herbs, with simple entire or crenate mostly basal cordate or auriculate leaves. Flowers yellow, white or pink. Sepals large, deciduous, petal-like. Petals none. Stamens numerous, obovoid. Carpels numerous or few, sessile, bearing ovules in 2 rows along the ventral suture, in fruit forming follicles; stigmas nearly sessile. [Latin name of the Marigold.] A genus of beautiful marsh plants, comprising about 15 species, distributed through the tem- perate and arctic regions of both hemispheres. In addition to those here described, four or five others are found on the western side of the continent. Type species : Caltha palustris L. Stems erect or ascending ; flowers yellow. Leaves cordate, generally with a narrow sinus; flowers ft'-* 1 /" wide. i. C. palustris. Leaves flabelliform with a broad sinus ; flowers >"-$" wide. 2. C. flabellifolia. Stems floating or creeping; flowers white or pink. 3. C.natans. i. Caltha palustris L. Marsh-marigold. Meadow-gowan. Fig. 1853. Caltha palustris L. Sp. PI. 558. 1753. Stout, glabrous, stem hollow, erect or ascending, i-2 high, branching and bearing several flowers. Basal leaves on long and broad petioles, cordate or reniform, 2'-? wide, with a narrow sinus, entire, crenate or dentate, the upper shorter-petioled or sessile, with nearly truncate bases; flowers bright yellow, i'-ij' broad; sepals oval, obtuse; follicles 3-12 or even more, compressed, s"-6" long, slightly curved outward, many-seeded. In swamps and meadows, Newfoundland to South Carolina, west to Saskatchewan and Nebraska. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Locally called cowslip and used as a spring vegetable. April-June. Old English names, water-dragon, water-, mire-, horse- or may-blobs. Meadow-buttercups. American or spring cowslips. Capers. Cow-lily. Crowfoot. Coltsfoot. King-cup. Open or water gowan. Soldiers-buttons. Palsy-wort. Great bitter-flower. Meadow-bouts. Boots. Crazy-bet. Gools. Bull-flower. Drunkards. Water-goggles. Caltha radicans Forst., which roots at the lower nodes of the stem, and has somewhat smaller flowers, is apparently a race of this species, mostly of high boreal range. 86 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Caltha flabellifolia Pursh. Mountain Marsh-marigold. Fig. 1854. Caltha flabellifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 390. 1814. Caltha palustris van flabellifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 27. 1838. Weak, slender, reclining or ascending, i-ii long, glabrous. Basal leaves 2.'-^ broad, long- petioled, flabelliform or reniform, with a wide open sinus ; the upper sessile or short-petioled, similar or with truncate bases, all crenate or dentate;, flow- ers yellow, 6"-p" wide, solitary or 2-3 together; sepals oval; achenes 4-10, about 4" long, com- pressed. In cold shaded mountain springs, Pocono plateau of Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey to Maryland and recorded from New York. Strikingly different from the preceding in habit and appearance. June- July. 3. Caltha natans Pall. Floating Marsh- marigold. Fig. 1855. Caltha natans Pall. Reise Russ. 3: 284. 1776. Stems slender, floating or creeping in wet places, rdoting at the nodes, 6'-i8' long, branching. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, cordate-reniform, I '-2' wide, crenate or entire, thin, cordate with a narrow sinus; upper leaves short-petioled, smaller; flowers white or pink, 5"-o/' broad ; sepals oval, ob- tusish; follicles several or numerous, rather densely capitate, about 2" long, the beak short and straight. In pools and streams, Tower, Mich., Athabasca, arctic America and northern Asia. Summer. 3. TROLLIUS L. Sp. PI. 556. 1753. Erect or ascending perennial herbs, with palmately divided or lobed leaves, thickened fibrous roots, and large usually solitary yellowish, white, or purplish flowers. Sepals 5-15, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5-, small, unguiculate, linear, with a nectariferous pit at the base of the blade. Carpels 5-, sessile, many-ovuled, forming -a head of follicles in fruit. Stamens numerous. [Old German, trol, something round.] About 12 species, mainly inhabiting marshy places, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs in western North America. Type species : Trollius europaeus L. GENUS 3. CROWFOOT FAMILY. i. Trollius laxus Salisb. American Globe- flower. Fig. 1856. Trollius americanus Muhl. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 3 : 172, name only. 1791. Trollius laxus Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 303. 1803. Stems slender, weak, ascending, i-2 long. Leaves all but the upper petioled (the lower peti- oles sometimes a foot long), palmately 5-7-parted, 2'-4' wide, the segments obovate, cuneate, lobed, cleft or toothed; flowers generally solitary, \\' broad; sepals 5-7, ovate or obovate, obtuse, yellowish-green, spreading; petals 15-25, minute, much shorter than the numerous stamens; filaments filiform; anthers linear, i" long; head of fruit nearly an inch broad, the follicles 4" long, each tipped with a straight subulate beak of one-fourth its length. In swamps, New Hampshire (?), Connecticut to Dela- ware, west to Michigan. May-July. T. albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb., of the Rocky Mountain region, differs in having white sepals. 4. HELLEBORUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 557. 1753. Erect perennial herbs, with large palmately divided leaves, the basal long-petioled, the upper sessile and sometimes reduced to bracts. Flowers large, white, greenish or yellowish. Sepals 5, broad, petaloid, mainly persistent. Petals 8-10, small, unguiculate, tubular. Sta- mens oo. Carpels generally few, sessile, in fruit forming several-seeded capsules, which are dehiscent at the apex at maturity. [The classical name for H. orientalis; derivation unknown.] A genus of coarse herbs, comprising about 15 species, natives of Europe and western Asia. Type species : Helleborus niger L. y?s^- i. Helleborus viridis L. Green Helle- bore. Fig. 1857. Helleborus viridis L. Sp. PI. 558. 1753. Stout, erect, i-2 high, glabrous. Basal leaves 8'-i2' broad, on petioles 6'-io' long, palmately divided into 7-1-1 oblong acute sharply serrate segments $'-4' long; stem hardly exceeding the basal leaves, and bearing several sessile similar leaves near the top subtending the large drooping yellowish-green flowers ; sepals broadly oblong, obtuse, spread- ing, about i' long; petals tubular, 2-lipped, 2" long; stamens widened; anthers oblong, ob- tuse; pods 8" long, tipped with a slender beak one-third their length or longer. In waste places, locally adventive from Europe in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Christmas-rose [properly H. niger]. Chris-root. May. 5. ERANTHIS Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 303. 1803. [CAMMARUM Hill, Brit. Herb. 47, pi. 7. Hyponym. 1756.] Low herbs, with perennial tuberiferous rootstocks. Basal leaves palmately dissected. Cauline leaf one, borne near the summit of the stem, sessile or amplexicaul, immediately subtending the large yellow flower. Sepals 5-8, narrow, petaloid, deciduous. Petals, small two-lipped nectaries. Stamens numerous. Carpels commonly few, stipitate, many-ovuled, in fruit forming a head of follicles. [Greek, flower of spring.] A genus of about 5 species, natives of Europe and the mountains of Asia, the following typical. 88 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. i. Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. Winter Aconite or Hellebore. Fig. 1858. Hellcborus hyemalis L. Sp. PI. 557. 1753. Eranthis hyemalis Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8 : 304. 1803. Cammarum hyemale Greene, Pittonia 3: 152. 1897. Erect, simple, 5 '-8' high from a tuberous-thick- ened rootstock ; roots fibrous. Basal leaves long- petioled, i\' broad, divided and cleft into numerous linear or oblong lobes; cauline leaf similar, invo- lucrate, sessile, clasping; flower solitary, ii' wide, sessile; sepals 5-9, membranous, obovate, obtuse, occasionally lobed; petals several, clawed, 2-lipped; stamens numerous; filaments filiform; anthers ob- long, obtuse ; carpels several, stipitate ; follicles com- pressed, 5" long, tipped with a sharp beak. Naturalized from Europe at Bartram's Garden, Phila- delphia, and at Media, Pa. Wolf's-bane. Christmas- flower. February. 6. COPTIS Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8 : 305. 1803. Low herbs, with slender perennial rootstocks, basal compound or divided leaves, and scapose white flowers. Sepals 5-7, petaloid, deciduous; petals 5-7, small, linear, cucullate. Stamens numerous. Carpels stipitate, few, in fruit forming an umbel of follicles. [Name from the Greek, referring to the cut or divided leaves.] A genus of about 9 species, inhabiting the cooler portions of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, three others are found on the Pacific Coast of North America. Type species: Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. i. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Gold-thread. Fig. 1859. Helleborus trifolius L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 784. 1762. Coptis trifolia Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8 : 305. 1803. Isopyrum trifolium Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 18 : 265. 1891. Tufted, glabrous, 3'-6' high from a slender or filiform yellow bitter rootstock. Leaves all basal, evergreen, long-petioled, the blade reni- form, i '-2' broad, 3-divided; petioles very slen- der ; segments broadly obovate, cuneate, obtuse, prominently veined, crenate or slightly lobed, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, the teeth mucronate; scape i-flowered, occasionally 2-flowered, slender ; sepals oblong, obtuse ; petals small, club-shaped ; follicles 3-7, about 3" long, borne on stipes of about their own length, spread- ing, tipped with a beak i"-ij" long. In damp mossy woods, and bogs, Newfoundland to Maryland and eastern Tennessee, Iowa, Minnesota, British Columbia and Alaska. Ascends to 3500 ft. in the Adirondacks. Called also canker-root, mouth- root, yellow-root. May-Aug. 7. ISOPYRUM L. Sp. PI. 557. 1753- Slender glabrous herbs, with ternately decompound leaves, and solitary or panicled white flowers. Sepals 5 or 6, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5, nectariform or none. Stamens numerous. Carpels 2-20, sessile (stalked in a western species), several-ovuled, forming a head of follicles in fruit. [Old Greek name for some Fumaria.] A genus of about 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, there are 3 other North American species, natives of the Pacific Coast. Type species : Isopyrum rlialictroides L. GENUS 7. CROWFOOT FAMILY i. Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. False Rue Anemone. Fig. 1860. Enemion biternatum Raf. Journ. Phys. 91 : 70. 1820. I. biternatum T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 660. 1840. Slender, erect, paniculately branching above ; roots fibrous and sometimes tuberiferous. Basal leaves long-petioled, biternate, thin, the ultimate segments broadly obovate, obtuse, lobed or divided; upper ones similar but sessile or short-petioled ; flowers several, terminal and axillary, white, 5"~9" broad; sepals 5, oblong or somewhat obovate, obtuse; petals none ; stamens many ; filaments slender, white, thick- ened above ; carpels few ; follicles widely spreading, ovate, 2" long, several-seeded, tipped with a beak nearly one-half their length. In moist woods and thickets, Ontario to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida and Texas. May. 8. XANTHORRHIZA L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 79. 1784. A low shrubby plant, with pinnate or bipinnate leaves, and small compoundly racemose flowers. Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5, smaller than the sepals, unguiculate, con- cave, 2-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10. Carpels 5-15, sessile, 2-ovuled, forming i-seeded follicles at maturity by the suppression of one of the ovules; styles short, at length dorsal. [Greek, yellow root.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L'Her. Shrub Yellow-root. Fig. 1861. X. apiifolia L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 79. 1784. Xanthorrhiza simplicissima Marsh. Arb. Amer. 168. 1785. Glabrate, i-2 high, the bark and long . roots yellow and bitter. Leaves pinnate or sometimes bipinnate, clustered at the summit of the short stem, the blade s'-6' long, slender- petioled; leaflets 5, thin, i'-3' long, incisely toothed, cleft or divided, sessile, ovate or oblong, acute, cuneate, shining; branches of the raceme or panicle slender, drooping, 2'-$' long; flowers about 2" broad, pedicelled, soli- tary or 2-3 together, brownish-purple ; sepals ovate, acute ; follicles 4-8, inflated, light yel- low, i-seeded, diverging, curved at the apex, minutely beaked. In woods, southwestern New York to Kentucky and Florida. Also called Yellow-wood. The low- est leaves are sometimes j-foliolate. Parsley- leaved yellow-root. April-May. 9. ACTAEA L. Sp. PL 504. 1753. Erect perennial herbs, with large ternately compound leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals 3-5, petaloid, fugacious. Petals 4-10, small, spatulate or narrow, clawed. Stamens numerous ; filaments slender. Ovary i, many-ovuled, forming in fruit a large somewhat poisonous berry ; stigma broad, sessile. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows, hori- zontal. [An ancient name of the elder.] About 6 known spec : es, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following another occurs in the western United States. Type species : Actaea spicata L. Pedicels slender ; berries red. i. A. rubra. Pedicels stout ; berries white. 2. A. alba. 9 o RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. i. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberry. Black Cohosh. Fig. 1862. Actaea spicata var. rubra Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 221. 1789. Actaea rubra Willd. Enum. 561. 1809. A. rubra dissecta Britton ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 2: 55- 1897- Erect, bushy, i-2 high, pubescent or glabrate. Leaves petioled, or the upper ses- sile, ternate, the divisions pinnate with the lower ultimate leaflets sometimes again com- pound; leaflets ovate or the terminal one obovate, toothed or somewhat cleft, or all deeply incised, the teeth mainly rounded or mucronate, or acutish; raceme ovoid; petals spatulate, shorter than the stamens; pedicels mainly slender, 5"-;" long; berries red, oval or ellipsoid, s"-6" long. In woods, Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to South Dakota and Ne- braska. April-June. A. spicata L., of Europe, has purplish-black berries. Coral- and -pearl. Red-berry. Snake-root. Poison-berry. Snake- berry. Toad-root. This and the following spe- cies are called also herb-christopher, grapewort and rattlesnake-herb. Actaea arguta Nutt., of western North America, with smaller globose red berries, enters our western limits in western Nebraska and South Dakota. 2. Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White Bane- berry. Fig. 1863. Actaea spicata var. alba L. Sp. PI. 504. 1753. Actaea alba Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Closely resembles the preceding species in habit and aspect. Leaflets generally more cut and the teeth and lobes acute or acuminate ; ra- ceme oblong; petals truncate at the apex; fruit- ing pedicels as thick as the peduncle and often red; berries short-oval, white, often purplish at the end. In woods, Nova Scotia and Anticosti to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. April-June. Races or hybrids with white berries and slender pedicels {A. neglecta Gill- man, A, ebnrnea Rydb.), and red berries on thick- ened pedicels are occasionally met with. White or blue cohosh. White-beads. Necklace-weed. White- berry. Snake-root. 10. CIMICIFUGA L. Syst. Ed. 12, 659. 1767. Tall erect perennial herbs, with large decompound leaves, and white racemose flowers. Sepals 2-5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 1-8, small, clawed, 2-lobed or none. Stamens numer- ous, the filaments filiform. Carpels 1-8, many-ovuled, sessile or stipitate, forming follicles at maturity. Stigma broad or minute. [Latin, to drive away bugs.] A genus of about 10 species, natives of North America, Asia and eastern Europe. Besides the following, there are 3 on the western side of the continent. Type species : Cimicifuga foetida L. GENUS 10. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Carpels i or 2, sessile ; seeds in 2 rows, smooth. Leaflets ovate, oblong or obovate, narrowed, truncate or subcordate at the base. i. C.racemosa. Leaflets broadly ovate or suborbicular, deeply cordate. 2. C. cordifolia. Carpels 2-8, stalked ; seeds in i row, chaffy. 3. C. americana. i. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. Black Snakeroot. Black Cohosh. Fig. 1864. Actaea racemosa L. Sp. PI. 504. 1753. Cimicifuga racemosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 15. 1818. Cimicifuga racemosa dissecta A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 47. 1890. Stem slender, 3-8 high, leafy above; root- stock thick. Leaves ternate, the divisions pinnate and the ultimate leaflets often again compound ; leaflets ovate or oblong, or the terminal one obovate, acute or sometimes ob- tusish at the apex, narrowed, truncate or the lower subcordate at base, incisely-toothed, cleft, divided, or occasionally dissected, thick- ish, nearly glabrous ; racemes compound, ter- minal, 6'-3 long, usually finely pubescent; pedicels bracted; flowers 6"-f broad, foetid; petals 4-8, 2-cleft; stamens very numerous; pistils i or 2, sessile; stigma broad; follicles oval, 3"-4" long, minutely beaked ; seeds in 2 rows, smooth, flattened. In woods, Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. Rich-weed. Rattle-weed. Rattle-snakeroot. Rattle-top or -root. June-Aug. 2. Cimicifuga cordifolia Pursh. Heart-leaved Snakeroot. Fig. 1865. Cimicifuga cordifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 373. 1814. Cimicifuga racemosa var. cordifolia A. Gray, Syn. Fl. i: Part i, 55. 1895. Tall, similar to the preceding species. Leaflets few, very broadly ovate or or- bicular, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, sometimes 6' wide; pistil i, sessile; fol- licles apparently very similar to those of C. racemosa. An imperfectly under- stood species, reported to flower later than C. racemosa where the two grow together. In woods, southwestern Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee. Tennes- see specimens agree exactly with the figure of this plant given in Botanical Magazine. pi. 2069. Heart-leaved rattle-top. June- July. 9 2 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 3. Cimicifuga americana Michx. Amer- ican Bugbane. Fig. 1866. C. americana Michx. Fl. Am. i : 316. 1803. Stem slender, 3-5 high, leafy. Leaves ter- nate, the divisions pinnate with many of the ultimate leaflets again compound; leaflets ovate or oblong, the terminal one generally cuneate, acute, thin, glabrate, all incisely toothed, cleft or divided, i'~3' long; racemes terminal, slender, compound, densely and finely pubescent, i-2 long; flowers pedi- celled, 4"-6" broad ; pedicels minutely bracted ; petals few, 2-lobed; stamens numerous; pistils 3-8, stipitate, stigma minute; follicles inflated, membranous, 5" long, narrowed below, tipped with a short oblique subulate beak ; seeds in I row, flattened, chaffy. Central New York and Pennsylvania, south along the mountains to Georgia and Tennessee. Mountain rattle-top. Aug.-Sept. ii. AQUILEGIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 533. 1753. Erect branching perennial herbs, with ternately decomposed leaves, and large showy flowers. Sepals 5, regular, petaloid, deciduous. Petals concave, produced backward between the sepals into hollow spurs ; stamens numerous, the inner ones reduced to staminodia. Carpels 5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming heads of follicles in fruit. [Latin, eagle, from the fancied resemblance of the spurs to the eagle's claws.] A genus of beautiful plants, comprising about 50 species, distributed throughout the north tem- perate zone and extending into the mountains of Mexico. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Aquilegia vulgaris L. Spur of petals nearly straight ; flowers scarlet, white or yellow. i. A. canadensis. Spur incurved ; flowers blue or purple, about 9" long. 2. A. brevistyla. Spur strongly hooked; flowers white or purple, i'-2 r long. 3. A. vulgaris. i. Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild Columbine. Rock-bells. Fig. 1867. Aquilegia canadensis L. Sp. PI. 533. 1753. Aquilegia flavi flora Tenney, Am. Nat. I : 389. 1867. Aquilegia canadensis flaviflora Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 15: 97. 1888. Aquilegia coccinea Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card, i : 280. 1899. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, i-2 high, branching. Lower and basal leaves slender-peti- oled, biternate, 4'-6' broad, the ultimate leaflets sessile or on very short stalks, obovate, obtuse, cuneate, obtusely lobed and toothed, pale beneath; leaves of the upper part of the stem lobed or di- vided; flowers nodding, i'-2' long, scarlet or rarely white, or yellow, the spurs nearly straight, 6" long, thickened at the end ; stamens and styles long- exserted; head of fruit erect; follicles slightly spreading, about 8" long, tipped with a filiform beak of about the same length. In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Consists of several races, differing in size and color of the flowers, and in pubescence. Also at high altitudes in the Rocky Mountains. Honeysuckle. Rock-lily. Bells. Meeting-houses. Tack- in-trousers. Cluckies. April-July. GENUS ii. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 93 2. Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. Small-flowered Columbine. Fig. 1868. Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 24. 1829. Slender, erect, sparingly pubescent, branching, 6'-i8' high. Basal leaves 2'-$' broad, long-petioled, biternate, the ultimate leaflets nearly sessile, broadly obovate, lobed and crenate; leaves of the stem few, nearly ses- sile, lobed or divided ; flowers small, nodding, about as broad as long (8"), blue or purple; spurs short, in- curved, about 2" long; stamens and short styles barely exserted; head of fruit erect; follicles slightly spread- ing, 8" long, pubescent, tipped with a subulate beak about 2" long. South Dakota to Alaska and British Columbia. June-July. 3. Aquilegia vulgaris L. European Colum- bine. Culverwort. Fig. 1869. Aquilegia vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 533. 1753. Stout, erect, pubescent or nearly glabrous, i-2 high, branching above. Basal and lower leaves 4'-6' broad, petioled, 2-3-ternate, the lateral divisions broadly obovate, obtuse, lobed and crenate, glaucous beneath, dark green above ; the upper few, lobed or divided; flower ii'-2' broad and about as long, showy, blue, purple or white ; spurs 3"~4" long, stout, strongly hooked; sepals spreading; stamens and styles hardly exserted. Escaped from gardens into woods and fields, frequent in the Eastern and Middle States, in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Blue-bells. Lady's-shoes. Capon's-tail. Cock's-foot. Snapdragon. May-July. 12. DELPHINIUM L. Sp. PI. 530. 1753. Annual or perennial erect branching herbs, with racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Leaves palmately lobed or divided. Sepals 5, the posterior one prolonged into a spur. Petals 2 or 4, small, the two posterior ones spurred, the lateral, when present, small. Carpels few, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. [Latin, from the supposed resem- blance of the flowers to a dolphin.] A genus of beautiful plants, with large irregular flowers, comprising some 125 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, many others grow in western North America and several in the mountains of Mexico. Type species : Delphinium Consolida L. Delphinium Consolida L., a European species which has a glabrous style and capsule, is widely recorded as naturalized in the eastern United States, and was admitted into our first edition ; but all specimens examined prove to be D. Ajacis. Annual ; pistil i ; plant pubescent. i. D. Ajacis. Perennials ; pistils 3. Follicles erect or nearly so. Leaf-segments broadly cuneate-obovate or cuneate-oblanceolate ; plant glabrous. 2. D. exaltatum. Leaf-segments linear. Panicle pyramidal ; plant glabrous. 3. D. Treleasei. Panicle narrow ; plants pubescent or puberulent, at least above. Raceme open ; roots tuberous. 4. D. Nelsoni. Raceme strict : roots not tuberous. Flowers bright blue : bractlets close to the calyx. 5. D. carolinianum. Flowers bluish-white ; bractlets distant from the calyx. 6. D. vircscens. Follicles widely divergent. 7- D. tricorne. RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. i. Delphinium Ajacis L. Rocket Larkspur. Fig. 1870. Delphinium Ajacis L. Sp. PI. 531. 1753. Annual, finely pubescent, somewhat branched, 3 high or less, usually branched. Leaves finely dis- sected mto narrowly linear, acutish segments, mostly less than i" wide, or those of the lower leaves somewhat wider; lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so ; flowers racemose ; racemes short or elongated, sometimes 10' long, the pedicels i'-i' long; flowers blue, rarely white; spur slender, somewhat curved, about i' long; pistil i; style pu- bescent ; follicle erect, pubescent, beaked. Fields, meadows and waste grounds, Nova Scotia to South Carolina, Montana and Kansas. June-Aug. 2. Delphinium exaltatum Ait. Tall Larkspur. Fig. 1871, Delphinium exaltatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 244. 1789. Slender, 2-6 high, glabrous or spar- ingly hairy below, densely pubescent above. Leaves large, all but the upper petioled, deeply 3~5-cleft, the divisions lanceolate or oblanceolate, cuneate, acuminate, cleft and toothed toward the apex, upper ones re- duced to small linear or lanceolate bracts subtending the flowers; racemes dense, elongated (sometimes over i in length) ; flowers purple or blue, 8"-io" long, downy- pubescent, the lower pedicels about i" long; spur nearly straight, 4" long; follicles 3, erect, 4"-5" long, pubescent, tipped with a subulate beak. In woods, Allegheny and Huntingdon Cos., Pa., to Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Alabama and Nebraska. Has been mistaken for D. urceolatum Jacq. July-Aug. 3. Delphinium Treleasei Bush. Trelcase's Larkspur. Fig. 1872. Delphinium Treleasei Bush ; Davis, Minn. Bot. Stud. 2 : 444. 1900. Perennial, with fascicled roots, glabrous, slightly glaucous, 2-4 high, the stem-leaves few. Basal leaves long-petioled, deeply pal- matifid into linear segments 2" wide or less; raceme loose, pyramidal in outline, often a foot long, the pedicels very slender, ascending, the lower 2'~4' long, sometimes branched, the upper shorter: flowers blue or blue-purple; sepals and spur about equal in length, puberulent ; spur straight, f ' long ; sepals narrowly ovate ; bractlets borne somewhat below the calyx ; petals yellow- bearded ; follicles 3, erect, slightly puberulent. In barrens, Missouri. May-June. GENUS 12. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 95 4. Delphinium Nelsoni Greene. Larkspur. Fig. 1873. Nelson's Delphinium Nelsoni Greene, Pittonia 3: 92. 1896. Finely puberulent, at least above ; stem slender, simple, 8'-i high from a cluster of tuberous roots near the surface of the ground. Leaves firm, the lower pedately divided into linear lobes or segments, long-petioled, the petioles sheathing the stem, the upper short-petioled, less divided ; flowers in the upper axils and forming a loose terminal raceme, blue, slightly villous, slender-pedicelled; lower pedi- cels i '-2' long, longer than the flowers; sepals ob- long, shorter than the slender spur; lower petal 2-cleft, with a tuft of hairs about the middle; folli- cles 3, appressed-pubescent ; seeds wing-angled above. Western Nebraska and Colorado to Wyoming, and British Columbia. May-June. 5. Delphinium carolinianum Walt. Carolina Larkspur. Fig. 1874. D. carolinianum Walt. Fl. Car. 155. 1788. D. aziireum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 314. 1803. Delphinium Nortonianum Mackenzie & Bush, Trans. Acad. St. Louis 12 : 82. 1902. Stem slender, more or less pubescent, i-2 high. Leaves deeply cleft into linear toothed or cleft segments; raceme ter- minal, 4'-8' long; flowers pedicelled, blue, about i' long, the spur curved upward, horizontal or nearly erect, 8" long; fol- licles 3, erect or slightly spreading, downy, 7 "-9" long, tipped with a subulate beak; seed coat rugose. Prairies and open grounds, Virginia to Mis- souri, Florida and Texas. Prairie, blue or azure larkspur. May-July. 6. Delphinium virescens Nutt. Prairie Lark- spur. Fig. 1875. D. virescens Nutt. Gen. 2: 14. 1818. D. albcscens Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 583. 1899. Perennial, with branched woody roots, pubescent and often somewhat glandular. Stem stout, i-3 high; leaf- segments linear, i"~3" wide; raceme narrow, rather densely flowered ; lower pedicels sometimes 2' long, the upper much shorter; flowers white, or bluish-white, finely pubescent ; spur horizontal or ascending, 6"-8" long, straight, or slightly curved upward; follicles 6"- 9" long, erect, puberulent. Prairies, Illinois to Minnesota, Manitoba, Kansas and Texas. D. Penardi Huth, of the Rocky Mountains, is closely related to this species. May-July. RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 7. Delphinium tricorne Michx. Dwarf Larkspur. Fig. 1876. Delphinium tricorne Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 314. 1803. Stout, glabrous or pubescent, simple, i-3 high. Leaves slender-petioled, deeply s-7-cleft or divided, the divisions linear or obovate, obtuse, entire, or again cleft and toothed ; raceme loose, 4'--,' long, mostly several-flowered; flowers i'-ij' long, blue or white; spur generally slightly bent, ascending, io"-i5" long; follicles 3, widely spreading, s"-6" long, tipped with a short beak ; seed-coat smooth, dark. Pennsylvania to the mountains of Georgia, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Arkansas. Roots tuberous. April-June. 13. ACONITUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 532. 1753. Tall or long, erect ascending or trailing perennial herbs, with palmately lobed or divided leaves, and large irregular showy flowers. Sepals 5, the posterior (upper) one larger, hooded or helmet-shaped. Petals 2-5, small, the two superior ones hooded, clawed, concealed in the helmet, the three posterior ones, when present, minute. Stamens numerous. Carpels 3-5, sessile, many-ovuled, forming follicles at maturity. [Ancient Greek name for these plants.] A genus of beautiful plants including some 70 species, mostly natives of mountainous regions in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, several others are found in the Rocky Mountains and on the Pacific Coast. Roots poisonous, as are also the flowers of some species. Type species : Aconitum lycoctonitm L. Flowers blue ; roots tuberous-thickened. Helmet arched, tipped with a descending beak. Helmet conic, slightly beaked. Flowers white; stem trailing; helmet elongated-conic. i. A.noveboracense. .2. A. uncinatum. 3. A. reclinatum. i. Aconitum noveboracense A. Gray. New York Monkshood. Fig. 1877. Aconitum noveboracense A. Gray ; Coville, Bull. Torr. Club 13 : 190. 1886. Slender, erect, about 2 high, leafy. Lower leaves all petioled, $'-4.' broad, nearly orbicular, deeply 5~7-cleft, the divisions obovate, cuneate, toothed and cut, acute or acuminate, glabrous, rather thin; upper leaves nearly sessile, 3-5-cleft, otherwise similar, subtending branches of the loose pubescent few-flowered panicle; flowers blue, 6" broad, about i' high, the arched gibbous helmet tipped with a prominent descending beak about 3" long; follicles erect,' 3" long, subulate- beaked. Orange, Ulster and Chenango Counties, N. Y., and Summit County, Ohio. Reported from Iowa. Nearest A. paniculatum Lam. of central Europe. June-Aug. I GENUS 13. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 97 2. Aconitum uncinatum L Wild Monks- hood or Wolf bane. Fig. 1878. Aconitum uncinatum L. Sp PI. Ed. 2, 750. 1762. Slender, weak, 2-4 long, ascending or climbing, leafy. Leaves thick, broader than long, $'-4' wide, deeply 3-5-lobed or cleft; lobes oblong or ovate- lanceolate, cleft or toothed, acute, glabrous or nearly so; panicle few-flowered, pubescent; flowers clustered at the ends of its branches, blue, i' broad or more; helmet erect, obtusely conic, acute in front but scarcely beaked ; follicles 3, 6"-j" long, subulate- beaked In woods, southern Pennsylvania, south along the mountains to Georgia, west to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept. 3. Aconitum reclinatum A Gray. Trail- ing Wolfsbane. Fig 1879. A. reclinatum A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 34. 1842. Trailing, 2-8 long. Leaves 3-7-cleft, all but the upper petioled, thin, the lower 6'-8' broad, mainly obovate, acute, toothed and cleft toward the apex ; simple panicle or raceme loose, pubes- cent ; flowers white, 8"-io" long ; helmet hori- zontal or nearly so, elongated-conic, with a straight, short beak; follicles 3, 5" long, with slender divergent beaks. In woods, Cheat Mountain and Stony Man Moun- tain, Virginia, south along the Alleghanies to Georgia. Ascends to 5500 ft. in North Carolina. Trailing monkshood. July-Aug. 14. ANEMONE L. Sp. PL 538. 1753. Erect perennial herbs. Basal leaves lobed, divided or dissected, those of the stem form- ing an involucre near to or remote from the peduncled flower or flowers. Sepals 4-20, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens oo, shorter than the sepals. Carpels oo. Achenes com- pressed, i-seeded. [From the Greek, a flower shaken by the wind.] About 85 species, widely distributed through the temperate and subarctic regions of both hemi- spheres. About 20 species are natives of North America. Type species : Anemone coronaria L. * Achenes densely woolly. Stem simple, slender, i-flowered. Root tuberous ; sepals 6-20, narrow. i. A. caroliniana. Rootstock slender ; sepals 5-6, oval. 2. A. parviflora. Stem commonly branching above, tall, generally 2-several-flowered. Leaves of the involucre sessile or short-petioled ; sepals red ; head of fruit globose or oval. 3. A. hudsoniana. Leaves of the involucre slender-petioled ; sepals white or green ; head cylindric, oval, or oblong. Head of fruit cylindric ; divisions of the leaves wedge-shaped, narrow. 4. A. cylindrica. Head of fruit oblong or oval ; divisions of the leaves ovate, broad. 5. A. virginiana. ** Achenes pubescent, or nearly glabrous. Leaves of the involucre sessile. Stout, i-2 high, branching and bearing several flowers ; carpels nearly orbicular; flowers white. 6. A. canadensis. Slender, z'-\2' high, i-flowered ; carpels narrow; flowers yellow. 7. A. Richardsonii. Leaves of the involucre petioled. Involucral leaf-divisions lobed and incised ; plant 4'-g' high. 8. A. quinquefolia. Involucral leaf-divisions dentate; plant io'-i6' high. 9. A. trifolia. 9 8 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. i. Anemone caroliniana Walt. Fis. 1880. Carolina Anemone. Anemone caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 157. 1788. Sparsely hairy, 4-10' high, arising from a tuber 3"~4" in diameter. Basal leaves slender-petioled, 3-divided, the divisions variously toothed, lobed and parted, those of the involucre sessile and 3-cleft; flower erect, 9"-i8" broad; sepals 6-20, linear-oblong, purple, varying to white ; head of fruit oblong; achenes densely woolly. Open places, Illinois to Wisconsin and South Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Mayflower. April-May. Anemone decapetala Ard., of the southern United States, Mexico and South America, ranging north to Kansas, differs by some or all of its basal leaves having the divisions merely crenate. 2. Anemone parviflora Micnx. Northern or Small- flowered Anemone. Fig. 1881. Anemone parviflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 319. 1803. Sparingly hairy, 4'-i2 r high from slender rootstocks. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, the broadly wedge- shaped divisions obtusely lobed or crenate, those of the involucre nearly sessile, similarly lobed; flower i' in diam- eter or less ; sepals oval, very obtuse, white ; head of fruit short-oval or globose ; achenes densely woolly. Labrador, Newfoundland and Quebec to Wisconsin, Minne- sota and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Asia. May-June. 3. Anemone hudsoniana Richards. Cut-leaved Anemone. Fig. 1882. Red Wind-flower. Anemone hudsoniana Richards. Franklin's Journey 741. 1823. Silky-hairy, 6'-i8' high, sparingly branched, the lateral peduncles involucrate. Basal leaves long- petioled, reniform, 3-5-parted, the divisions cleft into linear acute lobes, those of the involucres short- petioled and more or less cuneate, otherwise simi- lar; sepals 5-9, greenish or red, oblong, forming a flower \'-\' broad; head of fruit globose or oblong, i'-i' long; achenes compressed, densely woolly, tipped with the short subulate styles. Anticosti and New Brunswick to Maine, New York, Michigan and Minnesota. Summer. The similar A. globosa Nutt., of the Rocky Moun- tains, with larger flowers, occurs in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Manitoba, and is reported from Ne- braska. Both have been confused with A. multifida Poir, of southern South America, which they much resemble. GENUS 14. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 4. Anemone cylindrica A. Gray. Long- fruited Ane- mone. Fig. 1883. Anemone cylindrica A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3 : 221. 1836. high, branched at the in- long-petioled, broader than cuneate-obovate or cuneate- the involucre similar, their 5-6, greenish-white, oblong, Silky-hairy throughout, i-2 c volucre. Basal leaves tufted, l n S> 3~5-parted, the divisions oblanceolate, narrow ; those of petioles about i' long; sepals generally obtuse ; flowers about 9" broad, on elongated generally naked peduncles; head of fruit cylindric, i' in length or more ; achenes compressed, woolly, tipped with the minute styles. Open places, eastern New Brunswick to Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Kansas and Saskatchewan. Also in the Rocky Mountains, south to New Mexico, and in British Columbia. June- Aug. 5. Anemone virginiana L. Tall Ane- mone. Fig. 1884. Anemone virginiana L. Sp. PI. 540. 1753. A. riparia Fernald, Rhodora i: 51. 1899. Hairy, 2-3 high, stout, branching at the involucre, the lateral peduncles bearing sec- ondary involucres. Basal leaves long-petioled, broader than long, 3-parted, the divisions broadly cuneate-oblong, variously cleft and divided into acute serrate lobes; those of both primary and secondary involucres similar, on petioles i'-2 f long; sepals generally 5, white or greenish, acute or obtuse ; flowers g"-iS" broad ; head of fruit oblong to subcylindric, 9"-i2" long ; achenes compressed, woolly, tipped by the spreading or ascending subu- late styles. In woods, Nova Scotia to South Carolina, Kan- sas, Alberta and Arkansas. Consists of several races, differing in size and color of flower, shape of fruit and in the styles. Tumble-weed. Thimble- weed. June-Aug. 6. Anemone canadensis L. Canada or Round- leaved Anemone. Fig. 1885. Anemone canadensis L. Syst. Ed. 12, 3: App. 231. 1768. Anemone pennsylvanica L. Mant. 2: 247. 1771. Rather stout, i-2 high, somewhat hairy, espe- cially on the lower surfaces of the leaves, branch- ing at the involucre. Basal leaves long-petioled, broader than long, 3~5-parted, the divisions broad, oblong, acute, variously cleft and toothed, those of both primary and secondary involucres similar, sessile; sepals white, oblong, obtuse; flower I'-ii' broad ; head of fruit globose ; achenes flat, nearly orbicular, pubescent, tipped with the stout persistent style, which is about their own length. Low grounds, Labrador to Assiniboia, Massachusetts, Maryland, Illinois, Kansas and Colorado. A. dichotoma L., to which this has been referred, is a Siberian species with glabrous ovate achenes. Crowfoot. Round-headed anemone. May-Aug. 100 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 2 7. Anemone Richardsonii Hook. Richardson's Ane- mone. Fig. 1886. Anemone Richardsonii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 6. 1829. Low, slender, pubescent, 2'-i2' high from slender root- stocks. Basal leaves reniform, slender-petioled, 3-5-parted, the lobes acute, broadly oblong, dentate or crenate; those of the involucre similar, sessile; flower solitary, 9" broad, yellow; sepals about 6, oblong; head of fruit depressed- spherical ; achenes nearly glabrous, compressed, ovate-oblong, reflexed, tipped with a hooked persistent style of about their own length. Labrador to Hudson Bay and in arctic America generally. Also widely distributed in Siberia. Summer. 8. Anemone quinquefolia L. Wind-flower. Snow- drops. Fig. 1887. Anemone quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 541. 1753. Anemone ncmorosa var. quinquefolia A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 38. 1867. Low, simple, nearly glabrous, 4'-o/ high, from horizontal rootstocks. Basal leaves long-petioled, appearing later than the flowering stem, 5-parted, the divisions oblong, cuneate, dentate; those of the involucre on slender petioles about 9" long, 3-5- parted, the divisions i\' long, acute, variously cut and lobed; flower solitary, i' broad; sepals 4-9, obovate or oval, white, or purplish without ; head of fruit globose, inclined; achenes pubescent, ob- long, tipped with the hooked styles. In low woods, Nova Scotia to Georgia, western On- tario, Minnesota and Tennessee. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Readily distinguishable from the European A. nemorosa L., which is sometimes cultivated in our area and reported as escaped in Massachusetts, by its slender habit, slender petioles, less lobed divisions of the involucral leaves, paler green foliage, more slender root- stocks, and smaller flowers. Wood-flower. May-flower. Nimble-weed. Wood-anemone. Wild cucumber. April- June. 9. Anemone trifolia L. Mountain Ane- mone. Fig. 1888. Anemone trifolia L. Sp. PI. 540. 1753. A. land folia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 387. 1814. Stout, 6'-i6' tall, nearly glabrous through- out. Basal leaves mostly 3-divided (some- times 4~5-divided), long-petioled, dentate, often somewhat lobed ; involucral leaves stout- petioled, 3-parted, the divisions oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, dentate, often slightly lobed, i'-3' long; flower solitary, white, i'-iJ' broad when expanded; peduncles i'-4' long; sepals ob- long to oval; head of fruit globose, 5"-6" in diameter; achenes 10-20, oblong, finely pubes- cent, tipped with the hooked style. Southern Pennsylvania, southwestern Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia, chiefly in the moun- tains ; in Virginia usually in company with the lily-of-the-valley. Also in the south Austrian Alps and the mountains of northern Italy. May. GENUS 15. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 101 15. HEPATICA [Rupp.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754. Perennial scapose herbs, with long-petioled thick 3-lobed evergreen basal leaves, and large white or purple flowers, solitary on slender scapes. Involucre of 3 small sessile leaves close under the flowers, simulating a calyx. Sepals membranous, petal-like. Stamens all anther-bearing. Achenes short-beaked, pubescent. [Name ancient, from the supposed re- semblance of the leaves to the liver.] A genus of about 4 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Only the following are known from North America. Type species : Anemone Hepatica L. Lobes of the leaves rounded or obtuse. i. H. Hepatica. Lobes of the leaves acute. 2. H. acutiloba. i. Hepatica Hepatica (L.) Karst. Rcund-lobed or Kidney Liver-leaf. Noble Liverwort. Fig. 1889. Anemone Hepatica L. Sp. PI. 538. 1753. Hepatica triloba Chaix in Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. i : 336. 1786. Hepatica Hepatica Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 559. 1880-83. Scapes 4'-6' high, villous ; roots fibrous. Leaves long-petioled, reniform, 2'-2j' broad when mature, spreading on the ground, 3- lobed, and the lobes sometimes toothed or again lobed, obtuse; involucre of 3 sessile obtuse oblong leaves immediately under the flowers; flowers blue, purple or white, 6"-io" broad ; sepals oval or oblong, ob- tuse, longer than the stamens; achenes several, 2" long, oblong, acute, hairy. In woods, often in large tufts, Nova Scotia to northern Florida, west to Manitoba, Iowa and Missouri. Alaska. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia. Dec.- May. Heart- or three-leaf liverwort. Liver- moss. Mouse-ears. Spring-beauty. Crystal- wort. Golden trefoil. Ivy-flower. Herb Trinity. Squirrel-cup 2. Hepatica acutiloba DC. Sharp- lobed or Heart Liver-leaf or Liver- wort. Fig. 1890. Hepatica triloba var. acuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 391. 1814. Hepatica acutiloba DC. Prodr. i : 22. 1824. Hepatica acuta Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 6: 234. 1891. Scapes 4'-o/ high, villous. Plant closely resembling the preceding, differing in that the leaf-lobes and those of the involucre are acute or acutish. In woods, Maine, Quebec and throughout Ontario, south in the Alleghanies to Georgia, but rare or absent near the Atlantic Coast, west to Missouri and Minnesota. Puzzling forms occur which are referable with about equal certainty to the preceding species of which it may be regarded as a geographical race. The leaf-form of the German plant is quite intermediate between our Hepatica and acutiloba. A dioecious tendency of this species has been observed. March-April. Spring- beauty. May-flower. IO2 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 16. SYNDESMON Hoffmg. Flora, 15 : Part 2, Intell. Bl. 4, 34. 1832. [ANEMONELLA Spach, Hist. Veg. 7: 239. 1839.] A glabrous perennial herb from a cluster of tuberous-thickened roots, with basal 2-3- ternately compound leaves, those of the involucre similar but sessile, and large terminal umbellate slender-pedicelled white flowers. Sepals thin, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens all anther-bearing. Achenes terete, deeply grooved; stigma sessile, truncate. [Greek, bound together, the plant uniting many of the characters of Anemone and Thalictrum.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. t. Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. Rue-Anemone. Fig. 1891. Anemone thalictroides L. Sp. PI. 542. 1753. Thalictrum anemonoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 322. 1803. Syndesmon thalictroides Hoffmg. Flora 15: Part 2, Intell. Bl. 4, 34. 1832. Anemonclla thalictroides Spach, Hist. Veg. 7 : 240. 1839. Low, glabrous, ^-g' high, the flowering stem arising in early spring from the cluster of tuberous roots, the ternately-compound basal leaves appearing later and resembling those of Thalictrum. Leaves of the involucre similar, sessile, the leaflets long-petioled ; sepals 5-10, white or pinkish, longer than the stamens ; flower \'-\' broad ; flowers perfect, umbellate immediately above the involucre; achenes sessile, pointed, 4"-6" long. In woods, New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Florida, Ontario, Minnesota and Kansas. Leaflets are occasionally borne on the stem below those of the involucre. March-June. Wind- flower. May-flower. 17. PULSATILLA [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754. Perennial scapose herbs, with thick rootstocks, basal long-petioled digitately divided leaves, and large purple or white solitary flowers. Involucre remote from the flower, 3-leaved. Sepals petaloid. Petals none. Inner stamens anther-bearing, the outer ones often sterile. Achenes with long persistent plumose styles. [Latin name, unexplained.] About 1 8 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern North America. Type species : Anemone Pulsatilla L. i. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Pasque Flower. Fig. 1892. Anemone patens L. Sp. PI. 538. 1753. P. patens Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 4. 1768. ^Clematis hirsutissima Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 385. 1814. Anemone Nuttalliana DC. Syst. i : 193. 1818. Anemone patens var. Nuttalliana A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 36. 1867. P. hirsutissima Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 6: 217. 1891. Villous, 6'-i6' high. Leaves much divided into narrow linear acute lobes, the basal on slender petioles, those of the involucre sessile and erect or ascending; sepals ovate-oblong, light bluish- purple ; fruit a head of silky achenes with long plumose styles, like those of some Clematis. In dry soil, prairies of Illinois to British Columbia, Nebraska and Texas. Europe and northern Asia. After flowering the peduncle elongates, sometimes to a foot or more. Consists of several races, the American ones mostly with wider leaf-lobes than the European. March- April. American pulsatilla. Hartshorn- or head-ache-plant. Wild crocus. Mayflower. Easter- flower. Gosling. Badger. April-fools. Prairie-smoke or -anemone. Wind-flower. Rock-lily. GENUS 18. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 10*3 18. MYOSURUS L. Sp. PL 284. 1753. Diminutive annual herbs, with fibrous roots, tufted, basal linear or linear-spatulate, entire leaves and i-flowered scapes. Sepals 5 (rarely 6-7), long-spurred at the base. Petals the same number or none, when present greenish-yellow, narrow, the claw bearing a nec- tariferous pit at the summit, the limb spreading. Stamens 5-25, about equalling the sepals. Pistils numerous, borne on a central axis, which becomes greatly elongated in fruit. Ovule I, suspended. Achenes apiculate or aristate. [Greek, mouse-tail.] A genus of insignificant plants of local but wide geographic distribution, consisting of the species here figured and about 4 others found in west America and Australia. Type species : Myosurus minimus L. i. Myosurus minimus L. Mouse-tail. Fig. 1893. Myosurus minimus L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753. Myosurus Shortii Raf. Am. Journ. Sci. i : 379. 1819. Myosurus minimus var. Shortii Huth, Engler's Bot. Jahrb. 16 : 284. 1893. Low, glabrous, i'-6' high, the scape at length surpassing \\ the leaves and the elongated receptacle attaining the \ length of i '-2'. Leaves all basal, 2'-^' long, narrowly y spatulate to linear, blunt; petals present, small; achenes glabrous, apiculate. In moist places, southern Ontario to British Columbia, Indi- ana, Virginia, Florida, Texas and New Mexico. Reported from the Pacific Coast. Also in central Europe. At Norfolk, Va., the plant seems to have been introduced. Little mouse-tail. Blood-strange. April-July. 19. TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. i : 22. 1834. Tall erect perennial herbs, with large palmately-lobed leaves, those of the stem distant. Sepals 3-5, concave, caducous. Petals none. Carpels oo, i-ovuled. Achenes capitate, sharply angular, inflated, tipped with the minute styles. Embryo large. Flowers small, white, corymbosely paniculate. [In honor of Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.] A monotypic genus of North America and eastern Asia. i. Trautvetteria carolinensis (Walt.) Vail. False Bugbane. Fig. 1894. Hydrastis carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 156. 1788. Cimicifuga palmata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:316. 1803. Trautvetteria palmata F. & M. Ind. Sem. Petr. i : 22. 1834- Trautvetteria carolinensis Vail, Mem. Torr. Club 2 : 42. 1890. T. applanata Greene, Leaflets 2: 191. 1912. Stout, 2-3 high, branching, nearly glabrous, except the lower surfaces of the leaves. Basal leaves long-petioled, 6'-8' broad, 4'-s' long, deeply 5-n-lobed, the lobes acute and sharply dentate; panicle ample, the flowers 3"-6" broad, borne in cymose clusters at the ends of its branches ; fila- ments slender, slightly widened ; anthers oblong. Southwestern Pennsylvania to the mountains of Virginia and Kentucky, south to Florida, west to Indiana and Missouri. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. June-July. 104 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 20. RANUNCULUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 548. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate simple entire lobed or divided or dissected leaves, and yellow white or red flowers. Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals equal in number or more, conspicuous or minute, provided with a nectariferous pit and a scale at the base of the blade. Carpels o, i-ovuled. Achenes capitate or spicate, generally flattened, smooth, papillose or echinate, tipped with a minute or an elongated style. [Latin for a small frog, in allusion to the marsh habitat of many species.] Some 275 species, widely distributed in the temperate and cool regions of both hemispheres and on mountain tops in the tropics. In addition to those here described, many others inhabit the western and northwestern parts of the continent. The names Crott'foot or Buttercup are popu- larly applied to most of the species with large flowers and divided leaves. Type species : Ranunculus auricomus L. t Creeping, floating or decumbent perennials, with palmately lobed, dissected or divided leaves. Plants leafy-stemmed. Aquatics ; leaves orbicular, palmately divided. Achenes callous-margined. I. R. delphinifolius. Achenes marginless. 2. R. Purshii. Glabrous ; leaves 3-lobed or 3-cleft, cuneate at the base ; arctic. 3. R. hyperboreus. Plant scapose from filiform rootstocks. 4. R.lapponicus. It Plants of swamps or muddy shores; leaves entire or denticulate. Annuals ; achenes beakless. Petals i "-2" long; stamens few. 5. R.pusillus. Petals 2"~3" long ; stamens numerous. 6. R. oblongifolius. Perennials, rooting from the nodes ; achenes beaked. Stems trailing ; achenes minutely beaked. 7. R. reptans. Stems ascending or erect ; achenes subulate-beaked. 8. R. obtusiusculus. ttt Terrestrial or marsh species with some or all the leaves toothed, lobed or divided. Calyx conspicuously black-pubescent ; arctic ; flowers white or light yellow. 9. R. nivalis. Calyx glabrous or pubescent ; flowers yellow. 1. Achenes smooth, neither papillose, muricate nor spiny. Plant low, arctic-alpine; leaves small, palmately lobed. 10. R.pygmaeus. Plants neither arctic nor alpine. Basal leaves, some or all of them, merely crenate (deeply cleft in no. n). Head of fruit oblong, 2-3 times as long as thick. Flowers 6" broad or less ; sepals slightly hairy. n. R. pedatifidus. Flowers 8"-io" broad, sepals densely tomentose. 12. R. cardiophyllus. Head of fruit globose or subglobose. Petals longer than the sepals. Petals not twice as long as the loosely villous sepals. 13. R. Alleni. Petals several times longer than the glabrous calyx. Basal leaves oval or ovate, not cordate. 14. /?. ovalis. Basal leaves reniform or orbicular, cordate. 15. R.Harveyi. Petals small, shorter than or equalling the sepals. Styles very short. Basal leaves cordate ; plant glabrous or nearly so. 16. R. abortivus. Basal leaves not cordate ; plant villous at least below. 17. R. micranthus. Styles subulate, hooked, nearly one-half as long as the achene. 1 8. R. alleghaniensis. Leaves all lobed or divided. Plant glabrous ; stem hollow ; flowers very small. 19. R.sceleratus. Plants more or less pubescent. Beak of the achene strongly hooked ; flowers 4"-s" wide. 20. R. recurvatus. Beak of the achene short. Erect plants, naturalized in fields ; flowers i' broad. Calyx spreading; roots fibrous. 21. R.acris. Calyx reflexed ; stem bulbous-thickened at base. 22. 7?. bulbosus. Erect or ascending plants of moist soil ; flowers 3" -6" broad. Petals not longer than the reflexed sepals. 23. R. pennsylranicus. Petals longer than the sepals. 24. R. Macounii. Ascending and creeping by stolons; flowers i' broad. 25. R.repens. Beak of the achene long, stout or slender; flowers 6"-i8" broad. Roots slender ; beak stout ; leaflets cuneate at base. 26. R. septentrionalis. Roots thickened ; beak of achene slender, subulate. Leaf-segments broad, oblong or obovate. 27. R. hispidus. Leaf-segments narrow, linear-oblong. 28. R. fascicularis. 2. Achenes with scattered papillae, at least near the margins ; perennial. 29. R. parvulus. 3. Achenes rough-papillose all over ; annual. 30. R. parviflorus. 4. Achenes muricate or spiny. Leaf-lobes broad, obtuse. 31. R. muricatus. Leaf-lobes narrow, subacute. 32. R. arvensis. GENUS 20. CROWFOOT FAMILY. '05 i. Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. Yellow Water-Crowfoot. Fig. 1895. Ranunculus multifidus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814. Not Forsk. 1775. R. delphinifolius Torr. ; Eaton, Man. Ed. 2, 395. 1818. Ranunculus lacustris Beck & Tracy, N. Y. Med. and Phys. Journ. 2: 112. 1823. R. missouriensis Greene, Erythea 3: 20. 1895. Aquatic or partly emersed, branching, sometimes several feet long. Immersed leaves repeatedly di- vided into capillary segments, short-petioled, i'~3' long; emersed leaves glabrous or pubescent, \'-2' broad, petioled or the upper nearly sessile, 3~5-di- vided, the divisions cleft into linear or cuneate segments; flowers yellow, 3"-i8" broad; petals 5-8, much longer than the sepals ; head of fruit globose or oblong, 3 "-5" long; achenes less than i" long, callous-margined, at least toward the base, tipped with a straight persistent beak of one-half their length or more. In ponds, Maine and Ontario to Michigan, Oregon, North Carolina, Missouri and Arkansas. The so-called var. tcrrestris is an emersed form. June-Aug. 2. Ranunculus Purshii Richards. Pursh's Buttercup. Fig. 1896. Ranunculus Purshii Richards. Frank. Journ. 741. 1823. Ranunculus limosus Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 20. 1838. Ranunculus multifidus var. repens S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 8. 1871. Perennial, floating or creeping, usually pubescent at least on the younger parts, sometimes densely so ; stems slender, often rooting from the lower nodes, 2 f -S r long. Leaves slender-petioled, orbicular or reniform in outline, i'-i' wide, palmately divided nearly to the base into obtuse lobes or segments; flowers yellow, long-peduncled, 2" -7" broad ; sepals spreading, ovate, obtusish, early deciduous; petals about 5; head of fruit subglobose or ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 2"-3" long; achenes little compressed, smooth, not margined, \" long, acutish on the back, abruptly tipped with a slender style of about one- third their length. In moist soil, Nova Scotia to Alaska, Michigan, North Dakota, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Utah. July-Aug. 3. Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. Arctic Buttercup^ Fig. 1897. Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. Skrift. Kjoeb. Selsk. 10 : 458. 1770. Stem slender, glabrous, filiform, creeping, 2'-6' long. Leaves petioled, 3-lobed or cleft, broadly ovate, 2"-$" broad, 2"-^" long, obtuse, the base cuneate or rounded, the lobes oblong, ob- tuse, the lateral ones sometimes toothed ; petioles sheathing and biauriculate ; flowers few, 2"-$" broad, yellow ; petals slightly shorter than the reflexed sepals; peduncles 4"-6" long; head of fruit globose, 2" broad ; achenes slightly compressed, with a minute blunt point. Labrador, Greenland, arctic America, Iceland, northern Europe and Siberia. Summer. RANUNCULACEAE. VOL II. 5. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Low Spearwort. Fig. 1899. R. pusillus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 99. 1804. Annual, slender, weak, glabrous, branching, 6'-i8' long. Leaves entire or denticulate, the lower oblong or ovate, sometimes cordate, on long petioles, the upper narrower, lanceolate or linear, short-petioled or sessile; flowers yel- low, 2 "-3" broad, the petals few, often barely exceeding the sepals; stamens i-io; head of fruit globose, 2" broad ; achenes beakless, merely tipped by the very short persistent style-base. Marshes, southern New York and New Jersey near the coast, southeastern Pennsylvania, south to Florida and west through the Gulf States to Texas, north to Tennessee and Missouri. Dwarf crowfoot. April-July. 4. Ranunculus lapponicus L. Lap- land Buttercup. Fig. 1898. R. lapponicus L. Sp. PI. 553. 1753. Anemone nudicaulis A. Gray, Coult. Bot. Gaz. ii : 17. 1886. Scapose from running rootstocks, 3'-6' high. Basal leaves long-petioled, the blade i'-ij' broad, reniform, 3-parted, the divi- sions broadly obovate, cuneate, obtuse, crenate or lobed; scape i-flo\vered, slender, longer than the leaves, occasionally bearing a single deeply lobed leaf; flower 3"-5" broad, yellow ; petals 5-6, veined with orange ; sepals generally fewer and re- flexed ; head of fruit globose, 6" broad ; achenes flattened, ovate, gradually narrowed into a slender hooked beak. In bogs, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south to northern Minnesota. Northern Eu- rope and Siberia. Summer. 6. Ranunculus oblongifolius Ell. Oblong- leaved Spearwort. Fig. 1900. Ranunculus oblongifolius Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2 : 58. 1821-24. Ranunculus pusillus var. oblongifolius T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 16. 1838. Annual, branched above, erect or ascend- ing, i-2 high, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves entire or denticulate, oblong, or oblong-lanceo- late, the lower on long petioles, the blade some- times 3' long, the upper narrower, lanceolate or linear; flowers yellow, 3"-6" broad, the 5 petals much exceeding the sepals; stamens numerous; head of fruit 2" broad ; achenes merely tipped by the very short style-base. In swamps, near the coast, Delaware to Florida and Texas, north to southern Illinois and Missouri. April-Sept. GENUS 20. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 107 7. Ranunculus reptans L. Creeping Spearwort. Ranunculus reptans L. Sp. PI. 549. 1753. Ranunculus filiformis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 320. 1803. Ranunculus Flammula var. reptans E. Meyer. PI. Lab. 96. 1830. R. Flammula intermedius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : u. 1829. Trailing or reclining, glabrous or pubescent, rooting from the nodes, the flowering stems and peduncles ascending. Leaves linear, lanceolate or spatulate, i'-2 f long, mainly en- tire, gradually narrowed into the petiole; flowers bright yel- low, 4"-5" broad, solitary on peduncles i'~3' long, petals 4-7, much exceeding the calyx; achenes flattish, with a minute sharp beak; stamens numerous. On shores, Newfoundland and arctic America, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in Europe. Summer. Ranunculus Flammula L., which has larger mostly broader leaves, the stout stem rooting only at the lower nodes, is recorded from Newfoundland, and is widely distributed in Europe and Asia. 8. Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf. Water Plantain Spearwort. Fig. 1902. Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf. Med. Rep. (II.; 5: 359. 1808. Ranunculus alismaefolius A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 41. 1867. Not Geyer, 1848. Ranunculus ambigens S. Wats. Bibliog. Index i : 16. 1878. Mostly stout and i-3 high, ascending, glabrous, rooting from the lower nodes ; stem hollow, sometimes nearly i' thick at the base. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, 3'-6' long, s"-i2" wide, den- ticulate or entire, all but the uppermost on broad petioles, which clasp the stem by a broad base ; flowers yellow, panicled, 6"- 8" broad; petals 5-7, much exceeding the sepals; head of fruit globose or slightly elongated, s"-6" in diameter; achenes compressed, 4" long, subulate-beaked, but the beak early deciduous. Marshes, Maine and Ontario to Georgia, Tennessee, Minnesota and Arkansas. June- Aug. g. Ranunculus nivalis L. Snow Butter- cup. Fig. 1903. Ranunculus nivalis L. Sp. PI. 553. 1753. Stem simple, 4'-i2' high. Basal leaves long- petioled, 3-7-lobed, or crenate, thick, glabrous, the blade about i' broad, those of the stem short- petioled or sessile, deeply lobed ; flowers solitary, 6"-o/' broad, white or light yellow ; calyx nearly half the length of the petals, densely black or brown hairy all over, as is the upper part of the peduncle; head of fruit oblong, 6" long; achenes tipped with the subulate style. Labrador and arctic America generally ; also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. io8 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 10. Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahl. Pigmy Butter- cup. Fig. 1904. Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 157. 1812. Small, i '-2' high, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Basal leaves slender-petioled, deeply 3-5-lobed or divided, the blade 3"-6" wide; those of the stem similar and nearly sessile ; flowers yellow, 2"-$" wide, the petals slightly ex- ceeding the glabrous or slightly pubescent sepals ; head of fruit short-oblong, 2" long; achenes \" long, lenticular, tipped with a slender beak. Quebec, Labrador, arctic America, and in the Rocky Moun- tains. Also in Europe and Asia. Ranunculus Sabini R. Br. is another arctic and Rocky Moun- tain species, differing from this by larger flowers and densely pubescent sepals. ii. Ranunculus pedatifidus J. E. Smith. Northern Buttercup. Fig. 1905. Ranunculus pedatifidus J. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop, no. 72. 1813-16. R. affinis R. Br. in Parry's Voy. App. 265. 1823. Erect, 4/-I2' high, branching. Basal leaves peti- oled, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, about i' broad, obtuse, irregularly deeply cleft, those of the stem deeply lobed, nearly sessile, the lobes narrow ; flowers yellow, 4"-6" broad, the petals exceeding the spreading pubescent calyx ; head of fruit oblong, 3"- 6" long; achenes oval, tipped with a short beak, often hairy. Labrador to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in northern Asia. Rough-fruited crow- foot. Summer. 12. Ranunculus cardiophyllus Hook. Heart-leaved Buttercup. Fig. 1906. R. cardiophyllus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:14. 1829. Ranunculus pedatifidus cardiophyllus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 18 : 265. 1891. Erect, 4'-i5' high, simple or usually spar- ingly branched. Basal leaves long-petioled, orbicular to ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly i'-ii' broad, coarsely crenate, incised or shal- lowly lobed, those of the stem short-petioled or nearly sessile, deeply lobed or parted, the lobes narrow, mostly acute or acutish ; flowers yellow, larger than in R. pedatifidus, 8"-io" broad, the petals much exceeding the densely tomentose calyx ; head of fruit cylindric or ovoid-cylindric, 6"-8" long; achenes subor- bicular, slender-beaked, finely hairy. In wet meadows and low grounds, Alberta and Saskatchewan to Nebraska and Colorado. May- Aug. GENUS 20. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 109 13. Ranunculus Alleni Robinson. Allen's But- tercup. Fig. 1907. Ranunculus Alleni Robinson, Rhodora 7: 220. 1905. Sparingly pubescent, 4'-8' high, usually branched. Basal leaves long-petioled, orbicular to reniform, 7"-n' wide, coarsely crenate or incised, broadly cuneate to subcordate at the base ; cauline leaves sessile or nearly so, deeply cleft or parted into 3-5 mostly oblong or elliptic segments; flowers bright yellow, 5i"-65" broad, the petals broad, not twice exceeding the loosely villous calyx ; head of fruit ovoid to oval ; achenes obliquely obovoid, glabrous, minutely beaked. In moist grounds, Quebec. Aug. Confused with R. pedatifidus in our first edition. 14. Ranunculus ovalis Raf . Prairie Crow- foot. Fig. 1908. Ranunculus ovalis Raf. Proc. Dec. 36. 1814. Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6 : 329. 1822. Pubescent, branching, 6'-i8' high. Lower and basal leaves oval, oblong, or ovate-oblong, long- petioled, the blade i' in length or more, crenate or slightly lobed, obtuse, the base more or less cuneate, rarely subcordate ; upper cauline leaves sessile or short-petioled, deeply divided into 3-7 linear or oblong obtuse lobes ; flowers yellow, 9"-! 2" broad, the petals narrow and much exceed- ing the calyx ; head of fruit spherical ; carpels and achenes oval or orbicular, minutely beaked. In fields and on prairies, Labrador ( ?), Quebec and Ontario to Saskatchewan, Alberta, Illinois, Wiscon- sin and Nebraska. March-May. 15. Ranunculus Harveyi (A. Gray) Brit- ton. Harvey's Buttercup. Fig. 1909. Ranunculus abortivus var. Harveyi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 21 : 372. 1886. R. Harveyi Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 159. 1894. Glabrous, stem erect, slender, branched, 8'-i8' tall, from a cluster of narrowly fusiform roots. Leaves thin, the basal and lower ones long- petioled, reniform or suborbicular, obtusely crenate or somewhat lobed, s"-i8" wide, cordate, or some of them truncate at the base, the upper sessile or nearly so, deeply 3-cleft or 3-parted into linear or narrowly oblong entire or few- toothed obtuse segments ; flowers bright yellow, 6"-o/' broad; petals 4-8, oblong, 4 or 5 times as long as the reflexed sepals; head of fruit globose, 2" in diameter; achenes oblique, compressed, tipped with a minute straight beak. On dry hillsides, Missouri and Arkansas. April- May. RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 1 6. Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidney- or Smooth-leaved Crowfoot. Fig. 1910. Ranunculus abortivus L. Sp. PI. 551. 1/53. R. abortivus encyclus Fernald, Rhodora i : 52. 1899. Glabrous, or but sparingly pubescent, 6'-2 high, branched. Basal leaves long-petioled, bright green, thick, crenate or sometimes lobed, broadly ovate, obtuse, and generally cordate or reniform, the cauline sessile or nearly so, di- vided into oblong or linear somewhat cuneate lobes; head of fruit globose, the receptacle short, pubescent ; flowers yellow, 2"-$" broad, the petals oblong, shorter than the reflexed calyx ; achenes tipped with a minute curved beak. In woods and moist grounds, Labrador and Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida, Arkansas and Colorado. Recorded as biennial in duration. April- June. 17. Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. Rock Crowfoot. Fig. 1911. R. micranthus Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 18. 1838. Ranunculus abortivus var. micranthus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 42. 1867. Similar to the preceding species but usually smaller, villous with spreading hairs, flowering when very young, 6'-i8' tall. Leaves thin, dull green, the basal ones ovate, obovate, or subor- bicular, 3-lobed or crenate, narrowed, rounded or subcordate at the base; segments of the upper leaves narrow, entire or sharply toothed ; flowers yellow, about 3" broad ; sepals narrowed into a short claw ; petals oblong or oval, 2-3 times as long as wide ; head of fruit rather longer than thick, the receptacle linear, glabrous or very nearly so. In rich woods, often on rocks, Maine to Minnesota, Saskatchewan, Georgia, Arkansas and Colorado. In New York it blooms somewhat earlier than the pre- ceding species. Roots tuberous. April-May. 18. Ranunculus alleghaniensis Britton. Mountain Crowfoot. Fig. 1912. Ranunculus alleghaniensis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 22 : 224. 1895. Similar in aspect to R. abortivus and R. mi- cranthus, glabrous, stem widely branched, i- 2 tall. Basal leaves reniform or suborbicular, 6"-2 f wide, long-petioled, crenate or some of them lobed, the teeth and lobes subacute; stem leaves sessile or the lower petioled, divided nearly or quite to the base into linear acute^ en- tire toothed or cleft segments ; ^flowers 2 "-3" broad; petals oblong, not exceeding the calyx, yellow, glandular; head of fruit globose or glo- bose-oblong, 2" in diameter; achenes slightly compressed and margined, tipped with subulate hooked or recurved styles of about one-half their length. In rich woods, Vermont, Massachusetts and New York to the mountains of North Carolina. Plant slightly glaucous. April-May. GENUS 20. CROWFOOT FAMILY. HI ig. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. Fig. 1913. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Sp. PI. 551. 1753. R. eremogenes Greene, Erythea 4: 121. 1896. Stout, glabrous, or nearly so, 6'-2 high, freely branching, stem hollow, sometimes li' thick. Basal leaves thick, 3-5-lobed, on long and broad petioles, the blade i'-2' broad, reni- form or cordate, those of the stem petioled or the upper sessile, deeply lobed or divided, the lobes obtuse, cuncate-oblong or linear, several- toothed or entire; flowers yellow, numerous, 3"-4" broad, the petals about equalling the calyx; head of fruit oblong or cylindric, 4"-6" long; achenes I" long, very numerous, merely apiculate. In swamps and wet ditches, New Brunswick to Florida, abundant along the coast, and locally westward to North Dakota, Kansas and Nebraska, extending to Alberta, New Mexico and Califor- nia, preferring saline or alkaline situations. Also in Europe and Asia. Ditch- or marsh-crowfoot. Biting- or cursed-crowfoot. Water-celery. Blister- wort. Consists of several races. April-Aug. 20. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked or Rough Crowfoot. Fig. 1914. R. recurvatus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 125. 1804. Erect, 6'-2 high, usually hirsute, branching. Leaves all petioled, broadly reniform, 2'-^' wide, deeply 3-cleft, the divisions broadly cuneate, acute, toothed and lobed; flowers light yellow, 4"-5" broad, the petals shorter than or equalling the reflexed calyx ; head of fruit globose, 6" wide; achenes compressed, margined, tipped with a recurved hooked beak of one-half their length. In woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida, Alabama, Missouri and Kansas. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. April-June. 2i. Ranunculus acris L. Tall or Meadow Buttercup. Fig. 1915. Ranunculus acris L. Sp. PI. 554. 1753. Erect, hairy, branched above, 2-3 high ; roots fibrous. Basal leaves tufted, petioled, 3~7-divided, the divisions sessile and cleft into numerous linear to obovate mainly acute lobes ; upper leaves short-petioled and merely 3-parted, distant; flowers nu- merous, bright yellow, about i ! broad; petals twice or thrice the length of the spreading calyx, obovate ; head of fruit globose, 6"-7" broad; achenes compressed, short-beaked. In fields and meadows, Newfoundland to Virginia, British Columbia and Missouri. Bermuda. Naturalized from Europe. Stem sometimes nearly glabrous. Yellow gowan. Gold-knops. Butter-rose, -cresses or -daisy. Horse-gold. Bachelor's-buttons. Blister-plant. May-Sept. I 12 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 22. Ranunculus bulbosus L. Bulbous But- tercup. Yellow weed or Gowan. Fig. 1916. Ranunculus bulbosus L. Sp. PL 554. 1753. Erect from a bulbous-thickened base, hairy, 6'-i8' high. Leaves petioled, 3-divided, the ter- minal division stalked, the lateral ones sessile or nearly so, all variously lobed and cleft, flowers bright yellow, about i' broad; petals 5-7, much longer than the reflexed sepals, obovate, rounded ; head of fruit globose, 5"-6" broad; achenes com- pressed, very short-beaked. In fields and along roadsides, New England to North Carolina, Tennessee and Louisiana. Natural- ized from Europe. May-June. In England the name Buttercups is chiefly applied to this species and to R. rcpens and R. acris ; called also in middle English Kingcups, Goldcups, Butter-flowers and Blister-flow- ers. Frogwort. Pilewort. Golden knops. Cuckoo- buds. Pissabed. Horse-gold. St. Anthony's-turnip. May-July. 23. Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Bristly Buttercup or Crowfoot Fig. 1917. Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Suppl. 272 1781. Erect, branching, pilose-hispid, i-2 high, leafy. Leaves thin, 3-divided; divisions stalked, deeply 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, cuneate, acute, incised; flowers yellow, 3 "-4" wide; petals equalling the reflexed sepals or shorter; head of fruit oblong or cylindric, 3" thick, sometimes 6" long ; achenes smooth, pointed with a sharp beak one-third their length; receptacle conic, hairy. In wet, open places, Nova Scotia to Georgia, British Columbia, Kansas and Colorado. June-Aug. 24. Ranunculus Macounii Britton. Ma- coun's Buttercup. Fig. 1918. Ranunculus hispidus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:19. 1829. Not Michx. 1803. Ranunculus Macounii Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 12 : 3. 1892. Erect or diffuse, hairy, branching, i-2 high. Leaves 3-divided, the blade 2'-3" long, the divi- sions broadly ' oblong to ovate, acute, cuneate, variously cleft and lobed ; flowers 5"-6" broad, yellow, the petals exceeding the spreading or slightly reflexed calyx; head of fruit globose to oblong, 4" thick ; achenes smooth, pointed with a sharp beak about one-fourth their length; recep- tacle obovoid. Quebec and Ontario to Illinois, Minnesota and west to British Columbia and Washington, extending south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Summer. GENUS 20. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 25. Ranunculus repens L. Creeping Buttercup. Gold-balls. Fig. 1919. Ranunculus repens L. Sp. PI. 554. 1753. R, Clintoni Beck, Bot. N. & Mid. States 9. 1833. Generally hairy, sometimes only slightly so, spreading by runners and forming large patches. Leaves petioled, 3-divided, the ter- minal division, or all three stalked, all ovate, cuneate or truncate, acute, cleft and lobed, often blotched ; flowers nearly i' broad ; petals obovate, much exceeding the spreading sepals ; head of fruit globose, 4" in diameter; achenes margined, tipped with a stout short slightly bent beak. Fields, roadsides, and in wet grounds, New- foundland to Virginia, Ontario and British Co- lumbia. Bermuda ; Jamaica. Mainly introduced from Europe, but regarded as indigenous in its western range. Ram's-claws. Gold-knops. Butter- daisy. Horse-gold. Sitfast. Yellow gowan. Spotted-leaf buttercup. May-July. 26. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. Swamp or Marsh Buttercup. Fig. 1920. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 125. 1804. Roots simply fibrous; plant branching, i-3 high, glabrous, or pubescent, the later branches procum- bent and sometimes rooting at the nodes. Leaves large, petioled, 3-divided ; divisions mostly stalked, usually cuneate at the base, cleft into broad lobes ; lower petioles occasionally a foot long; flowers i' in diameter or more, bright yellow; petals obovate, twice the length of the spreading sepals ; head of fruit globose or oval, 4" in diameter; achenes flat, strongly margined, subulate-beaked by the stout sword-shaped style which is of nearly their length and often early deciduous. Mainly in swamps and low grounds, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Georgia and Kansas. April-July. Ranunculus sicaefdrmis Mack. & Bush, of Missouri and Minnesota, seems to be a hispid-pubescent race of this species. 27. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Hispid Buttercup. Fig. 1921. f?. hispidus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 321. 1803. Usually densely villous when young, sometimes merely appressed-pubescent or glabrate when old ; stems ascending or spreading, 8'-2 long; plant not stoloniferous; roots a cluster of thickened fibers. Leaves pinnately 3-5-divided, the divisions ovate, oblong or obovate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, sharply cleft or lobed, usually thin ; flow- ers 6"-i8" broad ; petals oblong, about twice as long as the spreading sepals, entire or emarginate ; head of fruit globose-oval or globose; achenes broadly oval, lenticular, narrowly margined, ab- ruptly tipped by a subulate style of about one- half their length. In dry woods and thickets, Vermont and Ontario to North Dakota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. The earliest flowering buttercup of the vicinity of New York. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. March- May. 8 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 28. Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Early or Tufted Buttercup. Fig. 1922. Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Cat. 54. 1813. Appressed-pubescent ; fibrous roots thickened ; plant generally low, 6'-i2' high, tufted. Leaves petioled, 3-5-divided; divisions stalked (especially the terminal one), deeply lobed and cleft, the lobes oblong or linear; flowers about i' broad; petals yel- low, obovate-spatulate, much longer than the spread- ing sepals, rounded, truncate or even emarginate ; head of fruit globose, about 4" in diameter; achenes flat, slightly margined, beaked with the subulate per- sistent style which is nearly or quite their length. Woods, Ontario to Massachusetts, North Carolina, Wisconsin, Kansas and Texas. Reported from Mani- toba. Not common near the Atlantic coast. Bundle- rooted buttercup. Cowslip. April-May. 29. Ranunculus parvulus L. Hairy Butter- cup. Fig. 1923. Ranunculus parvulus L. Mant. i : 79. 1767. Ranunculus Philonotis Retz, Obs. 6: 31. 1791. Erect, hairy, 6'-is' high, branching. Basal and lower leaves broad-petioled, the blade i'-2' broad and long, 3-divided or cleft, the divisions broadly ovate, cuneate, stalked, cleft and lobed, the terminal sessile or nearly so, deeply cleft into linear-oblong obtuse segments ; flowers yellow, 12" broad or less ; petals much exceeding the reflexed calyx ; head of fruit oblong, 2"-$" thick ; achenes flat, strongly mar- gined, short-beaked, provided with a series of small tubercles or papillae which become more prominent in drying, or nearly smooth. In ballast grounds and waste places, New Brunswick ; Pennsylvania to Florida. Adventive from Europe,, Summer. 30. Ranunculus parviflorus L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Fig. 1924. Ranunculus parviflorus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 780. 1763. Hairy, slender, diffuse, annual, branching from the base, 6'-io' high. Basal leaves long-petioled, the blade reniform or cordate-orbicular, i' broad or less, 3-cleft, the lobes broadly oval, obtuse, cut and toothed; upper leaves short-petioled or nearly sessile, 3~5-parted into linear-oblong lobes; flowers yellow, i"-2" wide ; petals not much longer than the calyx; head of fruit globose, 2" broad ; achenes flat, margined, densely papillose, ij" long, tipped with a sharp beak of about one- fourth their length. In waste places, Maryland and eastern Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and Texas, and in ballast grounds about the northern seaports. Naturalized or fugi- tive from Europe. Also naturalized in Bermuda and in Jamaica. Summer. GENUS 20. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 31. Ranunculus muricatus L. Spiny- fruited Crowfoot. Fig. 1925. Ranunculus muricatus L. Sp. PI. 555. 1753. Annual, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branched from the base, i-2 high. Lower and basal leaves on long broad petioles, the blade reniform or cordate-orbicular, i'-2' wide, 3-lobed, cleft, or crenate; the upper 3-divided, cuneate, short-petioled or sessile; flowers light yellow, s"-5" wide, the petals exceeding the calyx ; head of fruit globular, 5"-6" wide ; achenes flat, with a broad smooth margin, densely muricate and spiny on the sides, 2" long, tipped with a stout slightly curved beak of one-half their length, the stout margin unarmed. Waste places and fields, eastern Virginia to Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Bermuda. Natu- ralized or adventive from Europe. Also on the Pacific Coast Native also in Asia. Summer. 32. Ranunculus arvensis L. Corn Crow- foot. Hunger-weed. Fig. 1926. Ranunculus arvensis L. Sp. PI. 555. 1753. Erect, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branched above, i or more high. Lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile, all deeply cleft or divided into linear-oblong, obtuse cuneate, lobed or toothed segments or the low- est entire; flowers 6"-&" broad, pale yellow, the petals exceeding the sepals; achenes 4-8, flattened, margined, spiny-tuberculate on the sides and margin, 2" long, tipped with a sub- ulate beak more than one-half their length. In waste grounds, southern New York and New Jersey to Ohio, and in ballast. Fugitive from Europe, where it is abundant in grain-fields. Called Hunger-weed because supposed to indicate, when prevalent, a poor crop and consequent want. Starve-acre. DeviFs-claws. Hell-weed. Horse- gold. Gold-weed. Summer. 21. BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 720. 1821. Perennial aquatic or ditch herbs, with alternate dissected or palmately lobed leaves, the segments of the submerged ones often filiform, and solitary rather small white flowers, borne on peduncles opposite the leaves. Sepals and petals usually 5. Petals oblong or oval, the base sometimes yellowish, the claw bearing a small pit. Stamens several or nu- merous. Achenes oblique, compressed, not margined, beakless or short-beaked, transversely wrinkled. [Greek, referring to the aquatic habitat.] About 20 species of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, several others occur in western North America. Type species : Batrachium hederaceum (L.) S. F. Gray. Leaves all dissected into filiform segments and lobes. Leaves t'-a' long, flaccid, collapsing when taken from the water. i. B. trichophylhtm. Leaves i' long or less, rigid when taken from the water. 2. B. circinatum. Leaves all reniform or broadly ovate, 3-s-lobed, s"-io" wide. 3. B. hederaceum. RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. i. Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) F. Schultz. White Water-Crowfoot. Fig. 1927. Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix in Vill. Hist. PL Dauph. i: 335- 1786. Batrachium trichophyllum F. Schultz, Arch. Fl. France et All. i: 107. 1848. Ranunculus aquatilis var. trichophyllus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 40. 1867. R. aquatilis var. caespitosus DC. Prodr. i : 26. 1824. R. aquatilis capillaceus DC. Prodr. i : 26. 1824. Submerged; stems branching, usually i long or more. Leaves petioled, i'-2 r long, flaccid and col- lapsing when withdrawn from the water, repeatedly forked into capillary divisions; flowers white, 6" -9" broad, on stout peduncles i'-2' long, blooming at the surface of the water; head of fruit globose, 2" broad; receptacle hairy ; achenes apiculate. In ponds and streams, Nova Scotia to British Colum- bia, south to North Carolina and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Consists, apparently, of numerous races, differing in habit, in size of flowers, number of stamens and shape of petals ; several of these have been recognized as species. Water-milfoil. Green eel-grass. Pickerel-weed. June-Sept. 2. Batrachium circinatum (Sibth.) Rchb. Stiff White Water-Crowfoot. Fig. 1928. Ranunculus circinatus Sibth.; J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 2: 596. 1800. Batrachium circinatum Rchb. ; Spach, Hist. Veg. 7 : 201. 1839. R. aquatilis var. divaricatus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 7. 1856. Similar to the preceding species, but the leaves are shorter, less than i' long, spreading nearly at right angles from the stem, rigid when withdrawn from the water and sessile or nearly so; there appear to be no constant differences in flower or fruit. In ponds and slow streams, Ontario, New England, northern New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and west to the Pacific Coast, ex- tending south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in Eu- rope. Summer. Referred in our first edition to Batrachium divaricatum (Schrank) Wimmer. Batrachium longirostre (Godr.) F. Schultz, if distinct from this species, differs in having a longer beak to the achene. 3. Batrachium hederaceum (L.) S. F. Gray. Ivy-leaved Crowfoot. Fig. 1929. Ranunculus hederaceus L. Sp. PL 556. 1753. Batrachium hederaceum S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PL 2 : 721. 1821. Semi-aquatic, rooting extensively at the joints, branching, entirely glabrous. Leaves floating, or spreading on the mud, semi-circular, reniform or broadly ovate in outline, 3~5-lobed, 3"-6" long, 5"- 10" broad, the lobes obtuse; flowers 2"-3" broad; head of fruit globose, 2" wide; receptacle glabrous; achenes minutely beaked. In ponds and pools, Newfoundland ; southeastern Vir- ginia and Maryland. Naturalized from Europe. June- GENUS 22. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 117 22. FICARIA [Rupp.] Huds. Fl. Angl. 213. 1762. Glabrous slightly fleshy perennial herbs, with thickened tuberous roots, branched or simple spreading or erect stems, petioled entire or toothed cordate leaves, and large solitary yellow terminal or axillary flowers. Sepals 3 or sometimes 5, deciduous. Petals 7-12 (com- monly 8), yellow, or red at the base, bearing a small pit and scale at the base of the blade. Stamens and pistils numerous. Achenes slightly compressed, blunt, not wrinkled nor ribbed. Cotyledon only one. [Latin, fig, from the fig-like thickened roots.] About 4 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Ficaria verna Huds. i. Ficaria Ficaria (L.) Karst. Lesser Celandine. Fig. 1930. Ranunculus Ficaria L. Sp. PI. 550. 1753. F. verna Huds. Fl. Angl. 214. 1762. F. ranunculoides Moench, Meth. 215. 1794. Glabrous, flowering stems scapose, 4'~5' high, bearing i or 2 leaves or naked, erect from large fleshy thick- ened roots. Leaves ovate, cordate, obtuse, crenate, somewhat fleshy, on broad petioles, the blade i'-2' long; flowers yellow, i' broad; sepals 3; petals 8 or 9; head of fruit globose, \' broad ; carpels beakless, truncate. Massachusetts to the District of Colum- bia. Fugitive from Europe, where it is a common pasture weed, occurring also in western Asia. Pilewort. Grain. Figwort- buttercup. Golden guineas. Golden cup. April-May. Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina Nutt., of Wyoming and Colorado, admitted into our first edition as also of Nebraska, is here omitted, as the specimens so determined, and recorded in the " Catalogue of Ne- braska Plants," prove, on examination, to be Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. 23. HALERPESTES Greene, Pittonia 4: 207. 1900. Perennial herbs, with crenate dentate or lobed long-petioled leaves, and small yellow flowers, solitary or 2-7 together on scapes or scape-like peduncles. Sepals usually 5, spread- ing, tardily deciduous. Petals 5-12, yellow, each bearing a small nectar-pit and scale near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Head of fruit oblong, oval or subglobose. Achenes compressed, sometimes swollen, longitudinally striate, without a hard coat. [Greek, coastal creeper.] Two species, the following typical one of North America, Asia and southern South America, the other Asiatic. i. Halerpestes Cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene. Seaside Crowfoot. Fig. 1931. Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 392. 1814. Oxygraphis Cymbalaria Prantl, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3: Abt. 2, 63. 1891. Cyrtorhyncha Cymbalaria Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 161. 1894. H. Cymbalaria Greene, Pittonia 4: 208. 1900. Low, glabrous, somewhat succulent, spreading by run- ners. Leaves mostly basal, slender-petioled, the blade cordate-oval or reniform, crenate, 2" -9" long; flowers 1-7, about 3"-4" broad, borne on scapes i'-g' long, these some- times bearing one or more leaves toward the base; head of fruit oblong, 3"-8" long ; achenes compressed, somewhat swollen, distinctly striate, minutely sharp-pointed. On sandy shores, Labrador to New Jersey, west along the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes to Minnesota, Kansas and the Northwest Territory, and in saline soil throughout the western half of the continent, extending into Mexico. Also in Asia and South America. The so-called var. alpina Hook, is a small northern race. Summer. nS RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 1. T. alpinum. 2. T. clavatum. 3. T. coriaceum. 4. T. caulophylloides. 5. T. revolutum. 6. T. dasycarpum. 24. THALICTRUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753. Erect perennial herbs. Leaves ternately decompound, basal and cauline, the latter alter- nate. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious, generally small, greenish-white or purplish, panicled or racemed. Sepals 4 or 5, caducous or early deciduous. Petals none. Achenes commonly few, one-seeded, ribbed or nerved, inflated in some species, stipitate or sessile. Stamens , exserted. [Derivation doubtful, name used for same plant by Dioscorides.] A genus of about 85 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone, a few in the Andes of South America, India and South Africa. In addition to the species described below, about 12 others are North American, natives of the Southern States, the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast. Type species : Thalictrum foetidum L. Flowers perfect. Stem simple, scape-like ; achenes sessile ; filaments slender. Stem branched, leafy ; achenes long-stipitate ; filaments petal-like. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Achenes distinctly stipitate. Roots bright yellow ; terminal leaflets not wider than long. Roots not yellow ; terminal leaflets wider than long. Achenes sessile or nearly so. Leaflets waxy-glandular beneath. Leaflets not waxy-glandular. Filaments capillary or slightly thickened upward. Leaflets oblong, longer than wide, mostly puberulent beneath. Leaflets suborbicular, pale and glabrous beneath. Achenes thick-walled, indistinctly ridged. 7. T. venulositm. Achenes thin-walled, distinctly ribbed. 8. T. dioicum, Filaments club-shaped, often as wide as the anthers. 9. T. polygamum. i. Thalictrum alpinum L. Arctic or Dwarf Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1932. Thalictrum alpinum L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753. Smooth or slightly glandular, i'-i2' high. Leaves small, tufted at the summits of scaly rootstocks, biter- nate; the scapiform stem leafless or i-leaved near the base ; leaflets cuneate-obovate or orbicular, firm, 3-5- lobed at the apex, margins revolute ; panicle very simple, often racemose; flowers perfect; stamens about 10; filaments filiform, about equalling the sepals; anthers oblong-linear, mucronate; stigma linear; achenes li" long, obliquely obovoid, sessile. Anticosti, Newfoundland and arctic America generally. Also in the Rocky Mountains, and in Europe and Asia. Summer. 2. Thalictrum clavatum DC. Moun- tain Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1933. Thalictrum clavatum DC. Syst. I : 171. 1818. Glabrous, branching, 6'-24' high. Leaves basal and cauline, biternate; leaflets oval, ovate, or the terminal obovate-cuneate, thin, pale beneath, stalked, with 3 main lobes and a few secondary ones, their margins not revo- lute; inflorescence cymose; flowers perfect; filaments clavate and petal-like ; anthers ob- long, blunt; achenes spreading, equalling their stipes or longer, obliquely oblong, nar- rowed at each end, flattened; stigma minute. Mountains of Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Slender meadow-rue. May-June. VjENUS 24. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 119 3. Thalictrum coriaceum (Britton) Small. Thick-leaved Meado \v-Rue. Fig. I934- Thalictrum dioicum var. coriaceum Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 18 : 363. 1891. Thalictrum coriaceum Small, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 98. 1893. Tall, 3-5 high, the large roptstocks and roots bright yellow. Stem striate, panicu- lately branched above; leaves 3-4-ternate, short-petioled, the lower petioles expanded at the base into stipule-like appendages ; leaflets obovate or reniform-orbicular, cori- aceous, nearly white beneath, usually deeply and sharply incised, the veins prominent on the lower surface ; flowers dioecious, the staminate nearly white, the anthers linear, subulate-tipped, longer than the filiform filaments; pistillate flowers purple; achenes oblong-ovoid, subacute, stalked, sharply ribbed, somewhat longer than the persis- tent style. In open places, Pennsylvania to Virginia, North Carolina and Tennessee. May-June. 4. Thalictrum caulophylloides Small. Cohosh Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1935. Thalictrum caulophylloides Small, Bull. Torr. Club 25 : 136. 1898. Tall, 2j-5J high, the creeping rootstocks and the roots, pale. Stem finely striate, rather widely branched above ; leaves 3-4-ternate, very short- petioled, with the stipular appendages smaller than in T. coriaceum; leaflets thinnish, but firm, broadly oval, suborbicular or somewhat reniform in outline, larger than in T. coriaceum, the terminal ones wider than long, all 3-5-lobed, pale or glaucous beneath; flowers dioecious, the staminate greenish, the anthers narrowly linear, larger, longer- and more slender- tipped than in T. coriaceum; pistillate flowers greenish-purple; achenes elliptic, acute, decidedly stalked, sharply ridged, much longer than the per- sistent style. On mountain sides and river banks, Maryland and Virginia near the District of Columbia and in eastern Tennessee. May-July. 5. Thalictrum revolutum DC. Waxy Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1936. Thalictrum revolutum DC. Syst. i: 173. 1818. T. purpurascens var. cerifcrum Austin ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 39. 1867. Stem mostly stout, often purplish, 3-7 high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 3-4-ternate, the lower petioled, the upper sessile or short petioled ; leaflets firm in texture, ovate to obovate, i-3-lobed above the middle or entire, dark green above, paler and waxy-resinous or glandular-pubescent beneath, their margins somewhat revolute ; flowers dioecious or polygamous; filaments capillary or slightly thick- ened above, twice as long as the linear anthers, early drooping; achenes very short-stipitate or sessile, ridged. Woodlands, thickets and river-banks, Massachusetts to South Carolina, Ontario, Tennessee and Missouri. May-June. Plant strongly odorous. 120 RANUNCULACEAE. You II. 6. Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. Purplish or Tall Meadow- Rue. Fig. 1937. Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 8 : 72. 1842. Stout, erect, purplish, 4-7 high, leafy, branching above, pubescent or glabrous ; leaves 3-4-ternate, those of the stem sessile or short- petioled; leaflets oblong or obovate, dark green above, commonly somewhat pubescent, but neither waxy nor glandular beneath, and with 3 main apical pointed lobes ; panicle compound, leafy, i long or more; flowers dioecious or perhaps sometimes polygamous ; filaments narrow, slightly widened above; anthers linear or linear-oblong, cuspidate ; achenes ovoid, glabrous or pubescent, short-stipitate, with 6-8 longitudinal wings. In copses and woodlands, New Jersey to North Dakota, Saskatchewan, Nebraska and Arizona. Illustrated in our first edition as T. purpurascens L. June-Aug. 7. Thalictrum venulosum Trelease. Veiny Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1938. Thalictrum venulosum Trelease, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 302. 1886. T. campestre Greene, Erythea 4: 123. 1896. T. confine Fernald, Rhodora 2: 232. 1900. Glabrous, pale green and glaucous, stem erect, or assurgent at the base, 6'-2 tall. Leaves 3-4-ternate, long-petioled ; leaflets firm, obovate or suborbicular, rounded at the apex, cuneate, obtuse or subcordate at the base, 4"-8" long, 3~5-lobed, the lower surface rather prominently rugose-veined ; panicle narrow, its branches nearly erect; flowers dioecious; stamens 8-20; filaments slender; anthers linear, slender-pointed; achenes ovoid, nearly sessile, tapering into a short beak, thick-walled, slightly 2-edged. In gravelly and rocky soil, Nova Scotia to Maine, New York, Manitoba, Washington, South Dakota and Colorado. Has been confused with T. occidentale A. Gray. May-July. 8. Thalictrum dioicum L. Early Meadow- Rue. Fig. 1939. Thalictrum dioicum L. Sp. PI. 545. 1753. Glabrous, erect, i-2 high, slender, leafy. Roots not yellow ; leaves 3-4-ternate ; leaflets thin, pale beneath, orbicular or broader, often cordate and the terminal one somewhat cuneate, 5-9-lobed ; flowers dioecious, greenish, drooping or spreading; panicle elongated, of numerous lateral corymbs or umbels ; filaments longer than the sepals ; anthers linear, blunt, longer than the filaments ; stigma elongated ; achenes ovoid, ses- sile or minutely stipitate, strongly ribbed, much longer than the style. In woods, Maine to Alabama, Saskatchewan and Missouri. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. Poor-man's rhubarb. Shining grass. Quicksilver- weed. Feathered columbine. April-May. Recorded from Labrador. GENUS 24. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 121 9. Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. Fall Meadow-Rue. Fig. 1940. Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. Cat. 54. 1813. Thalictrum Cornuti T. & G. Fl. N. A. I : 38. Not L. 1753. 1838. Stout, 3-ii high, branching, leafy, smooth or pubescent but not glandular nor waxy. Leaves 3~4-ternate; leaflets moderately thick, light green above and paler beneath, oblong, obovate or or- bicular, with 3 main apical pointed or obtuse lobes ; panicle compound, leafy, a foot long or more; flowers polygamous, white or purplish; filaments broadened, narrowly clavate; anthers oblong, short ; achenes ovoid, short-stipitate, 6-8- winged, glabrous or pubescent. Newfoundland to Florida, Ontario and Ohio. Its favorite habitat is in open sunny swamps. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Silver-weed. Rattlesnake- bite. Musket- or musquash-weed. Celandine. Several additional species of Thalictrum from within our range have been described by Professor Greene, at least some of which are referable to T. polygamum as races. 25. ADONIS [Dill.] L. Sp. PI. 547. 1753. Erect, annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnately dissected into numerous linear segments. Flowers yellow or red, solitary, terminal. Petals 5-16, conspicuous. Car- pels oo, i-ovuled. Achenes capitate or spicate, rugose-reticulated, tipped with the persistent styles. [Mythological name for a favorite of Venus, changed into a flower.] A genus of showy-flowered plants, natives of the north temperate regions of Europe and Asia, consisting of the following and about five other species. Type species : Adonis annua L. i. Adonis annua L. Pheasant's or Bird's Eye. Fig. 1941. Adonis annua L. Sp. PI. 547. 1753. Adonis autumnalis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 771. 1763. Annual, erect, i-2 high, branched, gla- brous. Leaves finally dissected, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the segments acute ; sepals smooth, deciduous ; flowers p"-i8" broad, nearly globular, orange or red, the petals obovate, and darker colored at the base ; achenes spicate. Commonly cultivated for ornament ; sponta- neous in gardens and occasionally escaped into waste places, especially southward. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. Adonis'-flower. Red- morocco. Camomile. 26. CLEMATIS L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753. Climbing vines, more or less woody. Leaves opposite, slender-petioled, pinnately com- pound. Flowers cymose-paniculate, our species dioecious, or nearly so. Sepals 4 or 5, valvate in the bud, spreading, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens numerous, spreading; fila- ments mostly glabrous; anthers short, blunt. Pistils numerous. Achenes i-seeded. Style long, persistent, plumose. [Greek name for some climbing plant.] About 25 species of very wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, several others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species : Clematis vitalba L. Leaves 3-foliolate ; eastern. i. C. virginiana. Leaves pinnately s-7-foliolate ; western. 2. C. ligusticifolia. 122 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. i. Clematis virginiana L. Virginia Virgin's Bower. Fig. 1942. Clematis virginiana L. Amoen. Acad. 4: 275. 1759. A long vine, climbing over bushes in low woodlands and along fences and water-courses. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, trifoliolate; leaflets mostly broadly ovate, acute at the apex, toothed or lobed, sometimes slightly cordate; flowers white, in leafy panicles, polygamo-dioecious, 8"-is" broad when expanded ; filaments glabrous ; persistent styles plumose, i' long or more. Georgia to Tennessee, northward to Nova Scotia and Manitoba. Leaves rarely s-foliolate. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. Woodbine. Traveler's-joy. Love-vine. Devil's-hair or -darning-needle. Wild hops. July-Sept. Clematis missouriensis Rydb., of Missouri, Kan- sas and Nebraska, differs in having marginless achenes and in being more pubescent ; it has been confused with C. Catesbyana Pursh, of the southern states and may be specifically distinct. 2. Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Western Virgin's Bower. Fig. 1943. C. ligusticifolia Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 9. 1838. A trailing and climbing vine, nearly glabrous. Leaves pinnately 5-foliolate, the lower pair of leaf- lets generally remote from the upper ; leaflets oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute and sometimes acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, toothed, lobed or divided ; flowers white, in leafy panicles, 6"-g" broad when expanded, the stamens about equalling the sepals ; filaments glabrous ; persistent styles plumose throughout, nearly white, i '-2' long. Western Nebraska, Missouri, and throughout the Rocky Mountain region, west to the Pacific Coast. Wind- flower. June-Aug. 27. VIORNA Reichb. ; Spach, Hist. Veg. 7 : 268. 1839. Vines or erect perennial herbs, with opposite pinnately compound or simple leaves. Flowers mostly solitary. Sepals 4 or 5, petal-like, valvate in the bud, erect or converging. Petals none. Stamens numerous, parallel with the sepals; anthers narrow, linear. Pistils numerous; styles plumose or silky. Achenes flattish, the long styles persistent. [Name unexplained.] About 20 species, natives of Europe and North America, extending into Mexico. In addi- tion to the following, some 10 species inhabit the southern and western parts of North America. Type species: Clematis Viorna L. (Viorna urnigera Spach.). Called Leather-flower or Clematis. * Climbing vines (no. 2 suberect). Sepals thin, conspicuously dilated. i. V.crispa. Sepals thick, not dilated, their tips recurved. Leaves, or most of them simple, entire or little lobed ; filaments twice as long as the anthers. Leaves, or some of them, pinnate or trifoliolate. Fruiting styles silky, not plumose. Fruiting styles plumose. Leaves strongly reticulated. Leaves not strongly reticulated. Calyx pubescent ; anthers long-tipped. Calyx glabrous ; anthers short-tipped. ** Erect perennial herbs. Leaves simple, entire or rarely lobed. Fruiting styles long, plumose ; eastern species. Flowers yellowish-green ; achenes straight. Flowers purple ; achenes distinctly oblique. Fruiting styles short, silky ; western species. Leaves pinnate, or the lowest entire. 2. V '. Addisonii. 3. V. Pitcheri. 4. V. versicolor. 5. V. Viorna. 6. V. glaucophylla. 7. V. ochrolenca. 8. V. ovata. 9. V. Fremontii. 10. V.Scottii. GENUS 27. CROWFOOT FAMILY. i. Viorna crispa (L.) Small. Marsh Leather-flower. Fig. 1944. Clematis crispa L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753. Clematis cylindrica Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1160. 1809. Viorna cylindrica Spach, Hist. Veg. 7 : 269. 1839. Viorna crispa Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 437. 1903. A climbing vine. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets mostly trifoliolate, the ultimate divisions entire or occasionally lobed, glabrous and thin; flowers solitary, nodding, bluish-purple, 9"-! 8" long; calyx cylindric below, but the sepals thin and widely spreading above, their margins undulate; filaments hairy; per- sistent styles silky, not plumose. In marshes, Pennsylvania to Missouri, Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Blue-jessa- mine. Blue-bell. Curl-flowered clematis. May-June. 2. Viorna Addisonii (Britton) Small. Addison Brown's Leather-flower. Fig- 1945- C, Addisonii Britton, Mem. Torn Club 2 : 28. 1890. Viorna Addisonii Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 439. 1903. Ascending or suberect, i-3 l f ng, simple or branched, tufted, glaucous and glabrous. Lower leaves simple, entire or i-4-lobed, obtuse, deep bluish-green above, glaucous beneath, sessile, clasping, 2'-^' long; upper leaves pinnate, or sometimes simple, tendril-bearing; leaflets 2-4, ovate, sessile; flowers solitary, terminal and axil- lary, purplish, nodding; calyx ovoid, 9"-is" long, 5"-7" broad, contracted near the summit; sepals thick, lanceolate, acute, their tips re- curved ; stamens numerous, pubescent above, filaments twice as long as the anthers; achenes flat, nearly orbicular, silky-pubescent; persistent styles i'-ii' long, brownish-plumose throughout. Banks, southwestern Virginia and North Caro- lina ; recorded from Tennessee. May-June. Clematis viornioides Britton is a hybrid between this and V. Viorna. Roanoke, Va. i 3. Viorna Pitched (T. & G.) Britton. Pitcher's Leather-flower. Fig. 1946. Clematis Pitcheri T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 10. 1838. V. Simsii Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 438. 1903. Not Clematis Simsii Sweet. A high climbing vine, the branches more or less pubescent. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets entire, lobed or trifoliolate, thick, reticulated, generally mucronate; flowers solitary; calyx campanu- late, less than i' long, purplish, pubescent ; sepals with recurved margined tips ; filaments hairy; persistent styles more or less pubescent, about i' long. Southern Indiana to Missouri, Nebraska and Texas. May-Aug. 124 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 4. Viorna versicolor Small. Pale Leather- flower. Fig. 1947. Clematis versicolor Small; Britton, Man. 421. 1901. Viorna versicolor Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 438. 1903. A branching vine, up to 12 long, glabrous or slightly pubescent below the nodes. Leaves pinnate, slender-petioled ; leaflets firm, apiculate, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, ^'-3' long, conspicuously reticulate, very glaucous beneath; sepals thin, purplish, lanceo- late, about 10" long, glabrous, slightly recurved at the tip, achenes pubescent; persistent styles plumose, white or nearly so. Rocky ledges, Missouri and Arkansas. July. 5. Viorna Viorna (L.) Small, flower. Fig. 1948. Leather- Clematis Viorna L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753. Viorna Viorna Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 439. 1903. A vine, climbing to the height of 10 or more over bushes in rich soil. Leaves mostly pinnate; leaflets glabrous, entire, lobed or tri- foliolate ; uppermost and lowest leaves often entire; calyx ovoid-campanulate, purple, the sepals remarkably thick ; filaments about as long as the anthers ; persistent styles plumose throughout, i' long or more, brownish. Banks and thickets, southern Pennsylvania to West Virginia, Georgia and Indiana. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. May-July. Viorna flaccida Small, differing by entire, more pubescent leaflets, the calyx lavender with green tips, occurs in Kentucky and Tennessee. Viorna Ridgwayi Standley, of Illinois, has long-tipped leaf-lobes or leaf-segments. 6. Viorna glaucophylla Small. Glaucous Leather-flower. Fig. 1949. Clematis glaucophylla Small, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 337. 1897. Viorna glaucophylla Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 439. 1903. A red-stemmed vine up to 15 long. Leaves either simple and entire or lobed, or trifoliolate, ovate, 4' long or less, acute, acuminate or apiculate at the apex, mostly cordate or subcordate at the base, rather strongly nerved, pale and glaucous beneath when mature ; calyx red-purple, glabrous, glossy, conic-ovoid, about i' long, the sepals thick, lanceo- late, their tips a little spreading; anthers short- tipped, about as long as the filaments ; achenes nearly orbicular; persistent styles plumose. Thickets and river-banks, Kentucky and North Caro- lina to Alabama and northern Florida. May-July. GENUS 27. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 12- 7. Viorna ochroleuca (Ait.) Small. Erect Silky Leather-flower. Fig. 1950. Clematis ochroleuca Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 260. 1789. Clematis sericea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 319. 1803. Viorna ochroleuca Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 439. 1903. An erect silky-hairy plant, i-2 high, somewhat woody at the base. Leaves simple, sessile, ovate, obtuse, glabrous and reticulated above, silky be- neath, entire or occasionally lobed, mucronate ; flower terminal, nodding, 10" long; calyx cylindra- ceous, green ; sepals thick, very silky without, their tips recurved ; head of fruit erect ; achenes scarcely oblique; persistent styles yellowish-brown, plumose throughout, i'-2' long. Staten Island, Pennsylvania, and southward to Georgia. Local. Dwarf clematis. Curly-heads. May- June. 8. Viorna ovata (Pursh) Small. Erect Moun- tain Leather-flower. Fig. 1951. Clematis ovata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814. V. ovata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 439. 1903. Similar to the preceding species, stems stiff, i-2 tall, pubescent when young, becoming nearly gla- brous when old. Leaves ovate, entire, \\'-2 r long, strongly reticulate-veined and nearly glabrous when mature ; flowers solitary at the ends of the stem or branches, purple, nodding, nearly i' long; achenes distinctly oblique ; persistent styles plumose through- out, the plumes white, turning brown, i'-ij' long. Rocky soil, mountains of Virginia and West Virginia to South Carolina. May-June. 9. Viorna Fremontii (S. Wats.) Heller. Fre- mont's Leather-flower. Fig. 1952. Clematis Fremontii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 10 : 339 1875. Clematis ochroleuca var. Fremontii J. F. James, Journ. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist. 6: 120. 1883. V. Fremontii Heller, Muhlenbergia 6: 96. 1910. Stout, erect, 6'-i5' high, the stem villous-pubes- cent/ especially at the nodes, woody at the base, sim- ple or branched. Leaves simple, sessile, coriaceous, conspicuously reticulated, glabrous except on the veins beneath, broadly ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire or sparingly toothed; flowers terminal, nodding; calyx purple, i' long; sepals thick, tomentose on the margins, their tips recurved; head of fruit i' in diameter or more, erect; persistent styles about \' long, silky below, naked above. Prairies and limestone hills, Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri. April-May. 126 RANUNCULACEAE. VOL. II. 10. Viorna Scottii (Porter) Rydb. Scott's Leather-flower. Fig. 1953. Clematis Scottii Porter, in Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colo. i. 1874. Clematis Douglasii var. Scottii Coulter, Man. Bot. Rocky Mts. 3. 1885. V. Scottii Rydb. Fl. Colo. 141. 1906. Somewhat villous when young, nearly glabrous when old, stems erect, simple, or nearly so, or branched from the base, io'-2 tall. Leaves peti- oled, the upper pinnate or bipinnate, $'-6' long, their segments lanceolate, oblong or ovate, entire or few-toothed, stalked, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 6"-i8" long ; lower leaves sometimes entire, or pinnately cleft, smaller than the upper ; flo\vers solitary, terminal or also axillary, long-peduncled, nodding, nearly l' long, purple; sepals ovate-lanceolate, thick; persistent styles plumose throughout, i' long or more, the plumes brown. In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Colorado and Idaho. May-July. 28. ATRAGENE L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753. Perennial climbing vines, with opposite petioled compound leaves, and large showy pe- duncled flowers, solitary in the axils, or at the ends of the branches. Sepals very large, spreading, petaloid, mostly membranous and prominently veined. Petals small, spatulate. Stamens very numerous, the outer ones usually with broadened filaments. Styles long, per- sistent, plumose. [Ancient Greek name for some vine.] About 5 species, natives of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, another oc- curs in the Rocky Mountains and one in north- western North America. Type species: Atragene alpina L. i. Atragene americana Sims. Purple Virgin's Bower. Fig. 1954. A. americana Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 887. 1806. Clematis verticillaris DC. Syst. i : 166. 1818. A trailing or partly climbing, somewhat woody, nearly glabrous vine. Leaves trifolio- late ; leaflets thin, ovate, acute, toothed or en- tire, more or less cordate ; petioles and petio- lules slender ; flowers purplish blue, 2 f ~4 broad when expanded; sepah 4, thin and translucent, strongly veined, silky along the margins and the veins ; petals spatulate, 6"-o/' long ; persis- tent styles plumose throughout, about 2' long. Rocky woodlands and thickets, Hudson Bay to Manitoba, Connecticut, Virginia and Minnesota. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Catskills. Mountain- or Whorl-leaved-clematis. May-June. Family 32. BERBERIDACEAE T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 49. 1838. BARBERRY FAMILY. Shrubs or herbs, with alternate or basal, simple or compound leaves, with or without stipules, and solitary or racemed mostly terminal flowers. Sepals and petals generally imbricated in two to several series. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, hypogynous. Flowers perfect and pistil one in all our species. Anthers extrorse, opening by valves (except in Podophyllum). Style short; ovules 2-00, anatropous. Fruit a berry or capsule. About 10 genera and 130 species, widely distributed in the north temperate zone, the Andes and temperate South America, a few in tropical regions. Shrubs ; fruit baccate. Leaves unifoliolate, on short branches, in the axils of spines. i. Berberis. Leaves pinnate ; no spines. 2. Odostemon. Herbs. Anthers opening by valves. GENUS i. BARBERRY FAMILY. 127 Pericarp early bursting, leaving two large naked stalked seeds, resembling berries. 3. Caulophyllum. Fruit baccate ; stamens 6. 4. Diphylleia. Fruit capsular, half circumscissile. 5. Jeffersonia. Anthers longitudinally dehiscent; fruit baccate; stamens 6-18. 6. Podophyllum. i. BERBERIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 330. 1753. Shrubs with yellow wood, often unifoliolate leaves, those of the primary shoots reduced to spines, and yellow racemose flowers. Sepals 6-9, petaloid, bracted. Petals 6, imbricated in 2 series, each with 2 basal glands. Stamens 6, irritable, closing around the stigma when shocked ; anthers dehiscent by valves opening from the apex. Pistil i ; stigma peltate. Berry i-few-seeded, mostly red. [Said to be from the Arabic name of the fruit.] A genus of about 80 species, natives of North America, Europe, northern Asia and South Amer- ica. Besides the following, another is found in western North America. Type species : Berberis vulgar is L. Twigs ash-colored; racemes many-flowered; petals entire. I. B. vulgaris. Twigs dark brown ; racemes few-flowered ; petals notched. 2. B. canadensis. i. Berberis vulgaris L. European Barberry. Fig. 1955. Berberis vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 330. 1753. A glabrous shrub, 6^8 high, the branches arched and drooping at the ends, the twigs gray. Leaves alternate or fas- cicled, obovate or spatulate, unifoliolate, obtuse, thick, i'-2 r long, bristly serrate, many of those on the young shoots re- duced to 3-pronged spines, the fascicles of the succeeding year appearing in their axils; racemes terminating lateral branches, many-flowered, i'-2' long ($'-4' in fruit) ; flowers yellow, 3"-4" broad with a disa- greeable smell; petals entire; berries ob- long or ellipsoid, scarlet when ripe, acid. In thickets, naturalized from Europe in the Eastern and Middle States, adventive in Canada and the West. Native of Europe and Asia. Consists of numerous races. Pep- peridge-bush. May-June. Jaundice-tree or -berry. Wood-sour. 2. Berberis canadensis Mill. American Barberry. Fig. 1956. B. canadensis Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Berberis vulgaris var. canadensis Ait Hort. Kew. I : 479. 1789. A shrub, i-6 high, with slender, reddish- brown branchlcts. Leaves similar to those of B. vulgaris, but with more divergent and dis- tant teeth, or sometimes nearly entire ; axil- lary spines 3-pronged ; racemes few-flowered ; petals conspicuously notched or emarginate at the apex; flowers about 3" broad, berries scar- let, oval or subglobose. In woods, mountains of yirginia to Georgia along the Alleghanies, and in Missouri. June. Referred by Regel to B. sinensis Desf., as a variety. Readily distinguished from all races of B. vulgaris by its dark-colored twigs. 2. ODOSTEMON Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2 : 265. Feb. 1818. [MAHONIA Nutt. Gen. i: 211. 1818.] Shrubs, with pinnate leaves of several or many coriaceous leaflets, and yellow racemose flowers, the branches not spiny, but the leaflets often with bristle-tipped teeth. Sepals mostly 6. Petals and stamens of the same number as the sepals. Filaments often dilated; anthers dehiscent by valves. Berries mostly blue or white. [Greek, swollen stamen.] About 20 species, natives of North America and Asia. Type species : Berberis Aquifolium Pursh. 128 BERBERIDACEAE. VOL II. i. Odostemon Aquifolium. (Pursh) Rydb. Trailing Mahonia. Fig. 1957. Berberis Aquifolium Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 219. 1814. Berberis repens Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1176. 1828. Mahonia repens Don, Card. Diet, i: 118. 1831. Odostemon Aquifolium Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 141. 1906. A low trailing glabrous shrub. Leaves petioled, pinnate; leaflets 3-7, ovate, oval, or nearly orbicular, obtuse or acute at the apex, oblique and obtuse, truncate or slightly cor- date at the base, sessile, thick, persistent, finely reticulated, dentate with spine-bearing teeth, i '-2' long; racemes several, erect, dense, terminal, many-flowered ; flowers yel- low, 3"-4" broad, short-pedicelled ; bracts ovate, persistent; berry globose, blue or pur- ple, about 3" in diameter. Western Nebraska and throughout the Rocky Mountain region, extending to Arizona and Brit- ish Columbia. Holly-leaf barberry. Grape-root. Rocky mountain or Oregon grape. April-May. 3. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 205. 1803. An erect perennial herb, with thickened rootstocks, and ternately compound leaves. 3epals 6, oblong, the calyx 3~4-bracted. Petals 6, smaller, cucullate, opposite the sepals. Stamens 6; anthers oblong, dehiscent by valves. Pistil i; style short; stigma lateral; ovules 2, ripening into large globose stipitate blue seeds, resembling berries, which in growth soon rupture the membranous caducous pericarp. [Greek, stem-leaf.] Two known species ; the following typical one of eastern and central North America, the other of eastern Asia. i. Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue Cohosh. Fig. 1958. Leontice thalictroides L. Sp. PI. 312. 1753. C. thalictroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 205. 1803. Glabrous, glaucous when young, i-3 high, with 2 or 3 large sheathing bracts at the base, a large tritcrnate nearly sessile leaf near the summit, and generally a smaller similar one near the base of the inflorescence. Divisions of the leaves long-petipled, ternately or pinnately com- pound, the ultimate segments thin, i'-3" long, oval, oblong or obovate, 3-5-lobed near the apex; panicle terminal, 2'-3' long; flowers greenish pur- ple, 4"-6" broad ; seeds globular, 4" in diameter, glaucous, borne on stout stalks about 3" long. In woods, New Brunswick to South Carolina, west to Manitoba, Tennessee, Nebraska and Missouri. -Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. April-May. Blueberry. Blue-ginsing. Blueberry-, squaw- or papoose-root. 4. DIPHYLLEIA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 203. 1803. Perennial herbs with horizontal rootstocks, large peltate leaves, and cymose white flow- ers. Sepals 6, petaloid, falling away early. Petals 6, flat. Stamens 6; anthers dehiscent by valves. Pistil I ; ovules few, arranged in 2 rows on one side of the ovary. Fruit a berry. Seeds oblong, curved. [Greek, double-leaf.] A genus of 2 species, the typical one native of eastern North America, the other of Japan. GENUS 4. BARBERRY FAMILY. i. Diphylleia cymosa Michx. Umbreila- leaf. Fig. 1959. D. cymosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 203. 1803. Erect, stout, i-2 high, glabrous or nearly so Basal leaves solitary, long-petioled, i-2 in diameter, peltate near the center, deeply 2-cleft, many-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, sharply dentate; cauline leaves 2, similar, smaller, peti- oled, constricted in the middle and generally pel- tate near the margin ; cyme many-flowered, 2'-$' broad ; flowers white ; petals flat, oblong, obtuse ; fruiting pedicels slender, i' long or more; berries blue, globose to oblong, 6" long. In woods, Virginia to' Georgia and Tennessee, along the mountains, mainly at higher altitudes. May-June. 5. JEFFERSONIA B. S. Barton, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3 : 342. 1793. Glabrous perennial herbs, with basal palmately-veined or palmately-lobed leaves, and solitary white flowers borne on slender scapes. Sepals 4, occasionally 3 or 5, petaloid, caducous. Petals 8, flat, longer than the sepals. Stamens 8; filaments slender; anthers dehiscent by valves. Pistil i; ovary ovoid, many-ovuled; stigmas 2-lobed. Capsule leathery, pyriform, half-circumscissile near the summit. Seeds oblong, arillate. [In honor of Thomas Jefferson.' A genus of 2 species, the typical one native of eastern North America, the other of Manchuria. Twin-leaf. Fig. r. Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. 1960. Podophyllum diphyllum L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Jeffersonia binata B. S. Barton, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3 : 342. 1793. Jeffersonia Bartonis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 237. 1803. Jeffersonia diphylla Pers. Syn. I : 418. 1805. Erect, 6'-8' high when in flower, attaining i6'-i8' in fruit. Leaves glaucous beneath, long-petioled, cordate or reniform, 3'-6' long, 2'~4' wide, parted longitudinally into 2 obliquely ovate obtuse lobed or entire divisions; lobes rounded, the sinuses sometimes 9" deep; scape naked, i-flowered; flowers white, about i' broad; petals oblong, stigma peltate; capsule about i' long, short-stipitate. In woods, eastern Pennsylvania, New York and Ontario to Wis- consin, Iowa, Virginia and Tennessee. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vir- ginia. May. Ground-squirrel pea. Helmet-pod. Rheumatism- root. 6. PODOPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Erect perennial herbs, with horizontal poisonous rootstocks, large peltate palmately lobed leaves, and solitary white flowers. Sepals 6, petaloid, fugacious, the bud with 3 fugacious bractlets. Petals 6-9, flat, obovate, longer than the sepals. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; anthers linear, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistil I (rarely sev- eral) ; ovary ovoid, many-ovuled, forming a large fleshy berry in fruit. Seeds numerous, obovate, enclosed in fleshy arils. [Greek, Anapodophyllum, duck-foot-leaf.] A genus of about 4 species, the following typical one native of eastern North America and Japan, the others Asiatic. 130 BERBERIDACEAE. VOL. II. i. Podophyllum peltatum L. May Apple. Wild Mandrake. Fig. 1961. Podophyllum peltatum L. Sp. PL 505. 1753. Erect, i-ii high. Basal leaves centrally pel- tate, nearly i in diameter, long-petioled, deeply 5~9-lobed, glabrous, or pubescent and light green on the lower surface, darker above; lobes 2-cleft and dentate at the apex ; flowering stems appear- ing from different rootstocks, bearing 1-3 similar leaves, or occasionally leafless; flower white, stout-peduncled, nodding, 2' broad, appearing from the base of the upper leaf and generally from immediately between the two leaves ; sta- mens twice as many as the petals; fruit ovoid, yellowish, 2' long, edible. In low woods, western Quebec and throughout southern Ontario to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Vir- ginia. Indian- or hog-apple. Devil's-apples. Wild- or ground-lemon. Puck's-f oot. Raccoon-berry. May. Family 33. MENISPERMACEAE DC. Prodr. i : 95. 1824. MOOXSEED FAMILY. Climbing or twining woody or herbaceous vines, with alternate entire or lobed leaves, no stipules, and small dioecious panicled racemose or cymose flowers. Sepals 4-12. Petals 6, imbricated in 2 rows, sometimes fewer, or none. Stamens about the same number as the petals. Carpels 3-00 (generally 6), i-ovuled, sepa- rate ; styles commonly incurved. Fruit drupaceous, often oblique. Endosperm little. Embryo long, curved. About 55 genera and 150 species, mainly of tropical distribution, a few extending into the tem- perate zones. Petals none ; anthers 2-celled. i. Calycocarpum. Petals present ; anthers 4-celled or 4-lobed. Stamens 6 ; drupe red. 2. Epibaterium. Stamens i2-many; drupe black. 3. Menispermum. i. CALYCOCARPUM Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 48. 1838. A high climbing vine, with large petioled palmately lobed leaves,' and greenish flowers in long narrow drooping panicles. Sepals 6, oblong, obtuse. Petals none. Stamens about 12, nearly equalling the sepals; anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3, narrow; stigma laciniate. Drupe oval or globose, the stone flattened and hollowed out on one side, the embryo cordate. [Greek, cup- fruit, in allusion to the cup-like stone.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Calycocarpum Lyoni (Pursh) Nutt Cup-seed. Fig. 1962. Menispermum Lyoni Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 371. 1814. C. Lyoni Nutt.; A. Gray, Gen. 111. i: 76. 1848. Climbing to the tops of trees, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves long-petioled, thin, very broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in out- line, 5'-8' long, cordate with a broad round sinus, palmately 3-7-lobed, glabrous above, more or less pubescent on the veins beneath ; lobes ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, repand, dentate or entire ; panicles axillary, 5'-io' long, loose ; flowers 2" broad ; drupe nearly i' long, black, the stone toothed or erose along the margin of its lateral cavity; pistillate flowers sometimes containing abor- tive stamens. In rich woods, Illinois to Missouri and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. May-June, the fruit ripe in August. GENUS 2. MOONSEED FAMILY. 2. EPIBATERIUM Forst. Char. Gen. 107. 1776. [CEBATHA Forsk. Fl. AEgypt. 171 Hyponym. 1775.] [CoccuLus DC. Syst. Veg. i: 515. 1818.] Climbing vines with small dioecious panicled flowers. Sepals 6, arranged in 2 series. Petals 6, shorter than the sepals, concave. Stamens 6; anthers 4-celled or 4-lobed. Pistils 3-6, sometimes accompanied by sterile filaments ; styles erect ; stigma entire. Drupe globose or ovoid, the stone flattened, curved. [Greek, referring to the climbing habit.] A genus of about 1 1 species, mainly of tropical regions, two or three in the temperate zones. Type soecies : Epibatcrium pendulum Forst. i. Epibaterium carolinum (L.) Britton. Carolina Moonseed. Fig. 1963. Menispermum carolinum L. Sp. PL 340. 1753. Cocculus carolinus DC. Syst. Veg. i : 524. 1818. Cebatha Carolina Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 162. 1894. A slender vine, trailing, or climbing to the height of several feet, the stem glabrous or pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, 2'-4' long, cordate or rounded at the base, entire or lobed, acute or obtuse, some- times densely pubescent beneath, mainly glabrous above; petioles slender, i'-4' long; panicles axillary and terminal, loose, i'-s' long; flowers about i" broad ; drupe red, laterally flattened, 2"-3" in diam- eter, the stone curved into a closed spiral, crested on the sides and back. Along streams, Virginia to Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Red-berry moonseed. June-Aug. 3. MENISPERMUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 340. 1753. High climbing vines, with small whitish panicled flowers. Sepals 4-8, arranged in 2 series, longer than the 6-8 petals. Stamens 12-24. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4, inserted on a slightly elevated receptacle and generally accompanied by 6 sterile filaments. Drupe nearly globular, or ovoid, laterally flattened, the stone curved into a spiral and crested on the sides and back. [Greek, moonseed.] A genus of 2 species, the typical one native of eastern North America, the other of eastern Asia. i. Menispermum canadense L. Canada Moonseed. Fig. 1964. Menispermum canadense L. Sp. PI. 340. 1753. Stem climbing over bushes or walls, 6-i2 in length, slender, slightly pubescent, or gla- brous. Leaves slender-petioled, very broadly ovate, 4'-8' wide, cordate or sometimes nearly truncate at base, acuminate, acute or obtuse, entire or with 3-7 lobes, pale beneath, peltate near the base, although the petiole is sometimes inserted so near the margin that this char- acter is not apparent; flowers white, 2" wide; panicles loose, bracteolate; drupe globose- oblong, 3"-4" in diameter, the stone spirally curved. In woods along streams, western Quebec to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Nebraska and Arkan- sas. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. Bunches of fruit bluish black, with the aspect of small grapes. Texas or yellow sarsaparilla. Yellow parilla. June-July. CALYCANTHACEAE. VOL. II. Family 34. CALYCANTHACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 159. 1836. STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY. Shrubs, with aromatic bark, opposite entire short-petioled leaves, no stipules, and solitary large Mowers on lateral leafy branches. Sepals and petals similar, imbricated in many series. Stamens co, inserted on the receptacle, the inner sterile, short; anthers extrorse innate. Pistils oo, nearly enclosed in the hollow receptacle; ovary i-celled; ovules I or 2, anatropous, style filiform. Fruit acces- sory, consisting of the enlarged ovoid oblong or pyriform receptacle, to which the bases of petals, sepals and bracts are adnate, enclosing few to many smooth shining achenes. Seed erect ; endosperm none ; cotyledons foliaceous, convolute. A family of 2 genera and about 6 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia, perhaps of closer affinity with the Rosaceae than where here inserted. i. CALYCANTHUS L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1066. 1759. [BUTNERIA Duham. Trait. Arb. i: 113. pi. 45. Hyponym. 1/55.] Stamens inserted in several rows. Flowers purple or red. Otherwise as in the family. [Greek, cup-flower.] The genus comprises 4 species, one additional to those here described occurring on the Pacific Coast, and one in Alabama. Chimonanthus Lindl. of Japan and China comprises 2 species with yellow flowers smaller than those of Calycanthus. The species are called sweet-scented shrub and Carolina allspice. Type species: Calycanthus floridus L. Leaves pubescent beneath; flowers fragrant. i. C. floridus. Leaves green, often glaucous beneath, smooth or rough above; flowers not fragrant. 2. C. fertilis. i. Calycanthus floridus L. Hairy Strawberry- shrub. Fig. 1965. Calycanthus floridus L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1066. 1759. Buettneria florida Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 175. 1894. A branching shrub, 2-9 high, the branchlets and petioles pubescent. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, narrowed at the base, soft-downy or pubes- cent beneath, rough above ; flowers dark purple, about i' broad, with a strong odor of strawberries when crushed; sepals and petals linear or oblong, pubescent, acutish or blunt, 6"-io" long; fruit obo- void or oblong; seeds about 5" long. In rich soil, Virginia and North Carolina to Florida, Alabama and Mississippi. Freely planted for ornament. Spice-bush. Sweet shrub. Sweet bubby or betties. Strawberry-bush. April-Aug. 2. Calycanthus fertilis Walt. Smooth Strawberry-shrub. Fig. 1966. Calycanthus fertilis Walt. Fl. Car. 151. 1788. Calycanthus laevigatus Willd. Enum. 559. 1809. Calycanthus glaucus Willd. Enum. 559. 1809. Buettneria fertilis Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 175. 1894. A branching shrub, 4-g high, the branchlets and petioles glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rough and dark green above, glau- cous and sometimes slightly pubescent beneath or bright green and smooth on both sides ; sepals and petals linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, 15" . long or less ; flowers greenish-purple, inodorous or nearly so. In rich woods, Pennsylvania to North Carolina, east Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama, along the mountains. M'arch-Aug. Occasional in cultivation. Fruit reputed to be poisonous to sheep. Bubby-bush. Sweet shrub. GENUS i. LAUREL FAMILY. 133 Family 35. LAURACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 200. 1836. LAUREL FAMILY. Aromatic trees and shrubs, with simple, alternate (very rarely opposite) mostly thick evergreen or deciduous, punctate exstipulate leaves. Flowers small, perfect, polygamous, dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, usually fragrant, yellow or greenish in panicles, corymbs, racemes or umbels. Calyx 4-6-parted, the seg- ments imbricated in 2 series in the bud. Corolla none. Stamens inserted in 3 or 4 series of 3 on the calyx, distinct, some of them commonly imperfect or reduced to staminodia ; anthers 2-celled or 4-celled, opening by valves. Ovary superior, free from the calyx, i -celled; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous; style filiform or short, rarely almost wanting; stigma discoid or capitate. Fruit a i-seeded drupe or berry. Endosperm of the seed none. Cotyledons plano-convex, accumbent. About 40 genera and probably 1000 species, widely distributed in tropical regions; a few in the temperate zones. Flowers perfect, panicled ; leaves evergreen. i. Persea. Flowers mostly dioecious, racemose or umbellate ; leaves deciduous. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Flowers in umbelled racemes ; leaves, or some of them, lobed- 2. Sassafras. Flowers in capitate umbels ; leaves all entire. 3. Glabraria. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved ; leaves entire. 4. Benzoin. i. PERSEA [Plum.] Gaertn. f. Fr. & Sem. 3: 222. 1805. Trees or shrubs, with alternate coriaceous persistent entire leaves, and perfect panicled flowers. Calyx 6-parted, persistent, its segments equal or unequal. Stamens 12, in 4 series of 3, the inner series reduced to gland-like staminodia, the 3 other series anther-bearing, their anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, those of the third series extrorse and the others introrse in our species. Staminodia large, cordate, stalked. Fruit a globose or oblong berry. [Ancient name of some oriental tree.] About 50 species, natives of America. Besides the following another occurs in Florida. Type species : Persea gratissima Gaertn. f. (Persea Persea (L.) Cockerell, the alligator-pear.) Twigs and petioles puberulent or nearly glabrous. Twigs and petioles densely tomentose. 1. P. Borbonia. 2. P. pubescens. i. Persea Borbonia (L.) Spreng. Red or Sweet Bay. Isabella-wood. Fig. 1967. Laurus Borbonia L. Sp. PI. 370. 1753. Persea Borbonia Spreng. Syst. 2: 268. 1825. Persea carolinensis Nees, Syst. 150. 1836. Notaphoebe Borbonia Pax in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflf. 3: Abt. 2, 1 1 6. 1889. A tree, with dark red bark, reaching a maximum height of about 65 and a trunk diameter of 3. Twigs puberulent or nearly glabrous. Leaves lan- ceolate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, bright green above, paler beneath, glabrous when mature, 2'-7' long, i '-2' wide, obscurely pinnately veined, acute, acuminate or some of them obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed at the base; petioles \'-\' long; peduncles short, axillary, often little longer than the petioles, bearing few-flowered panicles ; calyx puberulent, spreading in fruit, its inner segments longer than the outer; berries dark blue, V in diameter or more, their pedicels thick, red. Along streams and borders of swamps, Delaware to Florida and Texas, near the coast, north to Arkansas. ^, Wood hard, strong ; color bright red ; weight per cubic foot, 40 Ibs. April-June. Fruit ripe Aug.- Sept. False mahogany. Bay-galls. White bay. Tisswood. LAURACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. Swamp Bay. Fig. 1968. Laurus carolinensis var. pubescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1814. Persea carolinensis var. palustris Chapm. Fl. S. States, 393. 1860. Persea pubescens Sarg. Silva 7: 7 pi. 302. 1895. A tree, seldom over 35 high, the trunk some- times 15' in diameter. Bark brown; twigs densely brown-tomentose ; leaves oval, oblong or lanceo- late, glabrous and shining above when mature, pubescent beneath or also tomentose on the veins, acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, strongly pinnately veined, 3' -7' long, i'-ij' wide; petioles 4"-8" long; peduncles tomentose, mostly longer than the peti- oles, sometimes 2'-$' long; calyx tomentose, its inner segments longer than the outer; berry dark blue, 6"-9" in diameter. In swamps and along streams, southern Virginia to Florida and Mississippi, near the coast. Great Bahama Island. Wood hard, orange-brown ; weight per cubic foot, 40 Ibs. May-July. Fruit ripe Sept. 2. SASSAFRAS Nees & Eberm. Handb. Med. Pharm. Bot. 2: 418. 1831. A rough-barked tree, with broad entire or i-j-lobed deciduous leaves, and yellow dioe- cious flowers in involucrate umbelled racemes at the ends of twigs of the preceding season, unfolding with or before the leaves, the involucre composed of the persistent bud-scales. Calyx 6-parted, that of the pistillate flowers persistent, its segments equal. Staminate flowers with 3 series of 3 stamens, the 2 outer series with glandless filaments, those of the inner series with a pair of stalked glands at the base. Anthers all 4-celled and introrse, 4-valved. Pistillate flowers with about 6 staminodia and an ovoid ovary. Fruit an oblong- globose blue drupe. [The popular Spanish name.] Two species, the following typical one of eastern North America, the other Asiatic. i. Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst. Sassafras or Ague Tree. Fig. 1969. Laurus Sassafras L. Sp. PI. 371. 1753. Sassafras officinal* Nees & Eberm. Handb. Med. Pharm. Bot. 2: 418. 1831. Sassafras Sassafras Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 505. 1880-83. S. variifolium Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 574. 1891. A tree sometimes 125 high, the trunk 7 in maximum diameter; the bark rough in irregular ridges, aromatic, the young shoots yellowish- green, the twigs and leaves mucilaginous, pubes- cent when young but becoming glabrous. Leaves oval and entire or mitten-shaped, or 3-lobed to about the middle and often as wide as long, pin- nately veined, petioled ; petioles i' long or less ; racemes several or numerous in the umbels, pe- duncled ; flowers about 3" broad ; stamens about equalling the calyx-segments ; fruiting pedicels red, much thickened below the calyx ; drupe nearly i' high. In dry or sandy soil, Maine to Ontario, Michigan, Iowa, Florida and Texas. Root largely used for the aromatic oil. Wood soft, weak, durable, brittle ; color dull orange; weight 31 Ibs. per cubic foot. April- May. Fruit ripe July-Aug. Cinnamon-wood. Smelling-stick. Saloop. 3. GLABRARIA L. Mant. 2: 156, 276. 1771. [MALAPOENNA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 447. Hyponym. 1/63.] [TETRANTHERA Jacq. Hort. Schoen. i : 59. pi. 113. 1797.] Trees or shrubs, with entire leaves, deciduous in our species, and small greenish or yel- low dioecious flowers in small umbels or almost capitate, involucrate by the bud-scales, axillary, or in the following species unfolding before the leaves at the nodes of twigs of the previous season. Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. Staminate flowers much as in Sassafras, bearing 3 series of 3 stamens, their anthers all 4-celled, 4-valved and introrse. Pistillate GENUS 3. LAUREL FAMILY. 135 flowers with 9 or 12 staminodia and a globose or oval ovary. Fruit a small globose or oblong drupe. [Latin, smooth.] About ioo species, natives of tropical and warm regions of both the Old World and the New, only the following known in North America. Type species : Glabraria tcrsa L. i. Glabraria geniculata (Walt.) Britton. Pond Spice. Fig. 1970. Laurus geniculata Walt. Fl. Car. 133. 1788. Tetranthera geniculata Nees, Syst. 567. 1836. Litsea geniculata Nicholson, Diet. Card. 2: 287. 1885. Malapoenna geniculata Coulter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 164. 1894. A much-branched shrub, with terete smoth zigzag spreading twigs. Leaves oblong, firm, \'-2 r long, \'-\' wide, acute or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous and rather dark green above, paler and puberulent, at least on the veins, beneath, or quite glabrous when mature ; umbels 2-4-flowered, sessile; involucres of 2-4 scales; flowers yellow, less than 2" broad ; drupe globose, red, about 3" in diameter. In swamps and wet soil, southern Virginia to Florida. Pond-bush. March-April. 4. BENZOIN Fabric. Enum. PI. Hort. Helmst. 1763. Shrubs (some Asiatic species trees), with alternate entire pinnately veined and in our species deciduous leaves, and dioecious or polygamous yellow flowers, in lateral sessile invo- lucrate clusters unfolding before the leaves, the involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Calyx- segments 6, equal, deciduous. Staminate flowers with 3 series of 3 stamens, the filaments of the inner series lobed and gland-bearing at the base, those of the 2 outer series glandless ; anthers all introrse, 2-celled, 2-valved. Pistillate flowers with 12-18 staminodia and a glo- bose ovary. Fruit an obovoid or oblong red drupe. [Named from the Benzoin gum, from its similar fragrance.] About 7 species, of eastern North America and Asia. Only the following are North American. Type species : Laurus Benzoin L. Shrub glabrous or nearly so throughout; leaves narrowed at the base. i. B. aestivale. Twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves pubescent ; leaves rounded or subcordate at the base. 2. B. melissaefoliitm. i. Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees. Spice-bush or -wood. Benjamin-bush. Fig. 1971 Laurus aestivalis L. Sp. PI. 370. 1753. Laurus Benzoin L. Sp. PI. 370. 1753. Benzoin aestivale Nees, Syst. Laur. 495. 1836. Lindera Benzoin Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. i : 324. B. Benzoin Coulter, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 164. 1894. A glabrous or nearly glabrous shrub, 4-2O high, with smooth bark and slender twigs. Leaves obovate oval or elliptic, 2'-$' long, i'-2j' wide, acute, short-acuminate or some of them rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, pale beneath; petioles 3" -6" long; flowers about \\" broad, bright yellow, fragrant ; pedicels about equalling the calyx-segments ; anthers oval, mi- nutely emarginate at the summit ; ovary about as long as the style; drupe 4"-5" long, about 3" in diameter. In moist woods, thickets and along streams, Maine and New Hampshire to Ontario, Michigan, North Carolina, Tennessee and Kansas. March-May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Snap-wood or -weed. Feverbush. Wild allspice. Leaves of young shoots much larger. 136 LAURACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Benzoin melissaefolium (Walt.) Nees. Hairy Spice-bush. Fig. 1972. Laurus melissaefolia Walt. Fl. Car. 134. 1788. Lindera melissaefolia Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. i : 324. 1857. Benzoin melissaefolium Nees, Syst. 494. 1836. A shrub similar to the preceding species but the young twigs, buds and lower surfaces of the leaves densely pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceo- late or oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, 2'-^.' long, 9"-i8" wide; petioles i"-3" long; pedicels equal- ling or slightly longer than the calyx-segments ; anthers truncate at the summit; drupe 3"~5" high. In swamps and wet soil, Illinois and Missouri to North Carolina, south to Alabama and Florida. Jove's-fruit. Feb.-March. Family 36. PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759. POPPY FAMILY. Herbs, with milky or colored sap, and alternate leaves or the upper rarely opposite. Stipules none. Flowers solitary or in clusters, perfect, regular. Sepals 2 (rarely 3 or 4), caducous. Petals 4-6 or rarely more, imbricated, often wrinkled, deciduous. Stamens mostly numerous, hypogynous, distinct; filaments filiform; anthers innate, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i, many-ovuled, mainly i-celled, with parietal placentae; style short; stigma simple or divided; ovules anatropous. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by a pore, or by valves. Seeds mostly numerous ; embryo small at the base of fleshy or oily endosperm. About 23 genera and 115 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Pod dehiscent at the top, or only to the middle. Leaves not spiny-toothed. i. Papaver. Leaves spiny-toothed. 2. Argemone. Pod dehiscent to the base. Flowers white; petals 8-16 ; juice red. 3. Sanguinaria. Flowers and juice yellow ; petals 4. Capsule oblong or short-linear, bristly. 4. Stylophorum. Capsule long-linear, rough, tipped with a dilated stigma. 5. Glaucium. Capsule linear, smooth, tipped with a short subulate style and minute stigma. 6. Chelidonium. i. PAPAVER [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 506. 1753. Hispid or glaucous herbs, with white milky sap, lobed or dissected alternate leaves, nodding flower-buds and showy regular flowers. Sepals 2 or occasionally 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens o. Anthers extrorse. Ovules oo, borne on numerous internally-projecting pla- centae. Stigmas united into a radiate persistent disc. Capsule globose, obovoid, or oblong, dehiscent near the summit by slits or pores. Seeds marked with minute depressions. [Classic Latin name of the poppy.] About 45 species, mostly natives of the Old World, but 4 or 5 indigenous in western America. Type species : Papaver somniferum L. Glabrate and glaucous; leaves lobed, clasping; capsule subglobose. i. P. somniferum. Green, hirsute ; leaves pinnately divided. Stems branching, leafy ; weeds of waste or cultivated ground. Capsule glabrous. Capsule subglobose or top-shaped. 2 . P. Rhoeas. Capsule oblong-clavate, narrowed below. 3. P.dubimn. Capsule oblong, hispid with a few erect hairs. 4. P. Argemone. Leaves all basal ; capsule obovoid, densely hispid with erect hairs ; arctic. 5. P. nudicaule. GENUS i. POPPY FAMILY. 137 i. Papaver somniferum L. Opium or Garden Poppy. Marble-flower. Fig. 1973. Papaver somniferum L. Sp. PI. 508. 1753. Erect, sparingly branched, glaucous, i-3 high. Leaves clasping by a cordate base, 4'-8" long, 2'-$' wide, oblong, wavy, lobed or toothed; flowers 3' -4' broad, bluish-white with a purple center; filaments somewhat dilated upward ; capsule globose, glabrous. Occasional in waste grounds and on ballast. Also in Ber- muda. Fugitive from Europe. Often cultivated for orna- ment. Widely cultivated in Europe and Asia for its cap- sules, from which the drug opium, and poppy-oil are derived. Native of the Mediterranean region. Summer. Mawseed. Joan silver-pin. Cheesebowl. Balewort. i 2. Papaver Rhoeas L. Field, Red or Corn Poppy. African Rose. Fig. 1974. Papaver Rhoeas L. Sp. PI. 507. 1753. Erect, branching, i-3 high, hispid with spreading bristly hairs. Lower leaves petioled, 4'-6' long, the upper smaller, sessile, all pinnatifid ; lobes lanceolate, acute, serrate; flowers 2'-^ broad, scarlet with a darker center; filaments not dilated ; capsule subglobose or top-shaped, glabrous, the disk with 10 or more stigmatic rays. In waste places and on ballast, Maine to Connecticut and Virginia. Vancouver Island. Bermuda. Occasionally culti- vated. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. Old English names. Corn-rose, Red-weed, Headache, Canker-rose and Cheesebowl. Thunder-flower. Blue-eyes. 3. Papaver dubium L. Long Smooth-fruited Poppy. Fig. 1975. Papaver dubium L. Sp. PI. 1196. 1753. Slender, branching, i-2 high, hirsute with spreading hairs. Lower leaves petioled, 4'-6' long, the upper smaller, nearly sessile, all deeply pinnately divided; lobes oblong, pinnatifid, cleft or sometimes entire; flowers 2' broad, scarlet, sometimes darker in the center; filaments not di- lated; capsule oblong-clavate, glabrous, 8"-io" long, nar- rowed below ; stigmatic rays 6-10. In waste and cultivated grounds, Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and southward. Also in ballast about the seaports and in Bermuda. Adventive from Europe. . Summer. Blind-eyes. Headache. Blaver. '38 PAPAVERACEAE. VOL. II 4. Papaver Argemone L. Pale or Long Rough-fruited Poppy. Fig. 1976. Papaver Argemone L. Sp. PI. 506. 1753. Slender, hirsute, or nearly glabrous, i-2 high, branching. Leaves all but the upper petioled, lanceo- late in outline, pinnately divided, the drvisions pin- natifid and toothed ; flowers i'-2 f broad, pale red, often with a darker center; filaments not dilated; capsule oblong, 8"-io" long, narrowed at the base, bristly-hairy. Waste grounds, Philadelphia, and in ballast about the seaports. Fugitive from Europe. Summer. Old name, wind-rose. Headache. 5. Papaver nudicaule L. Arctic or Iceland Poppy. Fig. 1977. Papaver nudicaule L. Sp. PI. 507. 1753. Papaver radicatum Rottb. ; DC. Prodr. i: 118. 1824. Perennial, more or less hirsute. Leaves all basal, pinnately lobed or cleft, the lobes linear- oblong, acute or obtuse ; scape erect, slender, 2'-i2' tall, much exceeding the leaves ; flower solitary, i'~3' broad, yellow or red; filaments filiform; capsule narrowly obovoid, 5"-8" high, about 4" in greatest diameter, densely beset with erect bristly hairs. Greenland and Labrador to Alaska and British Columbia. Also in northern Europe and Asia. In- cluded in our first edition, in P. alpinum L. Summer. 2. ARGEMONE L. Sp. PI. 508. 1753. Glaucous herbs, with yellow sap, spiny-toothed leaves and large showy flowers. Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens oo. Placentae 4-6, many-ovuled. Style very short or none. Stigma dilated, 3-6-radiate. Capsule prickly, oblong, dehiscent at the apex by valves. Seeds numerous, cancellate. [Greek, ^an eye disease, supposed to be relieved by the plant so called.] A genus of about 10 species, natives of America. Type species : Argemone mexicana L. i. A. mexicana. Petals yellow, or rarely cream-colored ; flowers nearly or quite sessile. Petals white, or pinkish. Flowers distinctly peduncled ; spines of the sepal-tips nearly erect. Flowers sessile or nearly so ; spines of the sepal-tips spreading. 2. A. alba. 3. A. intermedia. GENUS 2. POPPY FAMILY. i. Argemone mexicana L. Mexican Prickly or Thorn Poppy. Fig. 1978. Argemone mexicana L. Sp. PL 508. 1753. Stem stout, i-2 high, simple or spar- ingly branched, spiny or sometimes nearly unarmed. Leaves sessile, clasping by a narrowed base, 4'-io' long, 2'-4' wide, glau- cous, white-spotted, runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed and more or less spiny on the veins ; flowers yellow or cream-colored, ses- sile or subsessile, i'-2' broad ; sepals acumi- nate, bristly -pointed ; stamens 4"-5" long; filaments slender, much longer than their anthers ; stigma sessile or nearly so ; cap- sule i' long or more. In waste places, Massachusetts to New Jer- sey, Pennsylvania, Florida and Texas. Also in ballast about the northern seaports. Adventive from tropical America. A common weed in the American tropics, and introduced into the Old World. The seed yields a valuable painter's oil. June-Sept. Bird-in-the-bush. Devil's-fig. Yellow, Flowering or Jamaica thistle. 2. Argemone alba Lestib. White Prickly Poppy. Fig. 1979. Argemone alba Lestib. Bot. Belg. Ed. 2:3: Part 2, 132. 1799. A. albi flora Hornem. Hort. Havn. 469. 1815. Commonly stouter and taller than the pre- ceding species. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed, glaucous or green, not blotched, but sometimes whitish along the veins; flowers white, usually much larger, $'-4' broad, dis- tinctly peduncled ; petals rounded ; spines of the sepal-tips stouter; capsules i'-ii' long. Georgia and Florida to Missouri and Texas. Spontaneous after cultivation in northern gardens. May-Aug. 3. Argemone intermedia Sweet. Leafy White Prickly Poppy. Fig. 1980. Argemone intermedia Sweet, Hort. Brit. Ed. 2, 585. 1830. Stem stout, prickly, glabrous and glaucous, often 2 high or more. Leaves lobed or pinnatifid, very prickly, usually whitish-blotched ; flowers large, white, sessile or nearly so, 3'-4' wide ; petals rounded ; spines of the sepal-tips spreading; capsule oblong, prickly, about i' long. Prairies and plains. Illinois to South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Texas and Mexico. Has been confused with the preceding species, and with A. platyceras Link & Otto. May-Aug. Argemone hispida A. Gray, ranging from Wyoming to Utah and New Mexico, differs in the stem and branches being hispid-pubescent. It has been recorded from Kansas, perhaps erroneously. 140 PAPAVERACEAE. 3. SANGUINARIA [Dill.] L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. VOL. II. Rootstock horizontal, thick; juice red. Leaves basal, palmately veined and lobed, cor- date or reniform. Scape i-flowered (rarely 2). Flower white. Sepals 2, fugacious. Petals 8-16, oblong-spatulate, arranged in 2 or 3 rows. Stamens o. Stigma grooved. Placentae 2. Capsule oblong or fusiform, dehiscent to the base, the valves persistent. Seeds smooth, crested. [Name from the red color of the juice.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot. Puc- coon-root. Tetterwort. Fig. 1981. Sanguinaria canadensis L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Glabrous, glaucous, especially when young. Root- stock i'-i' thick, several inches long, densely clothed with thick fibrous roots ; petioles 6'-i4' long ; leaves 6'-i2' broad, 4'-7' long, palmately 5-p-lobed, the lobes repand, or cleft at the apex; flowering scape at length overtopped by the leaves; flower i'-ij' broad; petals early deciduous; capsule narrow, i-celled, 2-valved, i' long. In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Nebraska, south to Florida, Alabama and Arkansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Also called red puccoon and red Indian- paint. Turmeric. Redroot. Corn-root. Pauson. Sweet- slumber. White puccoon. Snake-bite. Flower sometimes pinkish. The scape rarely bears 2 or 3 flowers and bracts. April-May. The species consists of several races, differing in the leaf-lobing and in size and form of the capsule. 4. STYLOPHORUM Nutt. Gen. 2 : 7. 1818. Herbs, with stout rootstocks, yellow sap, pinnatifid leaves and clustered or solitary flow- ers, the buds nodding. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens o. Placentae 2-4; style distinct; stigma 2-4-lobed, radiate. Capsule linear or ovoid, bristly, dehiscent to the base by 2-4 valves. Seeds cancellate, crested. [Name Greek, style-bearing.] A genus of about 4 species, natives of eastern North America, the Himalayas, Japan and Manchuria, the fol- lowing typical. i. Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. Yellow or Celandine Poppy. Fig. 1982. Chclldoniurn diphyllum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 309. 1803. Stylophorium diphyllum Nutt. Gen. 2: 7. 1818. Meconopsis diphylla DC. Syst. Veg. 2: 88. 1821. Glaucous, especially the lower surfaces of the leaves, sparingly pubescent, i2'-i8' high. Leaves basal and canline, 4'-io' long, slender-petioled, i-2-pinnatifid, the divisions obovate, obtuse, lobed or irregularly crenate, those of the stem 2-4, the upper opposite ; flowers 2-4, terminal, about i' broad, deep yellow; sepals hirsute, caducous; petals obovate, rounded; capsule i' long, ovoid, acute at each end, tipped with the persistent style. In low woods, western Pennsylvania and Ohio to Ten- nessee, west to Wisconsin and Missouri. March-May. Macleya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. (Bocconia cordata Willd.), the Plume-poppy, a tall glaucous perennial, with palmately lobed leaves and large panicles of small greenish- white apetalous flowers, native of eastern Asia, is much planted for ornament, and is spontaneous after cultivation in Pennsylvania and Ohio. GENUS 5. POPPY FAMILY. 141 5. GLAUCIUM Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754. Glaucous annual or biennial herbs, with alternate lobed or dissected leaves, large yellow flowers, and saffron-colored sap. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens o. Placentae 2, rarely 3; stigma sessile, dilated, 2-lobed, the lobes convex. Capsule long-linear, 2-celled, dehiscent to the base. Seeds cancellate, crestless. [Name Greek, from the glaucous foliage.] About 6 species, of the Old World, mainly of the Mediterranean region, the following typical. i. Glaucium Glaucium (L.) Karst. Yellow Horned or Sea Poppy. Fig. 1983. Chelidonium Glaucium L. Sp. PL 506. 1753. Glaucium flavum Crantz, Stirp. Aust. 2: 131. 1763. Glaucium lutcurn Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, i: 369. 1772. Glaucium Glaucium Karst. Deutsch. F1..649. 1880-83. Stout, 2-3 high, rigid, branching. Leaves thick, ovate or oblong, 3'-8' long, i'-2' wide, scurfy, the basal and low- est cauline petiolcd, the upper sessile, clasping, pinnatifid, the divisions toothed, or the upper merely lobed; flowers axillary and terminal, i'-2 f broad; sepals scurfy; capsule narrowly-linear, 6'--i2' long, tipped with the persistent stigma In waste places, Rhode Island, southward near the coast to Virginia, and in central New York. Widely diffused as a weed in maritime regions of the Old World. Adventive from Europe. Summer. Bruisewort. Squatmore. I 6. CHELIDONIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. An erect biennial, brittle, branching herb, with alternate deeply pinnatifid leaves, yellow sap and yellow flowers in umbels. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens o. Placentae 2. Style short, distinct ; stigma not dilated, 2-lobed. Capsule linear, upwardly dehiscent from the base. Seeds smooth, shining, crested. [Name Greek for the swal- low, which appears at about its flowering time.] A monotypic genus of temperate Europe and Asia. i. Chelidonium majus L. Celandine. Fig. 1984. Chelidonium majus L. Sp. PI. 505. 1753. Weak, i-2 high, sparingly pubescent. Leaves thin, 4'-8' long, glaucous beneath, i-2-pinnatifid, the seg- ments ovate or obovate, crenate or lobed ; petioles often dilated at the base; flowers 6"-8" broad, in axillary pedunculate umbels ; petals rounded ; pedicels slender, 2"-6" long, elongating in fruit; capsule glabrous, i'-2' long, tipped with the persistent style and stigma. Waste places, roadsides and even in woods, Maine to Ontario, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. Naturalized or adventive from- Europe. Summer. Called also greater celandine, to distinguish it from Ficaria, the small or lesser celandine. Swallow-wort. Tetterwort. Killwort. Wart- wort. April-Sept. Family 37. FUMARIACEAE DC. Syst. 2: 104. 1821. FUMEWORT FAMILY. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, with watery sap, dissected alternate or basal leaves without stipules, and perfect, irregular flowers variously clustered. Sepals 2, small, scale-like. Petals 4, somewhat united, the 2 outer ones spreading above, one or both saccate or spurred at the base, the 2 inner smaller, narrower, thickened at the tips and united over the stigma. Stamens 6, diadelphous, hypo- gynous, in 2 sets of 3; anther of the middle ones 2-celled, of the lateral ones i-celled. Carpels 2, united into a single pistil, the ovary i-celled ; stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned ; ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 2-valved several-seeded 142 FUMARIACEAE. VOL. II. capsule, or i-seeded and indehiscent. Seeds with a minute embryo in fleshy endosperm. Five genera and about 170 species, natives of the north temperate zone and southern Africa. Each of the 2 outer petals spurred at the base. Corolla deeply cordate at base ; petals slightly coherent. i. Bicuculla. Corolla rounded or slightly cordate ; petals permanently coherent, persistent. 2. Adlumia. One of the outer petals spurred ct base. Capsule 2-valved, few-several-seeded. 3. Fruit globose, indehiscent, i -seeded. 4. Capnoides. Fumaria. I. i. BICUCULLA Adans. Fam. PI 2: App. 23. 1763. [DICLYTRA Borck. Roem. Arch, i : Part 2, 46. 1797. DICENTKA Bernh. Linnaea 8: 468. 1833.] Herbs, with dissected leaves, basal in our species, and racemose flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. Corolla cordate at base ; petals 4, in 2 pairs, connivent. slightly coherent, the exterior pair oblong, concave, spurred at the base, spreading at the apex, the inner narrow, clawed, coherent above, crested or winged on the back. Placentae 2; style slender. Capsule oblong or linear, dehiscent to the base by 2 valves. Seeds crested. [Latin, double-hooded.] A genus of about 16 species, natives of North America and Asia. Type species: Fumaria Cuciil- laria L. The original spelling is Bikukulla. Raceme simple ; flowers white or whitish. Spurs divergent ; inner petals minutely crested. I. B. Ciicullaria. Spurs short, rounded ; inner petals conspicuously crested. 2. B. canadensis. Racemes paniculate; flowers pink. 3. B.e.vitnia. Bicuculla Cucullaria (L.) Millsp. Dutchman's Breeches. Soldier's Cap. Monks-hood. Breeches-flower. Fig. 1985. Fumaria Cucullaria L. Sp. PI. 699. 1753. Diclytra Cucullaria DC. Syst. Veg. 2: 108. 1821. Dielytra Cucullaria 1. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 66. 1838. Dicentra Cucullaria Torr. Fl. N. Y. i : 45. 1843. Bicuculla Cucullaria Millsp. Bull. West Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. 2 : 327. 1892. Delicate, glabrous, arising from a granulate bulbous base. Leaves all basal, pale beneath, slender- petioled, ternately compound, the divisions stalked and finely dissected into linear or oblanceolate seg- ments ; scape slender, 5'-io' high ; raceme secund, 4-io-flowered ; flowers nodding, pedicelled, 6"-8" long, 8"-io" broad at the base, white, or faintly pink, yellow at the summit; spurs widely divergent; inner petals minutely crested. In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, North Carolina, Missouri and Kansas. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. Colic-weed. Bachelor's- or little-boy's-breeches. Kit- ten-breeches. Boys-and-girls. Indian boys-and-girls. White-hearts. Butterfly-banners. April-May. 2. Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. Squirrel or Turkey Corn. Fig. '1986. Corydalis canadensis Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 329. 1822. Diclytra canadensis DC. Prodr. i: 126. 1824. Dicentra canadensis Walp. Rep. i: 118. 1842. B. canadensis Millsp. Bull. West Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. 2 : 327. 1892. Glabrous, the rootstock bearing numerous small tubers. Leaves all basal and nearly similar to those of the pre- ceding species, decidedly glaucous beneath ; scape slender, 6'-i2' high ; raceme 4-8-flowered ; flowers nodding, short- pedicelled, 7"-o," long, 5" broad at the base, greenish-white, purplish tinged, slightly fragrant; spurs short, rounded; inner petals prominently crested. In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota. Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri and Nebraska. Turkey-pea. Colic-weed. Wild hyacinth. April-June. GENUS i. FUMEWORT FAMILY. 3. Bicuculla eximia (Ker) Millsp. Bleeding-heart. Fig. 1987. Wild Fumaria eximia Ker, Bot. Reg. i: pi. 50. 1815. Diclytra eximia DC. Syst. 2: 109. 1821. Dicentra eximia Torr. Fl. N. Y. i : 46. 1843. Bicuculla eximia Millsp. Bull. West Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. 2 : 327. 1892. Glabrous, somewhat glaucous, weak, io'-2 high; rootstock scaly. Leaves all basal, larger than those of the other eastern species, ternately parted, the divisions stalked, finely pinnatifid into oblong or ovate segments; scape slender, about equalling the leaves ; raceme compound ; flowers clustered in cymes, slender-pedicelled, pink, nodding, 8"-io" long, 3 "-4" broad at the base; spurs short, rounded, in- curved; inner petals with projecting crests. In rocky places, western New York, south to Georgia and Tennessee along the Alleghanies. Turkey-corn. Stagger-weed. May-Sept. 2. ADLUMIA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808. A glabrous climbing biennial vine, with decompound leaves. Petals 4, all permanently united into a narrowly ovate cordate persistent spongy corolla, 4-lobed at the apex. Stamens 6, monadelphous below, diadelphous above, adherent to the petals. Stigmas 2-crested. Cap- sule oblong, included in the persistent corolla. Seeds crestless. Closely related to certain Asiatic species of Bicuculla. [In honor of John Adlum, a gardener of Washington.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene. Climbing Fumitory. Fig. 1988. Fumaria fungosa Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: i. 1789. Adlumia cirrhosa Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 352. 1808. A. fungosa Greene; B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 3. 1888. Weak, slender, climbing over other plants by its slender petioles. Leaves 2-3-pinnate, the primary divisions distant, the second more approximate, all slender-stalked ; ultimate segments lobed or entire, very thin, ovate or cuneate, pale beneath ; flowers numerous in axillary drooping cymes, s"-7" long, 3" broad at the base, narrowly ovate, greenish purple ; capsule 2-valved, few-seeded. In moist woods and thickets, New Brunswick to On- tario and Michigan, south to North Carolina and Ten- nessee. Recorded from Kansas. Mountain-fringe. Alleghany-, canary- or cypress-vine. Fairy-creeper. Alleghany- or wood-fringe. June-Oct. 3. CAPNOIDES [Tourn.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 431. 1763. [NECKERIA Scop. Introd. 313. 1777.] [CORYDALIS Medic. Phil. Bot. 96. 1789.] Erect or climbing herbs, with basal and cauline decompound leaves, and racemose flow- ers, terminal, or opposite the petioles. Sepals 2, small. Corolla irregular, deciduous ; petals 4, erect-connivent, one of the outer pairs spurred at the base, the interior ones narrow, keeled on the back. Stamens 6, in 2 sets, opposite the outer petals. Placentae 2; style entire, di- lated or lobed, persistent. Capsule linear or oblong, 2-valved. [Greek, smoke-like, in allu- sion to the smoke-like odor of some species, as in Fumaria.} About no species, natives of the north temperate zone and South Africa. Type species: Fumaria sempervirens L. Stems tall; flowers pink with yellow tips. i. C. sempervirens. Stems low, diffuse or ascending ; flowers yellow. Flowers 3" -4" long ; spur short. Seeds sharp-margined, wrinkled ; pods drooping or spreading. 2. C. flavulum. Seeds blunt-margined, smooth, shining ; pods ascending. 3. C. micranthum. Flowers 6"-8" long ; spur conspicuous. Pods smooth. Seeds smooth or obscurely reticulated ; pods spreading, ascending or pendulous. 144 FUMARIACEAE. Capsules spreading or drooping, distinctly torulose ; eastern. Capsules ascending, terete or slightly torulose ; western. Seeds finely reticulated ; pods ascending. Pods densely covered with transparent vesicles. VOL. II. 4. C. aurcum. 5. C. montanum. 6. C. campestre. 7. C. crystallinum. i. Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borck. Pink or Pale Corydalis. Fig. 1989. Fumaria sempervirens L. Sp. PI. 700. 1753. Capnoides sempervirens Borck. in Roem. Arch, i : Part 2, 44. 1797. Corydalis sempervirens Pers. Syn. 2: 269. 1807. Corydalis glauca Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 463. 1814. Glabrous, glaucous, erect or ascending, s'-2 high, freely branching. Lower leaves i'~4' long, short-petioled, the upper nearly sessile, pinnately decompound, the primary divisions distant, the ultimate segments obovate or cuneate, toothed or entire, obtuse, often mucronulate; flowers numerous, panicled, borne in cymose clusters at the ends of the branches, s"-8" long, pink or rarely white, with a yellow tip; spur rounded, about i" long; capsules narrowly linear, erect, i'-2' long, nodose when mature ; seeds shining, minutely reticulated. In rocky places, Nova Scotia to Alaska, Georgia, Minnesota, Montana and British Columbia. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. Roman wormwood. April-Sept. 2. Capnoides flavulum (Raf.) Kuntze. Pale or Yellow Corydalis. Fig. 1990. Corydalis flavula Raf.; DC. Prodr. i: 129. 1824. Capnoides flavulum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 14. 1891. Slender, glabrous, diffuse or ascending, 6'-i4' high, freely branching. Lower leaves slender- petioled, the upper nearly sessile, all finely dissected into linear or oblong, sometimes cuneate, acute or obtuse segments; pedicels very slender; bracts con- spicuous, broadly oblong, acute or acuminate, 3"-4" long; spur \" long, rounded; outer petals slightly longer than the inner, yellow, sharp-pointed ; crest dentate; pods torulose, drooping or spreading; seeds sharp-margined, finely reticulated. In rocky woods, New York to southwestern Ontario, Minnesota, Virginia and Louisiana. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Colic-weed. May-June. A 3. Capnoides micranthum (Engelm.) Britton. Small-flowered Corydalis. Fig. 1991. Corydalis aurea var. micrantha Engelm. ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 62. 1867. Corydalis micrantha A. Gray, Coult. Bot. Gaz. n : 189. 1886. Capnoides micranthum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 166. 1894. Habit and foliage nearly as in the preceding spe- cies, the ultimate leaf segments generally slightly broader. Flowers similar, the crest entire; or some- times cleistogamous and minute, spurless and slightly or not at all crested ; pods ascending, short-pedi- celled, torulose ; seeds obtuse-margined, smooth, shining. In woods, Minnesota to Missouri, Kansas, Texas, Vir- ginia and Florida. Feb.-April. GENUS 3. FU.MEWORT FAMILY. 4. Capnoides aureum (Willd.) Kuntze. Golden Corydalis. Fig. 1992. Corydalis aurea Willd. Enum. 740. 1809. Capnoides aureum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 14. 1891. Glabrous, 6'-i4' high, diffuse, branching. Leaves all but the uppermost petioled, finely dissected into oblong obovate or cuneate seg- ments, mainly broader than those of related species ; flowers 6" long, bright yellow ; spur one-half the length of the body of the corolla, or more, rounded ; outer petals keeled, not crested; pedicels short, slender; pods spreading or pendulous, torulose, especially when dry; seeds obtuse-margined, shining, obscurely reticulated. In woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Alaska, Penn- sylvania and Missouri, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and California. March-May. 5. Capnoides montanum (Engelm.) Brit- ton. Mountain Corydalis. Fig. 1993. Corydalis montana Engelm. ; A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4 : 6. 1849. Corydalis aurea var. occidentalis Engelm. ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 62. 1867. Ccpnoides aureum var. occidentals A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhattan, 17. 1894. Capnoides montanum Britton, Mem. Torn Club 5 : 1 66. 1894. Closely resembles C. aureum, but is lighter green and the leaves are rather more finely divided. Flower-clusters spicate-racemose, the pedicels usually very short; flowers bright yel- low, 6"-8" long; spur of the corolla as long as its body, or less; capsules spreading or some- what ascending; seeds sharp-margined, shining or obscurely reticulated. In dry soil, South Dakota to Kansas, Texas, Utah and Mexico. Perhaps a race of the preceding species. April-Aug. 6. Capnoides campestre Britton. Plains Corydalis. Fig. 1994. Capnoides campestre Britton, Man. Ed. 2, 1065. 1905. Similar to the two preceding species. Flow- ers spicate-racemose, about 8" long, conspicu- ous, bright yellow; spur of the corolla blunt, nearly straight, 2"-2j" long; pods curved upward, very short-pedicelled, stout, somewhat 4-sided ; seeds sharp-margined, finely and distinctly reticulated. In fields and woods, Illinois to Nebraska, Arkansas and Texas. April-June. Mistaken in our first edition for the Texan Capnoides curvi- siliquum. Golden corydalis. FUMARIACEAE. VOL. II. 7. Capnoides crystallinum (Engelm.) Kuntze. Vesicular Corydalis. Fig. 1995. Corydalis crystallina Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 62. 1867. J Capnoides crystallinum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 14. 1891. Erect or ascending, glabrous, 8'-2o' high, branching. Lower leaves slender-petioled, the upper sessile, all finely dissected into oblong or cuneate segments; pedicels stout, short, diverging; flowers spicate, 6"-8" long, bright yel- low; spur 3"-4" long; crest large, dentate; capsules 9" long, ascending or erect, densely covered with transparent vesicles; seeds acute-margined, tuberculate-reticulated. Prairies, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas. April-June. 4 . FUMARIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 699. 1753. Diffuse or erect (sometimes climbing) herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and small racemose flowers. Petals 4, erect-connivent, the outer pair larger, i of them spurred, the inner narrow, coherent at the apex, keeled or crested on the back. Stamens 6, diadelphous, opposite the outer petals. Ovule i ; style slender, deciduous ; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit i-seeded, nearly globose, indehiscent. Seeds not crested. [Name from the Latin, smoke, from the smoke-like smell of some species.] About 40 species, all natives of the Old World, the following typical. i. Fumaria officinalis L. Fumitory. Hedge Fumitory. Fig. 1996. Fumaria officinalis L. Sp. PI. 700. 1753. Glabrous, stems diffuse or ascending, freely branching, 6'-3 long. Leaves petioled, finely dis- sected into entire or lobed linear oblong or cuneate segments; racemes axillary and terminal, i'-3' long, narrow ; pedicels i"-2" long, axillary to small bracts ; flowers purplish, 2"-$" long, crimson at the summit ; sepals acute, toothed ; spur rounded, \" long; nut i" in diameter, depressed-globose. In waste places and on ballast, occasionally about towns and villages, Newfoundland to Florida and the Gulf States, and locally in the interior. Bermuda. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. Wax- dolls. Earth-smoke. Fumaria parviflora Lam., found on ballast about the seaports, may be distinguished by its still smaller paler flowers (2"), very narrow sharp and channeled leaf- segments, and its apiculate nut. Family 38. CRUCIFERAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759. MUSTARD FAMILY. Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid sap, alternate leaves, and racemose or corymbose flowers. Sepals 4, deciduous, or rarely persistent, the 2 outer narrow, the inner similar, or concave, or saccate at the base. Petals 4, hypogynous, cruciate, nearly equal, generally clawed. Stamens 6, hypogynous, tetradynamous, rarely fewer. Pistil i, compound, consisting of 2 united carpels, the parietal placentae united by a dissepiment ; style generally persistent, sometimes none ; stigma discoid or usually more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicic, generally 2-celled, rarely i -celled, in a few genera indehiscent or lomentaceous. Seeds campylotropous, attached to both sides of the septum ; endosperm none ; cotyledons incumbent, accumbent or conduplicate, or the embryo rarely straight. About 200 genera and 1800 species, of wide geographic distribution. Also known as BRAS- KEY TO GENERA. MUSTARD FAMILY. 147 i. Pod continuous, not transversely 2-jointed. A. COTYLEDONS ACCUMBENT OR INCUMBENT ; PODS DEHISCENT (EXCEPT IN Neslia, Myagrum). a. Pods globose to linear, not greatly elongated nor very broad and flat. * Pubescence stellate, or of forked hairs. Pubescence stellate, or the hairs 2-lobed. Pods orbicular to linear, more or less flattened parallel to the broad partition (ALYSSEAE). Seeds many in each cell of the oval to linear flat pod. i. Draba. Seeds few in each cell of the short pod. Pods little flattened ; petals 2-cleft. 2. Berteroa. Pods much flattened ; petals entire. Flowers white ; pubescence of 2-lobed hairs. 3. Koniga. Flowers yellow ; pubescence stellate. 4. Alyssum. Pods globose or didymous, swollen (PHYSARIEAE). Pods globose. 5. Lesqiterella. Pods didymous. 6. Physaria. Pubescence of forked hairs ; pods little longer than wide (CAMELINEAE). Pods dehiscent, several-many-seeded. Pods obovoid, swollen ; flowers yellow. ". Camelina. Pods not swollen, flattened at right angles to the partition ; flowers white. Pods cuneate to triangular-obcordate. 8. Bursa. Pods elliptic, the valves with a strong midvein. 9. Hutchinsia. Pods indehiscer.t, reticulated, mostly i -seeded. 10. Neslia. ** Pubescence of simple hairs, or wanting. Pods globose to oblong, scarcely or not at all flattened. Aquatic with subulate leaves and minute white flowers; cotyledons incumbent (SUBULARIEAE). ii. Subularia. Aquatic or terrestrial; leaves not subulate; cotyledons accumbent (COCHLEARIEAE). Flowers yellow, small. 12. Radicula. Flowers white, large. Leaves pinnately divided; pods linear. 13. Sisymbrium. Leaves crenate, lobed or pinnatifid ; pods globose or oblong. Terrestrial ; leaves undivided or the lower pinnatifid ; style very short. Tall herbs ; perennials. 14. Armoracia. Low arctic and alpine herbs; annual or biennial. 15. Cochlearia. Aquatic: submersed leaves finely dissected, style slender; pod i -celled. 1 6. Neobeckia. Pods short, strongly flattened at right angles to the narrow partition ; flowers white or purplish. Pods dehiscent (LEPIDIEAE). Seeds solitary in each cell of the pod. Pods smooth, orbicular or ovate. 17. Lepidium. Pods rugose-reticulate or tuberculate. 18. Carara. Seeds 2-several in each cell of the winged pod. 19. Thlaspi. Pods indehiscent (!SATIDEAE). 20. Myagrum. b. Pods elongated-linear, or large, broad and very flat in Lunaria and Selenia. Pods stipitate (STANLEYAE). Pods long-stipitate; sepals reflexed. 21. Stanleya. Pods short-stipitate ; sepals not reflexed. 22. Thelypodium. Pods sessile or very nearly so. Cotyledons incumbent (SISYMBRIEAE). Stigma simple, not 2-lobed. Leaves broad, cordate ; flowers white. 23. Alliaria. Leaves finely dissected ; flowers yellow. 24. Sophia. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes over the placentae. Flowers yellow or orange. Leaves various, not cordate-clasping. Pods 4-angled ; hairs of the stem 2-forked with appressed branches. 25. Cheirinia. Pods terete ; pubescence, if present, of simple hairs. Pods narrowly conic, ribbed. 26. Erysimum. Pods linear-cylindric. 27. Norta. Leaves cordate-clasping, sessile, entire. 28. Conringia. Flowers white, purple or pink. Flowers very large, deep purple. 29. Hesperis. Flowers small, white or pale tmrple. 30. Arabidopsis. Cotyledons accumbent (ARABIDEAE). Pods narrowly linear, rarely oblong. Stems leafy, at least above. Flowers pure yellow ; pods terete or nearly so. 31. Barbarea. Flowers white, pink, violet or purple. Pods terete, not flattened parallel with the partition. 32. lodanthus. Pods more or less flattened parallel with the partition. Seeds winged or wing-margined; pods not elastically dehiscent; pubescence, or some of it, when present, of branched hairs. 33. Arabis. Seeds wingless ; pods mostly elastically dehiscent the base ; pubescence, if present, of simple hairs. Stem leafy below or throughout. 34. Cardamine. Stem leafless below, 2-4-leaved above. 35. Dentaria. Stem scapose, i-few-flowered. 36. Leavenworthia. 148 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. Pods very broad and flat. Flowers yellow ; pods finely veined. Flowers purple ; pods reticulate-veined. B. COTYLEDONS CONDUPLICATE ; POD (SILIQUE) ELONGATED, BEAKED; TION (BRASSICEAE). Silique dehiscent. Beak of the silique stout, flat or angled. Valves 3-nerved. Valves with i strong nerve. Beak of the silique conic, often short. Silique terete ; seeds in i row in each cell. Silique flattened ; seeds in 2 rows in each cell. Silique indehiscent. 37. Selenia. 38. Lunaria. WEEDS OF CULTIVA- 39. Sinapis. 40. Eruca. 41. Brassica. 42. Diplotaxis. 43. Raphanus. 2. Pod transversely 2-jointed; fleshy, seaside herbs (CAKILEAE). 44. Cakile. i. DRABA [Dill.] L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Low tufted mostly stellate-pubescent herbs, with scapose or leafy stems, simple leaves, and mainly racemose flowers. Silicles elliptic, oblong or linear, flat, few to many-seeded, glabrous or pubescent. Stigma nearly entire. Seeds wingless, arranged in 2 rows in each cell of the pod, numerous; valves dehiscent, nerveless; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek name for some plant of this family.] Species about 175, mainly natives of the north temperate and arctic regions, a few in southern South America. Besides the following, some 30 others are natives of western North America. Type species : Draba verna L. Flowers white. Petals deeply 2-cleft. Petals entire, toothed, or emarginate. Flowering stems scapose,- leafy only below. Plants annual, not arctic. Leaves entire, obovate or oblong. Leaves dentate, cuneate. Low arctic perennials. Leaves stellate-canescenr. Leaves pilose-ciliate or glabrous. Flowering stems leafy throughout up to the inflorescence. Leaves remotely low-dentate or entire. Basal leaves loosely pubescent, ciliate. Basal leaves densely stellate-canescent. Fruiting pedicels divergent. Fruiting pedicels nearly erect. Leaves sharply dentate. Flowers yellow. Stems leafy. Pods oblong, i"-2" long. Pods linear or lanceolate, 3"- 6" long. Annual ; pods 3 "-4" long ; pedicels divaricately spreading. Perennial ; pods 4"-?" long ; pedicels erect. Stems scapose. i. D.vcrna. 2. D. caroliniana. 3. D. cuneifolia. 4. D. fladnizcnsis. 5. D. nivalis. 6. D. incana. 7. D. arabisans, 8. D. stylaris. 9. D. ramosissima. 10. D.brachycarpa. 11. D. nemorosa. 12. D. aurea. 13. D. alpina. i. Draba verna L. Vernal Whitlow-grass. Shad-flower. Nailwort. Fig. 1997. Draba verna L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Erophila vulgaris DC. Syst. Veg. 2 : 356. 1821. Annual or biennial, the leafless scapes numerous, I '-5' high, erect or ascending, arising from a tuft of basal leaves, which are oblong or spatulate-oblanceolate, i'-i' long, den- tate or nearly entire, acutish and pubescent with stiff stellate hairs; scapes nearly glabrous; flowers white, cleis- togamous, i\"-2" broad; petals deeply bifid; pedicels ascending, \'-\' long in fruit; racemes elongating; pods oblong to oval, glabrous, 3 "-4" long, i" broad, obtuse, shorter than their pedicels; style minute; seeds numerous. In fields, Massachusetts to New York, Minnesota, Georgia and Tennessee. Recorded from Quebec. Naturalized from Europe. Occurs also in Washington and British Columbia. Native of Europe and western Asia. Consists of a great many slightly differing races. White-blow. Feb.-May. GENUS I. MUSTARD FAMILY. 2. Draba caroliniana Walt. Carolina Whitlow-grass. Fig. 1998. Draba caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 174. 1788. Draba hispidula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 28. 1803. Draba caroliniana micrantha A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 72. 1867. Draba micrantha Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 109. 1838. Winter-annual, the flowering scapes i'-s' high from a short leafy stem. Leaves tufted, obovate, 4"-io" long, obtuse, entire or rarely with 3 or 4 teeth, pubescent with stiff stellate hairs ; scapes nearly glabrous ; flowers white, I $"-2" broad; petals entire, sometimes want- ing in the later flowers; pedicels i"-2" long in fruit, clustered near the summit of the scape; pods linear, 4"-6" long, nearly i" broad, glabrous or appressed-pubescent ; style none. In sandy fields, eastern Massachusetts to south- ern Ontario, Nebraska, Minnesota, Idaho, Georgia, Arkansas and Arizona. March-June. 3. Draba cuneifolia Nutt. Wedge-leaved Whitlow-grass. Fig. 1999. Draba cuneifolia Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 108. 1838. Winter-annual, stellate-pubescent all over, 4>'-8' high, branching and leafy below. Leaves obovate, cuneate, or the lowest spatulate, i'-ii' long, obtuse, dentate toward the summit; flow- ering branches erect or ascending; flowers white, 2" broad; petals emarginate, twice or thrice the length of the calyx ; pedicels ascend- ing or spreading, 2"-4" long in fruit; raceme elongating; petals emarginate; pods linear- oblong, obtuse, 4"-S" long, i" wide, minutely hairy; style none. In fields, Kentucky to Kansas, south to Florida, Texas and northern Mexico, west to southern California. Feb.-April. 4. Draba fladnizensis Wulf. White Arctic Whitlow- grass. Fig. 2000. Draba fladnizensis Wulf. in J&cq, Misc. i : 147. 1778. Draba androsacea Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 174. 1812. Draba cormybosa R. Br. in Ross, Voy. App. 143. 1819. A low tufted arctic or alpine perennial. Leaves oblanceo- late basal, rosulate, acutish, entire, stellate-pubescent or with some simple hairs, ciliate or rarely nearly glabrous, 4"-8" long; flowers whitish; scapes glabrous; pedicels ascending, i"-2" long in fruit; raceme at length somewhat elongated; pods oblong, glabrous, 2"-3" long, nearly i" wide, style almost wanting. Labrador ; Mt. Albert, Gaspe, Quebec ; and through arctic America, south in the higher Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. 5. Draba nivalis Lilj. Yellow Arctic Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2001. Draba nivalis Lilj. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1793 : 208. 1 793. Perennial by a short branched caudex; scapes tufted, somewhat pubescent, slender, leafless or sometimes bearing a small sessile leaf, i'-4' high. Basal leaves usually numerous, tufted, oblanceolate or spatulate, 2"-f long, entire, acutish or acute at the apex, narrowed into a short petiole, stellate-canescent, not ciliate, or slightly so near the base; flowers yellow, about 2" broad; calyx pubescent; style short; pods oblong or linear-oblong, narrowed at both ends, glabrous or but little pubescent, on ascending pedicels i"-3" long. Labrador and Greenland, through arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada to Nevada. Also in north- ern Europe and Asia. Summer. 6. Draba incana L. Hoary or Twisted Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2002. Draba incana L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Draba confusa Ehrh. Beitr. 7: 155. 1792. Perennial or biennial ; flowering stems erect, sim- ple or somewhat branched, leafy, loosely pilose- pubescent, 16' high or less. Leaves 4"-i2" long, acutish or obtuse, dentate or nearly entire, the basal ones oblanceolate, those of the flowering stems lanceolate to ovate; flowers white, l"-ii" broad; petals notched, twice as long as the calyx ; pods oblong or lanceolate, acute, twisted when ripe, on short nearly erect pedicels, densely pubescent or gla- brous ; style minute. In rocky places, Newfoundland and Labrador to Que- bec. Also in arctic and alpine Europe. Hunger-flower. Nailwort. Summer. Draba hirta L. of high boreal regions has fewer stem- leaves and longer fruiting pedicels. 7. Draba arabisans Michx. Rock-cress Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2003. D. arabisans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 28. 1803. D. incana arabisans S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23 : 260. 1888. D. arabisans orthocarpa Fernald, Rhodora 7 : 66. 1905. Perennial by a slender branched caudex, the flowering stems 6'-2o' high, sparingly stellate- pubescent, often numerous. Leaves thin, green, loosely and mostly sparingly stellate-pubescent, the tufted basal ones spatulate to oblanceolate, \'-2\' long, 2"-4" wide, usually remotely den- tate, sometimes entire, those of the flowering stems similar, oblong to spatulate; flowers white ; fruiting pedicels slender, divergent- ascending, 5" long or less; pods narrowly ob- long, glabrous, $"-7" long, i"-2" wide, twisted or straight. On cliffs and in rocky and sandy soil, New- foundland and Labrador to Maine, Vermont, northern New York and western Ontario. June- Aug. GENUS i. MUSTARD FAMILY. 8. Draba stylaris J. Gay. Canescent Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2004. Draba stylaris J. Gay, in Thomas, Cat. 1818. D. confusa Reichenb. Ic. Crit. 8: 1033. 1830. Not Ehrh. Perennial or biennial; flowering stems simple or little branched, 15' high or less, loosely pilose. Basal leaves ob- lanceolate, few-toothed, 4'-ii' long, densely stellate-canescent ; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, somewhat toothed or entire, more or less stellate-canescent; flowers white; fruit- ing pedicels nearly erect, \"-2\" long; pods oblong to lanceo- late, 3i"-6" long, mostly twisted when mature, stellate- canescent. Cliffs and rocks, Newfoundland and Labrador to the mountains of Vermont ; Alberta and British Columbia ; Colorado. Europe. Previously confused with D. incana L. Draba megasperma Fernald & Knowlton, found on a gravelly beach in Bonaventure County, Quebec, differs in having broader pods, larger seeds and the flowering stems stellate-canescent. Draba pycnosperma Fernald & Knowlton, of limestone cliffs and ledges in Quebec, has shorter pods with crowded angled seeds. 9. Draba ramosissima Desv. Branching Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2005. Draba ramosissima Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 186. 1814. Erect, much branched below, 6'-i8' high, stellate- pubescent throughout, the branches bearing tufts of leaves, the inflorescence corymbosely paniculate. Lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, l'-2' long, acute, dentate with spreading teeth ; upper leaves oblong or ovate, similarly dentate ; branches of the panicle erect or ascending; flowers white, 2"-3" broad ; petals entire or erose, twice or thrice the length of the sepals ; pedicels spreading or ascending, 3"-4" long in fruit ; pods oblong or lanceolate, hairy, 3"-4" long, twisted; style slender, i"-2" long. Mountains of Virginia and Kentucky, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. April-May. 10. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. Short-fruited Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2006. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 108. 1838. Annual, tufted, 2'-$' high, loosely stellate-pubes- cent, leafy to the inflorescence. Basal leaves ovate or obovate, 4"-6" long, obtuse, sparingly dentate or entire; stem-leaves smaller, sessile, oblong, entire; pedicels ascending, i"-2" long in fruit; raceme elongating; flowers yellow, i" broad; petals some- what longer than the calyx, sometimes wanting; pods oblong, acute, \\"-2" long, J" broad; style minute. Dry hills and fields, Virginia to Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Georgia, Louisiana and Arkansas. Montana to Oregon. March-May. CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. ii. Draba nemorosa L. Wood Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2007. Draba nemorosa L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Winter-annual, loosely stellate-pubescent, 6'-i2' high, branching below, leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, obtuse, sessile, dentate, the lower io"-i2" long, 5"-?" wide, the upper smaller; flowers yellow, fading to whitish, i" broad; petals notched, slightly exceeding the calyx; pedicels divari- cately spreading in fruit, glabrous, 3"-io" long; racemes open, much elongating; pods pubescent, or glabrous, oblong, obtuse, 3"-4" long; style none. Western Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, South Dakota and western Nebraska to Oregon, arctic America and south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 12. Draba aurea Vahl. Golden Whitlow- grass. Fig. 2008. D. aurea Vahl in Hornem. Fl. OEcon. Ed. 2, 599. 1806. Perennial, pubescent throughout with stellate and simple hairs; stem branching or nearly simple, 6'-io' high, leafy to the inflorescence. Basal leaves oblan- ceolate or spatulate, 6"-i2" long, obtuse or acutish, slightly dentate or entire, often ciliate at the base; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute ; pods lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, 4"-6" long; flowers yellow, 2" broad; petals twice the length of the calyx, emar- ginate or entire ; pods acute, pubescent or rarely glabrous, at length slightly twisted, 4"-7" long, on erect pedicels one-half their length; style stout, i" long. Mignon Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Labrador, Greenland ; arctic America and in the Rocky Mountains south to Arizona. Summer. 13. Draba alpina L. Alpine Whitlow-grass. Fig. 2009. Draba alpina L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Perennial by a branched caudex, densely tufted, scapes pubescent, i'-6' high. Leaves all basal, entire or few-toothed, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, ciliate, or villous-pubescent, sometimes with some stellate hairs, 2"-6" long, sessile or short-petioled ; flowers yellow, about 3" broad ; calyx pubescent or villous; style i" long or less; pod oval or ovate, narrowed at both ends, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. 2j"-4" long, i"-il" wide; pedicels ascending, i"-s" long Greenland to Hudson Bay, the mountains of British Columbia and Alaska. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. Draba crassifolia Graham, a low annual or biennial species, with tufted basal ciliate leaves, small yellowish scapose flowers, of arctic and alpine distribution, ranges south to Labrador. GENUS 2. MUSTARD FAMILY. '53 2. BERTEROA DC. Mem. Mus. Paris, 7: 232. 1821. Annual or perennial herbs, stellate-pubescent or canescent, the leaves mostly narrow and entire, and the flowers white in terminal racemes. Petals 2-cleft. Filaments 2-toothed at the base. Silicles oblong or subglobose, somewhat compressed. Seeds several in each cell, winged. Cotyledons accumbent. [In honor of C. G. Bertero, a botanist of Piedmont, 1739-1831.] About 5 species, natives of Europe and Asia, the following typical. i. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Hoary Alyssum. Fig. 2010. Alyssum incanum L. Sp. PI. 650. 1753. Berteroa incana DC. Syst. 2: 291. 1821. Erect or ascending, i-2 high, hoary-pubescent, branching above. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, i'-ii' long, obtuse, entire or slightly undulate, the lower nar- rowed into a petiole; flowers white, i"-ii" broad; pedicels ascending, 2"-$" long in fruit ; pod canescent, swollen, oblong, 3"-4" long and about half as broad; style i"-ii" long; stigma minute. In waste places, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Massa- chusetts, New Jersey and Missouri. Adventive or natural- ized from Europe. Racemes elongating, the flowers and pods very numerous. June-Sept. Berteroa mutabilis (Vent.) DC, also native of Europe, has a more compressed, sparingly pubescent and slightly larger pod ; it is recorded as adventive in Massachusetts. 3. KONIGA* Adans. Fam. PL 2 : 420. 1763. [LOBULARIA Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 172. 1813.] Perennial herbs or shrubs, pubescent or canescent with forked hairs, with entire leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Petals obovate, entire. Filaments slender, not toothed, but with two small glands at the base. Silicic compressed, oval or orbicular. Seeds I in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. [Name in honor of Charles Konig, a curator of the British Museum.] About 4 species, natives of the Mediterranean region, the following typical. i. Koniga maritima (L.) R. Br. Sweet Alyssum. Seaside Koniga. Madwort. Snow-drift. Fig. 2011. Clypeola maritima L. Sp. PI. 652. 1753. Alyssum maritimum Lam. Encycl. I : 98. 1783. Koniga maritima R. Br. in Denh. & Clapp, Narr. Exp. Afric. 214. 1826. Procumbent or ascending, freely branch- ing, 4'- 1 2' high, minutely pubescent with appressed hairs Stem-leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate or linear, -2' long, \"-2\" wide; basal leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into a petiole, flowers white, fragrant, about 2" broad ; pedicels ascending, $"-4" long in fruit ; pods glabrous, pointed, oval or nearly orbicular, i"-ii" long; calyx deciduous; stamens not appendaged. In waste places, occasional. Vermont to Penn- sylvania and on the Pacific Coast. Bermuda. Cuba. Escaped from rardens. Adventive from Europe. Sweet allison. Summer. 4. ALYSSUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 650. 1753. Low branching stellate-pubescent annual or perennial herbs, with small racemose yellow or yellowish flowers. Petals entire. Filaments often dilated and toothed or appendaged. Silicic ovate, oblong or orbicular, compressed, its valves nerveless, the septum thin. Stigma * Originally spelled Konig. Latinized by R. Brown in 1826. '54 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. nearly entire. Seeds i or 2 in each cell of the pod, wingless; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, curing madness.] A genus of 100 species or more, natives of the Old World, some of them known as Madwort. Type species: Alyssum montanum L. i. Alyssum alyssoides L. Yellow or Small Alyssum. Fig. 2012. Clypeola alyssoides L. Sp. PI. 652. 1753. Alyssum alyssoides L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1130. 1759. Alyssum calycinum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 908. 1763. Annual, densely erect, simple, or branching from the base, tufted, 3'-io' high. Leaves linear-oblong or spatulate, nar- rowed at the base, obtuse, entire, 3"-is" long, the lower some- what petioled; flowers yellowish-white, i" broad; pedicels spreading or ascending, 2" long in fruit; pods orbicular, ii" in diameter, margined, minutely pubescent, notched at the apex, tipped with the minute style; sepals persistent around the base of the pod ; seeds 2 in each cell ; style minute ; fila- ments of the shorter stamens minutely toothed at the base. In fields, Ontario to Massachusetts, southeastern New York, New Jersey and Iowa, and in ballast about the seaports. Also in the Far West. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Heal-bite. Heal-dog. Summer. 5. LESQUERELLA S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 249. 1888. Low annual or perennial herbs, with stellate pubescence, simple leaves, and racemose mainly yellow flowers. Petals entire. Anthers sagittate. Pod generally inflated, globose or oblong; valves nerveless; septum translucent, nerved from the apex to the middle. Seeds several or many in each cell of the pod, flattened, marginless or narrow-margined ; cotyledons accumbent. [Dedicated to Leo Lesquere^ix, 1805-1889, Swiss and American botanist.] A genus of about 35 species, natives of America, and mainly of the western parts of the United States. Type species : Lesquerella Lescurii (A. Gray) S. Wats. Pods stellate-pubescent. Pods ob'ong, acute, 2" long ; low perennial. i. L. spathulata. Pods globose, i" in diameter; tall annual or biennial. 2. L. globosa. Pods oval or subglobose, 2" long ; tall biennial or perennial. 3. L. argentea. Pods glabrous or very nearly so. Annual, sparingly pubescent; stem slender, i-2 tall, much branched; southwestern. 4. L. gracilis. Perennial, densely stellate ; stem rather stout, 6'-i2' tall, simple; western. 5. L. ovalifolia. Perennial, i'-6' tall; stem simple; arctic. 6. L. arctica. i. Lesquerella spathulata Rydberg. Fig. 2013. Low Bladder-pod. Lesquerella spathulata Rydberg, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3 : 486. 1896. Perennial, tufted from a deep root, very finely canescent and stellate, 4'-s' high; stems slender, generally numerous, simple. Lower leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 6"-i2" long, acutish, narrowed into a petiole; the upper linear, mainly less than.i" wide ; flowers yellow, about 2" broad ; racemes rather few-flow- ered ; pedicels 3 "-6" long, ascending, or recurved in fruit ; pods oblong or nearly globose, slightly compressed, acute, subacute or rarely obtuse at each end, finely canescent, about 2" long, few-seeded, tipped with a style of about their own length ; septum commonly unperforated. Dry hills, Nebraska and South Dakota to Montana and the North- west Territory. June. GENUS 5. MUSTARD FAMILY. 2. Lesquerella globosa (Desv.) S. Wats. Short's Bladder-pod. Fig. 2014. Vesicaria globosa Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 184. 1814. Vesicaria Short ii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 102. 1838. L. globosa S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 252. 1888. Slender, erect or ascending, sparingly branch- ing, 6'-2o' high, finely stellate-pubescent all over. Basal leaves obovate, i'-ii' long, obtuse; stem- leaves narrower, linear or oblong, smaller, sessile, entire or with slightly undulate margins, the lowest sometimes narrowed into a petiole ; flow- ers yellow; petals 2"-$" long; pedicels slender, spreading, 4"-$" long in fruit; raceme elongat- ing; pod nearly globular, i" in diameter, glabrous when mature ; seeds i or 2 in each cell ; style very slender, 2" long. In open places, Kentucky and Tennessee to eastern Missouri. April. 3. Lesquerella argentea (Pursh) MacM. Silvery Bladder-pod. Fig. 2015. Myagrum argenteum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 434. 1814. Vesicaria argentea DC. Syst. 2: 297. 1821. Lesquerella Ludoviciana S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23:252. 1888. L. argentea MacM. Met. Minn. 263. 1892. Biennial or perennial, tufted, nearly simple, 6'-i8' high, densely stellate-pubescent through- out. Leaves linear, oblong or oblanceolate, the lower 2'-$' long, blunt, entire or sparingly repand-toothed ; flowers yellow ; petals 3" long; pedicels slender, 8"-i2" long in fruit, spreading or recurved; pod slightly stipitate, stellate-pubescent, globose to oval, 2"-2\" long; style about equalling the pod. Prairies, Minnesota, Nebraska and Kansas to North Dakota, Wyoming and Arizona. May-June. 4. Lesquerella gracilis (Hook.) S. Wats. Slender Bladder-pod. Fig. 2016. Vesicaria gracilis Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 3533. 1836. L. gracilis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 253. 1888. Annual, weak, green, stem slender, io'-2o' high, freely branching, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Leaves linear or oblanceolate, the lower slightly petioled, the upper sessile, p"-2' long, their margins often undulate; flowers yellow; petals about 3" long; pedicels spreading, sometimes i' long in fruit, ascending or upwardly curved; pod globose, glabrous, 2" in diameter, stipitate at the end of the pedicel; style 2" long; seeds several in each cell. Prairies, Missouri and Nebraska to Texas. March- May. CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. 5. Lesquerella ovalifolia Rydb. Oval- leaved Bladder-pod. Fig. 2017. Lesquerella ovalifolia Rydb. ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 2: 137. 1897. Perennial from a tufted caudex, pale, densely stellate-canescent. Basal leaves tufted, broadly oval to obovate, sometimes nearly orbicular, entire, obtuse or subacute, i'-2 r long, narrowed into rather long petioles ; stem-leaves distant, sessile, or the lowest short-petioled, linear-ob- lanceolate or narrowly spatulate; fruiting pedi- cels comparatively stout, ascending, 6"-io" long; pods very short-stipitate, subglobose, obtuse, 2^"- 3" in diameter, glabrous; style about 3" long; seeds about 6 in each cell. In dry soil, Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado. 6. Lesquerella arctica (DC.) S. Wats. Arctic Bladder-pod. Fig. 2018. Alyssum? arcticuin DC. Syst. 2: 324. 1821. Vesicaria arctica Richards. Frank. Journ. 743. 1823. Lesquerella arctica S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 254. 1888. Perennial, tufted, densely stellate-pubescent, stem nearly or quite simple, erect, i'-5' tall. Leaves oblanceolate, or spatulate, or the upper oblong, i' long or less, obtuse, entire, the basal ones narrowed into broad petioles, the upper sessile; petals about 2" long; pods oval or subglo- bose, obtuse, 2"-3" high, glabrous or somewhat stellate- pubescent, few-seeded; septum perforated; style i" or less long. Greenland and arctic America. Summer. The plant described as Lesquerella arctica Purshii S. Watts., is taller, sometimes 6' high ; the septum of the sparsely stellate- pubescent pod unperforated. Anticosti. 6. PHYSARIA A. Gray, Gen. 111. i : 162. 1848. Low perennial stellate-canescent herbs, with erect or ascending usually quite simple stems, spatulate mostly entire leaves, the basal ones tufted, and medium-sized yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Petals longer than the sepals. Style filiform. Silicles membranous, stellate-pubescent, their cells inflated, the septum narrow. Seeds not margined; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, bellows, from the resemblance of the inflated fruit.] About 6 species, natives of western North America, the following typical. i. Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. Double Bladder-pod. Fig. 2019. Vesicaria didymocarpa Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 49. pi. 16. 1830. Physaria didymocarpa A. Gray, Gen. 111. i: 162. 1848. Physaria brassicoides Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 29 : 237. 1902. Densely stellate-canescent, pale green ; root long and deep. Stems decumbent or ascending, slender, simple, 3'-! 2' long; leaves spatulate, the basal ones obtuse, entire, or few-lobed, narrowed into mar- gined petioles, i'-s' long; stem-leaves nearly sessile, acute or subacute, much smaller ; racemes 2'-$' long in fruit ; flowers s"-6" broad ; pods didymous, vari- able, often 6" thick through the strongly inflated cavities, emarginate at base and summit or narrowed at base, commonly broader than high ; seeds numerous. In dry soil. North Dakota to Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Nebraska, Colorado and Nevada. May-Aug. GENUS 7. MUSTARD FAMILY. '57 7. CAMELINA Crantz, Stirp. Austr. i : 18. 1762. Erect annual herbs, with entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small yellowish flowers. Silicles ohovoid or pear-shaped, slightly flattened; valves very convex, i-nerved. Seeds several or numerous in each cell, oblong, marginless, arranged in 2 rows. Stigma entire ; style slender. Cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, low flax.] A genus of about 5 species, natives of Europe and eastern Asia. Type species : Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. i.C. saliva. 2. C. microcarpa. Glabrous, or nearly so ; pod 3"-4" long. Pubescent, at least below ; pod 2"-$" long. i. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Gold-of- Pleasure. False or Dutch Flax. Fig. 2020. Myagrum sativum L. Sp. PI. 641. 1753. Camelina sativa Crantz, Stirp. Austr. i: 18. 1762. Glabrous, or nearly so, simple, or branching above, i-2 high. Lowest leaves petioled, entire or toothed, 2'~3' long, lanceolate, acutish; upper leaves sessile, smaller, clasping by a sagittate base, mostly entire; pedicels slender, spreading or ascending, 6"-io" long in fruit; flowers numerous, about 3" long; pod obovoid or pyriform, margined, slightly flattened, 3"-4" long, about 2 "-3" wide; style slender, \\" long. In fields (especially where flax has been grown) and waste places, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Pennsylva- nia, Kansas and California, naturalized from Europe. Old name, myagrum. Cultivated in Europe for the fine oil of its seeds ; nutritious to cattle. Oil-seed. Siberian oilseed. Cheat. Madwort. June-July. 2. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Small- fruited False-flax. Fig. 2021. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ; DC. Syst. 2 : 517. 1821. Camelina sylvestris Wallr. Sched. Crit. 347. 1822. Stem pubescent, at least below, simple or with few elongated branches. Leaves lanceolate, ses- sile, auricled, or the lower narrowed at the base; fruiting racemes much elongated, often i long or more ; pedicels relatively somewhat shorter than those of C. sativa; pod smaller, rather more flattened, 2" -3" long, strongly margined. In waste places, Ontario to Rhode Island, Virginia, British Columbia, Kansas and Arizona. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. May-July. 8. BURSA [Siegesb.] Weber in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hoist. 47. 1780. [CAPSELLA Medic. Pfl. Gatt. i : 85. 1792.] Annual or winter-annual erect herbs, pubescent with forked hairs; basal leaves tufted. Flowers racemose, small, white. Silicles cuneate, obcordate or triangular, compressed at right angles with the septum, the valves boat-shaped, keeled. Style short. Seeds numerous, marginless; cotyledons accumbent. [Middle Latin, purse, from the shape of the pod.] About 4 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, the following typical. In addition to the following, another occurs in the western parts of North America. CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. i Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. Shep- herd's-purse, -bag or -pouch. Fig. 2022. Thtapsi Bursa-pastoris L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753. B. pastoris Weber in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hoist. 47. 1780. Capseila Bursa-pastoris Medic. Pfl. Gatt. i : 85. 1792. Bursa Bursa-pastoris Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 172. 1894. Erect, branching, 6'-2o' high from a long deep root, pubescent below, mainly glabrous above. Basal leaves more or less lobed or pinnatifid, forming a large rosette, rarely entire, 2'-$' long; stem-leaves few, lanceolate, auricled dentate or entire, flowers white, about i" long; pedicels slender, spreading or ascending, $''-?" long in fruit ; pods triangular, cuneate at the base, truncate or emarginate at the apex, 2"-4" long; seeds 10 or 12 in each cell. In fields and waste places, very common. Naturalized from Europe, and widely distributed as a weed over all parts of the globe. Consists of several races. Jan.-Dec. Other names are St. James'-weed, case-weed, mother's heart. Pick-purse. Pick-pocket. Lady's-purse. Witches'- pouches. Shovel-weed. Wind-flower. Pepper-plant. Toothwort. Toywort. 9. HUTCHINSIA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 82. 1812. [HYMENOLOBUS Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 117. 1838.] Low mostly diffuse herbs, more or less pubescent with forked hairs, our species annual, with entire or pinnately lobed leaves, and very small white flowers in terminal racemes, the axis of the racemes much elongating in fruit. Stamens 6. Style wanting or very short. Silicles oval, obcompressed (i. e., at right angles to the partition), the valves with a strong midvein. Seeds numerous in each cell; cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. [Name in honor of Miss Hutchins, of Bantry, Ireland, an eminent botanist.] About 8 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, only the following known in North Amer- ica. Type species : Hutchinsia petraea (Willd.) R. Br. i. Hutchinsia procumbens (L.) Desv. Prostrate Hutchinsia. Fig. 2023. Lepidium procumbens L. Spec. PI. 643. 1753. Hutchinsia procumbens Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 168. 1814. Hymenolobus divaricatus Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i: 117. 1838. Capseila elliptica C. A. Meyer; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 199. 1831. Tufted, somewhat pubescent, or glabrous, branching near the base, the branches ascending or procumbent, slender, 2'-6' long. Lower leaves short-petioled, pin- natifid, lobed, dentate or sometimes entire, |'-i' long; upper leaves sessile or very nearly so, entire or lobed; flowers about \" broad ; pedicels very slender, ascend- ing or spreading, 3"-6" long in fruit; pods elliptic or oval, mostly obtuse or emarginate, i$"-2" long; seeds several in each cell. In moist ground, often in saline situations, Labrador to British Columbia, and widely distributed in the Pacific States. Also in Europe, Asia and Australia. June-Aug. 10. NESLIA Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 162. 1814. [SPHAEROCARPUS Heist.; Fabr. Enum. PI. Hort. Helmst. 1763. Not. Adans. 1763.] An annual or biennial erect branching herb, hispid with branched hairs, with entire leaves, and small yellow racemose flowers. Silicles small, globose, wingless, reticulated, indehiscent, i -celled, i-seeded or rarely 2-seeded. Style filiform. Seed horizontal; coty- ledons incumbent. [Dedicated to J. A. N. De Nesle, a French botanist.] A monotypic genus of Europe and eastern Asia. GENUS 10. MUSTARD FAMILY. i. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. Ball Mus- tard. Fig. 2024. Myagrum paniculatum L. Sp. PI. 641. 1753. Neslia paniculata Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 162. 1814. Slender, branched above, rather densely rough- hispid, i-2 high. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper linear-lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, sagittate-clasping at the base, \'-z\' long, 2"-8" wide; racemes elongated; flowers yellow, nearly i" broad; pedicels filiform, ascending, 3"-5" long in fruit; silicles globose, or slightly depressed, about i" in diameter, finely reticulated. In waste places, Quebec to Manitoba, North Dakota, British Columbia and Pennsylvania, and in ballast about the eastern seaports. Adventive or fugitive from Eu- rope. May-Sept. Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All., a plant with 2-jointed indehiscent pods, erect on appressed pedicels, in long racemes, has been found as a waif at Easton, Penn., and plentifully in ballast about the seaports. It is re- lated to Raphanns. ii. SUBULARIA L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Small annual aquatic submerged herbs, with basal linear subulate leaves, and minute racemose white flowers. Silicles short-stipitate, globose to oblong or elliptic, the valves con- vex, i-ribbed on the back, the partition broad. Stigma sessile, entire. Seeds few, in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Coty- ledons narrow, incumbent, curved above their base. [Latin awl, from the awl-shaped leaves.] A monotypic genus of the northern hemisphere. i. Subularia aquatica L. Water Awl wort. Fig. 2025. Subularia aquatica L. Sp. PI. 642. 1753. Tufted, glabrous, i'-4' high, growing on the margins and bottoms of lakes in shallow water. Flowering scape simple, lateral, i'-3$' high; leaves nearly cylindric, 6"-i5" long; flow- ers few, racemose, distant; pedicels slender, i"-3" long in fruit; petals white, minute; pods i"-ij" long. In clear, cold lakes, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Maine, New Hampshire and Ontario, south in the Rocky Mountains to Wyoming, and to California. Also in Europe and Siberia. June- Sept. 12. RADICULA Hill, Brit. Herb. 265. 1756. [RbRiPA Scop. Fl. Cam. 520. 1760.] [NASTURTIUM R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 109. 1812.] Branching herbs, with simple or pinnate lobed dissected or rarely entire leaves, and small yellow flowers. Sepals spreading. Stamens 1-6. Pods short, terete or nearly so. Stipe none. Valves nerveless or i-nerved. Style short or slender. Stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Seeds turgid, minute, in 2 rows in each cell or very rarely in I row. Cotyledons accumbent. [Name Latin, diminutive of radix, root.] About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, there are about 12 other North American species, natives of the southern and western parts of the continent. Type species : Sisymbrium amphibium L. Flowers and pods distinctly pedicelled ; pods smooth or nearly so. Plants perennial by creeping or subterranean branches. Leaves pinnately divided ; style very short ; naturalized European species, i. R. sylvestris. Leaves pinnatifid ; style slender ; native western species. 2. R. sinuata. Plants annual, biennial or perennial, with fibrous roots. Fruiting pedicels \"-z" long; stem diffuse. Pods linear to oblong, 3" -5" long. 3. R. obtusa. Pods subglcbose, about i" in diameter. 4. R. sphaerocarpa. Fruiting pedicels 2" -4" long ; stem erect. Stem nearly or quite glabrous ; pods linear or linear-oblong. 5. R. palustris. Stem hispid-pubescent; pods globose or oval. 6. R.hispida. Flowers and pods very nearly sessile. 7. R. sessiliflora. i6o CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II i- Radicula sylvestris (L.) Druce. Creep- ing Yellow Water-cress. Fig. 2026. Sisymbrium sylvestre L. Sp. PI. 657. 1753. Nasturtium sylvestre R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4 : 1 10. 1812. Roripa sylvestris Bess. Enum. 27. 1821. Radicula sylvestris Druce, List Brit. Plants 4. 1908. Perennial, glabrous; stems creeping, branches ascending. Leaves pinnately divided or deeply pinnatifid, petioled, 3'-s' long, i'-2 r broad, ovate in outline, the divisions obovate, or oblong, toothed or lobed, the terminal one often somewhat larger than the lateral; pedicels slender, 3" long; flow- ers yellow, 3"-4" broad; pod linear, 4"-6" long; style very short. In wet grounds and waste places, Newfoundland to Ontario, Virginia and Michigan. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Yellow-cress. Summer. 2. Radicula sinuata (Nutt.) Greene. Spreading Yellow-cress. Fig. 2027. Nasturtium sinuatum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 73. 1838. Roripa sinuata A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Man- hattan 1 8. 1894. Radicula sinuata Greene, Leaflets i : 113. 1905. Perennial, diffuse, glabrous, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 2'-^' long, i'-i' wide, pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong, obtuse, entire, or sparingly dentate; pedicels slender, 3" long; flowers yellow, about 2" broad ; pods linear- oblong, sometimes slightly curved, smooth or a little roughened, 4"-6" long; style slender, i"-il" long. In dry or moist sandy soil, Illinois and Minne- sota to Assiniboia, Washington, Missouri, Texas and Arizona. St. Thomas, Canada. June-Scot. Has been mistaken for R. curvisiliqua (Hook.) Greene. 3. Radicula obtusa (Nutt.) Greene, Blunt-leaved Yellow-cress. Fig. 2028. Nasturtium obtusum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. I : 74. 1838. Roripa obtusa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 169. 1894. Radicula obtusa Greene, Leaflets, i: 113. 1905. Annual or biennial, diffuse, much-branched, the branches ascending or erect. Leaves ob- long or oblanceolate, 2'-4' long, pinnately di- vided, or pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse, repand- toothed, or sometimes entire; pedicels i"-2" long; flowers yellow, i" broad or less; pods narrowly oblong, or linear, 3"~5" long, ascend- ing; style \" long. In low grounds, Michigan to Missouri, Texas, Montana and California, April-Aug. GENUS 12. MUSTARD FAMILY. 4. Radicula sphaerocarpa (A. Gray) Greene. Round-fruited Cress. Fig. 2029. Nasturtium sphaerocarpum A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4 : 6. 1849. Roripa sphaerocarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 170. 1894. ^?. obtusa sphaerocarpa Robinson, Rhodora 10 : 32. 1 908. Radicula sphaerocarpa Greene, Leaflets, i : 113. 1905. Glabrous, stem erect or decumbent, usually branched, slender, 4'-! 2' high. Leaves oblong, obtuse, the lower lyrate-pinnatifid or incised, the upper sometimes nearly entire, all petioled or the upper subsessile; petioles narrowly margined, somewhat clasping at the base ; flowers i" broad or less; petals yellow, about equalling the sepals; silicic globose, or subglobose, i"-2" in diameter, about as long as its pedicel ; style very short. Illinois to Kansas, Texas and California. Perhaps a short-podded race of the preceding species. June- July. 5. Radicula palustris (L.) Moench. Marsh or Yellow Water-cress. Fig. 2030. Sisymbrium amphibium var. palustre L. Sp. PI. 657. I7S3- Radicula palustris Moench. Meth. 263. 1794. Nasturtium terrestre R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: no. 1812. Nasturtium palustre DC. Syst. 2: igi. 1821. Roripa palustris Bess. Enum. 27. 1821. Annual, or biennial, erect, branching, glabrous or slightly pubescent, i-3i high. Lower leaves petioled, 3'-7' long, oblong or oblanceolate, deeply pinnatifid (rarely only dentate), the lobes acutish or blunt, repand or toothed ; upper leaves nearly ses- sile, dentate or somewhat lobed; base of the petiole often dilated and clasping; pedi- cels slender, 3" long in fruit; flowers yel- low, 2"-3" broad; pods linear, or linear- oblong, 2-6 times as long as thick, about equalling the pedicels, spreading or curved ; style i" long or less. In wet places, nearly throughout North America except the extreme north. Appar- ently in part naturalized from Europe on the eastern side of the continent, but widely indigenous. Yellow wood-cress. May-Aug. 6. Radicula hispida (Desv.) Britton. Yellow-cress. Fig. 2031. Hispid Brachylobus hispidus Desv. Journ. Bot. 3: 183. 1814. Nasturtium hispidum DC. Syst. 2: 201. 1821. Nasturtium palustre var. hispidum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 30. 1856. Roripa hispida Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 169. 1894. Radicula hispida Britton, Torreya 6: 30. 1906. R. palustris hispida Robinson, Rhodora 10: 32." 1908. Resembling the preceding species, but often stouter, sometimes 4 high and with lower leaves 10' long, the stem, branches, petioles and veins of the lower surfaces of the_ leaves hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; pedicels slender, spreading, about 3" long, longer than the globose or ovoid pod, which is 1-2 times as long as thick. In wet places, New Brunswick to Alaska, British Co- lumbia. Florida and New Mexico. Europe. Summer. 162 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. Radicula curvisiliqua (Hook.) Greene, admitted into our first edition as reported from Ne- braska is here omitted ; it is not definitely known to range east of Wyoming. 7. Radicula sessiliflora (Xutt.) Greene. Sessile-flowered Cress. Fig. 2032. Nasturtium sessiliflorum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N A i 73 1838. Roripa sessiliflora A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhat- tan 1 8. 1894. Radicula sessiliflora Greene, Leaflets i: 113. 1905. Annual or biennial, erect, glabrous, 8'-2o' high, sparingly branched above, the branches ascending. Leaves petioled, the lower $'-4' long, obovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, lobed or pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes ; flowers yellow, i" broad, nearly sessile ; pods very slightly pedicelled, spreading or ascending, 3"-6" long, i" broad, narrowly oblong; style very short ; seeds minute, mostly in 2 rows in each cell. Wet grounds, Virginia to Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Arkansas, Florida and Texas. April-June. 13. SISYMBRIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 657. 1753. An aquatic or uliginous herb, with pinnately divided leaves, and small white flowers in terminal racemes. Pods linear to linear-oblong, slender-pedicelled, tipped with the rather stout style, the valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell of the pod. Cotyledons accumbent. [Ancient Greek name.] A monotypic genus of the Old World. i. Sisymbrium Nasturtium-aquaticum L. True Water-cress. Fig. 2033. Sisymbrium Nasturtium-aquaticum L. Sp. PI. 657. J753- Nasturtium officinale R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4 : no. 1812. Roripa Nasturtium Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club 3 : Part 3, 5. 1893. Radicula Nasturtium-aquaticum Britten & Rendle, Brit. Seed Plants 3. 1907. Glabrous, branching, floating or creeping, rooting from the nodes. Leaves of 3-9 seg- ments, the terminal one larger than the lateral, all obtuse, ovate or oval, or the terminal one nearly orbicular; racemes elongating in fruit; flowers 2"-2i" broad ; petals twice the length of the calyx; pods 6"-i6" long, i" wide, spreading and slightly curved upward, on pedi- cels of about their length ; seeds distinctly in 2 rows. Tn brooks and streams, Nova Scotia to Mani- toba, Virginia, Missouri, Arizona and California. Common in most districts. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Native also' of northern Asia and intro- duced into the West Indies and South America. Widely cultivated for salad. Well- or water- grass. Crashes. Brook-lime. Brown-cress. April- Nov. 14. ARMORACIA Gaertn. Meyer & Schreb. Fl. Wett. 2 : 426. 1800. Tall perennial glabrous herbs, with large pungent roots, leafy flowering stems and rather large white flowers in terminal racemes, the pedicels slender. Silicles short, little, if any, longer than wide. Style short; stigma subcapitate. Seeds few, in 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. [Name from the Celtic, referring to the favorite (saline) habitat of the plant.] A genus of a few species, natives of Europe and Asia, the following typical. GENUS 14. MUSTARD FAMILY. 163 i. Armoracia Armoracia (L.) Britton, Horse- radish. Fig. 2034. Cochlearia Armoracia L. Sp. PL 648. 1753- Nasturtium Armoracia Fries; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 31. 1856. Roripa Armoracia A. S. Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhattan 1 8. 1894. Irmoracia rusticana Gaertn. Meyer & Schreb. Fl. Wett. 2 : 426. 1800. Erect, 2-3 high, from deep thick roots. Basal leaves on thick petioles 6'-i2' long, the blade oblong, often nearly as long, crenate, sinuate or even pinnatifid, rough but glabrous; upper leaves smaller, sessile, nar- rowly oblong or lanceolate, crenate or dentate; racemes paniculate, terminal and axillary; pedicels very slender, ascending, 2"-$" long; flowers white, showy, 2"-^' broad; pods oblong or nearly globose; style very short Escaped from gardens into moist grounds, especially along streams. Frequent. Adventive from Europe. The roots furnish the well-known sauce. Summer. 15. COCHLEARIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753. Annual or biennial maritime herbs, with simple alternate mostly fleshy leaves, and white or rarely purplish or yellowish racemose flowers. Silicic inflated, oblong or globose. Valves very convex, dehiscent. Stigma nearly simple, or capitate. Seeds several in each cell of the pod, usually in 2 rows, marginless. Cotyledons mainly accumbent. [Greek, spoon, from the shape of the leaves.] A genus of about 25 species, all natives of the colder parts of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, about three others are found on the arctic and northern Pacific coasts of North America. Type species : Cochlearia officinalis L. i. Cochlearia officinalis L. Scurvy-grass or weed. Spoonwort. Fig. 2035. Cochlearia officinalis L. Sp. PI. 647. 1753. Cochlearia oblongifolia DC. Syst. Veg. 2 : 363. 1821. Diffuse, branching, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, the branches 6'-i2' long. Lower leaves long-petioled, oblong, orbicular or reniform, obtuse, i'-i' long, dentate or entire ; upper leaves ovate or oblong, ses- sile or short-petioled ; flowers white, 2"-3" broad; petals emarginate, or entire, thrice as long as the calyx ; raceme elongating in fruit ; pedicels ascend- ing, 3"~4" l n g m fruit; pods globose or ovoid, 2"- 3" long, smooth or reticulated ; valves convex, strongly i-nerved; style \" long. Along seacosts and rivers, Anticosti to Greenland and arctic America generally. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. A valued antiscorbutic salad. Cochlearia danica L., Danish scurvy-grass, of the arctic coasts of America and Europe, differs in having the stem-leaves deltoid to hastate, all but the uppermost slender-petioled, and ranges south to Newfoundland. 16. NEOBECKIA Greene, Pittonia 3 : 95. 1896. An aquatic herb, the immersed leaves finely dissected, with large white racemose flowers. Style slender. Silicles ovoid, i-celled. Seeds small, few, in 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. [In honor of Lewis Caleb Beck, 1798-1853, American chemist and botanist.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 164 CRUCIFERAE VOL. II. i. Neobeckia aquatica (Eaton) Britton. Lake Water-cress. River-cress. Fig. 2036. Cochlearia aquatica Eaton, Man. Ed. 5, 181. 1829. Nasturtium natans var americanum A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N .3:223. 1836. Nasturtium lacustre A. Gray, Gen. 111. i : 132. 1848. Roripa americana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 169. 1894. Neobeckia aquaticc Greene, Pittonia 3: 95. 1896. Radicula aquatica Robinson, Rhodora 10: 32. 1908. Branching, i-2 long. Immersed leaves 2'-6' long, pinnately dissected into numerous filiform divisions; emersed leaves lanceolate to oblcng, obtuse or acute, i '-3' long, entire, serrate or lobed, readily detached from the stem; pedicels 3 "-4" long, slender, spreading or ascending; petals longer than the sepals; style about i" long; pods 2" long. In lakes and slow streams, Quebec and Ontario to north- ern New York, Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Local. Summer. 17. LEPIDIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753. Erect, or rarely diffuse, glabrous or pubescent herbs, with pinnatifid lobed or entire leaves and racemose white or whitish flowers. Pubescence,' when present, of simple hairs. Stamens often fewer than 6. Petals short, sometimes none. Silicles orbicular to oblong or obovate, flattened contrary to the partition, mostly emarginate, winged or wingless; valves keeled, dehiscent. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous, flattened; cotyledons incumbent or rarely accumbent. [Greek, a little scale, from the flat scale-like pods.] About 65 species, widely distributed. In addition to the following, about 16 others occur in western North America. Called indifferently Cress, Pepperwort or Pepper-grass. Type species : Lepidium latifolium L. Stem-leaves clasping by an auriculate base. Pods broadly ovate, winged ; annual or biennial. i. L. campestre. Pods wingless, broader than long ; perennial. 2. L. Draba. Stem-leaves petioled or sessile, not clasping. Pods and seeds- entirely wingless ; petals none ; cotyledons incumbent. 3. L. ruderale. Pods slightly winged above, orbicular or oval, about i" broad; petals present or none. Cotyledons accumbent ; petals generally present. 4. L. virginicum. Cotyledons incumbent ; petals minute or wanting. 5. L. densiflorum. Pods oblong, winsjed all around, longer than wide, about 2" high. 6. L. sativum. i. Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Field, Cow or Bastard Cress. Fig. 2037. Thlaspi campestre L. Sp. PI. 646. 1753. L. campestre R. Br. in Ait. f. Hort. Kew. 4 : 88. 1812. Annual or biennial, erect, io'-i8' high, branch- ing above, hoary-pubescent with scale-like hairs or rarely nearly glabrous. Basal leaves oblong, or spatulate-oblong, entire, or pinnatifid in the lower part, obtuse, petioled, 2'-$' long; stem- leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly dentate, sessile, clasping the stem by an auricled base; flowers white or yellowish; pedicels rather stout, spreading, 2"~4" long in fruit; pods very numerous, forming dense elongated racemes, broadly ovate, slightly curved upward, about equalling their pedicels, or shorter, broadly winged at the apex, rough, notched, tipped with a minute style. In fields and waste places, New Brunswick and On- tario to Virginia, Kansas, and on the Pacific Coast, a bad weed in the Middle States. Naturalized from Europe. May-July. Yellow seed. Mithridate mus- tard. Glen-, or poor-man's-pepper. Glen- or crowd- weed. False flax. English pepper-grass. GENUS 17. MUSTARD FAMILY. 2. Lepidium Draba L. Hoary Cress. Fig. 2038. Lepidium Draba L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Perennial, erect or ascending, io'-i8' high, hoary-pubescent, branched at the inflorescence. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, slightly dentate or entire, ii'-2' long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile and clasping; pedicels slender, ascending or spreading, 3"-6" long in fruit; flowers white, about i"-2" broad; pods very broadly ovate, or cordate, ii" long, 2" broad, arranged in short corymbose racemes; valves dis- tinct, papillose, keeled, wingless, tipped with a slender style i"-i" long. Waste grounds, Astoria and Syracuse, N. Y., Wash- ington, D. C., and on ballast about the seaports. Also from Colorado and Wyoming to California and British Columbia. Fugitive from Europe. Native also of Asia. April-June. 3. Lepidium ruderale L. Roadside or Narrow-leaved Pepper-grass. Fig. 2039. Lepidium ruderale L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Annual, erect, 6'-i5' high, glabrous, wiry, freely branching. Basal and lower leaves oblong in outline, i'~4' long, i-2-pinnatifid into linear or oblong obtuse segments ; upper leaves smaller, entire or with a few lobes ; flowers $" broad or less, greenish; petals none; stamens 2; pods flat, not margined, about i" in length, short-oval ; pedicels spreading or somewhat ascending, very slender, iJ"-2" long in fruit; valves sharply keeled, barely winged; seeds marginless; coty- ledons incumbent. In waste places, on ballast and along roadsides about the cities, Nova Scotia to Texas, and recorded from Bermuda. Naturalized from Europe. Has the unpleasant odor of wart-cress. Occurs also in Aus- tralia. Summer. 4. Lepidium virginicum L. Wild Pepper- grass. Fig. 2040. Lepidium virginicum L.- Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate in outline, generally with a large terminal lobe and numerous small lateral ones, all dentate, glabrous or slightly pubescent; stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong- linear, sharply dentate or entire, sessile, or the lower stalked; flowers \"-\" broad, white, petals generally present, sometimes wanting in the later flowers ; stamens 2 ; pedicels very slender, spread- ing, 2"-3" long in fruit; pod flat, short-oval or orbicular, minutely winged above; cotyledons ac- cumbent. In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Minne- sota. Colorado, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Also in the West Indies, and introduced as a weed into south- ern Europe. Bird's-pepper. Tongue-grass. May- No v. j66 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. 5. Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. Wild Tongue- or Pepper-grass. Fig. 2041. Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. Ind. Sem. Goett. 4. 1835- Lepidium intermedium A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2. 1856. Not A. Rich. 1847. L. ramosissimum A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club 26 : 124. 1899. Much like L. ruderale and L. virginicum. Basal leaves pinnately lobed or pinnatifid. Pods obovate-orbicular to ovate, sometimes broader than long, slightly wing-margined above, about i" in diameter; flowering pedicels ascending, forming narrow racemes, or in fruit spreading; petals small or wanting; seeds nearly wingless; cotyledons incumbent. In dry soil, Maine and Ontario to British Co- lumbia, Virginia, Texas and Nevada. Naturalized in Europe and native also of Asia. May-Aug. Has been confused with the Asiatic L. apetalum Willd. and with L, medium Greene. Lepidium neglectum Thellung, differing by slightly longer capsules with more distinctly winged seeds, is widely distributed within the range of the preceding species and is also natural- ized in Europe ; but it does not appear to be spe- cifically distinct. 6. Lepidium sativum L. Garden, Town or Golden Pepper-grass or Cress. Fig. 2042. Lepidium sativum L. Sp. PI. 644. 1753. Annual, glabrous, bright green, stem slender, usually much branched, about i e high. Lower leaves 2-pinnate, or pinnate with the segments lobed or pinnatifid, 3'-7' long, the lobes entire or incised ; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, entire or incised, much smaller ; flowers in loose elongated racemes, about i" broad ; petals pres- ent; stamens 6; silicles ovate-oval, about 2" high and i" wide, equalling or longer than their pedicels, emarginate, winged all around; style short. In waste places, Quebec to New York and British Columbia. Escaped from gardens. Native of Eu- rope. Much cultivated for its pungent foliage. Petals often pinkish. Tongue-grass. May-Aug. 18. CARARA Medic. Prig, i: 34. 1792. [CORONOPUS Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2 : 293. 1791. Not Mill. 1754.] Annual or biennial, diffuse, unpleasantly odorous herbs, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, and small whitish flowers. Pubescence of simple hairs. Silicles small, didymous, laterally compressed, sessile. Stamens often only 2 or 4. Valves of the capsule oblong or subglobose, obtuse at each end, rugose or tuberculate, indehiscent, falling away from the septum at maturity. Seeds i in each cell; cotyledons narrow, incumbent. [Ancient Italian name.] About 6 species, of wide geographic distribution in warm and temperate regions. Type species: Carara Coronopus (L.) Medic. Pod rugose, not crested, emarginate. Pod coarsely wrinkled, crested, tuberculate. 1. C. didymus. 2. C. Coronopus. GENUS 18. MUSTARD FAMILY. 167 i. Carara didyma (L.) Britton. Lesser Wart-cress. Fig. 2043. Lepidium didymum L. Mant. 92. 1767. Senebiera didyma Pers. Syn. z: 185. 1807. Coronopus didymus J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 3: 691. 1800. Tufted, spreading on the ground, sparingly pu- bescent. Stems 2'-i5' long, branching; leaves deeply i-2-pinnatifid, the lower slender-petioled, the upper sessile ; flowers minute, white, racemose ; pedicels slender, i"-ij" long in fruit; pod didy- mous, about i" broad and slightly more than i" high ; valves rugose, obtuse at each end and readily separating into 2 ovoid nutlets. In waste places, Newfoundland to Florida, Mis- souri and Texas, west to British Columbia, California,, Abundant in ballast about the northern seaports. Also throughout tropical America and widely dis- tributed in the Old World where it is native. Summer. 2. Carara Coronopus (L.) Medic. Wart or Swine's Cress. Wartwort. Fig. 2044. Cochlcaria Coronopus L. Sp. PI. 648. 1753. Carara Coronopus Medic. Pflg. i : 35. 1792. Senebiera Coronopus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 7: 76. 1806. Coronopus Coronopus Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 673. 1880-83. Tufted, spreading on the ground, succulent, glabrous and glaucous, or with a few spreading hairs. Stems 2'- 15' long; leaves similar to those of the last species, gen- erally larger, sometimes less divided; flowers similar; pedicels stout, i" long or less ; pod 2" broad and about li" high, flattish, rounded, apiculate at the summit, marked with coarse wrinkles which form a crest around the mar- gin; valves not distinctly separate. In waste places and on ballast, New Brunswick to Florida and the Gulf States. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Sometimes called buck's-horn and herb-ivy. Sow-grass. Summer. 19. THLASPI [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753. Erect glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with entire or dentate leaves, the basal ones forming a rosette, those of the stem, or at least the upper ones, auriculate and clasping. Flowers white or purplish. Siliques obcuneate, obcordate, or oblong-orbicular, mostly emar- ginate, flattened at right angles to the narrow septum, crested or winged. Valves dehiscent. Seeds 2 or several in each cell, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, to flatten, from the flat pod.] A genus of about 25 species, natives of temperate, arctic and alpine regions. In addition to the following, 2 others occur in arctic America, the Rocky Mountains and California. Type species : Thlaspi arvense L. Lower stem-leaves not clasping ; seeds rugose. All the stem-leaves cordate-clasping ; seeds smooth. 1. T. arvense. 2. T. perfoliatum. CRUCIFERAE. i. Thlaspi arvense L. Field Penny- cress. French weed. Fig. 2045. Thalspi arvense L. Sp. PI. 646. 1753. Annual, erect, glabrous, 6'-i8' high, sim- ple or branching above. Basal leaves petioled, oblanceolate, early deciduous; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, sparingly dentate, the upper clasping the stem by an auricled base, the lower merely sessile; flowers white, about i" long, \" broad; pedicels spreading or curved upward, slender, 5"-9" long in fruit; pods nearly orbicular when ripe, 4' -6" broad, very flat, broadly winged all around, notched at the apex, in long racemes ; style minute, or none ; seeds rugose, about 6 in each cell. In waste places and on ballast, Quebec to New York, Manitoba and Kansas. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June Aug. Bas- tard cress. Dish-mustard. Treacle-wort. 2. Thlaspi perfoliatum L. Per foliate Penny-cress. Fig. 2046. Thlaspi perfoliatum L. Sp. PL 646. 1753. Annual, glabrous, branched at the base, stems commonly simple, slender, ascending or erect, 3'-7' tall. Basal leaves ovate or suborbicular, often petioled; stem-leaves oblong or oblong- lanceolate, sessile, auricled at the base and clasping the stem, i'-i' long, 3"-6" wide, obtuse or acute at the apex; pedicels filiform, spreading; silicic obovate-orbicular, 2"-3" broad, rather narrowly winged, broadly notched at the summit; style short but mani- fest; seeds usually 4 in each cell. Hamilton, Ontario, and Geneva, New York. Advcntive from Europe. May-Aug. 20. MYAGRUM L. Sp. PI. 640. 1753. An annual glabrous glaucous branching herb, with entire or undulate oblong to lanceolate leaves, the lower petioled, the upper sessile and deeply auricled at the base. Flowers small, yellow, in elongating racemes ; pedicels short, erect-ascending, bractless. Sepals nearly erect. Petals short ; longer stamens somewhat connate in pairs Silicic obcuneate to spatulate, flattened, indehiscent, falsely 3-celled, i-seeded, tipped by the short style. Seed pendulous; cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, a fly-trap.] A monotypic genus of Europe and western Asia. i. Myagrum perfoliatum L. Myagrum. Fig. 2047. Myagrum perfoliatum L. Sp. PL 640. 1753. Lower leaves oblong, narrowed into petioles ; upper leaves 2'-$' long, i'-i' wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, the basal auricles mostly rounded; racemes, in fruit, elongating to several inches in length ; pedicels i "-2" long, 2-3 times shorter than the pods, equalling or a little longer than the calyx ; longer stamens about equalling the petals. In waste places about Quebec. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer. GENUS 21. MUSTARD FAMILY. 169 21. STANLEYA Nutt. Gen. 2: 71. 1818. Glabrous and glaucous, perennial tall mostly erect and branching herbs, with entire toothed lobed or pinnately divided leaves, and large yellow bractless flowers in elongated terminal racemes. Sepals linear, narrow. Petals narrow, long-clawed. Stamens 6, very nearly equal; anthers twisted. Ovary short-stipitate ; style short or none. Siliques linear, long-stipitate, spreading or recurving, somewhat compressed, dehiscent, the valves with a strong midnerve. Seeds in i row in each cell, numerous, pendulous. Cotyledons straight, in- cumbent. [Named for Lord Edward Stanley, President of the Linnaean Society.] About 3 species, of western North America, the following typical. i. Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britton. Stanleya. Fig. 2048. Cleome pinnata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 739. 1814. Stanleya pinnatifidaNutt. Gen. 2: 71. 1818. Stanleya pinnata Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 8: 62. 1888. Stems stout, 2-5 tall, sometimes decum- bent. Lower leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided, or entire, 5 '-8' long, i'-3' wide, long- petioled ; upper leaves similar, or less divided, or narrowly oblong or lanceolate, entire, short- petioled and narrowed at the base ; flowers nu- merous, showy; petals 8-12" long; filaments filiform, exserted; siliques 2'-$' long, about i" thick, 2-3 times as long as their stipes, spread- ing, downwardly curved, somewhat constricted between the seeds when dry. In dry soil, South Dakota and Nebraska to Cali- fornia, New Mexico and Arizona. Plant with the aspect of a Cleome. May-July. 22. THELYPODIUM Endl. Gen. 876. 1839. [PACHYPODIUM Nutt. 1838. Not Lindl. 1830.] Erect glabrate biennial or perennial herbs, with simple entire toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and racemose purplish or white flowers. Siliques nearly terete, linear, with a short stipe in some species; valves nerved, dehiscent; style short; stigma nearly entire. Seeds in I row in each cell of the pod, oblong, marginless ; cotyledons obliquely incumbent. [Greek, female- stalk, from the stiped ovary.] A genus of about 18 species, natives of North Amer- ica. All but the following occur only in the western part of the continent. Type species : Pachypodium laciniatum (Hook.) Nutt. i. Thelypodium integrifolium (Nutt.) Endl. Entire-leaved Thelypodium. Fig. 2049. Pachypodium integrifolium Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 96. 1838. Thelypodium integrifolium Endl.; Walp. Rep. i: 172. 1842. Pleurophragma integrifolium Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 34 : 433. 1907- Glabrous, erect, branching above, 3-6 high. Leaves entire, thickish, the basal and lower ones petioled, narrowly oval or oblong, 2'-4' long, the upper or sometimes nearly all the cauline ones ses- sile, linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; flowers pink, in short dense racemes; pedicels slender, spreading, 2"-^" long; petals obo- vate or spatulate, long-clawed ; pods narrowly linear, about i' long and i" wide; stipe i"-2i" long; style slender, nearly i" long. Nebraska and Wyoming to Oregon, Utah and New Mexico. July-Sept. 23. ALLIARIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 418. 1763. Biennial or perennial, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, erect branching herbs, with broad dentate cordate or reniform leaves, and rather large racemose white flowers. Sepals short. 170 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. Petals oblong, clawed. Stamens 6 Style very short, conic. Siliques linear, narrowly cylindric, terete or nearly so, slightly constricted between the seeds when dry, the valves with a strong midnerve, dehiscent from the base. Seeds oblong, striate, in i row in each cell; cotyledons flat, incumbent. [From Allium, garlic, on account of its similar odor.] About 5 species, natives of Europe and Asia, the following typical. i. Alliaria Alliaria (L.) Britton. Hedge-garlic. Garlic Mustard or Root. Fig. 2050. Erysimum Alliaria L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753. Sisymbrium Alliaria Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 2 : 26. 1772. A. Alliaria Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 167. 1894. Erect, branching, i-3 high, glabrous or with a few hairs on the petioles and leaf-margins. Leaves reniform, broadly ovate or cordate, rarely nearly orbicular, crenate or undulate, the lower 2'-7' broad on long petioles, the upper smaller, sessile or nearly so; pedicels 2"-$" long, spread- ing and very stout in fruit; flowers white, 3" -4" broad; pods glabrous, stiff, i'-2" long, i" thick, pointed, 4-sided when dry. Waste places, woods and along roadsides, Quebec and Ontario to southern New York, New Jersey and Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. May-June. Called also Jack-by-the- hedge and sauce-alone. Jack-in-the-bush. Poor- man's mustard. Penny-hedge. 24. SOPHIA Adans.Fam. PI. 2:417. 1763. [DESCURAINIA Webb & Earth. Phyt. Can. i : 71. 1836.] Annual or perennial herbs (some exotic species shrubby), canescent or pubescent with short forked hairs, with slender branching stems, 2-pinnatifid or finely dissected leaves, and small yellow flowers in terminal racemes, the racemes much elongating in fruit. Calyx early deciduous. Style very short; stigma simple. Siliques linear or linear-oblong, slender- pedicelled, the valves i-nerved. Seeds very small, oblong, wingless, in i or 2 rows in each cell; cotyledons incumbent. [Name in allusion to reputed medicinal properties.] About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone, the Canary Islands and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, several others occur in the western United States. Type species : Sisymbrium Sophia L. Pods narrowly linear, 8"-i2" long, y 2 " wide, curved upward; pedicels ascending, i. S.Sophia. Pods linear-oblong, 4"-?" long, nearly or quite i" wide, straight or nearly so ; pedicels divergent or ascending, mostly longer than the pods. Pedicels diverging nearly at right angles. 2. S. pinnata. Pedicels ascending. 3. S. incisa. Pods linear, 4" 5" long, about YI" wide ; pedicels erect-appress- ed or narrowly ascending, equalling or shorter than the pods. 4. S, Hartii'egiana. i. Sophia Sophia (L.) Britton. Flixweed. Herb- Sophia. Fig. 2051. Sisymbrium Sophia L. Sp. PI. 659. 1753. Descttrainia Sophia Webb ; Prantl in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflf. 3 2 : 192. 1892. Sophia Sophia Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 2: 144. 1897. o Minutely hoary-canescent, stem usually much branched, I*-3} tall, quite bushy. Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid into nar- rowly linear or Jinear-oblong segments; flowers very numerous, about 3" long; pedicels ascending, very slender, 6"-8" long, glabrous or nearly so; pods narrowly linear, 8"- i 2" long, i" thick, ascending, curved upwards; seeds in i row in each cell of the pod. In waste places, New Brunswick to Ontario, Washington, Oregon, New York, Illinois, Nebraska and Utah. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. Fine-leaved hedge-mustard. Flaxweed. GENUS 21. MUSTARD FAMILY. 2. Sophia pinnata (Walt.) Howell. Mustard. Fig. 2052. 1788. Tansy- Erysimum pinnatum Walt. Fl. Car. 174. Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. Gen. 2 : 68. Descurainia pinnaia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 173. 1894. S. pinnata Howell, Fl. N. W. Am. i : 56. 1897. Sophia brachycarpa (Richards.) Rydb. ; Britton, Man. 462. 1901. Densely canescent nearly all over, to glabrate ; stem erect, branched, 8'-24 tall, slender, the branches ascending. Leaves 2'-^.' long, oblong in outline, 2-pinnatifid into very numerous small toothed or entire obtuse segments ; pedicels very slender, spreading nearly or quite at right angles to the axis, $"-7" long, usually longer than the pods ; flowers i"-ii" broad; pods horizontal or ascending, oblong or linear-oblong, compressed, 3"-4" long, i" wide, glabrous or somewhat canescent; style minute; seeds plainly in 2 rows in each cell. In dry soil, Pennsylvania to Florida, Iowa, North Dakota, Colorado, California and Texas. May-July. 3. Sophia incisa (Engelm.) Greene. Western Tansy-Mustard. Fig. 2053. Sisymbrium incisum Engelm. ; A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4: 8. 1849. Descurainia incisa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 173. 1894. Sophia incisa Greene, Pittonia 3: 95. 1896. Sophia intermedia Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Card. 1 : 184. 1900. Resembles the preceding species, but is greener, nearly glabrous, or the pubescence is mixed with short glandular hairs. Leaves pinnately divided, and the pinnae i-2-pinnatifid into linear-oblong entire or toothed segments; fruiting pedicels widely ascending, filiform, 5"-io" long, usually longer than the pods; pods 4"-7" long, about i" thick, somewhat swollen, erect or ascending; seeds in I row or indistinctly in 2 rows. In dry soil, Minnesota to Saskatchewan and British Columbia, south to Tennessee, Kansas, Texas and Cali- fornia. May-Aug. 4. Sophia Hartwegiana (Fourn.) Greene. Hartweg's Tansy-Mustard. Fig. 2054. Sisymbrium Hartwegianum Fourn. Sisymb. 66. 1865. Sisymbrium incisum var. Hartwegianum Brew. & Wats. Bpt. Cal. i: 41. 1876. Descurainia Hartwegiana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 173. 1894. Sophia Hartwegiana Greene, Pittonia 3: 95. 1896. Similar to the two preceding species, densely minutely canescent or puberulent, stem i-2 tall, the branches slender, ascending. Leaves usually less finely dissected, pinnately divided into 5-7 pinnae, which are pinnatifid with obtuse segments and lobes ; fruiting pedicels erect-appressed or closely ascending, i4"-4" long, shorter than or equalling the pods ; pods erect or nearly so, linear, 4"-5" long, about \" thick; seeds in i row. In dry soil. Minnesota to Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Colorado, Utah, Mexico and California. May-July. 172 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. 25. CHEIRINIA Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2 : 170. 1820. Annual, biennial or perennial, mainly erect and branching herbs, more or less pubescent or hoary, with 2-branched hairs, the leaves simple, entire, toothed or lobed. Flowers yellow. Siliques elongated, linear, 4-angled or rarely terete; valves strongly keeled by a prominent midvein. Stigma lobed. Seeds oblong, in i row in each cell, marginless or narrowly mar- gined at the top; cotyledons incumbent. [Greek name from similarity of this genus to Cheiri Adans.] A genus of about 90 species, natives of the north temperate zone, most abundant in eastern Europe and central Asia. In addition to the following, several others are found in the Rocky Mountains and on the California coast. Type species : Cheirinia cheiranthoides (L.) Link. Flowers 2"-^" high. Pedicels slender, spreading; pods very narrow, 6"-iz" long. Pedicels stout, short. Perennial ; native ; pods ascending. Annual ; introduced ; pods spreading. Flowers 8"- 12" high, conspicuous. 1. C. cheiranthoides. 2. C. inconspicua. 3. C. repanda. 4. C. aspera. i. Cheirinia cheiranthoides (L.) Link. Worm- seed or Treacle Mustard. Fig. 2055. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Sp. PL 661. 1753. Cheirinia cheiranthoides Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 170. 1820. Chciranthus cheiranthoides Heller, Cat. N. A. PI. 4. 1898. Erect, minutely rough-pubescent, branching, 8'-2 high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, i'-4' long, acutish or obtuse, entire or slightly dentate, taper- ing at the base into a short petiole or the upper sessile; pedicels slender, spreading or somewhat ascending, 3" -4" long in fruit ; flowers about 2!" high ; pods linear, obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, 6"-i2" long, less than i" broad, nearly erect on slender spreading pedi- cels; valves strongly keeled; styles \" long. Along streams and in fields, Newfoundland to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Missouri, west to the Pacific Coast. Appears in some places as adventive. Also in northern Europe. Tarrify. June-Aug. 3. Cheirinia inconspicua (S. Wats.) Britton. Small-flowered Prairie- rocket. Fig. 2056. Erysimum parviflorum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. I : 95. 1838. Not Pers. Erysimum asperum var. inconspicuum S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 24. 1871. E. inconspicuum MacM. Met. Minn. 268. 1892. Erysimum syrticolum Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 285. 1893. Perennial, roughish-puberulent or canescent, stem erect, i-2 tall, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves oblanceolate or linear, i'-3' long, obtuse, entire or dentate, the upper ses- sile, the lower slender-petioled ; flowers about V\ 4" high and broad; pedicels stout, about 2" long in fruit, ascending; pod narrowly linear, f-2}' long, about i" wide, minutely rough- puberulent, narrowly ascending or erect; style very stout, i"-i" long. In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, British Colum- bia and Alaska, south to Kansas, Colorado and Nevada. Adventive farther east. July-Aug. GENUS 25. MUSTARD FAMILY. '73 3. Cheirinia repanda (L.) Link. Repand Cheirinia. Fig. 2057. Erysimum repandum L. Amoen. Acad. 3: 415. 1756. Cheirinia repanda Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 171. 1820. Annual, pubescent, about i" high, often much branched. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, ii'-3i' long, repand-denticulate or the lower ones coarsely toothed ; flowers 3"-4i" high ; pedicels stout, 2"-3" long; style short and stout; pods widely spreading, iJ'-3$' long, about i" thick. Waste and cultivated grounds, Ohio to Kansas and Arizona, and in ballast at eastern seaports. Adven- tive or naturalized from Enrope. May-July. 4. Cheirinia aspera (DC.) Britton. Western Wall-flower. Yellow Phlox. Fig. 2058. Erysimum lanceolatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 436. 1814. Not R. Br. 1812. Erysimum asperum DC. Syst. 2 : 505. 1821. Erysimum arkansanum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 95. 1838. Rough-pubescent or hoary, i-3 high, simple or branching above. Lower leaves lanceolate or linear, tapering into a petiole, dentate or sometimes entire, mainly acute; upper leaves smaller, sessile or nearly so, entire or rarely toothed; flowers orange-yellow, large and showy, 6"- 12" high and nearly as broad; pedi- cels stout, spreading, 2"-3" long in fruit; pods linear, rough, ii'-4' long, nearly i" wide, 4-sided; styles short, thick. In open places, Newfoundland and Quebec ; Ohio and Illinois to Texas, Saskatchewan, Colorado and New Mex- ico. The eastern plant generally has broader leaves than the western. Prai- rie-rocket. Orange-mustard. May-July. 26. ERYSIMUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753. Annual or binennial, mostly tall and erect herbs, with simple entire lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and yellow flowers. Siliques linear-conic, terete, many-seeded. Valves mostly 3-nerved, dehiscent. Stigma with 2 short lobes. Seeds in i row in each cell of the pod, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. [Greek name of some garden plant.] A genus of few species, natives of the Old World, the following typical. 174 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. i. Erysimum officinale L. Scop. Hedge Weed or Mustard. Fig. 2059. Erysitniim officinale L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753. Sisymbrium officinale Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 26. 1772. S. leiocarpum Jord. Diag. i : 139. 1864. Erect, more or less pubescent, or glabrous, i- 3 high, with rigid spreading branches. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, the lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile; lobes 3-6 pairs and an odd one, oblong, ovate or lanceolate, dentate, crenate or nearly entire, acutish or obtuse, the lower ones often recurved; pedicels i" long, erect in fruit; flowers yellow, ii" broad, pods s"-7" long, linear, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, closely ap- pressed to the stem; valves with a strong promi- nent midrib. In waste places, common throughout our area, ex- cept the extreme northwest to the Pacific Coast. Also in Bermuda and in southern South America. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. May-Nov. California mustard. Bank-cress. Scrambling rocket. 27. NORTA Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 417. 1763. Biennial herbs, with alternate pinnatifid or dentate leaves and medium-sized yellow flowers. Pubescence, when present, of simple hairs. Sepals spreading. Pods narrowly linear, much elongated, terete or nearly so, divergent or ascending. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds in i or 2 rows in each cell of the pod, oblong, not winged. Cotyledons incumbent. [Name unexplained.] About 10 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Sisymbrium strictissimtim L. i. Norta altissima (L.) Britton. Tall Sisymbrium. Fig. 2060. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Sp. PI. 659. 1753. Sisymbrium Sinapistrum Crantz, Stirp. Aust. Ed. 2, 52. 1769. Sisymbrium pannonicum Jacq. Coll. 1 : 70. 1786. Erect, 2-4 high, freely branching, glabrous or nearly so. Lowest leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, peti- oled, the lobes lanceolate, often auriculate; upper leaves smaller, shorter petioled or nearly sessile, very deeply pinnatifid, the lobes linear or lanceolate, dentate or entire, often with a narrow projection on the lower side near the base; uppermost leaves often reduced to linear nearly entire bracts; flowers yel- lowish, about 3" broad; pedicels 3"-4" long, spread- ing or ascending, thickened in fruit; pods very nar- rowly linear, stiff, divergent, 2'-4' long, \" wide; valves with a prominent midrib. In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, British Co- lumbia, Virginia, Missouri, Colorado, Utah and Oregon. Adventive from Europe. A bad weed in the Northwest. Summer. Norta Irio (L.) Britton [Sisymbrium Irio L.] differs by runcinate-pinnatifid leaves, the terminal segment usu- ally larger than the lateral ones, and soft ascending pods ; it occurs occasionally in ballast and waste grounds. 28. CONRINGIA [Heist.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 418. 1763. Erect glabrous annual herbs, with elliptic or ovate entire leaves, sessile and cordate or the lower narrowed at the base, and middle-sized yellowish flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals narrow. Style 2-lobed or entire. Siliques elongated-linear, 4-angled, the valves firm, i-3-nerved. Seeds in I row in each cell, oblong, marginless ; cotyledons incum- bent. [In honor of Hermann Conring, 1606-1681, Professor at Helmstadt] About 7 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Type species : Brassica orientalis L. GENUS 28 MUSTARD FAMILY i. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Hare's-ear, Treacle Mustard. Fig. 2061. Brassica orientalis L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. E. perfoliatiim Crantz, Stirp. Aust. i : 27. 1762. Brassica perfoliata Lam. Encycl. I : 748. 1783. Erysimum orientate R. Br. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4 : 117. 1812. Conringia perfoliata Link, Enum. 2: 172. 1822. C. orientalis Dumort. Fl. Belg. 123. 1827. Stem usually erect, simple, or somewhat branched, i-3 high. Leaves light green, obtuse at the apex, 2'-$' long, i'-2' wide, the upper smaller; racemes at first short, much elongating in fruit ; pedicels slender, ascend- ing, 4"-8" long; petals about 4' long; nearly twice as long as the sepals; pods 3'-$' long, about i" wide, 4-angled, spreading. In waste places, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Oregon, Delaware, Missouri and Colorado. A bad weed in the Northwest. May-Aug. 29. HESPERIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 663. 1753. Erect perennial or biennial herbs, pubescent with forked hairs, with simple leaves and large racemose purple or white flowers. Stigma with 2 erect lobes. Siliques elongated, nearly cylindric, the valves keeled, dehiscent, i-nerved. Seeds in I row in each cell, globose, wing- less; cotyledons incumbent. [Name from Hesperus, evening, when the flowers are most fragrant.] About 25 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Type species : Hesperis matronalis L. i. Hesperis matronalis L. Dame's Rocket or Dame's Violet. Fig. 2062. Hesperis matronalis L. Sp. PI. 663. 1753. Erect, simple or sparingly branched above, 2-3 high. Lower leaves 3'-8' long, tapering into a petiole, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, dentate with minute teeth, pubescent on both sides; upper leaves similar but smaller, sessile or short-petioled ; flowers 8"-i2" broad, pink, purple or white, fra- grant ; blade of the petals widely spreading, about as long as the claw; pods 2'~4' long, spreading or ascending, contracted between the seeds when ripe. In fields and along roadsides, escaped from gar- dens, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Pennsylvania and Iowa. Native of Europe and Asia. May-Aug. Old English names are Queen's- or Dame's-gilliflower ; night-scented, rogue's- or winter-gilliflower. Dam- ask-violet. Sweet-rocket. Summer-lilac. * v, vrasx 30. ARABIDOPSIS (DC.) Schur. 2 ^ ^J ^U\^ Enum. PI. Trans. 55. 1866. [PILOSELLA (Thai) Kostel. Enum. Hort. Prag. 104. Hyponym. 1844.] [STENOPHRAGMA Celak. Flora 55 : 438. 1872.] Annual or perennial herbs with the aspect of some species of Ardb'is, pubescent with forked hairs, with branched slender erect stems, entire or toothed leaves and small white or pink flowers in terminal racemes. Style very short ; stigma 2-lobed. Siliques narrowly linear, the valves rounded, nerveless or finely nerved, dehiscent. Seeds in I row in each cell in the following species, in some European species in 2 rows ; cotyledons incumbent. [Named from its resemblance to Arabis.] About 12 species, natives of Europe, Asia and North America. Type species : Arabis Thaliana L. Annual ; introduced weed. i. A. Thaliana. Perennial ; indigenous. 2 . A. novae-angliae. i 7 6 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. i. Arabidopsis Thaliana (L.) Britton. Mouse-ear or Thale-cress. Wall-cress. Fig. 2063. Arabis Thaliana L. Sp. PI. 665. 1/53. Sisymbrium Thalianum Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. 7: 399. 1826. Stenophragma Thaliana Celak. OEster. Bot. Zeitsch. 27: 177. 1877. Annual, stem slender, erect, i'-i6' high, freely branching, more or less pubescent with short stiff hairs, especially below. Basal leaves i'-2' long, obtuse, oblanceolate or oblong, narrowed into a petiole, entire or slightly toothed; stem-leaves smaller, sessile, acute or acutish, often entire; pedicels very slender, spreading or ascending, 2"-^" long in fruit; flowers about li" long; petals about twice the length of the sepals; pods narrowly linear, 4"-io" long, acute, often curved upward, glabrous. In sandy fields and rocky places, Massacusetts and southern Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia, Missouri, Arkansas and Utah. Very common eastward. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Turkey-pod. April-May. 2. Arabidopsis novae-angliae (Rydb.) Britton. Low or Northern Rock-cress. Fig. 2064. Arabis petraea Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 42, in part. 1829. Not Lam. Sisymbrium humile Wats. & Coult. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 71. 1890. Not Meyer, 1831. Braya humilis Robinson, in Gray & Wats. Syn. Fl. I 1 : 141, in part. 1895. Pilosella novae-angliae Rydb. Torreya 7: 158. 1907. Perennial, erect, 4'-io' high, branching below, spar- ingly pubescent. Leaves spatulate, or oblanceolate, the lower obtuse, i'-2' long, narrowed into a petiole, sharply dentate or rarely entire, the upper smaller, narrower, often acute; flowers white or pink, ii"-2" broad; pedi- cels ascending or erect, 2"-$" long in fruit; pods nearly terete, glabrous, narrowly linear, 6"-io" long, \" wide; valves finely nerved; style \" long. In rocky places, Anticosti, Willoughby Mountain, Vt., near Michipicoten Harbor, Lake Superior. July. 31. BARBAREA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 109. 1812. Erect glabrous biennial or perennial branching herbs, with angled stems, pinnatifid leaves, and racemose yellow flowers. Stamens 6. Silique elongated, linear, 4-angled, the valves keeled or ribbed. Style short. Stigma 2-lobed or nearly capitate. Seeds in i row in each cell, flat, oblong, marginless; cotyledons accumbent. [Name from St. Barbara, to whom the plant was anciently dedicated.] A genus of about 7 species, natives of the temperate zones. Besides the following, another occurs in western North America. Type species : Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Pods obtusely 4-angled, slender-pedicelled ; leaf-segments 1-4 pairs. Pods divergent or ascending. i. B. Barbarea. Pods erect, appressed. 2. B. stricta. Pods sharply 4-angled, stout-pedicelled ; leaf-segments 4-8 pairs. 3. B. verna. GENUS 31. MUSTARD FAMILY i. Barbarea Barbarea (L.) MacM. Yel- low Rocket or Cress. Fig. 2065. Erysimum Barbarea L. Sp. PI. 660. 1753. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 109. 1812. Barbarea vulgaris var. arcuata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 35. 1856. Barbarea Barbarea MacM. Met. Minn. 259. 1892. Tufted, stems erect, i-2 high. Lower leaves petioled, 2'-s' long, pinnatifid; terminal division much larger than the 1-4 pairs of lateral ones, all oval or obovate, repand-toothed or sometimes entire ; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, some- times clasping; flowers bright yellow, 3" -4" broad; pods spreading or ascending, about i' long, ob- scurely 4-angled ; pedicels about 2" long. In fields and waste places, Labrador to southern New York and Virginia and locally in the interior. Also on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. Leaves thickish, shining above. April-June. Bitter, winter- or rocket-cress. Winter- or wound-rocket. Herb Barbara. 2. Barbarea stricta Andrz. Erect- fruited Winter Cress, Fig. 2066. Barbarea stricta Andrz. in Bess. Enum. PI. Volh. 72. 1821. Barbarea vulgaris var. stricta A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 35- 1856. Similar to the preceding species, about equally tall. Lateral segments of the leaves comparatively larger; flowers pale yellow; pods obtusely or obscurely 4-angled, about i' long, erect and appressed against the rachis of the raceme on erect or ascending slender pedicels. In fields and waste places, Quebec to Alaska, south to Virginia and Nebraska. Recorded from Florida. The plant is apparently naturalized from Europe in the East, but is reported as indigenous in the North and Northwest. It is abundant in northern Europe and Asia. Leaves shining above. April-June. 3. Barbarea verna (Mill.) Aschers. Early Winter Belle Isle or Land Cress. Fig. 2067. Erysimum vernum Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 3. 1768. Erysimum praecox J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 2 : 707. 1800. Barbarea praecox R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4 : 109. 1812. B. verna Aschers, Fl. Prov. Brandenb. i : 36. 1864. Closely resembles the last species. Divi- sions of the leaves more numerous (4-8 pairs) ; pods sharply 4-sided, slightly com- pressed, i '-3' long, borne on stout pedicels. In waste places, Massachusetts to southern New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Florida. Ad- ventive from Europe. Sometimes cultivated for salad. Bank-, American- or Bermuda-cress. In the Southern States called scurvy-grass. April- June. 12 I 7 8 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. 32. IODANTHUS T. & G. ; A. Gray, Man. 32. 1848. A glabrous erect perennial herb, with dentate leaves auricled at the base, or the lower and basal ones lyrate-pinnatifid, and violet or white flowers in panicled racemes. Sepals much shorter than the petals, the inner ones slightly gibbous at the base. Petals long-clawed. Styles stout; stigma subcapitate. Silique linear-cylindric, slightly compressed, somewhat constricted between the seeds. Seeds oblong, rounded, in I row in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, violet-colored flower.] A monotypic genus of southeastern North America. i. Iodanthuspinnatifidus(Michx.) Steud. Purple or False Rocket. Fig. 2068. Hesperis ( ?) pinnatifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:31. 1803. lodanthus hesperidoides T. & G. ; A. Gray, Gen. 111. i: 134. 1848. Thelypodium pinnatifidmn S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 25. 1871. lodanthus pinnatifidus Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, 812. 1841. Glabrous, stem slender, i-3 high, branching above. Lower leaves ovate or oblong, occasionally cordate, 2'-8' long, dentate, tapering into a margined petiole which is clasping and auriculate at the base, the lower part of the blade often pinnatifid into 2-6 pairs of small oblong segments; stem-leaves similar or merely dentate, narrower, sometimes ovate- lanceolate, the upper nearly sessile; flow- ers numerous, 3"-4" broad; pedicels spreading, 2"-$" long in fruit ; pods linear, |'-ii' long, i" wide, spreading or ascending; style stout, i" long. On river banks, western Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to Tennessee, Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. May-June. ARABIS L. Sp. PI. 664. 1753. [TURRITIS L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753.] Annual, biennial or perennial, glabrous or pubescent herbs, with entire lobed or pin- natifid leaves and white or purple flowers. Siliques linear, elongated, flat; valves smooth, mostly i-nerved, not elastically dehiscent at maturity. Stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Seeds in i or 2 rows in each cell, flattened, winged, margined or marginless; cotyledons accumbent. [Name from Arabia.] A genus of about 120 species, mainly natives of the northern hemisphere. In addition to the following, about 35 other species occur in the northern and western parts of the continent. Type species : Arabis alpina L. Called also Wall-cress. Seeds in i row or 2 incomplete rows in each cavity of the pod. Basal leaves pinnatifid ; pods ascending. Seeds large, orbicular, wing-margined ; stem-leaves pinnatifid. Seeds minute, oblong, wingless ; stem-leaves entire, or dentate. Leaves small, mostly entire ; pods drooping ; seeds oblong, wingless ; arctic. Basal leaves merely dentate or lyrate. Seeds minute, oblong, wingless. Seeds larger, oblong, winged or margined. Pods curved upward, nearly i" broad. Pods nearly erect, y 2 " broad. Flowers white, 4" broad ; pods not appressed ; style J /i" long. 33- 1. A. virginica. 2. A. lyrata. 3. A. arcnicola. 4. A. dentata. 5. A. alpina. 6. A. patens. Flowers white or greenish-white, 2"-^" broad ; pods appressed ; style none. Seeds wing-margined ; plant not glaucous. Seeds wingless ; plant glaucous. Pods recurved-spreading. Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves and lower part of stem hairy. Seeds in 2 distinct rows in each cavity of the pod. Pods spreading, erect or ascending ; seeds winged. Pods erect ; basal leaves glabrous or nearly so. Pods spreading ; basal leaves stellate-pubescent. Pods reflexed ; seeds winged. Basal and lower leaves loosely long-pubescent ; pods blunt. Basal and lower leaves finely stellate-pubescent ; pods acute. 7. A. hirsuta. 8. A. glabra. g. A. laevigata. 10. A. canadensis. 1 1. A. Drttmmondii. 12. A. brachycarpa. 1 3. A. Holboellii. 14. A. Collinsii. GENUS 33. MUSTARD FAMILY. i. Arabis virginica (L.) Trelease. Vir- ginia Rock-cress. Fig. 2069. Cardamine virginica L. Sp. PI. 656. 1753. Cardamine ludoviciana Hook. Journ. Bot. 1 : 191. 1834- A. ludoviciana Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petr. 9: 60. 1842. Arabis virginica Trelease ; Branner & Coville, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1884: Part 4, 165. 1891. Planodes virginicum Greene, Leaflets 2: 221. 1912. Annual or biennial, diffuse, glabrate, the stems ascending, 6'-i2 r high. Leaves oblong, narrow, deeply pinnatifid, i'~3' long, the lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile and sometimes reduced to lobed or entire bracts; pedicels spreading or ascending, 2" long in fruit; flowers very small, white ; pods linear, ascending, 8"-i2" long, about i" broad; seeds in I row in each cell, nearly as broad as the pod, orbicular, wing-margined. In open places, Virginia and Kentucky to Illinois, Kansas, Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas, west to southern and Lower California. March-May. 2. Arabis lyrata L. Lyre-leaved Rock-cress. Fig. 2070. Arabis lyrata L. Sp. PI. 665. 1753. Cardamine spathulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 29. 1803. Arabis lyrata occidentalis S. Wats. ; Robinson in Gray & Wats. Syn. Fl. i : Part i, 159. 1895. Tufted, perennial or biennial, erect, 4'-i2' high, gla- brous above, pubescent below, or sometimes glabrous, throughout. Basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, I '-2' long, spatulate or oblanceolate, pubescent or glabrous ; stem- leaves entire or dentate, spatulate or linear, i'-i' long; pedicels slender, ascending, 3" -4" long in flower, elongating in fruit ; flowers pure white, 3"-4" broad ; petals much exceeding the calyx; pods p"-is" long, linear, ascending, less than i" broad, their valves firm, nerved; style \" long or less; seeds in I row, oblong, i" long, wingless. Rocky and sandy places, Ontario to Connecticut, Vir- ginia and Tennessee, west to Manitoba, Alaska, British Co- lumbia and Missouri. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Also in Japan. April-Sept. 3. Arabis arenicola (Richards.) Gelert. Arctic Rock-cress. Fig. 2071. Entrema arenicola Richards. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 67. .1833- . Sisymbrium humifusum J. Vahl, Fl. Dan. pi. 2297* 1840. A. humifusa S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 124. 1890. A. arenicola Gelert, Bot. Tidskr. 21 : 270. 1898. Perennial from a slender root, somewhat pubes- cent at least below, or entirely glabrous, the stems diffuse or ascending, slender, mostly simple, 3'-6' long. Leaves spatulate or oblong, nearly entire, 4"-8" long, i"-2" wide, the lower petioled, the upper sessile ; flowers purplish or white, about 3" broad ; style very short ; pods linear, flat, at length drooping, 8"-i2" long, rather more than i" wide, the valves very faintly nerved; seeds oblong, wingless, in 2 incomplete rows in each cell; cotyledons imperfectly accumbent. Greenland and Labrador to Hudson Bay and the Northwest Territory. Summer. i So CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II, 4. Arabis dentata T. & G. Toothed Rock-cress. Fig. 2072. Sisymbrium dentatum Torr. Transyl. Journ. Med. 10 : 338. Hyponym. 1837. Arabis dentata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 80. 1838. Slender, erect or ascending, i-2 high, sparingly branching, finely rough-pubescent. Basal leaves on margined petioles, obovate, dentate, 2'-^' long, obtuse ; stem-leaves sessile, clasping by an auricled base, dentate, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or the upper acute; pedicels i" 2" long, spreading; flowers green- ish-white, I "-2" broad, the petals hardly ex- ceeding the calyx; pods narrowly linear, 10"- 15" long, spreading; style almost none; seeds in i row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Western New York to Minnesota, south to Ten- nessee, Missouri and Kansas. April-June, 5. Arabis alpma L. Alpine Rock-cress. Snow-drift. Fig. 2073. Arabis alpina L, Sp. PI. 664. 1753. Erect or ascending, 4'-i2' high, densely and finely pubescent. Basal leaves i'-2' long, obo- vate or spatulate, obtuse, dentate, on margined 'petioles; stem-leaves ovate, sessile, clasping by an auricled base, dentate; flowers white, 2"-3" broad; petals much exceeding the calyx; pedi- cels slender, spreading or ascending, 4" long in fruit; pods i'-ii' long, curved upward, nar- rowly linear, i" broad; seeds in I row in each cell, oblong, narrowly winged; style scarcely any. Gaspe, Quebec, to Labrador, arctic America and Alaska. Also in northern and central Europe and in northern Asia. White allison. Bishop's-wig. Dusty-husband. Summer. 6. Arabis patens Sulliv. Spreading Rock-cress. Fig. 2074. Arabis patens Sulliv. Am. Journ. Sci. 42 : 49. 1842. Erect, i-2 high, mostly pubescent with spreading hairs, at least below. Basal leaves dentate, i'-3' long, on marginal petioles; stem- leaves i'-2' long, ovate or oblong, acute or acutish, sessile, dentate or nearly entire, partly clasping by a cordate base ; pedicels ascending, 6"-8" long in fruit, slender; flowers white, 4" broad; pods i'-ii' long, i" broad, narrowly ascending, not appressed ; seeds in I row in each cell, oblong, narrowly winged; style i" long. Eastern Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Missouri. Summer. GENUS 33. MUSTARD FAMILY. 181 7. Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Hairy Rock- cress. Fig. 2075. Turritis hirsuta L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Arabis hirsuta Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 2: 30. 1772. Arabis ovata Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 5: 557. 1817. Stem strictly erect, nearly simple, i-2 high, rough- hairy or nearly glabrous. Basal leaves on margined petioles, obovate or spatulate, obtuse, dentate or repand, i '-2' long; stem-leaves sessile, clasping by an auricled base, lanceolate or oblong; pedicels nearly erect, or ap- pressed, 3"-6" long in fruit ; flowers 2" -3" long, white or greenish-white ; petals more or less longer than the calyx; pods narrowly linear, erect or appressed, i'-2' long, about \" wide; seeds i-rowed, or when young ob- scurely 2-rowed, oblong or nearly orbicular, narrowly margined ; style very short. In rocky places, New Brunswick to Yukon, British Co- lumbia, south to Georgia, Missouri, Kansas, Arizona and California. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 8. Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower Mustard or Cress. Fig. 2076. Turritis glabra L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Arabis glabra Bernh. Verz. Syst. Erf. 195. 1800. Arabis perfoliata Lam. Encycl. i : 219. 1783. Biennial, erect, glabrous and decidedly glaucous above, pubescent at the base, nearly simple, 2-4 high. Basal leaves petioled, 2'-io' long, oblanceolate or oblong, dentate or some- times lyrate, hairy with simple pubescence, or with hairs at- tached by the middle; stem-leaves sessile, with a sagittate base, glabrous, entire or the lower sparingly dentate, a'-6' long, lanceolate or oblong, acutish ; pedicels 2" -6" long, erect ; flowers yellowish-white, 2" broad; petals slightly exceeding the calyx; pods narrowly linear, 2'-3' long, i" wide, strictly erect and appressed ; seeds marginless ; style none. In fields and rocky places, New Brunswick to southern New York and Pennsylvania, west to the Pacific Coast. Appears in some places as if not indigenous. Also in Europe and Asia. May- Aug. 9. Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Smooth Rock-cress. Fig. 2077. Turritis laevigata Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 543. 1801. A. laevigata Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. i : 41 1. 1810. Arabis laevigata Burkii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 17: 15. 1890. A. laevigata laciniata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 82. 1838. Glaucous, entirely glabrous, i-3 high, nearly simple. Basal leaves petioled, spatulate or obo- vate, sharply and deeply dentate, or sometimes laciniate, 2'-$' long; stem-leaves sessile, lanceo- late, or the upper linear, acute, entire or dentate, usually clasping by an auricled or sagittate base; pedicels ascending or spreading, 4"-s" long in fruit; flowers greenish white, 2"-3" high; petals nearly twice the length of the calyx or less ; pods 3'-4* Icng, i" wide, recurved-spreading; seeds in i row, oblong, broadly winged ; style almost none. In rocky woods, Quebec to Ontario, South Dakota, Georgia and Arkansas. April-June. Arabis serotina Steele, found at Millboro, Vir- ginia, differs in being widely branched, its narrower leaves not clasping, its flowers smaller, appearing in August. Arabis viridis Harger, a recently proposed New England species, differs in being green, more leafy, the pedicels erect in flower, the petals longer. l82 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. 10. Arabis canadensis L. Sickle-pod. Fig. 2078. Arabis canadensis L. Sp. PI. 665. 1753. Stem nearly simple, i-3 high, pubescent below, gla- brous above. Basal leaves narrowed into a petiole, blunt but sometimes acutish, dentate or lyrately lobed, 3'-?' long; stem-leaves sessile, not clasping, lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at each end, toothed, or the upper entire, pubescent; pedicels hairy, ascending and 2"-^" long in flower, spreading or recurved and 4"-6" long in fruit; flowers greenish-white, 2"-$" long; petals twice as long as the calyx; pods 2'-$' long, ii"-2" broad, scythe-shaped, pendulous; seeds in I row in each cell, oblong, wing-margined ; style almost none. In woods, Maine, Vermont and Ontario to Georgia, west to Minnesota, Kansas, Arkansas and Texas. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug. ii. Arabis Drummondii A. Gray. Drum- mond's Rock-cress. Fig. 2079. A. Drummondii A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 187. 1866. Tnrritis stricta Graham, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1829 : 350. Not Arabis stricta Huds. Biennial, glabrous throughout, or the basal leaves sometimes sparingly pubescent; stem erect, 8'-3 tall, slightly glaucous. Basal leaves ob- lanceolate, long-petioled, dentate or entire, those of the stem lanceolate to oblong, erect or nearly so, entire, sessile, sagittate ; flowers pink or nearly white, 4"-5" long, their pedicels erect; fruiting pedicels and pods erect or in age slightly spreading; pods 2'-^' long, $"-ii" wide, rather blunt ; seeds in 2 rows in each cell, winged. Cliffs and rocky soil, Quebec to Connecticut, On- tario, northern Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, British Co- lumbia, Oregon, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. May-Aug. M A 12. Arabis brachycarpa (T. & G.) Britton. Purple Rock-cress. Fig. 2080. Turritis brachycarpa T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 79. 1838. A. confinis S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 466. 1887. A. brachycarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 174. 1894. Biennial, somewhat glaucous, generally pur- plish, glabrous except at the base, simple or sparingly branched, i-3 high. Basal leaves stellate-pubescent, obovate or spatulate, i'-3' long, dentate, narrowed into a petiole ; stem-leaves sessile, glabrous, auricled at the base, lanceolate or oblong-linear, about i' long, entire or with a few teeth ; pedicels spreading, 3"-5" long in fruit ; flowers white or pink, 4" broad; petals twice the length of the calyx ; pods narrowly linear, nearly straight, i'-4*' long, i" wide or less, spreading or loosely ascending; seeds in 2 rows in each cavity, oblong, wing-margined. Sandy or rocky soil, Quebec to Manitoba, Assini- boia, Vermont, western New York, Illinois, Minne- sota, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. June- July. GENUS 33. MUSTARD FAMILY. '3 13. Arabis Holboellii Hornem Holboell's Rock-cress. Fig. 2081. A. Holboellii Hornem. Fl. Uan. n : pi 1879 1827. Arabis rctrofracta Graham, Edinb Phil Journ. 1829: 344. 1829. Erect, simple or branching above, io'-24' high, stellate-pubescent, hirsute or even nearly glabrous. Lower leaves spatulatc or oblanceo- late, tufted, petioled, i'-2 long, obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed, more or less long-pubes- cent and ciliate; stem-leaves sessile, erect, clasping by a narrow auricled base ; pedicels slender, reflexed or the upper ascending, 3"-5" long in fruit; flowers purple or whitish, 3"-4" long, becoming pendent ; petals twice the length of the calyx; pods linear, i'-2 f long, slightly more than i" wide, at length reflexed ; seeds margined, in 2 rows in each cell; style very short or none. Greenland to Quebec, Lake Superior, Alaska and British Columbia. Summer. 14. Arabis Collmsii Fernald. Collin's Rock-cress. Fig. 2082. A. Collinsii Fernald, Rhodora 7: 31. 1905. Perennial, similar to Arabis Holboellii, but the basal and lower leaves are finely and densely stellate-pubescent. Stems slender, i high or less, erect, glabrous and glaucescent above, densely pubescent near the base ; basal leaves oblanceolate to obovate, petioled, tufted, i'-i' long; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute at apex, sagittate at base ; flow- ers 2"-2$" long; fruiting pedicels 2*"-4" long, strongly reflexed; pods linear, i'-ij' long, about \" wide, acute or acutish ; seeds narrowly winged above, in 2 rows in each cell. On dry limestone rocks, Rimouski County, Que- bec. June-July. 34. CARDAMINE [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 654. 1753. Erect or ascending herbs, with scaly or bulbiferous rootstocks, or fibrous roots, entire lobed or divided leaves, and racemose or corymbose white or purple flowers. Stamens 6, rarely 4. Siliques elongated, flat, generally erect; elastically dehiscent at maturity; valves nerveless or faintly nerved. Stipe none. Seeds in i row in each cell, compressed, margin- less ; cotyledons accumbent, equal or unequal. [Greek, heart-strengthening, a name for some cress supposed to have that quality.] A genus of about 125 species, natives of the temperate regions of both hemispheres. Type species: Cardamine pratensis L. * Leaves pinnately divided, or some of them of but a single terminal segment. Flowers 6"-g" broad, white or purplish ; perennial. i. C. pratensis. Flowers i"-4" broad, white. Leaf-segments numerous, small, the terminal one 2"-io" wide, narrowed, rounded or subcor- date at the base ; annuals or biennials. Leaves nearly all bncal, pubescent. Stem leafy ; leaves glabrous or very nearly so. Flowers 2"-2j4" wide; plants of swamps, streams, or wet grounds. Segments of basal leaves 2"-iz" wide ; plant 8'-3 tall. Segments of basal leaves J/"-i \'," wide ; plant 6'-i2' tall. Flowers i"-!^" wide; plant of dry rocky situations. Leaf-segments few, large, the terminal one i'-2 r wide, deeply cordate; perennial. 6. C. Clematitis. ** Leaves entire, toothed, or rarely with i or 2 lateral segments; perennials. Dwarf, alpine ; leaves nearly entire, long-petioled. 7. C. bellidifolia. Erect or decumbent ; leaves more or less toothed or lobed. Flowers purple ; stem erect, from a tuberous base. 8. C. Douglassii. Flowers white. Stem erect from a tuberous base. 9. C. bulbosa. Stem decumbent, stoloniferous ; roots fibrous. 10. C.rotundifolia. 2. C.hirsuta. 3. C. pennsylvanica. 4. C, aren icola. 5. C.parvi flora. CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. i. Cardamine pratensis L. Meadow Bitter- cress. Cuckoo-flower or -spit. Fig. 2083. Cardamine pratensis L. Sp. PI. 656. 1753. Perennial by a short rootstock, glabrous, stem erect or ascending, nearly simple, 8'-2o' high. Leaves pinnately divided, lanceolate or oblong in outline, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; divisions 3-7 pairs and an odd one, dentate or entire, those of the basal leaves larger and broader than those of the stem; flowers showy, white or rose, 6"-o," broad ; petals three times the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, 4"-6" long in fruit; pods 8"-i5" long, i" wide; style less than i" long, thick. In wet meadows and swamps, Labrador to northern New Jersey, west to the Pacific coast of British America and Minnesota. Also in Europe and northern Asia. April-May. Ladies'-smock or smick-smock. Milk-maid. Spink. May-flower. 2. Cardamine hirsuta L. Hairy Bitter- cress. Fig. 2084. Cardamine hirsuta L. Sp. PI. 655. 1753. Annual or biennial, stem erect, usually little branched, slender, 4'-io' tall. Leaves nearly all basal and forming a rosette, more or less pubes- cent, i '-4' long, the terminal segment orbicular or broader than long, entire or few-toothed, 3"-io" broad, the lateral ones 2-5 pairs, usually smaller and narrower; stem-leaves few and mostly borne near the base, their segments linear, or linear- oblong; flowers 2" broad, white; pods linear, about i' long and \" wide, strictly erect on ascend- ing pedicels 2 "-4" long when mature ; style almost none. In moist places and waste grounds, Pennsylvania to Michigan, Nebraska and North Carolina. Doubt- fully native of America. Widely distributed in Eu- rope and Asia. Touch-me-not. Land-cress. Lamb's- cress. March-May. 3. Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsyl- vania Bitter-cress. Fig. 2085. Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. ; Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 486. 1800. Cardamine pennsylvanica Brittoniana Farwell, Asa Gray Bull. 6: 46. 1894. Annual, or perhaps sometimes biennial, glabrous or rarely with a few scattered hairs, stem erect, stout or slender, 8'~3 tall, usually much branched, somewhat succulent, leafy up to the racemes. Basal leaves 2'-6' long, the terminal segment obovate, oval or subor- bicular, usually narrowed at the base, 3"-io" wide, the lateral 4-8 pairs oblong, oval, or obovate, all toothed, or some of them entire ; flowers about 2" broad, white ; pods very narrowly linear, 8"-i5" long, less than \" wide, erect ascending or divergent, on ascending or divergent pedicels 2"-3" long; style about i" long. In swamps and wet places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Montr.na, Florida, Tennessee and Kansas. April-June. The plant described and figured as Cardamine flexuosa With., in our first edition, appears to be not specifically dis- tinct from this. GENUS 34. MUSTARD FAMILY. '85 2 : 29. 4. Cardamine arenicola Britton. Sand Bitter-cress. Fig. 2086. Cardamine virginica Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1803. Not L. 1753. Cardamine arenicola Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 19 : 220. 1892. Annual, glabrous, usually much branched from the base, leafy nearly or quite up to the racemes, erect, 6'-i2' high. Segments of the leaves numerous, linear or linear-oblong, \"-\\" wide, obtusish, entire, or with 1-3 small teeth, those of the basal ones slightly wider than those of the upper; flowers about 2" broad, white; mature pods strictly erect, less than i' long, \"-\" wide, their pedicels ascending; styles almost wanting. In moist or wet sandy soil, Connecticut to Florida, Kentucky and Tennessee. March-April. 5. Cardamine parviflora L. Small-flowered Bitter-cress. Fig. 2087. Cardamine parviflora L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 914. 1763. Cardamine hirsuta var. sylvatica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 67. 1867. Annual or biennial, glabrous or very sparingly pubescent, stem weak, erect or ascending, very slender or almost filiform, 2'-i5' long, usually leafy up to the racemes, but the leaves scattered. Segments of the leaves numerous, oblong or linear, or the terminal ones sometimes orbicular, entire or sparingly toothed, \"-2" wide; mature pods i' long or less, rather less than \" wide, erect on ascending pedicels, 2"-5" long, the axis of the racemes commonly zigzag; flowers scarcely more than i" broad, white; style almost wanting. On dry rocks, Quebec to western Ontario and Oregon, south to Massachusetts and Georgia. Also in northern Europe and Asia. April-May. 6. Cardamine Clematitis Shuttlw. Moun- tain Bitter-cress. Fig. 2088. Cardamine Clematitis Shuttlw. ; S. Wats. Bibl. Index i : 53- 1878. Perennial, glabrous, dark green, somewhat suc- culent, stem weak, ascending or erect, slender, 5'-i5' long. Leaves remarkably various, some of them of a single orbicular or reniform, deeply cordate, entire or undulate terminal segment, some of them with two additional ovate oblong or rounded lateral segments, the uppermost occa- sionally linear-oblong and entire ; petioles of the stem-leaves sagittate at base; flowers in short racemes, white, 3"-4" wide; pedicels ascending, 3"-6" long; pods ascending or divergent, i'-ii' long, less than i" wide; style i"-2" long, subu- late. In wet woods, high mountains of southwestern Virginia and North Carolina to Alabama. May-July. Y CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. 7. Cardamine bellidifolia L. Alpine Cress. Fig. 2089. Cardamine bellidifolia L. Sp. PI. 654. 1753. Perennial, tufted, glabrous, 2'-$' high, with fibrous roots. Lower leaves long-petioled, ovate, obtuse, the blades 4"-8" long, 3 "-4" broad, abruptly contracted into the petiole, entire, or with a few rounded teeth ; upper leaves similar, shorter- petioled; flowers 1-5, white; petals about twice the length of the calyx; pods erect, linear, 3'-ii' long, i" wide, narrowed at each end; pedicels i"~3" long; style stout, less than i" long. Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H. ; Mt. Katahdin, Me. ; Greenland and arctic America ; the Canadian Rocky Moun- tains ; California. Also in Europe and Asia. July. 8. Cardamine Douglassii (Torr.) Britton. Purple Cress. Fig. 2090. Arabis rhomboidea var. purpurea Torr. Am. Journ. Sci. 4 : 66. 1822. Arabis Douglassii Torr. ; T. & G Fl. N. A. i : 83. As synonym. 1838. Cardamine Douglassii Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 8. 1889. C. purpurea Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 2 : 139. 1897. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, generally slender, 6'-i5' high, perennial by tuberiferous rootstocks. Basal leaves slender-petioled, about i' broad, ovate or orbicular, cordate, thickish; lower stem-leaves similar, but short-petioled, the upper sessile, mostly close together, dentate or entire; pedicels 4"-i2" long; flowers purple, showy, s"-io" broad; pods nearly erect, i' long, i" broad, pointed at each end; pedicels 4"-i2" long; style 2" long. In cold springy places, Quebec and arctic Amer- ica to the Canadian Rocky Mountains, south to Maryland, Kentucky and Wisconsin. Blooming two or three weeks earlier than the next, and more abundant northward. Mountain water-cress. April- May. 9. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B.S.P. Bulbous Cress. Fig. 2091. Arabis bulbosa Schreb. ; Muhl. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3 : 174. 1793- Cardamine rhomboidea DC. Syst. Veg. 2: 246. 1821. Cardamine bulbosa B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 4. 1888. Perennial, glabrous, erect from a tuberous base, with tuber-bearing rotstocks, simple or sparingly branched above, 6'-2 high. Basal leaves oval, or nearly orbicular, i'-ii' long, sometimes cordate, angled or entire, long-petioled ; stem-leaves sessile or the lower petioled, mostly distant, oblong or lanceolate, dentate or entire,- i'-2' long; pedicels 4"-i2" long; flowers white, s"-7" broad; petals three or four times the length of the calyx ; pods i' long, erect, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at each end; style i"-2" long; stigma prominent; seeds short-oval. In wet meadows and thickets. Nova Scotia(?); Vermont to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Vir- ginia. Spring-cress. April-June. GENUS 34. MUSTARD FAMILY. 10. Cardamine rotundifolia Michx. Round-leaved or American Water-cress. Fig. 2092. Cardamine rotundifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 30. 1803. Perennial, weak, ascending or decum- bent, forming long stolons ; roots fibrous. Basal leaves and stem-leaves similar, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, ovate, oval, or orbicular, obtuse, undulate angled or entire, thin, the base rounded, trun- cate or cordate; pedicels 4"-! 2" long; flowers white, z"-3" broad ; pods linear, 7"-8" long, i" wide, pointed; style l" long; stigma minute; seeds oblong. In cold springs, New York to Ohio, Mis- souri, North Carolina and Kentucky. As- cends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Mountain water-cress. May-June. 35. DENTARIA [Tourh.] L. Sp. PI. 653. 1753. Perennial herbs, with fleshy horizontal scaly or toothed rootstocks, erect mostly un- branched stems leafless below, 3-divided or palmately laciniate petioled leaves, and corym- bose or short-racemose, white, rose-colored or purple flowers. Petals much longer than the sepals. Stamens 6. Style slender. Silique linear, flat, elastically dehiscent from the base, its valves nerveless or with a faint midnerve; stipe none. Seeds in i row in each cell, thick, oval, flattened, wingless; cotyledons thick, nearly or quite equal, accumbent. [Greek, tooth, from the tooth-like divisions of the rootstock.] About 15 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the western parts of North America. The species are called Pepper-root and Tooth-root, from their pungent and toothed rootstocks. Type species : Deniaria pentaphyllos L. Basal leaves and stem-leaves similar. Leaf-divisions lanceolate or oblong, lobed or cleft ; joints of the rootstock readily separable. i. D. laciniata. Leaf-divisions ovate or ovate-oblong, crenate or lobed. Stem-leaves 2, opposite, or close together ; rootstock continuous. 2. D. diphylla. Stem-leaves 2-5, alternate ; rootstock jointed. 3. D. maxima. Divisions of the stem-leaves linear or lanceolate; those of the basal leaves ovate, much broader; joints of the rootstock readily separable. 4. D. heterophylla. i. Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Cut-leaved Toothwort or Pepper-root. Fig. 2093. D. laciniata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 479. 1800. Cardamine laciniata Wood, Bot. & Fl. 38. 1870. Dentaria furcata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 480. 1903. Erect, pubescent or glabrous, 8'-is' high ; rootstock deep, tubercled, jointed, the joints readily separable. Leaves all petioled, 2'-s' broad, those of the stem generally 3 and ap- proximate or verticillate, rarely distant, 3-parted nearly to the base; divisions lanceo- late, linear or oblong, the lateral ones often deeply 2-cleft, all incisely toothed or lobed, or the lateral ones entire; basal leaves similar, rarely developed at flowering time ; pedicels stout, 8"-io" long in fruit ; flowers 7"-o/' broad, white or pink; pods linear, ascending, I'-ii' long. In moist or rich woods, Quebec to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Louisiana. Purple- flowered toothwort. Crow-foot. Crow-toes. April- June. CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. 2. Dentaria diphylla Michx. Two- leaved Toothwort. Fig. 2094. D. diphylla Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 30. 1803. Cardamine diphylla Wood, Bot. & Fl. 37. 1870. Stout, erect, simple, glabrous, 8'-i4' high; rootstock continuous, toothed. Basal leaves long-petioled, 4'-$' broad, ternate, the divisions short-stalked, broadly ovate, dentate, or some- what lobed, about 2' long; stem-leaves gen- erally 2, opposite or nearly so, similar, shorter petioled and sometimes slightly narrower, ovate or ovate-lanceolate; pedicels i'-ii' long; flowers white, 6"-8" broad; pods i' long or more. In rich woods and meadows, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to South Carolina and Kentucky. Crinkle-root. Trickle. Two-toothed pepper-root. May. Dentaria anomala Eames, known only from Connecticut, growing with this species and D. laciniata, is probably a hybrid between them. 3. Dentaria maxima Xutt. Large Tooth- wort. Fig. 2095. Dentaria maxima Nutt. Gen. 2: 66. 1818. Cardamine maxima Wood, Bot. & Fl. 38. 1870. Glabrous, similar to the last species but larger; rootstock jointed, prominently tuber- cled. Stem-leaves 2-7 (generally 3), alternate, similar to the basal ones, their divisions short- stalked, ovate to obovate, toothed or cleft; flowers pale purple, 8"-io" broad. Maine to Michigan and Pennsylvania. Local. May. Dentaria incisifplia Eames, known only from Sherman, Connecticut, differs in having lanceo- late, incised-dentate sessile leaf-segments. 4. Dentaria heterophylla Nutt. Slender Toothwort. Fig. 2096. Dentaria heterophylla Nutt. Gen. 2: 66. 1818. Cardamine heterophylla Wood, Bot. & Fl. 38. 1870. Erect, simple, slender, scapose, glabrous or some- what pubescent, 6'-i4' high ; rootstock near the sur- face, jointed. Basal leaves long-petioled, ternate, 2'-3' broad; divisions short-stalked or sessile, ovate, i'-ii' long, the terminal one cuneate or rounded at the base, the lateral ones inequilateral, all crenately toothed, lobed or cleft, the lobes or teeth mucronate; stem-leaves generally 2, opposite or nearly so, peti- oled, ternate, the divisions linear or lanceolate, short- stalked, i'-ii' long, entire or dentate; pedicels i' long in fruit; flowers light purple, 8"-i2" broad; pods ascending, linear, narrowed at each end, i' long; style slender, 2"-3" long. In low woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, south along the mountains to Georgia and Tennessee. The stem-leaves often closely resembling those of D. laciniata, which blooms a little earlier. April-May. GENUS 36. MUSTARD FAMILY. 189 36. LEAVENWORTHIA Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4: 87. 1837. Low winter-annual glabrous scapose herbs, with lyrate-pinnatifid basal leaves, and few or solitary terminal flowers. Petals wedge-shaped. Siliques flat, broadly linear or oblong, short-stipitate ; valves dehiscent, nerveless, finely reticulate-veined. Seeds in i row in each cell of the pod, flat, winged or margined; embryo straight, or nearly so, the redicle short, slightly bent toward the cotyledons. [In honor of Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, U. S. A.] A genus of about 4 species, natives of southeastern North America. Type species: Leaven- worthia aurea Torr. Pods not constricted between the seeds i. L. uniflora. Pods constricted between the seeds. 2. L. torulosa. i. Leavenworthia uniflora (Michx.) Britton. Michaux's Leavenworthia. Fig. 2097. Cardamine uniflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 29. 1803. Leavenworthia Michauxii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 4 : 89. 1837- L. uniflora Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 171. 1894. Tufted, 2'-6' high. Basal leaves rosulate, numerous, i '-4' long, the segments 5-17, irregularly dentate or angled, 2"-3" long, the terminal one somewhat larger, all narrowed near the base, but slightly expanded at the junction with the rachis; stem-leaves none, or 1-3, similar, but smaller; flowers about 3" broad; petals white or purplish with a yellow base, about twice the length of the sepals; pods oblong or linear, 6"-is" long, 2" wide when mature; style stout, about \" long. In open dry places, southern Indiana to Missouri and Tennessee, west to Missouri. April. 2. Leavenworthia torulosa A. Gray. Necklace Leavenworthia. Fig. 2098. Leavenworthia torulosa A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. 5 : 26. 1880. Closely resembles the preceding species, but the pods are narrower and distinctly constricted between the seeds. Style conspicuous, ii"-2" long; seeds sharp- margined, barely winged; terminal segment of the basal leaves decidedly broader and larger than the lateral ones; petals notched. Barrens of Kentucky and Tennessee. April. 37. SELENIA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 5: 132. 1825. Annual tufted glabrous herbs, with pinnatisect leaves, and racemose leafy-bracted yellow flowers. Sepals spreading. Petals narrow, erect, with 10 hypogynous glands at their bases. Silique stalked, very flat, oblong, narrowed at each end. Valves nerveless, thin, finely veined, dehiscent. Style long, slender. Seeds few, in 2 rows in each cell of the pod, orbicular, flat, 190 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. broadly winged, free from the septum. Cotyledons accumbent. resemblance of this genus to Lunaria.] [Greek, moon, from the Two or three species, natives of the south-central United States and northern Mexico, the following typical. i, Selenia aurea Nutt. Selenia. Fig. 2099. Selenia aurea Nutt. Journ Acad. Phila. 5: 132. 1825. Stems simple, numerous, 2'-8' high. Basal leaves I '-2' long, narrow, i-2-pinnatind into numerous oblong dentate or entire segments; stem-leaves similar, smaller; bracts of the raceme pinnatifid, resembling the upper leaves; flowers 3"-4" high, numerous; pedicels s"~7" long in fruit, spreading or ascending; pod 6"-io" long, 2"-3" broad; style 2" long, very slender. In open sandy places, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. March-April. 38. LUNARIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 653. 1753. Annual, biennial or perennial, more or less pubescent erect branching herbs, with broad simple dentate or denticulate mostly cordate leaves, and large violet or purple flowers in terminal racemes. Lateral sepals saccate at the base. Petals obovate, clawed. Siliques long- stipitate, very flat, oblong or elliptic, the papery valves reticulate-veined, dehiscent. Style filiform; septum hyaline, translucent, shining. Seeds circular or reniform, very large, winged, borne on long funiculi, which are adnate to the septum; cotyledons large, accum- bent. [Latin, moon, in allusion to the shining partition of the pod.] Two known species, natives of Europe and Asia. Type species : Lunaria annua L. Siliques oblong, pointed at both ends ; perennial. Siliques elliptic, rounded at both ends ; annual or biennial. 1. L. rediviva. 2. L. annua. i. Lunaria rediviva L. Perennial Satin- pod, or Satin-flower. Fig. 2100. Lunaria rediviva L. Sp. PI. 653. 1753. Perennial, pubescent with short simple hairs, stem rather stout, 2-4 tall. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate, or the upper rounded at the base, thin, the lower long-petioled, 3'-6' long; flowers 8"-i2" broad, slender-pedicelled; pods oblong, 2'-$' long, drooping, about i' wide at the middle, borne on slender stipes of about one-half their length ; seeds reniform, broader than long. In thickets, Canadian side of Niagara Falls. Escaped from gardens or fugitive from Europe. Determination based on flowering specimens collected by Professor Macoun which may, per- haps, belong to the following species. The plant is commonly cultivated for its ornamental flowers and pods. May-July. GENUS 38. MUSTARD FAMILY. 191 2. Lunaria annua L. Honesty. Satin-flower. Fig. 2101. Satin. Lunaria annua L. Sp. PI. 653. 1753. Lunaria biennis Moench, Meth. 126. 1794. Resembles the preceding species when in flower, but the root is annual or biennial. Siliques elliptic or broadly oval, i\'-2.' long, i' wide or rather more, rounded at both ends; seeds suborbicular, cordate, about as long as wide. Escaped from gardens in southern Ontario, south- western Connecticut and eastern Pennsylvania. Both this species and the preceding are occasionally culti- vated for their remarkable large pods, which are gathered for dry bouquets, the valves falling away at maturity and leaving the septum as a shining membrane. Money-plant. Penny-flower. Matrimony-plant or -vine. May-June. 39. SINAPIS L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Annual or biennial, usually erect, branching more or less hispid herbs, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and rather large, mostly yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Siliques linear, nearly terete, constricted between the seeds, sessile in the calyx, smooth or densely hispid, tipped with a very long flat sword-like or angled beak which often contains a seed near its base, the valves 3-nerved. Seeds subglobose, in one row in each cell, not winged nor margined. Cotyledons conduplicate. [Name Greek, said to come from the Celtic for turnip.] About 5 species, natives of southern Europe. Type species : Sinapis alba L. Leaves lyrate pinnatifid; fruiting pedicels 4" -5" long. i. S.alba. Leaves dentate or lobed ; fruiting pedicels 2 "-3" long. 2. S. arvcnsis. i. Sinapis alba L. White Mustard. Charlock. Fig. 2102. Sinapis alba L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Brassica alba Boiss. Voy. Espag. 2: 39. 1839-45. Erect, annual, i-2 high, more or less pu- bescent with stiff spreading hairs. Lower leaves 6'-8' long, obovate in outline, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate, with a large terminal leaflet or lobe and several pairs of smaller lateral ones, dentate all around; uppermost leaves lanceolate or oblong, often merely dentate, short-petioled ; flowers yellow, 7"- 9" broad; pedicels rather stout, spreading, 5"-7" long in fruit; pods spreading or ascending, terete, constricted between the seeds ; beak flat, equalling or sometimes longer than the rest of the pod; seeds light brown. In waste places and fields, occasional, mostly escaped from cultivation. Adventive from Eu- rope. Native also of western Asia. Senvie. Ked- lock. Summer. CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. 2. Sinapis arvensis L. Charlock. Wild Mustard. Fig. 2103. Sinapis arvensis L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Brassica Sinapistrum Boiss. Voy. Espagne 2 : 39. 1839-45. Brassica arvensis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 1888. Erect, annual, i-2 high, hispid with scat- tered stiff hairs, or glabrate, branching above. Leaves variously irregularly toothed or lobed ; flowers 6"-8" broad ; pedicels stout, 2"-3" long in fruit; pods glabrous or slightly bristly, spreading or ascending, somewhat constricted between the seeds, 6"-8" long, i" wide, tipped with a flattened elongated-conic often i-seeded beak 5" -6" long, the valves strongly nerved In fields and waste places, frequent. Adventive from Europe and widely distributed as a weed. Corn-mustard, chadlock, corn- or field-kale. Ked- lock. Kerlock or curlock. Bastard-rocket. Runch-, crowd- or kraut-weed. Yellow-flower. Water-cress. May-Nov. 40. ERUCA [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Annual or biennial branching herbs, with pinnately lobed or dentate leaves, and rather large racemose flowers, the petals yellowish to purplish with brown or violet veins. Style elongated. Siliques linear-oblong, dehiscent, long-beaked, the 3-nerved valves concave. Seeds in 2 rows on each cell. Cotyledons conduplicate. [Latin name for some crucifer.] Ten species, or fewer, natives of Europe and western Asia, the following typical. i. Eruca Eruca (L.) Britton. Garden Rocket. Fig. 2104. Brassica Eruca L. Sp. Pi. 667. 1753. Eruca sativa Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. i. 1768. Annual, somewhat succulent, glabrous, i- ii high, commonly much branched. Basal and lower leaves pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, 3'-6' long; upper leaves smaller, lobed, dentate or denticulate; flowers \'-\' wide, variously colored, the petals strongly veined ; raceme much elongated in front, the short pedicels and the pods erect-appressed ; pods i' long or more, tipped by a stout flat beak. Waste grounds, Ontario to Pennsylvania and Missouri. Adventive from Europe. Also intro- duced into Mexico. May-Oct. 41. BRASSICA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Erect branching annual, biennial or perennial herbs, with pinnatifid basal leaves, those of the stem dentate or often nearly entire, and showy yellow flowers in elongated racemes. Siliques elongated, sessile, terete or 4-sided, tipped with an indehiscent conic beak. Valves convex, i-3-nerved. Stigma truncate or 2-lobed. Seeds in I row in each cell, globose to oblong, marginless; cotyledons conduplicate. [Latin name of the Cabbage.] A genus of about 80 species, natives of Europe, Asia and northern Africa. Type species : Brassica oleracea L. None of the leaves clasping the stem, the upper sessile. Pods slender, l /t'-i' long, appressed ; pedicels 2" long. i. B.nigra. Pods rather slender, i'-2 f long, erect, on slender pedicels 3"-$" long. 2. B.jnncea. Upper leaves clasping by an auricled base. 3. B. campestris. GENUS 41. MUSTARD FAMILY. i. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard Fig. 2105. Sinapis nigra L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. Brassica nigra Koch, in Roehl, Deutsche Fl. Ed. 3,4:713- 1833. Annual, erect, 2-7 high, freely and widely branching, pubescent or glabrate. Lower leaves slender-petioled, deeply pin- natifid, with I terminal large lobe and 2-4 smaller lateral ones, dentate all around; upper leaves shorter-petioled or sessile, pin- natifid or dentate, the uppermost reduced to lanceolate or oblong entire blades ; flowers bright yellow, 3 "-5" broad ; pedicels slen- der, appressed, 2" long in fruit ; pods nar- rowly linear, 4-sided, 5"-7" long, \" wide, appressed against the stems and forming very narrow racemes ; beak slender, i"-2 ' long; seeds dark brown. In fields and waste places, common through- out our area, except the extreme north, west to the Pacific Coast. Bermuda. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Cadlock. Warlock. Kerlock. Scurvy-senvie. June-Nov. 2. Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. Indian Mustard. Fig. 2106. Sinapis juncea L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753. B. juncea Cosson, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 6: 609. 1859. Annual, pale, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, somewhat glaucous, stem erect, usually stout, i-4 tall. Lower leaves runcinate-pinnatifid and dentate, long-petioled, 4-6' long, the upper- most sessile or nearly so, lanceolate or linear, commonly entire, much smaller ; flowers 6"-o," wide; fruiting racemes sometimes i long; pods erect or nearly so, on slender ascending pedicels 3"-S" long, not appressed to the axis, i'-2' long, more than i" wide, the conic-subulate beak one- fourth to one-third the length of the body. In waste places, New Hampshire to Pennsylva- nia, Michigan, Kansas and Virginia. Adventive or naturalized from Asia. May-July. 3. Brassica campestris L. Turnip. Wild Navew. Fig. 2107. Brassica campestris L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Brassica Rapa L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753. Biennial; stem i-3 high, branching, glabrous and glaucous, or sometimes slightly pubescent below. Lower leaves petioled, pubescent, more or less lobed or pinnatifid ; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtusish, sessile and clasping the stem by an auricled base, entire or dentate, gla- brous ; flowers bright yellow, 4"-S" broad ; pedicels spreading or ascending, often i' long in fruit; pods ii'-2' long, tipped with a beak 4"-s" long. In cultivated grounds, sometimes persisting for a year or two, and occasional in waste places eastward. Fugitive from Europe. Sum- mer-rape. Nape. Bergman's-cabbage. Cole- seed. April-Oct. Consists of many races. '94 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. Brassica Napus L. (RAPE) is like the preceding species but has all the leaves glabrous ; some- times found in waste places. Brassica oleracea L. (CABBAGE) is occasionally spontaneous after cultivation. Brassica japonica Siebold, occasionally spontaneous after cultivation, has laciniate, often crisped leaves. 42. DIPLOTAXIS DC. Syst. 2: 628. 1821. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, similar to the Mustards, with basal and alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and rather large yellow flowers in terminal racemes. Silique elongated, linear, flat or flattish, short-beaked or beakless, the valves mostly i-nerved. Style usually slender Seeds in 2 complete or incomplete rows in each cavity of the silique, margin- ginless; cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek, referring to the double rows of seeds.] About 20 species, natives of the Old World, the following fugitive or adventive in our territory. Type species : Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Perennial ; stem leafy nearly to the inflorescence. i. D. tenuifolia. Annual ; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate. 2. D. muralis. i. Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Wall Rocket. Fig. 2108. Sisymbrium tetniifolium L. Cent. PI. i: 18. 1755. Diplotaxis tenuifolia DC. Syst. 2 : 632. 1821. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, somewhat glaucous, stem branched, bushy, leafy, i-4 high. Leaves pinnatifid, often nearly to the midrib, thin, the lower 3'-6' long, the lobes dis- tant or close together, mostly narrow; racemes elongated in fruit, loose; flowers 8"-io" broad 1 , pods i'-i<' long, about 14" wide, nearly erect; pedicels slender, io"-2o" long in fruit. In waste places and ballast, Nova Scotia to On- tario, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, chiefly about the cities and in California. Adventive from Eu- rope. Cross-weed. June-Aug. 2. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Sand Rocket. Fig. 2109. Sisymbrium muralc L. Sp. PI. 658. 1753. Diplotaxis muralis DC. Syst. 2: 634. 1821. Annual, branched from the base, sparing!}' hispid or glabrous, the slender branches i-2 high, leafy only below. Leaves oblanceolate, sinuate-lobed or sometimes pinnatifid, 2'-^ long, narrowed at the base, mostly slender- petioled ; fruiting racemes long, loose ; flowers 6"-8" broad; pod abort i' long and i" wide, erect, flattish ; fruiting pedicels 4"-8" long. In waste places and ballast, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania and in Bermuda. Adventive from Europe. Flix- or cross-weed. June-Aug. 43. RAPHANUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 669. 1753. Erect branching annual or biennial herbs, with lyrate leaves and showy flowers. Silique linear, coriaceous, fleshy or corky, constricted or continuous and spongy between the seeds, indehiscent. Style slender. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek, quick- appearing, from its rapid germination.] A genus of about 6 species, natives of Europe and temperate Asia. Type species : Raphanus sativus L. Flowers yellow, fading white; pod longitudinally grooved, 4-io-seeded. i. R. Raphanistrum. Flowers pink or white ; pod not longitudinally grooved, 2-3-seeded. 2. R. satiz'ns. GENUS 43. MUSTARD FAMILY. '95 i. Raphanus Raphanistrum L. Wild Radish. Jointed or White Charlock. Wild Rape. Fig. 2110. Raphanus Raphanistrum L. Sp. PL 669. 1753. Biennial or annual, erect or ascending from a slender root, freely branching, i-2j high, sparsely pubescent with stiff hairs especially below, or rarely glabrous throughout Basal and lower leaves deeply lyrate-pinnatifid, 4'- & long, with a large terminal lobe and 4-6 pairs of successively smaller lateral ones, all crenate or dentate ; upper leaves few, small, oblong; flowers 6"-o," broad, yellow (sometimes purplish), fading to white, pur- plish-veined ; pedicels 3"-8" long in fruit ; pods i'-ij' long, 6-io-seeded, nearly cylindric when fresh, constricted between the seeds when dry, longitudinally grooved, tipped with a conic beak .5"-io" long. In fields and waste places, Pennsylvania to Ontario and Newfoundland. Often a trouble- some weed. Introduced also in California and British Columbia and in Bermuda. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Black or wild mustard. Warlock. Cadlock. Curlock. Skedlock. Kraut-weed. Erroneously called Rape. Summer. 2. Raphanus sativus L. Garden Radish. Fig. 2111. Raphanus sativus L. Sp. PI. 669. 1753. Similar to the last, but flowers pink or white. Root deep, fusiform or napiform, fleshy. Pods fleshy, 2-3-seeded, not longi- tudinally grooved, often equalled or ex- ceeded by the long conic beak. Cultivated and occasionally spontaneous for a year or two in gardens or fields, rarely in waste places. Also in Cuba. Native of Asia. June-Oct. 44. CAKILE [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Annual, diffuse or ascending, glabrous fleshy branching herbs, with purplish or white flowers. Siliqttes sessile on the calyx, flattened or ridged, indehiscent, 2-jointed, the joints i-celled and i-seeded, or the lower one seedless, separating when ripe. Style none; coty- ledons accumbent. [Old Arabic name.] A genus of several species, natives of sea and lake shores of Europe and North America, one of them extending into tropical regions. Type species : Bunias Cakile L. 196 CRUCIFERAE. VOL. II. i. Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. Amer- ican Sea Rocket. Fig. 2112. Bunias edentula Bigel. Fl. Bost. 157. 1814. Cakile americana Nutt. Gen. 2: 62. 1818. Cakile edentula Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 59. 1830. Very fleshy throughout, bushy-branched from a deep root, the lower branches spreading or ascending, the central ones erect, i in height or less. Leaves oblanceolate, or obovate, obtuse, sinuate-dentate or lobed, narrowed at the base, the lower 3'-s' long; flowers light purple, 2"-3" broad ; petals long-clawed, more than twice the length of the sepals; pod 6"-io" long, upper joint slightly longer than the lower, ovoid, angled, flattened, narrowed into a beak above; lower joint obovoid. not flattened. In sands of the seashore, Newfoundland to New Jersey and Florida, and along the Great Lakes, New York to Minnesota. Also on the California coast. Summer. Family 39. CAPPARIDACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 61. 1836. CAPER FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs (rarely trees), with a watery sap, alternate or very rarely opposite, simple or palmately compound leaves and axillary or terminal, solitary or racemose, regular or irregular, mostly perfect flowers. Sepals 4-8. Petals 4 (rarely none), sessile or clawed. Receptacle elongated or short. Stamens 6-00, not tetradynamous, inserted on the receptacle ; anthers oblong. Ovary sessile or stipitate ; style generally short ; ovules cc , borne on parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds mainly reniform in our species ; endosperm none ; embryo generally coiled. A family of about 35 genera and 450 species, mostly of warm regions. Pod long-stipitate on its pedicel ; stamens 4-6. Pod linear-elongated ; petals generally clawed. Petals entire. i. Cleome. Petals laciniate. z. Cristatella. Pod short, rhomboid ; petals sessile. 3. Cleomella. Pod nearly or quite sessile on its pedicel ; stamens more than 6. 4. Polanisia. i. CLEOME L. Sp. PI. 671. 1753. Herbs or low shrubs, generally branching. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or simple. Leaflets entire or serrulate. Calyx 4-divided or of 4 sepals, often persistent. Petals 4, cru- ciate, nearly equal, entire, more or less clawed. Receptacle short, slightly prolonged above the petal-bases. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), inserted on the receptacle above the petals. Ovary stalked, with a gland at its base. Capsule elongated, long-stipitate, many-seeded. [Deriva- tion uncertain; perhaps from the Greek, to shut] About 75 species, mainly natives of tropical regions, especially American and African. In addi- tion to the following, 4 others occur in the western part of the United States. Type species : Cleome gynandra L., of tropical regions, which has been found as a waif in waste grounds on Staten Island, N. Y. Leaves 3-foliolate ; flowers pink, or white. i. C. serrulata. Leaves, at least the lower, s-7-foliolate. Flowers pink, or white. z. C. spinosa. Flowers yellow. 3. C. lutea. GENUS i. CAPER FAMILY. i Cleome serrulata Pursh. Pink Cleome. Fig 2113. Cleome serrulata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 441 1814. Peritoma serrulatum DC. Prodr i : 237 1824. Cleome mtegrifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 122. 1838. Annual, erect, glabrous, 2-3 high, branching above. Leaves 3-foliolate, the lower long and slender-petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so; leaflets lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire or distantly serrulate, i'-3' long; fruiting racemes greatly elongated; bracts lanceolate or linear, often mucronate; pedicels slender, spreading or recurved and 6"-io" long in fruit; stipe of the pod about equalling the pedicel ; flowers pink or white, very showy; petals oblong, slightly clawed, S"-6" long, obtuse; pods linear, acute, 1-2' long. Prairies, northern Illinois to Minnesota, Sas- katchewan, Assiniboia, Missouri, New Mexico and Arizona. Occasional in waste grounds farther east. Rocky Mountain bee-plant. July-Sept. 3. Cleome lutea Hook. Yellow Cleome. Fig. 2115. Cleome lutca Hook. Fl. .Bor. Am. i : 70. pi. 25. 1830. Annual, erect, glabrous, branching, lJ-3i* high. Leaves 5-foliolate, slen- der-petioled, or the upper 3-foliolate and nearly sessile; leaflets oblong or oblong- lanceolate, entire, short-stalked or sessile, narrowed at the base, obtuse or acute and mucronulate at the apex, -2' long; racemes elongating in fruit ; bracts linear-oblong, mucronate; pedicels slen- der, s"-6" long; flowers densely race- mose, yellow ; petals obovate or oblonceo- late, about i" long; pod linear, iJ'-3" long, acute, borne on a stipe becoming longer than the pedicel. In dry soil, Nebraska to Washington and Arizona. June-Sept. 2. Cleome spinosa L. Spider-flower. Fig. 2114. Cleome spinosa L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 939. 1763. Cleome pungens Willd. Enum. PI. 689. 1809. Annual, erect, 2-4 high, branching above, clammy-pubescent. Leaves 5-7- foliolate, the lower long-petioled, s'-8' in diameter, the upper shorter-petioled or nearly sessile, passing into the simple lanceolate or cordate-ovate bracts of the raceme; petioles spiny at the base; leaflets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, mi- nutely serrulate; flowers numerous, long- pedicelled, showy, purple or whitish, i' broad or more; petals obovate, long- clawed; stipe of the linear glabrous pod at length 2 '-6' long; stamens variable in length, often long-exserted. In waste places, southern New York to Florida, west to Illinois, Arkansas and Louisi- ana. Sometimes cultivated for ornament. Fugitive or adventive from tropical America. Prickly cleome. Summer. 198 CAPPARIDACEAE. VOL. II. 2. CRIST ATELLA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 7: 85. pi. 9. 1834. Annual viscid glandular-pubescent herbs, with digitately 3-foliolate leaves, and small white or yellowish flowers in terminal bracted racemes. Sepals spreading, slightly united at the base. Petals 4, laciniate or fimbriate at the summit, borne on long slender claws, the 2 lower smaller than the 2 upper. Receptacle short, with a short petaloid nectary between the ovary and the upper sepal. Stamens 6-14; filaments slender, declined. Ovary stalked, also declined. Capsule linear, nearly terete, many-seeded. [Diminutive of cristatus, crested, referring to the lacinitale petals.] A genus of 2 species natives of the south-central United States. Type species : Cnstatclla erosa Nutt. i. Cristatella Jamesii T. & G. James' Cristatella. Fig. 2116. Cristatella Jamesii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 124. 1838. Erect, slender, branching, 6'-is' high. Leaves slender-petioled; leaflets nearly sessile, linear or linear-oblong, longer than the petiole, entire, obtuse, 4"-i2" long; flowers slender-pedicelled, whitish or yellowish, the pedicels diverging; bracts mostly 3-foliolate ; claws of the larger petals \V'-2\" long; sepals acute or obtusish; pod ascending, much longer than its stipe and somewhat longer than the pedicel. In dry soil, Iowa to Nebraska, Colorado, Louisi- ana and Texas. Reported from Illinois. June-Dec. 3. CLEOMELLA DC. Prodr. i : 237. 1824. Annual glabrous branching erect or diffuse herbs, with small yellow flowers and 3-folio- late leaves. Calyx of 4 sepals. Petals 4, sessile, not clawed. Receptacle short, glandless. Stamens 6, inserted on the receptacle. Ovary short, long-stalked. Capsule short, rhomboid or trapezoid, often broader than long, 4-io-seeded. [Diminutive of Cleome.] A genus of about 8 species, natives of southwestern North America, extending into Mexico. Type species : Cleomella mexicana DC. i. Cleomella angustifolia Torr. Northern Cleo- mella. Fig. 2117. Cleomella angustifolia Torr.; A. Gray, PI. Wright, i: 12. 1852. Generally erect, i-ii high, branching above. Leaf- lets linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, longer than the petiole; bracts linear, simple; flowers yellow, 2"-$" broad; pedicels very slender, \' long in fruit; pod flattened, rhomboid, 2"-3" broad, about 2" high, pointed, raised on a very slender stipe 2"-^" long, its valves almost conic; placentae persistent after the valves fall away, each bearing about 3 seeds. Plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico. Summer. GENUS 4. CAPER FAMILY. 199 4. POLANISIA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 98. 1819. Annual branching herbs, mainly glandular-pubescent and exhaling a strong disagreeable odor, with whitish or yellowish flowers, and palmately compound or rarely simple leaves. Sepals 4, lanceolate, deciduous. Petals slender or clawed. Receptacle depressed, bearing a gland at the base of the ovary. Stamens 8-, somewhat unequal. Pod nearly or quite ses- sile on its pedicel, elongated, cylindric or compressed, its valves dehiscent from the summit. Seeds rugose or reticulated. [Greek, very unequal, referring to the stamens.] A genus of about 30 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. In addition to the fol- lowing, 2 other species are found in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species : Polanisia graveolens Raf. Stamens equalling or slightly exceeding the petals ; flowers 2" 3" long. i. P. graveolens. Stamens much exceeding the petals ; flowers 4" 6" long. 2. P. trachyspcrma. i. Polanisia graveolens Raf. Clammy- weed. Fig. 2118. Clcome dodecandra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 32. 1803. Not. L. 1753. Polanisia graveolens Raf. Am. Journ. Sci. I : 378. 1819. Viscid and glandular-pubescent, branch- ing, 6'-i8' high. Leaves 3-foliolate, slender- petioled; leaflets oblong, obtuse, entire, 6"-i2" long; sepals purplish, slightly un- equal; petals cuneate, clawed, deeply emar- ginate or obcordate, yellowish-white ; sta- mens 9-12, purplish, equalling or slightly exceeding the petals; style about i" long; pod lanceolate-oblong, slightly compressed, i'-ii' long, 3"-4" wide, slightly stipitate, rough, reticulated ; seeds rough. Sandy and gravelly shores, western Quebec to Manitoba, Maryland, Tennessee, Kansas and Colorado. Wormweed. False-mustard. Summer. 2. Polanisia trachysperma T. & G.. Large- flowered Clammy-weed. Fig. 2119. Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 669. 1840. Jacksonia trachysperma Greene, Pittonia 2: 175. 1891. Similar to the last, but flowers twice the size (4"- 6" long) ; style slender, 2"-$" long; stamens much exserted, often twice the length of the petals ; fila- ments purple, conspicuous ; pod slightly larger, nearly or quite sessile. Prairies and plains, Iowa to Missouri, Texas, west to British Columbia and California. Summer. Family 40. RESEDACEAE S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2 : 665. MIGNONETTE FAMILY. 1821. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with alternate or fascicled leaves, gland-like stipules and racemose or spicate, bracted flowers. Flowers unsymmetrical. Calyx 4~7-parted, more or less inequilateral. Petals generally 4-7, cleft or entire, hypogynous. Disk fleshy, hypogynous, i-sided. Stamens 3-40, inserted on the disk; filaments generally unequal. Ovary i, compound, of zoo RESEDACEAE. VOL. II. 3-6 carpels ; styles or sessile stigmas 3-6 ; ovules oc . Fruit capsular in all but one genus, 3-6-lobed. Seeds reniform, without endosperm ; cotyledons incumbent. Six genera and about 65 species, mainly natives of the Mediterranean region. I. RESEDA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 448. 1753. Erect or decumbent herbs, with entire lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and small spicate or narrowly racemose flowers. Petals 4-7, toothed or cleft. Disk cup-shaped, glandular. Stamens 8-40, inserted on one side of the flower and on the inner surface of the disk. Cap- sule 3-6-lobed, horned, opening at the top before the seeds mature. [Ancient Latin name, referring to the supposed sedative effects of some of the species.] About 55 species, all natives of the Old World. Type species: Reseda lutea L. Leaves entire ; upper petals lobed, the lower entire. i. R. Luteola. Leaves lobed or pinnatifid. Petals greenish-yellow, 3 or 4 of them divided. 2. R. lutea. Petals white, all of them cleft or divided. 3. R. alba. i. Reseda Luteola L. Dyer's Rocket. Yellow-weed. Fig. 2120. Reseda Luteola L. Sp. PI. 448. 1753. Glabrous, erect, simple, or sparingly branched above, i-2\ high. Leaves lanceolate or linear, entire, obtuse, sessile or the lowest narrowed into a petiole; flowers greenish-yellow, i"-2" broad, in long narrow spikes; sepals 4; petals 4 or 5, very unequal, the upper ones lobed, the lower one linear, entire ; capsule globose, 2"-$" in diameter, with 3 or 4 apical teeth and 6-8 lateral ridges. In waste places and in ballast, Massachusetts to New York and Pennsylvania. Mexico. Adventive from Europe. Cultivated for its yellow dye. Sum- mer. Dyer's-weed. Dyer's-mignonette. Weld. Yel- low or Italian rocket. Dutch pink. Wild woad. 2. Reseda lutea L. Yellow Cut-leaved Mignonette. Fig. 2121. Reseda lutea L. Sp. PI. 449. 1753. Ascending or decumbent, pubescent with short scattered stiff hairs, or nearly glabrous. Leaves 2'~4' long, broadly ovate or oblong in outline, deeply lobed or divided, sometimes pinnatifid, their seg- ments linear or oblong, obtuse, the margins undu- late ; flowers greenish-yellow, 2"-3" broad, in narrow racemes; pedicels ascending, about 2" long in fruit; petals 6 or 5, all but the lowest irregularly cleft; sepals of the same number; stamens 15-20; capsule oblong, about 4" long, i$"-2" wide, with three or rarely 4 short teeth. In waste places, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Penn- sylvania and Michigan, and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from Europe. Summer. Called also cramh- ling rocket. Reseda odorata L., the mignonette of the gardens, has wedge-shaped entire or 3-lobed leaves, and very fragrant flowers with deeply cleft petals. GENUS i. MIGNONETTE FAMILY. 201 3. Reseda alba L. White Cut-leaved Mignonette. Fig. 2122. Reseda alba L. Sp. PI. 449. 1753. Erect, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, i-3 high. Leaves often crowded, pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, the segments 9-12, linear, linear- oblong or lanceolate, obtusish, entire or undu- late, 4"-! 2" long; flowers nearly white, 2"-3" broad, in dense spike-like racemes ; pedicels short; petals 6 or 5, all 3-cleft at the summit; sepals of the same number; stamens 12-15; capsule ovoid-oblong, usually 4-toothed, 5"-6" long. In waste places, Connecticut to Pennsylvania and Ohio, in ballast about the eastern seaports and in British Columbia. Adventive from south- ern Europe. July-Aug. Family 41. SARRACENIACEAE La Pyl. Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris 6 : 379. 1827. PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY. Marsh herbs, with basal tubular or pitcher-shaped leaves, and large scapose nodding solitary flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, hypogynous, imbricated, persistent. Petals 5, imbricated, hypogynous, deciduous or none. Stamens oo , hypogynous ; anthers versatile. Ovary i, 3-5-celled ; ovules oo, in many rows. Capsule 3-5-celled, loculicidally dehiscent; style terminal, peltate, lobed, or in one genus simple. Seeds small, the testa reticulated ; embryo small ; endosperm fleshy. Three genera and about 10 species, all natives of America. Besides the following genus, Chrys- amphora of California and Heliamphora of Venezuela are the only known members of the family. i. SARRACENIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 510. 1753. Leaves hollow, pitcher-form or trumpet-shaped, with a lateral wing and a terminal lid or lamina. Sepals 5, with 3 or 4. bracts at the base. Petals 5, ovate or oblong. Ovary 5-celled. Style dilated at the apex into a peltate. umbrella-like structure with 5 rays which terminate under its angles in hooked stigmas. Capsule 5-celled, granular, rugose. Seeds numerous, anatropous. [Named in honor of Dr. Jean Antoine Sarracin, a botanist of Quebec.] About 8 species natives of eastern and southeastern North America. Type species : Sarracenia purpurea L. Leaves pitcher-shaped, curved; flower purple or greenish (rarely yellow). Leaves tubular-trumpet-shaped ; flower yellow. 1. 5". purpurea. 2. S. flava. 203 SARRACENIACEAE. VOL. II. i. Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher-plant. Side- saddle Flower. Fig. 2123. Sarrecenia purpurea L. Sp. PI. 510. 1753. Sarracenia purpurea heterophylla (Eaton) Torr. Fl. N. Y. i : 41. 1843. Sarracenia heterophylla Eaton, Man. Ed. 3, 447. 1822. Glabrous, except the inner side of the lamina and inner surface of the pitchers, which are densely clothed with stiff reflexed hairs. Leaves tufted, ascending, curved, 4-12' long, purple-veined, or sometimes green or yellowish all over, much inflated, narrowed into a petiole below, broadly winged, persistent; scapes i-2 high, slender, bearing a single nodding, deep purple or occasionally yellow, nearly globose, flower 2' in diameter or more; petals obovate, narrowed in the middle, in- curved over the yellowish style. In peat bogs, Labrador to the Canadian Rocky-Mountains, Florida, Kentucky and Iowa. May-June. The hollow leaves are commonly more or less completely filled with water con- taining drowned insects. Young plants often bear several smaller flat obliquely ovate leaves. Huntsman's-cup. In- dian cup or pitcher. Adam's- or forefathers'-cup or -pitcher. Whippoorwill's-boots or -shoes. Skunk-cabbage. Watches. Foxglove. Small-pox plant. Fly-trap. Meadow- or fever-cup. 2. Sarracenia flava L. Trumpets. Trum- pet-leaf. Water-cup. Fig. 2124. Sarracenia flava L. Sp. PI. 510. 1753- Glabrous throughout, or the leaves minutely pubescent. Leaves trumpet-shaped, i-3 long, i '-2' wide at the orifice, narrowly winged, promi- nently ribbed, green, the lid i'~4' wide, obtuse or acuminate, erect, contracted at the base ; scape i-2 high, slender; flower 2' -3' broad, yellow; petals narrow, oblanceolate or obovate, sometimes 3' long, drooping, slightly contracted at the middle. In bogs, Virginia and North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana. Yellow trumpets. Watches. Bis- cuits. April. Family 42. DROSERACEAE S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 664. 1821. SUNDEW FAMILY. Perennial or biennial glandular-pubescent herbs, exuding a copious viscid secre- tion, mostly with basal leaves circinate in the bud, and fugacious perfect flowers, racemose in our species. Calyx persistent, 4~5-parted or the sepals distinct and imbricated. Petals 5, hypogynous, convolute, marcescent, distinct or slightly united at the base. Stamens 4-20, hypogynous or perigynous ; filaments subulate or filiform ; anthers usually versatile. Disk none. Ovary free, or its base adnate to the calyx, globose or ovoid, i-3-celled ; styles 1-5, simple, 2-cleft or multifid ; ovules numerous. Capsule i-5-celled, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds several or numerous ; anatropous ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo straight, cylindric. Four genera and about 90 species, of wide geographic distribution. GENUS i. SUNDEW FAMILY. 203 i. DROSERA L. Sp. PI. 281. 1753. Bog herbs, with tufted basal leaves clothed with glandular hairs which secrete a fluid that entraps insects, and scapose racemose flowers. Calyx-tube short, free from the ovary, very deeply 4-8-parted (commonly 5-parted). Petals usually 5, spatulate. Stamens as many as the petals; anthers short, extrorse. Ovary i-celled; styles 2-5, usually 3, distinct or united at the base, often deeply 2-parted so as to appear twice as many, or fimbriate. Capsule 3-valved (rarely s-valved), many-seeded, generally stipitate in the calyx. [Name from the Greek, dew, in allusion to the dew-like drops exuded by the glands of the leaves.] About 85 species, most abundant in Australia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southeastern States. Our species are known as Sundew, or Dew-plant. Type species : Drosera rotundifolia L. Blade of the leaf orbicular, or wider than long ; petals white. Blade of the leaf linear, or longer than wide Leaves linear or spatulate with a distinct petiole ; petals white. Blade of the leaf spatulate. Blade 2-3 times as long as wide. Blade 6-8 times as long as wide. Blade linear, 10-15 times as long as wide. Leaves filiform, much elongated, with no distinct petiole; petals purple. i. Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew or Dew-plant. Eyebright. Fig. 2125. Drosera rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 281. 1753. Drosera rotundifolia comosa Fernald, Rhodora 7: 9. 1905. Scape slender, erect, glabrous, 4'-io' high. Leaves orbicular or broader, spreading on the ground, the blade 3"-6" long, abruptly narrowed into a flat pubescent petiole -2' long, the upper surface covered with slender glandular hairs; raceme i-sided, simple or sometimes once forked, i-25-flowered ; pedi- cels i "-2" long; flowers about 2" broad, opening in sunshine; petals white to red, oblong, somewhat exceeding the sepals ; seeds fusiform, pointed at both ends, the testa loose. In bogs or wet sand, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Florida and Alabama, in the Rocky Mountains to Montana and Idaho, and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Ascends to 2500 ft. in the Catskills. Also in Europe and Asia. Rootstock usually short. Parts of the flower are sometimes transformed into small green leaves. Rosa-solis. Youth-wort. Moor-grass. Red-rot. Lustwort. July-Aug. i. D. rotundifolia. 2. D. intermedia. 3. D, longifolia. 4. D. linearis. 5. D. filiformis. 2. Drosera intermedia Hayne. Spatulate-leaved Sundew. Fig. 2126. Drosera intermedia Hayne in Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1800: Part i, 37. Drosera longifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 186. 1803. Not L. 1753- Drosera americana Willd. Enum. 340. 1809. Drosera intermedia var. Americana DC. Prodr. i : 318. 1824. Rootstock elongated (2'-^' long when growing in water). Scape erect, glabrous, 2'-8' high. Blades of the leaves ascend- ing, spatulate, obtuse at the apex, $"-7" long, ii"-2" wide, their upper surfaces clothed with glandular hairs, gradually narrowed into a glabrous petiole i'-ii' long; raceme i-sided; flowers several; pedicels about li" long; petals white, slightly exceeding the sepals ; seeds oblong, the testa close, roughened. In bogs, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to Florida and Louisiana. Also in Cuba, and in northern Europe. June-Aug. 204 DROSERACEAE. VOL. II. 3. Drosera longifolia L. Oblong-leaved Sun- dew. Fig. 2127. Drosera longifolia L. Sp. PI. 282. 1753. Drosera anglica Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 135. 1778. Similar to the preceding species, but the leaf-blade is erect, longer (8"-is" long, i$"-2" wide), elongated- spatulate and narrowed into a glabrous or sparingly hairy petiole I '-4' long; pedicels "-3" long; flowers usually several, racemose, white, 2"-2$" broad, rarely only one; seeds oblong, obtuse at both ends, the testa loose. In bogs, Newfoundland and arctic America to Manitoba and British Columbia, Ontario, Michigan, Idaho and Cali- fornia. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 4. Drosera linearis Goldie. Slender-leaved Sundew. Fig. 2128. Drosera linearis Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 325. 1822. Scape low but sometimes exceeding the leaves, glabrous. Petioles erect, glabrous, 2'~4' long; blade linear, '-3' long, about i" wide, densely clothed with glandular hairs, obtuse at the apex; flowers few, or solitary, white; petals somewhat exceeding the sepals; seeds oblong, black, the testa close, smooth and somewhat shining. In bogs, Quebec to Ontario, Alberta, Maine, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Blooms a little later than D. rotundifolia when the two grow together. 5. Drosera filiformis Raf. Thread-leaved Sundew. Fig. 2129. Drosera filiformis Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5 : 360. 1808. Drosera tenuifolia Willd. Enum. 340. 1809. Scape erect, glabrous, 8'-2o' high. Leaves narrowly lin- ear or filiform, glandular-pubescent throughout, 6'-is' long, about i" wide, usually acutish at the apex, with no distinc- tion between blade and petiole, woolly with brown hairs at the very base; racemes i-sided, io-3O-flowered ; pedicels 2"-4" long; flowers purple, 4"-i2" broad; petals obovate, much exceeding the sepals; seeds fusiform, acute at each end, the testa minutely punctate. In wet sand, near the coast, eastern Massachusetts to Flor- ida and Mississippi. July-Sept. Eariest leaves short, lanceo- late, acute, the apex glandular. A hybrid with D. intermedia is described. Drosera brevifolia Pursh, a species of the southeastern United States, with cuneate-obovate leaves and glandular- pubescent scapes, enters our territory in extreme southeastern Virginia. GENUS i. RIVER-WEED FAMILY. 205 Family 43. PODOSTEMACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 190. 1836. RIVER- WEED FAMILY. Small aquatic fresh-water mostly annual fleshy herbs, the leaves usually poorly differentiated from the stem, the whole structure commonly resembling the thallus of an alga or hepatic, the small usually perfect flowers devoid of any perianth and subtended by a spathe-like involucre, or in some genera with a 3~5-cleft mem- branous calyx. Stamens hypogynous, only 2 in the following genus, numerous in some others ; filaments united or distinct ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary stalked or sessile, 2-3-celled ; ovules usually numerous in each cell, anatropous ; styles 2 or 3, short. Capsules 2-3-celled, ribbed. Seeds numer- ous, minute, without endosperm ; embryo straight. About 21 genera and 175 species, mostly in the tropics, only the following North American. i. PODOSTEMUM Michx. Fl, Bor. Am. 2: 164. pi. 44. 1803. Habit of the several species various. Flowers sessile or very nearly so in the spathe-like involucre. Perianth none. Stamens 2, their filaments united to near the summit ; anthers 2, oblong or oval. Staminodia 2, filiform. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled; stigmas 2, nearly erect, short, subulate. Capsule ovoid, 6-io-ribbed, 2-valved. [Greek, stalked-stamens.] About 12 species of rather wide geographic distribution, the following typical. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. i. Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. River- weed. Thread- foot. Fig. 2130. Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 165. 1803. Plant dark green, rather stiff, firmly attached to stones in running water, densely tufted, i'-io' long, the leaves narrowly linear, sheathing at the base, commonly split above into almost filiform segments or lobes. Flowers less than i" broad, at length bursting from the spathes ; capsule oblong-oval, rather more than i" long, obtuse, borne on a stipe of about its own length, 8-ribbed; stigmas at length recurved. Firmly attached to stones in shallow streams, New Brunswick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Kentucky. July-Sept. Family 44. CRASSULACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 4: 382. 1805. ORPINE FAMILY. Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, mostly fleshy or succulent, with cymose or rarely solitary regular or symmetrical flowers. Stipules none. Calyx per- sistent, free from the ovary or ovaries, mostly 4~5-cleft or 4~5-parted. Petals equal in number to the calyx-lobes, distinct, or more or les.s united, usually per- sistent, rarely wanting. Stamens of the same number or twice as many as the petals ; filaments filiform or subulate ; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Receptacle with a scale at the base of each carpel. Carpels equal in number to the sepals, distinct, or united below ; styles subulate or filiform ; ovules numerous, arranged in 2 rows along the ventral suture. Follicles membranous or coriaceous, i -celled, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds minute ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo terete ; cotyledons short, obtuse. About 30 genera and 600 species, of wide geographic distribution. 206 CRASSULACEAE. Stamens of the same number as the sepals ; minute herbs. Stamens twice as many as the sepals ; succulent herbs. Flowers 4~5-parted. Carpels erect ; flowers often polygamous. Carpels spreading ; flowers perfect. Flowers 6-i2-parted. VOL. II. i. Tillaeastrum. 2. Rhodiola. 3. Seduni. 4. Sempervivum. i. TILLAEASTRUM Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 3: I. 1903. Minute, mostly glabrous, aquatic or mud-loving succulent herbs, with opposite entire leaves and very small solitary axillary flowers. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals 3-5, distinct, or united at the base. Stamens 3-5. Carpels 3-5, distinct. Styles short. Ovules usually few. Follicles few-seeded or several-seeded. [Latin, from the affinity of these plants with the genus Tillaea.} Besides the following, another occurs in About 20 species, of wide geographic distribution. the western and southern States Flowers sessile or short-peduncled. Fruiting peduncles as long as the leaves or longer. 1. T. ctqnaticitin. 2. T. Vaillantii. i. Tillaeastrum aquaticum (L.) Britton. Pigmy-weed. Fig. 2131. Tillaea aquatica L. Sp. PI. 128. 1753. Tillaea simplex Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil, i : 114. 1817. Bulllarda aquatica DC. Prodr. 3: 382. 1828. Tillaeastrum aquaticum Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 3 : i. 1903. Stems ascending or erect, -3' high, glabrous. Leaves linear-oblong, entire, acutish or obtuse at the apex, connate at the base, 2"-$" long, at length shorter than the internodes ; flowers sessile or short-peduncled, \" broad; calyx-lobes, petals, stamens and carpels 4, rarely 3, petals greenish, about twice the length of the calyx-lobes ; follicles ovoid, longer than the calyx-lobes, 8-io-seeded. Muddy banks of streams, Nova Scotia to Massachusetts and Maryland, Louisiana and Texas, near the coast, Washington to Lower California and Colorado. Stem often rooting at the nodes. Also in Europe and northern Africa. July-Sept. 2. Tillaeastrum Vaillantii (Willd.) Britton. weed. Fig. 2132. Vaillant's Pigmy- Tillaea Vaillantii Willd. Sp. PI. i : 720. 1798. Tillaeastrum Vaillantii Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 3: 2. 1903. Similar to the preceding species, 4' long or less, the oblong to linear- oblong leaves about 2" long. Fruiting peduncles elongated, .becoming as long as the leaves or longer. Prince Edward Island ; Nantucket. a race of the preceding species. Europe and northern Africa. Perhaps 2. RHODIOLA L. Sp. PI. 1035. 1753. Fleshy perennial herbs, with erect, mostly simple stems, broad, rather thin dentate or entire leaves and dioecious or polygamous, yellow, greenish or purplish flowers in terminal cymes. Flowers 4-parted or 5-parted. Calyx shorter than the petals. Carpels distinct, erect. Style very short or none. [Greek, rose, referring to the rose-scented roots.] About 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 4 others occur in western North America and i on Roan Mountain, North Carolina. Type species : Rhodiola rosea L. GENUS 2. ORPINE FAMILY. i. Rhodiola rosea L. Roseroot. Rose wort. Fig 2133. Rhodiola rosea L. Sp. PI. 1035. I753- Sedum roseum Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, 326. 1772. Sedum Rhodiola DC. Plantes Gras. pi. 143- 1805. Perennial, branched at the base, or simple, erect or ascend- ing, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, 4'-! 2' high. Leaves sessile, oval or slightly obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, dentate or entire, 6"-i2" long, 3"-s" wide, the lower ones smaller; cyme terminal, dense, i'-2' broad; flowers dioecious, yellowish-green or purplish, 2* "-4" broad; sepals oblong, narrower and shorter than the petals; staminate flowers with 8 (rarely 10) stamens, the pistillate ones with 4 (rarely 5) carpels; follicles purple, about 2" long, only their tips spreading. In rocky places, Labrador and arctic America to Maine and Ver- mont ; Chittenango Falls, New York ; cliffs on the Delaware River in eastern Pennsylvania. Northern and alpine Europe and Asia. Root rose-scented. Snowdon rose. May-July. 3. SEDUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 430. 1753. Fleshy mostly glabrous herbs, erect or decumbent, mainly with alternate, often imbricated, entire or dentate leaves, and perfect flowers in terminal often i-sided cymes. Calyx 4~5-lobed. Petals 4-5, distinct. Stamens 8-10, perigynous, the alternate ones usually attached to the petals. Filaments filiform or subulate. Scales of the receptacle entire or emarginate. Car- pels 4-5, distinct, or united at the base, spreading; styles usually short; ovules o. Follicles many-seeeded or few-seeded. [Latin, to sit, from the lowly habit of these plants.] About 200 species, mostly natives of temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere, but many in the mountains of Mexico and a few in the Andes of South America. Besides the fol- lowing, about 15 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Sedum Telephium L. Cyme regular, compound, the flowers not secund ; leaves broad, flat. Petals purple ; plant somewhat glaucous ; petals twice as long as sepals. Petals pink ; plant very glaucous ; petals 3-4 times as long as the sepals. Flowers secund along the branches of the cyme. Petals yellow. Leaves short, thick, ovate, densely imbricated. Leaves linear or terete, scattered on the stems. Annual ; petals little longer than the sepals. Perennial ; petals twice as long as the sepals. Plant 3'-6' high ; native, western. Plant 8'-i2' high ; introduced in a few places. Petals purple or white. Leaves terete ; petals purple, pink, or white. Leaves flat, spatulate or obovate ; petals white. Lower leaves verticillate in 3's. 8. S. ternatum. Leaves all alternate. 9. S. Nevii. 1. S. triphyllum. 2. S. telephioides. 3. S. acre. 4. S.Nuttallianiini. 5. S. stenopetalum. 6. S.reftexiim. 7. S.pulchellum. i. Sedum triphyllum (Haw.) S. F. Gray. Orpine. Live-forever. Fig. 2134. Anacampseros triphylla Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. in. 1812. Sedum triphyllum S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 510. 1821. Sedum Fabaria Koch, Syn. PI. Germ. 258. 1837. S. purpurenm Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. I : 437. 1821. Perennial, stems erect, stout, simple, tufted, glabrous and slightly glaucous, i-i$ high. Leaves alternate, ovate, broadly oval or obovate, obtuse, i'-2' long, coarsely dentate, the upper sessile and rounded at the base, the lower larger, narrowed at the base or sometimes petioled; cyme dense, regular, compound, 2' -3' broad ; flowers perfect, 2i"~4" broad, 5-parted ; petals purple, twice as long as the ovate acute sepals; stamens 10; follicles about 2" long, tipped with a short style. In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Ontario, south to Mary- land and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe and native of west- ern Asia. Blooms sparingly, but spreads freely by its joints. Garden-orpine. Evergreen. Everlasting. Bog-leaves. Life-of- man. Frog's-mouth or -bladder. Leeks. Frog-plant. Witches'- money-bags. Live-long. Aaron's rod. Midsummer-men. Illus- trated in our first edition as S. Telephium L. June-Sept. CRASSULACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Sedum telephioides Michx. American Orpine. Wild Live-forever. Fig. 2135. Sedium telephioides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 277. 1803. Similar to the preceding species, but more slender, seldom over 10' high, very glaucous and purplisH throughout. Leaves oval or obovate, obtuse, coarsely dentate or entire, i '-2' long, all narrowed at the base and petioled or the uppermost sessile ; cyme dense, regular, 2'~4' broad ; flow- ers perfect, 3 "-4" broad, 5-parted; petals pale pink, much longer than the lanceolate sepals; follicles about 2" long, tipped with a slender style. On dry rocks, southern Pennsylvania and Maryland to west- ern New York and southern Indiana, south to North Carolina and Georgia. Reported from farther north. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. Sweet-heart. Aug.-Sept. Sedum Sieboldi Sweet, an Asiatic species commonly culti- vated, is occasionally found as an escape ; its leaves are nearly orbicular and mostly whorled in 3's. 3. Sedum acre L Wall-pepper. Biting or Mossy Stonecrop. Fig. 2136. Sedum acre L. Sp. PI. 432. 1753. Perennial, densely tufted, spreading and matted, glabrous; sterile branches prostrate, the flowering ones erect or ascending, i'~3' high. Leaves sessile, alternate, ovate, very thick, densely imbricated, light yellowish green, entire, about \\" long, those of the sterile branches usually arranged in 6 rows; cyme 2-3-forked, its branches i'-i' long; flowers sessile, about 4" broad; petals bright yellow, linear-lanceolate, acute, 3 or 4 times as long as the ovate sepals; central flower of the cyme commonly 5-parted, the others usu- ally 4-parted; follicles spreading, ii"-2" long, tipped with a slender style. On rocks and along roadsides, escaped from cultivation, Nova Scotia to Ontario, southern New York and Virginia. Adventive from Europe. Native also in northern Asia. Also called bird's- bread. Creeping Jack or Charlie. Pricket. Golden-moss. Little houseleek. Gold-chain. Wall- moss. Tangle-tail. Rock-plant. Pepper-crop. Mountain-moss. Ginger. Poor-man's pepper. Prick- madam. Treasure-of-love. Love-entangled. June-Aug. 4. Sedum Nuttallianum Raf. Nuttall's Stonecrop. Fig. 2137. Sedum Nuttallianum Raf. Atl. Journ. i : 146. 1832. Sedum Torreyi Don, Card. Diet. 3: 121. 1834. Sedum sparsiflorum Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 559. 1840. Annual, low, tufted, glabrous, 2'-3' high. Leaves alternate, scattered, linear-oblong, teretish, sessile, entire, 2"-6" long; cyme 2- 5-forked, its branches '-2' long; flowers ses- sile or very short-pedicelled, about 3$" broad ; petals yellow, lanceolate, acute, somewhat longer than the ovate sepals; follicles widely divergent, tipped with the short subulate style. In dry, open places, Missouri and Arkansas to Texas. May. GENUS 3. ORPINE FAMILY. 209 5. Sedum stenopetalum Pursh. Xarrow-petaled Stonecrop. Fig. 2138. Sedum stenopetalum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 324. 1814. Perennial, tufted, glabrous; flowering branches erect, 3-7' high. Leaves alternate, crowded but scarcely imbricated, except on the sterile shoots, sessile, terete or linear, 3"-8" long, entire; cyme 3~7-forked, compact, the branches $'-i' long; flowers mostly short -pedicelled, 4"-5" broad; petals narrowly lanceolate, very acute, yellow, much exceeding the calyx-lobes; follicles about 2" long, their subulate style-tips at length somewhat divergent. In dry rocky places, South Dakota to Alberta, Nebraska, Oregon and California. May-June. 6. Sedum reflexum L. Crooked Yellow or Reflexed Stonecrop. Dwarf House-leek. Fig. 2139. Sedum reflexum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 618. 1762. Perennial by a creeping stem producing numerous short barren shoots, the flowering branches erect, 8'-i4' high. Leaves alternate, sessile, densely imbricated on the sterile shoots, terete, somewhat spurred at the base, 3"-9" long; cyme 4-8- forked, its branches recurved in flower; flowers 4"- 6" broad; petals linear, yellow, two to three times as long as the short 'ovate sepals; follicles about ij" long, tipped with a very slender somewhat divergent style. Eastern Massachusetts and western New York, locally escaped from gardens. Native of Europe. Summer. Indian-fog. Love- in-a-chain. Prick-, trip- or trick-madam. Creeping Jennie. Ginger. 7. Sedum pulchellum Michx. Widow's Cross. Rock- or Mountain-moss. Fig. 2140. Sedum pulchellum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 277- 1803. Perennial (?), glabrous, ascending or trailing, branched at the base, 4'-i2' long. Leaves densely crowded, terete or linear, sessile, obtuse at the apex, slightly auriculate at the base, 3" -12" long, about l" wide; cyme 4~7-forked, its branches spreading or recurved in flower; flowers sessile, close together, 4"-6" broad; petals rose-purple, pink, or white, linear-lanceolate, acute, about twice the length of the lanceolate obtusish sepals ; follicles 2"-3" long, tipped with a slender style. On rocks, Virginia to Georgia, west to Indiana, Ken- tucky, Missouri, Kansas and Texas. May-July. Culti- vated in the South under the above name. Flowering- moss. 210 CRASSULACEAE. VOL. II. 8. Sedum ternatum Michx. Wild Stonecrop. Fig. 2141. S. ternatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 277. 1803. Perennial by rootstocks, tufted, stem creep- ing, flowering branches ascending, 3'-8' high. Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots flat, obovate, entire, 6"-i2" long, sometimes 9" wide, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base or narrowed into a petiole, verticillate in 3's ; upper leaves oblanceolate or oblong, alternate, sessile ; cyme 2-4-forked, its branches spreading or recurved in flower; flowers rather distant, often leafy-bracted, about 5" broad; petals linear-lanceolate, acute, white, nearly twice the length of the oblong obtuse sepals; follicles 2\" long, tipped with the slender style. On rocks, Connecticut to New Jersey, Georgia, west to Indiana, Missouri, Tennessee and Mich- igan. Also escaped from gardens to roadsides in the Middle and Eastern States. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Iceland-moss. Three-leaved stonecrop. April-June. 9. Sedum Nevii A. Gray. Nevius' Stonecrop. Fig. 2142. Sedum Ncvii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 172. 1867. Densely tufted, glabrous, stems spreading or decum- bent, flowering branches ascending, 3'-5' high. Leaves of the sterile shoots very densely imbricated, spatulate or obovate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, mostly sessile, rounded at the apex, entire, 3"-6" long, i"-2" wide, the lower ones smaller ; leaves of the flowering branches spatulate or linear-oblong, alternate; cyme about 3-forked, its branches usually recurved in flower; flowers close together, $"-4" broad; petals linear, acuminate, longer than the sepals ; follicles about 2" long, widely divergent, tipped with the short style. On rocks, mountains of Virginia to Alabama, Illinois and Missouri. May-June. Sedum stoloniferum Gmel., a perennial species, with opposite obovate-cuneate crenate leaves and pale rose- colored petals twice as long as the calyx, occurs on road- sides and in fields in Maine and Nova Scotia. Native of the Orient. 4. SEMPERVIVUM [Rupp.j L. Sp. PI. 464. 1753. Fleshy perennial herbs, the thick succulent leaves densely imbricated on the short sterile shoots and scattered on the erect flowering stems, with compound terminal usually dense cymes of showy flowers. Flowers 6-2o-parted. Petals distinct, oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Styles filiform; ovules . Follicles many-seeded. [Latin, always living.] About 40 species, natives of the Old World, chiefly distinguished from Sedum by the more numerous parts of the flower, the following typical. GENUS 4. ORPINE FAMILY. i. Sempervivum tectorum L. Houseleek. Fig. 2143. Sempervivum tectorum L. Sp. PI. 464. 1753. Flowering stems about i high, the barren shoots forming lateral nearly globular tufts. Leaves oval or ovate, the lower i'-ii' long, very thick, short-pointed, bordered by a line of stiff short hairs; cyme large, dense; flowers sometimes i' broad, pink, sessile along its spreading or recurved branches ; petals lanceolate, acute, 2 to 3 times as long as the obtuse ciliate sepals. Essex Co., Mass.. escaped from gardens and reported as well established ; Somerset Co., N. J. Native of continental Europe. Summer. Healing-blade. Aye-green. Bullock's-eye. Poor Jan's- leaf. Jupiter's-beard. Hen-and-chickens. Old English names, homewort, sengreen and thunder-plant ; a fancied protection against lightning, as well as fire. Family 45. PENTHORACEAE Rydb. N. A. Fl. 22 : 75. 1905. VIRGINIA STONECROP FAMILY. Erect perennial scarcely succulent herbs, with alternate sessile serrate thin leaves, and greenish perfect flowers in forked secund cymes. Calyx 5-parted or 6-parted. Petals usually wanting, if present 5 or 6. Stamens twice as many as the sepals, hypogynous ; filaments filiform. Carpels 5 or 6, united to the middle, ovules oo. Fruit depressed, 5-6-lobed, 5-6-beaked, the lobes dehiscent, tipped with divergent styles, many-seeded. The family consists of the following genus. i. PENTHORUM L. Sp. PI. 432. 1753. Characters of the family, as given above. [Greek, five, from the symmetrical flower.] Three known species, natives of eastern North America, Japan and China, the following typical. The following is the only one known in North America. The genus is referred to the Saxifrage Family by some authors and to the Orpine Family by others. i. Penthorum sedoides L. Ditch or Virginia Stone.crop. Fig. 2144. Penthorum sedoides L. Sp. PI. 432. 1753. Glabrous, erect, stem usually branched and angled above, terete below, 6'-2 high. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, acuminate at each end, finely serrate, 2'-4' long, 6"-i2" wide; cymes 2-3-forked, the branches i'-3' long; flowers short -pedicelled, about 2" broad; sepals triangular-ovate, acute, shorter than the flattish capsule; petals linear or linear-sp-atulate, often or generally wanting. In ditches and swamps, New Brunswick to Florida, west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas and Texas. July- Sept. Family 46. PARNASSIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 37, 42. 1829. GRASS-OF-PAR"NASSU9 FAMILY. Glabrous perennial scapose herbs, with short rootstocks, basal petioled entire leaves, usually with a single sessile leaf on the scape, and solitary terminal white or pale yellow flowers. Calyx 5-lobed nearly to the base, its short tube free from or adnate to the ovary. Petals 5, spreading, marcescent, each with a cluster of 212 PARNASSIACEAE. VOL. II. gland-tipped staminodia at the base, united into a scale below, or distinct. Fertile stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary superior or half inferior, i-celled ; style very short or none; stigmas usually 4; ovules oo. Capsule i -celled, with 3 or 4 placentae projecting within, loculidically 3~4-valved. Seeds numerous. Seed- coat winged. i. PARNASSIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 273. 1753. Characters of the family as given above. [From the Greek, mount; the plant called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.] About 15 species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. Besides the following, 6 or 7 others occur in northwestern America and one in Florida. Type species : Parnassia palustris L. Petals sessile ; leaves ovate, oval, orbicular or cordate. Staminodia 3-5 at the base of each petal. Flower g"-i8" broad ; petals much exceeding the calyx-lobes. Staminodia not longer than the stamens, stout. Staminodia longer than the stamens, slender. Flower 4"-s" broad ; petals equalling the calyx-lobes. Staminodia 5-15 at the base of each petal, slender, united into a scale below. Flower i' broad ; leaves cordate at base. Flower 4" -5" broad ; leaves narrowed at base. Petals clawed ; leaves reniform ; staminodia 3 at each petal, distinct. 1. P. caroliniana. 2. P. grandifolia. 3. P. Kotsebuei. 4. P. palustris. 5. P.parviflora. 6. P. asarifolia. i. Parnassia caroliniana Michx. Caro- lina Grass-of-Parnassus. Fig. 2145. Parnassia caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 184. 1803. Scape 6'-24' high, with a nearly sessile ovate clasping leaf below the middle. Basal leaves long-petioled, ovate, broadly oval or orbicular, obtuse at the apex, rounded or sometimes cordate at the base, or decurrent into the petiole, i '-2' long; flower 9"-i8" broad; calyx- lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, much shorter than the sessile broadly oval white greenish-veined petals; staminodia generally 3 in each set, stout, distinct to the base, not longer than the stamens; capsule 4"-s" long. In swamps and low meadows, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Illinois and Iowa ; Carolina? June-Sept. 2. Parnassia grandifolia DC. Large- leaved Grass-of-Parnassus. Fig. 2146. Parnassia grandifolia DC. Prodr. i : 320. 1824. Similar to the preceding species, the scape bearing an ovate clasping leaf at the middle or much below it. Basal leaves as in P. caroliniana, but often larger and narrowed at the base; flower i '-2' broad; calyx -lobes shorter than the sessile white petals ; staminodia 3-5 in each set, slender or almost filiform, united only at the base, exceeding- the anther-bearing stamens. In moist soil, southwestern Virginia to Flor- ida, Missouri and Louisiana. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. GENUS I. PARNASSIA FAMILY. 3. Parnassia Kotzebuei C. & S. Kotzebue's Grass- of-Parnassus. Fig. 2147. Parnassia Kotzebuei C. & S. Linnaea i : 549. 1826. Scape slender, $'-f high, leafless, or sometimes with a single sessile oval leaf near the base. Basal leaves short- petioled, membranous, ovate or oval, narrowed or sometimes cordate at the base, 3 "-12" long; flower 4"~5" broad, calyx- lobes oblong, equalling or slightly shorter than the elliptic white 3-5-veined sessile petals; staminodia 3-5 at the base of each petal, rather slender, united below. Quebec to Labrador, Alaska, Alberta and Wyoming. Summer. 4. Parnassia palustris L. Marsh or Northern Grass-of-Parnassus. Fig. 2148. Parnassia palustris L. Sp. PI. 273. 1753. Scape slender, 3'-i2' high, bearing a clasping ovate leaf below the middle, or rarely leafless. Basal leaves slender-peti- oled, ovate, obtuse at the apex, usually cor- date at the base, g"-i&" long; flower 6"- 12" broad ; calyx i-4 shorter than the elliptic few-veined sessile petals; stamino- dia 9-15 at the base of each petal, slender, united below. In wet places, Newfoundland, Quebec and Labrador to the Canadian Rocky Mountains and Alaska, south to Minnesota, Michigan, North Dakota, and in the Rocky Mountains to Wyoming. Also in Europe and Asia. July- Sept. 5. Parnassia parviflora DC. Small-flowered Grass-of-Parnassus. Fig. 2149. Parnassia parviflora DC. Prodr. i: 320. 1824. Scape 4'-i2' high, very slender, usually bearing a clasping oval leaf at about the middle. Basal leaves petioled, oval or ovate, narrowed at the base, not cordate, 6"-i2" long; flower 4"-8" broad; sepals equalling or somewhat shorter than the elliptic sessile petals; staminodia 5-7 at the base of each petal, slender, united below. In wet places, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, Quebec, Michigan, Wisconsin, and in the Rocky Moun- tains to Colorado and Utah. July-Sept. 2I 4 PARNASSIACEAE. VOL. II. 6. Parnassia asarifolia Vent. Kidney- leaved Grass-of-Parnassus. Fig. 2150. Parnassia asarifolia Vent. Jard. Malm. pi. 39. 1803. Scape io'-2o' high, bearing a clasping nearly orbicular leaf 'at ab'out the middle. Basal leaves long-petioled, orbicular or much broader than long, rounded, broadly kidney-shaped at the base, often z'-$ wide ; flower about i' broad; calyx-lobes oval, much shorter than the strongly veined elliptic petals, which are rather abruptly narrowed into a claw; staminodia 3 in each set, slender, about the length of the sta- mens, or somewhat shorter, distinct to the base. In wet places, mountains of Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. July-Sept. Family 47. SAXIFRAGACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 36. 1829.* SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Herbs with basal or alternate or opposite leaves. Flowers perfect or polygamo- dioecious, solitary, racemose, cymose or paniculate. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted (rarely 4~i2-lobed or parted), free, or adnate to the ovary, usually persistent. Petals usually 4 or 5, rarely none. Stamens equal in. number or twice as many as the petals, in apetalous species as many or twice as many as the calyx-lobes, peri- gynous or epigynous ; filaments distinct. Disk generally present. Carpels i-several, often 2, distinct or united, mostly fewer than the stamens ; styles as many as the carpels or cavities of the ovary. Fruit a capsule or follicle. Seeds commonly numerous ; endosperm generally copious, fleshy ; embryo small, terete. About 90 genera and 650 species, of wide geographic distribution, mainly natives of the tem- perate zones, rare in the tropics. Large herbs ; leaves 3-ternate ; flowers polygamous. i. Astilbe. Small herbs ; leaves simple, entire, toothed or cleft, or 3-foliolate. Placentae axial ; carpels equal or nearly so. Stamens 10. Calyx-tube only slightly developed, unchanged at maturity; or if slightly accrescent, then flat or flattish and plants acaulescent. Leaves opposite, except sometimes on flower-stalks. 2. Antiphylla. Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal. Plants caulescent. 3. Leptasea. Plants acaulescent. Corolla essentially regular, the petals about equal in length and shape. 4. Micranthes. Corolla irregular, except sometimes that of the terminal flower, three of the petals with blades of an ovate-lanceolate or sagittate type, and two of them narrower and longer. 5. Hydatica. Calyx-tube well-developed, and accrescent, at maturity longer than the lobes. Plants without caudices, only producing annual flowering stems. 6. Saxifraga. Plants with perennial leafy caudices, often with offsets, the flowering stem very differ- ent from the caudex. Leaves of the caudex with lobed blades, the margins poreless. 7. Mnscaria. Leaves of the caudex with serrate blades, each tooth with an encrusted pore. 8. Chondrosea. Stamens 5. Calyx-lobes valvate ; petals deciduous; seeds wingless. 9. Therofon. Calyx-lobes imbricated; petals persistent; seeds winged. 10. Sullivantia. * Revised for this edition by DR. JOHN KUNKEL SMALL. GENUS i. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 215 Placentae almost basal ; carpels very unequal. 1 1. Tiarella. Placentae parietal ; carpels equal or nearly so. Flowers in elongated racemes or panicles. Petals entire or erose. 12. Heuchera. Petals pinnately cleft or parted. 13. Mitella. Flowers solitary and axillary to leaf-like bracts or 2-4 together and each subtended by a leaf-like bract. 14. Chrysosplenium. I. ASTILBE Hamilt. ; D. Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 210. 1825. Erect perennial herbs, with large 2-3-ternate leaves, and small spicate polygamous flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5 (in our species), linear- spatulate, inserted at the base of the calyx. Stamens 8-10, all perfect, inserted with the petals; filaments elongated. Ovary superior or nearly so, 2-3-celled, deeply 2-3-lobed; styles 2-3; stigmas obtuse; ovules o. Capsule 2-3-lobed, separating into 2-3 follicle-like carpels, each usually few-seeded. Seeds small, the testa loose, tapering at each end. [Greek, without brightness.] About 7 species, natives of eastern North America, eastern Asia and the Himalayas. Besides the following another species occurs in the southern Alleghanies. Type species : Astilbe rivu- laris D. Don. 1. Astilbe biternata (Vent.) Britton. False Goat's Beard. Astilbe. Fig. 2151. Tiarella biternata Vent. Jard. Malm. pi. 54. 1803. Spiraea Aruncus var. hcrmaphrodita Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 294. 1803. Astilbe decandra D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 211. 1825. Astilbe biternata Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 20: 475. 1893. Erect, 3-6 high, more or less pubescent. Leaves petioled, 2-3- ternately compound, often 2 broad ; leaflets thin, stalked, ovate, cordate, truncate or rounded at the base, the lateral ones usually oblique, acumi- nate at the apex, sharply serrate or incised, 2'-5' long; panicles often i long; flowers sessile or nearly so, about 2" broad, yellowish white; petals of the staminate flowers spatu- late, those of the perfect ones much smaller or none; stamens 10; follicles 2, acute, glabrous, about \\" long. In woods, mountains of- x "Virginia to North Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee. Plant with the aspect of Aruncus. June. 2. ANTIPHYLLA Haw. Saxifr. Enum. 43. 1821. Perennial densely matted herbs, with copiously leafy stems and sterile branches, naked or sparingly leafy flower-stalks and opposite (except sometimes on the flower-stalks) often 4-ranked imbricated broad keeled ciliate leaves each with an almost apical pore, the flowers solitary, erect. Calyx-lobes 5, strongly ciliate. Corolla mostly blue or purple, sometimes white, regular, the petals much longer than the calyx, narrowed into claw-like bases. Sta- mens 10 ; filaments subulate to triangular. Ovary less than one-half inferior, the carpels united to above the middle. Follicles erect, except the more or less spreading tips. [Greek, opposite leaved.] About 4 species, natives of northern regions. Type species : Saxifraga oppositifolia L 2l6 SAXIFRAGACEAE. VOL. II. i. Antiphylla oppositifolia (L.) Fourr. Purple or Mountain Saxifrage. Fig. 2152. Sa.vifraga oppositifolia L. Sp. PI. 402. 1753. Antiphylla oppositifolia Fourr. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons II. 16: 386. 1868. Tufted, stems prostrate, densely leafy, 2'-io' long. Leaves sessile, ovate, obovate or nearly orbicular, purplish, persistent, keeled, fleshy, opposite, or im- bricated in 4 rows on the sterile shoots, obtuse, punctate with 1-3 pores, i"-2j" long, the margins ciliate; flowers solitary, peduncled or nearly sessile, 4"-6" broad; calyx-lobes obtuse, much shorter than the obovate purple petals; calyx free from the ovary and capsule; follicles abruptly short-pointed; seeds rugose. On wet rocks, Mt. Mansfield and Willoughby Moun- tain, Vt. ; Anticosti, Newfoundland and throughout arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Moun- tains to Wyoming and to Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 3. LEPTASEA Haw. Saxifr. Enum. 39. 1821. Perennial, gregarious or matted herbs, with copiously leafy caudices and offsets and less leafy flower-stalks, and alternate fleshy or parchment-like entire or 3-pronged leaves, the flowers solitary or in terminal simple or compound cymes. Calyx-lobes 5, often spread- ing or reflexed. Corolla white or yellow, regular, the petals with claw-like bases or claws. Stamens 10; filaments subulate or clavate. Ovary almost superior, the carpels united to above the middle. Follicles erect, except for the more or less spreading tips. [Greek, referring to the small size of the plant.] About 1 8 species, natives of boreal regions and the higher mountains of North America, Europe and Asia. Type species : Saxifraga aizoides L. Leaves entire. Flowers typically solitary or 2 together; calyx-lobes ciliate. i. L.Hirculus. Flowers typically several ; calyx-lobes eciliate. 2. L. aisoides. Leaves 3-pronged at the apex. 3. L. tricuspidata. i. Leptasea Hirculus (L.) Small. Yellow Marsh Saxifrage. Fig. 2153. Saxifraga Hirculus L. Sp. PI. 402.- 1753. Leptasea Hirculus Small, N. A. Flora 22 2 : 152. 1905. Erect from a slender caudex, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, simple, leafy, 4'-io' high. Leaves alternate, oblong or linear-oblong, entire, \'-\\' long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; flower terminal, solitary (rarely 2-4), bright yellow with scarlet spots, i'-i' broad ; calyx-lobes oval or oblong, obtuse, reflexed ; petals erect or ascending, obovate or oblong, about 3 times as long as the calyx-lobes ; capsule free from the calyx or nearly so, about 4" long, its beaks at length diverging. In bogs, Labrador and arctic America. Also in northern and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. GENUS 3. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 217 2. Leptasea aizoides (L.) Haw. Yellow Mountain Saxifrage. Fig. 2154. TSaxifraga autumnalis L. Sp. PI. 402. 1753. Saxifraga aizoides L. Sp. PI. 403. 1753. Leptasea aizoides Haw. Saxifr. Enum. 40. 1821. Tufted, glabrous, stems leafy, 2'-6' high. Leaves alternate, linear, thick, fleshy, mucronate-tipped, narrowed at the base, sessile, 4"-9" long, i"-ij" wide, the margins often sparingly ciliate; flowers several, corymbose, 4"-7" broad; pedicels rather slender; petals oblong, yellow and sometimes spot- ted with orange, exceeding the ovate-oblong calyx- lobes ; carpels abruptly acuminate ; base of the cap- sule adnate to the calyx ; seeds minutely rugose. On wet rocks, Newfoundland and Labrador to Ver- mont and western New York, west through arctic America to the Rocky Mountains, south to Michigan. Also in alpine and arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. Also called sengreen saxifrage. 3. Leptasea tricuspidata (Retz.) Haw. Three-toothed Saxifrage. Fig. 2155. Saxifraga tricuspidata Retz, Prodr. Fl. Scand. Ed. 2, 104. 1795. Leptasea tricuspidata Haw. Saxifr. Enum. 39. 1821. Tufted, flowering stems strict, erect, 2'-8' high, the leaves densely clustered at the base, oblong or oblong-spatulate, parchment-like, 4"~7" long, sharply 2-3-dentate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, the margins ciliate with short hairs ; scapes bracted ; flowers several, corymbose, yellow, 4"- 5" broad ; sepals ovate, coriaceous, obtusish, much shorter than the oblong-obovate or narrowly oblong petals; capsule tipped with the diverging styles, its lower part adnate to the calyx. In rocky places, Newfoundland and Labrador to Hudson Bay, west through arctic America to Alaska, south to Lake Superior and in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Also in arctic Europe. Summer. 4. MICRANTHES Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. 320. 1812. Perennial herbs, with short leafy caudices and solitary or clustered scapes, and basal entire or toothed leaves, the flowers in terminal compact or open compound cymes. Calyx- lobes 5, erect or reflexed. Corolla white or mainly so, essentially regular, the petals clawless or rarely clawed. Stamens 10; filaments subulate or clavate. Ovary slightly inferior, the carpels slightly united. Follicles spreading or with spreading tips. [Greek, small-flower.] About 65 species, natives of the north temperate and boreal parts of both hemispheres. Type species: Micranthes semipubescens Haw. * Filaments subulate or filiform-subulate ; petals not yellow-blotched. Cymules wholly or mainly aggregated into a head ; follicles red. Cymules in pyramidal or corymb-like panicles ; follicles green. Corolla white ; petals broad ; calyx-lobes not reflexed at maturity. Cymules permanently compact ; petals not twice exceeding the calyx. 2. M. texana. Cymules ultimately lax ; petals more than twice exceeding the calyx. 3. M. virginiensis. Corolla greenish ; petals narrow ; calyx-lobes reflexed at maturity. 4. M. pennsylvanica. Filaments clavate ; petals yellow-blotched. Leaves with elongated blades. 5. M. micranthidifolit Leaves with short or suborbicular blades. Leaf-blades narrowed at the base ; neither cordate nor of an orbicular type. 6. M. caroliniana. Leaf-blades cordate at the base, orbicular or nearly so. 7. M. Geum. i. M. nivalis. 2l8 SAXIFRAGACEAE. VOL. II. i. Micranthes nivalis (L.) Small. Clustered Alpine Saxifrage. Fig. 2156. Saxifraga nivalis L. Sp. PI. 401. 1753. Micranthes nivalis Small, N. A. Flora 22 2 : 136. 1905. Seldom over 6' high. Scape viscid, naked, or bracted at the base of the capitate sometimes branched inflorescence ; leaves ovate or oval, narrowed into a margined petiole, thick; flowers white, 3" -5" broad, in a compact cluster; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, spreading, obtuse, about one- half the length of the oblong or oblong-ovate petals; ovary half-inferior; follicles deep purple, divergent. Labrador and arctic America, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also in northern and alpine Europe and Siberia. Summer. Said to flower beneath the snow. 2. Micranthes texana (Buck!) Small. Saxifrage. Fig. 2157. Texan Saxifraga texana Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1861 : 455. 1862. Micranthes texana Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 501. 1903. Scape sparingly pubescent up to the inflorescence, 2*-7' high. Leaves ovate to obovate, narrowed into broad petioles, entire or shallowly toothed, \'-2\' long; inflorescence with the branches ending in congested cymules; flowers white, regular, 2" -3" broad; calyx- lobes erect, broadly oblong to ovate, somewhat shorter than the suborbicular or obovate petals; follicles erect or nearly so. On hillsides or in sandy barrens, Missouri and Texas. March-April. 3. Micranthes virginiensis (Michx.) Small. Early Saxifrage. Fig. 2158. Saxifraga virginiensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 260. 1803. Micranthes virginiensis Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 501. 1903. Scape viscid-pubescent, 4'-i2' high, naked, or with a few bracts at the base of the pedicels. Leaves obovate, or oval with a spatulate base, narrowed into a margined petiole, dentate or crenate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, i'-3' long or longer; inflorescence cymose, at length loose and paniculate with the lower peduncles elongated; flowers white, regular, 2"-$" broad; calyx-lobes erect, triangular or triangular-ovate, much shorter than the oblong-spatulate, obtuse petals ; ovary nearly free from the calyx ; carpels nearly separate, the follicles at length widely divergent. In dry or rocky woodlands, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Tennessee. As- cends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. March-May. Forms with 15 stamens occur on New York Island, and with green petals in Essex Co., Mass. Spring-saxi- frage. May-flower. Sweet wilson. Everlasting. GENUS 4. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 4. Micranthes pennsylvanica (L.) Haw. Pennsylvania or Swamp Saxifrage. Fig. 2159. S. pennsylvanica L. Sp. PI. 399. 1753. Saxifraga Forbesii Vasey, Am. Entom. & Bot. 2: 288. 1870. M. pennsylvanica Haw. Saxifr. Enum. 45. 1821. Scape stout, terete, viscid-pubescent, l-3$ high, bracted at the inflorescence. Leaves large, oval, ovate, obovate or ob- lanceolate, pubescent or glabrate, 4'-io' long, i $'-3' wide, obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed at the base into a broad petiole, the margins denticulate or repand ; cymes in an elongated open panicle; flowers greenish, regular, ij"-2i" broad; calyx-tube nearly free from the ovary, its lobes ovate, ob- tusish, reflexed, one-half shorter than the lanceolate or linear-lanceolate petals ; fila- ments subulate or filiform; follicles ovoid, their tips divergent when mature. Swamps and wet banks, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Virginia, Iowa and Missouri. May. 5. Micranthes micranthidifolia (Haw.) Small. Lettuce Saxifrage. Fig. 2160. Robertsonia micranthidifolia Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. 322. 1812. Saxifraga erosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 311. 1814. 5 1 . micranthidifolia B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 17. 1888. M. micranthidifolia Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 501. 1903. Scape rather slender, more or less viscid, i-3 high, bracted above. Leaves oblanceo- late or oval, sometimes i long, obtuse at the apex, tapering downward into a long margined petiole, coarsely and sharply den- tate ; panicle loose, elongated ; flowers white, regular, 2"-3" broad ; calyx-lobes reflexed, slightly shorter than the oval or oblong ob- tuse petals; calyx-tube free from the ovary; filaments club-shaped ; follicles lanceolate, sharp-pointed, 2"-3" long, their tips at length divergent. In cold brooks, Bethlehem, Pa., south along the mountains to North Carolina. May-June. 6. Micranthes caroliniana (A. Gray) Small. Gray's Saxifrage. Fig.2i6i. Saxifraga caroliniana A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 3: 39. 1846. Saxifraga Grayana Britton, Mem. Tprr. Club 5: 178. 1894. M. caroliniana Small, N. A. Flora 22 2 : 146. 1905. Glandular-pilose all over, scapose from a corm-like rootstock, scape 6'-i8' tall. Basal leaves clustered, oblong, oval or nearly orbicular, i'-s' long, crenate-den- tate, narrowed into margined petioles, mostly shorter than the blade and dilated at the base ; inflorescence cymose-panicu- late, ample; bracts spatulate or lanceolate; flowers white, 4"-$" broad ; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its segments ovate- oblong, reflexed, obtuse ; petals ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, 2-spotted, narrowed into a slender claw ; filaments club-shaped ; follicles oblong, 2" -3" long, united only at the base, diverging; styles subulate. In rocky situations, mountains of Virginia and North Carolina. June-July. 220 SAXIFRAGACEAE. VOL. II. 7. Micranthes Geum (L.) Small. Kidney-leaved Saxifrage. Fig. 2162. Saxifraga Geum L. Sp. PI. 401. 1753. M. Geum Small, N. A. Flora 22 2 : 148. 1905. Densely glandular-pubescent, scapose, scape erect, 3'-io' high. Leaves all clustered at the base, cordate, kidney- shaped or orbicular, i'-i' wide, coarsely crenate all around, borne on stout densely pubescent petioles I'-ai' long; inflorescence terminal, paniculate; bracts small, linear, obtuse; branches of the panicle ascending, 2-6-flowered ; flowers 2"-3" broad ; petals white, oblong or ovate-oblong, with a yellow spot at the base and several smaller purplish spots at the middle ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, reflexed ; capsule ob- long, its beaks slightly divergent. Newfoundland and in the mountainous parts of Europe. June-July. 5. HYDATICA Neck.; S. F. Gray, Nat. Air. Brit. PI. 2: 530. 1821. SPATULARIA Haw. Saxifr. Enum. 47. 1821. Not Pers. 1791. Perennial herbs, with leafy caudices and solitary or tufted scapes and basal usually spatulate toothed leaves, the flowers in open panicled cymes, their parts sometimes changed into bulblets. Calyx-lobes 5, reflexed. Corolla white or mainly so, irregular, the petals all clawed, the 3 upper with ovate, lanceolate or sagittate blades, the 2 lower ones with elliptic or spatulate blades, or in plants that bear terminal flowers, the lower petals somewhat simu- late the upper ones. Stamens 10; filaments subulate. Ovary chiefly superior, the carpels united at the base or to below the middle. Follicles erect, except the ascending or diverging tips. [Greek, referring to the turgid follicles.] About 12 species, natives of the north temperate and boreal parts of both hemispheres. Type species : Saxifraga leucanthemifolia Michx. Inflorescence with bulblets. Inflorescence without bulblets. Primary bracts of the inflorescence not leaf-like ; petals stout-clawed. Primary bracts of the inflorescence leaf-like ; petals slender-clawed. 1. H. foliolosa. 2. H. stellaris. 3. H. petiolaris. Foliose Saxifrage. i. Hydatica foliolosa (R. Br.) Small. Fig. 2163. Saxifraga stellaris var. comosa Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 680. 1804. Saxifraga foliolosa R. Br. in Parry's Voy. 275. 1824. Saxifraga comosa Britton, Mem. Torn Club 5: 178. 1894. Scape slender, slightly viscid, 2'-6' high. Leaves oblanceolate, cuneate at the base, dentate and mostly obtuse at the apex, 4"-o/' long; flowers few, white, regular, many or sometimes all of them replaced by little tuftes of leaves; calyx nearly free from the ovary, its lobes reflexed, much shorter than the sagittate obtusish petals which are narrowed into a claw, or sometimes cordate at the base. In rocky places, Mt. Katahdin, Maine ; Labrador and arctic America. Also in northeastern Asia and northern Europe. Summer. GENUS 5. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 221 2. Hydatica stellaris (L.) S. F. Gray. Star or Starry Saxifrage. Fig. 2164. Saxifraga stellaris L. Sp. PI. 400. 1753. Hydatica stellaris S. F. Gray, Nat. Am. Brit. PI. 2 : 530. 1821. Scape naked below, bracted at the inflorescence, glabrous or slightly viscid, 4'-i2 r high. Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, sharply and coarsely dentate, tapering into a broad petiole, $'-2' long; flowers loosely cymose-paniculate, regular, about 5" broad ; petals white, yellow-spotted at the base ; calyx nearly free from the ovary, its lobes reflexed, lanceo- late, obtusish, about one-half the length of the ob- long acutish petals, .which are narrowed into a short claw ; capsule 2"-3" long, its tips acuminate, at length somewhat divergent. In rocky places, reported from Labrador and Green- land. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Kid- neywort. Summer. 3. Hydatica petiolaris (Raf.) Small. Michaux's Saxifrage. Fig. 2165. Saxifraga leucanthemifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 268. 1803. Not LePeyr. 1803. Hexaphoma petiolaris Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 67. 1836. Saxifraga Michauxii Britton, Mem. Torr. Oub 4: 1 1 8. 1894. Spatularia petiolaris Small, N. A. Flora 22 2 : 150. 1905. H. petiolaris Small, Fl. SE. U. S. Ed. 2, 760. 1911. Erect, viscid-pubescent, 6'-2o' high. Basal leaves clustered, oblanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuse at the apex, $'-f long, nar- rowed into a margined petiole, coarsely and deeply dentate ; flowering stem naked below, leafy-bracted above ; inflorescence widely paniculate ; flowers 2"-$" broad, irregular ; petals clawed, white, the 3 larger ones sagit- tate or truncate and usually with a pair of yellowish spots at the base, the outer 2 spatulate and unspotted, narrowed at the base; calyx-tube free from the ovary, its lobes reflexed ; follicles lanceolate, sharp- pointed, little divaricate, about 2\" long. In dry rocky places, mountain summits of Virginia to Georgia. May-Sept. 6. SAXIFRAGA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 398. 1753. Perennial herbs, with flowering stems arising from the small rootstocks and alternate, entire or 3-7-lobed leaves. The flowers solitary or in terminal cymes, rarely represented by bulblets. Calyx-lobes 5, erect, usually with a terminal gland. Corolla white, regular, the petals somewhat narrowed at the base, but usually clawless. Stamens 10; filaments subulate. Ovary about one-half inferior, the carpels united to about the middle. Follicles well united, erect, except the more or less spreading tips, partly included in the calyx-tube. [Greek, stone-breaking, from reputed medicinal qualities.] About 20 species, most abundant in the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere. Type species : Saxifraga granulata L. Flowers below the terminal nodding flower replaced by bulblets; petals 4"-s" long. i. S. cernua. Flowers not replaced by bulblets ; petals about 2" long. 2. 5". riz'tilaris. 222 SAXIFRAGACEAE. VOL. II. i. Saxifraga cernua L. Nodding or Drooping Bulbous Saxifrage. Fig. 2166. Saxifraga cernua L. Sp. PI. 403. 1753. Stem weak, slender, ascending, pubescent but scarcely glutinous, 4'--i2' long. Leaves alternate, the basal. and lower ones petioled, broadly reniform, palmately 5-7-lobed, usually less than i' wide; upper leaves smaller, sessile, 3-lobed or entire and bract-like, often bearing small bulblets in their axils; flowers 1-3, terminal, nodding, white, 8"-io" broad; petals obovate, sometimes retuse, 3-4 times as long as the ovate calyx-lobes. Newfoundland, Labrador, and through arctic America to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 2. Saxifraga rivularis L. Alpine Brook Saxifrage. Fig. 2167. Saxifraga rivularis L. Sp. PI. 404. 1753. Densely tufted, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, matted, i '-3' high. Leaves alternate, the basal and lower ones slender-petioled, reniform, 3~5-lobed, seldom more than 3" wide; petioles dilated at the base; upper leaves lanceolate or ovate, entire or slightly lobed, mainly sessile ; flowers 1-5, terminal, erect, white, about 3"-5" broad ; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, slightly shorter than the ovate-oblong petals ; tips of the capsule widely divergent, its base adnate to the calyx. Alpine summits of the White Mountains, Labrador, arctic America and south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. 7. MUSCARIA Haw. Saxifr. Enum. 36. 1821. Perennial low herbs, with densely tufted or matted copiously leafy caudices, sparingly leafy flower-stems, and alternate, 3-lobed or rarely 5-7-lobed leaves, the flowers solitary or few together in terminal cymes. Sepals 5, erect. Corolla white, regular, the petals relatively broad, clawless. Stamens 10; filaments subulate. Ovary about one-half inferior, the carpels united to above the middle. Follicles erect, except the sometimes slightly spreading tips, mostly included in the calyx-tube. [Latin, referring to the moss-like growth of the plants.] About 35 species, most abundant on high mountains and in boreal regions. Type species : Saxifraga muscoides Wulf. i. Muscaria caespitosa (L.) Haw. Tufted Saxifrage. Fig. 2168. Saxifraga caespitosa L. Sp. PI. 404. 1753. Muscaria caespitosa Haw. Saxifr. Enum. 37. 1821. Densely tufted, leaves clustered at the base, spatulate or fan-shaped, 3"-o/' long, deeply 3-5-cleft or lobed into linear obtuse segments, glabrous ; flowering stem erect, 2'-8' high, viscid-pubescent, at least above, linear-bracted or with several 3-lobed leaves ; flowers 1-8, corymbose, 4"-7" broad, white ; calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, much shorter than the obovate petals; capsule-tips divergent; base of the capsule adnate to the calyx. On rocks, Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland, west through arctic America to Alaska, south to Oregon and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Siberia. Summer. GENUS 8. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 223 8. CHONDROSEA Haw. Saxifr. Enum. 10. 1821. Perennial herbs, with densely leafy short caudices and offsets and sparingly leafy flower-stems, and alternate serrate leaves with each tooth white-encrusted, the flowers in terminal compound cymes. Calyx-lobes 5, erect. Corolla white or sometimes colored, regular, the petals broad, clawless. Stamens 10; filaments lanceolate to lanceolate-subulate. Ovary about one-half inferior, the carpels united to above the middle. Follicles united up to the more or less spreading tips. [Greek, referring to the texture of the leaves.] About 9 species, most abundant in the mountains of middle Europe. Type species : Chondrosea pyramidalis Haw. i. Chondrosea Aizoon (Jacq.) Haw, Livelong Saxifrage. Fig. 2169. Saxifraga Aizoon Jacq. Fl. Austr. 5: 18. pi, 438. 1778. Chondrosea Aizoon Haw. Saxifr. Enum. n 1821. Leaves clustered in a dense rosette at the base of the bracted flowering stem ; plant spreading by offsets, so that several are often joined together. Leaves 4"-i2" long, spatulate, thick, obtuse and rounded at the apex, the margins serrulate with sharp hard white teeth; scape erect, viscid-pubescent, 4'-io' high ; flowers several or numerous, corymbose, yellowish, about 3" broad ; calyx- lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, viscid, shorter than the obo- vate, often spotted petals ; capsule tipped by the divergent styles, its base adnate to the calyx. On dry rocks, Mt. Mansfield, Vermont ; Quebec to Labra- dor, west to Lake Superior and Manitoba. Also in alpine and arctic Europe. Summer. 9. THEROFON Raf. New Fl. N. A. 4: 66. 1836. [BOYKINIA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 113. 1834. Not Raf.] Glandular-pubescent perennial herbs, with alternate peti- oled orbicular or reniform leaves, and small white perfect flowers in branching panicles. Calyx-tube top-shaped or subglobose, adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, deciduous, inserted on the calyx-tube. Filaments short. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ; styles 2, rarely 3. Capsule 2-celled, the beaks of the carpels divergent. Seeds numerous, the testa shining, minutely punctate. [Greek, beast-killing; an old name of aconite.] About 10 species, natives of the southern Alleghanies and the mountains of western North America. Type species : Boykinia aconitifolia Nutt. i. Therofon aconitifolium (Nutt.) Millsp. Aconite Saxifrage. Fig. 2170. Boykinia aconitifolia Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 7: 113. 1834. Therofon napelloides Raf. New Fl. 4 : 66. 1836. Saxifraga aconitifolia Field. Sert. PI. pi. 57. 1844. Therofon aconitifolium Millsp. Bull. West Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. 2: 561. 1892. Stem rather stout, erect, i-2 high. Lower and basal leaves long-petioled, reni- form-orbicular, cordate or truncate at the base, slightly scabrous above, glabrous or with a few scale-like hairs along the veins beneath, palmately 5-7-lobed, the lobes ob- ovate or oval, sharply incised-serrate ; upper leaves short-petioled ; bracts of the inflores- cence foliaceous, incised; cymes panicled; pedicels ^and calyx viscid;, flowers white, about 2" broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate, erect; petals oblanceolate, spatulate at base; capsule adnate to the calyx-tube, only its divergent beaks free. In woods, mountains of southwestern Virginia to North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. July. 10. SULLIVANTIA T. & G. Am. Journ. Sci. 42 : 22. 1842. Slender perennial herbs, with mainly basal long-petioled reni form-orbicular crenate or slightly lobed leaves, and small white cymose-paniculate flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, adnate to the base of the ovary, its limb 5-lobed, the lobes erect. Petals 5, spatulate, mar- 724 SAXLFRAGACEAE. VOL. II. cescent. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the calyx-lobes. Filaments short. Ovary 2-celled, 2-beaked, ripening into a 2-beaked capsule. Styles 2. Ovules . Seeds winged on both sides. [Named in honor of William Starling Sullivant, 1803-1873, American botanist.] Four known species, the following of eastern North America, the others of the western States. Type species : Saxifraga Suliivantii T. & G. i. Sullivantia Suliivantii (T. & G.) Britton. Sullivantia. Fig. 2171. Saxifraga (?) Suliivantii T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 575. 1840. 5". ohionis T. & G. Am. Journ. Sci. 42 : 22. 1842. Sullivantia Suliivantii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 178. 1894. Stem scapose, nearly leafless, weak, re- clined, slightly glandular-pubescent, 6'-i5' long. Leaves long-petioled, i'-3' wide, and wider than long, reniform-cordate at the base, crenate-dentate or somewhat lobed, sparingly pubescent or glabrous ; panicle ample, sometimes leafy-bracted, loose, glandular; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit; flowers white, about 2" broad; calyx- lobes ovate, not nerved, acutish ; petals spatulate, entire, exceeding the stamens. On cliffs, Ohio and Indiana. June. Sullivantia Hapemanii (Coult. & Fisher) Coulter, with 3-nerved calyx-lobes and obo- vate or oval-rhombic petal-blades, has been found in Wisconsin and Minnesota and ranges to Wyoming and Colorado. ii. TIARELLA L. Sp. PL 405. 1753. Perennial slender erect herbs, with the leaves mainly basal, long-petioled, lobed or 3-foliolate, small stipules adnate to the petiole, and white pedicelled racemose or paniculate flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, nearly or quite free from the base of the ovary, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens 10; filaments elongated. Ovary i-celled; styles 2; ovules o. Capsule membranous, i-celled, 2-valved, the valves usually unequal. Seeds usually few, ovoid or globose, smooth, not winged. [Diminutive of tiara, from the form of capsule.] About 6 species, natives of North America, Japan and the Himalayas. Besides the following, and one in the southern Alleghanies, 5 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Tiarella cordi- folia L. i. Tiarella cordifolia L. Coolwort. False Mitre wort. Fig. 2172. Tiarella cordifolia L. Sp. PI. 405. 1753. Scape 6'-i2' high, slender, pubescent. Leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, or nearly orbicular, cordate at the^ base, 3-7-lobed, obtuse or acutish at the apex, 2'~4' long, crenate or dentate all around, pubescent with scattered hairs above, glabrate or downy along the veins beneath; inflorescence simply racemose or the lowest pedicels sometimes branched, glandular-puberulent ; flowers white, about 3" broad ; petals oblong, entire or slightly dentate, clawed, somewhat exceeding the white calyx-lobes; capsule reflexed, about 3" long, its valves very unequal. In rich moist woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south, especially along the mountains, to ", Georgia, Indiana and Michigan. Ascends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. White coolwort. Foam-flower. Gem-fruit. April-May. 12. HEUCHERA L. Sp. PI. 226. 1753. Erect or ascending perennial herbs, with mainly basal long-petioled ovate or orbicular leaves, and small paniculate or racemose, white green or purple flowers, on naked or leafy- bracted scapes. Calyx-tube campanulate, often oblique, adnate to the base of the ovary, 5-lobed. Petals small, spatulate, often shorter than the calyx-lobes, entire, inserted on the GENUS 12. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 225 throat of the calyx. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals. Ovary i-celled; styles 2, slender. Ovules oo. Capsule 2-valved, 2-beaked. Seeds minutely hispid or muricate. [Named for Johann Heinrich von Heucher, 1677-1747, a German botanist.] About 70 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Type species : Heuchera americana L. Flowers regular or nearly so. Petals with long very slender claws and narrow blades, much exceeding the calyx. Leaves, at least the larger ones, low rounded lobes. Petioles villous ; calyx-lobes ovate, much shorter than the hypanthium during anthesis. i. H. parviflora. Petioles puberulent ; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, as long as the hypathium during anthesis or nearly so. 2. H.puberula. Leaves, at least the larger ones, with prominent angular lobes. Leaves deeply lobed, the terminal lobe longer than wide. 3. H. villosa. Leaves not deeply lobed, the terminal lobe broad and short. 4. H. macrorhiza. Petals with short claws and broad blades, shorter than the calyx or slightly longer. Petals as long as the calyx or shorter. 5. 'H. americana. Petals decidedly longer than the calyx. 6. H. Curtisii. Flowers very irregular. Stamens long-exserted. 7. H. hirsuticaulis. Stamens slightly exserted or included. Flowering stem leafless ; flowers gibbous below near the base. Panicle narrow, strict ; stamens exserted. 8. //. hispida. Panicle wide, lax ; stamens included. 9. H. longiflora. Flowering stem leafy; flowers not gibbous. 10. H.pubescens. i. Heuchera parviflora Bartl. Rugel's Heuchera. Fig. 2173. Heuchera parviflora Bartl. Ind. Sem. Hort. Gotting. 1838. Linnaea 13: Litt. 96. 1839. H. Rugelii Shuttlw. ; Kunze, Linnaea 20 : 43. 1847. Stems slender, 6'-2^' long, weak, glandu- lar-hirsute or villous, 'leafless or bearing a few leaves below. Basal leaves with long slender glandular-villous petioles, broadly reniform, 2'-$' wide, cordate at the base, with 7-9 broad rounded or rarely pointed lobes, crenately toothed, the teeth mucronate; inflorescence very loosely paniculate ; flower- ing calyx regular, campanulate, about i" long; petals linear-spatulate, 2-3 times as long as the calyx-lobes ; stamens somewhat exserted. Shaded cliffs, Missouri and Illinois to west- ern Virginia and northern Georgia. July-Sept. 2. Heuchera puberula Mackenzie & Bush. Puberulent Heuchera. Fig. 2174. H. puberula Mackenzie & Bush, Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 16 : 103. 1905. Stems very slender, 4'- 12' long, puberulent, leaf- less. Basal leaves with very slender puberulent petioles, suborbicular to reniform, i'-2j' wide, shal- lowly or deeply cordate at the base, with 5-9 rounded lobes and broad mucronate teeth, finely pubescent on both sides ; inflorescence lax, few- or many- flowered; flowering calyx regular, campanulate or turbinate, _ about i" long, the lobes broader and the tube relatively shorter than in H. parviflora; petals spatulate or linear-spatulate, about twice as long as the calyx-lobes; stamens exserted. On bluffs, Kentucky and Missouri. July-Oct. 15 220 SAXIFRAGACEAE. VOL. II. 3. Heuchera villosa Michx. Hairy Heuchera. Fig. 2175. H. villosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 172. 1803. Stem erect, leafless, or rarely bearing a few small leaves below, generally villous- pubescent with brownish hairs, as are also the long petioles and the veins on the lower surfaces of the leaves. Basal leaves 3'-$' wide, ovate to orbicular, sharply or obtusely and deeply 7-o.-lobed, the lobes dentate or serrate, the terminal lobe usually longer than wide; flowering calyx \"-\\" long, campanulate, regular; petals linear-spatu- late, white or nearly so, twice as long as the calyx-lobes or more; stamens much exserted. In rocky places, Virginia, West Virginia and Kentucky to Georgia and Tennessee. June- Sept. Called also American sanicle. 4. Heuchera macrorhiza Small. Big-rooted Heuchera. Fig. 2176. H. macrorhiza Small, Bull. Torr. Club 25 : 466. 1898. Stem erect, usually leafless, stout, from a very thick scaly rootstock, densely villous or hirsute- villous with usually sordid hairs. Basal leaves, 3'-8' wide, suborbicular in outline, shallowly lobed, with the terminal lobe usually wider than long, the teeth broad, mucronate; flowering calyx short-hairy, often larger than in H. villosa, regu- lar; petals linear or nearly so, about twice as long as the calyx-lobes or less; stamens much- exserted. On bluffs and river banks, West Virginia, Ken- tucky and Tennessee. July-Oct. Heuchera crinita Rydb., from Kentucky and ad- jacent states, seems to be a robust form of H. mac- rorhiza. Heuchera americana L. Fig. 2177. Alum-root. Heuchera americana L. Sp. PI. 226. 1753. Stem rather stout, 2-3 high, leafless, more or less glandular-hirsute. Basal leaves long- petioled, 3'-4' wide, with 7-9 rounded crenate- dentate lobes, the older ones glabrous, or with scattered hairs on the upper surface; flowering calyx broadly campanulate, nearly regular, i "-3" long; petals very small, greenish, usually not exceeding the calyx-lobes ; stamens much exserted ; anthers orange. In dry or rocky woods, Ontario to Connecticut,, west to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Louisi- ana. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. American sanicle. Common alum-root. May-Aug. Heuchera lancipetala Rydb., from Kentucky, has a leafless flower-stem as in H. americana; but the petals are much longer than the calyx-lobes. GENUS 12. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 6. Heuchera Curtisii T. & G. Curtis' Heuchera. Fig. 2178. H. Curtisii T. & G. ; A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 42 : 15- 1841. H. roseola Rydb. ; Britton, Man. 481. 1901. Stem rather stout, i-3 high, leafy, gla- brous below, puberulent above. Basal leaves ovate to suborbicular, ii'-o/ wide, with rounded lobes and broad mucronate teeth, glabrous or sparingly pubescent and ciliate ; flowering- calyx nearly regular, larger than in H. ameri- cana; petals purple or pink, usually much ex- ceeding the calyx-lobes ; stamens exserted. In woods and on river bluffs. New York to Tennessee and South Carolina. May-July. 8. Heuchera hispida Pursh. Rough Heuchera. Fig. 2180. H. hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 188. 1814. Heuchera Richardsonii R. Br. Frankl. Journ. 766. pi. 29. 1823. Stem 2-4 tall, hirsutely-pubescent or rarely nearly glabrous, usually leafless. Leaves 2'-$' wide, on long and slender petioles, broadly ovate-orbicular, with 5-9 shallow rounded dentate lobes ; panicle strict, narrow ; flowering calyx campanu- late, very oblique, 3"-5" long, its lobes unequal; petals spatulate, slightly exceed- ing the calyx-lobes ; stamens exserted. In woods. Virginia to western Ontario, west to Kansas, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, south in the Rocky Mountains to Idaho. May-June. 7. Heuchera hirsuticaulis (Whee- lock) Rydb. Rough-stemmed Heuchera. Fig. 2179. H. hispida hirsuticaulis Wheelock, Bull. Torr. Club 17 : 199. 1890. Heuchera hirsuticaulis Rydb.; Britton, Man. 482. 1901. Stem i-2i tall, villous-hirsute, leafless. Leaves ii'-3$' wide, on slender petioles which are pubescent like the stem, reniform to orbicular-ovate, with 7-11 rounded crenate-mucronate lobes ; panicle lax, rather wide ; flowering calyx campanulate, oblique, 2"-2^" long, its lobes unequal ; petals broadly spatulate, equalling the calyx-lobes or shorter; stamens long-exserted. In dry woods and on bluffs, Michigan to Missouri, Indiana and Arkansas. May-June. 228 SAXIFRAGACEAE. VOL. II. 9. Heuchera longiflora Rydb. Long- flowered Heuchera. Fig. 2181. Heuchera longiflora Rydb. ; Britton, Man. 482. 1901. Stems l2-3 high, glabrous or hirsutulous above, leafless. Leaves long-petioled, orbicular- reniform to orbicular-ovate, 2'-$' wide, shal- lowly lobed and with very broad teeth ; panicle lax, wide, with slender branches; flowering calyx 4"-5" long, oblique, the lobes unequal ; petals rhombic-spatulate, equalling the calyx- lobes; stamens included. On hillsides, Kentucky to Alabama. May-June. 10. Heuchera pubescens Pursh. Downy Heuchera. Fig. 2182. H. pubescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 187. 1814. Stems rather stout, i-3 high, densely glandular-pubescent, at least above, usually bearing i or 2 small leaves. Basal leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate or orbicular, cordate, 2'-^' wide, 5~7-lobed, the lobes rounded or acute, crenate or dentate; panicle loose; flowering calyx oblong-campanulate, somewhat oblique, 3"-4" long, minutely glan- dular, its lobes usually unequal; petals broadly spatulate, purplish, slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes ; stamens scarcely or slightly ex- serted. In rich woods, mountains of Pennsylvania to Kentucky, Missouri and North Carolina. As- cends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. May-June. 13. MITELLA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 406. 1753. Erect perennial herbs, with long-petioled ovate or orbicular basal leaves, naked or 2-leaved scapes, and small white or greenish flowers in elongated spiciform racemes. Calyx- tube campanulate or hemispheric, adnate to the base of the ovary, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, 3-cleft or pinnatifid. Stamens 10 (sometimes 5); filaments short. Ovary globose, i-celled; styles 2, short; ovules o. Capsule i-celled, 2-valved at the apex, many-seeded. Seeds smooth, shining. [Diminutive of mitra, a cap, from the form of the young pod.] About 4 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. Type species : Mitella diphylla L. Basal leaves ovate ; scape with 2 opposite leaves. Basal leaves reniform ; scape naked or i -leaved near the base. 1. M. diphylla. 2. M. nuda. GENUS 13. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 229 i. Mitella diphylla L. Two-leaved Bishop's Cap or Mitre-wort. Fig. 2183. Mitella diphylla L. Sp. PI. 406. 1753. Scape io'-i8' high, pubescent, bearing a pair of opposite nearly or quite sessile leaves near its middle. Basal leaves broadly ovate, cordate at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, 3~5-lobed, dentate, scabrous and with scattered hairs on both sides, i'-2' long; leaves of the scape similar, usually smaller; spiciform raceme erect, 3'-8' long, the flowers distant; calyx-lobes and petals white ; capsule flattish, broad, dehiscent above, the valves spreading. In rich woods, Quebec to Minnesota, North Carolina and Missouri. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. A third leaf is rarely borne on the scape at the base of the in- florescence. Currant-leaf. False sanicle. Fringe- or fairy-cup. April-May. Mitella oppositifolia Rydb., native in central New York, and cultivated at South Hadley, Massachusetts, differs from M. diphylla in the long-petioled stem-leaves, the lanceolate calyx-lobes and the filiform divisions of the petals. 2. Mitella nuda L. Stbloniferous or Naked Bishop's Cap or Mitrewort. Fig. 2184. Mitella nuda L. Sp. PI. 408. 1753. Stem usually stoloniferous, scape erect, very slender, pubescent, 3'-7' high. Basal leaves reni- form-orbicular, obtuse, cordate at the base, crenate or doubly crenate, I'-ii' wide, pubescent with scat- tered hairs on both sides ; stem-leaves usually none ; flowers pedicelled, greenish, about 2" broad; capsule similar to that of the preceding species. In cold woods and peat-bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to the Pacific Coast, south to New England, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Also in northeastern Asia. April-June, or blooming again in the autumn. Mitella intermedia Bruhin, from the vicinity of Cen- terville, Wisconsin, differs from M. nuda in the acute- lobed leaves and the subulate divisions of the petals. 14. CHRYSOSPLENIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 398. 1753. Low decumbent or erect somewhat succulent mainly semi-aquatic herbs, with petioled opposite or alternate crenate leaves, with no stipules. Flowers minute, greenish, axillary or terminal, solitary or clustered, perfect. Calyx-tube urn-shaped or obconic, adnate to the ovary, its limb 4~5-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 8-10 (rarely 4-5), inserted on the margin of a disk; filaments short. Ovary i-celled, flattish, 2-lobed; styles 2, short, recurved; ovules o. Capsule membranous, short, inversely cordate or 2-lobed, 2-valved above, few- or many-seeded. Seed-coat muricate or pilose. [Greek, golden spleen, from some reputed medicinal qualities.] About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone and southern South America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in northwestern America. Type species : Chrysosplenium opposi- tifolium L. Lower leaves opposite ; flowers mostly solitary. i. C. americanum. Leaves all alternate ; flowers corymbose. 2. C. alternifolium. 230 SAXIFRAGACEAE. VOL. II. i. Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. Golden Saxifrage. Water Carpet. Fig. 2185. Chrysosplenium oppositifollum Walt. Fl. Car. 140. 1788. Not L. C. americanum Schwein.; Hook. FL Bor. Am. i: 242. 1832. Stems slender, decumbent, forked above, glabrous or very nearly so, 3'-8' long. Lower leaves opposite, the upper often alternate, broadly ovate, orbicular or somewhat reniform, ob- tuse or truncate at the base, rounded at the apex, crenate or obscurely lobed, 2"-io" wide ; flowers sessile, axillary, usu- ally solitary, about i" broad; calyx-lobes commonly 4, yel- lowish, or purplish within; stamens commonly 8; anthers orange-red. In wet, shaded places, Nova Scotia to the Saskatchewan region, south, along the mountains to Georgia, and to Ohio, Michigan and Minnesota. March-June. 2. Chrysosplenium iowense Rydb. Iowa Golden Saxi- frage. Fig. 2186. Chrysosplenium ioivense Rydb.; Britton, Man. 483. 1901. Flowering stems erect, glabrous or pubescent, 2'-6' high, branched above. Leaves all alternate, the basal ones long- petioled, reniform, or cordate, often pubescent on the upper sur- face, 3"- 1 8" wide, or crenate with 5-11 rather broad lobes ; flowers mainly terminal, corymbose; calyx-lobes commonly 4, orange-yellow within; stamens usually 8. On wet mossy slope, Decorah, Iowa. May-June. Confused with Chrysosplenium alternifolium of Europe, in our first edition. Family 48. HYDRANGEACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 36, 38. 1829. HYDRANGEA FAMILY. Shrubs or trees or vines with simple opposite leaves and no stipules. Flowers perfect or the exterior ones of the clusters sterile and conspicuous. Petals and sepals generally 5. Stamens twice as many as the sepals, or numerous, epigynous. Carpels 2-10, wholly united or the apex free, the lower half at least enclosed by and adnate to the calyx. Seeds numerous ; endosperm generally copious ; embryo small. About 1 6 genera and 80 species, of temperate and tropical regions. Sepals and petals 5 or fewer ; shrubs. Petals valvate ; stamens 8 or 10 ; corolla small. Petals convolute ; stamens 15-60 ; corolla large. Sepals and petals 7 or more ; woody vine. 1. Hydrangea. 2. Philadelphus. 3. Decumaria. i. HYDRANGEA [Gronov.] L. Sp. PI. 397. 1753. Shrubs, or some Asiatic species small trees, with opposite simple petioled leaves and ter- minal corymbose flowers. Stipules none. Exterior flowers of the corymb often apetalous, slender-pedicelled, sterile, but with enlarged and very conspicuous calyx-lobes, or sometimes the whole corymb changed to these sterile flowers ; fertile flowers small. Calyx-tube (hy- panthium) hemispheric or obconic, adnate to the ovary, 4~5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, valvate. Stamens 8 or 10, inserted on the disk. Filaments filiform. Ovary 2-4-celled; styles 2-4, distinct, or united at the base; ovules o. Capsule membranous, usually 2-celled, ribbed, many-seeded, dehiscent at the bases of the styles. [Greek, water-vessel, from the shape of the capsule.] About 35 species, natives of eastern North America, eastern Asia and the Himalayas, and South America. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southeastern States. Type species : Hydrangea arborescens L. Leaves glabrous or somewhat pubescent beneath. i. H. arborescen-s. Leaves tomentose beneath. 2. H. cinerea. GENUS i. HYDRANGEA FAMILY. 231 i. Hydrangea arborescens L. Wild Hydrangea. Fig. 2187. H. arborescens L. Sp. PI. 397. 1753. Hydrangea vulgaris Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 268. 1803. Hydrangea arborescens kanawhana Millsp. Bull. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. 2: 363. 1891. A shrub, 4-io high, the young twigs pubescent or glabrate. Peti- oles slender, i'-4' long; leaves ovate, thin, 3'-6' long, acute or often acu- minate at the apex, rounded, cordate or rarely broadly cuneate at the base, sharply dentate, green both sides, or pale beneath, glabrous above, some- times pubescent beneath ; cymes 2'-$' broad ; marginal sterile flowers usu- ally few or none, but sometimes numerous, or forming the entire in- florescence, capsule wider than long. On rocky stream or river banks, southern New York and New Jersey, very abundant in the valley of the Del- aware, to Iowa, south to Florida, Louisi- ana and Missouri. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. June-July, some- times blooming again in Sept. Seven- barks. Hills-of-snow. 2. Hydrangea cinerea Small. Ashy Hy- drangea. Fig. 2188. Hydrangea cinerea Small, Bull. Torr. Club 25 : 148. 1898. A shrub 6-8 high, the twigs finely pubescent or glabrate. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, 3 '-6' long, slightly thicker than those of the preceding species, green and nearly glabrous above, tomentose beneath ; marginal flowers, or at least some of them, sterile and con- spicuous; capsule longer than wide. Missouri to Tennessee and North Carolina, south to Georgia. Snowy-hydrangea. June-July. Con- fused in our first edition with Hydrangea radiata Walt., of the southeastern states which has leaves silvery-white beneath. 2. PHILADELPHIA L. Sp. PI. 470. 1753. Shrubs, with opposite petioled simple deciduous leaves, and no stipules. Flowers large, terminal or axillary, corymbose, racemose or solitary, white or cream-colored. Calyx-tube top-shaped, adnate to the ovary, 4~5-lobed. Petals 4-5, convolute, rounded or obovate. Stamens 20-40, inserted on the disk; filaments linear. Ovary 3-S-celled; styles 3-5, filiform, distinct, or united at the base; ovules o. Capsule top-shaped, 3-5-celled, at length loculi- cidally dehiscent by 3-5 valves, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, the testa membranous, pro- duced at each end. [Named after King Ptolemy Philadelphus.] About 50 species, natives of North America, Mexico, Asia and central Europe. Besides the following, about 25 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Called Mock Orange from the orange-like blossoms of the various species. The common name Syringa is unfortunate, being the generic name of the Lilac. Flowers injodorous, solitary or few. Calyx-lobes about equalling the tube. Calyx-lobes about twice as long as the tube. Flowers racemose, numerous, fragrant. 1. P. inodorus, 2. P. grandiflorus. 3. P. coronarius. HYDRANGEACEAE. VOL. II. i. Philadelphia inodorus, L. Scentless Syringa. Fig. 2189. Philadelphus inodorus L. Sp. PI. 470. 1803. A shrub, 6-8 high, glabrous or very nearly so throughout. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or acu- minate at the apex, rounded or sometimes nar- rowed at the base, 2'-$' long, strongly 3-nerved, serrate with small distant teeth, or entire ; flow- ers white, inodorous, about i" broad, solitary or 2 or 3 together at the ends of short branches; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, about as long as the tube; capsule about 3" high. In thickets, Virginia to Georgia, Kentucky and Mississippi, principally in the mountains. Escaped from cultivation in Pennsylvania. May. 2. Philadelphus grandiflorus Willd. Large-flowered Syringa. Fig. 2190. Philadelphus grandiflorus Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 511. 1809. A shrub, 6-io high, resembling the preced- ing species and perhaps not specifically different. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, more or less pu- bescent, especially beneath, 3'-5' long, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply dentate, 3-nerved ; flowers 1-3 together at the ends of the branches, and sometimes also axillary to the upper leaves, white, inodorous, ii'-2' broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the tube; capsule about 3" high. In low grounds, Pennsylvania to Virginia, Ten- nessee and Florida. April-May. 3. Philadelphus coronarius L. Garden Syringa. Mock Orange. Fig. 2191. Philadelphus coronarius L. Sp. PI. 470. 1753. A shrub 8-io high. Leaves short-petioled, oval, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 2'-^ long, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, den- ticulate with distant teeth. 3-nerved ; flowers numerous, racemose at the ends of the branches, i'-ii' broad, creamy white, very fragrant; calyx- lobes ovate, acute, longer than the tube. Escaped from gardens in Virginia and Ohio, and sparingly in the Middle and Eastern States. Native of central Europe. Orange-flower tree, May-June. 3. DECUMARIA L. Sp. PI, Ed. 2, 1663. 1763. Woody climbing vines, with opposite petioled leaves, and terminal corymbose perfect flowers. Stipules none. Calyx-tube top-shaped, adnate to the ovary, its limb 7-io-toothed. GENUS 3. HYDRANGEA FAMILY. 233 Petals 7-10, narrow. Stamens 20-30, inserted on the disk; filaments subulate. Ovary 5-10- celled, io-15-ribbed, its apex conic; style thick; stigma capitate, 5-io-lobed; ovules <*>. Capsule fragile, ribbed, opening between the ribs. Seeds numerous, the testa membranous, reticulated, produced into a club-shaped appendage. [Latin, decent, ten ; the parts being often in ID'S.] A monotypic eenus of southeastern North America. I. Decumaria barbara L. Decumaria. Fig. 2192. D. barbara L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1663. 1763. Glabrous, or the shoots pubescent, climb- ing by aerial rootlets to a height of several feet. Petioles \'-\' long; leaves ovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base 2'-^' long, entire or repand-denticulate, sometimes pubescent on the veins of the lower surface, glabrous and shining above; corymbs terminal, com- pound, 2'-3' broad ; flowers white, fragrant, 3 "-4" broad ; calyx-teeth deciduous ; cap- sule top-shaped, 2"-3" high, tipped with the conic persistent style, opening between the ribs and remaining on the plant after the seeds fall away. In swamps, southeastern Virginia to Flor- ida, west to Louisiana. May-June. Family 49. ITEACEAE Agardh, Theor. Syst. PI. 151. VIRGINIA WILLOW FAMILY. Consists of the following genus : 1858. i. ITEA L. Sp. PI. 199. 1753. Shrubs or small trees, with simple alternate petioled deciduous leaves, no stipules, and small white flowers in terminal narrow racemes. Calyx-tube obconic or campanulate, 5-lobed, its base adnate to the ovary. Petals 5, linear, their apices inflexed. Stamens 5, inserted on the disk. Ovary 2-celled ; style slender ; stigma 2-grooved in our species ; ovules few or numerous. Capsule oblong or narrowly conic, 2-valved, several-many-seeded. Seeds narrow, flattish, the testa produced at each end. [Greek for willow, which its leaves somewhat resemble.] About 5 species, natives of the eastern United States and Asia. The following typical species is the only one known to occur in North America. i. Itea virginica L. Itea. Virginia Willow. Fig. 2193. Itea virginica L. Sp. PI. 199. 1753. A shrub 4-io high, the twigs and inflores- cence finely pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, narrowly oval, oblanceolate or rarely obovate, i '-3' long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply serrulate, gla- brous, or with a few hairs along the veins be- neath; racemes terminal, dense, 2'-6' long; flowers short-pedicelled ; petals linear, erect or slightly spreading, about 2*" long; capsule 2-grooved, 2"-$" long, pubescent, narrow, tipped with the persistent at length 2-parted style. In wet places, pine barrens of New Jersey, and eastern Pennsylvania to Florida, west to western North Carolina, Missouri and Louisiana. May- June. 234 HAMAMELIDACEAE. VOL. II. Family 50. HAMAMELIDACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 784. 1847. WITCH HAZEL FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled simple leaves, and perfect, polygamous monoecious flowers, variously clustered. Perianth often imperfect. Calyx-tube, when present, more or less adnate to the ovary, its limb truncate or 4- or 5-lobed. Petals, when present, 4 or 5, perigynous. Stamens 4-00, perigynous ; filaments distinct. Disk circular or none. Overy compound, of 2 carpels united below, 2-celled ; styles 2, subulate, erect or recurved ; ovules I, suspended. Fruit a 2-celled 2-beaked woody or coriaceous capsule, dehiscent at the summit. Seeds i in each cavity, anatropous ; embryo large ; endosperm scanty. About 13 genera and 40 species, natives of North America, Asia and South Africa. Flowers white, in catkin-like spikes; petals none. Flowers yellow, in axillary clusters ; petals long. 1. Fothergilla. 2. Hamamelis. i. FOTHERGILLA Murr. Syst. Veg. 418. 1774. Shrubs, the foliage somewhat stellate-pubescent. Leaves alternate, obovate. Flowers perfect, or often polygamous (sometimes monoecious) in catkin-like bracted terminal spikes, appearing a little before the leaves. Calyx campanulate, slightly 5-7-lobed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, inserted on the edge of the calyx; anthers subglobose. Ovary 2-celled; styles slender; ovules I in each cell. Capsule cartilaginous, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds bony, pendulous. [Named for Dr. John Fothergill, 1712-1780, an English naturalist] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Fothergilla Gardeni Murr. Fothergilla. Fig. 2194. Hamamelis virginiana Carolina L. Mant. 333. 1771. Fothergilla Gardeni Murr. Syst. Veg. 418. 1774. Fothergilla alnifolia L. f. Suppl. 267. 1781. F, Carolina Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 180. 1894. A shrub, 2-5 high, the young twigs densely stellate-pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, 2'-$' long, obovate or broadly oval, obtuse or short- pointed at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, usually inequilateral, coarsely dentate- crenate above the middle, or entire, more or less stellate-pubescent; spikes dense, erect, i'-2' long; bracts densely pubescent, the lower ones some- times lobed ; stamens white or pinkish, 2"~4" long; capsule very pubescent. In wet grounds, Virginia to Georgia. Witch- or dwarf-alder. April. 2. HAMAMELIS L. Sp. PI. 124. 1753. Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and clustered lateral yellow bracted flowers, appearing in late summer or autumn. Calyx 4-parted, persistent, adnate to the lower part of the ovary. Petals 4, elongated, linear, persistent, or in the staminate flowers sometimes wanting. Sta- mens 4, alternating with 4 scale-like staminodia; filaments very short; anthers dehiscent by a valve. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, short; ovules i in each cell, pendulous. Capsule woody, at length 2-valved at the summit. Seed oblong, its testa shining. [Greek, with the apple, flower and fruit being borne together.] A genus of 3 known species, one native of eastern North America, the others of Japan. GENUS 2. WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY. I. Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch- Hazel. Fig. 2195. Hamamelis virginiana L Sp. PI. 124. 1753. A shrub, or rarely a small tree with max- imum height of about 25, the twigs slightly scurfy, or glabrous. Leaves short-petioled, obovate or broadly oval, obtuse or pointed at the apex, somewhat cordate and inequilateral at the base, stellate-pubescent, at least when young, 2'-s' long, thick, repand-dentate ; flow- ers in axillary clusters, nearly sessile, bright yellow, appearing late in the season, when the leaves are falling and while the previous fruit remains ; petals narrow, about $" wide, 6"-9" long; calyx-lobes spreading or recurved, oval, ciliate, pubescent on the outer surface ; cap- sule maturing the next season, beaked with the 2 persistent styles, densely pubescent, 3"-4" high, at length bursting elastically ; seeds bony. In low woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minne- sota, Florida, Texas. Wood hard ; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. Spotted-alder. Tobacco-wood. Snapping-hazel. Pistachio. Winter-bloom. Aug. Dec. Jan.-March in the southwest. 1830. Family 51. ALTINGIACEAE Hayne, Flora i: 172. ALTINGIA FAMILY. Forest trees producing a balsamic resin, with furrowed bark, and terete or sometimes corky-winged branchlets. Leaves alternate, glandular-serrate, pal- mately lobed or unlobed ; stipules mostly deciduous. Flowers usually monoecious, sometimes perfect, in heads surrounded by three or four deciduous bracts. Perianth wanting. Heads of staminate flowers in terminal racemes or panicles; androecium of numerous stamens, interspersed with minute scales. Pistillate flowers in soli- tary, long-peduncled axillary heads ; gynoecium of two united carpels ; ovary partly inferior; stigmas stout; ovules several or numerous in each carpel, hori- zontal. Fruit a hard, dry, multicapsular head, sometimes armed with the stout persistent stigmas. Capsules opening at the apex, between the bases of the stigmas. Fertile seeds few, winged ; testa crustaceous ; embryo straight, imbedded in fleshy endosperm ; cotyledons flat. Sterile seeds numerous, wingless, angled. Five genera and about 10 species, natives of southern Europe, Asia, and eastern North America. i. LIQUIDAMBAR L. Sp. PI. 999. 1753. Large trees with resinous sap, simple alternate lobed petioled leaves, and small monoe- cious flowers in heads, the staminate clusters racemose, the pistillate ones usually solitary. Calyx and corolla of the staminate_ flowers none ; stamens numerous ; filaments short ; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Calices of the pistillate flowers confluent; petals none; anthers rudimentary,- borne on the edge of the calyx; ovary partly inferior, 2-celled; ovules several or numerous, styles 2. Capsules 2-beaked, 2-valved at the summit, dry, hard, forming a dense spinose globular head. [Name Latin- Arabic referring to the fragrant sap.] i. LiquidambarStyracifluaL. Sweet Gum. Star-leaved or Red Gum. Fig. 2196. Liquidambar Styraciflua L. Sp. PI. 999. 1753. A forest tree, maximum height about 150 ; bark very rough, branches usually winged with corky ridges. Twigs glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves broader than long, 3'-o/ wide, subcordate at base, deeply 3~7-lobed, glabrous above, often pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath, the lobes triangular-ovate, acute, sharply and finely serrate; sterile flower-clusters erect or spreading, 236 GROSSULARIACEAE. VOL. II. conic, consisting of numerous small heads, greenish ; fertile heads long-peduncled, at length drooping, borne near the base of the sterile; head of fruit about i'-ii' in diameter, the fertile seeds few, with numerous minute sterile ones. In low woods, Connecticut and southern New York to Florida, Illinois, Missouri and Mexico. Wood hard, not strong, reddish brown ; weight per cubic foot 37 Ibs. Leaves fragrant when bruised, brilliant in autumn. Its gum, copal-balsam or copalm, used as a substitute for storax. Satin- walnut. Opossum-tree. Bilsted. Alligator-tree. White-gum. Liquidamber. April-May. Family 52. GROSSULARIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 37. 1829. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY. Shrubs, with alternate often fascicled usually lobed petioled leaves, and race- mose or subsolitary regular flowers, the pedicels mostly bracteolate. Calyx-tube (hypanthium) ovoid, cylindric or hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5-lobed, often colored. Petals 4 or 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small, scale-like, often included. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted with the petals, included or exserted. Ovary inferior, i-celled; styles 2, distinct or united; ovules few or numerous. Berry globose or ovoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent on its summit. Seeds horizontal, obscurely angled, their outer coat gelatinous, the inner crusta- ceous. Embryo small, terete, in fleshy endosperm. Two genera and about 120 species, widely distributed. Currantworts. Pedicels jointed beneath the ovary; fruit disarticulating from the pedicels; plants without nodal spines. i. Ribes. Pedicels not jointed ; fruit not disarticulating from the pedicels ; plants with nodal spines. x 2. Grossularia. i. RIBES L. Sp. PI. 201. 1753. Shrubs, mostly unarmed, a few species bristly. Leaves palmately veined, usually lobed. Racemes several-many-flowered ; pedicels jointed beneath the ovary, usually with a pair of bractlets just below the joint. Ovary not spiny. Fruit disarticulating from its pedicel. [The About 65 species, natives of the north temperate zone, Mexico and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in western North America. Type : Ribes rubrum L. Stems bristly and spiny. Stems unarmed. Ovary with sessile glands. Ovary without glands, or with stalked glands. Calyx-tube (hypanthium) obsolete. Ovary glabrous. Petals yellowish-green. Petals red. Ovary with stalked glands. Calyx-tube (hypanthium) evident. Calyx-tube greenish to yellowish-white. Racemes very short ; leaf-lobes rounded ; fruit red. Racemes long, drooping ; leaf-lobes acutish ; fruit black. Calyx-tube bright yellow. 1. R. locust re. 2. R. hudsonianum. 3. R. vulgar e. 4. R. triste. 5. R. glandulosum 6. R. inebrians. 7. R. americanum. 8. R. odoratutn. i.. Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp Gooseberry. Fig. 2197. Ribes oxyacanthoides var. lacustre Pers. Syn. I : 252. 1805. Ribes lacustre Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2 : 856. 1811. Spines slender, weak, generally clustered. Branches usually densely bristly; petioles slender, more or less pubescent; leaves nearly orbicular, thin, glabrous or nearly so, deeply 5-7-lobed, \'-f wide, the lobes obtuse or acutish, incised-dentate ; flowers race- mose, green or purplish, about "2" long; pedicels slender, bracted at the base, about 2" long; calyx-tube short, its lobes short, broad, spreading; stamens very short, not exserted; berry 2"-5" in diameter, reddish, covered with weak gland-tipped bristles. In swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Alaska and California. May-June. GENUS i. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY. 2. Ribes hudsonianurn Richards. North- ern Black Currant. Fig. 2198. Ribes hudsonianum Richards. Bott. App. Frank. Journ. Ed. 2, 6. 1823. Branches erect, unarmed. Petioles slender, I '-4' long; leaves broader than long, i'-4' wide, more or less pubescent and resinous- dotted beneath, 3~5-lobed, the lobes obtuse or acutish, coarsely dentate; racemes 2\' long or less; pedicels 2" long or less; flowers white, 2"-3" broad; calyx broadly campanulate, its lobes oval, obtuse, spreading; stamens short, not exserted; ovary dotted with sessile glands; bracts setaceous, usually nearly equalling the pedicels, deciduous ; fruit black, glabrous, 3"- 5" in diameter. Hudson Bay and western Ontario to Alaska, Minnesota and British Columbia. Quinsy-berry. May-June. Ribes nigrum L., the black currant of the gar- dens, with similar leaves, loosely flowered droop- ing racemes, the calyx-lobes ascending and recurved, has escaped from cultivation in the Middle States. 3. Ribes vulgare Lam. Red Garden Currant. Fig. 2199. Ribes vulgare Lam. Encycl. 3: 47. 1789. Unarmed; stems nearly erect. Petioles slender, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, i'-3' long; leaves pubescent beneath, at least when young, orbicular or broader, cordate at the base, 3-5-lobed, the lobes acutish, sharply dentate; racemes pendulous, loosely flowered ; pedicels 2"-3" long, curved and sometimes ascending, longer than the ovate bractlets ; flowers greenish, about 2" broad ; calyx flat-campanulate ; stamens short; an- ther-sacs divergent; fruit red, glabrous, 2"-$" in diameter. Raisin-tree. Garnet-berry. Wine-berry. May-June. Escaped from cultivation, Mas- sachusetts to Ontario, Virginia and Wisconsin, and in Oregon and British Columbia. Native of Europe. Included in our first edition in R. rubrutn L. 4. Ribes triste Pall. American Red Cur- rant. Fig. 2200. Ribes triste Pall. Nova Acta Acad. Petrop. 10 : 378. 1797- Ribes rubrum subglandulosum Maxim. Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 19: 261. 1874. Similar to the preceding species, unarmed, the stems creeping or ascending. Leaves glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath; racemes several-flowered, as long as the leaves or shorter, drooping; pedicels 4" long or less, longer than the ovate bractlets ; flowers purplish ; calyx saucer-shaped ; anther-sacs contiguous, parallel or nearly so; ovary glabrous; fruit red, glabrous, 3"-4" in diameter. Wet woods and bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, New Jersey, Michigan, South Dakota and Oregon. Northern Asia. June-July. 2 3 8 GROSSULARIACEAE. VOL. II. 5. Ribes glandulosum Grauer. Fetid Currant. Fig. 2201. Ribes glandulosum Grauer, PI. Min. Cog. 2. 1784. R. prostratum L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 3. pi. 2. 1785. Branches decumbent or spreading, thorn- less and without prickles. Petioles slender, i' 3' long, pubescent or glabrous, the dilated base sometimes ciliate; leaves nearly orbicular, sharply and deeply 5-/-lobed, I '-3' wide, usu- ally somewhat pubescent along the veins be- neath, the lobes acute or acutish, dentate- serrate; flowers racemose, about 2\" broad; pedicels 2"-2i" long, glandular, calyx broadly campannlate, its lobes short and broad ; sta- mens short, not exserted ; fruit red, glandular- bristly, about 3" in diameter. In cold wet places, Newfoundland to Atha- basca, British Columbia, south, especially along the mountains, to North Carolina, Michigan and Wisconsin. Plant with a disagreeable odor. As- cends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. Skunk-cur- rant. May-June. 6. Ribes inebrians Lindl. White-flowered Currant. Fig. 2202. Ribes inebrians Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1471. 1832. Unarmed. Petioles slender, more or less glan- dular-pubescent, 3"-io" long; leaves reniform- prbicular, cordate at the base, i'-ii' wide, spar- ingly glandular-pubescent, or glabrate on both sides, 3~5-lobed, the lobes very obtuse, crenate or crenulate ; racemes short, pubescent, pendu- lous, bractlets rhombic, much longer than the pedicels, persistent, usually entire-margined' and glandular-ciliate ; flowers sessile or short-pedi- celled, white or greenish-white; calyx tubular, glandular; petals minute, nearly orbicular; sta- mens short ; fruit red, insipid, glandular or rarely smooth, about 3" in diameter. South Dakota to Idaho, Nebraska, New Mexico and California. May-June. Confused in our first edition with the similar R. cereum Dougl. 7. Ribes americanum Mill. Wild Black Currant. Fig. 2203. Ribes americanum Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 4. 1768. Ribes floridum L'Her. Stirp. Nov. i: 4. 1784. Ribes nigrum var. pennsylvanicum Marsh. Arb. Amer. 132. 1785. Ribes pennsylvanicum Lam. Encycl. 3: 49. 1789. Branches erect, unarmed. Petioles slender, loosely pubescent, or glabrous; leaves nearly orbicular, glabrous above, somewhat pubescent and resinous-dotted beneath, i'-3' wide, sharply 3~5-lobed, the lobes dentate-serrate, acutish ; racemes pendulous, rather loosely flowered, pubescent ; bractlets linear, much exceeding the pedicels, or shorter; flowers greenish-white, or yellowish, 4"-s" long; calyx tubular, its lobes short, broad, obtuse ; stamens not ex- serted ; fruit globose-ovoid, black, glabrous, 3"-5" in diameter. In woods, Nova Scotia to Virginia, Manitoba, Assiniboia, Kentucky, Iowa and Nebraska. Also in New Mexico. Quinsy-berry. April-May. GENUS i. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY. 2 39 8. Ribes odoratum Wendl. Golden, Buffalo or Missouri Currant. Fig. 2204. R. odoratum Wendl. in Bartl. & Wendl. Beitr. 2: 15. 1825. Unarmed. Petioles rather slender, pubescent ; leaves convolute in the bud, at length glabrous, often broader than long, thick, 3-lobed or sometimes 5-lobed, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base, the lobes obtuse, few-toothed or entire; racemes leafy- bracted, few-flowered, the rachis and pedicels vil- lous; flowers bright yellow, spicy-scented, 6"-i2" long; calyx-tube cylindric, glabrous, 2-3 times as long as the oval spreading lobes; petals i"-ii" long; stamens slightly exserted ; fruit black, glabrous, 3"-S" in diameter. Along streams, Minnesota and South Dakota to Mis- souri and Texas. Common in cultivation. Clove- or flowering-current. April-May. 2. GROSSULARIA [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet Abr. Ed. 4. 1754. Shrubs, with erect ascending or trailing branches, the nodes armed with simple or 3-forked spines, rarely spineless. Racemes i-few-flowered. Pedicels not jointed. Hypan- thium evident. Fruit not disarticulating from the pedicel. [Ancient name of the gooseberry.] About 55 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 30 others occur in the western states. Type species : Ribes Grossularia L. Ovary bristly ; fruit prickly. Ovary glabrous, pubescent, or with stalked glands. Flowers white ; filaments long. Flowers green or purplish ; filaments shorter. Stamens equalling the petals. Calyx-tube (hypanthium) tubular. Calyx-tube (hypanthium) campanulate. Stamens twice as long as the petals or longer. Ovary villous. Ovary glabrous or with some stalked glands. Calyx-lobes twice as long as the tube. Calyx-lobes about as long as the tube. 1. G. Cynosbati. 2. G. missouriensis. 3. G. setosa. 4. G. oxyacanthoides. 5. G. reclinata. 6. G. rotundifolia. 7. G. hirtella. i. Grossularia Cynosbati (L.) Mill. Wild Gooseberry. Dogberry. Fig. 2205. Ribes Cynosbati L. Sp. PI. 202. 1753. Grossularia Cynosbati Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 5. 1768. Ribes Cynosbati glabratum Fernald, Rhodora 7: 156. 1905. Nodal spines slender, solitary or sometimes 2-3 together, erect or spreading, 3"-6" long, or often wanting. Prickles of the branches few and weak or none; petioles 6"-i8" long, slender, generally pubescent; leaflets nearly orbicular, i'- 2' broad, pubescent, at least when young, truncate or cordate at the base, deeply 3~5-lobed, the lobes crenate-dentate or incised ; peduncles and pedicels slender; flowers 1-3, green, 3"-4" long; calyx- lobes oblong, shorter than the ovoid tube ; sta- mens not exserted; berry 4"-6" in diameter, with few or many subulate prickles. In rocky woods, New Brunswick, south, especially along the Alleghanies to North Carolina, west to Manitoba, Alabama and Missouri. Prickly wild- gooseberry. Dog-bramble. April-June. 240 GROSSULARIACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Grossularia missouriensis (Nutt.) Cov. & Britt. Missouri Gooseberry. Fig. 2206. Ribes gracile Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 165. 1814. Not Michx. Ribes missouriensis Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 548. 1840. Grossularia missouriensis Cov. & Britt. N. A. Fl. 22 : 221. 1908. Nodal spines slender, solitary, or 2-3 together, reddish, 3"-8" long or more. Prickles generally few or none; leaves slender-petioled, somewhat pubescent when young, orbicular or broader, 9"- 18" wide, truncate, slightly cordate, or sometimes obtuse at the base, 3~5-lobed, the lobes rather blunt, dentate; pedicels very slender, 4"-6" long; flowers white or greenish tinged, drooping, 6"-o." long; calyx-tube narrow, shorter than the linear lobes ; stamens connivent or parallel, much ex- serted; berry brown to purple, 5"~7" in diameter. In dry or rocky soil, Illinois to Minnesota, South Dakota, Kansas and Tennessee. Slender or Illinois gooseberry. May. 3. Grossularia setosa (Lindl.) Cov. & Britt. Bristly Gooseberry. Fig. 2207. Ribes setosum Lindl. Trans. Hort. Soc. 7 : 243. 1830. Grossularia setosa Cov. & Britt. N. A. Fl. 22 : 222. 1908. Nodal spines 10" long or less, spreading, some- times none. Bristles usually numerous, scattered ; leaves slender-petioled, more or less pubescent, at least when young, \\' in width or less, broadly ovate or orbicular, 3-5-lobed, the lobes incised- dentate; flowers 1-4, white, 3 "-5" long; calyx- tube cylindric, longer than the oblong lobes ; stamens not exserted ; fruit red to black, sparingly bristly, or often glabrous. On lake shores, and in thickets, western Ontario and Manitoba to Assiniboia, Nebraska and Wyoming. May. 4. Grossularia oxyacanthoides (L.) Mill. Hawthorn or Northern Gooseberry. Fig. 2208. Ribes oxyacanthoides L. Sp. PI. 201. 1753. Grossularia oxyacanthoides Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 4. 1768. . Nodal spines generally solitary, light colored, 3"-6" long, sometimes none. Prickles scattered or wanting; leaves suborbicular, the lobes obtuse or acute ; petioles and lower leaf-surfaces com- monly pubescent ; peduncles short, commonly less than 6" long; flowers 1-3, short-pedicelled, greenish-purple or white, about 3" -4" long; calyx-lobes oblong; stamens short, not exserted; berry globose or globose-ovoid, glabrous, 4"-6" in diameter, reddish-purple when ripe. In wet woods and low grounds, Newfoundland to Hudson Bay, Yukon, British Columbia, Michigan, North Dakota and Montana. Smooth gooseberry. May-July. GENUS 2. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY. 5. Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill. Garden Gooseberry. Fig. 2209. Ribes reclinatum L. Sp. PI. 201. 1753. Ribes Uva-crispa L. Sp. PI. 201. 1753* Ribes Grossularia L. Sp. PI. 201. 1753. G. reclinata Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 4. 1768. Nodal spines stout, spreading or reflexed, usually 3 together but sometimes solitary or 2. Prickles scattered or none ; leaves rather short - petioled, orbicular or broader, pubescent, at least when young, f'-2i' wide, 3~5-lobed, the lobes obtuse and crenate-dentate ; peduncles very short, i -flowered or sometimes 2-flowered, glandular-pubescent; flowers green, about 3" long; calyx-tube campanulate, pubescent, its lobes oval; stamens somewhat exserted, or included ; fruit globose-ovoid, or often with weak bristles, often i' long in cultivation. Along roadsides in eastern New Jersey and southeastern New York, escaped from gardens. Native of Europe and Asia. Teaberry. Fea- or fay-berry. Berry-tree. Carberry. Dayberry. Wine- berry. Fabes. Honey-blobs. Goggles. Gaskins. May. 6. Grossularia rotundifolia (Michx.) Cov. & Britt. Eastern Wild Goose- berry. Fig. 22 10. Ribes rotundifonum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: no. 1803. Grossularia rotundifolia Cov. & Britt. N. A. Fl. 22 : 223. 1908. Nodal spines commonly short, or often altogether wanting, and the prickles few or none. Leaves suborbicular, broadly cuneate to subcordate at the base, pubescent, at least beneath, when young; peduncles rather short, nodding; flowers 1-3, greenish-purple, 3"-4" long, pedicelled ; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, at least twice as long as the tube; stamens ex- serted for about i their length ; berry globose, glabrous, purplish, usually not more than 4" in diameter. In rocky woods, western Massachusetts and southeastern New York to North Carolina, es- pecially along the mountains. Smooth gooseberry. May-July. 7. Grossularia hirtella (Michx.) Spach. Low Wild Gooseberry. Fig. 2211. Ribes hirtellum Michx, Fl. Bor. Am. i : in. 1803. R. huronense Rydb. ; Britton, Man. 487. 1901. R. oxyacanthoides calcicola Fernald, Rhodora 7: 155. 1905. R. saxosiim Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 231. 1834. A shrub, 4 high or less, the branches usually with- out spines, sometimes bristly, the older ones dark brown. Nodal spines rarely present and 6" long or less ; leaves suborbicular or ovate-orbicular in out- line, incisely 3-5-lobed and dentate, mostly cuneate at the base, J'-2i' wide, glabrous or sparingly pubes- cent ; peduncles short, i-3-flowered ; bracts much shorter than the pedicels ; ovary glabrous or rarely pubescent or with stalked glands ; calyx-tube nar- rowly campanulate; sepals green or purplish; petals obovate; berry black or purple, 4"-5" in diameter. Swamps and moist woods, Newfoundland to Mani- toba, West Virginia and South Dakota. Confused in our first edition with Ribes oxyacanthoides L. 16 242 PLATANACEAE. VOL. II. Family 53. PLATANACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 187. 1836. PLANE-TREE FAMILY. Large trees, with thin exfoliating bark, alternate petioled palmately lobed and veined leaves, the hollowed petiole bases enclosing the buds for the following season, and very small green monoecious flowers in dense globular heads. Recep- tacle somewhat fleshy. Flowers very small, bracted; calyx and corolla appar- ently none. Staminate flowers with 3-8 stamens; filaments short; connective broad, dilated ; anthers oblong or linear, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with 2-9 distinct pistils and several staminodes; ovary linear, i-celled; style elongated ; stigma lateral. Ripened head of fruit composed of very numerous narrowly obpyramidal nutlets which are densely pubescent below with long nearly erect hairs. Seed pendulous ; endosperm thin ; cotyledons linear. The family contains only the following genus, comprising some 8 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Its relationship to other families is doubtful. i. PLATANUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 999. 1753. Characters of the family. [Name ancient.] Besides the following species, 2 others occur in the western United States and 3 in Mexico. Type species: Platanus orientdlis L. i. Platanus occidentalis L. Button-wood. Button-ball. Plane-tree. Fig. 2212. Platanus occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 999. 1753. A large tree; maximum height about 130 and trunk diameter 14 ; outer bark freely peeling off in thin plates, uncovering the bright white inner layers. Leaves orbicular, or wider than long, 4'-o/ wide when mature, cordate or truncate at the base, 3~5-lobed, densely floccose-pubescent with whitish branched hairs when young, less so above and becoming nearly glabrous when old, the lobes mostly large, sharply serrate, or rarely entire ; petiole mostly shorter than the blade ; stipules with broad spreading toothed borders, conspicuous on young shoots ; fruiting heads i' in diameter, usually solitary, hanging on a long peduncle, persistent through the winter, the nut- lets at length scattered by the wind. Along streams and in wet woods, Maine to On- tario and Minnesota, Florida, Kansas and Texas. Wood hard, weak, difficult to split, reddish brown ; weight per cubic foot 35 Ibs. The largest tree of east America ; often called sycamore. The outer bark of the lower part of old trunks does not freely exfoliate. False sycamore. Water-beech. May. Family 54. ROSACEAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759. ROSE FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate (in some exotic genera opposite), simple or compound leaves, and regular perfect or rarely polygamo-dioecious flowers. Stipules commonly present, sometimes large. Calyx free from or adnate to the ovary, 5-lobed (rarely 4~9-lobed), often bracteolate. Disk adnate to the base of the calyx. Petals equal in number to the calyx-lobes, distinct, or none. Stamens usually numerous, distinct; anthers small, 2-celleci. Carpels i-oo, dis- tinct, or adnate to the calyx. Ovary i-celled or rarely imperfectly 2-celled; style terminal or lateral. Ovules i, 2, or several, anatropous. Fruit various, mostly follicles or achenes ; endosperm none, or rarely copious. A family comprising about 75 genera and more than 1200 species, of wide geographic distribution. A. Fruit of 1-5 dehiscent follicles. * Carpels alternate with the sepals ; stipules deciduous or none. Carpels, if more than i, united below ; seeds with endosperm (NEILLIEAE). i. Opulaster. Carpels normally 5, distinct ; seeds without endosperm (SPIRAEEAE). Flowers perfect ; shrubs with simple leaves. 2. Spiraea. Flowers dioecious ; tall herbs with pinnately 2-3-compound leaves. 3. Aruncus. GENUS i. ROSE FAMILY. 243 ** Carpels opposite the sepals; stipules persistent (SORBARIEAE). Petals obovate or spatulate, imbricated : leaves pinnate. 4. Schizonotus. Petals strap-shaped, convolute in the bud ; leaves trifoliolate. 5. Porteranthus. B. Fruit indehiscent, of achenes or drupelets. * Carpels not enclosed in the fleshy calyx-tube (hypanthium). 1. Fruit of dry achenes. Ovaries 2-ovuled (ULMARIEAE). 6. Filipendula. Ovaries i-ovuled. Seed pendulous or ascending, borne in the ovary opposite to the base of the style. Style articulated with the ovary; calyx-tube from campanulate to nearly flat (POTENTILLEAE). Style terminal or nearly so ; ovule and seed pendulous. 7. Potentilla. Style lateral ; ovule and seed ascending. Herbs ; achenes glabrous. Achenes numerous ; stamens about 20. Leaves odd-pinnate. Receptacle not enlarged in fruit ; petals yellow, obtuse or retuse. 8. Argentina. Receptacle somewhat enlarged in fruit, spongy ; petals red, acute or acuminate. 9. Comarum. Leaves 3-foliolate ; receptacle much enlarged in fruit. Receptacle not pulpy; petals yellow. 10. Duchesnea. Receptacle very pulpy : petals white or pinkish. n. Fragaria. Achenes 10-15 ; stamens 5 ; leaves 3-foliolate. 12. Sibbaldia. Shrubs ; achenes hairy. Style filiform ; leaves 3-foliolate. 13. Sibbaldiopsis. Style club-shaped ; leaves pinnate. 14. Dasiphora. Style nearly basal ; ovule and seed ascending. Stamens numerous; flowers bracteolate ; leaves pinnate. 15. Drymocallis. Stamens 5 ; flowers ebracteolate ; leaves 2-3-ternately compound. 16. Chamaerhodos. Style not articulated with the ovary ; calyx-tube urn-shaped or cup-shaped, contracted at the . throat or mouth. Style nearly basal ; inflorescence cymose ; petals none (ALCHEMILLEAE). Perennial herbs ; stamens 4, alternate with the sepals. 17. Alchemilla. Small annual herbs ; stamen i, opposite a sepal, rarely 2-5. 18. Aphanes. Style terminal; inflorescence spicate, racemose or capitate (SANGUISORBEAE). Calyx-tube not prickly ; petals none. Stamens 2-4, not declined ; pistil i. Perennial herbs; stigma papillose; leaflets toothed. 19. Sangmsorba. Annual or biennial herbs ; stigma brush-like ; leaflets pectinate-pinnatifid. 20. Poteridium. Stamens of staminate flowers numerous, declined; pistils 2. 21. Poterium. Calyx-tube and fruit prickly ; petals present, yellow. 22. Agrimonia. Seed erect, basal. Style wholly deciduous (COLURIEAE). 23. Waldsteinia. Style persistent in whole or in part. Calyx-tube hemispheric to turbinate, persistent ; herbs (DRYADEAE). Calyx-lobes and petals 5 ; leaves pinnate. Styles jointed, the upper part deciduous. 24. Geum. Styles not jointed, wholly persistent, mostly plumose. 25. Sieversia. Calyx-lobes and petals 8 or 9 ; leaves simple ; styles plumose. 26. Dryas. Calyx-tube salver-shaped, the limb deciduous ; the tube persistent, investing the achene ; shrubs or trees (CERCOCARPEAE). 27. Cercocarpus. 2. Fruit of fleshy or nearly dry drupelets ; ovary 2-ovuled (RUBEAE). Drupelets very pulpy. 28. Rubus. Drupelets nearly dry, enclosed by the calyx. 29. Dalibarda. ** Carpels enclosed in the fleshy calyx-tube (ROSEAE). 30. Rosa. i. OPULASTER Medic. Pfl. Anat. 2: 109. 1799. [PHYSOCARPA Raf. New Fl. N. A. 3 : 73. 1836.] [PHYSOCARPUS Maxim. Acta Hort. Petrop. 6: 219. 1879.] Branching shrubs, with petioled simple palmately lobed leaves, and white flowers in ter- minal corymbs. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, rounded, inserted in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 20-40, inserted with the petals. Pistils 1-5, short-stipitate, when 5 alter- nate with the calyx-lobes. Stigma terminal, capitate. Pods 1-5, inflated, in our species at length dehiscent along both sutures, 2-4-seeded. Seeds ovoid or globose, crustaceous, shin- ing; endosperm copious. [Greek, resembling Opulus, the cranberry-tree.] Species about 12, of North America, and i in Mantchuria. Type species: Spiraea opulifolia L. Follicles glabrous, shining. i. O. opulifolius. Follicles stellate-pubescent. 2. O. intermedius. 244 ROSACEAE. VOL. II. i. Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze. Ninebark. Fig. 2213. Spiraea opulifolia L. Sp. PI. 489. 1753. Neillia opulifolia Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. i: 171. 1876. Opulaster opulifolius Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 949. 1891. A shrub 3-io high, with recurved branches, glabrous twigs and foliage, the bark peeling off in thin strips. Stipules caducous; leaves peti- oled, ovate-orbicular, obtusely or acutely 3-lobed, cordate, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base, i '-2' long, or larger on the young shoots, the lobes irregularly crenate-dentate ; corymbs ter- minal, peduncled, nearly spherical, many-flowered, i '-2' broad; pedicels slender, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 5 "-8" long ; flowers white or purplish ; calyx glabrous or somewhat pubescent ; follicles 3-5, glabrous, shining, 3"-s" long, obliquely subulate-tipped, twice as long as the calyx. River-banks and in rocky places, Quebec to Georgia, Tennessee and Michigan. June. Opulaster australis Rydb., growing in the moun- tains from Virginia to South Carolina, appears to be a race of this species with smaller follicles. 2. Opulaster intermedius Rydb. Prairie Nine-bark. Fig. 2214. O. intermedius Rydb. in Britton, Man. 492. 1901. Physocarpus intermedius C. K. Schneider, Handb. Laubh. i : 807. 1906. P. missouriensis Daniels, Univ. Mo. Stud. Sci. i : 291. 1907. A shrub similar to O. opulifolius in aspect, foliage and inflorescence, the leaves mostly nar- rower, and narrowed at the base. Calyx densely stellate-pubescent; follicles 3 or 4, abruptly acu- minate, 3i"-4" long, permanently stellate-pubes- cent. River-banks and rocky woodlands, southern On- tario and western New York to South Dakota, Illi- nois, Missouri, Arkansas and Colorado. 2. SPIRAEA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 489. 1753. Shrubs, with alternate simple pinnate or pinnatifid mainly stipulate leaves. Flowers terminal or axillary, racemose, cymose, corymbose or paniculate, white or pink, perfect. Calyx persistent, its tube mainly campanulate, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, inserted on the calyx, short-clawed. Stamens 20-60, distinct, inserted on the calyx ; filaments filiform ; anthers didymous. Disk adnate to the calyx-tube. Pistils commonly 5 (rarely 1-8), superior, sessile or short-stipitate, alternate with the calxy-lobes. Stigmas capitate or discoid; ovules 2-o. Follicles usually 5, not inflated, dehiscent along i suture. Seeds linear, pendulous, the testa dull; endosperm none. [Greek, twisting, the pods twisted in some species.] About 70 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, about 12 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species : Spiraea salicifolia L. Flowers in dense terminal panicles. Glabrous or puberulent. Leaves broadly obovate ; inflorescence glabrous or nearly so. i. S. latifolia. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate or oblong ; inflorescence densely puberulent or tomentulose. 2. S. alba. Twigs and lower surfaces of the leaves woolly-pubescent. 3. S. tomentosa. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Calyx glabrous ; native. Leaves broadly oval or ovate, thick, serrate. 4. 5". corymbosa. Leaves oblong, thin, nearly entire. 5. S. virginiana. Calyx pubescent ; introduced. 6. 5". japonica. GENUS 2. ROSE FAMILY. 2 45 i. Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. American Meadow-sweet. Quaker Lady. Fig. 2215. 5. salicifolia latifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 198. 1789. S. latifolia Borkh. Handb. Forstbot. 1871. 1803. An erect shrub, 2-6 high, simple, or branched above, nearly glabrous, the stems reddish or purplish. Leaves petioled, broadly oblanceolate or obovate, glabrous or very nearly so, sharply and rather coarsely serrate, especially above the middle, i'-z' long, 4"-i8" wide, or on young shoots much larger, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cuneate to rounded at the base, pale beneath ; stipules deciduous or none; flowers white or pinkish-tinged, 2" -2" broad, in dense terminal panicles ; follicles glabrous. In moist or rocky ground, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, Virginia and western Pennsylva- nia. Called also queen-of-the-meadow. Spice hard- hack. June-Aug. Included in our first edition in the description of the Asiatic S. salicifolia L., which has pubes- cent inflorescence, pink flowers and narrower ob- long leaves ; it is sometimes cultivated and has escaped to roadsides in northern New York. 2. Spiraea alba DuRoi. Narrow-leaved Meadow-sweet. Fig. 2216. S. alba DuRoi, Harbk. Baumz. 2 : 430. 1772. S. salicifolia lanceolata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 415. 1840. A shrub up to 6 high, the twigs yellowish- brown, puberulent when young. Leaves petioled, narrowly oblanceolate to oblong, puberulent on the veins beneath, sharply and mostly finely ser- rate, acute at each end, i'-2$' long, 5"-8" wide; inflorescence narrowly paniculate, densely puberu- lent or tomentulose; petals white, suborbicular about i" long; follicles glabrous. In wet soil, Ontario to New York, North Carolina, Saskatchewan, Indiana and Missouri. June-Aug. 3. Spiraea tomentosa L. Hardback. Steeple-bush. Fig. 2217. Spiraea tomentosa L. Sp. PI. 489. 1753. Erect, shrubby, usually simple, the stems floccose-pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or oval, i '-2' long, 6"-i2" wide, unequally ser- rate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, glabrous and dark-green above, woolly-pubescent with whitish hairs be- neath ; stipules deciduous or none ; flowers pink or purple, rarely white, about 2" broad, in dense terminal panicles ; follicles pubescent. In swamps and low ground, Nova Scotia to Mani- toba, south to Georgia and Kansas. Silver-leaf or -weed. White cap. Meadow-sweet. Poor man's-soap. Spice-hardhack. Rosy-bush. July-Sept. 246 ROSACEAE. VOL. II. 4. Spiraea corymbosa Raf. Corymbed Spiraea. Fig. 2218. Spiraea corymbosa Raf. Prec. Decouv. 36. 1814. Spiraea betulifolia van corymbosa S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 153. 1890. A shrub, i-3 high, simple or little branched, nearly glabrous throughout. Leaves petioled, rather thick, oval, ovate or orbicular, narrowed, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, obtuse at the apex, unequally serrate with pointed teeth, especially above the middle, green above, paler and sometimes mi- nutely pubescent beneath, ii'-3' long, i'-2' wide; stipules deciduous or none ; flowers white, about 2" broad in dense compound terminal often leafy corymbs; follicles glabrous. On banks or in rocky places, New York and New Jersey to the mountains of Georgia and Kentucky. Birch- leaved meadow-sweet. May-June. 5. Spiraea virginiana Britton. Virginia Spiraea. Fig. 2219. S. virginiana Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 17 : 314. 1890. A much-branched shrub, the branches forming wands i-4 long, more or less pubescent when young, becoming glabrous. Stipules deciduous or none; leaves petioled, oblong or oblanceolate, thin, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, ri'-2' long, 5 "-8" wide, green above, pale or slightly glaucous beneath, entire, or with a few low teeth above the middle; petioles i"-2-J" long; flowers white, about 3" wide, -in terminal compound corymbs; petals ovate-orbicular ; pedicels and calyx glaucous ; follicles glabrous. On damp rocks, West Virginia to the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. June. 6. Spiraea japonica L. f. Japanese Spiraea. Fig. 2220. S. japonica L. f. Suppl. 262. 1781. 5". callosa Thunb. Fl. Jap. 209. 1784. A shrub 2i~4i high, the twigs purplish-brown, finely villous when young. Leaves petioled, ovate to lanceolate, 4' long or less, f'-ii' wide, glabrous above, somewhat pubescent beneath, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, sharply serrate; inflorescence com- pound, corymbose, 2'-6' broad, finely villous ; calyx turbinate, pubescent, its lobes triangular; petals pink or rose, obovate, li" long; follicles glabrous. Escaped from gardens, Connecticut to Pennsylvania. Native of eastern Asia. Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. & Zucc., a low shrub with lateral umbels of white, commonly double flowers 5 "-6" broad, is much planted for ornament, and has escaped to roadsides in Connecticut and Massachusetts. It is native of Japan and China. Spiraea chamaedrifolia L., also Asiatic, and much planted, has simple terminal corymbs of white flowers and small obovate leaves dentate above the middle. It has escaped to roadsides in New York. GENUS 3. ROSE FAMILY. 247 3. ARUNCUS [L.] Adans. Fam. PL 2: 295. 1763. Tall perennial herbs, with large 2-3-pinnate leaves, stipules minute or wanting, and very numerous white dioecious flowers in panicled spikes. Calyx mostly 5-lobed. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes. Stamens numerous, inserted on the calyx; filaments filiform. Pistils usually 3, alternate with the calyx-lobes. Follicles glabrous, at length reflexed, usually 2-seeded. Seeds minute, not shining. [Greek, goat's-beard.] About 3 species, the following typical one widely dis- tributed in the north temperate zone, one in northwest- ern America, the other Japanese. i. Aruncus Aruncus (L.) Karst. beard. Fig. 2221. Goat's- Spiraea Aruncus L. Sp. PI. 490. 1753. Aruncus Sylvester Kostel. Ind. Hort. Prag. 15. Name only. 1844. Aruncus Aruncus Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 779. 1880-83. Glabrous or pubescent; stem erect, somewhat branched, 3-7 high. Leaves long-petioled, the lower i long or more, pinnate, 3-7-foliolate ; leaflets ovate, lanceolate or oval, thin, stalked or sessile, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded, slightly cordate or sometimes narrowed at the base, sharply doubly serrate or incised, i'-3' long; spikes slender, elongated, erect or spreading; flowers i"-2" wide; follicles short. In rich woods, mountains of Pennsylvania to Iowa, south to Georgia and Missouri, and in northern Europe and Asia. Consists of several races, differing in pubes- cence and slightly in the size and shape of the fruit. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North Carolina. May-July. 4. SCHIZONOTUS Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. 81. 1830. Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves, the large stipules conspicuous. Flowers perfect, in terminal panicles. Calyx-tube hemispheric, its 5 lobes imbricated, early reflexed. Petals 5, imbricated. Stamens numerous, borne on the margin of the disk. Pistils mostly 5, opposite the calyx-lobes, connate below; styles terminal or nearly so; ovules several, pendulous. Follicles thin, dehiscent along both sutures. Seeds few, with endosperm. [Greek, referring to the pinnately compound leaves.] About 3 species, natives of Asia, the following typical. i. Schizonotus sorbifolius (L.) Lindl. Sorb-leaved Schizonotus. Fig. 2222. Spiraea sorbifolia L. Sp. PI. 490. 1753. Schisonotus sorbifolius Lindl. ; Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, 2 : 531. 1841. Sorbaria sorbifolia A. Braun ; Aschers. Fl. Brand. 177. 1864. Stems 6 high, or less, little branched. Leaf- lets 13-21, lanceolate, acuminate, finely double- serrate, glabrous or more or less stellate- puberulent; panicle often i long, densely very many-flowered ; calyx-lobes ovate ; petals white, obovate, about \\" long; filaments about twice as long as the petals; follicles oblong, pilose ; styles recurved. Locally spontaneous after cultivation, Ontario to New York and Maryland. Native of northern Asia. Summer. 248 ROSACEAE. VOL. II. 5. PORTERANTHUS Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 115. 1894. [GILLENIA Moench, Meth. Suppl. 286. 1802. Not GILLENA Adans. 1763.] Erect perennial herbs, with nearly sessile stipulate 3-foliolate or 3-parted leaves, tnd white or pinkish perfect long-pedicelled flowers in loose terminal panicles. Calyx cylindric, persistent, narrowed at the throat, lo-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth imbricated, slightly glandu- lar. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, spreading, convolute in the bud, somewhat unequal, inserted on the calyx. Stamens 10-20, included; filaments short; anthers large. Carpels 5, villous- pubescent, opposite the calyx-lobes. Ovules ascending; style filiform. Follicles 5, 2-4-seeded. Seeds with endosperm. [In honor of Thomas Conrad Porter, Professor in Lafayette College.] A genus of z species, of North America. Type species: Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton. Leaflets serrate ; stipules subulate, mainly entire. i. p. trifoliatus. Leaflets incised ; stipules broad, f oliaceous, incised. 2. P. stipulatus. i. Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton. Indian Physic. Bowman's-root. False Ipecac. Fig. 2223. Spiraea trifoliata L. Sp. PI. 490. 1753. Gillenia trifoliata Moench, Meth. Suppl. 286. 1802. P. trifoliatus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 115. 1894. Herbaceous from a perennial root, erect, branch- ing, 2-4 high, glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Stipules subulate, ^"-4" long, entire or serrate; leaflets short-stalked, oval, ovate, lanceolate or slightly obovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2'-$' long, irregularly serrate; upper leaves often 3-lobed, or sometimes merely serrate ; panicles few-flowered; pedicels slender; petals white or pinkish, 5 "-6" long; calyx reddish; pods pubescent, subulate-tipped, little exceeding the calyx. Woodlands, Ontario and New York to Michigan, Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 4500 ft. in North Carolina. Stipules rarely larger, lanceolate. Meadow- sweet. Indian hippo. Western dropwort. May-July. 2. Porteranthus stipulatus (Muhl.) Brit- ton. American Ipecac. Fig. 2224. Spiraea stipulata Muhl.; Willd. Enum. 542. 1809. Gillenia stipulacea Nutt. Gen. i : 307. 1818. P. stipulates Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 115. 1894. Resembling the preceding species, but gener- ally more pubescent. Stipules foliaceous, broad, ovate, acuminate or acute, 4"-i2" long, sharply incised-serrate ; leaflets commonly narrower than those of the preceding, incised-serrate, or those of the lower leaves deeply pinnatifid; flowers commonly fewer and slightly smaller ; pods less pubescent or sometimes quite glabrous. In woods, western New York to Indiana and Kan- sas, south to Georgia, Louisiana and Oklahoma. In- dian physic. June-July. 6. FILIPENDULA [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754. [ULMARIA Hill, Hort. Kew. 213. 1768.] Tall perennial herbs, with alternate petioled pinnately divided stipulate leaves, and small white, pink or purple perfect flowers in large cymose panicles. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens numerous, inserted on the flat or slightly concave receptacle; filaments narrowed at the base. Pistils about 10 (5-15), distinct; ovary 2-ovuled. Ripe carpels capsu- lar, indehiscent, i-seeded. Seed pendulous. [Latin, a hanging thread.] About 10 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 2 others occur in northwestern America. Type species : Spiraea Filipendula L. GENUS 6. ROSE FAMILY. 249 Lateral leaflets palmately 3~s-lobed ; flowers pink or purple. i. F. rubra. Lateral leaflets merely serrate, or slightly lobed ; flowers white. 2. F. Ulmaria. i. Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robinson. Queen-of-the-Prairie. Fig. 2225. Ulmaria rubra Hill, Hort. Kew. 214. pi. 7. 1769. Spiraea lobata Gronov. ; Jacq. Hort. Vind. i : 38. pi. 88. 1770. Spiraea rubra Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 18 : 270. 1891. F. rubra Robinson, Rhodora 8 : 204. 1906. Glabrous, stem branched, grooved, 2-8 tall. Leaves large, green on both sides, the lower sometimes 3 long, pinnately 3-7-folio- late, commonly with smaller leaf-segments interposed or borne on the petiole ; lateral leaflets sessile, opposite, palmately 3~5-lobed r 3-5-parted, the lobes acute, unequally ser- rate or incised ; terminal leaflet larger, 7-9- parted ; stipules serrate, persistent, 4"-8" long; flowers pink or purple, fragrant, about 4" broad; capsules glabrous. In moist grounds and on prairies, western Pennsylvania to Illinois and Michigan, south to Georgia, Kentucky and Iowa. Escaped from gardens farther east. June-July. 2. Filipendula Ulmaria (L.) Maxim. Meadow-sweet or Meadow-Queen. Honey-sweet. Sweet-hay. Fig. 2226. Spiraea Ulmaria L. Sp. PI. 490. 1753. Ulmaria palustris Moench, Meth. 663. 1794. Ulmaria Ulmaria Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 491. 1894. F. Ulmaria Maxim. Acta Hort. Petrop. 6: 251. 1879. Stem branched, angular or grooved, 2-4 tall. Leaves pinnately 3-9-foliolate, densely and finely white-downy beneath, green above, sometimes with several or numerous much smaller leaf-segments interposed between the leaflets or borne on the petiole ; lateral leaf- lets sessile, opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, serrate or sometimes slightly lobed, the terminal one larger and deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes acute and serrate; stipules about long ; flowers white or green- ish-white, fragrant. Escaped from gardens, Quebec to Massachu- setts. Native of Europe and Asia. June-Aug. Meadow-wort. Herb Christopher. My lady's-belt. Bride-wort. Filipendula denudata (Presl) Rydb., differs in having the leaves green on both sides, and is established near Dover. Maine. It is also native of Europe and Asia. 7. POTENTILLA L. Sp. PI. 495. 1753. Herbs, with alternate stipulate digitately or pinnately compound leaves, and cymose or solitary yellow, white or purple perfect flowers. Calyx-persistent, its tube concave or hemi- spheric, s-bracteolate (rarely 4-bracteolate), 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed). Petals 5 or rarely 4, mostly obovate or orbicular, usually emarginate. Stamens o, seldom 5 or 10; filaments slender; anthers small. Carpels numerous, inserted on a dry, usually pubescent receptacle; style terminal or nearly so, deciduous. Seed pendulous, anatropous. [Diminutive of potens, powerful, from the medicinal properties of some species.] 250 ROSACEAE. VOL. II. Over 300 species, nearly all of them natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the follow- ing at least 100 others occur in the western and northwestern parts of North America and several in Arctic America. Type species : Potentilla reptans L. A. Flowers solitary, axillary, long-peduncled. Flowers 4-parted; upper leaves 3-foliolate. i. P. procumbens. Flowers s-parted; leaves usually all s-foliolate (genus Callionia Greene). Pubescence of the stem, petioles and peduncles appressed. Leaflets sparingly silky beneath, dentate nearly to the base. 2. P. simplex. Leaflets densely silky beneath, dentate only above the middle. 3. P. pumila. Pubescence of the stem, petioles and peduncles spreading. 4. P. canadensis. B. Flowers cymose. a. Cymes very leafy, several-many-flowered, the flowers or some of them apparently axillary. Mainly annuals or biennials ; style fusiform, glandular at the base. Achenes corky-gibbous. Leaves all pinnate ; inflorescence evidently cymose. 5. P. paradoxa. Upper leaves ternate ; inflorescence falsely racemose. 6. P. Nicolletii. Achenes not gibbous. Leaves all ternate ; stamens 10-20. Petals about half as long as the calyx-lobes ; calyx-tube 2" 9. P. pentandra. 10. P. argentea. 11. P. intermedia. 12. P. recta. 13. P. maculata. 14. P. nivea. 15. P. emarginata. 1 6. P. Robbinsiana. 1 7. P. effusa. 1 8. P.Hippiana. 19. P, multifida. 20. P. bipinnatifida. broad in fruit. 7. P. millegrana. Petals more than half as long as the calyx-lobes ; calyx-tube 3/ / 2 / ' broad in fruit. 8. P. monspeliensis. Basal leaves apparently s-foliolate ; stamens 5. Perennials; style filiform, not glandular. Leaves white-tomentose beneath. Leaves grayish silky beneath. b. Cymes not very leafy, usually few-flowered. Leaves digitately divided. Basal leaves s-g-foliolate. Plant tall, i high or more ; introduced. Plants low, less than 8' high ; native boreal species. Basal leaves 3-foliolate ; boreal and alpine species. Leaves densely white-pubescent beneath. Leaves green beneath, not densely pubescent. Petals much exceeding the calyx-lobes. Petals scarcely exceeding the calyx-lobes. Leaves pinnately divided. Style longer than the ripe achene, filiform ; leaflets toothed. Bractlets much shorter than the acuminate calyx-lobes. Bractlets at least three-fourths as long as the acute calyx-lobes. Style not longer than the ripe achene ; leaflets incised. Style not thickened at the base ; boreal species. Style thickened and glandular at the base. Leaves white-tomentose beneath. Leaves grayish pubescent beneath. Leaflets approximate, the leaves suborbicular or pentagonal in outline. 21. P.pectinata. Leaflets distant, the leaves obovate in outline. 22. P. pennsylvanica. I. Potentilla procumbens Sibth. Wood Cinque foil. Fig. 2227. Tormentilla reptans L. Sp. PI. 500. 1753. Not P. reptans L. Potentilla procumbens Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 162. 1794. Potentilla nemoralis Nestl. Mon. Pot. 65. 1816. Diffusely branched, trailing or ascending, very slender, somewhat strigose-pubescent, 6'-2 long. Stipules foliaceous, entire or dentate ; leaves petioled, 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate) ; leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse at the apex, cune- ate at the base, sharply dentate above; pedun- cles axillary, filiform, usually much exceeding the leaves, i-flowered; bractlets narrowly lanceolate; flowers 3"-4" broad, yellow, generally 4-parted ; petals obovate, emarginate, or rounded, exceed- ing the acute calyx-lobes and narrowly lanceo- late bractlets; achenes glabrous; receptacle pu- bescent. Labrador and Nova Scotia. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Called also trailing tormentil. Summer. Potentilla reptans L., another European species found occasionally in grassy and waste places from Massachusetts to New Jersey, and recorded from Ohio, has s-parted flowers with ovate or elliptic bractlets longer than the calyx-lobes. GENUS 7. ROSE FAMILY. 2. Potentilla simplex Michx. Decumbent Five-finger. Fig. 2228. Potentilla simplex- Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 303. 1803. Potentilla canadensis simplex T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1 : 443. 1840. Rootstock short; stems slender, decumbent, ap- pressed-pubescent, 3 long or less. Leaves glabrous or nearly so above, silky appressed-pubescent be- neath, the basal and lower ones 5-foliolate; stipules lanceolate; petioles appressed-pubescent; leaflets oblong to oblanceolate or obovate, coarsely toothed except near the base, \'-2.\' long; peduncles solitary in the axils of upper leaves, i'-2' long, appressed- pubescent; bractlets linear-lanceolate, ,2"-2i" long, about equalling the slightly broader calyx-lobes; petals yellow, obcordate, 2* "-3" long; stamens 20- 25 ; styles filiform. Shaded grassy situations, Nova Scotia to North Caro- lina, Alabama, Minnesota and Missouri. May-July. Potentilla pumila Poir. Dwarf Five-finger. Fig. 2229. P. pumila Poir. in Lam. Enc. Meth. 5: 594. 1804. Potentilla canadensis pumila T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 443. 1840. Low, seldom more than a few inches high ; flow- ering stems at first very short and upright; later producing slender prostrate runners ; whole plant densely silky-strigose, with appressed pubescence ; basal leaves digitately 5-foliolate, on slender peti- oles; stem-leaves few and often only 3-foliolate; leaflets obovate, sharply serrate, usually less than i' long; stipules small, lanceolate; flowers few, yellow, 3"-s" broad, the first from the axil of the first stem-leaf; petals broadly obovate, slightly exceeding the narrowly lanceolate sepals and bractlets; stamens about 20. In poor soil, Maine to Ontario, Georgia and Ohio. April-June. 4. Potentilla canadensis L. Five-finger. Common Cinque foil. Fig. 2230. Potentilla canadensis L. Sp. PL 498. 1753. Spreading by slender runners 3'-2 long, the pubescence of the stem, petioles and peduncles spreading. Stipules lanceolate, acute, entire or few-toothed ; leaves petioled, digitately 5-foliolate (rarely 3-4-foliolate) ; leaflets ob- lanceolate, obovate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, 6"-:' long, serrate ; peduncles slender, axillary, i -flowered, the first from the axil of the second stem- leaf ; flower yellow, 3"-7" broad ; petals 5, broadly oval, slightly longer than the acute calyx-lobes and linear- lanceolate bractlets; stamens about 20; style filiform; achenes glabrous; receptacle villous. In dry soil, New Brunswick to Georgia, Minnesota and Texas. Ascends to 6300 ft. in North Carolina. April-Aug. Wild or barren strawberry. Sinkfield. Running buttercups. Star-flower. Potentilla caroliniana Poir., a plant of the Southern States, with longer spreading pubescence, and broadly obovate leaflets which are cuneate at the base, enters our area in southern Virginia and Missouri. It is probably a race of P. canadensis L. 2^2 ROSACEAE. VOL. II. Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. Bushy Cinquefoil. Fig. 2231. P. paradoxa Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 437. 1840. Potentilla supina Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 304. 1803. Not L. 1753. Softly pubescent, annual or biennial, decumbent, ascending or nearly erect, rather stout, bushy, i-2 high. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, mainly entire.; leaves all but the uppermost petioled, pinnately 7-11- foliolate; leaflets obovate or oval, obtuse, 6"-i2" long, sparingly pubescent, narrowed or rounded at the base, crenate, the upper ones commonly confluent or decurrent on the rachis ; flowers terminal, loosely cymose, leafy-bracted, yellow, 3"-s" broad ; petals obovate, cuneate, about equalling the ovate calyx- lobes and lanceolate bractlets; stamens about 20; style thickened below ; achenes glabrous, strongly gibbous. Shores of the Great Lakes from New York, Ontario and Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south in the Mississippi Valley to Missouri, west to Washington, Oregon and New Mexico. AlsjD in Mexico and Mantchuria. June- Sept. 6. Potentilla Nicolletii (S. Wats.) Sheldon. Nicollet's Cinquefoil. Fig. 2232. Potentilla supina var. Nicolletii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 553- 1873- Potentilla Nicolletii Sheldon, Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn. 9:16. 1894. Similar to P. paradoxa, but more spreading and more branched ; lower leaves only pinnate, with several leaflets; upper leaves 3-foliolate; teeth of the leaflets acute ; inflorescence elongated, falsely racemose; flowers about 2\" broad; calyx-tube spar- ingly hirsute, short and broad; bractlets and calyx- lobes ovate-oblong, mucronate, li" long, petals obo- vate-cuneate, about as long as the calyx-lobes ; stamens 10-15; style fusiform; achenes corky- gibbous. In sandy soil, North Dakota to Missouri and Kansas. June-Sept. 7. Potentilla millegrana Engelm. Diffuse Cinquefoil. Fig. 2233. Potentilla millegrana Engelm.; Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1849: Add. 12. 1849. Potentilla rivalis var. millegrana S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 553- 1873. Potentilla leucocarpa Rydb. in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 2 : 212. 1897. Decumbent or ascending, annual, usually weak and diffusely branched, 6'-3 high, softly villous- pubescent, or glabrate. Stipules ovate or ovate- lanceolate, entire or sparingly dentate ; leaves all but the uppermost petioled, 3-foliolate ; leaflets oblong, cuneate, thin, flaccid, more or less pubescent, incisely serrate, i'-ij' long; flowers several, terminal, loosely cymose, yellow, about 2" broad ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, about equalling the lanceolate bractlets, ex- ceeding the obovate petals; stamens about 10; style slightly thickened below, terminal; achenes small, glabrous. In damp soil, Illinois to Minnesota. Manitoba, New Mexico, California and Washington. May-Sept. Potentilla rivalis Nutt., a western species which may reach our limits in western Nebraska, is distinguished from this by its usually pinnately s-foliolate leaves, viscid pubescence, stricter erect habit, and more numerous stamens. It has been collected at the stockyards of Chicago. GENUS 7. ROSE FAMILY. 8. Potentilla monspeliensis L. Rough Cinque- foil. Barren Strawberry. Fig. 2234. Potentilla monspeliensis L. Sp. PI. 499. 1753. Potentilla norvcgica L. Sp. PI. 499. 1753. Potentilla hirsuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 302. 1803. P. labradorica Lehm. Del. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 1849: 12. 1849. Erect, stout, annual or biennial, branched above, hirsutely rough-pubescent, 6'-2* high. Stipules foliaceous, incised-dentate or sometimes entire; leaves 3-foliolate, the lower and basal ones petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so ; leaflets obovate, green both sides, obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, pubescent with spreading hairs, i'-2' long; flowers yellow, terminal, usually rather densely cymose and leafy-bracted, 3"-6" broad; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, pubescent, a little longer than the obo- vate retuse petals and somewhat broader than the bractlets; stamens 15-20; style glandular-thickened below; achenes glabrous, rugose or smooth. In dry soil, Newfoundland and Labrador to South Carolina, Tennessee, Alaska, Kansas, Arizona and Cali- fornia. Also in Mexico, Europe and Asia. Often oc- curs as a weed in cultivated ground ; consists of several races. June-Sept. 9. Potentilla pentandra Engelm. Five-stamened Cinquefoil. Fig. 2235. P. pentandra Engelm. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. I : 447. 1840. Potentilla rivalis var. pentandra S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 553. 1873. Similar to the preceding species, erect, hirsute, i-4 high, simple at the base, much branched above. Stipules lanceolate, somewhat foliaceous, dentate or entire ; basal and lower leaves slender-petioled, 3-foliolate, with the lower pair of leaflets parted nearly to the base, so as to appear 4- or 5-f oliolate ; leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, incised-dentate, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above, quite pubes- cent beneath, i'-2' long; flowers terminal, in a more or less flat-topped cyme, pale yellow, 2"-4" broad ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, exceeding the small spatu- late petals, and equalling or slightly shorter than the lanceolate bractlets; stamens 5-8; style thickened below ; achenes glabrous. In sandy soil, Manitoba to Alberta, Missouri, Ne- braska and Arkansas. June-Sept. 10. Potentilla argentea L. Silvery or Hoary Cinquefoil. Fig. 2236. Potentilla argentea L. Sp. PI. 497. 1753. Stems ascending, tufted, branched, slightly woody at the base, 4'-i2' long, white woolly-pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate ; leaves all but the uppermost petioled, digitately 5-foliolate ; leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, green and glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath, laciniate or incised and with revolute margins, 6"-i2" long; flowers cymose, terminal, pedicelled, yellow, 2" -4," broad; calyx-lobes ovate, acutish, a little shorter than the obovate retuse petals; stamens about 20; style fili- form; achenes glabrous. In dry soil, Nova Scotia and Ontario to North Dakota, south to Washington. D. C., Indiana and Kansas. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Sept. Potentilla collina Wibel, of Europe, collected at Winona, Minn., and Cambridge, Mass., differs in its more prostrate habit, broader and not revolute leaflets, and larger calyx. 254 ROSACEAE. VOL. II. ii. Potentilla intermedia L. Downy Cinque- foil. Fig. 2237. Potentilla intermedia L. Mant. i : 76. 1767. Perennial, stem i-2i high, usually ascending, leafy and much branched, finely pubescent with long hairs. Leaves green and finely hirsute on both sides, somewhat tomentose beneath, all but the uppermost 5-foliolate, the lower long-petioled ; stipules narrow, acute, mostly entire ; leaflets obovate or oblong, the teeth rather obtuse; flowers numerous, cymose, yel- low, leafy-bracted ; petals obcordate, equalling the triangular-ovate acute sepals and oblong bractlets ; stamens about 20; style short, not thickened at the base. Waste grounds and roadsides, Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey to Michigan. Adventive from Europe. Resembles P. monspeliensis, differing in its 5-foliolate leaves, and perennial root. Potentilla inclinata Vill., introduced from Europe and established at Kingston, Ontario, and at Buffalo, New York, differs in having leaves grayish-silky beneath with oblanceolate leaflets (P. canescens Bess.). 12. Potentilla recta L. Rough- fruited Cinquefoil. Fig. 2238. Potentilla recta L. Sp. PI. 497. 1753. Potentilla sulphurea Lam. Fl. Franc. 3: 114. 1778. Potentilla pilosa Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 1109. 1799. Erect, rather stout, branched above, villous-pu- bescent, i-2 high. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, the lower foliaceous and laciniate; leaves digitately 5-7-foliolate, all but the uppermost petioled ; leaf- lets oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, green both sides, sparingly pubescent with scattered hairs above, more pubescent beneath, incised-dentate, i'-3' long, with divergent teeth ; flowers terminal, cymose, yel- low, numerous, 6"-o/' broad ; stamens about 20 ; style slender, terminal; carpels rugose. In waste places, Maine to Ontario, New York, Vir- ginia and Michigan. Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. 13. Potentilla maculata Pourret. Northern Cinque- foil. Fig. 2239. Potentilla maculata Pourr. Act. Toloss. 3: 326. 1788. Potentilla salisbrugensis Haenke in Jacq. Coll. 2: 68. 1788. Rootstock prostrate, stems ascending, simple, pubescent, 3'-8' high. Stipules membranous ; basal leaves slender- petioled, digitately 5-foliolate (rarely 3-foliolate) ; leaflets obovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, glabrous above, pubescent along the margins and on the veins beneath, green both sides, incisely dentate, with rounded or blunt teeth, 6"-o/' long; flowers few, terminal, loosely cymose, yellow, 6"-9" broad ; pedicels slender ; petals obovate, obcordate, cuneate, yellow, orange-spotted at the base, longer than the ovate acutish calyx-lobes ; stamens about 20 ; style filiform, terminal ; achenes glabrous. Labrador and Greenland to James Bay. Also in northern and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. Confused with P. rubens (Crantz) Vill., in our first edition. Potentilla Ranunculus Lange, of Greenland and Labrador, differs in having the teeth of the leaflets lanceolate and acute. GENUS 7. ROSE FAMILY. 255 14. Potentilla nivea L. Snowy Cinquefoil. Fig. 2240. Potentilla nivea L. Sp. PI. 499. 1753- Stems 2 r -6' high, woody at the base, ascending or erect, silky-villous, the flowering ones mostly simple. Stipules membranous, silky; leaves 3-foliolate (very rarely 5-foliolate), the lower petioled; leaflets obo- vate, oblong or oval, obtuse, incised-dentate or cre- nate, densely white-pubescent beneath, green and loosely villous above, 4"-8" long, the terminal one generally cuneate, the others narrowed or rounded at the base; flowers 1-5, terminal, pedicelled, yellow, 5"-o/' broad ; bractlets lanceolate to linear ; sepals silky, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the broadly obovate emarginate petals, longer than the bractlets; stamens about 20; style filiform, terminal; achenes glabrous. Quebec, Labrador, Greenland and throughout arctic America to Alaska and British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Utah and Colorado. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. Potentilla Vahliana Lehm., another high boreal spe- cies, differs in having oval or ovate bractlets and leaflets yellowish-villous beneath. 15. Potentilla emarginata Pursh. Arctic Cinquefoil. Fig. 2241. Potentilla emarginata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 353. 1814. Potentilla nana Willd. ; Schlecht. Berl. Mag. 7: 296. 1815. Stems villous-pubescent, tufted, ascending or erect, i'-4' high. Stipules ovate or oblong, membranous, mostly obtuse, entire; leaves 3-foliolate, the basal slender-petioled ; leaflets obovate, 2"-6" long, incised-dentate with acute teeth, of which the terminal one is generally the largest, generally villous on both sides, the terminal one narrowed or cuneate, the others sometimes broad at the base ; flower solitary, rarely 2, yellow, 5 "-7" broad; calyx- lobes ovate, obtuse, pilose, equalling the ob- long bractlets, shorter than the obovate ob- cordate petals ; stamens about 20 ; style filiform; achenes glabrous. Labrador, Greenland and arctic America to Alaska. Also in eastern Siberia and Spitzbergen. Summer. 1 6. Potentilla Robbinsiana Oakes. Cinquefoil. Fig. 2242. Robbins' Potentilla Robbinsiana Oakes ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 441. 1840. Potentilla minima A. Gray, Man. 122. 1848. P. frigida A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 154. 1867. Not Vill. 1789. Depressed, i'-a' high, tufted from a thick woody base, villous-pubescent. Stipules ovate, obtusish, loosely villous ; basal leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, those of the flowering stem sessile, small and 3-lobed ; leaflets obovate, villous on both sides, and especially so beneath, 2"-4" long, deeply 3~7-dentate above, cuneate or narrowed at the base, obtuse at the apex; flowers solitary, terminal, slender-petioled, yel- low, about 3" broad ; sepals and bractlets nearly equal, obtuse, slightly shorter than the obcordate petals; stamens about 20; style filiform; achenes glabrous. White Mountains of New Hampshire. Summer. 256 ROSACEAE. VOL. II, 17. Potentilla effusa Dougl. Branched Cinquefoil. Fig. 2243. P. effusa Dougl. ; Lehm. Nov. Stirp. Pug. 2 : 8. 1830. Plant perennial, 6'-i8' high, diffusely branched above. Leaves pinnate, tomentose-canescent, but not silky; leaflets S-n, or those of the tipper leaves only 1-3, oblong, obtuse at the apex, commonly cuneate at the base, incised-dentate, i'-ii' long; flowers yellow, 3"-s" broad, loosely cymose, yellow ; bractlets much shorter than the lanceolate acuminate calyx- lobes; petals obovate, emarginate, exceeding the calyx-lobes; stamens about 20; achenes glabrous. Prairies, western Minnesota to Saskatchewan, Al- berta, Nebraska and New Mexico. Summer. 18. Potentilla Hippiana Lehm. Woolly Cinquefoil. Fig. 2244. P. Hippiana Lehm. Nov. Stirp. Pug. 2: 7. 1830. Potentilla leucophylla Torr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. 2: 197. 1825. Not Pall. 1773. Erect or ascending, perennial, branched above, rather stout, i-2i high, densely floccose as well as silky. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate, entire; lower and basal leaves petioled, pinnately 5-11- foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 6"-i8" long, incisely dentate, very white beneath, the lower ones smaller than the upper, and no smaller ones interspersed ; flowers terminal, yellow, loosely cymose, 3"-6" broad; petals obovate, retuse, a little exceeding the lanceolate acute calyx-lobes and slightly narrower bractlets ; stamens about 20; style filiform; achenes glabrous. Dry soil, northwestern Minnesota and Assiniboia to British Columbia, south to New Mexico and Ari- zona. June-Aug. 19. Potentilla multifida L. Cut-leaved Cinquefoil. Fig. 2245. Potentilla multifida L. Sp. PI. 496. 1753. Perennial, stems several or many from the caudex, low, asceding or spreading, appressed-silky. Stipules large, lanceolate, acuminate, scarious, brown ; leaves pinnately 5-p-foliolate, grayish-tomentose beneath, glabrate above; leaflets finely divided to near the midrib into linear acute segments, with more or less revolute margins ; petals yellow, a little exceed- ing the ovate-lanceolate acute sepals; stamens about 20; style terminal, short, not thickened at the base; achenes smooth, or slightly rugose. Hudson Bay to Great Slave Lake. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Summer. GENUS 7. ROSE FAMILY. 257 20. Potentilla bipinnatifida Dougl. Plains Cinque foil. Fig. 2246. P. bipinnatifida Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 188. 1833- P. pennsylvanica bipinnatifida T. & G. Fl. N. Am. i : 438. 1840. Perennial; stems several, erect or ascending, usually simple, leafy, finely white-villous, i-ii high. Leaves pinnate, with ovate or lanceolate stipules often ij' long; leaflets 7-9, obovate in outline, pectinately deeply divided into linear or linear-oblong obtuse segments, finely silky above, white-tomentose beneath ; calyx white-silky, 4" broad in fruit, its lobes ovate, 2"-2i" long; bract- lets oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the calyx- lobes; stamens about 20; style glandular-thickened at the base. Plains and hills, Minnesota to Manitoba, Alberta and Colorado. Summer. 21. Potentilla pectinata Raf. Coast Cinquefoil. Fig. 2247. Potentilla pectinata Raf. Aut. Bot. 164. 1840. P. littoralis Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 23 : 264. 1896 Perennial, tufted, stems ascending or decum- bent, branched above, 6'-2 high, appressed-silky, or glabrate. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, cleft or entire, acute ; basal and lower leaves petioled, pinnately 5-7-foliolate, the leaflets approximate or apparently digitate ; leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, incised-pinnatifid into oblong obtuse segments, grayish-pubescent beneath, green and glabrate above, V-2.\' long; flowers yellow, cymose, 4"-5" broad ; petals obovate, equalling or slightly exceeding the ovate acute veined sepals and the lanceolate bractlets ; stamens 20-25 ! style thickened below; achenes glabrous. Coast of Newfoundland and Labrador to Hudson Bay, Quebec and New Hampshire. June-July. 22. Potentilla pennsylvanica L. Prairie Cinquefoil. Fig. 2248. Potentilla pennsylvanica L. Mant. 76. 1767. P. pennsylvanica strigosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 356. 1814. P. strigosaPall.; Tratt. Ros. Monog. 4 : 31. 1824. Stem generally erect, i5'-3o' high, tomentose and more or less villous. Stipules ovate, often much divided; leaves pinnately 5~i5-foliolate, grayish tomentose beneath, glabrous above; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, cleft halfway to the midrib into oblong lobes, margins scarcely revolute ; cymes dense, the branches erect ; petals yellow, obovate, truncate or slightly emarginate, about equalling the ovate triangular acute sepals and the lanceolate bractlets; stamens 20-25; style thickened below; achenes gla- brous. On plains, Hudson Bay to the Yukon, British Colum- bia, Kansas and New Mexico. Summer. '7 25 S ROSACEAE. VOL. II. 8. ARGENTINA Lam. Fl. Franc. 3: 118. 1778. Perennial herbs, with slender stolons, interruptedly pinnate leaves, the flowers solitary, axillary, peduncled. Calyx-tube short and broad. Bractlets, sepals and petals 5, or often more. Petals yellow, not clawed. Stamens 20-25, borne around the base of the hemi- spheric receptacle; filaments filiform. Pistils numerous on the receptacle; style lateral, filiform. Achenes with thick pericarp. Seeds ascending, amphitropous. [Latin, referring to the silvery white pubescence of the under side of the leaves.] About 8 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Besides the following, 4 others occur in western North America. Type species : Argentina vulgaris Lam. i. Argentina Anserina (L.) Rydb. Silver-weed. Wild or Goose-tansy. Fig. 2249. Potentilla Anserina L. Sp. PI. 495. 1753. Argentina vulgaris Lam. Fl. Franc. 3: 119. 1778. A. Anserina Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Col. Univ. 2 : 159. 1898. A. Dabcockiana Rydb. N. Am. Fl. 22: 354. 1908. A. litoralis Rydb. loc. cit. 1908. Herbaceous, tufted, spreading by slender runners i-3 long. Stipules membranous; leaves petioled, pinnate, 3'-i8' long; leaflets 7-25, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse, the lower generally smaller, often with still smaller ones interspersed, all sharply serrate, nearly glabrous above, white or silky-pubescent be- neath; peduncles axillary, solitary, slender, erect, i- flowered, about equalling the leaves; flower yellow, 8"-i2" broad ; petals broadly oval or obovate, entire or emarginate, exceeding the ovate acute calyx-lobes and oval bractlets ; stamens about 20; style filiform, lateral; receptacle villous; achenes grooved or grooveless. On shores and salt meadows, New Jersey to Greenland, west to Nebraska, British Columbia and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and to California. Also in Europe and Asia. Argentina. Silver-feather. Dog's- tansy. Goose-grass. May-Sept. Consists of several or numerous races, differing in size, in shape of the leaflets, and slightly in the achenes ; small northern plants have been referred to A. Egedii of Greenland. 9. COMARUM L. Sp. PI. 502. 1753. A stout dark green nearly glabrous herb, with alternate pinnate large-stipuled leaves, the large red or purple flowers cymose or solitary, terminal or also axillary. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, 5-bracteolate, the bractlets narrow. Petals shorter than the calyx-lobes, acute, purple. Stamens numerous, inserted on the large pubescent disk. Pistils numerous, inserted on the somewhat enlarged, pubescent receptacle which becomes spongy in fruit. Style lateral. Achenes glabrous. Seed pendulous. [Greek name of the Arbutus, from the similar fruits.] A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. i. Comarum palustre L. Purple or Marsh Cinquefoil. Purple Marshlocks. Cow- berry. Purplewort. Fig. 2250. Comarum palustre L. Sp. PI. 502. 1753. Potentilla palustris Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, i: 359. 1772. Decumbent and somewhat woody at the base, the upper part of the stems pubescent. Leaves pinnate, the lower long-petioled, 5-7-foliolate; leaflets ob- long or oval, sharply or incisely serrate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, i'~3' long; stipules membranous, sometimes adnate to the peti- ole for half its length ; upper leaves nearly sessile, 3-5-foliolate ; flowers showy, 9"-i5" broad ; calyx- lobes red or purple within, ovate, acuminate, much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate petals ; bractlets much shorter than the calyx-lobes ; disk lobed. In swamps and peat-bogs. Greenland and Labrador to New Jersey, Iowa, British Columbia, Wyoming, Alaska and California. Northern Europe and Asia. Marsh five-finger. Meadow-nuts. Bog-strawberry. June-Aug. GENUS 10. ROSE FAMILY. 259 10. DUCHESNEA J. E. Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 372. 1811. Perennial herbs, with trailing branches often rooting at the nodes (leafy runners), 3-foliolate long-petioled leaves and axillary slender-peduncled yellow perfect flowers. Calyx 5-parted, 5-bracteolate, the bractlets larger than the calyx-segments and alternating with them, dentate or incised, often regarded like those in Fragaria and Potcntilla as an exterior calyx. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens numerous. Pistils numerous, borne on a hemispheric receptacle which greatly enlarges but does not become pulpy in fruit. Achenes superficial on the receptacle. [In honor of A. N. Duchesne, French botanist.] Two species, natives of southern Asia, the following typical. i. Duchesriea indica (Andr.) Focke. Mock or Indian Strawberry. Fig. 2251. Fragaria indica Andr. Bot. Rep. pi. 479. 1807. D. indica Focke, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3 s : 33. 1888. Silky-pubescent, tufted and forming leafy runners, dark green. Leaflets obovate or broadly oval, rather thin, crenate or dentate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or nar- rowed at the base, the terminal one generally cuneate ; peduncles equalling or longer than the leaves ; flowers 6"- 12" broad; bractlets of the calyx dentate or incised, ex- ceeding the ovate or lanceolate acuminate spreading calyx- lobes; fruit red, ovoid or globose, insipid. In waste places, southern New York and Pennsylvania to Florida and Missouri. Also in California, Bermuda and Jamaica. Naturalized or adventive from India. April-July. ii. FRAGARIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 494. 1753. Perennial acaulescent herbs propagating by runners, with alternate basal tufted petioled 3-foliolate leaves, and sheathing membranous stipules. Flowers white, corymbose or racemose on erect naked scapes, polygamo-dioecious, the pedicels often recurved. Calyx persistent, its tube obconic or turbinate, 5-bracteolate, deeply 5-lobed. Petals 5, obovate, short-clawed. Stamens oo ; filaments slender. Carpels o ; inserted on a glabrous convex or elongated receptacle, which becomes fleshy or pulpy in fruit; style lateral. Achenes , minute, dry, crustaceous. Seed ascending. [Latin, fragum, strawberry, fragrance.] About 35 species, natives of the north temperate zone and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in western North America. Type species: Fragaria vesca L. Achenes imbedded in pits on the fruit ; fruiting scape shorter than the leaves. Leaflets oblong or narrowly obovate ; fruit oblong-conic. i. F. canadensis. Leaflets broadly oval or obovate ; fruit globose or ovoid. Pedicels with long spreading hairs. 2. F. Grayana. Pedicels appressed-pubescent. 3. F. virginiana. Achenes borne on the surface of the fruit ; fruiting scape as long as or exceeding the leaves. Stout ; leaflets thickish ; fruit ovoid or ovoid-conic. 4. F. vesca. Slender ; leaflets thin ; fruit elongated-conic. 5. F. americana. i. Fragaria canadensis Michx. Northern Wild Strawberry. Fig. 2254. Fragaria canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 299. 1803. Petioles slender, loosely villous, ^'-j' high. Leaf- lets oblong or the middle one narrowly cuneate- obovate, obtuse, rather few-toothed, Q"-2' long, 5"- 10" wide, glabrous or nearly so above even when young, more or less appressed-pubescent beneath; scapes pubescent with appressed hairs; scape some- what shorter than the leaves ; flowers few, slender- pedicelled, 7"-g" broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acu- minate; fruit oblong, or oblong-conic, s"-6" long; achenes sunken in pits. In fields and meadows, Newfoundland to Mackenzie, New York and Michigan. Mountain-strawberry. May- July. Fragaria multicipita Fernald, from gravelly beaches in Gaspe County, Quebec, differs in being appressed- pubescent and having subglobose fruit. ROSACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Fragaria Grayana Vilmorin. Gray's Straw- berry. Fig. 2253. F. Grayana Vilmorin ; Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 8 : 202. 1857- F. virginiana illinoensis Prince ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 155. 1867. Similar to F. virginiana, and perhaps a race of that species, but stouter. Leaves firmer in texture ; peti- oles densely clothed with spreading or reflexed hairs ; leaflets acute or obtuse, coarsely serrate ; scape stout, 4'-6' high, hirsute like the petioles ; pedicels with spreading hairs ; calyx-lobes and bractlets linear- lanceolate ; petals nearly orbicular ; fruit subglobose, 7"-8" in diameter, the achenes imbedded in pits. Dry soil, Indiana to Missouri, Alabama and Louisiana. April-May. 3. Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. Virginia or Scarlet Strawberry. Fig. 2252. F. virginiana Duchesne, Hist. Nat. Fras. 204. 1766. F. australis Rydb. N. Am. Fl. 22 : 361. 1908. Fragaria terrae-novae Rydb. Mem. Dep. Bot. Col. Univ. 2: 182. 1898. Rather stout, tufted, dark green, more or less villous-pubescent with spreading or sometimes appressed hairs. Petioles 2'-6' long; leaflets thick, or even coriaceous, short-stalked or sessile, broadly oval or obovate, obtuse, dentate-serrate, the ter- minal one generally cuneate, the lateral inequilateral at the base; scape equalling or shorter than the leaves, the fruit being generally borne below them; hairs of the scape more or less spreading; pedicels ap- pressed-pubescent ; calyx-lobes, at least of the sterile flowers, erect at maturity, lanceo- late ; petals obovate ; fruit red, ovoid, the achenes imbedded in pits. In dry soil, Newfoundland to South Dakota, Florida and Oklahoma. Consists of several races. April-June. 4. Fragaria vesca L. European Wood or Hedge Strawberry. Fig. 2255. Fragaria vesca L. Sp. PI. 494. 1753. Stout, tufted, dark-green, generally less vil- lous than the two preceding species. Leaflets ovate or broadly oval, obtuse, dentate, broader but nearly or quite as thick, the terminal one cuneate, the others inequilateral at the base ; scape commonly exceeding the leaves, so that the fruit is borne above them, sometimes 12' high, its hairs mostly spreading ; calyx-lobes re- maining spreading or sometimes reflexed ; fruit red, or sometimes white, ovoid-conic, the achenes borne on its smooth and nearly even surface. In woods, fields and along roadsides. Naturalized from Europe in the Eastern and Middle States ; ap- parently native northward, the white-fruited race native from Connecticut and New York to Ohio and Kentucky. Sow-tit. Sheep-noses. April-June. GENUS ii. ROSE FAMILY. 5. Fragaria americana (Porter) Brit- ton. American Wood Strawberry. Fig. 2256. Fragaria vesca var. americana Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 17 : 15. 1890. Fragaria americana Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 19 : 222. 1892. Slender, light green, loosely villous-pubes- cent or glabrate, usually producing runners more freely than any of the preceding species. Leaflets thin, ovate or oval, obtuse or acute at the apex, sharply incised-dentate, the ter- minal one commonly cuneate, the others in- equilateral at the base, pubescent with silvery appressed hairs beneath ; flowers smaller than in F. vesca; calyx-lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit; fruit ovoid or elongated-conic, light red or pink, the achenes borne on its glabrous shining even surface and but slightly attached to it. In rocky woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Virginia and New Mexico. May-June. 12. SIBBALDIA L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753. Depressed alpine or arctic shrubby plants, with alternate mainly 3-foliolate stipulate leaves, and cymose flowers on scape-like nearly leafless peduncles. Calyx slightly concave, 5-lobed, 5-bracteolate, persistent. Petals 5, oblong or oval, much smaller than the calyx-lobes, yellow. Stamens 5, opposite the calyx-lobes, inserted on the margin of the villous-pubescent disk. Carpels 5-10, on short pubescent stipes; style lateral. Achenes 5-10, glabrous. [Named in honor of Robt. Sibbald, a Scotch naturalist.] About 5 species, natives of the colder parts of the north temperate zone. 'The following typical one is the only known American species. i. Sibbaldia procumbens L. Fig. 2257. Sibbaldia. Sibbaldia procumbens L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753. Potentilla procumbens Clairv. Man. Herb. Suisse 166. 1811. Densely tufted, stem woody, decumbent or creeping, a few inches long. Stipules membranous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, adnate; leaves 3-foliolate; petioles slender, 2'-^' long; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, cuneate at the base, 3-5-toothed at the apex, pubescent with scattered hairs on both sides, resembling in out- line those of Sibbaldiofsis tridentata; peduncles axil- lary, nearly naked, about equalling the leaves ; flowers yellow, about zh" broad, numerous; petals oblong or oval, very small ; calyx-lobes oblong-ovate, acute, longer and broader than the bractlets. Summits of the White Mountains ; Mt. Albert, Quebec ; Labrador, Greenland, arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah and to Cali- fornia. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Sum- mer. 13. SIBBALDIOPSIS Rydb. Mem. Dep. Bot. Col. Univ. 2: 187. A depressed tufted shrub with thick trifoliolate leaves and small white flowers in ter- minal cymes. Calyx-tube nearly flat. Bractlets, calyx-lobes and petals 5. Petals obovate, rounded, not clawed. Stamens about 20, borne in 3 series near the base of the receptacle; filaments filiform; anthers cordate. Receptacle hemispheric, bearing numerous pistils. Style filiform, lateral. Achenes swollen, villous. Seed amphitropous, ascending. [Greek, from the similarity of this plant to Sibbaldia procumbens.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. ROSACEAE. VOL. II. i. Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Soland.) Rvdb. Three- toothed Cinquefoil. Fig. 2258. Potentilla tridentata Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 216. 1789. Sibbaldiopsis tridentata Rydb. Mem. Dep. Bot. Col. Univ. 2: 187. 1898. Tufted, woody at the base, much branched, branches erect, i'-i2' high, pubescent with appressed hairs. Stip- ules lanceolate, entire ; leaves mostly petioled, 3-foliolate ; leaflets of the lower one oblanceolate, 3-toothed or some- times 2-5-toothed at the obtuse apex, cuneate at the base, coriaceous, dark green and shining above, pale and mi- nutely pubescent beneath, i'-i' long; upper leaflets lin- ear or oblong, often acute and entire ; flowers 1-6, in a ter- minal cyme, white, 3"-s" broad ; bractlets shorter and narrower than the ovate acute calyx-lobes, which are shorter than the obovate-oval petals. In rocky places, especially on mountains, Greenland to New Jersey, on the higher southern Alleghanies. shores of Lake Superior, and west to Manitoba. Mountain five-finger. June- Aug. Recorded from Scotland, apparently erroneously. 14. DASIPHORA Raf. Aut. Bot. 167. 1838. Shrubs with firm unequally pinnate leaves, scarious sheathing stipules, and large mostly yellow flowers. Calyx-tube saucer-shaped. Bractlets, calyx-lobes and petals 5. Petals rounded,' not clawed. Stamens about 25, in 5 clusters around the hemispheric receptacle; filaments filiform; anthers flat. Pistils numerous on the receptacle; style club-shaped, glan- dular above, lateral; stigmas lobed. Achenes densely covered with long straight hairs. Seeds amphitropous, ascending. [Greek, bearing hairs, referring to the hairy achenes and receptacle.] About five species, natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. Only the following typical one occurs in North America. i. Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Shrubby Cinquefoil. Fig. 2259. Potentilla fruticosa L. Sp. PI. 495. 1753. Dasiphora riparia Raf. Aut. Bot. 167. 1838. Dasiphora fruticosa Rydb. Mem. Dep. Bot. Col. Univ. 2 : 188. 1898. Shrubby, much branched, stems erect or ascending, very leafy, 6'~4 high, the bark shreddy. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, membranous, acute or acuminate, en- tire; leaflets 5-7, oblong, linear-oblong, or somewhat oblanceolate, entire, acute or acutish at each end, 6"-i2" long, silky-pubescent, the margins revolute ; flowers terminal, densely cymose, or solitary, bright yellow, 8"- 15" broad; petals nearly orbicular, exceeding the ovate calyx-lobes and bractlets; stamens 15-20; -style lateral, filiform; achenes, disk and receptacle long-hairy. In swamps or moist rocky places, Labrador and Green- land to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota, in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona, and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Called also hardback and prairie weed. A troublesome bushy weed in northern New England. June-Sept. 15. DRYMOCALLIS Fourr. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon II. 16: 371. 1868. [BOOTTIA Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 206. 1826. Not Adans. 1763.] Perennial glandular herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves and cymose flowers. Calyx- tube short and broad. Bractlets, calyx-lobes and petals 5. Petals neither clawed nor emar- ginate. Stamens 20-30, in 5 clusters on the thickened margin of the 5-angled disc ; filaments filiform; anthers flat. Receptacle hemispheric or somewhat elongated, bearing numerous pistils. Style nearly basal; stigma minute. Seed orthotropous, ascending. [Greek, woodland beauty.] About 30 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zone. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in western North America. Type species : DrymocalHs rubricaulis Fourr. GENUS 15. ROSE FAMILY. 263 i. Drymocallis agrimonioides (Pursh) Rydb. Fig. 2260. Geum agrimonioides Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 351. 1814. Potentilla arguta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814. Drymocallis agrimonioides Rydb. N. A. Fl. 22 : 368. 1908. Erect, stout,- simple or little-branched above, glandular and villous-pubescent, i-4 high. Stipules membranous; basal leaves slender- petioled, pinnately 7-u-foliolate; leaflets ovate, oval or rhomboid, obtuse at the apex, the ter- minal one cuneate, the others rounded at the base and commonly oblique, all sharply incised- dentate; stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile, with fewer leaflets ; flowers white, densely cymose, terminal, numerous, short-pedicelled, S"-7" broad; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, shorter than the obovate petals ; stamens 25-30, borne on the glandular disk ; style nearly basal and fusiform-thickened ; achenes glabrous. On dry or rocky hills, New Brunswick to Mackenzie, south to Virginia, Illinois, Kansas and Colorado. June-July. Tall or Glandular Cinquefoil. 16. CHAMAERHODOS Bunge, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i : 429. 1829. Perennial or biennial herbs, with ternately divided leaves, and small perfect cymose flowers. Calyx ebracteolate, small, 5-cleft. Petals obovate or cuneate, somewhat clawed. Stamens 5, opposite the calyx-segments; filaments short, subulate, persistent. Pistils 5-20; style filiform, basal. Seed ascending, attached near the base of the style. [Greek, a low rose.] About 3 species, natives of North America and Asia. Type species : Chamaerhodos altaica (L.) Bunge. i. Chamaerhodos Nuttallii (T. & G.) Pick- ering. American Chamaerhodos. Fig. 2261. C. erecta Nuttallii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 433. 1840. C. Nuttallii Pickering; Rydb. N. Am. Fl. 22: 377. 1908. Hirsute, glandular, leafy, erect, branched, i high or less. Basal leaves 2-4-ternately divided into linear or oblong segments, those of the stem similar, but smaller and less divided; cymes numerous, pan- icled, the panicle-branches ascending; pedicels nearly erect, not longer than the flowers; calyx-tube i"-ii" broad, hispid, the segments narrowly lanceolate, equalling or somewhat shorter than the white petals. Plains and prairies, Minnesota to Saskatchewan, Alaska and Wyoming. June-Aug. 17. ALCHEMILLA L. Sp. PI. 123. 1753. Perennial herbs, with basal and alternate lobed or digitately compound leaves, adnate stipules, and small perfect greenish cymose or capitate flowers. Calyx persistent, cup-shaped, contracted at the throat, 4-5-lobed, 4~5-bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 4, alternate with the sepals ; filaments short. Carpel usually solitary ; style basal, slender. Achene enclosed in the calyx-tube. Seed ascending, its testa membranous. [Name from its fancied value in alchemy.] About 10 species, natives of the Old World and of boreal America. Type species: Alchemilla vulgaris L. 264 ROSACEAE. VOL. II. I. Alchemilla pratensis F. W. Schmidt. Lady's Mantle. Dew-cup. Fig. 2262. Alchemilla pratensis F. W. Schmidt, Fl. Boem. 3 : 88. 1794. Perennial from a thick woody rootstock, branched, ascending or erect, pubescent or glabrate. Stipules mostly toothed ; leaves orbicular-reniform, 5-o,-lobed, more or less pubescent, the lower slender-petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so, lobes broad, not deep, serrate ; flowers about 2" broad, very numerous in terminal and axillary peduncled often leafy corymbs ; pedicels filiform; calyx glabrous, its lobes usually 4, ovate, acutish. In grassy places near the coast, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton and eastern Massachusetts. Naturalized from Europe. Duck's-foot. Padelion or lion's-foot. Syndow. Great sanicle. Bear's-foot. Included in our first edi- tion in A. vulgaris L. ; A. glomcrulans Buser, and A. filicaulis Buser, are related species of arctic and sub- arctic America and Europe. May-Sept. Alchemilla alpina L., found on Miquelon Island, and reported by Pursh (probably erroneously) from the White and the Green Mountains, a native of alpine and north- ern Europe and Asia, is distinguished from the preced- ing by its 5 oblong silky entire leaflets. 18. APHANES L. Sp. PI. 123. 1753. Small annual herbs, with digitately parted, lobed and toothed leaves, and very small apetalous flowers in axillary cymose clusters. Calyx-tube ellipsoid, contracted at the throat, the lobes 4 or 5; bractlets as many as the calyx-lobes, or none. Petals none. Stamens usu- ally only one, borne opposite one of the calyx-lobes ; filament short ; anthers introrse. Pistils 1-4, usually 2; style basal, slender. Achenes i or 2. [Greek, referring to the insignificant aspect of these plants.] A genus of about twenty species, of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the western United States. Type species : Aphanes arvensis L. i. Aphanes arvensis L. Parsley-Piert, or Field Lady's Mantle. Argentill. Fig. 2263. Aphanes arvensis L. Sp. PI. 123. 1753. Alchemilla arvensis Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, i: 115. 1770. Annual, softly pubescent, branching at the base, the branches usually slender, ascending, i'-6' high. Stipules toothed or rarely entire ; leaves very short-petioled, pubescent, fan-shaped, 2"-s" long, deeply 3-parted, the lobes cuneate, 2-4-cleft, the segments obtuse or acutish; flowers i"-i$" broad, in sessile axillary clusters partly enclosed by the stipules; calyx-lobes usually 4, ovate, obtusish or acute. In dry fields, District of Columbia to Georgia and Tennessee and in Nova Scotia. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Breakstone. Parsley-vlix. Parsley-breakstone. Firegrass. Bowel- hivegrass. Colicwort. April-Sept. The plant of the southeastern states (A. australis Rydb.) has smaller leaves and flowers than European specimens examined, but does not appear to be specifically distinct from them. 19. SANGUISORBA [Rupp.] L. Sp. PI. 116. 1753. Erect, perennial herbs, sometimes decumbent at the base, with alternate odd-pinnate stipulate leaves and small perfect or polygamo-dioecious flowers in dense terminal peduncled spikes. Calyx-tube ttirbinate, constricted at the throat, angled or winged, persistent, 4-lobed, the lobes petaloid, concave, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the calyx ; filaments filiform, elongated, exserted ; anthers short ; carpel enclosed in the calyx- tube opposite the sepals. Style filiform, terminal; stigmas papillose; ovule suspended. Achene enclosed in the dry angled calyx. Seed pendulous. [Latin, blood-staunching, from its supposed properties.] About 10 species, natives of the north temperate zone. In addition to the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Sanguisorba officinalis L. GENUS 19. ROSE FAMILY. 265 i. Sanguisorba canadensis L. American Great Burnet. Fig. 2264. Sanguisorba canadensis L. Sp. PL 117. 1753. Poterium canadense A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 150. 1867. Glabrous or slightly pubescent toward the base, erect, simple, or branched above, i-6 'high, the branches erect. Stipules often foliaceous and dentate ; basal leaves long-petioled, sometimes 2 long; leaflets 7-15, ovate, oblong, or oval, obtuse or acutish, cordate or obtuse at the base, serrate with acute teeth, stalked, i'~3' long; flowers white, perfect, bracteolate at the base, in dense terminal showy spikes i'-6' long; stamens 4; fila- ments long-exserted, white; achene enclosed in the 4-winged calyx. In swamps and low meadows, Newfoundland to Michigan, south to Georgia. July-Oct. Sanguisorba officinaiis L., native of Europe and Asia, found in fields in Maine and recorded from Minnesota, differs in having purplish flowers with short stamens not longer than the sepals. 20. POTERIDIUM Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 5 : 43. 1846. Annual or perennial herbs, with branched stems, stipulate, odd-pinnate leaves, the leaf- lets pinnatifid, and greenish perfect bracted flowers in dense oblong spikes. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, constricted at the mouth, 4-winged, its 4 lobes with scarious margins. Stamens 2 or 4; filaments short. Pistil i; style terminal; stigma brush-like; ovule I, suspended. Achene enclosed in the dry calyx-tube. [Greek, diminutive of Poterium.] Two species, one of northwestern America and the following typical one. i. Poteridium annuum (Nutt.) Spach. Plains Poteridium. Fig. 2265. Poterium annuum Nutt. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 198. 1832. Sanguisorba annua Nutt. ; T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 429. 1840. Poteridium annuum Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 5: 43. 1846. Glabrous, 4'-i5' high. Leaflets 7-15, broadly obovate, 6" long or less, pectinate-pinnatifid, with linear-oblong segments; spikes ii' long or less, about 3$" thick; bracts ovate, shorter than the flowets ; calyx-lobes oval, apiculate, i" long; stamens usually 4; fruiting calyx- tube strongly 4-winged. Plains, Kansas to Arkansas and Texas. Summer. 21. POTERIUM L. Sp. PI. 994. 1753. Perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate, stipulate leaves, and small, perfect and imperfect flowers in dense heads. Calyx-tube 4-angled, constricted at the throat, 4-lobed. Petals 4. Perfect flowers with several or numerous declined stamens, the filaments capillary. Pistils 2; style terminal; stigmas brush-like. Achene enclosed in the thickened, 4-angled calyx- tube. Seed suspended. [Greek, goblet or beaker.] About four species, natives of the Old World, the following typical. ROSACEAE. VOL. II. i. Poterium Sanguisorba L. Salad Bur- net. Fig. 2266. Poterium Sanguisorba L. Sp. PI. 994. 1753. Sanguisorba minor Scop. Fl. Cam. Ed. 2, i : no. 1772. Sanguisorba Sanguisorba Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 189. 1894. Glabrous or pubescent, erect, slender, peren- nial, branched, io'-2o' high. Stipules usually small, laciniate ; leaflets 7-19, ovate or broadly oval, deeply incised, short-stalked or sessile, 6"- 10" long; flowers greenish, in dense peduncled globose-ovoid heads, 3 "-6" long, the lower ones perfect or staminate, the upper pistillate; stamens 12 or more, drooping ; stigmas purple ; calyx- lobes ovate, acute or acutish; fruit i"-2" long. In dry or rocky soil and in ballast, southern On- tario, Maine, New York and Pennsylvania to Mary- land. Naturalized or adventive from Europe and native also of Asia. Summer. Garden-burnet. Blood- wort. Bibernel. Pimpernelle. Toper's-plant. 22. AGRIMONIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 448. 1753. Perennial erect herbs, often glandular. Leaves alternate, petioled, odd-pinnate, with smaller leaf-segments interposed between the larger ones, and conspicuous stipules. Flowers small, regular, perfect, yellow, in narrow spicate racemes. Calyx-tube in fruit obconic, hemispheric or turbinate, often grooved, uncinate-bristly above, somewhat constricted at the throat, the 5 lobes connivent. Petals 5, small. Stamens 5-15, slender. Carpels 2, included; style terminal ; stigma 2-lobed ; ovules pendulous. Fruit dry, mostly reflexed ; achenes 1-2, oblong. Seed suspended, its testa membranous. [Ancient Latin name.] About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone, Mexico, and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, another occurs in the Southern States. Type species : Agrimonia Eupatoria L. Racemes and leaves beneath with loose spreading hairs or glabrous. Roots not tuberous ; fruit large, turbinate, with numerous radiating bristles. i. A. gryposepala. Roots tuberous ; fruit very small, hemispheric, with few ascending or erect bristles. 2. A. rostellata. Racemes and leaves beneath closely or softly pubescent. Roots tuberous ; stems pubescent ; leaves not glandular-dotted beneath. Small, often simple, with elongated terminal raceme; leaflets 3-5. 3. A.pumila. Larger, paniculate-branched; leaflets 5-11. 4- A.mollis. Roots not tuberous ; stems hirsute ; leaves glandular-dotted beneath. Leaflets mostly 7-9 ; fruit large, the bristles connivent. 5- A. striata, Leaflets mostly 11-17 ; fruit small, the bristles radiate. 6. A. parviflora. i. Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Tall Hairy Agrimony. Fig. 2267. A. Eupatoria hirsuta Muhl. Cat. 47. 1813. Agrimonia hirsuta Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 23 : 509. 1896. Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1 : 49. 1842. Mostly 3-4 tall (2-6), minutely glandu- lar, villous. Leaves large ; leaflets thin, bright green, mostly 7, spreading, elliptic to broadly oblong, or the odd one obovate, apex acute, base often subcordate, coarsely serrate, the margins and nerves beneath ciliate, the lower surface rarely pubescent; interposed leaf-seg- ments ovate, mostly 3 pairs; stipules broad, coarsely cut-toothed ; flowers 4"-6" broad, the buds ovoid, acute; fruit reflexed, 3" long, short-turbinate, abruptly contracted at the pedicel, the disk convex, the dilated marginal rim bearing numerous reflexed spreading and erect bristles. Woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, North Carolina and California. Roots fibrous. Feverfew. Beggar's-ticks. Cockle-bur. Stickweed. Stickseed. June-Aug. GENUS 22. ROSE FAMILY. 267 2. Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. Woodland Agrimony. Fig. 2268 Agrimonia parviflora DC. Prodr. 2: 587. 1821. Not Soland. 1789. Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. Beitr. Bot. i : 42. 1842. Mostly about 2 high (i-5), minutely glandu- lar, simple or delicately paniculately branched ; racemes filiform, short, loosely flowered. Roots tuberous. Stem glabrous, or with scattered hairs above ; leaflets thin, commonly 5, mostly oblong or obovate-oblong and obtuse, crenate or dentate, often cuneate, scarcely ciliate ; interposed leaf- segments usually a small entire pair; stipules small, entire and lanceolate, or ovate and laciniate; flowers 2"-2i" broad, the buds subglobose, trun- cate or nearly so; fruit 2" high or less, speading or nodding, hemispheric, the furrows shallow or obsolete; disk very tumid, its rim unmargined, its bristles short and weak, erect or ascending. In dry woods, Connecticut to Virginia, eastern Ten- nessee, Missouri and Nebraska. Previously mistaken for A. striata Michx. July-Sept. 3. Agrimonia pumila Muhl. Small- fruited Agrimony. Fig. 2269. Agrimonia pumila Muhl. Cat. 47. 1813. A. microcarpa Wallr. Beitr. Bot. i : 39. pi. i. f. 3. 1842. Small and slender, i-2 high, erect or assur- gent, simple, or with a few branches above. Roots tuberous ; stem villous with spreading hairs below, appressed-pubescent above ; leaves often crowded toward the base of the stem, frequently 3-foliolate ; leaflets 3-5, small, elliptic to obovate or cuneate, obtuse or acute at the apex, often pilose above, soft-pubescent and pale beneath ; interposed leaf- segments, if any, a small pair; stipules small, the lower ones lanceolate and entire, the upper rounded on the outer side and laciniate; racemes very loosely flowered, flowers small ; fruit 2" long or less, minutely glandular, hemispheric to turbi- nate; disk flat; bristles few, ascending or erect. In dry soil, Pennsylvania and Maryland to Florida, Kentucky and Texas. Aug. 4. Agrimonia mollis (T. &G.) Britton. Soft Agrimony. Fig. 2270. Agrimonia Eupatoria var. mollis T. & G. Fl. N. A. I : 431. 1840. ?A. pubescens Wallr. Beitr. Bot. i : 45. 1842. A. mollis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 19: 221. 1892. A. mollis Bicknellii Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 565. 1897. Virgately branched, ii-6 tall. Roots tuberous. Stem pubescent, or villous below, finely pubescent or canescent above, as also the racemes. Leaves thicHsh, dull green, veiny, pale and velvety -pubescent benea*h; leaflets mostly 7 (5-11), spreading, nar- rowly oblong to obovate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, irenate to dentate; interposed leaf-segments oblong, mostly a single pair; stipules lanceolate to ovate-oblong, cut-toothed or lobed ; flowers 3" 4" broad, the buds subglobose, obtuse; fruit 2" long or more, ascending, spreading or loosely reflexed, oblong, to broadly turbinate ; disk flat, or convex, the ascending Mender bristles nearly in a single row. Dry woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Michigan, North Carolina ar;4 Kansas. July-Oct. 268 ROSACEAE. VOL. II. 5. Agrimonia striata Michx. Britton's Agrimony. Fig. 2271. A. striata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 287. 1803. Agrimonia Brittoniana Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 23 : 517. 1896. Robust, 2-6 tall, virgately branched. Roots fibrous. Stem hirsute-pubescent with short spreading brownish hairs, sub-appressed above ; leaves numerous; leaflets 7-9, rarely n, oblique to the rachis, tetragonal-elliptic to rhomboid- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, deeply and closely serrate, dull green, thickish, rugose, softly pubes- cent beneath, glabrate above, their margins finely scabrous-ciliolate ; interposed leaf-segments nar- row, usually several pairs; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, laciniate ; racemes long, erect or as- cending; flowers crowded, 3"-s" wide; fruit 3"- 4" long, reflexed, long-turbinate, deeply grooved, unmargined ; disk flat or concave ; bristles often purplish, short, crowded, inflexed and connivent over the sepals. Along thickets and roadsides, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, West Virginia, Nebraska and New Mexico. June-Sept. 6. Agrimonia parviflora Soland. Many-flowered Agrimony. Fig. 2272. Agrimonia parviflora Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 130. 1789. Virgately branched, 2-6 high, with long racemes. Stem densely hirsute with coarse brownish hairs, villous abouve ; leaves crowded, the lower often deflexed ; leaflets 9-17, close together, spreading, lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, rather thin, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, espe- cially on the veins, very glandular; interposed leaf-segments mostly 4 or 5 crowded pairs ; stipules laciniate, acuminate; flowers very numerous, 3"-s" broad; the buds rounded- truncate; fruit loosely reflexed, small, glandu- lar, dilated-turbinate with a prominent elevated disk; bristles reflexed, spreading and erect. In moist or dry soil, Connecticut, to Michigan, Kansas, Georgia and Mississippi. Roots fibrous. July-Oct. 23. WALDSTEINIA Willd. Neue Schr. Gesell. Nat. Fr. 2 : 105. pi. 4. 1799. Perennial herbs, with the aspect of Strawberries, with alternate mainly basal long-petioled 3-5-foliolate or lobed leaves, membranous stipules, and yellow corymbose flowers on bracted scapes. Calyx persistent, the tube top-shaped, minutely 5-bracteolate or bractless at the summit, 5-lobed. Petals 5, obovate, longer than the calyx-lobes. Stamens 8, inserted on the throat of the calyx ; filaments rigid, persistent. Carpels 2-6, inserted on a short villous recep- tacle; style nearly terminal, deciduous, filiform. Achenes 2-6, obliquely obovoid, pubescent. Seed erect. ' [Named in honor of Franz Adam von Waldstein-Wartenburg, 1750-1823, a German botanist.] Five known species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs in Georgia. Type species : Waldsteinia geoides Willd. Petals twice as long as the calyx-lobes or longer. Petals as long as the calyx-lobes or shorter. 1. W.fragarioides. 2. W. Doniana. GENUS 23. ROSE FAMILY. 269 i. Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. Barren or Dry Strawberry. Fig. 2273. Dalibarda fragarioides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 300. pi. 28. 1803. Waldsteinia fragarioides Tratt. Ros. Mon. 3 : 107. 1823. Pubescent or nearly glabrous, root- stock creeping, rather stout. Stip- ules ovate-lanceolate, acutish ; leaves tufted, long-petioled,3-foliolate( rarely 5-foliolate) ; leaflets obovate, obtuse at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, dentate or crenate and some- times incised, i'-2' long; scapes slen- der, erect, bracted, corymbosely 3-8-flowered ; pedicels slender, often drooping; flowers yellow, 3"-5" broad ; achenes 4-6, finely pubescent ; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute. Woods and shaded .hillsides, New Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, Mich- igan, Indiana and Georgia. May-June. 2. Waldsteinia Doniana Tratt. Southern Dry Strawberry. Fig. 2274. W. Doniana Tratt. Ros. Mon. 3: 109. 1823. IV. parviflora Small, Bull. Torr. Club 25: 137. 1898. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, villous-hirsute, or glabrous in age. Leaves basal, 5'-i2 r high ; petioles much longer than the blades, usually less densely pubes- cent than the scapes ; leaflets cuneate-obovate or broadly rhomboidal, ii'-3' long, coarsely and irregularly crenate or lobed ; scapes erect, solitary or several together, com- monly shorter than the leaves, corymbose at top; calyx usually hairy, the tube broadly turbinate, ii"-ii" long, the segments triangular-lanceolate, or lanceolate-acumi- nate, often shorter than the tube; petals linear-oblong or narrowly elliptic, shorter than the calyx-segments or barely longer; achenes obovoid, ii" long. In woods and shaded soil, southwestern Virginia to North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. March-May. 24. GEUM L. Sp. PI. 500. 1753. Perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, stipulate leaves, those of the base clustered, those of the stem commonly smaller. Flowers cymose-corymbose or solitary, yellow, white or purple. Calyx persistent, its tube obconic or hemispheric, usually 5-bracteo- late, 5-lobed. Petals 5, orbicular, oblong or obovate, obtuse or emarginate, exceeding the calyx. Stamens o, inserted on a disk at the base of the calyx; filaments filiform. Carpels o, aggregated on a short receptacle. Style filiform, jointed, the lower part persistent. Seed erect, its testa membranous. [The ancient Latin name.] About 40 species, most abundant in the north temperate zone, a few in southern South America, i in South Africa. Besides the following, several others occur in western North America. Type species: Geum urbanum L. Calyx-lobes reflexed. Head of fruit sessile in the bracteolate calyx. Petals small and inconspicuous ; stipules small. Petals white. Hirsute ; receptacle glabrous or downy. i. G. virginianutn* Finely pubescent or glabrate ; receptacle densely hairy. 2. G. canadense. Petals yellow ; stem hirsute. 3. G.flavum. Petals large, obovate, golden yellow ; stipules large. Hirsute ; terminal leaf-segment very large, usually cordate. 4. G. macrophyllum. Pubescent ; terminal leaf-segment ovate, cuneate or oblanceolate. 5. G. strictum. Head of fruit stalked in the bractless calyx. 6. G. vernum. Calyx-lobes erect or spreading ; flowers purple, nodding. 7. G. rivale. ROSACEAE. VOL. II. i. Geum virginianum L. Rough Avens. Ben- net. Herb-bennet. Fig. 2275. Geum virginianum L. Sp. PI. 500. 1753. Branched above, rather stout, 2i high or less. Stem and petioles bristly-pubescent, the stout short peduncles pubescent with reflexed hairs; basal and lower leaves odd-pinnate, the terminal leaflet, usually larger than the lateral ones, the lower leaflets mostly very small; upper leaves 3-parted, 3-cleft, or the uppermost merely in- cised ; stipules small ; calyx-lobes reflexed, exceeding or about equalling the creamy-white petals; head of fruit globose, very dense, 6"-8" in diameter ; receptacle merely downy or glabrous; style slender, jointed, pu- bescent below, 4"-s" long. Low ground, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania and south- ward in the Alleghanies, west through Ontario to Minne- sota and to Missouri. Blooms somewhat earlier than G. canadense. Basal leaves becoming very large, the terminal leaflet sometimes 6' wide. White avens. Throat-root. Chocolate-root. May-July. White Avens. 2. Geum canadense Jacq. Fig. 2276. Geum carolinianum Walt. Fl. Car. 150. 1788. Geum album Gmel. Syst. 2: 861. 1791. Softly and finely pubescent or glabrate, erect, branched above, ii-2i high. Stipules small, dentate; basal leaves petioled, lobed, 3-foliolate or pinnately divided, their segments 3-5, the terminal one broadly ovate or obovate, the lateral ones narrower, all dentate and more or less lobed, sometimes with smaller ones borne on the petiole; stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile, 3-5-lobed or divided; peduncles slender; flowers white, 4"-8" broad ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, re- flexed; petals obovate, equalling or shorter than the sepals; head of fruit globose-obovoid, sessile, 4"-6" long; receptacle densely short -bristly ; style glabrous, or pubescent below, jointed, 3"~4" long. In shaded places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Georgia, Minnesota, South Dakota, Louisiana and Kansas.- Red-root. Herb-bennet. June-Aug. 3. Geum flavum (Porter) Bicknell. Cream- colored Avens. Fig. 2277. Geum album var. flavum Porter, Bull. Torn Club 16 : 21. 1889. Geum canadense var. flavum Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 18: 270. 1891. G. flavum Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 23: 523. 1896. Stem bristly-hairy below, erect, ii-3 tall. Stipules large, often i' long, foliaceous, dentate or lobed. Basal leaves mostly pinnately divided, sometimes only lobed; lower stem-leaves usually also pinnately divided, the terminal segment often elongated; upper stem-leaves oval or lan- ceolate, sometimes entire; peduncles slender; flowers cream-yellow, about 3" broad ; petals nar- rowly oblong, shorter than or little exceeding the reflexed calyx-lobes ; head of fruit sessile, about 5" in diameter; receptacle bristly-villous ; style nearly glabrous to the base, jointed, 3"-4" long. In woods, Connecticut to North Carolina, Ohio, western Kentucky and Tennessee. June-Aug. Geum urbanum L., from Europe, distinguished by its bright yellow, broader and longer petals, is escaped from cultivation at Cambridge, Mass. GENUS 24.. ROSE FAMILY. 271 4. Geum macrophyllum Willd. Large-leaved Avens. Fig. 2278. Geum macrophyllum Willd. Enum. 557. 1809. Stout, erect, bristly-pubescent, simple or branched above, i-3 high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnate, the terminal segment much the largest, reniform, orbicular or cordate, crenulate-dentate, 3-7-lobed; lateral leaflets 3-6, oval or obovate, with smaller ones interspersed or borne on the petiole; stem-leaves short -petioled or sessile, the leaflets or lobes 2-4, cuneate ; flowers several, terminal, short-peduncled, yellow, s"-io" broad ; petals obovate, exceeding the acute reflexed calyx-lobes ; receptacle nearly glabrous ; style slen- der, jointed, pubescent, at least below, 3 "-5" long. In low grounds, Newfoundland to Alaska and British Columbia, south to New York, Missouri, Colorado and California. Also in northern Europe. May-July. 5. Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens. Fig. 2279. Geum strictum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 217. 1789. Geum canadense Murr. Comm. Goett. 5 : 34. pi. 4. /. B. 1783. Not Jacq. 1772. Erect or ascending, pubescent, branched above, 2-5 high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal leaves lyrate- pinnate; leaflets 5-7, obovate, cuneate, dentate or lobed, with a few smaller ones interspersed, the terminal one largest, broadly ovate or cuneate; stem-leaves sessile or short-petioled, with 3-5 ovate or oblong acute seg- ments; flowers yellow, similar to those of the preceding species; receptacle downy-pubescent; style slender, 3"- 4" long, jointed, pubescent below. In swamps or low grounds, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Missouri and New Mexico. Also in northern Asia. June Aug. A hybrid with G. canadense has been found in eastern Penn- sylvania. Herb-bennet. Black-bur. Camp-root. 6. Geum vernum (Raf.) T. &G. Spring Avens. Early Water Avens. Fig. 2280. Stylipus vernus Raf. Neog. 3. 1825. Geum vernum T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 422. 1840. Erect or ascending, slender, pubescent with spread- ing hairs, or glabrate, simple or nearly so, 6'-2 high. Basal leaves tufted, petioled, with a single orbicular- reniform dentate 3~5-lobed leaflet, or pinnate with 3-7 obovate or oval more or less dentate and lobed ones ; stem-leaves few, sessile or short-petioled, pinnate or pinnatifid ; flowers few, terminal, corymbose or race- mose, erect, about 2" broad ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, reflexed ; bractlets none ; petals yellow, spreading ; head of fruit stalked; style glabrous, jointed, about 2" long; receptacle glabrous. Shaded places, Ontario to West Virginia and Tennessee, west to Illinois, Kansas and Texas. Naturalized from the West in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and southern New York. April-June. 272 ROSACEAE. VOL. II. 7. Geum rivale L. Purple or Water Avens. Fig. 2281. Geum rivale L. Sp. PI. 501. 1753. Erect, simple or nearly so, pubescent, i-3 high. Basal leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, petioled, the lateral segments generally few and small, the terminal 1-3, much larger, all sharply and irregularly lobed and dentate; stem-leaves distant, short-petioled or sessile, simple, or 3-foliolate; flow- ers few, terminal, purple or purplish, nodding, $"-12" broad ; petals obovate, emarginate, abruptly narrowed into a claw; calyx-lobes spreading, purple; head of fruit stalked in the calyx; achenes pubescent; style jointed, plumose below, 3" -4" long. In swamps and low grounds, Newfoundland to British Columbia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Indian- chocolate. Evan's- or chocolate-root. Drooping avens. Maiden-hair. Throatwort. Throat-root. Cure-all. May- July. Geum pulchrum Fernald, similar, but with smaller clear yellow flowers, found in Quebec, Vermont and Alberta, is presumably a hybrid of this species with G. macrophyllum Willd. 25. SIEVERSIA Willd. Mag. Gesell. Naturfr. Berlin 5: 397. 1811. Mostly low perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers in cymes, or solitary, yellow or purplish. Calyx obconic or hemispheric, 5-lobed and generally 5-bracteolate. Petals 5. Stamens numerous ; filaments filiform. Carpels many, on a short hemispheric receptacle. Style terminal, persistent, filiform, pubescent or plumose, not jointed, generally elongating in fruit. Seeds erect, basal. [Named in honor of Sievers.] About 15 species of temperate alpine or arctic regions; besides the following five or six others occur in western and arctic North America. Type species : Dryas anemonoides Pall. Leaflets 1-9, terminal one of the basal leaves orbicular-reniform ; style plumose below ; flowers yellow. i. 5". Peckii. Leaflets numerous, cuneate ; style plumose throughout ; flowers light purple. 2. S. ciliata. i. Sieversia Peckii (Pursh) Rydb. Yellow Mountain Avens. Fig. 2283. Geum Peckii Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 352. 1814. Geum radiatum var. Peckii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 117. 1856. Sieversia Peckii Rydb. in Britton, Man. 508. 1901. Sparingly pubescent or glabrate, stem 6'-2 high, erect, simple, i-8-flowered at the summit. Basal leaves tufted, petioled, lyrately pinnate, the terminal segment very large, reniform-orbicular, sharply and irregularly dentate and slightly 3-5-lobed, 3' -6' broad; lateral leaflets few or none; flowers yellow, 6" -12" broad; bractlets of the calyx much shorter than the erect lanceolate calyx- lobes ; petals obovate, often emarginate, spreading ; style filiform, plumose below, naked above, 6"-8" long, not jointed. White Mountains of New Hampshire ; Mt. Kineo, Maine. July-Aug. Sieversia radiata (Michx.) Greene, of the high moun- tains of North Carolina, to which this was referred in our first edition, differs in being hirsute-pubescent with spread- ing hairs, and in its broader ovate calyx-lobes. GENUS 25. ROSE FAMILY. 273 2. Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Rydb. Longplumed Purple Avens. Fig. 2282. Geum ciliatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 352. 1814. Geum triflorum Pursh, loc. cit. 736. 1814. Sieversia ciliata Rydb. in Britton, Man. 509. 1891. Softly pubescent with short or spreading hairs, sea- pose; scape 6'-i8' high, simple, 3-8-flowered at the summit. Basal leaves tufted, petioled, interruptedly pinnate with many small leaflets interspersed among the obovate or oval laciniate numerous larger ones ; leaves of the scape 2 opposite small sessile pairs, the elongated peduncles commonly bearing another simi- lar pair ; flowers several, showy, 6"-o." broad ; bractlets linear, slightly exceeding the purple lanceolate acute erect calyx-lobes ; petals purplish, erect, about equal- ling the bractlets ; head of fruit sessile ; style filiform, i '-2' long and strongly plumose throughout in fruit, not jointed. In dry or rocky soil, Newfoundland and Labrador to New York, British Columbia, Illinois, Iowa, North Dakota, and in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Races differ in pubescence, and in the shape and toothing of the leaflets. Johnny smokers. May-July. Prairie-smoke. 26. DRYAS L. Sp. PI. 501. 1753. . Low tufted herbaceous shrubs, with simple petioled stipulate leaves white-canescent beneath, and white or yellow, rather large perfect solitary flowers on slender scapes. Calyx persistent, not bracted, its tube concave, glandular-hirsute, 8-Q-lobed. Petals 8 or 9, obovate, larger than the calyx-lobes. Stamens , inserted on the throat of the calyx; filaments subu- late. Carpels , sessile, inserted on the dry receptacle; style terminal, persistent, elongated and plumose in fruit. Seed ascending, its testa membranous. [Name Latin, a wood- nymph.] Three species, natives of the cold-temperate and arctic parts of the north temperate zone. Type species : Dryas octopetala L. Flowers white ; sepals linear. Leaves oval or ovate, coarsely crenate. i. D. octopetala. Leaves ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, entire or nearly so. 2. D. integrifolia. Flowers yellow ; sepals ovate ; leaves crenate. 3. D. Drummondii. i. Dryas octopetala L. White Mountain Avens. Fig. 2284. Dr-yas octopetala L. Sp. PI. 501. 1753. Dryas chamaedrifolia Pers. Syn. 2:57. 1807. Stems prostrate, woody at the base, branched, 3'-6' long. Stipules linear, ad- nate to the petiole; leaves oval or ovate, coarsely crenate all around, green and gla- brous above, densely white-canescent be- neath, generally obtuse at each end, i'-i' long; scape terminal, erect, i'-s' long, pubescent; flower white, about i' broad; sepals linear, acute or acutish, glandular- pubescent, persistent; style about i' long, plumose and conspicuous in fruit. Labrador and Greenland and throughout arctic America, south in the Rocky Mountains to Utah, Colorado, and to British Columbia. Also in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. Wild betony. June-Aug. 18 274 ROSACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Dryas integrifolia Vahl. Entire-leaved Moun- tain Avens. Fig. 2285. Dryas integrifolia Vahl, Act. Havn. 4: Part 2, 171. 1798. Dryas tenella Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 350. 1814. Similar to the preceding species, but the leaves are ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse and often subcordate at the base, obtusish at the apex, entire or with i or 2 teeth near the base, the margins strongly revolute; flowers white, generally slightly smaller ; sepals linear. " White Hills of New Hampshire," collected by Prof. Peck, according to Pursh, Anticosti, Greenland ; Labrador, west through arctic America to Alaska. June-Aug. 3. Dryas Drummondii Richards. Drum- mond's Mountain Avens. Fig. 2286. Dryas Drummondii Richards. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 2972. 1830. Dryas octopetala var. Drummondii S. Wats. Bibliog. Index i : 281. 1878. Similar to D. octopetala, the leaves crenate-dentate, but generally narrowed at the base. Scape floccose- pubescent, often taller; flower yellow, about 9" broad; sepals ovate, acutish, black glandular- pubescent. On gravel, Gaspe, Quebec ; Anticosti and Labrador, throughout arctic America, south in the Rocky Moun- tains to Montana and to Oregon. June-Aug. 27. CERCOCARPUS H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 6 : 232. 1823. Shrubs or small trees, with alternate simple petioled coriaceous dentate or entire, stipu- late, prominently straight-veined leaves, and short-pedicelled or sessile, solitary or clustered, axillary or terminal, perfect flowers. Calyx narrowly tubular, persistent, contracted at the throat, 5-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 15-25, inserted in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx; filaments very short; anthers oval, often pubescent. Ovary i, terete, slender, included in the calyx-tube, ripening into a villous achene ; style filiform, villous, persistent, plumose and elongated in fruit; stigma obtuse; ovule soli- tar)r> near ' v er ect. Seed linear, its testa membra- nous. [Greek, tailed-fruit] About 10 species, natives of western North America and Mexico. Type species: Cercocarpus fothcrgilloides H.B.K. i. Cercocarpus montanus Raf. Small-leaved Cercocarpus. Fig. 2287. Cercocarpus montanus Raf. Atl. Journ. 146. 1832-33. Cercocarpus parvifolius Nutt. ; H. & A. Bot. Beechey Voy. 337. 1841. A low branching shrub. Leaves obovate or oval, coriaceous, obtuse at the apex, cuneate or some- times rounded at the base, short-petioled, dentate, silky-pubescent or canescent below, sparingly so or glabrous above, 6"-i2" long, 3"-8" broad; flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, short-peduncled, re- curved, about 3" broad ; calyx-tube pubescent, 4"-6" long, its limb deciduous ; style becoming 2'-4' long and very plumose in fruit. In dry or rocky soil, South Dakota to western Kansas, Montana, Wyoming, Utah and New Mexico. April-June. GENUS 28. ROSE FAMILY. 275 28. RUBUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 492. 1753. Perennial herbs, shrubs or trailing vines, often prickly, with alternate simple lobed or 3-7-foliolate leaves, the stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers terminal or axillary, solitary, racemose or panicled, white, pink or purple, perfect or sometimes dioecious. Calyx persistent, not bracted, deeply 5-parted, its tube short and broad. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens o, usually numerous, inserted on the calyx, distinct. Carpels o, rarely few, inserted on a convex or elongated receptacle, ripening into drupelets and forming an aggregate fruit, which in many species is edible, sweet and delicious, in others sour, or nearly tasteless. Ovules 2, one abortive. Style nearly terminal, slender. Seed pendulous. [The ancient name of the bramble, from ruber, red.] Perhaps 200 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Besides the following, several others occur in North America beyond our area. A great many species, based mainly on trivial characters of pubescence, habit and leaf-form have been described since the publication of our first edition ; many of these are hybrids between the different blackberries and others are races. There is great difference of opinion, both in Europe and Amer- ica, regarding the number of valid species. All the British brambles were reduced to a single species, R. fruticosus L., by Bentham, but other authors have recognized and described a large number. The stems of many species are biennial. Several species are widely cultivated for their edible fruits, which have been improvd by selection. Type species : Rubus fruticosus L. Leaves simple, crenate or palmately lobed. [Genus RUBACER Rydb.] Shrubby, 2-5 high, branched ; flowers corymbose. Flowers numerous, red-purple. i. R.odoratus. Flowers few, white ; western. 2. R. parviflorus. Herbaceous, S'-Q' high, simple ; flowers solitary, white. 3. R. Chamaemorus. Leaves 3-7-fpliolate (rarely simple in a race of No. 4). Fruit falling away from the dry receptacle. RASPBERRIES. Stems bristly, not glaucous ; fruit light red. 4. R. strigosus. Stems prickly, slightly glaucous ; fruit dark red. 5. R. neglectus. Stems prickly, very glaucous ; fruit normally purple-black. 6. R. occidentalis. Fruit persistent on the fleshy receptacle. BLACKBERRIES. Herbaceous, unarmed ; fruit red to purple. Erect, 10' high or less ; petals obovate, usually pink. 7. R.arctictis. Trailing or ascending ; petals spatulate-oblong, white. 8. R. triflorus. Shrubby, usually bristly or prickly ; fruit black when ripe. Leaves White-woolly beneath ; stems erect or nearly so. 9. R. cuneifolins. Leaves not white-woolly beneath. Stems erect, ascending, or arching. Unarmed, or with very few distant prickles ; leaves glabrous on both sides. 10. R. canadensis. More or less densely prickly, or bristly. Leaves glabrous on both sides. n. R.nigricans. Leaves velvety-pubescent beneath. Inflorescence with few or several unifoliolate leaves ; fruit subglobose. 12. R.frondosus. Inflorescence not leafy ; fruit oblong to cylindric. Pedicels without prickles. 13. R.alleghanensis. Pedicels prickly. 14. R.argutus. Stems trailing or procumbent. Leaves dull above ; fruit black. Leaves deciduous. Leaflets pubescent beneath, mostly rounded or cordate at base. 15. R.Baileyanus. Leaflets glabrous or nearly so, mostly narrowed at base. 16. R. procumbent. Leaves coriaceous, persistent. 1 7- R- trivialis. Leaves shining above ; fruit reddish. 18. R. liispidus. 276 ROSACEAE. VOL. II. i. Rubus odoratus L. Purple-flowering Raspberry. Thimble-berry. Fig. 2288. Rubus odoratus L. Sp. PI. 494. 1753. Erect, branched, shrubby, glandular-pubescent and somewhat bristly, not prickly, 3-5 high. Stipules small, lapceolate, acuminate ; leaves simple, petioled, large (sometimes nearly i broad), 3-5-lobed, cor- date at the base, pubescent, especially on the veins of the lower surfaces, the lobes acuminate, finely serrate, the middle one longer than the others ; flowers terminal, rather numerous, corymbose or paniculate, purple (rarely white), showy, i'-2' broad ; bracts membranous ; calyx-lobes tipped with a long slender appendage; fruit red when ripe, depressed-hemispheric, scarcely edible. In rocky woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michi- gan, south to Georgia and Tennessee. June-Aug. Scotch caps. Mulberry. Rose-flowering or Canadian raspberry. In England called Virginia raspberry. Rubus columbianus (Millsp.) Rydb., from West Vir- ginia, appears to be a race of this species with narrower leaf-lobes. 2. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Salmon-berry. White-flowering Raspberry. Fig. 2289. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Gen. i : 308. 1818. Rubus nutkanus Mocino ; DC. Prodr. 2: 566. 1825. Similar to the preceding species but usually less glandular and "scarcely bristly. Leaves petioled, simple, cordate at the base, 3-5-lobed, the lobes acute or obtusish, rarely acuminate, the middle one equal- ling or but slightly longer than the others, all coarsely and unequally serrate ; flowers few, corymbose, white, terminal, i'-2 f broad; calyx-lobes tipped with a long, slender appendage; fruit .depressed-hemispheric, scarcely edible, red when ripe. In woods, Michigan, Minnesota and western Ontario to Alaska and California, south in the Rocky Mountains to Utah and Colorado. Thimble-berry. May-July. 3. Rubus Chamaemorus L. Cloudberry. Knotberry. Mountain Bramble. Mountain Raspberry. Knout- berry. Fig. 2290. Rubus Chamaemorus L. Sp. PI. 494. 1753. Herbaceous, rootstock creeping, branches erect, 2-3-leaved, 3'-io' high, unarmed, finely pubescent or nearly glabrous, scaly below ; stipules ovate, obtuse ; leaves petioled, simple, orbicular or broader, 5-Q-lobed, cordate or reniform at the base, pubes- cent or glabrous, i'-3' broad, the lobes usually short, broad, dentate; flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary, terminal, white, 6"-i2" broad ; sepals ovate, shorter than the petals, sometimes toothed toward the apex; fruit reddish to yellow, composed of few drupelets, edible and pleasant, at length separating from the receptacle. In peat-bogs and on mountains, Maine and New Hampshire to arctic America, extending to Alaska and British Columbia. Also in northern Europe and Asia. An interesting southern colony of this plant has been recently found at Montauk Point, Long Island. Baked-apple berry. June-July. GENUS 28. ROSE FAMILY. 277 4. Rubus strigosus Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. Fig. 2291. Rubus strigosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 297. 1803. Rubus idaeus var. strigosus Maxim. Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 17: 161. 1872. Stems shrubby, biennial, branched, 3-6 high, usually densely clothed with weak glandular bris- tles, or the older stems with small hooked prickles. Stipules narrow, deciduous ; leaves petioled, pin- nately 3-5-foliolate, rarely simple and 3-lobed ; leaf- lets ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply and irregularly serrate or slightly lobed, rounded at the base, i '-3' long, whitish-pubescent beneath; inflores- cence terminal and axillary, racemose or paniculate, loose ; pedicels slender, curving in fruit ; flowers 4"-6" broad ; petals white, ascending, about equal- ling the spreading acuminate, mostly hispid, velvety sepals ; fruit elongated-hemispheric, light red, rarely white. In dry or rocky situations, Newfoundland and Lab- rador to British Columbia, south in the Alleghanies to North Carolina, and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Ascends to 5500 ft. in North Carolina. The _ original of the Cuthbert and Hansall raspberries. Mul- A '//^~ s yrov & Y berry. May-July. Fruit ripe July-Sept. .S&*^/L^-S ^ "% t 2 Northern races closely resemble the Old World Rubus idaeus L. 5. Rubus neglectus Peck. Purple Wild Rasp- berry. Fig. 2292. Rubus neglectus Peck, Rep. Reg. Univ. N. Y. 22 : 53. 1869. Rubus strigosus X occidentalis Aust. Bull. Torr. Club i : 31. 1870. Intermediate between the preceding species and the next, probably originating as a hybrid between them. Stems usually elongated, recurved and root- ing at the tip, glaucous, sparingly bristly and prickly; leaflets ovate, sharply and irregularly incised-serrate, very white-pubescent beneath, i'-3'long; inflorescence corymbose, rather compact, terminal and often axil- lary; pedicels erect or ascending even in fruit; flow- ers 4"-s" broad ; petals white, erect ; fruit nearly hemispherical, dark-red or purple (yellowish in a cultivated form). In dry or rocky soil, yermont to Ontario, Pennsyl- vania and Ohio. The original of the Carolina, Gladstone and other raspberries. June-July. Fruit ripe July-Aug. 6. Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry. Fig. 2293. Rubus occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 493. 1753. Rubus idaeus var. americanus Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 196. 1825. Very glaucous, stems cane-like, recurved, often rooting at the tip, sometimes io-i2 long, spar- ingly armed with small hooked prickles, rarely slightly glandular-bristly above. Stipules setaceous, deciduous; leaves pinnately 3-f oliolate (rarely 5-f olio- late) ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, coarsely incised- serrate, very white-pubescent beneath; flowers as in the preceding species; inflorescence corymbose, com- pact, usually only terminal ; pedicels short, ascending or erect in fruit; fruit purple-black (rarely yellow), depressed-hemispheric. New Brunswick to Quebec, Ontario, Georgia and Mis- souri. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. The original of the Gregg, Hilborn and other raspberries. May-June. Fruit ripe July. Called also scotch-cap and black-cap. Purple raspberry. Black-berry. Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim., the wine-berry, of Japan, a densely glandular species, has locally escaped from cultivation. ROSACEAE. VOL. II. 7. Rubus arcticus L. Arctic Bramble. Fig. 2294. Rubus arcticus L. Sp. PI. 494. 1753. R. acaulis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1 : 298. 1803. Stems erect, simple or branched from the base, herbaceous, 3'-io' high, unarmed, finely pubescent, sometimes leafless below. Stipules oval or ovate, obtuse, 2"-4" long ; leaves slender-petioled, 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate) ; leaflets ses- sile or short-stalked, rhombic-ovate or obovate, coarsely and unequally serrate or slightly lobed, Q"-i8" long; flowers soli- tary, or occasionally 2, terminal, slender-peduncled, pink, or rarely white, 6"-i2" broad, sometimes dioecious; sepals acute, equalling or shorter than the obovate, entire or emarginate clawed petals ; fruit light red, of several or numerous per- sistent or tardily deciduous drupelets, edible, fragrant. In peat-bogs and damp woods, Quebec to Manitoba and British Columbia, and throughout arctic America. Also in northern Eu- rope and Asia. Strawberry-leaved bramble. The petals of the American plant are mostly longer-clawed than those of the European. Summer. 8. Rubus triflorus Richards. Dwarf Red Blackberry. Fig. 2295. Rubus saxatills var. canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 298. 1803. Not R. canadensis L. 1753. R. saxaiilis var. americanus Pers. Syn. 2: 52. 1807. Rubus triflorus Richards. Franklin Journ. Ed. 2, App. 19. 1823. R. americanus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 185. 1894. Stem trailing or ascending, unarmed, annual, her- baceous, or slightly woody and sometimes branched below, 6'-i8' long, somewhat pubescent. Stipules oval, entire or few-toothed, 3"-S" long; leaves peti- oled, pedately or pinnately 3-fo!iolate, rarely 5-folio- late ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, glabrous or nearly so, acute, the lateral ones mostly rounded, the terminal ones cuneate at the base, all sharply and often doubly serrate; peduncles slender, i-3-flowered, glandular- pubescent ; flowers 4"-6" broad ; petals 5-7, white, spatulate-oblong, erect, rather longer than the acu- minate reflexed sepals ; fruit red-purple, about 6" long. In swamps, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Iowa and Nebraska. Intermediate between black- berries and raspberries. May-July. Running raspberry. Mulberry. Plum-bog-, swamp- or pigeon-berry. Dew- berry. Fruit ripe July-Aug. g. Rubus cuneifolius Pursh. Sand Black- berry. Low or Knee-high Blackberry. Fig. 2296. Rubus parvifolius Walt. Fl. Car. 149. 1788. Not L. Rubus cuneifolius Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 347. 1814. Shrubby, erect or nearly so, i-3 high, much branched, armed with stout straight or recurved prickles, the young shoots and lower surfaces of the leaves densely whitish-pubescent. Stipules linear; leaves petioled, 3-5-foliolate; leaflets thick, rugose above, i'-2' long, obovate or rarely oval, obtuse, dentate, especially above the middle, the terminal one cuneate ; peduncles mainly ter- minal, 2-5-flowered ; flowers white or pinkish, nearly i' broad; petals exceeding the sepals; fruit brownish-black, often i' long, delicious. In sandy soil, southern Connecticut to Florida, west to Missouri and Louisiana. Brier-berry. May- July. Fruit ripe July-Aug. GENUS 28. ROSE FAMILY. 279 10. Rubus canadensis L. Millspaugh's Black- berry. Fig. 2297. Rubus canadensis L. Sp. PI. 494. 1753. Rubus Millspaughii Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 18 : 366. 1891. Ascending, wand-like, entirely unarmed, or with a few weak prickles, glabrous or the younger shoots scurfy-pubescent, the stems 5-i2 long. Leaves long-petioled, pedately 5-foliolate, or some 3-folio- late; leaflets oval, thin, glabrous on both sides, long- acuminate or acute, rounded or narrowed at the base, often 6' long and 2' wide, sharply but not very deeply dentate; stalk of the terminal leaflet ii'~4' long; inflorescence loosely racemose; bracts linear-lanceo- late; pedicels slender, ascending; sepals lanceolate, acuminate ; fruit black, very pulpy, 8"-i2" long. In thickets and woods, Newfoundland to Michigan, and the higher Alleghanies of North Carolina. June-Aug. ii. Rubus nigricans Rydb. Bristly Black- berry. Fig. 2298. Rubus hispidus var. suberecta Peck, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 44: 31. 1891. Not R. suberectus Anders. 1815. Rubus nigricans Rydb. in Britton, Man. 498. 1901. Stems erect or ascending, 2-4 high, the older parts densely clothed with slender stiff slightly reflexed bristles. Leaflets generally 5 in leaves of the sterile shoots, 3 in those of the flowering branches, obovate, mostly acute or short-acumi- nate, sometimes 4' long, short-stalked or sessile, green and glabrous on both sides ; flowers 6"-o/' broad, racemose ; fruit small, sour. In dry or marshy soil, Quebec and northern New York to Michigan and eastern Pennsylvania. In- cluded in our first edition under Rubus setosus Bigel., which appears to be a hybrid between this species and R. hispidus L. July-Aug. 12. Rubus frondosus Bigel. Leafy-flow- ered Blackberry. Fig. 2299. Rubus frondosus Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 199. 1824. Rubus villosus frondosus Bigel. ; Torr. Fl. U. S. i : 487. 1824. Stems erect or arching, 2i-4 high, angled, bearing rather stout straight prickles, villous, especially when young. Leaves velvety-pubescent beneath, sparingly pubescent or glabrous above ; leaflets elliptic to obovate, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate ; racemes more or less elongated, the pedicels subtended by petioled, mostly uni- foliolate leaves (bracts) ; flowers about i' broad; petals broadly obovate ; fruit subglobose, black, falling away before the subtending leaves. Mostly in dry soil, Massachusetts to New York, Ohio(?) and Virginia. May-June. zSo ROSACEAE. VOL. II. 13. Rubus alleghaniensis Porter. Moun- tain Blackberry. Fig. 2300. Rubns villosus var. montanus Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 17 : 15. 1890. Rubus montanus Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 120. 1894. Not Ort. 1852. Rubus alleghaniensis Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 23 : 153. 1896. R. nigrobaccus Bailey, Sk. Ev. Nat. Fr. 379, /. 59, 60. 1898. Stems reddish or purple, very prickly, erect, arching or ascending, 2-8 high. Leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pubescent, at least beneath, the inflorescence more or less glandular-hispid; flowers several in rather loose racemes ; fruit oblong, oblong- conic or thimble-shaped, 8"-i4" long, 3"-4" in diameter; racemes sometimes very long; drupelets oblong when dry, rarely yellowish. In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario, New York, Virginia and North Carolina. May-July. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. High-bush blackberry. 14. Rubus argutus Link. Tall Blackberry. Thimble-berry. Cloud-berry. Fig. 2301. Rubus argutus Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 60. 1822. Shrubby, branched, perennial, pubescent; stems erect or recurved, 3-io long, armed with stout prickles. Stipules linear or lanceolate ; leaves 3-5-foliolate ; leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, coarsely and unequally serrate, densely pubescent beneath, the terminal one stalked ; inflorescence racemose, villous, often glandular and prickly; bracts small; flowers 9"- 12" broad; petals white, obovate, much exceeding the sepals ; fruit black, pulpy, 6"-i2" long. In dry soil, mostly at low altitudes, Massachusetts to Virginia. Finger-berry. Sow-tit. May-June. Fruit ripe July-Aug. Included in our first edition in the description of Rubus villosus Ait., which name has been erroneously applied by most authors. Rubus laciniatus Willd., found escaped from culti- vation in southern New York, Pennsylvania and Delaware, has laciniate or pinnatifid leaflets. It is a native of Europe. 15. Rubus Baileyanus Britton. Bailey's Blackberry. Fig. 2302. Rubus villosus var. humifusus T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 455. 1840. Not R. humifusus Weihe, 1825. R. Baileyanus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 185. 1894. Stem trailing or ascending, sparingly prickly, 3-6 long. Leaflets broadly ovate or oval, pubes- cent, at least on the lower surface, mostly rounded or cordate at the base, acute or obtuse, the upper- most leaves almost invariably unifoliolate ; flow- ers few, rather large ; fruit small, not as succulent as that of the related species. In dry woods and thickets, Massachusetts to south- ern New York and Virginia. May-June. Rubus Randii (Bailey) Rydb., referred to this species in our first edition, appears to be a hybrid, with R. canadensis L. as one of its parents. GENUS 28. ROSE FAMILY. 281 1 6. Rubus procumbens Muhl. Low Running Blackberry. Dewberry. Fig. 2303. ?R. villosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 210. 1789. Not Thunb. Rubus procumbens Muhl, Muhl. Cat. 50. 1813. R. canadcnsis invisus Bailey, Am. Card. 12: 83. 1891. R. canadensis roribaccus Bailey, Am. Card, n : 642. 1890. Trailing, shrubby, stem often several feet long, armed with scattered prickles or nearly naked. Branches erect or ascending, 4'-i2' long, more or less pubescent, sometimes prickly, sometimes slightly glandular; leaves petioled, 3~7-foliolate ; leaflets ovate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, thin, deciduous, acute or sometimes obtusish at the apex, rounded or nar- rowed at the base, sharply dentate-serrate, usually sparingly pubescent ; flowers terminal, few and race- mose, or sometimes solitary, white, about i' broad ; peduncles leafy; sepals shorter than or exceeding the petals; fruit black, delicious, often i' long. In dry soil, Newfoundland(?), Ontario to Lake Su- perior, south to Virginia. Louisiana and Oklahoma. Creeping blackberry. April-May. Fruit ripe June-July. Referred in our first edition, following previous authors, to Rubus canadensis L., long misunderstood Rubus Ensleni Tratt., of the Southern States, differ- ing by crenate leaflets, is doubtfully recorded as far north as Kansas. 17. Rubus trivialis Michx. Low Bush Blackberry. Fig. 2304. Rubus trivalis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 296. 1803. Stem trailing or procumbent, several feet long, beset with stout hooked prickles, and sometimes bristly. Branches erect, 3'-o/ high, prickly and usu- ally pubescent or setose ; leaves petioled, 3-f oliolate (rarely 5-foliolate) ; leaflets oval, or sometimes ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, evergreen, glabrous or very nearly so, acute or obtusish at the apex, nar- rowed or rounded at the base, sharply serrate ; peduncles terminal, prickly, i-5-flowered; flowers often i' broad, white; petals much exceeding the reflexed sepals ; fruit black, often i' long, sweet. In dry sandy soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Texas. Called also southern dewberry. March May. Rubus rubrisetus Rydb., ranging from Louisiana northward into Missouri, differs in being copiously glandular-pubescent, with somewhat smaller flowers. 1 8. Rubus hispidus L. Hispid or Running Swamp Blackberry. Fig. 2305 Rubus hispidus L. Sp. PI. 493. 1753. Rubus obovalis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 298. 1803. Stems slender, slightly woody, creeping, more or less densely beset with weak, retrorse bristles. Branches erect or ascending, 4'-i2' long, naked, or with a few scattered prickles ; leaves petioled, 3-foliolate or rarely 5-foliolate; leaflets obovate, obtuse, thick, persistent, somewhat shining above, narrowed at the base, s'-li' long, sharply serrate above the middle ; peduncles terminal or axillary, nearly or quite leafless ; flowers racemose, white, 6"-8" broad ; petals exceeding the sepals ; fruit red- dish, or nearly black when ripe, sour, usually less than y long, composed of few drupelets. In swamps or low grounds, rarely in dry soil. Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in North Carolina. Leaves sometimes persistent into the winter. Leaflets of sterile shoots sometimes 2' 3' long. June-July. 2S2 ROSACEAE. VOL. II. 29. DALIBARDA L. Sp. PI. 491. 1753. A low tufted perennial downy -pubescent herb, with .simple long-petioled ovate-orbicular cordate and crenate leaves, scape-like peduncles bearing j or 2 large perfect white flowers, and short recurved peduncles bearing several or numerous small cleistogamous flowers. Calyx deeply 5-6-parted, its divisions somewhat unequal, the 3 larger ones commonly toothed. Petals 5, sessile, soon deciduous. Stamens numerous. Pistils 5-10; style terminal. Drupelets 5-10, nearly dry, enclosed at length in the connivent calyx-segments. [Named in honor of Thos. Fran. Dalibard, a French botanist of the i8th century.] A monotypic genus of northeastern North America. i. Dalibarda repens L. Dalibarda. Dew- drop. Fig. 2306. Dalibarda repens L. Sp. PI. 491. 1753. Ritbiis Dalibarda L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 708. 1762. Dalibarda violaeoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : JQQ. 1803. Stems slender, unarmed, much tufted, several inches long. Leaves pubescent on both sides, p"-2' in diameter, the crenations low, obtuse or sometimes mucronulate ; stipules setaceous ; flowers 4"-5" broad; peduncles slender, 1*'-$' long; achenes oblong, pointed, slightly curved, minutely roughened, 2" long, rather more than \" in thickness. In woods. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio and Michigan. Plant resembling a low violet. Robin-runaway. June-Sept. 30. ROSA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 491. 1753. Erect or climbing shrubs, generally with subterranean rootstocks. Stems commonly prickly. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate. Stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers corymbose or solitary, red, pink or white (in our species). Calyx-tube cup-shaped or urn-shaped, con- stricted at the throat, becoming fleshy in fruit, 5- (rarely 4-) lobed, the lobes imbricated, spreading, deciduous or persistent. Petals 5 (rarely 4), spreading. Stamens o, inserted on the hollow annular disk. Carpels o, sessile at the bottom of the calyx; .ovaries commonly pubescent; styles distinct or united. Achenes numerous, enclosed in the berry-like fruiting calyx-tube. Seed pendulous. [The ancient Latin name of the rose.] A large genus, the number of species variously regarded, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, several others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species : Rosa centifolia L. * Styles cohering in a column; leaflets mostly 3. i. R.setigera. ** Styles all distinct; leaflets 5-11. Leaves deciduous. Calyx-lobes persistent, erect on the fruit, or spreading. Infrastipular spines generally none. Stems unarmed or nearly so ; calyx-lobes erect on the fruit. 2. R. blanda. Stems armed with numerous prickles. Leaflets 39, often resinous, obtuse at base ; flowers solitary ; calyx -lobes erect on the fruit. 3. R. actcularis. Leaflets 711, not resinous, narrowed at base ; flowers corymbed ; calyx-lobes spreading. 4. R. pratincola. Infrastipular spines commonly present ; stems prickly. Calyx-lobes entire ; native western species. 5- R- Woodsii. Calyx-lobes, at least the outer ones, deeply incised ; introduced specie 6. R. canina. Calyx-lobes deciduous, spreading. Leaflets finely serrate ; spines stout, recurved. 7. R. Carolina. Leaflets coarsely serrate. Infrastipular spines slender, nearly straight ; native bushy species. Stems with scattered prickles or naked ; flowers often solitary. 8. R. virginiana. Stems very densely prickly ; flowers usually solitary. 9. R. nitida. Infrastipular spines stout, hooked ; introduced wand-like or climbing species. 10. R.rubiginosa. Leaves evergreen; calyx-lobes persistent. n. R.bracteata. GENUS 30. ROSE FAMILY. 283 i. Rosa setigera Michx. Prairie Rose. Climb- ing Rose. Fig. 2307. Rosa setigera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 295. 1803. Stems climbing, several feet long, armed with scattered curved prickles but not bristly, or unarmed. Petioles, twigs and peduncles often glandular-pubes- cent ; stipules very narrow ; leaflets 3, or sometimes 5, mostly ovate, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the base, i'~3' long, sharply serrate; flowers corymbose, about 2^' broad ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, at length reflexed and deciduous, glandular; petals obcordate, varying from rose-color to white; styles cohering in a glabrous column; fruit globose, 4"-$" in diameter, more or less glandular. In thickets and on prairies, southern Ontario to Wis- consin, \Vest Virginia, Florida and Texas. Escaped from cultivation in Connecticut, New Jersey and Vir- ginia. June-July. Michigan rose. Rose-blush. 2. Rosa blanda Ait. Smooth or Meadow Rose. Fig. 2308. Rosa blanda Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 202. 1789. Erect, low, 2-4 high ; entirely unarmed or with a few straight slender prickles on the stem. Stipules rather broad ; leaflets 5-7, short-stalked, usually pale beneath, oval or obovate, obtuse at the apex, commonly nar- rowed or cuneate at the base, i'-ii' long, simply and sharply serrate; flowers pink, some- times 3' broad, corymbose or solitary; calyx- lobes lanceolate, acuminate, entire, hispid- pubescent, persistent and erect on the fruit ; petals obovate, erose or sometimes obcordate ; styles separate; fruit globose or pyriform, glabrous or nearly so, about 5" in diameter. In moist rocky places, Newfoundland to Ver- mont and northern New Jersey, west to Ontario, Assiniboia and Missouri. Pale or early wild-rose. June-July. 3. Rosa acicularis Lindl. Prickly Rose. Fig. 2309. Rosa acicularis Lindl. Ros. Monog. 44. pi. 8. 1820. Rosa Sayi Schwein. in Keating, Narr. Long's Exp. 2 : 388. 1824. R. Engelmanni S. Wats. Card. & For. 2: 376. 1889. Bushy, low, i-4 high, the stems and often the branches, densely armed with straight prickles ; inf rastipular spines none. Stipules mostly broad ; leaflets 5-9 (rarely 3), oval or oval-lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, rounded at the base, simply or doubly serrate, often more or less resinous- pubescent, i '-2' long; flowers usually solitary, 2^-3' broad ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate or sometimes dilated above, entire or few-toothed, persistent and erect upon the fruit ; styles distinct ; fruit globose or ovoid, sometimes i' long, gen- erally glabrous. Anticosti to Ontario, Alaska, northern Michigan, Minnesota, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo- rado. Northern Europe and Asia. Consists of sev- eral races, differing in the form of the fruit and in the amount of pubescence. June-July. 284 ROSACEAE VOL. II. 4. Rosa pratincola Greene. Arkansas Rose. Fig. 2310. Rosa pratincola Greene, Pittonia 4: 13. 1899. Erect, low, i-2 high. Stems densely prickly with very slender bristles; infrastipular spines none; stipules rather narrow, sometimes toothed above; leaflets 7-11, oval or obovate, sessile or nearly so, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or often cuneate at the base, seldom over i' long, simply and sharply serrate, glabrous on both sides ; flowers corymbose or rarely solitary, about 2' broad ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly glandular- hispid or glabrous, or sometimes lobed, persistent and spreading or reflexed ; styles distinct; fruit globose or nearly so, 4." -6" in diameter, glabrous or bristly. Prairies, Manitoba to Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Ne- braska, Colorado, Texas and New Mexico. June-July. Confused in our first edition with Rosa arkansana Porter. Rosa spinosissima L., scotch rose, with densely prickly stems, small roundish leaflets glabrous or nearly so, small pinkish or white flowers and globose black fruit, is locally escaped from cultivation. It is native of Europe and Asia. 5. Rosa Woodsii Lindl. Woods' Rose. Fig. 2311. Rosa Woodsii Lindl. Mon. Ros. 21. 1820. Rosa Fendleri Crepin, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15 : 91. 1876. Low, bushy, i-3 high, armed with slender mostly straight spines, or naked above. Infrastip- ular spines commonly present; stipules rather broad, entire; leaflets 5-9, oval or obovate, short-stalked or sessile, obtusish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 5"-i8" long, simply and sharply serrate, somewhat glaucous beneath ; flowers i'-2' broad, corymbose or solitary, short -pedicelled ; sepals lan- ceolate, acuminate, laterally lobed or entire, erect and persistent on the fruit ; styles distinct ; fruit glo- bose or globose-ovoid, 4"-5" in diameter, glabrous, sometimes glaucous. Prairies, Minnesota to Missouri, the Northwest Terri- tory, New Mexico and Colorado. June-July. 6. Rosa canina L. Dog Rose. Canker Rose. Wild Brier. Hip-tree or -rose. Fig. 2312. Rosa canina L. Sp. PI. 491. 1753. Branches erect or straggling, sometimes 10 long, armed with stout short hooked spines, not bristly but sometimes glandular. Stipules broad, glandular; leaf- lets 5-7, ovate or oval, rather thick, generally obtuse at each end, usually simply and sharply serrate, some- times pubescent beneath, glabrous or nearly so above, i'-ii' long; flowers solitary or few, pink varying to white ; calyx-lobes much lobed, lanceolate, reflexed ; styles distinct; fruit long-ovoid, 6"-o/' long, usually glabrous. In waste places, especially along roadsides, Nova Scotia to western New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania, Virginia and Tennessee. Naturalized or adventive from Europe : native also in northern Asia. Cat-whin. Canker-blooms (Shakspere). Bramble-brier or brere-rose. Lawyers (i. e. an old thorny stem). Soldiers. Hedge-peak. Dog-thorn. Horse-bramble. Bird-brier. Bedeguar. June-July. GENUS 30. ROSE FAMILY. 7. Rosa Carolina L. Swamp or Wild Rose. Hip-tree. Fig. 2313. Rosa Carolina L. Sp. PI. 492. 1753. Bushy, i-8 high, armed with rather distant stout commonly recurved spines. Prickles not very abun- dant, sometimes none ; stipules very narrow ; leaflets 5-9 (usually 7), varying considerably in outline, oval, oblong, ovate-lanceolate or even obovate, i'-3' long, finely and simply serrate, generally short-stalked, acute or acutish at each end, pale or pubescent be- neath ; flowers corymbose or rarely solitary, 2'-$' broad ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate or dilated above, rarely lobed, hispid-pubescent, spreading or reflexed, deciduous ; styles distinct ; fruit globose or depressed-globose, about 4" high, glandular-hispid. In swamps and low grounds, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, Missouri, Florida and Mississippi. June- Aug. i *fr- KJ 8. Rosa virgmiana Mill. Low or Pasture Rose. Fig. 2314. "T\ /~"\ J^X Rosa virgmiana Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, n< Rosa virginiana Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 10. 1768. Rosa humilis Marsh. Arb. Am. 136. 1785. Rosa parvi flora Ehrh. Beitr. 4: 21. 1789. Rosa lucida Ehrh. Beitr. 4: 22. 1789. Rosa humilis lucida Best, Bull. Torr. Club 14: 256. 1887. Bushy, 6'-6 high, usually armed with slender or stout, straight or curved infrastipular spines, and more or less prickly. Stipules entire ; leaflets usually 5, sometimes 7, rather thin, ovate-oval or obovate, dull or somewhat shining, coarsely and simply serrate, 6"-2 r long, mostly acute or acutish at each end, short-stalked or sessile, glabrous or pubescent beneath ; flowers usually few or soli- tary, 2'-3' broad ; pedicels and calyx usually glan- dular; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, or di- lated above, commonly lobed, spreading and deciduous ; petals obovate, obcordate or sometimes lobed ; styles distinct ; fruit globose or depressed- globose, glandular-hispid, about 4" high. In dry or rocky soil, Newfoundland to Ontario, Wisconsin, Missouri, Georgia and Louisiana. Our commonest wild rose, consisting of many slightly differing races, northern ones with stouter spines than southern. A double-flowered form occurs in Penn- sylvania and New Jersey. Dwarf wild rose. May- July. 9. Rosa nitida Willd. Northeastern Rose. Wild or Shining Rose. Fig. 2315. Rosa nitida Willd. Enum. 544. 1809. Low, bushy, seldom over 2 high, the stems and branches very densely covered with slender straight prickles nearly as long as the slender infrastipular spines. Stipules usually broad, often glandular; leaf- lets 5-9, oblong or oval, generally acute at each end, short-stalked, the terminal one sometimes slightly obo- vate and obtuse at the apex, all finely and sharply ser- rate, shining above, glabrous or very nearly so, 6"-i.5" long; flowers solitary or few, \'-2.\' broad; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, entire, hispid or glandular, at length spreading, deciduous ; petals often obcordate ; styles distinct ; fruit glandular-hispid, globose, about 4" high. In low grounds, Connecticut and Massachusetts to New- foundland. June-July. I 2 86 ROSACEAE. VOL. II. 10. Rosa rubiginosa L. Sweetbrier. Fig. 2316. Rosa rubiginosa L. Mant. 2: 564. 1771- Rosa micrantha J. E. Smith, Eng. Bot. pi. 2490. Rosa eglanteria Mill. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 4. 1768. Not L. 1753. Slender, 4-6 high, or often forming longer wands, armed with stout recurved prickles. Stipules rather broad; rachis of the leaves glandular; leaflets 5-7, generally doubly serrate and densely glandular-pubescent and resinous beneath, very aromatic ; flowers pink varying to white ; calyx-lobes lanceo- late, usually much lobed, spreading, deciduous, glandular- hispid ; fruit oval or ovoid, 6"-io" long. In thickets, pastures and waste places. Nova Scotia to Ontario, Tennessee, Virginia and Kansas. Adventive or naturalized from Europe ; native also in central Asia. June-July. The Eglantine of Chaucer, Spenser and Shakspere. Hip-rose. Hip-brier. Bede- guar. Primrose. Kitchen-rose. Rosa gallica L., occasionally escaped from cultivation, differs in having weak slender prickles and much larger leaflets; it is native of Europe. Rosa cinnamomea L., the cinnamon rose, of Europe and Asia, with small double reddish flowers, and leaves downy-pubescent beneath, is occasionally found along roadsides in the Eastern and Middle States. ii. Rosa bracteata Wendl. Evergreen Rose. Fig. 2317. Rosa bracteata Wendl. Bot. Beob. 50. 1798. A shrub with dark green, evergreen leaves, the stems and branches diffuse or spreading, sometimes i8-20 long, armed with recurved prickles. Leaflets 5-11, obovate or oval, \'-\' long, often wedge-shaped at the base, notched, truncate or apiculate at the apex, serrate, shining above ; flowers solitary or few together; calyx-lobes acuminate, reflexed when old, persistent; petals white to yellow, rettise or notched; styles separate; fruit about I' in diameter. Woods and waste places, Virginia to Florida, Tennessee and Mis- sissippi. Naturalized from China. April-June. Family 55. MALACEAE Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 529. 1903. APPLE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnately veined or pinnate petioled leaves, the small deciduous stipules free from the petiole. Flowers regular, perfect, racemed, cymose or solitary. Calyx mostly 5-toothed or 5-lobed, its tube (hypan- thium) adnate to the ovary. Petals mostly 5, usually clawed. Stamens numerous or rarely few, distinct; anthers small, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary i-5-celled, usually 5-celled, composed of 1-5 wholly or partly united carpels, borne within the hypanthium and adnate to it; ovules 1-2 (rarely several) in each carpel, anatropous, ascending; styles 1-5; stigma small. Fruit a more or less fleshy pome, consisting of the thickened calyx-tube enclosing the bony papery or leathery carpels. Endosperm none ; cotyledons fleshy. About 20 genera and probably not fewer than 500 species, of wide geographic distribution. Ripe carpels papery or leathery. Leaves pinnate. x . Sorbtis. Leaves simple, entire, toothed, or lobed. Cavities of the ovary (carpels) as many as the styles. Flesh of the pome with grit-cells. 2. Pyrus. Flesh of the pome without grit-cells. Cymes simple ; trees. 3. Mains. Cymes compound ; low shrubs. 4 . Aronia. Cavities of the ovary becoming twice as many as the styles. 5. Amelanchier. Ripe carpels bony. Ovule i in each carpel, or if 2, dissimila*. 6. Crataegus. Ovules 2 in each carpel, alike. 7. Cotoneastcr. GENUS i. APPLE FAMILY. 287 i. SORBUS [Tourn.j L. Sp. PL 477. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnate leaves, serrate leaflets, deciduous stipules, and perfect regular white flowers, in terminal compound cymes. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, 5-lobed, not bracteolate. Petals 5, spreading, short-clawed. Stamens oo. Ovary inferior; styles usu- ally 3, distinct ; stigma truncate ; ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit a small red berry-like pome, its carpels not cartilaginous. [The ancient Latin name of the pear or service-tree.] A genus of about 10 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 2 others occur in western North America. Type species : Sorbus domeslica L. i. S. americana. 2. S. scopulina. Leaflets long-acuminate ; fruit 2" -3" in diameter. Leaflets obtuse or short-pointed ; fruit about 4" in diameter. i. Sorbus americana Marsh. American Mountain Ash. Dogberry. Fig. 2318. Sorbus americana Marsh. Arb. Am. 145. 1785. Sorbus microcarpa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 341. 1814. Pyrus americana DC. Prodr. 2: 637. 1825. A small tree, with smooth bark, reaching a maxi- mum height of 30 and a trunk diameter of 18'. Leaf-buds acute; leaves petioled; leaflets 11-17, lan- ceolate, long-acuminate, glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent when young, bright green above, generally paler beneath, ii'-4' long, sharply serrate with mucronate teeth ; cymes densely compound, 3'-6' broad; flowers 2" -3" broad; fruit globose, bright red, 2"-$" in diameter. In low woods or moist ground, Newfoundland to Mani- toba, south, especially along the mountains, to North Carolina and to Michigan. Wood soft, light brown ; weight per cubic foot 34 Ibs. American rowan- or service- tree. Witch- or round-wood. Round- or wine-tree. Elder- leaved mountain-ash or -sumach. Moose-missy. Missey- moosey. Indian-mozamize. Life-of-man. A closely re- lated form occurs in Japan. May-June. 2. Sorbus scopulina Greene. Western Mountain Ash. ing. 2319. S. scopulina Greene, Pittonia 4: 130. 1900. 6". subvestita Greene, loc. cit. 1900. A small tree or often a shrub, closely resembling the preceding species. Leaf-buds acute; leaflets 7-15, proportionately broader and shorter, oval or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or short-pointed at the apex, sharply serrate, glabrous and dark green above, pale and usually more or less pubescent beneath, especi- ally along the veins, seldom over 3' long; flowers 3"-S" broad ; calyx and pedicels generally pubes- cent ; cymes 2'-4' broad ; fruit globose, red, about 4" in diameter. In moist ground, Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Wood similar to that of the pre- ceding ; weight per cubic foot 37 Ibs. United, in our first edition, as by other authors, with 5". sambucifolia (C. & S.) Roem., of eastern Asia, which proves to be distinct ; it has also been referred to the northwestern Sorbus sitchensis Roem. American rowan-tree. June- July. Sorbus Aticuparia L., the European mountain ash, rowan tree or quick-beam, has the leaves pubescent on both sides, especially when young, the calyx and pedicels usually woolly. Often planted ; locally escaped from cul- tivation. 2. PYRUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 479. 1753. Trees, or some species shrubs, with simple leaves. Flowers large, showy, white or pink, in simple terminal cymes. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes acute. Hypanthium nearly closed by a disc-like cushion. Petals 5, rounded, short-clawed. Stamens usually numerous; styles mostly 5, distinct, or united only at the very base; ovules 2 in each cavity; carpels cartilaginous or leathery. Fruit a pome, usually pear-shaped, its flesh abounding in grit-cells. [Latin name of the pear.] About 12 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical. 288 iMALACEAE. VOL. II. i. Pyrus communis L. Pear. Choke Pear. Fig. 2320. Pyrus communis L. Sp. PI. 479. 1753. A tree, sometimes 60 high and with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, commonly much smaller, the branches usually thorny. Leaves ovate, elliptic or obovate, finely serrulate or entire, slender- petioled, 1^-3' long, downy and ciliate when young, becoming glabrous or nearly so when old, the apex acute or acuminate, the base usually rounded; petioles sometimes as long as the blades or longer; cymes few-several-flowered, borne at the ends of short twigs of the preceding year; pedicels "-2' long, at first downy ; flowers white, i '-2' broad; calyx-lobes about as long as the tube; styles distinct to the base; pome, in the wild form, seldom over 2' long, in the numerous cultivated forms often much larger. In thickets and woods, Maine to New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, escaped from cultivation. Native of Europe and Asia. Wood hard, fine-grained, reddish-brown; weight per cubic foot 51 Ibs. April- May. 3. MALUS Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754. Trees or shrubs, with alternate toothed or lobed leaves, and showy pink or white flowers in simple terminal cymes. Calyx-tube urn-shaped or campanulate, 5-lobed. Hypanthium open, not closed by a cushion. Petals 5, rounded, clawed. Styles 2-5 (usually 5), united at the base ; ovules 2 in each cavity, carpels papery or leathery. Fruit a pome, usually depressed- globose, mostly hollowed at the base, but sometimes rounded, its flesh not containing grit- cells. [Greek, apple.] About 15 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern America. Type species : Pyrus Mains L. Leaves glabrous, at least when mature. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong, narrowed at the base. Leaves obtusish or acute. i- M. coronaria. Leaves acuminate. 2. M. baccata. Leaves ovate, cordate or rounded at the base. 3- M. glancescens. Leaves persistently pubescent or tomentose beneath. Leaves mostly narrowed at the base ; pome i'-i ! /2 r in diameter. 4. M. ioensis. Leaves rounded or subcordate at the base ; pome 2'-$' in diameter. 5. M . Mains. i. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. Narrow- leaved Crab Apple. Fig. 2321. Pyrus coronaria L. Sp. PI. 480. 1753. Malus coronaria Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Pyrus angustifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 176. 1789. Malus angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 292. 1803. Malus lancifolia Rehder, Trees & Shrubs 2: 141. 1911. A small tree, sometimes 20 high and the trunk 10' in diameter. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oval, thick, shining and dark green above, gla- brous when mature, sometimes pubescent beneath when young, dentate or often entire, or those of sterile shoots often lobed, obtusish or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, i'-2' long; cymes few- flowered; pedicels i'-ii' long, slender ; flowers pink, fragrant, mostly less than i' broad; styles nearly separate; calyx-lobes early deciduous; pome about i' in diameter, yellowish, hard. In thickets, New Jersey to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Louisiana. Recorded from Kan- sas. Wood hard, reddish brown ; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. Crab-apple or -tree. . Wild crab. Southern wild crab. March-May. GENUS 3. APPLE FAMILY 2. Malus baccata (L.) Borck. Siberian Crab Apple. Fig. 2322. Pyrus baccata L. Mant. i : 75. 1767. Malus baccata Borck. Handb. Forstbot. 2 : 1280. 1800-1803. A small tree, up to 30 high. Leaves glabrous, ovate to ovate-oblong, 2'-^' long, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, ser- rate, rather firm in texture; flowers clustered, on slender pedicels, about is' broad; petals oblong to obovate, narrowed at the base ; fruit globose, about i' in diameter, yellow or reddish; calyx- lobes glabrous or nearly so, deciduous. Escaped from cultivation and spontaneous, Maine to Connecticut. Native of Europe and Asia. May. 2. Malus glaucescens Rehder. American Crab Apple. Fig. 2323. Malus glaucescens Rehder, Trees and Shrubs 2: 139. 1911. A small tree, sometimes reaching a height of 25 and trunk diameter of 12'. Leaves petioled, ovate to triangular-ovate, sparingly pubescent beneath along the veins when young, glabrous when old, sharply serrate and on sterile shoots, often somewhat lobed, obtuse, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, i'-3' long; flowers rose- colored, very fragrant, i'-2 f broad; pedicels 6"-i8" long; calyx glabrous or pubescent, its lobes some- what persistent on the pome ; pome fleshy, globose or depressed, i'-ii' in diameter, greenish-yellow, fra- grant, very acid. In thickets, Ontario to Michigan, south to New Jer- sey, South Carolina, Iowa and Missouri. Wood soft, red- dish brown ; weight per cubic foot 44 Ibs. Wild or fragrant crab. Sweet-scented crab. April-May. Fruit ripe Sept. Long mistaken for M. coronaria. Consists of several races, or may include more than one species. 3. Malus ioensis (Wood) Britton. Western Crab Apple. Fig. 2324. Pyrus coronaria var. ioensis Wood, Class-book, 333. 1860. Pyrus ioensis Carruth, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 5:48. 1877. Malus ioensis Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 2: 235. 1897. A small tree, resembling Mains glaucescens. Leaves simple, firm, white-pubescent beneath, at length glabrous above, obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, ovate, oval or oblong, dentate, crenate or with a few rounded lobes, i '-2' long, or on young shoots much larger ; petioles and calyx pubescent, i'-ii' long; flowers much like those of M. glau- cescens; pedicels villous-pubescent, slender, i'-ii' long; calyx-lobes persistent on the pome. Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois to Ken- tucky, Louisiana, Nebraska and Oklahoma. Iowa crab. April-May. Malus Soulardi (Bailey) Britton, admitted as a species in our first edition, has been shown to be a hybrid between this and Malus Malus. 290 MALACEAE. VOL. 11. 4. Malus Malus (L.) Britton. Apple. Scarb- or Wilding-tree. Fig. 2325. Pyrns Malus L. Sp. PI. 479. 1753. Malus syli'cstris Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. i. 1768. A large tree with spreading branches, the trunk sometimes reaching a diameter of 3 in cultiva- tion. Leaves petioled, broadly ovate or oval, obtuse or abruptly pointed at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base i'~3' long, dentate or nearly entire, glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent and often woolly beneath, especially when young; pedicels generally tomentose, \'-2 long; flowers pink, or white, \\'~z' broad; calyx tomentose; fruit depressed-globose or elongated, hollowed at the base, i'-3' in diameter. In woods and thickets, frequent in southern New England, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Our common apple, introduced from Europe and escaped from cultivation. Native also of western Asia. Wood hard, reddish brown ; weight per cubic foot 50 Ibs. Crab-tree or -stock. Nurse-garden. April- May. The cultivated crab apples are mainly hybrids of this with M. baccata and are occasionally spon- taneous. 4. ARONIA Medic. Phil. Bot. 140. 1789. Low shrubs, with alternate simple petioled finely serrate leaves, the upper side of the midrib glandular, the narrow stipules early deciduous. Flowers small, while or pink, in terminal compound cymes. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Petals 5, concave, spreading. Stamens numerous. Styles 3-5, united at the base. Ovary woolly. Pome small, globose or somewhat top-shaped, not hollowed at the base, its carpels rather leathery. [Name modified from Aria, the beam-tree of Europe.] The genus consists of the following species, the first typical. Cyme and lower surfaces of the leaves woolly. Fruit short-pyriform, bright red; calyx-lobes very glandular. i. A.arbutifolla. Fruit oval to globose, purple-black ; calyx-lobes glandless, or with very few glands. 2. A. atropurpurea. Cyme and leaves glabrous or nearly so : fruit black or purplish. 3. A. melanocarpa. i. Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell. Red Choke-berry. Fig. 2326. Mespilus arbutifolia L. Sp. PI. 478. 1753. Pyrns arbutifolia L. f. Suppl. 256. 1781. Mespilus arbutifolia var. eryinrocarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 292. 1803. A. arbutifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 556. 1821. A branching shrub, sometimes reaching a height of 12, but usually much lower. Leaves petioled, oval, oblong or obovate, obtuse or abruptly short-pointed at the apex, narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base, i'-3' long, serrulate-crenulate, glabrous above, generally densely tomen- tose beneath ; cymes terminal, but at length overtopped by the young sterile shoots, compound; flowers white or purplish- tinged, 4"-6" broad; calyx and pedicels tomentose ; calyx-lobes very glandular ; pome 2"-3" in diameter, and bright red when mature, long-persistent. Swamps and wet woods, Massachusetts to Florida, Ohio and Louisiana, often confused with the following species, from which it is quite distinct in fruit. Recorded from Ar- kansas. Choke-pear. Dog-berry. March-May. GENUS 4. APPLE FAMILY 2. Aronia atropurpurea Britton. Purple-fruited Choke-berry. Fig. 2327. Aronia atropurpurea Britton, Man. 517. 1901. Pyrus arbutifolia var. atropurpurea Robinson, Rhodora 10 : 33. 1908. A shrub, sometimes 12 high, usually taller than the other species. Calyx, pedi- cels and lower leaf-surfaces tomentose; leaves oval to obovate ; calyx-lobes gland- less, or with very few glands ; fruit oval to globose, purple-black, 3"~s" long, per- sistent into late autumn. Wet grounds, especially shaded swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario, Michigan and Vir- ginia, perhaps extending south to Florida. April- June. 3. Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Britton. Black Chokeberry. Chokepear. Fig. 2328. Mespilus arbutifolia var. nigra Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 1013. iSoo. Mespilus arbutifolia var. melanocarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 292. 1803. Pyrus melanocarpa Willd. Enum. 525. 1809. Pyrus nigra Sargent, Card. & For. 3: 416. 1890. Aronia nigra Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 182. 1894. A shrub resembling the preceding species. Leaves obovate or oval, obtuse, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, short- petioled, crenulate, dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces ; flowers simi- lar to the preceding; calyx and pedicels nearly gla- brous; calyx-lobes glandular; fruit globose or oval, nearly black, or purplish black, 3"-4" in diameter, early deciduous. In swamps or low woods, or sometimes in drier soil, Nova Scotia to western Ontario, south to Florida and Michigan. Ascends to 6000 ft. in North Carolina. March-June. 5. AMELANCHIER Medic. Phil. Bot. i : 155. 1789. Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple petioled serrate or entire leaves, unarmed branches, and racemose or rarely solitary white flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, more or less adnate to the ovary, 5-lobed, the lobes narrow, reflexed, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens o, inserted on the throat of the calyx ; filaments subulate ; styles 2-5, connate, pubescent at the base. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, its cavities becoming twice as many as the styles ; ovule i in each cavity, erect. Pome small, berry-like, 4-io-celled. Testa of the seed cartilaginous. [The Savoy name of the Medlar.] A genus of about 25 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, some 12 others occur in western North America and i in Mexico. Type species: Mespilus amelancnier L. The species apparently consist of many races, differing in size, in pubescence, and in size of flowers and fruit. Hybrids are also supposed to exist. Flowers several or numerous in the racemes ; pome globose. Glabrous or pubescent trees and shrubs ; leaves usually serrate nearly all around. Leaves acute or acuminate at the apex ; top of the ovary glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually glabrous when mature ; base cordate or rounded ; petals narrowly oblong. i. A. canadcnsis. Leaves oblong, oval, ovate or obovate, rarely subcordate at base, densely white-woolly beneath, at least when young, petals oblong to obovate. 2. A. intermedia. Leaves rounded, obtuse or subacute at the apex ; top of the ovary woolly. Low shrub of rocky places, i-3 high ; petals 2" -4" long. 3. A. spicata. Tree or small shrub ; petals s"-8" long ; leaves coarsely toothed. 4. A. sanguinea. Glabrous western shrub ; leaves dentate above the middle only. 5. A. alnifolia. Flowers only 1-4 in the clusters ; pome oblong or obovoid. 6. A. Bartramiana. MALACEAE. VOL. II. i. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. June-berry. Service-berry. May- or Sand-cherry. Fig. 2329. Mespilus canadensis L. Sp. PI. 478. 1753. Pyrus Botryapium L. f. Suppl. 255. 1781. A. Botryapium DC. Prodr. 2: 632. 18,^5. A. canadensis Medic. Geschichte 79. 1793. A tree sometimes reaching the height of 60, with trunk diameter of 2, but usually lower, sel- dom over 25 high. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, sharply and finely serrate, sometimes sparingly pubescent when young, soon entirely gla- brous, or the under surface sometimes persistently pubescent, i'-3' long, or larger on young shoots; racemes spreading or drooping, pedicels long, slender; bracts silky, purplish, deciduous; petals linear, linear-spatulate, or linear-oblong, 6"-o/' long, 3-4 times the length of the nearly or quite glabrous calyx ; pome globose, red or purple, sweet. In dry woodlands, Nova Scotia to western Ontario, Arkansas, Florida and Louisiana. Wood very hard, brown ; weight per cubic foot 49 Ibs. Service-tree. May-, juice-, or wild Indian-pear. Indian-cherry. Sugar- pear, -plum, or -berry. Shad-bush. Boxwood. Bill-berry. June-plum. March-May. Fruit ripe June-July. Amelanchier laevis Wiegand, of similar range, ex- tending north to Newfoundland, with leaves glabrous or nearly so from the first, may be distinct. 2. Amelanchier intermedia Spach. Shad-bush. Swamp Sugar- Pear. Fig. 2330. A. intermedia Spach, Hist. Veg. 2 : 85. 1834. Amelanchier canadensis var. oblongifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 473. 1840. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 30 high, the foliage and inflorescence densely white- woolly when young, often nearly or quite gla- brous when old. Leaves oval, oblong, ellip- tic or obovate, acute or obtuse, rounded, or sometimes narrowed or subcordate at the base, finely and sharply serrate nearly all around ; racemes short, rather dense ; pedicels short, seldom over i' long; petals spatulate or linear- spatulate, s"-7" long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx-lobes ; calyx usually densely white- woolly ; pome globose, 3"-4" in diameter. In swamps and moist 'soil, New England to On- tario, Florida and Louisiana. Wild pear. Cur- rant-tree. Flowering dogwood. May-bush. April- May. Consists of many races. A. nantucketensis Bicknell differs in having shorter petals and thicker leaves, and ranges from Massachusetts to New Jersey. 3. Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) C. Koch. Low June-berry. Fig. 2331. Crataegus spicata Lam. Encycl. i: 84. 1783. Amelanchier spicata C. Koch, Dendr. i : 182. 1869. A. stolonifera Wiegand, Rhodora 14: 144. 1912. ?A. humilis Wiegand, loc. cit. 141. 1912. Stems i-3 high from a long root creeping among rocks. Leaves elliptic or oval, 9"-! 4' long, rounded at both ends, or sometimes subacute at the apex, sometimes subcordate at the base, ser- rulate or dentate-serrate nearly all around or sometimes entire below the middle, dark green and quite glabrous when mature, woolly when young; racemes numerous, 4-io-flowered ; pedi- cels slender, i'-i' long in fruit; petals 2"-4" long ; calyx-lobes nearly triangular; top of the ovary woolly ; pome globose, about 3" in diameter. In dry rocky places, Ontario to Michigan, Iowa, Pennsylvania and North Carolina. May-June. GENUS 5. APPLE FAMILY 4. Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. Round-leaved J une-berry. Fig. 2332. Mespilus canadensis var. rotundifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 291. 1803. Pyrus sanguinea Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 340. 1814. A. sanguinea DC. Prodr. 2 : 633. 1825. A. rotundifolia Roem. Syn. Mon. 3: 146. 1847. A tall shrub or small tree, sometimes 25 high. Leaves broadly oval, ovate or nearly orbicular, i'-3' long, obtuse or rounded at both ends, or rarely subacute, often cordate at the base, serrate nearly all around with large teeth, or entire near the base, glabrous from the time of unfolding or more or less woolly when very young; racemes several- flowered; pedicels slender, i'-ii' long in fruit ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; petals spatu- late or oblanceolate, 5 "-8" long; pome glo- bose, 3"-4" in diameter. In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Minnesota, North Carolina and Michigan. May. 6. Amelanchier Bartramiana Fig. 2334. Mespilus canadensis var. oligocarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 291. 1803. Pyrus Bartramiana Tausch, Flora 2i 2 : 715. 1838. Amelanchier oligocarpa Roem. Syn. Mon. 3 : 145. 1847. A. Bartramiana Roem. loc. cit. 1847. A shrub, 2-g high, glabrous, or very nearly so throughout, ex- cept the early deciduous bracts, which are sometimes loosely to- mentose. Leaves thin, narrowly oval or oblong, generally about 3 times as long as broad, nar- rowed and acute or acutish at each end, finely and sharply ser- rate, i '-3' long; racemes i-4-flow- ered ; pedicels slender; petals obovate or oblanceolate, 3"-4" long, about twice as long as the calyx ; pome oval to pear-shaped, purple, with a bloom, 3"-4" long. Swamps, Labrador to Ontario, Pennsylvania and Michigan. May. 5. Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. North- western June or Service-berry. Fig- 2333- Aronia alnifolia Nutt. Gen. i : 306. 1818. A. alnifolia Nutt. ; Roemer, Syn. Man. 3 : 147. 1847. A shrub, 6 -8 high, more or less to- mentose-pubescent when young, at length glabrate throughout and somewhate glau- cous. Leaves thick, broadly elliptic or almost orbicular, very obtuse and often truncate (rarely acutish) at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, coarsely dentate above the middle, 4 '-2' long; ra- cemes short, rather dense ; pedicels short ; petals oblanceolate, cuneate, 3"-9" long, 2-4 times the length of the calyx; pome purple with a bloom, 3" -4" high, sweet. Dry soil, western Ontario to British Colum- bia, South Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico and California. Pigeon-berry. April-May. (Tausch) Roem. Oblong-fruited June-berry. 294 MALACEAE. VOL. II. 6. CRATAEGUS L. Sp. PI. 475. 1753.* Shrubs or small trees, usually spiny, with alternate, simple, petioled, usually lobed leaves (those on the vegetative shoots generally of different shape than those of flowering branches and more deeply cut), deciduous stipules, and white (rarely pink) terminal corymbose flowers with early-deciduous bracts. Calyx-tube cup-shaped or campanulate, adnate to the carpels, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, spreading, rounded, inserted on the margin of the disk in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5-25, inserted in 1-3 series; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, white, yellow, or red. Ovary inferior, or its summit free, i-5-celled; styles 1-5, separate, persistent, usually surrounded at the base by tomentum; stigmas terminal; ovules i in each carpel, or if 2, dissimilar. Pome small, yellow, red, or rarely blue or black, con- taining 1-5 bony nutlets, each usually i-seeded. Seed erect, flattish, the testa membranaceous. [Greek, strong, from the hardness and the toughness of the wood.] About 300 species, natives of the north temperate zone, the tablelands of Mexico and the Andes ; the center of distribution is in the eastern United States. Type species : Crataegus Oxya- cantha L. The genus has been of great taxonomic interest for ten years, about 1000 species having been described, from the United States, during that period. Data are fast accumulating tending to show that many of these newly described species are hybrids. A. Leaves not deltoid-cordate, pubescent or glabrous. a. Leaves pubescent or glabrous, if pubescent on one side only, always so beneath; thorns i'-j' long (C. monogyna 3" long) ; fruit not black. * Petioles l /2 inch or longer. 1. Leaves not deeply cut. t LEAVES CUNEATE, BROADEST AT THE MIDDLE OR THE APEX. Leaves broadest towards the apex. Leaves not impressed-veined above, shining. I. CRUS-GALLI. Leaves impressed-veined above, dull. II. PUNCTATAE. Leaves broadest at the middle. Leaves impressed-veined. Calyx-lobes usually deeply cut ; nutlets deeply pitted on the ventral faces. III. MACRACANTHAE. Calyx-lobes less deeply cut ; nutlets with shallow pits on the ventral faces. IV. BRAINERDIAXAE. Leaves not impressed-veined. Petioles usually glandless. Calyx-lobes glandular-margined ; fruit more than 4" thick ; leaves not trilobate. V. ROTUNDIFOLIAE. Calyx-lobes not glandular-margined ; fruit 2"-^" thick ; leaves often trilobate towards the apex. VI. VIRIDES. Petioles always glandular. Petioles with small stalked glands. VII. INTRICATAE. Petioles with large, sessile glands. VIII. FLAVAE. ft LEAVES BROADEST AT THE BASE. Leaves Yz'-zYi' long and wide, membranaceous; calyx-lobes usually entire. Leaves yellow-green, often slightly pubescent; fruit soft at maturity. IX. TENUIFOLIAE. Leaves blue-green, glabrous (except aspera) ; fruit hard at maturity. X. PRUINOSAE. Leaves i'-4' long and wide ; calyx-lobes usually serrate. XI. COCCINEAE. 2. Leaves deeply cut (only those of the vegetative shoots in C. spathulata). Leaf-lobes sometimes 15 ; thorns 3" 9" long. XII. OXYACANTHAE. Leaf-lobes 3-7; thorns i'-i-)4'. XIII. MICROCARPAE. ** Petioles about i" long. XIV. PARVIFOLIAE. b. Leaves pubescent above, glabrous beneath; thorns Y^'-i' long; fruit black. XV. DOUGLASIANAE. B. Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate, glabrous. XVI. CORDATAE. Group I. CRUS : GALLI. Leaves coriaceous, glandless; petioles Yi'Y*' long; corymbs many-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceo- late-acuminate, usually entire ; fruit red ; calyx-tube flattened ; flesh hard thin, greenish. Leaves entire. Leaves 54 '-4' long. i. C. Crus-galli. Leaves 34 '~ 2 Y*' long. 2. C. berberifolia. Leaves somewhat lobed. Styles and nutlets usually 2. 3. C. schizophylla. Styles and nutlets usually 3-5. Lobes of the leaves irregular, obtuse. Fruit globose. Vegetative leaves oblong. 4. C. denaria. Vegetative leaves round. 5. C. Reverchoni. Fruit ellipsoidal. 6. C. Canbyi. Lobes of the leaves regular, acute ; calyx-lobes serrate. 7. C. fecunda. Group II. PUNCTATAE. Leaves subcoriaceous ; petioles Yt'-Yz' long; corymbs many-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate- acuminate, usually entire ; flesh of fruit hard, thick ; calyx-tube usually flattened. * Written by Mr. W. W. EGGLESTON. CRATAEGUS KEY. APPLE FAMILY. 2 95 Fruit glabrous ; calyx-lobes entire. Fruit ellipsoidal ; nutlets usually 3 or 4. Leaves bright yellow-green, slightly impressed-veined above ; fruit ellipsoidal. 8. C. cuneiformis. Leaves dull gray-green, strongly impressed-veined above ; fruit short-ellipsoidal. Leaves obovaie, narrow. 9. C. punctata. Leaves oblong, broad. 10. C.Joncsae. Fruit globose. Nutlets 2 or 3. n. C. M argaretta. Nutlets 4 or 5. 12. C.suborbiculata. Fruit villous ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate. 13. C.collina. Group III. MACRACANTHAE. Leaves rhombic-elliptic; petioles /4'-J4' long; corymbs many-flowered, pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-laciniate, villous ; fruit red, its flesh glutinous ; calyx-lobes reflexed. Leaves dark green, glabrous and shining above, coriaceous. Fruit sometimes 8" thick; stamens usually 10-; leaves and anthers large. 14. C. succidenta. Fruit sometimes 6" thick ; leaves and anthers small ; stamens 15-20. 15. C. neofluvialis. Leaves gray-green, pubescent and dull above, subcoriaceous. Leaves rhombic-ovate, lobed. Leaves oval, more entire. 1 6. C. Calpodendron. 17. C.globosa. Group IV. BRAINERDIANAE (ANOMAI.AE). Leaves elliptic to ovate, subcoriaceous to membranous; petioles H'-iH' long; corymbs many- flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate, glandular-serrate ; fruit red ; calyx-lobes reflexed ; flesh thin, succulent or glutinous. Fruit and corymbs pubescent ; calyx-lobes sharply glandular-serrate. Leaves serrate; styles and nutlets 2 or 3. 18. C.pertomentosa. Leaves dentate; styles and nutlets 4 or 5. 19. C. Vailiae. Fruit and corymbs glabrous ; calyx-lobes remotely glandular-serrate. 20. C. Brainerdi. Group V. ROTUNDIFOLIAE. Leaves elliptic-ovate to orbicular; subcoriaceous; petioles ^'-2' long; young foliage usually yellow-green ; corymbs many-flowered ; calyx-lobes usually lanceolate-acuminate ; fruit red, the flesh soft ; calyx-lobes reflexed. Leaves longer than wide. Leaf-lobes acuminate. 21. C. laurentiana. Leaf-lobes acute. 22. C. lucorum. Leaves of about the same length and breadth. Leaf-lobes acuminate. 23. C. irrasa. Leaf-lobes acute or obtuse. Calyx-tube prominent ; fruit subglobose. Calyx-tube obscure. Leaves acutely lobed toward the apex 24. C. Macauleyae. calyx-lobes glandular-laciniate. 25. C. Bicknellii. Leaves not acutely lobed ; calyx-lobes glandular-margined only. Fruit pyriform, yellow-red; flowers and fruit maturing early. 26. C. Oakesiana. Fruit globose, red ; flowers 3 or 4 days later. Fruit round in cross-section, 3" 5" thick. 27. C. chrysocarpa. Fruit angular in cross-section, 5" 8" thick. 28. C. Jackii. Group VI. VIRIDES. Leaves oblong-ovate to oval ; membranous, dark green, shining and glabrous above ; petioles J4 /-I /4' long; corymbs many-flowered; calyx-lobes entire; fruit red, glabrous; flesh hard, edible. Leaves ovate ; lobes shallow ; fruit yellow-red. 29. C. ovata. Leaves oblong-ovate ; lobes deep. Fruit bright red, glaucous, 2" or 3" thick ; leaves serrate. 30. C. viridis. Fruit dull dark red, 3" or 4" thick; leaves coarsely serrate. 31. C.nitida. Group VII. INTRICATAE. Leaves elliptic to ovate, subcoriaceous, the teeth gland-tipped; petioles ^'-iJ4' long; young foliage usually yellow-green ; corymbs 3-7-flowered ; bracts glandular, very deciduous ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate, generally strongly toothed toward the apex ; fruit greenish-yellow to reddish- brown, bluntly angular ; calyx-tube prominent, the lobes reflexed ; flesh hard, thick. Foliage and fruit pubescent ; corymbs villous. Fruit globose, greenish- to reddish-brown. Fruit ellipsoid or pyriform, yellow. Foliage, corymbs and fruit glabrous. Leaves entire or the lobes crenate. Leaves lobed, the lobes acute. Leaves cordate. Leaves cuneate. Leaves elliptic-ovate; fruit pyriform-ellipsoidal ; anthers small. Leaves ovate to oval ; fruit globose or subglobose ; anthers large. Fruit lemon-yellow. Fruit red-green to red-brown. 32- 33- C. intricate. C.Stonei. 34 C. padifolia. 35- C. populifolia. 36. C.straminea. 37- C. pollens. 38- C. Boyntoni. 296 MALACEAE. VOL. II. Group VIII. FLAVAE. Leaves short-obovate to spatulate, membranous; petioles Y^'-Yi' long; corymbs few-flowered; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate ; fruit green to orange or red ; calyx-tube prominent, the lobes reflexed ; flesh usually soft at maturity. Shrubs and trees of the sandy pinelands of the southern coastal plain ; only one, of the several species, reaching southern Virginia. Easily recognized by the zigzag branches and very glandular foliage. 39. C. flava. ^'-iJ4' long; young calyx-lobes erect or 40. C, flabellata. 41. C. roamnsis. 42. C.macrosperma. 43. C. Grayana. 44. C. alnorum. 45. C. populnea. Group IX. TENUIFOLIAE. Leaves ovate, membranous, often slightly pubescent; petioles slender, foliage usually bronze-green ; corymbs many-flowered ; fruit red, glabrous ; spreading, persistent ; -flesh succulent. Fruit ellipsoid, ovoid or pyriform. Calyx-lobes serrate. Calyx-lobes entire. Fruit small, 3" or 4" thick, with rather firm flesh ; leaves much lobed. Fruit large, 5" 9" thick, with soft flesh; leaves not conspicuously lobed. Fruit compressed-globose or subglobose. Lobes of the leaves reflexed. Lobes of the leaves spreading or ascending. Terminal leaves cuneate. Terminal leaves cordate. Group X. PRUINOSAE. Leaves ovate, membranous to subcoriaceous, blue-green, glabrous (except C. aspera) ; petioles J4'-!/4' l on .& I young foliage usually bronze-green; corymbs many-flowered; calyx-lobes deltoid- acuminate ; fruit pruinose ; calyx-tube prominent, the lobes spreading, persistent. Leaves pubescent. 46. C. aspera. Leaves glabrous. Leaves elliptic-ovate. 47. C. Jesupi. Leaves ovate. Leaves usually cordate. Fruit conspicuously angled, strongly pruinose. 48. C. rugosa. Fruit without conspicuous angles, slightly pruinose. 49. C. filipes. Leaves usually cuneate. Lobes of the leaves deep, acuminate. 50. C. leiophylla. Lobes of the leaves shallow, acute. Fruit without conspicuous angles. 51. C.beata. Fruit conspicuously angled. Leaves i Yz-zYz' long, i*4'-2-)4' wide. 52. C.disjuncta. Leaves not more than 2^/2' long, 2^' wide. Leaves deltoid. 53. C. Gattingeri. Leaves ovate. 54. C. pruinosa. Group XL COCCINEAE (MOLLES). Leaves ovate, membranous to subcoriaceous; petioles %'-ij4' long; corymbs many-flowered; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate ; fruit usually red and pubescent ; calyx-lobes swollen, erect or spread- ing ; flesh thick, soft, edible. Mature leaves usually glabrous above ; young foliage bronze green ; anthers pink. Fruit yellow. Fruit red. Leaves oblong-ovate. Leaves sharply lobed ; eastern. Corymbs nearly glabrous ; lobes reflexed. Corymbs very pubescent; lobes ascending. Leaves subentire ; southwestern. Corymbs and fruit nearly glabrous. Corymbs and fruit very tomentose. Leaves broadly ovate. Corymbs and fruit glabrous ; stamens about 20. Corymbs and fruit pubescent or tomentose. Leaves on vegetative shoots cuneate. Leaves concave, iJ4'~3' long, i^'-^M' wide. Leaves plane, i%'-4' long, i : 4'~3J4' wide. Leaves on vegetative snoots cordate. Mature leaves tomentose above ; young foliage yellow-green ; anthers yellow. Leaves on vegetative shoots cuneate at base. Lobes of the leaves broad, shallow, acuminate. Lobes narrow, deep, acute. Fruit globose ; calyx-tube rather prominent ; leaves subcoriaceous. Fruit ellipspidal-pyriform ; calyx-tube obscure ; leaves membranous. Leaves on vegetative shoots cordate. 55. C. Kelloggii. 56. C. villipes. 57. C. anomala. 58- C. dispessa. 59- C. lanuginosa. 60. C. coccinioides. 61. C.Pringlei. 62. C.cocc'mea. 63. C. albicans. 64. C. Arnoldiana. 65. C. canadensts. 66. C. sitbmollis. 67. C. mollis. Group XII. OXYACANTHAE. Leaves ovate, 3-is-lobed or cleft; corymbs many-flowered; fruit red, styles and nutlets i; introduced species. 68. C. monogyna, CRATAEGUS KEY. APPLE FAMILY. 297 Group XIII. MICROCARPAE. Leaves membranous, lobed ; flowers small ; stamens about 20 ; fruit small, red. Shrubs or trees of the South, with grayish-brown scaly and warty bark. Leaves deeply lobed or cut ; styles and nutlets 2. 69. C. Marshallii. Leaves of the vegetative shoots only, lobed, the other leaves spatulate ; styles and nutlets 5. 70. C. spathitlata. Group XIV. PARVIFOLIAE. Leaves small, subcoriaceous ; corymbs i-j-flowered. Shrubs. 71. C. uniflora. Group XV. DOUGLASIANAE. Leaves subcoriaceous; petioles l A'-$4' long; corymbs many-flowered; nutlets roughly pitted on the ventral faces. 72. C. Douglasii. Group XVI. CORDATAE. Leaves often conspicuously 3-s-lobed ; petioles ^'-2' long; corymbs many-flowered; fruit small, scarlet ; nutlets bare at the apex. 73. C. Phaenopyrum. i. Crataegus Crus-Galli L. Cock-spur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn. Fig. 2335. Crataegus Crus-galli L. Sp. PI. 476. 1753. Crataegus lucida Mill. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 6. 1768. A small tree, sometimes 30 high, with spreading branches ; spines very numerous, straight, i'-7' long. Leaves obovate to elliptic, 5'-4' long, i'-ij' wide (sometimes 2\' wide), sharply serrate, except toward the base, acute or rounded at the apex, cuneate, dark green and shining above, coriaceous, glabrous, or occasionally slightly pubescent, glandless; corymbs gla- brous, or occasionally pubescent; flowers about 8" broad; stamens 10-20; anthers usually pink ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; acumi- nate, entire; styles and nutlets usually 2; fruit ellipsoid-ovoid to subglobose, about 5" thick, greenish to red; flesh hard and dry. Sandy soil ; northern New York to On- tario, eastern Kansas, south through western Connecticut to Georgia, "introduced near Montreal, about Lake Champlam and on Nantucket Island. An extremely variable species for which many names have been proposed. May-June ; fruit ripe October. Red haw. Thorn-apple, -bush or -plum. Pin-thorn. Hawthorn. , 2. Crataegus berberifolia T. & G. Barberry-leaved Haw. Fig. 2336. Crataegus berberifolia T. & G. Fl. N. Am. i : 469. 1840. Crataegus Engelmannii Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31: 2. 1901. A small tree, sometimes 30 high, with spreading branches and a broad crown, the spines occasional ; twigs pubescent, becoming glabrous. Leaves oblong- cuneiform, spatulate or obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, cuneate, serrate towards the apex, f'-2*' long, \'-\V wide, rough-pubescent above, white-pubescent or tomentose beneath (in northern forms less pubescent than in southern) ; corymbs densely villous ; flowers about 8" broad; stamens 10-20; anthers yellow or pink; styles and nutlets 2 or 3; calyx-lobes entire, slightly pubescent, fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoid, about 5" thick; yellow, orange or red, slightly pubescent. Western Kentucky to Missouri and the Gulf states. May ; fruit ripe October. 298 MALACEAE. VOL. II. 3. Crataegus schizophylla Eggl. Martha's Vine- yard Thorn. Fig. 2337. Crataegus schisophylla Eggl. Bull. Torr. Club 38 : 243. 1911. A small tree, sometimes 12 high, with ascending irregular branches. Spines numerous, i'-3' long; leaves oblong-obovate to ovate, \'-2\' long, \'-\\' wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, coarsely ser- rate with short acute lobes towards the apex, glabrous, slightly impressed-veined; petioles i'-J' long; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 6" broad; calyx-lobes lanceo- late, acute; stamens about 10, anthers pale purple; styles and nutlets usually 2; fruit pyriform-ellipsoid, dark red, about 5" thick ; calyx persistent, its lobes reflexed; flesh hard at maturity; nutlets ridged on the back. Common on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. June ; fruit ripe October. 4. Crataegus denaria Beadle. Palmer's Thorn. Fig. 2338. Crataegus denaria Beadle, Bilt. Bot. Stud, i : 2. 131. 1902. Crataegus Palmeri Sarg. Trees & Shrubs 1:57. 1903. A small tree, sometimes 25 high, with spreading branches and a round-topped crown. Spines f '-2*' long ; leaves oval, ovate, to oblong-obovate, i'-3' long, i'-a' wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, serrate, crenate-serrate or doubly so, often slightly lobed towards the apex, dark green and shining above, slightly impressed-veined ; corymbs glabrous or slightly pilose ; flowers about 6" broad, stamens usually ten, anthers yellow; styles and nutlets 2-5; fruit globose or subglobose, reddish-green or light red, about 4" thick. Low rich soil, western Kentucky and Missouri, south to central Mississippi. Intermediate between C. Crus-galli and C. viridis. April-May ; fruit ripe October. 5. Crataegus Reverchoni Sargent. Reveichon's Thorn. Fig. 2339. Crataegus Reverchoni Sarg. Trees & Shrubs i : 55. 1903. C. Jasperensis Sarg. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 19: 61. July 1904. C. rubrifolia Sarg. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 19 : 66. July 1908. C. nibrisepala Sarg. Mo. Bot. Card. 19 : 70. July 1908. A shrub or tree, sometimes 20 high, with numerous zigzag branches and an irregular round- topped crown. Spines i'-2 r long; leaves ovate, oval or obovate, ii'-ij' long, i'-i' wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, serrate or serrate-dentate, often with I or 2 pairs of shallow lobes toward the apex, coriaceous, dark green and shining above, gla- brous; corymbs glabrous; flowers 6" or 7" broad; stamens 10-20; anthers yellow or pink; styles and nutlets 3-5 ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, entire ; fruit subglobose to compressed, globose, light scarlet to orange-red, 4" or 5" thick; calyx-lobes reflexed. Southern Missouri and Dallas County, Texas. April ; fruit ripe October. GENUS 6. APPLE FAMILY. 299 6. Crataegus Canbyi Sargent. Canby's Thorn. Fig. 2340. ?Crataegus elliptica Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 168. 1789. Mespilus elliptica Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 78. 1822. (Guimpel, Otto and Hayne Abbild. Deutsch. Holz. pi. 144. 1819- 1830.) Crataegus Canbyi Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31 : 3. 1901. C. Pennypackeri Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 35: 100. 1903. A small tree, 20 high, with somewhat ascending branches. Spines straight, i'-2' long ; leaves oblong-ovate, i '-3' long, f '-2^' wide, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, doubly serrate, often lobed toward the apex, glabrous, dark green and shining above; petioles i'-f long; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 8" broad, sepals lanceolate acuminate, entire ; stamens 10-20 ; anthers pink; styles and nutlets 3-5; fruit short-ellipsoid to globose, s"-8" thick, dark crimson. Occasional, eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland. May ; fruit ripe October. 7. Crataegus fecunda Sargent. Fruitful Thorn. Fig. 2341. Crataegus fecunda Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 33: in. 1902. A small tree, sometimes 25 high, with spreading branches. Thorns numerous, ii'-2i' long; leaves oblong-obovate to oval, ii'-3$' long, t'-2j' broad, doubly serrate, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, dark green and shining with veins strongly marked above, paler and glabrous beneath; corymbs slightly villous ; flowers about 10" wide ; calyx-lobes coarsely glandular-serrate ; stamens about 10 ; anthers purple; styles and nutlets 2-4; fruit short-ellipsiod to subglobose, io"-i2" long, orange-red, slightly pubescent; calyx-lobes erect, flesh thick. Rich bottom lands, Illinois and Missouri in the vicinity of St. Louis. May ; fruit ripe October. 8. Crataegus cuneiformis (Marsh.) Eggleston. Marshall's Thorn. Fig. 2342. Mespilus cuneiformis Marsh. Arb. Am. 88. 1785. C. disperma Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 17*: 14. 1900. C. peoriensis Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31 : 5. 1901. C. grandis Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. IJ 2 : 9. 1901. C. pausiaca Ashe, Ann. Cam. Mus. i : 390. 1902. C. porrecta Ashe, Ann. Cam. Mus. i : 391. 1902. A small tree, sometimes 25 high, with widely spreading branches, the bark dark brown, scaly. Spines numerous, often branched, f'-7'; leaves oblanceolate-obovate, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate, i '-2$' long, i'-ii' wide, dark vivid yellow-green, glabrous and impressed-veined above when mature ; corymbs usually slightly pubescent; flowers 6"-8" wide; stamens 10-15, anthers dark pink; styles and nutlets 2-4; fruit ellipsoid- pyriform, scarlet or dark red, about 5" thick. Western New York and Pennsylvania to southwest Vir- ginia, west to central Illinois. Intermediate between C. Crus- galli and C. punctata. May ; fruit ripe October. 300 MALACEAE. VOL. II. g. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Large-fruited or White Thorn. Fig. 2343. Dotted Haw. C. punctata Jacq. Hort. Vind. I : 10, pi. 28. 1770. C. flava Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 202. 1832. Not Ait. C. tomentosa var. punctata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 124. 1856. A flat-topped tree, usually with horizontal branches, but branches sometimes ascending, becoming up to 30 high. Spines light gray, f ' -2' long ; leaves obovate to oblong, f'-3' long, i'-2' broad, impressed-veined and dull gray-green above, pubescent, acute or obtuse at the apex, sharply cuneate at the base, serrate, doubly serrate or lobed at the apex ; corymbs tomen- tose or canescent ; flowers about 10" broad ; stamens about 20, anthers white or pink; styles and nutlets usually 3 or 4; fruit yellow or red, short-ellipsoid, 6"-i2" thick. Quebec to Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Iowa and Ken- tucky. June ; fruit ripe October-November. 10. Crataegus Jonesae Sargent. Miss Jones' Thorn. Fig. 2344. Crataegus Jonesae Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31 : 14. 1901. A shrub, or a tree, occasionally 20 high. Spines 2' or 3' long; leaves elliptic-ovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, cuneate, serrate with acute lobes, the tips of the lobes often reflexed, ii'-4' long, il'-3' wide, glabrous, except along the veins beneath ; petioles i'-2' long, glandless, slightly pubescent; flowers about 12" broad; calyx-lobes linear, acuminate ; calyx villous, the lobes glabrous outside; stamens about 10; anthers large, pink; styles and nutlets 2 or 3 ; fruit short-ellipsoid to pyri- form, about 8" thick, slightly pubescent, bright carmine- red ; flesh thick, yellow, calyx-lobes persistent. Islands and coast of Maine from Portland to Pembroke, and inland at Skowhegan. June ; fruit ripe September. ii. Crataegus Margaretta Ashe. Brown's Thorn. Mrs. Ashe's Thorn. Fig. 2345. Crataegus Margaretta Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 16 : 72. Feb. 1900. Crataegus Broivnii Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1:5: 447. March 1900. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 25 high, with ascend- ing branches forming a round crown. Spines f'-ij' long; leaves oblong-obovate or ovate, sometimes broadly so, i'-2$' long, f'-ii' wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, cu- neate or rounded at the base, serrate or doubly serrate with 2 or 3 pairs of acute or obtuse lobes toward the apex, glabrous when mature, dark green above, membranous; corymbs slightly pubescent, becoming glabrous ; flowers 7"-io" broad, calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, slightly pubescent inside; stamens about 20; styles and nutlets 2 or 3 ; fruit dull rusty green, yellow or red, compressed- globose to short-ellipsoid, angular, 4"-8" thick, its flesh yellow, mealy, hard ; calyx-lobes reflexed, deciduous. Southern Ontario to central Iowa, western Virginia, Tennessee and Missouri. ripe October. May ; fruit GENUS 6. APPLE FAMILY. 301 12. Crataegus suborbiculata Sargent. Caughua- waga Thorn. Fig. 2346. Crataegus suborbiculata Sarg. Rhodora 3: 72. 1901. C. nitidula Sarg. Geol. Surv. Mich. 521. 1907. C. Saundersiana Sarg. Ont. Nat. Sci. Bull. 4: 66. 1908. C. Dewingii Sarg. Rep. N. Y. State Bot. 1907: 34. 1908. A small tree, sometimes 20 high, with spreading branches and a broad crown. Spines ii'-2 r long; leaves ovate-orbicular, impressed-veined and dull dark green above, glabrous, serrate or twice serrate, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, '-2!' long, \'-2\' wide ; corymbs glabrous ; flowers about 10" broad ; stamens about 20, the anthers rose ; styles and nutlets 4 or 5 ; sepals slightly glandular-margined ; fruit glo- bose or compressed-globose, 5"-8" thick; dull green to scarlet; calyx-tube somewhat prominent. Limestone areas, valley of the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes from Montreal to southeastern Michigan. May-June ; fruit ripe October. 13. Crataegus collina Chapman. Chapman's Hill Thorn. Fig. 2347. Crataegus collina Chapm. Fl. So. U. S. Ed. 2, suppl. 2. 684. 1892. C. Lettermani Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31 : 220. April 1901. C. sordida Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 33: 114. Feb. 1902. A tree, sometimes 25 high, with spreading branches and a flat-topped crown. Spines numerous, i'-2i' long; leaves obovate or oblanceolate to oval, acute or obtuse at the apex, strongly cuneate, serrate or doubly serrate with obtuse lobes toward the apex, nearly entire below, t'-2i' long, i'-a' wide, subcoriaceous, yel- low-green, somewhat pubescent when young ; corymbs and calyx pubescent ; flowers 7"-i2" broad ; stamens 10-20 (commonly 20), the anthers usually yellow; styles and nutlets 4 or 5 ; calyx-lobes glandular-ciliate or glandular-serrate ; fruit globose or compressed- globose, 5"-7" thick, red or orange-red; calyx-tube somewhat prominent, the lobes reflexed. Virginia to Georgia, Missouri and Mississippi. April- May ; fruit ripe October. 14. Crataegus succulenta Schrader. Long-spined Thorn. Fig. 2348. C. succulenta Schrad. ; Link, Handb. 3: 78. 1831. Crataegus glandulosa var. macracantha Lindl. Bot. Reg. 22 : pi. 1912. 1836. Crataegus macracantha var. minor Lodd. ; Loud. Arb. Brit. 2: 819. 1838. Crataegus occidentalis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card, i : 5 : 448. 1900. Crataegus coloradensis A. Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 17 : 175. 1904. A small tree, sometimes 25 high, with ascending branches and a broad irregular crown. .Spines numerous, ii'~4' long; leaves rhombic-ovate to obo- vate, iJ'-3i' long, i'-2i' wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate with fine teeth, often lobed towards the apex, cori- aceous, dark shining green above, pubescent along the veins beneath ; corymbs slightly villous ; flowers about 10" broad ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, glandu- lar-laciniate, villous ; stamens 10-20, usually 10. the anthers large, pink or occasionally yellow; styles and nutlets usually 2 or 3 ; fruit subglobose, 3"-8" thick, dark red, shining, villous ; calyx-lobes reflexed ; flesh thin, glutinous. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, North Carolina and Nebraska, and in the Rocky Mountains to southern Colorado. May ; fruit ripe September. 302 MALACEAE. VOL. II. 15. Crataegus neofluvialis Ashe. New River Thorn. Fig. 2349. Crataegus neofluvialis Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 16 : 71. Feb. 1900. Crataegus michiganensis Ashe, Bull. N. Car. Agric. Coll. 175 : 1 1 1. Aug. 1900. C. gemmosa Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 33: 119. 1902. C. pisifera Sarg. Rhodora 7: 163. 1905. A tree, sometimes 30 high, with ascending and spreading branches, and numerous spines i'-3' long. Leaves elliptic-ovate to obOvate, i'-3' long, \'-2\' wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, cuneate at base, sharply and doubly serrate with obtuse or acute lobes towards the apex, coriaceous, dark green and shin- ing above, pubescent along the veins beneath; cor- ymbs and calyx-tube glabrous or slightly villous; flowers 6"-8" broad, calyx-lobes more villous inside, glandular-laciniate; stamens 15-20; anthers usually pink, small ; styles and nutlets usually 2 or 3 ; fruit globose or short-ellipsoid, dark red, 3"-6" thick, glabrous or slightly hairy; calyx-lobes reflexed; flesh thin, glutinous. Western Vermont to eastern Wisconsin, North Caro- lina and Iowa. May ; fruit ripe September. 16. Crataegus Calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medic. Pear-thorn. Pear or Red Haw. Fig. 2350. Crataegus Crus-galli Mill. Diet. Ed. 8, n. 5. 1768. Not L. Crataegus tomentosa Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. Ed. i, 183. 1771. Not L. Mespilus Calpodendron Ehrh. Beitr. 2: 67. 1788. C. Calpodendron Medic. Gesch. Bot. 83. 1793. C. Chapmani Ashe, Bot. Gaz. 28 : 270. 1899. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 20 high, with ascending and spreading branches forming a broad crown. Spines occasional, i'-2' long; leaves rhombic-ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, ii'-4i' long, ii'-3' wide, finely and doubly ser- rate, those on the vegetative shoots obtuse and more entire than the others, pubescent on both sides, becoming scabrate above, subcoriaceous, dull green ; corymbs white-tomentose ; flowers about 7" broad ; stamens about 20 (occasionally 10) ; anthers small, pink; styles and nutlets usu- ally 2 or 3 ; fruit pyriform or ellipsoid (in var. microcarpa, globose), orange-red or red, 4" or 5" thick ; calyx-lobes reflexed, laciniate ; flesh gluti- nous; nutlets with deep pits in their ventral faces. Central New York, northeastern New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Minnesota and Missouri, south in the mountains to northern Georgia. May-June ; fruit ripe September. Long mistaken for C. tomentosa L. White or^common (Pa.) thorn. Thorn-apple or -plum. Black thorn. 17. Crataegus globosa Sargent. Globose-fruited Thorn. Fig. 2351. jf Crataegus globosa Sarg. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 19: 118. 1908. A slender shrub, or tree, sometimes 25 high, with numerous spines \'-2\' long. Leaves oval, obovate or elliptic, ii'-4' long, \\'-^\' wide, coarsely serrate or doubly serrate with shallow, obtuse lobes towards the apex, acute or bluntish, broadly cuneate at the base, membranous, dark yellow-green and pubescent, becom- ing scabrate above, pubescent beneath ; corymbs villous ; flowers 7"-8" broad ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-laciniate; stamens about 20; anthers large, pink; styles and nutlets usually 2; fruit globose or short-ellipsoid, about 4" thick, light orange-red, shin- ing; calyx-lobes closely appressed, often deciduous; nutlets with large shallow cavities on the ventral faces Southern Missouri to southeastern Kansas. May ; fruit ripe October. GENUS 6. APPLE FAMILY. 18. Crataegus pertomentosa Ashe. Prairie Thorn. Fig. 2352. Crataegus pertomentosa Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 16 : 70. Feb. 1900. Crataegus campcstris Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 1:5: 449. March 1900. A small tree, sometimes 20 high, with nearly horizontal branches and a flattened crown. Spines numerous, curved, i'-3i' long; leaves oblong to obovate, \\'-2\' long, l'-2.}' wide, acute at the apex, abruptly cuneate to rounded at the base, finely and doubly serrate or lobed, slightly villous or glabrate above, villous beneath, particularly along the veins, vivid dark green, subcoria- ceous ; corymbs and calyx densely villous ; flowers about 10" broad; stamens 10-15; styles and nutlets 2 or 3 ; calyx-lobes deeply serrate; fruit globular or nearly so, 4"-6" thick, cherry-red, villous when young. Rocky barrens, Iowa, Kansas and Missouri. May ; fruit ripe September. 19. Crataegus Vailiae Britton. Miss Vail's Thorn. Fig. 2353. C. Vailiae Britton, Bull. Torn Club 24 : 53. 1897. Crataegus missouriensis Ashe, Bull. N. Car. Agric. Coll. 175: no. 1900. A shrub, sometimes 10 high, with ascending branches and a round sym- metrical crown. Spines numerous, slen- der, i '-2' long; leaves elliptic-ovate to obovate, l'-2l' long, i'-if wide, acute at the apex, cuneate, coarsely serrate or doubly so, subcoriaceous, rough- pubescent and shining above, pale- tomentose beneath ; petioles 2"-4" long ; corymbs pubescent; flowers 6" or 7" broad; stamens about 20; anthers pink; styles and nutlets 3-5 ; calyx-lobes laciniate ; fruit subglobose to pyriform, orange-red, about 5" thick, slightly vil- lous, calyx-tube rather prominent, the lobes persistent, reflexed. Rocky Muffs and river banks, south- western Virginia to North Carolina and Missouri. May ; fruit ripe October. 20. Crataegus Brainerdi Sargent. Brainerd's Thorn. Fig. 2354. C. Brainerdi Sarg. Rhodora 3 : 27. Feb. 1901. C. scabrida Sarg. Rhodora 3: 29. 1901. C. Egglcstoni Sarg. Rhodora 3: 30. 1901. C. asperifolia Sarg. Rhodora 3: 31. 1901. C. Schuettei Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 2 : 7. July 1901. A shrub or tree, sometimes 20 high, with ascend- ing branches. Spines i'-2j' long; leaves elliptic to ovate (in the Egglcstoni type often oval to orbic- ular), acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly cuneate or rounded at the base ; finely serrate or doubly serrate and lobed, li'-3*' long, i'-2$' wide, subcoriaceous or membranous ; bright green and gla- brate or occasionally scabrate above, pubescent along the veins beneath ; corymbs glabrous ; flowers about 10" broad; stamens 5-20; anthers pink; styles and nutlets 2-4; fruit short-ellipsoid to globose, cherry- red to scarlet, about 5" thick ; nutlets usually with shallow pits on the ventral faces. New Ensrland to northeastern Iowa, south to Penn- sylvania. May ; fruit ripe September. 34 MALACEAE. VOL. II. 21. Crataegus laurentiana Sargent. Fernald's Thorn. Fig. 2355. C. laurentiana Sarg. Rhodora 3 : 77. April 1901. C. Fernaldi Sarg. Rhodora 5: 166. June 1903. A large much branched shrub, sometimes 15 high, with spines 2' or 3' long. Leaves oblong to oblong- ovate, ii'-3' long, i '-2' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, cuneate at base, sharply serrate or doubly serrate with 3-5 pairs of acute lobes towards the apex, subcoriaceous, bright yellow-green above, pubescent beneath, becoming glabrous ; corymbs white-tomentose ; flowers 7" or 8" broad ; stamens about ten, anthers small, pale pink; calyx-lobes glandular-margined, lanceolate; styles and nutlets 4 or 5 ; fruit ellipsoid, dark crimson, 5" or 6" thick, slightly villose; calyx-lobes reflexed, persistent. Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Maine, and shores of Lake Superior. June ; fruit ripe September. 22. Crataegus lucorum Sargent. Grove Thorn. Fig- 2356. C. lucorum Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31 : 227. 1901. A shrub or tree, with ascending branches, the spines I'-ii' long. Leaves oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, ii'- 2.\' long, |'-2' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at base, serrate or doubly serrate or lobed towards the apex, membranous, dark dull green above, glabrous and pale beneath; corymbs slightly villous; flowers about 10" broad; stamens about 20; anthers small, purple; styles and nutlets 4 or 5; calyx-lobes nearly glabrous on the inner surface, slightly glandular-serrate ; fruit pyrif orm-ellipsoid, crimson, 5" or 6" thick, glabrous; calyx-lobes reflexed; flesh soft, succulent. Northen Illinois and Wisconsin. May ; fruit ripe Sep- tember. 23. Crataegus irrasa Sargent. Blanchard's Thorn. Fig. 2357. C. irrasa Sarg. Rhodora 5: 116. April 1903. Crataegus irrcsa var. divergens Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 75 : 51. 1904. C. Blanchardi Sarg. Rhodora 7: 218. 1905. A shrub, sometimes 12 high, with numerous spines i'-3$' long. Leaves ovate to elliptic, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base, serrate, with 4-6 pairs of acute lobes, \\'-2\' long, \\'-2\' wide, membranous, slightly pubescent above, becoming gla- brous but remaining pubescent along the veins beneath ; corymbs villous ; flowers about 8" broad ; stamens about 20; anthers yellow or pink; styles and nutlets 3-5 ; fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoid, about 5" thick, slightly angled, red or scarlet, somewhat pubescent; calyx-lobes persistent ; flesh soft, reddish. Montmorency Falls, Quebec, south to southern Vermont and eastern New York. May ; fruit ripe September. GENUS 6. APPLE FAMILY 24. Crataegus Macauleyae Sargent. Miss Macauley's Thorn. Fig. 2358. Crataegus Macauleyae Sarg. Proc. Roch. Acad. Sci. 4 : 130. 1903. A round-topped tree, sometimes 20 high, with somewhat pendulous branches. Leaves ovate to oval, \\'-2.V long, ii'-2' wide, acute, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, doubly serrate or lobed, dark yellow-green and shining above, membra- nous, glabrous ; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous ; flowers 8"-o," broad ; calyx-lobes glabrous or pubescent on the inside, lanceo- late, acuminate ; stamens about 20 ; anthers yellow, small ; styles and nutlets 4 or 5 ; fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoid, dark crimson, 5" or 6" thick, the calyx-tube prominent; flesh thin, yellow, dry. Central and western New York, ripe October. May ; fruit 25. Crataegus Bicknelli Eggleston. Bicknell's Thorn. Fig. 2359. Crataegus rotundifolia var. Bicknellii Eggl. Rhodora 10 : 79. 1908. Crataegus Bicknellii Eggl. Bull. Torr. Club 38: 244. 1911. A round-topped shrubby tree, not more than 10 high with numerous stout spines \'-2\' long. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 1^-3' long, \\'-2\' wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, sharply doubly serrate with acute lobes towards the apex, dark green and shining aDove, paler and glabrous beneath ; corymbs glabrous ; flowers 8" or 9" broad ; stamens about 10; anthers light purple; styles and nut- lets 4 or 5; calyx-lobes long-acuminate, laciniate; fruit globose, red, about 5" thick; calyx-lobes reflexed, per- sistent, conspicuously lobed ; flesh soft at maturity. Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, tember. June ; fruit ripe Sep- 26. Crataegus Oakesiana Eggleston. Oakes' Thorn. Fig. 2360. C. Oakesiana Eggl. Torreya 7: 35. Feb. 1907. A round-topped shrub or tree, sometimes 20 high. Spines numerous, J'-ii' long. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, gradually or abruptly cuneate at the base, doubly serrate towards the apex, i '-2!' long, i'-2j' wide, slightly pubescent above, becoming glabrate, paler and glabrous beneath ; corymbs slightly villous ; flowers about 10" broad ; calyx villous, its lobes glabrous outside; stamens about 20, anthers yellow; styles and nutlets 3-5; fruit pyriform-ellipsoid, slightly angular, yellowish-red, about 10" thick, calyx- lobes deciduous ; flesh soft, mealy, light yellow. Locally common along the Connecticut River in Essex Co., Vermont. May ; fruit ripe August. 20 306 MALACEAE. VOL. II. 27. Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe. Round-leaved Thorn. Fig. 2361. 2 Mespilus rotundifolia Ehrh. Beitr. 3: 30. 1788. Crataegus rotundifolia Borckh. in Roem. Arch. I s : 87. 1798. Not Lam. Ency. i : 84. 1783. Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe, Bull. N. Car. Agri. Coll. 175 : 1 10. 1900. C. sheridana A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 34: 370. 1902. C. Doddsii Ramaley, Bot. Gaz. 46 : 5 : 381. 1908. A beautiful round-topped shrub, or a tree occa- sionally 25 high, with numerous spines, i'-3' long. Leaves ovate-orbicular or obovate, i}'-2' long, f'-2i' wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate at base, doubly serrate with rather coarse teeth and with 3 or 4 pairs of acute lobes, subcoriaceous, dark yellow- green and shining above, slightly pubescent or gla- brous; corymbs pubescent or glabrous; flowers 7" or 9" broad; stamens 5-10; styles and nutlets usually 3 or 4; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, usually entire but glandular-margined ; fruit depressed- globose to short-ovoid, about 5" thick, red ; flesh soft; calyx-lobes reflexed. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, south to North Carolina, Nebraska, and in the Rocky Mts. to New Mexico. May ; fruit ripe August-Sep- tember. 28. Crataegus Jackii Sargent. Jack's Thorn. Fig. 2362. C. Jackii Sarg. Rhodora 5 : 162. 1903. C. rotundata Sarg. Ont. Nat. Sci. Bull. 4: 61. 1908. A round-topped shrub, sometimes 15 high. Spines numerous, i'-2i' long; leaves ovate-orbicular to obovate, acute at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, \\'-2\' long, i '-2' wide, doubly serrate, lobes very shallow, dull dark green above, slightly pubescent becoming glabrate above, paler and glabrous beneath ; corymbs slightly vil- lous ; flowers io"-i2" broad ; calyx glabrous, its lobes sharply glandular-serrate; stamens 5-10; anthers yellow; styles and nutlets 2 or 3 ; fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, s"-8" thick, dull dark red, prominently angled; flesh thick, reddish, edible. Isle of Montreal to southern Ontario. May ; fruit ripe Sep- tember. 29. Crataegus ovata Sargent. Ovate- leaved Thorn. Fig. 2363. Crataegus ovata Sarg. Man. Trees 402. 1905. A tree, sometimes 30 high, with yellow, scaly, bark similar to that of a young Platanus, the spines i' long. Leaves ovate-elliptic or obovate, \\'-2\' long, t'-2' wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, coarsely serrate or doubly serrate, often with irregular crenate lobes towards the apex, dark green, shining and glabrous above, paler beneath, membranous; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 6" broad; stamens about 20; styles and nutlets usually 5 ; calyx-lobes lanceo- late, entire ; fruit globose or compressed- globose, yellow to orange-red, 3" or 4" thick, calyx-lobes appressed, usually deciduous. River bottoms, western Kentucky and eastern Missouri. April-May ; fruit ripe October. GENUS 6. APPLE FAMILY. 307 30. Crataegus viridis L. Southern Thorn. Fig. 2364. Crataegus viridis L. Sp. PI. 476. 1/53. C. arborescens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 550. 1821. A tree, often 35 high, with ascending branches and a broad crown, the bark gray or light orange. Spines rather uncommon, I '-2' long; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, acuminate or even obtuse at the apex, serrate or doubly serrate, often with acute or obtuse lobes towards the apex, l'-3i' long, \'-2 r wide, dark green, shining and slightly impressed-veined above, sometimes pu- bescent along the veins beneath ; corymbs gla- brous ; flowers 5 "-8" broad ; stamens about 20 ; anthers usually yellow, sometimes pink ; styles and nutlets 4 or 5 ; fruit globose or compressed- globose, bright red or orange, glaucous, 2" or 3" thick. Alluvial soil along streams and lakes, southern Virginia to northern Florida, Indiana, Illinois, Kan- sas and Texas. Wood hard, reddish-brown, weight per cubic foot 40 Ibs. Red haw. Tree-haw or -thorn. March-April ; fruit ripe October. 31. Crataegus nitida (Engelm.) Sargent. Shin- ing Thorn. Fig. 2365. Crataegus viridis nitida Engelm. ; Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. 2: 242. 1897. Crataegus nitida Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31 : 231. 1901. A tree, sometimes 30 high, with ascending and spreading branches forming a broad irregular crown. Spines occasional, i'-2' long; leaves oblong-ovate to oval, i|'-3' long, f'-2l' wide, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, coarsely serrate or twice serrate with acute lobes towards the apex, dark green, shining above, paler beneath, glabrous ; corymbs many-flowered ; flow- ers 6"-io" broad ; stamens about 20 ; anthers light yellow ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate ; styles and nutlets 3-5 ; fruit globose to short-ellipsoid, dark dull red, 3"-s" thick; nutlets small, ridged on the back. Bottom-lands, southern Indiana and Illinois. May ; fruit ripe October. 32. Crataegus intricata Lange. Lange's Thorn. Biltmore Haw. Fig. 2366. C. intricata Lange, Bot. Tidssk. 19 : 264. 1894-95. C. biltmoreana Beadle, Bot. Gaz. 28: 406. 1899. Crataegus modesta Sarg. Rhodora 3: 28. 1901. Crataegus premora Ashe, Ann. Carn. Mus. i : 391. 1902. An irregularly branched small shrub, occa- sionally 15 high. Spines infrequent; leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, t'-si' long, I'- 2!' wide, acute, broadly cuneate to truncate, doubly serrate or lobed, rough-pubescent, some- times becoming scabrous ; corymbs and calyx villous, few-flowered ; flowers about 12" broad ; stamens usually 10, sometimes 20; anthers yellow or pink ; styles and nutlets usually 3 or 4; fruit short-ellipsoid to globose, 4"-7" thick, greenish-yellow or becoming dark reddish- brown, slightly pubescent. Open rocky woods, western New England and New York south to South Carolina and Missouri. Has been mistaken for C. coccinea L. May-June ; fruit ripe October-November. 3 o8 MALACEAE. VOL. II. 33. Crataegus Stonei Sargent. Stone's Thorn. Peck's Thorn. Fig. 2367. Crataegus Stonei Sarg. Rhodora 5 : 62. 1903. Crataegus Peckii Sarg. Rhodora 5: 63. 1903. An intricately branched shrub, sometimes 7 high, armed with spines i'-2 f long. Leaves oblong to oblong- ovate, i '-3' long, li'-2i' wide, serrate or doubly ser- rate with acute or acuminate lobes toward the apex, acute at the -apex, cuneate, yellow-green and scabrate above, slightly pubescent along the veins beneath; corymbs few-flowered, villous ; flowers 7"-io" broad ; stamens about 10; anthers pink; styles and nutlets 3 or 4; fruit pyriform to short-ellipsoid, 6" or 7" thick, light yellow or yellow-green tinged with red, slightly villous; flesh hard at maturity. Rocky places, central Massachusetts, Connecticut and eastern New York. May ; fruit ripe October. 34. Crataegus padifolia Sargent. Padus- leaved Thorn. Fig. 2368. C. padifolia Sarg. Trees & Shrubs 2 : 75. pi. 135. 1908. A shrubby tree, sometimes 20 high, with erect and spreading branches forming an open crown. Leaves elliptic-ovate to ovate, i'-2f long, i'-2' wide, acute at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, coarsely serrate or doubly serrate, glabrous, membranous, light yellow-green above ; corymbs glabrous ; flowers 7"~9" broad ; stamens about 10, the anthers pink; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, slightly glandular; styles and nutlets 2 or 3; fruit short-ellipsoid to depressed-globose, slightly angled, orange-red, 6" or 7" thick ; calyx-tube but slightly enlarged, the lobes small, spreading, deciduous ; flesh thin, hard, dry. Upland woods, southern Missouri, ripe September-October. April ; fruit 35. Crataegus populifolia Walter. Poplar-leaved Haw. Fig. 2369. Crataegus populifolia Walt. Fl. Car. 147. 1788. A shrub or small tree, about 15 high, with ascending and spreading branches forming a round crown. Spines slender, l'-2 r long; leaves deltoid-ovate or oblong-ovate, f'-2i' long, '-2' wide, serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes, acute at the apex, truncate or cordate at the base, membranous, yellow-green -above, paler beneath, usually glabrous, sometimes slightly appressed-pubescent above ; petioles slender, i'-f ', glandular ; corymbs few- flowered, glabrous (flowers not known) ; fruit globose, 4"-6" thick, light red, without angles; styles and nut- lets 4 or 5; stamens about 10; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceo- late, slightly toothed, appressed, usually deciduous ; flesh hard at maturity. Virginia to South Carolina. Fruit ripe in September. GENUS 6. APPLE FAMILY. 309 36. Crataegus straminea Beadle. Alleghany Thorn. Fig. 2370. C. straminea Beadle, Bot. Gaz. 30: 345. 1900. Crataegus intricata Sarg. Rhodora 2: 28. 1901. Not J. Lange. C. apposita Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 35 : 103. 1903. C. Bissellii Sarg. Rhodora 5 : 65. 1903. An irregularly branched shrub, sometimes 10 high, with occasional spines i'-2' long. Leaves elliptic-ovate, J'-2|' long, i'-2' wide, subcoriaceous, bright yellow- green above, glabrous, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate with 3 or 4 pairs of acute lobes towards the apex, the lower pair often more deeply cut ; corymbs 3-7-flowered, glabrous ; flowers 7"- 10" broad; stamens about 10; anthers yellow or some- times pink; styles and nutlets 3 or 4; fruit pyriform to ellipsoid, angular, about 5" thick, yellow-green; calyx- tube prominent, the lobes reflexed, stronglv serrate towards the apex. Rocky hills, western Vermont to southern Michigan, south through Connecticut to Delaware, to northern Alabama and southern Missouri. May ; fruit ripe October. 37. Crataegus pallens Beadle. Beadle's Yellow-fruited Thorn. Fig. 2371. C. pallens Beadle, Bilt. Bot. Stud, i : 27. 1901. C. amara Ashe, Journ. E Mitch. Soc. 18 : 22. 1902. Crataegus fortunata Sarg. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 62' : 239. 1910. A shrub or small tree up to 25 high, with ascending branches and numerous slender thorns i'-2' long. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, subcoriaceous, glabrous, J'-2i' long, i'-2i' wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate to slightly cordate at the base, serrate or twice serrate with 2 or 3 pairs of acute lobes, the lower pair more deeply cut ; corymbs glabrous, few-flowered, flowers 8" or 9" broad; calyx-lobes glabrous outside; stamens 10-20, the anthers usually pink, small ; styles and nutlets 2 or 3; fruit globose to short-ellipsoid, greenish-yellow or yellow, 4"-?" thick; sepals reflexed, usually deciduous; flesh hard at maturity. Lower altitudes of the Alleghany Mountains, southern Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and North Carolina. May ; fruit ripe October. 38. Crataegus Boyntoni Beadle. Boynton's Thorn. Fig. 2372. C. Boyntoni Beadle, Bot. Gaz. 28: 409. Dec. 1899. Crataegus polybracteata Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. i6 2 : 79. Feb. 1900. C. Buckleyi Beadle, Bilt. Bot. Stud, i : 25. 1901. C. foetida Ashe, Ann. Cam. Mus. i : 389. 1902. A round-topped, irregularly branched shrub or tree, sometimes 25 high. Spines occasional ; leaves ovate to oval, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate or truncate, serrate or doubly serrate with acute or obtuse lobes towards the apex, if '-2!' long, ij'-2j' wide, yellow- green above, paler beneath, glabrous ; corymbs often slightly pubescent, becoming glabrous ; flowers about 10" wide; calyx-lobes but slightly toothed, sometimes entire, stamens 10-15; styles and nutlets 3-5; fruit subglobose, S"-8" thick, orange-red or red-brown ; flesh hard at maturity. Shaly soils, eastern Massachusetts to central Michigan, South Carolina and central Tennessee. May-June ; fruit ripe October. 310 MALACEAE. VOL. II. Crataegus flava Aiton. Summer or Yellow Haw. Fig. 2373. Crataegus flava Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 169. 1789. Mespilus caroliniana Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 4: 442. 1797. Crataegus flexispina Lauche, Deutsch. Dend. 569. 1883. Not Mespilus flexispina Moench. A slender tree, with rough bark and ascending branches, sometimes 20 high, the thorns slender, '-2' long. Leaves obovate or ovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, i'-2i' long, '-2' broad, den- tate-serrate or doubly so, slightly pubescent above when young, glabrous when mature; petioles 3"-i2" long, slightly winged above; corymbs few-flowered; pedicels and calyx slightly pubescent ; flowers about 9" broad ; calyx-lobes entire, glandular-margined; stamens about 10; anthers pink; styles usually 3 or 4; fruit ellipsoid- pyriform, yellowish-green, sometimes checked with red, about 8" thick; flesh hard at maturity. Summits of sandy ridges, southeastern Virginia to Florida. Red haw. April ; fruit ripe October. 40. Crataegus flabellata (Bosc) K. Koch. Bosc's Thorn. Fig. 2374. Mespilus flabellata Bosc ; Desf. Tab. de L'Ecole 2 : 271. 1815. M. flabellata Bosc; Spach, Hist. Veg. 2: 63. 1834. C. flabellata K. Koch, Weissd. 240. 1853. C. crudelis Sarg. Rhodora 5 : 143. 1903. C. blandita Sarg. Rhodora 5: 147. 1903. A large shrub or small tree, with ascending branches, sometimes 20 high. Spines numerous, i'-4'long; leaves ovate to broadly ovate, \\'-2\' long, \'-2\' wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate, sharply lobed, with the tips of the teeth often recurved, slightly villous above, becoming scabrate or glabrate ; corymbs many-flowered, slightly villous; flowers 7"-io" broad; stamens about 10; styles and nutlets 3-5; fruit ellipsoid, 4"-6" thick, scarlet or crimson ; flesh succulent. Along the St. Lawrence River, Quebec. September. May ; fruit ripe 41. Crataegus roanensis Ashe. Roan Moun- tain Thorn. Fig. 2375. C. roanensis Ashe, Bull. N. Car. Agric. Coll. 175: 114. 1900. C. fliifiatilis Sarg. Rhodora 5: 117. April 1903. C. ascendens Sarg. Rhodora 5: 141. May 1903. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 20 high, with ascending branches and numerous curved spines !'- 2j' long. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate to cordate at the base, serrate with 3-6 pairs of acute straight lobes, i'-2f long, f'-2i' wide, membranous, slightly villous, becoming glabrate, dark yellow-green above; corymbs glabrous or slightly villous; flowers about 8" broad; stamens 5-20, usually 5-10; styles and nutlets usually 3 or 4; fruit ellipsoid, ovoid or pyriform, crimson, 3" or 4" thick; flesh rather firm. Quebec to Wisconsin, North Carolina and Tennessee. May ; fruit ripe September. GENUS 6. APPLE FAMILY. 42. Crataegus macrosperma Ashe. Variable Thorn. Fig. 2376. C. macrosperma Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 16 : 73. 1900. ? Mespilus cor data Mill. Diet. Ed. 8, n. 4. 1768: Fig. PL 119. pi. 179. 1760. Not Crataegus cordata Ait. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 25 high, with as- cending branches and numerous curved spines l'-2f long. Leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or rarely cordate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate, f'-2|' long, \'-2.\' wide, membranous, slightly villous, becoming glabrate, dark yellow-green above ; petioles slender, i'-i' long ; corymbs glabrous or slightly villous ; flowers 7"-io" broad ; sta- mens 5-20, usually 5-10; styles and nutlets usually 3 or 4; fruit ellipsoid or pyriform, scarlet to crimson, often glaucous, 5 "-9" thick, its flesh soft at maturity; calyx- lobes erect or spreading. Nova Scotia and Maine to southeastern Minnesota. North Carolina and Tennessee. May ; fruit ripe August-Septem- ber. More than fifty different names have been given to what is essentially this species. Figured in our first edition as C. coccinea L 43. Crataegus Grayana Eggl. Asa Gray's Thorn. Fig. 2377. Crataegus Grayana Eggl. Rhodora 10 : 80. May 1908. A large shrub, sometimes 20 high, with ascending branches, the thorns \'-2\' long. Leaves ovate, i'-3J' long, f'-3' wide, acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, slightly pubescent above, becom- ing glabrate, serrate or doubly serrate with 4-6 pairs of acuminate lobes, their tips recurved; corymbs slightly villous ; flowers 7"-8" broad ; calyx-tube villous below, the lobes slightly villous within, glandular-margined ; stamens about 20; styles and nutlets usually 4 or 5; fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoid, angular, dark cherry- red, 6"-8" thick ; calyx-lobes reflexed. Montmorency Falls west to Ottawa, Ontario, western New England and northeastern New York. May ; fruit ripe August-September. 44. Crataegus alnorum Sargent. Edson's Thorn. Fig. 2378. Crataegus alnorum Sarg. Rhodora 5: 153. 1903. Crataegus Edsoni Sarg. Rhodora 7: 205. 1905. A broad shrub, sometimes 15 high, with ascending branches, the spines i'-ii' long. Leaves ovate, ii'-2^' long, i'-2i' wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes, dull dark yellow-green above, paler be- neath ; corymbs glabrous, many-flowered ; flowers 7"- 10" broad; stamens about 20; styles and nutlets 3-5; fruit subglobose, slightly angular, dark cherry-red, 6" or 7" thick; calyx-lobes erect or spreading; flesh suc- culent. New England to southern Michigan, south to Pennsylva- nia. May ; fruit ripe September. MALACEAE. VOL. II. 45. Crataegus populnea Ashe. Gruber's Thorn. Fig. 2379. C. populnea Ashe, Ann. Cam. Mus. i : 395. 1902. C. stolonifera Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 35: 109. 1903. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 20 high, with a flattened round crown. Spines i'-2' long; leaves mem- branous, slightly villous above, becoming glabrate, broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, i'-2j' long and wide, acute to acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, those of the vegetative shoots usu- ally cordate, serrate or twice serrate, the lobes broad, acute or none ; corymbs glabrous ; flowers 8"-io" broad ; stamens 5-10; anthers pink; styles and nutlets usually 3 or 4; fruit glabrous to short-ellipsoid, scarlet, s"-7" thick, calyx-lobes appressed or spreading; flesh yellow. Low grounds, southern Ontario to Pennsylvania and Dela- ware. May ; fruit ripe September. 46. Crataegus aspera Sargent. Rough-leaved Thorn. Fig. 2380. Crataegus aspera Sarg. Trees & Shrubs 2 : 67. pi. /3/. 1908. C. bracteata Sarg. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 19: 91. July 1908. A shrub, sometimes 7 high, with slender zigzag branchlets. Spines numerous, curved, i\'-2\' long; leaves ovate, \\'-2\' long, f'-a' wide, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, rounded or truncate at the base, finely serrate or doubly serrate, with 3 or 4 pairs of acute lobes, yellcw-green, membranous, appressed-pubescent, becoming scabrate above, tomentose beneath; petioles tomentose, i'-ij' long; corymbs few-flowered; pedicels slightly pubescent, becoming glabrous ; flowers 8" or 9" broad ; calyx-lobes triangular ; stamens about 10 ; styles and nutlets usually 4 or 5 ; fruit short-ellipsoidal to subglobose, scarlet, very pruinose, 5" or 6" thick; calyx-tube little enlarged, the lobes obtuse, spreading, often deciduous; flesh thin. Thickets, southern Missouri. April-May ; fruit ripe No- vember. 47. Crataegus Jesupi Sargent. Jesup's Thorn. Fig. 2381. Crataegus Jesupi Sarg. Rhodora 5 : 61. 1903. A large shrub, sometimes 20 high, with ascend- ing branches. Leaves elliptic-ovate, i$'-3' long, i '-2' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate-cordate, serrate or doubly ser- rate with 4 or 5 pairs of acute lobes, yellow-green above, paler beneath, glabrous ; corymbs glabrous ; flowers about 10" broad, calyx-lobes entire ; stamens about 10; anthers dark red; styles and nutlets usu- ally 3 or 4; fruit short-ellipsoid to pyriform, about 5" thick, dark red, slightly angled, devoid of bloom when mature; calyx-lobes mostly deciduous; flesh firm at maturity. Western Vermont to southwestern Wisconsin, south to Pennsylvania. May; fruit ripe October. GENUS 6. APPLE FAMILY. 3'3 48. Crataegus rugosa Ashe. Fretz's Thorn. Fig. 2382. C. rugosa Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 17* : 5. 1900. C. deltoides Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 17*: 19. 1901. C. rustica Beadle, Bilt. Bot. Stud, i 2 : 122. 1902. A shrub or tree, sometimes 20 high, with ascending branches. Leaves broadly ovate, i'-22' long, i'-2j' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, serrate or twice serrate with 4-6 pairs of broad acuminate lobes, membranous, glabrous ; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 10" broad; stamens 10-20; anthers pink; styles and nutlets usually 4 or 5; fruit depressed-globose, bright red, s"-8" thick; flesh rather succulent when mature. Southwestern New England to Pennsylvania, Indiana and the mountains of North Carolina. May ; fruit ripe October. 49. Crataegus filipes Ashe. Miss Beckwith's Thorn. Fig. 2383. C. filipes Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. ig 1 : 18. April 1903. C. opulens Sarg. Proc. Roch. Acad. Sci. 4: 104. June 1903. C. Beckwithae Sarg. Proc. Roch. Acad. Sci. 4: 124. June 1903. C. sequax Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 2O 2 : 50. 1904. C. Robbinsiana Sarg. Rhodora 7 : 197. 1905. Not Crataegus silvicola Beadle, Bot. Gaz. 28: 414. 1899. A shrub or tree, sometimes 30 high, with ascending branches. Spines numerous, \'-2\' long; leaves ovate, l'-2j' long, \'-2.\' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate and in vegetative shoots strongly cordate at the base, serrate or twice serrate and lobed, the lower pair of acuminate lobes often deeply cut, membranous, glabrous ; corymbs glabrous ; flowers about 10" broad ; stamens about 10 ; anthers pink ; styles and nutlets 3-5 ; fruit globose or compressed-globose, cherry- red, 6"-8" thick. Western New England to central Michigan and south to Pennsylvania. May ; fruit ripe October. 50. Crataegus leiophylla Sargent. Maine's Thorn. Fig. 2384. C. leiophylla Sarg. Proc. Roch. Acad. Sci. 4: 99. 1903. C. MaineanaSarg. Proc. Roch. Acad. Sci. 4: 106. 1903. C. rfwracmo-Sarg Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 62 : 186. 1910. A large shrub, sometimes 15 high, with erect branches, and numerous, thorns i'-2$' long. Leaves broadly ovate, iJ'-2f long- and wide, acute or 'acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the -base, doubly serrate, with 3-5 pairs of acuminate spreading lobes, blue-green above, paler beneath, subcoriaceous, dull ; corymbs glabrous ; flowers about 10" broad ; sta- mens 10-20 ; anthers pink or yellow ; styles and nutlets 4 or 5; fruit pyriform to globose, slightly angular, 6" or 7" thick, dark green becoming bright or dark scarlet, slightly pruinose ; flesh hard at maturity. Central and western New York to Pennsylvania, fruit ripe October. May; MALACEAE. VOL. II. 5i. Crataegus beata Sargent. Dunbar's Thorn. Fig. 2385. C. beata Sarg. Proc. Roch. Acad. Sci. 4: 97. 1903. C. compta Sarg. Proc. Roch. Acad. Sci. 4: 102. 1903. C. medioxima Sarg. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 62: 190. 1910. C. effera Sarg. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 62 : 206. 1910. A shrub sometimes 20 high, with ascending or erect branches, the thorns i'-ii' long. Leaves ovate, ii'-3' long, i'-2i' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, doubly serrate with acute lobes, blue-green above, paler beneath, membranous to subcoriaceous, dull, those of shoots sometimes cordate; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous; flowers 7"-io" broad; stamens 5-20; anthers pink ; styles and nutlets 3-5 ; fruit short- ellipsoid, slightly angular, crimson, slightly pruinose, 5"-8" thick; flesh firm at maturity. Southern Ontario to western Pennsylvania. May; fruit ripe October. 52. Crataegus disjuncta Sargent. Missouri Thorn. Fig. 2386. C. disjuncta Sarg. Trees & Shrubs i : 109. 1903. A tree, sometimes 20 high, with ascending and spreading branches forming a broad crown. Thorns \'-2\' long; leaves broadly ovate, ii'-3$' long, \\'-2\' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate, rounded or truncate at the base, coarsely serrate or twice serrate with 3-5 pairs of short acuminate lobes, membranous, blue-green above, glabrous ; corymbs gla- brous, 3~6-flowered ; flowers 7" or 8" broad ; stamens about 10; anthers large, pink; calyx-lobes lanceolate, entire ; styles and nutlets 4 or 5 ; fruit short-ellipsoid, angular, 6" or %" thick, green, becoming scarlet, pruinose; calyx-tube conspicuous, its lobes deciduous. Western Kentucky to southern Missouri. May ; fruit ripe October. 53. Crataegus Gattingeri Ashe. Gattinger's Thorn. Fig. 2387. C. coccinea var. oligandra T. & G. Fl. N. Am. i : 465. 1840. C. Gattingeri Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 17* : 12. 1900. C. bedfordensis Sarg. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 62: 185. 1910. A shrub, sometimes 15 high, with ascend- ing branches and irregular crown. Spines numerous, i'-2' long; leaves narrowly ovate to deltoid, \'-2\' long, \'-2 r wide, acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, serrate or broadly serrate, lobed toward the apex, membranous, glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath ; corymbs glabrous, many-flowered ; flowers 7" or 8" broad ; sta- mens 10-20; anthers small, pink; calyx-lobes triangular, persistent; styles and nutlets usu- ally 3 or 4; fruit globose, angular, red, slightly pruinose, 4" -6" thick; flesh hard at maturity. Southern Pennsylvania to southern Indiana and south to West Virginia and central Tennes- see. May ; fruit ripe October. GENUS 6. APPLE FAMILY. 315 54- Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K.Koch. Waxy-fruited Thorn. Fig. 2388. C. populifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 553. 1821. Not Walt. Mespilus pruinosa Wendl. Flora 6: 700. 1823. C. pruinosa K. Koch. Hort. Dend. 168 1853. C. Porteri Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gar. i: 5 : 448. 1900. A shrub or tree, sometimes 20 high, with ascending branches, an irregular crown, and numerous slender spines, \'-2\' long. Leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, i'- 2\' long, \'-2\' wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly cuneate, rounded or oc- casionally cordate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate with 3 or 4 pairs of broad acute lobes towards the apex, membranous, glabrous, blue-green ; corymbs glabrous ; flowers about 10" broad; stamens 10-20; anthers pink or sometimes yellow ; styles and nutlets usually 4 or 5 ; fruit depressed- globose to short-ellipsoid, strongly angled, pruinose, apple-green becoming scarlet or purple, 6"-8" thick; calyx-tube prominent, the lobes spreading, entire, persistent. Rocky open woods, western New England to Michigan, North Carolina and Misouri. May ; fruit ripe October. ji. 55. Crataegus Kelloggii Sargent. Kellogg's Thorn. Fig. 2389. C. Kelloggii Sarg. Trees & Shrubs i: 117. 190-3. A small tree, sometimes 25 high, with erect branches, rough bark and occasional straight spines, i' long. Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, rounded at the apex, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base, \\'-2\' long, \'-2.y wide, serrate or doubly serrate with broad lobes above the middle, dark yellow-green, slightly pu- bescent, becoming glabrate above, pubescent along the veins beneath; petioles slender, villous when young; corymbs pubescent; flowers about 7" broad; calyx slightly villous, the lobes glabrous outside, nearly entire; stamens about 20; anthers red; styles and nutlets usu- ally 5 ; fruit subglobose to short-ovoid, bright yellow, io"-i2" thick; calyx-lobes spreading. Occasional in bottom-lands of the River Des Peres, Carondelet, Mo. April ; fruit ripe September. 56. Crataegus villipes Ashe. Thin-leaved Thorn. Fig. 2390. Crataegus Holmesiana Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 16 : 78. Feb. 1900. Not C. Holmesii Lesq. Crataegus tenuifolia Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card, i : 448. March 1900. Not Guild. Crataegus Holmesiana var. villipes Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 17*: ii. 1901. C. villipes Ashe, Ann. Cam. Mus. i : 388. 1902. A tree, sometimes 30 high, with strongly ascending branches, the thorns \\'-2\' long. Leaves elliptic-ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, i '-34' long, \'-2\' wide, serrate or doubly serrate with 4-6 pairs of acute or acuminate lobes with tips usually reflexed, pubescent, or at length scabrous above, pu- bescent along the veins beneath ; corymbs glabrous or slightly pubescent ; flowers about 8" broad ; stamens S-io; styles and nutlets usually 3 or 4; fruit pyriform or ellipsoid, crimson, about 6" thick, the calyx-lobes enlarged, erect, persistent. Maine and Quebec to central Michigan, south in the mountains to North Carolina. May ; fruit ripe August- September. 316 MALACEAE. VOL. II. 57. Crataegus anomala Sargent. Oblong-leaved Thorn. Fig. 2391. C. anomala Sarg. Rhodora 3 : 74. 1901. C. oblongifolia Sarg. Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 105: 60. 1906. A shrubby tree, sometimes 20 high, with nu- merous spines ii'-2' long. Leaves oblong to ovate, ii'-3i' long, $'-3' wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes, slightly pu- bescent, becoming scabrous above, densely vil- lous along the veins beneath, yellow-green ; petioles pubescent, i'-l' long, many-flowered ; corymbs and calyx villous; flowers 7" or 8" broad; stamens about 10; styles and nutlets 4 or 5 ; fruit pyriform-ellipsoid, j"-io" thick, crimson, the calyx-tube prominent, the lobes slightly spreading, persistent, pubescent; flesh thick, edible. Quebec to Massachusetts and New York. May ; fruit ripe October. 58. Crataegus dispessa Ashe. Bush's Thorn. Fig. 2392. Crataegus pyriformis Britton, Journ. N. Y. Bot. Card. 1:5: 449. March 1900. Not Jacques. C. dispessa Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 17*: 14. Dec. 1900. A tree, sometimes 30 high, with spreading branches and occasional thorns f'-ii' long. Leaves broadly oval to obovate-oval, obtuse at the apex, cuneate at base, ii'-2j' long, f'-2i' wide, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, slightly pubescent, becoming glabrate above, pubescent especially along the veins beneath, mem- branous, yellow-green ; corymbs many-flowered, villous ; flowers about 12" broad ; calyx villous, its lobes slightly villous, stamens about 20; anthers pink; styles and nut- lets 4 or 5; fruit ellipsoid-pyriform, about 6" thick, bright cherry-red ; calyx-lobes reflexed ; nutlets ear- shaped ; flesh thick, edible. Rich bottom-lands, southern Missouri. May ; fruit ripe September. 59. Crataegus lanuginosa Sargent. Woolly Thorn. Fig. 2393. C. lanuginosa Sarg. Trees & Shrubs i: 113. 1903. A tree, sometimes 25 high, with both spreading and erect branches, and numerous thorns ii'-3i' long, the young thorns often bearing undeveloped leaves. Leaves ovate to suborbicular, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, coarsely and doubly serrate, l'- 2!' long, |'-2i' wide, appressed-pubescent, becoming scabrous above, densely white-tomentose beneath; corymbs many-flowered, white-tomentose ; flowers about 10" broad; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; stamens about 20 ; anthers pink ; styles and nutlets usually 5 ; fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoid, about 8" thick, tomentose, bright cherry-red, the calyx-tube prominent. Common about Webb City, Missouri. May ; fruit ripe Sep- tember. GENUS 6. APPLE FAMILY. 317 60. Crataegus coccinioides Ashe. Eggert's Thorn. Fig. 2394. Crataegus coccinioides Ashe,Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. 16 : 74. Feb. 1900. Crataegus Eggertii Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card, i : 447. March 1900. C. dilatata Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31 : 9. 1901. C. speciosa Sarg. Trees & Shrubs i : 65. 1903. A shrub or tree, sometimes 20 high, with spreading branches, the spines f'-2i' long. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at the apex, rounded or truncate at the base, doubly serrate with several pairs of broad acute lobes, ii'-3i' long, ii'-3' wide, membranous, dark green above, paler and slightly tomentose along the veins beneath; corymbs 5-i2-flowered, glabrous; flow- ers io"-i2" broad ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, glandular- serrate; stamens about 20; styles and nutlets usually 4 or 5; fruit subglobose, obtusely angled, 7"-io" thick with prominent calyx-tube and spreading calyx- lobes. Montreal Island south to Rhode Island, west to Mis- souri and Kansas. May ; fruit ripe September. 61. Crataegus Pringlei Sargent. Pringle's Thorn. Fig. 2395. C. Pringlei Sarg. Rhodora 3: 21. Feb. 1901. C, exclusa Sarg. Rhodora 5: 108. April 1903. A tree, sometimes 25 high, with ascending branches, and spines i'-2' long. Leaves ovate to oval, concave, ii'-3' long, \'-2\ f wide, obtuse at the apex, rounded or abruptly cuneate at the base, twice serrate, very shal- lowly lobed, pubescent, becoming glabrate above, pubes- cent along the veins beneath, bright yellow-green ; corymbs many-flowered, pubescent ; flowers about 10" broad ; stamens about 10 ; anthers pink ; styles and nut- lets 3-5; fruit short-ellipsoid to pyriform, pubescent, red, about 8" thick; calyx-lobes spreading, persistent; flesh thick, acid, edible. Western New England, west to northern Illinois and south to Pennsylvania. May ; fruit ripe September. 62. Crataegus coccinea L. Scarlet Thorn or Haw. Red Haw. Fig. 2396. Crataegus coccinea L. Sp. PI. 476. 1753. C. pedicillata Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31 : 226. 1901. C. Ellwangeriana'Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 33 : 1 18. 1902. A tree, sometimes 25 high, with ascend- ing and spreading branches, armed with spines i'-2' long. Leaves broadly ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, ii'-4' long, ii'-3i' wide, serrate, doubly serrate or lobed, slightly pubescent becoming sca- brous above, nearly glabrous beneath, mem- branous ; corymbs glabrous or villous ; flowers 8"-io" broad; stamens 10-20; styles and nutlets 3-5 ; fruit pyriform to short- ellipsoid, red, glabrous or slightly pubes- cent, 7"-io" thick; calyx-lobes rather per- sistent, erect or spreading. Connecticut to Ontario, Illinois, Delaware and Pennsylvania. May ; fruit ripe Septem- ber. Hawthorn. White-thorn. Red thorn-bush. Thorn-apple, -bush or -plum. Red thorn. 3'S MALACEAE. VOL. II. 63. Crataegus albicans Ashe. Tatnall's Thorn. Fig. 2397. C. albicans Ashe, Journ. E. Mitch. Soc. ly 2 : 20. July 1901. C. Tatnalliana Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 35: 106. Feb. 1903. C. polita Sarg. Rhodora 5: in. April 1903. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 20 high, with spreading branches. Leaves broadly ovate to oblong- ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate, trun- cate or broadly cuneate at the base, i$'-3i' long, i\'$y wide, serrate, doubly serrate or lobed, membranous, glabrous or slightly pubescent when mature ; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous to villous; flowers 8"-io" broad; stamens 5-10; styles and nutlets 3-5; fruit sub- globose to short-ellipsoid-pyriform, glabrous or villous, dark red, 5 "-8" thick; calyx-lobes deciduous; flesh thick, edible. Western New England to southern Michigan, south to Delaware and in the mountains to northeastern Tennessee. May ; fruit ripe September. 64. Crataegus Arnoldiana Sargent. Arnold's Thorn. Fig. 2398. C. Arnoldiana Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31 : 221. 1901. A tree, sometimes 20 high, with ascending branches forming a broad crown; spines numerous, 2'-3' long. Leaves broadly ovate to oval, ii'-4' long, i'-3$' wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate with broad shallow acuminate lobes, tomentose, becoming scabrous above, subcoriaceous ; corymbs many-flowered, tomentose; flowers abor.t 10" broad; stamens about 10; anthers yellow ; styles and nutlets 4 or 5 ; fruit globose or sub- globose, 8"-io" thick, bright crimson, slightly pubes- cent; calyx-lobes but slightly swollen, spreading; flesh thick, juicy and edible. Eastern Massachusetts and Connecticut. May ; fruit ripe August. 65. Crataegus canadensis Sargent. Canadian Thorn. Fig. 2399. Crataegus canadensis Sarg. Rhodora 3 : 73. 1901. A round-topped tree, sometimes 30 high, with spreading branches, and numerous thorns i'-2$' long. Leaves ovate, ii'-3' long, i'-2f wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, ser- rate or doubly serrate with acute lobes toward the apex, tomentose, becoming scabrate above, subcoria- ceous ; corymbs many-flowered, tomentose ; flowers about 10'' broad; stamens about 20; anthers yellow; styi-- and nutlets 4 or 5; fruit short-ellipsoid to sub- globose, crimson, s"-8" thick, slightly tomentose, calyx-tube rather prominent, the lobes spreading; flesh thick, edible. About Montreal, Quebec. May ; fruit ripe September. GENUS 6. APPLE FAMILY. 319 66. Crataegus submollis Sargent. Emerson's Thorn. Fig. 2400. C. tomentosa Emerson, Trees & Shrubs Mass. 430. 1846. Not L. C. submollis Sarg. Bot. Gaz. 31 : 7. 1901. A tree, sometimes 25 high, with spreading branches forming a broad symmetrical crown, the spines numerous, i'-3'long. Leaves ovate, lY-^l' long, ii'-3i' wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate at base, serrate or doubly serrate and acutely lobed, membranous, yellow-green, tomentose, becoming scabrate; corymbs many-flowered, tomentose; flowers about 12" broad; stamens about 10; anthers light yellow ; styles and nutlets 4 or 5 ; fruit short-ellipsoid to pyriform, orange-red, 8"-io" thick, slightly tomentose, calyx-lobes persistent; flesh thick, edible. Quebec to southern Ontario, Massachusetts and New York. May ; fruit ripe September. 67. Crataegus mollis (T. & G.) Scheele. Red-fruited or Downy Thorn. Fig. 2401. ?C. acerifolia Lodd. ; Moench, Hort. Weiss. 28. 1 785. C. coccinea var. (?) mollis T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1 : 465. 1840. C. mollis Scheele, Linnaea 21 : 569. 1848. C. tiliaefolia K. Koch, Weissd. 247. 1853. A tree, sometimes 40 high, with spreading branches forming a broad-topped crown. Spines i '-2' long; leaves broadly ovate, acute at the apex, cordate to truncate at the base, ii'-s' long, i '-4' wide, serrate or twice serrate with narrow acute lobes, slightly rugose, membranous, densely tomentose beneath, tomentose above, becoming scabrate ; corymbs tomentose ; flowers about 12" broad; stamens about 20; anthers light yellow; styles and nutlets 4 or 5; fruit short-ellipsoid to subglobose, scarlet, j"-i2 ft thick, calyx-lobes de- ciduous; flesh thick, edible. Southern Ontario to South Dakota, Central Ten- nessee and Arkansas. May ; fruit ripe September. Downy haw. 68. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Hawthorn. White or May Thorn. Fig. 2402. C. monogyna Jacq. Fl. Aust. 3 : 50. pi. 292. f. i. 1775. A shrub or tree, with ascending branches, some- times 40 high and a trunk diameter of il. Thorns numerous ; leaves ovate, sharply 3-i5-lobed or cleft, acute at the apex, cuneate to truncate at the base; serrate, i'-if long, $'-2' wide, dark green and gla- brous above when mature, paler and slightly pubes- cent beneath ; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous ; flowers white or pink, about 7" broad ; calyx-lobes deltoid, entire, obtuse; stamens about 20; anthers pink; style and nutlet usually one; fruit globose or subglobose, red, about 3" thick. Along roadsides and in thickets, sparingly escaped from cultivation. Wood hard, yellowish white ; weight per cubic foot 50 Ibs. Native of Europe and Asia. May- June ; fruit ripe September. Has been confused with C. Oxyacantha L. Called also English hawthorn. Hathorn. Hedge-thorn. May-bush. May. Quickset. Quick. Wick. Wicken. Haw-tree. Quickthorn. 320 MALACEAE. VOL. II. 69. Crataegus Marshall!! Eggl. Parsley Haw, Parsley-leaved Thorn. Fig. 2403. C. Marshallii Eggl. in Britton & Shafer, N. A. Trees 473. 1908. Mespilus apiifolia Marsh, Arb. Am. 89. 1785. C. apiifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 287. 1803. Not Medic. I793- A shrub or small tree, 7-20 high, the stems usually crooked ; branches spreading ; bark smooth ; twigs tomentose; spines few, I'-ii' long. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, acute, slightly cordate to cuneate at the base, pinnately 3-7-lobed, serrate, i'-ii' long and wide, pilose above when young, pilose beneath, mem- branous; petioles i'-2' long, tomentose; corymbs 3-12- flowered, usually villous; flowers 6"-8" broad; calyx- lobes lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous outside; stamens about 20; anthers dark red; styles and nutlets usually 2; fruit ellipsoid or ovoid, 2"-^" long, scarlet, slightly pubescent; calyx-lobes reflexed; nutlets smooth on back, bare at apex. Along streams and swamps, Virginia to Florida, Mis- souri and Texas. Wood hard, bright reddish-brown ; weight per cubic foot 46 Ibs. March-April ; fruit ripe October. 70. Crataegus spathulata Michx. Small- fruited Thorn or Haw. Fig. 2404. C. spathulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 288. 1803. C. microcarpa Lindl. Bot. Reg. 22: pi. 1846. 1836. A shrub or small tree, i5-25 high, the bark light brown, smooth, flaky. Twigs glabrous ; spines sparse, l'-ii'; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, i'-ii' long, i'-f ' wide, acute or rounded and sometimes 3~s-lobed, sharply cuneate into a winged petiole, crenate-serrate, dark green and slightly villous above when young, membranous; flowers about 5" broad, several or nu- merous in glabrous corymbs; calyx-lobes deltoid, entire ; stamens about 20 ; anthers pink ; styles and nutlets usually 5 ; fruit globose or subglobose, red, 2" or 3" thick, calyx-lobes reflexed; nutlets slightly ridged on back, the apex bare. Thickets at lower altitudes. Virginia to Florida, Mis- souri and Texas. Wood hard, reddish-brown. Weight per cubic foot 45 Ibs. Narrow-leaved thorn. May- June. 71. Crataegus uniflora Muench. Dwarf Thorn. Fig. 2405. C. uniflora Muench. Hausv. 5: 147. 1770. C. parvifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 169. 1789. C. Smithii Sarg. Trees & Shrubs 2 : 67. 1903. A small irregular shrub, 3-8 high. Spines numerous, slender, straight, often leaf-bearing, \'-2\' long; leaves obovate to spatulate, \'-\\' long, i'-ii' wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex, cuneate at base, crenate or crenate- serrate, subcoriaceous, shining above, very pubescent, becoming scabrate; petioles about i' long, pubescent, winged ; corymbs tomentose, i-3-flowered, flowers 6"-8" wide; calyx-lobes foliaceous, slightly pubescent, lacini- ate ; stamens about 20 ; anthers white ; styles and nutlets 5-7; fruit ellipsoid, pyriform or globose, greenish-yellow or red, 5 "-8" thick, pubescent; calyx-tube prominent, its lobes reflexed; flesh firm. In sandy soil, Long Island, N. Y., to Florida, west to West Virginia, southern Missouri and central Texas. Has been confused with C. tomentosa L. April, May ; fruit ripe October. GENUS 6. APPLE FAMILY. 321 72. Crataegus Douglasii Lindl. Douglas' Thorn. Fig. 2406. Crataegus punctata Jacq. var. ? brevispina Dougl. ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 201. 1832. C. Douglasii Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 1810. 1835. C. brevispina Dougl.; Steud. Norn. Bot. Ed. 2: 431. 1841. A tree or shrub, sometimes 40 high; bark dark brown and scaly. Spines i'-i' long; twigs reddish ; leaves ovate to obovate, \'-2\' long, i'-2i' wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, doubly serrate and lobed except near the base, dark green and appressed-pubes- cent above, glabrous beneath, subcoriaceous ; petioles slightly winged, li'-i' long; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous or nearly so; flowers about 8" broad, calyx-lobes acute or acuminate, entire, villous above, tinged with red; stamens 10-20; anthers light yellow; styles and nutlets 3-5 ; fruit short-ellipsoid, 4" or 5" thick, dark purple, becoming black in drying; flesh soft, sweet; nutlets ear-shaped, roughly pitted on the inner face. Thunder Bay Island. Lake Huron and Ke- weenaw Peninsula, Mich. ; M'ichipicoten Island, Lake Superior ; and far northwestward. May, June ; fruit ripe August-September. 73. Crataegus Phaenopyrum ( L. f . ) Medic. Washington Thorn. Fig 2407. Mespilus Phaenopyrum L. f. Suppl. 254. 1781. Crataegus cordata Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 168, 1789. Not Mespilus cordata Mill. C. Phaenopyrum Medic. Gesch. Bot. 83. 1793. A shrub or small tree, I5-3O high, with trunk diameter up to i. Branches strongly ascending; thorns numerous, f-2' long; leaves ovate-trian- gular, simply or doubly serrate, often 3~5-lobed, acute at the apex, rounded to cordate at the base, '-3' long and wide, bright green above, glabrous ; petioles -2' long, slender ; corymbs many-flow- ered, glabrous; flowers 4"-6" wide; calyx-lobes deltoid, entire; stamens about 20; anthers pink; styles and nutlets usually 5 ; fruit depressed- globose, 2" or 3" thick, scarlet ; calyx-lobes de- ciduous; nutlets with bare apex and smooth back. Moist, rich ground, Virginia to Georgia, Illinois and Arkansas. Naturalized northward to Pennsyl- vania and New Jersey. Virginia, -hedge or -heart- leaved thorn. Red-haw. April-June ; fruit ripe Oc- tober-November. 7. COTONEASTER Medic. Phil. Bot. i : 155. 1789. Shrubs, with alternate stipulate coriaceous often evergreen leaves, and small white cymose or rarely solitary flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5, scarcely clawed. Stamens numerous ; filaments mostly subulate. Ovary 2-5-celled or of 2-5 carpels, separate at the summit; styles 2-5; ovules 2 in each cavity or carpel, alike, erect. Pome ovoid, globose or top-shaped, the carpels bony when mature. [Name neo-Latin, Quince-star or Star-quince.] About 20 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Mespilus Cotoneaster L. 21 322 MALACEAE. VOL. II. i. Cotoneaster Pyracantha (L.) Spach. Evergreen or Fire Thorn. Pyracanth. Fig. 2408. Mespilus Pyracantha L. Sp. PI. 478. 1753. Crataegus Pyracantha Medic. Gesch. 84. 1798. Cotoneaster Pyracantha Spach, Hist. Veg. 2 : 73. 1834. A shrub, 3-8 high. Spines slender, i'-i" long; leaves evergreen, glabrous on both sides, oval or slightly oblanceolate, crenulate, obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, somewhat shining above, i'-2 r long, short - petioled ; cymes terminal, compound, many- flowered ; pedicels and calyx pubescent ; calyx- lobes ovate ; flowers about 3" broad ; styles 5 ; fruit scarlet, depressed-globose, about 2" high, bitter. In thickets, escaped from Philadelphia and Washington, ern Europe and western Asia, tian-thorn. May. cultivation about Native of south- Christ's- or Egyp- Family 56. AMYGDALACEAE Reichb. Consp. 177. 1828. PEACH FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum, the foliage, bark and seeds contain- ing prussic acid, bitter. Leaves alternate, petioled, serrate, the small stipules early deciduous, the teeth and petiole often glandular. Flowers corymbose, umbelled, racemed or solitary, regular, mostly perfect. Calyx inferior, deciduous, free from the ovary, its tube obconic, campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Disk annular. Calyx- lobes imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, inserted on the calyx. Stamens numerous, inserted with the petals. Pistil I in cur genera; ovary i-celled, 2-ovuled; style simple; stigma mostly small and capitate. Fruit a drupe. Seed i, suspended; endosperm none ; cotyledons fleshy. About 10 genera and 120 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Drupe glabrous. Flowers umbellate or corymbose, appearing before or with the leaves mostly on branches of the previous year. i. Prunus. Flowers racemose, appearing after the leaves on branches of the year. 2. Padus. Drupe velvety. 3- Amygdalus. i. PRUNUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 473. 1753. Shrubs or trees, mostly with edible fruits, the white or pink flowers umbellate or corym- bose, the leaves conduplicate or convolute in vernation. Petals spreading. Stamens 15-20, distinct; filaments filiform. Style terminal; stigma peltate or truncate. Exocarp of the drupe fleshy, glabrous, the endocarp bony, smooth or a little roughened, globose or oval, or oblong and compressed. [Ancient Latin name of the Plum-tree.] About 95 species, natives of the north temperate zone, tropical America and Asia. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The genus is often divided into Prunus proper, the plums, and Cerasus, the cherries ; but other than flavor, there appears to be no salient feature separating the two groups. Type species : Prunus domestica L. * Flowers in lateral scaly umbels or fascicles, expanding with or before the leaves. t Inflorescence umbellate, the clusters sessile or nearly so. Leaves convolute in vernation ; fruit mostly large ; pit more or less flattened. Umbels several-flowered. Leaves abruptly acuminate ; drupe red or yellow. Calyx-lobes entire, pubescent within ; fruit globose. Calyx-lobes glandular-serrate ; fruit subglobose or oval. Calyx-lobes glabrous within ; leaves oval or obovate. Calyx-lobes pubescent on both sides ; leaves ovate-lanceolate. Leaves acute or obtusish ; drupe red or purple. Leaves glabrous when mature. Fruit red, with little bloom or none. Fruit dark purple, with a bloom ; leaves ovate. (PLUMS.) 1. P. americana. 2. P. nigra. 3. P. hortnlana. 4. P. angustifolia. 5. P.alleghaniensis. GENUS i. PEACH FAMILY. 323 Leaves pubescent, at least on the lower surface, when mature. Drupe 8"- 12" in diameter ; coast plants. Leaves ovate or oval, acute ; stone pointed at both ends. Leaves orbicular, very obtuse ; stone pointed at base. Drupe 3" -5" in diameter ; prairie plant. Umbels only i-2-rlowered. Leaves conduplicate in vernation; fruit mostly small; pit mostly globose. (C Flowers 3"-6" broad ; low shrubs. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate ; northern. Leaves oval, oblong, or slightly obovate. Petioles 4."-io" long; drupe 4" -5" in diameter; eastern. Petioles 2" -3" long ; fruit 6"-8" in diameter ; western. Flowers 9" 15" broad ; trees ; leaves ovate. Leaves glabrous ; pedicels short ; fruit sour. Leaves pubescent beneath, at least on veins ; pedicels long ; fruit sweet. tt Inflorescence more or less corymbose; leaves shining. ** Flowers corymbose, terminating twigs of the season. 6. P . tnaritima. 7. P. Gravesii. 8. P. gracihs. 9. P. insititia. HEKRIES.) 10. P.pumila. 11. P. cuneata. 12. P. Besseyi. 13. P. Cerasus. 14. P. Avium. 15. P. pennsylranica. 1 6. P.Mahaleb. i. Primus americana Marsh. Wild Yellow or Red Plum. Fig. 2409. Prunus americana Marsh. Arb. Am. in. 1785. A shrub or small tree, maximum height about 35, and trunk diameter about 12'; branches more or less thorny ; bark thick. Leaves ovate or obovate, acumi- nate, nearly or quite glabrous when mature, usually pubescent when young, sharply and often doubly serrate, with gland-tipped teeth, rounded at the base, slender-petioled ; petioles usually glandless ; flowers white, 8"-i2" broad, appearing in lateral sessile umbels before the leaves; pedicels 5"-o." long; calyx- lobes pubescent within, entire; drupe globose, red or yellow, 9"-! 2" in greatest diameter, the skin tough, bloom little or none, the stone somewhat flattened, its ventral edge acute or margined, the dorsal faintly grooved. Connecticut to Montana, Florida, Texas and Colorado. A southwestern race has very pubescent leaves. April- May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Oct. Horse-, hog's- or goose-plum. Native plum. Plum-granite. 2. Prunus nigra Ait. Canada Plum. Horse Plum. Fig. 2410. Prunus nigra Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 165. 1789. Prunus mollis Torr. Fl. U. S. i : 470. 1824. A tree, 20 -30 high, the trunk sometimes 10' in diameter, the bark thin. Leaves oval, ovate or obovate, long-acuminate, pubescent when young, crenulate-serrate, narrowed, obtuse or subcordate at the base, $'-$' long; petioles stout, i'-i' long, bearing i or 2 red glands near the blade ; flowers in lateral umbels, expanding before the leaves, I'-ii' broad ; pedicels 6"-io" long, slender, glabrous ; calyx- lobes glandular-serrate, glabrous within, sometimes pubescent without ; petals white, turning pink ; drupe oval, i'-ia' long, yellow to orange-red, thick-skinned, bloom little or none, the flesh adherent to the oval compressed stone, which is sharply ridged on the ventral edge, somewhat grooved on the dorsal. Newfoundland to Alberta, Massachusetts, Georgia and Wisconsin. Wood hard, reddish-brown ; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. Red or wild plum. Pomegranate. May. Fruit Aug. 3 2 4 AMYGDALACEAE. VOL. II. 3. Primus hortulana Bailey. Wild Goose Plum. Fig. 2411. P. hortulana Bailey, Card. & For. 5 : 90. 1892. Prunus hortulana Mineri Bailey, Bull. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. 38: 23. 1892. A small tree, similar to the two preceding ; branches spreading, bark thin. Leaves ovate- lanceolate to ovate or oblanceolate, long- acuminate, somewhat peach-like, closely glandu- lar-serrate, glabrous, 4'-6' long; petioles not i' long, usually bearing two glands near the blade; flowers few in the lateral umbels, expanding before the leaves; pedicels 5"-io" long; calyx- lobes glandular-serrate, pubescent without and within ; drupe subglobose or short-oval, bright red, thin-skinned ; stone swollen, not margined; bloom little or none. Indiana to Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Texas. Hog-plum. Apparently erroneously recorded from farther east, unless as an escape from cultivation. Garden wild plum. April-May. 4. Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Chickasaw Plum. Hog Plum. Fig. 2412. Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Arb. Am. in. 1785. Prunus Chicasa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I : 284. 1803. P. Watsoni Sargent, Gard. & For. 7 : 134. /. 25. 1894. A small tree, sometimes 25 high, the trunk 7' in diameter, the branches somewhat thorny. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, serrulate, often rounded at the base, gla- brous when mature, 3 '-5' long; flowers smaller than those of the preceding species, in lateral umbels, expanding before the leaves; drupe red, globose, 6"-g" in diameter, nearly destitute of bloom, thin-skinned, its stone ovoid, hardly flat- tened, both edges rounded, one of them slightly grooved. In dry soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas. Wood soft, reddish-brown ; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. April. Fruit ripe May- July. 5. Prunus alleghaniensis Porter. Porter's Plum. Fig. 2413. P. alleghaniensis Porter, Bot. Gaz. 2 : 85. 1877. A low, straggling shrub or small tree, with maximum height of about 15 and trunk diameter of 5', seldom thorny. Leaves ovate-oblong or obovate, acute or acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, rounded at the base, pubescent when young, glabrous or very nearly so when old; flowers similar to those of P. americana, about 7" broad ; drupe globose-ovoid, about 5" in greatest diameter, very dark purple with a conspicuous bloom; pulp pleasantly acid; stone slightly flat- tened, a shallow groove on one margin, a slight expansion on the other. Barrens of Huntingdon Co., across the Alleghany Mountains to Clearfield Co., Pa. ; southern Connecti- cut. Alleghany sloe. April. Fruit ripe in August. GENUS i. PEACH FAMILY. 3 2 5 6. Prunus maritima Wang. Beach or Sand Plum. Fig. 2414. Prunus maritima Wang. Am. 103. 1781. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Beitr. 4: 17. 1789. Prunus sphaerocarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 284. 1803. A low much-branched shrub, i-7 high, not thorny. Leaves oval, ovate or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, acutish or acute at the apex, rounded at the base, pubescent beneath even -when old; flow- ers white, numerous, showy, in sessile lateral umbels, expanding before the leaves, s"-8" broad ; petals obovate; drupe globose, purple, i'-i' in diameter, sweet when ripe, covered with a bloom; stone little flattened, acute on one margin, slightly grooved on the other, usually pointed at both ends. On seabeaches and in sandy soil near the coast, Vir- ginia to New Brunswick. April-May. Fruit ripe in Sept. or Oct. 8. Prunus gracilis Engelm. & Gray. Plum. Fig. 2416. 7. Prunus Gravesii Small. Graves' Beach Plum. Fig. 2415. Prunus Gravesii Small, Bull. Torr. Club 24 : 45. 1897. A low shrub, reaching a maximum height of about 4, not thorny, the twigs of the season mostly puberulent. Leaves orbicular, oval- orbicular, or slightly obovate, g"-i8" long, rounded, retuse or apiculate at the apex, obtuse or truncate at the base, pubescent, at least on the nerves beneath; flowers white, about 6" broad, solitary or 2-3 together in lateral umbels, expanding with the leaves; petals suborbicular; drupe globose, 5"-8" in diameter, nearly black, with a light blue bloom; stone nearly as thick as wide, pointed only at the base. On a gravelly ridge, Groton, Connecticut. May- June. Fruit ripe in Sept. Low Prunus gracilis Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 243. 1847. A branching shrub, i-4 high, the foliage and young twigs densely soft-pubescent. Leaves short- petioled, ovate-lanceolate or oval, acute or acutish at both ends, sharply serrate, glabrate on the upper surface at maturity; flowers white, 3"~4" broad, in sessile, lateral umbels, appearing before the leaves; pedicels slender, pubescent; drupe oval- globose, 4"-5" in diameter; stone little flattened, nearly orbicular. In sandy or dry soil, Tennessee to Kansas and Texas. 326 AMYGDALACEAE. VOL. II. 9. Prunus insititia L. Bullace. Fig. 2417. Prunus insititia L. Sp. PI. 475. 1753. A much-branched shrub with thorny branches, 5-i5 high. Leaves mostly obovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, serrate, nearly glabrous above when mature, pubescent be- neath ; flowers white, about 4"-6" broad, appearing before the leaves, the lateral clusters usually only i-2-flowered ; pedicels i'-i' long ; drupe globose, nearly black with a bloom 6"-io" in diameter ; stone little flattened, acute on one edge, ridged and grooved on the other. Along roadsides and waste grounds, New York to Massachusetts. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. April-May. Has been mistaken for P. spinosa L. Prunus domestica L., the Garden Plum, a small tree, with larger fruit, flowers and leaves, has locally escaped from cultivation. 10. Prunus pumila L. Sand or Dwarf Cherry. Fig. 2418. Prunus pumila L. Mant. PI. i : 75. 1767. Prostrate and spreading or ascending, much branched from the base, sometimes bushy, 6'-6 high. Leaves mostly oblanceolate or spatulate, acute or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, serrate, especially toward the apex, usually pale beneath and deep green above, glabrous or very nearly so on both sides when mature; flow- ers white, 4"-s" broad, appearing with the leaves in sessile lateral umbels ; clusters few-flowered ; drupe 4"-6" in diameter, dark red or nearly black when mature without bloom ; flesh thin, acid. On sandy or gravelly shores, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Maine, New Jersey, Indiana and Wisconsin. April-May. Fruit ripe in August. Beach-plum. ii. Prunus cuneata Raf. Appalachian Cherry. Fig. 2419, Prunus cuneata Raf. Ann. Nat. n. 1820. An erect shrub, i-4 high, the branches often strict, light colored, glabrous or puberulent. Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, obtuse or some- times acute at the apex, narrowed or wedge- shaped at the base, more or less serrate with rather appressed teeth, rather thin, i'-3' long, sometimes nearly i' wide; petioles 4"-io" long; flowers in umbels, appearing with the leaves, about 5" broad ; drupe globose, nearly black and 4"-S" in diameter when mature; pedicels i' long or less. In wet soil, or among rocks, Maine and New Hampshire to Minnesota, North Carolina and Wis- consin. GENUS i. PEACH FAMILY. 12. Prunus Besseyi Bailey. Western Sand Cherry. Bessey's Cherry. Fig. 2420. Prunus Besseyi Bailey, Bull. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. 70 : 261. 1894. Cerasus Besseyi Smyth, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 15 : 62. 1898. A shrub, i-4 high, the branches diffuse, spreading or prostrate, not strict. Leaves ellip- tic, oblong or oval, the teeth appressed, the apex and base mostly acute ; petioles 2"-$" long ; stip- ules of young shoots often longer than the peti- ole; flowers in sessile umbels, expanding with the leaves, 4"-s" broad; fruit 6"-8" in diameter, on stout pedicels usually not more than 6" long, bitterish and astringent, black, mottled or yel- lowish. Plains, Manitoba and Minnesota to Kansas and Utah. Apri}-May. 13. Prunus Cerasus L. Sour Cherry. Egriot. Fig. 2421. Prunus Cerasus L. Sp. PI. 474. 1753. A tree, reaching in cultivation the height of 50, with trunk diameter of 3^, but usually smaller. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, vari- ously dentate, abruptly acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous on both sides, very resinous when young; flowers white, 8"-i2" broad, in sessile, lateral, very scaly umbels, ex- panding with the leaves or before them, the scales large, spreading; pedicels little over i long in flower; drupe globose, 4"-6" in diameter (larger in cultivation), black or red, sour, without bloom ; stone globose. In woods and thickets, New Hampshire to Georgia and Colorado, escaped from cultivation. Native of Europe. Wood strong, reddish-brown ; weight per cubic foot 54 Ibs. April-May. Fruit June-July. Its leaves unfold several days later than those of P. Avium when growing with it. This, and the follow- ing species, in the wild state, are the originals of most of the cultivated cherries. 14. Prunus Avium L. Wild or Crab Cherry. Mazard. Gean. Sweet Cherry. Fig. 2422. Prunus Avium L. Fl. Suec. Ed. 2, 165. 1755. A large tree, often 70 high, the trunk reach- ing 4 in diameter. Leaves ovate, oval, or slightly obovate, abruptly short-acuminate at the apex, obtuse or sometimes narrowed at the base, irregu- larly serrate or doubly serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath, or over the entire lower surface when young; flowers white, about i' broad, in scaly lateral umbels, expanding with the leaves, the scales small ; pedicels slender, \'-2\' long in flower; drupe globose, black or dark red, sweet. In thickets and woodlands, escaped from cultiva- tion, Ontario to Connecticut, Pennsylvania and Vir- ginia. Native of Europe. April-May. Merry. Black- merry. Hawkberry. Gaskins. AMYGDALACEAE. VOL. II. 15. Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. Wild Red or Pigeon Cherry. Fig. 2423. Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. Suppl. 252. 1781. Cerasus pennsylvanica Lois. Nouv. Duham. 5 : 9. 1812. A small tree, with maximum height of about 35, and trunk diameter of ii, sometimes shrubby. Leaves oval or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, mainly rounded at the base, glabrous and shining on both sides, serru- late, rather slender-petioled ; Cowers white, in lateral, corymbose, peduncled or sessile leafless clusters, unfolding with the leaves; pedicels slen- der, glabrous, 6"-i2" long; drupe globose, red, 2"-3" in diameter, without bloom, its flesh thin and sour, its stone globular. In rocky woods, and clearings, Newfoundland to Georgia, British Columbia and Colorado. Woods soft, light brown ; weight per cubic foot 31 Ibs. Dog- wood. Bird-, red-, fire- or pin-cherry. April-June. Fruit ripe in August. 1 6. Prunus Mahaleb L. Mahaleb. Perfumed Cherry. Fig. 2424. Prunus Mahaleb L. Sp. PI. 474. 1753. Cerasus Mahaleb Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 4. 1768. A small tree or shrub, with maximum height of about 25 and trunk diameter of 1 generally flowering when but a' few years old. Bark pale, smooth ; leaves petioled, ovate, abruptly acute at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, glabrous on both sides, denticulate, fragrant ; flowers white, about 5" broad, in corymbs borne on short leafy branches of the season, unfolding with the leaves ; drupe reddish-black, globose or globose-ovoid, about 4" long, the flesh thin, the stone slightly flattened. Roadsides and waste places, Ontario to New York, Pennsylvania and Delaware. Adventive from Europe. Wood hard, brown. Used in Eu- rope for cabinet making. April-May. Fruit ripe July. 2. PADUS Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754. Trees or shrubs, with alternate deciduous leaves and small white flowers in narrow racemes terminating leafy branches of the season. Petals spreading. Stamens 15-20. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, with 5 short sepals. Style terminal, simple, the stigma flattish. Drupe small, globose, red to purple or black, the exocarp fleshy, the endocarp hard, smooth. [Greek name for the European species.] About 15 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 4 occur in the Southern States and i in northwestern America. Type species : Prunus Padus L. Sepals deciduous ; teeth of the leaves slender ; shrubs or small trees. Fruit very astringent ; leaves thin. i. P. nana. Fruit sweet, little astringent ; leaves thick. 2. P. melanocarpa. Sepals persistent ; leaves coarsely toothed ; large tree. 3. P. virginiana. GENUS 2. i. Padus nana (Du Roi) Roemer. Choke Cherry. Fig. 2425. Prunus nana Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. I 2 : 194. /. 4. 1772. Padus nana Roem. Arch, i 2 : 38. 1797. A shrub, 2-io high, rarely a small tree, with gray bark. Leaves thin, obovate to ovate or oval, abruptly acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous or some- what pubescent on the lower surface, sharply or doubly serrulate with slender teeth ; petioles with several glands ; flowers white, 4"-s" broad, in erect or spreading mainly loosely- flowered racemes ; petals suborbicular ; pedi- cels 2"-3" long, drupe red to nearly black, rarely yellow, globose, 4"-s" in diameter, very astringent ; stone globular. Along river-banks and in rocky situations, New- foundland to Manitoba, Georgia and Texas. April- May. Fruit ripe in July or August. iy- O 3. Padus virginiana (L.) Mill. Wild Black Cherry. Cabinet or Rum Cherry. Fig. 2427. Prunus virginiana L. Sp. PI. 473. 1753- Padus virginiana Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 3. 1768. Prunus serotina Ehrh. Beitr. 3: 20. 1788. Prunus serotina Smallii Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 2: 253. 1897. A large tree, with maximum height of about 90 and trunk diameter of 4, the bark rough and black. Leaves thick, oval, oval-lanceolate or ovate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, glabrous, or pubescent along the veins beneath, serrate with appressed callous teeth; flowers similar to those of the two preceding species, the racemes elongated, spreading or drooping, terminating leafy branches, petals obovate; drupe globose, 4"-5" in diameter; dark purple or black, sweet but slightly astringent. In woods or open places, Nova Scotia to Florida, South Dakota, Kansas and Texas. Wood hard, strong, reddish -brown ; weight per cubic foot ; Ibs.; used in cabinet making. Wild or whiskey cherry. May. Fruit ripe Aug.-Sept. 2. Padus melanocarpa (A. Nelson) Shafer. Rocky Mountain Wild Cherry. Fig. 2426. Cerasus demissa melanocarpa A. Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 34: 25. 1902. P. melanocarpa Shafer ; Britton & Shafer, N. A. Trees 504. 1908. A shrub or small tree, with greatest height of about 30 and trunk diameter of ii, but usu- ally much smaller. Leaves glabrous, similar to those of the preceding species, but thicker, acute or often obtusish at the apex, and with shorter teeth ; flowers white, 4"-5" broad ; racemes generally dense, short or elongated, densely- flowered, terminating leafy branches; drupe dark purple or black (rarely yellow), sweet or but slightly astringent, globose, 3"-4" in diameter. Prairies and dry soil, North Dakota to Nebraska and New Mexico, west to British Columbia and Cali- fornia. Wood hard, not strong, light brown ; weight per 'cubic foot 43 Ibs. Western choke-cherry. May- July. Fruit ripe in August. Padus demissa (Nutt.) Roemer, of northwestern America, with leaves pubes- cent beneath, and red or purplish fruit, may not be distinct from P. nana. 33 AMYGDALACEAE. VOL. II. 3. AMYGDALUS L. Sp. PI. 472. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with mostly lanceolate serrulate short-petioled leaves, and pink or white flowers solitary or clustered at the nodes of the twigs of the preceding season. Petals spreading. Stamens 20-30, distinct, the filaments filiform. Style and stigma as in Prunus. Exocarp of the fruit mostly fleshy, velvety in the following species; endocarp (stone) bony, deeply pitted or nearly smooth, oval or oblong, pointed, more or less compressed. [Name said to be Syrian for the almond.] About 5 species, natives of Asia, the following the type of the genus. i. Amygdalus persica L. Peach. Fig. 2428. Amygdalus persica L. Sp. Pll 472. 1753. A small tree, the purplish-brown twigs glabrous. Leaves mostly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3'-S' long, 8"-i8" wide, glabrous on both sides, long-acuminate at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, finely serrulate nearly all around, thick- ish; petioles i"-3" long; flowers pink, '-2' broad, scaly-bracted ; drupe subglobose, grooved, softly velvety, iJ'-3' in diameter. Escaped from cultivation, New York to North Carolina and Florida. April-May. Family 57. MIMOSACEAE Reichenb. Fl. Exc. 437. 1832. MIMOSA FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate mostly compound, commonly 2-3-pinnate leaves, the stipules various, and small regular mostly perfect flowers in heads, spikes or racemes. Calyx 3-6-toothed, or 3-6-lobed, the teeth or lobes mostly valvate in the bud. Corolla of as many distinct or more or less united petals, also valvate. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, of oo, distinct, or monadelphous. Ovary i -celled; ovules several or numerous; style simple. Fruit a legume. Seeds without endosperm ; cotyledons fleshy. About 40 genera and 1500 species, mostly of tropical distribution, a few in the temperate zones. This, and the three following families, are often united under the name LEOUMINOSAE. Stamens numerous^ at least more than 10. Filaments separate. Filaments united below. Stamensionly as many as the petals, or twice as many. Petals separate ; pod smooth. Pod separating into valves. Pod leathery, indehiscent. Petals united to about the middle ; pod spiny. 1. Acacia. 2. Albizzia. 3. Acuan. 4. Prosopis. 5. Morongia. i. ACACIA [Tourn.] Mill. Card. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754. Shrubs or trees, some species nearly herbaceous, with bipinnate leaves, the ultimate leaf- lets usually small and numerous, or the leaves in many exotic species modified into flat simple phyllodes. Flowers small, in heads or spikes. Calyx campanulate, usually 4-5-toothed, or of 4 or 5 distinct sepals. Petals mostly 4 or 5, separate, united, or wanting. Stamens oo, exserted; filaments filiform, separate; pollen-grains cohering in 2's-6's. Ovary sessile or stipitate. Pod linear, oblong or oval, flat or swollen, often constricted between the seeds. [Greek, point, or thorn, many species being thorny.] Perhaps 300 species, chiefly in subtropical regions, most abundant in Africa and Australia, a few in the temperate zones. Besides the following, several others occur in the southern United States. Type species : Mimosa scorpioides L. GENUS I. MIMOSA FAMILY. .33' i. Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze. Prairie Acacia. Fig. 2429. Mimosa angustissima Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 19. 1768. Mimosa filiculoides Cav. Ic. i : 55. pi. 78. 1791. Acacia filicina Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1072. 1806. Acacia filiculoides Trelease ; Branner & Coville, Rep. Geol. Sury. Ark. 1888: Part 4, 178. 1891. A. angustissima Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 3 2 : 47. 1898. A low thornless shrub, varying from glabrous to hirsute-pubescent. Pinnae of the leaves 2-15 pairs, oblong in outline, i'-2' long; leaflets 10-50 pairs, oblong or linear-oblong, about 2" long, less than i" wide, obtuse or acute, slightly inequilateral, i-veined; heads globose, many-flowered, axillary, slender- peduncled, 6"-io" in diameter; sepals distinct or nearly so ; filaments yellow, 3-4 times as long as the sepals; pod linear, acute, often narrowed at the base, stipitate, mostly straight, i'-2' long, about 3" wide, flat, its valves thin, reticulated, glabrous or pubes- cent, impressed between the seeds. Prairies, plains and bluffs, Missouri and Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. May- July. 2. ALBIZZIA Durazz. Mag. Tosc. 3*: n. 1772. Unarmed trees, with large bipinnate leaves, widely spreading branches, and perfect or polygamous capitate pink or white flowers, the heads sometimes panicled. Calyx tubular to campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla funnelform. Stamens numerous, longer than the corolla; filaments united near the base of the corolla. Pods linear, flat, 2-valved, the margins of the valves not separating from them. [In honor of Albizzi, an Italian naturalist.] About 50 species, natives of warm and tropical regions of the Old World, the following typical. i. Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. Pink Siris. Silk-tree. Fig. 2430. A. julibrissin Durazz. Mag. Tosc. 3*: n. 1772. A tree, up to 35 high, and trunk diameter of ii, the bark thin and scaly, the slender twigs smooth, reddish-brown. Leaves 0-16' long, with 8-16 pairs of pinnae ; the rachis tipped by a spine ; leaflets 25 to 35 pairs, oblong, inequilateral, acute, 5 "-8" long, revolute- margined, dark green above, pale green and pubescent beneath; heads panicled, about 2' in diameter; flowers pink; stamens more than i' long; ovary short-stalked; pod 4'-6' long, narrowed at both ends, papery; seeds oval, flat, 4"-s" long. Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Naturalized from southern Asia. April-July. 3. ACUAN Medic. Theod. Sp. 62. 1786. [DESMANTHUS Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1044. 1806.] [DARLINGTONIA DC. Ann. Sci. Nat. 4: 97. 1825.] Perennial herbs or shrubs, with bipinnate leaves, small stipules, and greenish or whitish small regular flowers in axillary peduncled heads or spikes. Flowers perfect, sessile, or the lowest sometimes staminate, neutral or apetalous. Calyx campanulate, its teeth short. Petals valvate, distinct, or slightly united or coherent below: Stamens 10 or 5, distinct, mainly exserted; anthers all alike. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules o. Pod linear, straight or curved, acute, glabrous, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved, the valves coriaceous or membranous. About 10 species, natives of warm and tropical America, one of them widely distributed in tropical regions of the Old World. Type species : Mimosa virgata L. Pods few, linear, erect, straight. i. A. leptoloba. Pods numerous in globose heads, oblong, curved. 2. A. illinoensis. 332 MIMOSACEAE. VOL. II. i. Acuan leptoloba (T. & G.) Kuntze. Prairie Mimosa. Fig. 2431. Desmanthus leptolobus T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 402. 1840. Acuan leptoloba Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 158. 1891. Herbaceous, ascending, branched, stems rough- angled, 2-3 long. Leaves short-petioled, bipinnate; pinnae 5-10 pairs, sessile; leaflets 10-24 pairs, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, inequilateral, rounded at the base, usually glabrous, \\"-2" long, i" wide or less; peduncles 6"-i2" long, few-flowered ; stamens (always?) 5; pods 3-8, narrowly linear, acuminate, nearly straight, glabrous, about 3 times the length of the peduncle, 6-8-seeded. Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Summer. 2. Acuan illinoensis (Michx.) Kuntze. Illinois Mimosa. Fig. 2432. Mimosa illinoensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 254. 1803. Acacia brachyloba Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1071. 1806. Desmanthus brachylobus Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 358. 1842. A. illinoensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 158. 1891. Ascending or erect, glabrous or nearly so, stems angled, i-3 high. Foliage resembling that of the preceding species, but the pinnae and obtusish leaflets are sometimes more numerous; peduncles i'-2' long; pods nu- merous, densely capitate, oblong or lanceo- late, strongly curved, 8"-i2" long, acute, slightly impressed between the 2-5 seeds. Prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Kentucky, Florida, South Dakota, Colorado, Texas and New Mexico. Illinois acacia. May-Sept. 4. PROSOPIS L. Mant. i : 10. 1767. Trees or shrubs often with spines in .the axils, with 2-pinnate leaves, the leaflets few or numerous, and small spicate or capitate perfect flowers. Calyx campanulate, with 5 short teeth. Petals 5, valvate, distinct, or connate below. Stamens 10, distinct ; filaments long. Ovary often stalked, many-ovuled ; styles slender or filiform ; stigma very small. Pod linear, straight or curved, compressed, leathery, indehiscent, the mesocarp spongy or dry. Seeds flattened. [Ancient name for some very different plant.] About 15 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southwestern United States. Type species : Prosopis spicigera L. GENUS 4. MIMOSA FAMILY. 333 i. Prosopis glandulosa Torr. Prairie Mesquite. Fig. 2433. P. glandulosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 192. pi. -?. 1828. A glabrous or minutely pubescent shrub, the axils usually with a pair of sharp spines. Leaves petioied, with 2 spreading short-stalked pinnae, each of numerous sessile leaflets which are linear or linear- oblong, entire, acute or obtuse, mostly mucronulate, firm, veiny, \'-2 f long, i"-2" wide ; spikes or spike- like racemes axillary, often numerous, peduncled, very densely many-flowered, 2'-$' long, nearly \' thick; pedicels \"-\" long; calyx campanulate; petals 2-4 times as long as the calyx; ovary villous; pods linear, stipitate, 4'-8' long, 4"-^" wide, con- stricted between the seeds. Kansas to Texas, Arizona, California and Mexico. Apparently distinct from the tropical P. juliflora (Sw.) DC. April-June. 5. MORONGIA Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 191. 1894. [SCHRANKIA Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1041. 1806. Not Medic. 1792.] [LEPTOGLOTTIS DC. Mem. Leg. 451. 1823?] Perennial herbs, or shrubs, mainly prostrate or procumbent, armed with recurved prickles. Leaves bipinnate, usually sensitive ; leaflets numerous, small ; stipules setaceous. Flowers regular, small, 4~5-parted, pink or purple, perfect or polygamous, in axillary peduncled heads or spikes. Petals united to the middle. Stamens usually 8-12, distinct or united at the base; anthers all alike. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules oo. Pod linear, acute or acuminate, spiny all over, at length 4-valved, several seeded. [Named in honor of the late Rev. Thos. Morong, a contributor to the first edition of this work.] About 10 species, natives of temperate and tropical America, i in tropical Africa. Type species : Schrankia aculeata Willd. Leaflets elliptic, strongly veined. Leaflets linear-oblong, scarcely veined. 1. M. uncinata. 2. M.microphylla. i. Morongia uncinata (Willd.) Britton. Sensitive-brier. Fig. 2434. Schrankia uncinata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1043. 1806. M. uncinata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 191. 1894. Herbaceous, perennial, branched, decumbent, 2- 4 long. Stem, branches, petioles and peduncles thickly armed with hooked prickles i"-i" long; stem grooved and angled; leaves petioied; pinnae 4-8 pairs, distant ; leaflets 8-15 pairs, obliquely ellip- tic, thick, obtusish and mucronate at the apex, inequillateral and rounded at the base, slightly ciliate on the margins, strongly marked with few elevated veins beneath, 2"-^" long; heads globose, very dense, 8"-i2" in diameter; flowers pink; pods terete, very densely spiny, about 2' long. In dry soil, Virginia to Illinois and South Dakota, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. May-July. Shame-vine. Sensitive-rose. MIMOSACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Morongia microphylla (Dry and) Britton. Narrow-leaved Sensitive-brier. Fig. 2435. Mimosa Intsia Walt. Fl. Car. 252. 1788. Not L. 1753. Mimosa microphylla Dryand. ; J. E. Smith, Georgia Insects, 2 : 123. pi. 62. 1797. Schrankia angustata T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 400. 1840. Morongia angustata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 191. 1894. Similar to the preceding species Pinnae 3-6 pairs; leaflets numerous, linear-oblong, thin, acutish or obtuse, not mucronate or but very slightly so, very obscurely veined, not at all reticulated, ii"~3" long; peduncles shorter than the leaves; heads densely flowered, s"-8" in diameter; flowers pink; pods linear, sparingly or densely spiny, 2'-$' long. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Tennessee and Texas. Sensitive plant. June-Aug. Family 58. CAESALPINIACEAE Kl. & Garcke, Bot. Erg. Wald. 157. 1862. SENNA FAMILY. Trees, herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple or compound mostly stipulate leaves. Flowers mostly clustered and perfect, sometimes monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, nearly regular, or irregular. Calyx mostly of 5 sepals or 5-toothed. Petals usually 5, imbricated, and the upper (unpaired) one enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud. Stamens 10 or fewer in our genera, the filaments distinct, or more or less united. Ovary i-celled, i-many-ovuled. Fruit a legume, mostly dehiscent into 2 valves. Seeds with or without endosperm. About 90 genera and 1000 species, mostly of tropical distribution. Trees or shrubs ; leaves simple ; corolla irregular, apparently papilionaceous, but the lateral petals enclosing the upper one in the bud. i. Cercis. Herbs (all our species) ; flowers perfect ; leaves pinnate or bipinnate ; corolla nearly regular. Leaves pinnate, not punctate. Pods not elastically dehiscent ; leaves not sensitive to touch. Pods elastically dehiscent , leaves sensitive to touch. Leaves bipinnate, glandular-punctate. Trees ; leaves pinnate or bipinnate ; flowers dioecious or polygamous. Receptacle short ; stamens 3-5 ; pod flat, short or elongated. Receptacle elongated; stamens 10; pod oblong, woody. Cassia. Chamaecrista. Hoffmanseggia. 5 Gleditsia. 6. Gymnocladus. i. CERCIS L. Sp. PI. 374. 1753. Small trees or shrubs, with simple broad leaves, and pink flowers in short lateral fascicles borne on the twigs of preceding seasons. Calyx somewhat oblique, broadly campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular ; petals 5 ; standard enclosed by the wings in the bud ; keel larger than the wings. Stamens 10, distinct, declined ; anthers all alike, short, versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary short-stipitate ; ovules o. Pod linear-oblong or oblong, flat, margined along the upper suture, 2-valved at maturity, the valves thin, reticulate-veined. [Ancient name of the Old World Judas-tree.] About 7 species, natives of North America, Europe and temperate Asia. Besides the_ following, two others occur in the south central and western United States. Type species : Cercis Siliquas- trum L. GENUS i. SENNA FAMILY i. Cercis canadensis L. Red-bud. Amer- ican Judas-tree. Fig. 2436. Cercis canadensis L. Sp. PI. 374. 1753- A tree, with greatest height of about 50 and trunk diameter of i, or often shrubby. Stipules membranous, small, caducous ; leaves simple, petioled, cordate-orbicular, blunt-pointed, rather thick, glabrous, or pubescent along the veins beneath, 2'-6' broad; flowers several together in sessile umbellate clusters, appearing before the leaves; pedicels slender, 4"-i2" long; corolla pink-purple, about 4" long; pod short-stalked in the calyx, linear-oblong, acute at each end, gla- brous, 2'-3' long, 6" wide, several-seeded. In rich soil, southern Ontario and New York to Iowa, Nebraska, Arkansas, Florida and Texas. Wood hard, weak, dark reddish-brown ; weight per cubic foot 40 Ibs. Red Judas-tree. Salad-tree. April. 2. CASSIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI 376. 1753. Herbs, shrubs, or in tropical regions trees, with evenly pinnate leaves, not sensitive to the touch, and mainly (in all our species) yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, mostly obtuse, generally longer than the tube. Corolla nearly regular; petals 5, spreading, nearly equal, imbricated, clawed. Stamens usually 10, sometimes 5, often unequal and some of them imperfect; anthers all alike, or those of the lower stamens larger, opening by 2 pores at the summit. Ovary sessile or stalked; ovules o. Pod flat or terete, often curved, septate or continuous between the seeds, the valves not elastically dehiscent. Seeds numerous. [Ancient name.] About 200 species, of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions, very abundant in trop- ical America. Besides the following, about 15 others occur in the southern and southwestern States. Type species : Cassia fistula L. Leaflets 6 or 4, broadly obovate. i. C. Tora. Leaflets 8-20, oblong or ovate-lanceolate. Perennial ; leaflets oblong, obtuse. Segments of the pod at least as long as broad ; petiolar gland club-shaped. 2. C. marilandica. Segments of the pod much shorter than broad ; petiolar gland cylindric to conic. 3. C.Medsgeri. Annual ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. 4. C. occidentalism i. Cassia Tora L. Low Senna. Fig. 2437. Cassia Tora L. Sp. PI. 376. 1753. Cassia obtusifolia L. Sp. PI. 377. 1753. Annual, glabrous, iJ-2 high, branched or simple. Stipules linear-subulate, at length deciduous; leaves petioled, the gland borne between or above the lowest pair of leaflets; leaflets 2-4 pairs, thin, obo- vate, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, i'-ii' long, often i' wide; flowers 6"-i2" broad, few, in short axillary racemes; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; stamens 10, the anthers of the upper 3 imperfect; pod linear, very slender, strongly curved, 4'-6' long, about ii" wide. Along rivers, southern Pennsylvania to Indiana and Missouri, south to Florida and Mexico, and throughout tropical America and the warmer parts of the Old World. Sickle-senna. Coffee-weed. July-Oct. 336 CAESALPIN1ACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Cassia marilandica L. Wild or American Senna. Fig. 2438. Cassia marilandica L. Sp. PI. 378. 1753. Perennial, glabrous or pubescent with a few scat- tered hairs, 3-8 high, little branched. Stipules subulate-linear, caducous ; leaves petioled, the club- shaped gland borne near the base of the petiole; leaflets 12-20, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, mucronate, rounded at the base, ciliate, i '-2' long, 3"-6" wide; flowers 7"-o," broad, numer- ous in pubescent axillary racemes on the upper part of the plant; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, obtuse; stamens 10, the upper 3 imperfect ; pod linear, flat, pubescent or becoming glabrous, 3 '-4' long, 3" wide, curved, its segments as long as broad or slightly longer; seeds flat, suborbicular. In swamps and wet soil, Massachusetts to North Caro- lina, Ohio and Tennessee. July-Aug. 3. Cassia Medsgeri Shafer. Medsger's Wild Senna. Fig. 2439, Cassia Medsgeri Shafer, Torreya 4 : 179. 1904. Biennial (?) or perennial, similar to C. marilandica, glabrous or very nearly so throughout. Stipules linear- lanceolate; petiolar gland cylindric to conic; leaflets 8-16, oblong to elliptic, mucronate, glabrous, slightly glaucous beneath, 2' long or less ; inflorescence glabrous or nearly so; pod curved, linear, little compressed, 4' long or less, tardily dehiscent, its segments much shorter than broad; seeds obovoid, 2" long, i" thick. In dry gravelly soil, Pennsylvania to Georgia, Iowa, Kan- sas and Texas. July-Sept. 4. Cassia occidentalis L. Coffee Senna. Styptic-weed. Fig. 2440. Cassia occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 377. 1753. Annual, glabrous, much branched, erect, 4-6 high. Stipules caducous; gland short, borne near the base of the petiole; leaflets 8-12, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, i'-2' long, 4"-9" wide; flowers 7"~9" broad, in short axillary racemes; stamens 10, the upper 3 imperfect ; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse ; pod linear, glabrous, 4'-6' long, about 3" wide, some- what curved, its margins thickened. In waste places, Virginia to Indiana, Kansas, Florida and Mexico, and throughout tropical America, extend- ing to Chili and Uruguay. Also in the warmer parts of the Old World. In our area adventive from the South. Coffee-weed. The seeds are known as negro or magdad coffee. July-Aug. GENUS 3. SENNA FAMILY. 337 3. CHAMAECRISTA Moench, Meth. 272. 1794. Herbs or low shrubs, with evenly pinnate leaves, often sensitive to the touch, mostly persistent strongly nerved stipules, and yellow flowers in small axillary clusters or solitary in the axils. Calyx-lobes acuminate. Corolla somewhat irregular, three of the five petals smaller than the others. Stamens 10, all usually with perfect anthers opening by terminal pores. Pods linear, flat, more or less elastically dehiscent, the valves twisting. [Greek, low crest.] About 100 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern United States. Type species: Chainaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench. Flowers 2"-4" wide, short-pedicelled. i. C. nictitans. Flowers I'-i 1 /^' wide, slender-pedicelled. 2. C. fasciculata. i. Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench. Sensitive Pea. Wild Sensitive-plant. Fig. 2441. Cassia nictitans L. Sp. PI. 380. 1753. Chamaecrista nictitans Moench, Meth. 272. 1794. Annual, erect or decumbent, branching, more or less pubescent, 6'-i5' high. Stipules subu- late-linear, persistent ; leaves petioled, sensitive, bearing a small gland near the base of the petiole; leaflets 12-44, linear-oblong, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, rounded and oblique at the base, inequilateral, 3 "-8" long, i"-i4" wide; flowers 2-3 together in the axils, short-pedi- celled, 2"-4" broad ; calyx-lobes acute or acumi- nate; stamens 5, all perfect; pod linear, nearly glabrous, or pubescent, I'-ii' long, 2'-2|' wide. In dry soil, Maine to Georgia, west to Indiana, Kansas and Texas. Also in the West Indies. July-Oct. 2. Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene. Partridge Pea. Large-flowered Sensitive Pea. Prairie Senna. Fig. 2442. Cassia fasciculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 262. 1803. Cassia Chamaecrista robusta Pollard, Mem. Torr. Club 21 : 218. 1894. Chamaecrista fascicularis Greene, Pittonia 3 : 242. 1897- C. fasciculata Greene; Pollard in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 587. 1903. Annual, erect or spreading, widely branched, pubescent, with spreading hairs, or nearly gla- brous, i-25 high. Stipules subulate-linear, persistent; leaves petioled, with a sessile gland on the petiole, sensitive ; flowers 2-4 together in the axils, i'-ii' broad, slender-pedicelled, showy, some of the petals often purple spotted ; leaflets 20-30, linear-oblong or the upper lan- ceolate, obtuse, mucronate, inequilateral, ob- lique at the base, 4"-io" long, ii"-2" wide; calyx-lobes long-acuminate; stamens 10, all perfect, 4 of the anthers yellow, 6 purple; pod linear, pubescent or glabrate, ii'-2i' long, 2"-3" wide. In dry soil, Massachusetts to Florida, Minne- _. ^ ,. .sota, Texas and Mexico. Referred to Cassia Lnamaecnsta L., in our first edition. Dwarf-cassia. Magoty-boy-bean. July-Sept. Chamaecrista depressa (Pollard) Greene, of the Gulf States, which is apparently perennial with fewer leaflets is recorded from Missouri. It is probably identical with C. chamaecristoides (Collad.) Greene, of the same region. CAESALPINIACEAE. VOL. II. 4. HOFFMANSEGGIA Cav. Icones 4 : 63. pi. 392, 393. 1797. Herbs, or low shrubs, with glandular-punctate bipinnate leaves, small stipules, and yellow flowers in terminal or lateral racemes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes nearly equal. Petals 5, oval or oblong, imbricated, nearly equal. Stamens 10, distinct, slightly declined; filaments often glandular at the base; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules o. Pod flat, linear, oblong or ovate, curved or straight, 2-valved, several-seeded. [In honor of Joh. Centurius, Graf Hoffmansegge, a writer on Portuguese botany.] About 20 species, natives of western America and South Africa. Besides the following, some 9 others occur in the southwestern United States. Type species : Hoffmanseggia falcaria Cav. Leaflets black-punctate; pod obliquely oblong. i. H.Jamesii. Leaflets not punctate ; pod linear-oblong. 2. H. falcaria. i. Hoffmanseggia Jamesii T. & G. James' Hoff- manseggia. Fig. 2443 Pomaria glandulosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 193. 1826. Not Cav. 1799. Hoffmanseggia Jamesii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 : 393. 1840. Caesalpinia Jamesii Fisher, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 18 : 123. 1893. Herbaceous, glandular, black-punctate and finely pubes- cent, branching at the base from a deep woody root; stems 6'-i2' high. Stipules subulate; leaves petioled, bipinnate ; pinnae 5-7 ; leaflets 9-19, oval or oblong, ob- tuse at each end, inequilateral, iJ"-3" long; racemes terminal, or lateral (opposite the leaves), elongated; flowers yellow, distant, deflexed, 3"-4" long, the upper petal spotted with red; pod flat, obliquely oblong, black- punctate, about i' long and 5" wide, 2-3-seeded, tipped with the base of the style. Plains, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. June-July. 2. Hoffmanseggia falcaria Cav. Sickle-fruited Hoffmanseggia. Fig. 2444. Hoffmanseggia falcaria Cav. Icones, 4: 63. pi. 392. 1797. H. strict a Benth. ; A. Gray, PI. Wright. I : 56. 1852. Caesalpinia Falcaria Fisher, Coult. Bot. Gaz. 18 : 122. 1893. Herbaceous, puberulent, not black-punctate, the glands of the peduncles and petioles stalked; stems ascending or decumbent, i high or less. Stipules ovate; leaves slender-petioled, bipinnate; pinnae 7-n; leaflets 12-21, oblong, obtuse, ii"-3" long; racemes few-several- flowered, elongating in fruit; pod flat, linear-oblong, curved or nearly straight, i'-ii' long, about 3" wide, blunt, 8-i2-seeded, the fruiting pedicels recurved. Kansas (according to Fisher) ; Texas, west to Califor- nia. Also in Central and South America. April-June. 5. GLEDITSIA L. Sp. PI. 1056. 1753. Large thorny trees, with evenly once or twice pinnate leaves, small stipules, and small greenish polygamous flowers in slender axillary spicate racemes. Calyx campanulate, 3-5- cleft. Petals 3-5, equal, sessile, inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 3-10, distinct; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary rudimentary or none in the stami- nate flowers, in the fertile ones nearly sessile, elongated or ovoid. Ovules 2-00. Pod linear or oval, flat, nearly straight, or twisted at maturity, coriaceous, tardily dehiscent, i-seeded or many-seeded, sometimes pulpy between the flat seeds. [In honor of J. T. Gleditsch, 1714- 1/86, German botanist, the name often spelled Gleditschia.} About 6 species, natives of eastern North America and Asia. Besides the following, one occurs in Texas. Type species : Gleditsia triacanthos L. Pod linear-oblong, elongated, many-seeded. i. G. triacanthos. Pod obliquely oval, short, i-seeded. 2. G.aqtiatica. \ GENUS 5. SENNA FAMILY. 339 i. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey or Sweet Locust. Three-thorned Acacia. Black or Thorn Locust. Fig. 2445. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Sp. PI. 1056. 1753. A large tree, with rough bark, maximum height about 140 and trunk diameter 5^, usually armed with numerous stout branching or simple thorns. Leaves petioled, i-2-pinnate; leaflets short-stalked, oblong-lanceolate or oval, obtuse at each end, in- equilateral at the base, glabrous above, often pubes- cent on the veins beneath, crenulate, 8"-is" long; racemes solitary or clustered, slender, drooping, dense, 3'-5' long; flowers greenish, about 2" broad; pod linear-oblong, i-ii long, i'-ii' wide, stalked, glabrous and shining, twisted, many-seeded, pulpy within, sometimes eaten. In woods, western New York and Ontario to Michi- gan, Georgia, Kansas and Texas. Naturalized and ex- tensively planted further east. Wood durable, bright brownish-red ; weight per cubic foot 42 Ibs. Pulp of the pod-sweet. May-July. Honey. Honey-shucks. Sweet- bean. 2. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Water or. Swamp Locust. Fig. 2446. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Arb. Am. 54. 1785. Gleditsia monosperrna Walt. Fl. Car. 254. 1788. A tree, with maximum height of about 60, and trunk diameter of 2\ , the thorns usually simple. Foliage similar to that of the preceding species, but the leaflets thicker, darker green, usually larger, ovate- lanceolate or lanceolate in outline, the margins more conspicuously crenulate ; racemes drooping, elongated ; pod obliquely oval, flat, glabrous, narrowed at each end, slender-stalked, i'-ii' long, $"-12" wide, i-seeded, not pulpy within. In swamps, Indiana to Missouri, South Carolina, Flor- ida and Texas. Wood very hard, bright reddish-brown ; weight per cubic foot 46 Ibs. July. 6. GYMNOCLADUS Lam. Encycl. i : 733. 1783. Trees, with bipinnate leaves, and showy white dioecious or polygamous flowers in ter- minal racemes. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, the lobes narrow, nearly equal. Petals 5 (rarely 4), oblong or oval, nearly equal, imbricated, inserted at the top of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, shorter than the petals and inserted with them; filaments pubescent; anthers all alike, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary rudimentary, or none in the staminate flowers, sessile and many-ovuled in the pistillate and polygamous ones ; style straight. Pod oblong, thick, large, coriaceous, flat, pulpy between the seeds, 2-valved. [Greek, naked-branch.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 34 CAESALPINIACEAE. VOL. II. i. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Ken- tucky Coffee-tree. Fig. 2447. Guilandina dioica L. Sp. PI. 381. 1753. Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. Encycl. i : 733. 1783- Gymnocladus dioicus Koch, Dendrol. I : 5. 1869. A large forest tree, with rough bark, maxi- mum height about 100, and trunk diameter of 3. Leaves large, bipinnate, petioled ; pinnae 5-9, odd or evenly pinnate; leaflets 7-15 (or the lowest pair of pinnae of but a single leaflet), ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous, or pubescent on the veins beneath, ciliate on the margins, i'-3' long; racemes many-flowered, elongated; flowers nearly white, slender- pedicelled, 8"-o/' long; pod s'-io' long, about ii'-if wide, the valves thick and coriaceous. Rich woods, southern Ontario and New York to Pennsylvania, Tennessee, South Dakota, Ne- braska and Oklahoma. Wood soft, strong, light reddish-brown ; weight per cubic foot 43 Ibs. The fruit called Coffee-nut. May-June. Kentucky mahogany. Chicot. American coffee-bean. Nickar- tree. Family 59. KRAMERIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 20. 1829. KRAMERIA FAMILY. Pubescent herbs, or low shrubs, with alternate simple or digitately 3-foliolate leaves, 'and purple or purplish, solitary or racemed, irregular perfect flowers. Peduncles 2-bracted at or above the middle. Stipules wanting. Sepals 4 or 5, usually large, the outer one commonly wider than the others. Petals usually 5, smaller than the sepals, the 3 upper ones long-clawed, often united by their claws, or the middle one of the 3 wanting, the 2 lower ones reduced to suborbicular fleshy glands. Stamens 3 or 4, monadelphous, at least at the base ; anther-sacs opening by a terminal pore. Ovary i -celled, or partly 2-celled ; ovules 2, collateral, anatro- pous, pendulous ; style slender, acute or truncate. Fruit globose, or compressed, spiny, indehiscent, i-seeded. Seed without endosperm; cotyledons fleshy. The family consists of only the following genus, with about 20 species, distributed from the southern United States to Chile. It has often been included in the POLYGALACEAE, but its affinity to Cassia and related genera indicates that it should be placed next to the CAESALPINIACEAE. i. KRAMERIA Loefl. ; L. Syst. Ed. 10, 899. 1759. [In honor of Johann Georg Heinrich Kramer, an Austrian physician of the eighteenth century.] Type species : Krameria Ixine L. i. Krameria lanceolata Torr. Linear-leaved Krameria. Fig. 2448. K. lanceolata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 166. 1828. A perennial appressed-pubescent herb from a thick woody root, the stems prostrate or ascending, branch- ed, often i long or more. Leaves numerous, linear, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, sessile, simple, en- tire, about i' long, "-2" wide, acute, tipped with a minute prickle; peduncles solitary, axillary, i-fiow- ered, sometimes secund, as long as the leaves, or shorter, bearing 2 leaf-like bracts just below the flower; flowers about i' broad, the sepals purple within, pubescent without ; claws of the 3 upper petals united ; stamens 4, monadelphous ; fruit globose, pu- bescent, very spiny, about \' in diameter. Florida to Kansas, New Mexico and Mexico. April- June. Referred in our first edition to the Mexican K. secitndiflora DC., which it resembles. KEY TO GENERA. PEA FAMILY. Family 60. FAB ACE AE Reichenb. Consp. 149. PEA FAMILY. 1828. Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees, with alternate mostly compound stipulate leaves, and irregular (papilionaceous) perfect or sometimes polygamo-dioecious flowers, mainly in spikes, heads, racemes or panicles. Calyx 4-5-toothed, or 4 5-cleft, the teeth or lobes unequal or equal ; sometimes 2-lipped. Petals more or less united, or separate, perigynous or hypogynous, usually consisting of a broad upper one (standard, banner), two lateral ones (wings), and two front ones more or less united (forming the keel) ; the standard encloses the wings in the bud. Stamens monadelphous; diadelphous, or sometimes separate, 10 in most of the genera, some- times 9, rarely 5. Pistil i, simple, superior; ovary mainly i-celled, sometimes 2-celled by the intrusion of the sutures, or several-celled by cross-partitions ; style simple; ovules i-manyj anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a legume, I many- seeded, dehiscent into 2 valves, or indehiscent, in one tribe a loment. Seeds mostly without endosperm ; cotyledons thick. Genera about 325, species over 5000, most abundant in temperate and warm regions ; known also as PAPILIONACEAE and PHASEOLACEAE, and included by some authors in the LEGUMINOSAE. * The 10 stamens distinct. Leaves pinnate. Tribe i. SOPHOREAE. Leaves digitate (in ours 3-foliolate), or simple. Tribe 2. PODALYRIEAE. ** The stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Herbs, shrubs, woody vines or trees, the leaves not tendril-bearing. Pod not a loment, 2-valved or indehiscent. Foliage not glandular-dotted (except in Glycyrrhisa, which has many-seeded pods). Stamens monadelphous ; anthers of 2 kinds. Tribe 3. GENISTEAE. Stamens diadelphous (except in Ononis) ; anthers all alike. Leaves, in our species, 3-foliolate, rarely i-foliolate. Leaflets denticulate. Tribe 4. TRIFOLIEAE. Leaflets entire. Tribe 5. LOTEAE. Leaves pinnately several-many-foliolate (except in Orophaca). Tribe 7. GALEGEAE. Foliage glandular-dotted ; pod indehiscent, i-2-seeded ; herbs. Tribe 6. PSORALEAE. Pod a loment ; herbs. Tribe 8. HEDYSAREAE. Herbaceous vines, or herbs; leaves evenly pinnate, with tendrils. Tribe 9. VICIEAE. Vines, ours herbaceous, or herbs; leaves without tendrils. Tribe 10. PHASEOLEAE. Tribe i. SOPHOREAE. Our species herbs ; flowers racemed. Trees ; flowers panicled. Tribe 2. PODALYRIEAE. Ovary sessile, or nearly so ; pod flat in our species. Ovary distinctly stipitate ; pod inflated. Tribe 3. GENISTEAE. Herbs, with simple or s-n-foliolate leaves. Leaves simple ; pod inflated. Leaves s-n-foliplate ; pod flattened. Shrubs with i-3-foliolate leaves. Calyx divided into 2 lips ; leaves very prickly. Calyx cleft into 2 lips to about the middle. Calyx-teeth long. Calyx-teeth short Tribe 4. TRIFOLIEAE. Flowers spiked, or capitate ; pods curved, or coiled. Flowers in long racemes ; pods coriaceous. Flowers capitate or umbelled ; pods straight, membranous. Tribe 5. LOTEAE. Filaments diadelphous ; pods dehiscent. Leaves s-foliolate. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets sometimes only i or 3. Filaments monadelphous ; pods indehiscent or nearly so. Tribe 6. PSORALEAE. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or pinnately 3-foliolate. Leaves pinnately 5-many-foliolate. Stamens 10 or 9, monadelphous. at least at the base. Corolla of only i petal (the standard). Corolla of 5 petals, the wings and keel united to the filament-tube. Stamens only 5, monadelphous. Tribe 7. GALEGEAE. Standard very broad, ovate or orbicular. Herbs ; leaves odd-pinnate. Pod 4-angled in our species. Pod flat. 1. Sophora. 2. Cladrastis. 3. Thermopsis. 4. Baptisia. 5. Crotalaria. 6. Lupinus. 7. Ulex. 8. Genista. g. Cytisus. 10. Medic ago. n. Melilotus. 12. Trifolium, 13. Lotus. 14. Hosackia. 15. Anthyllis. 1 6. Psoralea. 17. Amorpha. 1 8. Parosela. 19. Petalostemum. 20. Indigofera. 21. Cracca. FABACEAE. VOL. II. High-climbing woody vines. Trees or shrubs. Herbs ; leaves evenly pinnate. Standard narrow ; our species all herbs. Pod not prickly ; foliage not glandular-punctate. Keel of the corolla blunt. Leaves pinnate, or simple. Pods not flattened, swollen, or one or both sutures intruded. Pods fleshy, becoming spongy, 2-celled, indehiscent. 22. Kraunhia. 23. Robinia. 24. Sesban. 25. Geoprumnon. Pods not fleshy, dehiscent (epicarp slightly fleshy in Astragalus pectinatus). 26. Astragalus, 27. Phaca. 28.' Homalobus. 29. Kentrophyta. 30. Orophaca. 31. O.vytropis. 32. Glycyrrhisa. 33. Coronilla. 34. Hcdysarum. 35. AEschynomene. 36. Zornia. 37. Stylosanthes. 38. Meibomia. 39. Lespedeza. 40. Vicia. 41. Lathyrus. 44. Glycine. 45. Falcata. 46. Galactia. 47. Dolicholus. Pods not much swollen, leathery or papery. Pods much inflated, membranous, i -celled. Pods flat, both sutures prominent externally. Leaves not bristle-tipped ; pods several-seeded. Leaves bristle-tipped ; pods only i-2-seeded. Leaves 3-foliolate. Keel of the corolla acute. Pod prickly ; foliage glandular-punctate. Tribe 8. HEDYSAREAE. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers purplish, umbellate. Flowers purple or white, racemose. Flowers yellow, small. Leaves 4-foliolate or 2-foliolate. Leaves 3-folielate, the terminal leaflets stalked. Flowers yellow. Flowers purple, blue or white. Pod of several joints ; leaflets stipellate. Pod of i or 2 joints ; leaflets not stipellate. Tribe 9. VICIEAE. Style slender, with a tuft of hairs at the summit. Style flattened, bearded along the inner side. Tribe 10. PHASEOLEAE. Style bearded along the inner side ; rachis not thickened at the insertion of the flowers ; keel of corolla not curved nor coiled. 42. Clitoria. Style glabrous, or pubescent below ; keel of corolla not curved nor coiled. 43. Bradburya. Standard spurred at the base. Standard not spurred. Flowers blue, purple, purplish, or white. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets 5-7. Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely i-foliolate. Calyx tubular, not bracteolate. Calyx short, bracteolate. Flowers yellow. Style bearded along the inner side ; rachis thickened at the insertion of the flowers. Keel of the corolla spirally coiled ; flowers racemed. 48. Phaseolus. Keel of the corolla strongly incurved ; 'flowers purple, capitate. 49. Strophostyles. Keel of the corolla short, slightly incurved ; flowers capitate. 50. Vigna, i. SOPHORA L. Sp. PI. 373. 1753- Shrubs, perennial herbs, or in tropical regions trees, with odd-pinnate leaves and white yellow or violet flowers 'in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx generally campanulate, its teeth short. Standard obovate or orbicular, erect or spreading; wings obliquely oblong; keel oblong, nearly straight. Stamens all distinct or very nearly so ; anthers versatile, all alike ; style incurved. Ovary short-stalked ; ovules o. Pod stalked in the calyx, coriaceous or fleshy, terete, con- stricted between the subglobose seeds, mainly inde- hiscent. [Arabic, yellow.] About 25 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, about 5 others occur in the south- ern States. Type species : Sophora alopecuroides L. i. Sophora sericea Nutt. Silky Sophora. Fig. 2449. Sophora sericea Nutt. Gen. i : 280. 1818. Herbaceous, woody at the base, erect or ascending, branched, silky or silvery pubescent with appressed hairs, 6'-i2' high. Stipules subulate, deciduous ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 7-25, short-stalked, obovate or elliptic, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base. 3"-6" long; raceme peduncled, rather loosely flowered, ^'-4' long; flowers white, about 8'' long, nearly sessile; pod dry, coriaceous, i'-2' long, about 2" thick, pubescent, few-seeded. Plains and prairies, South Dakota, Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. April-June. GENUS 2. PEA FAMILY. 343 2. CLADRASTIS Raf. Neogenyton i. 1825. Trees, with odd-pinnate leaves, no stipules nor stipels, the petiole-base hollow. Flowers showy, white, in terminal panicles. Calyx-teeth 5, short, broad. Standard orbicular-obovate, reflexed; wing oblong; keel incurved, obtuse, its petals distinct. Stamens 10, all distinct; filaments slender; anthers all alike, versatile. Ovary sessile or nearly so; ovules few; style incurved. Pod linear or lanceolate, short-stalked, flat, at length 2-valved, few-seeded. [Greek, brittle-branch.] A monotypic genus of the southeastern United States, related to the Manchurian Maackia. i. Cladrastis lutea (Michx. f.) Koch. American or Kentucky Yellow-wood. Fig. 2450. Virgilia lutea Michx. f. Arb. Am. 3: 266. pi. 3. 1813. Cladrastis fragrans Raf. Cat. Bot. Card. Trans. 12. Name only. 1824. Cladrastis tinctoria Raf. Neogenyton i. 1825. Cladrastis lutea Koch, Dendrol. i : 6. 1869. A smooth-barked tree, with maximum height of about 50 and trunk diameter of about 3^. Fo- liage nearly glabrous; leaves petioled; leaflets 5 -II > ovate, oval or obovate, stalked, 2-4' long, pointed or blunt-acuminate at the apex, obtuse or the term- inal one cuneate at the base ; panicles many-flow- ered, drooping, io'-2o' long; pedicels slender, 5"-^" long ; calyx tubular-campanulate ; corolla white, about i' long; pod short-stalked, glabrous, 2'-4' long, 4"-5" wide, 2-6-seeded. In rich soil, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee and west- ern North Carolina. Wood yellow, hard, strong, yield- ing a yellow dye ; weight per cubic foot 39 Ibs. Flow- ers fragrant. June. Yellow-ash or -locust. Gopher- wood. Fustic-tree. 3. THERMOPSIS R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 3: 3. 1811. Perennial branching herbs, with sheathing scales at the base, alternate 3-foliolate leaves, and large yellow or purple flowers in terminal or axillary racemes. Stipules usually large and foliaceous. Calyx campanulate or short-turbinate, its lobes equal and separate, or the two upper ones united. Standard nearly orbicular, equalling the oblong wings and about equalling the keel. Stamens 10, incurved, separate. Ovary sessile or short-stipitate ; ovules o ; style slightly incurved; stigma terminal, small. Pod sessile or short-stalked, flat (in our species), linear or oblong, straight or curved. [Greek, Lupine-like.] About 20 species, natives of North America and northern and eastern Asia. Besides the follow- ing, some 10 others occur in the southern Alleghanies and in the western part of the continent. Type species : Thermopsis lanceolata (Willd.) R. Br. Leaflets i'-3' long ; panicle elongated, usually long-peduncled ; eastern. i. T. mollis. Leaflets j' ij4' long; panicle short, short-peduncled ; western. 2. T.rhombifolia. i. Thermopsis mollis (Michx.) M. A. Curtis. Alleghany Thermopsis. Fig. 2451. Podalyria mollis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 264. 1803. Baptisia mollis DC. Prodr. 2: 100. 1825. Thermopsis mollis M. A. Curtis ; A. Gray, Chlor. Bor. Am. 47- PL 9> 1846. Erect, somewhat divaricately branched, 2-3 high, finely appressed-pubescent. Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate; leaflets oval, rhombic-elliptic or obovate, entire, i'~3' long, 9"-! 5" wide, obtuse or acute, nearly sessile ; stipules ovate or lanceolate, shorter than the petiole ; racemes 6'-io' long, mainly terminal ; pedicels 2"-6" long, bracted at the base; flowers yellow, about 9" long; pod short- stalked in the calyx, linear, slightly curved, 2'-^' long. Southwestern Virginia, eastern Tennessee, North Caro- lina and Georgia, in the mountains. Bush-pea. July-Aug. 344 FABACEAE. VOL. II. 2. Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt.) Rich- ards. Prairie Thermopsis or False Lupine. Fig. 2452. Cytisus rhombifolius Nutt. Eraser's Cat. 1813. Thermia rhombifolia Nutt. Gen. i: 282. 1818. Thermopsis rhombifolia Richards, Frank. Journ. App. 13. 1823. Erect, 8'-2o' high, branched, appressed silky- pubescent. Leaves petioled ; leaflets' oval or obo- vate or rhombic-elliptic, obtuse, entire, i'-ii' long, 3"-6" wide, sessile ; stipules broad ; racemes terminal or lateral, rather dense, few-flowered, 2'-$' long; pedicels 2" -4" long, bracted; flow- ers yellow, about 10" long ; pod linear, gener- ally strongly recurved-spreading, several-seeded, stalked in the calyx, $'-4' long. In sandy soil, on plains and hills, North Dakota to Nebraska. Kansas, Saskatchewan, Montana and Colorado. Yellow or bush-pea. June-July. 4. BAPTISIA Vent. Dec. Gen. Nov. 9. 1808. Perennial erect branching herbs, with sheathing basal scales, alternate 3-foliolate or sometimes simple perfoliate leaves and showy yellow white or blue flowers in terminal or lateral racemes. Stipules foliace'ous, or small, or none. Calyx campanulate, obtuse at base, or sometimes slightly turbinate, the teeth equal and separate, or the two upper ones united. Corolla and stamens as in Thermopsis. Ovary stipitate. Pod stalked, ovoid, oblong or nearly globose, pointed, inflated, the valves often coriaceous. [Greek, dyeing.] About 24 species, natives of eastern and southern North America. Type species : Sophora alba L. Flowers blue ; plant glabrous. i- B. australis. Flowers yellow. Racemes numerous, terminal ; plant glabrous. 2. B. tinctoria. Racemes few, lateral ; plant more or less pubescent. 3- B. villosa. Flowers white or cream color. Very pubescent. 4- B. bracteata. Glabrous or nearly so. Leaflets oblong or lanceolate, green in drying. 5- B. alba. Leaflets obovate-cuneate, black in drying. 6. B. leucantha. i. Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. Blue Wild or Blue False Indigo. Fig. 2453. Sophora australis L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 12, 2: 287. 1767. B. australis R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 3 : 6. 1811. Glabrous, stout, 4-6 high. Leaves short-petioled, 3-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or sometimes oval, obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, entire, i'-2$' long, sessile or nearly so ; stipules lanceolate, equalling the petioles, or longer, persistent ; racemes terminal, erect, loosely flowered, elongated (sometimes 10' long); bracts narrow, caducous; pedicels 2" -3" long; flowers indigo-blue, g"-i2" long; pod oblong, stout-stalked in the calyx, I'-ii' long, 5" -6" thick, tipped with the sub- ulate style. In rich soil. District of Columbia to western Pennsyl- vania, Missouri, Kansas, Georgia and Texas. Naturalized in the Connecticut River Valley, in Vermont, escaped from cultivation. June-Aug. Rattle-bush. A hybrid of this species with B. bracteata has been observed by Prof. A. S. Hitchcock in Kansas. GENUS 4. PEA FAMILY. 2. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. Wild Indigo. Yellow, Indigo or Clover Broom. Horsefly-weed. Fig. 2454. Sophora tinctoria L. Sp. PI. 373. 1753. B. tinctoria R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2,3:6. 1811. Glabrous, erect, succulent, much branched, 2-4 high. Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, i'-il' long, sessile or nearly so, obtuse, cuneate at the base, entire, turning black in drying ; stipules minute, cadu- cous ; racemes numerous, few-flowered, terminal ; bracts minute, deciduous; pedicels i"-2" long; flowers bright yellow, about i' long; pods ovoid or nearly globose, 3"~s" long, tipped with the subulate style. In dry soil, Maine to Vermont, Ontario, Minne- sota, Florida and Louisiana. June-Sept. Indigo- weed. Shoofly. Rattle-bush. Horse-fleaweed. 3. Baptisia villosa (Walt.) Nutt. Hairy Wild Indigo. Fig. 2455. Sophora villosa Walt. Fl. Car. 134. 1788. Baptisia villosa Nutt. Gen. i : 281. 1818. Erect, branched, 2-4 high, more or less pubescent throughout, especially when young. Leaves very short-petioled or sessile, 3-folio- late, turning* dark in drying; leaflets oblong, oval, or obovate, obtusish at the apex, nar- rowed or cuneate at the base, 2'-4' long, entire ; stipules lanceolate or subulate, much longer than the petioles, persistent or the upper decid- uous; racemes lateral, sometimes 10' long, loosely many-flowered ; pedicels 3"-4" long ; flowers yellow, about i' long; bracts caducous or deciduous ; pods oblong-ovoid, about li' long, finely appressed-pubescent, long-stalked in the calyx, tipped with the subulate style. In dry soil, Virginia and North Carolina to Flor- ida, west to Arkansas. June-July. 4. Baptisia bracteata Ell. Large-bracted Wild Indigo. Fig. 2456. Podalyria bracteata Muhl. Cat. 42. Without de- scription. 1813. B. bracteata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 469. 1817. Baptisia leucophaea Nutt. Gen. i : 382. 1818. Erect or ascending, low, bushy-branched, villous-pubescent throughout. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, 3-foliolate, dark green of brownish in drying; leaflets oblanceolate or spatulate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, obtuse or acutish at the apex, iJ'-3' long, 4"-8" wide, thick, reticulate-veined ; stipules lanceolate, or ovate, persistent ; racemes usu- ally few, mainly lateral, sometimes i long, reclining, many-flowered ; flowers white or cream-color, about i' long, very showy; pedi- cels slender, 6"-i5" long, spreading, some- what secund ; bracts large and persistent ; pods ovoid, mostly narrowed at the base, i'-2' long, pubescent, tipped with a long at length deciduous style. Prairies, Illinois, Michigan and Minnesota to South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. April-May. Yellowish false-indigo. FABACEAE. VOL. II. 5. Baptisia alba (L.) R. Br. White Wild Indigo. Fig. 2457. Crotalaria alba L. Sp. PI. 716. 1753. Baptisia alba R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 3 : 6. 1811. Glabrous throughout, divergently branching, i-3 high. Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate; petioles slender, 3" -9" long ; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, narrowed at the base, obtuse at the apex, i'-i4' long, 4"-6" wide, rather thin, green in drying; stipules and bracts minute, subulate, early deciduous ; racemes elongated, erect, 6'-io' long, lateral, long-peduncled ; pedicels 3"-8" long ; flowers white, 6" -7" long; pod linear-oblong, about ij' long, 4" thick, short-stalked in the calyx, abruptly tipped with an almost filiform deciduous style. In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida. Recorded from Missouri and southern Indiana, but we have seen no speci- mens collected west or north of the South Atlantic States. Erroneously recorded from Minnesota and Ontario. May- June. Prairie-indigo. 6. Baptisia leucantha T. & G. Large White Wild Indigo. Fig. 2458. Baptisia leucantha T. & G. Fl. N. A. i : 385. 1840. Glabrous throughout, succulent, branching, 2-4 high, the branches stout, ascending. Leaves petioled; 3-foliolate, blackening in dry- ing; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, i'-2' long, 6"-i2" wide, very obtuse, rounded and some- times slightly emarginate at the apex, nar- rowed or cuneate at the baue; stipules lanceo- late or linear, equalling or shorter than the petioles, deciduous ; racemes lateral, sometimes i long, loosely flowered ; flowers white, g"-io" long; pedicels 2"-3" long; pod ellipsoid, long- stalked in the calyx, about 9" long, tipped with the subulate style. In rich soil, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Kentucky, North Carolina, Florida, Kansas, Arkansas and Texas. June-July. White false- indigo. 5. CROTALARIA L. Sp. PI. 714. 1753. Herbs, sometimes slightly woody, with simple (or in some tropical species 3-7-foliolate) leaves, and racemose flowers. Calyx 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard orbicular or ovate, often cordate ; wings oblong or obovate ; keel curved. Stamens monadelphous, their sheath deeply cleft ; anthers of 2 forms, alternating with each other, the one small, versatile, the other larger. Ovary sessile or short-stalked ; style more or less curved. Pod oblong or globose, inflated, coriaceous or membranous, many-seeded, the seeds loose at maturity. [Greek, a rattle.] About 250 species, mainly natives of tropical regions. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Crotalaria lotifolia L. Stem and branches erect or ascending ; leaves, at least the upper, lanceolate or oblong. i. C. sagittalis. Stems prostrate, from a deep root ; leaves broadly oblong or oval. 2. C. rotundifolia. GENUS 5. PEA FAMILY. 347 i. Crotalaria sagittalis L. Fig. 2459. Rattle-box. Crotalaria sagittalis L. Sp. PI. 714. 1753. Annual, erect or decumbent, villous-pubes- cent, branching, rarely over i high. Leaves simple, oval, lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the base, en- tire, nearly sessile, \'-2\' long, 2"-8" wide ; stipules persistent and united, decurrent on the stem, sagittate above, or the lower wanting; peduncles i'-4' long, 2-4-flowered ; pedicels I "-3" long; flowers yellow, 4"-6" long, the corolla about equalling the calyx ; pod oblong, glabrous, nearly sessile in the calyx, i' long, 4"~5" in thickness, much inflated, nearly black at maturity ; seeds shining. In dry open places, Vermont to Florida, Minne- sota, South Dakota, Arkansas and Mexico. Also in Jamaica. June-Sept. Wild pea. Loco-weed. 2. Crotalaria rotundifolia (Walt.) Poir. Prostrate Rattle-box. Fig. 2460. Anonymos rotundifolia Walt. Fl. Car. 181. 1788. Crotalaria sagittalis var. ovalis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 55. 1803. Crotalaria rotundifolia Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2 : 402. 1811. Crotalaria ovalis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 469. 1814. Perennial by a deep somewhat woody root, the slender branches usually prostrate. Pu- bescence mostly dense, brownish, spreading or ascending ; leaves broadly oblong or oval, obtuse at both ends, or narrowed at the base, paler beneath than above, \'-\\' long; petioles i"-2" long; upper stipules usually distinctly sagittate, the lower much smaller, or often wanting ; peduncles lateral, 2'-6' lon