_, NEW SERIES. VOL. LX.
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ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. Vol. LX, Part Il, No. II.—1891.
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{ man or produced by nature.” —Sir WIDLIAM JONES.
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CALCUTTA:
PRINTED AT THE PAPTIST Mission PREE&S, | AND PUBLISHED BY THE
pSIATIC SOCIETY, 5J, PARK STREET,
1891.
Rs. 2- 0- O Price in England, 3 Shillings.
Issued July 16th, 1891.
; NEW SERIES. Wor i
JOURNAL
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. Vol. LX, Part II, No. I1.—1891.
EDITED BY
y- fF. PCLATER, Fs.
HONORARY SECRETARY.
“The bounds of its investigation will be the geographical limits of Asia: and within these limits its inquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by man or produced by nature.”’—SIR Wanntan JONES.
*,* Communications should be sont baer cover to the Secretaries, Asiat. Soc., to whom all orders for the work are to be addressed im India; or, in Lon- don, care of Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner and Co., 57 ¥ 59, Lud-
gate Hill.
CALCUTTA :
PRINTED AT THE PAPTIST Miussion PRESS,
AND PUBLISHED BY THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY, 5J, PARK STREET,
1891.
Price Wes of postage) to Subscribers, Re. 1-8-0.——'T'o Non-Suhbscribers Rs. 2-0-0 Price in England, 3 Shillings.
Issued July 16th, 1891.
CONTENTS.
V.—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, with some account of the Island of Sumba.—By Wi.utam Douurty, Cincinnati, U. 8. A. Communicated by the Narurat History Srcrwrary (With Plate IT) ..
Vi1—Natural History Noe Baa an ML ndtak ae Sat vey
Steamer ‘ Investigator, Commander R. ¥. Hosxyn, R. N., com- - manding. No. 24. List of Deep-sea Holothurians Mane during seasons 1887 to 1891, with descriptions of new species. —By Dr. J. H. Turn Warsn. Communicated by the Su-
PERINTENDENT OF THE INDIAN MUSEUM ........ ea te VII.—On an undescribed Oriental species 2 Nepeta ans, oD.
Prain (With Plate IIT) .. eeu 204 VIII.—Novicie Indice. IV. Two eer speek of f iy pore
talum.—By D. Pratn.. ts ire Siena ote maser nne {Osteen
Note.—Plates I and II are not yet ready, they will be issued with a, ‘subsequent number of the Journal.
Notice.
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AVIS.
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ANZEIGE.
Auslindische Gesellschaften welche die Asiatische Gesellschaft von Bengalen mit ihren Publicationen beehren, sind hierdurch ersucht dieselben entweder direct an die Adresse der Gesellschaft, 57, Park Street, Calcutta, oder an deren Agenten in London, Messrs. Triibner & Co., 57 aud 59, Ludgate Hill, senden zu wollen.
Ete
JOURNAL
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
2? ©@ Owe
Part II.—NATURAL SCIENCE,
— EOE
No. I1.—1891.
V.—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, with some account of the Island of Sumba.—By Wiitam Douerty, Cincinnati, U.S.A. Com- municated by the NaturaL History SECRETARY.
[Received April 9th :—Read May 6th, 1891. ] (With Plate IT.)
The chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands, extending from Java east- wards to Timor Laut and New Guinea, is of great interest from many points of view, but especially from the ethnologist’s. For, whereas a slight tincture of Muhammadan civilization, leading to the entire loss of the native product, has made the people of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo the most uninteresting of all the sons of men, and only the minutest differences distinguish the natives of Penang from those o1 Macassar, fifteen hundred miles away, every little island east of Java has an astonishing wealth of peculiarities.
Taking the question of religion and government, Bali, the first, is a densely inhabited island, the home of an ancient civilization. The people are of the Hindu faith, the four original castes still prevail there as they did in India in the time of Manu, and suttee, extinct every- where else, still: flourishes. In Lombok, a Hindu aristocracy rules a Muhammadan proletariat of a more recent and less pronounced
19
142 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Se.
civilization. In Sambawa* there are four Muhammadan kingdom. considerable age, while a few tributary heathen tribes, but little inferio. to them in refinement, inhabit the mountains. In part of Flores, the governing race is a tribe of Muhammadan slave-traders, the curse of all that region, and the pagan mountaineers are in a more or less savage state. In Sumba and Timor there are independent heathen tribes. In Solor, Savu (better written Sau or Sawu), and Roti a large part of the population is Christian, The Dutch have no possessions in these islands, except the town of Boleling in Bali, the fort at Bima in Sam- bawa, and the neighbourhood of Kupang in Timor. But owing to their command of the sea, they have a considerable, and I believe an increas- ing influence with the trading community, and with many of the native princes. At the present moment they are trying to get possession of Middle Flores, where tin has been discovered, and, if successful, the occupation must have the happiest effect on all the surrounding islands. From the philologist’s standpoint, all the dialects from Bali to Kupang belong to the Javanese branch of the Polynesian family. In Eastern Timor and the islands beyond, some of the languages are of a totally different type, probably that of the original Negrito inhabitants. As regards race, no part of the world excels these islands in in- terest. In and east of Timor, the prevalence of wavy or frizzly-haired tribes, generally of low stature, indicates the Negrito as the first occu- pant. In Sumba the Polynesians are still numerous, and form the ruling race, while traces of them occur in Sambawa,y and even in the mountains of the Celebes. The people of Roti are a strikingly hand- some tribe looking somewhat lke the better class of Tamils or Telugus, and their origin is certainly a puzzle. Mr. Wallace suggests that they may be of Portuguese blood, introduced by some unrecorded shipwreck. But they themselves say they came from Serang (Ceram). A some- what similar race occurs at Melolo in Eastern Sumba, and, I hear, in Flores. In Savu, the people have an obvious strain of Negrito blood, but some resemble the Rotinese, while universal tradition ascribes their
* So pronounced, also sometimes pronounced Sembawa, or, if written in the Hunterian manner, Sambawa. The Dutch call it Soembawa, which is not only incorrect, but confuses it, with Sumba (Soemba). It is remarkable that the in- habitants of the island have no name for it, Sambawa being simply the name of the western sultanate. Nothing could more surprise a native of Bima, than to be told that Bima and Sambawa are on the same island. The same is true of Flores, for that pretty word is purely European, and there is no native name for the whole island. I see that the island Dutch propose to call it ‘““Soenda” so that these three great neighbouring islands are to stand as Soenda, Soemba, and Soembawa!
+ Lengota, the glarang or headman of Kala in the mountains of Sambawa, is a fine example of a Polynesian.
1891] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambana, §c. 143
origin to Sumba, and their language scarcely differs from Sumbanese. In Sambawa, Lombok, and Bali, the flood of Mongolian immigrants has Swept away nearly all traces of the original inhabitants, and the people are indistinguishable from the Malays or Siamese. The same race has entered all the islands, I do not think there is a single island in the Archipelago or the Pacific where the Mongolians have not profoundly modified the original population, whether Polynesian or Negrito. In Sumba the mixture is of great interest, because it presents the same features as in New Zealand and among the eastern and higher tribes of American Indians, namely, a race chiefly or largely Mongolian in blood, but Polynesian in language and manners, and ruled by a princely caste of genuine Polynesian blood. Till I visited Sumba I had no idea of the possibility of this state of affairs so far west. But since then I have been struck with the prevalence of Polynesian features, and even to a certain extent of Polynesian manners* among the higher tribes between Assam and Burma, namely, some of the Naga tribes— the Angamis, Lhotas and Kachhas —the Chins and the Lushais. This country may well have been the starting point of this fine race, whence they have extended their conquests eastwards to New York and Yuca- tan and westwards to Madagascar, and where, judging from what I saw, they may yet survive after their extermination, now so rapidly going on, is complete everywhere else in the world.
Mr. Alfred Russell Wallace has formed all the Lesser Sunda islands, except Bali, separated from Java only by a narrow strait, into his Timorian division of the Austro-Malayan region. So far as the birds are concerned, he seems to have had good reason for this, for out of 160 land-birds known from the group, just half are found nowhere else, a larger proportion than exists even in the peculiar Celebesian fauna. On examination, however, it does not appear that the group is a zoolo- gical province in the same sense as is the Celebes. In that island, a great number of peculiar species, and a certain number of peculiar genera, range over the whole island from Menado to Macassar. But the Timor group contains hardly any peculiar genera,f and the peculiar species are generally confined to one or two of its component parts.f
* As regards language, the euphonic and structural rules are remarkably alike, but the roots of Naga words are generally as wholly different from those of the Pacific islanders, as theirs are again from those of the American Polynesians.
+ Two genera of butterflies, Ancistroides and Jatana, have been described from Timor only. But I must confess that I cannot find in either any generic char- acter separating it from its allies.
{ On examining the British Museum Catalogue of Birds as far as completed— Passeres and Picide—I find their distribution as follows. No genera are mentioned as peculiar to the Timor Group, or to any part of it. Only two species are men-
144 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, §c. [No. 2,
It is simply a long string of islands which has received waifs and strays from various quarters, the eastern. ones, Timor, Timor Laut and pre- sumably Wetter, chiefly from the Moluccas, New Guinea, and Australia, the western chiefly from Java. As the stream of Javanese immigrants, crossing narrow seas, is regular and unceasing, the species from that quarter have had fewer opportunities of differentiation, while the visi- tors from the eastward have for the opposite reason generally become distinct. This renders the fauna of the eastern islands more interesting to the naturalist, and Timor Laut, Wetter,* Sumba, and the high country of Timor, offer a field of unusual interest.
But Lombok Strait, now known in science as Wallace’s Line, after the great naturalist who discovered its faunal importance, is neverthe- less an important frontier, cutting off a host of Indo-Malayan forms} from Lombok and the islands eastward, and a few Austro-Malayan forms, such as the cockatoos, from Bali and Java. However, it seems hardly so deep as Mr. Wallace supposed,{ and it is not impassable even to mammals, seeing that the tiger has of late years crossed it, and is now,
tioned as common to the Indian and Australian regions, passing through these islands, but no doubt a few additional wide-ranging forms could be added.
Timor. Peculiar species, 006 400 O90 eohaw oo, Extending to Flores only, 000 a0 000 5 A », Lombok only, 606 a00 oe 2 ah », Bali, a 200 000 200 2 Indo-Malayan, 500 o0c 900 goo, dls} Austro-Malayan, Bao toe ood don 3 54 Lombok, Sambawa and Flores. Peculiar species, oop al) (Flores 4, Lombok 4, in com- Extending to Timor only,... 7 mon 7). Indo-Malayan, Hon a r45) Austro-Malayan, ees (0) 50
So that only seven species (or nine including the two extending to Bali) are confined to the group, as a group, and no Austro-Malayan species extends west of Timor, while the Indo-Malayan species are numerous.
Nothing whatever is known of the birds of Sumba.
* The island of Wetter seems to be wholly surrounded by deep sea, and merits examination.
+ Such as the Cyprinide.
{ The depth of Lombok Strait, as now given, seems hardly over fifty fathoms at the deepest part of the shortest line across it. There are several islands in the Strait.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Swmba and Sambawa, Sc. 145
I hear, making fearful ravages among the herds of ponies for which Lombok was once celebrated. As the dividing line between homologous species, Lombok Strait is probably less important than Ombai or even Sumba Straits. I should rather call it the boundary between the Indian Region and the neutral zone beyond, than that between the Indian and the Australian regions.
Sumba is one of the largest of the Lesser Sunda islands, having an area probably exceeding six thousand square miles, for the unex- plored southern coast-line, drawn on the maps as concave, is really con- vex, giving great breadth to the island.* It is called Sumba or Humba (the S and H being interchangeable here and in Savu, which is general- ly called Hau by the natives) by all the tribes inhabiting it, but on the maps the more usual names are Chendana (Tjendana), Sandelhout and Sandalwood, names of the same significance, given not because, as has been stated, sandalwood is exported, but because that tree is said to be tabu (or palilias the Sumbanese say) to the inhabitants, so that if any one chances to break a twig of it, he is cut into small pieces, and scattered about under the sacred branches. At least, that is what the Malays say, but the Sumbanese, both the mountaineers and the coast- dwellers, entirely deny the existence of the tree on their island.
Deep sea separates Sumba from Flores, the high peaks of which are distinctly visible from Nangamesi Bay, but a bank covered by 50-80 fathoms of water, connects it with Hastern Sambawa, while on the side of Savu and Roti there is apparently deepsea again. No part of the coast has been surveyed even in the most cursory manner, but on account of the development of the horse-trade, the north-east coast from Laura to Réndi has become pretty well known to Arab and Bugis skippers. Except Tarimbang, which has not, I believe, been visited for generations, there is no harbour anywhere in the island. The roadstead of Waingapu or Wayapu, the chief port, is difficult of access, lying be- tween two long coral reefs laid bare at low tide.
The aspect of the north coast of Sumba is most forbidding. Long naked headlands—Sasa, Ngarulubu, Mandolu, famous for their horses— extend far into the sea, marked with the lines of raised beaches. All this side of the island, for as much as forty miles inland and up toa height of two thousand feet, is covered with a sheet of coral overlying sandstone. The coral must be of considerable age, and is often extraordinarily hard, reminding one of the ancient metamorphic lime-
* The southern coast of Sambawa is set down quite wrongly on the maps, as I could see from the top of Haruhasga.
+ Near Kawanegu the sandstone is uncovered, forming hills curiously carved and water-worn.
146 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, §c. [No, 2
stones of Greece, in Bootia and Arcadia. Its surface is infinitely rough and broken, capable of destroying the stoutest boots in a few days. It is owing to this that the Sandalwood ponies develop such hard hoofs that they rarely require to be shod. Fortunately, wherever the ground is level, the coral is hidden by a coating of indurated clay like laterite, and the native paths keep to this as much as possible. A scanty growth of grass, especially the horrible spear-grass, which renders travelling almost unendurable, covers the coral. Wherever the surface consists of irregular piles of jagged fragments, bristling with needle-like points, and full of deep rifts and well-like cavities, a dry, thorny jungle grows, since horses cannot find foothold there, nor fire reach it. The grass is burnt every May or June, and for some months later, the country is as black as a coal, but travelling is easier and is usually done at this season. In some places the soil is exceedingly rich, and the population dense, especially in Melolo and Laura; but the country is everywhere dreary, and is far from green even justaftter the rains. Nevertheless this region, the north-east coast from Laura to Réndi, is the civilized part of the island, and the seat of all the larger states. The coast itself is generally uninhabited for several miles inland, owing to the depredations of the Endinese pirates. The heat is terrible, but the coast seems singularly healthy, and the climate is more like that of Northern Australia than of the Indian Archipelago.
Till I came to Sumba, no Huropean had ever visited the interior. Learning from the natives that a well-wooded and watered tract existed inland, I pushed across forty miles of a desolate coral wilderness and reached a wholly different country. At Pada Dalung, and thence to Mandas* (south-west) and Karita (south-east), and, I was told, to Tarimbang on the south coast, the rock is stratified and calcareous, apparently a soft decomposed chalk, and in one deep ravine I saw some huge round boulders which may have been granitic. The interior of the island is a great plateau, somewhat hollowed out im the middle by the river Kambéra, which rises in the forests around Léwa, and in that called Kétikujara or the Horse’s Head, west of Mandas, flows eastward, and near Mandas is a considerable river in deep jungle, difficult to ford, haunted by crocodiles, and much larger in volume than at its mouth seventy or eighty miles below. Indeed most rivers of northern Sumba tend to disappear on approaching the coast. The table-land is flat in general outline, but deeply cut by an infinity of exceedingly steep ravines each with a clear swift stream. Flat or steep it is everywhere the richest possible meadow land. The forests lie in great masses, and, except
* Or Mandasu ; spelt Maanalas in Mr. Roos’s map of Sumba, which, except over a part of the north coast, seems to have been compiled wholly from hearsay.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. 147
at Tabundung and one or two other exceptional places, they are wholly trackless and serve as the boundaries of hostile tribes. West of Mandas, the country appears to descend steeply into the Indian Ocean. This slope was described to me as covered with high forest, with a heavy rainfall* and a coast so stormy as to be inaccessible during the greater part of the year. The height of the tableland of the Kambéra is usually about 1500-2000 feet; the hill at Pada Dalung must be about 2500 feet above the sea. The climate of this region is delicious. South- east and north-west the country rises, and by its upward trend conceals whatever high mountains may be in that direction. The great isolated massif of Tabundung, covered with high forest, lies south of Pada Dalung, and must be about 4000 feet high. East of this is the unknown tana maringu (cold country) of Masu, which lies back of Melolo, and is sacred ground. No war may be fought there, and the buffalo and horse have run wild, since those that escaped thither might not be caught and brought back. Masu is the Olympus of the Sumbanese, regarded as the original home of their ancestors, and the place whither their own souls shall go after death. .
West of Pada Dalung the country again rises, and beyond Léwa Paku (Old Léwa, the original demesne of the present king of Léwa, who now owns all the middle part of the interior plateau), and the sources of the Kambéra, lies another “cold country,” probably of considerable height and extent. This is inhabited by rude mountain tribes, not yet visited either by Huropeans or by the Arab and Bugis traders. West of Perwatana and Anakala, on the border of this region, which is called by the general name of Wayéwa, lies a great forest, and then comes Kodi, beyond which the land sinks precipitously into the sea near Gaura or Garu.
A volcano has been said to exist near Tarimbang on the south- western coast. But some people of that state told me this was quite untrue. However, the mountain of Tabundung, which I did not succeed in reaching, may possibly be of volcanic origin. This district, though rather out of the way, seems to be the best accessible collecting-ground on the island.
* In Java and all the islands to the east of it, with the possible exception of Timor, the rainfall is far greatest on the southern and south-western sides. Thus at Tjilatjap (south coast of Java) the rainfall is 170 inches, at Surabaya 65. At Bima in Sambawa it is 38 inches. At Waingapu in Sumba it can hardly be more than 20, while at Pada Dalung it must be fully 100 inches.
+ The Muhammadans of Sambawa, call their Heaven by the Sanskrit name Sorga (Swarga), and, I believe, say it lies in some distant mountains to the westward, perhaps a idea derived from the Hindus of Java. Hell is called Anaraka.
148 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Swmba and Sambawa, §c. [No. 2,
The upland forests of Sumba are less luxuriant than in Java or Sumatra, and are singularly free from thorns and underbrush, but many of the trees reach the height of a hundred feet, and some of the figs are of enormous girth. The only bamboos on the island occur in the dry valleys near the coast. Palms, except the lontar or palmyra, and a few arecas, are exceedingly scarce. The Hndinese, who import cocoa-nuts, always destroy the germ of each nut, which perhaps accounts for the absence of this useful tree.
Of the animals of Sumba I can say but little. The natives think there are three kinds of monkeys, but I saw only the Macacus cynomolgus, which is very common and tame. A deer like the Cervus muntjac is said to be common, as well as another with large branching horns, which they call by the Malay name of rusa. Wild pigs abound, and a wild cat. Among birds, cockatoos are so numerous that I have seen the trees white with them; the species is the common lemon-crested one.
Among domestic animals there are pigs (wet or wawi), goats, fowls (manu, a Javanese word), a few buffaloes (kalambua, a softened form of the Malay kribau), cats (kamembu), dogs (ashu), and pigeons. Buffaloes are used chiefly for ploughing and for funeral sacrifices. They are the largest animals of which the Sumbanese have any conception, and a huge, ferocious kangaroo-hound, who goes about with the king of Léwa as a very efficient body-guard, has been called by the awe-struck natives the “ Roaring Buffalo.” Fowls are used chiefly in taking auspices, and pigs and mares are the animals generally employed for food.
Horses are the most valuable product of the island, and “ Sandal- wood ponies” are perhaps the best in the world, and well known as far as Rangoon and Hong Kong. They are called jara, a word which, like the Malay kuda. is derived from the Sanskrit ghora. The horses live unguarded in troops of twenty or thirty, each having its own range of pasture, the limits of which are carefully respected. Being very curious, they used to follow me for miles over all obstacles, but never dared to cross the ravine which bounded their beat. The colts generally follow the leading stallion (and not their dams) in a long string, which has a most absurd appearance. The mares are rarely ridden, and as in Sambawa are kept for breeding and for food.* Only stallions are exported. The trade is wholly in the hands of the Arabs and Bugis, who carry the horses to Surabaya in their own vessels at a fixed time every spring. The Sumbanese are the best rough-country riders I have
* In Sambawa, though the people are Muhammadans, a man is allowed to kill a mare on his birthday and make a feast for his friends. This is also done at the end of Ramazan ; and even the Imams do it, though they may have made the Mecca pil- grimage. The Do Donggo sacrifice mares at the time of the rice-harvest.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Se. 149
ever seen, (and I have lived among the Turkman, Bedawin and Iliats), galloping bare back down the steepest slopes. On foot they are a singularly helpless people, and would rather ride twenty miles than walk one. They are fond of their horses and give them the most ornate names, those of mine being interpreted to me as “ Beautiful Flower,” “Wind in the Grass,” and “ Lightning.” No woman is allowed to mount a horse, and I have seen a princess on foot while her attendant slaves were mounied.
The staple food in Sumba is millet (usukanu or uhukanu) and maize,* generally planted alternately, and rice (usuberesu or white grain), which is hard to obtain except on the coast. The wet cultivation of paddy is unknown,t though the late king of Taimanu tried to introduce it at Yawahapi-Lukukatoba. Maize is usually eaten parched. Meat is only eaten on great occasions, and there are scarcely any vegetables. Curi- ously enough, the use of toddy (palm-wine) is unknown, though so com- mon in Flores, Savu, and Roti, and even in the Muhammadan parts of the Celebes. Considering the wealth of the people, and the cheapness of Java rum, the Sumbanese are a sober people, and most of the mountaineers have never tasted spirits. The use of betel is universal. Salt is very scarce and dear.
The people of Sumba do not probably number less than 100,000, and perhaps much more if Laura and Melolo are really as populous as they are said to be. A small colony of curly-haired Savu people are settled at Waingapu and Kabaniru, and a similar race at Memboro. Some of the Melolo people are said to resemble the Rotinese in feature. Otherwise, the bulk of the people may be said to be Mongolians re- sembling the Javanese, with a Polynesian aristocracy.{ The former are
* Maize is probably a recent introduction, but I could hear of no tradition on the subject. A common species of sorghum growing in marshes is called “wild maize.’ In many of the islands, the word jawa or Javanese is applied to maize, showing whence it came. In Sumba the word is water, but in Savu water-jawa, in Roti mbéla, in Timor péla, in the Moluccas milu, in Ende (Flores) simply jawa, in Roka (Flores) hai, in Sambawa baso, The word jawa is applied to anything foreign. Europeans are called ‘“ white Javanese,” and I was generally known in Sumba as wmbu maremba jawa or the King’s son from Java.
+ The Do Donggo of the mountains of Sambawa have some of the finest wet paddy fields I have ever seen. Yet they are far inferior in capacity to the Sumbanese, and preserve a curious memento of their recent savage state in an annual three days’ pilgrimage to the mountain-tops, where they sleepin the open and live wholly on what game they kill, leaving the villages guarded by the dogs tied up in the houses.
{~ Some of the western hill-tribes may belong to a lower race. The Kodi people are said to be of short stature, and to turn the toes inwards in walking, especially the women. To “walk like a Kodi woman” is a staple joke, appealing strongly to the Sumbanese sense of humour.
20
150 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, &c. {[No. 2,
the same as everywhere. The latter are tall, light-brown men, of some- what slender, but graceful and manly proportions. The face is rather long, with a Roman nose and a finely-moulded chin; the hair is straight, rather dry and stiff, and a beard is not generally worn. The women are often of a refined and high-bred, though somewhat grave and melancholy beauty, contrasting strangely with their barbarous condition. The quiet dignity of the men is in striking opposition to the innate vulgarity of all Mongolians from Turcomania to Malayana.
The Sumbanese, both men and women, wear a large loose mantle of Manchester cotton dyed black in the mud of the rivers. The women wear also a short black skirt, and on gala occasions a black jacket tastefully embroidered with beads and small cowries. The men wear a waistcloth, a turban, a huge ivory armlet, anda heavy belt like that worn by the Greeks and Albanians, containing their krisses and parang. They always go about with a square mat-work satchel, generally of very pretty design, containing betel. They exchange betel with everyone they meet outside their village, as a sign of peaceful intentions. I had to carry a supply about also, and never dared to decline it, though it is not at all nice, for the Sumbanese could only explain a refusal as a sign of hostility, just as Bedawin would excite at the refusal of salt. Bows are unknown in Sumba, and so are fire-arms, but a man goes nowhere without two spears, which are never laid aside for an instant. In the remote district of Mandas, I was amused to see that my visitors had covered their spearheads with sheaths tied on with thongs, as if to reassure me, reminding me of the old Norse custom.
“Thereat was the Wrath of Sigurd laid fast in a silver sheath.
And the peace-strings knit about it, for the blade was fain of death, And ’tis ill to show such edges to the broad blue light of day,
Or to let the hall-glare light them, if ye list not play the play.”
The Kambéra language is understood over the greater part of the island, but Gaura and Laura in the west have languages of their own, and the Memboro dialect is very distinct. All these are closely allied to the Javanese and the languages of Sambawa and Flores. I have taken vocabularies of a number of these, which I hope to publish some day.
Strange to say, Sumba has a currency of its own in the shape of fine copper wire very intricately plaited and cut into lengths of two feet, worth half a rupee each. The ugly, fish-shaped earrings of gold beaten out thin, are always of the same size and value (about a dollar), and are likewise used for money.
The women have spinning-wheels and weaving-frames, and make cloth, especially blankets, generally white with curious figures of fish,
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, §c. 151
tortoises, prawns, ships, men, deer, etc., but all so conventional in form and so harmoniously arranged that the effect is good. The men also make nets and ropes, both of excellent quality and largely exported, and at Kadungu (Memboro) good pottery is made. The chief exports are horses, slaves and edible birds-nests.
There are three castes of Sumbanese, the maremba or lords, the kabisu or freeborn citizens, and the towata or slaves, the latter being the most numerous.
The ruling classes marry chiefly among themselves, and are inter- related ina most puzzling fashion. Marriages are arranged by the parents, and are of two kinds. If the wife is bought, whether with money or with service, she enters her husband’s tribe. In this case she is his property, and he can kill her if he likes. If he pays nothing, he enters her tribe; but this is less usual. Polygamy is not common, but if a man’s sisters-in-law remain unmarried, I believe they are after a time considered as his wives. The Sumba women make faithful wives, but before marriage incontinence is universal, and every girl, slave or princess, has her price. Infanticide and abortion are very common, and it is probably largely for this reason that the population is not increasing. Islam always, and Christianity often check this evil, so that the population is large and increasing in Muhammadan Ende and Sambawa, and again in Christian Roti and Solor. The old are treated with great respect. The Sumbanese struck me as a brave, honest and truthful people. But they are too proud to work for others, and will never become a thriving agricultural race like the Javanese.
Hxogamy is usual, and the rules of intermarriage are often incon- veniently complicated. For instance, I hear that Kanata men can marry only Lakoka women, and Lakoka men only Soru women. Now Lakoka* and Soru are small independent states in the interior, while Kanata (or Lubu) is fifty miles away on the coast of the Taimanu state.
Apart from the wars of extermination waged now and then by the great chiefs, disputes are continually going on between neighbouring tribes, generally concerning boundaries, horses, or women. They are usually settled without much bloodshed in the following manner. The men meet in a meadow, and form two lines on horseback. Then the chiefs recite war-songs, and make speeches, and the two sides exchange
* In 1886, shortly before my visit, the king of Léwa sacked Lakoka, in alliance with the Ende slavers. The men were killed, the king took the horses, and the women and children were carried off to Flores as slaves. This is the usual way in which the Endinese do business. It is to be hoped that the Dutch troops now in Flores will put an end to this murderous little state. Its supremacy in this region is owing to its possession of ships and rifles, of which the Sumbanese have none.
152 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sunba and Sumbawa, &e. [No. 2,
abuse and defiances in the Homeric fashion, till the proper degree of excitement is reached, upon which they charge, fighting with spears and shields. As soon as anyone gets speared, his side acknowledges itself beaten and pays a fine, while the others celebrate their victory with much noise and feasting. The horses on these occasions are decorated with collars of white horse-hair, and immense frontal tufts, giving them a most ferocious look, and are said to enjoy the fighting thoroughly. Sham fights, very similar to the real ones, and quite as dangerous, are often held. But horse-fights are the characteristic amusement of Sumba. Two stallions and a mare are placed in a little enclosure, and the former fight till one is dead. On great occasions there is dancing, generally performed by women, and sometimes a poet will sing the praise of his forefathers, exhibiting the skulls of their conquered enemies which have descended to him. The musical in- struments in use are drums, gongs, and a guitar with two copper strings.
The dead are buried,* household articles being broken and thrown into the grave as in the Nicobars. A large oval horizontal slab of stone surrounded by small upright ones, marks the grave. The bodies of chiefs are exposed on the mountains for months after their death. When a propitious time for the funeral comes, a great feast is held, many buffaloes, pigs and mares are killed and eaten, and a number of slaves, both men and women, are strangled and thrown into the grave.f When I was in Sumba, the body of the late king of Taimanu had been lying exposed at Semparingu for more than a year,
I cannot say much about the religion of Sumba. The island presents a remarkable contrast to Sambawa in this respect. In Sumba, though there are a few ratus or professional magicians of little influence, the chiefs are the real religious leaders, and it seems to me that the union of church and state in the hands of practical men managing large temporal affairs has kept superstition in bounds. In Sambawa, both in the heathen and in the Muhammadan parts, the juhis or sorcerers are the descendants of the old local chiefs, now replaced by a centralized bureaucracy. Reduced to mere tricksters and jugglers dependent for their food on the popular faith in their magic powers, they have made the people as superstitious as any in the world. The same is the case
* The Do Donggo in Sumbawa are buried sitting, but I can find no note of the Sumbanese custom.
+ On the death of a Sultan of Mbojo (Bima) in Sambawa, 199 buffaloes are sacrificed. A new flagstaff is raised by his successor, and a slave is said to be strangled and buried beneath it. This, if true, illustrates the extreme conservatism of the East, for the people of Bima may be almost called a civilized race, and have been Muhammadans for some centuries.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Se. 153
with the heathen Do Donggo. Here the sorcerers hold a higher rank as juhi Perafu or priests of the god Perafu. But all temporal power is in the hands of the glarangs or headmen. The result is, that the mori, or ancestral spirits, and the héncha, or demons, are never out of peoples’ minds, everything seen or done has some good or evil significance, there are sa¢red trees, mountains, springs, stones, and animals, while every spot is the scene of some absurd legend. Hach village has its priest’s house, priestess’s house, and its wna Perafu or house of Perafu, closed, empty and of very archaic make. Belief in the evil eye, in the unluckiness of a thousand acts and signs, in the constant presence of evil demons, and in the disastrous effect of anything unusual or uncustomary, make these people the timid, unhappy race they are.*
The Sumbhanese are said to worship one greater god, described as umbu walu mendoku or he who makes all, who owns all the sandalwood. Also two deities called wmbu awan, lord of heaven, and wmnbu tana, lord of earth, to whom worship is paid at harvest time, and rice, pigs, horses and buffaloes sacrificed. ‘They also believe in evil spirits, and the huge fig trees in some of the villages are apparently held in veneration. Cer- tain things also are sacred, and hence tabu or forbidden (palili in Sumba, léo or pomali in Timor, perafu among the heathen of Sambawa). Though the crocodiles receive no regular ceremonial worship as in Roti,; the Sumbanese nevertheless throw them meat, saying, “ Don’t eat
* For instance, when I was at Kalain the Donggo country, the juhis kept praying and sacrificing all night to prevent evil resulting from my stay there. At Pelunto the people threatened to abandon their homes when they heard I was going to climb Haruhasa, the chief mountain in those parts. And when I returned and nothing happened, they said I had not really done it, just as when the alpinist climbed Ararat, the Armenians would not believe it, because he had not geen the Ark standing intact on the summit, as St. Mesrob had seen itin his dream. At Oo, the juhi declared that my visit had caused the terrible rains we had then. Ont of revenge I rolled my eyes at him tragically, and repeated the first stanza of “Simple Simon met a Pieman ” once or twice when I met him, upon which he fled the country. Such things are quite impossible in Sumba, and their own little devices for keeping off the evil spirits are performed in rather a sceptical mood. As in India they snap their fingers when some one sneezes. Ifa young man hiccups, they box his ears, if an old man, they ask him respectfully why he did it, to which he calmly replies that he never did, and there is a general smile.
¥ The following story was told me by Mijnheer Teffer, whose wife, a remarkably beautiful woman, now a Christian, was the daughter of the king of Hai in Roti. There is a caste of priests of the crocodile there. When they want to travel by water they call the crocodile, and he carries them wherever they wish on his back. Ona certain day they go down to the bank, and call the crocodile, describing to him their rank and duties. When he comes out, they take him up and carry him, with a band of music and an applauding crowd, to his temple. There they give him rice and sweetmeats, put a robe on him, and begin praying over him. He dislikes the praying
154 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. [No. 2,
me, but eat such a man, my enemy.” But the chief Sumbanese deity is Merapu (the name is obviously equivalent to the Sambawan Perafu), who is the hearth-god, a kind of aggregation, I imagine, of the ancestral spirits. But some say he is a man who lives in Masn, and is a kind of intercessor with the great gods for men, and especially for kings. He is described as black in hue, for when I asked why the Sumbanese dressed wholly in black, they replied that it was Merapu’s colour. The largest insect in the island, the black butterfly I have named Papilio merapu, 18 sacred tohim, They pray to him in the forest, placing betel, siri, and a bit of gold or silver ona leaf, and setting it on the ground say ‘‘Merapu, give me this and that, pasturage for my horses, rain for my maize, and vengeance for my wrongs.” Slaves pray to Merapu that the king may live a hundred (ngasu) years, for they are afraid of being sacrificed at his death.
The houses are large, with a thatched roof pointed at the top, and a floor raised five or six feet above the ground. Inside, the fireplace is always surrounded by four posts. That on the right hand on entering is called Merapu’s post, and the enclosure is sacred to the god. Oaths are taken by laying the hand on this post, and no one is allowed to sing or play the guitar indoors when a fire is on the hearth.
Houses are gathered in a paraing (generally called paré) or village, or ina negert (Sanskrit, through the Javanese) or town. The political unit, at least in the interior, is a group of open villages, protected by a fortress (kota, Sanskrit through the Javanese). Thus Watupéli is the central fortress of Melolo, Kamanu of Mandas, and Lambanapu of Kambéra. On the plains, these fortresses are defended by intricate cactus hedges, but I was told that in Laura (I think) towns are strongly walled with stone, as is the case with some of the hill forts elsewhere. These last are often very striking. Lateng in the Taimanu state, is builton a sharp spur of the mountains, the col connecting it with the main mass fortified by wall after wall. On the other side, the hill descends at a very steep angle to the river a thousand feet below, and this almost inaccessible gorge is so industriously eulti- vated as to be a perfect nest of verdure in this dreary country. In times of peace these forts are often left almost unguarded. Once I lost my way at nightfall in the Kiritana district, but when the moon rose I struck a path, and rode through a country of alternate thorny jungle, and meadows studded with great upright blocks of coral-like tombstones,
and strugeles, so that it is necessary to quiet him with more food, and begin the prayers again. When the prayers are said, they carry him back to the river with music and dancing, and when he enters the water all the other crocodiles rise up and pay homage to him as their king.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, §c. 155
worn into a thousand fantastic shapes like Gothic gurgoyles. The impressive uncanniness of this place I cannot describe; my horse was in an agony of terror. Finally I came to a citadel on a steep crag, and climbing the wall in constant expectation of attack, I found a mass of huge fortress-lke houses of stone, bigger than any built nowadays. After I had gone over most of them and found them full of grain and household utensils, but without inhabitants, I finally stumbled on three very old men, who were speechless with amazement at seeing me. They were in charge of the place and had not had a visitor for months.
The little district with its sheltering citadel was probably till modern times the only kind of state in Sumba. The recent evolution of governments like Léwa and Melolo has as yet had but little influence- on the people of the interior.
On the coast, one can now ride from Waingapu to Melolo without receiving anything fromthe men he meets but polite salutations. In the interior, even in the middle of the Léwa dominions, I never met a native not belonging to the village where I was staying, but we both prepared for battle, and spear and revolver were held in readiness till we had exchanged betel. Twice I was within an ace of being speared, because I came on men suddenly in the forest. When two parties meet, they halt when yet a long way apart, dismount, and drive their spears deep into the earth as a sign of peace, then exchange a “ cooey”’ (the well-known Australian cry, much used in Sumba), and yell out a question or two. Then two men advance, one from each party, and exchange betel, after which the others come forward warily, keeping a good grip on spear and shield. In spite of the tyranny of the kings over their subjects, and their occasional ferocity to conquered enemies, centralized government of any kind is better than this constant distrust of one’s neighbours. The northern kings of Sumba have greatly strengthened their power by making it hereditary. The wmbu maremba, or heir-apparent, is a power even in his father’s lifetime. Whereas in Ende, Roti, Savu, and in the less advanced states of Sumba, the king’s successor is elected by the nobles from the royal house.
The most powerful of the Sumba kings are those of Léwa (who holds Kambéra by right of conquest), and Melolo (who ruled half the island a generation ago), whose son rules at Petawang. West of Léwa come Taimanu, Kapundu, Palmédo, Kadungu (or Memboro), and finally Laura, which is said to be of great interest, but which has not been visited by any Huropean. The Dutch claim allegiance from the Savu and Timorese immigrants at Waingapu and Kabaniru as well as over a few Arabs, Bugis, and Chinese who trade at Waingapu. Bue these all pay tribute to the king of Léwa, and the only time they
156 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, §c. [No. 2,
refused it, he plundered the village, and drove the Dutch agent out of Sumba. When the unhappy Achinese war is over, it is to be hoped that the Dutch will pay some attention to this fine island, hitherto neglected. Owing to the absence of fire-arms, it could be subjugated by an insigni- ficant force; the horse-trade properly developed would prove a mine of wealth ; and under settled government the island would be as prosperous as Roti or the Minahasa. However it may have been in the last century, no people in this can rule semibarbarous races better than the Dutch—when they think it worth their while.
Some idea of a Sumbanese king may be gathered from an account | of my visit to Tunggu, king of Léwa, which I made with my kind friend Mr. K. H. de Roo van Alderwereld. The king was then at Kawangu near the coast.
We rode from Waingapu across the Matawai, past the Savu settle- ment of Kabaniru, and reached the Kambéra river, where women were dyeing cloth in the black mud, and a frizzly-haired Timorese was fishing ina canoe. Fording the Kambéra and the Palamenjéli with much difficulty, we reached Kawangu, a village of thirty large houses. A narrow path wound zigzag past three great concentric hedges of cactus guarding the place, and brought us to the king’s house. He was an ugly old man, well over six feet high, wearimg nothing but a dirty waist-cloth, his skinny limbs uncovered. His long hair was white and knotted over the nape of his neck, his eyebrows were black and stood out from his head, the hairs more than an inch long, shading a pair of singularly bright, unsteady eyes, and giving him an extraordinary appearance. He shook hands with us feebly with his paralyzed left hand, holding his spear in his right all ready for action, for he is forever suspecting some treachery. He had two mares led up, and drove his spear into the throat of each with a wild shout ; then he killed a pig for us, saying, politely, ‘“‘ Pork is for kings’ sons, but mares’ meat is good enough for soldiers.” For the mares’ meat was for his body- guard, a number of handsome and splendidly-formed young men, with whom he was at that time hoping to conquer the whole island. Later on, we saw him standing among them ladling the boiling meat out of a huge pot, and saying, according to our interpreter, “ Hat, my children ; he who fights shall eat meat; let slaves stick to millet.”
He took us to see his elder brother, who was slowly dying of cancer, and had therefore given up the throne to him many years before. When my trip into the interior was suggested, he coolly made a counter- proposal that we should both go and help him in his campaign against Anakala. For he has no fire-arms, and no doubt thought a rifle or two would have great effect on those sturdy mountaineers. On our
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, 8c. 157
declining this, he invited the leading nobles into the council-house and consulted the auguries about my journey, examining the liver of one fowl after another till one suited him. Every stain or flaw in the liver has its own meaning, and I was surprised at the acuteness of his inferences regarding them. Sometimes he would consult some of the old men, who seemed quite familiar with the science, and evidently considered it as reasonable and reliable as the multiplication table. The king is held the best haruspex in the country, and is also proud of his skill in causing rain or drought. He remarked incidentally that he would give me good weather for my trip. We sat up till late listening to a minstrel singing a song of the king’s composition, twang- ling a guitar the while. The king sat glancing sharply at us alternately, some nervous affection keeping his head and hands in constant motion. Meanwhile his followers sat in a circle round him, looking singularly dignified and austere. They wore black mantles and turbans, their belts were full of handsomely-mounted weapons, their fine Roman faces perfectly quiet, in striking contrast to their master’s, whom they so surpassed in dress and bearing. Still I think I understood then some- what of the power which made this ignorant savage a ruler of men, personally more reverenced than any sovereign in civilized countries.
The butterflies mentioned in the following list were taken in 1887, The Sambawan specimens are in the hands of Mr. B, Neumoegen. The Sumba ones have remained four years in my possession, during the course of which most of them have suffered greatly, and many of the best have disappeared or been destroyed, including several uniques, of which I have only descriptions made at the time. As, however, no one may visit the interior of Sumba again for many years to come, I shall include these descriptions here. Owing to my small knowledge of Moluccan and Timorese butterflies, and the absence of specimens for comparison, my work is necessarily imperfect. When described, the Sumba butterflies will be sent to M. Charles Oberthiir. Of the Sambawa butterflies I cannot give a complete list, and I am obliged to omit most of the Huplwas and some others. At the time I was there, I counted about 140 species taken in each island. In this list I number only the Sumba species, those from Sambawa being introduced chiefly to illustrate the geographical distribution of the species, and to deseribe a few novelties.
There is a considerable Austro-Malayan element in the Sumba butterflies, but very few of these forms reappear in Sumbawa, Orne- thoptera naias and Danais (Naswma) haruhasa being the most remarkable of those that do. The list scarcely does justice to this element in
21
158 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, &e. [No. 2,
Sumba, since a Doleschallia and a Charaaes probably of Moluccan type escaped me, and of a Hypolimnas apparantly near H. pandarus I made no description, and the specimens are lost.
A few Papuan or Timorese forms occurring in Sumba do not extend to Sambawa, such as Radena oberthurti, and the above-mentioned Doleschallia and Hypolimnas. In one or two cases a species occurring with little change from Java to Timor has a wholly different represen- tative in Sumba, asin the case of Papilio maremba. Ten Sumbanese forms are represented in Sambawa by other allied species, namely, six Danaide, three Pieride anda Papilio. Nine species of Danuis occur in Sumba and nine in Sambawa, and of these six are the same, and three different. Ten species of Huplea (of nine different groups) were taken in Sambawa, and only six in Sumba (perhaps on account of the continual rain in the interior), of these only one, a large Salpinx, was common to the two islands. The dominant Huplea of Sumba was apparently H. lewa, that of Sambawa seemed to be the Javanese LH, (Selinda) eleusina, and both have their mimics. Trepsichrois, of which a species is peculiar to each island, appears as a mimic, and rare, whereas further west it is usually a dominant genus.
Information regarding the seasonal forms of the Satyride, will be found under the head of that family. It will be seen that in these islands the non-ocellate brood appears when the ocellate brood appears in India, as might be expected, the seasons there being similarly reversed. In Sambawa I reared both forms of Melanitis leda from the wet-season one, by keeping a wet sponge along with the chrysalids in one box, whence only the ocellate brood was obtained.
My discovery of the dimorphism of these insects, made in 1882-3, and my theory regarding its cause, have now received confirmation from all sides, and may be regarded as proven.
My collecting in Sambawa was in the eastern part of the island in the sultanate of Bima or Mbojo, and was unfortunate, owing to the heavy and unseasonable rains. Owing to the assistance of Mijnheer A. C. de Heer, Controleur of Bima, for whose kindness I offer my best thanks, I was enabled to visit the mountains west of Bima, the Sultan sending his brothers to arrange matters for me. These mountains, which are of some height—two of the peaks, Haruhasa and Ndindi ex- ceeding five thousand feet in elevation—are in the district of Bolo, the capital of which is Sila, and are inhabited by a timid race called the Do Donggo Bolo to distinguish them from the Do Donggo Kai near Prado. The higher parts of the mountains have a very wet climate, and are partly meadow and partly forest. The latter is exceedingly rich and luxuriant, resembling that of Sumatra or Borneo, but is of no great height on account of the violence of the wind.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. 159
My impression is, though I can scarcely prove it by lists of species, that the insects of this mountain region, are almost purely Indo- Malayan, or at least more so than those of the coasts. If this is true, it does not at all agree with Mr. Wallace’s belief that the Indo-Malayan element is of recent introduction. As these mountains are very easy of access from Bima, where steamers stop every month, and as travelling in the island of Sambawa is safe and pleasant, it seems a pity that some competent ornithologist does not investigate the birds of this dis- trict, which ought to afford many novelties.
Family Danarpa.
1. SAaLprnx MEIZON, n. sp.
Male, above, forewing rich brown with blue reflections, a short slender pale lilac spot in the interno-median space, a costal spot and seven large inner-submarginal ones, light blue with purple reflections, generally pointed outwardly and inwardly, the second largest, separated only by a vein from the first, which is prolonged costally, the last with an obscure streak below it. Hindwing with the blue gloss much less conspi- cuous, the velvety patch pale ochreous externally, darker internally ; two or three small subapical lilac spots. Below dark brown, both wings with the cell and the spaces just beyond it much paler than the outer part. Forewing with a costal lilac dot, and sometimes one or two subapical, a larger one in the lower median space; below the lower median vein a large ochreous area, pale brown in the middle, extending below the submedian vein, enclosing a short sericeous band. Hindwing with a varying number of minute inner-submarginal lilac spots subapically, and sometimes two or three still smaller outer-submarginal ones subanally.
The basal tuft of the male is very large, light reddish at base, fuscous outwardly ; the outer tuft white, very short.
Hxpanse of male over four inches, the female still larger. Type from Sumba, where it is scarce, also occurring in Sambawa, apparently unchanged. It differs from S. lewcostictos and pasithea in the pale internal areas of the underside, and in the absence of most of the sub- marginal spots. It somewhat resembles S. viola, Butler, from the Celebes, but lacks the blue spots on the hindwing above.
Sanpinx (SeLINDA) ELEUSINA, Cramer. Sambawa, very common. An undescribed Isamia occurs in Sam- bawa. 2. Sauprnx (CALLIPLGA) SUMBANA, 0. Sp.
Above, forewing brown, slightly glossed with blue, the outer margin paler; a costal white spot, and a submarginal row of nine others, the
160 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Swmba and Sambawa, Se. [No. 2,
first six more or less fused into a single mass, the first and sixth some- times separate, the veins dark, the fourth (above the upper radial vein) much the largest, the seventh and eighth (between the median branches) minute. Hindwing whitish costally, unmarked. Below uniform brown, forewing with the spots reduced, those between the median veins generally absent. Hindwing with 4-6 small inner-submarginal spots subapically, the last minute. Sumba, coast and interior. It seems quite distinct.
Saprinx (CALLIPL@A) SAMBAVANA, 0. Sp.
Above, forewing with seven large lilac spots centred with white, the second and last largest, the upper ones sometimes slightly connected, Hindwing with several lilac spots subapically. Below both wings with two nearly complete submarginal series of small and delicate white spots, the outer ones minute and not extending to the apex.
Sambawa, one of the numerous local forms of this group. A very distinct species, C. hyems, Butler, oecurs in Timor.
I have noticed that both C. swmbana and C. sambavana are occasion- ally found with the first subcostal vein united to the costal one, showing at the same time the relations this group has with Hestia, and the small value of classifications based wholly in venation.
3. STICTOPLGA MELOLO, N. sp.
Male, above rich dark brown, with blue reflections over all the forewing except the extreme outer margin ; four lilac spots, sometimes centred with white, forma narrow subapical mass, the fourth well separated, generally a fifth below it, and occasionally a sixth. In the male the sex marks vary; in the specimen before me, the upper one is shorter than the lower, and only half as broad. Hindwing with two, sometimes three, subapical spots. Below rich brown, darker at the end of the cell and on the disc beyond it; a distinct white spot bordered with lilac at the end of thecell, and two nearit in the median spaces; generally traces of a few other dots, especially subapically on the hind- wing. The semicircle of spots beyond the cell of the hindwing is re- presented by obscure darker touches. The female is much paler.
Sumba, common ; one of the numerous local forms of this genus.
4. STICTOPL@A LACORDAIRE!I, Moore. Sumba, common. The species was described from Java.
Eupi@a (TREFSICHROIS) DONGO, N. sp. Male, above, forewing outwardly shining blue, basally blue-black, with two rows of pale blue submarginal spots, the outer of about eight
1891.]_ W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. 161
or nine dots, not extending above the radial veins, the inner of seven large spots placed irregularly, the first four and the last three in line, the first minute. Hindwing bronzy brown with a slight bluish lustre subapically, the velvety area extending below the upper median vein. Below chocolate-brown, forewing with a purple cell-spot, a costal and usually three or four minute discal spots, and one or two submarginal dots near the lower angle. Hindwing with a large paler area subapical- ly around the subcostal branches; usually afew submarginal bluish dots. The wings are short and broad, quite unlike those of 7’. midamus.
Female with no trace of blue. Above, forewing with whitish markings, one geminate in the cell, (besides a basal pale streak there), one costal, two approximate beyond the cell, three discal, two outer- discal spots, besides a few pale ones subapically and an interno-median pale streak. Hindwing with the white rays larger and more distinct than in 7’. midamus, the submarginal spots obscure. Below, all the markings are white and well-defined.
Nearest T. mindanaensis, Semper, from the Philippines, but the female and the underside of the male are very different.
Taken sparsely in the mountains of Sambawa, in the Donggo country.
5. Hupi@a (TRePsIcHROIs) ELWESH, n. sp. Pl. I, fig. 1.
Female, above brown without any blue reflections, a pale longi- tudinal streak in the cell, a small round whitish spot at its end, two similar discal spots between the median branches, a long bent pale streak in the upper part of the interno-median space, a subapical area of five large white spots, separated by veins only, from the costa to the upper median vein, the lower spot large and quadrate. Hindwing with four white streaks occupying the greater part of the cell, two good- sized elongate quadrate markings at the base of the spaces between the upper subcostal and the radial vein, small spots beyond the cell below the radial vein, and above the lower median, narrow whitish streaks in the submedian space, and two in the internal space. Below, there are obscure subapical dots on both wings, and a few marginal ones nearly obsolete. The white masses of the forewing and the hindwing are unchanged.
This species, the most aberrant of the genus, obviously mimics Radena oberthurii, a dominant species in Sumba. No male was seen, ‘and only two females, both now in bad condition, were taken at Koloki and Mandas, Central Sumba, 2—3000 ft.
I name this butterfly after Mr. H. J. Elwes, the well-known lepidopterist and ornithologist.
162 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sica fNor2,
6. * Hupt@a (Rasuma ?) Lewa, n. sp. Pl. II, fig. 2.
Male, above, forewing dark brown, the outer part paler, especially near the lower angle; a broad sericeous streak in the interno-median space, nearly half an inch long; a subapical mass of four blue-bordered white spots, with a minute one above them, the first two small, the third large and quadrate, the fourth smaller, pointed inwardly; a whitish point on the costa, another obsolescent diseally in the upper median space. Hindwing unmarked, much paler than the forewing, espe- cially outwardly. Below, forewing darkest on the disc and in the cell, the subapical band somewhat reduced in size, one bluish spot in the cell, one near the costa, and three on the disc, the lower one yellowish. Hindwing, with a space above the terminal part of the cell much darker than the rest, a pale band round the disc, one bluish spot in the cell, five or six dots beyond it, and eight rosy ones in an irregular line across the disc, two in each median and in the lower radial space, and one in each of the two next spaces. Hxpanse over three inches.
Sumba, apparently a dominant species. Like the next species it is separated from all allies by its white subapical band.
I did not find any species resembling this in Sambawa, though a species of Penoa occurs there having a somewhat similar sericeous brand above. I took only a single male at 2000 feet. A wholly dif- ferent species, G. baudiniana, Godart (orope, Boisduval), occurs in Timor, having the hindwing broadly whitish. H. lewa is apparently of Papuan affinities.
7. Hurn@a (Crastia or VADEBRA) PALMEDO, n. sp. Pl. I, fig. 5.
Closely resembling the preceding species. Male, forewing dark brown above, paler outwardly ; a white, rather quadrate, subapical mass diffused at the edges, broken by three slender dark veins. Hindwing nearly white above the upper subcostal vein, the rest brown, the outer discal and subanal area much paler. Below, the pale areas are more obvious than in Huplea lewa. Forewing with a bluish-white spot in the cell, and two in the disc beyond, besides traces of two streaks in the interno-median space. Hindwing with one spot in the cell, a semicircle of six minute ones beyond it, and a row of seven or eight larger ones in the yellowish discal area, all but one arranged linearly ; only one or two submarginal dots visible.
Sumba, coast and interior. It is much less common than ZH. lewa, but as the climena group to which it belongs is in most places a domi- nant one, 1am unwilling to believe it a mimic of that species. The species is a very distinct one.
An allied form occurs in Sambawa, with the margins broadly
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, &e. 163
whitish as in H. climena, and without the conspicuous subapical white band of the forewing.
Huei@a (CRastia ?) DEHEERII, n. sp.
Male, above dark brown, with a slight violet gloss, the outer margin broadly paler, not glossed. Forewing with an irregular series of seven small white outer-discal spots, the first three subapical, cordate, separated by veins, the fourth and fifth beyond the line of the others, the fifth minute, the sixth and seventh in the median spaces, distinct, equal, the upper elongate ; an obscure dot near the base of the upper median space. Hindwing with three good-sized white subapical inner- submarginal spots, and eight or nine obscure outer-submarginal dots, which do not reach the apex. Below, the cell and inner part of the disc of both wings dark brown, the rest paler, with a bronzy gloss. Forewing with a spot in the cell, one costal, four or five discal violet- white spots, seven inner-submarginal white ones arranged as above, and eight or nine outer-submarginal ones minute. Hindwing with a cell- spot, a semicircle of seven inner-discal violet-white spots, and one of nine or ten outer-discal ones, mostly white, some lilac; about twelve small submarginal white spots, larger than those on the forewing.
Like my Huplea oceanis from Hngano, this species has a large, somewhat velvety, pale brown patch on the underside of the forewing. This hes along the internal vein for more than half its length, about three quarters of it lying above that vein. At the base of this there is an obscure whitish patch, chiefly below the internal vein, while parallel with itis an obscure longitudinal sericeous streak placed below the lower median vein. The hindwing is whitish apically and costally, with a pale brown area surrounding the subcostal veins, entering the cell and the space below the costal vein, extending narrowly along the subcostal veins three-quarters towards the margin.
The species perhaps belongs to Mr. Moore’s genus Gamatoba. I took it inthe mountains of Sambawa, and name it in honour of my friend Heer A. C. de Heer, Controleur of Bima.
Another species from Sambawa, belonged, I think, to the subgenus -Tronga, making ten Hupleas in all from that island, some very rare. Only six were takenin Sumba. At a favourable season, I believe Sumba will yield a far larger number of species than I obtained there,
8. Dawnats (Limnas) curysipeus, Linn. Sumba, Sambawa. Somewhat intermediate between typical chry- sippus and D, bataviana ; colour bright red as in chrysippus, the white
164 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Se. [No. 2,
spot at the end of the cell absent, the black border of the hindwing broader than in Indian specimens, and inwardly diffused.
9. Dawais (SALATURA) GENUTIA, Cramer.
Sumba, Sambawa. My Sumba specimens are somewhat inter- mediate between genutia and the Javanese D. intensa. There is only one submarginal line of spots on the hindwing above, the small subapical spots are nearly obsolete on the forewing above, and below, the red area in the upper median space is present or absent. The general colour is not so dark as in inéensa and the species larger.
10. Dawnars (SanatTuRA) LITORALIS, n. sp. Pl. IT, fig. 4, wnderside.
Male, above black, a narrow pale ferruginous band in the cell, a much larger one occupying most of the interno-median space, and another in the lower median space, extending much further outwardly, slightly irrorated with white scales in the middle; a narrow oblique white subapical macular band from the costa, the spot above the upper median vein much beyond the line of those above it; one below it, large; three costal marks, a dot beyond the end of the cell, five maregi- nal and three submarginal spots in the median spaces, one apical and one at the lower angle, all white. Hindwing black, a broad quadrate white band across the disc, and the end of the cell as far as the lower subcostal vein, scarcely reaching the submedian scent-gland, continued outwardly by obscure ferruginous rays, the veins there widely black, an outer row of submarginal white spots, with two inner ones subapically. Below, forewing with the ferruginous cell-striga obsolescent, two rows of minute submarginal spots subapically. Hindwing with two complete rows of submarginal white spots, aud a few costal ones, including one basally along the lower side of the costal vein, the white area more broken, its discal spots outwardly incised, the cell-spot occupying two- fifths of the cell; most of the disc, including the base of the cell and the costal and subcostal spaces, ferruginous, edged with black; the veins all dark, the submedian and internal veins black bordered with white for most of their length; the outer black border glossed with chocolate-brown.
Nearest Danais abigar (chionippe) from the Philippines, figured by Mr. Distant from Province Wellesley, Malay Peninsula, though that locality seems to me rather dubious. It differs in the smaller ferru- ginous area on the forewing and smaller white area on the hindwing. From D. fulgurata, affinis, aruana, etc., it differs in the absence of white in the interno-median space of the forewing.
Sumba, scarce. An apparently identical form is common on the dry coast of Sambawa.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. 165
In the figure the forewing has been drawn much too short.
Danais (NASUMA) HARUHASA, 0. sp.
Male, forewing extremely long and falcate, deep fuscous above ; a long obscure reddish streak extends along the lower part of the cell, another more distinct, ighter in colour, and enlarged outwardly, in the interno-median space; a third, obscure, between the lower median veins; a small round discal whitish spot in each of the spaces below the upper radial vein, the second a little nearer the base than the others are; two small whitish spots, one on each side of the lower radial vein, are sometimes present (especially in the female) just beyond the cell. Hindwing with discal streak of pale brown, slender and rather obscure, a larger one in the cell: two rows of white submarginal spots, the outer subanal only, minute, the inner obsolescent near the median veins. Below dark brown, the apex of the forewing rufous, the pale reddish markings of the forewing somewhat larger, those of the hindwing larger and dull leaden-white in colour, reddish only at their truncate tips, the submarginal series complete and nearly equal. Forewing with the whitish discal spots larger, those just beyond the cell distinct. An additional white spot is present near the apex, and a row of outer-submarginal dots increasing towards the lower angle, an inner-submarginal series confined to the apex. In the female three or four of the outer-submarginal dots are sometimes visible above. In the male the sex-mark is somewhat less prominent than in D. genutia.
Sambawa, 1000 —2500 feet, scarce. When on the wing it somewhat resembles an undescribed Huplea found there.
Nearest Danats ismare from the Moluccas, but having the markings of the upperside reddish instead of white, and much reduced in size and number.
11. Danas (NASUMA) TAIMANU, n. sp.
Female. It obviously differs from the preceding species in the presence of a broad quadrate white discal band on the forewing, between the first subcostal and the upper median vein, in six pieces separated only by slender dark veins; below this there is one or sometimes two very small white spots. The submarginal spots are all obsolescent except one or two at the apex of the hindwing. The basal marks on the forewing are very indistinct, and merely paler not reddish, that in the cell absent. The discal marks on the hindwing are wholly un- defined, resembling a large pale area, broken by dark veins. Below, there are generally one or two dots beyond the end of the cell, and also a few minute ones at the apex, one between the lower subcostal veins
22
166 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, §c. (No. 2,
more distinct, more or less bifid. The hindwing has the leaden-whitish markings rather broader than in D. haruhasa, but those in the median spaces are much shorter, leaving the dark outer border very wide there. The submarginal dots are in one specimen wholly absent, in the other partly present, but very small.
The male is unknown. I took one female at Lateng (1000 feet) in Taimanu, Sumba, and another at Mandas, Sumba. I fear that both are now lost. When flying it somewhat resembles Huplea lewa, and no doubt its mimicry of that species accounts for the presence of the broad white band, absent in D. harwhasa and D. ismare.
The subgenus Nasuma, as far as known, inhabits only the Moluccas, Sumba, and Sambawa, but no doubt a species will be found in Timor, while none is known from Java. It is distinguished by its elongate wings, and, at least in the two species described here, the flight is swifter than in Danais genutia, etc. It seems likely that these insects have lost some of the protective qualities of their allies, and have acquired a swifter flight and become mimics of other butterflies, the Moluccan form re- sembling a Radena, while the Sumba and Sambawa species look like Eupleas when flying.
12. Danats (TrRUMALA) LimNIaAcE, Cram.
13. Danais (TIRUMALA) MELISSA, Cram.
Following Herr Semper’s instructions, I easily separated these two species, which are extremely alike in general appearance. The melissa- form somewhat resembled the figure of D. australis, Hombron and Jacquinot. Ialso recorded a form of D. gautama in Sumba, but no specimens have turned up. JD. limniace and melissa are both common in Sumba and Sambawa.
14. Danars (CurTriraA) oRIENTIS, n. sp. Pl. II, fig. 5.
Near D. nilgiriensis. Cell-mark of forewing with all three rays distinct, though slender, in the females, the upper two obsolescent in the male, the interno-median marks broadly divided, the mark at the base of the lower median space wanting (present in nilgiriensis), that in the upper median space small and diffused (large and conspicuous in allied species), the streak above the radial vein much longer than the one above it (as in D. larissa), five or six submarginal dots. Hind- wing with the cell-spot broad in the middle (narrow in nilgiriensis), divided longitudinally by a slender dark line (absent in D. larissa and luzonensis), a line of six outer-discal spots in the male, nine or ten in the female, the submarginal line of spots incomplete. Below, both lines of spots are complete.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, &c. 167
Pada Dalung, Central Sumba: a very dull-coloured species. It appears to belong to Mr. Moore’s newly-deseribed genus Badacara, along with B. nilgiriensis.
A single male from Sambawa agrees in the main with those from Sumba. But the whitish markings are better defined and more trans- parent, the outer submarginal spots of the forewing extend on the underside to the apex, the elongate discal streak between the radial veins is shorter, and all the discal and submarginal marks of the hind- wing are somewhat larger and more distinct. The specimen is not now in my possession, and I am unable to compare it with D. larissa.
15. RADENA OBERTHURU, n. sp. Pl. II. fig. 6.
Male, above dark brown, the markings yellowish, somewhat trans- lucent ; a pale streak along the costal vein, the tip clavate and more distinct ; the basal cell-streak bifid, its upper ray very slender, short ; terminal cell-spot narrow, obliquely transverse ; interno-median space with two strong white bands scarcely convergent, a broad dark space between them ; a large, elongate spot in the lower median space; a broad obliquely-transverse discal band of four large white spots se- parated by veins, one on the costa somewhat apart from the others, the fourth largest, ovate, the third incised outwardly ; another small spot beyond these on the costa, and six small inner-submarginal spots, the upper three in a line across the apex, the others small, transverse, be- tween the upper median and internal veins; no outer-submarginal spots are present. Hindwing paler brown than the forewing, the cell all white, a large spot in each space beyond it, making, besides the long submedian streaks, four in all, the second (above the upper median vein) incised outwardly, and projecting beyond the others, the first and fourth elongate, the third small, triangular; a line of about nine inner- submarginal dots, placed rather irregularly. Below, similar, five or six obscure outer-submarginal dots on the hindwing only. The tufts are long, as in BR. juventa.
Nearest Radena purpwrata, Butler, from New Guinea, from which it obviously differs in the two interno-median streaks, and the broad oblique discal band on the forewing.
I name this fine species in honour of the distinguished entomologist, M. Charles Oberthitir, of Rennes. It is a dominant species in Sumba, occurring both on the coast and inland, and seems to be the most western representative of the Papuan group to which it belongs.
16. RApENA KAMBERA, n. sp. PI. II. fig. 7. Allied to R. juventa, from Java. The wings are shorter, and
168 W. Doherty—-The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. [No. 2,
most of the white markings larger. The basal cell-streak is short and dusky, the outer one large, upright, the upper part projecting lke the lower, a slender streak above it. ‘The two series of subapica. streaks of juventa are in kambera united into three very long white strige, that between the radial veins being nearly half an inch in length; all are incised outwardly ; the inner-submarginal spots are large. Hindwing with the dark streak in the cell-spot continued to the end of the cell, slightly forked in the middle. Below, the light markings are not yellow- ish and greenish as in FR. juventa, but pure white with a slight lilae gloss.
A very distinct species, not very common in Sumba.
In Sambawa there are two species of Radena, both I think distinct local forms. One, which appears to be the representative of R. vulgaris, is common everywhere; the other is very close to the Javanese fi. juventa, and is confined to the higher country, though I have taken it as low as 1500 feet. I have now no specimens of either species, and am unable to compare them with their allies.
Family SATYRIDA.
17. Letras puropa, Fab. A female, Sumba, 2000 feet; another, Sambawa, 4000 feet, both resembling Java specimens.
18. Mycanests (ORSOTRI@NA) MEDUS, Fab. Sumba, Sambawa, common in meadows.
19. Mycanests (CALYsismE) PERSEUS, Fab.
The wet-season, ocellate brood prevailed in Sumba till the middle of March, when the non-ocellate form (blasius) took their place. In Sambawa, the latter brood had already begun to appear in the middle of April, but a long succession of heavy rains exterminated them, and the ocellate form reappeared and continued in exclusive possession till the latter part of May.
20. Mycanusis (JATANA) WAYEWA, 0. sp.
Female, above dark brown, a small ocellus on the forewing between the lower median branches. Hindwing outwardly whitish, gradually darkening inwardly, with two submarginal dark lines, a small ocellus between the lower median branches. Selow, dark brown, slightly rufous, not perceptibly striate ; a median transverse whitish line, angled at the upper median and above the submedian vein; beyond this the wing is much paler, with a rather small ocellus above the upper radial
1891.] W. Doherty—The Putterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Se. 169
vein, a large one above and a small one below the lower median vein ; a marginal line and two wavy, dark submarginal ones. Hindwing with the outer half whitish, the dark area very sharply outlined, projecting outwardly above the upper median vein ; seven ocelli nearly in line, the first, fourth, and fifth large, subequal, the second and seventh minute ; beyond this are two wavy submarginal and marginal dark lines.
The male is darker and more uniform, the ocelli less marked, with a golden-brown sex-mark (as in M. mineus) on the submedian vein of the forewing, and a large subcostal ochreous tuft, the subcostal vein and its upper branch, slightly swollen around its bifurcation. The prehensors and sex-marks agree with those of Calysisme and so does its venation, except in the point mentioned.
This species occurs both in Sumba and in Sambawa, confined in both to the higher and damper regions. It is apparently the local representative of Mycalesis mynois, Hewitson from Timor, but lacks the conspicuous white band of that species. I also suspect it to be the local representative of M. mineus, but without a more elaborate study of the prehensors I cannot well prove it. Mycalesis mynots is the type of Mr. Moore’s genus Jatana, the raison détre of which I have not been able to discover.
21. YpuHTHIMA AstEROPE, Klug.
Sumba only, found in the driest plains. It is worth remarking that this species has prehensors precisely like those of Y. pandocus, the size and habits of which are so different, while the markings are nearly identical.
22. YPHTHIMA LEUCE, 0. sp.
A local form of Y. philomela. The forewing has a large, conspicu- ous, whitish sex-mark, and an ocellus as in philomela ; the hindwing has the cilia white, and the outer and abdominal region grey, with two large blue-pupilled ocelli and two minute anal ones. Below; the striz are very irregular ; the forewing has a whitish discal band partly inclosing the large ocellus, and extending to the hind-margin ; there is a sub- marginal dark band, the apex and costa are dark. Hindwing chiefly white, the disc being free from strie over a considerable area, and elsewhere they are very delicate and irregular, forming an obscure transverse fascia, crossing the cell near its end, and a continuous, slen- der submarginal line. The six ocelli are in pairs, as in Y. philomela or sepyra, all black, pupilled with blue, and with large ochreous irides.
This species is found in Sumba and Sambawa. It may also he allied to Y. aphnius (Timor) of which only the dry-season form is known,
170 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Se. [No. 2,
In that case it bears much the same relationship to aphnius as Mycalesis wayewa does to the Timorese M. mynois, the orange band of the hind- wing of 7’. aphnius being absent.
Mr. de Nicéville has shown me that the true Yphthima philomela of Johanssen has no sex-mark. Since that is the case, the Indian form will stand, I suppose, as Y. baldus.
23. MELANITIS CONSTANTIA, Cram.
Sumba, Sambawa, not uncommon on the dry coast. A Sumba female before me has the ochreous band narrow and irregular, almost attaining the costa and the lower angle, its outer border undefined, with three obscure ocelli (the first chiefly white, the last nearly all dark), the outer border with three indentations, and projecting acutely in- wardly along the lower median vein. Hindwing with two ocelli, the apical border narrowly ochreous. Below, the ocelli are rather small, the aspect that of M. leda, the wet-season form.
24, Mbpnanitis LepA, Linneus.
The dry-season brood (ismene) appeared in Sumba in the middle of March, in Sambawa in the middle of May; till that date the ocellate brood held the field.
Family ELYMNIADA.
ELYMNIAS UNDULARIS, Drury. Sambawa, low country, not differing from Java specimens. No Elymnias is known from Sumba or Timor.
Family MORPHIDA.
A Discophora (timora, Wallace) has been found in Timor, but I saw none of the family either in Sumba or Sambawa.
Family BYBLIAD.
25. HRGOLIS ARIADNE, Linn.
Sumba, Sambawa, not differing from the Indian form, hardly so small and dark as the Javanese. I believe H. merione also occurs in Sambawa.
Family APATURID AL.
96. CYNTHIA DEIONE, Erich. A single male, Sumba, interior. Common in Sambawa, where the females vary toa remarkable extent, some being as red as the male,
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. 171
while others are dark green insects like parthenos. Intermediate forms are common.
27. CETHOSIA PENTHESILEA, Cram.
Sumba and Sambawa, common, even on the coast. A single female taken in the interior of Sumba was very large and richly coloured, re- sembling the female of the Javanese OC. hypsea, Doub., but I am not sure that it was distinct from C. penthesilea.
CETHOSIA TAMBORA, 0. sp.
Black, the usual wavy submarginal lines absent on both wings. Forewing with an irregular ochreous subapical band of six marks, the first two slender, minute, the third elongate-quadrate, the fourth very small, triangular, the fifth long and narrow, the sixth large, triangular, paler ; a dull reddish area on the hind margin and basally in the interno- median space, two or three reddish touches basally in the cell. Hind- wing, basal half red, a small dark spot discally between the costal and the subcostal veins, and one between the subcostal branches. Below, all blue-black and ochreous-white, except a reddish area on the hind margin of the forewing.
The description, which is apparently that of a female, is a poor one, but I believe several specimens of both sexes are in Mr. Neumoe- gen’s possession. It is very unlike any known species.
Sambawa, mountains, scarce. I have named it after the great Sam- bawan volcano, celebrated for its eruption in 1815.
I have dubiously recorded a similar species in Sumba, not taken, the underside more variegated.
Two very beautiful species, C. lamarcki and leschenaultii, were taken by Mr. Wallace in Timor, but neither seem to extend further westwards.
28. CupHA ERYMANTHIS, Drury. Sumba, Sambawa, normal. No Cuirrhochroa was seen in either island, nor has any been recorded from Timor.
29. ATELLA PHALANTA, Drury. Sumba, Sambawa. Sumba specimens are richly marked with purple below.
30. ATELLA SINHA, Kollar. Sumba, Sambawa, normal.
31. Cyrestis nAIs, Wallace. Two tattered specimens from Pada Dalung in Sumba seem to be
172 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Swmba and Sambawa, §c. [No. 2,
almost precisely intermediate between C. nivea and C. thyodamas. To indicate their affinities would require a long description. They seem near Mr. Wallace’s C. nais from Timor, but without better specimens I cannot be sure of their position,
SyMBRENTHIA HIPPOCLUS,* Cram. Sambawa, none taken.
32. Pyrawers carput, Linn. Dry meadows, Sumba.
33. JUNONIA ATLITES, Joh. Sumba, Sambawa.
34. JUNONIA ASTERIE, Linn. var., SUMBA.
Above, the subapical ocellus is indistinct, merged in the black band from the costa; the lower ocellus is large and set in a black patch. On the hindwing the lower ocellus is much larger than in Indian specimens of asterie, and is marked like the upper one. Below, the forewing has only two ocelli, the upper pair on the hindwing are more perfectly merged into one, the black transverse lines are replaced by diffused pale reddish ones; the hindwing has three pale bands across it.
Sumba, Sambawa, common. It is merely an extreme form of the Java variety (J. javana, Felder), which connects it with the typical In- dian one, differing chiefly on the underside.
The non-ocellate form, J. almana, probably conspecific with asterie, was not taken.
35. JUNONIA VELLIDA, Fab.
The upperside agrees with Godart’s description. The underside is rather brilliantly marked with black or fuscous wavy lines on a pale grey ground, a reddish submarginal band, the hindwing with five ocelli, of which only the second and fifth are distinct, pupilled with bluish.
This pretty little species occurred only,on the desert plains of Sumba, and seemed to be rare.
36. Junonia Aonts, Linn. The markings of the forewing are rather fuscescent than fulvous
except the ocelli, of which only two are distinct, the lower small and attached to the upper. On the hindwing the second of the five ocelli
* In Eastern Java I found that the female of this butterfly was dimorphic, one form having the yellow spots replaced by white ones, so that it resembled a white Neptis instead of a yellow one. No intermediate forms were seen.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Se. 173
is larger than the others. Otherwise the specimens agree with Godart’s description. In the female there are distinct reddish-bordered ocelli on the forewing, and the sordid spots are larger. The underside is some- times reddish, as is often the case with the female of J. lemonias. There seem to be two perfectly distinct seasonal forms, that of the dry-season resembling a dead leaf below.
Sumba, Sambawa, those from the latter island not examined. The species is certainly very close to the Javanese J. erigone.
37. JUNONIA TIMORENSIS, Wallace. ;
In the male there is no distinctly rufous area except a smeneinel band on both wings, evanescent apically on the forewing. In some females nearly the whole upper surface is more or less rufous, outward- ly brighter, a dark area over the apex and disc of the forewing, the subapical spots united, a small distinct ocellus (obscure in the male) between the lower median branches. Below, the male is dark with the ocelli distinct, while the above-mentioned females are glossed with silvery-grey scales over both wings, obscuring the subapical band and the ocelli, the median transverse line distinct, angled at the upper median vein. These females evidently belong to the dry-season brood, just appearing at the time I left Sumba, and resembling the other form much as J. almana resembles asterie. I have not observed any male of this brood.
Sumba. This very distinct species, as Mr. Wallace justly calls it» was previously known only from Timor,
38. JUNONIA oRITHYIA, Linn. Sumba, Sambawa.
39. PReEcIs ma, Cram. Sumba, Sambawa.
40. Precis reHita, Cram. Sumba, Sambawa.
41. Yoma sapina, Cram.
Sumba, Sambawa, low country.
I see that Doubleday, followed by M. Oberthiir and Dr. Semper, places this species in the very heterogeneous African genus Salamis, the type of which somewhat resembles a Doleschallia, The only species of Salamis at all like Yoma are S. anacardi and anteva, forming Wallen- gren’s genus Protogoniomorpha, a name which ought to be barred on account of its enormous length. But in these species the cell of the
23
174 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Swmba and Sambawa, §c. [No. 2,
hindwing terminates opposite the second forking of the median vein, in Yoma at some distance before it. The relations of homologous genera in different zoological regions are as yet very little known, and will no doubt greatly exercise the minds of naturalists in the next cen- tury. But for the present [think my genus Yoma may be allowed to stand.
42. Hyponrmnas misippus, Linn. Sumba, Sambawa. The female mimics Danais chrysippus as usual.
43. Hypo.LiMNas BOLINA, Linn. Sumba, Sambawa. The female sometimes hasa red area near the hind margin of the forewing and over the disc of the hindwing.
44. HypouimNnas sauNDERSII, Wallace, (?). Several broken specimens of what appeared to be a dwarf form of H. pandarus were taken in Sumba, but none have survived.
HYpoLiMnas ANOMALA, Wallace. One male, taken in the mountains of Sambawa. I am unable to say whether it was identical with Javanese specimens or not.
45. DOLESCHALLIA sp. At least one species occurs in the dry coast region of Sumba, but no specimen was taken.
46. He tcyra cHionipre, Felder. Several specimens seen at Pada Dalung in Sumba, but none taken.
47, CHARAXES ATHAMAS, Drury. Sumba, Sambawa.
48. CHARAXES sp.
A very large Charazes apparently of the eudamippus group was several times seen in the mountains of Sumba, and again in those of Sambawa. Unlike 0. ewdamippus, which is a ground butterfly, it always alighted high up on trees, so that I could never catch it. Another species, something like (. pyrrhus, was once seen in Sumba.
Family NYMPHALIDA.
49. PHADYMA COLUMELLA, Cr. j Sumba, Sambawa. The upper band of the hindwing above is much broader than in Indian specimens.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. 175
50. Nepris HoRDONTA, Stoll. Sumba, Sambawa. The yellow markings above are all much smaller than in Indian specimens.
51. NuEpris NANDINA, var. SUMBA.
This form greatly resembles the Javanese N. leucothoé, a near ally of the Indian N. varmona, but the triangular white spot beyond the cell is narrow and elongate, sometimes extending on the underside two- thirds towards the margin. The subapical white band is somewhat less massive, and the four large discal spots are separated by veins, the first elongate, as large as any of the others. The upper band of the hind- wing is narrower, the submarginal lines remoter from the margin. The general colour of the underside is dark red, the white bands very slightly outlined with dark. Though the markings resemble those of N. leucothoé, the species is probably more allied to N. nandina. From this it may easily be distinguished by the brilliant white markings of the upperside. The discal spots are large, that between the upper two median veins large and elongate, the cell-streak is well separated from the triangular spot beyond the cell. The upper band of the hindwing is narrower, especially apically.
Sumba; a somewhat different form occurs in Sambawa, which I am now unable to examine. [ did not observe any representative of the varmona group in Sumba.
52. ATHYMA PpERIUS, Linn. Sumba, Sambawa. As in India it generally occurs in open meadows, unlike all its allies.
53. ATHYMA KARITA, 0. Sp.
Male, above deep brown, variegated with darker areas, forewing with an outer-submarginal pale line, and an inner-submarginal series of slender obsolescent greenish streaks. An oblique subapical band of three greenish-yellow spots, the second largest, adjacent to the first, the third as large as the first, round, separate; cell unmarked; a broad discal macular band from the hind-margin to the second median vein, with a small triangular spot above it, that between the two lower median veins rounded-quadrate, as large as the one below it, separated from it only by a vein, and projecting beyond it. Hindwing with two greenish-yellow bands, the upper unbroken, very wide on the costa, extending to the submedian vein, where it tapers to a point; the lower band composed of six transverse spots cut by dark veins, their lower edges incised, the outer ones slender, lunular. Below the markings are similar, but whiter and more united, placed on a dull brown ground, a
176 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, §c. (No. 2,
darker chocolate area discally on the forewing, a row of obscure darker submarginal spots on the forewing, and discally on the hindwing; the abdominal margin of the hindwing is broadly suffused with bluish.
Sumba, a single male taken by the river Waibaku near Pada Dalung, at 1,500 feet. The species seems intermediate between A. venilia and A. amhara. ;
ATHYMA NEFTE, Cram. One male taken near Ndindi, Sambawa, at 3000 feet elevation. It is one of the apparently numerous Indo-Malayan species inhabiting the mountainous interior of this island.
54. Limenitis* procris, Cram. Sumba, Sambawa.
* I append the description of a very rare species from Perak, Malay Peninsula, allied to L. daraza.
LIMENITIS AGNEYA, 0. sp.
Male. Above very deep fuscons, a pea-green band across both wings. Base of forewing somewhat paler, with obliquely transverse darker markings in and below the cell: a snbmarginal pale line, an onter-discal row of six dark spots set in square paler spaces. The green band extends from the hind margin to the upper median vein in four spots separated by dark veins only, the upper spot a little out of line and smaller. Beyond these a line of three smaller spots runs to meet them oblique- ly, placed at right angles with the costa, extending from the upper median to the subcostal, the upper smaller than the others and whitish, placed above the inner half of the middle and largest one. More than halfway between these and the apex are two other spots also placed at right angles with the costa, and between the third and fifth subcostal veins, the lower small, greenish, the npper very small, whitish. On the hindwing the green band extends from the costa, where it is widest, to the submedian vein, tapering toa point. Its inner margin is convex, its outer straight ; it is whitish at both ends and cut by slender black veins. The submarginal pale line and the outer-discal line of spots are much as on the forewing; cilia white, dark at the ends of the veins. Below light chestnut-brown, the band as above, but paler green and not cut by dark veins, the basal marks on both wings outlined with lilac, the onter-discal line of spots set in lilac areas, the submarginal line lilac, some darker red discal markings beyond the green band.
Obviously differs from Eimenitis daraza in the bifid green band of the forewing ; agrees with it in the closed cells of both wings, which make the positions of the species in this genus rather dubious. My single male of agneya was taken on Larut Hill, Perak, at about two thousand feet elevation. L. daraza, not apparently differing in any respect from the Himalayan form, was not uncommon at the summit of the same hill, nearly three thousand feet higher.
Prehensors, seen from the side. In agneya the uncus is long, sinuous, hooked at the tip, without branches, the clasp simple, straight, tapering gradually to the
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. 177
LIMENITIS HOLLANDII, n. sp.
Male, above, black; cilia alternately black and white, a double undulating submarginal pale line, touched with whitish apically on the forewing; two united white spots placed obliquely subapically above the radial veins, with or without a smaller one below them. A broad common white band, very slenderly cut by dark veins, edged outwardly with purple, across both wings, extending on the fore- wing nearly to the upper median vein, the upper (fourth) piece small, the inner edge of the band straight, the outer irregular, Hindwing with the white band extending to the submedian vein, where it is tapering, both its edges nearly straight. Below chestnut-red of two different shades, the basal two-thirds of the cell mostly white, with a crooked dark mark, an irregular white spot at the end of the cell, its lower side tapering; the white band extends nearly to the lower radial vein ; two submarginal pale lines, the inner mostly bluish-white with three white subapical spots ; a chestnut longitudinal streak in the interno- median space. Hindwing with the two submarginal lines regular, grey, undulating, base chiefly white with transverse streaks of chestnut, namely, two in the cell, two between the costal and the first subcostal vein, one along the precostal vein; and a long one from the costa tapering to the submedian vein; the white band broad. It is rather a small species.
Several males taken in the Do Donggo country, Sambawa, all above 2000 feet. The species is nearest L. lysanias from the Celebes, but is without the rufous bands which that species has on the upperside.
I name the butterfly in honour of the Rev. W. J. Holland, of Pittsburgh, U. S. A., well-known as a lepidopterist.
55. SYMPHEDRA HGLE, n. sp.
Male, above black, with some obscure ochreous-greenish spots near the costa, and three in the cell (two at the end), two in the interno- median space, one basal, the other further out, geminate ; a row of five white subapical spots in a semicircle above the middle median vein, the ‘second largest, then the first, the third diffused; also a macular sub- marginal band of dull bluish-whitish spots (the lower two sagittate) extending from the hind margin nearly to the apex, separated by dull
tip. In L. populi the tip is abruptly bent downwards. In daraza the tip is blunter than in agneya, and there is a long process arising from its upper edge, longitudinal and slightly ascending, set with denticles on both sides. The uncus is also shorter. The lower uncus, absent in most butterflies, is well developed in this genus, strongly hooked at the tip, its point opposed to that of the true or upper uncus, which can be brought into contact with it by muscular action,
178 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, §c. [No. 2,
bluish-green spaces. Hindwing with a broad bluish-green band from the abdominal margin (where it is whitish) to the costal vein (where it is blue), consisting of spots twice as long as wide, separated by black veins, their inner border diffused, the outer pointed, enclosing a large oval or cordate black spot, slenderly surrounded with blue. Below, forewing nearly black, slightly olivaceous apically, the markings white, more or less tinged with greenish or ochreous, arranged in two series, a sub- marginal one of five or six spots, and a discal one of seven, of which the third is evanescent, the fifth and sixth obliquely elongate, the seventh geminate and purplish ; there are also spots on the inner disc, between the median veins and above each radial; cell crossed by two bluish- white bands, one in the middle, one at the end, with several additional spots at the base. Hindwing purplish-brown with a slight bronzy lustre ; a submarginal band of dark spots in paler spaces; an irregular discal series of pale spots, three spots in the cell. Eyes dark, proboscis scarlet.
The colour of the underside, the narrow and dull blue band, and the numerous spots on the upperside distinguish it from S. dirtea.
A male, Pada Dalung, a female, Mandas, both in Sumba. I have no description of the female.
An Euthalia, dark like EL. garuda, seems also to inhabit Sumba, but none were taken.
Family LIBYTHEIDA.
56. LIBYTHEA GEOFFROYI, Godart.
Two males, interior of Sumba. The blue of the forewing almost obliterates the subapical spots, which are barely traceable above; the luteous band of the hindwing is very obscure.
57. LipyTHEA NARINA, Godart.
One female, interior of Sambawa, another seen in Sumba, not taken. The Sambawan specimen agreed well with Moluccan examples ;: The Philippine form has the white band of the hindwing reduced, while the Assam variety (ZL. rohini, Marshall), has it enlarged.
Family NEMEOBIADA.
ZEMEROS PHLEGYAS, Cram. Sambawa, scarce. No species of this family was observed in Sumba.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, §c. 179
Family LYCANIDA.
Subfamily 7HECLINA.
58. ARHOPALA ARAXES, Feld. Sumba, coast. A local Celebesian form of A. amantes, but appa- rently distinct.
FLos ApPIpANus, Hew., var. Sambawa, 3000 feet.
SURENDRA QUERCETORUM, Moore. Sambawa, coast.
Subfamily 4PHVAINA.
TrAoTA TIMOLEON, Stoll. Sambawa. I am almost inclined to think this species a mimic of the white species of Neptis ; the resemblance is sometimes quite striking, and at any rate the varmona group of Neptis is partially protected.
59. CuRETIS MALAYICA, Feld., var. KIRITANA.
Male black, the red area scarcely extending above the middle median vein, the hind margin dark. Hindwing with the end of the cell and the disc from the subcostal vein to about the lower median, red or reddish, the abdominal and costal margins very widely, the outer margin more narrowly black.
Sumba, Sambawa, scarce. This is, I think, the darkest Curetis known, Dr. Felder’s C. obscura, described as a male, being really a female.
60. Hypotycamna sipyius, Feld. Sumba, Sambawa. This is near Dr. Felder’s H. thecloides, but the lower part of the hindwing above is bluish, not ochreous.
61. Loxura atymnvus, Linn. Sumba, Sambawa. Two or three more species of the Aphneine were taken in Sumba, but the specimens are now lost.
Subfamily DHUDORIGINZ. 62. RAPALA IARBAS, Fab. Sumba, Sambawa, mountains.
RAPALA ORSEIS, Hew. Sambawa, 1,500 ft., a male and a female.
180 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, §c. [No. 2,
63. Rapaua varuna, Horsf. Sumba, Sambawa, mountains. I also observed a species of Sin- thusa* in Sambawa, but no specimens were taken.
Subfamily LYCHNINA.
Cyanrris AKASA, Horsf. Sambawa, 4-5000 feet, rare.
64. Cyaniris puspa, Horsf.
Sumba, Sambawa, mountains. The white area is larger than in Indian specimens, extending over three or four spaces and into the cell. The female has the white areas very large and not marked with blue.
65. Zizera pramma, Snellen. Sumba, Sambawa.
66. ZizERA LYSIZONE, Snellen. Sumba, Sambawa. Another Zizera occurred in Sumba.
* IT append the description of a rare Javanese species of this genus.
SINTHUSA ASPRA, 0. Sp.
Male, above, forewing with the costa and the outer margin narrowly black, the base as far as the end of the cell, and more especially the basal half of the interno- median space to the hind margin, light violet-blue ; a diffused submarginal macular band of the same colour ; the disc and the outer half of the hind-margin black, deep blue in some lights, with a few scattered light-blue scales. Hindwing violet-blue, (much richer than on the forewing) from the lower subcostal to the submedian vein ; above the lower subcostal vein a line of pale blue scales ; the abdominal border widely silvery-whitish. Below, white, the spots chiefly very small, black, not annular as in all the allied species; a broad dark fascia across the end of the cell of the forewing; six discal spots, the upper three small, in an oblique line, the lower three larger, in a transverse line nearer the base ; a slender marginal dark line, cilia dark. Hindwing with the cell-fascia double ; eight discal spots, the fifth evanescent and nearer the base, the eighth elongate and conspicuous; a large black spot in the lower median space ; in the next a blue area adjoining the black lobe; beyond this a short black and blue marginal line; tail chiefly black. The prehensors resemble those of Deudoriz.
The hindwing is angled at the end of the middle median vein; there is a short tail and a very small but distinct lobe. The venation and sex-marks are as in other species of Sinthusa. The species has no near allies.
Rare on Arjuno, Eastern Java, taken at 5000 feet in a flock of Cyaniris akasa from which it was indistinguishable when settled. The genus is usually mimetic. S. nasaka, Moore, strongly resembles Aypolyceena erylus, and I have several times mistaken S. virgo, Hlwes, for a Cyaniris.
I have given Mr. de Nicéville the type of this species. The specific name means white in modern Greek.
1891.]_ W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. 181
67. Ponyoumarus BmTicus, Linn. Sumba, Sambawa, high country.
68. CHILADES TROCHILUS, Freyer (puth). Sumba, Sambawa.
69. EvERES PARRHASIUS, Fab. Sumba, Sambawa.
70. Tarucus THEOPHRASTUS, Fab. Sumba.
71. Tarucus piinius, Fab. Sumba, Sambawa.
72. Casrarius eruion, Doub. Sumba, Sambawa.
73. CasraLius rostmon, Fab. Sumba, Sambawa.
74. Casranius roxus, Godt. Sumba, Sambawa.
75. CatTocHRysops cneIus, Fab. Sumba.
76, CATOCHRYSOPS PANDAVA, Fab. Sumba.
77. CavrocHrysors sTRABO, Fab. Sumba, Sambawa.
78. Nacapupa Gaura, nu. sp. PI. II, fig. 8, magnified two diameters.
Male, above, pale violet, a narrow black border widening apically, the veins brown. Hindwing with a row of six black spots in whitish rings, a marginal dark line, cilia chiefly white. Below pale brown, heavily marked with white. Forewing with a serrate, catenulated line of dark spots, surmounted by a row of lunules. outwardly whitish, inwardly dark; three transverse quadrate dark bands, paler in the middle, and bordered with white, namely, two in the cell, the basal one continued into the interno-median space, and a broader one across the
24,
182. W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, §e. [No. 2,
wing discally to the submedian vein, slightly dislocated inwardly at the upper median vein, below which it is narrow and broken. Hind- wing with a row of serrate ocelli as on the forewing, a very large black ocellus in the lower median space, slenderly edged with dark orange, and then a darker ring; a black anal spot; the three trans- verse bands much broken, the discal one forming two dark quadrate areas, the upper from the costa to the lower subcostal vein, the lower lying further out, extending thence to the upper median vein; the disc is chiefly white.
This curious species* is something like Dr. Felder’s Lyccena palmyra from Amboina. The venation places it in Nacaduba, but it has httle resemblance to the usual forms of the genus, and looks more like a Catochrysops.
Sumba, rare.
79. NacapDuBA LAURA, n. sp, Pl. II, fig. 9, 9, magnified two diameters.
Female, above, forewing about three-fifths dark brown; a large white area, sprinkled, especially at the base, with blue scales, extending from the cell to the hind-margin. Hindwing with the cell and the two spaces beyond it discally white, the rest of the disc paler brown; two submarginal rows of black spots, the outer round, the inner lunular. Below, forewing with a large white area occupying the end of the cell and the disc to the hind-margin ; a basal transverse dark band across the cell and the interno-median space; the discal transverse bands are obliterated, except costally, one being represented by two brown lines extending from the hind margin into the white area as far as the middle median vein. Hindwing with the white area much smaller and duller-coloured, the transverse bands confused. Both wings have two submarginal rows of conspicuous dark spots, the inner large, black, semicircular on the forewing, lanceolate on the hindwing, the outer paler, transverse. The hindwing has two slender ocelli with slender
irides of orange, touched with metallic, the outer one with the black area very large.
* An allied species, of which N. gauwrais presumably a local form, occurs in south-eastern Borneo and Java. I alsotook a male in Hngano (unluckily omitted in my list), and I think I found it in the Nicobars. A Bornean specimen before me has the black marginal band above very narrow and equal, the black spots on the hindwing obsolete, except that in the lower median space, which is large. Below there are no distinct white areas, but all the markings are conspicuously edged with white. The discal band is bent outwardly and very irregular as far as the middle median vein, below which it it broad, straight and quadrate, the subanal ocellus is broadly bordered with orange.
I propose the name of NV. pseustis for this species.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. 183
I took several females in Sumba, both on the coast and in the in- terior, and also a single male probably of this species. It was violet blue above, the margin very slenderly dark. Below the white areas were nearly obsolete on the forewing, and on the hindwing reduced a white bar in the band across the end of the cell, and a border one on the disc beyond the cell between the lower subcostal and upper me- dian veins. Hxpanse over an inch and a quarter.
The species is near N. perusia, Felder, from Amboina, and N. atrata, Horsfield, from Java, but the extensive white areas of the female easily distinguish it.
80. Nacapusa nERMus, Feld. (viola, Moore). Sumba, Sambawa.
81. NacapuBA ARDATES, Moore. Sumba, Sambawa.
82. NACADUBA MACROPHTHALMA, Feld.
Sumba, The female is marked almost as in that curious little species, NV. kerriana, Distant, which I have taken at 4000 feet elevation in Karenni east of Burma.
83. NacapusBa DANA, de Nicéville. Sumba, Sambawa. This is probably Mr. Druce’s N. almora, but his figure and description are so bad that certainty is impossible.
84. Lampipes Bocuus, Cram. (Jamides bochus.)
Sumba, Sambawa, rare. The only Sumba specimen I have ex- amined has the blue area above very large, and not at all brilliant. I¢ may be a distinct local form of this species, intermediate between L. bochus, Cram. and L. astraptes, Feld.
A Lampides which occurs in Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Pen- insula but has apparently escaped the notice of naturalists, has the underside like that of L. bochus, while the upperside has only a slender marginal dark line and is of a rich blue, darker than that of ZL. elpis. I have given Mr. de Nicéville a Bornean example for description.
. 85. LamprpEs Anops, n. sp. Pl. IT, fig. 10.
Male, above, rich azure-blue, violescent in some lights, darkening outwardly, translucent, a slender marginal dark line somewhat broader apically on the forewing, the cilia of the hindwing white. Below, ground- colour basally grey, darkening outwardly, but without the slightest
184 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Swmba and Sambawa, Sc. [No. 2,
rufous tinge. The markings consist of slightly darker transverse bands, bordered by straight white lines, which are broad and very conspicuous. Forewing with one of these across the cell, with no markings above it costally, one discal from the costa to the middle median, then dislocated inwardly and continued obliquely to the lower median, below which the wing is white with a single dark streak in it. Hindwing with the bands confused and broken. Both wings have the cilia whitish, a marginal dark line, a catenulated line of dark streaks in a white ground, and behind this a line of very conspicuous black lunules, large aud lanceo- late on the hindwing; behind these are white lunules which extend far into the disc. There is no trace of ocelli, or of metallic scales.
The female is also blue, and has the outer two-thirds of the fore- wing black above.
Sumba, confined to the mountain-forests above 2000 feet. <A beautiful and conspicuous species. I have not examined the prehensors, but the species is so unlike all others that its identification must be easy. In the figure the white markings of the underside have been made too narrow and inconspicuous.
86. Lampipes masu, n. sp. PI. II, fig. 11.
Male, above, bluish-white, whiter than JZ. elianus, a very slender marginal black line nearly obsolete apically ; hindwing with this line more distinct; a broken, catenulated, submarginal dark fascia, double at the anal angle, obsolete apically, with a good-sized dark spot in the lower-median space. Below pale brown, the bands scarcely perceptibly
darker, bordered by white lines, of which the basal pair on the hindwing are slender; on the forewing one band crosses the cell, one is beyond it from the costa tothe middle median vein; these two are continued in common by another nearly to the hind-margin. On the hindwing the bands are irregular, extending further outwardly than in L. anops (in which the submarginal lunules greatly encroach on the disc), acutely angled in the interno-median space. Both wings have three conspicu- ous white submarginal lines enclosing two lines of spots, the outer linear, catenulated, slender, the inner large, black and conspicuous, tranverse and wholly surrounded with white on the forewing, lanceolate and irregular on the hindwing. Hindwing with a large subanal ocellus with a narrow orange iris, surmounted by a black and a white lunule ; a small similar anal ocellus; both are touched with metallic.
This species is very lke the Amboina female figured by Cramer as aratus, and is probably a local variety of that species. The female of L. masu has the black border of the forewing broad and serrate api-
cally, the inner cordate spots of the hindwing are large and black. The
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Fc. 185
male differs from DL. subditus, Moore, in the whitish upperside, and in the pale underside, heavily marked with white, with the orange area smaller; it resembles it in the submarginal band of black spots. L. subditus is very close to L. amphissa, Felder, from Amboina.
87. LAMPIDES CELZNO, Cr. Sumba, Sambawa.
88. LampipEs ELPIS, Godt. Sumba, Sambawa.
89. Spancars pprus, West.
Sumba, Sambawa, found on the acacias growing along the dry shore, the specimens normal.
90. Mecrspa mataya, Horsf. Sumba, Sambawa.
91. NuropITHECOPS ZALMORA, Butler. Sumba, Sambawa.
Subfamily GERYDINZ.
92. GERYDUS TEOS, n. sp.
A local form of G. symethus. The white area above is large, ex- tending furthest below the middle median vein; there are no bluish scales; the upper median vein is swollen at its base. Hindwing all dark, not bluish-grey as in symethus. Below nearly uniform pale brown, a dark area crossing the end of the cell, surrounding the median vein and its branches discally; beyond this there is a whitish area from the middle median vein to the hind-margin; the transverse discal lunular band only extends down to the middle median vein. Hindwing with the discal lunules nearly joined, very distinctly marked, scarcely darker than the ground-colour, edged with paler. Both wings have a submar- ginal dark line edged inwardly with whitish, and containing a black dot in each space. The underside is wholly without the sordid irrorations found in G. symethus.
The female has a little less white on the forewing above, and a little more white below. The hindwing is acutely angled in the middle and is unmarked above.
Sumba, Sambawa. The Javan form (@. pandu, Horsf.) may also be distinct from G. symethus.
186 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Swinba and Sambawa, §e. [No. 2,
93. GERYDUS BOISDUVALII, Moore, var. ACRAGAS, nov.
Male, above, forewing with the base of the upper median vein swollen beyond the cell and placed in a small longitudinal pale space, no other markings above. Female with a narrow straight white band beyond the cell, extending obliquely to the lower median vein, broken by the dark middle median vein. Below, forewing with a white area over the disc to the hind margin, the transverse discal band formed of joined incomplete lunules in both sexes. The female has the hindwing slightly angled.
Sumba, Sambawa. I cannot compare this with the Javanese form, the male of which is still undescribed. But the shape of the band in the female of G. acragas, which resembles that of the male of G. biggsit, the absence of white or pale markings above in the male, and of sordid irrorations on the underside in both sexes, easily distinguish it from the Indian form of G. boisduvalw. It is obviously distinct from a form mentioned by Mr. Distant, who says “in an Amboi- nese species G. borsduvalii, Butler, the distinctive colouring of the anterior wing is reversed, the male having the largest white area to the anterior wings.”
The male of acragas must certainly be very much like that of G. irroratus. Dr. Semper doubtfully identifies with that species a Philip- pine form having a large round median white patch in the female. [ think this very unlikely to prove correct. G. «irroratus is certainly very close to G. boisduvalu, but till the female of Mr. Druce’s Siamese form is discovered, the question must be left open.
Family PIERIDA.
94. NyYCHITONA xIPHIA, Fab. Sumba, Sambawa, varying greatly in size and markings. No Hlodina was seen in either island, though H. egnatia is known
from Timor.
95. TERIAS HECABE, Linn. Sumba, Sambawa, several varieties.
96. TerriAs sari, Horsf. Sumba, Sambawa.
TrrRias DRONA, Horsf. Sambawa, 2-4000 feet. 7. candida, found by Mr. Wallace in Timor,
was not seen.
97. TerRiAs HARINA, Horsf. Sumba, Sambawa.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, §c. 187
Hoveuina TEMENA, Hew. Sambawa. A very beautiful species.
98. HUpHINA JuLIA, n. sp. PI. II, fig. 12.
Male, above, creamy-white, a black marginal fascia, searcely wider on the forewing than on the hindwing, its inner border diffused; the submarginal dark bands of the underside visible through the wings ; all the veins of the forewing dark, as well as those of the hindwing out- wardly. Below, forewing white, a submarginal diffused brown band, connected along the two upper median veins with a dark longitudinal band in the lower part of the cell; apex diffused ochreous-yellow, the yellow area just crossing the submarginal band costally, the outer margin narrowly brown. Hindwing bright yellow; a narrow dark marginal band, a broad, irregular, serrate dark submarginal band enclosing seven large orange-scarlet spots, obsoletely edged with yellow ; the subcostal space nearly all scarlet, without any black border inwardly or outwardly. Hxpanse two and two-third inches.
Female, above, forewing with all the veins heavily outlined with dark, the spaces more or less white, a united subapical white band, and a row of submarginal spots. Hindwing pale yellow, the veins slightly darkened, a broad outer dark band enclosing white spots. Below, duller than the male, the radial and upper median veins of the hindwing marked with lines of blackish scales.
Nearest H. leta, Hewitson, from Timor, which has the forewing broadly and the hindwing slenderly black above, while below, the dise of the hindwing is uniform black, the submarginal dark band of the hindwing is obsolescent, and the scarlet costal stripe bordered on both sides with black. It is a much smaller butterfly than H. julia.
Sumba, interior.
This insect, the most beautiful Oriental species of Pieris known, has when flying none of the air of a protected butterfly. If it stood alone, I should certainly suppose it to be a mimic of some form of Delias hyparete yet undiscovered in the island. But both H. leta and H. temena require to be accounted for in the same way, and while it is possible that some Timorese Delias may resemble H. leta, I feel sure that H. temena can have no such original. It must then be assumed that this group is less pressed by its enemies in the Timorian Islands, and has therefore been able to acquire more brilliant colours than its allies.
Huphina leta, julia, temena and tamar form the nearest approach to a peculiar group of butterflies which these islands possess. But H. tamar is from Bali, beyond Wallace’s Line, and no doubt extends into Hastern Java.
188 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. [No. 2,
HupnHiInA naoml, Wallace. _Sambawa.
99. HUPHINA EIRENE, 0. sp.
Male. It differs from H. naomi in the colour of the hindwing below, and that of the subapical spots of the forewing, being lemon, instead of rich orange-ochreous. Above, the median vein and its upper branch are more widely marked with black, and the white of the cell and the hind margin of the forewing is clearer and purer.
In these points it agrees with H. judith, Fab. (Java), but differs in the narrow dark markings of the forewing above, the long white discal markings being slenderly continued nearly to the margin. Below, the forewing has three subapical lemon spots, a large white spot be- tween the upper median branches, and two white spots beyond the cell, the one above these being obsolete. The black border of the hindwing is narrower than in H. judith, enclosing a lemon spot between the sub- costals, one (obsolescent) above the radial veins, and one, large and diffused, between the upper median branches; an ochreous spot partly enclosed between the lower median and submedian veins; the anal angle slenderly edged with orange-ochreous.
Sumba, interior, rare. I cannot find the type, and the description is not very good. The species, however, which I compared with good series of H. judith and naomi, is distinct. It is curious that it should more approach the Javanese species than that of the neighbouring islands.
The species figured by Hombron and Jacquinot in the “ Voyage au Pole Sud,” as “‘ Pieris judith, var,” and so placed by Kirby, is certainly distinct. I suggest for it the name of Huphina imogene. It is nearest my H. eihel from Engano.
HUPHINA VASO, n. sp.
A local form of the Javanese H. corva. Male, above, darker than in that species, all the veins heavily outlined with black. Forewing with an almost complete, irregular, outer-discal dark band extending ob- liquely from the costa to the hind-margin, and continued along the latter to its base ; the white submarginal spots beyond this are large. Huind- wing with the cell, the upper median, and both the subcostal veins clouded with black, the black border deeply dentate, with a line of diffused black spots submarginally in the middle of the spaces. Below, paler than in corva, the white markings, especially the submarginal ones, all larger and clearer, the veins all slenderly outlined with ochreous.
Sambawa, coast.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. 189
BELENOIS JAVA, Sparr. (coronea, Cr.).
Coast of Sambawa, common, not seen in Sumba. Cramer records this species from Borneo, and in the Singapore Museum there is a specimen labelled Jelebu (not far from Malacca). These localities are certainly doubtful, as the butterfly inhabits dry, sterile coasts, and would be quite out of place in forest countries like Malacca or Borneo. On the other hand a coast-butterfly of exceedingly weak flight, but able to float in the air for an indefinite time, would be more apt to be blown out to sea than other insects, and more likely to survive till its arrival in another island. So that stragglers may really have been taken remote from the true habitat of the species.
This butterfly flies like a Hestia, and seems to be the most perfectly protected of Hastern Pieride. It is hard to believe that it has any- thing to do with the Indian Belenois mesentina, the type of the genus, which is wholly different in appearance and in habits. Like Delias and Prioneris this genus has the claws bifid.
DeELIAs pasiTHor, Linn., var.
I saw two specimens of this on Mt. Haruhasa in Sambawa at nearly 5000 feet elevation, but as well as I can remember neither were taken. An undescribed <Agarista mimicking it was caught at the same place. No species of Delias was observed in Sumba.
DELIAS ORATA, 0. Sp.
A local form of the Indian Delias descombesii, and greatly resem- bling it. It lacks, however, the black marginal band of descombesii, the costa and outer margin of both wings being slenderly grey, especially at the ends of the veins, the cilialemon. Below the five subapical lunules on the forewing are yellow, not white. The female is generally brighter coloured than that of descombesti. The hindwing, however, is much darker over the base and disc, but below the submarginal spots are bright lemon, and the hind-margin rich ochreous.
Sambawa, 2—5000 feet, scarce. The specific name means beautiful in modern Greek. I thought it unnecessary to give my detailed de- scription of the species.
The reappearance in Sambawa of a local form of an Indo-Malayan butterfly unknown to Java, is remarkable.*
* T take the opportunity to describe a new Javanese species of this genus.
DELIAS AURANTIA, 0. Sp. Near D. belisama, Cr. Above orange over the basal half of the wings, including all the cell, the disc as far as the upper radial vein, far beyond the cell, and the hind
25
.
190 W. Doherty—The Butlerflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Se. [No. 2,
100, Apptss* PAULINA, Cr.
Two forms of this very puzzling group occurred both in Sumba and in Sambawa, One was all white, with only a slender dark marginal line, resembling A. albina, The other had the hindwing and the apex of the forewing bright ochreous-yellow below, resembling A. lankapura,
but without the dark apex. It generally had a black or gray discal spot on the forewing.
I have dubiously recorded Appias lyncida from Sambawa, and from Sumba a female which I supposed to be that of A. (Saletara) nathalia.
101. NEPHERONIA VALERIA, Cr.
Sumba, Sambawa. The submarginal spots are wholly absent. No yellow female was taken. A different species is, I think, also found im Sumba.
margin to the lower angle ; the rest black, its inner border serrate. Hindwing with the biack border rather wide and equal. Below, forewing black with four (five in belisama) orange subapical streaks, the lowest obsolescent ; a broad oblique orange streak borders the disco-cellular veins, the cell and median veins are outlined with pale orange, the rest of the cell irrorated with black scales, the hind-margin broadly whitish. Hindwing orange like the upperside, the red area darker than in belisama and much larger; the inner Iunular band more continuous, a marginal yellow line (nearly obsolete in belisama), the inner half of the wing, including most of the cell, and on the disc from the hind-margin to beyond the middle median vein, densely irrorated with black scales. Expanse 34 inches. From D. belisama this may be distinguished by the much smaller black area of the mpperside of the forewing, and the large orange areas of the underside of the same wing. The male of D. belisama is also usually white, or white tinged with lemon, or yellow with a sight ochreous tinge. From D. nakula, recently described from Java by Mr. H. Grose Smith, D. aurantia differs in its larger size and rich orange colour.
This fine butterfly is not uncommon on Mount Arjuno, Eastern Java; I did not take it below 2,500 feet elevation, and itis found at any rate up to 5000 feet. D. belisama is also. common there, ranging from the low country up to about. 3000 feet,, so that there isa zone where both are found. When flying together D. belisama could always be distinguished by its smaller size, Hast Java specimens being apparently smaller than West Java ones, and under three inches in expanse. On visiting the great volcano of Sméru further east at a different season, I found belisama common, but did not see aurantia at all.
At 5000 feet on Arjuno, I took a single faded speeimen of a Delias only 13 inch in expanse. It was white, the outer half dark, the forewing with a subapical bar and a row of five subapical spots. The hindwing had the margin broadly black with five yellow (?) spots in it below only. This species does not resemble anything known to me.
* This is one of Hubner’s silly genera, grounded on nothing whatever. I use it most unwillingly as the equivalent of Mr. Wallace’s Tachyris. Mr. Distant includes the species of Huphina (Mr. Wallace’s Pieris) under Appias, for which I can see no reason. Catophaga necessarily falls before Appias.
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. 191
102. Hexomora GuaucipPr, Linn. Sumba, Sambawa.
TXIAS REINWARDTI, Voll. Sambawa, a beautiful species, confined to the dry coast.
103. Ixtas near prrene, Linn. ( pyrene). Sumba, coast, several times seen, but no specimen taken.
CATOPSILIA PYRANTHE, Linn. (evangelina, Butler). Sambawa, coast, not observed in Sumba.
104. Caropsinia caTiLLa, Cr. Sumba, Sambawa.
105. Cavopsinia CROCALE, Cr. Sumba, Sambawa.
106. Carorsimia scyina, Boisd. Sumba, Sambawa.
Family PAPILIONID A.
107. Papinio (ORPHEIDES) ERICHTHONIUS, Cram. (erithonius). Sumba, Sambawa.
108. Papinio (ILIADES) MERAPU, 0. sp.
Male, above like P. memnon, the pale rays gray, and not very distinct on the forewing. Below the basal crimson areas are larger, the longitudinal streaks in the cell of the forewing obsolescent. Hindwing with the outer pale area partly gray, partly orange-ochreous, narrow, the outer line of spots many times larger than in memnon, the inner lying outside of the band, only touched outwardly with ochreous; a separate oblique orange stripe on the abdominal border. The species is the largest of the group, much larger than memnon, its expanse being six and a half inches.
Koloki, Pada Dalung, Sumba, 2—3000 feet.
This fine butterfly is called by the Sumbanese after their god Merapu, and I was told that it was after a fashion held sacred, though they raised no objection to my catching specimens. As an instance of the sober tastes of this people, 1 may remark that they consider this butterfly far handsomer than Ornithoptera naias or Papilio maremba.
A form of Papilio memnon occurs in Sambawa, but I have no specimens.
192 W. Doherty—The Bulterflics of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. [No. 2,
109. Paprnio (MENELAIDES) OREON, n, sp.
A local form of P. liris, Godart, from Timor andj; Australia, differing from de Haan’s figure of that species in the following parti- culars. Female, forewing with the dark border narrower than in liris, the pale area not tinged with yellow, extending nearly to the base and apparently more marked with black scales. On the hindwing below, the whitish area is less yellow, extends nearer to the base, (occupying two-thirds of the cell), and somewhat further discally, its outer margin scalloped. The white area between the costal and subcostal veins is nearer the base of that space, and is much narrower, being not so long as broad, deeply concave outwardly. There is a submarginal row of seven crimson spots (five in Jiris), that in the interno-median space joining the white area soas to enclose an oval black spot. On the upperside, the hindwing is obscurely marked with red as in liris. Hxpanse four inches and three quarters.
Of the male I have only one very bad specimen, not perceptibly different from the female.
Sumba, confined to the mountain-forests from which I have named it,
PapiLio ARISTOLOCHIA, Linn. Sambawa, normal.
110. Papinio (CHARUS) HELENUY, Linn. Sumba, Sambawa, confined to the mountains, scarce.
111. Papriio (HARIMALA) MAREMBA, 0. sp.
Male, above black, the markings metallic golden-green, greenish- blue in some lights. Forewing with the base, all the cell and two-thirds of the hind-margin uniformly powdered with green scales; just beyond the cell and forming a crescent round it, is a rather narrow band of rich green from the upper median vein to well above the subcostal, the veins black; beyond this a broad black band, but slightly irrorated with green; after which there is a broad subapical and submarginal area of diffused green, with separate green spots between the median veins ; the outer and costal margins dark; the hind-margin rich green near the lower angle as far as the middle of the interno-median space. A large unbroken dark discal patch covered with a cottony mass of odo- riferous hairs, extending from the internal to the upper median vein, reaching inwardly almost to the cell, and outwardly along the veins almost to the outer margin. Hindwing with the base powdered with green, a broad green discal area, scarcely entering the cell, extending from the upper subcostal vein to the hind margin, broadest diseally ;
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. 193
beyond it are four green lunules; the outer part, including the tails, black. Below, the basal half of the wings deep brown, sparsely sprinkl- ed with whitish scales; forewing with a pale transverse band (much more remote from the base than in P. pericles), broad subapically, deeply indented outwardly, below the two lower subcostal branches, abruptly narrowed below the lower radial vein. Hindwing with the disc some- what whitish subabdominally, a row of seven narrow ocelli, outwardly silvery blue, inwardly dull reddish. The ocelli are much further from the outer margin than in the allied species.
This splendid species has no near allies. Apart from the sex-mark, it ig nearest Papilio brama, Guérin, from Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula.
Sumba, rare near the coast, commoner in the remote interior.
Papinio (HARIMALA) PERANTHUS, var. Sambawa, mountains, scarce. It seems to be intermediate between the Javanese P, peranthus and the Timorese P. pericles. I have un- luckily neither specimens nor description,
112. Partito (Zeripes) saRPeDON, Linn. Sumba, Sambawa. In Sumba the red markings of the underside are sometimes replaced by ochreous-yellow.
113.. Papitio (ZeripEs) EURYPYLuS, Linn. Interior of Sumba and Sambawa, scarce.
114. Papriio (Zeripes) aGAmEmnon, Linn, Sumba, Sambawa.
PapiLio (PATHYSA) ANTIPHATES, Linn. Sambawa.
115. Papinto (LAgrtias) ponrres, Linn.
Sumba, Sambawa. In Sambawa one female imitates P. aristolochic, while another is similar, but with the white discal area replaced by orange. I have unluckily not recorded any female from Sumba.
116. ORNITHOPTERA NAIAS, n. sp.
Male, above black, all the veins except at the extreme base and the internal vein, bordered with paler brown, a longitudinal pale streak generally in the middle of the cell. Hindwing with a small translucent golden patch occupying less than half of the cell longitudinally (its lower and basal part black); four discal spaces from the costal to the upper median vein occupied by quadrate golden areas, which are not incised outwardly as in O. plata; that between the costal and subcostal
194 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Swuba and Sambawa, Sc. [No. 2,
veins is largest and broadest; a shght diffused golden touch between the upper and middle median veins, more distinct below. Below fore- wing with the pale streaks whitish. Collar and patches at the base of the wings red, abdomen mostly black except around the base of the valves.
Female, above dark brown, the pale streaks conspicuous, whitish, occupying two-thirds of the cell, where they are broad with a conspicu- ous streak in the middle. Hindwing with a golden area, slightly duller than that of the male, occupying two-thirds of the cell transversely, and six discal spaces from the subcostal to the fold above the submedian vein; a minute spot above the subcostal, the next area small, all of them deeply incised outwardly; four pairs of triangular yellow spots are usually on the outer disc, sometimes connected with the inner golden area, by rays of the same colour; there are a few marginal interner- vular ochreous touches. Collar and base of wings red, abdomen laterally and ventrally yellow with black spots.
The outer margin of the hindwing of the male is remarkably straight ; its expanse is nearly five and a half inches.
The golden area of the male differs considerably from that of O. criton (Moluccas) and O. plato (Timor). In plato the red patches are wanting; the female is unknown. In criton the female is altogether different. The golden areais probably smaller in nazas than in any other species of Ornithoptera, except the Celebesian O. haliphron, in which the cell is all black.
Common in Sumba, both on the coast and in the interior.
In Sambawa occurs a variety (O. natas, var. sambavana), which is considerably larger. The female has a large golden spot between the costal and subcostal veins of the hindwing; the outer discal pairs of spots are always connected with the central golden area, more or less enclosing large black spots. In the male a golden spot (generally present, though small in the Sumba form) between the upper and middle median veins, is always absent, while in O. criton, and presumably in O. plato, it is the largest of all.
Family HESPERIADA, Ismene Group. 117. ParaTaA MALAYANA, Feld.
Sumba. Another species occurred both in Sumba and Sambawa.
118. Hagora BapRA, Moore.
Sumba, Sambawa. Both this and the Engano form resemble the Javanese, which may and may not be the same as the typical Indian one,
1891.] W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Se. 195
119. BaADAMIA EXCLAMATIONIS, Fab. Sumba, Sambawa.
Tagiadas Group.
120. 'TAGIADES BRASIDAS, n. sp.
Male, above dark brown, forewing with three subapical hyaline spots, the first two approximate, the third well beyond the others, small; two small discal spots, and two terminally in the cell, hyaline. Hindwing, dark brown, the disc irrorated with gray scales, and bearing three dark spots; the abdominal angle widely white enclosing a line of marginal dark spots, the cilia long, white. Below, forewing touched with whitish below the lower median vein. Hindwing two-thirds white, with three subapical dark discal spots (the first united with the apical dark area), the second and third unequal, united, the apical border widely dark brown, tapering to below the lower median vein, twice interrupted by white. Female, lke the male the hyaline spots in the cell of the forewing united, the discal ones larger, the brown spots bordering the hindwing smaller above and below.
Sumba, and Sambawa, but those from the latter island may not be quite the same. The species is nearest 7. helferii from the Nicobars, differing in the white border on the hindwing above, and the dark spots on it below. The hyaline marks are also more conspicuous. This also distinguishes is from 7’, alica, which is also much less white below, and has no distinct marginal spots.
12]. ABARATHA SyRIcHTHts, Feld.
Above, the discal yellowish bands of the hindwing are much nar- rower and more obscure than in Indian specimens. Below, the forewing is altogether less white ; the white mark beyond the cell, which in the Himalayan form extends far outwardly, is reduced to a slender, trans- verse crescent; the costal streaks above it are obsolete, the submar- ginal line of quadrate spots much smaller, and the fifth hyaline spot absent.
Sumba, rare.
ABARATHA HYPEBIDES, 0. Sp.
Very near Pterygospidea helias, Felder, from the Celebes, but the bands and the discal hyaline spots of the forewing are absent, and the apex of the hindwing is broadly dark. From A. sura it differs in the forewing, which is almost uniform dark brown above and below. The hindwing is also less variegated above and below, the white area is larger and more uniform, the inner line of spots is obsolete, the outer
196 W. Doherty—The Butterflies of Sumba and Sambawa, Sc. [No. 2,
united, and dark apically, nearly obliterated by white scales in the median spaces.
Sambawa. Another species, more like A. angulatus, was found in Sumba, but no specimens have survived.
Gehlota Group.
122. CoLADENIA DAN, Fab.
Sumba, Sambawa. ‘Two species are confused under this name, and occur together in Sumba, Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and perhaps elsewhere. They differ obviously in flight and. in prehensors, but I cannot at present point out any difference in the markings. One has an egg with numerous ribs (over forty) as in Gehlota, the other with few (seventeen) as in Tagiades.
Pamphila Group.
123. Titicota ma@sorpES, Moore. Sumba, Sambawa. The orange bands are smaller and narrower than in Indian specimens, and the ground-colour dark below.
124, TrLicorA NIGROLIMBATA, Snellen. Sumba, Sambawa. This is the species figured by Mr. Distant; I am not quite sure of its identity with Heer Snellen’s species.
125. Trutcota gous, Moore. Sumba, Sambawa.
126. AmprrriA mMARO, Fab. Sumba, Sambawa. I am doubtful of its identity with the Indian form. Baoris Group. 127. CHApPRA MATHIAS, Fab. Sumba, Sambawa.
128. Parnara nARooA, Moore. Sumba, Sambawa. I am not sure of its identity with the Ceylon form.
Suastus Group.
129. SUASTUS CHILON, n. sp.
Above, male all dark brown, no hyaline markings nor patches of lighter-brown scales. Below, forewing with a minute white dot dis- cally in the lower median space, the subapical hyaline spots represented by two slight dark streaks, the lower (in one specimen) containing a
1891.] Walsh—‘ Investigator’ Deep-sea Holothurians. LOT,
lighter dot. Hindwing nearly white (not gray as in S. gremius), the borders dark, a conspicuous black cell-spot, and a row of black discal Spots. six in one specimen, four in the other.
The absence of hyaline spots distinguishes it from all others.
Two males, Sumba coast.
_Kerana Group.
130. PuesioneurA RESTRICTA, Moore.
Sumba, Sambawa, mountains. My Sumbanese Hesperiade hav suffered more than any other family, and I have been compelled to omit a number of species, a Halpe, two Parnaras, a Parata, etc.
EXPLANATION OF PLATH II.
Wig. 1. Ewplea elwesii, n. sp. ¢. 7. Radena kambera, n. sp. 2. HEuplea lewa, n. sp. 8. Nacaduba gaura, n. sp., x 2. 3. Huplea palmedo, nD. sp. 9. Nacaduba laura, n. sp. 3, x 2. 4, Danais litoralis, n. sp. 10. Lampides anops, n. sp. 5. Danais orientis, n sp. 11. Lampides masu, n. sp. 6. Radena oberthurti, n. sp. 12. Huphina julia, vn. sp.
Vi.—Natural History Notes from H. M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘Investigator, Commander KR. F. Hoskyn, R. N., commanding. No. 24. ILvst of Deep-sea Holothurians collected during seasons 1887 to 1891, with descriptions of new species—By Dr. J. H. Tutt Watsu. Communicated by the SUPERINTENDENT OF THE INDIAN Museum.
[Received 6th April, 1891 ;—Read 7th May, 1891.]
Order HLASIPODA, Théel, Chall. Rep. vol. iv, Hol., p. 9.
Family Elpidide, Théel, 1. c., p. 10. 1. PrniaGone wrvitii, Théel, Chall. Rep. vol. iv, Hol., p. 42.
One specimen. Station 118, 15th December, 1890, Bay of Bengal, lat. 12° 20’ N.,
long. 85° 8’ H., 1803 fathoms, globigerina ooze, bot. temp. 35° Fahr. (Alcock).
Family Deimatide.
2. ONEIROPHANTA MUTABILIS, Théel, |. c., p. 62. One specimen. 26
198 Walsh— ‘ Investigator’ Deep-sea Holothurians. [No. 2,
April 12th to 13th, 1888, Andaman Sea, N. Sentinel Island bearing N. 15°, W. 18 miles, 250 fathoms (Wood-Mason).
3. Derma vatipum, Théel, 1. c., p. 68.
“ Transparent light orange-red” (Alcock).
Two specimens.
April 16th, 1888; Bay of Bengal lat. 11° 15’ N., long. 91° 16’ E., 1840 fathoms, globigerina ooze (Wood-Mason).
A fine specimen ; length 130 mm. ; length of lateral processes 55mm.
Station 117, Bay of Bengal, lat. 11° 58’ N., long. 88° 52’ 17” E., 1748 fathoms, globigerina ooze with pieces of pumice, bot. temp. 35°3° (Alcock).
4, Derma Frastosum, Théel, l.c., p. 71.
Two specimens.
Station 118 (Alcock).
April 20th, 1888, Bay of Bengal, lat. 6° 18’ N., long. 90° 40’ E., 1520 fathoms ( Wood-Mason).
5, Orpunurcus asper, Théel, 1. c., p. 82, var. GLABER, nov.
Length 150 mm. Body smooth and leathery ; skin thin and some- what transparent; colour (in spirit), body greyish white, feet and processes yellowish-white. Tentacles 20, long, extremities brownish and dendritic. Ventral feet 24 on each side, longer and larger near the centre of the body than at the extremities ; longest 20-25 mm. Lateral processes generally longer than the pedicles, longest 30 mm. Two rows of processes on each dorsal ambulacrum ; these vary considerably in size and short and long ones seem to alternate. Mouth shghtly ventral; anus terminal and patulous. Calcareous bodies, spinous rods or smooth rods with branched extremities. Polian vesicle single, 40 mm., wider in the middle than at the extremities.
Colour in the fresh state “ salmon-pink ”’ (Alcoch).
One specimen.
Station 112, 7th November, 1890, Bay of Bengal, lat. 13° 47’ 30” N., long. 92° 36’ H., 561 fathoms, grey mud, bot. temp. 44°9° (Alcock).
6. PANNYCHIA WOOD-MASONI, n. sp.
Length 300 mm. Body long, flat and of equal width throughout ; skin calcareous but flexible; colour yellowish-white (in spirit). Ten- tacles 20, round, with stumpy digits; mouth ventral; anus terminal and without teeth. The middle ambulacrum of the trivium bears a double row of feet; outside these the skin is thrown into longitudinal and transverse folds and ridges; the skin on the dorsum is also ridged.
1891.] Walsh— Investigator’ Deep-sea Holothurians. 199
The lateral ambulacra possess a single row of feet much longer than those on the middle ambulacrum. Just above this row of feet there is a row of long, pointed processes; these average 15 mm. in length. The dorsal ambulacra are furnished with a double row of processes ; these are shorter than the lateral ones. One polian vesicle; one stone canal; one bundle of genital tubes which are branched and furnished with irregular dilatations. Calecareous ring small; muscles poorly developed relatively to the size of the animal.
The calcareous bodies consist of large, round, many-holed plates, the centre holes being fairly large, the marginal ones small. Besides these plates, a few branched spicules are present.
This species is very closely allied to P. moseleyi, Théel.
Numerous specimens.
January 2nd, 1888, off Port Blair, 271 fathoms, bottom green mud (Giles). |
April 12th, 1888, 73 miles E. of N. Cinque Island, Andaman Sea, 490 fathoms, bottom green mud (Wood-Muson).
Station 115, December 9th, 1890, Andaman Sea, lat. 11° 31’ 40” N., long. 92° 46’ 40” H., off Dyer Point and N. of Cinque island, 188—220 fathoms, green mud, bot. temp. 56° (Alcock).
AMPHIGYMNAS, noy. gen.
Body ovoid with narrow tail-like extremities ; soft and appears to have been surrounded by a jelly-hke material when fresh. Feet very numerous over the whole of the trivium and placed more or less_irre- gularly. Lateral margins with two or three rows of long processes. Back covered with processes except near the mouth and anus where the body tapers and where the dorsal surface is naked; mouth terminal, small; tentacles 15, very small and retracted; anus terminal, small. Calcareous bodies moderate sized, irregularly rounded, many-holed plates somewhat like those of Pannychia. Calcareous ring of 5 small pieces loosely connected.
7. AMPHIGYMNAS MULTIPES, 0. sp.
Length 80 mm., width near middle of body 22 mm.; at oral and anal end about 9 mm.
Colour (in spirit) pale purple; the long lateral processes measure about 15 mm., those on the back are shorter.
One specimen.
Station 115, December 9th, 1890, Andaman Sea, lat. 11° 31’ 40” N., long. 92° 46’ 40” E., off Dyer Point and N. of Cinque island, 188—220
fathoms, green mud, bot. temp. 56° (Alcock).
200 Walsh—‘ Investigator’ Deep-sea Holothurians. [No. 2,
8. LmrmMocENE sponciosa, Théel, 1. c., p. 80. Crydora spongiosa, Théel, Prelim. Rep. Hol., p. 9. One specimen. April 17th, 1888, Bay of Bengal, lat, 10° N., long. 91° 7’ H., 1924 fathoms (Wood-Mason).
Family Psychropotide.
9, EUPHRONIDES DEPRESSA, Théel, Chall. Rep. vol. iv, Hol., p. 93.
Two specimens.
Station 118, December 15th, 1890, Bay of Bengal, lat. 12° 20’ N., long. 85° 8’ E., 1803 fathoms, globigerina ooze with pieces of pumice, bot. temp 35° (Alcock).
10, BenrHop¥TES PAPILLIFERA, Théel, I. c., p. 102.
“Colour purple, tentacles violet black ” (Alcock).
Two specimens 80 mm. and 68 mm. The fringe is damaged and the dorsal papille are not very apparent, but there is, I think, no doubt that these specimens belong to Théel’s species.
Station 117 (Alcock).
11. BeEnTHODYTES SANGUINOLENTA, Théel, I. c., p. 104. Four specimens; the row of transverse papillz below the mouth cannot be made out.
Station 118 (Alcock).
12. BENTHODYTES OVALIS, n. sp.
Length 65 mm. ; breadth 35 mm. including fringe. Body oval, flat, about twice as long as broad and of a deep purple colour throughout. A double row of feet on the middle ambulacrum of the trivium and no transverse line of feet below the mouth; lateral ambulacra with a single row of feet. On the dorsal surface there are three processes on each ambulacrum ; the anterior ones are 15 mm. long and not retractile (?) ; the posterior one in each row is much smaller. Mouth ventral ; anus terminal. Tentacles retracted. Calcareous bodies small 3-armed spicules with the end of each arm clubbed and perforated.
One specimen.
April 12th, 1888, 73 miles E. of N. Cinque island, Andaman Sea, 490 fathoms, bottom green mud ( Wood-Mason).
13. BENTHODYTES GELATINOSA, 0. sp.
Before describing the specimens as they appear in spirit it will be better to quote the graphic account of the fresh creature given by Dr. Giles, Ad. Rep. Marine Survey of India, 1877-88, p. 15 :—
1891.] Walsh— Investigator’ Deep-sea Holothurians. 201
“T must first notice a very peculiar holothurian, several specimens of which were included in the catch......... When fresh, the animal consists of a tough, muscular sac of a yellowish pink colour, enclosed in a thick coating of perfectly transparent, deep violet-jelly. Though not sticky or glairy, this jelly is of so delicate a consistence that it was almost impossible to clean the mud from the animal without stripping off the coating. After a short exposure to the action of spirit, this jelly, previously fully 15 mm. thick, shrinks to a thickness of less than 5 mm. and becomes comparatively dense. The violet colouring matter dissolves out into the spirit and exhibits a curious affinity for vegetable tissues, deeply staining a paper label which had been placed within the jar. Its attraction for animal tissues though less marked was still very noticeable, the nuclei shewing it best, so that, on microscopical examination, the animal was found to have become stained in a solution of its own pigment. After hardening in spirit it is sufficiently evident that this jelly-like coating cannot be considered as a secretion, but as an integral part of the tissues of the body wall, as it consists of a plexus of stellate and spindle-shaped cells, enclosing within their meshes many nuclei-form bodies and much hyaline connective substance. The body wall contains but few calcareous bodies. Those present consist of a circular plate, having articulated to it a fan-shaped body so shaped that the whole apparatus is not unlike the badge of a grenadier’s cap. As far as could be made out, these bodies appertain to the jelly-like layer and not to the dense inner portion of the body wall, which latter appears to be purely muscular. When laid open it is seen that the lungs are very complex and racemose, and that the ambulacral tubes which are very small and straight, give off a number of minute branches to the pedicels. The polian vesicle is of moderate size and simple. It appears to belong to, or be near, the genus Benthodytes of the Hlasipod family Psychropotide, and is doubtless new as it is identifiable with neither of the species in the Challenger monograph. In all probability, many of its allies must share with this species the peculiarity of a jelly-like coating but no mention of any such appearance is made in the above report.”
Length of specimens 100 to 140 mm.—Body soft; extremities and ventral feet are still of a beautiful purple, the body generally is a dark lavender colour (in spirit). The anterior end of the body has a wide lappet-like fringe furnished with papille and the border is continued down each side of the flatly cylindrical body and expanded in a less pronounced form as an anal lappet. Along the lateral border there are numerous feet in a single row. Mouth small and ventral; anus large, patulous and somewhat dorsal, situated just above the anal lappet.
202 Walsh—‘ Investigator’ Deep-sea Holothurians. [No. 2,
Tentacles 15, very small and of a deep purple colour. One, or two, fairly large Polian vesicles ; calcareous ring very minute, a double row of sucker feet on the middle ambulacrum of the trivium; these are more numerous and closer together near the anal end while they are entirely absent from the surface just below the mouth. A single row of fairly long, slender retractile papille are seen on each dorsal ambu- lacrum. Two small bundles of genital tubes. The longitudinal mus- cles are well-developed, broad, orange-yellow and visible through the skin—only a few calcareous spicules and granules were found in the muscular substance of the body.
Many specimens.
January 2nd, J888, Andaman Sea off Port Blair, 271 fathoms, (Giles), two specimens.
April 12th, 1888, Andaman Sea 73 miles H. of N. Cinque island, 490 fathoms, (Wood-Mason). Two specimens.
Station 115, December 9th, 1890, Andaman Sea, lat. 11° 31’ 40” N., long. 92° 46’ 40” K., off Dyer Point and N. of Cinque island, 188—220 fathoms, green mud, bot. temp. 56° (Alcock). Eleven specimens.
APODOGASTER, NOV. gen.
Body long flat and worm-like; slightly wider anteriorly than posteriorly. Down both sides there is a fringe, like that of Benthodytes, in which are seen the long tubes of numerous sucker feet. The odd ambulacrum is naked while the lateral ambulacra have one row of small sucker feet situated just below the lateral fringe. A single row of papille on each dorsal ambulacrum. Tentacles 15, mouth ventral. Anus terminal.
Calcareous bodies small granules and small wheel-like plates.
14. APODOGASTER ALCOCKI, n. sp.
Length 80 mm.
* Light pink ” (Alcock).
One specimen.
Station 112, November 7th, 1890, Bay of Bengal, lat. 13° 47’ 30” N., long. 92° 36’ E., 561 fathoms, grey mud, bot. temp. 44°9° (Alcock).
Order APODA. Sub-order PNEUMONOPHORA.
Family Molpadide.
15. ANKYRODERMA DANIELSSENI, Théel, Chall. Rep. vol, xiv, Hol. p. 39. One specimen.
1891.] Walsh— Investigator ” Deep-sea Holothurians. 203
April 11th, 1888, 7 miles S. E. by S. of Ross Island, Andaman Sea ; 265 fathoms, green mud (Wood-Mason).
16. A, MARENZELLERI, Théel, 1. c., p. 41.
One specimen.
Station 55, 18th—14th April, 1889, Bay of Bengal, 30 miles W. of Middle Andaman Island (Cape Bluff), 480—500 fathoms, globigerina ooze (Alcock).
17. Hupyreus scaper, Liitken, Videnskab. Meddel. Kjébenhayn 1857, p. 23,
After some indecision as to the correct title of these specimens I have thought it better to name them as above. Im general form and appearance they all agree with Hchinosoma hispidum, Semper, Reis. in Philipp. 1867, p. 44, but differ from Hupyrgus hispidus, Barrett, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. xx, p. 46, which Semper gives as a synonym of his Hchinosoma, in having no sucker feet. In the Challenger Report, vol. xiv, Hol. p. 49, Hehinosoma hispidum, Semp. is given as a synonym of Hupyrgus scaber, Liitken, and the Hupyrgus of Barrett is not mentioned.
Three specimens.
January 15th, 1888, off Cinque island, Andaman Sea, 650 fathoms (Giles.)
Station 107, October 23rd, 1889, Laccadive Sea, lat. 8° 23’ N., long. 75° 47’ H., 738 fathoms, green mud, bot. temp. 41°9° (Alcock).
Station 116, December 9th, 1890, Bay of Bengal lat. 11° 25’ 5” N., long. 92° 47’ 6” H. off Cinque and Rutland islands, 405 fathoms, green mud, bot. temp. 47° (Alcock).
18. TROCHOSTOMA ANDAMANENSE, 0. sp.
This species is very closely allied to 7. antarcticum, Théel, Chall. Rep. vol. xiv, Hol. p. 44.
Length 90 mm.
Body cylindrical and narrowed behind into a tail-like extremity. Skin rough but thin. In spirit the ground colour has become greenish- grey and the spots are more or less blood-red. The tentacles fifteen in number, are yellow and between every two there is, near the base, a blue- black triangular mark. Hach tentacle has three very small digits at the free end. Mouth and anus terminal, the latter without teeth, but in one specimen with numerous fine papille. One Polian vesicle, one free stone canal; 2 (3?) lungs, not much branched; one bundle of yellow genital tubes. The radii of the calcareous ring are produced back- wards as spines. Calcareous bodies not very numerous consisting of afew wide-holed plates and tower like rods which are perforated with 4 to 6
204. D. Prain—On an undescribed Oriental species of Nepeta. [No. 2,
holes. Under the microscope the ‘“‘ chocolate spots’? are seen to be composed of rust-red ovoid bodies with a concentric arrangement. They are insoluble in caustic potash.
Colour when fresh “dirty flesh-colour with closely placed deep chocolate spots ; the crown (tentacles) being a sort of raw-meat-colour.” (Giles).
Three specimens.
December 8th, 1887, S. E. of Cinque island, Andaman Sea, 500 fathoms, green mud (Giles).
VII.—On an undescribed Oriental species of Nepeta.—By D. Pratn. [Received 2nd March 1891 ;—Read 6th May 1891. ] (With Plate IIT).
In the Calcutta herbarium there is an example of a very distinct species of Nepeta which appears to be as yet undescribed. As it has been collected beyond the frontiers of India, it could not with propriety be dealt with in the paper on Indian Labiate recently read before the Society. But as it possesses rather more interest than isolated new species usually do, its position in the arrangement of Oriental species elaborated by the late M. Boissier in his work (Flora Orientalis, iv, 637- 670) dealing with the area in which it occurs, as well as a description and figure of the specimen, are now presented.
NEPETA Linn.
Sect. I. Hunupeta. Serres I. Perennes. Swb-ser. 2. Nucule tuberculate.
§ Macrostscia Botss., Flor. Orient. iv, 638 (1879) ampl.—Verticil- lastra densiflora vel laxiuscula remota. Bractez ovate vel oblonge. Calyx fauce pilosus vel glaber.
1. Calyx ore obliquus. a. Calyx fauce pilosus. N. Bellevit. b. Calyx fauce glaber.
N. glomerulosa, N. juncea.
2. Calyx ore rectus, fauce glaber.
N. Scordotis, N. Sibthorpii, N. leucostegia.
34 b. Neprta Bruievit Prain ; robusta, laxe lanata nivea, caulibus elongatis ramosis puberulis obtuse 4-gonis superne subnudis, folis majusculis sursum decrescentibus oblongo-lanceolatis crenato-dentatis
1891.] D. Prain—On an undescribed Oriental species of Nepeta. 205
subrugosis apice acutis basi truncatis, utrinque parce lanatis, inferioribus breve petiolatis ceteris subsessilibus ramealibus ovato-lanceolatis ; verti- cillastris multifloris laxiusculis remotis, bracteis membranaceis ovato- lanceolatis acuminatis cucullatis calyces equantibus, calycis longe hirsuti membranacei striati ore intus piloso obliquo, dentibus e basi angustiore subulatis summo tubum subequante ceteris eo brevioribus, corolla extus puberula tubo calycis fere 2-plo longiore, staminibus exsertis, nuculis oblongis apice obtusis ruguloso-tuberculatis areola ferri equini calcaribus sursum directis ad instar affixis.
AFGHANIA AUSTRALI; inter Kandahar et Kelat-i-Ghilzai, Bellew !
Rhizoma de-est, caulis p. q. s. plus quam 40 cm. basi fere 1 cm. crassa, foliis inferioribus 7—9 cm. longis his 3—4 em. latis petiolis 1 em. longis, ramealibus 2—2°5 em. longis his 1—1°5 em. latis sessilibus, spicd 12 em. longa hae 2°5 cm. lata verticillastris (LO—12) 12—16-floris imis 2 em. summis vix 1 cm. remotis, bracteis 12 mm. longis 4—7 mm. latis 3—5- nervis coloratis supra glabris subtus nervis sub lente puberulis margine prope basin parce pilis albis divergentibus ornato prope apicem acumina- tum et tandem subulatum sub lente puberulo, calyce tandem subinflato pedicello 1—2 mm. longo tubo 6 mm. longo dentibus summo 6 mm., lateralibus 5 mm., imis 45 mm. longis extus equabiliter pilis albis divergentibus parce hirsuto intus tubi ore et dentium basibus puis simillimis densissime piloso, corolia tubo 11 mm. longo extus puberulo colore forsan rosea, nuculis 3 mm. longis his 1:5 mm. latis brunneis areola alba calcaribus 1 mm. longis excepta manifeste rugulosis.
This very distinct species bears a considerable resemblatce to the Huropean N, twberosa but the whorls are much more lax, the calyx mouth is oblique and no secondary reticulation of the membranous bracts is visible. The nutlets of this species also closely resemble those of N. tuberosa and N. Sibthorpu, but in these European species there is a much smaller areola of the usual type. Among Oriental species it most resembles N. glomerulosa, next to which it is now placed, but it differs greatly in having much larger bracts, much longer spikes and many-flowered lax whorls with longer corollas. The nutlets too are different—the horse-shoe shaped areola of the uutlets being perhaps the most remarkable character of this species; its pilose calyx-mouth also is a character which connects it with § Psinonnpura Benth. to which group this feature has hitherto been supposed to be confined. Except for this character, however, it is much more obviously related to the other Macrosrrcim than to any Psttonepnra. Perhaps a prefer- able view would be to look on this species as the type of a new subsec- tion intermediate between Psilonepets and Macrostegie though to be
27
206 D. Prain—Two additional species of Glyptopetalum. _[No. 2,
placed in the same subseries as the latter. This subsection would be characterised as follows :—
§ Pstmosteciz (Sub-sect. nov.).—Verticillastra laxiuscula remota. Bractez ovate. Calyx fauce pilosus. (Nuculae tuberculatae).—Inter PsILoNEPetas Benth. et Macrostuaias Boiss. quasi mediantes eb proxime Macrosrecis (Botss., Flor. Orient. iv, 688 et 651) anteponende.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
Nepeta BrLuEvit, Prain.
Fig. 1. Bract. Fig. 4. Corolla tube. 2. Calyx. 5. Upper lip of Corolla. 3. The same, laid open. 6. Nutlet, external aspect.
7. ‘The same, showing inner face with cha- racteristic horse-shoe shaped areola.
VIII.—Novicie Indice. 1V. Two additional species of GLYPTOPETALUM.— By D. Pratn.
[Received 20th April, 1891 ;—Read 6th May, 1891.]
In a collection of plants from Great Coco, an island thirty miles north of N. Andaman, are complete examples of a species of Glypto- petalum nearly related to G. zeylanicum, Thw. This plant was pre- viously collected, but only in fruit, either in Tenasserim or the Anda- mans by Helfer* and an example of the gathering (Helfer n. 1973) was described by Kurz in this Journal (vol. xli, [1872], pt. 2, p. 299) as Huonymus calocarpus, Kurz. Thesame plant (specimens also incom- plete) has been reported from Kondil (Nicobars) by Calcutta garden collectors, and this gathering, along with a plant from Great Nicobar (Novara 188, Jelinek 245; not represented at Calcutta), has been
* This gentleman, as members are aware, was assassinated in North Andaman; his collections were disposed of in Europe and distributed thence; the circumstances of his decease rendered it impossible to differentiate positively his Tenasserim from his Andamans specimens. Kurz believed this gathering (n. 1973) to be from Tenas- serim, and Lawson (fF. B. I. i, 612) gives the same locality ; I am not aware, however, what authority these authors had for this definite decision, the Herb. Calcutta specimen on which Kurz based his description yields none,
1891. ] D. Prain—Two additional species of Glyptopetalum. 207
referred by Kurz in this Journal (vol. xlv, [1876], pt. 2, p. 123) to Huonymus javanicus Blume.*
As it is necessary to formally remove the plant from the genus to which it has hitherto been referred} the opportunity has been taken of providing a full description ; at the same time a description is given of a second species collected—in fruit—in the Mishmi Mts. by Griffith; a synopsis of all the species now known precedes these descriptions.
In the four species of which the fruit is known, the dorsal raphe does not terminate at the organic base of the seed but there divides into 3-4 laciniate segments of the same appearance and consistence as the raphe itself ; from the raphe they only differ in being slightly branched and in not quite reaching the hilum. They forma closely adherent
* No opinion can be expressed here regarding the Novara expedition specimens ; no example of H. javanicus has hitherto been obtained in the Nicobars by Calcutta collectors.
+ It is true that Kurz did not think Glyptopetalum Thw. generically separable from Huonymus Linn. for in this Journal (vol. xliv, [1875], pt. 2, p. 259) he formally relegates it to Huonymus (as a section) and in the Forest Flora of British Burma (vol. i, [1877], p. 249) he does not accord Glyptopetalwm even sectional rank. It must also be pointed out that Bentham and Hooker had already (Gen. Pl. i, [1862], p. 361) pointed out how slight are the characters—the principal one being the solitary pendulous ovules—that separate Glyptopetalum from Euonymus ; Baillon also (Hist. des Plantes, vi, [1875], p. 1, footnote) takes the same view as Kurz. If therefore the views of Kurz and Baillon ultimately prevail this plant will again be known as Huonymus calocarpus Kurz. :
But while this is the case it will be seen on referring to the place of its publica- tion that Kurz did not recognise in this species an example of his own section Glyptopetalum. In the Flora of British Burma too the generic description of Huonymus given by Kurz implies that the cells of the ovary are at least 2-ovuled— an implication opposed to his own statement (J. 4. S. B. xliv, pt. 2, 159) as regards Glyptopetalum sclerocarpwm and, as regards the species under review, incorrect. Kurz’s views regarding the generic position of Glyptopetalum may therefore, I think, be ignored, and Beillon’s authority van hardly be quoted in Kurz’s support since that author takes so comprehensive a view of Huonymus that he is prepared to merge in it not merely Glyptopetaiwm Thw. but also Lophopetalum Wight, a step which Kurz has nowhere proposed. Moreover the genus Glyptopetalum, as founded by Thwaites (Hook., Jour. Bot. viii, [1856], p. 267), is sustained by Bentham and Hooker (Gen. Pl. i, [1862], p. 861), by Hooker and Thwaites (Hnwm. Pl. Zeylan. [1864], p. 73), by Beddome (Flor. Sylvat. i, [1874], t.102), by Lawson (Flor. Brit. Ind. i, [1875], p. 612), by Trimen (Cat. Ceylon Pl. [1885], p.18) and by Durand (Indew Gen. Phaner, [1888], p- 66); considering too the large number of species of Huonymus proper already described and the ease with which species of Glyptopetalum are distinguished from these, it appears inadvisable at present to follow Kurz and Baillon in suppressing the latter genus. The present retention of Glyptopetalum moreover disturbs the synonymy of only one species instead of changing that of several.
208 D. Prain—Two additional species of Glyptopetalum. _[No. 2,
arillar structure with meridional segments differing in colour from the testa that it overlies. The presence of this arillus proves that the coloured “aril”? (which in turn loosely overlies it) is not a true arillus but, as Planchon has pointed out as regards the aril of Huonymus, an arillode.
GLYPTOPETALUM Tuwattes.
Characters of Huonymus but ovules solitary and pendulous from the apex of the cell.
Cymes shorter than leaves, flowers under 20 mm. diam. :— Lruit quite smooth :— Peduncles 3 as long as leaves, cymes law 2-3 tumes divided; leaves thinly cori- aceous oblong-lanceolate serrate, pe- tals oblong, flowers 12 mm. diam., arillode covering } of seed and lobed at the margin te .. L. G. zeylanicwm. Peduncles very short, cymes dense 1-2 times divided :— Cymes longer than petioles, peduncles longer than pedicéls ; leaves coriace- ous ovate-oblong entire, nerves indis- tinct, petals oblong, Hower 8 mm. diam., arillode covering 4 of seed and lobed at the margin .. 2. G. calocarpum. Cymes not exceeding petioles, peduncles shorter than pedicels, leaves mem- branous, ovate-oblong serrate, nerves prominent beneath, arillode hardly covering 4 of seed, margin entire... 3. G. Griffithit. Fruit rough tubercular ; peduncles } as long as leaves, cymes lax 2-3 times divided, leaves thickly coriaceous, oblong-lance- olate serrate, petals suborbicular, flowers 8 mm. diam., arillode covering } of seed, margin sinuate.. “3 . 4. G. sclerocarpum. Cymes longer than eee Wacens over 20 mm. diam.; cymes lax once divided, leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-elliptic entire, petals obovate, flowers 30 mm. diam. ; fruit unknown ... 506 . OO G. grandiflorum.
1891. } D. Prain—Two additional species of Glyptopetalum. 209
1. GLYPTOPETALUM zHYLANICUM Thwattes. (fF. B. J. i, 612). INDIA AUSTRALIS ; ZHYLANIA.
2. GLYPTOPETALUM CALOCARPUM.—(Huonymus calocarpus Kurz, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. xli, 1, 299 (1872) et xliv, 1, 159 (1875) ; Laws. in Hook. f.. Flor. Brit. Ind. i, 609 (1875) ; Kurz, For. Flor. Brit. Burma i, 249 (1877).—H. javanicus Kurz, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. xlv, 11, 123 [Veg. Nicobar. 19| (1876), saltem in parte, haudquaquam H. javanicus Blume.)
TenasseRim ?; Helfer (n. 1973). N. Anpamans; Great Coco, Little Coco, Table island, Prain. Nicopars; Kondil, Calcutta garden collectors.
Arbuscula glabra ramulis glabris teretibus, foliis coriaceis supra viridibus subtus prasinis elliptico-oblongis utrinque cuneatis apice ob- tusis margine integris nervis 5—6-paribus indistinctis, petiolis brevibus ; cymis axillaribus vel parum extra-arillaribus paucifloris densioribus pedunculis semel rarius iterumque divisis; pedicellis brevibus ; floribus parvis albo-viridescentibus, calyce 4-lobo lobis omnibus rotundatis exterioribus interioribus 2-plo minoribus, corolle petalis 4 oblongis ob- tusis planis prope basin 2-foveolatis ; staminibus 4 filamentis erectis in disci angulis obtusis insertis, loculis antherarum basi divergentibus ; ovartio pyramidato-tetragono disco affixo stigmate minuto, 4-loculare ; ovulis in loculis singulis pendulis anatropis, raphi extrorsa; capsula 1—4-sperma rotundataloculicidim dehiscente, seminibus oblongis pendulis, arillo laciniato in testa membranacea adhaerente e raphi orto ornuatis et arillodio carnoso rubro obtectis ; embryone intra albumen carnosum ortho- tropo, cotyledonibus oblongis foliaceis, radicula brevi.
Arbuscula 4—12 metr. alta, foliis oppositis 9—16 cm. longis his 6—9 cm. latis, petiolis -75 cm., cymis 3—9-floris pedunculis 20—30 mm. longis, pedicellis 4 mm. longis, sepalis exterioribus 1°5 mm. interioribus 3 mm. diam., petalis 3 mm. longis latisque, capsulis extus viridibus intus palli- dis 1 cm. longis his 1—2 cm. latis seminibus 8 mm. longis his 7 mm. latis testa aurantiaca, arillo pallido, arillodio rubro 6 mm. alto.
Ditters from G. zeylanicum by its rounded branches, thicker broader leaves with margins entire, by its much smaller flowers with petals flat and not reflexed at the margin, and by its rather shallower arillode. The true arillus is identical in both and the margin of the arillode is similarly lobed.
3. GLYPLOPETALUM GRIFFITHII.
In montibus Misumi; Griffith (n. 1996).
Arbuscula ? glabra ramulis glabris sub-4-gonis, foliis membranaceis leete-virentibus, elliptico-oblongis apice acuminatis basi cuneatis margine parce et minute dentatis, nervis 6—7-paribus subtus prominentibus,
210 D. Prain—T'wo additional species of Glyptopetalum. [ No. 2, 1891.]
petiolis distinctis ; cymis axillaribus paucifloris densis pedunculis semel divisis, pedicellis elongatis ; floribus ...... ; capsula 1—4-sperma rotun- data loculicidim dehiscente; seminibus oblongis pendulis basi tantum arillodio carnoso obtectis ; embryone intra albumen carnosum orthotropo, cotyledonibus oblongis foliaceis, radicula brevi.
Arbuscula P foliis oppositis 1O—15 cm. longis his 6—9 cm. latis, petiolis 1 cm. longis, cymis 3-floris pedunculis 2—4 mm. longis pedicellis 8-—9 mm. longis, sepalis omnibus 2°5 mm. diam., capsulis extus leete- viridibus intus pallidis 1 em. longis his 1—2 cm. latis seminibus 8 mm. longis his 7 mm. latis, arillodio 2°56 mm. alto.
This species is well distinguished by its very short cymes with peduncles shorter than the pedicels and by its much shallower arillode. The sepals are all of equal size, the capsules externally are not distin- guishable from those of G. zeylanicum.
4, GLYPTOPETALUM SCLEROCARPUM Kurz. (f. B. I. 1, 613). PEGU.
5. GLYPTOPETALUM GRANDIFLORUM Beddome. (F. B. I. i, 613). INDIA AUSTRALIS.
PRAIN, Journ Asiat Soc. Bengal VolLX. Pudl1gol,
K.P. Dass delw.
‘ A.D. Molla,se.
NEP RTA BELLE I Prain,
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JOURNAL
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
> OG @re=
Part lI.—NATURAL SCIENCE,
No. III.—1891.
IX.— Additional Uredineae from the Neighbourhood of Simla. By A. Barctay, M. B., Bengal Medical Service.
[Received 12th June, 1891; Read 1st July, 1891.] (With Plates IV and V.)
Since the completion of my Descriptive List of the Simla Uredineae, published in former volumes of the Journal of this Society I have found, or have been supplied with, 32 other species, which are described in the following pages. Of these 32 species, 4 are Uromyces (2 new), 11 Puccima (5 new), 3 Phragmidia (all new), 1 Xenodochus (new), 2 Melampsora (1 new), 5 isolated Aecidial Forms (3 probably new), and 6 isolated Uredo Forms (5 probably new). Of the 32 species described, therefore, probably 20 are new.
HEMIUROMYC&SS. Uromycrs VIGNAE, n. 5.
On Vigna vewillata, Benth.
I found this plant (on Tara Devi) towards the end of August im- mensely attacked by a species of Uromyces. The leaves were sometimes almost blackened with pustules. These were irregularly scattered over the leaf blade on both surfaces, but more freely over the lower
28
212 A. Barclay— Additional Uredineae from Simla. [No. 3,
surface; and it appeared to me’ probable that they first emerged from this surface, and later from the upper surface, at a more advanced stage. Each pustule was round and convex, and without any paling of tissue around. On a few of the younger leaves I found some paler brown uredo pustules, on both surfaces of the leaf. Except in colour they were similar to the teleutospore pustules.
The wredospores are brownish red, oval to round, thin walled, very spiny, and with a few immature teleutospores among them (PI. V, fig. 19). They measured when fresh and just wetted 26-19 x 19—18u.
The telewtospores are deep brown, oval, very deciduous, with a portion of colourless stalk adherent, with a pale brown shallow mammilla at the free end, a clear nuclear vesicle, a germ pore just under the mamumilla, and a smooth surface (Pl. V, fig. 19). The fresh spores just wetted measured 35—27 x 22—20u. The portion of adherent stalk measured up to 40u in length. These spores refused to germinate, probably requiring a period of rest. But some uredospores germinated throwing out simple long unbranched tubes.
As this host is nearly related to Lathyrus sativus, I at first thought the fungus must be the same as that I have described elsewhere* on that plant, namely, Uromyces Pisi, Pers.; but the uredospores of the fungus on Vigna are considerably smaller, whilst the teleutospores are larger. It is therefore probable that the species I have here described is different, and I have named it Uromyces Vignae.
Uromyces AGROPYRI, n. s. On Agropyrum, sp.
This grass was collected also by Mr. Lace at Ralli (Bashahr), 7,000 feet, in October.
On some leaves there were light brown pustules on both leaf surfaces, and these contained uredospores. Other pustules were long, linear and black on the under leaf surface, somewhat resembling pustules of P. graminis.
The wredospores are round to oval, pale brown, densely warted, with several germ pores (4 to 5), and measured when just wetted 23-20 x21 —19p.
The feleutospores are lightly adherent to their beds, coming off with a small piece of stalk attached. They are light yellowish brown, much thickened at the apex, smooth on the surface, with a clear nuclear vesicle, measuring when just wetted 37—28 x 18—16p.
Hitherto, so far as Iam aware, this genus of grasses was known to
* Journal of Botany, Sept. 1890.
SO A. Barclay—Additional Uredineae from Simla. 213
harbour only two species of Puccinia (P. graminis aud P. coronata). This is therefore probably a new species.
URromyYces PULVINATUS, Kalchb. et Cooke. ?
On Huphorbia hypericifolia, Linn. var. indica.
Mr. Lace collected a Puccinia on this species of Huphorbia in October in a low valley of Bashahr, about 6,000 feet above the sea level. The under-surfaces of the leaves were profusely covered with dark brown circular pustules, usually distinct from one another, but some- times coalescing. Thespores are readily scraped off. These consist of :— uredospores which are yellow, thin-walled, spiny, and 20 x 19u.; and teleutospores. These are small, brown, thick-walled, single-celled, with a small piece of stalk adhering (sometimes none), warted on the surface, and generally witha clear nuclear vesicle. When just wetted they measure 21—17 x 18—16yn.
Of the several species of Uromyces which inhabit species of Hu- phorbia the one I have just described comes nearest U. pulvinatus, Kalchb. et Cooke, and U. Myristica, B. et B. The former has been described from South Africa, and the latter from North America. In size of spore the Himalayan fungus resembles the former more than the latter ; but the spores of U. pulvinatus are smooth, whilst those of U.
Myristica are punctated like mine. MICRUROMYCES or LEPTUROMYCES. Uromycrs AmMBrans, Cooke.
On Buxus sempervirens, Linn.
Specimens of this fungus were gathered by Mr. Lace in the Bhabar Valley, Bashahr (6,000 feet) in October. The leaves were studded with circular patches 1—4 mm. in diameter. Some of these were orange yellow, and others pale in the centre, but surrounded by a black circle. The centres of all patches contained very prominent papillae (sper- mogonia?). All the pustules were hypophyllous. In the ease of patches which were not black the central papillae were surrounded by a circular mound covered with epidermis. This mound was a cireular covered spore pustule. The spores were orange red, but as they were thick walled and otherwise hke immature teleutospores I do not regard them as uredospores. The black circles surrounding the other patches were naked teleutospore beds. The spores from such parts are large, yellowish brown, round to oval, fairly firmly adherent, coming off usually with a short stalk or none, thick walled, showing a distinct pore at the
214 A. Barclay—Additional Uredineae from Simla. [No. 3,
summit which is not thickened. Their surfaces were smooth, and they measured when just wetted 44—40 x 36—34yp. This is doubtless Uromyces ambiens, but I have no access to the
measurements of the spores. Cooke’s specimens apparently came from the Himalayas.
HEMIPUCCINIA, Puccinta Sorcu, Schw.
On Zea Mays, Linn.
T had long searched in fields of maize for a Uredine, but without guccess until 1890 when I found it in some fields at Mashobra. Up to this time I was acquainted with the fungus only on Sorghum vulgare, on specimens of the plant sent to me for examination from the Poona district. But this is absolutely the first record of its existence on maize in India, so far as Tam aware. My specimens were gathered early in October. Pustules were found abundantly on both leaf surfaces, some covered entirely with a scale of epidermis, whilst others were more or less naked. The covered pustules contained uredospores, the naked ones mostly teleutospores, and the perfectly matured open ones, canal are inky black, only teleutospores. Some pustules were minute and circular, others long and even linear.
The wredospores are pale brownish red, round to oval, beset with shallow warts or short spines, and measure when just wetted 30—26 x 26—20u. By applying sulphuric acid I detected 3 germ pores in each spore, arranged around the short equator.
The teleutospores are firmly attached, breaking off with a portion of stalk adhering. They are reddish brown, rounded at both ends, thicken- ed at the free end, constricted at the septum, and apparently smooth on the surface. When just wetted they measured 42—32 x 18—l6m. They refused to germinate immediately after ripening. There were no paraphyses.
This fungus is much more like Puce. Sorght than that which grows on Sorghum vulgare, and which I have described elsewhere.* In the first place the fungus on Zea has no paraphyses, and in the second the measurements of both uredo- and teleutospores approximate those given for Pucc. Sorght much more closely. In the publication above alluded to I referred the parasite on Sorghum with hesitation to P, Sorghi. I am now inclined to think that the latter is a different species. Lastly, even later I found a Puccinia on Pennisetum typhoidewm, Rich. (Bajra)
* Journal of Botany, Sept. 1890.
1891.] A. Barclay—Additional Uvredineae from Simla. 215
at Hrode in the Madras Presidency, which is undoubtedly the same as that on Sorghum. As neither of these fungi (on Sorghum and Pennisetum) are Himalayan I shall not describe them in detail here; but in order to enforce my argument that the fungus on Zea is P. Sorghi, whilst that on Sorghum and Pennisetum is a different species, which I shall call Puccinia Penniseti, I subjoin in tabular form their salient characters.
n Apical Germ pores Host. Uredospores. | Teleutospores. | Paraphyses. sifclkeratns: GUE esp spores. Pennisetum |34—30 x 24—22|18— 44x 29—26] present. none. 2 Sorghum ... |84—30 x 22—20/50—41 x 29-22] present. none. 4—5 Zea ... [30 — 26 x 26— 20/42 -32 x 18-16) none. present. 3
Pouccrnta Hunist, De-Toni ? On Angelica glauca, Hdew.
This plant was found by Dr. G. Watt at Fagoo in August, bearing uredo- and teleutospore pustules, both minute, discrete, and hypophyl- lous; but whilst the former are pale yellow, the latter are dark brown to black. Both kinds of pustule occurred together on the same leaf.
The uredospores are round to oval, very pale yellow, very spiny, and when just wetted 30 — 24 x 25 — 20u. (PI. IV, fig. 9).
The teleutospores are deep brown, rounded at both ends, slightly constricted at the septum, coming off with little or no stalk adhering, not thickened as arule at the free end, and tuberculated over both cells (PI. IV, fig. 9). They are sometimes irregular in shape. They measured when just wetted 38 — 22 x 22m.
This is possibly Pucc. Hllisi, though both the uredo- and teleuto- spores of this last mentioned species are larger, the former measuring 35 — 30 x 30 — 24, and the latter 40 — 35 * 25 — 20m. It is certainly not Puce. Angelicae, Schum. which shows a tendency to erupt along the nerves, among other differing characters.
Pouccinta Castacnet, Thiim P
On Apiwm graveolens, Linn.
I have hitherto confused a fungus on this host with Puce. Pim- pinellae, Strauss ; but it is certainly distinct.
The wredospores are very pale brown, covered sparsely with spines, and with three germ pores, each covered with a hyaline semilunar
216 A. Barclay—Additional Uredineae from Simla. [No. 3,
thickening, like that described in Puce. Prenanthis. Through each of these a commencing germ tube protrudes, but one only develops fully. They are in pustules mostly hypophyllous, but some few epiphyllous. These uredospores afford another instance of extremely long retained power to germinate. I put some spores scraped off from leaves gathered on the 3lst October into water on the 13th June, and found on the following day that many had germinated most freely, although the ac- companying teleutospores remained ungerminated.
The teleutospores are brownish yellow, very irregular in shape, the septum often oblique, and even perpendicular, slightly constricted at the septum, generally not thickened at the free end, though sometimes slightly so, mostly rounded at both ends, but sometimes with the lower cell narrowing towards the stalk (Pl. V, fig. 18). After lying 24 hours in water these spores measured 41 — 26 x 24 — 18p.
This is possibly Pucc. Castagnei, whose teleutospores are said to be very irregular and to measure 46 — 36 x 24 — 18.
Pouccinta HULALIAE, 0. 8. On Pollinia japonica, Haeck.
The leaves of this grass presented dark reddish brown linear pustules, mostly on their under-surfaces. These pustules contained uredo- and teleutospores with numerous capitate paraphyses.
The wredospores are oval or pyriform, pale brown, and spiny, and measure when just wetted 30 — 28 x 21 — 20p.
The teleutospores are reddish brown: the upper cell is rounded and not thickened specially anywhere; the lower is broadly wedge-shaped. The surface of the spores is smooth, and they usually have a short piece of stalk adhering. They measure when just wetted 38 — 34 x 20 — 18p. The paraphyses are numerous, reddish brown, capitate, the heads measuring about 16m. in diameter.
This is probably a new species.
MICROPUCCINIA. PUCCINIA EXCELSA, 0. 8. On Phlomis lamiifolia, Royle.
I found this plant early in September on the summit of the Huttoo peak bearing Puccinia pustules. I next found it, about the same time at Mahasu, a hill close to Simla. The leaves were densely bespattered on the under surfaces with fairly large, round to oval, dark brown, almost black, circular hemispherical pustules, with a smaller less fre-
1891.] A. Barclay—Additional Uredineae from Simla. 217
quent epiphyllous eruption opposite the beds below. The upper surface of attacked leaves is rendered conspicuous by the yellow zones surround- ing the pustules. Pustules were also found on the petiole and smaller stems, though not so frequently.
The spores are fairly easily detached, coming off as a rule with no portion of stalk adhering. They are dark brown, somewhat irregular in size and shape, mostly distinctly constricted at the septum, and mostly narrowing towards the free end, where there is a slight pale mammilla or conical thickening (Pl. V, fig. 12). At the base the spore is sometimes rounded, and sometimes narrowed. It is smooth on the surface. The fresh spores examined at once in water measure 40 — 28 x 18 — 14y.
No uredospores are apparently formed by this species, since I got specimens of teleutospores from the earliest stages of development. The teleutospores would not germinate immediately after ripening.
There isno doubt, I think, that this fungus is distinct from) 2. Phlomidis, Thiim.
LEPTOPUCCINIA. PuccINIA osTALIS, Berk. ?
On Ranunculus hirtellus, Royle.
I found seedlings of this plant bearing teleutospore pustules on the Mattiana hill on the 4th September. The pustules were quite young, and there was no trace of uredospore. The teleutospore pustules were small, dark, circular, and hypophyllous, with spots of paling on the upper leaf surface. These pustules were confined to the youngest leaves, and were never found on the upper ones. The pustules had a distinct though not pronounced circinate arrangement. The spores are very firmly adherent ; they are long, more or less spindle-shaped, pale yellowish brown, much thickened and conica: >4 the free end, well constricted at the septum, and narrowing towards the stalk. The surface is smooth (Pl. V, fig. 13). In scrapings I noticed many empty spore cases, and I presume therefore that the species is a Leptopuccinia. When just wetted the spores measured 61 — 46 x 23 — 8u, the apical thickening being 10 — 44 in depth. I placed some spores in water on the 10th September, and on the following day found some had germinated. The sporidia are oval or somewhat semilunar, colourless, and 13 x 6m, in measurement. ‘The sterigmata are four in number, short, conical, and pointed, and together with the whole premycelium colourless.
This is possibly P. ustalis, Berk.; but I pave no access to the spore measurements.
218 A. Barelay—Additional Uredineae from Simla. [No. 3,
MICRO or LEPTOPUCCINIA. PUCCINIA DOLORIS, Speg. ? On Erigeron alpinus, var. multicaulis, Wall.
This plant, harbouring a species of Puccinia, was gathered by Mr. Lace on the 27th August near the banks of the Sutlej in Bashahr, at an elevation of about 7,000 feet. The under surfaces of the leaves bore numerous large black pustules, irregularly scattered as a rule, but sometimes with several smaller pustules in a circlet around a larger central one. Most pustules were naked, but some were covered over with a scale of epidermis. Though most pustules are hypophyllous some few are on the upper leaf surface.
The spores are readily detached, coming off with only a very small fragment of stalk adhering. They are yellowish brown, rounded at both ends, well constricted at the septum, thickened and broadly conical at the free end, beset externally over both cells with shallow short ridges and tubercles, and measuring when just wetted 42—34 x 18—16u. The thickening at the free end is usually 64 in depth. I placed them in water in October, but they did not germinate.
This fungus resembles Pucc. doloris as described by De-Toni* in many respects, and I have accordingly named itso. But as P. doloris is known only, so far as I am aware, from the Argentine Republic, it is quite possible that the Himalayan species is distinct.
PouccrtntA SAXIFRAGAE-MICRANTHAE, nN. S. On Sazifraga micrantha, Kdew.
Mr. Lace collected this plant, bearing a Puccinia, in Bashahr at an elevation of 9,500 feet. On the under leaf surfaces were a number of minute, circular, discrete, brown pustules, sometimes very numerous.
The teleutospores are readily detached, and many were found to be empty. The species is probably therefore a Leptopuccinia. They are pale brown, not thickened anywhere, with a slight apical mammilla, usually slightly constricted at the septum, but sometimes considerably so, and somewhat irregular in size and shape. When just wetted they measure 35 — 26 x 14.— 12u. I placed these spores in water, but none germinated. There were no uredospores in the specimens sent to me.
This species is quite distinct from Pucc. Saxifragae-ciliatae mihi. It is also evidently distinct from P. Sawifragae, Schlect.
* Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum.
1891. | A. Barclay—Additional Uredineae from Simla. 219
PUCCINIA CAUDATA, n. s. On Stellaria paniculata, Rdew.
Dr. G. Watt collected this plant in Narkanda, bearing a Puccinia. The teleutospore beds are dark brown, well raised with a circinate tendency, and hypophyllous, with paled patches on the upper leaf surface. The spores are very adherent, more or less spindle-shaped, pale brown, well constricted at the septum, usually much thickened at the apex, with a long piece of adherent stalk (often twice, or a little more, than the whole length of the spore) and measuring 37 — 28 x 16 — 13p. CPI Wie, Nie )e
This is evidently not P. Arenariae, Schum. and I have regarded it as a New species.
PUCCINIA CRASSA, 0. 8.
On Pimpinella Grifithiana, Boiss.
This was gathered by Mr. Lace in Znarat in Afchanistan at 8,000 feet. The teleutospore pustules are dark brown and hypophyllous. The spores are brown, almost rounded at both ends, but diminishing somewhat towards the stalk, of which a small fragment remains adherent. They are slightly constricted at the septum, and slightly thickened at the apex (Pl. V, fig. 16). When just moistened the spores measure 50 — 41 x 24 — 224. The epispore has shallow tubercles over both cells. They would not germinate.
This fungus is quite distinct from P. Pimpinellae, Strauss which is one of the most common of the Uredineae in Simla. Neither are the spores like any of the other species inhabiting Pimpinella described by De-Toni* (except perhaps P. Pumpinella, St var. Hryngii, D.C) It is I think a new species.
PUCCINIA PULVINATA Rabenh. ?
On Echinops niveus, Wall.
A Puccinia on this host was gathered for me by Dr. G. Watt in Simla. The leaves had numerous minute well raised black pustules all epiphyllous. The spores are readily detached from their beds. The plant was in full flower inclining to seed. The spores come off some- times with a long piece of stalk attached, sometimes with a short. The spore surface is studded with shallow tubercles, They are brown, slightly constricted at the septum, mostly rounded at both ends, the free end slightly thickened. Most spores were found empty, so they
* Saccardo, loc. cit.
29
220 A. Barclay—Additional Uredineae from Simla. [No. 3,
presumably germinate at once. They measure when just wetted 52 — 45 « 24 — 22u,
This is possibly Puccinia pulvinata, though the measurements given by De-Toni are greater than mine (68 — 51 x 38 — 3o,).
PHRAGMIDIUM.
PHRAGMIDIUM LACEIANUM, nN. s.
On Potentilla argyrophylla, Wall.
I first received specimens of this plant harbouring a parasite from Mr. Lace, who gathered them in Bashahr. Subsequently I found specimens myself at Narkanda, and Dr. J. Murray procured specimens at Sarhan in Kulu.
The uredo pustules are bypophyllous, brilliantly orange red, discrete, but often so numerous as to give an appearance of coalescence. Hach individual pustule is circular and minute. The spores are round to oval or pyriform, bright orange red, spiny, and measuring when just wetted 24 — 20 x 18 — 16p (Pl. IV, fig. 3).
The teleutospore pustules are also hypophyllous, black, circular, discrete. The spores are deep brown, on stalks which narrow gradually away from the spore. They are mostly five-celled; but some are four and some six-celled. The surface is apparently smooth, the free end rounded and slightly thickened, with usually a minute colourless papilla. When just wetted they measure 132 — 94 x 50 —41p. I could not detect any germ pores; and they would not germinate immediately after ripening.
The specimens sent by Mr. Lace, and those collected by myself were on the red flowered variety, whilst those collected by Dr. Murray were on the yellow flowered variety, ‘This fact may tend to confirm the view taken in Hooker’s Flora of British India that these two are varieties of the same species.
This fungus is, I think, distinct from any of the three noted in Saccardo’s Sylloge as inhabiting species of Potentilla. It is not Phr. Fragariastri, D. C., which has warty teleutospores, 75 — 45u long and 3—5 celled. Itis not Phy. Potentillae, Pers. which has smooth teleuto- spores, 90 x 26u,and 3—7 celled. And it is not Phr. Tormentillae, Fuck. which has spores often bent, 115 x 28u, 3—8 celled, and light brown.
PHRAGMIDIUM NEPALENSE, n. s.
On Potentilla nepalensis, Hook.
I found this host in September attacked with a Phragmidium at Mattiana, some miles towards the interior from Simla. The host at
1891. ] A. Barclay— Additional Uredineae from Simla. 221
that time was in flower and held both uredo- and teleutospore pustules. Both pustules were mainly hypophyllous, but a few (especially uredo pustules) were epiphyllous.
The uredo pustules are very brilliantly orange red and circular, but were often so closely aggregated that they ran together. The spores are round or oval, or more or less irregular in shape, and bright orange red (PI. IV, fig. 2). They varied much in size, 28 — 22 x 22 — 17. There were no paraphyses.
The telewtospore pustules are much smaller and appear like minute black dots scattered about irregularly. The spores are very dark brown, generally constricted at the septa, apparently with 2—4 pores to each cell, 2—5 celled, but usually 4 celled, with a small and inconspicuous mamunilla at the free end, looking more like a slight general thickening of the epispore (Pl. IV, fig. 2). The stalk is long, thin, and inflated at some distance from the attachment to the spore, the inflation containing orange red matter. Normal 4 celled spores measured when just wetted 68 — 66 x 26 and a 3 celled spore 54 x 24.
Of the three species of Phragmidiwm on species of Potentilla de- scribed by De-Toni* only one, namely, Phr. Fragariastri has so few cells to each spore, and the one I have just described is, I think, not identical with it. I have therefore named it Phragmidium nepalense.
PHRAGMIDIUM OCTOLOCULARE, 0. 5S. On Rubus rosaefolius, Smith.
The general appearance of the teleutosporic stage of this fungus (the only one I know it in) is very like that of Phr. Barclay, Dictel,+ with somewhat large circular pulverulent hypophyllous pustules.
The teleutospores are dark brown 7—9 celled usually, but mostly 8-celled. The surface is distinctly and coarsely tuberculated, and at the free end there is sometimes a minute colourless papilla, but often none. The stalk is long, swells up somewhat in water, is inflated away from the spore, and this lower part of the stalk swells, more than the upper part adjoining the spore (PI. IV, fig. 1). The stalk is not unlike that of Phr. Barclayi. After lying 24 hours in water the gelatinous sheath shrinks upwards towards the spore, leaving a central axis with orange red swellings at the ends. The spore is constricted at each septum to a slight degree. Hach cell of the sporeis more flattened from above downwards than in the last mentioned species, the vertical depth of each cell being L0u against 14 in Phr. Barclayr. The spores (taking
* Saccardo, loc. cit. + I incorrectly regarded it as Phr. Rubi, Pers., in my Descriptive List.
222 A. Barclay—Additional Uredineae from Simla. [No. 3,
those which have 7—9 cells) measure when recently wetted 130 — 94 x 23 — 254 but exceptionally a spore of only two cells may be found, measuring 44 x 244. I have not observed the germination of these speres; but some spores collected in autumn and put into water did not germinate, and from this I conclude that they must rest. On the other hand some of these spores showed a cell here and there empty; so ap- parently under special conditions they may also germinate at once,
Tam inclined to regard this fungus as distinct from Phr. Barclayi and Phr. quinqueloculare, mili. If it be identical with either, it is with Phr. Barclay; but the spores of the latter are usually 6-celled with smooth surface (or with very shallow inconspicuous warts) somewhat less in length and greater in diameter. 1am also unable to match it with any of the six species described by De-Toni* on species of Rubus. I propose naming it Phragmidiwm octoloculare.
XEN ODOCHUS.
XENODOCHUS CLARKIANUS, 0. sg. On Astilbe rivularis, Ham.
This fungus was collected by Dr. Clark in the Cheog forest about the beginning of August. On one specimen there were large irregular aecidial patches, especially on the stem, accompanied by hypertrophy, just like that caused by Phragmidiwm subcorticiwm on Rosa moschata. These aecidia were exceedingly brilliantly orange red: they occurred also on leaves. The spores are very bright orange red, in rows, squarish or oblong, densely warted, thickened a little at one end (seen best in empty spores) (Pl. IV, fig. 5). They measure 31 — 26 x 26 — 22y. There were no paraphyses.
But much more numerous were orange waxy looking beds, which to the naked eye resembled Coleosporium beds. These in many places simply covered the under leaf surface. I noticed that in some parts these orange waxy beds were gradually changing, and at others had changed into black beds, naked, and under a field lens looking like Puccinia beds. The spores from the latter are scraped off with difficulty, and when examined under the microscope presented characters most like those I have read described as Xenodochus spores. They have characters, as far as I am able to judge, termediate between this genus and Phragmidiwm. The spores were in rows, usually 5 to 6 in each row, pale brown, rows being sometimes transversally septate, at others irregularly in various obliquities. The rows of spores were some-
* Saccardo, loc. cit.
1891.] A. Barclay—Additrional Uredineae from Simla. 223
times closely amalgamated with rows on either side. Hach spore of a regular row measured about 16 x 13m (Pl. IV, fig. 4). I placed these spores in water, but they refused to germinate.
This is apparently a new species of Xenodochus. It differs con- siderably from X. carbonarius, Schlect. in which the aecidiospores are 28 — 16 x 20 — 15u and among which there are paraphyses. Moreover, in the last named species the teleutospore rows have 10 to 20 loculi.
MELAMPSORA.
MELAMPSORA CILIATA, 0. s. On Populus ciliata, Wall.
This host is abundant in Simla, and many are occasionally attacked by a species of Melampsora. The uredo stage makes its appearance in August or September.
The uredo pustules are minute and discrete, but often very abun- dant ; they are light yellow, and entirely hypophyllous, with scattered yellow dots on the upper leaf surface. The spores are pale orange red, mostly oval, pretty densely covered with spines, thick walled, and measure when fresh 30 — 21 x 22 — 20u (Pl. V, fig. 15). They are borne singly on stalks, and among them are some capitate paraphyses, with heads very distinctly, and often greatly thickened at the free end (Pl. V, fig. 15).
The teleutospore beds are at first orange red, but become brown later. They are entirely hypophyllous. The spores are in compact beds and each spore measures 34 — 30 x 9 — 8u.
This fungus is, I think, different from any of the three described by De-Toni. This will be apparent when the characters are shown tabularly.
Uredospores. | Teleutospores. | Paraphyses. Remarks.
M. Tremulae, Tul. |24—15 x 18 —13/55 —45 x 12—11|Clavate, 9-15.
M. aecidioides, D.C. 24-17 x17—15 P Clavate. M. populina, Jacq. |38-~-28 x 20 — 15/45 —40 x 13 Capitate, 20-17. jeviphyllous.
M. ciliata, mihi ... ie ~21 x 22—20)84—380x9—8 |Capitate. hypophyllous.
MutLampsora AncrIpIoIpES, D. C.? On Populus alba, Lin.
Mr. Lace sent me specimens of the leaves of this plant collected at an elevation of 8,500 feet on the 30th August. The under surfaces
224 A. Barclay— Additional Uredineae from Simla. [No. 3,
were almost wholly covered with brilliant orange red pustules, minute and discrete, though from their enormous numbers they at first sight appeared to be coalescing. The upper leaf surface is profusely flecked with yellow discoloured spots. The spores are orange red, thick walled, spiny, and measure when just wetted 24 —21x18—16u. There were no teleutospores.
It is impossible from the uredo spores alone to determine the exact position of this fungus. Possibly it is M. aecidioides which occurs also on Populus alba. The uredospore measurements coincide very closely with those I have just described, but M. aecidioides has paraphyses whilst the Himalayan form has not.
ISOLATED AECIDIA.
AxEcIDIUM CUNNINGHAMIANUM, Nn. 8.
On Cotoneaster bacillaris, Wall.
IT found the leaves of this plant bearing several characteristic Roestelia patches first on the Mahasu hill by the road side; then fairly abundantly in Narkanda; and lastly, scarcely in Mashobra. These were found at the end of August. In all these localities, especially Narkanda and Mashobra, I did not see a single Cupressus tree, and this inclines me to regard the fungus as distinct from Gymmnosporangiwm Cunninghami- anum, mihi. The leaf patches were red above, with long filiform peridia on the lower surface, about 3-5 mm. in length. From one to five such patches were found on a single leaf. On superficial examination this fungus looks different from Gymnosporangium Cunninghamianum, al- though the peridium bursts in the same way, namely, by irregular slits on the tube sides. With a field lens numerous spermogonia could be seen on the upper leaf surface.
The aecidiospores are yellowish brown, round or oval, densely beset with minute and very shallow warts, and with apparently numer- ous germ pores (the addition of sulphuric acid discloses eight pores). These spores measure 28 — 26 x 28 ~ 24u (Pl. IV, fig. 7) The peridial cells are paler in colour than the aecidiospores, elongated, separating readily from one another laterally, very spiny (not ridgy), and measure from 60 — 58 x 26 — 24m (Pl. IV, fig. 7). ‘he aecidiospores would not germinate in water.
Had it not been for the absence, as far as I could see, of Cupressus trees in tbe neighbourhood of these aecidial patches, I should have been disposed on the whole to regard this fungus as G. Cunninghamianum ; and, indeed, this identity is still quite possible, since it is by no means easy to be certain that no Cypress tree exists in the forests in those
1891. ] A. Barclay—Additional Uredineae from Simla. 225
regions. In support of the view of identity are the manner of dehiscence of the peridium, and the closely corresponding sizes of the aecidiospores and the peridial cells (the former in the case of G. Cunninghamianum being on an average 28°6x24°6u, and the latter 70 x 22). I should note also that the peridial tubes of the aecidium on Cotoneaster are somewhat longer than those on Pyrus (in the latter they are 1 to 2 mm)
The only Aesidium known on Cotoneaster is Aec. Mespili, D. O.; but the aecidiospores of this species are 24 — 19u. in diameter, and I do not think the Simla species can be the same. Until more is known of its life history I propose naming it Aec. Ownninghamianum, believing that it will probably prove to be identical with Gymnosporangium Cun- ninghamianum, mihi.
Axrcrpium Mort, n. s.
On Ficus palmata, Forsk.
I found this plant first attacked in a valley to the north of Mashobra, and subsequently in Simla itself during October. The leaves are often densely covered with an orange red eruption. In some cases the whole of the lower leaf surface was a mass of these bright pustules. But although the eruption is mainly hypophyllous it is also largely epiphyl- lous. With a field lens it is difficult to determine the nature of the fungus. Hach spore heap is very minute, but shreds of white tissue are seen about them. Under the microscope however, all doubt ceases, for there are very characteristic peridial cells, and the fungus is con- sequently an Aecidiwm. But itis a very remarkable one in having so amall and inconspicuous a peridium. To the naked eye the fungus resembles a Uredo form. The spore beds are scattered irregularly all over the leaf surface; but sometimes on somewhat swollen weals on the petiole and midrib. The aecidiospores are very brilliant orange red bodies, round to oval, and apparently smooth on the surface. When just wetted they measure 17 — 14 x 16—14y. The peridial cells are colourless and more delicate than usual. They are mostly six-sided and spiny or tuberculated. They measure 22 x18—15u. I placed some of the aecidiospores in water on the 17th of October, and a few were found to have germinated on the following day. The germ tube is long, simple, and unbranched.
Saccardo mentions a Puccinia sepulta, B. et C. on the leaves of a species of Ficus from Nicaragua and two Uredo forms (U. Fici, Cast. and U. ficicola, Speg.) ; but even supposing these Uredo forms are really Aecidia, the spores of the former are much too large, and those of the latter considerably larger than the Simla fungus to permit of their being considered identical. The Simla species is probably therefore new.
226 A. Barclay—Additional Uredineae from Simla. [No. 3,
This fungus is identical with that I have described as Caeoma Mori; and as 1 have subsequently found that the peridium is distinctly present though incoherent, I feel disposed to relinquish the name Caeoma Mori and to substitute Aecidium Mori. —
AECIDIUM FLAVESCENS, 0. 8S.
On Senecio rufinervis, D. C.
I found this plant in August bearing an Aecidiwm in the Mashobra woods. The aecidial patches are indicated conspicuously by brown patches with yellow irregular halos around them on the upper leaf surface. On the under surface the peridia are indistinctly seen against the white tomented natural leaf surface, as they are pale in colour. The peridia are densely aggregated together, and always on the under leaf surface. The tubes are short and open stellately. I counted from one to thirty-two aecidial patches on single leaves. The patches varied from a half to 2.c.m. in diameter. The aecidiospores are oval or round, pale orange red, measuring when well moistened 22 — 20 x 16 — 14m. The peridial cells are almost isodiametric, very rugose on the surface, with short ridges and spines, and measuring 28 —22 x 22 — 20n. OPM, NW, see, (2)
Later in the season leaves in the same locality bore uredospores, and still later teleutospores in the form of Coleosporiwm. I have un- fortunately had no opportunity of examining these forms.
Two species of Aecidia on species of Senecio are noted by Saccardo, Aec. Hualtatinum, Speg., and Aec. sclerothecium, Speg.; but the spores of the Simla species are much smaller than those of either of these two species.
Ancipiom AQuILEGIa, Pers. ? On Aquilegia vulgaris, Linn.
Mr. Lace collected this plant on the 9th August, 1890 at an eleva- tion of 10,000 feet bearing an Aecidiwm. The peridia are hy pophyllous, forming a patch of yellow below with a paled area above on which spermogonia may be seen with a field lens. The peridia open by a clean regular margin. The peridial cells are angular, almost isodiametrie, five to six-sided, spiny and ridgy, and about 26 x 20u. The aecidiospores are round or facetted when just scraped off, tuberculated, and 24 — 18 x 18 — 12p.
This fungus is very possibly Aec. Aquilegiae, Pers. though the spores in the latter are said to be larger (30 — 16 x 20 — 14.) and perhaps more spiny.
1891. ] A. Barclay—Additional Uredineae from Simla. 227
AECIDIUM ORBICULARE, 0. 8. On Clematis grata, Wall. 5 orientalis, Linn. Ba puberula, H. f. and T.
This Aecidium was sent to me first by Mr. Lace and Dr. Watt, and subsequently I found it myself at Mattiain on Clematis grata.
Aecidial patches were very numerous on stems, petioles, and leaves, causing considerable hypertrophy of stems and petioles, especially on Clematis grata. On leaves the peridia were markedly circinate in arrangement, and all were hypophyllous. The peridial tubes were long and cylindrical, and opened at the summit