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LATIN PHRASE-BOOK

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Il'^in phrase-book

rMEi

BY

SSNER

TRANSLATED FROM THE SIXTH GERMAN EDITION

WITH THE ADDITION OF SUPPLEMENTARY PHRASES AND REFERENCES

BY

H. W. AUDEN, M.A.

ASSISTANT MASTER AT FETTES COLLEGE, EDINBURGH ; LATE SCHOLAR

OF Christ's college, Cambridge, and bell

UNIVERSITY SCHOLAR

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iLontron

MACMILLAN AND CO.

AND NEW YORK 1894

All rights reserved

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PREFACE

Although, ideally speaking, a phrase-book should always be compiled by the pupil himself from his own individual observation, yet in these days, when an extended curri- culum tends to curtail considerably the amount of Latin read, it seems to me that anything which may help boys to some knowledge of Latinity in a short time is not wholly useless. Hence this translation. The use of such books as Meissner's Phraseologie involves no new and untried principles, witness the excellent results obtained in Germany, where the book has passed through six editions. It has also been translated into French (the translation is now in its third edition) and Italian.

My best thanks are due to Professor Meissner for his courtesy in allowing me to make this translation, also to Professor Pascal of Reims, to whose admirable trans- lation I am much indebted.

H. W. AUDEN.

Fettes College, Edinburgh, 1894.

CONTENTS

/i>

I. The World and Nature —

1. The World — Creation

2. The Earth and its Surface .

3. Water — Rivers — Sea

4. Fire

5. Air — Sky — Climate — Heavenly Bodies

6. Natural Phenomena

II. Space and Time —

1. Points of the Compass — Situation

2. Boundary — Territory — Distance

3. Road — Travel ....

4. Coming — Going ....

5. Riding — Driving

6. Walking — Footsteps — Direction

7. Movement in General

8. Time in General

9. Year — Seasons .... 10. Day — Divisions of the Day .

III. Parts of the Human Body

IV. Properties 'Of the Human Body —

1. Feelings. — Sensations — Powers

2. Birth — Life ....

3. Time of Life ....

I 2

3

5 6

7

9

10 II

13

14

15 16 18 21 22

24

29 30

32

Vlll

LA TIN PHRASE BOOK

4. Hunger — Thirst

5. Laughter — Tears

6. Health — Sickness

7. Sleep — Dreams .

8. Death .

9. Burial

V. Human Life ; its various Relations and Con

DITIONS —

1. Circumstance — Situation — Difficulty .

2. Commencement — End — Result

3. Cause — Motive — Origin ....

4. Regard — Importance — Influence — Power-

Inclination

5. Opportunity — Possibility— Occasion — Chanc

6. Success — Good Fortune ^ 7. Misfortune — Fate — Ruin

8, Danger — Risk — Safety - 9. Assistance — Deliverance — Consolation

10. Riches — Want — Poverty ....

1 1 . Utility — Advantage — Harm — Disadvantage ' 12. Goodwill — Kindness — Inclination — Favour

13. Benefit — Gratitude — Recompense .

14. Merit — Value — Reward ....

1 5. Requests — Wishes — Commissions — Orders » 16, Friendship — Enmity — Reconciliation .

17. Authority — Dignity

18. Praise — Approval — Blame — Reproach .

19. Rumour — Gossip — News — Mention .

20. Fame — Reputation

" 21. Honour — Disgrace^Ignominy

22. Effort — Industry — Labour — Exertion .

23. Business — Leisure — Inactivity — Idleness

24. Pleasure — Recreation ....

VI. The Mind ; its Functions —

I. Genius — Talent — Intelligence

75

CONTENTS

IX

9-

lO.

II.

12.

Imagination — Thought . Conceptions — Ideals — Perfection . Opinion — Prejudice — Conjecture .

Truth — Error

Choice — Doubt — Scruple . Knowledge — Certainty — Persuasion Plan — Advice — Deliberation . Resolve — Design — Intention . Object — Aim — Hesitation — Delay . Remembrance — Forgetfulness Theory— Practice — Experience

76

77 78 80 82

83

84

85 86

87 90

VII. The Arts and Sciences —

Scientific Knowledge in General — Litera

TURE

Learning — Erudition .... Culture — Civilisation .... Education — Instruction — School — Profes

SION

Example — Pattern — Precedent

Philosophy

The Parts of Philosophy System — Method — Principles . Species — Definition — Classification — Con nection

10. Proof — Refutation

11. Conclusion — Hypothesis — Inference

12. Debate — Controversy ....

13. Agreement — Contradiction .

14. Particular Sciences (History — Mythology —

Chronology — Geography — Mathematics — Natural Science-^Astronomy) ......

15. Art in General

16. Poetry — Music— Painting — Sculpture .

17. The Drama

91 93

95

96-

99

lOI

102 103

104 106 106 107 109

no

114

115 117

LATIN PHRASE BOOK

PACE

VIII. Speech and Writing —

1. Speech in Generai 120

2. Style — Expression 123

3. Delivery— Voice 129

4. Subject-Matter— Argument . . . .130

5. Question— Answer 131

6. Humour — Earnest 132

7. Language— Use of Language — Translation

— Grammar 133

8. Sentence— Period— Words— Proverbs— Syl-

lables ........ 13c

9. Writing— Writers — Books . . . .140 10. Letters 144

IX. The Emotions —

1. Disposition — Emotion in General.

2. Joy — Pain

3. Vexation — Care — Equanimity — Content

MENT — Affliction

4. Fear — Terror — Anxiety ....

5. Courage — Discouragement — Pusillanimity

— Pride — Arrogance — Insolence .

6. Presence of Mind — Composure— Despair

7. Hope — Expectation

8. Pity — Pardon — Want of Feeling — Cruelty ' 9. Love — Longing — Admiration — Enthusiasm

10. Belief — Confidence — Loyalty — Protection

— Promise — Veracity [fides, fidiicia)

11. Suspicion — Presentiment * 12. Hatred — ^Jealousy — Envy

13. Discontent — Anger — Revenge — Fury .

145 146

148 149

150 152

153 155 156

158 160 161 162

X. Virtues and Vices —

1. Virtue — Morality 164

2. Vice — Crime 165

3. Desire — Passion— Self-Control . . .166

CONTENTS

XI

PAGE

i68

XIII. Commerce and Agriculture —

1. Commerce in General — Purchase — Price

2. Money — Interest — Loans

3. Money-Matters — Accounts — Audit

4. Rate of Interest

5. Profit — Credit — Debt ....

4. Wrong — Insult — Outrage — Offence

5. Violence — Ambuscade — Threats

6. Appearance — Deceit — Falsehood — Derision

7. Duty— Inclination

8. Reason — Conscience — Remorse

9. Measure — Standard — Limit — Moderation ID. Morals — Immorality— Principles — Character 175

XI. Religion —

1. God — Worship

2. Religion — Religious Scruple — Oath

3. Belief — Unbelief — Superstition .

4. Prayers — Wishes — Vows .

5. Sacrifice — Festival ....

6. Oracle — Prodigies — Auspices — Presage

XII. Domestic Life —

1. The House and its different Parts

2. Domestic Matters — Property

3. Habitation — Clothing

4. Food — Drink

5. Subsistence in General .

6. Expenditure — Luxury — Prodigality

7. Hospitality

8. Sociability — Intercourse — Isolation

9. Conversation — Audience — Conference ID. Greeting — Farewell

11. Betrothal — Marriage — Divorce

12. Will — Inheritance ....

13. Custom — Usage

169

170 171 173 174

177 178 180 181 182 183

185 187 188 189 190 191 192

193 195 197 158 199 200

201 202 204 205 206

xu

LATIN PHRASE BOOK

6. Building

7. Agriculture-

-Management of Stock

XIV. The State—

1. Constitution — Administration — Government

2. Civil Rights— Rank

3. Dignity — Position — Honours — Pre-eminence

4. Public Meetings — Suffrage ....

5. Laws — Bills

6. Popular Favour — Influence — Unpopularity

7. Party-Spirit — Neutrality — Politics — Aris-

tocracy— Democracy ....

8. Demagogy — Revolution — Rebellion — An

ARCHY

9. Proscription — Confiscation — Banishment —

Amnesty

10. Power — Monarchy — Royalty .

11. Slavery^Freedom .

12. Revenue — Colonies — Provinces

13. Magistracies —

(a) Candidature — Election . {b) Particular Magistracies .

14. The Senate ....

XV. Law and Justice—

1. Law in General

2. Inquiry — Testimony — Torture

3. Process — Defence

4. Accusation — Verdict — Decision

5. Guilt

6. Punishment — Acquittal .

XVI. War—

1. Levies — Military Oath — Armies in General

2. Pay — Service — Commissariat .

3. Command — Discipline

4. Weapons

PAGE

208

208

210

216 217 219

220

223

224 226 227 228

230 233 235

237 239 240 241

243 244

246 248 249 250

CONTENTS	xiii
	PAGE
5. War	• 251
6. The Army on the March	• 253
7. The Camp	• ^^^
8. A Siege • \ • • ' 9. Before the FfGht	• 257
. 260
10. The Fight —
{a) The Fight in General ....	. 261
(^) The Attack ...»<* . . .	. 262
{c) Close Quarters	. 264
[d) Tactics — Reinforcements	264 i
{e) Successful Attack .....	265
(/) Retreat— Flight— Pursuit	. 266
{g) Defeat — Massacre — Wounds — Losses	. 267
II, Victory — Triumph	. 269
12. Truce— Peace — Treaties — Alliance	. 270
13. Conquest — Submission ....	. 271
XVII. Shipping —
I. Naval Affairs in General	. 272
2. Voyage — Shipwreck — Landing	• 273
3. A Naval Battle	• 275
Appendix	• 277
Latin Index	. 283

I. THE WORLD AND NATURE

I. THE WORLD— CREATION

reru7n or mundi universitas — the universe.

rerum natura or simply natura — creation ; nature.

haec omnia^ quae videmus — the visible world.

totius mundi convenientia et consensus — the perfect

harmony of the universe. deus mundum aedificavit^ fabricatus est^ ^ff^cit (not

creavit) ^ — God made the world. deus est mundi procreator (not creator)^ aedificator,

fabricator^ opifex rerum — God is the Creator of the

world. element a ; initia ox principia rerum — the elements. elemenia et taf?iquam se7?iina rerum — the elements and

first beginnings. nutus et pondus or simply nutus {poTrrj) — gravity.

^ Creare is usvially employed in the sense of producing, originating, causing, e.g. slmilitudo creat errorein ; pericuhim alicui creare. It has, however, occasionally the meaning to create, e.g. De Fin. rerum quas creat natura,

iE B

2 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

2. THE EARTH AND ITS SURFACE

orbis terrae, terraruin ^ — the earth ; the globe.

{terra) continens (B. G. 5. 8. 2) — the continent.

terra (regto) mediterranea — an inland region; the in- terior.

interior Asia ; interiora Asiae — the interior of Asia.

sinus m'bis (Sail. Cat. 52. 35) — the heart of the city.

in ipsam or intimain Graeciam penetrare — to pene- trate into the heart of Greece.

terra effert (more rarely y^r/,^ but not profert) fruges — the earth brings forth fruit, crops.

terra fundit fruges — the earth brings forth fruit abund- antly.

ani7nata {anijnalia) inaniniaque (not inani?nata) — animate and inanimate nature.

ea, quae terra gignit

ea^ quae e terra gignuntur

ea^ quae a terra stirpibus continentur

ea quorui7i stirpes terra continentur ^ (N. D. 2. 10. 26)

arbores stirpesque^ herbae stirpesque (DeFin. 5. 11. -^i)

radices agere (De Off. 2. 12. 73) — to take root.

genimas agere — to bud, blossom.

gemmae proveniunt — the trees are budding.

arbores frondescunt — the trees are coming into leaf.

rami late diffunduntur — the twigs are shooting out, spreading.

^ To the Romans orbis terraruin (more rarely orbis terrae) meant all those countries which made up the Roman Empire.

^ fei're is also used metaphorically, to produce, e.g. haec aetas perfectiun oratorem tulit (Brut. 12. 45).

the vegetable king- dom.

EARTH AND ITS SURFACE WATER 3

monies vestiti si/vis — wooded hills.

SU77WIUS moiis — the top of a mountain.

cubnina A/pmm — the summits of the Alps.

S2il) 7'adidbus montis^ i7i i7ifi77io 77i07tfe, sub 77i07ite — at the

foot of the mountain. siiperare Alpes^ Fyre7iaeu77i^ Apen7ii7iu77i ^ (both always in

the sing.) — to cross the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines. altissi77iis 77i07itibus U7idique C07tfi7teri — to be shut in on all

sides by very high mountains. prospectus est ad aliquid — one has a view over . . . ; one is

able to see as far as . . . collis leTiiter ab infi77io acclivis (opp. leTiiter a su77i77to

declivis) — a gentle ascent. ad extre77iu77i tu77iulu77i — on the edge of the hill. loca edita, superiora — heights, high ground. loca aspera et montuosa (Plane. 9. 22) — rough and hilly

ground. loca plaTia or simply plaTta — level country ; plains. saxa praerupta — steep rocks. loca tTtculta — uncultivated districts. loca deserta (opp. frequentid) — deserts. loca a77ioe7ta^ a77ioenitas locoruTti — pleasant districts ; charm- ing surroundings.

3. WATER— RIVERS— SEA

suf7i77ia aqua — the surface of the water. ex aqua exstare — to stand out of the water. aqua est u77ibilico telzus — the water reaches to the waist. aqua pectus aequat^ superat — the water is up to, is above, the chest.

^ ^\xi Pyrenaei monies, saltusocoxx (B. G. i. i. 7 ; B. C. i. 37, i).

4 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

{se) ex aqua emergere ^ — to come to the surface.

aquam ex flumine derivare — to draw off water from a

river. aquam ducere per hortum — to bring a stream of water

through the garden. aquae ductus (plur. aquarum ductus) ^ — a conduit ; an

aqueduct. agros irrigare — to irrigate fields. aqua viva, profluens (opp. stagnuvi) — running water. aqua iugis, perennis — a perpetual spring. frigidd, calidd /avari (P\in. Ep. 3. 5. 11) — to take a cold,

warm, bath. aquae, aquarum inops — ill-watered. fluctuare ox fluctuari — driven by the waves. fluctibus iactari — tossed hither and thither by the waves. fluctibus (undis) obrui^ submergi — to be engulfed. gurgltibus hauriri — to be drowned in the eddies. flu77ien citatum fertur — the river flows with a rapid

current. Jlumen imbribus auctum — a river swollen by the rain. flmnen super ripas effimditur\ the river is over its banks, flumen extra ripas diffluit J is in flood. /lumen agros inundat^ — the river floods the fields. flumen vado transire — to wade across, to ford a river.

■^ Also used metaphorically, e.g. {se) emej-gere ex malis (Nep. Att. II. i)to recover from misfortune. So emergere e fluctibus servitutis (Harusp. Resp. 23. 48).

^ aqicae duetto — the action, process of drawing off the water; canalis = \hQ. water-pipe, channel, conduit.

^ So metaphorically, aere alieno obriitum esse, to be over head and ears in debt ; nomen alicuius obruere perpetua oblivione, to drown a person's name in oblivion.

^ Inundation = ^/z/z/z'^, not inundatio which is post-classical.

SEA — FIRE 5

flumine secundo — with the stream ; downstream. flumine adverso — against the stream ; upstream. Rheniis oritur ox profliiit ex Alpibus — the Rhine rises in

the Alps. accessus et recessus aestuum — ebb and flow (of tide). decessus aestus — the ebb. aestiis 7naritimi 77iutuo accedenfes et recedefites (N. D. 2. 53.

132) — the alternation of tides. aestus ex alto se mcitat ifi. G. 3. 12) — the tide is coming in. aestu rursus ??iinuente — when the tide begins to go down. 7fiare ventorum vi agitatur et turbatur — there is a storm at

sea. mare mediufn or internum ^ — the Mediterranean Sea.

4. FIRE

ig?tem facere, accendere — to light, make a fire.

ignem tectis inferre, subicere — to set fire to houses.

ignem concipere, comprehendere — to take fire.

ignem excitare (pro Mur. 25. 51) — to make up, stir up a

fire. ignem a/ere — to keep up a fire.

accendere, incendere aedificia — to set buildings on fire. inflammare urbem — to set fire to a city. fla7nmis cornpi — to be devoured by the flames. incendio flagrare, or simply conflagrare, ardere (Li v. 30. 7)

— to be on fire, in flames. incendio deleri, absumi — to be burned to ashes. igni cremari, necari — to perish in the flames.

^ The Romans called it mare nostrum (B. G. 5. i). Similarly mare Oceanus (B. G. 3. 7), the Atlantic ; mare superum, the Adriatic (Att. 8. 16. i) ; 7?ia)'e infenun, the Etruscan Sea (Att. 8. 3. 5).

6 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

igfiem concla7nare — to raise an alarm of fire. ventus ignem distuUt (B. G. 5. 43) — the wind spread the conflagration.

5. AIR— SKY— CLIMATE— HEAVENLY BODIES

a'er terrae circumiectus or

circ2i7nfusus Vthe atmosphere.

a'er qui est terrae proxijuiis

susplcere ^ (in) caelum \

, ^ „ „ „ J to raise the eyes to heaven ;

oculos tollere, attollere ad\

, to look up to the sky.

caelum J

sub divo — in the open air.

orbis finiens (Div. 2. 44. 92) — the horizon.

caelum or natura caeli — climate.

caelum salubre, salubritas caeli (opp. grave, gravitas) —

healthy climate.

caeli tejuperatio 1 ,.

- . ^temperate chmate.

aer calore et jrigore temperatus \

caeli asperitas — rough climate. caeli varietas — variable climate.

caelestia — (i) the heavenly bodies, (2) celestial pheno- mena. sol oritur, occidit — the sun rises, sets. ortus, occasus soils — sunrise ; sunset. sol'^ {luna) deficit, obscuratur — the sun, moon, is eclipsed. soils defectio — an eclipse of the sun. luna crescit ; decrescit, senescit — the moon waxes, wanes.

^ suspicere is also used figuratively, to look up to, esteem, honour, e.g. viros, honores. Similarly despicere.

2 For an account of an eclipse vid. Li v. 44. 37.

NATURAL PHENOMENA 7

inotus stellarum co?islantes et rati — the regular courses of

the stars. cursiwi co7ificere in caelo — to run its course in the sky. caelum astris distinctu7n et ornatimi — the star-lit sky ; the

firmament. nox sideribiis illustris — a star-light night. stellae errajites^ vagae — the planets. stellae ifierratites (N. D. 2.'j

21. 54) Vthe fixed stars.

sidera certis locis infixa J orbis lacteus — the milky way. orbis signifer — the zodiac. vertex caeli, axis caeli, cardo caeli — the pole. orbis ^ pars {terrae\ cinguliis — a zone. orbis medius — the temperate zone.

6. NATURAL PHENOMENA

vocis imago, or simply imago ^ — an echo.

saxa voci respondent or resonant — the rocks re-echo.

ventus remittit (opp. increbrescit) — the wind is falling.

ventus cadit, cessat — the wind dies down, ceases.

ventis secundis, adversis uti — to have favourable, contrary,

winds. ventus se vertit in Africuni — the wind is turning to the

south-west. tempestas cooritur — a storm is rising. imber tenet (JAy. 23. 44. 6) — the rain continues. imbres repente effusi^r—iH sudden shower. tempestatem idoneam, bona?n nancisci — to meet with good

weather.

^ Also metaphorically, e.g. gloria viriiiti resoftai taviqiiani itnago (Tusc. 3. 3), glory is as it were the echo of virtue.

8 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

calor se frangit (opp. increscit) — the heat is abating.

sol ardet, urit — the sun burns, scorches.

ardore soils torrerl — to be dried up by the sun's heat.

tanta vis frigoris insecuta est^ ut — the frost set in so severely that . . .

frlgore {gelu) rigere, torpere — to be numb with cold.

frigore confici — to freeze to death.

aestus et frigoris patlente7n esse — to be able to bear heat and cold.

tempestas cum magno fragore (caeli) tonltrlbusque (Li v. i. 1 6) — a storm accompanied by heavy claps of thunder.

caelum tonitru contremit — the heavens are shaken by the thunder.

fulmina ^ 7?tica?tt — the lightning flashes.

fulmen locum tetigit — the lightning has struck some- where.

fulfnine tann. ici \ . ,,,.,.

^ .Vto be struck by lightnmg. de caelo langi, percuhx

fulmine ictus — struck by lightning.

eruptiones igniu7?t Aetnaeoru77i — an eruption of Etna.

Vesuvius evo77iit (more strongly eructai) ig7ies — Vesuvius

is discharging flame.

venti ab ortu soils fla7it — the east winds are blowing.

^ Used sometimes figuratively, e.g. ftdmen verborum, fubnina eloquentiae^ ftdmina fortunae (Tusc. 2. 2^), ftdmina imperii (Balb.

15- 34).

POINTS OF THE COMPASS SITUATION 9

II. SPACE AND TIME

I. POINTS OF THE COMPASS— SITUATION

spectare in (vergere ad) oriente??i {solem\ occidentem ^ {sole7n\

ad meridiem^ in septentriones — to lie to the east,

west, south, north. spectare inter occasutn so/is et septentriones — to be situate

to the north-west. Germania quae or Germaniae ea pars quae, ad orientein,

occidentem vergit — eastern, western Germany. est a septe7itrionibus collis — a hill lies to the north. situs loci — the situation of a place. natura loci — the natural position of a place. opportunitas loci (B. G. 3. 14) — the advantageous situation

of a place. opportuno loco situ7n or positum esse — to be favourably

situated. urds situ ad aspectum praeclara est — the city is very beauti- fully situated. oppidu?n 7?iari adidcet — the town lies near the sea. villa tangit via7n — the country-house stands near the road. oppidu77i colli i77ipositu77i est — the town stands on rising

ground. oppidu77i 7nonti subiectu7}i est — the town lies at the foot of

a mountain. promunturiu7n i7i 77iare procurrit — a promontory juts out

into the sea.

^ " The east " and " the west ^'' = orieiiiis, occidentis {soils) terrae, partes, regiones, gentes. The adjectives orientalis, occidentalis are not used in good Latin. The north, i.e. northern countries, is represented by terrae septentrionibtis sttbiectae ; the south by terra australis.

lo LATIN PHRASE BOOK

paeiiinsula in mare exciirrit^ procui'rit — a peninsula pro- jects into the sea. promiinturium superare — to double a cape. urbs in sijiu sita est — the city is situate on a bay.

2. BOUNDARY— TERRITORY— DISTANCE

ta?igere, attingere terrani\ to be contiguous, adjacent

finiti77iiim ^ esse terrae J to a country.

continentem esse terrae or cum terra (Fam. 15. 2. 2) —

to have the same boundaries ; to be coterminous. Gallia Rhodano continetur {vid. p. 46, note) — Gaul is

bounded by the Rhine. Rhodamis Sequdnos ab Helvetiis dividit — the Rhine is the

frontier between the Helvetii and the Sequani. fines (imperii) propagare J extendere, {longius) proferre — to

enlarge the boundaries of a kingdom. (ex) finibus excedere — to evacuate territory. in Sequanis — in the country of the Sequani. in Sequanos proficisci — to invade the territory of the

Sequani. porrigi ad septentriones — to stretch northwards. haec gens pertinet usque ad Rhenum — the territory of this

race extends as far as the Rhine. in latitudine77i, in longitudinem patere — to extend in

breadth, in length. late patere"^ (also metaphorically vid. p. 138) — to have a

wide extent.

^ vicinuni esse, to be neighbouring ; used of houses, gardens, etc.

^ patere denotes extension in its widest sense ; pertinere, extension from one point to another, e.g. ars et late patet et ad yniiltos pertinet (De Or. I. 55. 235) ; ex eo oppido pars ad Helvetios pertinet (B. G. I. 6. 3).

DISTANCE — ROAD — TRA VEL 1 1

imperium orbis terrarum termt?iis definitur — the empire

reaches to the ends of the world. longe^ procul abesse ab urbe — to be far from town. prope {propius, proxime) abesse — to be not far away. paribus intervallis distare — to be equidistant. tanhmdem viae est — the road is the same length. lofigo spatio, intervallo interiecto — at a great distance. intervallo locoruvi et te7iiporum disiunciiiin esse — to be

separated by an immense interval of space and time. a 7iiille passibus — a mile away. e longinqiw — from a distance. loca lo7tgin(]ua — distant places.

ulti??iae terrae \ the most distant countries, the

extreuiae terrae partes \ world's end. longinquae nationes — distant nations.

3. ROAD— TRAVEL

viafii sternere {silice^ saxd) — to pave a road.

substruere viam glarea (Liv. 41. 27) — to make a gravel path.

via strata — a street, a made road.

via trita ^ — a well-trodden, much-frequented way.

viam 7?iunire'^ — to make a road.

viam patefacere, aperire — to open a route.

ferro viamfacere {per confertos hostes) — to cut one's way

(through the enemies' ranks).

viam i7itercludere\ . . .

. Vto obstruct a road : to close a route.

iter obstruere J

^ tritiis is also used figuratively, e.g. pj'overbmm {sermone) tritum (De Off. i. 10. 33), vocabtilum latino sermone non tritiini {Acad. I. 7. 27).

^ Cf. in metaphorical sense, viam ad honores aliciii miinire (Mur. 10. 23).

1 2 LA TIN PHRASE BOOK

viafert^ diicit aliquo — a road leads somewhere.

in viam se dare \

yto set out on a journey. viae se committere\

viam tngredi, inire (also metaphorically) — to enter upon

a route ; to take a road. recta (via) — straight on. de via declifzare, deflectere (also metaphorically) — to turn

aside from the right way ; to deviate. {de via) decedere alicui — make way for any one. Appia via proficisci — to set out by the Appian road. erranti viam monstrare — to direct a person who has lost

his way. errores Ulixis — the wanderings of Ulysses. viam persequi (also metaphorically) — to continue one's

journey, pursue one's course. longam viam conficere — to accomplish a long journey. fessus de via — weary with travelling ; way-worn. Hercules ^ in trivio^ in bivio, in compiiis — Hercules at the

cross-roads, between virtue and vice. iter facere — (i) to take a journey, (2) to make, lay down

a road (rare). una iter facere — to travel together. iter ingredi (pedibus, equo^ terra) — to begin a journey (on

foot, on horseback, by land).

iter aliquo diri^ere. intendere\ . .

yto journey towards a place. tendere aliquo J

longum itineris spatium emetiri — to finish a very long

journey.

ex itinere redire'^ — to return from a journey.

^ vid. on this subject De Off. i. 32. 118 ; Fam. 5. 12, 3. 2 reverti means properly to turn back and retrace one's steps, after giving up one's intention of remaining longer in a place, or continu-

ROA D — TRA VEL 1 3

in itinere ^ — on a journey ; by the way.

iter terrestre^ pedestre — travel by land, on foot.

itinera diurna nocturnaque — travelling day and night.

iter unius diei or simply diei — a day's journey.

iter impeditiwi — an impassable road.

disiunctissimas ultimas terras peragrare (not permigrare)

— to travel through the most remote countries. peregrinatio — a foreign journey. peregrinari^ peregre esse — to be travelling abroad. peregre proficisci — to go abroad. aliqiieni proficiscente??i prosequi — to accompany any one

when starting ; to see a person off. aliquem proficiscentem votis ominibusque prosequi {vid. p.

88, note) — to wish any one a prosperous journey. rus excurrere — to make a pleasure-trip into the country. ruri vivere, rusticari — to live in the country. vita rustica — country life (the life of resident farmers, etc.) rusticatio, vita rusticana — country life (of casual, temporary

visitors).

pedibus ire — to go on foot. discedere a, de, ex loco aliquo egredi loco ; ^ excedere ex loco

4. COMING— GOING

to leave a place.

ing one's journey, cf. Div. i, 15, 27, itaque revertit ex itinere, cum iam progressus esset niultoruDi diertim viam. Similarly rediiiis = return, reversio generally = turning back. Cicero only uses revenire in conjunction with domum.

^ ex itinere implies that the march was interrupted, thus there is a difference between in itinere aliquem aggredi and ex itinere, etc. In the same way distinguish in fuga and ex fuga, e.g. ex fuga evadere, ex fuga dissipati.

'^ relinqtcere, e.g. domtwi, properly means to give up, renounce the possession or enjoyment of a place.

14 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

decedere loco, de, ex loco ^ — to quit a place for ever. ingredi, intrare urbem, introire in urbem — to enter a

city. porta ingredi, exire — to go in at, go out of a gate. extra portam egredi — to go outside the gate. commeare ad aliquem — to go in and out of any one's

house ; to visit frequently. Ro77iam venh'e, pervenire — to come to Rome. adventus Romam, in urbem — arrival in Rome, in town. in ununi locum co?tvenire, confluere — to collect together at

one spot. Romam concurrere {Mil. 15. 39) — to stream towards Rome. obviafn ire alicui — to meet any one. obviam venire alicui — to go to meet some one. obvium or obvia7n esse, obviam fieri — to meet some one by

chance. incidere in aliquem 1 to meet, come across a per-

offendere, nancisci aliquem \ son ; to meet casually. obviam alicui aliquem mittere — to send to meet a person.

5. RIDING— DRIVING

curru vehi, in rheda (Mil. 21. 55) — to drive.

equo vehi — to ride.

sternere equum — to saddle a horse.

conscendere equum \

ascendere in equum \

-to mount.

^ Cf. especially decedere {ex, de) proviiicia, used regularly of a magistrate leaving his province on expiry of his term of office. Similarly, where life is compared to a province, decedere {de) vita, or merely decedere — \.q quit this life, die (cf. De Sen. 20. Ii).

RIDING — DRIVING— WALKING 15

descendere ex equo — to dismount.

in eqiw sedere ; equo insidere — to be on horseback.

{ifi) equo haerere — to sit a horse well ; to have a good

seat.

calcaria subdere equo \ .

. Vto put spurs to a horse. calcarwus equum co7icitare j

equo citato or ad7?iisso — at full gallop.

freno remisso ; effusis habenis — with loose reins.

equu7n in alique7n concitare — ride against any one at full

speed ; charge a person.

habe7tas addiccere — to tighten the reins.

habenas permittere — to slacken the reins.

admittere. per??iiftere equuniX . , , .

^ 1 - yto give a horse the reins.

jrenos dare equo I

agitare equum — to make a horse prance.

7noderari equum — to manage a horse.

equi consternantur — the horses are panic-stricken, run

away. equos incitatos sustinere — to bring horses to the halt when

at full gallop.

6. WALKING— FOOTSTEPS— DIRECTION

gradumfacere — to take a step.

gradum addere (sc. gradui) (Liv. 26. 9) — to increase one's

pace. suspenso gradu — on tiptoe. gradu77i sensi77i referre — to retreat step by step.

^ CLfrenos, calcaria alicui adhibere, used metaphorically.

- to follow in any one's steps.

1 6 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

vestigia alicuiiis sequi, per-

sequi, or vestigiis aliquejti

sequi, persequi vestigiis alicuius insistere,

ingredi (also metaph.) loco or vestigia se non movere — not to stir from one's place. recta (regione^ via) ; in directum — in a straight line. in obliquimi — in an oblique direction ; sideways. obliquo monte decurrere — to run obliquely down the hill. in contrarium ; in contrarias partes — in an opposite

direction. in transversum^ e transversa — across ; transversely. quoquo versus; in omnes partes — in all directions. in diversas partes or simply diversi abeunt^ discedunt — they

disperse in different directions. hue {et) illuc — hither and thither. ultro citroque — on this side and on that ; to and fro. longe lateque, passi7?i (e.g. fluere) — far and wide ; on all sides; everywhere.

7. MOVEMENT IN GENERAL

se conferre in aliquem locuni\

\\.o go to a place. petere locum J

quo tendis ? — where are you going ?

sublimem or subliine (not in sublime or sublimiter) ferri^

abire — to fly aloft ; to be carried into the sky. praecipitem ire ; in praeceps deferri — to fall down headlong. inprofmtdum deici — to fall down into the abyss. se deicere de muro — to throw oneself from the ramparts. deicere aliquem de saxo Tarpeio — to throw some one down

the Tarpeian rock.

MOVEMENT— TIME IN GENERAL 17

Nilus praecipitat^ ex altissimis mo7itibics — the Nile rushes

down from very high mountains. se proripere ex do7iw — to rush out of the house. huvii procumbere — to fall on the ground. hwni prosternere aliquein — to throw any one to the

ground. in terra??i cadere, decidere — to fall to the earth. in terrain demergi — to sink into the earth. appropinquare urbi, rarely ad urbem — to draw near to a

city. propius accedere ad urbein or urbeiii — to advance nearer

to the city. longius progredi, procedere — to march further forward. Roniam versus proficisci — to advance in the direction of

Rome. ad Romam proficisci — to set out for Rome. properaf, maturat proficisci — he starts in all haste, precip- itately. consequi, assequi aliquem — to catch some one up. praecurrere aliquem {celeritate)\'io overtake and pass post se relinquere aliquem J some one.

multitudo circufjifunditur alicui — a crowd throngs around

some one. per totum corpus diffundi — to spread over the whole body.

8. TIME IN GENERAL

tempus praeterit, transit — time passes.

tempus habere alicui rei — to have time for a thing.

^ praecipitare is also transitive, e.g. praecipitare aliquem^ to hurl a person down ; mere always intransitive except in poetry.

C

1 8 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

tempiis 7iiihi deest ad aliquid facienduyji — I have no time

to do something. tempus consumere in aliqua re — to pass one's time in

doing something. tempus terere^ conterere {in) aliqua re — to waste time on

something. te??ipus conferre ad aliquid — to employ one's time in . . . tempus tribuere alicui rei — to devote time to anything. tempus non aniittere^ perdere — to lose no time. nullum tempus intermittere, quin (also ab opere^ or ad opus)

— to devote every spare moment to . . . ; to work

without intermission at a thing. tempus ducere — to spend time. aliquid in aliud te77ipus^ i?i posterum differre — to put off till

another time ; to postpone. nihil mi hi longius est or videtur quam dum or quajn ut — I

cannot wait till . . . nihil mihi longius est quam (c. Inf.) — nothing is more

tiresome to me than . . . tempus {spatium) deliberandi or ad deliberandum postulare^

dare, sibi suniere — to require, give, take time

for deliberation. paucorum dierum spatium ad deliberandum dare — to give

some one a few days for reflection. tempori servire} cedere — to accommodate oneself to

circumstances. ex quo tempore or simply ex quo — since the time that,

since (at the beginning of a sentence).

^ The verb servire helps to form several phrases, e.g. servire valeludiiii, to be a valetudinarian ; iracundiae, to be unable to restrain one's anger ; brevitati, to be concise ; C077iinuni utilitati, to be devoted to the public good, etc.

TIME IN GENERAL 19

eo ipso tejnpore, aim ; turn ipsiim^ cuin — at the same

moment that, precisely when. incidimt tempora^ cum — occasions arise for . . . te7npus {itd)fert (not secum) — circumstances demand. tempiis maximum est, ut — it is high time that . . . haec tempora, nostra haec aetas, me7noria — the present

day. his te7nporibus, nostra {hac) aetate, nostra me7noria, his (not

nostris) diebus — in our time ; in our days. nostra aetas 77iidtas victorias vidit — our generation has

seen many victories. 77iemoria patru77t nostroriwi — in our fathers' time. aetate {te77iporibus) Periclis — in the time of Pericles. antiqiiis ^ te77iporibus — in old days, in the olden time. libera re publica — in the time of the Republic. te77ipora Caesariana — the imperial epoch. 77iedia quae vocatur aetas — the middle ages. Pericles summus vir illius aetatis

Pericles, quo nemo tum fuit clarior Pericles, the greatest Pericles, vir omnium, qui tu77i | man of his day.

fuerunt, clarissimus j

vir ut te77iporibus illis doctus — a man of considerable

learning for those times. tempore pro grediente — in process of time. primo quoque tempore — at the first opportunity. hoc te77ipore — at this moment. puncto te77iporis — in an instant.

^ ant{quitas = \hQ state of affairs in times gone by, not a division of time ; ?,o antiqziitatis studia, archaeology ; veteres or antiqui poetae, popiili, the poets, people of antiquity ; antiqtta fnomimenia, the rehcs of antiquity, antiquitates plur. is used for the institutions, usages of times gone by.

20 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

7?iomento ^ ie77iporis — at the important moment.

in ipso discri77iine {articulo) te77iporis — just at the critical

moment.

te77iporis causa — on the spur of the moment.

ad te77ipus^ adesse — to be there at a given time.

ad exiguu77i te77ipus \

J .^ . . , . }-for a short time.

orevis or exigui te77iporis\

satis lo7igo i7ttervallo — after a fairly long interval.

spatio te77iporis i7iter77iisso — after some time.

i7i praeseTitia^ iTt praeseTts {te77ipus) — at present ; for the

moment. iTt posteruTU ; iftfuturu77i — for the future. iTi perpetuu77i — for ever. seTTiel atque iteru77i ; iteru77i ac saepius ; idefitide77i ; etia77i

atque etia77i — more than once ; repeatedly. futura providere (not praevidere) — to foresee the future. futura or casus futures {77iulto a7ite) prospicere — to foresee

the far distant future. futura fion cogitare, curare — to take no thought for the

future. saeculi^ coTtsuetudo or ratio atque incliTtatio te77iporis {te77i-

poru77i) — the spirit of the times, the fashion. his 77ioribus — according to the present custom, fashion.

^ 7no7nentum (i.e. moviinentzwi) is proj^erly that which sets in motion, which gives a decisive impulse to things, cf. Luc. iv. 819 momentumquefuii viutatus Curio rerum. Li\^ and later writers em- ploy the word in the sense of a moment of time.

^ ad tenipiis also means ( i ) according to the circumstances of the case, e.g.ad lempus cottsilium capere^ (2) for a short time, temporarily.

2 The spirit of a thing is usually rendered by such words as nattira, proprietas, ratio atque voluntas, e.g. the spirit, genius of a language, nattira or proprietas sermonis ; the spirit of the laws, voluntas et sententia legwn.

VEA K — SEASONS 2 1

9. YEAR— SEASONS

praeterito aniio (not praeterlapso) — in the past year. superiore^ priore anno — last year. proximo anno — (i) last year, (2) next year. insequentiie) anno (not seque?ite) — in the following year. amio^ peracto^ circiunacto^ interiecto, intermisso — after a

year has elapsed. anno vertente — in the course of the year. /

i?iitio anni^ ineunte anno — at the beginning of the year. exeunte, extremo anno — at the end of the year. / singulis annis^ diebus — year by year ; day by day. ' qiii7ito qiwque a?ino — every fifth year. ad annum — a year from now. amplius simf {qua7?t) viginti anni or viginti afinis — it is

more than twenty years ago. viginti anni et amplius, aut phis — twenty years and more. abhinc {ante) viginti annos or viginti his annis — twenty

years ago. quinque anni sunt or sextus annus est, cum te non vidi — I

have not seen you for five years. quinque annos or sextum {jam) annum abest — he has been

absent five years. anno ab urbe condita quinto — in the fifth year from the

founding of the city. commutationes temporum quadripartitae — the succession

of the four seasons. verno, aestivo, auctiwinali, Jiibenw tempore — in spring,

summer, autiimn, winter time. ineunte, prirno vere — at the beginning of spring.

^ Unless one is emphasised unus is left out with the following words : annus, mensis, dies, hora, and verbuvi.

22 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

ver appeiit — spring is approaching.

suavitas verni te77tporis — the charms of spring.

siimma aestate, hieme — in the height of summer, depth

of winter. hiems subest — winter is at hand. hiemem tolerare — to bear the winter. anni descriptio — the division of the year (into months, etc.) annus {inensis, dies) intercalaris — the intercalary year

(month, day). fasti — the calendar (list of fasts and festivals).

lo. DAY— DIVISIONS OF THE DAY

ante liicem — before daybreak.

prima luce — at daybreak.

luce (luci) — in full daylight.

tibi illuxit^ luxit, diluxit — when it was day.

lucet — it is daylight.

diluculo — in the morning twilight.

advesperascit — evening is drawing on.

die^ caelo vesperascente — when it is growing dusk ; towards evening.

7iiultus dies or 7mdta lux est — the day is already far advanced.

ad 77iulta77i noctem — till late at night.

de node, de die — while it is still night, day.

77iulta de node — late at night.

inte7}ipesta, concubia nocte — in the dead of night ; at mid- night.

silentio nodis — in the silence of the night.

vicissitudi7tes dieruTn nodiunigue — the succession of day and night.

DA Y— DIVISIONS OF THE DA Y 23

nodes diesque^ nodes et dies^ et dies et nodes^ dies nodesque^ diem nodemque — night and day.

tempus matutlnum^ 7neridianu7n^ vespertimwi, nodurnum^ — morning, noon, evening, night.

tempora 77iatutitia — the morning hours.

in dies (^si?tgulos) — from day to day.

in diem vivere — to Hve from day to day.

alternis diebus — every other day.

quattuor dies continui — four successive days.

unus et alter dies — one or two days.

dies tmus^ alter^ plures ifitenesserant — one, two, several days had passed, intervened.

diem prof erre (Att. 13. 14) — to adjourn, delay.

bidiio serius ^ — two days late.

hord dtius — an hour too soon.

postridie qui fuit dies Non. Sept. {Nonariwi Septenibriu7ii) (Att. 4. I. 5) — on the day after, which was Sep- tember 5th.

hodie qui est dies Non. Sept. ; eras qui dies futurus est Non. Sept. — to-day the 5th of September; to- morrow September the 5th.

dies kesterjtus, hodiernus, crastinus — yesterday, to-day, to- morrow.

diem dicere colloquio — to appoint a date for an interview.

ad diem constitutain — at the appointed time.

dieiii videre, ciwi . . . — to live to see the day when . , .

dies doIore77i 77iitigabit — time will assuage his grief.

quota hora est ? — what time is it ?

tertia hora est — it is' the third hour ( = 9 a.m.)

ad hora77i composita77i — at the time agreed on.

^ Used absolutely "too late " = J^^r^ ; if "too late for," "later than," always serius {quam).

24 LA TIN PHRASE BOOK

III. PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY

omnibus artubus contremtscere—to tremble in every limb. aures daudere, patefacere (e.g. veritati, assentatoribus)—lo

turn a deaf ear to, to open one's ears to . . . aures praebere alicui—Xo listen to a person. aures alicuius obtundere or simply obtundere {aliguem)—io

din a thing into a person's ears. in aurem alicui dicere {insusurrare) aliquid—X.Q whisper

something in a person's ear. ad aures alicuius (not alicui) pervenire, accidere — to come

to some one's ears. aures erigere — to prick up one's ears. oratio in aures influit~h\^ words find an easy hearing,

are listened to with pleasure. aures elegantes, teretes, tritae (De Or. 9. 27)— a fine, prac- tised ear. neque auribus neque oculis satis consto — I am losing my

eyesight and getting deaf. caput aperire (opp. operire)--to uncover one's head. capite aperto (opp. operto) — bare-headed. capite obvoluto — with head covered. caput de77iittere — to bow one's head. caput praecidere — to cut off a man's head. caput^ parieti impingere—to strike one's head against the

wall.

^ capui has several metaphorical meanings, e.g. capita coniitra- tionis (Liv. 9. 26), the leaders of the conspiracy ; caput Graeciae, the capital of Greece ; caput cenae, the chief dish ; capita legis, the headings, clauses of a law ; id quod caput est, the main point ; de capite deducere (Liv. 6. 15), to subtract from the capital ; capitis perictihim.

PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY 25

cervices (in Cic. only in ^Xwx.) frangere alicui or aliciiius — to break a person's neck.

gladius cervicibus wipendet — a sword hangs over his neck.

hostis^ in cervicibus aliciiius est — the foe is at our heels, is upon us.

promittere crinem, barbam — to grow one's hair, beard long.

passis crinibus — with dishevelled hair.

capilli horrent — his hair stands on end.

capilli coi7ipti^ cofiipositi (opp. korridi) — well-ordered, well- brushed hair.

extre7?iis digitis aliqidd attingere — to touch with the finger- tips.

fronte??i contrahere (opp. explicare) — to frown.

frontem ferire, percutere — to beat one's brow.

i?i fronte alicuius inscriptufn est — one can see it in his face.

ab alicuius latere non discedere — to be always at a person's side.

a latere regis esse — to belong to the king's bodyguard.

77ianum {dextra77t) alicui porrigere — to give one's hand to some one.

77uinu77i no7i vertere alicuius rei causa ^ — to make not the slightest effort ; not to stir a finger.

mortal peril ; capitis demimitio [juaxinia, media, viinima) (Li v. 22. 60), deprivation of civil rights, caput is often combined y^'iXhfons — source, origin, e.g. ilk fotis et caput Socrates (Cic. De Or. i. 42) ; in aegritudine est fans niiseriarum et caput (Cic.) By metonymy capjit is used with liherTim (and noxit0?i) (Verr. 2. 32. 79) with the meaning of a free (guilty) person, individual.

^ Cf. velut in cervicibus habere hostcni (Liv. 44. 39) ; belhiin ingens in cervicibus est (Liv. 22. 33. 6).

^ Cf lie digitum quidem porrigere alicuius rei causa.

26 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

manus inicere, inferre, afferre alicui—X.o lay violent hands

on a person. manus tollere — to raise one's hands in astonishment. tnanus dare — to own oneself conquered, surrender. 7?ianu ducere aliquem — to lead some one by the hand. manu or in manu tenere aliquid — to hold something in

one's hand. in manibiis habere aliquid (also metaphorically) — to have

something in one's hands, on hand. de manu in manus ox per manus tradere aliquid — to pass a

thing from hand to hand. ex or de inanibus alicui or alicuius extorquere aliquid — to

wrest from a person's hand. e manibus di^jiittere — to let go from one's hands. in alicuius nianus venire^ pervenire — to come into some

one's hands. in alicuius ma?tus incidere — to fall unexpectedly into

some one's hands. in 7?ianus{7?i) siwiere aliquid — to take something into

one's hand. in inanibus ^ aliquem gestare — to carry in one's arms. e {de) 7fianibus effugere^ eldbi — to slip, escape from the

hands. inter manus auferre aliquem — to carry some one away in

one's arms.

^ Notice too liberos de parentwn complexu avellere (Verr. 2. i. 3. 7), to snatch children from their parents' arms (not brachium), so in alicuius co77iplexu mori ; in alicuius coviplexu haerej'e. meditcni aliquem amplecti, to take to one's arms, embrace ; libentissimo animo accipere, to welcome with open arms.

2 Distinguish effugere aliquid, to escape the touch of, e.g. invidiam^ mortem ; and effugere ex aliqtta re, to escape from a position one is already in, e.g. e carcere, e caede, e praelio. ^oWzt fugit me , it escapes my notice.

PAIR'S OF THE HUMAN BODY 27

compressis manibus sedere (proverb.) (Liv. 7. 13) — to sit

with folded arms ; to be inactive. mordicus tenere aliquid — to hold fast in the teeth (also

metaphorically, obstinately). oculos conicere in aliquein — to turn one's gaze on ; to regard. oculos circumferre — to look in every direction. in omnes paries aciem {oculoriwi) infendere — to gaze intently

all around. 07nniuin oculos {et ord) ad se convertere — to draw every

one's eyes upon one. omniu??i animos or meiites in se convertere — to attract

universal attention. conspici^ conspicuum esse aliqua re — to make oneself con- spicuous. oculos {aiires, ani7?m??i -^) advertere ad aliquid — to turn one's

eyes (ears, attention) towards an object. oculi in vultu alicuius habitant — his eyes are always fixed

on some one's face. oculos figere in terra and in terram — to keep one's eyes

on the ground. oculos pascere aliqua re (also simply pasci aliqua re) — to

feast one's eyes with the sight of . . . oculos deicere, removere ab aliqua re — to turn one's gaze

away from an object. oculos operire (morienti)" — to close the eyes of a dying

person. oculorum aciem alicui praestringere (also simply praestrin-

gere)— to dazzle a person. oculos, lumina amittere — to lose one's sight.

^ anii7ium advertere aliquid^animadvertere aIiq7cid=io notice a thing ; animadvertere in aliqtiem — io punish a person. '^ To shut one's eyes to a thing, conivere in aliqua re.

28 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

ociilis privare aliqiieju 1 , . - .

... , ,. KO deprive a person of his eyes.

liimimous orbare aliquems ^

oculis captu77i esse^ {vid. p. 36, note) — to be blind.

ante oculos aliquid versatur — something presents itself to

my vision. oculis^ ante oculos (animo) proponere aliquid — to picture a

thing to oneself; to imagine. ante oculos vestros (not vobis) res gestas proponite — picture

to yourselves the circumstances. cernere et videre aliquid — to see clearly, distinctly. oculis mentis videre aliquid — to see with the mind's eye. in oculis aliquei7i ferre 1 to cherish as the apple of one's aliquis est inihi in oculis \ eye. abire ex oculis^ e conspectu alicuius — to go out of sight,

disappear. venire in conspectum alicuius — to come in sight. se in conspectum dare alicui — to show oneself to some

one. fugere alicuius conspectu7?i, aspectu77i — to keep out of a

person's sight. in C07ispectu omniinn or 077mibus inspectantibus — before

every one, in the sight of the world. 07nnia uno aspectu^ co7ispectu intueri — to take in everything

at a glance. non apparere — to have disappeared. pedibus obterere, conculcare — to trample under foot. ad pedes alicuius accidere — to fall at some one's feet. ad pedes alicuius se proicere, se abicere, procu77ibere, se pro-

sternere — to throw oneself at some one's feet. ad pedes alicuius iacere, stratu7n esse {stratu7}i iacere) — to

prostrate oneself before a person.

^ Cf. caecatus, occaecatiis cupiditate^ stuliitia.

PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN BODY 29

quod ante pedes est ox positiwi est^ non videre — to fail to

see what lies before one. sanguine manare^ redundare — to drip blood ; to be deluged

with blood. vulttwi fingere — to dissemble, disguise one's feelings. vultus ficti simulatique — a feigned expression. vultiim componere ad severitatem — to put on a stern air. vultum non mutare — to keep one's countenance, remain

impassive.

IV. PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN BODY I. FEELINGS— SENSATIONS— POWERS

sensus sani, integri, incorripti — sound, unimpaired senses. sensibus praeditiwi esse — to be endowed with sense. sensu audiendi carere — not to possess the sense of hearing. sub sens2im or sub ocutos, sub aspectu?fi\ to come within

cadere \ the sphere of

sensibus or sub sensus subiectum esse J the senses. sensibus percipi — to be perceptible to the senses. res sensibus or oculis subiectae

(De Fin. 5. 12. 36) res quas oculis cerninius res externae

sensus movere (more strongly pellere) — to make an im pression on the senses.

,^

the world of sense, the visible world.

aliquid sensus suaviter afficii\

.... . ^ 7. Ml thmg makes a pleasant

altquid sensus lucunditate v *^

f impression on the senses.

perfundit

pulsu externo^ adventicio agitari — to be affected by some external impulse, by external impressions.

30 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

sevocare 7nente77i a sensibus (Dc Nat. D. 3. 8. 21) to free

one's mind from the influences of the senses. aliquid a sensibus meis abhorret — something offends my

instincts, goes against the grain. vires corporis or merely vires — bodily strength. vires colligere — to gain strength. vires aliqueui deficiu?it — to lose strength. dum vires suppetunt^SiS long as one's strength holds

out. bonis esse viribus — to be robust, vigorous. pro viribus or pro mea parte~\2i^ well as I can ; to the pro viriliparte^ (cf. p. 70) J best of my ability.

2. BIRTH— LIFE

in lucem edi—io see the light, come into the world.

ei, propter quos hanc lucem aspexi?nus — those to whom we

owe our being. toUere ^ or suscipere Hberos~\Q> accept as one's own child ;

to make oneself responsible for its nurture and

education. aliquem in liberoru7n loco habere — to treat as one's own

child. sexus (not genus) virilis, 7jiuliebris—\hQ male, female sex. patre, (e) 77iatre natus — son of such and such a father,

mother. Cato Utice7isis ortiis erat a Cato72e Censorio — Cato of

Utica was a direct descendant of Cato the Censor.

1 pro virili parte is distinct from the other expressions, as implying more assurance and confidence on the part of the speaker.

- It was the custom for a Roman father to lift up his new-born child, which was laid on the ground at his feet ; hence the expression tollere, suscipere.

BIRTH— LIFE 31

orlginem ab aliquo trahere^ ducere — to trace one's descent

from some one. Romae natus^ (a) Roma oriundus — a native of Rome. cuias es ? — what country do you come from ? nafione, genere Anglus — an Englishman by birth. ortus ab Anglis or oriundus ex Anglis — a native of England. urbs patria or simply /<7/r/a — native place. animam^ spiritum ducere — to breathe, live. a'era spiritu ducere — to breathe the air. amma7ji continere — to hold one's breath. cursu exammari (B. G. 2. 23. i) — to run till one is out of

breath. spiritu7n interdudere alicui — to suffocate a person. in vita esse — to be alive. vita or hac lucefrui — to enjoy the privilege of living ; to

be alive. vitam beatam (iniserairi) degere — to live a happy (unhappy)

life. vitam, aetatem {omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere

(honeste, ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere — to live

(all) one's life (honourably, in the countryj as a

man of learning).

dum vita suppetit ; dum (^quoad) vivo — as long as I live.

si vita mihi suppeditat^\ ., ^ ,. .„ ,

. . .^^ \\i I live till then.

SI vita suppetit \

quod reliquum est vitae — the rest of one's life.

vitae cursum or curriculum ^ conficere — to finish one's

career.

^ stippeditare (i) transitive, to supply sufficiently; (2) intrans. to be present in sufficient quantities = j-2///^/^r^.

^ vitae {vivendi) cursus or curruulu7n = \\ie, career — considering its duration, length. Life = biography is not curriculum vitae, but simply vita, vitae descriptio.

32 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

Tloinerus fuit^ multis annis ante Roman C07idita7n — Homer lived many years before the foundation of Rome.

3. TIME OF LIFE

(The terms for the different ages of man are i?ifans^

puer^ adulescens, iuvenis, senior, senex, grandis natu.) ea aetate, id aetatis esse — to be of such and such an age. a puero {is\ aparvo{is\ aparvulo{is) — from youth up. a teneris unguiculis (e^ anrdkoav ovv'^wv) (Fam. i. 6. 2)

— from one's cradle, from one's earliest childhood. ab ineunte [prima) aetate (De Or. i. 21. 97) — from one's

entry into civil life. ex pueris excedere — to leave one's boyhood behind one,

become a man.

flos aetatis — the prime of youthful vigour.

aetate florere.vis^ere\ , . , . r^-r

KO be m the prime of life. Integra aetate esse

""6

adulescentia deferbuit — the fires of youth have cooled.

aetate progrediente — with advancing years.

aetate ingravescente — with the weight, weakness of declin- ing years.

aetas cons tans, inedia, firmata, corroborata (not viri/is) —

manhood.

grandior f actus 1 , • , -,

- - Vhaving reached man s estate.

corroborata, firmata aetate \

sui iuris factum esse — to have become independent, be no longer a minor.

aetate provectwn esse (not aetate provecta) — to be ad- vanced in years.

^ To live, speaking chronologically, is esse ; vivere denotes to ho. alive, pass one's life, e.g. laitte, in otio.

I

TIME OF LIFE 33

longiiis aetate provectiwi esse — to be more advanced in

years. grandis natu — aged.

aetate affecta esse — to be infirm through old age. vires consenescunt — to become old and feeble. senectute, senio confectum esse — to be worn out by old age. exada aetate mori — to die at a good old age. ad summam senectutem pervenire — to live to a very great

age.

senectus riobis obrepit — old age creeps on us insensibly.

admodiwi adulescens^ senex — still quite a young (old) man.

extrema aetas \ the last stage of life, one's last

extremiim tempus aetatis J days.

vita occidens — the evening of life.

aequalein esse alicuius — to be a contemporary of a person.

viator {natu) — the elder.

aetate alicui antecedere, anteire — to be older than.

quot annos natus es'i\. , ^

Vhow old are you ? qua aetate es .« J

tredeci?n annos natus sum — I am thirteen years old.

tertium decimum annum ago — I am in my thirteenth

year. puer decem annorum — a boy ten years old. decimum aetatis annufn ingredi — to be entering on one's

tenth year. decem annos vixisse — to be ten years old. decimuin annum excessisse, egressum esse — to be more than

ten years old, to have entered on one's eleventh

year. minorem esse viginti annis — to be not yet twenty. tu?7i habebam decem annos — I was ten years old at the

time.

D

our contemporaries ; men of our time.

34 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

centum annos complere \ to reach one's hundredth

vitam ad aniiuui centesimum \ year, to live to be a

perducere. J hundred. ■

accessio paucorum annoru7n — the addition of a few years. tertiaui iam aetatem videre — to be middle-aged {i.e. be- tween thirty and forty). in aetatem alicuius^ in annum incidere — to happen during

a person's life, year of office. oniniiwi suorum or onijiibus suis superstite?n esse — to out- live, survive all one's kin. homines qui nunc sunt (opp. ^

qui tunc fuerunt) homines huius aetatis, nos-

trae inemoriae posteri — posterity. scriptores aetate posteriores or inferiores — later writers.

4. HUNGER— THIRST

esurire — to be hungry. fajue laborare^ premi — to be tormented by hunger, to be

starving. fainem tokrare, sustentare — to endure the pangs of hunger. inedict 77tori or vitam finire — to starve oneself to death. fame confici^ perire^ interire — to die of starvation. fame necari — to be starved to death (as punishment). fame^n, siti??i explere \

famem sititnque depellere cibo Ito allay one's hunger, thirst.

et potione I

siti cruciari^ premi — to suffer agonies of thirst. sitim colUgere — to become thirsty.

sitim haustu gelidae aquae sedare — to slake one's thirst by a draught of cold water.

LAUGHTER— TEARS 35

fajnis et sitis ^ patienteDi esse — to be able to endure hunger and thirst.

5. LAUGHTER— TEARS

risum edere, tollere " — to begin to laugh.

cachinniim tollere^ edere — to burst into a roar of laughter.

risiwi viovere^ concitare — to raise a laugh.

risum elicere (more strongly excutere) alicui — to make a

person laugh. risum capture — to try and raise a laugh. 7'isiwi tenere vix posse 1 to be scarcely able to restrain risufji aegre continere posse \ one's laughter. aliquid in risum vertere — to make a thing ridiculous, turn

it into a joke. lacriffias, vim lacrimaru7?i effundere, profundere — to burst

into a flood of tears. in lacri7nas effundi or lacrimis perfundi — to be bathed in

tears. lacrimis obortis — with tears in one's eyes. multis cum lacri,„is\

_ , with many tears.

magno ciwt jletu I

lacrimas tenere non posse

fletum cohibere non posse

vix mi hi temper o\ . .

\qmn lacrimem vix 7?ie contmeo J

to be hardly able to restrain one's tears.

^ jzVzV is also used metaphorically — e.g. libertatis sitis (Rep. i. 43. 66), so sitire — e.g. honons (De Fin. 4. 5. 3), libertatem (Rep. i: 43. 66), sanguineni (Phil. 2. 7. 20). The participle sitiens takes the Gen. — e.g. sitiejts virtutis {V\z.nc. 5. 13).

- Not itt riswn ertunpere, which only occurs in late Latin. How- ever, risiis^ vox,Jiehcs erumpit is classical, similarly indignatio (Liv. 4. ^o),furo7', aipiditates (Gael. 12. 28).

36 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

lacrimas ox fletiwi alicici movere — to move to tears.

prae lacrimis loqui 7ton posse — to be unable to speak for

emotion. gaudio /acrimare — to weep for joy. hinc illae lacri?fiae {^xowtTh.)(YQr. And. i. i. 99; Gael. 25.

61) hence these tears; there's the rub.

lacrimula (Plane. 31. 76)!

, . • 7 ^ rcrocodiles' tears.

lacnmae simulatae I

6. HEALTH— SICKNESS

bona {firma, prospera) valetudine ^ esse or uti {vid. p. 84,

note) — to enjoy good health. valetudini consukre, operant dare — to take Care of one's

health.

fir77ia corporis coristitutio or affectio — a good constitution.

infir77ia^ aegra valetudine esse or uti — to be ill, weakly.

in morbum incidit\ ,

., [he fell ill. aegrotare coepit J

morbo tentari or corripi — to be attacked by disease.

77iorbo affllgi — to be laid on a bed of sickness.

lecto teneri — to be confined to one's bed.

vehe77ienter^ graviter aegrotare^ iacere\

gravi 77iorbo affectu7n esse, conflictari, Vto be seriously ill.

vexari I

leviter aegrotare, 77iinus valere — to be indisposed.

aestu etfebri iactari — to have a severe attack of fever.

omnibus 77iembris captu7n esse ^ — to be affected by disease

in every limb ; to be paralysed.

1 valettido is a neutral term = state of health, sanitas = soundness of mind, reason — e.g. ad sanitateni reverti, to recover one's reason.

^ Note auribus, oadis, captwii esse, to be deaf, bhnd ; mente captum esse, to be mad.

SICKNESS— SLEEP 37

ex pedilms laborare^ pedibus aegrum esse — to have the gout. pestilentia (not pestis) i?t urbein {popiilwti) invadit — the

plague breaks out in the city. animus relinquit aliqiie^n — a man loses his senses, becomes

unconscious. morbus i?igravescif^ — the disease gets worse. morbo absumi (Sail. lug. 5. 6) — to be carried off by a

disease. assidere aegroto (Liv. 25. 26) — to watch by a sick man's

bedside. aegrotum curare — to treat as a patient (used of a doctor). curationes — method of treatment. aegrotu7n sanare (not acrare) — to cure a patient. ex morbo convalescere (not reconvalescere) — to recover from

a disease. e gravi morbo recreari or se colligere — to recruit oneself

after a severe illness.

melius ei factum est — he feels better.

vaietudinefu (morbum) excusare~ \ _. ,

,_. . ^ , to excuse oneself on the

(LlV. 6. 22. 7) V ri 1 ,

.... . . score of health.

valetudinis excusatione uti

7. SLEEP— DREAMS

cubitum ire — to go to bed.

somno or quieti se tradere — to lay oneself down to sleep.

somnum capere no?i posse — to be unable to sleep.

^ The comparative and superlative of aeger and aegrotus are not used in this connection, they are replaced by such phrases as vehe- menter, graviter aegrotare, morbus ingravescit, etc.

^ But se excusare aliciii or apud aliqueni [de or in allqiia re) — to excuse oneself to some one about a thing.

38 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

curae so?nnuf?i mihi adhnunt^ dortnire me ?ion sinunt — I

cannot sleep for anxiety. somnu7n oculis 7tieis non vidi (Fam. 7. 30) — I haven't had a

wink of sleep. arfe, graviter dor77iire (ex lassitudiTie) — to sleep soundly

(from fatigue). artus S07717ZUS alique77i C07?iplectitiir (Rqi). 6. 10) — to fall fast

asleep. S0771710 captu77i, oppressutti esse — to be overcome by

sleep. sopitu77i esse — to be sound asleep. iTi luce77i dor77iire — to sleep on into the morning. S0771710 solvi — to awake. {e) 50771710 excitare, dor77iie7tte7n excitare — to rouse, wake

some one. e lecto or e cuMli surgere — to rise from one's bed,

get up.

per S077i7mm^ i7t so77inis\ . . . , . . , yin a dream.

per quiete77i^ in quiete I

iTi so77i7tis videre aliquid or specie77i — to see something in a

dream. iTi so77i7tis visits {77iihi) SU771 videre — I dreamed I saw species 77iihi dormieTiti oblata est- — I saw a vision in my

dreams. S077miu77i veru77i evddit (Div. 2. 53. 108) — my dream is

coming true. S077miu77i i7tterpretari — to explain a dream. so77i7iioru77i iTiterpres, co7tiector — an interpreter of dreams. so77i7iiare de aliquo — to dream of a person.

DEA TH 39

8. DEATH

^to depart this life.

{de) vita decedere or merely decedere

{ex) vita excedere, ex vita abire

de vita exire, de (ex) vita migrare

mortem (die7?i siipremiwi) obire

supremo vitae die — on one's last day.

animam edere or effiare | . , ,

. . , Vto give up the ghost.

extremum vitae spintum edere \

anima7?t agere — to be at one's last gasp.

mors immatiira ox praematura — an untimely death.

mature decedere — to die young.

siibita morte exstingiii — to be cut off by sudden death.

to die a natural death.

necessaria (opp. voluntarid) morte 7nori\

morbo perire^ absumi, co?isumi \

debitum naturae reddere ^ (Nep. Reg. i)J

mortem sibi consciscere ^ — to commit suicide.

se vita privare — to take one's own life.

manus, vim sibi afferre — to lay hands on oneself.

vitae finem facere — to put an end to one's life.

tale??i vitae exitiun (not fine7?i) habuit (Nep. Eum. 13) —

such was the end of . . . (used of a violent

death). morte7?i oppetere — to meet death (by violence). 77iorte77i occu77ibere pro patria — to die for one's country.

^ sua morte defiingi or mori is late Latin, cf. Inscr. Orell. 3453 debitum naturae persolvit.

^ se interficere^ se ouidere, se necare are rare. During the classic period, when suicide was not common, ipse is often added — e.g. Crassiim se ipsum interemisse (Cic. Scaur. 2. 16), Liicretia se ipsa interemit (Fin. 2. 20. 66) ; but later, when suicide had become frequent, se interemit ; nonnulU semet interemernnt (Suet. lul. 89), etc., occur commonly.

40 LA TIN PHRASE BOOK

sanguinem suum pro patria effimdere or profundere~io

shed one's blood for one's fatherland. vitam prof iindere pro patria ) to sacrifice oneself for

se 7norti offer re pro salute patriae] one's country. dare venerium in pane—to give a person poison in bread. venenum sumere, bibere — to take poison. veneno sibi morte7n consciscere — to poison oneself. pocuhmi mortis {mortiferum) exhaurire {CXu^ni. 1 1. 31)— to

drain the cup of poison. potestas vitae necisque — power over life and death. plagam extremam or mortiferam ififligere — to inflict a

death-blow. e or de medio tollere — to remove a person. perii! actum est de me / (Ter. Ad. 3. 2. 26)— I'm undone! it's all up with me !

9. BURIAL

funere efferri or simply efferri {publice ; publico, suo sumptu)

—to be interred (at the expense of the state, at

one's own cost). sepultura aliquem afficere — to bury a person. iustafacere, solvere alicui ]to perform the last rites

supremo officio in aliquem fungi] for a person. funus alicui facere, ducere (Cluent. 9. 28) — to carry out the

funeral obsequies. funus alicuius exsequi ] to attend a person's exsequias alicuius funeris prosequi \ funeral. supremis officiis aliquem prosequi (vid. p. d>^, note) to

perform the last offices of affection. mortuum in sepulcro co?idere — to entomb a dead body.

BURIAL — HUMAN LIFE 41

aliquevi inortmim ^ cremare (Sen. 23. 84) — to burn a corpse. pompa funebris — a funeral procession. ftmiis or exsequias celebrare — to celebrate the obsequies. ludos funebres alicui dare — to give funeral games in

honour of a person. oratio funebris - — a funeral oration.

sepidturae honore carere 1 to be deprived of the rites of iustis exsequiarum carere \ burial, elogium iri sepulcro incisum — the epitaph. sepulcro (Dat.) or in sepulcro hoc inscriptufu est — this is the

inscription on his tomb . . . hie situs est . . . — here lies . . .

aliquem in roguj?i iinponere — to place on the funeral-pyre. proiici inhumatum {in publicmn^ — to be cast out unburied.

V. HUMAN LIFE; ITS VARIOUS RELA- TIONS AND CONDITIONS

I. CIRCUMSTANCE— SITUATION- DIFFICULTY

res humanae or simply res — human life.

haec est reru??t humanaruin\ , . ^ _ , . .

that IS the way 01 the world : condicio \ , . ...

, . such IS life.

SIC vita hominum est I

ita (ea kge, ea condicione) nati sumus — this is our natural

tendency, our^destiny ; nature compels us.

^ " Corpse " usually = corptis morttii or simply corpus, cadaver is a corpse which has begun to decompose.

^ For eulogv, panegyric, use laiuiatio funebris or simply laudatio^ cf. Mil. 13. 33 ; Liv. 5. 50.

42 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

res exter7ias or Jmmanas despicere — to despise earthly things.

res humanas infra se positas arbitrari—io feel superior to the affairs of this life.

meliore {deteriore) condicione esse, uti—to find one's cir- cumstances altered for the better (the worse.)

condicto ac fortuna hominum infimi generis — the position of the lower classes.

res meae meliore loco, i7i\ my position is consider- meliore causa sunt I ably improved ; my pro-

meliorem in statum redigor J spects are brighter.

alique7n in antiquu?n statum, in pristinum restituere — to restore a man to his former position.

in tanta reru7n {te77iporum) iniquitate — under such unfav- ourable circumstances.

res diibiae, perditae, afflictae—?i critical position ; a hope- less state of affairs.

in angustias adducere aliquem — to place some one in an embarrassing position.

in a7igustiis, difficultatibus^

esse or versari to be in a dilemma ; in

angustiis pre77ii, difficultatibus f difficulties. affici

agitur praeclare, be7ie cu7n aliqiio — so-and-so is in a very

satisfactory position ; prospers. res ita est, ita {sic) se habet—iXiQ facts are these; the

matter stands thus. eadem {lo7tge alia) est Jmius rei ratio — the case is exactly

similar (entirely different). hoc lo7ige aliter, secus ^i"/— this is quite another matter. res {ita) fert — circumstances make this necessary ; the

exigencies of the case are these.

COMMENCEMENT— END— RES UL T 43

pro re inata), pro tempore]

^ /:> ^ ^ Vaccording to circumstances.

pro tempore et p?'o re J

res eo or in eiim locum deducta est, lit . . . — the matter has gone so far that . . .; the state of affairs is such that . . .

quo loco res tuae sunt? — how are you getting on ?

eadem est causa mea or in eadem causa siun — my circum- stances have not altered.

si quid (Jiumanitus) mihi accidat or accident — if anything should happen to me ; if I die.

quae cum ita sint — under such circumstances.

utcunique res ceciderit — whatever happens ; in any case.

2. COMMENCEMENT— END— RESULT

initium capere; incipere ab aliqua re — to begin with a

thing. initium facere, ducere, sumere {alicuius rei) — to commence

a thing.

ab exiguis initiis proficisci — to start from small beginnings.

parare with Inf. 1 , , .

,. , ,. . , r • 7 fto prepare to do a thmg. aggredi ad aliquid jaciendumx

incunabula^ doctrittae — the origin, first beginnings of

learning.

Jinem facere alicuius rei

to finish, complete, fulfil, ' accomplish a thing.

jinem imponere, afferre, consti

tuere alicui rei V

ad Jinem aliquid adducere ad exitum aliquid perducere jinem habere — to come to an end.

^ incunalnila literally swaddling-clothes. ciDiabiila, cradle, is not used in this metaphorical sense except in post-Augustan Latin.

44 LA TIN PHRASE BOOK

alujiiid {bene, prospers) succedit or procedit (opp. paruvi

procedere, non succedere) — the matter progresses

favourably^ succeeds. eventwn, exituni (fe/tcem) habere — to turn out (well) ; to

result (satisfactorily). quorsum haec res cadet or evadet ? — what will be the issue,

end, consequence of the matter ? ad irritum redigere aliquid—Xo frustrate, nullify. res aliter cecidit ac putaveram — the result has surprised

me; I was not prepared for this development. quid illo fietl — what will become of him ? quid /mic homini (also hoc homine) faciam ? — what am I

to do with this fellow ?

3. CAUSE— MOTIVE— ORICilN

causam afferre — to quote as a reason ; give as excuse.

iustis de ^ causis — for valid reasons.

magnae {graves) necessariae causae — cogent, decisive

reasons. non sine causa — on good grounds ; reasonably. quid causae fuit cur . . . ? — how came it that . . . ?

catisa posita est in aliqua re \

.^ r. J, ^ J i L 7- the motive, cause, is to be causa repetenda est ab aliqua \ . '

re (not quaerenda) I

multae causae me impulerunt ad aliquid or ut . . . — I was induced by several considerations to . . .

causam interponere or interserere — to interpose, put for- ward an argument, a reason.

^ Notice the order ; so regularly ea and qua de causa ; but ob earn causam not eaju oh causam. For the meaning of iustus cf. xvi. 5 bellum iustum and xvi. loa praeluun iusium.

MO TI VE — ORIGIN -RE GA RD 45

praetendere^ praetexere aliquid — to make something an excuse, pretext.

causa7ii idonea7n nancisci — to find a suitable pretext.

per caiisa7n (with Oen.) — under the pretext, pretence of . . .

causae reru7?i et co7isecutio7ies — cause and effect.

causae extri7isecus allatae (opp. Iti ipsa re positae) — ex- traneous causes.

reru77i causae aliae ex aliis Ttexae — concatenation, inter- dependence of causes.

ex paT^is saepe 77iag7iaru77i reriwi 77iome7ita peTideTtt —

important results are often produced by trivial

causes.

ex aligua re Tiasci. 77ianare 1 . . . . r

. ,. /- . . rto origmate m, arise from.

ao aliqua re projicisci I

ex aliqua re redu7idare {in or ad aliquid^ — to accrue in

great abundance. utilitas efflorescit ex aliqua re — untold advantages arise

from a thing. e foTitibus haurire (opp. rivulos coTisectari or foTites 7t07t

videre) — to draw from the fountain-head. haec ex eode7)i fonte fluu7it^ 77ia7ia7it — these things have

the same origin. fons et caput {vid. p. 24, note) — source, origin.

4. REGARD— IMPORTANCE— INFLUENCE- POWER— INCLINATION

ratio7ie77i habere alicuius rei \ to have regard for ; take respicere ^ aliquid \ into consideration.

quo i7t geTtere — from this point of view ; similarly.

^ But respicere ad aliquid {aliquem) — io look round at an object.

46 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

miiltis rebus or locis — in many respects; in many

points. i7i utraqiie re — in both cases ; whichever way you look

at it. ceteris rebus (not cetera)~^<s> regards the rest ; otherwise. 077ini ex parte ; ht omni genere ; o??i?iibus rebus — from

every point of view ; looked at in every light.

aliqica ex parte\

J. . hto a certain extent.

aiiquatenus I

magni {nulliics) ?nomenti esse — to be of great (no) import- ance.

momentimi afferre nd aliquid—Xo determine the issue of; to turn the scale.

pertinere ad aliquid — to be essentially important to a thing.

hoc nihil ad sapientejji pertinet — a wise man is in no way affected by this.

hoc in sapientem non cadit — it is incompatible with the nature of a wise man ; the wise are superior to such things.

mtdtum vakre ad aliquidY" ^onfibute much towards multum afferre ad aliquid \ ' ' ' ' .'° ''''^«'^' considerably ;

j to be instrumental in . . . 77iagnam vifn habere ad aliquid — to have considerable

influence on a question. positu77i^ situ77i esse in aliqua re contineri aliqua re ^ consistere i7i aliqua re pendere ex aliqica 7x in te 077mia stmt — everything depends on you.

■^ contineri aliqtia re also means (i) to be bounded by . . ., e.g. oceano ; (2) to be limited, restricted to, e.g. inoenibtis.

4o depend upon a thing.

I

PO WER — INC LIN A TION— OPPOR TUNITY 47

in ea re omnia verhintur — all depencis on this ; this is

the decisive point. constare ex aliqua re — to be composed of; to consist of. cernitur (ifi) aliqua re (not ex aliqua re) — it is evident

from . . . in inanu^ in potestate aliciiius\

sitimi^ posituin esse Vto be in a person's power.

penes aliquem esse \

res integra ^ est — the matter is still undecided ; it is an

open question. res 77iihi integra est — I have not yet committed myself. mihi non est i?itegrum, tit . . . — it is no longer in my power. integru77i (causa77i integra77i) sibi reservare — to leave the

question open ; to refuse to commit oneself. qua7itu77i in me {situ7n) est — as far as in me lies ; to the

best of my ability. penes te arbitriu77i huius rei est — the decision of the

question rests with you. arhitrio alicuius 077inia permittere\\.o put the matter en- 077iniu77i rerimi arbitrium alicuiV tirely in some one's

per77iittere J hands.

arbitratUj arbitrio tuo — just as you wish.

5. OPPORTUNITY— POSSIBILITY— OCCASION- CHANCE

occasio datur^ offertur — a favourable^ opportunity presents itself.

^ The proper meaning of integer {in-TAG, tango) is untouched, unsulHed.

^ Not occasio opporttina, bona, pulchra, the notion "favourable" being contained in the word itself. We find, however, occasio praeclara, ampla, tatita, not unfrequently.

48 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

occasione data, oblata\ when occasion offers ; as oppor-

per occasionem J tunity occurs.

quotienscimqiie occasio oblata est ; ofjinibiis locis — on every occasion ; at every opportunity.

occasionem alicui dare, praebere ^ alicuius rei or ad aliquid faciendum to give a man the

facultatem alicui dare alicuius > opportunity of doing rei or ut possit ... a thing.

potestatem^ copia??i alicui dare, facere with Gen. gerund.

occasionem nancisci — to get, meet with, a favourable opportunity.

occasione uti — to make use of, avail oneself of an oppor- tunity.

occasionem praetermittere, amittere (through carelessness), omittere (deliberately), dimiUere (through indiffer- ence)— to lose, let slip an opportunity.

occasioni deesse ^ — to neglect an opportunity.

occasionem arripere — to seize an opportunity.

facultatem, potestatem alicui eripere, adimere — to deprive a man of the chance of doing a thing.

nulla est facultas alicuius rei — no opportunity of carrying out an object presents itself.

locum dare suspicioni — to give ground for suspicion.

^ Notice potestatem alicui pugnandi facere^ to offer battle, and potestatem siii facei-e alicui, (i) to give opportunity of battle, and also (2) to grant an audience to (cf. sui conveniendi potestatem facere).

^ In the same way deesse officio, to leave one's duties undone ; d. miineri, to neglect the claims of one's vocation ; d. rei publicae, to be careless of state interests, to be impatriotic ; d. sibi, not to do one's best.

SUCCESS — GOOD FORTUNE 49

a?isas dare ad reprehendendtwi, reprehensionis — to give

occasion for blame ; to challenge criticism. ansam habere reprehensionis — to contain, afford matter

for criticism. adduci aliqua re {ad aliquid or ut . . . ) — to be induced by

a consideration. nescio quo casu (with Indie.) — by some chance or other. teinere et fortuito ; forte (et) temere — quite accidentally,

fortuitously.

6. SUCCESS— GOOD FORTUNE

fortuna secunda ufi — to be fortunate, lucky. fortunae favore ox prospero flatu\ to be favoured by For- fortunae uti {vid. note, p. 84) ^ tune ; to bask in For- fortunam fautricei7i nancisci J tune's smiles. fortuna caecos homi7Us efficit, animos occaecat — Fortune

makes men shortsighted, infatuates them. fortimam tentare, experiri — to try one's luck. fortunam periclitari i^periculum facere^ — to run a risk ; to

tempt Providence. fortunae se com??tittere — to trust to luck. fortunam in manibus habere — to have success in one's

grasp. fortunam ex manibus dimittere — to let success slip through

one's fingers. fortuna commutatur^ se inclinat — luck is changing, waning. ludibrium fortunae — the plaything of Fortune. is^ queni fortuna complexa est — Fortune's favourite. a fortuna desertum^ derelictum esse — to be abandoned by

good luck.

E

50 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

fortuna aliquem effert — Fortune exalts a man, makes liim

conspicuous. rebus secundis efferri — to be puffed up by success ; to be

made arrogant by prosperity. ad felicitate7n {inagnus) cuimi^

his accedit ex aliqua re aliqiiid felicitatis cumulum

affert aliquid felicltatem 7nagno

cumulo auget

his crowning happiness is produced by a thing ; the culminating point of his felicity is . . .

in rebus prosperis et ad voluntatem fluentibus — when life

runs smoothly. beata vita, beate vivere, beatum esse ^ — happiness, bliss. ad bene beateque vivenduni — for a life of perfect happiness. peropportune accidit, quod — it is most fortunate that . . .

7. MISFORTUNE— FATE— RUIN

fortuna adversa 1 • r 1 •

^. ^. y misfortune, adversity.

res adversae, ajfiictae, perditae\

in calaniitate??i i?tcidere — to be overtaken by calamity.

calamitate7n accipere, subire — to suffer mishap.

ftihil calamitatis {in vita) videre — to live a life free from

all misfortune.

calamitate7n haurire 1 , . , r 9

. - , yto drain the cup of sorrow.

omnes labores exanclare J

^ beatitas and heatitudo are used by Cicero in one passage only (De Nat. Deorum, i. 34. 95), but merely as a linguistic experiment.

■^ In Latin metaphor the verb only, as a rule, is sufficient to express the metaphorical meaning— e.g. aniicitiaiii iujigere cum aliqiio, to be bound by the bands of affection to any one ; religionem labefactare, to undermine the very foundations of belief; helium exstinguere, to extinguish the torch of war ; aincta bello ardent, the fires of war are

MISFOR TUNE— FA TE—R UIN 5 1

calamitateni^ pestem i7iferre alicui — to bring mishap, ruin

on a person. cahwiitatibus affligi — to be the victim of misfortune. calamitatibus obrui — to be overwhelmed with misfortune. calamitatibus defiingi — to come to the end of one's

troubles. calamiiate doctiis — schooled by adversity. coiiflictari {cum) adversafortuna — to struggle with adversity. i?i 7naHs iacere — to be broken down by misfortune. malis urgeri — to be hard pressed by misfortune. fortunae vicissitudines — the vicissitudes of fortune. andpites et varii casus — the changes and chances of this

life. sub varios incertosque casus subiecfum esse — to have to sub- mit to the uncertainties of fortune ; to be subject

to Fortune's caprice. multis casibus iactari — to experience the ups and downs

of life. ad omnes casus subsidia comparare — to be prepared for

all that may come. varia fortuna uti — to experience the vicissitudes of

fortune ; to have a chequered career. multis iniquiiatibus exerceri^ — to be severely tried by

misfortune.

raging all around ; libido consedit, the storm of passion has ceased ; anijmiui pellere, to strike the heart-strings ; vetustas vionumenta exederat, the tooth of time had eaten away the monuments.

^ The first meaning of exercere is to keep in motion, give no rest to. Then, metaphoricaliy, to keep busy, to harass — e.g. forhina aliquem vehemetiter exercet. Lastly, exercere is used to express the main activity in any branch of industry, thus, exercere agros, to farm ; inetalla, to carry on a mining industry ; navevi, to fit out ships, be a shipowner ; vectigalia, to levy, collect taxes, used specially of the ptiblicani ; qni exercet ittdicittni, the presiding judge (praetor).

^to be ruined, undone.

52 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

fortunae tells proposltu7n esse — to be exposed to the

assaults of fate. fortimae oblectu7n esse — to be abandoned to fate. ad Inlurlas fortunae exposltum esse — to be a victim of the

malice of Fortune. fortunae cedere — to acquiesce in one's fate. allqueju affllgere, perdere, pessumdare, In praeceps dare — to

bring a man to ruin ; to destroy. praeclpltem agl^ Ire ad exltlum vocarl ad Inter Itum mere In pernlcieni Incurrere pestem allcul {In allque77i) machlnartX to compass, devise a pernlclem {exltlum) allcul afferre, I man's overthrow,

mollrl^ parare I ruin.

ab exltlo, ab Interltu allquem vlndlcare — to rescue from

destruction.

8. DANGER— RISK— SAFETY

In perlculo esse or versarl — to be in danger.

res In sununo dlscrlmlne versatur — the position is very critical.

In vltae dlscrlmlne versarl — to be in peril of one's life.

In perlcula Incldere, Incurrere — to find oneself in a hazard- ous position.

perlcula allcul Impendent, lm77ilnent — dangers threaten a man.

perlcula In or ad allque7n redundant — many dangers hem a person in ; one meets new risks at every turn.

perlcula sublre, adlre, susclpefe — to incur danger, risk.

perlculls se offerre — to expose oneself to peril.

DANGER— RISK— SAFETY 53

sabitcm^ vitam sua??i in discrimen offerre (not exponere) — to

risk one's life.

aliquem. aliquid ifi pericuhivi\

.... X , , 1 to endanger, imperil a

(discrwiemadditcere.vocare^y . .

,. , ' n \ person or thini^.

alicui periculu7ii creare^ conflare\

in periciiliwi capitis^ in discrimen vitae se infer re — to reck- lessly hazard one's life.

saliis^ capict^ vita alicidus agitur, pericHtaiur, in discrimine est or versatur — a man's life is at stake, is in very great danger.

in ipso periadi discrimine — at the critical moment.

aliqiiem ex periculo eripere, servare — to rescue from peril.

mdlum periculu7n recusare pro — to avoid no risk in order to . . .

pericidis pei'fungi — to surmount dangers.

periculiwi facere alicuius rei — to make trial of ; to risk.

pericidum hostis facere — to try one's strength with the

enemy ; to try issue of battle.

res ad extremu7n casu7ii\ „ . ,

affairs are desperate : we are

perducta est r i i

- reduced to extremities.

ad extrema perventum estj

in tuto esse — to be in a position of safety.

in tuto coUocare aliqidd — to ensure the safety of a

thing.

^ vocare helps to form several phrases — e.g. in itividiain, in siispicionem, in diibium^ ad exititim, in periculuvi vocare. It is used in the passive to express periphrastically the passive of verbs which have only an active voice — e.g. in invidiam vocari, to become unpop- ular, be hated, invideor not being used. Cf. in invidiam venire.

54 LA TIN J'llRASE BOOK

9. ASSISTANCE— DELIVERANCE— CON- SOLATION

auxiliiim^ opein^ saliitem ferre alicid — to bring aid to ; to

rescue. auxilio alicui venire — to come to assist any one. alicuius opein implorare — to implore a person's help. confugere ad aliquem or ad opem, ad fidem alicuius — to fly

to some one for refuge. ad extremujji aicxiliiun descendere^ — to be reduced to

one's last resource. auxilium praesens ^ — prompt assistance. adesse alicui or alicuius rebus (opp. deesse) — to assist, stand

by a person.

salute7n alicui afferre — to deliver, rescue a person.

, . - . 1 to take measures for one's

saluti suae consulere, prospicere \ ^ •. 1 r

, ., . , \ safety : to look after

suis rebus or sibi co7isulere

I one s own interests.

salufeffi expedire — to effect a person's deliverance.

solacium praebere — to comfort.

nihil habere consolationis — to afford no consolation.

hoc solaciofrui^uti — tosolaceoneself with the thought . . .

consolari aliquem de aliqua re — to comfort a man in a

matter ; to condole with him.

consolari dolorem alicuius — to soothe grief.

^ Similarly descendere is frequently used of consenting unwillingly to a thing, condescending. Cf. vi. 9 ad fin. and xvi. 9.

^ Notice ioo poena praesens, instant punishment, pectuiia praesens, ready money, inedicina praesens, efficacious remedy ; detcs praesens, a propitious deity ; z;z rem praesenteni venire, to go to the very spot to make a closer examination.

RICHES— WANT—PO VER TV 5 5

consolari alique7n in iniseriis — to comfort in misfortune.

hoc iilld) solacio vie consolor 1 , , r • 1

\ 1 console myself with . . .

haec {ilia) res vie covsolattir J

10. RICHES— WANT— POVERTY

divitiis, copiis abundare — to be rich, wealthy. viagjias opes habere opibus inaxime florere

viamas opes habere \ . . , , .

I to be very rich ; to be m a

I position of affluence.

ovmibus opibus cit'cuvifluere

fortunis maxiviis ornatuvi esse — to be in the enjoyment of

a large fortune. in oinniuvi renun abundantia vivere — to live in great

affluence. aliquevi ex paupere divitevi facere — to raise a man

from poverty to wealth. inopia alicuius rei laborare^ previi — to suffer from want of

a thing. ad egestatevi, ad inopiani {suviviajn oniniwn reruvi) redigi

— to be reduced to (abject) poverty. vitavi inopevi sustentare^ tolerare — to earn a precarious

livelihood.

in egestate esse, ve7'sari\ ,. . ...

rto live in poverty, destitution. vitajn 171 egestate dege7'e I

ill su77i77ia egestate or 77iendicitate esse — ^to be entirely desti- tute ; to be a beggar. sftpe77i colligere — to beg alms. stipevi (J>ecunia77i) coTtferre — to contribute alms.

56 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

IT. UTILITY— ADVANTAGE— HARM- DISADVANTAGE

Usui or ex iisu esse — to be of use.

utilitatem afferre^ praebere — to be serviceable.

multu??i (nihil) ad C07n7?iune7n utilitatem afferre — to consid- erably (in no way) further the common good.

aliquid in usum suum conferre — to employ in the further- ance of one's interests.

omnia ad suam utilitatem referre — to consider one's own advantage in everything

rationibus alicuius prospicere"

to look after, guard a - person's interests, wel- fare.

or consulere (opp. officere^ obstare, adversari) commodis alicuius servire co77imoda alicuius tueri 77ieae rationes ita tulerunt — my interests demanded it. fructum (uberri77i2'i77t) capere, percipere, consequi ex aliqua re ^

— to derive (great) profit, advantage from a thing. fructus ex hac re redundant in or ad 7/ie — (great) advantage

accrues to me from this. aliquid ad 7?ieu7n fructu77i redundat — I am benefited by a

thing. quid attinet? with Infin. — what is the use of? cui bono ? — who gets the advantage from this ? who is the

interested party ?

^ hlso frtictwn alicuius rei capere, percipere^ f^yc, consequi ex aliqua re — e.g. vii'tutis fructus ex re publica [magnos, laetos, uberes) capere=\.o be handsomely rewarded by the state for one's high char- acter.

HA KM— GOOD WILL 57

dmiinum (opp. lucrimi) facere 1 rr i i

.^ ' to surfer loss, harm,

dainiio affici \ , i

. /• damage.

detrimentiim capere^ acapere, facere j

iacturam ^ alicuius rei facere — to throw away, sacrifice.

damnum inferre^ afferre aliciii — to do harm to, injure any

one. da??iftum ferre — to know how to endure calamity. incomniodo afficere aliquem — to inconvenience, injure a

person. incommodis ?fiederi — to relieve a difficulty. damnum or detrmientu7n sarcire (not reparare) — to make

good, repair a loss or injury. dammtm compensare cimi aliqua re — to balance a loss by

anything. res repetere — to demand restitution, satisfaction. res restituere — to give restitution, satisfaction.

1 2. GOODWILL— KINDNESS— INCLINATION- FAVOUR

benevolo animo esse in aliquem 1 to be well-disposed benevolentiam habere erga aliquem^ towards . . . benevolentiam, favorem, voluntateni alicuius sibi conciliare

^ Notice too calamitatem, cladem, iricoinmodtim accipere, to suffer mishap, reverse, inconvenience ; naiifragium facere, to be ship- wrecked.

- daimnim (opp. /z^(rrz^;;i;) = loss, especially of worldly possessions; detrhnentiim (opp. e?)iolwnentu!n)—\\:i.xm. inflicted by oihtx?, ', fraiis = deceitful injury; iactura (properly "throwing overboard ")= the intentional sacrifice of something valuable in order either to avert injury or to gain some greater advantage. " Harmful " = mz//z7w, qui itocet, etc., not noxhis, which is only used absolutely — e.g. homo noxius, the offender, evildoer.

58

LA TIN PHRASE BOOK

or coUigere {ex aliqua re)— to find favour with some one ; to get into their good graces. benevoie7itia}n alien i praestare^

to show kindness to .

to be popular with ; to stand well with a person.

to gain a person's esteem, friendship.

in aliquem conferre benevolentia aliijuein complecti

or prosequi gratiosiim esse alien i or apiid

aliqiie7n in gratia esse apud aliquem multum valere gratia apud\

aliquem ^^ ^^ ^^S^^>' ^^^'O^^ed by; to

florere gratia alicuius J ^' influential with . . .

gratiain inire ab aliquo or apud

aliquem in gratiam alicuius venire gratiam alicuius sibi quaerere, sequi, more strongly aucupari — to court a person's favour ; to ingratiate oneself with . . . studere, favere alicui studiosum esse alicuius propenso ani^no^ studio esse oxpropensa voluntate esse in aliquem (opp. averso animo esse ab aliquo) alicui morem gerere, obsequi — to comply with a person's

wishes ; to humour. alicuius causa ^ velle or cupere — to be favourably disposed

towards. gratum {gratissimum) alicui facere — to do any one a (great) favour.

^ Probably originally ^;//y?m <7:/zV«?V/j- catisa velle = io wish every- thing (favourable) in some one's behalf.

to look favourably upon ; to support.

\

BENEFIT— GRA TITUDE—RECOMPENSE 59

se conformare, se accovimodare\ . ,_

, ,. . , to accommodate onesclr to

ad ahcicius vomntate??i V , , • 1

,..,., another s wishes.

ahcuius voluntait morein ^erere\

se convertere^ converti ad aliciiius imtiim ^ — to take one's directions from another ; to obey him in everything.

totum se finge7'e et acconwiodare ad alicuius arbitrhnn et niitum — to be at the beck and call of another ; to be his creature.

voluntatem or animiim alicuius a se abalienare, aliquem a se abalienare or alienare — to become estranged, alien- ated from some one.

13. BENEFIT— GRATITUDE— RECOMPENSE

be7ieficiiim aliciii dare, tribuere ^ to do any one a service beiieficio aliquejji afficere, ornare^ or kindness. beneficia in alique7n conferre — to heap benefits upon . . . beneficiis aliqueiii obstringere, ob/igare, devincire — to lay

any one under an obligation by kind treatment. beneficiu7n re^fiunerari or reddere {cumulate^ — to (richly)

recompense a kindness or service. gratus (opp. iiigratiis) animus ^ — gratitude. grafiam alicui debere — to owe gratitude to ; to be under

an obligation to a person.

^ But se co7ivertere ad aliquem = e\\hQX (i) to approach with hostile intention, or (2) to turn to some one for sympathy or assistance.

- animus is used similarly in several periphrases to express abstract qualities — e.g. cuiimiis z>z^jr<?rrti^z7zV = inflexibility, severity; aninnis implacabilis — implacability ; animus {fides ) venalis = venality. Cf. simp/ices mores, simplex nafrira, ratio, genus = ?,\vci- plicity {simplicitas is post- Augustan and usually = frankness, candour). immcmor /;z^''(?;z///;// = forgetfulness {oblivio in this sense is not class- ical).

6o LATIN PHRASE BOOK

gratiam alicui habere — to feci gratitude (in one's heart). gmtiam alicui referre {ineritam, debitam) pro aliqiia re — to

show gratitude (in one's acts). gratias alicui agere pro aliqua re— to thank a person (in

words). grales agere (dis immortalibus)—\o give thanks to heaven. gratiam mereri—\o merit thanks ; to do a thankworthy

action.

par pari referre \

v.^w^ ^ V, J. J Ko return like for like.

paria paribus respondere I

bonain (praeclaram) gratiam referre — to reward amply ; to

give manifold recompense for.

benefacta maleficiis pensare — to return evil for good.

77ialeficia benefactis rem^merariX

. J r •■ 1 r . J J Ko return good for evil

pro maleficiis beneficia reddere I ^

14. MERIT— VALUE— REWARD

be?ie^ praeclare {7nelius, optime) mereri^ de aliquo — to deserve well at some one's hands ; to do a service to . . .

male mereri de aliquo — to deserve ill of a person ; to treat badly.

meritufn alicuius in or erga aliquem — ^vhat a man merits at another's hands.

nullo 7neo fiierito — I had not deserved it.

ex^ pro merito — according to a man's deserts.

multiwi ialiquid) alicui rei tribuere — to consider of import- ance ; to set much (some) store by a thing.

1 mereri is a middle verb, and consequently always has an adverb with it.

RE Q UES TS— WISHES— COMMISSIONS— ORDERS 6 1

viultiun alicui tribuere — to value, esteem a person.

praemiis {amplissiinis^ maximis) aliquein afflcere ^ — to remunerate (handsomely).

meritum prae??imni aliaii persolvere — to reward a man according to his deserts.

praemhcm exponere or p)roponere — (to encourage) by offering a reward.

praejfiuwi ponere — to offer a prize (for the winner).

palmain deferre, dare alicui — to award the prize to . . .

palmam ferre, aiiferre — to win the prize.

pacta merces alicuius rei — the stipulated reward for any- thing.

mercede conductum esse — to be hired, suborned.

1 5. REQUESTS— WISHES— COMMISSIONS- ORDERS

orare et obsecrare aliguem \ .

^ .to entreat earnestly ; to

inamo opere. vehementer. etiam \ .

. 7- make urgent requests.

aiqtie eiiam rogare aliqueni |

precibus aliquem fatigare — to importune with petitions.

supplicibus verbis orare — to crave humbly ; to supplicate.

precibus obsequi — to grant a request.

alicui petenti satisfacere, non deesse — to accede to a man's

petitions. magnis {infimis) precibus moveri — to be influenced by, to

yield to urgent (abject) entreaty.

^ Notice the numerous phrases of which afficere is a part — e.g. afficere aliqtiem admiratione, beneficio^ exilio, honore, iniiiria, laude, poejta, siippJicio. Especially important is its passive use — e.g. ajjici admiratione, to admire ; gaudio, vohcptate, to rejoice, be pleased ; dolore, to be pained, vexed ; poena, to suffer punishment.

62 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

-to refuse, reject a request.

negarc, more strongly denegare

aliciii illiquid petenti alicui negare aliquid repudiare, aspernari preces ali-

cuius.

J

nihil tibi a me postulanti recusabo — I will refuse you

nothing. aliquid ab aliquo impetrare — to gain one's point with any

one. optata inihi contingimt — my wishes are being fulfilled. voluntati alicuius satisfacere^ obsequi — to satisfy a person's

wishes. ex sententia — as one would wish ; to one's mind. aliquid optii7iis ominibus prosequi {vid. p. 88 note) to wish

prosperity to an undertaking. befie id tibi vertat I ~\ wish you all success in the

matter. mandatum^ negotium alicui dare] to entrust a matter to a negotium ad aliquem deferre J person ; to commission. mandatum exsequi, persequi, conficere — to execute a com- mission. iussa (usually only in plur.), imperata facere — to carry out

orders.

1 6. FRIENDSHIP— ENMITY— RECONCILIATION

(cf. xii. 8).

amicitiam cum aliquo jutigere, facere, inire, contrahere — to

form a friendship with any one. a7iiicitiam colere — to keep up, foster a connection. uti aliquo amico — to be friendly with any one.

FRIENDSHIP— ENMITY— RECONCJ LI A TION 63

'\

est or intercedit 7nihi cum

aliquo amicitia 1 1 am on good (bad) terms with

sunt or intercedunt mihi a person. cum aliquo ini7nicitiae ^

uti aliquo familiariter — to be on very intimate terms with . . .

artissimo amicitiae vinculo or siwinia fainiliaritate cimi aliquo coniunctum esse — to be bound by the closest ties of friendship.

vetustate amicitiae coniunctum esse — to be very old friends.

amicitiam alicuius appetere — to court a person's friend- ship.

in amicitiam alicuius recipi\ . ,..,,.

„ . ... to gam some one s iriendship ;

ad alicuius amicitia7?i seV . . . . ,

to become mtimate with. conferre^ se applicare I

aliquem (tertium) ad (in) amicitiam ascribere — to admit

another into the circle of one's intimates.

ajnicitiam renimtiare

to renounce, give up a friendship.

amicitiani dissuere^ dissolvere,

praecldere

amicissimus metis or mihi — my best friend. homo infimus, fajniliarissimus 7?iihi — my most intimate

acquaintance. inimicitias gerere, habere, exercere ctwi aliquo — to be at

enmity with a man. initnicitias ciwi aliquo suscipere — to make a person one's

enemy. inimicitias deponere — fo lay aside one's differences. aequt iniqiii — friend and foe.

^ The singular iniviicitia is only used to express the abstract idea "enmity."

64

LATIN PHRASE BOOK

placare alique7n alicici or {71}

aliquem reconciliare alicuius aniniuiji

or simply alique77i alicici 171 gratiatn aliqiie77i cu77i

aliquo reducere i7i gratia7n cuf7i aliquo redire sibi alique77i^ alicuius a7ti7?iu77i

reco7iciliare or reco7iciliari

alicui

to reconcile two people ; to be a mediator.

to be reconciled up a quarrel.

to make

to be an influential person.

to have great influence with a person ; to have considerable weight.

17. AUTHORITY— DIGNITY (cf. xiv. 3)

77iag7ia auctoritate esse \

. -. . y n to possess great authority ;

auctoritate valere ox fiorere \ ° -^ '

77iag7ia auctoritas est in aliquo \

77iultu7Ji auctoritate valere^ posse

apud aliquem

77tag7ta auctoritas alicuius est

apud aliquem

alicuius auctoritas 77iultum valet

apud alique77i

auctoritatcTTt or dig7iitate77i sibi coTiciliare^ parare — to gain

dignity ; to make oneself a person of consequence. ad su77i77ia77i auctoritate77i perveTiire — to attain to the

highest eminence. auctoritate77i alicuius amplificare (opp. i77i7?iinuere^ 77iinuere)

— to increase a person's dignity. auctoritatij dig7iitati alicuius illudere — to insult a person's

dignity. digTiitas est su77i77ia i7i aliquo 1 to be in a dignified posi- su77i77ia dig7iitate praeditum esses tion.

to praise, extol, com- mend a person.

PRAISE — APPRO VAL — BLAME — RE PRO A CH 65

aliqiiid alienum (a) dignitate sua \

or merely a se diicere to consider a thing

aliquid infra se ducere or infra I beneath one's dignity.

se positinn arbitrari J

18. PRAISE— APPROVAL— BLAME— REPROACH

laudeni tribuere, impertire alicui^ laude afficere aliquein {jnaxiniis^ siifumis) laudibus

efferre aliquem or aliquid eximia laude ornare aliquem omni laude ciwiulare aliquem — to overwhelm with

eulogy. laudibus aliquem {aliquid) in caelum ferre^ efferre^ tollere —

to extol, laud to the skies.

alicuius laude s praedicare — to spread a person's praises.

aliquefn beahmi praedicare — to consider happy.

omniujn undique laudem colli^ereX . . ^

. ., , , to wm golden opmions

maximam ao o?nnious laudein \ _

.... from every one.

adipisci J

aliquid laudi alicui ducere^ dare — to consider a thing

creditable to a man. aliquem coram^ in os ox praesentem laudare — to praise a

man to his face. recte^ bene feci sti quod . . . — you were right in . . . ; you

did right to . . . 7-es mihi probatur — a "thing meets with my approval, res a me probatur — I express my approval of a thing. hoc in te reprehendo (not ob eain rem) — I blame this in

you ; I censure you for this.

F

66 LA TIN PHRASE BOOK

vitupei'atmiem subire \

-. ^ .■ , , . to suffer reproof: to

in vimperaiio?te??i, reprehensionem \

7 . ., . be criticised, blamed.

caaere^ tnaaere, ventre I

exprobrare alicui aliquid \

a/i{/m'd a/ian crimmi dare, \-torepro3ichapersonwiih . . .

vertere J

conqueri, expostulare cum aliquo de aliqua re — to expostu- late with a person about a thing.

19. RUMOUR— GOSSIP— NEWS— MENTION

rumor, fama, ser7?io est or manat — report says ; people say.

rumor, fa7?ia viget — a rumour is prevalent.

fama serpit {per urbem) — a report is spreading imper- ceptibly.

rumor increbrescit — a report, an impression is gaining

ground.

rumorem spargere\

J. -. . KO spread a rumour.

jamam dissipare J

dubii rumores afferuntur ad nos — vague rumours reach us.

auditione et fama accepisse aliquid\

r J T -J J- ■ Ko know from hearsay.

jando aliquid audivisse I ^

ex eo audivi, cu7?i diceret — I heard him say . , .

vulgo dicitur, pervulgatum est — every one says.

in 07X 077i7iiu77i or 077i7iibus {ho-

miniwi or ho77iinibus, but

only 7tiihi, tibi, etc.) esse per 077i7iiu77i oraferri in ore habere aliquid (Fam. 6. 18. 5) — to harp on a

thing, be always talking of it. efferre or edere aliquid i7i vulgus — to divulge, make public.

to be in every one's mouth.

GOSSIP— NE WS—MEN TION—FAME 67

foras efferri^ palam fieri, percrebrescere, divulgari, in mediu7n proferri, exire, ejnanare — to become known, be- come a topic of common conversation (used of things).

in sermonein hoininum venire] . 1 . r

, . , . KO be a subject for gossip.

in ora vulgi abire J

fabulam fieri — to be the talk of the town, a scandal.

nuntio allato or accepto — on receiving the news.

jRomam nuntiatuni est, allatum est — news reached Rome.

certiore7n facere aliqueni {alicuius rei or de aliqua re) — to

inform a person. mentionem facere alicuius rei or de aliqua re^ — to mention

a thing. mentionem inicere de aliqua re ox

Ace. c. Inf. to mention a thing in-

in mentionem alicuius rei incidere j cidentally, casually. 7nentio alicuius rei incidit J

20. FAME— REPUTATION

gloriam, famam sibi comparare — to gain distinction. gloriam {immortalem) consequi, adipisci — to win (undying)

fame. gloriae, laudi esse\ to confer distinction on a person ; to laudem afferre j redound to his credit. gloria, laude florere — to be very famous, illustrious. summa gloria florere — to have reached the highest pinnacle

of eminence.

^ Not co)?t79iefnorare, the fundamental meaning of which is "to make a person mindful of . . . ," and implies an emphatic reference to a definite point.

68 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

darimt fieri, nobilitari, illnstrari (not the post-classical cla- rescere or indarescere)

gloriam colligere, in summam

gloriam venire

to become famous, dis- tinguish oneself.

aliquem immortali gloria afficere\\.o confer undying fame aliquem sempiternae gloriae com- \ on, immortalise some

mendare J one.

immortalitate7n consequi, adipisd, sibi parh-e — to attain

eternal renown. gloria dud \

laudis studio trahi Vto be guided by ambition.

laudem, gloriam quaerere\

sfimulis gloriae condtari — to be spurred on by ambition. gloriae, laudis cupiditate incensum esse, flagrare — to be

consumed by the fires of ambition. de gloria, fama alicuius detrahere \ to detract from a alicuius gloriae or simply alicuiy person's reputation,

obtredare alicuius famam, laudem imminuere obscurare alicuius gloriam, laudem, f amain ^ (not obscurare

aliquem) — to render obscure, eclipse a person. famae servire, consulere — to have regard for one's good

name. fa??iam ante colledam tueri, conservare — to live up to one's

reputation. bene, 7nale audire {ah aliquo) \ to have a good or bad bona, mala existimatio est de V reputation, be spoken aliquo J well, ill of.

^ In the same way, to improve a man, aliaiius mores corrigere (not aliquem c.) ; to understand some one, alicuius orationejii or quid dicat iiitellegei'e.

wilfully underesti- mate a person.

REPUl 'A 7 UON'—IIONO UR 69

faniam crudelitatis siibire (Catil. 4. 6. 12) — to gain the reputation of cruelty.

to damage a person's ■ character, bring him into bad odour.

infamiam alicui inferre, aspergere, C07iflare

infamem facere aliqiiein

magnajji sui fcDuain relinquere — to leave a great reputa- tion behind one.

opinionem virtutis habere — to have the reputation of virtue.

existimatio^ hominu7n^ omnium — the common opinion, the general idea.

21. HONOUR— DISGRACE— IGNOMINY

esse in honore apud aliquein — to be honoured, esteemed

by some one.

honorem alicui habere, tribuere \ . .

J „ to honour, show re-

a/wuem honore amcere, au^ere. \

., ., ' ^ox spect for, a person.

ornare^ prosequi {via. note, p. 88) I

alique?n cupiditate honorum inflammare (or aliquem ad cupiditatetn honorum infla7n7fiare) — to kindle am- bition in some one's mind.

honores concupiscere (opp. aspernari) — to aspire to dignity, high honours.

honoris causa aiiquem no7Jiinare or appella7'e — to speak of some one respectfully.

statua77i alicui ponere, C07istituere — to set up a statue in some one's honour.

^ exist iniatio has two uses: (i) active — opinion held by others, criticism ; (2) passive — reputation, character, usually in a good sense, consequently — good reputation without the addition Qibo7ia, integra^ etc.

70 LA TIN PHRASE BOOK

alique77i colere et ol?servare {Ait. 2. 19)— to pay respect to, be courteous to a person.

aliquem igno?mma afficere, notare\ to inflict an indignity

alicui ignominiam inurere J upon, insult a person.

infamiam concipere, subire, sibi conflare~io incur igno- miny.

vifae sple7idori {em) 7Jiaculas {is) aspergere — to sully one's

fair fame. nota77t turpitudmis alicui ox vitae alicuius iTiurere to injure

a man's character, tarnish his honour. ig7t077ii7tia77i noTi ferre~to chafe under an indignity,

repudiate it. macula77i {co7icepta77i) delere, eiuere—to blot out a reproach.

22. EFFORT— INDUSTRY— LABOUR— EXER- TION

sfudiose {dilige7tter, eTiixe, sedulo, 77iaxi77ie) dare opera77i, ut . . . —to take great pains in order to . . .

egregia77i opera77i {77iultu7n, plus etc. operae) dare alicui rei

operai7i alicui rei tribuere, Iti aliquid co7iferre

opera77i {labore77i^ cura77i) i7i or ad aliquid i77ipendere

77iultu77i operae ac laboris C07isu77iere i7t aliqua re — to exert oneself very energetically in a matter.

studiiwi, i7idustria77i (not dilige7itia77i) collocare, poTiere i7i aliqua re— to apply oneself zealously, diligently to a thing.

i7tcu77ibere in {ad) aliquid— \o be energetic about, throw- one's heart into a thing.

to expend great labour on a thing.

EFFOR T—IND USTR Y— LABOUR— EXERTION 7 1

opiis^ facere (Dq Senect. 7. 24) — to do work (especially agricultural).

opus aggredi 1 to take a task in hand, en-

ad opus faciendiuii accedere\ gage upon it.

res est multi /aborts et sudoris — the matter involves much labour and fatigue.

desudare et elaborare in aliqua re (De Senect. 11. 38) — to exert oneself very considerably in a matter.

iabori, operae non parcere — to spare no pains.

labore7n non inter77iittere — to work without intermission.

nullujn tempus a labore interniittere — not to leave off work for an instant.

lucubrare (Liv. i. 57) — to work by night, burn the mid- night oil.

inanem laboi'em suscipere \

ope7'ani {et oleutii) perdere or Vto lose one's labour. frustra consm?iere \

rem actam or simply actu77i agere (proverb.) — to have all one's trouble for nothing.

labore supersedere {iti7teris) (Fam. 4. 2. 4) — to spare one- self the trouble of the voyage.

patiens laboris — capable of exertion.

fugiens laboris — lazy.

operae pretiu77i est (c. Inf.) — it is worth while.

acti labores iucundi (proverb.) — rest after toil is sweet.

^ opus always means the concrete work on which one is engaged; labor is the trouble, fatigue, resulting from effort ; opei'a is the voluntary effort, the troujble spent on an object. Thus laborare = no\. simply to work, but to work energetically, with exertion and consequent fatigue ; operari, to be busy with a thing. Terence thus distinguishes opus and opera : quod in opere faciundo operae consumis tuae. Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 455 operiwique laboreni mii'atur = \he. trouble which such huge works must have cost.

12

LATIN PHRASE BOOK

content ionem adhibere — to exert oneself. omnes nervos^ in aliqua re"

contendere omnibus viribus or nervis co7i-

tendere, ut omni ope atque opera or omni \

viriiwi contentioiie eniti, ut conteridere et iaborare, ut pro viribus eniti et laborare,

ut

to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a mat- ter.

23. BUSINESS— LEISURE— INACTIVITY— IDLE- NESS

negotium suscipere—to undertake an affair.

negotium obire, exsequi— to execute, manage a business,

undertaking. negotiufu conficere, expedire, transigere — to arrange, settle

a matter. negotia agere, gerere~to be occupied with business, busy. multis negotiis implicatum, districtuin, distentum, obriituni

esse — to be involved in many undertakings ; to be

much occupied, embarrassed, overwhelmed by

business-claims. negotiis vacare — to be free from business.

^^ nervi properly = sinews, muscles, not nerves the existence of which was unknown to the ancients. Metaphorically nervi denotes not only strength in general but also specially— (i) vital power, elasticity, e.g. onines ne7'vos virtiitis elidere (Tusc. 2. 11. 27), inctdere, to paralyse the strength of virtue ; (2) motive power, main- spring, essence, of a thing, e.g. vectigalia nervi rei ptddicae sunt (Imp. Pomp. 7. 17), nei-vi belli pecunia (Phil. 5. 2. 15}.

I

to be at leisure.

B US IN ESS— LEISURE —IN A C TI VI TY- - IDLENESS 7 3

occiipatiim esse in aligua re\ . .

^ ... >to be engaged upon a matter.

intentiim esse alicui rei J

negoHum alicui facessere (Yiixw. 3. 10. i) — to give a person

trouble, inconvenience him. magniu7i 7iegotium est c. Inf. — it is a great undertaking

to . . . niillo negotio — without any trouble. otiosum esse i?i otio esse or vivere otium habere otio friii I

otio abundare — to have abundance of leisure. otiiwi sequi, ainplexari — to be a lover of ease, leisure. otiosum tenipus consumere in aliqua re — to spend one's

leisure hours on an object. otio abuti ^ or otimn ad suum usum transferre — to use up,

make full use of one's spare time. {ifi) otio languere et hebescereX to grow slack with inactivity, otio diffluere J stagnate.

desidiae et languori se dedere ] to abandon oneself to in- ignaviae'^ et socordiae se dare\ activity and apathy. per luxum et ignaviam aetatetn agere — to pass one's life in

luxury and idleness.

^ almti properly = to consume, make full use of. P^rom this is developed the rarer meaning to use in excess, <i\:)\\%Q.— perverse, intei)iperanter, iiniiioderate uti. Abuse, mvsXf&o.—praviis iisus, vitiuni male ■iitentitivi, insoleiis vios. abusus is only found in the Jurists, and ahisio is a technical term of rhetoric = K'ardxp77crts.

^ The original meaning. of ?^;zawa {in-gnaviis, cf. vavtis, 7iavare) is not cowardice but laziness.

74 LA TIN PHRASE BOOK

24. PLEASURE— RECREATION

voluptatem ex aliqiia re capere or percipere — to derive

pleasure from a thing. voluptate perfu7idi~\Q revel in pleasure, be blissfully

happy. voluptatibus frui \

voluptates hauriref" '^*'" °"^'= '^" "^ ^"Joyment. se totiim voluptatibus dedere^ tradere — to devote oneself

absolutely to the pursuit of pleasure. homo voluptarius (Tusc. 2. 7. 18) — a devotee of pleasure :

a self-indulgent man.

voluptath illecebris dekniri \ '° ^'' ^""^ ^'^'""y' irrupted

m/uJ,M/s blanditiis corrumpi f ^^ "^^ ^"""-ements of plea-

J sure.

in voluptates se mergere — to plunge into a life of pleasure.

animum a voluptate sevocare — to hold aloof from all amusement.

voluptates {corporis) — sensual pleasure.

voluptatis or aninii causa (B. G. 5. 12) — for one's own diversion ; to satisfy a whim.

deliciis diffluere — to wanton in the pleasures of sense.

anif?ium relaxare, reficere, recreare or simply se reficere, se recreare, refici^ recreari (ex aliqua re) — to recruit one- self, seek relaxation.

animum or simply se ref?iittere\

1 •/••77 Ko mdulge oneself. amino or simply sibi indulgerex °

GENIUS— TA LENT— INTELLIGENCE 7 5

VI. THE MIND; ITS FUNCTIONS

I. GENIUS— TALENT— INTELLIGENCE

7tiagno animo esse — to be magnanimous, broad-minded. am7?iiwi attendere ad aliqiiid — to turn one's attention to a

thing. diligenter attendere (aliquid) — to attend carefully. alias res or almd agere — to be inattentive. anwio adesse^ — (i) to be attentive; (2) to keep one's

presence of mind.

vir mamo in^enio. ingeniosus\ ^ , .,,

,. Va man of ability. vir fnagno tngenio praeditiis J

mgenio valere — to be talented, gifted.

tngenio abundare — to be very talented.

7iatura et ingenium — natural gifts.

ingeniwn acuere — to sharpen the wits.

ingenii acumen — penetration ; sagacity.

ingenii tarditas (opp. celeritas) — dulness of intellect.

ingenii infirmitas or imbecillitas — weakmindedness.

mentis compotejn esse — to be of sane mind.

niente captwti esse, mente alienata esse — to be out of one's

mind. sanae mentis esse — to be of sound mind. mentis quasi luminibus officere {vid. p. 208) or animo

caligi7ie77i offundere — to obscure the mental vision. intellegentia or 77iente 7/iultu7n valere'^ — to possess great

ability.

^ For the second meaning cf. Cicero, ades ani?no et omitte timorem, Scipio.

2 captus, in the meaning ability, capacity, only occurs in the phrase ut captus est nervorum ; while capacitas merely means capacity, content, e.g. vasortnn.

76 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

ad mtellegeniiam coinimmem or popiclarem accommodare aliquid — to accommodate something to the stand- ard of the popular intelligence.

to form an idea of a thing, imagine, conceive.

2. IMAGINATION— THOUGHT

ani7iio, cogiiatione aliquid fingere (or' simply fingere, but without sibi\ informare

ajtimo concipere aliquid

animo, cogitatione aliquid praecipere {O^. i. 2^. 8i)— to form a conception of a thing beforehand.

cogitatione sibi aliquid depingere — to picture to oneself.

ingeniu77i, cogitatio — imagination.

ingenii vis or celeritas — vivid, lively imagination.

7'erum imagines \

rescogitationefictaeo.depictaeY'^^^'''^'' ^^ ^^^ imagination.

opinionum co7nmenta, ineptiae, 7nonstra, portenta — extra- vagant fictions of fancy.

ani77io, mente, cogitatio7ie aliquid C077iprehe7idere, C077iplecti — to grasp a thing mentally.

in ea7n cogitatio7ie7n incidere~to happen to think of . . .

kaec cogitatio subit ani77iu77i\

illud succurrit mihi f " ^^^^ '^'^^^' ^^^^

77iihi in 77iente7n venit alicuius rei — something comes into my mind.

aliquid ani77io 77ieo obversatur (cf. p. 27, s. v. oculi) — a

vague notion presents itself to my mind. alique7n ad ea7n cogitatione7n adducere ut — to induce a

person to think that . . . alicuius ani77iu7n ab aliqua re abducere — to draw away some one's attention from a thing.

CONCEPTIONS— IDEALS— iERFECTION 7 7

cogitationem^ aniijium in aliquid intendere (Acad. 4. 46) — to

direct one's attention . . . omnes cogitatmies ad aliquid conferre — to give all one's

attention to a thing. menfe7?i in aliqiia re defigere — to fix all one's thoughts on

an object. in cogitatione defixiwi esse — to be deep in thought. cogitationes in res humiles abicere (De Amic. 9. 32) (opp.

alte spectare^ ad altiora fendere, altum^ magnificum^

divinuin suspicere) — to study the commonplace.

3. CONCEPTIONS— IDEALS—PERFECTION

7totiones aninio {j7tenti) insitae, innatae — innate ideas. intellegentiae adumbratae^ or incohatae {T>q Leg. i. 22. 59)

— vague, undeveloped ideas. fiotione?n or rationem alicuius rei in animo informare or

animo concipere — to form a conception, notion of a

thing. absolutus et perfectus — absolutely perfect. omnibus numeris absolutus (N. D. 2. 13) — perfect in every

detail.

ad summum perducere\ . . ^ ^ • ^ r ■

- , , Yto brmg to the highest perfection.

perficere et absolvere I

ad perfectionem, {ad su?nmu7n) pervenire — to attain per- fection.

absolutio et perfectio (not simtma perfectio) — ideal per- fection.

^ adumbrare is a technical term of painting = to make a sketch, outhne of an object ; then metaphorically, to merely hint at a thing. Its opposite is exprunere, technical term of sculpture, = figuratively, to represent exactly, clearly. It never has the simple meaning " to express."

78 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

cogitafione, non re — ideally, not really.

undique expleta et perfecta forma \

species optima or eximia^ sped- Van ideal.

men^ also simply species^ forma \ cojnprehensam quandam animo speciem {alicuius ret) habere

— to have formed an ideal notion of a thing. singularem quanda7Ji perfectionis imaginem animo concipere

— to conceive an ideal. imaginem perfecti oratoris adiimbrare — to sketch the ideal

of an orator. civitas opti77ia^ perfecta Platonis \

ilia civitas Platonis commenticia -Plato's ideal republic. ilia civitas^ quam Plato finx it J

4. OPINION— PREJUDICE— CONJECTURE

in sententia ^nanere^ pe7'manere^ perseverare^ per stare — to

abide by, persist in one's opinion. illud^ hoc teneo — I abide by this opinion. a sententia sua discedere

de sententia sua decedereVto give up one's opinion. (de) sententia desistere de sententia deici, depelli^ deterreri — to be forced to change

one's mind. de sententia aliquem deducere, movere — to make a man

change his opinion. aliquem ad suaf?i se^itentiam perducere or in suam sententia7n

adducere — to win a man over to one's own way of

thinking. ad alicuius sententiam accedere^ se7ite7itiam alicuius sequi —

to adopt some one's opinion.

OPINION— PREJUDICE— CONJECTURE 79

idem sentire (opp. dissentire ab aliqud) — to hold the same views.

sententiam siiavi aperire^ — to freely express one's opinions.

sententiain fronle celare, tegere — not to betray one's feel- ings by one's looks.

die quid sefttias ^ — give me your opinion.

in hac sum sententia, ut . . . piitem — I think that . . .

plura in eam sententiam disputare — to discuss a subject more fully on the same lines.

tit meafert opinio \

2it mihi quidein z;/^^/^^?' ^according to my opinion.

77iea {cjiiideni) sentential

quot homines^ tot sententiae — many men, many minds.

opiniones Jalsas animo imbibere^o be imbibing false

opinionibus falsis imbui J opinions.

opinionis error — erroneous opinion.

opinio praeiudicata, also simply opinio {not praeiudiciu?n =z a preliminary decision) — prejudice.

opinio eonjirmata, inveterata — a rooted opinion.

opinio7ium pravitate infici — to be filled with absurd pre- judices.

opinionu7?i commenta (N. D. 2. 2. 5) — chimeras.

nwnstra or portenta — marvellous ideas ; prodigies.

coniectura assequi, consequi^ aliquid coniectura colligere — to conjecture.

quaiitum ego coniectura assequor, auguror — as far as I can guess.

coniecturam alicuius rei Jacere or capere ex aliqua re — to infer by comparison, judge one thing by another.

^ se aperire = io betray oneself; of. se indicare (Liv. 2. 12). - Not sententiam dicere, which is used of senators giving their vote ; of. suffragm7)i ferre.

8o LA TIN PHRASE BOOK

de se {ex se de aliis) conieduram facere — to judge others by

oneself. aliqiiid in coniechira posituut est\

aliguid coniectura nititur, con- ' " '' "" '"''"" °^ '=°"J'^<^- Hnetur (Div. i. 14. 24) J '"''^' ^"PPOSition.

probabilia coniectura seqiii — to try to conjecture probabili- ties.

aliquid ?nihi nee opinanti, insperanti accidit — a thing has happened contrary to my expectation.

5. TRUTH— ERROR

vermn dicere, profiteri — to speak the truth, admit the

truth. otnnia ad veritatem ^ dicere — to be truthful in all one's

statements. veritatis amans, diligens, studiosus — truthful ; veracious. a vera aversum esse (Catil. 3. i. 29) — to be averse to

truth.

a veritate deflectere^ desciscere — to swerve from the truth.

veri videndi^ investiga?tdi cipiditas — love of truth.

veri inquisitio atque investigatio — zealous pursuit of truth.

a vero abduci — to be led away from the truth.

proxi??ie ad veriwi accedere — to be very near the truth.

a vero non abhorrere\

. . ., Vto be probable.

ven simile esse \

haec speciosiora qua7n veriora sunt — this is more plausible

than true. vera et falsa {afalsis) diiudicare — to distinguish true and

false.

^ veni}}i = ihe truth, concrete ; Veritas — ixnih. in the abstract.

TRUTH^ERJWR 8i

vera cumfahis confundere — to confuse true with false.

Veritas — veracity.

re (vera), reapse (opp. specie) — in truth ; really.

in errore versari — to be mistaken.

ma mo errore teneri 1 , . . ,

, . to be in gross error, seriously

in 77iamo errore versari V . , , , misled.

venementer errare J

erroribus implicari (Tusc. 4. 27. 58) — to fall into error.

per errorem labi, or simply labi — to take a false step.

aliquem in ei-rorem inducere, rapere — to lead a person into

error. errorein ani7?io inibibere — to get a mistaken notion into

the mind. errorem cu7n lacte 7iutricis sugere (Tusc. 3. i. 2) — to imbibe

error from one's mother's breasts.

error longe lateque diffusus — a wide-spread error.

errore77i tollere 1

to banish an error, do away with a errore7n amputare ety ^ , .

false impression. circu77icidere I

errore77i siirpitus extrahere — to totally eradicate false

principles. errore77i dep07tere, corrigere — to amend, correct one's

mistake. alicui errore77i de77iere, eripere, extorquere — to undeceive a

person.

7iisifallor 1 . .

. . , . . ^ „. Vif 1 am not mistaken. nisi {anwms) 77ie jallit\

nisi 077inia mefallu7it — unless I'm greatly mistaken.

82 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

6. CHOICE— DOUBT— SCRUPLE

optionei7i alicui dare (Acad. 2. 7. 19) — to give a person

his choice. optionem alicui dare, utrum . . . a7i — to offer a person the

alternative of . . . or . . . in dubium vocare\

in dubiopoftere f ° ^™'" <^°"''' "P°" ^ '*''"& in dubiiwi venire — to become doubtful. quod aliquam {7nag?ta?n) dubitatiojiem habet (Leg. A^^r.

I. 4. 11) — a thing which is rather (very) dubious. dubitatio mihi afferhir, inicitur — a doubt arises in my

mind. dubitationem alicui tollere — to relieve a person of his

doubts. aliquid iti inedio, in dubio relin-

quere (Cael. 20. 48) aliquid dubiuf?i, incertum relin- j decided.

quere I

sine dubio (not sine ullo dubio) — without doubt, beyond

all doubt. ■

sine ulla dubitatione — without any hesitation ; without the I

to leave a thing un-

least scruple. scrupulum ex animo alicuius evellere (Rose. Am. 2. 6) to

relieve a man of his scruple. unus 7nihi restat scrupulus (Ter. Andr. 5. 4. 37) (cf. too

religio, p. 179)— one thing still makes me hesitate.

,i„

KNO WLEDGE— CER TAINTY— PERSUASION 83

7. KNOWLEDGE— CERTAINTY— PERSUASION

certo {certe) scio^ (Arch. 12. 32) — I know for a fact.

probe scio^ non igtioro \

non sum igfiariis^ nescius [l know very well.

(not 7io?t sum insciiis) J

me non fugit^ praeterit — I am not unaware.

quantum scio\ _ _ ,

- . Vas far as 1 know. quod sciam J

hoc (not tanfuni) certum est — this much is certain.

nliquid compertum habere — to know a thing for certain.

illud pro certo affirmare licet — this much I can vouch for.

mihi exploratum est, exploratum (certum) habeo — I am

quite certain on the point.

inter omnes constat — it is a recognised fact.

mihi persuasum est'^^ ^ . . . ^

... . \\ am persuaded, convmced.

77iihi persuasi \

sic habeto

persuade tibi convince yourself of this ; rest

velini tibi ita persuadeas assured on this point.

sic volo te tibi persuadere

adducor, ut credam — I am gradually convinced that . . .

no?t possiwi adduci, ut (credam) — I cannot make myself

believe that . . . ex atii7)ii mei sententia (vid. p. 179) — according to my

strong conviction. suo iudicio uti — to act in accordance with one's convictions.

■" With eerie scio, which is the form Cicero usually employs, the certitude lies in our knowledge, ce7-iuin est vie scire ; with certo scire the certitude lies in the object of our knowledge. certo rarely occurs except with scio.

" Caesar occasionally uses persiiaswn sibi habere.

84 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

8. PLAN— ADVICE— DELIBERATION

consilium capere, inire {de aliqua re, with Gen. gerund., with Inf., more rarely ut)~X.o form a plan, make a resolution.

consilio desistere—to give up a project, an intention.

coi2silium abicere or deponere—io let a plan fall through.

a consilio deterreri aliqua re~to be deterred from one's intention by something.

mediocribus consiliis uti—io adopt half-measures.

consilium, sententiam mutare — to alter one's views, in- tentions.

suo co?tsilio uti^ — to go one's own way, proceed inde- pendently.

mag?ia moliri—iio be busy with ambitious projects.

consilia cum aliquo co7n7nunicare'^ — (i) to communicate

one's plans to some one; (2) to make common

cause with a person. Similarly c. causa??t, rationem.

consilia inter se communicare — to take common counsel.

aliquein in or ad consilium adhibere — to consult a person,

take his advice.

^ uti is similarly used in several phrases, especially with the meaning of having, showing, enjoying, practising, proving, etc., e.g. uti ventis seamdis, adversis ; praesenti animo titi, to show presence of mind ; perpetua felicitate, to enjoy . . . ; prudentia, severitate, crudelitate, to show . . . ; bona valetudiiie, prospero fortunae Jlatti, to enjoy . . . ; cf. v. 6.

2 communicare {aliquid cum aliquo) means properly to share a thing with some one. From this are developed the two senses— 1. to give some one something, e.g. consilia, laiidem, gloriam alicuius rei ; 2. to receive a share of a thing, e.g. pericula, paupertatem. "To communicate," i.e. to announce, inform, is represented by dicere, trade^-e, narrare, exponere, ceriioretn facer e, etc.

PLAN— AD VICE—DELIBERA TION 85

consiUinn habere {de allqim re) — to deliberate together (of a number of people).

consultare or deliberare {de aliqua re) — to deliberate, con- sider (of individuals).

consiliis arcanis ijiteresse (Liv. 35. 18) — to be present at

secret consultations.

consiliicui dcwe alicui | , . .

,. . Vto give a person advice. auctorein esse aiicui, ut\

aliquem co7tsi/io {et re) iiivare — to give a person the

advantage of one's advice (and actual support). consilii ?Jiet copimii facio tibi — I put myself at your disposal

as regards advice. consilium petere ab aliqiw — to apply to a person for advice. consilii inopein esse — to be perplexed. omnia consilia frigent{\Q.xx. 2. 25) — advice is useless in

this case ; the situation is very embarrassing. nullo consi/io, nulla ratione, temere — without reflection ;

inconsiderately ; rashly. secuni {cum aninio) reputare aliquid \ to think over,

considerare in^ cum animo, secum aliquid \ consider a agitare (in) 7nenfe or {in) animo aliquid J thing. aliquid cadit in deliberationein (Off. i. 3. 9) — a subject

becomes matter for reflection.

re diligenter considerata. perpensa\ . , ,.,

., , . . after mature dehbera-

omnibus rebus circumspectis y

. . 7 , . tion.

imfa subductaque ratione I

9. RESOLVE— DESIGN— INTENTION

i?i animo habeo or mihi est in ani?no c. Inf. — I am resolved ;

it is my intention. cerium {jnihi) est — I am determined.

^^ LATIN PHRASE BOOK

cerium deliberatumque est \

Stat jnihi sententia\uv. 21. 30)/^ ""^ ^'^^^ resolved. incertus sum, quid consilii capiam~\ am undecided . mihi non constat (with indirect question)— I have not

made up my mind. propositum est mihi c. Inf.— I intend, propose to . . . propositum, consilium tenere (opp. a proposito deterreri)--

to abide by one's resolution. propositum^ assequi, peragere~\.o carry out one's plan. magna sibi proponere or magna spectare—io have a high

object in view ; to be ambitious. in incepto or conatu perstare\ in proposito susceptoque cotiMo persevere in one's resolve.

silio permanere I

iftcepto or conatu desistere—to give up one's project. parare aiiquid—to take measures for . . . animum .inducere c. Inf. (not in animum inducere)--io persuade oneself to . . .

a me impetrare ?2on possum, ?a~l cannot bring myself to . . .

descendere ad aiiquid, ad omnia {vid. note, p. 54)— to con- sent to . . ., lend oneself to . . .

descendere ad extrema consilia (Fam. 10. 7^^. 4)— to have recourse to extreme measures.

10. OBJECT— AIM— HESITATION— DELAY consiliu7n est q.. Inf. or ut\ idsequor^ut jmy intention is . . .

^ In classical prose propositum is still semi-adjectival and has not yet acquired all the functions of a substantive; consequently it cannot be joined to a genitive, an adjective, or a pronoun. Cf the treatment o{ factum, dictum, etc., in Augustan Latin.

OBJECT— A IM—HESITA TION— DELA Y 87

spectare aliquid or ad aliqidd — to have an object in view. 7'es eo spectat^ ut — the matter tends towards . . ., has

this object.^ res spectat ad vim {arma) — there seems a prospect of

armed violence ; things look like violence.

id qiiod voluit consecutus est\ , . ... . .

... , , . . y he attamed his object.

ad id quod voluit pervetiit \

quid tibi vis ? — what do you mean to do ?

quid hoc sibi vult l\ , . , . r ^■ s

.- , . „ Mvhat is the meaning 01 this? quid hoc rei est ? J

eo co?isilio, ea me7ite, ut — with the intention of . . .

de industria^ dedita opera (opp. imprudens) — designedly ;

intentionally. ad id ipsuni ^ — with this very object. infecta re (Liv. 9. 32) — to no purpose; ineffectually. morajH alicui rei afferre, i?iferre,facere — to retard, delay

a thing. in mora alicui esse — to detain a person. nullam moram interpwnere^ quin (Phil. 10. i. i) — to make

all possible haste to . . . sine mora or nulla mora interposita — without delay. diem ex die ducere, differre — to put off from one day to

another.

II. REMEMBRANCE— FORGETFULNESS

memorid tenere aliquid 1 to remember a thing per-

fnemoriam alicui us rei tenere \ fectly.

^ Note Athenae a Persis peluntur, the object of the Persian invasion is Athens (Nep, Them, 2. 6).

- The aim, tendency of a writing or a poem is consilium^ quo Uher scriptus est, quo carmen coniposituju est, or qiiod quis in libra scri- hendo scciitus est, not consilitcm libri.

to have a good memory.

S8 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

recenti mei7ioria tenerc aliqidd — to have a vivid recollection

of a thing. memorid {niultiun) valere (opp.

7?iemorid vacillare) me7iiore7n esse (opp. obliviosum

esse) mei7ioria taTiia fuit^ ut — he had such an extraordinary

memory that . . . 7ne7norid labi — to make a slip of the memory. 7ne77ioriae 77ia7idare aliquid^ — to impress on the memory. ex 77ie77toria (opp. de scriptd) — from memory ; by heart. 77ie77ioriter — (i) with good memory; (2) from personal

recollection. 77ie77ioria custodire — to keep in mind. 77ie77ioriam alicuius rei reTtovar^, revocare {rediTitegrare) — to

recall a thing to one's recollection. 77ie77ioria77i alicuius rei repeiere\ to recall to mind a thing or iTi 77ie77ioria77i alicuius redire \ person. i7i 77ie7iioria77i alicuius redigere^ reducere aliquid {not revoca7-e)

— to recall a thing to a person's mind. 77ie77ioria et recordatio — vivid recollection. grata 77ie77ioria alique77i prosequi"^" — to show a thankful

appreciation of a person's kindness. 7t07ne7t alicuius grato aTtimo prosequi — to think of a person

with a grateful sense of his goodness. 77te77ioria77i alicuius rei repraese7itare (opp. 77ie77ioria7?i alicuius

rei depOTtere, abicere) — to picture to oneself again.

^ Distinguish this expression from ediscere which = to learn by heart; also from memoriae prodcre, tradere = \o hand down as tradition (wV/. p. no).

2 Prosequi used figuratively, with an ablative, occurs in several phrases — e. g. prosequi aliquem honore ; verbis honorificis ; beneficiis, ojfficiis, studiis siiis ; ominibus, votis, lacrimis.

REMEMBRANCE-FORGE TFULNESS 89

memoriam alicuius rei conservare, retinere — to retain the

recollection of a thing. memoriam alicuius pie inviolateque servare — to show an

affectionate regard for a person's memory. gratam {grafissi7?iam) alicuius memoriam retinere — to retain

a (most) pleasant impression of a person. numqua)7i ex animo meo memoria illius rei discedet — the

memory of this will never fade from my mind. aliquid in memoria nostra penitus insidet — a thing has been

vividly impressed on my memory. ?uemoriam eius nulla umquain

nothing will ever make me forgetful of him.

delebit (obscurabit) oblivio

(Fam. 2. i)

semper memoria eius in {om-

7iiu7n) 77ientibus haerebit j

7t077ien suum posteritati aliqua re C077i77ie7idare, propagare,

prodere — to win renown amongst posterity by some

act.

77ie77ioria77i no77iinis sui i77i77iortalitati tradere^ 77iandare^ co77i-

77iendare — to immortalise one's name.

post ho77iinum 77iemoriani\ ....

, ^ . hwithm the memory of man.

post /i077tines natos J

77ie77i07nae causa^ ad (not in) 7nemoriam^ (Brut. 16. 62) — in

memory of . . . oblivio alicuius rei me capit — I forget something. aliquem in oblivio7iem alicuius rei adduce7'e (pass. i7t oblivio-

nem venire) — to make a person forget a thing. aliquid excidit e 77ie77ioria^ effluit^ excidit ex animo — a thing

escapes, vanishes from the memory.

^ One can also say inonmnenti causa — e.g. aliquid alicui inonn- inenti causa relinqiiere. Cf. such turnings as alicuius niefjioriain aliqua re prosequi, celebrare, rejiovaj-e.

90 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

me?noria alicuius rei excidit, abiit^ abolevit — the recollection

of a thing has been entirely lost.

obliterari^ (Li v. 26. 41)

memoria alicuius rei obscuratur,

obliteratur. evcifiescit 1 , r

,,. . . , . 'to be forgotten, pass into

obliviom esse, dan , ,• •

,,. . „ . ( oblivion.

iJi oblivionem adduci I

oblivione obrui^ deleri, exsfinguiX

in oblivione iacere (of persons) j

aliquid ab oblivione vindicare — to rescue from oblivion.

mementote with Ace. c. Inf. — do not forget.

12. THEORY— PRACTICE— EXPERIENCE

ratione^ doctrina (opp. usii) aliquid cognitum habere — to

have a theoretical knowledge of a thing. ad arte7n, ad rationem revocare aliquid ij)^ Or. 2. 11. 44)

— to reduce a thing to its theoretical principles ;

to apply theory to a thing. doctrinam ad usujn adiungere — to combine theory with

practice. in rebus atque in usu versafum esse — to have had practical

experience. usu " praeditum esse — to possess experience. 7nagnum. usum in aliqua re habere — to have had great

experience in a thing. fjiultarum rerum usus — varied, manifold experience.

^ This and the following expressions are useful to express the passive of oblivisci.

^ Not experientia, which in classical prose means attempt, proof.

EXPERIENCE— SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE 91

>we know from experience.

usic reriim {vitae^ vitae covimu-

nis) edocti scimus e Xpert i scimus^ didicimus HSU co^nitum habemiis res ipsa, usks rerum (cotidie) docet — everyday experience

tells us this. {reruni) imperitum esse — to have had no experience of the

world. multa acerba expertics est^ — he has had many painful

experiences. iisiis me docuit — experience has taught me.

VII. THE ARTS AND SCIENCES

I. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN GENERAL- LITERATURE

optiJiia stiidia, bonae, optijiiae, Uberaks, mgeniiae artes, discipUnae — the sciences ; the fine arts.

Utterarum " studium or tradatio (not occupatid) — the study of belles-lettres \ literary pursuits.

homines litteraru7n j-Z/^^/Wl learned, scientific, literary

hojnines docti J men.

' experiri is only used of personal experience.

- litlera in sing. = letter of the alphabet, e.g. litferam niillaut ad nie viisiL In plur. = I» letters of the alphabet, characters (cf. viii. 9) ; 2. a letter {epistold) ; 3. writings, books, e.g. graecae de philo- sophia litterae ; 4. literature, graecas litteras discere ; 5. literary pursuits ; 6. science ; 7. culture, erudition, learning, erant in eo pliiri}7iae lillerae, neque eae vulgares, sed interiores qiiaedam et reconditae.

92 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

artium studia or artes vigejzf (not floreni) — learning,

scientific knowledge is flourishing. Hi ferae iacent^ neglectae iacent^ — scholarship, culture,

literature is at a low ebb. lltteras colere — to be engaged in the pursuit of

letters.

litteras ainplecti \ ....

, , - . to be an enthusiastic devotee

lltteras aaamasse ( only in V

, , \ -^ of letters,

pert, and plup.) j

in studio litterarmn versari — to be engaged in literary

pursuits. in aliquo lillerarum genere versari — to be engaged in any

branch of study. summo studio in litteris versari — to be an ardent student

of . . . se totuni litteris tradere, dedere — to devote oneself entirely

to literature. se totu7n in litteras or se litteris abdere — to be quite

engrossed in literary studies. in litteris elaborare (De Sen. 8. 26) — to apply oneself very

closely to literary, scientific work. in litteris acquiescere or conquiescere — to find recreation in

study. aetatejii in litteris ducere, agere — to devote one's life to

science, study. omne (otiosu??i) tempus in litteris consu7?iere — to devote

all one's leisure moments to study. omne studium in litteris collocare, ad litteras co?iferre — to

employ all one's energies on literary work.

^ iacere metaphorically is used not only of things neglected and abandoned, but of persons (cf. frigere) who have lost all their political influence.

LITER A TURE — LEA RNING—ER UDITION 93

optimarum arthun studio incensum esse — to be interested

in, have a taste for culture.

Iitteraru77i studio trahi\ . , . - ,

... . , ,. yto feel an attraction for study.

trahi^ jerri ad litteras J

litterarum studia remittere — to relax one's studies.

intermissa studia revocare — to resume one's studies.

primis {iit dicitiir) ^ or priinoribus labris gustare or attingere

litteras — to have a superficial knowledge, a

smattering of literature, of the sciences. litterae — literature. litterae ac 7?tonumenta, or simply monumenta — written

records ; documents. litterae latifiae ^ — Roman literature. clarissima litterarum lumina — shining lights in the literary

world. graecis litteris studere — to study Greek literature. 7nultu77i (niediocriter) in graecis litteris versari — to be well

(slightly) acquainted with Greek literature.

2. LEARNING— ERUDITION

vir or ko77io doctus^ litteratus — a man of learning ; a scholar ; a savant.

vir doctissi77ius — a great scholar.

vir perfecte pla7ieque eruditus — a man of profound eru- dition.

vir 077t7ti doctri7ta eruditus — a man perfect in all branches of learning.

^ Cf. Pro Caelio 12, 28 extremis ut dicitur digitis attingere. 2 latinus is only used of language and literature, Rofuatius of nationality.

'* LATIN PHRASE BOOK

multi viri docti, or v„M et ii docti (not mnlti docfiy-mt^ny

learned men ; many scholars. omnes docti, ,juivh doctus, doctissimus quisque~:,\\ learned

mr>n

men.

nemo doctus~no man of learning

nemo mediocriter doa.s^no one with any pretence to education.

lalimsiiUens or /atine -/../«.-acquainted «itl, the Latin

language. bene' /aline doctus or scicns-^ good Latin scholar doctnna abundare (De Or. 3. :6. S9)_to be a man of

great learning. a doctrina mediocriter instrudum esse-~x.o have received

only a moderate education. doctrina exquisita, subtilis, elegans^^,ov.n^ knowledge-

scholarship. ^ '

doctrina recondita—profound erudition. studia, quae in reconditis artibus versantur (De Or. i. 2 8)

— abstruse studies. ' '

masnmn doctrinae specian prae seferre~io pass as a man

ol great learning.

vita umbratUis (vid p. 98)-the contemplative hfe of a Student.

Such con,b.nat,ons are especially frequent in Tacitus Veleius' Seneca, and Quintilian. For lM„e by itself cf Cic On, r to««, id est pure et emendate, loqui. If the stvio is , "^ \ / adveH,scanbeadc,ea-e.,.;./,.4';:2:::^.^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- Not solida, which means properly entire mic^^Jv^ «

ERUDITION-- CUL TURE 95

litterarum scientia))i (only in sing.) habere — to possess

literary knowledge. scie7itiam alicuius rei consequt\to acquire knowledge of a scientia comprehendere aliqiiidx subject. penitus percipere et comprehendere aliquid (De Or. i. 23.

108) — to have a thorough grasp of a subject. sciefifia augere aliqiiem — to enrich a person's knowledge. midta cognifa, percepta habere^ multa didicisse

viultariun rerum cognitione im- butiwi esse (opp. litterariwi or eruditionis expertein esse or [rerum] rudem esse)

to be well-informed, eru- dite.

to have received a liberal education.

3. CULTURE— CIVILISATION

animum, ingenium excolere (not colere) — to cultivate the

mind. animi^ ingenii ciiltiis (not culturd) — mental culture. optimis studiis or artibus^ opti- marum artium studiis erudi- tum esse litteras scire litterae interiores et reconditae, artes reconditae — profound

scientific education. sunt in i/lo, ut in honiine Romano, jjiultae litterae (De Sen.

4. 12) — for a Roman he is decidedly well educated. litteris leviter imbutuni or tinctum esse — to have received

a superficial education. onmi vita atque victu excultum atque expolitu7n esse (Brut.

25. 95) — to have attained to a high degree of

culture.

96

LATIN PHRASE BOOK

\

'to be quite uncivilised.

omnis cultus et humanitatis ex-

pertem esse ^ ab omni cultu et hu77ianitate

longe abesse (B. G. i. i. 3)

homifies, genfem a /era agrestique vita ad humanum cultum

civilemque deducere (Do Or. i. 8. 33)— to civilise

men, a nation.

4. EDUCATION -INSTRUCTION— SCHOOL- PROFESSION

liberaUter, ingenue, bene educari~io receive a liberal education.

severa disciplina co7ttineri~\o be brought up under strict

discipline. aliquem ad humanitatem informare or instittiere—io teach

a person refinement. mores alicuius corrigere—-\.o improve a person. in viam reducere aliquem~to bring a person back to the

right way. in via?n redire~to return to the right way. litteras discere ab aliquo~to be educated by some one. institui or erudiri ab aliquo \ disciplina alicuius uti, ;;/^^a-,V/r^ P° ""^^^^^^ ^"^^^^ction from aliquo uti I some one.

e disciplina alicuius profectum esse—to be brought up in some one's school.

puenwi alicui erudiendum or in disciplinain tmdere—to en- trust a child to the tuition of . . .

operant dare or simply se dare alicui, se tradere in discip.

1 Not incuUum esse, which refers only to external appearance.

»

ED UCA TION—INSTR UCTIONSCHOOL 97

Ii7iam alicidus^ se con/erre, se applicare ad aliquem — to become a pupil, disciple of some one.

inultum esse cum aliquo (Fam. 16. 21) — to enjoy close intercourse with . . . (of master and pupil).

Judiis {discendi or litteraruni) — an elementary school.

schola — a school for higher education.

scholaui frequefitare — to go to a school.

discipUna {institiitid) piierilis (not Iibe7vru77i) — the teaching of children.

pueros ele77ie7tta [prima) docere — to teach children the rudiments.

pn77iis Utteratn^m elementis imbui — to receive the first ele- ments of a liberal education.

doctri7iae^ quibus aetas puerilis^ i77ipe7'tiri solet (Nep. Att.

artes^ quibus aetas puerilis ad hu7nanitate77i i7tfor7nari solet erudire alique77i artibus, litteris (but erudire alique77i in

iure civili, iTz re 77iilitafi) — to teach some one

letters. 7iatu77i^ factu77i esse ad aliquid {facieTtdiwi) — to be born for

a thing, endowed by nature for it. adversa7tte et repugna7tte Ttatura or i7ivita MiTierva (utaiuTtt)

aliquidfacereiOi^. i. 31. no) — to do a thing which

is not one's vocation, which goes against the

grain crassa ox pi7igui MiTtefzua (proverb.) — with no intelligence

or skill. calcaria alicui adhibere, ad77iovere ; sti77iulos alicui ad77wvere

— to spur, urge a person on. frettos adhibere alicui — to restrain some one.

H

the usual subjects taught to boys.

98 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

bona indole idXvs^^'St'xvi '^\x\'2,.)\ , .^ ,

,. ^ ^ ^ M to be gifted, talented (not

praeditu77i esse V ,. , • ,rv

praeditum esse by itself). ingenio valere J

sum7no ingenio praeditmn esse — to possess rich mental en- dowments. i7i aliqiia re progressus facere, proficere^ progredi — to make

progress in a subject. aliquid efficere^ consequi in aliqua r^(DeOr. i. 33. 152) — to

obtain a result in something. adulescens alios bene de se sperare itibet, bonam spem ostendit

or alii de adnlescente be?ie sperare possunt — he is a

young man of great promise. adulescens bonae (egregiae) spei — a promising youth. magna est exspectatio ingenii tui — we expect a great deal

from a man of your calibre. desudare in scholae umbra or umbraculis ^ — to exert oneself

in the schools. genus vitae (vivefidi) or aetatis degendae deligere^ — to choose

a career, profession. viajn vitae i^tgredi (Fla.cc. 42. 105) — to enter upon a career. p/iilosop/zia77i, medici7ia77i profiteri\ to be a philosopher, se philosophiwi.^ mediawi (esse) V physician by profes-

profiteri \ sion.

qui ista profitentur — men of that profession.

^ Cf, uj)ib7'a, 2imbracida {-ontin), and timbratilis {vid. vii. 2, vita umbratilis)^ used of the retired life of a savant as opposed to sol, Itix ori ox forensis. Cf De Legg. 3. 6. 14 Phalereus ille Demetrius mirabiliter doctrinam ex timbractdis eruditonini otioque non modo in solem atqzie in pnlverefn sed in ipsn/n discriinen aciemcjne produxit.

^ The locus classiais on the choice of a profession is De Officiis i . 32. 115-122.

EXAMPLE— PA TTERN— PRECEDENT 99

5. EXAMPLE— PATTERN— PRECEDENT

exeviplum claruvi. praeclaruuiX , i , .,,.

^ ' a good, brilliant example ;

exe77iplum liiculentiim \ ... ,

, ^ striking example.

exemphi??t tlliistre \

exe7iiphim f?iagnu7?i, graTtde — a weighty example, pre- cedent.

exe77iplu77i afferre\ .

, . Vto quote an example.

exe77iplo uti J

aUque77i {aliquid) exe77tpli causa ^ poTtere, profefre, noTTtifiare, C077i77ie77i07-are — to cite a person or thing as an example.

aliquid exemplis probare, cof7iprobare^ coTifirTnare — to quote precedents for a thing.

aliquid exef7iplis oste7idere — to demonstrate by instances.

exempla petere, repetere a rerufTi gestaruTTt meTTtoria or histo- riaf7i77i {a7t7taliu77i, reru77i gestaruni) 77tonu77te7ttis — to borrow instances from history.

excTTipla a rent77i Ro77ia7iaru77i {Graecaru77i) 77ie77ioria petita — examples taken from Roman (Greek) history.

77iulfa exe77ipla iti U7iu77i {locuvi) colligere — to collect, accum- ulate instances.

ex infi7iita exe77iplorum copia unum (pauca) suTnere^ decerpere (eligere) — to choose one from a large number of instances.

^ Not homim exefnphun, which means an example morally good for us to follow.

2 " For example " must not be translated by exempli causa, which is only used in complete sentences with such verbs ^ispojtere, afferre, pro- ferre, nominare. verbi causa {gratia) = " for instance," " we will say," usually refers to a single expression, e.g. quid dicis igihir? miserum fuisse verbi causa M. Crasstun? (Tusc. i. 4. 12). Often examples are introduced by such words as tit, vehit, in his, etc., e.g. bestiae quae gigmmtur in terra, veluti crocodili (N. D. 2. 48- 124).

lOo LATIN PHRASE BOOK

a Socrate exemplum virtutis petere^ repeiere — to quote

Socrates as a model of virtue.

similitudines afferre — to cite parallel cases.

auctore aliquo uti ad aliquid\

y. J J ,. to have as authority for a

auctorem altquem habere ah- \ .

thing. aaus ret I ^

audoritatem alicuius sequi — to be guided by another's

example. aiictoritas et exemplum (Balb. 13. 31) — standard and

pattern. sibi exe?nplum alicuius proponere ad imitandum or simply

sibi aliquem ad imitandum proponere — to set up some

one as one's ideal, model. sibi exemplum sumere ex aliquo or exemplum cape7'e de

aliquo — to take a lesson from some one's

example. ad exempluj?i alicuius se conformare — to shape one's con- duct after another's model.

exeniplmn edere^ prodere\

\Xo set an example. exemplo esse J

exemplum in aliquo or i?i ali-

to inflict an exemplary pun- ishment on some one.

quern statuere

exeniphwi (severitatis) edere in aliquo (Q. Fr. i. 2. 2. 5)

bene (f?iale) praecipere alicui — to inculcate good (bad) prin- ciples.

praecepta dare, tradere de aliqua re — to give advice, directions, about a matter.

ad praecipiendi rationein deldbi {f^. Fr. i. i. 6. 18) — to adopt a didactic tone.

aliquid i?i animo haeret, pejiitus itisedit or i7ifixu7n est — a thing is deeply impressed on the mind.

PHILOSOPHY loi

aliquid animo mentiqiie penitus mandare (Catil. i. ii. 27) — to impress a thing on one's memory, mind. .

demittere aliquid in pectus or in pectus animumque suum — to take a thing to heart.

hoc verbu77i alte descendit in pectus alicuius — what he said made a deep impression on . . .

6. PHILOSOPHY

se conferre ad philosophia7n, ad philosophiae or sapientiae studium (Fam. 4. 3. 4) — to devote oneself to philo- sophy.

animu7?i appellere or se applicare ad philosophiam — to apply oneself to the study of philosophy.

philosophiae {sapientiae^ studio teneri {K-QdidL. i. 2. 4) — to be enamoured of philosophy.

in portum philosophiae confugere — to take refuge in philosophy.

in sinum philosophiae compelli — to be driven into the arms of philosophy.

philosophia (neglecta) iacet {vid. p. 92, note) — philosophy is neglected, at low ebb.

philosophiani latinis litteris illustrare (Acad. i. 1. 3) — to write expositions of philosophy in Latin.

Ciceronis de philosophia libri — Cicero's philosophical writ- ings.

decreta, inventa philosophorum — the tenets, dogmas of philosophers. ^

quae in philosophia tractantur — philosophical subjects.

praecepta philosophorum (penitus) percepta habere — to be well acquainted with the views of philosophers.

illae sententiae evanuerunt — those views are out of date.

to be a follower, disciple of some one.

102 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

illae setitentiae imii pride77i explosae et etectae sunt {¥m. 5. 8.

23) — those ideas have long ago been given up. scho/a, disciplina^familia ; secta — a sect, school of thought. sectani alicuius sequi (Brut.

31. 120) discipliitam alicuius profiteri qui sunt a Platone or a Platonis disciplina ; qui prof ecti sunt

a Platone ; Platonici — disciples of Plato, Platonists. Solo^ imus de septem {illis) — Solon, one of the seven sages. Pythagorae doctrina longe lateque fiuxit (Tusc. 4. i. 2) —

Pythagoras' principles were widely propagated. scholas habere^ explicare (Fin. 2. i. i) — to give lectures. scholis interesse — to attend lectures. tradere {aliquid de aliqua re) — to teach. audire Platonem^ auditorem esse Platonis — to attend Plato's

lectures.

7. THE PARTS OF PHILOSOPHY

physica^ {-onwi) (Or. 34. uc)); philosophia naturalis —

physics ; natural philosophy. dialectica i^-ae or -oruni) (pure Latin disserendi ratio et

scientia) — logic, dialectic. dissere?tdi praecepta tradere — to teach logic. disserendi elegantia — logical minuteness, precision. disserendi subtilitas (De Or. i. i. 68) — dialectical nicety. disserendi spi7iae (Fin. 4. 28. 79) — subtleties of logic;

dilemmas. disserendi peritus et artif ex |an accomplished dialec- homo in dialecticis versatissifnusi tician.

^ Cf. Acad. I. 5. 19 philosophandi ratio triplex ; una de vita et moribus, altera de nattira et rebus ocacltis, tertia de disserejido.

moral science ; ethics.

PARTS OF PHILOSOPHY— SYSTEM— METHOD 103

disserendi arte7n nuUam habere — to know nothing of logic.

dialecticis fie imbutum ^ quidem esse — to be ignorant of even the elements of logic.

ratione^ eleganter (opp. nulla ratione^ ineleganter^ confuse) disponere aliquid — to arrange on strictly logical prin- ciples.

philosophia^ quae est de vita et "" rnoribus (Acad. i. 5. 19)

philosophia^ in qua de bonis re- bus et mails, deque honiinum vita et moribus disputatur

philosophla, quae ift reru7?i contemplatione versatur, or quae artls praeceptls contmetur — theoretical, speculative philosophy.

philosophia^ quae in actione versatur — practical philosophy.

omnes philosophiae loci — the whole domain of philosophy.

8. SYSTEM— METHOD— PRINCIPLES

ratio; dlsclpllna, ratio et dlsclpllna ; ars — system.

ad artem redlgere allquld \

ad ratlone7Jt, ad arte77i et praecepta Vto systematise.

revocare allquld (De Or. i. 41) J arte conclusum esse— ^to have been reduced to a system. ratio et doctrlna — systematic, methodical knowledge. artlficlo et via tradere allquld — to give a scientific explan- ation of a thing.

^ imbuere is properly to give the first touch to, tinge, bathe, e.g. gladii sanguine wibtiti. Metaph. it =(i) to fill with, e.g. religione, pietate, superstitione, crttdelitate ; (2) to teach, initiate, e.g. animiim honestis artHms, and is used especially of a superficial knowledge.

'^ Cf. Sen. Ep. 25. 10 philosopkia activa.

104 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

artificiose redigetx aliguid \

7^ ,• . . ' ^, to treat with scientific

ad ratwnis praecepta accommo- \

J 7- -J exactness : to classify.

dare aliqiad I ^ ^

totam rationem evertere (pass, iacet tota ratio) — to upset the whole system.

ratione et via, via et ratiojte progredi, dispictare (Or. -^^i- ^ i^) to proceed, carry on a discussion logically.

novam rationem ingredi — to enter on a new method.

a certa ratione proficisci — to be based on a sound principle.

a falsis principiis proficisci — to start from false premises.

ad philosophorum or philosophandi rationes revocare aliqiiid — to deal with a subject on scientific prin- ciples.

perpetuitas et constantia (Tusc. 5. 10. 31) — logical con- sistency.

9. SPECIES— DEFINITION— CLASSIFICATION- CONNECTION

partes ^ generibus subiectae simt — the species is subordinate

to the genus. genus imiversum in species certas partiri et dividere (Or. 2iZ-

117) — to analyse a general division into its specific

parts. genere, 7ion mwiero or viagnitudine differ re — to differ

qualitatively not quantitatively.

'' Cf. Cic. De Or. i. 42 for the definition, genus rzw/^;;/ id est, qtcod sui similes cotnniunione qtiadam, specie auton differentes, diias aut phires couiplectittir partes, partes aiiteni sunt, quae generibus eis ex qtdbus manant subiciicntur ; oniniaqiie quae sunt vel genernm vel partitmi nomina, definitionibiis, giiavi vim habeant, est exprimejiduvi. est enim definitio reriim earnm, quae stint eius rei propriae, quam dejinire vohctJius, brevis et circumscripta quaedam explicatio.

CLASSIFICA TION— CONNE C TION 1 05

spinae paiiieiidi et definiendi (Tusc. 5. 8. 22) — minute, captious subdivisions and definitions.

rem {res) definire — to define a thing.

a definitione proficisci — to start from a definition.

iiivolidae rei notitiain definiendo aperire (Or. 33. 116) — to make an obscure notion clear by means of defini- tion.

sub inetuni subiectuvi esse — to be comprised under the term "fear."

constituere^ quid et quale sif, de quo disputetur — to determine the nature and constitution of the subject under discussion.

in oj'dinem redigere aliquid — to systematise, classify a thing.

conexum et aptu7n esse inter se — to be closely connected with each other.

cohaerere, coniunctum esse ami aliqua re — to be closely connected with a thing.

arte (artissime) coniunctu77i esse\ to be very intimately re-

apte {aptissime) cohaerere J lated.

continuatio seriesque reru7n^ ut alia ex alia 7iexa et 077i7ies inter se aptae colligataeque si7it i^ .1) . i. 4. 9) — system- atic succession, concatenation.

diffusu77i^ dissipatum esse — to have no coherence, con- nection.

confusu77i^ perturbatu77i esse — to be confused.

re7?i dissoluta77i C07iglutina7'e, coag77ie7itare — to reunite disconnected elements.

io6 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

lo. PROOF— REFUTATION

argumentuDi'^ firmtim^ magnum — a strong, striking proof.

argumentum afferre — to bring forward a proof.

argumentian wwiortalitatis afferre {x\ot pro) — to tjuote an argument in favour of immortality.

argumentiwi afferre^ quo anifuos ivwwrtales esse demonsfra/ur — to bring forward a proof of the immortality of the soul.

argumento huic rei est, quod — a proof of this is that . . .

aliquid planum facere (Ad Herenn. 2. 5) — to demon- strate, make a thing clear,

aliquid alicui probare (or c. Ace. c. Inf.) — to prove one's point to a person's satisfaction.

argumentis confirmare, comprobare, evincere aliquid (or c. Ace. c. Inf.) — to prove a thing indisputably.

argumentum ducere, sumere ex aliqua re or petere ab aliqua re — to derive an argument from a thing.

argu77ientum premere (not tcrgere) — to persist in an argu- ment, press a point.

loci (roiToi) argumeiitorum (De Or. 2. 162) — the points on which proofs are based ; the grounds of proof

argumenta refellere, cojifutare — to refute arguments.

rationem^ afferre (Verr. 3. 85. 195) — to bring forward an argument (based on common-sense).

1 1. CONCLUSION— HYPOTHESIS— INFERENCE

concludere, colligere, efficere, cogere ex aliqua re — to draw a conclusion from a thing.

^ argumentui}i = 2L proof resting on facts; rafw = a.n argument drawn from the general reasonableness of the proposition.

i

INFERENCE— DEB A TE 1 07

aciite^ siibtiliter C07icludere — to draw a subtle inference.

ratio or rationis coftchtsio efficit — the conclusion proves that . . .

r-atiocinatio^ ratio — the syllogism ; reasoning.

prima^ {superiora) ; consequentia (Fin. 4. 19. 54) — pre- mises ; consequences.

conclusiuncuia fallax or captio — a fallacious argument ; sophism.

positiim est a 7iobis pnnmm (c. Ace. c. Inf.) — we start by presupposing that . . .

hoc posito — on this supposition, hypothesis.

hoc probato conseqnens est — it follows from what we have

shown.

sequitur (not ex quo seq.) ut\ . ^ „ ^ , . ,

^ 77.^ hit follows from this that . . .

ex qiio^ imde^ hinc ejpcitur ut\

12. DEBATE— CONTROVERSY

disputatio^ quaestio — systematic, scientific discussion. disputare ^ {de aliqua re^ ad aliquid) — to discuss, investigate

a subject scientifically, subtiliter disputare — to thoroughly discuss. in utrainque partem^ in contrarias partes disputare (De Or.

I. 34) — to discuss both sides of a question. in nullam partem disputare — to say nothing either for or

against an argument.

■^ In a syllogism the technical term for the major premise is propositio Q\ pi'opositio major ; for the minor, propositio minor ; for the conclusion, conchtsio.

^ disputare — \.o discuss, considering the arguments pro and con, used of a number of people with different opinions, disserere de aliqtia re = io discourse on a matter for the benefit of those present ; but in both cases the substantive, is dispiitatio.

io8 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

non repugno — I have nothing to say against it.

pertinacem (opp. clementeiii) esse ifi disputa?ido — to be dog- matic ; positive.

opponere aliciii aliqiiid — to object, to adduce in contra- diction.

dare^ concedere aliquid — to grant, admit a thing.

siunere (opp. reicere) aliquid — to assume a thing.

tenere aliquid ; stare in aliqua re — to insist on a point.

obtinere aliquid — to maintain one's assertion, prove one- self right.

in controversia (contentione) esse, versari) to be at variance

in controversiam cadere \ with.

in controversiam vocare, adducere aliquid — to make a thing the subject of controversy.

in controversiam vocari, adduci, venire (De Or. 2. 72. 291) — to be contested, become the subject of de- bate.

in controversia relinquere aliquid — to leave a point unde- cided.

controversiajn {contentioneni) habere cum aliquo — to main- tain a controversy with some one.

in conte?ttioneponitur, utru7?i . . . an — it is a debated point whether . . . or . . .

id, de quo agitur or id quod cadit in controversiam — the point at issue.

controversiam sedare, dirimere, cotnponere, tollere — to put an end to, settle a dispute.

controversiam diiudicare — to decide a debated question.

transigere aliquid cum aliquo — to come to an under- standing with a person.

res mihi tecum est — I have a point to discuss with you.

sine (tilla) controversia — indisputably ; incontestably.

A G REE MEN T— CONT RADIO TION 1 09

hoc est a {pro) 7Jie — this goes to prove what I say.

res ipsa docet — the very facts of the case show this.

res ipsa {pro 7ne apiid fe) loquitur — the matter speaks for

itself. res confecta est — the question is settled, finished.

13. AGREEMENT— CONTRADICTION

consentire, idem sentire cu77i aliquo — to agree with a person.

dissentire^ dissidere ab or cum aliquo — to disagree with a person.

o??ines {uno ore) ifi hac re consentiunt — all agree on this point.

una et consentiens vox est — all are unanimous.

una voce ; uno ore \

uno, communis summo or omnium Vunanimously. consensu (Tusc. i. 15. 35) J

re conci^iere, verbis discrepare — to agree in fact but not in word.

hoc convenit inter nos — we have agreed on this point.

hoc mihi tecum co?ivenit (Att. 6. i. 14) — I agree with you there.

qui convenit? — how is this consistent? how are we to reconcile this . . . ?

sunwia est virorum doctissimorum consensio (opp. dissensio) — the learned are most unanimous in . . .

constantia (opp. inconstantia) (Tusc. 5. 11. 32) — con- sistency.

inter se pugnare or repugnare — to be mutually contra- dictory.

no LATIN PI/RASE BOOK

to contradict oneself, be inconsistent.

secu??t ptignare (without sibi) ; sibi

repugnare (of things) a se dissidere or sibi 7ion cons fare

(of persons) pugnantia loqiii (Tusc. i. 7. 13) — to make contradictory,

inconsistent statements. dicere contra aligue?n or aliquid (not contradicere alicui) — to contradict some one.

14. PARTICULAR SCIENCES

(History, Mythology, Chronology, Geography, Mathematics, Natural Science, Astronomy.)

res Romanae ^ 1 Roman history {i.e. the events in

res gestae Romanorum\ it).

historia — history (as a science).

historia Romana ^ or renwi Romanarum historia — Roman

history {i.e. the exposition, representation of it by

writers). memoria rerum Romanarum — Roman history (as tradition). historiam (^-as) scribere — to write a history. res popuH Ro7nani per scribere — to write a history of

Rome.

^ But res Ro7nana = the Roman power, Rome.

^ historia has several different senses. (i) The narration, exposition of the facts {res gestae, res), cf. rerum exemplum, historic precedent; res facta, historic fact. {2) Historical composition, e.g. historiam sc?-iber€, historia graeca = &\ihQ.x a history written in Greek or a history of Greece {reru77i graecaricm historia) ; histoj'ia latina, history written in Latin ; historia romana or rerum romanaru7?i historia — ^. history of Rome. (3) A place famous in history, e.g. quacunque itigredimur, in aliqua historia pedem po?iimus. In the plural historiae means specially histories, anecdotes {narratiunculae), memoirs, e.g. Taciti historiae.

PARTICULAR SCIENCES in

rerum scriptor^ 1 , .

, 1 • X (^"^ historian.

reruvi auctor (as authority) J

evolvere historias^ litterariun {veterum annalhini) monu- menta — to study historical records, read history.

viemoriae traditiim est, memoriae {nietnona) proditum est (without nobis) — tradition, history tells us.

tradimt, dicimt, ferujit — they say; it is commonly said.

accepiitms ^ — we know ; we have been told.

historiae prodideru7it (without nobis) — history has handed down to us.

apud reru7n scriptores scriptuni videmus, scriptimi est — we read in history.

duplex est memoria de aliqua re — a twofold tradition pre- vails on this subject.

renwi veterum nienwria

me??ioria vetus (Or. 34. 120)

veterum annates

veterum annalium monumenta

antiquitatis memoria

recentioris aetatis memoria — modern history.

??iemoria huius aetatis {Jioruni\ the history of our own temporuvi) \ times ; contemporary

nostra memoiia (Gael. 18. 43) J history.

077inis 7nemoria, 077inis 77ie77ioria aetatiun, temporuftt, civitatiwi or omnium renmi, gentiu77i, te77iporu77i, saeculorum memoria — universal history.

^ historiais means an erudite student of history, one engaged on historical research. As an adjective its use in Cicero is limited, being only used when opposed to oratorius, e.g. genus historiaini , historic style (Brut. 83. 286).

^ sd??ius, cognovivius ( = we know by experience) are not used of historical knowledge.

ancient history.

112 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

niemoriam annalium or tejuponun replicare — to consult

history. aetas heroica^ (^M't>Q.. 5. 3. 7) | the mythical period;

te?npora heroica (N. D. 3. 21. 54) J the heroic age. fabulae^ historia fabularis — mythology. repetere ab ultima (extrema, prised) antiqiiitate {vetiistate\

ab heroicis temporibus — to go back to the remote ages. lit a fabiilis ad facta veniamus — to pass from myth to

history. historicormii fide co?itestata 7?iemoria — historic times. historiae^ rerum fides — historic truth. narrare aliquid ad fidem historiae — to give a veracious

and historic account of a thing. res historiae fide comprobata — an acknowledged historical

fact. incorrupta rerum fides — ^genuine historical truth. ad historiam {scribendani) se conferre or se applicare — to

devote oneself to writing history. homo in historia diligens — a conscientious historian. memoriam rerum gestarum {rerum Romanarum) tetiere — to

be well versed in Roman history. doi7iestica {externa) nosse — to be acquainted with the

history of one's own land. teinporum ratio, descriptio, ordo — chronology. temporu7n ordine7?i servare 1 to observe the chronological servare et notare tempora \ order of events. res tettiporum ordine servato narrare — to narrate events in

the order of their occurrence.

^ heroicus only of time, herons = ^^\z^ e.g. versus herous (De Or. 3. 49. 191)=: a dactylic hexameter ; pes hej-oiis a dactyl ; "epic" of other things is usually epicus, e.g. carmen epician ; poetae epici, or epici alone. For "heroic" of an action, cf. praeclarum atqiie divinuni factum ; factum illustre et gloriostim, etc.

*

PARTICULAR SCIENCES 113

temporibiis errare (Phil. 2. 9. 23) — to make a chrono- logical mistake.

ad te77iporum rationem aliquid revocare — to calculate the date of an event.

diligenfem esse in exqiiirendis temporibus — to be exact in calculating dates.

terrarum or regionu7?i descriptio {geograpkia) — geography.

Africae situm paucis exponere — to give a brief exposition of the geography of Africa.

7'eglonum terrestriu77i aut 77iariti77iarii77i scie7itia — geo- graphical knowledge.

77iathe77iatica (-ae) or geo77ietria {-ae), geo77ietrica (-oru77i) (Tusc. I. 24. 57) — mathematics.

77iathe77iaticoru77i ratw7ie co7icludere aliquid — to draw a mathematical conclusion.

for77ias (not Jiguras) geo77ietricas describere — to draw geometrical figures.

se coTtfeTTe ad Ttaturae iTivestigatioTiem — to devote oneself to the study of a natural science.

astrologia (pure Latin sidera^ caelestia) — astronomy.

spectator sideru77i, reru77i caelestiu77i or astroiogus^ — an

astronomer.

arith77ietica'^ {-oru77i)\

. , \ ^arithmetic.

7iu77ieri {-orirni) I

^ It is only in later Latin after astrologus had acquired the mean- ing of astrologer, magician, that astrononius came to be used ( = astronomer).

^ In Cicero always neut. plur., e.g. ijt arithtneticis satis versahis ; later writers use the fem. sing. The pure Latin word is nitvieri, cf. De Fin. i. 21. ^2 an ille se, tit Plato, in musicis, geometria, numeris, astris contereret? So De Fin. 5. 29. 87 cur Plato Aegypttim peragravit, tit a sacerdotibtis barbaris niimeros et caelestia acciperet ? Cf. Nagelsb. Lat. Stil. p. 46.

I

114 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

his bina gnat si?ii iion didicisse — to be absolutely ignorant of arithmetic.

15. ART IN GENERAL

artis opus ; op2is arte factu 771 ox perfectu7n — a work of art. opus SU7717710 artifico factu77i la master-piece of classical opus 0f7mibus nu77ieris absolutu77i J wo rk. arte77i exercere — to follow an artistic profession, practise

an art. arte77i tradere, docere — to teach an art. arte77i profiteri — to profess an art. artiu77i {liberaliu77i) studiiwi, or simply studiu7n — a taste

for the fine arts. artis praecepta, or also simply ars — the rules of art;

aesthetics. {artis, artiu77i) inteiiegens, peritus^ (opp. idiota, a layman)

a connoisseur; a specialist. existi77iator {doctus, intellegeTis, acerri77ius) — a (competent,

intelligent, subtle) critic. i7i existi77ia7itiu77i arbit7'iu77i ve7ii7X (Brut. 24. 92) — to come

before the tribunal of the critics. iudiciu77i facere — to criticise. ''

se7tsu77i, iudiciu77i habere — to be a man of taste. elega7itia in illo est — he possesses sound judgment in

matters of taste. iudiciiwi subtile, elegatis, exquisitu77i, i?itellege7is — good

taste ; delicate perception. iudicium acuere — to cultivate one's powers of criticism.

^ ?>//<?/« = properly uninitiated, not the same as riidis, indocltts, imperitus.

\

ART IN GENERAL— POETRY 115

abhorrere ab artibus (opp. delectari artibiis) — to have no

taste for the fine arts. ventate??i^ ifuitari (I)\w. i. 13. 23) — (i) to make a lifelike,

natural representation of a thing (used of the

artist) ; (2) to be lifelike (of a work of art). in omni re vincit imifafionem Veritas — in everything nature

defies imitation. Illiquid ad veriwi exprimere — to make a copy true to

nature. 7norum ac viiae imitatio — a lifelike picture of everyday

life. aliquid e vita dudum est — a thing is taken from life.

1 6. POETRY— MUSIC— PAINTING— SCULPTURE

pocma condere, facere, componere\

. ., yto write poetry.

versus jacere^ scnoere \

carmina^ versus fundere (De Or. 3. 50) — to write poetry

with facility. carmen epicum — epic poetry. poeta epicus — an epic, heroic poet. poesis scaenica — dramatic poetry. poeta scaenicus — a dramatic poet. scriptor tragoediaru77i, cofuoediarmn^ also {poeta) tragicus,

comicus ^ — a writer of tragedy, comedy. scriptor fabularu7)i ^ — a writer of fables.

^ Veritas means not merely truth (opp. viendaciiiDi), but also reality (opp. opinio, iniitatio). Thus we often find the combination res et Veritas ipsa (Tusc. 5. 5. 13), natiira rernni et ipsa Veritas.

^ fragicus, comicus as adjectives = occurring in tragedy, comedy — • e.g. Orestes tragicus ; senes coniici. Comic in the ordinary sense = ridiculus, cf. homo I'idiculus.

'^ Noi /adulator, which = a gossip, teller of anecdotes.

n 6 LA TIN PHRASE BOOK

divino qiiodam instinctu concitari,ferri {Y)\\. i. 31. 66) — to feel inspired.

divino quoda7n spiritu inflatus or tadus — inspired.

car77ien, versmn agere — to recite a poem, line with appro- priate action.

cartnen recitare — to read a piece of verse with expression.

carmen pronuntiare — to recite a piece of verse (without gestures).

carmen ifico7iditum — a rough poem ; an extempore effusion.

se conferre ad poesis studiu77t — to devote oneself to poetry.

poetica laude florere — to be distinguished" as a poet. poesis genus ad Romanos transferre — to transplant to Rome one of the branches of poesy.

T ' J J .J , .1 to sing the praises of

alicuius laudes versibus persequi

J. . 1 1 i ' . , \ \ some one (not ca7iere

alicutus laudes (virtutes) canere . ^

j alique77i).

alicuius res gestas versibus or7iare^ celebrare — to celebrate

some one's exploits in song. ut ait Homerus — as Homer sings (not canit). nu77terus poetice vinclus — poetical rhythm. artem musicam ^ discere, tractare — to learn, study music. nervorum et tibiaTiim cantus — instrumental music. VOCU771 etfidiiwi {7iervoru77i) cantus — vocal and instrumental

music. docere alique7n fidibus — to teach some one to play a

stringed instrument. fidibus discere (De Sen. 8. 26) — to learn to play a stringed

instrument. fidibus canere — to play on the lyre. pellere nervos iti fidibus — to strike the strings of the

lyre.

^ mtisica {-ortim) is also used for music, cf. in mnsicis se contcrere.

I

MUSIC— PAINTING—SCULPTURE— DRA MA 117

tihias inflare 1 , , n

7 - fto play the flute.

tibiis or tibia canere^

ad tibiam or ad tibici?tem canere — to sing to a flute accompaniment.

{Jiomo) sy mphoniacus — a singer, member of a choir.

symphoma canit (Verr. 3. 44. 105) — the orchestra is playing.

acrodma ^ — a professional performer.

modi (Dq Or. i. 42. 187) — the melody.

viodos facere — to compose, put to music.

niimenis, numeri — the tune ; rhythm.

niwierose cadere — to have a rhythmical cadence.

ars pingendi^ pictura (De Or. 2. 16. 69) — the art of painting.

ars fingendi — the art of sculpture.

signa et tabulae {pictae) — statues and pictures.

simulacrum e marmore facere — to make a marble statue.

statuas^ inscribere (Verr. 2. 69. 167) — to put an inscrip- tion on statues.

17. THE DRAMA

ars ludicra (De Or. 2. 20. 84) — the dramatic art. fabula, ludus scaenicus — the piece ; the play. argumentum — the plot of the piece. actio — the treatment of the piece. actus — an act.

^ aa'oaina — originally anything performed to give pleasure, then a performer. The Greeks applied the term to music ; the Romans used it of any professional performer who entertained guests while at table.

^ stattia is not used of statues of the gods, but signum, siviula- crum.

ii8 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

fabulain docere (BiBdcr/c€iv) (of the writer) (opp. fnbula7n discere — to study. a piece, of the actor) — to get a piece played, rehearse it. fabula77i agere — to act a play (said of the actors). fabulam edere — to bring out a play, put it on the stage

(used of the man who finds the money). fabulam dare — to produce a play (of the writer). in scaenam producere alique7ii — to introduce a character

on the stage. i7i scae7iaf7i prodire — to come upon the stage. in scaeTzam redire — to reappear on the scene. de scaena decedere — to retire from the stage. Itz scae7tai7i aliquid inducere — to bring a thing upon the

stage. fa7?iiiia, grex, caterva histrio7m77i — a theatrical com- pany. doTniTtus gregis — the manager. theatrum ^ — the playhouse. theatra redamaTtt — the spectators protest. populu77i facile77t, aequu77i habere — to have an appreciative audience.

plaudere (not applaitdere\ \ , i ,

\ ,. .- Vto applaud, clap a person.

plausu77i dare {alicui) \

da77iores (coroTtae) facere, excitare — to elicit loud applause.

saepius revocatur (Liv. 7. 2. 9) — he is encored several

times.

fabula77i exigere (Ter. Andr. Prol.) — to hiss a play.

fabula cadit — a piece is a failure, falls flat.

^ theatruvi = {\) the playhouse, theatre ; {2) the audience, house. It is used metaphorically for the sphere of activity, theatre, scene, e.g. theatrum Diagmwi habet ista provincia (Cic ) ; milJinn theatrtim virtiiti conscientia viajus (ibid. )

THE DRAMA 119

histrionem exsibUare, exploden, eicere, exigere — to hiss an

actor off the stage. histno?ii acclainare^ — to interrupt an actor by hooting

him. partes agere alicuius'^ — to play the part of some one. agere serviwi, /eno?tem — to act the role of a slave,

pander. iicfor pn77iarum {secimdariwi^ tertia7inn) partiu7n — the

actor who plays the leading part. tragoedia ox fabula A/tfig(ma (not AntigoTia trag. or fab.)

— the Antigone. in Sophoclis (not Sophoded) Aiace or apnd Sophocle77i in

Aiace — in Sophocles' Ajax. caferva^ €1107115 — the Chorus in Tragedy. car77ien ckori, cantici{77i — a choric ode in a tragedy. loci nielici — the lyric portions of a tragedy. diverbiuni — stage dialogue. canticu77i — a choric ode. ludi circe7tses, scae7iici — performances in the circus;

theatrical performances. bidos apparare — to institute games. ludos facere, edere {lovi) — to give public games in

honour of Jupiter.

^ Livy is the first writer who uses acclamare in a good sense.

^ Also used metaphorically of the part played in life, e.g. pa^'tes suscipere, sustiJiere, dare, iribuere, defeiidere, tueri. Similarly persona (properly mask) is used in several phrases, e.g. personam alicnins agej-e, ferre, ienere ; personam siiscipere or indiiere ; personam tueri (Phil. 8. 10) ; personam alicni imponere (Sull. 3. 8). persona thus got the meaning of personality, individuality, character, and lastly in a concrete sense a personage of distinction. N.B. — It never represents our " person," cf. many persons were present, multi {/wfnines) aderant.

120 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

/lidos instaurare — to revive public games.

to give a gladiatorial

mumis gladiatorium edere, dare \

(or simply munus edere^ dare) r

gladiatores dare * J '

fa77iilia^ gladiatoria (Sest. 64. 134) — a band, troupe of

gladiators under the management of a lanista.

ludiis gladiatoriiis — a school for gladiators.

gladiatoribus (Att. 2. 19. 3) — at the gladiatorial games.

celebritas ludortwi — crowded games.

ma^nificentia ludorum\ . ,.

, ,. ... Vsumptuous public games.

/udi apparatissi77ii J

liidi Oly77ipia (not ludi Oly77ipici\ Pythia — the Olympian,

Pythian games. Oly77ipia viTtcere {'OXvfima vuKav) — to win a prize at the

Olympian games.

ludi ^ymTiici 1

. V^ymnastic contests. certa77U7ta gy77i7uca\

stadm77i citrrere (Off. 3. 10. 42) — to run a foot-race.

VIII. SPEECH AND WRITENG

I. SPEECH IN GENERAL

ars dicendi — the art of speaking ; oratory.

ad dice7tdu77i se co7iferre — to devote oneself to oratory.

diceTzdi^ praecepta tradere — to teach rhetoric.

■^ Ylence. fa??nliani ducere, metaphorically to be at the head of a movement, to play the leading part, e.g. in itwe civili (Cic. ) For other phrases drawn from the wrestling-school vid. ix. 6.

^ Note the way in which the Latin language prefers a concrete expression in the plural to represent our abstract "rhetoric," cf. viusica {-0Tii7)i), astra, mimeri, soni=\xms\c, astronomy, arithmetic, acoustics {vid. vii. 14).

SPEE CH IN GENERA L 121

rhetor^ dicendi magister — a teacher of rhetoric.

facultas dicendi — oratorical talent.

7zatit7?i, factii77i esse ad dice7idu77i — to be a born orator.

facile77i et expeditiim esse ad dice7idu77i (Brut. 48. 180) — to be a ready, fluent speaker.

7'ude77i^ tirone77i ac rude77i (opp. exercitatiwi) esse in dicendo — to be an inexperienced speaker.

disertu77i esse (De Or. i. 21. 94) — to be fluent.

eloquente77i esse (De Or. i. 21. 94) — to be a capable, fin- ished speaker.

eloquentia valere \ .

^ Vto be very eloquent. dicendt artejiorere\

eloquentiae laude florere — to be a distinguished orator.

vis dicendi — oratorical power.

77iultii77i dicendo valere^ posse — to have great weight as a speaker.

eloquentiae principatuTn tenere

pri7nu7n ox principem inter ora tores locuTn obtinere

oratorum principem esse

oratione77i conficere — to compose a speech.

oratione77t C077i77te7ttari (¥2ivc\. 16. 26) — to prepare, get up a speech.

oratio meditata (Plin. 26. 3. 7) — a prepared speech.

subito^ ex te77ipore (opp. ex praeparato) dicere — to speak ex- tempore.

oratio siibita — an extempore speech,

oratio perpetua — a continuous discourse.

oratio accurata ^ et polita — a carefully prepared speech,

oratio co77iposita — an elaborate speech.

^ accuratus is only used of things, never of persons.

to be considered the fore- most orator.

122 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

contentio (opp. sermo) (Off. 2. 48) — pathetic address ; emo- tional language.

copiose dicere — to speak very fluently.

ornate dicere — to speak well, elegantly.

libere dicere (Verr. 2. 72. 176) — to speak frankly, inde- pendently.

plane^ aperte dicere — to speak openly, straightforwardly.

perspiciie^ diserte dicere — to speak in clear, expressive language.

?nissis avibagibus dicere — to speak without circumlocution.

accommodate ad persuadetidu7ii dicere — to be a persuasive speaker.

aggredi ad dicendum ^ — to come forward to make a speech ; to address the house.

verba facere apiid'^ populuin^ in contione — to address a meeting of the people.

in contionem {in rostra) escendere^ (only of Romans) — to mount the rostra.

orationem habere (Tusc. 5. 2)Z- 94) — ^^ make a speech.

i?iitium dicendi facere — to begin to speak.

finem dicendi facere — to cease speaking.

perorare — (i) to make one's peroration ; (2) to deliver the closing speech (in a case where several speeches have been made).

^ stirgere ad dicemhnn is only used of some one who has been tiil now seated (l)e Or. 2. ^%. 316).

^ apud'xs, used of appearing before an official assembly, e.g. aptid popiihtvi, apud senatuni, apicd indices, coram is used of an informal casual meeting.

^ escendere is more common than asccnderc, cf. /;/ contionem escen- dere (Cic. Att. 4. 2. 3 ; Liv. 2. 7. 7, etc. etc.) Similarly in rostra escendere (Cic. Liv.), in tribunal escendere (Liv.) Later siiggestzim. rostra escendere (Tac. Ann. 15. 59 ; ibid. 13. 5).

SPEECH— STYLE 123

a?timos aiidienthun permovere, injiammare — to make an

impression on one's audience. aniinos tenere — to rivet the attention of . . . audie?itia7}i sibi {orationi) facere — to obtain a hearing. solutu7ii et expeditum esse ad dicendmn — to be never at a

loss for something to say. lingim proi7iptu7n esse — to have a ready tongue. celeritas in respondefido — readiness in debate, in repartee. bonis lateribus^ esse — to have good lungs. lifigime solutio — volubilit}'.

2. STYLE— EXPRESSION

genus dicendi {scribendi) ; oratio ^ — style.

genus dicendi grave ox grande^ medium^ tenue ^ (cf. Or. 5. 20 ; 6. 21) — elevated, moderate, plain style.

fusum oratioftis genus — a running style.

inconditmn dicendi genus (Brut. 69. 242) — a rough, un- polished style.

^ lafus is never used in the singular in good Latin with the mean- ing " kmgs," "breath," "vigour," cf. Cic. 7a/?i medies^ vox, latei-a defi- cient si . . . In a somewhat similar way lacej-ti is used of oratorical vigour, e.g. ipse hastas . . . oratoris lacerlis viribusqtie to7'qziebit (De Or. I. 57. 242).

^ Not stilus, which means the writing instrument the stylus, hence the expression stilum vcrtere (Verr. 2. 3. 41), to erase what has been written. Metaphorically it denotes— (i) the action of writing, e.g. stilus optivius est et praestantissinius dicendi effector et magister ; (2) the manlier of writing, mode of composition, e.g. U71US enitn sonits est totius orationis et idem stilus.

^ Speeches belong according to their subject-matter to genus deliberativutn {av/uL^ovXevrtKOp), gemts iudiciale {dcKaviKov), or genus denio7istrativu7n {dirtdeiKTiKov), cf. Cic. de Inv. I. 5. 7 ; Arist. Rhet. bk. iii.

124 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

inflatum orationis 9'enus'\ , , . ,

Vs. bombastic style. oratio alt III s exaggerata J

elatio atqiie altitudo orationis — the exalted strain of the speech.

exsurgere altius or incitatius ferri — to take a higher tone (especially of poets and orators).

magnifice loqui^ dicere — (i) to speak vehemently, passion- ately ; (2) to speak pompously, boastfully.

magniloquentia^ granditas verboru?}i — pathos ; passion.

tragoediae — tragic pathos.

expedita et facile currens oratio\

, ... ^ Van easy, fluent style.

oratio aequaoihler jlziefts \

flumen^ orationis (De Or, 2. 15. 62) — flow of oratory.

siccifas, sanitas orationis 1

, . . , ... Khe plam style.

veroorum tenuitas, oratio siiotilis\

oratio exilis, ieiuna, arida, exsanguis — the dry, lifeless style.

ornatus orationis^ verborum — well-chosen language, grace

of style. elegantia orationis — tasteful description. oratio pura^ pura et emendata — pure, correct language. integritas^ sinceritas orationis (not puritas) — purity of

style. oratio inquinata'^ (De Opt. Gen. Or. 3. 7) — incorrect

language. orationes Catonis antiquitatem redokftt (Brut. 21. 82) —

Cato's speeches sound archaic. ex illius orationibus ipsae Athenae redolent — there is a

flavour of Atticism about his discourse. oratio soluta (not prosa) or simply oratio — prose.

^ On the other hand, o7'atio Jitiit (De Or. 3. 49. 190) = the language has no rhythm.

- Not imptn-a^ which means unchaste, obscene.

S r YLE— EXPRESSION 1 25

oratio nu7nerose cadit — his style has a well-balanced

cadence. mimeris orationem astringere, vincire — to make a speech

rhythmical. liwiina^ flores dicetidi (De Or. 3. 25. 96) — flowers of

rhetoric ; embellishments of style. sententias {verbis) exj>licare, aperire — to explain one's

sentiments. sententiae reconditae et exquisitae (Brut. 97. 274) — profound

sentiments. ubertas (not divitiae) et copia orationis — a full and copious

style of speech. crebritas or copia (opp. inopid) sententiarum or simply copia

— richness of ideas. senteniiis abunda?is ^ or creber (opp. sententiis inanis) — rich

in ideas. adm?ibrare aliqtud {Or. 14. 43) — to roughly sketch a thing. exprimere aliguid verbis or oratione {vid. p. 77, note) — to

express clearly, make a lifelike representation of a

thing. exponere aliquid or de aliqua re — to give an account of a

thing (either orally or in writing). sententiae inter se nexae

Uhe connection.

perpetuitas verborum contextus orationis (not nexus^

conexus sententiarum) ratio sententiarum ratio, qua sententiae- inter se j-the connection of thought.

excipiunt

^ Not dives which Cicero uses only absolutely and almost always of persons, cf. ho-we\ ex animus hominis dives (Parad. 6. 44), divitior viihi et ajffltcentior videlur esse vera aniicitia, (De Am. 16. 58).

126 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

vitam alicuius exj>onere~io gxvc an account of a man's life. vifam alicuius depirigere—to make a sketch of a man's life. de inge??io moribiisque alicuius exponere~X.Q make a

character-sketch of a person. sumjuo colore aliquid ill us f rare—to depict a thing in

lively colours.

ante oculos ponere aliquid~io bring a thing vividly before

the eyes. oculis or sub oculos, sub aspectum subicere aliquid— io re- present a thing vividly. rerum sub aspectum paene subiectio (De Or. 3. 53. 202)—

graphic depiction. perlustrare, lustrare oculis aliquid— Xo scrutinise, examine

closely. sic exponere aliquid, quasi agatur res {no7i quasi ?uirretur)

—to represent a thing dramatically. aliquem disputante77i facere, inducere, fingere {est aliquis

apud aliquem disputans)~io introduce a person

(into a dialogue) discoursing on . . . in uno conspectu potiere aliquid\

sub unum aspectum subicereV'' ^'""^ "" ^^^^'^^ '^^^ ''^ ^ aliquid J ^h^"g-

in brevi conspectu ponere aliquid— IQ make a short survey of a thing.

uno conspectu videre aliquid— to have a general idea of a thing.

breviter tangere, attingere aliquid— to touch briefly on a

thing. strictim, leviter tangere, attin-\ to make a cursory mention

gere, perstringere aliquid [ of a thing ; to mention by quasi praeteriens, in transitu j the way (not obiter or in

attingere aliquid J transcursu).

STYLE— EXPRESSION 127

res sumvins attingere 1 to dwell only on the main

sunwiatitii aUquid exponere^ points.

VI III fa verba facer e \ ...

. , to go deeply into a matter,

midtujH. Jiwuum esse iin an- \ .. ■ c ^^

. ._^ ^ . discuss It fully.

qua re) (De Or. 2. 4. 17) J

plurilms verbis^ copiosius explicare^ persequi^ a'iquid — to give a full, detailed account of a thing.

fiisiifs, liber lies ^ copiosius dispiitare^ dicere de aliqiia re — to speak at great length on a subject, discuss very fully.

breviter^ paucis explicare aliquidX to explain a matter

rem paucis absolvere (Sail. lug. |- briefly, in a few words

17. 2) I (not paucis verbis).

. . . \ the circumstances are de-

rebus ipsis par est oratio .. . . . .

, ^ ^ Y scribed in language worthy

rebus verba respondeitt . ,

J of them.

copiaui quam potui persecutus sum — I have exhausted all

my material. verbis nan omnia exseqiii posse — to be unable to say all

one wants. /;/ medium proferre aliquid — to bring a subject forward

into discussion. ill 77iedio ponere i^proponere) — to publish, make public. silentio praeterire {noX. praetermittere) aliquid — to pass over

in silence. significare aliquejii or aliquid significafione appellare aliquem describere aliquem (Gael. 20. 50) leviter significare aliquid — to hint vaguely at a thing.

to allude to a person or thing (not alludere).

^ perscqiii is often used in the meaning to expound, treat of either orally or in writing, e.g. alicuius vitat?i, alicuius lauJes vcrsibiis, res Hannibalis.

128 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

ordine fiarrare, guo77iodo res gesta sit — to detail the whole

history of an affair. dicendo ornare aliquid — to embellish a narrative. rhetorice, tragice ornare aliquid (Brut. ii. 43) — to add

rhetorical, dramatic embellishments to a subject.

digressus, di^ressio, egressio 1 ,. . . ,

, ,. ^,. Va digression, episode.

quod ornandi causa additiwi est\

indudere in orationem aliquid \ . , .

. . ,. . , to interpolate, msert

inserere oratwni aliquid V

7- . 7 /x^ » A something.

interponere aliquid {uo. Am. i. 3)!

dicendo augere, amplijicare aliquid (opp. dicendo extenuare

aliquid) — to lend lustre to a subject by one's

description. in maius fei're^ ifi mains extollere aliquid — to exaggerate

a thing. in maius accipere aliquid — to overestimate a thing. digredi {a proposito) (De Or. 2. 77. 311) — to digress,

deviate. studio alicuius rei provectus sum — my zeal for a thing has

led me too far. longe^ alte {longius^ altius) repetere (either absolute or ab

aliqua re) — to go a long way back (in a narrative). oratio longius repetita (De Or. 3. 24. 91) — a rather

recondite speech. accedere ad- cotidiani sermonis genus — to adopt the

language of everyday life. ad vulgarem sensum or ad co??wiune7?i opinionem oratiotiem

acconunodare (Off. 2. 10. 35) — to express oneself in

popular language.

DELIVER Y^ VOICE 1 29

3. DELIVERY— VOICE

actio (Brut. 38) — delivery.

protiuntiatio ^ c. Gen. — artistic delivery ; declamation.

actio pallium claudicat" — the delivery is rather halting,

poor. haerere^ Aaesitare (C^itW. 2. 6. 13) — to stop short, hesitate. perturbari^ pernioveri — to be nervous, embarrassed. de scripto orationem '^ habere^ diceix (opp. sine scripto, ex

7ne??ioria) — to read a speech. interpellare aliqiie7n {dicentein) — to interrupt. vox magiia^ clara (Sulla 10. 30) — a strong, loud voice. vox gravis, acuta, parva, inediocris—-p^ deep, high, thin,

moderate voice. vox canora (Brut. (i-^. 234) — a melodious, ringing voice. vox k?iis, suppressa, sunwiissa — a gentle, subdued voice. vocem mittere [sonitum reddere of things) — to speak, utter

a sound. vocem summittere — to lower one's voice. contentio, remissio vocis — raising, lowering the voice. voce77i i7ttercludere (Just. 11. 8. 4) — to prevent some one

from speaking. Ttulla vox est ab eo audita — no sound passed his lips. mag7ia voce cla77iare — to shout at the top of one's voice. clamorem tollere (Liv. 3. 28) — to raise a shout, a cry. gestu77i (always in the sing.) agere — to gesticulate.

^ Not declamatio which = an oratorical exercise. Distinguish pronuntiare (De. Or, i. 59. 251), to declaiui a thing according to the rules of rhetoric ; and declaniare — io go through rhetorical exercises as a practice in speaking.

- claiidicare often nietaph. of things which are unequal, weak, e.g. aniicitia claudicat (Fin. i. 69).

"^ But to read a speech orationeiji legere (Brut. 51. 191) ; to read with expression, recitaix (Phil. 10. 2. 5).

K

I30

LA TIN PHRASE BOOK

4. SUBJECT-MATTER— ARGUMENT

I have nothing to write about.

7to?i habeo argumentum scribendi deest mihi argumentum ad scri-

bendum (Att. 9. 7. 7) non habeo, non est quod scribani res (opp. verba) mihi suppetit — I have abundance to say. materia ??iihi crescit — my subject grows as I write. res componere ac digerere — to arrange and divide the

subject-matter. dispositio rerum (De Inv. i. 7. 9) — the arrangement of the

subject-matter.

materia rermti et copi a uberrima\ . . . , ,

.... , ^abundance of material.

injinita et im7nensa materia J

7?iaterie??i ad or7iatum praebere — to afford matter for

elaboration, embellishment. id quod {niihi) propositu7n est \

res proposita la theme, subject proposed

id quod quaeri77ius {quaeritur) for discussion. i7istitutu77i or id quod i7istitui a proposito aberrare, decliTiare, defiectere, digredi, egredi — to

digress from the point at issue.

ad propositum reverti, redire\ , , ,

Ko come back to the pomt. ad re77t redire )

sed redeat, unde aberravit oratio^

sed ad id, unde digressi sumus,

reverta77iur

'veru77i ut ad id, imde digressa est

but to return from the digression we have been making. oratio, reverta77iur mihi propositu77i est c. Inf. (or 7)iihi proposui, ut) — the task

I have put before myself is . . . ponere — to propose, set a theme.

i

QUESTION— ANSWER 131

p07iere alicid^ de quo dispiitet — to set some one a theme for

discussion. ponere wbere, qua de re quis aiidire velit (Fin. 2. i. i) — to

let those present fix any subject they Hke for

discussion.

5. QUESTION— ANSWER

quaestionem ponere^ proponere — to propose a subject of

debate, put a question. quaestione7?i poscere (Fin. 2. i. i) — to get a question

submitted to one. hoc loco exsistit quaestio, quaeritur — at this point the

question arises. nunc id quaeritur^ agitur — the question now is . . . res^ de qua nunc quaerimus^ quaeritur — the question at

issue. magna quaestio est (followed by an indirect question) — it

is a difficult point, disputed question. quaerendum esse inihi visum est — the question has forced

itself on my mind . . . quaestionem solvere — to decide, determine a question. quaestio ad exitum venit — the question has been settled. ad interrogata respondere ^ — to answer questions. bene interrogare — to cross-examine cleverly, put leading

questions. percontanti non deesse {De Or. i. 21. 97) — to answer every

question.

^ Note to answer (a thing) 7-espondere ad aliquid or alicui rei ; to answer (a person) always aliaii. So dicere aliciiiio speak to a person, but scribere ad aliquon.

132 LATIN PHRASE BOOK

responsiwi ah aliquo ferre, aiiferre — to extract an answer

from some one. respondere in hanc sententia??i ^ — to answer to this effect.

6. HUMOUR— EARNEST

ioco uti (Off. I. 29. 103) — to make a joke.

haec iocatus sum, per iocum dixi — I said it in jest.

anwio prompto esse ad iocandum — to be humorously

inclined. extra iocu??i, remoto ioco (Earn. 7. 11. 3) — joking apart. facete dicere — to be witty.

facetiis uti, facetum esse— to make witty remarks. facete et com?7tode dicere — to indulge in apt witticisms. breviter et commode dictu7?i — a short, pointed witticism. facete dictum — a witticism, bon mot. arcessitmn dictum (De Or. 2. 63. 256) — afar-fetched joke. dicta dicere in aliquem — to make jokes on a person. aspergere sales orationi (Or. 26. 87) — to intersperse one's

speech with humorous remarks. aliquid ad ridiculu7n convertere — to make a joke of a

thing. {ho7n6) ridiculus (Plaut. Stich. i. 3. 21) — a wit; a joker. lepos in iocando — humour.

iucunde esse (Deiot. 7. 19) — to be in a good temper. se dare iucunditati — to let oneself be jovial. sibi displicere (opp. sibi piacere) — to be in a bad temper. ioca et seria agere — to be now jesting, now in earnest. i-^r/^^/V^r^ (Plaut. Bacch. I. I. 42) — to say in earnest . . . severitatem adhibere — to show that one is serious.

^ respoiisum dare only of answers given by oracles or lawyers.

1

LANGUAGE—USE OF LANGUAGE 133

i)ieptum esse (Dc Or. 2. 4. 17) — to be silly, without tact. ?iifnium diligentem esse ^ — to be pedantic.

7. LANGUAGE— USE OF LANGUAGE— TRANS- LATION—GRAMMAR

lingua graeca latina lociipletior (copiosior, uberior) est — the

Greek language is a richer one than the Latin. commerciujn li7iguae — intercourse of speech. volubilitas^ soliitio linguae — volubility. vitiu77t orationis, sermonis or simply vitiiwi — a mistake,

solecism. saepe {crebro^ multa) peccavit, erravif, lapsus est — he has

made several mistakes. eiusde?fi linguae societate coniunctum esse cum aliquo (De Or.

3. 59. 223) — to be united by having a common

language. orationis experte^n esse — to be unable to express one's

ideas.

sermo patrius (Fin. i. 2. 4) — native tongue; vernacular.

consuetudo sermonis^ loquendi — the usage of language.

cotidiani ser77i07iis usus ^ , , .

, the ordmary usage of lan- co77i77iimis ser77i07iis consuetudo \

r .,. . , ,.,. guage, everyday speech.

ser77io ja77iilians et cotidianus \ ° ° ' / ^ i

aliquid a consuetudine sermonis latini abhorret, alienum est

— the expression is not in accordance with Latin

usage.

^ Such words as " pedantry," ''pedant" can be expressed very vari- ously in Latin, cf. N. D. 3. 31. 71 posse acerbos