THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

MANUAL

BRITISH VERTEBRATE ANIMALS:

DESCRIPTIONS

OF
ALL THE ANIMALS BELONGING TO THE CLASSES,

MAMMALIA, AVES, REPTILIA, AMPHIBIA,
AND PISCES,

WHICH HAVE BEEN

HITHERTO OBSERVED IN THE BRITISH ISLANDS:

INCLUDING THE

DOMESTICATED, NATURALIZED, AND EXTIRPATED SPECIES :
THE WHOLE SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED.

(gimn

REV. LEONARD JENYNS, M.A.

FELLOW OF THE LINNEAN, ZOOLOGICAL, AND ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES
OF LONDON; AND OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.

CAMBRIDGE:

PRINTED AT THE PITT PRESS, BY JOHN SMITH,
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY.

SOLD BY J. & J. J. DEIGHTON; AND T. STEVENSON, CAMBRIDGE;
AND LONGMAN & CO., LONDON.

M.DCCC.XXXV.

-•

u

PREFACE.

THE present Work contains descriptions of all the
Vertebrate Animals, including the domesticated, naturalized,
and extirpated species, which have been hitherto observed
in the British Islands. The object of its author is to
present Naturalists with a Manual in this department of
our Fauna, adapted to the existing state of our knowledge,
and such as shall be calculated to meet the wants of the
Science in that advanced stage to which it has attained
since the publication of former works of this nature. In
furtherance of this end two points appeared necessary to
be attended to. One was to ascertain, as far as practicable,
the additions which had been made of late years to our
lists of British Animals, to inquire into the respective
claims of those which had been admitted into these lists
previously, and carefully to distinguish between such
species as have unquestionably occurred within the limits
of our own Islands, or in the adjoining seas, and others
of which reasonable doubts might be entertained in re-
ference to this matter. The other important point, as it
appeared to the author, was to take care that the descrip-
tions should as far as possible be obtained from the animals
themselves, and nothing inserted upon the credit of other
writers which was capable of being verified by personal
examination. The day is for ever gone by in which mere
compilations will be thought to be of any service to the

VI PREFACE.

science of Zoology. So far from advancing its progress,
it may be said unhesitatingly that they tend only to retard
it. It is through such channels that errors already of
long standing become more widely circulated, at the same
time that new ones, to a greater or less extent, are in-
fallibly introduced. The author who is too indolent to
examine and describe for himself, has often spared himself
the trouble of even investigating the nature of the materials
which he has obtained from others. The consequence is,
that he has perhaps blended together the descriptions of
two or more perfectly distinct species, or out of one made
several, or, led away by the identity of mere names, has
transferred to our native animals the descriptions of
exotic, nearly allied species, with which he has confounded
them.

After the above enunciation of the two leading points
which have been borne in mind whilst preparing this work
for publication, the author hopes that it will not be thought
uncalled for by those for whose use and guidance it is prin-
cipally intended. The latest previous work upon the same
subject and conducted upon the same general plan is the
" History of British Animals" by Dr. Fleming. This was
completed in 1827 and published the year following, since
which period a great variety of species have been added to
the Fauna of this country, more particularly in the Class of
Fish, though many occur in the Classes of Quadrupeds and
Birds. As these additions have been already indicated in
the " Systematic Catalogue" lately published by the author
of the present work, it is unnecessary to dwell upon them
individually. It may, however, afford interest to present
a comparative view of the aggregate numbers of species in
each Class, as they appear in the " British Animals" of
Dr. Fleming and in the Manual now offered to the public.

PREFACE. Vll

The total number of Mammalia noticed by that Naturalist,
excluding the domesticated and naturalized species, as well
as all those not met with at the present day, is fifty-three,
from which deducting three as of rather doubtful character,
there remain fifty. The number of Birds, excluding in
like manner the domesticated and naturalized kinds, but
including Stragglers, which Dr. Fleming has only briefly
alluded to and not allowed to form part of the regular
numbering, amounts to two hundred and eighty-one, from
which deducting seventeen as either decidedly not British
or of doubtful character, there remain two hundred and
sixty-four. The number of Reptiles and Amphibious Ani-
mals, which are united in one Class, is fourteen, from which
deducting one as a doubtful native, and two others as very
doubtful species, there remain eleven. The number of in-
digenous Fish amounts to one hundred and seventy, from
which deducting eleven not distinct from others, one not
British, and three of doubtful character, there remain one
hundred and fifty-five, which added to about seven noticed
only as stragglers*, gives one hundred and sixty-two. Hence
it appears that the total number of truly British Vertebrata,
restricting the expression in the manner above indicated,
described or mentioned by Dr. Fleming, amounts to only
four hundred and eighty-seven. In the present work, ex-
cluding in a similar way the domesticated, naturalized, and
extirpated species, as well as all those of doubtful character,
the number of described Mammalia amounts to sixty-one;
that of Birds to two hundred and ninety-seven ; that of
Reptiles and Amphibious Animals together to thirteen;

* Dr. Fleming has alluded briefly to several other species which have been
included by some authors in the British Fauna, but the claims of these to be
considered as true natives being extremely doubtful, they are not here taken
into the account.

Vlll PREFACE.

that of Fish to two hundred and ten. These added
together give five hundred and eighty-one as the total
number, exceeding that above stated by ninety-four. But
independently of these additions which have been made of
late years to our native Animals, Dr. Fleming's work pro-
fessing to be in a great measure only a compilation, it was
thought that one which partook more of an original cha-
racter, would not prove unacceptable at the present day. It
must not be forgotten that two other works connected with
the Vertebrate" Division of the British Fauna have appeared
since the one just spoken of. I allude to the excellent
" Illustrations of British Ornithology" by Mr. Selby, pub-
lished in 1833, in which the number of Birds is raised to
two hundred and eighty*, and the valuable " British Fishes"
of Mr. Yarrell now in course of publication. But not to
dwell upon the circumstance, that these works are upon
totally different plans from that of the present one, the
author conceives that a single volume comprising all the
Vertebrate Animals which have been observed hitherto in
these Islands will form a useful addition to the library
of the British Naturalist, as well as prove a convenient
travelling companion.

A few remarks may now be made upon the particular
plan which is adopted in the present work. And first, it
must be stated why a deviation has been made from Dr.
Fleming's method of separating from the other species, and
partially excluding from the British Fauna, those animals
which have occurred as Stragglers only in a few rare in-
stances. The reason is founded in the impossibility of
drawing any marked line where such separation shall com-

* The exact number of species given by Mr. Selby is two hundred and eighty -
«even, but six, if not seven, of these cannot be considered otherwise than as
doubtful natives.

PREFACE. IX

mence. However just it may be in general terms to speak
of the animals of any country under the three heads of
Residents, Periodical Visitants, and Irregular Visitants or
Stragglers, it must be obvious to every one that between
the last two there exists so little boundary, that there are
many species of which it is difficult to say whether they
belong to the former, or to the latter of these divisions*.
Every intermediate degree of frequency, as regards the
visits of different species of Birds to this country, may
be found between what constitutes an annual migration
and a solitary appearance. There are some which occur
most years in greater or less numbers, though not with
that unerring punctuality which attends the movements of
our more regular migrants ; there are others which only
shew themselves at uncertain and more distant intervals;
there are others, again, which have not been observed in
more than a few instances ; and of these last a series might
easily be made out in which such instances became con-
tinually fewer, till the number was reduced ultimately to
one. Now under such circumstances it is clearly impos-
sible to draw the line which Dr. Fleming has attempted
to point out. For this reason, in the present work, the
species above alluded to are noticed exactly in the same
manner as those which are permanently resident in this
country, or which visit it at fixed intervals. In so doing
there is no wish to raise them to a higher rank in the
Fauna than they really deserve. They are still considered
only as Stragglers to a greater or less extent. But if it be
the object of a Fauna to present naturalists with an account

* Dr. Fleming himself must have experienced some difficulty in determining
what species were to be "degraded to the rank of Stragglers," judging from the
circumstance, that some which he has only briefly noticed as of this character,
have in fact occurred in this country oftener than, many quite as often as, others
described at length in the body of his work.

X PREFACE.

of such animals as are to be met with in their own country,
it must surely include all those which have been known to
occur in it hitherto. Neither is the reason obvious why the
characters, or even a detailed description, of such species,
should be suppressed. If it be quite certain that they have
appeared in one instance, it cannot be deemed improbable,
clearly not impossible, that they may occur in other in-
stances*, and should this prove to be the case, it is very
desirable that the student should have the means of iden-
tifying them.

A line of quite as much importance, in the opinion
of the author, as that on which Dr. Fleming has insisted,
and one more easily drawn, though never yet attempted
to be drawn with accuracy -f, is that between species, the
occurrence of which in this country at one time or another
there is no ground for questioning, and others whose claims
to be considered as British have not yet been made substan-
tially good. In distinguishing between these two classes,
the author has generally been guided, at least in the case
of Birds, by the fact of the existence or not of British-
killed specimens in any known collection, or by the com-
parative recency of the occurrence of any species, and the
circumstances under which that occurrence has been an-
nounced. Species which are not to be found in any of
our Museums, for which no authority is known, or whose
claims rest on statements made many years back, at a time
when specific differences were but little attended to, he has
no hesitation in saying, ought to have a separate place

• Several cases might be mentioned of species, which only a few years back
had occurred but in a single instance, and which have since been met with
more than once.

•f This is said with reference only to the Vertebrate Division of the British
Fauna. Mr. Stephens lias taken great pains to draw the line spoken of in the
rase of our native Insects.

PREFACE. XI

allotted to them as doubtful natives, and not to be mixed
up with others which labour under no uncertainty of this
nature.

Another line which the author has attempted to draw,
is that between what may be termed good or genuine spe-
cies, and such as are probably not distinct from others,
or which are involved in some obscurity from the circum-
stance of their true characters not being well understood.
In this latter division he has placed such animals as the
Catodon Sibbaldi of Fleming, the Red Lark of Lewin
the Lacerta cedura and L. anguiformis of Sheppard, the
Comber Wrasse of Pennant, the Lesser Fork-beard of Jago
(Raniceps Jago, Flem.), and a vast many others, especially
amongst the Fish, all which he would designate as doubtful
species ; but he has not placed in it animals, such as the
Eococcetus and Hippocampus^ which are perfectly good spe-
cies, as well as undoubtedly British, but of which the exact
species met with in our seas or islands remains to be deter-
mined *. These are often cases in which it was not sup-
posed that more than one species existed, at the time of
their being enrolled in the British Fauna.

It must now be explained in what way these and other
divisions, under which the Animals of this country may be
parcelled, are distinguished in the present work. For this
purpose recourse has been had to different types, and to
two distinct sets of numbers. Firstly, all those well-ascer-
tained, or at least genuine species, which are met with at
the present day, or which have undoubtedly occurred at
one time or another within the record of history, have one
continuous numbering in each Class respectively, and form

* If there are cases which appear exceptions to this rule, such as those of
the Manatus borealis of Fleming and the Albacore of Couch, they are instances
in which not only the species, but even the genus, is as yet unascertained.

Xll PREFACE.

what may be termed the body of the work*. These are
then divided into, firstly, such as are found now existing
in a truly wild state ; secondly, such as are domesticated,
or, when at large, are supposed to have been originally
introduced into these Islands; and thirdly, such as were
indigenous in former times, but are now extirpated. In
the case of the truly wild and now existing species, which
of course constitute the great bulk of the Fauna, and which
may be subdivided by those who please into Residents,
Periodical Visitants, and Stragglers, the names and specific
characters are printed in Small Pica; the synonyms and
descriptions in Bourgeois. In the case of the domesticated,
naturalized, and extirpated species, these types are ex-
changed for Bourgeois and Minion respectively ; the first two
are, however, particularly distinguished by having an aste-
risk (*) prefixed to their names, the last by a dagger (•[•)
in like manner. The second principal division comprises
the doubtful natives and doubtful species, which terms are
employed in the sense in which they have been already
explained. These, although inserted in their proper places
in the system, are cut off, as it were, from all those above
mentioned, and marked by a distinct numbering enclosed
in brackets. The types resorted to are the same as those
adopted in the case of the naturalized and extirpated species,
but these types are here set a little way in from the margin.
By such an arrangement the attention is more readily drawn
to these animals which stand in such particular need of fur-
ther investigation by the naturalist.

* It may be here observed, that a single species has been inserted in the
body of the work as British, which perhaps is hardly entitled to be considered
in that light. The author alludes to the Baleena Physalus, Linn., of the oc-
currence of which in our seas, he can find no certain instance on record. He
also entertains some doubts respecting the Spurns Aurata, from the circumstance
of its having been so often confounded with the S. oentrodontvs.

PREFACE. Xlll

Some other matters remain now to be spoken of. It has
been already intimated that the descriptions are as far as
possible original. It may be added, that in a large number
of instances they are derived from recent specimens. It
must be obvious, however, that in preparing a work of
this nature, there will always be many species, especially
among the large marine animals, which it is impossible for
any individual to describe from his own observation. In
such cases, then, recourse has been had to what have ap-
peared the best authorities, more especially to such persons
as have published any thing original on the species in
question ; and where under such circumstances the accounts
of authors differ, the discrepancies are pointed out. It is
believed that in almost all the above cases the name of
the author, from whom any thing is borrowed, is sub-
joined*, who of course is responsible for the accuracy of
what is stated. Desmarest and Scoresby (the last for the
Cetaceous Animals) are the authorities mostly resorted to
in the Class Mammalia ; Temminck in that of Birds ;
Cuvier and Valenciennes, as well as Bloch, and occasion-
ally Pennant and Donovan, in that of Fish. By some it
may be thought that the descriptions are too long, and
run needlessly into detail. But when it is considered how
many species have been overlooked from their supposed
identity with others; how many, some even of the most
common occurrence, have been misunderstood, and referred

* A few instances occur in the Class Mammalia, in which this authority was
omitted to be annexed. The cases in question are those of the Extirpated Quad-
rupeds, the Common and Great Seals, the Walrus, the Red Deer, the Roe, and
two or three of the Cetacea, the descriptions of which have been borrowed, partly
from Desmarest, and partly from other sources. There are also three species
of Birds similarly circumstanced ; the Shore Lark, the Rock Ptarmigan, and
the Virginian Partridge. The description of the first is taken from Temminck
and Wilson; that of the second from Sabine, and the "Fauna Boreali-Ame-
ricana;" that of the third from Temminck.

XIV PREFACE.

to others which perhaps are not inhabitants of this country ;
and that these and similar errors have arisen not merely
from the imperfect, but, it must be added, careless de-
scriptions which have been given of such animals, it is
hoped that the pains which have been taken to render
this portion of the work as complete and accurate as pos-
sible, will not be thought entirely thrown away. The plan
which the author has adopted in most instances, in the
case of the Fish especially, which of all our British Ver-
tebrata have till lately been the least attended to, and,
in regard to the distinction of species, the worst under-
stood, has been to describe as minutely as possible the first
species in each genus, or sub-genus if it present a marked
modification of form, and then, when there were other nearly
allied species, to restrict himself principally to the differences
which were observable in these last, with reference to the
first and to one another. By this method, which is adopted
from MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes, the enquirer is more
readily enabled to identify the particular species he may
have before him. In the Class of Birds, the different
variations of plumage, arising from age and season, have
been pointed out and characterized so far as they are
known ; and this plan has been pursued even in the case
of those species which have occurred in this country as
yet only in the immature state, for the more complete
guidance of our own naturalists, in the event of their being
met with in the adult plumage.

What has been said of the descriptions applies also to
the measurements. They are to be considered as original,
excepting where the name of any author stands attached to
them. They have been taken with much care, in by far the
larger number of instances, from recently killed specimens,
and many of them are the mean results obtained from mea-

PREFACE. XV

suring a large number of individuals. In the Class of Birds,
they are generally those of the male.) unless stated to the
contrary. It may be observed that in this Class the entire
length is measured from the tip of the bill to the ex-
tremity of the tail; the length of the bill is estimated in
two directions, firstly from the frontal feathers, following
the curvature of the ridge, secondly from the gape or
angle of the mouth ; the length of the tail is measured
from the extremity of the longest quill to its insertion in
the coccyx.

Fish being very variable in size, and having no very
well marked limit of growth, it was thought that the
absolute dimensions of any species, would, if given, prove
of little value. Hence in this Class, the author has gene-
rally restricted himself to noting the average length to
which the species attains; the relative proportions, which
are often of great importance, being introduced into the
body of the description. With reference to these propor-
tions, it may be stated, that the entire length, unless men-
tioned to the contrary, is always measured to the extremity
of the caudal fin. The length of the head is measured from
the end of the snout to the posterior margin of the gill-cover.
The depth (termed the breadth in the case of the Pleuro-
nectidce) is reckoned vertically from the most elevated point
in the line of the back, termed the dorsal line, to the cor-
responding point in the line of the abdomen, or ventral line,
the dorsal and anal fins, unless mentioned to the contrary,
not being included.

It may be added that in computing the fin-ray formula,
which is similar to that adopted by MM. Cuvier and Va-
lenciennes, all the rays are included which it was possible
to distinguish, on the ground that if the short rays be
omitted, which often pass insensibly into the longer ones,

XVI PREFACE.

it were difficult to know where to begin the reckoning.
The mention of this circumstance will serve to explain why
the number of fin-rays as stated in this work will be often
found to exceed the number given by former authors, who
appear in general to have made their computation without
much attempt at accuracy. The above remark, however,
does not apply to the caudal fin, in which, generally, though
not always, there is a tolerably well marked line of separa-
tion between what may be termed the principal rays, and
the accessory or shorter ones. In many instances, in
which this distinction is evident, these two kinds of rays
are reckoned separately.

Appended to the description of each species, are a few
general remarks illustrative of its habits; more especially
those connected with locality, food, and propagation. It
was thought that these would render the work more gene-
rally useful. Many of them are the result of the author's
own observation, though some are confessedly obtained from
other sources.

On the subject of Classification, it must be remarked
that the system of no one individual author has been rigidly
adhered to. Regard has been paid to what has been written
on this subject by the most recent writers in each department,
and all the larger groups, as well as, in most instances, their
mode of collocation, have been derived from such sources.
The arrangement of the Mammalia has been drawn up
from a combined view of the system of Cuvier, and the
systems of Gray * and MacLeay f. That of the Birds
from a similar view of the system of Vigors J, and the
modifications of that system as adopted by Swainson and

* Ann. of Phil. vol. xxvi. p. 337. f Linn. Trans, vol. xvi. p. 1, &c.

\ Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 395. See also some Articles by the same author
in the first and second volumes of the " Zoological Journal."

PREFACE. XV11

Selby ; assistance has been also gained, in regard to the
situation of a few genera, from the system of Lesson *.
The arrangement of the Reptiles and Amphibious Animals
is for the most part in accordance with that in the " Regne
Animal" of Cuvier. The author has, however, followed
Latreille and many modern naturalists in considering these
groups as two distinct classes. The arrangement of the
Fish is likewise similar to that in the second edition of the
" Regne Animal," excepting a slight alteration in the value
of the larger groups, adopted from the Prince of Musig-
nano-f-. In no case must it be imagined that the order
of affinities is exactly the same as the order of arrange-
ment given, since, if it be true that all natural groups
be circular, an opinion now generally prevalent, and one
in which the author is strongly disposed to join, it is
clearly impossible to preserve such a coincidence under
circumstances which necessarily entail the appearance of
a linear series.

The author has also exercised his own judgment in
the adoption of certain genera and sub-genera. With re-
spect to these last, having expressed his views elsewhere j,
it is unnecessary to repeat them in this place. He may
simply state that he has endeavoured to acknowledge, and
to act up to, the principle which he has there advocated ;
although, from the ignorance in which we are upon the
subject of the real value of many groups, it cannot be
doubted that numerous instances occur, in which he has
failed making a correct application of it. Being aware of

* Traitt d' Ornithologie ; ou Tableau mtthodique des Ordres, Sous-ordres,
Families, Tribus, Genres, Sous-genres et Races d'Oiseaux. Par. 1831. 8vo.

•f Saggio di una Distribuzione metodica degli Animali Vertebrati. Rom. 1831.
8vo. The alteration above alluded to has been adopted by the author since the
publication of his " Systematic Catalogue/'

£ Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 385. and vol. vn. p. 97-

b

XV111 1J HE FACE.

the dislike which many of our own naturalists have to
the adoption of sub-genera, he begs to state that they are
inserted in such a manner, that any one who chooses may
place them upon the same footing with the genera, or, if
he be not a friend to the subdivision of the old-established
groups, take no notice of them at all.

Instead of prefixing the generic characters to the several
genera respectively as they occur in order, they are pre-
sented in a synoptic form at the head of each of the Classes,
by which means a better view is obtained of the relative
collocation and affinities of the larger groups. Moreover,
the same kind of arrangement with respect to types pre-
vails here, as that which occurs in the other part of the
work. The characters of all those genera and sub-genera
which contain truly wild, as well as genuine and now
existing species, are printed in Small Pica and Bourgeois
respectively, the names of the genera standing in LARGE
CAPITALS, those of the sub-genera in SMALL CAPITALS.
In the case of the domesticated, naturalized, and extirpated
animals, these types are exchanged respectively, as before,
for Bourgeois and Minion ; the first two, being, also in like
manner, particularly distinguished by an asterisk, the last
by a dagger. The same types are employed for the cha-
racters of those genera and sub-genera which contain only
doubtful natives or doubtful species, but these may be
readily distinguished from the last by the circumstance
of the names standing in ITALIC Capitals, which are
large or small, as in the former instances, according as
the group in question is either a genus or sub-genus.
Moreover, in this division, the genera have a distinct num-
bering enclosed in brackets: the sub-genera no numbering
at all. It may be further observed, that the characters
of the orders and families are printed in Pica, and that

PREFACE. XIX

here likewise the type is exchanged for one of subordinate
size in the case of two families (Phasianidce and Siluridce),
one containing no true natives, the other only a doubtful
native. In accordance, also, with the rule before given,
the former is distinguished by an asterisk ; the latter, by
the name standing in ITALIC CAPITALS, and its being,
as in the case of sub-genera similarly circumstanced, without
a number.

The specific characters, which are for the most part
entirely new, have been drawn up, as far as practicable,
with a view to the exact differences of species ; but the
difficulty of doing this in the instance of the aquatic Birds,
which are subject to such great changes of plumage from
age and other circumstances, it must be confessed is very
great, and has not in all cases been satisfactorily got over.
In the Class of Fish, specific characters have seldom been
added in the case of genera or sub-genera containing not
more than one British species, or when given, bear refer-
ence solely to other, nearly allied, European species ; the
essential characters of those met with in other countries,
in many groups, not having been hitherto determined with
precision.

The terms employed in characterizing the larger groups,
or in drawing up the descriptions of species, have for the
most part been derived from the works of Illiger*, Des-
marest -j-, and Cuvier. The " Histoire Naturelle des Pois-
sons" of this last author has been exclusively resorted
to in the Class of Fish. To these works, the reader, to
whom the terms are not familiar, is accordingly referred.

* Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium. Berol. 1811. 8vo. This
work will be found to contain a very complete terminology with reference to
the two classes of Mammalia and Birds.

-j- Terminologic des Mammiferis ; prefixed to his " Mammalogie."

XX PEE FACE.

On the subject of Nomenclature it may be remarked
that the oldest names have been adopted in most instances,
unless a different one has been sanctioned by general use.
As the author is of opinion that in common parlance there
is no occasion to name the sub-genus, when speaking of
any particular species, he has not thought it necessary to
change the names of species which are the same as those
of the sub-genera to which they belong.

The synonyms will be found to embrace references to
some of the principal writers, more especially those in our
own country, who have treated of the different Classes, or
of any subordinate group, or any particular species. These
references have, in every instance, been examined person-
ally by the author. To facilitate the inquiries of such
persons, as may wish to examine for themselves on this
subject, a complete list has been annexed of all those
works, with their several editions, which are quoted, either
for the synonyms, or for any other purpose.

It has been thought proper to annex two distinct in-
dexes, one containing the Latin, the other the English
names. No pains have been spared to render them as
complete as possible. It is believed that every name and
synonym, in the above two languages, occurring in the
body of the work, will be found in its proper place.

It now only remains for the author to express his
acknowledgments to those friends who have assisted him
in this undertaking. To Mr. Yarrell in particular, he begs
publicly to return his sincere thanks for the able help which
he has experienced at his hands, and such as alone has
enabled him to complete the work upon the plan first
contemplated. This help has been especially felt upon the
subject of the British Fishes. Had it not been for the
very liberal manner in which that gentleman offered him

PREFACE. XXI

the almost unlimited use of his Manuscripts and rich col-
lections, the author has no hesitation in saying that he
could never have extended the Manual to that depart-
ment, or presumed to enter upon a field, to which he was
previously almost an entire stranger. Assistance, however,
has been not the less afforded him in the other Classes.
Mr. Yarrell's well-known practical acquaintance with our
British Birds has enabled the author to detail more at
length the changes of plumage to which some species are
liable, and to correct a few errors into which previous
writers had fallen on this subject. The same gentleman
kindly volunteered an accurate description, accompanied
by measurements, of the egg of every species, of which
his extensive collection afforded specimens; thus enhancing
the utility of the work by an addition, which, but for
this circumstance, the author would have been unable to
supply. He begs it may be distinctly understood that
this portion of it is from the pen of Mr. Yarrell.

To Mr. Gray, he desires to make an acknowledgment
of the readiness with which he has at all times allowed
him to consult the specimens in the British Museum. The
same return must be made to the officers of the Zoolo-
gical Society for similar liberty to examine a few specimens
contained in their collection.

In conclusion, the author may state that he has no
intention of extending his work to the Invertebrate Divi-
sion of the British Fauna. In the present advanced state
of the Science, a complete Manual of all the Animals oc-
curring in these Islands can only be accomplished by the
united labours of many individuals. With the view, how-
ever, of continuing his researches into that portion of it
which is here treated of, he begs to solicit such observa-
tions, notices of new or rare species, and, where it may

XX11 PREFACE.

not be inconvenient, specimens, as it may be in the power
of any of his readers to supply. Even the Vertebrate
Animals of our own country are far yet from being
thoroughly understood. Much confusion prevails in se-
veral groups, and, without doubt, many additional species
remain to be detected. The Shrews and Bats amongst
Quadrupeds ; the Cetaceous Animals ; the Wrasses, Gobies,
Blennies, the Salmon Tribe, the Sharks and Rays, amongst
Fish; these and other families might be pointed out, with
respect to which we want more information, and which
particularly invite the attention of the British Naturalist.
Should any one be disposed to honour him with specimens
in these or other instances, the author begs to state that
they will not be reserved for his own use exclusively, but
will, with the permission of the donor, be deposited in
the Museum of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, which
already possesses an extensive collection of British Animals,
and which the author is anxious to render as perfect as
possible in that department of the Fauna, to the advance-
ment of which the Work now offered to the Public is
directed.

SWAFFHAM BULBECK,

Oct. 24, 1835.

THE Author takes this opportunity of expressing
his grateful acknowledgments to the SYNDICS of the
University Press, for their liberality in taking upon
themselves the expense of printing this Work.

ERRATA.

PAGE LINK ERROR.

52 16 LANIID.E.

53 11 from the bottom; SYLVIID^E.
59 12 .- CERTHIID^E.

64 8 CHARADRIID^E.

126 7 vol. ii.

137 2 dele $.

160 13 European.

252 14

434
445

C. Urinator.

360 14 from the bottom, > ^ , ,
and elsewhere I Mackarel-

CLUPEA, Linn.
peritoneum.

CORRECTION.

LANIAD^E.
SYLVIAD^:.
CERTHIAD^.
CHARADRIAD^E.
vol. i. part ii.

European.
Colymbus Urinator.

Mackerel.

CLUPEA, Cuv.
peritoneum.

ALPHABETICAL LIST

WORKS QUOTED.

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1813. 4to. 20vols.
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Berkenh. Syn. — Berkenhout (J.). Synopsis of the Natural History of

Great Britain and Ireland; being a Second Edition of the Out-
lines, &c. Lond. 1789. 8vo. 2 vols.
Bew. Brit. Birds.— Bewick (T.). A History of British Birds. Sixth

Edition. Newcastle, 1826. 8vo. 2 vols.
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Figures engraved on Wood. Eighth Edition. Newcastle-upon-Tyne,

1824. 8vo.

Block, Ichth — Bloch (M. E.). Ichthyologie ; ou Histoire Naturelle des

Poissons. Berlin, 1785-1795. fol. 12 parts.
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Natural History of Birds inhabiting the United States, not given

by Wilson. Philadelph. 1825, &c. 4to. 4 vols.
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Rom. 1832, &c. fol. (In course of publication.)
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and a Synopsis of the Species found within the Territory of the

United States. New York, 1828. 8vo. (From the Annals of the

Lyceum of Natural History of New York.)
Borl. Cornw.— Borlase (W.). The Natural History of Cornwall. Oxford,

1758. fol.

Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish.— Bowdich (Mrs. T. E.). The Fresh-water
Fishes of Great Britain; drawn and described. Lond. ,1828, &c.
4to. (In course of publication.)

xxvi LIST OF WORKS QUOTED.

Brins. Orn. — Brisson. Ornithologia, sive Synopsis Methodica Avium,
&c. Lug. Bat. 1763. 8vo. 2 vols.

- Reg. An. — Brisson. Regnum Animale in classes ix. distributum,
cum duarum primarum classium, Quadrupedum scilicet et Cetaceo-
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Brown, Illust.— Brown (P.). New Illustrations of Zoology. Lond. 1776.

4to.
Buff. Hist. Nat. — Buffon. Histoire Naturellc generate et particuliere,

avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Paris, 1750-1767. 4to.

15 vols.

Bull, des Set. Nat. — Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Geologic.

Paris, 1824-1831. 8vo. (Vol. 4, for the year 1825, quoted.)
Camb. Phil. Trans. — Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical

Society. Cambridge, 1822, &c. 4to.
Child. Add. to Zool. CL— Children (J. G.). An Address delivered at

the Anniversary Meeting of the Zoological Club of the Linnean

Society, held Nov. 29, 1827. Lond. 1827. 8vo.
Cuv. Oss. Foss. — Cuvier (G.). Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles.

Paris, 1821-1824. 4to. 5 vols.
Reg. An. — Cuvier, (G.) Le Regne Animal distribue d'apres son

organisation. Paris, 1817. 8vo. 4 vols. The same. Paris, 1829. 8vo.

5 vols. (The second edition is the one quoted, unless stated to the

contrary.)
fy Vol. Poiss. — Cuvier et Valenciennes. Histoire Naturelle des

Poissons. Paris, 1828-1833. 4to. 9 vols. (In course of publication.)
Dan. Rur. Sports.— Daniel (W. B.). Rural Sports. Lond. 1801-1802.

4to. 2 vols.
Daud. Hist. Nat. des Rept.— Daudin (F. M.). Histoire Naturelle des

Reptiles. Paris, 1805. 8vo. 8 vols.
Desm. Mammal. — Desmarest (A. G.). Mammalogie ; ou description des

especes de Mammiferes. Paris, 1820-1822. 4to. 2 parts.
Don. Brit. Birds.— Donovan (E.). The Natural History of British Birds.

Lond. 1794-1819. 8vo. 10 vols.

- Brit. Fish.— Donovan (E.). The Natural History of British Fishes.
Lond. 1808. 8vo. 5 vols.

- Brit. Quad. — Donovan (E.). The Natural History of British
Quadrupeds. Lond. 1820. 8vo. 3 vols.

Edinb. Journ. of Nat. and Geog. Sci. — The Edinburgh Journal of Na-
tural and Geographical Science. Edinb. 1830, &c. Directed by
W. Ainsworth and H. Cheek. 8vo. 3 vols.

Edinb. New Phil. Journ. — The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal.
Conducted by R. Jameson. Edinb. 1826, &c. 8vo.

LIST OF WORKS QUOTED. xxvii

Edinb. Phil. Journ. — The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal. Conducted

by R. Jameson. Edinb. 1819-1826. 8vo. 14 vols.
Edw. Glean. — Edwards (G.). Gleanings of Natural History. Lond.

1758-1764. 4to. 3 parts.
- Nat. Hist. — Edwards (G.). A Natural History of uncommon

Birds, and of some other rare and undescribed Animals. Lond.

1743-1751. 4to. 4 parts.
Encycl. Brit. — Encyclopaedia Britannica. Seventh Edition. Edited by

Professor Napier. Edinb. 1834, &c. 4to. (In course of publication.)
Faun. Bor. Am. — Fauna Boreali- Americana ; or the Zoology of the

Northern parts of British America. Part second, The Birds. By

W. Swainson, and J. Richardson. Lond. 1831. 4to.

- Franq. — Faune Franchise, ou Histoire Naturelle, generate et par-
ticuliere, des Animaux qui se trouvent en France, &c. Par MM.
Vieillot, Desmarest, De Blainville, Audinet-Serville, St. Fargeau,
et Walkenaer. Paris, 1824, &c. 8vo. (Incomplete.)

Flem. Brit. An. — Fleming (J.). A History of British Animals, &c.
Edinb. 1828. 8vo.

- Phil. ZooL — Fleming (J.). The Philosophy of Zoology; or a
general view of the structure, functions, and classification of Animals.
Edinb. 1822. 8vo. 2 vols.

Gmel. Linn. — Gmelin (J. F.). Caroli a Linne, Systema Naturae, &c.
Lips. 1788, &c. 8vo. vol. i., Animal Kingdom.

Gould, Europ. Birds.— Gould (J.). The Birds of Europe. Lond. 1832,
&c. fol. (In course of publication.)

Gray, Syn. Rept.—GTay (J. E.). Synopsis Reptilium ; or short descrip-
tions of the Species of Reptiles. Part i. Cataphracta. Lond. 1831.
8vo. (No more has been hitherto published.)

Grew, Rar.—Giew (N.). Musaeum Regalis Societatis ; or a Catalogue
and Description of the natural and artificial Rarities belonging to
the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham College. Lond. 1681.
fol.

Hast. Worcest.— Hastings (C.). Illustrations of the Natural History
of Worcestershire, &c. Lond. 1834. 8vo.

Heysh. Cumb. An. — Heysham (J.). A Catalogue of Cumberland Ani-
mals. (Prefixed to the 1st volume of Hutchinsons History of the
County of Cumberland. Carlisle, 1794. 4to.)

Horsf. ZooL Research.— Horsfield (T.). Zoological Researches in Java,
and the nefghbouring Islands. Lond. 1824. 4to.

Jago. — Catalogus quorundam Piscium rariorum, quos oris CornubisB
maritimis nuper observavit, et delineavit, &c. G. Jago, &c. (In
Rays Synopsis Piscium, p. 162-166.)

xxvih LIST OF WORKS QUOTED.

Jard. and Selb. Orn.— Jardine (W.) and Selby (P. J.). Illustrations of

Ornithology. Edinb. 1827, &c. 4to. (In course of publication.)
Jen. Cat. of Brit. Vert. An.— Jenyns (L.). A Systematic Catalogue of

British Vertebrate Animals. Cambridge, 1835. 8vo.
Jesse, Glean.— Jesse (E.). Gleanings in Natural History. Second Series.

Lond. 1834.. 8 vo.
Journ. de Phys.— Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle,

et des Arts. Paris, 1773-1823. 4to. (Vol. 71, the only one quoted.)
Lactp Cefac.— La Cepede. Histoire Naturelle des Cetacees. Paris,

1803. 4to.
- Pom. — La Cepede. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Paris, 1798-

1803. 4to. 5 vols.
Lath. Ind. Orn. — Latham (J.). Index Ornithologicus ; sive Sy sterna

Ornithologise ; &c. Lond. 1790. 4to. 2 vols.

Syn. — Latham (J.). A General Synopsis of Birds. Lond. 1781-

1785. 4to. 3 vols. in 6 parts.

Supp. — Supplement to the General Synopsis of Birds. Lond. 1787.

4to. Supplement n. Lond. 1801. 4to.

Latr. Salam. de France. — Latreille. Histoire Naturelle des Salamandres

de France, precede d'un Tableau methodique des autres Reptiles

indigenes. Paris, 1800. 8vo.
Leach, Zool. Misc. — Leach (W. E.). The Zoological Miscellany ; being

descriptions of new, or interesting Animals. Lond. 1814-1817. 8vo.

3 vols.
Leigh, Lancash. — Leigh (C.). The Natural History of Lancashire,

Cheshire, and the Peak, in Derbyshire, &c. Oxford, 1700. fol.
Lew. Brit. Birds.— Lewin (W.) The Birds of Great Britain, with their

Eggs, accurately figured. Lond. 1789-1794. 4to. 7 vols.
Linn. Syst. Nat.— Linnseus (C.). Systema Naturae, &c. Edit. 12. Holm.

1766-1768. 8vo. 3 vols. Vol. 1, Animal Kingdom.
Linn. Trans. — Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Lond.

1791, &c. 4to.
LInstit. — L'Institut; Journal des Academies et Societes scientifiques

de la France et de 1'Etranger. Paris, 1833, &c. 4to.
Lond. fy Edinb. Phil. Mag. — The London and Edinburgh Philosophical

Magazine and Journal of Science. By Sir D. Brewster, R. Taylor,

and R. Philips. Lond. 1832, &c. 8vo.

Lond. Quart. Journ. of Set. — The Quarterly Journal of Science, Litera-
ture, and the Arts. Lond. 1816-1830. 8vo. 29 vols.
Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. — The Magazine of Natural History, and

Journal of Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Geology, and Meteorology.

Conducted by J. C. Loudon. Lond. 1829, &c. 8vo.

LIST OF WORKS QUOTED. xxix

Low, Faun. Ore. — Low (G.). Fauna Orcadensis ; or the Natural History

of the Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes, of Orkney and

Shetland. Edinb. 1813. 4to.
Lyell, Geol.—Lyell (C.). Principles of Geology, &c. Lond. 1830-183?.

8vo. 3 vols.
Mac Cull. West. Isles.— Mac Culloch (J.). A Description of the Western

Islands of Scotland, including the Isle of Man. Lond. 1819. 2 vols.

8vo. and 4to atlas of plates.
Mem. de la Soc. de Gen.— Memoires de la Societe de Physique, et

d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve. Genev. 1821, &c. 4to. (Vol.. 3

quoted.)
Mem. du Mus. — Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris,

1815-1832. 4to. 20 vols.
Merr. Pin. — Merrett (C.). Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum.

Lond. 1666. 8vo.

Mont. Orn. Diet.— Montagu (G.). Ornithological Dictionary ; or Al-
phabetical Synopsis of British Birds. Lond. 1802. 8vo. 2 vols.
Supp— Montagu (G.). Supplement to the Ornithological Dictionary.

Exeter, 1813. Svo.
Mull. Zool. Dan.— Muller (O. F.), Zoologia Danica. Haun. 1788-1806.

fol. 4 vols.

Nash, Worcest.—Nzsh (T.). Collections for the History of Worcester-
shire. Lond. 1781. fol. 2 vols.
Newcast. Nat. Hist. Trans. — Transactions of the Natural History Society

of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle. Newcast. 1831, &c.

4to.
Nichol. Journ. — A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the

Arts. Lond. 1802-1813. Svo. 36 vols. (Vol. 22, for the year 1809,

Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. — Nilsson (S.). Prodromus Ichthyologiae

Scandinavicse. Lund. 1832. Svo.
Nutt. Orn. of Un. St.— Nuttall (T.). A Manual of the Ornithology of

the United States and of Canada. Boston, 1832-1834. Svo. 2 vols.

Osbeck, Voy. to China. — Osbeck (P.). A Voyage to China and the
East Indies. Lond. 1771. Svo. 2 vols. (Translated from the German
by J. R. Forster.)

Paget, Nat. Hist, of Yarm— Paget (C. J. & J.). Sketch of the Natural
History of Yarmouth an:l its Neighbourhood, containing Catalogues
of the Species of Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Fish, Insects, and Plants,
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Perm. Arct. Zool.— Pennant (T.). Arctic Zoology. Lond. 1792. 4to.
2 vols.

xxx LIST OF WORKS QUOTED.

Penn. Brit. Zoo/. — Pennant (T.). British Zoology. Fourth Edition.
Loud. 1776-1777. 8vo. 4 vols. The same. New Edition. Lond.

1812. 8vo. 4 vols. (The Fourth Edition is the one quoted, unless
stated to the contrary.)

Phil. Trans. — Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Lon-
don. Lond. 1665, &c. 4to.

Plot, Oxfordsh.—P\ot (R.). The Natural History of Oxfordshire. Ox-
ford, 1705. fol. (Second Edition.)

Proceed, nf Berw. Nat. Club. — Proceedings of the Berwickshire Natu-
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some of the more rare Plants of Dorsetshire. From the new and
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Quart. Rev,— The Quarterly Review, vol. 47. Lond. 1832. 8vo.

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Syn. Pise. — Ray (J.). Synopsis methodica Piscium. Lond. 1713.

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Syn. Quad — Ray, (J.). Synopsis methodica Animalium Quad-

rupedum et Serpentini Generis. Lond. 1 693. 8vo.

Richards. App. Parr. Voy. — Richardson (J.). Zoological Appendix to
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Riss. Hist. Nat.— Risso (A.). Histoire Naturelle des principales produc-
tions de VEurope Meridionale, et particulierement de celles des
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Rces. Ran. — Roesel (A. J.). Historia Natutulis Ranarum nostratium.
Nurnberg. 1758. fol.

Rond. Pise. — Rondeletius (G.). De Piscibus marinis. Lug. Bat. 1554. fol.

Ross, Voy. App. — Appendix to Ross's Voyage of Discovery. Lond. 1819.
4to.

Sab. Supp. Parr. Voy. — A Supplement to the Appendix of Captain
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1819, 1820, containing an account of the subjects of Natural History.
Lond. 1824. 4to. The Birds by Capt. Sabine.

Salmon. — Salmonia; or Days of Fly-fishing. By an Angler. Second
Edition. Lond. 1829. 8vo.

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Edinb. 1820. 8v:>. 2 vols.

LIST OF WORKS QUOTED. xxxi

Selb. Illust.-Sclby (P. J.). Illustrations of British Ornithology. Edinb.

1833. 8vo. 2 vols. Plates to the same. Eleph. fol.
Shaw, Gen. Zool— Shaw (G.). General Zoology. Lond. 1800-1826. 8vo.

14 vols. (The last six volumes arg by Mr, Stephens.)
Nat. Misc.— Shaw (G.). The Naturalists Miscellany. Lond. 1790,

&c. 8vo. 24 vols.
Sibb. Phalain.— Sibbald (R.). Phalainologia Nova; sive observationes

de rarioribus quibusdam Balsenis in Scotise Littus nuper ejectis.

Edinb. 1773. 8vo.
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Historic Naturalis, &c. Edinb. 1684. fol.

Sloane, Jam.— Sloane (Hans). A Voyage to the Islands Madeira, Bar-
bados, Nieves, St. Christophers and Jamaica, with the Natural

History of the last of those Islands. Lond. 1707-1725. fol.
Sow. Brit. M'sc— Sowerby (J.). The British Miscellany; or coloured

figures of new, rare, or little known Animal subjects ; many not

before ascertained to be inhabitants of the British Isles, vol. 1.

Lond. 1806. 8vo. (The work was not continued beyond the frst

volume.)
Stew. El. of Nat. Hist.— Stewart (C.). Elements of the Natural History

of the Animal Kingdom. Second Edition. Edinb. 1817. 8vo.

2 vols.
Swains. Zool. III. — Swainson ( W.). Zoological Illustrations ; or original

figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting Animals, &c.

Lond. 1820-1823. 8vo. 3 vols.
Temm. Man. d'Orn. — Temminck (C. J.)- Manuel d'Ornithologie, ou

Tableau Systematique des Oiseaux qui se trouvcnt en Europe ; &e.

Second Edition. Parts 1 & 2. Paris, 1820. Part 3. Par. 1835. 8vo.

Monog. de Mamm. — Temminck (C. J.)- Monographies de Mam-

malogie. Paris, 1827. 4to.

Pig. et Gall. — Temminck (C. J.). Histoire Naturelle Generate des

Pigeons et des Gallinaces. Amsterdam, 1813-1815. 8vo. 3 vols.

Turt. Brit. Faun.— Turton (W.)- British Fauna; containing a Com-
pendium of the Zoology of the British Islands. Swansea, 1807.
12mo.

Linn.— Turton (W.). A General System of Nature, &c. Trans-
lated from Gmelin's last edition of the Systema Naturae, by Sir
Charles Linne. Swansea, 1800. 8vo. Vols. 1-4, Animal Kingdom.

Vieill. Gal. Ois.— Vieillot (L. P.). La Gallerie des Oiseaux. Paris, 1825.

4to. 2 vols.
Wagl. Syst. Av. — Wagler (J.). Systema Avium. Pars prima. Stutt-

gard, 1827. 8vo. (Incomplete.)

xxxii LIST OF WORKS QUOTED.

Wern. Mew.— Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society.

Edinb. 1811,&c. 8vo.
White, Selb.— White (G.). The Natural History of Selborne, to which

are added The Naturalist's Calendar, Miscellaneous Observations,

and Poems. Lond. Edit. 1813. 8vo. 2 vols.
Will. Hist. Pise.— Willughby (F.). De Historia Piscium Libri Quatuor,

&c. Totum opus recognovit, coaptavit, supplevit, Librum etiam

primum et secundum integros adjecit, Johannes Raius. Cura

Cromwelli Mortimeri, M.D. Lond. 1743. fol.
Wils. Amer. Orn. — Wilson (A.). American Ornithology ; or the Natural

History of the Birds of the United States. Philadelph. 1808—1814.

4to. 8 vols.

Yarr. Brit. Fish.— Yarrell (W.). A History of British Fishes. Illustrated
by Wood-cuts of all the species, vol. 1. Lond. 1835. 8vo. (In course
of publication.)

Zool. Journ.—The Zoological Journal. Lond. 1825, &c. 8vo.

VERTEBRATA.

VERTEBRATE animals are characterized by having
the brain and principal trunk of the nervous system
included in a bony articulated case, composing the
skull and vertebral column. They have all red
blood, and a muscular heart. The mouth is fur-
nished with two jaws moving vertically. They have
distinct organs of sight, hearing, smell, and taste.
The limbs are never more than four in number.
The sexes are in all cases separate.

They are divisible into the following five classes :

* With warm blood: heart with two auricles and
two ventricles.

I. MAMMALIA Viviparous animals, suckling their

young : breathing by lungs. Body generally covered
with hair, and furnished in most cases with four
feet.

II. AVES Oviparous animals; breathing by lungs.

Body covered with feathers ; furnished with two
wings and two feet.

A

2 VERTEBRATA.

** With cold Hood: heart with one or two auricles,
and one ventricle.

III. REPTILIA — ^Oviparous animals; breathing by
lungs. Body covered with scales or shelly plates.
Impregnation effected by sexual union : the young
undergoing no metamorphosis.

4

IV. AMPHIBIA Oviparous animals; breathing by

lungs and gills. Body covered with a soft naked
skin : feet without claws. Eggs impregnated after
exclusion: the young undergoing metamorphosis.

V. PISCES Oviparous animals; breathing by gills

only. Body covered with scales, and furnished
with fins instead of feet.

CLASS I- MAMMALIA

§ i. Incisor, canine, and molar teeth all present,
forming a continuous series.

ORDER I. FERjE.

Feet armed with strong claws : mammae abdominal :
penis sheathed.

* Six incisors in each jaw : grinders of three sorts.

•f- Walk on the soles of the feet.

1 1. URSUS. — Lower incisors set in the same line : grinders varying
in number, the three last large and tubercular: no glandular pouch
under the tail.

2. MELES, — Second incisor on each side in the lower
jaw placed behind the others : grinders five above and
six below on each side; the first very small, the last
tubercular : body low on the legs : a glandular pouch or
scent-bag under the tail.

-)••(• Walk on the extremities of the toes.

3. MU STELA Grinders varying in number : body

very much elongated : feet short ; the toes separate : ears
short and rounded.

(1. MUSTELA.) Grinders five above and six below on each side :
tongue smooth.

(2. PUTORIUS.) Grinders four above and five below on each side;
tongue rough.

A2

4 MAMMALIA.

4. LUTRA. — Grinders five above and five or six
below : body long : feet short, with five palmated toes :
head depressed : ears very short : tongue slightly rough :
tail flattened horizontally.

5. CANIS Grinders six above and seven below on

each side ; the two last in each jaw tubercular : ears
moderately large : tongue smooth : claws not retractile.

(1. CANIS.) Pupil circular.

(2. VULPES.) Pupil linear: tail bushy.

6. FELIS Grinders four above and three below on

each side ; no tubercular grinder in the lower jaw : tongue
armed with prickly papillae pointing backwards : claws
retractile.

** Teeth various : feet short and fin-shaped, adapted
to swimming ; those behind horizontal.

7. PHOCA Incisors and tusks in both jaws : grinders

uniform ; each of three lobes ; the central lobe triangular,
large and cutting, the anterior and posterior lobes small.

8. TRICHECHUS — No incisors or tusks in the lower
jaw: tusks in the upper jaw greatly produced, directed
downwards : grinders cylindrical, short, and obliquely
truncated.

*** Incisors varying in number : summits of the
grinders with conical points : soles of the hinder
feet applied to the ground.

9. TALPA Incisors six above and eight below, nearly

equal: tusks large: grinders seven above and six below
on each side : body very thick : fore feet short and broad,
formed for digging : tail short : no external ears : eyes
very minute.

MAMMALIA. 5

10. SOREX. — Two middle incisors produced beyond
the others ; those above bent and notched at the base :
lateral incisors or false tusks very small: grinders four
above and three below on each side : body covered with
hair : snout attenuated : tail long.

11. ERINACEUS. — Two middle incisors produced be-
yond the others, longer than the tusks; those above
cylindrical, with a space between : grinders five above and
four below on each side : body covered with spines : tail
very short.

ORDER II. PRIMATES.

Claws flat and small : anterior extremities with a
distinct thumb : mammae pectoral : penis free and
pendulous.

VESPERTILIONID^E.— Incisors varying in
number ; summits of the grinders armed with
sharp points : anterior and posterior extremities
connected by a naked expansion of the s&in,
adapted to flight: fingers very long.

12. RHINOLOPHUS — Incisors two above and four
below : grinders five on each side above and below :
nostrils with two foliaceous appendages, the posterior one
erect : ears free ; tragus wanting.

13. VESPERTILIO Incisors four above and six

below : grinders varying in number : nostrils without
foliaceous appendages : ears sometimes free, sometimes
united at their base ; tragus always present.

(1. VESPERTILIO.) Ears moderately large, lateral, separate : grinders
from four to six above, and from three to six below on each
side.

MAMMALIA.

(2. PLECOTUS.) Ears very large, much longer than the head, with
their inner edges united at the base above the eyes : grinders
five above and six below on each side.

(3. BARBASTELLUS.) Ears moderate, united at the base above the
eyes: a flat naked space on the forehead surrounded by a
membraneous edge : grinders four on each side above and below.

0 //. Incisor, canine, and molar teeth not all present,
or not forming a continuous series.

ORDER III. GLIRES.

Incisors two in each jaw, large, and strong, remote
from the grinders: tusks none: toes distinct, with
small conical claws.

* Furnished with strong clavicles.

14. SCIURUS Grinders simple, with tubercular

summits, five above and four below on each side : upper
incisors chisel-shaped ; lower ones pointed, compressed
laterally : toes long, armed with sharp claws : tail long
and bushy.

15. MYOXUS. — Grinders simple, their summits mark-
ed with transverse ridges of enamel, four on each side
above and below : hair very soft and fine : tail very long,
somewhat bushy.

16. MUS.-^-Grinders simple, with tubercular summits,
three on each side above and below : upper incisors wedge-
shaped, lower ones compressed and pointed: tail nearly
naked, annulated with scales.

17. AR VI COL A. — Grinders compound, with flat sum-
mits, the enamel appearing in ridges on the surface : upper

MAMMALIA. 7

incisors chisel-shaped, lower ones pointed: tail round and
hairy, shorter than the body.

1 18. CASTOR. — Grinders compound, with flat summits, four on each
side above and below : toes of the hinder feet palmated : tail oval, de-
pressed, and covered with scales.

** Clavicles rudimentary.

19. LEPUS Two subsidiary incisors in the upper jaw

immediately behind the others : grinders six above and five
below on each side, the summits flat, with transverse plates
of enamel : inside of the cheeks hairy : ears very large :
toes five before and four behind! tail short, and turned
up.

* 20. CAVIA. — Grinders compound ; each with one simple and one
fork-shaped plate of enamel ; four on each side above and below : toes
four before and three behind: tail none.

ORDER IV. UNGULATA.

Teeth various: incisors and tusks often wanting in
one or both jaws : grinders of one sort : toes large,
covered with hoofs.

* No incisors in the upper jaw ; eight in the lower :
two middle toes separate : frontal bones furnished
with horns: ruminate.

*(• Horns hollow, growing on a bony core ; persistent.

* 21. BOS. — Horns smooth; directed laterally at first, afterwards re-
curved: body thick and heavy: limbs strong: tail moderately long,
terminated by a tuft of hair : four inguinal mammae.

* 22. OVIS. — Horns rough and angular; directed backwards and
laterally, more or less spirally twisted : chin without a beard : limbs
rather slender: tail moderately short: two inguinal mammse.

* 23. CAPRA. — Horns rough and angular; directed upwards and
backwards: chin bearded: tail short: mammae two.

8 MAMMALIA.

•ff Horns bony and solid: deciduous.

24. CERVUS. — Horns branched or palmated; while
growing covered with a soft velvety skin : body and limbs
slender : four inguinal mammae.

** Six incisors in each jaw : two middle toes soldered
in one : no horns : do not ruminate.

25. EQUUS.

*** Six incisors in each jaw ; lower ones projecting
forwards: four toes on each foot; two middle
ones large and hoofed, lateral ones much smaller
and not touching the ground.

t* 26. SUS. — Tusks exserted, inclining both upwards and to one
side : snout elongated, and truncated at the extremity : body covered
with stiff bristles.

ORDER V. CETACEA.

Teeth various; sometimes entirely wanting: body
fish-shaped : anterior extremities in the form of
fins; posterior united, forming a flat horizontal
tail.

* Grinders with fiat summits : nostrils at the ex-
tremity of the snout9 not acting as blow-holes:
whiskers very distinct: mamma pectoral.

(1.) MAN A TUS.— Grinders eight or nine on each side above and
below; with two transverse ridges on the summits: no incisors or tusks
in the adult state : vestiges of nails on the margins of the pectoral fins.

(2.) STELLER US.— A single grinder on each side above and below ;
summit flat with projecting plates of enamel : fins without vestiges of
nails.

MAMMALIA. 9

** Teeth, when present, conical: nostrils opening
on the crown of the head, acting as blow-holes:
whiskers none: mammce near the anus.

•f- Head small : blow-holes united.

27. DELPHINUS — Both jaws with numerous teeth,
all simple and equal.

(1. DELPHINUS.) Snout produced into a beak, broad at its base,
rounded at its extremity, and separated from the forehead by a
kind of furrow : a dors'al fin.

(2. PHOCCENA.) Snout short and blunt; not beaked : a dorsal fin.

(3. DELPHI NAPTERA.) Head blunt; snout not produced: no dorsal
fin.

28. MONODON Head blunt: no true teeth; upper

jaw with one, rarely two, very long straight tusks pro-
jecting forwards in a line with the body : no dorsal fin.

29. HYPEROODON Snout produced: teeth gene-
rally but two in number, placed in front of the lower jaw :
palate studded with tubercles : a dorsal fin.

•f**f* Head very large; half or one third of the entire

length.

30. PHYSETER Head enormously large, truncated

in front : upper jaw without whalebone or visible teeth ;
teeth in the lower jaw numerous : blow-holes united.

(1. CATODON.) No dorsal fin.

(2. PHYSETER.) An elevated dorsal fin.

31. BALJSNA Head very large: palate furnished

with whalebone : no teeth : blow-holes separate.

(I. BAL^ENA.) No dorsal fin.

(2. BAL^ENOPTERA.) A dorsal fin.

10 MAMMALIA. [Unsus.

ORDER I. FER.E.

t GEN. 1. URSUS, Linn.

1- 1. U. Arctos, Linn. (Brown Bear.) — Blackish brown: forehead
convex above the eyes : snout suddenly tapering : soles of the hinder
feet moderately long.

U. Arctos, Desmar. Mammal, p. 163. Common Bear, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. i.
p. 450. pi. 102.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body three feet seven inches ; of the head
one foot ; of the fore foot seven inches seven lines ; of the hinder foot eight inches
ten lines.

DESCRIPT. Body entirely covered with thick shaggy hair, varying in colour
from chestnut brown to black : soles of the fore feet with their anterior half
naked ; those behind naked throughout : ears short and rounded : eyes small :
tail very short.

Formerly an inhabitant of Great Britain ; but extirpated many centuries back.
Infested Scotland (according to Pennant) so late as the year 1057. Still common
on many parts of the European continent.

GEN. 2. MELES, Cuv.

2. M. Taxus, Flem. (Badger.)— t-Gray above, black
beneath ; a black band on each side of the head extending
from the nose over the eyes to behind the ears.

M. Taxus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 9. M. vulgaris, Des?n. Mammal, p. 173*
Badger, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 85. pi. 8. no. 13. Shaw, Gen.
Zool. vol. i. p. 467. pi. 106.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two feet six inches; of the
head six inches eight lines; of the ears one inch four lines; of the
tail seven inches.

DESCRIPT. Body thick and clumsy : hair rigid and very long ; gray
on the upper parts, black on the throat, breast, belly, and legs : head
above white, with a longitudinal black spot on each side, which takes
its origin between the extremity of the nose and the eye, and terminates
behind the ear : toes five on each foot : claws long and bent : eyes very
small : ears short and rounded, almost concealed in the hair : a trans-
verse glandular pouch between the tail and the anus, secreting a foetid
substance.

Found in several parts of the kingdom, but not of very general occur-
rence. Burrows in the ground, concealing itself during the day, and
coming abroad at night. Feeds indiscriminately on animal and vegetable
substances.

MUSTELA.] MAMMALIA FEIUS. 11

GEN. 3. MUSTELA, Linn.

(1. MUSTELA, Cuv.)

3. M. Foina, Linn. (Common Martin.) — Brown :
throat and breast white.

M. Foina, Desm. Mammal, p. 182. Martes Fagorum, Flem. Brit. An.
p. 14. Martin, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 92. pi. 6. no. 15.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body eighteen inches; of the head
four inches three lines ; of the tail nine inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Hair of two sorts ; the shorter very fine and soft, and of a
pale ash-colour ; the longer somewhat rigid, less abundant than the last,
ash-coloured at the roots, dusky brown towards the extremity, with a
tinge of chestnut red : legs and tail dusky : under parts somewhat paler
than the upper : a white spot upon the throat extending itself over the
under surface of the neck and anterior portion of the breast.

More generally diffused than the next species, and said to prefer the
vicinity of houses. Preys on poultry, game, rats, moles, &c. Breeds
frequently in hollow trees, producing from three to seven young at a
time.

4. M. Maries, Linn. (Pine Martin.) — Brown : throat
and breast yellow.

M. Martes, Desm. Mammal, p. 181. Martes Abietum, Flem. Brit.
An. p. 14. Pine Martin, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 94. Don. Brit.
Quad. pi. 13.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body one foot seven inches ; of the
head four inches ; of the tail ten inches.

DESCRIPT. Differs from the last species in having the throat, under
surface of the neck, and anterior portion of the breast, yellow : the head
also shorter, the hair rather darker, and the legs a little longer.

Inhabits the fir woods of Scotland : occurs also sparingly in the West
of England. Builds its nest on the tops of trees, and produces from two
to three young. Frequents wild situations. Preys on the smaller quad-
rupeds and birds.

(2. PUTORIUS, Cuv.)

5. M. Putorius, Linn. (Polecat.) — Dusky brown with
a tinge of yellow ; beneath paler : some white spots about
the ears and mouth.

M. Putorius, Desm. Mammal, p. 177. Flem. Brit. An. p. 14. Fitchet,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 89. pi. 6. no. 14. Polecat, Shaw, Gen.
Zool. vol. i. p. 415. pi. 98.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body one foot six inches; of the
head two inches ten lines ; of the ears six lines ; of the tail five inches
six lines.

12 MAMMALIA YERJE. [MUSTELA.

DESCRIPT. Tail proportionably shorter than in the last sub-genus:
space round the mouth, and edge of the ears, white : hair on the body of
two kinds; the longer sort somewhat harsh, shining, and of a dusky
brown colour; the shorter more woolly, and of a yellowish or tawny
white; from the mixing of these two the general tint appears brown
with a slight cast of tawny yellow : the legs and tail are of a uniform
dusky brown.

A common inhabitant of woods and plantations in all parts of the
country. Preys on game, poultry, eggs, and the smaller quadrupeds :
is particularly fond of blood. Produces in the Spring from five to six
young.

* 6. M. Furo, Linn. (Ferret.)— Yellowish white with the eyes red.
M. Furo, Desm. Mammal, p. 178. Ferret, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. i. p. 418. pi. 98.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body one foot two inches ; of the head two
inches six lines ; of the ears six lines ; of the tail five inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. In general somewhat smaller than the polecat, and of a more slender
shape ; the snout is also proportionably longer : colour of the fur bright yellow,
here and there tinged with white ; sometimes a mixture of white, black, and tawny,
with the tail entirely black.

Originally a native of Africa, from whence imported into Europe. Known in
this country only in a domesticated state, where it is much used in the destruction
of rabbits and rats. Supposed by some to be a mere variety of the polecat ; but
independently of the differences above mentioned, the circumstance of its being a
native of a warmer climate seems to militate against that idea. Habits similar to
those of that species.

7- M. vulgaris, Gmel. (Weasel.) — Reddish brown
above ; beneath white : tail of the same colour with the
body.

M. vulgaris, Desm. Mammal, p. 179. Flem. Brit. An. p. 13. Common
Weasel, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 95. pi. 7. no. 17. Shaw, Gen.
Zool. vol. i. p. 420. pi. 98.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body (male) eight inches three
lines, (female) seven inches; of the head (male) one inch nine lines,
(female) one inch six lines ; of the ears (male) four lines, (female)
three lines; of the tail (male) two inches four lines, (female) two
inches.

DESCRIPT. Upper part of the head, neck and body, shoulders, ex-
ternal and anterior portions of the fore legs, and hind legs wholly, red-
dish brown tinged with yellowish ; the under parts, from the extremity
of the lower jaw to the vent, white : a brown spot below each corner
of the mouth.

Var. ft. White, with a few black hairs at the extremity of the tail.

Common everywhere in the vicinity of barns and outhouses. Devours
young birds, eggs, rats, mice, moles, &c. Breeds twice or thrice in the
year, and produces from four to six young at a birth. The white variety
is rare. — Obs. The female of this species is constantly much smaller
than the male, and is probably the animal alluded to in White's Nat.
Hist, of Selb. (vol. i. p. 73.) under the name of Cane.

CANIS.] MAMMALIA FER^. 13

8. M. Erminea, Linn. (Stoat or Ermine.) — Reddish
brown above, beneath white ; or wholly white : extremity
of the tail always black.

M. Erminea, Desm. Mammal, p. 180. Flem. Brit. An. p. 13. Stoat,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 89. pi. 17. no. 18. Shaw, Gen. Zool.
vol. i. p. 426. pi. 99.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body ten inches; of the head one
inch eleven lines ; of the ears six lines ; of the tail five inches.

DESCRIPT. Larger than the last species, to which it is closely allied —
(Summer dress.) Upper part of the head, neck, and back, as well as a
considerable portion of the tail, reddish brown ; under parts white tinged
with yellow; tail terminating in a tuft of black hair — (Winter dress.)
Wholly white, or white with a slight tinge of yellow, the extremity of the
tail excepted, which remains black — Obs. In spring and autumn these
two liveries are found intermixed.

Equally common with the weasel. Habits similar.

GEN. 4. LUTRA, Cuv.

9- L. vulgaris, Desm. (Otter.) — Deep brown : sides
of the head, throat and breast, cinereous.

L. vulgaris, Desm. Mammal, p. 188. Flem. Brit. An. p. 16. Otter,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 92. pi. 8. no. 19. Shaw, Gen. Zool.
vol. i. p. 437. pi. 100.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two feet three inches ; of the
head five inches ; of the ears eight lines ; of the tail one foot four inches
and a half : girth one foot four inches.

DESCRIPT. Head broad and flattened : muzzle obtuse: upper lip very
thick and muscular, projecting over the lower: mouth rather small:
whiskers strong, nearly three inches in length : eyes small, situate one
inch behind the nostrils: ears short and rounded, almost hid in the
fur : hair on the body of two kinds ; the finer sort grayish white ; the
longer and coarser grayish white at the roots, deep brown at the ex-
tremity, the latter colour alone appearing externally : sides of the head,
throat, under surface of the neck, and breast, cinereous : hair on the
feet short, brown with a reddish tinge: tail dusky brown.

Inhabits the banks of rivers, lakes, and marshes. Swims and dives
with great facility, and is destructive to fish, on which it preys. Breeds
in March : goes with young nine weeks, and produces from four to five
at a birth.

GEN. 5. CANIS, Linn.

(1. CANIS, Flem.)
* 10. C. familiaris, Linn. (Dog.)— Tail recurved.

C. familiaris, Desm. Mammal, p. 190. Flem. Brit. An. p. 10. Dog, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 59. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. i. p. 273. pi. 75.

DESCRIPT. Known only in the domesticated state. Varieties extremely nu-
merous, offering every gradation of size, form, colour, and quality of the hair.

14 MAMMALIA FERyE. [CANIS.

Primitive stock supposed to have been allied to the Shepherd's Dog, a race chiefly
characterized by straight ears, long hair, and a bushy tail.

Feeds principally on animal substances, and is particularly attached to carrion.
Female goes with young sixty-three days, and produces from six to twelve at a time.
The puppies are born blind, and continue so for the first ten days.

t 11. C. Lupus, Linn. (Wolf.) — Tail straight: eyes oblique.

C. Lupus, Desm. Mammal, p. 197. Wolf, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. r. p. 75. pi. 5.
Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. i. p. 290. pi. 75.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body three feet nine inches ; of the head ten
inches six lines ; of the ears four inches nine lines ; of the tail one foot five inches.

DESCRIPT. Larger than the dog ; the limbs stronger, and the body more mus-
cular : muzzle sharp and pointed : eyes set obliquely : ears erect : tail straight and
pendent ; somewhat long and bushy : fur tawny or yellowish gray, with a black
streak on the fore legs in the adult state.

Formerly abundant throughout Great Britain, but long since extirpated. Con-
tinued in Scotland till the year 1680, and in Ireland so late as 1710. Still found
in most parts of the continent.

(2. VULPES, Flem.)

12. C. Vulpes, Linn. (Fox.) — Tawny brown above;
white beneath : ears externally black : tail thick and bushy,
tipped with white.

C. Vulpes, Desm. Mammal, p. 201. Vulpes vulgaris, Flcm. Brit. An.
p. 13. Fox, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 71.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two feet three inches ; of the
head six inches ; of the ears four inches ; of the tail one foot four inches :
girth one foot one inch.

DESCRIPT. Muzzle sharp : head rather large, and somewhat flattened
on the forehead : tusks relatively longer than in the dog, and more
slender: ears erect and pointed: eyes oblique: tail very thick and
bushy : fur thick and long, of a tawny or reddish brown colour : lips,
lower jaw, forepart of the neck, abdomen, and inside of the thighs,
white: back of the ears blackish brown; a streak of the same colour
passing from the corner of each eye to the nose : extreme tip of the
tail white. Varies occasionally in size and colour, as well as in the
quality of the hair.

Frequents woods in the vicinity of farmyards and villages. Prowls
about during the night, preying on poultry, small birds, rabbits, &c.
Brings forth its young under ground, and produces from three to six
at a birth.

GEN. 6. FELIS, Linn.

13. F. Catus, Linn. (Wild Cat.) — Yellowish gray,
with longitudinal and transverse bars of black : tail annu-
lated with black ; of equal thickness throughout.

F. Catus, Desm. Mammal, p. 232. Flem. Brit. An. p. 15. Wild Gat,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 80.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body (male) twenty-seven inches
nine lines, (female) twenty-one inches three lines ; of the tail (male)
thirteen inches six lines, (female) twelve inches four lines.

PHOCA.] MAMMALIA FER^E. 15

DESCRIPT. Hair long and bushy ; gray or brownish gray above, more
or less tinged with yellow; beneath paler: a longitudinal black line down
the middle of the back, with transverse bars of the same colour branching
out laterally in parallel waves and extending over the flanks, shoulders,
and thighs ; several narrow parallel black lines on the top of the head
between the ears : lips black : feet yellowish ; the soles black : tail an-
nulated with black ; the tip entirely of that colour ; of equal thickness
throughout its whole length, and as it were truncated at the extremity.

Confined entirely to the northern parts of the island. Resides in
woods ; and climbs trees with great facility. Preys on birds and small
quadrupeds. Goes with young fifty-six days, and produces from four to
five at a birth.

* 14. F. maniculata, Riipp. (Domestic Cat.) — Tail relatively longer
than in the last species, and gradually tapering to a point.

F. maniculata, Temm, Monog. de Mammal, torn. i. p. 128. Domestic Cat,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 82.

DESCRIPT. Invariably smaller than the wild cat : the head larger in proportion
to the body ; the tail longer, more slender, and gradually terminating in a point :
colours extremely variable.

I have followed Ruppel and Temminck in referring the domestic Cat to this
species, which in a wild state inhabits the North of Africa, where it was disco-
vered by the former of the two naturalists above mentioned. He supposes it to
have been first reclaimed by the Egyptians.

GEN. 7. PHOCA, Linn.

15. P. vitulina, Linn. (Common Seal.) — Fur yellowish
gray more or less marked and spotted with brown ; whiskers
with the bristles undulated.

P. vitulina, Desm. Mammal, p. 244. Flem. Brit. An. p. 17. Common
Seal, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 137. pi. 12. Shaw, Gen. Zool.
vol. i. p. 250. pi. 70.

DIMENS. Entire length from five to six feet, sometimes more.

DESCRIPT. Body elongated and somewhat conical, tapering gradually
from the breast to the tail : neck very short : head large and round :
muzzle broad, flat, and as it were truncated : upper lip furnished with
long whiskers, the bristles of which have alternate contractions and dila-
tations so as to appear of unequal thickness : incisors six above and four
below, the lower ones separated in pairs by an intermediate space; grind-
ers all of the false kind, on each side five above and below : no external
ears : feet very short ; the toes, which are five in number, enveloped in a
membrane ; claws very strong, larger on the hind than on the fore feet :
hair fine and close-set, abundant on the young: colour variable; the
general tint yellowish gray with different shades of brown, usually deeper
on the head and back than on the sides and abdomen : tail shorter than
the hind feet.

16 MAMMALIA FER.E. [PHOCA.

Common on many parts of the coast, but prefers rocky shores. Swims
and dives readily. Preys on fish, which it devours under the water.

Breeds about Midsummer, and produces two young Obs. The Pied

Seal of Pennant is probably only a variety of this species.

16. P. barbata, Mull. (Great Seal.)— Fur blackish:
middle toes on the forefeet longer than the lateral ones.

P. barbata, Desm. Mammal, p. 246. Flem. Brit. An. p. 18. Great
Seal, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 136. Don. Brit. Quad. pi. 11.

DIMENS. Entire length from ten to twelve feet.

DESCRIPT. Teeth as in the last species : head somewhat elongated :
muzzle broad : upper lip rounded, fleshy, divided into two lobes by a deep
furrow ; each lobe furnished with numerous strong white bristles, semi-
transparent, and curled at the ends : eyes large; irides dark hazel: auri-
cular apertures larger than in the last species : fore feet rather long, with
the middle toe more developed than the lateral ones ; claws of these black,
horny, and curved ; those of the hind feet long and straight : body elon-
gated ; when young, clothed with a long woolly fur, which after the space
of fourteen or fifteen days is cast and superseded by a new covering of
close short hair* : general colour dusky gray, in very old individuals
black.

Inhabits the coast of Scotland, and (according to Selby) the Farn
Islands, but is much less common than the last species. Breeds in
November.

GEN. 8. TRICHECHUS, Linn.

17- T. Rosmarus, Linn. (Walrus.)

T. Rosmarus, Desm.. Mammal, p. 253. Flem. Brit. An. p. 18. Arctic
Walrus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. i. p. 234. pi. 68. Nat. Miscell.
vol. viii. pi. 276.

DIMENS. Entire length from eleven to fifteen feet.

DESCRIPT. Head small, rounded, obtuse: lips very thick and swollen ;
upper' lip divided into two large rounded lobes, over which are scattered
numerous semitransparent bristles, somewhat flattened towards their
roots, and slightly pointed at their extremities : eyes small and bril-
liant: auricular apertures situate very much behind: mouth small,
armed with two enormous tusks bent downwards, and attaining in some
individuals the length of two feet : neck short : body very thick and
heavy : tail relatively longer than in the last genus : skin of a dusky
hue, with a very few short, scattered, reddish hairs: hind feet very
broad.

Very rare in the British seas. A solitary individual shot on the east
coast of Harris in December 1817: a second killed in Orkney in June
1825. Habits resembling those of the Seals.

* See Selby's observations on this species in Zool. Journ. vol. n. p. 465.

SOREX.] MAMMALIA FER^E. 17

GEN. 9. TALPA, Linn.

18. T. Europcea, Linn. (Mole.)

T. Europsea, Desm. Mammal, p. 160. Flem. Brit. An. p. 9. Mole,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 128. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. i. p. 515.
pi. 117.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body five inches three lines ; of the
head one inch seven lines ; of the tail one inch two lines.

DESCRIPT. Body thick, ohlong, almost cylindrical : snout sharp and
slender : eyes extremely small ; entirely concealed in the fur : no external
ears : feet extremely short ; the anterior pair larger, very robust, and
inclining sideways: claws strong, a*s long as the toes themselves. Fur
very soft and silky, shining, black or deep ash-colour, according to
the direction in which it is viewed, sometimes white, or yellowish
white.

Common in England and Scotland, but said to be unknown in Ireland.
Habits subterraneous: constructs galleries beneath the surface of the
soil, which it throws up at intervals in hillocks. Feeds on w'orms and
insects, but principally on the former. Breeds twice in the year, pro-
ducing from four to six at each birth.

GEN. 10. SOREX, Linn.

19- S. AraneuS) Linn. (Common Shrew.) — Reddish
brown above ; paler beneath : tail shorter than the body,
somewhat square, not ciliated on its under surface.

S. Araneus, Desm. Mammal, p. 149. Flem. Brit. An. p. 8. Fetid
Shrew, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 125. Common Shrew, Shaw,
Gen. Zool vol. i. p. 527. pi. 118.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two inches five lines ; of the
head one inch; of the ears two lines; of the tail one inch nine lines.

DESCRIPT. Somewhat variable in size and colours. Upper parts ge-
nerally dusky brown, more or less deep, with a tinge of red ; under parts
grayish white with a tinge of yellow : in some specimens a triangular
whitish patch upon the throat: ears small, hardly showing themselves
above the fur, furnished internally with two lobes or duplicatures of the
skin placed one above the other and fringed with hair: incisors deep
ferruginous brown*: tail varying in length, always shorter than the
body, roundish approaching to square, rather stout, of equal thickness
throughout and blunt at its extremity, uniformly clothed with short
dusky hairs, but having no fringe along its under surface : feet much
smaller than in the other species of this genus, the toes scarcely ciliated.

A very common species inhabiting gardens and hedge rows. Feeds
on insects, and also on vegetable substances. Possesses a strong musky
odour.

* In the Ann. du Mus. (torn. xvn. p. 176.) M. Geoffroy St Hilaire describes this species as
having the incisors entirely white. This circumstance, together with one or two others, induce*
me to suspect that the S. Araneus of the continental authors may be distinct from ours. It \s. S e<

B Jstll _pri • M;<.* * n

18 MAMMALIA FEILE. [SoiiEx.

20. S. fodiens, Gmel. (Water Shrew.) — Blackish brown
above ; grayish white beneath : tail two-thirds the length of
the body : feet and tail strongly ciliated with white hairs.

S. fodiens, Flem. Brit. An. p. 8. S. Daubentonii, Desm. Mammal.
p. 150. Water Shrew, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 126. pi. 11. no. 33.
Don. Brit. Quad. pi. 6.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body three inches two lines ; of the
head one inch ; of the ears two lines ; of the tail two inches.

DESCRIPT. Upper parts deep brown, approaching to black; under
parts pale ash gray, in some individuals silvery white; in general the
two colours separated by a well-defined line ; a triangular dusky spot on
the anus : snout long, somewhat depressed, emarginated at the extremity :
whiskers long: eyes small, almost concealed: ears very short, not pro-
jecting above the fur, furnished internally with three valves or lobes, on
one of which is a tuft of white hair, giving the effect of a white spot upon
the auricle : intermediate incisor teeth with the tips ferruginous : tail
more slender than in the last species, quadrangular throughout the greater
part of its extent, the extreme tip being flattened ; dusky, with a cilium
of white hairs along its under surface: feet dusky; the toes fringed
with white hairs. Weight three drachms. — Obs. English authors do
not quite agree in their descriptions of this animal, from which circum-
stance it would seem that it is either subject to much variation, or that
there is some other indigenous species with which it has been confounded.

Not uncommon in many parts of the country, inhabiting marshy dis-
tricts. Swims and dives with great facility. Preys on insects : is also
said to attack frogs. Produces in the Spring from six to eight young.

21. S. remifer , Geoff. ? (Oared Shrew.) — Black above;
scarcely paler beneath ; throat brownish ash : tail quadran-
gular at the base, flattened at the extremity, and, as well as
the feet, ciliated.

S. remifer, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. torn. xvn. p. 182. pi. 2. f. 1 ? Desm.
Mammal, p. 152 ? Yarr. in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 598.
S. ciliatus, Sow. Brit. Misc. pi. 49.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body three inches two lines ; of the
head one inch ; of the ears two lines ; of the tail two inches one line ; of
the fore foot five lines ; of the hind foot eight lines and a half.

DESCRIPT. Body more thick and bulky for its length than in the last
species : snout broad, and rather obtuse : feet and tail ciliated ; the latter
distinctly quadrangular for two-thirds of its length, compressed towards
the tip, where the hairs of the cilium become longer. Colour darker, and
more uniform than that of the S. fodiens ; all the upper parts, sides of
the abdomen, and region of the pubes, black ; throat, breast, and middle
of the abdomen, dusky ash, with a faint tinge of yellowish ; sometimes,
but not always, a white spot on the ears; incisors ferruginous at their
extremities ; feet and tail dusky gray, the latter with the cilium of hairs
underneath of the same colour as above. Weight three drachms fifty -
one grains.

This species, which has been taken in Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and
Surrey, as well as in Scotland, appears to be identical with a foreign one
in the British Museum, ticketed <S. remifer: nevertheless I feel some

RHINOLOPHUS.] MAMMALIA PRIMATES. 19

doubts as to its being the species originally described by Geoffroy under
that name. It however approaches more nearly to it than to any other
I am acquainted with. My specimen was taken in a corn-field at some
distance from any water. The others have occurred in ditches. The
ciliated feet and tail evidently mark it to be of aquatic habits.

GEN. 11. ERINACEUS, Linn.

22. E. Europcsus. Linn. (Hedgehog.) — Ears short :
spines moderately long.

E. Europseus, Desm. Mammal, p. 147. Flem. Brit. An. p. 7. Common
Urchin, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 133. Hedgehog, Shaw, Gen.
Zool. vol. i. p. 542. pi. 121.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body nine inches six lines ; of the
head two inches eleven lines ; of the ears one inch one line ; of the tail
nine lines.

DESCRIPT. Body oblong, convex above, very low on the legs : head
produced into a snout which is truncated at the extremity : nostrils
narrow : ears short, broad, and rounded : neck thick and short : upper
part of the body clothed with round sharp-pointed spines, barely an
inch in length, which cross and interlace one another in all directions ;
the colour of them is whitish with a black ring a little higher up than the
middle : snout, forehead, sides of the head, under part of the neck, breast,
and legs, covered with coarse stiff hairs of a yellowish white colour.

Resides in hedges, thickets, &c. Habits nocturnal. Omnivorous;
devouring roots, insects, worms, flesh, and even snakes. Becomes torpid
during the Winter. Produces in the early part of the Summer from two
to four young. Spines soft at birth, and all inclining backwards ; become
hard and sharp in twenty-four hours. In the adult state, has the power
of rolling itself into a ball to avoid danger.

ORDER II. PRIMATES.

GEN. 12. RHINOLOPHUS, Geoff.

23. R. Ferrum-equinum, Gmel. (Greater Horse-shoe
Bat.) — Posterior foliaceous appendage lanceolate, expanding
laterally at the base : ears notched on their external margins.

R. Ferrum-equinum, Flem. Brit. An. p. 5. R. unihastatus, Desm. Mam-
mal, p. 125. Horse-shoe Bat, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 147. pi. 14.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two inches five lines; of the
head eleven lines and a half; of the tail one inch two lines and a half;
of the ears nine lines ; breadth of the ears six lines; length of the thumb
two lines and a half: extent of wing thirteen inches.

DESCRIPT. Upper incisors Very small, separated from each other by a
space ; lower incisors each with three lobes : ears nearly as long as the
head, somewhat triangular, broad at the base, terminating upwards in an

B2

20 MAMMALIA PRIMATES. [RHINOLOPHUS.

acute point; the external margin notched at the base, from which point
it becomes inflexed and rises into an elevated round lobe that guards the
orifice of the ear and appears to act the part of the tragus, which is want-
ing: nostrils placed at the bottom of a cavity close to each other, sur-
rounded by a naked membrane in the form of a horse- shoe arising from
the upper lip; anterior foliaceous appendage rising vertically immediately
behind the nostrils, of a somewhat pyramidal form, sinuous at the mar-
gins and at the apex, which last is obliquely truncated ; the posterior one
situate on the forehead, placed transversely with respect to the first and
standing more erect, lanceolate, expanding laterally at the base, in front
of which are two small cup-shaped cavities formed by a duplicature of the
skin. Colour of the fur reddish ash, inclining to gray beneath : mem-
branes dusky: ears within and without slightly hairy.

A locar species, inhabiting caves and buildings. Found in Bristol and
Rochester Cathedrals, Dartford Powder Mills, and in some other parts of
the country.

24. R. Hipposideros, Bechst. (Lesser Horse-shoe Bat.)
— Posterior foliaceous appendage lanceolate, without any
lateral expansions: ears deeply notched on their external
margins.

R. Hipposideros, Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. in. p. 2. pi. 121. Flem.
Brit. An. p. 5. R. bihastatus, Desm. Mammal, p. 125. Vesper-
tilio minutus, Mont, in Linn. Trans, vol. ix. p. 163. pi. 8. f. 5.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body one inch four lines; of the
head eight lines ; of the tail nine lines ; of the ears five lines ; breadth of
the ears four lines and a half; length of the thumb two lines : extent of
wing eight inches four lines.

DESCRIPT. Principally distinguished from the last by its very inferior
size. General appearance of the ears, nose, and foliaceous appendages
similar; the anterior appendage is however less obliquely truncated at
the apex, and the posterior one narrower at the base, and without the
lateral expansions: the ears likewise are more deeply notched and the
external margin altogether more sinuous. Fur soft and rather long; pale
rufous brown above, grayish ash beneath with a tinge of yellow.

Found in Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Somersetshire, and also
in Wales. Is often met with in company with the last species, but is
considered as less common.

GEN. 13. VESPERTILIO, Linn.

(1. VESPERTILIO, Geoff.)

25. V. murlnus, Desm. — Ears oval, as long as the
head ; tragus falciform, half the length of the auricle :
fur reddish brown above ; dirty white beneath.

V. murinus, Desm. Mammal, p. 134. La Chauve-souris, Buff. Hist.
Nat. torn. viu. pi. 16.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body three inches five lines ; of the
head eleven lines ; of the tail one inch eight lines ; of the ears eleven
lines and a half; of the tragus five lines ; of the thumb five lines: extent
of wing fifteen inches.

VESPERTILIO.] MAMMALIA PRIMATES. 21

DESCRIPT. Face almost naked: forehead very hairy: eyes rather
large, with a few dusky hairs immediately above them : ears inclining
backwards, as long as the head, oval, naked, grayish ash-colour exter-
nally, somewhat yellowish within : tragus falciform, about half the length
of the auricle. Fur above pale reddish brown ; beneath dirty white, in-
clining to yellowish : flying and interfemoral membranes brownish.

This must not be confounded with the V. murinus of English authors,
from which it may be readily distinguished by its very superior size. It is
a common species on the Continent, but apparently rare in Britain. The
only indigenous specimens known were taken in the gardens of the
British Museum, and are in that collection. Said to inhabit churches
and buildings : never found in trees.

26. V. Bechsteinii, Leisl. — Ears oval, a little longer
than the head ; tragus falciform, bending outwards at the
extremity, not half the length of the auricle : fur reddish
gray above; white beneath.

V. Bechsteinii, Desm. Mammal, p. 135.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two inches one line ; of the
head nine lines ; of the tail one inch three lines ; of the ears ten lines ;
of the tragus four lines ; of the thumb four lines : extent of wing eleven
inches.

DESCRIPT. Allied to the last species, but distinguished by its smaller
size, relatively larger ears, and remarkably slender thumb. Face almost
naked : muzzle long, and conical : ears oval, somewhat longer than the
head, rounded at the extremity ; tragus lanceolate, pointed, a little bent
outwards towards the extremity. Fur reddish gray on the upper parts,
whitish on the under.

A rare species, of which specimens are in the British Museum from
the New Forest. Resides constantly amongst trees, and is never found
in buildings.

27. V. Natter 'eri, Kuhl Ears oblong-oval, about as

long as the head ; tragus lanceolate, nearly two-thirds the
length of the auricle : fur reddish gray above, white be-
neath : interfemoral ample, the margin crenate on each
side towards the tip, and fringed with short bristly hairs.

V. Nattereri, Desm. Mammal, p. 135.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body one inch eleven lines ; of the
head eight lines and a half; of the tail one inch seven lines; of the ears
eight lines and a half; of the tragus five lines ; breadth of the ears three
lines and three quarters; of the tragus at the base one line; length of
the fore-arm one inch six lines ; of the thumb two lines and three quar-
ters : extent of wing ten inches eight lines.

DESCRIPT. Head rather small; snout attenuated: nose a line in
breadth at the extremity, slightly emarginated between the nostrils, con-
vex above: all the face, excepting immediately above the nose, hairy,
but the hair very thinly scattered about the eyes and chin, with a few
bristly hairs longer than the others intermixed : gape extending as far
as the posterior angle of the eye : a row of longish hairs on the upper lip

22 MAMMALIA PRIMATES. [VESPERTILIO.

forming a moustache : a large sebaceous gland above the eye advancing
towards the nose, of a yellowish white colour ; another gland on the
upper lip immediately above the canine tooth, of the same colour with
the rest of the face, causing a protuberant swelling at that spot, and
furnished with long bristles : ears oblong-oval, rather broad, about the
length of the head, the inner margin bending outwards, the external
margin nearly straight, with a shallow notch about midway, nearly
naked, excepting towards the base on the outside ; tragus longer than
in the last species, lanceolate, curving slightly outwards towards the tip,
naked : flying and interfemoral membranes naked ; the latter ample, fur-
nished with a long spur*, between which and the end of the tail the
margin has a crenate or puckered appearance, and is set with short
bristly hairs; tip of the tail somewhat blunt and compressed, scarcely
exserted for more than half a line : hind claws very strong, furnished
with long hairs: thumb much smaller than in the last species. Fur
long and silky, particularly about the upper part of the head and neck,
of a li^ht rufous brown, approaching to reddish gray above, the tips of
the hairs being of this colour, the roots dusky brown ; beneath silvery
gray at the tips, black towards the roots : ears yellowish gray, the yellow
tinge being most obvious within towards the base ; tragus almost entirely
yellowish: flying and interfemoral membranes dusky, but the latter
paler than the former. In the female, the colour of the fur on the
upper parts has a more reddish tinge than in the male.

This species occurs in hollow trees in the neighbourhood of buildings
at Swaff ham Prior in Cambridgeshire. Mr Yarrell has received it from
Colchester and Norwich. There are also specimens in the British
Museum taken near London. It appears however to be very locally
distributed.

28. V. Serotinus, Gmel. (Serotine.) — Ears oval-trian-
gular, shorter than the head ; tragus semicordate : muzzle
short, and obtuse : fur chestnut brown above ; pale be-
neath.

V. Serotinus, Desm. Mammal, p. 137. La Serotine, Buff. Hist. Nat.
torn. vni. pi. 18. f. 2.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two inches seven lines ; of the
head ten lines; of the tail one inch ten lines; of the ears eight lines; of
the tragus three lines ; of the thumb three lines : extent of wing twelve
inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Face almost naked : muzzle remarkably short, broad, and
obtuse ; extremity of the nose one line and a half across : ears oval,
approaching triangular, shorter than the head, with the inner margin
bending outwards in an arcuate form, externally hairy on their basal
half, naked above ; tragus semicordate, somewhat elongated, pointed at
the extremity. Fur in the male of a deep chestnut brown on the upper
parts, passing beneath into a yellowish gray ; that of the female said to
be much brighter.

Apparently a rare species in Great Britain : has hitherto only occurred
in the neighbourhood of London. Is said to frequent trees, and also
houses occasionally. Habits somewhat solitary.

* By the spur I mean a long tendinous process from the heel of the foot which runs along the
margin of the interfemoral membrane and serves to stretch it. It in fact represents the os calcis.
It will be found of very different length in different species, varying from three to seven lines or
more.

VESPERTILIO.] MAMMALIA PRIMATES. 23

29. V. Noctula, Gmel. (Noctule.) — Ears oval-trian-
gular, shorter than the head ; tragus small, arcuate, ter-
minating in a broad round head : fur short, of a uniform
reddish brown above and below.

V. Noctula, Desm. Mammal, p. 136. Flem. Brit. An. p. 6. La
Noctule, Buff. Hist. Nat. torn. vin. pi. 18. f. 1. Great Bat,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 146. pi. 13. no. 38.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two inches eleven lines; of
the head ten lines ; of the tail one inch eight lines ; of the ears seven
lines and a half; of the tragus two lines and a half; breadth of the ears
six lines; of the tragus one line and a half; length of the fore-arm two
inches ; of the thumb two lines and a half : extent of wing fourteen
inches.

DESCRIPT. Head very broad ; muzzle short and thick in the adult
state, though less so than in the last species, somewhat elongated when
young; nostrils tumid at the edges, slightly bilobated; forehead very
hairy ; rest of the face almost naked : ears shorter than the head, somewhat
triangular, rounded at the extremity ; the posterior margin folded back,
with a projecting ridge internally, and a small protuberance at the base,
which extends round nearly to the corners of the mouth ; tragus very
small, somewhat arcuate with the bend directed inwards, terminating
above in a broad round head. Fur rather short, but soft and thick, of
a uniform reddish brown colour above and below: membranes dusky,
with a ridge of hair along the bones of the arm. Tail shorter than the
fore-arm, protruding from the interfemoral membrane to the extent of
a line and a quarter.

Common in many parts of the country, but only to be seen on wing
during the summer months. Flight high and rapid. Habits gregarious.
Retires early in the Autumn into hollow trees, and beneath the roofs of
large buildings. Has a strong disagreeable smell.

30. V. Leisleri, Kuhl. — Ears oval-triangular, shorter
than the head ; tragus terminating in a round head : fur
long, bright chestnut above, darker beneath : under sur-
face of the flying membrane with a broad band of hair
along the fore-arm.

V. Leisleri, Desm. Mammal, p. 138.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two inches two lines; of the
head seven lines and a half; of the tail one inch eight lines ; of the ears
five lines ; of the tragus two lines and a half ; breadth of the ears four
lines ; of the tragus one line and a quarter ; length of the fore-arm one
inch six lines and a half; of the thumb one line and three quarters:
extent of wing eleven inches.

DESCRIPT. Muzzle rather more elongated than in the Noctule ; nose
depressed, naked, as is also the region of the eyes : ears oval-triangular,
shorter than the head, broad, the outer basal margin advancing for-
wards to nearly the corners of the mouth ; tragus terminating in a round
head, bulging out about the middle of the external margin, slightly bend-
ing inwards at the extremity, considered relatively, somewhat larger and
longer than in the last species. Fur on the upper parts bright chestnut, this

24 MAMMALIA PRIMATES. [VESPERTILIO.

colour occupying the tips of the hairs, the roots of which are deep brown ;
under parts darker than the upper, the hair being grayish brown at the
tips, dusky at bottom : flying membranes dusky ; the portion contiguous
to the body very hairy ; a band of scattered hair also extends along and
beneath the fore arm, about five lines in breadth : upper half of the in-
terfemoral membrane both above and below likewise very hairy. Thumb
short: bones of the arm and fore-arm much slenderer than in the
Noctule.

The only indigenous specimen which I have seen of this species is in
the British Museum. It is not known where it was taken. According
to Desmarest it resides constantly in hollow trees in large companies, and
is attached to the neighbourhood of stagnant waters.

31. V. discolor, Natt Ears shorter than the head,

oval, bending outwards, with a projecting lobe on the
inner margin ; tragus of equal breadth throughout : fur
above reddish brown, with the tips of the hairs white ;
beneath dirty white.

V. discolor, Desm. Mammal, p. 139.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two inches four lines ; of the
head nine lines ; of the tail one inch five lines ; of the ears six lines and a
half ; of the tragus two lines and a quarter ; of the thumb three lines :
extent of wing ten inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Forehead broad and hairy ; muzzle long, and very broad ;
nose thick and obtuse, measuring one line and two-thirds across the
extremity : eyes very small : ears shorter than the head, rounded, oval,
bending outwards and reaching almost to the corners of the mouth, with
a projecting lobe near the base of the internal margin, clothed externally
on their lower half with thick woolly hair ; tragus short, and nearly of
equal breadth throughout. Fur on the back reddish brown, with the
extreme tips of the hairs white, presenting a marbled appearance ; under-
neath dirty white, with a large patch of a somewhat darker tint covering
the breast and abdomen ; throat pure white. Tail protruding from the
interfemoral membrane to the extent of three lines.

A single individual of this species, taken at Plymouth by Dr Leach,
is now in the British Museum. Said to be peculiar to houses, and
never to be found in trees.

32. V. Pipistrellus, Gmel. (Pipistrelle.) — Ears shorter
than the head, oval-triangular, deeply notched on their
external margins ; tragus nearly straight, terminating in a
blunt rounded head : fur reddish brown above ; somewhat
paler beneath.

V. Pipistrellus, Desm. Mammal, p. 139. Jen. in Linn. Trans, vol.
xvi. p. 163. Le Pipistrelle, Buff. Hist. Nat. torn. vin. pi. 19.
f. 1. Common Bat, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 148.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body one inch seven lines ; of the
head six lines ; of the tail one inch two lines ; of the ears four lines ; of
the tragus two lines ; breadth of the ears three lines ; of the tragus three-

VESPERTILIO.] MAMMALIA PRIMATES. 25

quarters of a line ; length of the fore-arm one inch two lines ; of the
thumb one line and three quarters : extent of wing eight inches four
lines.

DESCRIPT. Resembling the Noctule in many of its characters but
much smaller : head depressed in front, convex behind ; muzzle short in
the adult state, somewhat elongated when young ; nose obtuse at the ex-
tremity, and _ slightly emarginated between the nostrils; a protuberant
swelling on each side of the face above the upper lip formed by a con-
geries of sebaceous glands: eyes very small; above each an elevated
wart furnished with a few black hairs : ears broad, oval-triangular, rather
more than half as long as the head, with their external margins deeply
notched about midway down : tragus half the length of the auricle,
nearly straight, oblong, with a blunt rounded head : tail as long as the
fore-arm. Fur rather long and silky, yellowish red on the forehead and
at the base of the ears, on the rest of the upper parts reddish brown, with
the lower half of each hair dusky ; on the under parts wholly dusky,
except the extreme tips of the hairs which are of the same colour as
above, but paler. Young specimens generally brownish gray, sometimes
black, without any tinge of red. Nose, lips, ears, and membranes
dusky.

The most common species in this country, although for a long time
confounded with the V. murinus described above. Congregates in large
numbers in the crevices of old walls, decayed door-frames, &c. Resists
cold more than the other species, continuing on wing till near the end of
the year. Is first seen about the beginning of March.

33. V. pygmceus. Leach. (Pygmy Bat.) — Forehead
with an impressed longitudinal furrow : ears a little shorter
than the head, broad at the base, obtuse and rounded at the
extremity ; tragus linear : fur above brown, darkest on the
head and dorsal line ; paler beneath.

V. pygmaeus, Leach, in Zool. Journ. vol. i. p. 560. pi. 22.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body one inch two lines and a half;
of the head five lines ; of the tail nine lines ; of the ears four lines :
extent of wing five inches four lines.

DESCRIPT. Differs from the last species in its smaller dimensions, as
well as in its relative proportions. Head high; the forehead marked
with a longitudinal furrow; muzzle short and obtuse, nearly of equal
breadth throughout ; nostrils small, opening laterally : ears somewhat
shorter than the head, broad at the base, obtuse and rounded at the
extremity: anterior margin nearly straight, posterior slightly concave
and convolute : tragus about half the length of the auricle, regularly
linear, simple and rounded at the extremity : tail as long as the body
exclusively of the head ; the tip naked, protruding one line beyond the
interfemoral membrane. Fur short and delicate, dark brown on the upper
parts, the colour being deepest on the head and on the highest part of
the back along the spine ; inclining to gray underneath : flying mem-
brane dark brown. — LEACH.

A new species discovered by Dr Leach at Spitchweek, near the Forest
of Dartmoor, where it is said to be extremely common. Has not hitherto
occurred elsewhere.

26 MAMMALIA PRIMATES. [VESPERTILIO.

34. V. emarginatus, Geoff. — Ears oblong, nearly as
long as the head, deeply notched on their external margins ;
tragus half the length of the auricle, subulate, bending
slightly inwards towards the tip : fur reddish gray above,
ash-colour beneath.

V. emarginatus, Geoff, in Ann. du Mus. torn. vm. p. 198. pi. 46.
Desm. Mammal, p. 140.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two inches; of the head eight
lines ; of the tail one inch five lines ; of the ears six lines ; of the tragus
three lines ; breadth of the ears three lines and three quarters ; of the
tragus at the base three quarters of a line ; length of the fore-arm one
inch four lines ; of the thumb two lines and three quarters : extent of
wing nine inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Bearing some relation to the Pipistrelle in its physiog-
nomy, but distinguished from that species by its somewhat superior size.
Muzzle rather obtuse ; head flattish ; face hairy, but the hair on the nose
and chin thinly scattered and longer than on the other parts ; a moustache
of soft longish hair on the upper lip, above which is a congeries of glands
extending from the eyes to the nostrils : ears moderate, a little shorter
than the head, oblong approaching triangular, rounded at the extremity,
the inner margin bending outwards, the outer one sinuate and rather
deeply notched about half way down; tragus half the length of the
auricle, linear approaching to subulate, nearly straight but having a
slight bend inwards : thumb longer and stouter than in the Pipistrelle :
hind feet remarkably large and strong, much more so than in either the
Pipistrelle or the next species, the toes set with bristly hairs : inter-
femoral moderately ample ; the spur rather short : tail a little longer than
the fore-arm, exserted for about one line. Fur long ; the hair on the
upper parts with the basal half dusky, the tips reddish brown, this last
colour alone appearing externally ; beneath black at the roots, ash-gray
at the tips : ears and flying membrane dusky ; under surface of the inter-
femoral whitish.

Stated to have been found near Dover by M. A. Brongniart, and in
Fifeshire by Dr Fleming. The description given above is from a speci-
men in my possession taken at Milton Park in Northamptonshire. It
may possibly be distinct from the true V. emarginatus of the continental
authors, but it appears to approach nearer to that species than to any
other I am acquainted with. Mr Yarrell has also a specimen which
was taken at Islington.

35. V. mystacinus, Leisl. — Ears oblong, shorter than
the head, bending outwards and notched on their external
margins ; tragus half the length of the auricle, lanceolate,
straight : a moustache of fine close hairs on the upper lip :
fur blackish chestnut above, dusky ash beneath.

V. mystacinus, Desm. Mammal, p. 140.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body one inch eight lines; of the
head seven lines and a half; of the tail one inch five lines; of the ears
five lines and a half; of the tragus three lines ; breadth of the ears three
lines and a half; of the tragus at the base one line ; length of the fore-

VESPERTILIO.] MAMMALIA PRIMATES. 27

arm one inch three lines; of the thumb two lines and a half: extent of
wing eight inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Head small and flattish; muzzle short ; nose swollen, with
a shallow cleft in the middle ; face much more hairy than in the last
species, with a few scattered hairs on the nose and chin, longer than the
rest, intermixed ; a row of fine, soft, close-set hairs on the upper lip forming
a conspicuous moustache; a similar row crossing the forehead: ears
shorter than the head, moderately broad, oblong, rounded at the ex-
tremities, curving outwards and rather deeply notched on their external
margins; tragus half or rather more than half the length of the auricle,
lanceolate, perfectly straight, narrowing regularly from the base upwards
to the tip which terminates in a sharp point: thumb moderate: hind
feet much smaller than in the last species : interfemoral with the spur of
about the same length : tail longer than the fore-arm, exserted for about
one line. Fur long, thick and woolly; hair dusky, approaching to black,
throughout the greater part of its length, the extreme tips being reddish
brown on the upper parts and ash-gray beneath : ears, flying and inter-
femoral membranes dusky ; this last sometimes transversely marked on
its under surface with numerous white ciliated lines.

This species occurs, though rarely, in houses in Cambridgeshire. I
have also received specimens from Milton Park in Northamptonshire.
Mr Yarrell has others which were taken at Colchester in the caverns
under the castle. Said to frequent the neighbourhood of water, and to
retire into hollow trees and houses.

(2. PLECOTUS, Geoff.)

36. V. auritus, Linn. (Greater Long-eared Bat) —
Ears more than double the length of the head ; tragus oval-
lanceolate : fur brownish gray on the upper parts ; paler
beneath.

V. auritus, Desm. Mammal, p. 144. Long-eared Bat, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. i. p. 147. pi. 13. no. 40. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. i.
p. 123. pi. 40.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body one inch ten lines; of the
head eight lines ; of the tail one inch eight lines ; of the ears one inch
five lines ; of the tragus seven lines ; breadth of the ears nine lines ; of
the tragus two lines and a half; length of the fore-arm one inch five
lines ; of the thumb two lines and three quarters : extent of wing ten
inches two lines.

DESCRIPT. Head and face flattened ; muzzle somewhat swollen about
the nose ; nostrils with their anterior and inner edges tumid, elongated
posteriorly into a sort of cul de sac : eyes small : ears extremely large,
more than twice the length of the head, oblong-oval, thin, and semi-
transparent; the inner margin presenting a broad longitudinal fold,
which doubles back nearly at right angles to the rest of the auricle and
is ciliated with hair along its external and internal edges; near the base
of this fold is a small projecting lobe, also ciliated; tragus long, oval-lan-
ceolate, with the outer margin somewhat sinuous, the inner one straight :
ears united over the head to the height of one line and a half; extending
round at the base to the corners of the mouth : flying and interfemoral
membranes broad and ample: tail longer than the fore-arm, the tip
obtuse, protruding to the extent of three quarters of a line : forehead, and
anterior surface of the connecting membrane of the ears, hairy ; posterior

28 MAMMALIA PRIMATES. [VESPERTILIO.

surface of the same membrane naked. Fur long and silky, brownish gray
on the upper parts, paler beneath; the hair every where dusky at the
roots.

A common and generally diffused species, resorting principally to the
roofs of houses and churches. Flight swifter than that of the Pipis-
trelle. In the living animal the ears are generally curled, the bend being
directed outwards . when at rest they are sometimes wholly concealed
beneath the fore-arm, the tragus alone remaining erect.

37. V. brevimanus, Jenyns. (Lesser Long-eared Bat.)
Ears not double the length of the head ; tragus oval-
lanceolate : fur reddish brown on the upper parts ; yellowish
white beneath.

V. brevimanus, Linn. Trans, vol. xvi. p. 55. pi. 1. f. 2.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body one inch six lines ; of the
head seven lines ; of the tail one inch two lines ; of the ears one inch ; of
the tragus five lines and a half ; breadth of the ears five lines ; of the
tragus two lines ; length of the fore-arm one inch two lines ; of the
thumb three lines : extent of wing six inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Similar to the last in general appearance, but much
smaller, and differing in its relative proportions : ears shorter with respect
to the head, and rather narrower at the extremity; tragus relatively
longer: bones of the hands much shorter: thumb somewhat longer:
tail the length of the fore-arm ; the tip more exserted from the inter-
femoral membrane, and terminating in a fine point. Fur on the upper
parts reddish brown, presenting a marked contrast with that on the
under which is yellowish white ; the hair everywhere of the same colour
throughout its whole length, and not dusky at the roots as in the last
species : ears and membranes dusky with a tinge of red.

A new species first described by myself in the Linnaean Transactions
as above quoted. Only one individual has as yet occurred, which is a
female. It was found adhering to the bark of a pollard-willow, in
Gruntey Fen in the Isle of Ely.

(3. BARBASTELLUS, Gray.)

38. V. Barbastellus, Gmel. (Barbastelle.) — Ears shorter
than the head, broad, triangular, notched on their external
margins ; tragus semicordate : fur black, with the tips of the
hairs grayish white.

V. Barbastellus, Desm. Mammal, p. 145. Sow. Brit. Misc. pi. 5.
Mont. Linn. Trans, vol. ix. p. 171.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two inches; of the head seven
lines and a half ; of the tail one inch nine lines ; of the ears five lines ; of
the tragus three lines and a half; breadth of the ears five lines; of the
tragus one line and a half; length of the fore-arm one inch four lines and
a half; of the thumb two lines and a half: extent of wing ten inches
three lines.

DESCRIPT. Muzzle short and obtuse, somewhat swollen at the ex-
tremity ; a naked space above the nose extending up to the ears, sunk
and hollowed out in front, with the nostrils placed in the cavity ; on each

SCIURUS.] MAMMALIA GLIRES. 29

side of the face above the upper lip a large protuberant swelling covered
with black hair : eyes very small, placed within the auricle and almost
concealed : ears united over the head, oval-triangular, as broad as long,
externally hairy, and notched on their outer margins ; tragus semicordate,
very protuberant near the base of the external margin, above which it
suddenly bends inward and terminates in a point; inner margin straight.
Fur very long and silky, particularly on the top of the head behind the
ears, blackish brown, with the tips of the hairs silvery gray on the upper
parts, and ash-coloured beneath ; flying and interfemoral membranes
dusky.

A rare species. Has occurred in Devonshire, Kent, Northamptonshire,
and Cambridgeshire. Habits more diurnal than usual with this family.
Flight slow and near the ground. Resorts to buildings for retirement.

ORDER III. GLIRES.

GEN. 14. SCIURUS, Linn.

39- S. vulgaris, Linn. (Common Squirrel.) — Fur
brownish red above ; white beneath : ears with a pencil of
long hairs at the extremity.

S. vulgaris, Desm. Mammal, p. 330. Flem. Brit An. p. 20.
Common Squirrel, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 107.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body nine inches ; of the head two
inches one line ; of the ears nine lines and a half; of the tail (to the
end of the bone) six inches six lines, (to the end of the hair) eight
inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Head thick, with the cheeks rather flattened ; nose pro-
minent ; the upper lip projecting considerably beyond the lower ; the first
grinder in the upper jaw extremely small, consisting of a single tubercle,
and disappearing altogether at a certain age; eyes black, large, and
round; ears erect, moderately large, ornamented at the extremity with
a tuft or pencil of long hairs : neck short : legs strong and muscular,
much longer behind than before; fore feet with four long, deeply di-
vided toes, and a claw in the place of a thumb; hind feet with five
toes ; claws sharp and strong : tail long and bushy, with the hair spread-
ing out laterally. Colour of the upper parts reddish, or bright chestnut
brown, the red tint being deepest on the sides of the head and neck, the
shoulders, and the external surface of the legs ; lower parts, including
the under portion of the neck, breast, abdomen, and inside of the legs,
white : tail the colour of the back.

Common in extensive woods, residing and building in trees. Climbs
and leaps with great agility. Feeds on buds, acorns, nuts, and other
fruits. When at rest, often sits erect, using its fore feet as hands, with
its tail turned back over the body. Produces in the Spring from three
to four young.

30 MAMMALIA GLIRES. [Mvoxus.

GEN. 15. MYOXUS, Gmel.

40. M. avellanarius, Desm. (Dormouse.) — Fur tawny
red above ; white beneath : tail bushy, the length of the
body.

M. avellanarius, Desm. Mammal, p. 295. Flem. Brit. An. p. 22.
Dormouse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 110. Shaw, Gen. Zool.
vol. ii. p. 167. pi. 154.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two inches ten lines ; of the
head eleven lines and a half; of the ears four lines ; of the tail two inches
eight lines.

DESCRIPT. Head broad; nose blunt; eyes black, large, and pro-
minent ; ears broad, oval, rounded at the extremity : body plump : hind
legs not disproportionably longer than the fore ; toes four in front with
the rudiment of a thumb, five behind : tail very long, somewhat flattened
horizontally, thickly clothed with hair on every side. Colour of the upper
parts bright tawny red ; under parts white, with here and there a yellow
tinge: tail red throughout.

Not uncommon in some parts of the country, frequenting woods and
thick hedges. Less active than the squirrel: food similar. Builds in
the hollows of trees, and produces from three to four young. Becomes
torpid in the Winter.

GEN. 16. MUS, Linn.

41. M. sylvaticus, Linn. (Field Mouse.) — Fur yel-
lowish brown above ; whitish beneath, with a ferruginous
spot on the breast : ears more than half the length of the
head.

M. sylvaticus, Desm. Mammal, p. 301. Flem. Brit. An. p. 19. Field
Mouse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 120. Wood Mouse, Shaw,
Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 58. pi. 132.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body three inches nine lines ; of the
head one inch one line ; of the ears seven lines ; of the tail three inches
seven lines.

DESCRIPT. Forehead somewhat convex ; nose blunt ; eyes black, large
and prominent ; ears oblong-oval, with the anterior margin doubled in at
the base, and a projecting lobe opposite to it, this last arising within the
auricle near the base of the posterior margin ; whiskers very long, mea-
suring one inch two lines. Upper part of the head and body, cheeks,
sides, and external portion of the legs, of a tawny gray or yellowish brown
colour, each hair being dusky ash from the root upwards throughout two-
thirds of its length, then tawny yellow, and lastly (more particularly some
longer ones than the others) black at the extremity ; under part of the
head and body, and inside of the legs, whitish, with here and there a tinge
of dusky ash, the hair on these parts being dusky from the root upwards
the same as above, but the extremities white ; the line of separation be-
tween the above colours is tolerably well defined, and the red tinge is
most prevalent just at that part; there is also a faint tawny spot upon the
breast: tail a little shorter than the body, more slender and tapering

Mus.] MAMMALIA GLIRES. 31

than in the M. Musculus; dusky on the upper surface, whitish be-
neath: toes furnished above with long white hairs extending beyond
the claws.

Common in gardens ; and is occasionally, though very rarely, found in
houses. A larger variety, measuring four inches and a half in length,
exclusively of the tail, which is four inches, is sometimes met with in
woods. Resides in holes under ground, where it amasses seeds, roots,
&c. on which it feeds. Produces nine or ten young at a litter.

42. M. messorius, Shaw. (Harvest Mouse.) — Fur
tawny brown on the upper parts ; beneath white : ears
one-third the length of the head.

M. messorius, Desm. Mammal, p. 302. Flem. Brit. An. p. 19.
Harvest Mouse, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 62. Fig. on Frontisp.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two inches six lines ; of the
head ten lines; of the ears three lines ; of the tail two inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Much smaller than the last species, and of a more elon-
gated form: head narrower in proportion: eyes and ears smaller, the
latter barely one-third the length of the head, with the projecting lobe
at the base of the posterior margin relatively larger: tail varying in
length, equalling the body, or somewhat shorter. Fur above of a bright
tawny red colour, with a tinge of brown, the basal half of each hair
being dusky, and the upper portion red; beneath almost pure white,
the hair being of one tint throughout its whole length ; a distinct line
of separation between the above colours running parallel with the sides.

First found in Hampshire by White. Since met with in Wiltshire,
Devonshire, Cambridgeshire, and other parts of the country. Frequents
cornfields during the harvest. Nest round, composed of dry straws and
grasses, and suspended at a small height from the ground. Produces
seven or eight at a litter.

43. M. Musculus, Linn. {House Mouse.) — Fur dusky
gray above with a tinge of yellow ; beneath cinereous : ears
about half the length of the head.

M. Musculus, Desm. Mammal, p. 301. Flem. Brit. An. p. 19.
Common Mouse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 122. pi. 11. no. 30.
Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 56. pi. 131.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body three inches two lines ; of the
head eleven lines ; of the ears five lines ; of the tail two inches eleven
lines.

DESCRIPT. Head of a somewhat triangular form; muzzle pointed,
sharper than in the M. sylvaticus : eyes and ears, especially the former,
smaller than in that species ; the latter oval, rounded at the extremity,
and narrower in proportion to their length : whiskers shorter : tail stouter :
feet and toes, particularly those behind, shorter. All the upper parts of
the body and sides, dusky gray with a faint tinge of yellow, this last
colour occupying a small portion of each hair near the summit, the basal
half and extreme tip being dusky ; under parts cinereous, paler than
those above, likewise tinged with yellow: ears, feet, and tail, clothed
with a very short fine hair ; the last dusky, of one colour above and

32 MAMMALIA GLIRES. [Mirs.

below. — Obs. The colours vary a little in different specimens, and some-
times individuals occur wholly white ; or white with dark spots.

Found in houses and stacks. Those which occur in the latter situation
are remarkable for the brightness of their colour, which has a more
decided yellow tinge than in house specimens. They also sometimes
attain a larger size, measuring nearly four inches in length. Feeds
on various animal and vegetable substances. Breeds several times in
the year, and is extremely prolific.

44. M. Rattus, Linn. (Black Rat.) — Fur grayish-
black above ; ash-colour beneath : tail a little longer than
the body.

M. Rattus, Desm. Mammal, p. 300. Flem. Brit. An. p. 20. Black
Rat, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 113. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n.
p. 52. pi. 130.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body seven inches four lines ; of
the head one inch ten lines ; of the ears eleven lines and a half; of the
tail seven inches eleven lines.

DESCRIPT. Head long ; muzzle sharp-pointed ; lower jaw very short ;
eyes large and prominent ; ears oval, broad, and naked : whiskers long :
fore feet with four toes, and a claw in the place of a thumb ; hind feet
with five : tail longer than the body, almost entirely naked, and covered
with small scales disposed in rings. Colour of the upper parts deep iron-
gray, or grayish black ; those beneath dull ash-colour : feet and tail
dusky.

Frequents houses, and is truly indigenous ; but is now much less
general than the next species. Food various. Breeds frequently in
the year, producing from six to eleven at a time.

* 45. M. decumanus, Pall. (Brown Rat.) — Fur above grayish brown,
tinged with yellow ; beneath whitish : tail scarcely so long as the body.

M. decumanus, Desm. Mammal, p. 299. Flem. Brit. An. p. 20. Norway
Rat, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 115. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 51.
pi. 130.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body eleven inches ; of the head two inches
four lines and a half ; of the ears eight lines and a half ; of the tail eight inches
four lines.

DESCRIPT. Larger than the last species ; thicker and of a stronger make : muzzle
not quite so sharp at the extremity : eyes large and prominent : ears as broad as
long, rounded at the extremity, and almost naked : tail naked and scaly, with about
one hundred and eighty rings, generally not quite so long as the body, sometimes
equalling it in length. Hair on the upper parts dusky ash at the roots, and reddish
yellow at the extremity, with longer hairs intermixed of a deep brown colour
throughout their whole length ; general resulting tint grayish brown with a cast
of tawny yellow ; under parts dirty white, inclining here and there to ash-
colour.

Introduced originally by shipping from Asia : unknown in England before the
year 1730. Abundant now throughout the country, inhabiting houses, barns,
granaries, drains, and other situations. Habits similar to those of the last species
Takes occasionally to the water, and swims readily .

ARVICOLA.] MAMMALIA GLIRES. 33

GEN. 17. ARVICOLA, Lactp.

46. A. amphibia, Desm. (Water Campagnol.) — Fur
above dusky gray tinged with yellow ; beneath paler : tail
more than half the length of the body.

A. amphibia, Desm. Mammal, p. 280. A. aquatica, Flem. Brit.
An. p. 23. Water Rat, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 118. Shaw,
Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 73. pi. 129.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body eight inches four lines ; of the
head one inch ten lines; of the ears five lines and a half; of the tail four
inches nine lines.

DESCRIPT. Head thick and blunt; eyes small; ears short, scarcely
projecting beyond the fur ; incisors of a deep yellow colour, very strong,
and measuring in the lower jaw half an inch in length : fore feet with
four toes and the rudiment of a thumb ; hind feet with five ; these last
connected for a little way at their base, but not regularly webbed : tail
more than half as long as the body, covered with short scattered hairs.
Fur very thick, grayish black above, or reddish brown with scattered
black hairs ; beneath iron gray.

Var. /3. A. ater, Macgillivray in Warn. Mem. vol. vi. p. 429. Fur
of a deep black colour above and below.

Frequents the banks of rivers and ditches, in which it burrows. Swims
and dives readily. Feeds principally on roots and tender plants. Pro-
duces in June from six to eight young. The black variety is not un-
common in the fens of Cambridgeshire : it diifers in no respect but that
of colour.

47. A. agrestis, Flem. (Field Campagnol.) — Fur
reddish brown above ; pale gray beneath : tail one-third
the length of the body.

A. agrestis, Flem. Brit. An. p. 23. A. vulgaris, Desm. Mammal.
p. 282. Short-tailed Mouse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 123.
Meadow Mouse, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 81. pi. 136.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body four inches one line ; of the
head one inch two lines ; of the ears five lines ; of the tail one inch three
lines and a half. — Obs. These dimensions are rather larger than usual.

DESCRIPT. Resembles the last species, but is much smaller. Head
large; muzzle blunt at the extremity; ears rounded, moderately pro-
jecting, relatively longer than in the A. amphibia ; incisors white : tail
not more than one-third the length of the body, sometimes less. Fur soft
and silky, reddish brown mixed with dusky on the upper parts, grayish
ash beneath.

Common in meadows, preferring moist situations. Food seeds and
roots. Is very prolific; and in certain seasons multiplies to a great
extent. Nest constructed of dried grass.

C

34 MAMMALIA GLIRES. [ARVICOLA.

48. A. riparia, Yarr. (Bank Campagnol.) — Fur bright
chestnut-red above, ash-colour beneath : tail half the length
of the body ; the hairs at the tip a little elongated.

A. riparia, Yarr ell in Proceed, of Zool. Soc. (1832) p. 109. Id. in
Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 598.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body three inches four lines ; of the
head one inch half a line ; of the ears five lines ; of the tail one inch
eight lines.

DE SCRIPT. Distinguished from the A. agrestis by its brighter and
more rufous colour ; tail longer, with the hairs at the tip extending be-
yond the bone ; ears rather larger, and more prominent : under parts
cinereous, with a faint yellow tinge along the mesial line of the abdomen
and on each side of it: tail blackish above, white beneath, the two
colours separated by a well-defined line.

First discovered by Mr Yarrell at Birchanger in Essex. Has since
occurred in Hertfordshire, Middlesex, Berkshire, and Cambridgeshire,
but is not so plentiful as the A. agrestis. Frequents hedge-bottoms and
ditch-banks, also occasionally stacks of corn. Is said to construct its
nest of wool. — Obs. Independently of the above external diiferences be-
tween this and the last species, there are others connected with their
anatomy, which will be found detailed at length in Loud. Mag. 1. c.

t GEN. 18. CASTOR, Linn.

t 49. C. Fiber, Linn. {Beaver.) — Fur of a deep chestnut-brown;
glossy above, dull beneath.

C. Fiber, Desm. Mammal, p. 277. Common Beaver, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. 11.
p. 30. pi. 128.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body two feet six lines ; of the head five
inches; of the tail one foot; breadth of the tail four inches two lines. — DESM.

DESCRIPT. Head short and thick, somewhat flattened at the top ; muzzle obtuse :
eyes small and black : ears short, and rounded at the extremity : neck short : body
thick, very convex on the back : tail depressed, broad, and of an oval form ; the
surface naked and scaly. Fur of a deep chestnut-brown colour, smooth and glossy
on the upper parts, more dull underneath.

Formerly an inhabitant of Wales and Scotland. Observed in the former country
by Giraldus de Barri in the year 1188. Not exactly known when the species
was extirpated. Has occurred in a fossil state in Cambridgeshire.

GEN. 19. LEPUS, Linn.

50. L. timidus, Linn. (Common Hare.) — Tawny
gray, shaded with brown : ears longer than the head ;
black at the tips: tail black above, white beneath.

L. timidus, Desm. Mammal, p. 347. Flem. Brit. An. p. 21. Hare,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 98. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 197.
pi. 162.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body twenty-one inches nine lines ;
of the head four inches ; of the ears four inches ten lines ; of the tail
three inches six lines.

LEPUS.] MAMMALIA GLIRES. 35

DESCRIPT. Head thick and large: inside of the cheeks hairy; eyes
placed laterally, large and prominent ; ears longer than the head : limbs
slender, much longer behind than before : soles of the feet hairy. Fur
composed of a fine down with longer hairs intermixed, of a tawny gray or
rusty brown colour, the red tint prevailing in certain parts more than in
others ; each individual hair gray at the roots, black in the middle, and
tawny at the tip ; abdomen, inside of the thighs, and a transverse patch
beneath the lower jaw, white ; ears externally cinereous towards the base
of the outer margin, above that colour a black spot reaching to the ex-
tremity of the auricle : tail black above, white underneath.

Vox. /?. Irish Hare. Yarr. in Proceed, of Zool. Soc. (1833) p. 88.
Head shorter and more rounded than in the Common Hare ; ears shorter,
not equalling the head in length; limbs less lengthened; fur composed
of only one sort of hair, the long dark hairs, observable in the English
Hare, being wanting.

Frequents chiefly open fields. Feeds entirely on vegetables, coming
abroad in the evening for that purpose. Breeds frequently in the year.
Goes with young thirty days, and produces from one to four, rarely five,
at a time. Young born with their eyes open, and the body clothed with
fur. When full grown, has been known to weigh thirteen pounds one
ounce and a half.

Var. /3, which is the only Hare found in Ireland, might almost deserve
to be considered as a distinct species. From the shortness and inferior
quality of the hair, its fur is useless in trade.

51. L. Cuniculus, Linn. (Rabbet.) — Brownish gray,
mixed with tawny : ears scarcely longer than the head :
tail brown above, white beneath.

L. Cuniculus, Desm. Mammal, p. 348. Flem. Brit. An. p. 21.
Rabbet, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 104. pi. 10. no. 22. Show*
Gen. Zool vol. n. p. 204. pi. 162.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body sixteen inches ; of the head
three inches four lines ; of the ears three inches six lines ; of the tail
three inches.

DESCRIPT. Approaching the last species in general appearance, but
with the ears and hind legs proportionably shorter : fur of a less ferru-
ginous colour ; the general tint brownish gray, or dusky brown, with the
nape reddish ; throat and abdomen white ; ears gray, without the black
spot at the extremity ; tail dusky brown above, white beneath. In the
domesticated state the colours vary extremely.

Resides in holes under ground. Like the Hare, comes abroad in the
evening to feed. Still more prolific than that species, breeding repeat-
edly in the year, and producing from four to eight at a litter. Young
blind and naked at birth.

52. L. albusy Briss. (Alpine Hare.) — Dusky gray
in summer, with a tinge of tawny ; white in winter : ears
shorter than the head, always black at the extremity.

L. albus, Briss. Reg. An. p. 139. L. variabilis, Flem. Brit. An.
p. 22. Alpine Hare, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 102. pi. 10.
no. 21. Varying Hare, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 201.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body twenty-one inches six lines ;
of the head four inches six lines ; of the ears three inches three lines

c2

36 MAMMALIA GLIRES. [LEPUS.

of the tail two inches six lines ; of the fore leg, from the olecranon to the
end of the toe-nails, seven inches three lines; of the hind foot, from heel
to toe, six inches.

DESCRIPT. In general somewhat smaller than the Common Hare, with
shorter ears and more slender legs : tail shorter. Fur in summer grayish
tawny mixed with black, here and there inclining to ash-colour; in
winter wholly white, with the exception of the tips of the ears, which
remain always hlack.

Inhabits the Scotch mountains : keeps near the summits, and never
descends into the valleys, or mixes with the common species. Change of
dress effected in the months of September and April; caused by an
actual change of colour in the hair itself, without the shedding of the
fur. — Obs. The L. variabilis of Pallas is probably a distinct species.

* GEN. 20. CAVIA, Gmd.

* 53. C. Cobaya, Gmel. (Guinea Pig.)— Reddish yellow, variegated
with black and white.

C. Cobaya, Desm. Mammal, p. 356. Variegated Cavy, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n.
p. 17. pi. 126.

DIMENS. Length of the head and body twelve inches ; of the head three inches
one line ; of the ears ten lines and a half.

DESCRIPT. Body thick and short ; the neck scarcely to be distinguished from it :
ears broader than long, straight, naked, transparent, partly concealed by the hair :
eyes round, large, and prominent. Hair sleek and smooth ; varying in colour in
different individuals ; entirely white ; or variegated with black, white, and tawny
yellow.

A native of Brazil ; but domesticated in Europe. Is very prolific in confinement,
breeding repeatedly in the year, and producing from four to twelve at a litter.
Feeds on different vegetable substances.

ORDER IV. UNGULATA.

* GEN. 21. BOS, Linn.

* 54. B. Taunts, Linn. (Common Ox.) — Forehead flat, longer than
broad : horns taking their origin from the extremities of the occipital
ridge.

B. Taurus, Desm. Mammal, p. 499. Flem. Brit. An. p. 24. Ox, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. i. p. 18. pi. 2. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n. pi. 208.

DESCRIPT. Varying extremely in the domesticated state in size and colour, as
well as in the form and direction of the horns, which last are sometimes wholly
wanting. A wild breed, (Bewick, Quad. p. 38.) formerly met with in Scotland,
but now extinct, said to have been characterized by their white colour, with the
muzzle and ears black.

Is capable of breeding at the age of two years. Goes nine months with young,
and produces one, rarely two, at a time. The two central incisors are shed in the
tenth month ; the adjoining ones in the sixteenth ; by the end of the third year the
change is wholly completed.

CERVUS.] MAMMALIA UNGULATA. 37

* GEN. 22. OVIS, Linn.

* 55. O. Aries, Linn. (Sheep.) — Horns compressed, and lunated.

O. Aries, Desm. Mammal, p. 488. Flem. Brit. An. p. 25. Sheep, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 27. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 385.

DESCRIPT. Varying much in size and colour : with or without horns : wool
coarse or fine, long or short, according to the breed, sometimes approaching the
quality of hair : tail short, or reaching below the knees.

Probably not originally indigenous. Primitive stock supposed to be the Argali*
(Oyis Amman, Gmel.), which is found in a wild state in the mountainous parts of
Asia. Period of gestation about five months. Produces one or two at a birth,
rarely more. The two middle incisors fall at the end of the first year, and are
replaced by others ; the next in succession at about the age of two and a half :
by the end of the third year, or soon after, all have been renewed, and the in-
dividual is said to be full-mouthed.

* GEN. 23. CAPRA, Linn.

* 56. C. Hircus, Linn. (Goat.) — Horns edged in front, rounded
posteriorly.

C. Hircus, Desm. Mammal, p. 482. Flem. Brit. An. p. 25. Domestic Goat,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 35. pi. 3. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 369.
pi. 199.

DESCRIPT. Subject to less variation than the Sheep. Usual colour black, white,
or pied ; occasionally brown, approaching more or less to a tawny red : horns in
the male, in some instances upwards of three feet long ; in the female much smaller,
or wanting altogether : tail about seven inches in length ; often black.

Ranges in a state of liberty on the mountains of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland,
and is often domesticated ; but it is doubtful whether it be indigenous. Supposed
to be derived either from the C. Ibex, Linn, or the C. JEgagrus, Gmel., the former
of which species is found wild on the Alps of Europe, the latter on the mountains
of Persia. Goes with young five months.

GEN. 24. CERVUS, Linn.

57. C. Elaphus, Linn. (Stag> or Red Deer.) — Horns
branched ; round ; diverging at the base, somewhat con-
verging at the extremity. V

C. Elaphus, Desm. Mammal, p. 434. Flem. Brit. An. p. 26. Stag,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 41. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 276.
pi. 177.

DIMENS. Length of the body about six feet six inches ; of the horns
about two feet ; of the tail seven inches : height about three feet eight
inches.

DESCRIPT. — Varying in size and colour: usually reddish brown in
summer, with a dusky line along the spine ; in winter brownish gray ;
under parts whitish: horns at first simple, afterwards branched; the
number of antlers increasing with age till they amount to ten or twelve ;
three of them being always directed forwards : eyes large, with a distinct
lachrymal furrow: ears long and pointed : tail of moderate length. Fe-
male or Hind smaller, and without horns. The young or Calf is gene-
rally spotted with white, or as it is termed menilled, on the upper parts :
the first indication of horns takes place during the latter part of the first
year, when it is called a Knobber.

* Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 379. pi. 201.

38 MAMMALIA UNGULATA. [CERVUS.

Formerly abundant throughout the kingdom, but now chiefly confined
to the Highlands of Scotland. The horns are shed in March, and re-
appear in the course of the summer. Rutting season from Michaelmas
to the end of November. Period of gestation rather more than eight
months. Usually but one at a birth.

* 58. C. Duma, Linn. (Buck, or Fallow Deer.) — Horns branched;
compressed ; palmated at the top, diverging.

C. Dama, Desm. Mammal, p. 438. Flem. Brit. An. p. 26. Fallow Deer,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 41. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 282. pi. 178-9.

DIMENS. Length of the body about five feet ; of the tail seven inches five lines :
height about two feet ten inches.

DESCRIPT. Body much smaller than in the last species ; tawny brown, with the
back, flanks, shoulders, and thighs, more or less spotted with white ; a dusky line
down the middle of the back ; buttocks white, bounded on each side by a descend-
ing black line ; tail longer than in the Stag, blackish brown above, white beneath ;
abdomen and inside of the thighs whitish : horns round at bottom, with two antlers
directed forwards ; their upper portion compressed, and dilated into a broad palm,
with tooth-like processes along the outer margin. Female or Doe without horns,
and likewise the Fawns during the first year.

Var. (3. Entirely white.

Var. y. Deep brown, approaching to black.

Abundant in parks and forests in a half-reclaimed state, but doubtful whether
indigenous. The black variety said to have been introduced from Sweden by King
James the First; the others supposed to have come from Asia. Congregate in
small herds. Rutting season in the Autumn. Female goes with young eight
months, and produces one or two, rarely three, at a birth. The first two central
incisors shed at the age of a year and a half ; the change completed by the end of
the fourth year.

59- C. Capreolus, Linn. (Roe-Buck.) — Horns branch-
ed ; cylindrical ; small and erect, with furcate summits.

C. Capreolus, Desm. Mammal, p. 439. Flem. Brit. An. p. 26.
Roe, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 49. pi. 4. Shaw, Gen. Zool.
vol. n. p. 291.

DIMENS. Length of the body three feet nine inches; of the horns eight
to nine inches ; of the tail one inch : height (in front) two feet three
inches, (behind) two feet seven inches.

DESCRIPT. Smaller than either of the preceding species, but of similar
form. Colour variable ; the general tint yellowish gray or reddish brown,
more or less deep in different individuals, sometimes dusky; each hair
being ash-coloured at the roots, then black, with the extreme tip tawny
yellow ; lower part of the neck, abdomen, and inside of the thighs, grayish
white; contour of the anus pure white: ears long, furnished internally
with long whitish hairs ; extremity of the nose dusky, with a white spot
on each side of the upper lip ; chin white : horns very rugged, sulcated
longitudinally, about as long as the head, with only two antlers, the first
arising about the middle, directed forwards, — the second higher up di-
rected backwards : no lachrymal furrow : tail very short. Summer coat
much shorter and finer, and of a redder tint, than the winter one. Doe
without horns. In the young Buck, the horns are plain and unbranched
during the second year ; in the third year furnished with a single antler,
and in the fourth year complete.

Common formerly in Wales, in the North of England, and in Scotland,
but at present almost confined to the Scottish Highlands. Loses its horns

Sus.j MAMMALIA UNGULATA. 39

at the latter end of Autumn. Rutting season during the first half of
November. Doe goes with young five months and a half, and produces
in April. Two at a hirth, which are always male and female.

* GEN. 25. EQUUS, Linn.

* 60. E. Caballus, Linn. (Horse.) — Tail uniformly covered with
long hair ; mane long and flowing : ears of moderate size : no dorsal line
or transverse band.

E. Caballus, Desm. Mammal, p. 416. Flem. Brit. An. p. 27. Horse, Perm.
Brit. Zool. vol.i. p, 1. pi. 1. Common Horse, Shaw, Gen. Zooi. vol. 11.
p. 419. pi. 214.

DESCRIPT. Offering every variety of size and colour : generally bay, or chestnut-
brown, more or less deep ; black, or grayish white : head long and tapering : teeth,
incis. jj, can. ^ (seldom present in the mare), mol. ^, = 40: ears erect and
pointed, much smaller than in the next species : a naked callosity on the inside of
the fore legs above the knee ; another on the hind legs just under the knee.

Probably brought originally from Asia, where the species still exists in a truly
wild state. A small variety occurs in the Highlands of Scotland, and in the Shet-
land Islands, half-reclaimed, but can scarcely be considered as indigenous. Period
of gestation eleven months. Seldom more than one at a birth. Central incisors
cast at the age of two years and a half, and replaced by permanent ones ; the
adjoining pair at three and a half; the remaining ones at four and a half ; these last
replaced more slowly than the others.

* 61. E. Asinus, Linn. (Ass.) — Gray, inclining to reddish; with the
dorsal line, and a transverse band across the shoulders, black : ears very
large : tail terminating in a tuft of long hair.

E. Asinus, Desm. Mammal, p. 414. Ass, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 13.
Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n. p. 429. pi. 216.

DESCRIPT. Smaller than the Horse, and subject to less variation than that spe-
cies. Colour generally gray, more or less dark ; sometimes approaching to silvery
white, obscurely spotted with stains of a reddish cast, at other times dark brown or
dusky : a transverse black stripe upon the shoulders, crossing another of the same
colour down the middle of the back ; these marks always more or less obvious.
Head shorter and thicker than that of the horse : ears long and slouching : tail
tipped with long hair : no naked callosities on the hind legs.

A native of the East. Introduced into this country towards the close of the tenth
century. Goes eleven months with young, and produces one at a birth. Breeds
occasionally with the Horse: the hybrid production termed a Mule or a Hinny,
according as the Ass is the male or female parent.

GEN. 26. SUS, Linn.

1 62. S. Scrofa, Linn. (Boar.)— Tusks strong, triangular, of mode-
rate length, directed to one side.

S. Scrofa, Desm. Mammal, p. 389. Flem. Brit. An. p. 28. Hog, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. i. p. 55. Wild Boar, and Common Hog, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol.u.
p. 459. pi. 221 and 222.

DIMENS. (Wild Boar.) Length of the head and body three feet three inches;
of the head one foot ; of the tail seven inches six lines : height about one foot nine
inches.

DESCRIPT. Head elongated : neck short : body thick and muscular : legs short
and strong : ears rather short : eyes small : mouth large, with the upper lip pushed

40 MAMMALIA CETACEA. [MANATUS.

up by the tusks : body covered with long stiff bristles, intermixed at the roots with
a soft woolly hair ; the longest and strongest bristles on the back. General colour
dusky gray DESM.

*Var. ft. domestica. (Domestic Hog.) — In this variety the ears are longer and
more or less pendulous ; the bristles more thinly scattered, and of one sort ; the
tusks comparatively short ; the tail more or less twisted ; the size and colour very
variable.

Formerly abundant in a wild state throughout the country. Continued to inhabit
the forests about London so late as the reign of Henry the Second, but it is not
exactly known how soon after that period they were extirpated. In the domestic
state the Sow goes with young about four months, and is very prolific, producing
sometimes as many as twenty at a litter. Food extremely various.

ORDER V. CETACEA.

GEN (1.) MANATUS, Cuv.?
GEN. (2.) STELLERUS, Cuv.?

(1.) ? Manatus borealis, Flem. Brit. An. p. 29. Mermaid

of the Shetland Seas, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. (1829) vol. vi. p. 57.

Two instances at least are on record in which specimens of the Her-
bivorous Cetacea have been observed in the British seas, but there is no
satisfactory evidence by which the species can be determined, or even
the genus, to which they belonged*. In the Elements of Nat. Hist, by
Mr Stewart, mention is made (vol. i. p. 125.) of the carcase of one of
these animals which was thrown ashore near Leith ; and in the Edinb.
New Philos. Jonrn. as quoted above, there will be found some account
of another individual, which occurred a few years ago off the Shetland
Islands. See also Dr Fleming's Brit. An. p. 30.

GEN. 27. DELPHINUS, Linn.

(1. DELPHINUS, Cue.)

63. D. Delphis, Linn. (Common Dolphin.) — Jaws mo-
derately produced ; nearly of equal length : teeth more than
forty on each side above and below ; slender, slightly bent,
pointed.

D. Delphis, Desm. Mammal, p. 514. Flem. Brit. An. p. 35. Dol-
phin, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 65. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n.
p. 507. pi. 229.

DIMENS. Entire length from six to seven feet.

DESCRIPT. Body slender, thickest in the middle, gradually tapering
towards the head and tail : muzzle or beak, measured from the forehead,
equalling in length the rest of the head ; much depressed, narrow, and

* On this account I have introduced, in the Synoptic Arrangement of Genera, the characters of
both Manatus and Stellerus Cuv., which are perhaps equally likely to occur in the British seas.
At any rate they will prove useful in determining the true genus of any of these animals which
may be met with hereafter.

DELPHINUS.] MAMMALIA CETACEA. 41

somewhat pointed at the extremity : jaws nearly equal, the upper being
slightly shorter than the lower: teeth very numerous, Jfs to §^ = 168
to 188, slender, somewhat bent inwards, sharp-pointed ; placed at equal
distances from each other, and locking in between each other when the
jaws are closed: eyes small, almost in a line with the mouth: blow-hole
situate on the top of the head a little above the eyes : pectoral fins placed
very low, in form somewhat falcate : dorsal fin pointed, taking its origin
from a little beyond the middle of the back ; rather elevated, and when
measured along the line of flexure, equalling one-sixth of the entire
length of the body : tail crescent-shaped. Skin smooth ; of a dusky
colour above, white beneath, and grayish on the sides.

Met with occasionally on the British shores, but not of very frequent
occurrence. Feeds on animal substances. Period of gestation said to
be ten months. Produces one or two at a birth.

64. D. Tursio, Fab. (Blunt-toothed Dolphin.) — Jaws
moderately produced ; the lower longer than the upper :
teeth rather more than twenty on each side above and
below ; straight, with obtuse summits.

D. Tursio, Desm. Mammal, p. 514. Flem. Brit. An. p. 37. D. trun-
catus, Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. in. p. 75. pi. 3. Bottle-nose
Whale, Hunter in Phil. Trans, for 1787. pi. 18.

DIMENS. Entire length eleven feet: girth seven feet four inches:
length of the mouth fourteen inches ; from the snout to the eye sixteen
inches ; from the same to the pectoral fin two feet ; from the same to the
dorsal four feet eight inches ; from the same to the vent seven feet three
inches; length of the dorsal twenty-three inches; height of the same
ten inches.

DESCRIPT. Larger than the last species : lower jaw projecting further
beyond the upper : teeth less numerous, H^li to HiH = 84 to 92, straight,
somewhat conical, but blunt and truncated at the extremity.

But little known as a British species. Hunter's specimen was caught
upon the sea-coast near Berkeley, and is now in the Museum of the
College of Surgeons. In the same collection is a second individual from
the Thames. The one described by Montagu, which appears to have
been large and aged, with the summits of the teeth more than usually
truncated, was taken in the river Dart, in 1814. The measurements
given above are those of a fourth individual which occurred a few years
since in the river at Preston. They were obligingly sent me by Mr
Gilbertson of that place.

(2. PHOCCENA, Cuv.) . »

65. D. Phoccena^ Linn. (Porpesse.) — Under jaw slightly
projecting beyond the upper : teeth twenty-two to twenty-
five on each side above and below ; straight, compressed, and
rounded at the summits.

D. Phoccena, Desm. Mammal, p. 516. Flem. Brit. An. p. 33. Por-
pesse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 69. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n.
p. 504. pi. 229.

DIMENS. Entire length from four feet to five feet and a half.
DESCRIPT. Body elongated, gradually tapering towards the tail:
snout short, rather obtuse at the extremity : under jaw somewhat longer

42 MAMMALIA CETACEA. [DELPHINUS.

than the upper : teeth numerous ; from twenty-two to twenty-five in each
jaw on each side, compressed, and nearly straight : eyes small, almost in
a line with the mouth : blow-hole crescent-shaped, with the concavity
directed forwards: pectoral fins placed low down, oval, and somewhat
pointed : dorsal fin straight, triangular, rather beyond the middle of the
body. Skin smooth; dusky on the back, whitish on the belly, the two
colours meeting on the sides.

A constant inhabitant of the British seas, often entering the mouths
of rivers. Preys on mackarel, herrings, and other fish. A specimen
which occurred in the London market in May 1833 was found to contain
a full-formed foetus; it is probable, therefore, that they produce their
young at about that period of the year.

66. D. Orca, Fab. (Grampus.) — Upper jaw projecting
a little beyond the lower : teeth about eleven on each side
above and below ; conical, bent at the summits : pectoral
fins broad and oval.

D. Orca,Flem.Brit. An. p. 34. D. Grampus, Desm. Mammal, p. 517.
Grampus, Hunter in Phil. Trans. 1787, pi. 16.

DIMENS. Entire length from twenty to twenty-five feet.

DESCRIPT. Much larger than the last species; the body deeper and
thicker in proportion to its length. Snout very short and obtuse : upper
jaw somewhat longer than the lower, but this last broader than the
upper : teeth unequal, conical, a little bent at the summits ; varying in
number according to the age of the individual, generally about twenty
two in each jaw: eyes almost in the same line with the mouth: dorsal
fin nearly in the middle, very much elevated, and pointed at the extre-
mity: pectorals very broad, of an oval form : tail crescent-shaped. Skin
smooth ; glossy black above, white beneath, the two colours meeting on
the sides but separated by a well-defined line ; an oval white spot behind
each eye.

Inhabits the British seas in large herds, and occasionally enters rivers.
Is of a fierce and voracious disposition, preying upon the larger species of
fish. — Obs. The Delphinus Gladiator and the D. ventricosus of Lace-
pede, two species constituted by that author from individuals taken in the
Thames, are considered by Cuvier as not really distinct from the above.

67- D. melas, Traill. (Casing Whale.) — Top of the
head very convex : teeth conical, varying in number : pec-
toral fins long and narrow.

D. melas, Traill in Nichol. Journ. vol. xxn. p. 81. Flem. Brit. An.

?. 34. D. globiceps, Cuv. Ann. du Mus. torn. xix. p. 14. pi. 1.
2, 3. D. Deductor, Scoresby, Arct. Reg. vol. i. p. 496. pi. 13.
f. 1.

DIMENS. Entire length from twenty to twenty-four feet.

DESCRIPT. Equalling the Grampus in size, but differing essentially
from that species in the form and character of the fins ; the dorsal much
shorter, the pectorals longer, narrower, and more pointed : head short and
round, with the forehead remarkably convex and prominent: upper jaw
projecting a little beyond the lower : teeth conical, sharp, and a little
bent: varying much in number in different individuals, not visible in

MONODON.] MAMMALIA CETACEA. 43

very young specimens, and falling in advanced life ; average number from
twenty-two to twenty-four in all. Skin smooth, of a deep bluish black
colour, with the exception of a whitish band beneath the body extending
from the throat to the anus.

Common in large herds oif the Orkney and Shetland Islands.

(3. DELPHI NAPTERA, Lacep.)

68. D. albicans, Fab. (Beluga.) — Head blunt : teeth
about nine on each side above and below ; short, with
obtuse summits.

D. leucas, Desm. Mammal, p. 519. Delphinaptera albicans, Flem.
Brit. An. p. 36. Beluga, Barclay and Neill in Wern. Mem. vol. in.
p. 371. pi. 17. Scoresby, Arct. Reg. vol. i. p. 500. pi. 14.

DIMENS. Entire length from twelve to eighteen feet.

DESCRIPT. Body thick in the middle, somewhat tapering towards
each extremity, but more especially towards the tail : head small, blunt,
and round; the forehead rising abruptly: eyes and mouth small: jaws
equal : teeth in the adult state about nine on each side above and below,
short, straight, slightly compressed, with obtuse summits ; those in the
upper jaw falling in advanced life : a longitudinal ridge on the back sup-
plying the place of the dorsal fin : pectorals short, broad, and oval. Skin
smooth : colour wholly white ; sometimes with a tinge of yellow.

A native of high Northern latitudes, where it is found in herds of
thirty or forty together. Must be considered as a very rare visitant of
the British seas. The individual described by Mr. Neill 1. c. was taken
in the Frith of Forth in June 1815.

GEN. 28. MONODON, Linn.

69. M. MonoceroS) Linn. (Narwhal.) — Body sub-conical,
with a dorsal and ventral ridge : head obtuse, about one-
seventh of the entire length.

M. Monoceros, Scoresby, Arct. Reg. vol. i. p. 486. pi. 15. Flem.
Brit. An. p. 37. Small-headed Narwhal, Flem. in Wern. Mem.
vol. i. p. 131. pi. 6.

DIMENS. Entire length, exclusive of the tusk, thirteen to sixteen
feet ; circumference (at the thickest part) eight to nine feet ; length of
the tusk about five feet*.

DESCRIPT. Anterior half of the body nearly cylindrical; posterior
half conical: this latter portion furnished with a dorsal and ventral
ridge, which take their origin about three feet from the extremity, and
extend half way across the tail ; the edges of the tail run in like manner
six or eight inches along the body, forming ridges on the sides of the
rump : head about one-seventh of the entire length ; small, blunt, and
round ; the forehead very prominent, rising suddenly from the snout :
mouth small; intermaxillary bones furnished each with one tooth di-
rected forwards; in the female these teeth generally remain through
life concealed in the sockets, not appearing externally ; in the male,
that on the left side is exserted, growing to the length of several feet;

* The above measurements are from Scoresby, from whose excellent work on the Arctic
Regions much assistance has been derived in drawing up the characters of this species, as well
as of some others of the Cetacea.

44 MAMMALIA CETACEA. [HYPEROODON.

it is spirally striated from right to left, nearly straight, and tapering to
a round blunt point ; very rarely, in this last sex both teeth are equally
developed, and both exserted : blow-hole semicircular, situate directly
over the eyes : pectoral fins short : no dorsal fin, but instead of it an
irregular sharpish fatty ridge, two inches in height, extending two feet
and a half along the back, nearly midway between the snout and the
tail : tail divided by a notch into two lobes, which project laterally and
are somewhat pointed. Prevailing colour white, or yellowish white, with
dark gray or blackish spots of different degrees of intensity.

Has only occurred hitherto in two or three instances on the British
shores. In the Northern seas is said to be gregarious ; each sex herding
separately. Feeds on sepice and other molluscous animals.

GEN. 29. HYPEROODON, Lactp.

70. H. bidens, Flem. (Bottle-head.) — Teeth two only
in the fore part of the lower jaw.

H. bidens, Flem. Brit. An. p. 36. H. Butskopf, Lactp. Cttac. p. 319.
Bottle-nose Whale with two teeth, Hunter in Phil. Trans. 1787.
pi. 19. Beaked Whale, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 59. pi. 5. f. 1.
Two-toothed Cachalot, Sow. Brit. Misc. pi. 1.

DIMENS. Entire length from twenty to twenty-five feet.

DESCRIPT. Body elongated ; greatest circumference in the region of
the pectoral fins : forehead high, very convex, rising suddenly from the
snout; this last short and depressed, terminating in a kind of beak some-
what similar to that of the genus Delphinus : lower jaw rather longer
and larger than the upper : teeth conical, and pointed ; only two, situate
in the fore part of the lower jaw ; sometimes altogether wanting, or not
appearing above the gums : palate studded with little horny eminences,
considered by Cuvier as rudimentary vestiges of whalebone : eyes large,
a little above the line of the lips : blow-hole crescent-shaped, with the
horns of the crescent directed towards the tail : dorsal fin placed con-
siderably beyond the middle of the body, but little elevated, lanceolate,
pointed, inclining backwards : pectorals small, oval, in the same horizon-
tal line with that of the mouth. Skin smooth and glossy, blackish lead-
colour above, whitish underneath, the two colours mixing on the sides.

Occasionally met with on the British shores. Hunter's specimen was
taken in the Thames above London Bridge in 1783. — Obs. This species
has been unnecessarily split into several by many authors : it probably
embraces all the following of Desmarest's " Mammalogie;" Delphinus
Chemnitzianus, D. Hunteri, D. edentulus, D. Hyperoodon, and D.
Sowerbyi.

GEN. 30. PHYSETER, Linn.
(1. CATODON, Lacep.)

71. P. macrocephalus, Shaw. (Blunt-headed Cachalot.)
— Teeth in the lower jaw from twenty to twenty-four on
each side; mostly conical with obtuse summits.

Catodon -macrocephalus arid C. Trumpo, Lacep. Cetac. pp. 165 and
212. C. macroceph. Flem. Brit. An. p. 39. Blunt-headed Cachalot,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 61. pi. 6. Spermaceti Whale, Alder-
son in Camb. Phil. Trans, vol. n. p. 253. pi. 12—14.

PHYSETER.] MAMMALIA CETACEA. 45

DIMENS. Entire length from fifty to sixty-three feet.

DESCRIPT. Head enormously large, forming more than one-third of
the entire bulk ; the hody gradually tapering "from the posterior part of
it towards the tail : upper part of the snout very thick and swollen, as it
were truncated in front, and overhanging considerably the lower jaw;
this last of a narrow elongated form, fitting, when the mouth is closed,
into a grooved cavity above : upper jaw without whalebone or visible
teeth, although a few teeth may be found concealed within the gums on
cutting through the integuments ; in the lower jaw from forty to forty -nine
teeth (there being occasionally an odd one), entering likewise when the
mouth is shut into corresponding cavities above ; the last three or four
on each side smaller than the others, and somewhat hooked ; the rest
projecting above the gums about two inches, cylindrical or conical, with
bluntish summits ; those in front inclining backwards, those situate more
behind forwards, the middle tooth on each side being nearly vertical :
blow-hole single, near the extremity of the snout, and placed rather to
the left of the median line : no dorsal fin ; instead of it a callous ridge
commencing gradually, and terminating behind abruptly in a sort of
hook-like process : pectorals small. General colour black or dusky, some-
what paler beneath*.

Occasionally stranded on different parts of the coast, but not of fre-
quent occurrence in the British seas. The upper part of the head in this
species consists of large cavities, separated from each other by a cartila-
ginous substance, and filled with an oily fluid, which, in its congealed
state, forms the spermaceti of commerce. These cavities are quite dis-
tinct from that of the cranium which is situate beneath.

(2.) P. Catodon, lAim—Catodon Sibbaldi, Flem. Brit. An. p. 39.

This supposed species is too imperfectly characterized, and rests on
too doubtful authority, to rank as distinct. In the opinion of Cuvier,
(Oss. Foss. torn. v. p. 335.) the herd stated by Sibbald (Phalainolog.
Nov. p. 24.) as having occurred at Kairston in Orkney, consisting of an
hundred individuals, were probably Belugas (Delphinus albicans), some
of which had lost the teeth in the upper jaw through age. Moreover
Sibbald appears only to have had his account from others, and not to
have seen any of the individuals himself.

(2. PHYSETER, Lactp.)

72. P. Tursio, Linn. (High-Jtnned Cachalot.) — Teeth
very slightly bent, with flat summits.

P. Tursio, Flem. Brit. An. p. 38. P. Mular, Lacep. Cetac. p. 239.
Desm. Mammal, p. 526. High-finned Cachalot, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. in. p. 64.

DESCRIPT. Said to be characterized by an erect dorsal fin, very high,
and pointed at the extremity: blow-hole in front: teeth very slightly
bent, with flat or obtuse summits : in other respects similar to the P.
macrocephalus.

But very little is known of this species. The few particulars on record
respecting it are principally taken from Sibbald, who briefly describes a
Cachalot with the above characters, which came on shore on the Orkney
Isles in 1687.

* Some parts of this description are borrowed from Alderson's account of this species, 1. c.

46 MAMMALIA CETACEA. [PHYSETER.

(3.) P. microps, Linn. Flera. Brit. An. p. 38.

This species, which entirely owes its existence to Sibbald's Phalain-
ologia, rests upon very vague and uncertain authority. It is said to
resemble the P. Tursio, excepting in having the teeth more pointed.
Cuvier does not admit that there is any well-founded distinction between
the two. Indeed, in his Ossemens Fossiles, (torn. v. p. 328.) he would
seem to entertain some doubts with respect to the existence of either.

GEN. 31. BAL^NA, Linn.

(1. BALJENA, Lactp.)

73. B. Mysticetus, Linn. (Common Whale.) — Gape of
the mouth arched : upper jaw with about six hundred and
fifty lamina? of whalebone.

B. Mysticetus, Scoresby, Arctic Reg. vol. i. p. 449. pi. 12. Flem.
Brit. An. p. 33. Common Whale, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p. 50.

DIMENS. Entire length averaging from fifty to sixty-five feet : greatest
circumference from thirty to forty feet.

DESCRIPT. One of the most bulky, but not in general the longest of
the Cetaceous tribe. Body thickest in the middle, a little behind the fins,
from which point it gradually tapers, in a conical form, towards the tail,
and slightly towards the head : this last very large, of a somewhat tri-
angular form; "the under part, the arched outHne of which is given by
the jawbones, flat, and measuring sixteen to twenty feet in length, and
ten to twelve in breadth : the lips, which are five or six feet high, and
form the cavity of the mouth, are attached to the under jaw, and rise
from the jaw-bones, at an angle of about eighty degrees, having the
appearance, when viewed in front, of the letter U : the upper jaw, in-
cluding the crown-bone or skull, bent down at the extremity, so as to
shut the front and upper parts of the cavity of the mouth, and overlapped
by the lips in a squamous manner at the sides * : " no teeth ; but the palate
furnished with two extensive rows of whalebone, generally curved longi-
tudinally, and giving an arched form to the roof of the mouth ; each
series consists of upwards of three hundred laminae, the interior edges
of which are covered with a fringe of hair : eyes remarkably small : pec-
toral fins situate about two feet beyond the angle of the mouth : tail
horizontal, of great breadth, and of a semilunar form ; the lateral lobes
somewhat pointed, and turned a little backward. Colour black, or blackish
gray, with the exception of the fore part of the under jaw and a portion of
the belly, which are white.

Appears to have been formerly of not unfrequent occurrence in the
British seas, but must be considered in these days as an extremely rare
visitant. Sibbald mentions one which came ashore near Peter head in
1682. A small one is stated to have been taken near Yarmouth, July 8,
1784-K The food of this species is said to consist principally of shrimps
and molluscous animals.

* Scoresby.

t C. and J. Paget's Nat. Hist, of Yarmouth and its Neighbourhood.

MAMMALIA CETACEA. 4?

(2. BAL,ENOPTERA, Lactp.)

74. B. Physalus, Linn. (Fin-Fish.) — Pectoral skin
without longitudinal folds.

Balsenoptera Gibbar, Scoresb. Arct. Reg. vol. i. p. 478. Physalis
vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 32. Fin-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. in. p. 57. Fin-backed Mysticete, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. n.
p. 490. pi. 227.

DIMENS. Entire length about one hundred feet: greatest circum-
ference from thirty to thirty -five feet.

DESCRIPT. The longest of the Cetaceous tribe. Body more slender,
and less cylindrical than that of the B. Mysticetus ; considerably com-
pressed at the sides, and angular on the back : head smaller than in
that species; the snout more pointed, with the jaws nearly equal; the
whalebone shorter, the longest lamina measuring about four feet : a small
horny protuberance, or dorsal fin, near the extremity of the back : pec-
torals long and narrow. Colour pale bluish black, or dark bluish gray.
Apparently of equal rarity in the British seas with . the species last
described. It is included by Pennant in his British Zoology, but it is
not said on what authority.

75. B. Boops, Linn. (Sharp-lipped Whale.) — Pec-
toral skin with longitudinal folds admitting of dilatation :
jaws pointed.

Balsenoptera Jubartes, Scoresb. Arct. Reg. vol. i. p. 484. B. Boops,
Flem. Brit. An. p. 31. Pike-headed Mysticete, Shaw, Gen. Zool.
vol. ii. p. 492. pi. 227. Fin-Whale, Neitt in Wern. Mem. vol. i. p. 201.

DIMENS. Entire length about forty-six feet: greatest circumference
about twenty feet.

DESCRIPT. Body very thick, and somewhat elevated, immediately
over the pectoral fins; gradually tapering from that point towards the
tail: head moderately large, becoming narrower towards the extremity
of the snout, which terminates however in a somewhat broadish tip :
lower jaw one-third of the entire length: palate with about three hun-
dred laminae of whalebone on each side, the longest measuring about
eighteen inches in length : dorsal protuberance or fin placed far down
the back ; two feet and a half high : pectorals four or five feet long,
scarcely a foot broad. Colour black above, whitish on the belly, inclining
to red between the pectoral folds.

Represented as being of not unfrequent occurrence in the Scotch seas ;
and occasionally stranded on different parts of the English coast. There
is some doubt whether the whale described and figured by Dr Johnston
in the Trans, of Newcastle Nat. Hist. Soc. (vol. i. p. 6.) be referable to
this species or not, as it possessed pectorals nine feet in length, being
one-fourth of the length of the body. It was thrown on shore about two
miles north of Berwick, in Sept. 1829.

76. B. Musculus, Linn. (Round-lipped Whale.) —
Pectoral skin with longitudinal folds : margin of the under
lip semicircular.

Balsenoptera Rorqual, Scoresb. Arct. Reg. vol. i. p. 482. B. Mus-
culus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 30. Round-lipped Whale, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. in. p. 58.

48 MAMMALIA CETACEA.

DIMENS. Entire length from seventy to eighty-six feet.

DESCRIPT. Strongly resembling the last species, but said to grow to
a much larger size : differs also in having the lower lip much broader
than the upper, and semicircularly turned at its extremity, while the
upper is somewhat sharp or pointed at the tip: gape large; longest
lamina of whalebone three feet in length.

Found in the Scotch seas with the preceding. Said to feed principally
on herrings.

Obs. The characters of the species in this sub-genus are not suffi-
ciently well understood to admit of being laid down with any degree of
certainty, and there can be little doubt that the species themselves have
been unnecessarily multiplied. Cuvier appears to be of opinion (Regne
An. torn. i. p. 298.) that even the B. Physalus may eventually turn out to
be the same with the B. Boops, and that the supposed difference between
them may be the result of hasty and imperfect examination. There is
likewise but little dissimilarity between the B. Boops and the B. Mus-
culus, and it is not as yet satisfactorily ascertained that even that little
is to be depended upon as constant in all cases. With respect to the
Balcena rostrata of Fabricius and Hunter (Phil. Trans. 1787. pi. 20.)
which occurs not unfrequently on the British coasts, it is probably no-
thing more than the young state of one of the two last mentioned ; in the
opinion of Cuvier*, of the B. Boops.

* See his Ostemens Fossiles (torn. v. p. 365.) which contains a valuable dissertation on the
different species of the Cetacea.

CLASS II. AVES.

$ /. Feet formed for grasping.

ORDER I. RAPTORES.

Bill strong, covered at the base with a cere, hooked
towards the extremity : legs strong and muscular,
short, or of moderate length : toes four in number,
three directed forwards and one behind; rough
underneath ; armed with powerful, sharp, curved,
retractile talons.

I. VULTURID^.— Head and neck more or less
divested of feathers : nostrils lateral, placed in
the cere, oval or elongated: feet generally naked:
claws moderately curved.

1. NEOPHRON — Bill long, slender, straight, hooked
at the extremity ; lower mandible bending downward ; no
gonys : nostrils longitudinal, lateral, situate near the ridge :
fore part of the head naked ; neck feathered : feet strong,
moderate, naked : wings long ; third quill the longest :
tail of fourteen feathers.

II. FALCONIDM.— Head feathered: nostrils la-
• tend, placed in the cere> rounded or oval: legs

feathered to the toes, or naked: claws strongly
curved, very sharp.

2. AQUILA. — Bill long, very robust, convex or
slightly angular above, straight at the base, much hooked

D

50 AVES.

at the tip : cere hispid : nostrils rounded, or lunulate :
wings long.

(1. AQUILA.) Tarsi feathered to the toes : claws unequal, grooved
beneath: fourth quill longest.

(2. HALI^EETUS.) Tarsi half-feathered; acrotarsia scutellated: claws
unequal, grooved beneath : fourth quill longest : nostrils trans-
verse.

(3. PANDION.) Tarsi naked; acrotarsia reticulated with small
rounded scales : outer toe reversible : claws equal, rounded
beneath: second quill longest.

3. FALCO Bill short, strong, bending from the

base; upper mandible strongly toothed, lower one emar-
ginated : nostrils round : tarsi short and strong ; acrotarsia
reticulated : wings long ; second quill longest ; first and
second with the inner webs deeply notched near the ex-
tremity.

4. ACCIPITER Bill short, rather strong, bending

from the base : nostrils oval : tarsi slender ; acrotarsia
scutellated : middle toe much longer than the lateral ones :
wings short, not reaching beyond two-thirds of the length
of the tail: fourth quill longest.

(1. ASTUR.) Tarsi moderate ; rather robust : acrotarsia scutellated.

(2. ACCIPITER.) Tarsi long and slender: acrotarsia scutellated;
the sutures of the scales obsolete.

5. MILVUS Bill moderate, rather weak, bending

slightly from the base, somewhat angular above: nostrils
oblique, oval or elliptic : tarsi short : toes and claws weak :
wings very long : tail long, and forked.

(1. MILVUS.) Tarsi feathered a little below the knee; acrotarsia
scutellated: fourth quill longest.

(ELJNUS.) Tarsi very short, half- feathered ; acrotarsia reticulated : second
quill generally the longest.

6. BUTEO Bill moderate, bending from the base :

nostrils oval or roundish : tarsi partly naked, or clothed
with feathers: wings long; third and fourth quills gene-
rally the longest; the four first emarginated on their inner
webs: tail even.

(1. BUTEO.) Lore without feathers : tarsi short and strong ; naked,
with the acrotarsia scutellated ; or feathered to the toes.

AVES. 51

(2. PERNIS.) Lore closely covered with small scaly feathers: tarsi
moderate, half-feathered; acrotarsia reticulated.

(3. CIRCUS.) Sides of the head furnished with a circle of feathers
approaching that of the owls : tarsi elongated, feathered a little
helow the joint; acrotarsia scutellated : tail long; somewhat
rounded.

III. STRIGID^E.— Head large, feathered ; base of
the bill clothed with stiff bristly feathers directed
forwards, concealing the cere and nostrils : eyes
surrounded by a circle of radiating feathers :
legs feathered to the toes: outer toe reversible.

7- BUBO Bill strong, bending from the base : nos-
trils oval or rounded : facial disk small and incomplete :
auditory aperture small, oval, without an operculum : head
furnished with large conspicuous egrets: wings moderate;
third quill generally the longest,

(1. BUBO.) Legs rohust, feathered to the claws.

(2. SCOPS.) Tarsi feathered : toes naked.

8. OTUS Bill bending from the base : nostrils oval,

oblique: facial disk complete, of moderate size: auditory
conch large, the aperture covered by an operculum : egrets
more or less conspicuous : wings long ; second quill longest :
legs feathered to the claws.

9. STRIX Bill somewhat elongated, bending at the

tip only : nostrils oval : facial disk complete and full-sized :
auditory aperture large, furnished with an operculum : head
without egrets : wings long ; second quill longest : tarsi
feathered : toes hairy ; middle claw serrated beneath.

10. SYRNIUM Bill bending from the base: nos-
trils round : facial disk large and complete : auditory
aperture large, furnished with an operculum: head with-
out egrets : wings short and rounded ; fourth and fifth
quills longest : legs feathered to the claws.

11. NOCTUA. — Bill bending from the base: nos-
trils oval : facial disk small, and generally very incom-

D2

52 AVES.

plete : auditory aperture small, oval : head without egrets :
wings moderate; third quill longest.

(1. SURNIA.) Legs and toes thickly feathered.

(2. NOCTUA.) Tarsi feathered : toes either feathered or hairy.

ORDER II. INSESSORES.

Bill various : legs short, or of moderate length : feet
adapted for perching: toes four, varying in posi-
tion, flat underneath; hind toe articulated on the
same plane with the fore toes : claws slender, some-
what retractile, curved and acute.

I. DENTIROSTRES.— Bill moderate, more or
less weak, furnished with a notch or tooth on
each side towards the tip: rictus armed with
bristles : feet generally slender ; toes three before
and one behind.

(LANIIDJE.)

12. LANIUS Bill robust, convex above, much com-
pressed at the sides, furnished at the base with hairy fea-
thers directed forwards; upper mandible hooked at the
extremity, and strongly notched : nostrils basal, lateral,
nearly round, partly closed by a membrane: wings with
the first quill short ; the second shorter than the third and
fourth, which are longest.

(MUSCICAPIDJE.)

13. MUSCICAPA. — Bill moderate, somewhat tri-
angular, depressed at the base, compressed towards the
tip, which is deflected ; the upper mandible emarginated :
rictus armed with long stiff bristles : tarsus a little longer

AVES. 53

than the middle toe : side toes of equal length : wings
with the first quill very short ; third and fourth longest.

(MERULIDJS.)

14. CINCLUS. — Bill rather slender, straight, rounded,
compressed at the sides ; upper mandible emarginated at the
tip, slightly bending over the lower one : nostrils longi-
tudinally cleft, and partly covered by a membrane : tarsus
longer than the middle toe : wings and tail short ; the
former with the first quill very short, the third and
fourth longest.

15. TURDUS Bill moderate, convex above, slightly

bending towards the point, which is rather compressed ;
upper mandible emarginated : rictus furnished with a few
bristles: nostrils oval; partly covered by a naked mem-
brane: tarsus longer than the middle toe: wings and tail
moderate ; the former with the first quill extremely short,
almost abortive; the second somewhat shorter than the
third and fourth, which are longest.

16. ORIOLUS Bill subconic, depressed at the base;

upper mandible carinated above, slightly emarginated, in-
clining over the lower one : nostrils opening longitudinally
in a large membrane : tarsus not longer than the middle
toe: wings moderate; first quill very short ; third longest

(SYLVIIDjE.)

17. ACCENTOR. — Bill rather strong, subconic,
straight, acute, broader than high at the base, very much
compressed in front ; upper mandible emarginated at the
tip ; the tomia of both mandibles inflected : nostrils ba-
sal, naked, pierced in a large membrane : tarsi strong :
wings moderate; first quill very short; third and fourth
longest.

18. SYLVIA Bill slender, depressed at the base,

compressed in front ; upper mandible bending over the
lower one, and slightly emarginated at the tip ; lower man-

54 AVES.

dible straight : nostrils basal, pierced in a membrane, more
or less exposed : wings short, or moderate ; first quill very
short, sometimes almost abortive; third, or third and
fourth, generally the longest.

(1. ERITHACA.) Bill rather strong, as broad as high at the base;
gonys slightly ascending : rictus with long weak diverging bris-
tles: tarsi slender, somewhat elongated: wings moderate ; fourth
and fifth quills longest : tail divaricated ; the tips of the feathers
pointed.

(2. PHCENICURA.) Bill slender, as broad as high at the base: rictus
nearly smooth : tarsi moderate : wings rather long ; third and
fourth quills longest : tail even ; the feathers obtuse, and ge-
nerally rufous.

(3. SALICARIA.) Bill very slender, broader than high at the base i
rictus with long diverging bristles : tarsi moderate : wings short,
and somewhat rounded ; first quill nearly abortive ; third long-
est : tail cuneiform ; the tips of the feathers rounded.

(4. PHILOMELA.) Bill rather strong, as broad as high at the base;
gonys slightly ascending : rictus with a few short bristles :
tarsi elongated : wings moderate ; third and fourth quills long-
est : tail with the two middle feathers longest ; the tips of all
rounded.

(5. CURRUCA.) Bill rather strong, broader than high at the base ;
gonys slightly ascending : rictus nearly smooth : tarsi moderate :
wings moderate ; first quill nearly abortive ; third longest : tail
slightly forked.

(6. SYLVIA.) Bill very slender, broader than high at the base :
rictus with a few longish bristles : tarsi rather elongated : wings
moderate ; third and fourth quills longest : tail slightly forked ;
the tips of the feathers rounded.

19. MELIZOPHILUS. — Bill very slender, short,
slightly arched from the base, compressed, with the tip
finely emarginated; tomia of both mandibles inflected to-
wards the middle : rictus with a few bristles : tarsi strong,
longer than the middle toe : wings short ; first quill very
small ; third, fourth, and fifth, equal and longest : tail
much elongated, cuneiform.

20. REGULUS. — Bill very slender, subulate, straight,
compressed throughout its whole length ; the tomia inflected
inwards : nostrils concealed by small bristly feathers directed
forwards : tarsi rather long : wings with the first quill very
short ; second much shorter than the third ; fourth and fifth
longest : tail moderate ; divaricated, the tips of the feathers
pointed.

AVES. 55

21. MOTACILLA. — Bill slender, subulate, straight,
earinated, angulated between the nostrils, emarginated at the
tip ; the tomia of both mandibles slightly compressed in-
wards : tarsus considerably longer than the middle toe :
wings with the first quill extremely short; second and
third longest; one of the scapulars as long as the quills:
tail elongated, even.

22. ANTHUS. — Bill slender, straight, subulate to-
wards the extremity, with the tomia compressed inwards
about the middle ; upper mandible carinated at the base,
bending downwards at the tip, and slightly emarginated :
tarsus generally longer than the middle toe; hind claw
more or less produced : wings with the first quill abor-
tive ; second shorter than the third and fourth, which are
longest : two of the scapulars as long as the quills.

23. SAXICOLA. — Bill rather strong, straight, cari-
nated above, dilated at the base, advancing on the fore-
head ; upper mandible emarginated, slightly bending at the
tip : rictus with some stiff longish bristles : tarsi elevated ;
hind claw shorter than the toe : wings with the first quill
not half the length of the second; third and fourth long-
est : coverts and scapulars short.

24. PARUS. — Bill strong, short, straight, subconical,
slightly compressed, sharp-pointed, without any notch : nos-
trils basal, round, concealed by some short bristly feathers
reflected over them: tarsi robust: hind claw strongest, and
most hooked : wings with the first quill of moderate length ;
second shorter than the third ; fourth and fifth longest.

(1. PARUS.) Bill moderate: tail slightly forked.

(2. MECISTURA.) Bill very short : tail elongated, cuneiform.

25. CALAMOPHILUS.— Bill short, subconical, very
slightly compressed ; the upper mandible convex above,
curved at the extremity, and projecting over the lower
one, which is nearly straight : nostrils covered by reflected
bristles : tarsi slender : wings with the first quill very short,
almost abortive; fourth and fifth longest : tail elongated,
cuneiform.

56 AVES.

(AMPELID^E.)

26. BOMBYCILLA. — Bill strong, short, and straight,
broad at the base ; upper mandible convex above, slightly
bending at the tip, and emarginated : nostrils oval, covered
by small hairy feathers directed forwards : tarsus shorter
than the middle toe : wings long, and pointed ; first and
second quills longest ; secondaries tipped with wax-like
appendages.

II. CONIROSTRES.— Bill moderate or elongated,
strong, more or less conic, entire or slightly
emarginated: feet robust; toes three before and
one behind.

(FRINGILLID.E.)

27. ALAUDA Bill short, subdonic; mandibles of

equal length ; the upper one convex, and slightly curved :
nostrils basal, oval, covered by small bristly feathers di-
rected forwards: hind claw nearly straight, longer than
the toe : wings long ; first quill almost abortive ; second
a little shorter than the third, which is longest : wing-
coverts shorter than the quills.

28. EMBERIZA Bill short, strong, conic, sharp-
pointed ; the mandibles a little distant from each other,
and forming an angle at the gape, compressed in front,
with the tomia bending inwards; upper mandible smaller
and narrower than the lower ; palate furnished with a hard
bony knob.

(1. PLECTROPHANES.) Wings long, and acuminated; first and
second quills longest, and nearly equal : hind claw produced,
and nearly straight.

(2. EMBERIZA.) Wings moderate; first quill shorter than the second
and third, which are longest: hind claw short and hooked.

29. FRINGILLA Bill thick, strong, more or less

perfectly conic : nostrils basal, lateral, partly concealed by
short bristly feathers directed forwards : tarsi short, or

AVES. 57

moderate : wings with the first three quills nearly equal ;
second and third generally a little the longest : tail more
or less forked.

(1. FRINGILLA.) Bill straight, perfectly conic, the cone rather
elongated, sharp-pointed; mandibles nearly equal, with the
tomia of the lower one a little inflected : first quill a little
shorter than the second and third, which are longest and
equal.

(2. PYRGITA.) Bill strong, conic; the culmen somewhat arched,
and the tip a little obtuse ; lower mandible rather smaller than
the upper: three first quills nearly equal, longer than the
fourth.

(3. COCCOTHRAUSTES.) Bill conic, very thick and strong ; the sides
bulging, and the culmen much rounded ; lower mandible
nearly equal to the upper, with the tomia inflected : wings
rather long, acuminated; first and fourth quills equal, shorter
than the second and third, which are longest.

(4. CARDUELIS.) Bill straight, perfectly conic, the cone rather
elongated, much compressed at the tip, and sharp-pointed ;
upper mandible angulated at the base, and slightly sinuated:
wings moderate ; first quill a little shorter than the second and
third, which are nearly equal and longest.

(5. LINARIA.) Bill straight, perfectly conic, short, compressed an-
teriorly, sharp-pointed ; commissure straight ; wings long, and
acuminated ; first three quills equal, longer than the fourth.

30. PYRRHULA Bill short and thick, the sides

inflated and bulging; upper mandible convex above, ad-
vancing on the forehead at the base, deflected at the tip
and overhanging the lower one : nostrils concealed by hairy
feathers directed forwards : wings rather short ; first quill
shorter than the second, which is longest ; third and fourth
nearly equal to the second.

31. LOXIA Bill moderate, strong, thick at the

base, much compressed anteriorly ; both mandibles equally
convex, hooked at the tips, and crossing each other when
at rest ; the tomia bending inwards : nostrils round, con-
cealed by bristly feathers directed forwards : wings with
the first and second quills equal, shorter than the third,
which is longest.

(STURNID^E.)

32. STURNUS Bill moderate, straight, subconic;

depressed, especially at the tip, which is rather blunt;

58 AVES.

upper mandible advancing on the forehead, the edges rather
dilated and extending beyond those of the lower : nostrils
basal, half closed by an arched membrane : tarsus longer
than the middle toe: wings long; first quill very short;
second longest; the rest gradually decreasing.

33. PASTOR. — Bill subconic, compressed, slightly
arched, the tip somewhat emarginated : nostrils basal, oval,
partly covered by a plumose membrane : feet robust ; tarsus
much longer than the middle toe : wings with the first quill
very short, almost abortive ; second and third longest.

(CORVID^E.)

34. FREGILUS Bill long, rather slender, arched

from the base, a little compressed, subulate and pointed
at the extremity : nostrils basal, oval, concealed by reflected
bristles : feet robust ; tarsus longer than the middle toe :
wings long ; the fourth and fifth quills longest : tail square.

35. CORVUS Bill strong, thick, convex above, com-
pressed at the sides, with the tomia sharp and cutting;
upper mandible slightly bending towards the tip ; lower
one nearly straight: nostrils basal, oval, generally con-
cealed by setaceous feathers directed forwards: wings
acuminated ; first quill much shorter than the second and
third ; fourth longest.

(1. CORVUS.) Tail moderate, rounded.
(2. PICA.) Tail long, cuneiform.

36. GARRULUS Bill rather short, strong, com-
pressed, clothed at the base with feathers directed for-
wards; both mandibles inclining equally towards the tip,
the upper one slightly emarginated : crown feathers long,
and capable of erection : wings rounded ; fifth and sixth
quills longest : tail moderate, square, or slightly rounded.

37. NUCIFRAGA. — Bill long, and straight; upper
mandible rounded, and longer than the lower one ; both of
them terminating in a slightly obtuse and depressed point :

AVES. 59

nostrils basal, round, covered by reflected feathers : wings
rather acuminated ; first quill shorter than the second and
third ; fourth longest : tail rounded.

III. SCANSORES.— Bill various: feet short;
adapted for climbing; toes four, two each
> or three in front and one behind.

* Bill straight, robust: feet zygodactyle.
(PICIDJE.)

38. PICUS -- Bill robust, long, straight, angular,
compressed, cuneated at the tip : tongue long and exten-
sile, lumbriciform, the tip barbed : nostrils concealed by
reflected bristly feathers : wings with the first quill very
short ; fourth and fifth longest : feet robust : tail feathers
stiff, and pointed at the extremity.

39. YUNX -- Bill short, straight, somewhat conical,
depressed, rounded above, the tip sharp and pointed :
tongue long and extensile, lumbriciform : nostrils naked,
partly closed by a membrane : wings moderate ; first quill
a little shorter than the second, which is longest: tail
feathers soft and flexible.

** Bill generally slender : feet anisodactyle.
(CERTHIID.E.)

40. CERTHIA -- Bill moderate, slender, arcuate,
compressed, angulated above, sharp-pointed : tongue short :
nostrils naked, partly covered by an arched membrane:
wings with the first quill very short ; fourth longest : hind
toe strong, and longer than the others: tail feathers stiff
and pointed at the extremity, deflected.

41. TROGLODYTES. — Bill slender, slightly com-
pressed, a little arcuate : nostrils basal, oval, partly covered
by an arched naked membrane : wings short, and rounded ;
first quill very short ; second shorter than the third ; fourth
and fifth equal and longest : tail short, rounded, carried erect,

60 AVES.

42. UPUPA Bill long and slender, arcuate, com-
pressed, convex above, sharp-pointed : nostrils oval, open :
crown furnished with a crest : wings rather long ; the first
quill very short ; fourth and fifth longest : claws short, and
not much hooked : tail square at the extremity.

43. SITTA Bill moderate, rather strong, straight,

compressed ; both mandibles equally inclining to the tip
which is somewhat cuneated : nostrils oval, open, covered
by setaceous feathers directed forwards : wings rather short ;
third and fourth quills longest : hind toe strong, and length-
ened : tail short, nearly even.

*** Bill more or less curved: feet zygodactyle.
(CUCULID.E.)

44. CUCULUS Bill as long as the head, rather

compressed, moderately curved, and a little hooked at the
tip : gape wide : nostrils round, surrounded by a naked and
prominent membrane : wings long, acuminated : first quill
short; third longest; tarsi short, feathered a little below
the knee : outer hind toe partly reversible : tail long, more
or less cuneated.

45. COCCYZUS. — Bill strong, arched, the culmen
convex, triangular at the base, compressed at the sides and
tip : nostrils basal, longitudinally cleft in a membrane :
orbits naked : wings short, and concave : tarsi very long :
tail long, and cuneated.

IV. FISSIROSTRES.— Bill broad at the base;
gape wide: wings long: feet short, and weak.

* Bill strong, more or less elongated.
(MEROPID.E.)

46. CORACIAS Bill moderate, robust, higher than

broad, compressed, straight ; upper mandible bending at
the tip : nostrils basal, linear, pierced diagonally, half
closed by a plumose membrane : toes three before and one

AVES. 61

behind, entirely divided : wings long, and acuminated ; first
quill shorter than the second, which is longest.

47. MEROPS Bill longer than the head, triangular

at the base, slightly curved, carinated above, sharp-pointed :
nostrils basal, oval, open : toes three before and one behind ;
the outer toe connected with the middle one as far as the
second joint, the middle with the inner one as far as the
first : wings long, and pointed ; first quill very short, the
second longest.

(HALCYONID.E.)

48. ALCEDO Bill very long, straight, quadran-
gular, thick and pointed : nostrils basal, pierced obliquely,
linear, almost closed by a naked membrane : toes three be-
fore and one behind ; the outer toe connected with the
middle one as far as the second joint, the middle with the
inner one as far as the first : wings moderate ; the second
and third quills equal and longest : tail short.

* * Bill short and weak : gape extremely large.
(HIRUNDINID^E.)

49. HIRUNDO Bill short, and much depressed;

upper mandible carinated, deflected at the tip; gape ex-
tending nearly to the eyes : toes three before and one be-
hind ; the outer toe connected with the middle one as far
as the first joint : wings very long ; first quill longest : tail
forked.

50. CYPSELUS. — Bill very short, triangular, de-
pressed at the base; the upper mandible deflected at the
tip ; gape extending to the posterior angle of the eye : toes
divided to their origin ; all directed forwards : wings ex-
tremely long ; first quill a little shorter than the second :
tail forked.

(CAPRIMULGID.E.)

51. CAPRIMULGUS Bill very short, rather curved,

broad and depressed at the base; the upper mandible de-

62 AVES.

fleeted at the tip, furnished at the basal edge with strong
vibrissae directed forwards; gape extending beyond the
eyes : anterior toes connected by a membrane as far as the
first joint ; hind toe reversible : wings long ; first quill
shorter than the second, which is longest: tail rounded, or
forked.

$ //. Feet not formed for grasping.

ORDER III. RASORES.

Bill short, or moderate, convex, often furnished with
a cere at the base ; upper mandible arched : wings
short : legs strong and muscular, adapted for walk-
ing : bind toe sometimes wanting ; when present,
generally articulated high on the tarsus: claws
robust, short, slightly curved, somewhat blunt.

I. COLUMBID^E. — Hind toe present, articulated
nearly on the same plane with the others : tarsi
without spurs : tail of twelve feathers.

52. COLUMBA — -Bill moderate, straight, compressed,
deflected at the tip; upper mandible covered at the base
with a soft tumid membrane, in which the nostrils are
situate : tarsi short, reticulated ; toes entirely divided.

(1. COLUMBA.) Wings with the first quill shorter than the second,
which is longest : tail even : side toes equal.

(2. ECTOPISTES.) Wings pointed ; two first quills equal, longer than
the third : tail long, and cuneated : side toes unequal ; the inner
one longest.

* II. PHASIANID^] — Hind toe present, elevated above
the others : tarsi generally armed with spurs : tail
of more than twelve feathers: head more or less
naked.

*53. MELEAGRIS.— Bill short and thick, furnished at the base
with an elongated, pendulous, fleshy appendage : head and neck naked ;

AVES. 63

throat with a pendulous carunculated wattle: tarsi of the male armed
with spurs : tail broad, expansile, consisting of from fourteen to eighteen
feathers.

*54. PA VO.— Bill naked at the base, thick, convex above, deflected
at the tip : cheeks partially naked : head ornamented with a crest : tarsi
of the male spurred : tail of eighteen feathers : upper tail-coverts longer
than the tail, broad and expansile, ocellated.

*55. GALLUS.— Bill smooth at the base, thick, slightly curved :
nostrils covered by an arched scale : generally an erect fleshy crest on
the head; throat 'with fleshy wattles on each side of the lower man-
dible: ears naked: tarsi with strong spurs: anterior toes united by a
membrane as far as the first joint: tail of fourteen feathers, compressed,
more or less arched, ascending.

*56. PHASIANUS.— Bill short and thick, naked at the base; upper
mandible very convex, with the tip deflected : nostrils basal, lateral,
covered by an arched membrane : cheeks naked, adorned with scarlet
papillae : ears covered : tarsi of the male spurred : anterior toes united
by a membrane as far as the first joint : wings short ; fourth and fifth
quills longest : tail very long, cuneated, of eighteen feathers.

*57. NUMIDA. — Bill thick, covered at the base with a warty mem-
brane, in which the nostrils are placed : head naked, the crown with a
callous horny protuberance ; beneath the cheeks pendulous carunculated
wattles : tarsi without spurs : anterior toes united by a membrane as far
as the first joint : tail short, bent down, of fourteen or sixteen feathers.

III. TETR AONID^E.— Hind toe short, and weak ;
sometimes altogether wanting : tarsi generally
armed with spurs: tail short.

58. TETRAO. — Bill short and strong, convex above,
bending towards the tip : nostrils partly closed by an
arched scale, concealed by the frontal feathers : eyebrows
naked, adorned with scarlet papillae : tarsi feathered ; with-
out spurs : wings with the first quill much shorter than
the second ; third and fourth longest : tail of sixteen or
eighteen feathers.

(1. TETRAO.) Anterior toes naked, with pectinated margins: hind
toe longer than the nail : tail broad, and slightly rounded, or
lyrate.

(2. LAGOPUS.) Anterior toes feathered, the margins not pecti-
nated: hind toe shorter than the nail: tail nearly even.

59. PERDIX Bill short, strong, naked at the base,

convex above, deflected towards the tip : nostrils basal, half
closed by an arched naked scale : tarsi naked : feet with

64 AVES.

four toes, naked : wings short, and concave ; the fourth and
fifth quills generally longest : tail short, of from twelve to
eighteen feathers.

(1. PERDIX.) Bill short, and strong: orbits naked: tarsus in the
male armed with a blunt tubercle : tail short, and bent down.

*(2. ORTYX.) Bill thick, strong, higher than broad : orbits feathered: tarsi
unarmed : wings with the first quill very short ; fifth longest : tail short
or moderate, of twelve feathers.

(3. COTURNIX.) Bill short, and slender: orbits feathered: tarsi
unarmed : wings with the first quill longest : tail very short,
almost concealed by the upper coverts.

IV. STRUTHIONID^.— Hind toe wanting : tarsi
without spurs: wings very short, often unfit for
flight.

60. OTIS Bill moderate, subconic, nearly straight,

compressed ; the upper mandible arched towards the tip :
nostrils oval, open, a little remote from the base : legs
long, naked above the knee; toes connected by a mem-
brane at the base : wings moderate ; third quill longest.
f

ORDER IV. GRALLATORES.

Bill various : legs moderate or elongated, slender, with
the lower part of the tibia generally naked, adapted
for wading : toes long, three or four in number,
more or less connected by a membrane at the base,
sometimes lobated.

I. CHARADRIID^E.— Bill short or moderate,
rarely elongated; robust or slender: legs mode-
rate, or elongated : toes three, all directed for-
wards ; rarely the rudiment of a fourth ; the
outer and middle toes generally united at the
base by a membrane.

61. CURSORIUS Bill shorter than the head, de-
pressed at the base, somewhat arched and bent down to-

AVES. 65

wards the tip, pointed : nostrils basal, oval, covered above
by a protuberant membrane: legs long and slender: toes
three, very short ; almost divided to their origin : claws
very small, the middle one serrated : wings moderate ;
second quill longest.

62. GEDICNEMUS. — Bill longer than the head,
straight, very robust, a little depressed at the base, com-
pressed laterally ; culm en elevated towards the tip ; lower
mandible angulated beneath : nostrils medial, longitudinally
cleft : tarsi long and slender : toes three, united by a mem-
brane at the base : wings moderate ; second quill longest.

63. CHARADRIUS. — Bill shorter than the head,
straight, slender, compressed, somewhat tumid and en-
larged towards the tip: nasal channel extending two-
thirds of its length, covered by a large membrane ; nos-
trils basal, linear, pierced in the membrane : tarsi moderate,
slender : toes three ; outer and middle ones connected by a
short membrane ; inner toe free : wings moderate ; first
quill longest.

64. VANELLUS. — Bill moderate, straight, compressed,
slender at the base, tumid towards the extremity ; upper
mandible slightly bending at the tip : nasal channel large,
covered by a membrane; nostrils linear, pierced in the
membrane : tarsi moderate, slender : toes four ; outer and
middle toes connected at the base; hind toe small, and
elevated : wings long and acuminated.

(1. SQUATAROLA.) Nasal channel extending half the length of the
bill : tarsi reticulated : hind toe rudimentary : first quill longest.

(2. VANELLUS.) Nasal channel two-thirds the length of the bill :
acrotarsia scutellated : hind toe moderately developed : fourth
and fifth quills longest.

65. STREPSILAS. — Bill moderate, strong, nearly
straight, forming a lengthened cone, with the culmen a
little depressed, and the apex subtruncated ; the commis-
sure slightly ascending : nasal channel half the length of
the bill : toes four ; the anterior ones almost entirely di-
vided ; hind toe moderately developed, touching the
ground : wings long ; first quill longest.

E

66 AVES.

66. CALIDRIS. — Bill moderate, straight, slender
and flexible throughout, compressed at the base, depressed
and dilated towards the tip : nasal groove extending nearly
the whole length ; nostrils lateral, linear : tarsi moderate,
slender : toes three, divided nearly to their origin : wings
moderate ; first quill longest.

67. ELEMATOPUS Bill long, robust, straight,

compressed, the tip cuneated : nostrils lateral, nearly basal,
oblong-linear, placed in a groove : tarsi moderate, robust :
toes three; the outer and middle ones connected as far
as the first joint ; all the toes bordered by a narrow mem-
brane : wings long ; first quill longest.

II. GRUIDjE. — Bill strong, moderate or elongated:
legs long : toes four in number ; the outer and
middle ones united at the base by a small mem-
brane; kind toe short, elevated on the tarsus.

68. GRUS. — Bill a little longer than the head, straight,
compressed, deeply channelled at the base of the upper
mandible on each side, the tip forming a lengthened cone :
nostrils medial, placed in the lateral groove, closed behind
by a membrane : head generally more or less naked : a
considerable part of the tibia naked : wings moderate ;
third quill longest.

III. ARDEID^,.— Bill strong, elongated: legs
long : feet with four toes ; anterior ones more
or less united at the base ; hind toe long, rest-
ing on the ground.

69. ARDEA Bill as long as, or a little longer

than the head, strong, straight or very slightly inclined,
thick at the base, gradually tapering towards the tip ;
upper mandible channelled for about two-thirds of its
length : nostrils nearly basal, placed in the groove, and
partly closed by a membrane : orbits and lore naked :

AVES. 67

lower part of the tibia more or less naked : middle claw
with the inner margin pectinated : wings ample ; second
and third quills longest.

(1. ARDEA.) Bill longer than the head, the upper mandible nearly
straight : occiput usually ornamented with a pendent crest : neck
slender, elongated.

(2. BOTAURUS.) Bill scarcely longer than the head, higher than
broad at the base, very much compressed; upper mandible
slightly curved : neck thick, rather short ; the feathers on the
fore part loose and elongated, capable of erection ; those behind
short and downy.

(3. NYCTICORAX.) Bill scarcely longer than the head, higher than
broad, much compressed ; upper mandible slightly curved : occi-
put with three very long subulate feathers : neck thickish, rather
short.

70. CICONIA. — Bill much longer than the head,
straight, robust, cylindrical, acute, forming a lengthened
cone ; upper mandible convex above ; under mandible in-
clining a little upwards at the tip : nostrils nearly basal,
open, longitudinally pierced in the horny substance of the
bill : orbits naked : tarsi very long : a considerable part
of the tibia naked : claws short, depressed, not pecti-
nated : wings moderate ; third, fourth, and fifth quills
longest.

71. PLATALEA. — Bill very long, robust, much
depressed, dilated and rounded at the extremity in the
form of a spatula : nostrils dorsal, oblong, open, bordered
by a membrane : head and face more or less naked : tibia?
semiplumed : tarsi long : the three anterior toes united as
far as the second joint by a deeply cut membrane : wings
moderate; second quill longest.

72. IBIS. — Bill very much elongated, slender, arcuate,
broad at the base, somewhat quadrangular, the tip depressed,
obtuse, and rounded ; upper mandible deeply channelled
throughout its whole length : nostrils nearly basal, placed
in the groove, oblong, narrow, surrounded by a membrane :
face and throat more or less naked : legs long, and slender ;
lower part of the tibia naked : wings moderate ; second and
third quills longest.

E2

68 AVES.

IV. SCOLOPACID^E. — Bill long and slender;
legs moderate, or elongated: toes four in num-
ber; anterior ones entirely divided, or united
by a small basal membrane ; hind toe weak
and elevated, very rarely altogether wanting.

73. NUMENIUS Bill much longer than the head,

slender, arcuate, rounded, the tip rather obtuse; upper
mandible projecting beyond the lower, channelled through-
out three-fourths of its length : nostrils basal, oblong-
linear, placed in the lateral groove: lore, and rest of the
face feathered : legs slender ; lower part of the tibia naked :
anterior toes connected as far as the first joint : wings mo-
derate ; first quill longest.

74. TOTANUS Bill long or moderate, slender, ge-
nerally straight, rarely inclining a little upwards, soft at
the base, solid and sharp-pointed at the extremity ; upper
mandible channelled through half its length or more, slightly
bending over the lower one at the tip : nostrils lateral, linear,
placed in the groove : legs long, slender, with the lower
part of the tibia naked: anterior toes, or the outer ones
only, connected by a small membrane.

75. RECURVIROSTRA Bill very long, slender,

weak, depressed, pointed, flexible at the tip, and consider-
ably recurved ; upper mandible channelled on each side :
nostrils long, linear, placed at the base of the groove :
legs long and slender ; lower half of the tibia naked :
anterior toes connected by a membrane as far as the second
joint; hind toe very small.

76. H1MANTOPUS Bill very long, slender, atte-
nuated, nearly straight, rounded, a little compressed at the
tip ; mandibles channelled laterally for half their length :
nostrils linear, elongated : legs very long and slender : nearly
the whole of the tibia naked : outer and middle toes con-
nected by a broad membrane ; hind toe wanting : wings
very long; first quill longest.

AVES. 69

77- LIMOSA Bill very long, slender, soft and

flexible throughout, slightly recurved, depressed, the tip
obtuse and somewhat dilated ; upper mandible channelled
for nearly its whole length : nostrils linear, pierced in the
membrane of the groove : legs long and slender ; lower
part of the tibia naked : outer and middle toes connected
by a membrane as far as the first joint : wings moderate ;
first quill longest.

78. SCOLOPAX. — Bill very long, straight, slender,
soft, the tip obtuse and dilated ; upper mandible a little
longer than the lower ; both mandibles channelled for nearly
two-thirds of their length : nostrils lateral, basal, linear,
covered by a membrane : legs moderate, slender ; naked
space on the tibia very small: wings with the first quill
longest ; second nearly equal to it.

(I. RUSTICOLA.) Tibia feathered to the joint : tarsi short: anterior
toes entirely divided : hind claw shorter than the toe.

(2. SCOLOPAX.) Lower part of the tibia naked : tarsi more elon-
gated : toes entirely divided, or united at the base by an
extremely short membrane : hind claw longer than the toe.

(3. MACRORAMPHUS.) Lower part of the tibia naked : tarsi rather
elongated : outer toe united to the middle one as far as the first
joint : hind claw longer than the toe.

79. TRINGA Bill as long as, or a little longer

than the head ; straight, or slightly curved, soft and
flexible throughout, compressed at the base, depressed and
dilated at the extremity ; upper mandible longer than the
lower, with the nasal channel extending nearly to the tip :
nostrils lateral, short, pierced in the membrane of the
groove : tarsi moderate, or elongated : wings with the first
quill longest.

(1. MACHETES.) Tarsi elongated : outer and middle toes united by
a membrane as far as the first joint : neck (in the male) with
an ornamental ruff during the breeding season.

(2. TRINGA.) Tarsi moderate : anterior toes divided to their origin :
hind toe very small,

80. LOBIPES. — Bill long, slender, weak, a little de-
pressed at the base, subulate at the tip ; upper mandible
slightly curved, and channelled throughout : tongue slender,

70 AVES.

and pointed : nostrils basal, oblong-linear, . prominent, sur-
rounded by a membrane : tarsi somewhat elongated, and
compressed : anterior toes rather long, bordered by narrow
lobated membranes : wings with the first quill longest.

81. PHALAROPUS. — Bill as long as the head,
straight, strong, broad and depressed at the base, a little
compressed at the extremity ; upper mandible inclining over
the lower, with the nasal channel extending the whole
length : tongue short, broad, and rounded at the tip : nos-
trils basal, oval, prominent, surrounded by a membrane :
tarsi short and strong, scarcely compressed : anterior toes
rather short, united as far as the first joint ; bordered
beyond with broad and deeply scalloped membranes : wings
with the first and second quills longest.

V. RALLID^E.. — Sill short or moderate, rarely
elongated; rather strong: body generally com-
pressed : legs moderate : toes Jour ; anterior
ones elongated, entirely divided, or united by
a membrane at the base, sometimes pinnated.

82. GLAREOLA. — Bill short, convex, compressed
towards the tip ; the upper mandible curved for half its
length : nostrils basal, lateral, obliquely cleft : a small part
of the tibia naked : tarsi moderate, slender : outer and
middle toes connected by a short membrane ; hind toe
small, and elevated : claws long, and pointed : wings very
long ; first quill considerably the longest.

83. RALLUS Bill longer than the head, rather

slender, very slightly arched, compressed at the base, some-
what cylindrical at the tip ; upper mandible channelled for
two-thirds of its length : nostrils submedial, oblong-linear,
placed in the groove, partly covered by a membrane lower :
part of the tibia naked : toes long, and slender ; anterior
ones entirely divided : wings short, rounded ; first quill
shorter than the two next, which are longest : bastard
winglet with a short spur.

AVES. 71

84. CREX Bill shorter than the head, somewhat

thick, straight, convex above, higher than broad at the
base, attenuated and compressed at the tip ; upper man-
dible a little deflected ; gonys of the lower mandible ascend-
ing to meet it : nostrils lateral, medial, longitudinally cleft,
half closed by the membrane of the nasal channel : anterior
toes long, entirely divided : wings short ; first quill shorter
than the second and third, which are longest.

85. GALLINULA. — Bill shorter than the head,
straight, robust, convex above, much compressed ; upper
mandible expanding at the base on the forehead, forming a
naked disk : nostrils lateral, medial, oblong-linear : anterior
toes very long, divided to their origin, bordered by a nar-
row, entire membrane : wings with the second and third
quills longest.

86. FULICA Bill shorter than the head, straight,

robust, somewhat convex above, compressed, thick at the
base : a naked disk on the forehead : nostrils lateral, medial,
longitudinally cleft : anterior toes very long, united at the
base, bordered by a scalloped membrane : wings moderate ;
second and third quills longest.

ORDER V. NATATORES.

Bill various: legs short, often placed far behind,
adapted for swimming: lower part of the tibia
more or less naked: tarsi compressed: toes gene-
rally four ; the three anterior ones palmated, semi-
palmated. or fissopalmated ; or all four united :
hind toe sometimes wanting.

I. ANATIDJL — Bill stout, straight, covered with
a thin membranous skin; the tomia armed with
lamella, or with small denticulations ; more or

72 AVES.

less depressed ; the tip rounded and obtuse, fur-
nished with a nail: wings moderate: legs placed
in or near the equilibrium : feet four-toed., pal-
mated ; hind toe free, placed high on the tarsus.

* (ANSERINE.)

87- ANSER Bill as long as, or shorter than the

head, higher than broad at the base, subconic; the upper
mandible deflected at the tip ; the lower one flat and
straight, narrower : nostrils a little behind the middle : neck
of moderate length ; wings tuberculated, or spurred : legs
in the equilibrium : tarsi slightly elongated.

(1. ANSER.) Bill as long as the head; the tips of the lamellae
exserted, appearing like sharp teeth.

(2. BERNICLA.) Bill shorter than the head, somewhat slender; the
edges of the mandihles concealing the tips of the lamellae.

(3. PLECTROPTERUS.) Bill moderate; furnished with a fleshy
tubercle at its base: wings armed with spurs.

88. CYGNUS Bill moderate, of nearly equal breadth

throughout, furnished at its base with a knob or fleshy
tumour, convex above; the upper mandible deflected at
the tip ; the lower one flat : nostrils medial : neck very
long : legs a little beyond the equilibrium : tarsi short.

** (ANATINvE.) — Hind toe simple: tarsi somewhat

round.

89. TADORNA Bill shorter than the head, with an

elevated tubercle at the base, depressed or concave in the
middle, of nearly equal breadth throughout ; the upper
mandible laterally grooved near the tip, which is slightly
recurved : face and lore feathered : nostrils large, oval,
a little before the base: tail even.

* 90. CAIRINA.— Bill furnished with an elevated tubercle at the
base ; the edges of the mandibles sinuated : face and lore covered with a
naked warty skin : nostrils round, basal : wings tuberculated.

91. ANAS Bill as long as, or rather longer than the

head, simple at the base, broad and depressed generally
throughout its whole length, sometimes widening ante-

AVES. 73

riorly : nostrils small, oval, a little before the base : tail
more or less acute, sometimes elongated.

(1. ANAS.) Bill longer than the head, semicylindric at its origin,
depressed and very much dilated towards the tip; toraia fur-
nished with long pectinated lamellae, projecting far heyond the
margin : tail a little longer than the wings, of fourteen feathers,
moderately acute.

(2. CHAULIODUS.) Bill the length of the head, of nearly equal
breadth throughout ; pectinated lamellae distinct, appearing be-
low the edge of the upper mandible : tail slightly lengthened ;
the two middle feathers pointed, and rather longer than the
others.

(3. DAFILA.) Bill full as long as the head; the upper mandible of
equal breadth throughout; lamellae not projecting beyond the
margin : tail of sixteen feathers, elongated, acute.

(4. BOSCHAS.) Bill as long as the head, of nearly equal breadth
throughout; the denticulations of the upper mandible scarcely
projecting beyond the margin : tail of sixteen feathers, mode-
rate, rather acute.

92. MARECA. — Bill shorter than the head, higher
than broad at the base, depressed and narrowing towards
the tip ; lamella? slightly projecting : nostrils small, oval,
a little before the base : tail of fourteen feathers, short,
acute.

* 93. DENDRONESSA.— Bill shorter than the head, as broad as
high at the base, towards the tip narrow and contracted : nostrils large,
pervious, submedial : head with an occipital crest : tertials ornamented :
tail of sixteen feathers, rounded.

*** (FULIGULIN^E.) — Hind toe with a lobated mem-
brane: tarsi compressed.

94. SOMATERIA Bill swollen and elevated at the

base, nearly straight, extending on the forehead, where it
is divided by an angular projection of feathers, narrow and
obtuse anteriorly, the nail strong and hooked ; tomia set
with coarse distant lamellae : nostrils small, oval, medial :
tail of fourteen feathers.

95. OIDEMIA Bill short, broad, with an elevated

tumour at the base, towards the tip much depressed and
flattened ; the nail obtuse and rounded, slightly deflected ;
lamellae coarse, widely set, scarcely projecting : nostrils
oval, submedial, elevated : tail short, graduated, acute.

74 AVES.

96. FULIGULA. — Bill as long as the head, simple
at the base or very slightly elevated, broad and very much
depressed anteriorly, a little dilated towards the tip ; upper
lamella? not projecting beyond the edges of the mandible :
nostrils rather small, oblong-oval, a little before the base :
wings and tail short, the latter generally of fourteen acute
feathers.

97. CLANGULA. — Bill shorter than the head, ele-
vated at the base, much more contracted than in the last
genus, and becoming continually narrower towards the tip ;
lamellae not projecting : nostrils roundish-oval, medial :
tail of moderate length, graduated, the feathers semi-acute.

98. HARELDA Bill much shorter than the head,

rather high at the base, slender, suddenly contracting to-
wards the tip ; nail strong and arched ; upper lamellae pro-
jecting considerably below the edge of the mandible : nos-
trils large, oblong-linear, a little before the base : forehead
high : tail of fourteen feathers ; the central pair acute, and
very much elongated.

**** (MERGANIN^E.)

99. MERGUS Bill short or moderate, straight, slen-
der, narrow, approaching to cylindrical; upper mandible
high at the base, tapering towards the tip, which is armed
with a strong hooked nail ; tomia of both mandibles set with
acute teeth directed backwards : nostrils oblong-oval, per-
vious, medial : legs short, placed far behind : tarsi com-
pressed : hind toe lobated : tail of twelve feathers, rounded.

II. COLYMBID^E.— Bill slightly compressed,
smooth, not covered by a membranous skin; the
tomia simple, or only slightly denticulated : wings
short : legs placed at the extremity of the body :
tarsi very much compressed: feet four-toed, pal-
mated, or fissopalmated : hind toe free.

100. PODICEPS. — Bill moderate, straight, robust,
forming a lengthened cone, sharp-pointed; upper mandible

AVES. 75

slightly inclining at the tip ; lower mandible with the gonys
ascending : feet short ; anterior toes fissopalmated ; hind
toe lobated : claws broad, and much depressed : wings with
the three first quills nearly equal, and longest : tail wanting.

101. COLYMBUS Bill rather longer than the head,

straight, robust, nearly cylindrical, sharp-pointed ; the
tomia of both mandibles inflected ; gonys ascending : feet
short ; anterior toes long, entirely palmated ; hind toe short,
and lobated : claws depressed : wings with the first or
second quill longest : tail very short, rounded.

III. ALCID^E. — Bill very much compressed, often
transversely grooved at the sides : wings short,
sometimes wholly unfit for flight : legs placed
at the extremity of the body : feet three-toed,
entirely palmated.

102. URIA. — Bill moderate, strong, straight, convex
above, much compressed at the sides, sharp-pointed ; upper
mandible slightly deflected at the tip ; gonys of the lower
mandible ascending ; tomia curving inwards from the base
to the middle : nostrils basal, lateral, pervious, elliptic-
linear, half concealed by a plumose membrane : tarsi very
much compressed : wings very short ; first quill longest :
tail short, of twelve feathers.

103. MERGULUS Bill shorter than the head,

rather thick, convex, conical, slightly curved, covered at
the base with downy feathers ; both mandibles notched at
the tip : nostrils basal, lateral, round, partly concealed by
a plumose membrane : wings not reaching to the tail ; first
and second quills equal, and longest : tail short, of twelve
feathers.

104. FRATERCULA Bill shorter than the head,

thick at the base, very much compressed anteriorly, higher
than long, the culmen more elevated than the crown of the
head ; both mandibles arched, transversely furrowed, and
notched at the tip : nostrils basal, marginal, oblong-linear,

76 AVES.

almost entirely closed by a large naked membrane: wings
short, narrow, and acuminated ; first and second quills equal,
and longest : tail short, of sixteen feathers.

105. ALCA Bill a little shorter than the head, rather

longer than high, much compressed, cultrated ; both man-
dibles laterally sulcated ; upper one hooked at the extre-
mity ; lower one with the gonys ascending, the mental
angle prominent and rounded : nostrils marginal, nearly
concealed by the advancing fronfal feathers: wings short,
and narrow : tail short, of twelve to sixteen feathers.

IV. PELECANID^E.— Bill strong, sometimes com-
pressed; the tomia denticulated : wings long, and
powerful: legs very short, in or near the equi-
librium : feet with four toes, all united by one
continuous membrane.

106. PHALACROCORAX.— Bill a little longer than
the head, straight, compressed, culmen rounded ; upper
mandible with a longitudinal furrow on each side, the
dertrum distinct and strongly hooked ; lower one with the
tip truncated : nostrils concealed : face and throat naked :
tibia? feathered : middle claw with the inner margin denticu-
lated : wings moderate ; first quill shorter than the second,
which is longest : tail rounded.

107. SULA. — Bill a little longer than the head, robust,
straight, large at the base, compressed and attenuated to-
wards the tip ; culmen rounded ; upper mandible laterally
sulcated, the tip slightly hooked: gape extending beyond
the eyes : face naked : nostrils concealed : tibiae naked at
bottom : middle claw with the inner margin denticulated :
wings long, and acuminated ; first quill longest, or equal to
the second : tail graduated.

V. LARID^. — Bill without denticulations : wings
very long : legs in or near the equilibrium :

AVES. 77

three anterior toes united ; hind toe free, some-
times represented by a simple nail, or altogether
wanting1.

108. STERNA. — Bill as long as, or a little longer
than the head, nearly straight, rather compressed, slender,
attenuated towards the tip, sharp-pointed ; mandibles of
equal length, the upper one slightly bending at the tip,
lower one with the mental angle a little projecting : nostrils
longitudinal, oblong-linear, pervious : feet weak, small, four-
toed ; membranes deeply notched : wings long, acuminated ;
first quill longest : tail generally forked.

(1. STERNA.) Wings very long: tail deeply forked.
(2. ANGUS.) Wings moderate : tail even.

109. LARUS Bill moderate, strong, cultrated, much

compressed ; the .culmen continuous, bending downwards at
the tip ; gonys obliquely ascending, straight ; mental angle
strongly projecting ; tomia sharp : nostrils longitudinal,
medial, oblong-linear, pervious : legs moderate : anterior
toes with the membranes entire; hind toe small, high on
the tarsus, rarely wanting : wings long ; first or second
quill longest : tail generally even.

(1. XEMA.) Tail slightly forked.
(2. LARUS.) Tail even.

110. LESTRIS Bill moderate, strong, thick, rounded

above, compressed towards the tip ; culmen and dertrum
distinct, the latter convex and strongly hooked ; gonys
straight, obliquely ascending ; mental angle projecting :
nostrils immediately behind the dertrum, diagonal, nar-
row, closed behind, pervious : hind toe very small, nearly
on a level with the others : wings with the first quill long-
est : two middle tail feathers elongated.

111. PROCELL ARIA. —Bill more or less elongated,
straight, subcylindrical, depressed and dilated at the base;
culmen and dertrum distinct; the latter convex, much com-
pressed, and strongly hooked ; lower mandible with a longi-

78 AVES.

tudinal furrow on each side : gonys concave, more or less
ascending: nostrils at the extremity of an open truncated
tube extending along the culmen : a simple claw in the
place of a hind toe: wings long; first or second quill
longest.

(1. PROCELLARIA.) Bill moderate, robust ; lower mandible straight,
somewhat truncated at the tip ; mental angle projecting : nostrils
opening by a single orifice, the tube extending half the length
of the bill : tail slightly rounded.

(2. PUFFINUS.) Bill longer than the head, slender; lower mandible
pointed, deflected at the tip, following the curvature of the
upper ; mental angle obsolete : nostrils in a double tube ex-
tending one-fourth of the length of the bill : tarsi moderate :
tail rounded.

(3. THALASSIDROMA.) Bill shorter than the head, slender; lower
mandible pointed, deflected at the tip, following the curvature
of the upper : mental angle obsolete : nostrils opening by a
single orifice, the tube extending half the length of the bill :
tarsi slender, elevated: tail square, or slightly forked.

NEOPHRON.] . AVES. 79

ORDER I. RAPTORES.

GEN. 1. NEOPHRON, Sav.

1. N. Percnopterus, Sav. (Egyptian Neophron.) —
Plumage above and below white ; quills alone black :
occipital feathers long, and filiform: tail cuneated.

N. Percnopterus, Jard. and Selb. Orn. pi. 33. Cathartes Perc-
nopterus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 8. Egyptian Neophron,
Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 4. pi. A.

DIMENS. Entire length two feet seven inches : length of the bill
(from the forehead) two inches six lines ; of the tarsus three inches ;
of the middle toe, claw included, three inches : breadth, wings extended,
five feet nine inches. SELBY.

DESCRIPT. (Immature plumage.) " Bill brownish black, or horn-
coloured : cere somewhat bulging at the base, and occupying half the
length of the bill, wine yellow: nostrils in the middle of the cere,
large and open : crown of the head, cheeks, and throat, covered with
a naked skin, of a livid flesh-coloured red, with a few straggling bristly
feathers between the bill and the eyes, and upon the margins of the
mandibles : ears round, open, and large : occiput and nape covered with
a close, thick-set white down, with small black feathers intermixed:
neck clothed with long, arched, and acuminated feathers, forming a
kind of ruff of a deep umber brown, tipped with cream yellow : back
and scapulars cream white, the latter intermixed and varied with umber
brown: lesser wing-coverts nearest the body deep umber brown, mar-
gined with a paler shade ; these are succeeded by two rows of cream-
coloured sharp-pointed feathers : greater coverts umber brown, varied
with cream white: secondaries pale umber brown, their tips and mar-
gins yellowish white : quills black : tail cuneiform, umber brown at the
base, the tip yellowish white : under parts mixed with umber brown : legs
strong and fleshy, of a pale yellowish gray : tarsi covered with a rough
reticulated skin : middle toe with four entire scales upon the last pha-
lanx; the exterior and interior each with three; hinder toe short and
strong : claws blackish brown, strong, but not greatly arched." SELBY.
In the adult state, the entire plumage is white ; the greater quills alone
excepted, which are black.

Common in Egypt, and in some parts of the Continent, but not known
as a visitant in this country till 1825, in the Autumn of which year, two
specimens were observed on the shores of the Bristol Channel near Kilve
in Somersetshire, and one killed. From this individual, which proved to
be in immature plumage, the above description was taken by Mr Selby.
This species is said to feed principally upon carrion, but occasionally
on lizards and other reptiles; more rarely attacks living birds and the
smaller quadrupeds. Builds in the crevices and hollows of rocks.

80 AVES RAPTORES. [AQUILA.

GEN. 2. AQUILA, Briss.
(1. AQUILA, Cuv.)

2. A. Chrysaetos, Vigors. (Golden Eagle.) — Tail
longer than the wings ; rounded at the extremity : the
last phalanges of all the toes with only three scales.

Falco fulvus, Temm. Man. d"0rn. torn. i. p. 38. Golden Eagle,
Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 12. pis. 1, 1*,
and 2. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 5.

DIMENS. Entire length three feet and a half: breadth eight feet.
MONT.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Top of the head, and nape of the neck, bright
rust-colour; the feathers long and acuminated: rest of the plumage
dull brown, approaching to dusky : inside of the thighs, and feathers on
the tarsi, light brown : tail deep gray, barred and tipped with blackish
brown : bill bluish at the base, black at the extremity : irides brown : cere
and feet yellow. (Young.) Plumage throughout of a uniform reddish
brown: vent and under tail-coverts whitish: inside of the thighs, and
feathers on the tarsi, white : tail white for two-thirds of its length from
the base ; the remainder dark brown. Perfect plumage not attained till
the fourth year. (Egg.) Dirty white, mottled all over with pale reddish
brown: longitudinal diameter three inches; transverse diameter two
inches five lines.

Found principally in the mountainous parts of Scotland and Ireland :
rare in England, but has been killed as far south as in Sussex. Preys
on lambs, fawns, &c. as well as on the larger birds. Builds on rocks and
tall trees, and lays two, rarely three, eggs. Obs. The Ring-tail Eagle
(F. fulvus, Linn.) is the young of this species.

(2. HALI^EETUS, Sav.)

3. A. Albicilla, Briss. (Cinereous Eagle.) — Plumage
brown ; with spots of a darker tint in the immature state :
tail not extending beyond the wings : all the phalanges of
the toes scaled.

Falco Albicilla, Temm. Man. d*0rn. tom.i. p. 49. Cinereous Eagle,
Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 18. pis. 3,
and 3*. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 9.

DIMENS. Entire length two feet four to ten inches.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Head, and upper part of the neck, brownish ash :
rest of the plumage on the body, including the wings, brown clouded with
cinereous : tail white : bill whitish : cere and feet pale yellow. (Young.)
Head and neck deep brown, with the tips of the feathers somewhat paler:
upper parts in general reddish brown, each feather being pale at the
root and dark along the shaft: quills dusky: under parts brown, with
deeper coloured spots, and here and there a few white feathers: tail
whitish at the base, irregularly spotted with brown on the outer webs,
the tip also being of this colour: bill bluish black, paler at the base.
(Egg.) Dirty white, with a few pale red marks: long. diam. three inches ;
trans, diam. two inches four lines.

FALCO.] AVES RAPTORES. 81

More generally diffused than the last species. Most plentiful in Scot-
land, Ireland, and in the Orkney and Shetland Isles, but is occasionally
met with, particularly in the immature state, in various parts of Eng-
land. Feeds principally on fish, but attacks also birds and quadrupeds.
Breeds generally on the most inaccessible cliffs, and lays two eggs.
Obs. The Sea Eagle (F. Ossifragus, Linn.) is the young of this species.

(3. PANDION, Sav.)

4. A. Haliceetus, Meyer. (Osprey.) — Wings longer
than the tail.

Falco Haliaetus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 47. Osprey, Mont.
Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 24. pi. 4. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 13.

DIMENS. Entire length one foot eleven inches: breadth five feet
four inches. FLEM.

DE SCRIPT. (Adult.) Crown of the head and nape of the neck deep
brown, the feathers, which are long and narrow, edged with white: a
streak of blackish brown on each side of the neck, proceeding from the
posterior angle of the eye, and reaching almost to the shoulders : upper
parts in general deep umber-brown : under parts white, with some faint
indications of a darker patch on the breast: tail-feathers transversely
barred with white on their inner webs, the two middle ones excepted,
which are wholly brown: bill blackish: irides yellow: cere and feet
grayish blue. (Young.) Chiefly characterized by having the under
parts more or less mottled; a large patch especially of tawny yellow
on the breast, spotted with brown: feathers on the upper parts edged
with reddish yellow. (Egg.) Reddish white ; the larger end blotched
with dark red brown, the smaller end spotted with the same colour:
long. diam. two inches four lines; trans, diam. one inch ten lines.

Not a common species. Met with in Scotland, and in the West of
England. Has occurred also in Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Norfolk, and
Suffolk. Resides chiefly in the neighbourhood of large pieces of water,
preying on fish. Builds on trees and rocks, and lays from three to four

3. FALCO, Linn, .

5. F. Islandicus, Lath. (Jer-Falcon.) — Plumage white,
with dusky lines and spots.

F. Islandicus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 17. Jer-Falcon, Mont.
Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 36. pi. 14. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 15.

DIMENS. Entire length (male) one foot ten inches, (female) two
feet. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. (Old male.) Ground of the plumage white : upper parts
marked with narrow streaks of brown ; under parts with spots of the
same colour, which become larger and more numerous on the sides : bill
yellowish : cere and orbits livid yellow : irides brown : feet bright yellow.
(Old female, and immature male.) Spots on the under parts more nu-
merous ; confluent on the sides, forming transverse bars : the markings
above more extended, and occupying a larger portion of the entire
plumage. (Young of the year.) Upper parts of a uniform brownish

F

82 AVES RAPTORES. [FALCO.

ash, the white appearing only in small spots at the tips of the fea-
thers : under parts with large brown spots disposed longitudinally upon
a white ground : cere and orbits bluish : feet lead-colour, with a tinge of
yellow. (Egg). " Spotted, of the size of a Ptarmigan's." FLEM.

Occurs in the northern parts of Scotland, particularly in the Orkney
and Shetland Isles ; but is of very rare occurrence in England. Sheppard
mentions one that was shot on Bungay Common in Suffolk. Preys on
birds and the smaller quadrupeds. Obs. The Spotted Falcon of Pennant
is the young of this species.

6. F. peregrinus, Gmel. (Peregrine Falcon.) — Above
bluish ash, with darker fasciae; beneath yellowish white,
with brown transverse bars ; a broad black moustache :
wings reaching to the extremity of the tail.

F. peregrinus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 22. Peregrine Falcon,
Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 39. pis. 15 and
15*. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. x. p. 17.

DIMENS. Entire length (male) fifteen inches, (female) seventeen
inches ; from the carpus to the end of the wing fourteen inches ; tarsus
two inches.

DBS CRT PT. (Adult male.) Head, upper part of the neck, and a broad
moustache descending from the corners of the mouth, blackish blue : rest
of the upper parts bluish ash, with shades of a darker tint : throat and
breast white, with a few fine longitudinal streaks ; belly, vent, and thighs,
grayish white, with brown transverse bars : quills dusky, the inner webs
with a series of reddish white spots : tail alternately barred with black
and gray : bill bluish at the base, black at the tip : cere, space surround-
ing the eyes, irides, and feet, yellow. (Adult female.) Colour of the
upper plumage more dull: under parts with a faint reddish tinge.
(Young.) Upper parts ash-brown, the feathers with pale reddish edges;
region of the eyes, and moustaches, dusky, the latter ill-defined : throat
white; rest of the under parts whitish, with large brown longitudinal
spots of an oblong heart-shaped form : tail with irregular reddish bars ;
the tip white : irides brown. (Egg.) Mottled all over with two shades
of red brown: long. diam. two inches one line; trans, diam. one inch
eight lines.

Not very abundant in England : more plentiful in the northern parts
of Scotland. Preys on birds. Builds on rocks, or in trees, and lays from
three to four eggs. Obs. The Lanner of Pennant is the young of this
species : the Falco Lanarius of Temminck is a distinct species, which
has not hitherto been found in this country.

7- F. Subbuteo, Linn. (Hobby.) — Above bluish black ;
beneath reddish yellow, with longitudinal streaks of brown :
a broad black moustache: wings reaching beyond the ex-
tremity of the tail.

F. Subbuteo, Temm. Man. cTOra. torn. i. p. 25. Hobby, Mont. Orn.
Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 43. pi. 16. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 42.

DIMENS. Entire length twelve to fourteen inches : breadth two feet
to two feet three inches.

FALCO.] AVES RAPTORES. 83

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Upper parts bluish black: under parts
whitish, passing into reddish yellow, with longitudinal brown streaks :
throat white : a black patch or moustache proceeding from the corners
of the mouth down each side of the neck : rump, thighs, and under tail-
coverts, rust-red : quills, and outer tail-feathers, barred with reddish brown
on their inner webs : bill bluish black : irides reddish brown : cere, eye-
lids, and feet, yellow. (Female.) Colours generally more obscure ; upper
parts approaching to dusky brown; the red on the rump and thighs not so
bright; the spots underneath deeper. (Young.) Plumage above dusky,
all the feathers edged with reddish yellow; this last colour most pre-
valent on the head : some white spots on the occiput : under parts yel-
lowish white, passing into reddish yellow, with long streaks of brown :
tip of the tail reddish : cere and feet greenish yellow. (Egg.) Yellowish
white, speckled all over with reddish brown : long. diam. one inch eight
lines ; trans, diam. one inch four lines.

A summer visitant ; arriving in April, and departing in October. Preys
on larks, and other small birds. Builds in tall trees, and lays from three
to four eggs.

8. F. JEsalon, Gmel. (Merlin.) — Above bluish ash,
beneath reddish yellow, with longitudinal dark spots : no
moustache : wings reaching to two-thirds the length of the
tail.

F. ^Esalon, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 27. Merlin, Mont. Orn.
Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. pp. 46 and 48. Selb. Illust. vol. i.
p. 51. pis. 18 and 18*.

DIMENS. Entire length eleven to twelve inches : breadth two feet.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Upper parts, including the tail, bluish ash,
with the shafts of the feathers black : throat white : under parts reddish
yellow, with dark brown, oblong-oval spots : quills with the inner webs
barred with white : a broad black bar near the extremity of the tail ;
the tip itself white : bill bluish : irides brown : cere, orbits, and feet,
yellow. (Female.) Crown of the head dusky brown, streaked with black ;
nape white, with reddish brown spots: back and scapulars grayish brown,
with reddish brown spots and black shafts : under parts yellowish white,
with spots larger and more numerous than in the male bird : tail brown,
with six or seven yellowish white bars. (Young.) Upper plumage brown,
the feathers edged with red : tail dusky, with several narrow bars of red-
dish brown ; the tip of this last colour : quills brownish black, spotted or
barred with reddish brown : under parts as in the female. (Egg.) Mot-
tled all over with two shades of dark red brown : long. diam. one inch
seven lines; trans, diam. one inch three lines.

Supposed to be migratory in the South of England, which it visits
during the winter months. Breeds in the counties of Northumberland,
Cumberland, and Westmoreland, making its nest on the ground. Preys
on small birds. Obs. This is a very variable species. The male in adult
plumage is the Stone-Falcon of Latham, and other authors.

9. F. rufipes, Bechst. (Red-legged Falcon ) — General
plumage dark bluish gray, without spots : cere and feet

F2

84? AVES RAPTORES. [FALCO,

red : claws yellow : wings reaching to the extremity of
the tail.

F. rufipes, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 33. Orange-legged
Hobby, Lath. Syn. Supp. n. p. 46. Selb. Tllust. vol. i. p. 45.
pi. B. Red-footed Falcon, Gould, Europ. Birds.

DIMENS. Entire length ten inches six lines. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Head, neck, breast, belly, and all the upper
parts, dark lead-gray, without spots ; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts,
deep ferruginous : cere, orbits, and feet, bright red : claws yellow, the
tips brown. (Female.) Head and neck of a uniform reddish colour,
without streaks ; rest of the upper parts dusky blue ; all the feathers,
except the quills, edged with bluish black; under parts deep reddish,
streaked with dusky brown : thighs red : tail bluish gray, with six or
seven dusky bars, the tip also of this colour : cere, orbits, and feet, orange-
red. (Young.) Top of the head brown, with dusky streaks; throat
and ear-coverts white; eyes encircled with black; also a small black
moustache extending from beneath the eye downwards : upper parts
brown, the feathers with reddish brown edges; under parts yellowish
white, with longitudinal brown streaks on the breast and abdomen :
thighs without spots : tail with numerous alternate bars of brown and
reddish white; the tip white. (Egg.) Unknown.

Three specimens of this species, unknown before as a native of this
country, occurred at Horning in Norfolk, in May 1830. They consisted
of an adult male, a female, and a young male in immature plumage. A
fourth specimen was killed afterwards in Holkham Park, in the same
county ; and a fifth in Yorkshire. Said to feed on insects. Nidification
unknown.

10. F. Tinnunculus, Linn. {Kestril.) — Upper plumage
reddish brown, spotted with black : cere and feet yellow :
claws black : wings reaching to three-fourths the length
of the tail.

F. Tinnunculus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 29. Kestril, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. I. pp. 39 and 41. Selb. Illust.
vol. i. p. 47. pis. 17 and 17*.

DIMENS. Entire length fifteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) nine lines and a half, (from the gape) ten lines and a half; of
the tarsus one inch eight lines ; of the tail seven inches seven lines ; from
the carpus to the end of the wing nine inches ten lines: breadth, wings
extended, two feet six inches.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Crown of the head and nape bluish gray : upper
parts reddish brown, with scattered black spots of an angular form :
breast, belly, and thighs, white, inclining to reddish, with oblong brown
spots : rump bluish gray : tail cinereous, with one broad black bar near
the extremity ; the tip white : bill bluish : cere, orbits, irides, and feet,
yellow. (Female.) All the upper parts reddish orange, with transverse
bars of dusky brown : tail reddish, with numerous black bars ; one broad
bar near the extremity, which last is reddish white. (Young.) Upper
part of the head, and nape, reddish brown with dark streaks ; rest of the
plumage above with numerous arrow-shaped spots: a blackish streak
under each eye, arising from the corners of the mouth, and extending
to the neck : tail reddish, with transverse dusky bars in both sexes, as in

ACCIPITER.] AVES RAPTORES. 85

the adult female : irides brown : cere greenish yellow. (Egg.} Mottled
all over with dark red brown : in some specimens blotches of red brown
upon a pale reddish white ground : long. diam. one inch seven lines ;
trans, diam. one inch three lines.

A common species ; preying principally on mice and insects. Builds
in tall trees, and lays from three to five eggs. Hatches towards the end
of April or beginning of May.

\

^ GEN. 4. ACCIPITER, Willugh. w**
(1. ASTUR, Vig.)

11. A. palumbarius, Will. (Goshawk.) — A broad white
streak over the eye.

Falco palumbarius, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 55. Goshawk,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 29. pis. 12 and 12*. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 28.

DIMENS. Entire length (female) two feet, (male) one-third less.
TEMM.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Upper parts deep bluish ash-colour : a
broad white streak over the eyes: under parts white, with transverse
bars and fine longitudinal streaks of dark brown : tail cinereous, with
four or five bars of blackish brown ; the tip white : bill bluish gray :
cere greenish yellow: irides and feet bright yellow. (Adult female.)
Upper parts with a brownish tinge : spots on the throat more numerous.
(Young.) Top of the head and upper part of the neck reddish brown,
the feathers edged with white : under parts reddish white, with long
lanceolate streaks of deep brown : tail brown, with four broad bars of
a darker colour ; the tip white : irides gray : cere and feet livid yel-
low. (Egg.) " Skim-milk white, marked with streaks and spots of
reddish brown/' SELBY.

Nearly confined to the mountainous parts of Scotland, where it breeds,
and is said to be a great destroyer of game. Very rare in England.
Obs. The Gentil Falcon (Falco gentilis, Gmel.) is the young of this
species.

(2. ACCIPITER, Vig.)

12. A. fringillarius, Will. (Sparrow -Hawk.) — A white
spot on the nape.

Falco Nisus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 56. Sparrow-Hawk,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 32. pis. 13 and 13*. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 44.

DIMENS. Entire length (male) twelve inches, (female) fifteen inches :
length of the bill (from the forehead) eight lines, (from the gape) ten
lines and a half; of the tarsus two inches five lines ; of the middle toe,
claw included, one inch ten lines ; of the tail seven inches six lines ; from
the carpus to the end of the wing nine inches three lines : breadth, wings
extended, (male) two feet, (female) two feet four inches.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Upper parts bluish ash-colour: above the
eye an indistinct pale line, conducting to a white spot on the nape : under
parts white, with transverse waves of deep brown ; on the throat a few
longitudinal streaks : tail grayish ash, with broad brownish black bars :
bill bluish gray, the tip black : cere greenish yellow : feet and irides
bright gamboge-yellow. (Female.) All the upper parts blackish brown,

86 AVES RAPTORES. [MiLVus.

passing into blackish gray : throat whitish, with fine longitudinal dusky
streaks ; rest of the under parts reddish white, undulated with transverse
bars of dusky brown. (Young.) Upper parts brown, the feathers with
pale reddish edges : some whitish spots on the shoulders : under parts
yellowish white, with transverse reddish bars ; or whitish, with brown
bars: irides grayish: feet livid yellow. (Egg.) Pale bluish white,
blotched and spotted with dark red brown : long. diam. one inch seven
lines; trans, diam. one inch four lines.

Common throughout the country. Preys upon the smaller quadrupeds
and birds, and is very destructive to partridges. Builds in trees, forming
a shallow nest of slender twigs. Lays from three to six eggs. This
species is remarkable for the great difference of size between the male
and female.

GEN. 5. MILVUS, Bechst.

(1. MILVUS, Vig.)
13. M. Ictinus, Sav. (Kite.) — Reddish brown above ;
beneath ferruginous, with dark longitudinal streaks.

Falco Milvus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 59. Kite, Mont. Orn.
Diet, and Supp. Selb. lllust. vol. i. p. 74. pi. 5. Bew. Brit. Birds?
vol. i. p. 32.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-five inches : length of the bill (from
the forehead) one inch eight lines, (from the gape) one inch eleven lines ;
of the tarsus two inches two lines ; of the tail twelve inches eight lines ;
from the carpus to the end of the wing twenty inches : breadth, wings
extended, five feet two inches.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head and neck grayish white, with fine streaks of
dusky brown ; the feathers on these parts long, and acuminated : rest of
the upper parts reddish brown; the feathers with pale edges: under
parts ferruginous, with longitudinal brown streaks : tail long and deeply
forked, reddish orange, with obsolete brown bars : bill yellowish brown
at the base, towards the tip dusky : cere and irides yellow. (Female.)
Upper plumage of a deeper brown, with less of the ferruginous tinge ;
the edges of the feathers paler, approaching to white. (Young of the
year.) Feathers on the head shorter, and less acuminated; bright red
without streaks, tipped with white: upper parts redder than in the
adult; feathers on the back and wings dusky in the centre, reddish
yellow at the edges : on the lower part of the neck some large white
spots. (Egg.) Dirty white; the larger end spotted with red brown:
long. diam. two inches two lines ; trans, diam. one inch nine lines.

Common in some parts of the country, but not generally diffused.
Frequents wooded districts, and builds in trees. Food young game, and
the smaller quadrupeds.

Sav.)

(1.) M. furcatus, Nob. Falco furcatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i.
p. 129. Nauclerus furcatus, Vig. in Zool. Journ. vol. n. p. 387.
Swallow-tailed Falcon, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. vi. pi. 204. Swal-
low-tailed Elanus, Selb. lllust. vol. I. p. 77.

This species, which is a native of North America, is stated by Dr
Fleming (Brit. An. p. 52) as having occurred to the late Dr Walker in
Argyleshire, in 1772. A second individual is said to have been taken alive
in Yorkshire, in Sept. 1805. (Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 583.) No British-
killed specimen, however, is known to exist in any of our museums.

BUTEO.] AVES RAPTORES. $>]

GEN. 6. BUTEO, Nob. .'-
(1. BUTEO, Bechst.)

14. B. vulgaris, Will. (Common Buzzard) — Tarsi
naked : tail barred transversely throughout its whole
length.

Falco Buteo, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn, i, p. 63. Common Buzzard,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. lllust. vol. i. p. 55. pi. 6. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 22.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty inches six lines: length of the hill
(from the forehead) one inch four lines, (from the gape) one inch six
lines ; of the tarsus three inches one line ; of the tail eight inches six
lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing fifteen inches three lines :
hreadth, wings extended, three feet eleven inches.

DE SCRIPT. (Adult) All the upper parts, as well as the neck and
breast, deep hrown: throat whitish, with a few brown streaks on the
shafts of the feathers; abdomen grayish white, with longitudinal spots
of deep brown : tail with about twelve transverse dusky bars, the ex-
tremity slightly rounded : bill lead-colour : cere, irides, and feet, yellow.
(Young.) Upper plumage brown, much varied with yellowish white and
brownish yellow: throat pure white, with longitudinal brown spots;
breast and belly yellowish white, with large oval stains and blotches of
deep brown, prevailing most upon the breast: irides pale brownish
yellow. Obs. The plumage of this species varies considerably, even in
individuals of the same age : the brown above is more or less uniform, and
the markings beneath more or less regular : occasionally the brown ex-
tends nearly over the whole body, and the white appears only on the
throat, and in transverse bars on the middle of the abdomen. (Egg.)
Dirty white, spotted with pale brown : long, diam. two inches three
lines; trans, diam. one inch ten lines.

Of frequent occurrence throughout the country. Habits sluggish and
inactive. Builds in old trees, and lays from two to four eggs. Feeds on
rats, mice, moles, leverets, small birds, and occasionally on reptiles.

15. B. Lagopus, Vig. (Rough-legged Buzzard.) —
Tarsi feathered nearly to the toes: basal portion of the
tail white, the remainder brown.

Falco Lagopus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 65. Rough-legged
Falcon, Mont. Orn. Diet. Rough-legged Buzzard, Selb. lllust.
vol. i. p. 58. pi. 7. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 20.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty inches six lines: from the carpus to
the end of the wing sixteen inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Head, upper part of the neck, throat, breast, and
thighs, yellowish white, spotted and streaked with brown; back and
wing-coverts deep brown, the feathers edged with reddish yellow : quills
dusky ; with one half of the inner webs white, spotted with deep brown :
lower portion of the abdomen deep umber-brown : rump and under tail-
coverts yellowish white : tail white at the base, the remaining part brown ;
the extreme tip dirty white : bill bluish black, darkest at the tip ; cere
yellow; irides brown. (Young.) Upper parts more or less varied with
white : a considerable portion of the abdomen whitish, spotted with

88 AVES RAPTORES. [BtiTEo.

brown ; the sides with larger spots of the same colour : tail with two or
three transverse bars towards the extremity: irides yellowish brown.
(Egg.) Pale brownish white, blotched with darker brown: long. diam.
two inches two lines ; trans, diam. one inch eight lines.

A rare and only occasional visitant in this country. Has been twice
killed in Cambridgeshire ; been met with also in Norfolk, Suffolk, Kent,
the Isle of Wight, Gloucestershire, Northumberland, and other parts of
England. Food and habits much resembling those of the last species.

(2. PERNIS, Cuv.)

16. B. apivorus, Ray. (Honey Buzzard.) — Upper
plumage brown, with cinereous bars on the wings : under
parts white, with triangular brown spots.

Falco apivorus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 67. Honey Buzzard,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 62. pi. 8. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 24.

DIMENS. Entire length one foot ten inches : length of the bill (from
the forehead) eleven lines, (from the gape) one inch six lines ; of the
tarsus two inches three lines ; of the tail eight inches ; from the carpus
to the end of the wing one foot four inches : breadth, wings extended,
four feet one inch.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Top of the head bluish ash; upper parts of
the body brown, inclining to cinereous: secondaries barred alternately with
dusky brown and bluish gray : under parts whitish, with brown spots,
which assume a triangular form on the breast and abdomen : tail with
three transverse dusky bars : cere greenish grey : inside of the mouth,
irides, and feet, yellow. (Female and young.) Forehead alone bluish ash ;
rest of the upper parts pale reddish brown, with a large dusky spot in
the centre of each feather : throat nearly white : fore part of the neck,
breast and belly, yellowish red, with large brown spots; sometimes light
brown, with reddish brown bars (Young of the year.) Upper parts like
those of the adult female, but the feathers on the head, neck, and greater
wing-coverts, tipped with white : quills dusky, tipped with white : throat
whitish ; rest of the under parts reddish white with large brown spots,
or reddish brown with a few partially white feathers intermixed, occa-
sionally of a uniform pale brown with fine longitudinal dusky streaks :
cere yellow : irides brown. Obs. This species appears to vary consider-
ably in plumage, especially in the immature state. (Egg.) Mottled
nearly all over with two shades of dark red brown, the white ground only
here and there visible : long. diam. two inches one line ; trans, diam. one
inch nine lines.

Of rare occurrence in this country, especially in the adult state. Has
been met with in Hampshire, Berkshire, Norfolk, Northumberland, and
several times in Cambridgeshire. Feeds principally upon the larvae and
pupae of wasps during the season in which they are to be obtained ; at
other times, preys on small quadrupeds and birds. Is said to build in
tall trees.

(3. CIRCUS, Bechst.)

17. B. rufus, Nob. (Marsh Harrier.) — General plumage
deep reddish brown : crown of the head yellowish white :
wings a little shorter than the tail.

BUTEO.] AVES RAPTORES. 89

Falco rufus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 69. Marsh Harrier,
Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 66. pi. 9. Moor-Buzzard, Mont. Orn.
Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 26.

DIMENS. Entire length one foot seven to nine inches : breadth, wings
extended, three feet eleven inches to four feet two inches.

DE SCRIPT. (Adult in the fourth year.) Head and neck yellowish
brown, with longitudinal darker streaks: scapulars and wing-coverts
reddish hrown : first five primaries dusky lead-colour; all the second-
aries and tail-feathers cinereous : rest of the plumage bright ferrugi-
nous : bill black : irides reddish yellow : cere and feet yellow. (Second
year.) Crown of the head, throat, and nape, straw-yellow, with fine longi-
tudinal dusky streaks: rest of the body dark umber-brown, tinged
beneath with rust-red: a few yellowish spots upon the wings: irides
brown. (Young of the year.) Whole plumage deep chocolate-brown,
inclining to yellowish on the throat, crown, and back of the head : quills,
wing-coverts, and tail-feathers, tipped with yellowish brown : occasionally
a few white patches on the lower part of the abdomen : irides dusky
brown. (Egg.) Rather pointed: white: long. diam. two inches one line;
trans, diam. one inch six lines.

Common in marshy districts. Preys on water- fowl, small quadrupeds,
and reptiles. Nest on the ground amongst rushes : eggs three to five in
number. Obs. The Falco ceruginosus of Linnaeus is the young of this
species.

18. B. cyaneus, Nob. (Hen-Harrier.) — Upper plumage
(male) bluish gray, (female) reddish brown : quills dusky,
without transverse bars : third and fourth primaries of equal
length : wings reaching to three-fourths the length of the
tail.

Falco cyaneus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. tom.'i. p. 72. Hen-Harrier and
Ring-tail, Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i.
pp. 34 and 36. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 68. pi. 10.

DIMENS. Entire length (male) one foot six or seven inches, (female)
one foot eight or nine inches : length of the tarsus three inches : breadth,
wings extended, three feet two to four inches.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Head, neck, back, scapulars, and wing-
coverts, bluish gray ; rump white : quills black, whitish at the base :
breast, belly, sides, under wing and tail-coverts, pure white, without
spots of any kind : upper part of the tail ash-gray, whitish at the tip :
bill bluish black : irides, cere, and feet, yellow. (Adult female.) Space
surrounding the eyes white: upper parts of the plumage deep brown;
feathers on the head, neck, top of the back, and wing-coverts, edged
with rust- red : under parts pale reddish yellow, with deep orange-brown
longitudinal streaks and spots: quills dusky, barred underneath with
white : tail with alternate broad bars of deep brown and pale yellowish
rust. Obs. The young of both sexes resemble the old female : after the
first autumnal moult, the male begins to assume the adult plumage, and
exhibits a mixture of ash-gray and reddish brown ; the transverse bars
on the tail also gradually disappear. (Egg.) White : long. diam. one inch
eight lines ; trans, diam. one inch four lines.

Pretty generally distributed throughout the country, but seemingly
most partial to fenny districts. Preys on small birds and quadrupeds.
Makes its nest on the ground ; lays from three to five eggs, and hatches

90 AVES RAPTORES. [BUTEO.

in the beginning or middle of June. Obs. The Ring-tail of English
authors is the female of this species.

19. B. cineraceus, Flem. (Ash-coloured Harrier.) —
Upper plumage (male) bluish ash, (female) reddish brown :
third primary much longer than the others : secondaries
with three black transverse bars : wings reaching to the
extremity of the tail.

Falco cineraceus, Mont, in Linn. Trans, vol. ix. p. 188. Temm.
Man. d"0rn. torn. i. p. 76. Ash-coloured Harrier, Selb. Illust.
vol. i. p. 70. pi. 11. Ash-coloured Falcon, Mont. Orn. Diet, and
Supp. with Jig, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 37.
DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches : length of the hill (from the
forehead) ten lines, (from the gape) eleven lines and a half; of the tarsus
two inches three lines ; of the tail eight inches two lines; from the carpus
to the end of the wing thirteen inches nine lines. Female.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Head, throat, breast, and all the upper
parts of the body, deep bluish ash : belly, sides, and thighs, white, with
longitudinal rust-coloured streaks : primaries black ; secondaries ash-
gray above, paler beneath, with three transverse dusky bars, one of
which is visible externally : under wing-coverts barred with reddish
brown : two middle tail-feathers brownish gray ; the rest cinereous,
their inner webs barred with reddish brown : bill bluish black : irides
and feet yellow. (Adult female.) Crown of the head reddish brown, with
dusky spots : nape yellowish red, sometimes approaching to white : above
and below the eye a pale fascia : upper parts of the body deep brown, the
feathers with reddish edges: lower part of the rump, and tail-coverts,
white, streaked with pale orange-brown: all the under parts bright
ferruginous, with the shafts of the feathers somewhat darker, appearing
like fine slender streaks : tail with the two middle feathers of an uniform
brown ; the rest with brown and ferruginous bars. (Young of the year.)
Upper plumage much resembling that of the adult female : under parts
of an uniform rust-red colour, without any spots or streaks : irides brown.
(Egg.) White : long. diam. one inch seven lines ; trans, diam. one inch
four lines.

First discovered by Montagu in Devonshire : has since been occasion-
ally met with in the North of England, and likewise in the fens of Cam-
bridgeshire. Nest placed on the ground ; often amongst furze : the eggs,
which are generally four in number, are hatched about the second week
in June.

GEN. 7. BUBO, Isid, Geoff.

(1. BUBO, Cuv.)

20. B. maximuS) Flem. (Eagle Owl.) — Upper plumage
variegated with black and ochre : under parts ochre-yellow,
with longitudinal black spots.

Strix Bubo, Temm. Man. dOrn. torn. i. p. 100. Eagle Owl, Selb.
Illust. vol. i. p. 82. pi. 19. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 52. Great-
eared Owl, Mont. Orn. Diet.

OTUS.] AVES RAPTORES. 91

DIMENS. Entire length two feet. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. All the upper parts elegantly varied and spotted with
black, ochre-yellow, and yellowish grayt under parts ochre-yellow,
with longitudinal black spots and streaks : throat white : egrets com-
posed of six or eight elongated feathers, coloured like the rest of the
plumage : tarsal feathers reddish yellow : bill and claws horn-colour :
irides bright orange. (Female.') Rather larger than the male, and
without the white throat. (Egg.) White: long. diam. two inches five
lines ; trans, diam. one inch ten lines.

An occasional visitant of extreme rarity in this country. According to
Montagu has been shot in Yorkshire and in Sussex, as well as in Scot-
land. More recently four specimens are said to have been observed on
the northern coast of Donegal, Ireland. Inhabits mountainous and rocky
situations, where it breeds. Food small quadrupeds, and reptiles.

(2. SCOPS, Sav.)

21. B. Scops, Nob. (Scops-eared Owl.) — Plumage
variegated with brown, gray, black, and rufous.

Strix Scops, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 103. Scops-eared Owl,
Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 92. pi. 22. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 67.
Little-horned Owl, Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. App.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches and a half. FLEM.

DESCRIPT. Head, neck, and egrets, (the latter consisting of six or
eight feathers,) brownish gray, speckled with black ; rest of the upper
parts reddish ash, with spots and zigzag streaks of black and brown :
under parts ash-gray, streaked and speckled with black and reddish
brown: quills barred with white: tail variegated with black, brown,
and white : bill black : irides yellow : toes bluish gray. (Egg.) Of a
short oval form : white, with a few faint dusky specks : long. diam.
one inch three lines; trans, diam. one inch and half a line.

Very rare. Has been killed near York, and in one or two other parts
of the country. Is probably migratory. Preys on mice and insects.
Obs. The Strix pulchella of Donovan (Brit. Birds, vol. vn. pi. 165.)
appears to be the same as this species.

GEN. 8. OTUS, Cuv.

22. O. vulgaris, Flem. (Long-eared Owl.) — Plumage
reddish yellow, variegated with gray and dusky brown :
egrets elongated, composed of eight or ten feathers.

Strix Otus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 102. Long-eared Owl,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 85. pi. 20. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 56.

DIMENS. Entire length fourteen inches : length of the tail six
inches ; of the egrets one inch three lines ; from the carpus to the end
of the wing eleven inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Upper parts of a yellowish rust-colour, irregularly marked
and spotted with deep brown, gray and cinereous : egrets of eight or ten
black feathers, edged with yellow and white : under parts orange-yellow,
with oblong and arrow-shaped streaks of dusky brown : quills and tail
barred with brownish black : tarsal feathers yellow, without spots : bill

92 AVES RAPTORES. [Oxus.

dusky : irides rich orange-yellow. (Female.) Throat and face white :
rest of the plumage like that of the male, but much mottled in places
with grayish white. (Egg.) Oval ; smooth : white : long. diam. one inch
eight lines and a half; trans, diam. one inch three lines and a half.

Found in wooded districts not very uncommonly. Partial to fir-planta-
tions and old ivy, where it breeds early in the Spring, laying from four to
five eggs : these are hatched towards the end of April. Remains with
us the whole year.

23. O. Brachyotos, Fletn. (Short-eared Owl.) — Upper
plumage dusky brown, edged with ochre-yellow : egrets
small and inconspicuous, composed of three or four fea-
thers.

Strix Brachyotos, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 99. Short-eared
Owl, Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 88.
pi. 21. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. pp.58 and 60.

DIMENS. Entire length fifteen inches : length of the bill (along the
ridge) one inch three lines ; of the tarsus one inch ; of the tail six inches ;
of the egrets six lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing eleven
inches eight lines : breadth, wings extended, three feet one inch.

DESCRIPT. Head small: facial circle dirty white, with dark streaks
radiating outwards ; immediate contour of the eyes black : egrets black,
with tawny edges : head, neck, back, and wing-coverts, variegated with
dusky brown and tawny yellow, the feathers being mostly edged with this
last colour, with a dark spot in the centre of each : breast and belly pale
orange-yellow, with brownish black streaks on the shafts of the feathers ;
these streaks most abundant on the breast : vent and under tail-coverts
yellowish white : quills with alternate bars of dark brown and ochre-
yellow: tail barred like the quills; the two outermost feathers much
paler than the others; the four central ones with dusky spots in the
middle of the yellow bars : feet and toes thickly coated with downy
ochreous feathers : bill dusky : irides rich golden yellow : claws black.
(Egg.) Smooth : white, with "ti slight blush of red : long. diam. one inch
eight lines; trans, diam. one inch three lines and a half.

A migratory species, visiting England in October, and departing in
April. Has been known, however, to breed in Norfolk, as well as in some
parts of Scotland. Habits somewhat diurnal. Met with chiefly on moors
and in open fields, often in flocks consisting of several individuals. Re-
sorts to plantations in the evening to roost. Food principally the field-
campagnol. Nest placed on the ground.

GEN. 9. STRIX, Linn.

24. S. flammea, Linn. (White Owl.) — Upper plumage
tawny yellow, variegated with gray and brown : underneath
white.

S. flammea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 91. White Owl, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 99. pi. 24. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 61.

DIMENS. Entire length fourteen inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch four lines, (from the gape) one inch seven

NOCTUA.] AVES RAPTORES. 93

lines; of the tarsus two inches six lines; of the tail four inches eight
lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing eleven inches : breadth,
wings extended, two feet eleven inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Facial circle white: all the upper parts bright tawny
yellow, variegated with fine zigzag lines of brown and gray, and sprinkled
with numerous white dots : under parts pure white, or with a faint tinge
of reddish yellow, occasionally speckled with a few brownish points : bill
and claws yellowish white: irides bluish black. (Egg.) Dull whiter
long. diam. one inch six lines; trans, diam. one inch three lines.

Common in every part of the kingdom. Frequents churches and the
eaves of old buildings, where it breeds, laying from three to five eggs.
Habits nocturnal: comes abroad about sunset. Feeds principally on
mice, but will occasionally devour other of the smaller quadrupeds :
rejects the shrew. Screams in its flight, but does not hoot.

GEN. 10. SYRNIUM, Sav.

25. S. Aluco, Nob. (Tawny Owl.) — Upper plumage
reddish brown, variegated with black and ash-gray : scapu-
lars and wing-coverts spotted with white : under parts white,
with reddish bars, and longitudinal dusky streaks.

Strix Aluco, Temm. Man. cTOrn. torn. i. p. 89. Tawny Owl, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 102. pi. 25. Betv. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 63.

DIMENS. Entire length sixteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch four lines, (from the gape) one inch six lines ; of the
tarsus two inches; of the tail six inches eight lines; from the carpus to
the end of the wing ten inches ten lines : breadth, wings extended, three
feet.

DESCRIPT. Head large : facial circle white, with a tinge of reddish
brown : upper parts of the plumage ferruginous brown, variously marked
and spotted with dark brown, black, and ash-gray : several large white
spots upon the scapulars and wing-coverts, disposed in rows : under parts
white, with transverse bars of reddish brown, and longitudinal dusky
streaks on the shafts of the feathers : quills barred alternately with
dusky and tawny brown : two middle tail-feathers of a uniform tawny
brown ; the others barred like the quills : bill yellowish white : eyes very
large: irides bluish black. (Female.) General colour more ferruginous
than in the male, with less white : the transverse bars on the wings and
tail alternately red and brown. (Egg.) Smooth: dull white : long. diam.
one inch ten lines ; trans, diam. one inch six lines.

Equally common with the last species, but found only in woods. Builds
in the hollows of old trees, or amongst ivy, and lays four eggs, which are
hatched in the beginning of April. Preys upon various small quadrupeds
and birds. Comes abroad only during the night, and has a clamorous
hooting note.

GEN. 11. NOCTUA, Sav.
(1. SURNIA, Selby.)

26. N. nyctea, Nob. (Snowy Owl.) — Plumage snow-
white, more or less marked with transverse brown bars.

94 AVES RAPTORES. [Noc-ruA.

Strix nyctea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 82. Snowy Owl, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Supp. App. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 95. pi. 23. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 54.

DIMENS. Entire length (female) two feet one inch: breadth, wings
extended, five feet. Male of inferior size. SELBY.

DESCRIPT. Head small : plumage above and below snow-white, more
or less variegated with brown spots and transverse bars, which are largest
and most conspicuous in immature birds ; in very old individuals (males
more especially) these spots wholly disappear, leaving the entire plumage
pure white : bill black, almost concealed by the bristly feathers at its
base : irides bright orange-yellow : tail rounded, rather short, extending
nearly two inches beyond the folded wings : legs and toes very thickly
clothed with hair-like feathers partly concealing the claws. (Egg.) Pure
white.

Found in the Orkney and Shetland Isles, where it remains the whole
year. Very rare in England. Has been killed in Northumberland, and
even as far south as in Norfolk. In the latter county it has occurred
twice. Habits said to be diurnal. Food hares, rats, mice, grouse, and
other birds. Builds in rocky situations, and lays two eggs.

(2. NOCTUA, Selby.)

27. N. passerina, Selby. (Little Owl.) — Tarsi fea-
thered ; toes thinly covered with a few white hairs.

Strix passerina, Temm. Man. cTOrn. torn. i. p. 92. Little Owl, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Little Night-Owl, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 107. pi. 27.

DIMENS. Entire length nine inches. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. Facial circle mostly white : upper plumage grayish brown ;
head and nape rather thickly spotted with white ; wing-coverts and sca-
pulars with large irregular white spots of an oval-oblong form ; middle of
the back nearly free from spots ; sides of the nape much variegated with
white ; quills with a regular series of yellowish white spots on their outer
webs ; tail with alternate bars of brown and yellowish white : under parts
white, with oblong longitudinal spots of grayish brown ; chin and under
tail-coverts free from spots : tarsi clothed with short downy white fea-
thers ; longer (according to Selby) than in the next species ; toes thinly
covered with a few white hairs. (Egg.) Of a short oval form : white :
long. diam. one inch four lines ; trans, diam. one inch one line.

A very rare and occasional visitant in this country. Has been killed
in a few instances, but from having been formerly confounded with the
next species, such instances can hardly be particularized with certainty.
Said to frequent towers and old buildings, in which situations it breeds,
laying from two to four eggs. Food, according to Temminck, mice, bats,
small birds, and insects.

28. N. Tengmalmi, Selby. (Tengmalm's Owl.) — Tarsi
and toes thickly clothed with downy feathers.

Strix Tengmalmi, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 94. Tengmalm's
Night-Owl, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 105. pi. 26. Little Owl, Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 65.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches four lines. TEMM.
DESCRIPT. Facial circle more developed than in the last species;
blackish round the eyes, and at the base of the bill ; the rest of it white,

LANIUS.] AVES INSESSORES. 95

bordered externally with dark brown and small white spots intermixed:
upper parts nearly similar ; liver-brown, spotted with white, but the spots
on the head and nape not so numerous : the white spots on the scapulars
and wing-coverts disposed more in lines : wings and tail relatively longer;
the latter with interrupted white bars : under parts white ; the dark spots
much as in N. passerina, but having a tendency to unite to form trans-
verse bars : bill yellowish white : legs and toes thickly clothed with soft
downy feathers. (Egg.) Elongated; pointed: white: long. diam. one
inch four lines; trans, diam. eleven lines.

Of equal rarity with the last in this country. Has been killed near
Morpeth in Northumberland, and probably in other instances. Said to
feed on mice and insects, and to breed in the hollows of firs.

ORDER II. INSESSORES.

GEN. 12. LANIUS, Linn.
* Tail long; graduated.

29. L. Excubitor, Linn. (Cinereous Shrike.) — Head,
neck, and back, cinereous ; a black band beneath the eyes :
under parts white.

L. Excubitor, Temm. Man. dOrn. torn. i. p. 142. Cinereous Shrike,
Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 148. pi. 43.
f. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 71.

DIMENS. Entire length ten inches: length of the bill (from the fore-
head) eight lines, (from the gape) one inch ; of the tarsus one inch ; of
the tail four inches three lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing
four inches six lines : breadth, wings extended, fourteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Upper plumage, including the head neck and
back, ash gray ; scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, somewhat paler :
a black band beneath the eye, commencing at the base of the upper
mandible, and extending beyond the orifice of the ear : under parts pure
white : wings black ; primaries white at the base ; secondaries tipped
with white : tail cuneiform, of twelve feathers ; the two middle ones
black ; the two next tipped with white ; the others with the white por-
tion gradually increasing to the outermost feather, which is almost wholly
white: bill and feet black: irides blackish brown. (Female.) Upper
plumage resembling that of the male, but the colours more obscure:
under parts dirty white, with numerous crescent-shaped dusky lines.
(Egg.) Light bluish white ; the larger end nearly covered with spots of
two shades of li^ht brown and ash : long. diam. one inch one line ; trans,
diam. nine lines and a half.

A migratory, and not abundant species : visits this country sparingly
towards the end of Autumn, departing in the Spring. Feeds on small
birds, mice, insects, &c. Transfixes its prey when killed upon a thorn
before devouring it. Builds in trees, and lays from five to seven eggs.

96 AVES INSESSORES. [LANIUS.

** Tail short; even, or slightly rounded.

30. L. rufus, Briss. (Wood-Chat.) — Upper plumage
variegated with black, white, and ferruginous : under parts
white: second quill equal to the fifth : tail slightly rounded.

L. rufus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 146. Wood-Chat, Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 377. Selb. Illmt. vol. i. p. 153. pi. 100. f. 1. Wood-
Shrike, Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches five lines.

DESCRIPT. Forehead, region of the eyes and ears, and upper part of
the back, black : occiput and nape ferruginous : scapulars white : wings
black; quills white at the base; some of them also edged and tipped
with white : rump gray : under parts pure white : tail with the two
outermost feathers wholly white, excepting a black spot at the base of
the inner web ; the two next with the black spot of larger size, and on
both webs; the rest black, tipped with white; the two middle ones
wholly black. (Female.) Colours more obscure: occiput and nape
streaked with brown : the black on the back approaching to that colour :
under parts dirty white ; the breast with transverse brown lines. (Egg.)
Pale bluish white; the larger end spotted with hair-brown and ash-
gray: long. diam. eleven lines; trans, diam. eight lines.

Extremely rare in this country. Has been killed in the neighbour-
hood of Canterbury, and near Swaffham in Norfolk. In the latter
locality, it has been observed to breed more than once. Feeds on insects.
Places its nest in the forked branches of bushes.

31. L. Collurio, Linn. (Red-backed Shrike.) — Back,
scapulars, and wing-coverts, ferruginous : breast and flanks
rose-red : second quill longer than the fifth : tail even at
the extremity.

L. Collurio, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 147. Red-backed Shrike,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 150. pi. 43. f. 2. and
pi. 43. f. 1, 2. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 73.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) six lines, (from the gape) nine lines and a half; of the tarsus
eleven lines; of the tail three inches one line and a half; from the
carpus to the end of the wing three inches seven lines: breadth, wings
extended, eleven inches four lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Crown of the head and nape ash-gray : a black
band through the eyes, commencing at the base of the upper mandible,
and reaching half-way down the neck : back, scapulars, and wing-coverts,
ferruginous brown: rump ash-gray: quills dusky, edged with reddish
brown : throat and vent white ; breast, belly, and flanks, rose-red : tail
nearly even at the extremity ; the two middle feathers wholly black ; the
rest white from the base through two-thirds of their length, the remain-
ing portion black, except the extreme tip which is also white : bill and
feet black: irides chestnut-brown. (Female.) All the upper parts dull
ferruginous brown : nape and rump tinged with ash-gray : under parts
grayish white ; sides of the neck, breast, and flanks, barred transversely
with narrow semicircular dusky lines : tail with the outer webs of the
two external feathers edged with white : the four middle ones of a uni-

MUSCICAPA.] AVES INSESSORES. 97

form reddish brown. (Young.) General plumage resembling that of the
adult female, but with less of the grayish tinge on the nape and rump ;
upper parts here and there barred with blackish brown. (Egg.) Pointed :
ground colour reddish white, spotted with darker red and ash-gray, the
spots forming a band near the large end : long. diam. eleven lines ; trans,
diam. eight lines. Obs. The eggs of this species vary occasionally, and
are sometimes greenish white, with spots of light brown and ash-gray
intermixed.

A regular summer visitant, arriving in the Spring, and departing in the
early part of the Autumn. Not uncommon in some parts of the country.
Haunts copses, tall hedges, and furzy commons, where it builds. Nest
formed of moss and wool, intermixed with grass, and lined with hair:
eggs five or six. Food principally coleopterous insects. Obs. The Wood-
Chat figured at p. 75 (vol. i.) of Bewick's British Birds, is only the
female of this species.

GEN. 13. MUSCICAPA, Linn.

32. M. grisola, Linn. (Spotted Flycatcher.) — Upper
plumage brownish ash : under parts white : head and breast
spotted with dusky.

M. grisola, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 152. Spotted Flycatcher,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illmt. vol. i. p. 141. pi. 43*. f. 1. Bew.
Brit. Birds , vol. i. p. 210.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches one line: length of the bill (from
the forehead) five lines and a half, (from the gape) nine lines; of the
tarsus seven lines ; of the tail two inches eight lines and a half; from the
carpus to the end of the wing three inches four lines : breadth, wings
extended, ten inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. All the upper parts of the plumage brownish ash ; crown
of the head obscurely spotted with dusky : throat and middle of the
belly white ; sides of the neck and breast with longitudinal streaks of
brown ; flanks tinged with pale orange-red : legs dusky brown. (Egg.)
White tinged with blue, and mottled all over with pale reddish yellow
brown : long. diam. nine lines ; trans, diam. seven lines.

A migratory, and common species. Arrives in this country about the
middle, or towards the latter end of May : departs in the Autumn. Fre-
quents gardens. Builds in holes of trees and old walls; often in the
branches of trees nailed against walls. Nest formed of bents, moss, &c.
interwoven with spider's webs and a little wool ; lined with dry grass and
feathers. Eggs five in number ; hatched about the second week in June.
Food insects, taken on the wing. Has no song.

33. M. luctuosa, Temm. (Pied Flycatcher.) — Upper
plumage black ; forehead, and under parts of the body,
white.

M. luctuosa, Temm. Man. a" Orn. torn. i. p. 155. Pied Flycatcher,
Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 143. pi. 43*.
f. 2, 3. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 206.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches two lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male in summer plumage.) All the upper parts,
including the tail, deep black ; forehead and under parts pure white:'

G

98 AVES INSESSORES. [MUSCICAPA.

wings black; the middle and greater coverts white. (Female.) Upper
parts grayish brown : the white on the forehead and wings less con-
spicuous: the three outermost tail-feathers edged with white. (Young
male.) Upper parts grayish brown : wings black ; coverts and scapulars
broadly edged with white: tail black; the three outermost feathers
edged with white on the exterior web, the white portion gradually de-
creasing: under parts yellowish white, tinged with brown. (Egg.) Uni-
form pale blue : long. diam. eight lines and a half; trans, diam. six lines
and a half.

Found in Yorkshire, and in some other parts of the North during the
summer months; but is very local. Is probably a bird of passage.
Habits similar to those of the last species.

(2.) M. albicollis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 153. White-
collared Flycatcher, Gould, Europ. Birds, part 7.

Mr Gould, in his valuable work above referred to, states that he "has
seen this species in a collection of British birds, and was informed that it
was supposed to have been killed in England." Its claims, however, to a
place in our Fauna require to be confirmed by some further authority. The
general character of its plumage is very similar to that of the M. luctuosa.

GEN. 14. CINCLUS, Bechst.

34. C. aquaticus, Bechst. (Water-Ouzel.) — Upper parts
brown: throat and breast white: abdomen brownish red.

C. aquaticus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 177. Water-Ouzel,
Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 118.
European Dipper, Selb. Iltust. vol. i. p. 172. pi. 45*.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Upper parts deep brown, passing into black; the
feathers on the back and wings edged with ash-gray : throat, eyelids,
sides and fore part of the neck, and upper part of the breast, white :
lower part of the breast, and belly, brownish red : vent and under tail-
coverts dusky brown : bill blackish : irides yellowish brown : legs yel-
lowish. (Female.) Upper part of the head and neck cinereous brown :
the red and white on the under parts less pure. (Young of the year.)
Head and upper part of the neck gray : some whitish spots on the wings :
the white on the under parts extending almost to the vent, and marked
with transverse streaks of grayish brown. (Egg.) Pointed: white:
long. diam. one inch; trans, diam. nine lines.

Inhabits rocky streams, and the banks of rapid rivers, chiefly in the
mountainous parts of the country, where it resides all the year. Common
in the North of England, and in Scotland : found also in Wales, Devon-
shire, and occasionally in other parts. Feeds on aquatic insects ; and is
capable of diving. Nest on the ground, composed of moss and leaves,
and arched over. Eggs four to six; hatched in May.

GEN. 15. TURDUS, Linn.
* Plumage brown, and spotted.

35. T. viscivorus, Linn. (Missel-Thrush.) — Lore
grayish white : upper plumage cinereous brown ; wing-
coverts edged with white : all the under parts spotted.

TIIRDUS.] AVES INSESSORES. 99

T. viscivorus, Temm. Man, d'Orn. torn. i. p. 161. Missel-Thrush,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 158. pi. 44. f.l. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 112.

DIMENS. Entire length eleven inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) nine lines, (from the gape) one inch two lines ; of the tarsus
one inch three lines ; of the tail four inches ; from the carpus to the end
of the wing six inches : breadth, wings extended, eighteen inches.

DESCRIPT. Upper parts brown, with a tinge of ash-colour: space
between the bill and the eye grayish white : all the under parts white,
lightly shaded here and there with reddish yellow, and marked with deep
brown spots, which are triangular on the throat and fore part of the neck,
oval on the abdomen : upper wing-coverts edged and tipped with whitish :
the three outermost tail feathers tipped with white : bill dusky : feet pale
brown. (Young of the year.) Upper parts cinereous brown ; head, back,
and scapulars, distinctly spotted with yellow and dusky, the former colour
occupying the central portion, the latter the extreme tip of each feather :
wing-coverts broadly tipped and edged with yellow ; quills brown, with a
narrow edging of yellow : tail brown, all the feathers, except the two
middle ones, tipped with white: under parts spotted much as in the
adult bird : legs very pale yellowish brown. Obs. This species is subject
to considerable variation of plumage. {Egg.) Greenish white, spotted
with red brown ; sometimes reddish white, spotted with dark red brown :
long. diam. one inch three lines ; trans, diam. eleven lines.

Not uncommon in some parts of the country ; in others less frequent
Haunts woods and orchards. Commences its song very early in the
year; continues it till the end of May. Nest placed in the forked
branches of trees ; formed of moss, wool, and coarse grass, and lined with
the finer grasses. Eggs from three to five in number, incubation com-
mencing early in April. Food insects, and berries, particularly those of
the misseltoe.

36. T. pilarisi Linn. (Fieldfare.) — Lore black :
back and wing-coverts brown ; head, neck, and rump, ash-
gray : abdomen without spots.

T. pilaris, Temm. Man. dOrn. torn. i. p. 163. Fieldfare, Mont. Orn.
Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 160. pi. 45. f. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 116.

DIMENS. Entire length nine inches nine lines: breadth, wings ex-
tended, seventeen inches two lines.

DESCRIPT. Head, nape, and lower part of the back (including the
rump and upper tail-coverts), deep ash-colour : upper part of the back
and wing-coverts chestnut-brown : space between the eye and bill black ;
above the eyes a white streak : throat, sides of the neck, and breast,
yellowish, with oblong dusky spots ; feathers on the flanks spotted with
black and edged with white ; abdomen without spots : quills dusky with
pale edges : tail black, the two outermost feathers tipped with whitish
on their inner webs: bill yellow; the tips of the mandibles black:
irides brown : feet dusky. (Female.) Head ash-colour, obscurely spotted
with brown : throat whitish : feet paler than in the male bird. (Egg.)
Light blue, mottled all over with spots of dark red brown.

A winter visitant ; first appearing in November : remains with us till
very late in the Spring, but does not breed in this country. During its
stay keeps in flocks. Feeds on haws and other berries ; also on insects
and worms.

G2

100 AVES INSESSORES. {TURDUS.

37. T. musicus, Linn. (Song-Thrush.) — Lore yel-
lowish : all the upper parts brown tinged with olive : wing-
coverts edged with reddish yellow : throat without spots.

T. musicus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 164. Song-Thrush,
Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 162. pi. 45. f. 2. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i.
p. 114. Throstle, Mont. Orn. Diet.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches eleven lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) nine lines, (from the gape) one inch one line ; of the
tarsus one inch five lines ; of the tail three inches four lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing four inches four lines: breadth, wings
extended, thirteen inches eight lines.

DE SCRIPT. Head, and all the upper parts, brown with a slight tinge
of olive : greater wing-coverts edged with orange-yellow : space between
the eye arid the bill yellowish : throat pure white, without spots ; sides of
the neck, and upper part of the breast, reddish yellow, with triangular
dusky spots ; belly and flanks white, with oval spots : under wing-coverts
pale orange-yellow: bill dusky; the under mandible yellowish at the
base : feet light brown. (Egg.) Light blue, with a few black spots at
the larger end : long. diam. one inch one line ; trans, diam. ten lines.

Common throughout the country ; remaining with us the whole year.
Feeds on berries, insects, and snails. In song from the beginning of
February till the end of July. Has frequently two broods in a season,
the first of which is hatched about the beginning of April, sometimes
earlier. Nest placed in shrubs or low trees ; composed of moss and grass
externally, plastered over within with clay and cow-dung. Eggs three
to five in number. This species does not collect in flocks during the
winter.

38. T. iliacus, Linn. (Redwing.) — A broad white
streak above the eyes : upper parts olive-brown : under
wing-coverts and flanks deep orange-red : middle of the
abdomen without spots.

T. iliacus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 165. Redwing, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 165. pi. 45. f. 3. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 118.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches four lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) eight lines and a half, (from the gape) one inch and
half a line ; of the tarsus one inch and half a line ; of the tail three
inches three lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing four inches
seven lines : breadth, wings extended, thirteen inches.

DESCRIPT. All the upper parts olive-brown : a broad whitish streak
above the eye, extending from the base of the bill backwards for an inch
or more : space between the eye and the bill black mixed with yellow :
sides of the neck, breast, and sides of the abdomen, white, with numerous
large oblong dusky spots ; middle of the abdomen pure white, without
spots : under wing-coverts and flanks deep orange-red : feet pale brown :
bill dusky ; base of the under mandible yellowish. (Egg.) Resembling
that of the Fieldfare, but smaller, with the spots less numerous.

A migratory species, arriving in large flocks about the beginning of
October, or rather later, but generally before the Fieldfare. Haunts
pastures and hedges. Feeds principally on insects, and the smaller

TURDUS.] AVES INSESSORES. 101

helices; or, when these cannot be obtained, on berries. Suffers more
from very severe weather than the Fieldfare. Retires northward in the
Spring to breed.

(3.) T. varius, Horsf. Zoolog. Research, in Java. Linn. Trans, vol.
xin. p. 149.

A bird, supposed to be of this species, was shot by Lord Malmesbury in
a small gorze-covert, in the parish of Heron Court in Hampshire, Jan. 24,
1828. It being a native of Java, it is not easy to conjecture by what acci-
dent it could have reached this country. The plumage, however, was in
very fine condition, and did not exhibit any marks of confinement.

** Plumage uniform ; the ground colour black.

39. T. Merula, Linn. {Blackbird.) — Plumage wholly
black.

T. Merula, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 168. Blackbird, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 167. pi. 45. f. 4. and pi. 43. f. 4.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 120.

DIMENS. Entire length ten inches eleven lines; length of the bill
(from the forehead) eleven lines, (from the gape) one inch three lines ;
of the tarsus one inch six lines ; of the tail four inches eleven lines ;
from the carpus to the end of the wing five inches : breadth, wings
extended, sixteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) The whole of the plumage deep black: orbits,
bill, and inside of the mouth, bright yellow : irides and feet dusky brown.
(Female.) Upper parts dusky brown: throat pale brown, with spots of a
darker tint ; breast reddish brown ; abdomen and under tail-coverts dark
cinereous brown: bill and legs dusky brown. (Young newly fledged.)
Upper parts dusky brown, as in the female, but with reddish streaks on
the head, nape, upper part of the back, and lesser wing-coverts, occupy-
ing the shafts of the feathers : throat and breast reddish brown, obscurely
spotted with dusky. (Egg.) Light blue, speckled and spotted with light
red brown; occasionally uniform blue without spots: long. diam. one
inch two lines; trans, diam. ten lines.

Equally common with the Thrush, and like that bird a constant resi-
dent in this country. Food the same. Commences its song in the Spring,
a little later than that species, and ceases a little earlier. Habits soli-
tary. Nest formed of moss, twigs, and roots, plastered internally, and
afterwards lined with the finer grasses. Eggs four or five in number;
hatched the beginning of April.

40. T. torquatus, Linn. (Ring-Ouzel.) — Plumage
black, edged with gray : a crescent-shaped white spot on
the breast.

T. torquatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 166. Ring-Ouzel, Mont.
Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 169. pi. 44. f. 2.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 122.

DIMENS. Entire length eleven inches.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) The whole plumage black ; all the feathers edged
with ash-gray : on the upper part of the breast a large crescent-shaped
gorget of pure white : bill and legs dusky. (Female.) Plumage more

102 AVES INSESSORES. [ORIOLUS,

clouded with gray : the gorget on the breast smaller, not so well defined,
and tinged with reddish brown and gray. In the young female the gorget
is scarcely visible : in the young male it is reddish white. (Egg.} Light
blue, mottled with spots of ash-gray and light brown : long. diam. one
inch two lines; trans, diam. ten lines.

Not a common species. Occasionally observed in small flocks about
Spring and Autumn, on its passage to and from the northern and moun-
tainous parts of the kingdom where it breeds. Does not winter in Eng-
land. Nest placed on the ground ; in form and texture resembling that
of the Blackbird. Food insects and berries.

GEN. 16. ORIOLUS, Linn.

41. O. Galbula, Linn. (Golden Oriole.) — Golden
yellow; lore, wings, and tail, black.

O. Galbula, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 129. Golden Oriole, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 176. pi. 35. f. 1 and 2. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 103.

DIMENS. Entire length nine inches six lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) eleven lines and a half, (from the gape) one inch one line
and a half; of the tarsus ten lines ; of the tail three inches one line ; from
the carpus to the end of the wing six inches.

DESCRIPT. {Male.) Bright golden yellow: space between the eye and
the bill black: wings black; the outer webs of the quills edged with
white; primary coverts tipped with yellow: two middle tail-feathers
wholly black; the others black, tipped with yellow: bill reddish: irides
red : feet black. (Female and young.) Upper parts olive-green : throat,
breast, and abdomen, grayish white, tinged with yellowish, with dusky
streaks on the shafts of the feathers : wings brownish black, the quills
edged with pale olive-gray : tail olive with a tinge of dusky, the tips of
all the feathers, except the two middle ones, yellowish white. (Egg.}
White, tinged with pink, and sparingly spotted with ash-colour and liver-
brown : long. diam. one inch two lines ; trans, diam. ten lines.

An occasional visitant in this country, but not often met with. Has
been killed in Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex, Hampshire, Devonshire, Cheshire,
Lancashire, Northumberland, as well as in Scotland and Ireland. Many
of the individuals occurred in the Spring. Frequents wooded districts ;
feeding on berries and coleopterous insects. Nest purse-shaped, suspended
from the forked branches of tall trees. Eggs four or five in number.

GEN. 17. ACCENTOR, Bechst.

42. A. alpinus, Bechst. (Alpine Accentor.) — Cinereous
gray, with large brown spots on the back : throat white
with brown scales : abdomen grayish white mixed with
reddish.

A. alpinus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 248. Alpine Accentor,
Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 247. pi. D. f. 3.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches eight lines. TEMM.
DESCRIPT. Head, breast, neck and back, cinereous gray, with large
brown spots between the shoulders : wings and tail dusky brown, varie-

SYLVIA.] AVES INSESSORES. 103

gated with ash-colour ; middle and lesser wing-coverts tipped with white :
throat white with brown scales ; abdomen and sides grayish white, mixed
with reddish : bill yellow at the base, black at the tip : feet yellowish.
(Egg.) Of a uniform bluish green, like that of the next species, but
rather larger.

A native of the European Alps, but has twice occurred in this country.
In the first instance, a pair were observed at Cambridge by Dr Thackeray,
Nov. 23, 1822, and one, a female, killed, which is at present in his collec-
tion. In the second, a single individual was shot (a few years since) on the
borders of Epping Forest. Said to build in the clefts of rocks, and under
the eaves of houses. Food insects and seeds.

43. A. modularis^ Cuv. {Hedge Accentor.) — Crown of
the head cinereous, with brown streaks : back and wing-
coverts with large brown spots : throat and breast bluish
gray: middle of the abdomen whitish.

A. modularis, Temm. Man. a* Orn. torn. i. p. 249. Hedge Accentor,
Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 248. pi. 43*. f. 4. Hedge Warbler, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 244.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches eight lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) five lines, (from the gape) seven lines ; of the tarsus
ten lines and a half; of the tail two inches six lines; from the carpus to
the end of the wing two inches seven lines : breadth, wings extended,
eight inches five lines.

DESCRIPT. Top of the head cinereous, with brown streaks: back and
wing-coverts yellowish brown, with a large darker-coloured spot in the
centre of each feather ; middle wing-coverts tipped with whitish : sides
of the neck, throat, and breast, bluish gray : rump and flanks yellowish
brown ; middle of the abdomen whitish : under tail-coverts brown, edged
with white : bill dusky : irides hazel : feet yellowish brown. (Egg.) Of
a uniform bluish green : long. diam. nine lines and a half; trans, diam.
six lines and a half.

Common in hedges throughout the country ; and in song the greater
part of the year. Feeds principally on insects. Nest formed of moss and
wool, and lined with hair : placed in shrubs and low bushes. Eggs four
to six in number ; hatched early in April.

GEN. 18. SYLVIA, Lath.
(1. ERITHACA, Swains.)

44. S. Rubecula, Lath. (Redbreast.) — Upper parts
brownish gray, tinged with olive : throat and breast bright
ferruginous.

S. Rubecula, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 215. Redbreast, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 188. pi. 46. f. 2. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 235.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches nine lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) six lines, (from the gape) eight lines and a half; of the
tarsus one inch; from the carpus to the end of the wing two inches eleven
lines : breadth, wings extended, nine inches two lines.

104 AVES INSESSORES. [SYLVIA.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head, and all the upper parts of the body, grayish
brown with a tinge of olive : forehead, cheeks, throat, and breast, bright
ferruginous red, edged round with ash-gray : belly white : greater and
middle wing-coverts sometimes tipped with pale reddish orange: irides
black: feet yellowish brown. (Female.) Upper parts cinereous brown; the
red on the breast not so bright, with the surrounding margin of ash-gray
less conspicuous. (Young of the year.) Upper parts olive-gray, speckled
with pale reddish spots : the breast faintly tinged with reddish yellow,
and marked with fine transverse streaks of olive-brown. (Egg.) Ground-
colour white, spotted with pale yellow brown: long. diam. nine lines
and a half; trans, diam. seven lines and a half.

A common and generally diffused species. Frequents gardens and
woods. Feeds on insects and worms. In song nearly all the year.
Nest formed of moss, dead leaves, and stalks of plants, and lined with
hair ; placed on the ground, occasionally in the holes of trees and old
buildings. Has often two broods in the season, the first of which is
sometimes hatched as early as the end of March. Eggs five to seven in
number.

(2. PIHENICURA, Swains.)

45. S. Suecica, Lath. (Blue-throated Warbler.) —
Upper parts ash-brown tinged with olive : throat, and
fore part of the neck blue, with a central white spot.

S. Suecica, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 216. Blue-throated Warbler,
Lath. Syn. vol. n. p. 444. Blue-throated or Swedish Redbreast,
Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. xvi. pi. 661. Blue-throated Redstart,
Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 195. pi. 100. f. 2, 3.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches ten lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) five lines and a half, (from the gape) nine lines ; of the
tarsus one inch and half a line ; of the tail two inches two lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing two inches eleven lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Upper parts brownish ash, tinged with
olive; a whitish streak above the eye; throat, and fore part of the
neck, bright azure, in the centre of which is a pure white spot, disap-
pearing in advanced age; beneath the blue a border of black, and be-
yond this a broader one of red : belly, thighs, and vent, white : basal half
of the tail rust-red, the remainder black ; the two middle feathers similar
to the back, and of one colour throughout. (Female.) Upper parts re-
sembling those of the male : throat, and fore part of the neck, white ;
upper part of the breast dusky, tinged with cinereous and azure, beneath
wnich is a faint indication of the transverse red band ; the rest of the
under parts dirty white. (Young.) Plumage brown, spotted with whitish ;
a large white space on the throat. (Egg.) Uniform greenish blue : long,
diam. eight lines ; trans, diam. five lines and a half.

Extremely rare in this country. A single individual killed on New-
castle Town Moor, in May 1826, is now in the Museum at that place. Said
to reside in forests, and to breed in the holes of decayed trees.

46. S. Phcenicurus, Lath. (Redstart.) — Bluish gray
above : throat black ; breast, rump, and under tail-coverts,
red : second quill equal to the sixth.

SYLVIA.] AVES INSESSORES. 105

S. Phoenicurus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 220. Redstart, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illmt. vol. i. p. 191. pi. 46. f. 3. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 239.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches seven lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) five lines and a half, (from the gape) eight lines and
a half; of the tarsus eleven lines; of the tail two inches five lines; from
the carpus to the end of the wing three inches : breadth, wings extended,
nine inches four lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Forehead white: base of the bill, lore,
cheeks, throat, and a portion of the under surface of the neck, black :
head, upper part of the neck, and back, deep bluish gray : breast, rump,
flanks, and under tail-coverts, bright rust-red ; tail the same, excepting
the two middle feathers, which are brown : abdomen whitish : feet black.
(Adult female.) Upper parts reddish gray : quills and coverts edged with
reddish yellow : throat white ; in very old individuals dusky, mixed with
reddish : breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts pale reddish orange : ab-
domen whitish : rump rust-red : tail the same, the two middle leathers
excepted, which are brown edged with red. ( Young males of the year.)
Upper parts reddish ash ; no white on the forehead ; the black on the
throat, and the red on the breast, variegated with white. (Egg.) Uniform
grayish blue : long. diam. eight lines and a half; trans, diam. six lines and
a half.

A summer visitant, first appearing about the second week in April.
Common in most, parts of the kingdom, but said to be rare in some of
the western counties. Frequents gardens and woods, and builds in the
holes of trees and old walls. Nest composed of moss, and lined with hair
and feathers. Eggs five to seven in number. Young broods fledged
about the second week in June.

47. S. Tithys, Scop. (Black Red-tail.) — Upper parts
bluish ash : throat and breast black : rump and under tail-
coverts red : second quill equal to the seventh.

S. Tithys, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 218. Phcenicura Tithys,
Jard. and Selb. Orn. pi. 86. figs. 1 and 2. Black Red-tail, Lath.
Syn. vol. n. p. 426. Tithys Redstart, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 193.
pi. D. f. 1, 2.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches three lines. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Upper parts bluish ash : space between the eye
and the bill, cheeks, throat arid breast, deep black, passing into bluish
ash on the belly and sides: rump and under tail-coverts rust-red; the
two middle tail feathers brown ; the others red : lower part of the abdo-
men whitish: greater wing-coverts edged with pure white. (Female.)
Upper and under parts cinereous, dull above, brighter beneath, passing
into whitish on the lower part of the abdomen : quills and wing-coverts
dusky, edged with cinereous gray : rump, tail, and under tail-coverts red-
dish, not so bright as in the male. (Egg.) White : long. diam. ten lines ;
trans, diam. seven lines.

First added to the British Fauna by Mr Gould, who obtained a spe-
cimen which was shot at Kilburn, near London, Oct. 25, 1829. (See Zool.
Journ. vol. v. p. 102.) Two other individuals were procured during the
Summer of 1830, one near Bristol, the other at Brighton. Common on
some parts of the Continent. Habits said to resemble those of the last
species.

106 AVES 1NSESSORES. [SYLVIA.

(3. SALICARIA, Selby.)

48. S. Locustella, Lath. (Grasshopper Warbler.) —
Upper plumage olivaceous brown, spotted with dusky :
tail of one colour, long, and very much cuneated.

S. Locustella, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 184. Grasshopper
Warbler, Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 199.
pi. 45**. f. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 247.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches six lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) five lines, (from the gape) seven lines and a half; of the
tarsus nine lines and a half; of the tail two inches three lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing two inches four lines and a half.

DESCRIPT. All the upper parts olivaceous brown, with a dusky spot
in the centre of each feather, most conspicuous on the head and back :
throat white, bounded by a circle of small oval brown spots ; breast and
belly yellowish white ; under tail-coverts pale yellowish brown, with dusky
streaks occupying the shafts of the feathers : quills and tail dusky brown,
with pale olive edges : feet yellowish brown : hind claw shorter than the
toe. (Egg.) Pale reddish white, speckled all over with darker red brown :
long, diarn. eight lines; trans, diam. six lines.

Visits this country in April, but is not generally distributed, and no
where very plentiful. Haunts thickets and furzy commons, principally
in damp situations, and is of shy habits, seldom exposing itself to view.
Note resembling that of the gryllidce. Nest artfully concealed, placed
on the ground, or in thick bushes of furze and bramble; composed of dried
stalks and goose-grass, and lined with fibrous roots. Eggs six in number.
Food principally small coleopterous insects.

49. S. Phragmitis, Bechst. (Sedge Warbler.) — Upper
plumage olivaceous brown, tinged with yellow, and spotted
with dusky : above the eye a broad white streak : tail
moderate.

S. Phragmitis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 189. Sedge Warbler,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 201. pi. 45**. f. 2. Reed
Warbler, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 246.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches five lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) five lines, (from the gape) seven lines and a half; of the
tarsus nine lines and a half; of the tail two inches one line ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing two inches four lines : breadth, wings
extended, seven inches five lines.

DESCRIPT. Top of the head, back, scapulars and wing-coverts, oliva-
ceous brown, with a dark spot in the centre of each feather : neck, lower
part of the back, rump and upper tail-coverts, plain yellowish brown : a
broad and very distinct white streak above the eye, arising from the base
of the bill, and extending the length of the head : all the under parts
yellowish white, with a reddish tinge on the breast, sides, and under tail-
coverts : quills brown with pale edges : tail deep yellowish brown : bill
dusky above, whitish beneath : irides dark hazel : feet yellowish brown ;
soles yellow. (Egg.) Greenish white ; mottled all over with yellow
brown: long. diam. eight lines; trans, diam. six lines.

Very abundant in marshy districts, and by the sides of rivers, visiting
this country about the third week in April. Song much varied, imitative

SYLVIA.] AVES INSESSORES. 107

of that of other birds ; kept up unceasingly during the breeding season,
and often heard in the night. Nest generally suspended between the
stems of reeds at a little distance from the ground ; composed of dried
stalks, with the addition of a little moss, and lined with hair and the finer
grasses. Eggs five or six in number ; hatched towards the end of May,
or beginning of June.

50. S. arundinacea, Lath. (Reed-Wren.) — Upper
parts plain olivaceous brown, without spots : between the
bill and the eye a white streak.

S. arundinacea, Temm. Man. d"0rn. torn. i. p. 191. Reed-Wren,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 203. pi. 45**. f. 3.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches four lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) five lines and a half, (from the gape) eight lines ; of the
tarsus ten lines ; of the tail two inches three lines ; from the carpus to
the end of the wing two inches four lines : breadth, wings extended, seven
inches five lines.

DESCRIPT. Upper parts of a plain uniform olive brown without spots ;
rump and tail faintly tinged with reddish : quills brown with cinereous
edges : between the bill and the eye a narrow white streak, but not con-
tinued above the eye as in the last species : under parts yellowish white,
lightest on the throat and down the middle of the belly ; sides inclining
to rufous : bill broader throughout, but especially at the base, and also
somewhat longer, than in the S. Phragmitis ; in colour dusky above,
yellowish beneath, and along the margin of the upper mandible : irides
light hazel: feet pale brown; soles yellow. (Egg.) Greenish white,
spotted and speckled with ash-green and light brown ; the markings
darkest, and most numerous at the larger end: long, diara. nine lines;
trans, diam. six lines and a half.

Found in the same situations with the last species, but is much less
plentiful, and not so generally diffused. Habits similar. Food the smaller
species of libellulce, and other insects. Nest of an oblong panier-shaped
form, suspended like that of the S. Phragmitis; composed of grasses and
the seed-branches of the reed. Eggs four or five in number.

(4.) S. Cetti, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 194.

According to Temminck, this species has been killed in England. It
does not, however, appear to be known to pur own naturalists, nor am I
aware that it is to be found in any of our British collections.

(4. PHILOMELA, Swains.)

51. S. Luscinia, Lath. (Nightingale.) — Upper plumage
reddish brown ; beneath, cinereous white.

S. Luscinia, Temm. Man. d*Orn. torn. i. p. 195. Nightingale, Mont.
Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 206. pi. 46. f. 1.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 231.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches two lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) six lines, (from the gape) nine lines and a half; of the
tarsus one inch one line ; of the tail two inches eight lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing three inches two lines : breadth, wing£
extended, nine inches seven lines.

108 AVES INSESSORES. [SYLVIA.

DESCRIPT. All the upper parts reddish brown : tail rust-red : breast
and sides pale ash, passing into yellowish white; throat and belly whitish:
quills pale dusky, edged with reddish brown : bill brown : irides hazel :
feet yellowish brown. (Egg.) Uniform olive-brown: long. diam. ten
lines ; trans, diam. eight lines and a half.

Common in the southern, midland, and eastern counties ; rare in the
western and northern. Has not been observed in Cornwall or in Devon-
shire, excepting on the eastern borders. First heard about the middle
or end of April: song continued till the first or second week in June.
Frequents woods, copses, and tall hedges. Nest placed on or near the
ground, sometimes suspended between the stems of herbaceous plants; of
a very deep, oval form ; composed principally of withered leaves, and lined
with fine grasses. Eggs four to six in number ; hatched towards the end
of May, or beginning of June.

(5. CURRUCA, Bechst.)

52. S. Atricapilla, Lath. (Black-cap Warbler.) — Top
of the head and occiput deep black (male), or reddish
brown (female) ; rest of the upper plumage greenish ash.

S. Atricapilla, Temm. Man. d'Orn. tom.i. p. 201. Black-cap, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 209. pi. 46. f. 5. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 249.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches eight lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) four lines and a half, (from the gape) seven lines
and a half; of the tarsus nine lines and a half; of the tail two inches
four lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing three inches : breadth,
wings extended, eight inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Forehead, crown, and occiput, deep black: rest
of the upper parts cinereous, with a slight tinge of olive-green : neck and
breast grayish ash ; belly and vent grayish white : bill and feet dusky.
(Female.) Crown of the head reddish brown ; rest of the plumage re-
sembling that of the male but rather darker. (Egg.) Pale greenish
white, mottled with light brown and ash-colour, with a few spots and
streaks of dark brown : long. diam. nine lines ; trans, diam. seven lines.

A common and widely dispersed species, visiting this country about
the same time as the Nightingale. Song melodious, and rather powerful,
heard till the middle, or occasionally the end of July. Is partial to
orchards and gardens. Nest placed in a low bush ; loosely put together ;
constructed of bents and dried stalks, patched on the outside with threads
and cobwebs, and lined with fibrous roots and a few long hairs. Eggs
five in number, on which the male sits occasionally, as well as the female.

53. S. hortensis, Lath. (Greater Pettychaps) — Upper
parts grayish brown, tinged with olive : orbits white : tail
of one colour.

S. hortensis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 206. Greater Pettychaps,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 211. pi. 46. f. 4. Passe-
rine Warbler, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 243.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches ten lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) five lines, (from the gape) eight lines ; of the tarsus ten
lines; of the tail two inches two lines; from the carpus to the end of the

SYLVIA.] AVES INSESSORES. 109

wing two inches eleven lines : breadth, wings extended, eight inches six
lines.

DESCRIPT. All the upper parts cinereous brown, tinged with olive :
orbits white : below the ear on each side of the neck a patch of ash-gray :
throat whitish : breast and sides yellowish gray inclining to brown ;
belly, vent and under tail-coverts, nearly pure white: quills and tail
dusky, with pale edges : feet bluish gray. (Egg.) Greenish white
ground, speckled with two shades of ash-green : long. diam. nine lines ;
trans, diam. six lines and a half.

Not uncommon in many parts of the country, making its first appear-
ance about the beginning of May. Frequents gardens, copses, and thick
hedges. Song resembling that of the Blackcap, but less powerful ; con-
tinued till the middle of July. Nest of flimsy structure ; formed of
the decayed stems of goose-grass, and other fibrous plants. Eggs four
or five in number, very like those of the last species. — Obs. The Garden
Warbler and the Passerine Warbler of Bewick are probably both re-
ferable to the present species. Montagu, however, thought that the
Passerine Warbler of the author just mentioned was the same as the

Reed Wren.

i

54. S. cinerea, Lath. (White-Throat.) — Top of the
head cinereous; back and wing-coverts grayish brown
inclining to rufous: under parts white; the breast tinged
with rose-red : tail particoloured.

S. cinerea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 207. White-Throat, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. r. p. 213. pi. 46. f. 7. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 251.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches ten lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) four lines and a half, (from the gape) seven lines; of the
tarsus nine lines and a half; of the tail two inches eight lines; from the
carpus to the end of the wing two inches eight lines : breadth, wings
extended, eight inches seven lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Crown of the head, space between the eye and the
bill, cheeks, and ear-coverts, cinereous ; rest of the upper parts cinereous
brown, inclining to rufous on the back : quills dusky ; secondaries and
greater coverts broadly edged with brownish red : throat and middle of
the abdomen white; breast faintly tinged with rose-red; flanks and
thighs reddish gray : tail deep brown ; outer feather white, except at the
base of the inner web ; the next tipped with white : bill dusky above,
paler beneath: irides yellowish: legs yellowish brown. (Female and
young.) Upper parts more inclining to reddish brown ; breast white,
without the rosy tinge ; the outer tail-feather reddish, instead of white.
(Egg.) Greenish white ground, spotted and speckled with ash-colour and
two shades of ash-green : long. diam. nine lines ; trans, diam. six lines
and a half.

Common in hedges and thickets throughout the kingdom. First seen
about the third week in April. Song often exerted on wing, accompanied
by peculiar jerks and gesticulations of the body. Nest similar to that of
the last species; placed in low bushes, where there is thick covert. Eggs
four or five in number. Young broods fledged about the end of May.

55. S. Curruca, Lath. (Lesser White-Throat.) — .
Crown of the head cinereous ; back and wing-coverts

110 AVES 1NSESSORES. [SYLVIA.

grayish ash, tinged with brown : under parts silvery
white : tail particoloured.

S. Curruca, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. 1. p. 209. Lesser White-
Throat, Lath. Syn. Supp. p. 185. pi. 113. Mont. Orn. Diet. Bsw.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 253. Selb. Must. vol. i. p. 215. pi. 100. f. 4.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. Crown of the head cinereous ; space between the eye and
the bill, and ear-coverts, the same, but darker-coloured : rest of the upper
parts grayish ash, inclining to brown : quills dusky brown, edged with
cinereous : all the under parts, from the throat to the vent, silvery white :
tail dusky ; outer feather white, except at the base of the inner web ; the
two next faintly tipped with white : bill dusky ; the lower mandible pale
at the base : irides yellowish : feet dusky lead-colour. (Egg.) White,
sparingly spotted and speckled, principally at the larger end, with ash-
colour and light brown : long. diam. eight lines ; trans, diam. six lines.

Common in the eastern, and in some of the midland counties, making
its first appearance about the same time as the last species, but apparently
rare, or altogether unknown, in many parts of the kingdom. Song soft
and inward ; generally ending in a shrill shivering cry, which last note
is continued at intervals till near the middle of July. Chiefly frequents
gardens and copses, concealing itself in the thickest covert. Nest placed
in a low bush ; of very flimsy structure, composed of dry bents mixed
with wool, and lined with finer grasses and a few hairs. Eggs five in
number ; incubation commencing about the 20th of May.

(6. SYLVIA, Selb.)

56. S. sibilatrix, Bechst. (Wood-Wren.) — Upper
parts bright yellowish green : belly and under tail-coverts
pure white: wings with the second quill equal to the
fourth ; third and fourth with their outer webs sloped
off at the extremity.

S. sibilatrix, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 223. Wood-Wren, Lamb
in Linn. Trans. voL n. p. 245. pi. 24. Mont, in Linn. Trans.
vol. iv. p. 35. Mont. Orn. Diet. Sell). Illust. vol. i. p. 224.
pi. 47. f. 2. Yellow Wren, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 255.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches three lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) four lines and a half, (from the gape)~six lines and a
half; of the tarsus nine lines; of the tail two inches one line; from the
carpus to the end of the wing three inches : breadth, wings extended,
eight inches eight lines.

DESCRIPT. All the upper parts bright yellow green : above the eye
a broad streak of bright sulphur-yellow, arising on the forehead at the
base of the upper mandible and terminating on the temples : sides of
the head, throat, fore part of the neck, axilla?, and thighs, pale primrose-
yellow ; rest of the under parts pure white : quills dusky, edged with
green: tail slightly forked, extending eight lines and a half beyond the
tips of the folded wings ; dusky, with each feather, except the outermost,
likewise edged with bright yellow-green: bill and legs pale brown.
(Egg.) White, spotted and speckled all over with dark purple, red, and
ash-colour: long. diam. eight lines: trans, diam. six lines.

SYLVIA.]

AVES INSESSORES.

Ill

Common in the southern, western, midland, and some of the northern
counties, but not generally diffused. In Cambridgeshire very rare.
Haunts woods and tall trees ; being first heard towards the end of April
or beginning of May. Note very peculiar, resembling the word twee
repeated several times in succession, at first slowly, but afterwards in a
hurried manner, and accompanied by a singular shake of the wings.
Nest placed on the ground, of an oval form, constructed of dry grass,
dead leaves, and a little moss, lined with finer grass and a few hairs.
Eggs six in number.

57. S. Trochilus, Lath. (Willow-Wren.) — Upper
parts pale olive-green, tinged with yellow : under tail-
coverts yellowish white: wings with the second quill equal
to the sixth ; the third, fourth, and fifth, with their outer
webs sloped off at the extremity.

v/

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early part of the Spring, and appear to be" the young males of the pre-
ceding year. (Egg.) White, with numerous small specks of pale red :
long. diam. seven lines and a half; trans, diam. six lines.

Of frequent occurrence in gardens, plantations, hedges, willow-grounds,
and a variety of other situations. On the whole a much more generally
diffused species than the last, but, according to Montagu, does not extencl
so far westward. Song pleasing, but simple, consisting of several plain-
tive notes in a regularly descending scale; heard from the middle of April
Ito the beginning of July. Nest placed on the ground, nearly spherical,
Jwith a small opening at the side near the top ; composed of dry grass,
istalks, and other herbage, and profusely lined with feathers. Esgs five
Ito seven ; hatched the end of May or beginning of June.

58. S. Hippolais, Lath. (Chijf-Chaff.) — Upper parts
olive-green, 'tinged with yellow; beneath yellowish white:

110 AVES INSESSORES. [SYLVIA.

grayish ash, tinged with brown : under parts silvery
white : tail particoloured.

S. Curruca, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. t. p. 209. Lesser White-
Throat, Lath. Syn. Supp. p. 185. pi. 113. Mont. Om. Diet. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 253. Selb. Must. vol. i. p. 215. pi. 100. f. 4.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. Crown of the head cinereous ; space between the eye and
the bill, and ear-coverts, the same, but darker-coloured : rest of the upper
parts grayish ash, inclining to brown : quills dusky brown, edged with
cinereous : all the under parts, from the throat to the vent, silvery white :
tail dusky ; outer feather white, except at the base of the inner web ; the
two next faintly tipped with white : bill dusky ; the lower mandible pale
at the base: irides yellowish: feet dusky lead-colour. (Egg.) White,
sparingly spotted and speckled, principally at the larger end, with ash-
colour and light brown : long. diam. eight lines ; trans, diam. six lines

+V>Q rtoctoyn juirLin. .enitu* .nl* thu mifllanfl nmintif -

DIMENS. Entire length five inches three lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) four lines and a half, (from the gape) six lines and a
half; of the tarsus nine lines; of the tail two inches one line; from the
carpus to the end of the wing three inches : breadth, wings extended,
eight inches eight lines.

DESCRIPT. All the upper parts bright yellow green : above the eye
a broad streak of bright sulphur-yellow, arising on the forehead at the
base of the upper mandible and terminating on the temples : sides of
the head, throat, fore part of the neck, axillae, and thighs, pale primrose-
yellow; rest of the under parts pure white: quills dusky, edged with
green : tail slightly forked, extending eight lines and a half beyond the
tips of the folded wings ; dusky, with each feather, except the outermost,
likewise edged with bright y ellow- green : bill and legs pale brown.
(Egg.) White, spotted and speckled all over with dark purple, red, and
ash-colour : long. diam. eight lines ; trans, diam. six lines.

SYLVIA.] AVES INSESSORES. Ill

Common in the southern, western, midland* and some of the northern
counties, but not generally diffused. In Cambridgeshire very rare.
Haunts woods and tall trees ; being first heard towards the end of April
or beginning of May. Note very peculiar, resembling the word twee
repeated several times in succession, at first slowly, but afterwards in a
hurried manner, and accompanied by a singular shake of the wings.
Nest placed on the ground, of an oval form, constructed of dry grass,
dead leaves, and a little moss, lined with finer grass and a few hairs.
Eggs six in number.

57. S. Trochilus, Lath. (Willow-Wren.) — Upper
parts pale olive-green, tinged with yellow : under tail-
coverts yellowish white: wings with the second quill equal
to the sixth ; the third, fourth, and fifth, with their outer
webs sloped off at the extremity.

S. Trochilus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 224. Yellow Wren,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. I. p. 226. pi. 47. f. 3. Willow-
Wren, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 257.

DIMENS. Entire length four inches eleven lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) four lines, (from the gape) six lines; of the tarsus
nine lines ; of the tail two inches three lines ; from the carpus to the end
of the wing two inches six lines and a half: breadth, wings extended,
eight inches.

DESCRIPT. Distinguished from the last principally by its paler colour,
and shorter wings ; the difference in size not very obvious. Upper parts
pale olive-green, with a yellowish tinge, inclining in some specimens
to cinereous : from the base of the bill a bright streak of primrose-yellow
extending over each eye to the temples, but narrower than in the S.
sibilatrix: all the under parts yellowish white ; the yellow tinge darkest
on the breast, sides, axillse, and ridges of the wings ; palest on the middle
of the belly : quills and tail brownish ash, faintly edged with olive-green ;
the latter extending eleven lines beyond the tips of the folded wings,
with the two middle feathers shorter than the others : base of the under
mandible yellowish : feet light brown. Obs. The colour of this species,
especially the intensity of the yellow tinge, varies much in different
individuals. The variation, however, results more from a difference of age
than of sex. The male and female are equally pale in the adult state.
The yellowest birds, which are also generally the smallest, occur in the
early part of the Spring, and appear to be the young males of the pre-
ceding year. (Egg.) White, with numerous small specks of pale red :
long. diam. seven lines and a half; trans, diam. six lines.

Of frequent occurrence in gardens, plantations, hedges, willow-grounds,
and a variety of other situations. On the whole a much more generally
diffused species than the last, but, according to Montagu, does not extent
so far westward. Song pleasing, but simple, consisting of several plain-
tive notes in a regularly descending scale; heard from the middle of April
to the beginning of July. Nest placed on the ground, nearly spherical,
with a small opening at the side near the top; composed of dry grass,
stalks, and other herbage, and profusely lined with feathers. Eggs five
to seven ; hatched the end of May or beginning of June

58. S. Hippolais, Lath. (ChiJf-Chaff.) — Upper parts
olive-green, -tinged with yellow; beneath yellowish white:

112 AVES INSESSORES. [SYLVIA.

wings with the second quill equal to the seventh ; third,
fourth, fifth, and sixth, with their outer webs sloped off at
the extremity.

S. Hippolais, Lath. Ind. Orn. vol. n. p. 507. S. rufa, Temm. Man.
d'Orn. torn. i. p. 225. Lesser Petty chaps, Mont. Orn. Diet, and
Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 222. pi. 47. f. 1. Chiff-Chaff, Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 258.

DIMENS. Entire length four inches six lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) four lines, (from the gape) six lines and a half; of the
tarsus nine lines; of the tail one inch seven lines ; from the carpus to
the end of the wing two inches three lines : breadth, wings extended,
seven inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. Usually somewhat smaller than the S. Trochilus, \v\th the
wings and tail, relatively considered, still shorter than in that species ;
also to be distinguished from it by the characters of the quills above
pointed out, but in colour and general appearance almost absolutely the
same. Upper parts olive-green, tinged with yellow and ash-gray: be-
tween the bill and the eye, and over each eye, "a narrow, faint yellowish
white streak : quills cinereous brown, the outer webs edged with yellow-
ish green : all the under parts, including the under tail-coverts, whitish
tinged with yellow ; the yellow having a tendency on the breast to appear
in streaks : axillae and under wing-coverts bright primrose-yellow : tail
extending an inch beyond the tips of the folded wings : feet rather darker
than in the last species. (Egg.) White, with a few specks of dark pur-
plish red : long. diam. seven lines ; trans, diam. five lines and a half.

Very abundant in some parts of England, but in others much less
plentiful than the last species. Is one of the earliest of our summer
visitants, making its first appearance about the middle, or towards the
end of March. Chiefly frequents woods and tall trees, and is of rest-
less habits, being always in motion in search of insects. Song consist-
ing of only two, rather loud, hollow notes, resembling the words chip-
chop, or chiff-chaff, which are occasionally heard till near the end of
September. Nest similar to that of the last species, placed on the ground,
or in very low bushes. Obs. Having compared our English <S. Hippolais
with the S. rufa of Temminck*, and found them agreeing closely in all
their characters, I have no hesitation in considering them as the same
species.

GEN. 19. MELIZOPHILUS, Leach.

59. M. provincialis^ Leach. (Dartford Warbler.) —
Upper plumage deep grayish brown : throat, neck, and
breast, ferruginous red.

Sylvia provincialis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 211. S. Dartford-
iensis, Mont, in Linn. Trans, vol. ix. p. 191. Dartford Warbler,
Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 2 19. pi. 46. f. 6.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 234.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches six lines. MONT.
DESCRIPT. (Male.) All the upper parts dark grayish brown : cheeks
cinereous: throat, neck, and breast, deep ferruginous, inclining to purple;

* The comparison was made with a specimen of S. rufa named by Temminck himself, and
sent by him to Mr Gould, to whose kindness I am indebted for it.

REGULUS.] AVES INSESSORES. 113

sides the same, but not so bright; middle of the belly white: quills
dusky ; the outer webs edged with dark cinereous, the inner with dark
reddish brown : tail blackish brown ; the outer feather tipped, and edged
externally, with white : bill yellowish white at the base, black at the tip :
feet yellowish. (Female and young.) Colours paler : throat more or less
speckled and streaked with white. (Egg.) Greenish white ground,
speckled all over with olivaceous brown and cinereous; the markings
most numerous at the larger end : long. diam. eight lines ; trans, diam.
five lines and a half.

A local species ; found in Kent, Middlesex, Hampshire, Sussex, Surrey,
Devonshire, Cornwall, and a few other parts of England. Remains in this
country throughout the year. Haunts chiefly downs and furzy commons.
Feeds on insects. "Nest somewhat similar to that of the Whitethroat;
artfully concealed in the thickest bushes. Young broods fledged in May.

GEN. 20. REGULUS, Cuv.

60. R. aurocapillus, Selby. (Gold-crested Regulus.) —
Upper parts greenish yellow : cheeks and region of the eyes
cinereous, without any white bands : crown-feathers elon-
gated, forming a bright yellow orange crest.

Sylvia Regulus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 229. Gold-crested
Regulus, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 229. pi. 47. f. 4 & 5. Golden-Crested
Wren, Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 260.

DIMENS. Entire length three inches six lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) three lines and a half, (from the gape) five lines;
of the tarsus seven lines and a half; of the tail one inch five lines; from
the carpus to the end of the wing one inch eleven lines : breadth, wings
extended, five inches six lines. .

DESCRIPT. Upper parts of the plumage olive-green, tinged with
yellow: feathers on the top of the head long and narrow, forming a
crest, of a rich orange-yellow, the sides bordered with black: base of
the bill, cheeks, throat, and region of the eyes, cinereous; the rest of
the under parts the same, but with a tinge of yellow : quills dusky, edged
with yellowish green; secondaries crossed by a black bar; wing-coverts
dusky brown, edged with yellow and tippei with white: tail blackish
brown ; the feathers edged outwardly with yellowish green, inwardly with
whitish : bill black : irides hazel : feet brown. (Female.) Colours gene-
rally paler : crest on the head smaller, and of a pale lemon-yellow ; the
lateral edging of black narrower, and less conspicuous. (Egg.) Dull pale
reddish white : long. diam. six lines ; trans, diam. five lines.

Not uncommon, and generally dispersed throughout the kingdom.
Does not migrate. Frequents woods and plantations, especially those
of fir. Song weak and inward ; heard as early as February. Nes't gene-
rally suspended from the under surface of the branches of spruce firs ;
formed principally of moss, and lined with feathers. Eggs seven to ten
in number. Breeds early in the year.

61. R. ignicapillus, Nob. (Fire-crested Regulus.) —
Upper parts yellowish green, passing into pure yellow
on the sides of the neck ; cheeks with three longitudinal
streaks, one black and two white : crown-feathers elongated,
of a brilliant flame-red.

H

114 AVES INSESSORES. [REOULUS.

Sylvia ignicapilla, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 231. Fire-crested
Wren, Gould, Europ. Birds, part 3.

DIMENS. Entire length four inches : length of the bill (from the fore-
head) four lines and a half, (from the gape) five lines and a half; of the
tarsus seven lines and a half; of the tail one inch nine lines; from the
carpus to the end of the wing two inches and half a line.

DESCRIPT. Closely resembling the last species, but somewhat larger,
with the bill longer and broader at the base. (Adult male.) Upper parts
yellowish tinged with green, passing into nearly pure yellow on the sides
of the neck ; crest of a brilliant flame-red, bordered in front and at the
sides of the crown with deep black ; cheeks particularly distinguished by
three longitudinal streaks, of which there is no indication in the R. auro-
capillus ; one of these, which is black, passes directly through the eyes
in a line from the base of the upper mandible to the ear-coverts; the
other two are white, and are situate one above, the other beneath the
eyes; forehead cinereous, with a pale reddish tinge : wings and tail the
same as in the last species : under parts more approaching to white : bill
black: irides deep brown: tarsi brown; toes and claws yellowish. (Female.)
The longitudinal streaks on the sides of the face the same as in the male,
but the colours more obscure : crest of a dull orange : sides of the neck
olivaceous green, instead of yellow : in other respects the plumage of
the two sexes is similar. (The young of the year before the first moult.)
Only to be distinguished from those of the last species, by the longer and
broader bill : cheeks cinereous, without any appearance of the longitu-
dinal streaks : crest of a pale lemon-yellow, scarcely developed : forehead,
and sides of the neck, cinereous : upper parts not so bright as in the adult ;
under parts cinereous, tinged with yellow.

A single individual of this species (a young bird of the year) was killed
in a garden at Swaffham Bulbeck in Cambridgeshire, in August 1832.
Since then others have been observed at Brighton by Mr J. E. Gray. Is
probably to be met with in other parts of the country, though from its
general resemblance to the R. aurocapillus, it is easily overlooked. Ac-
cording to Temminck, this last species resides chiefly at the tops of trees;
the R. ignicapilluSy more on the lower branches and in small bushes.
The habits of the two in other respects, and nidification, are similar.

GEN. 21. MOTACILLA, Linn.
* Hind claw moderate; much curved.

62. M. alba, Linn. (Pied Wagtail.) — Plumage varie-
gated with black and white.

M. alba, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 255. Pied Wagtail, Selb.
Illust. vol. i. p. 251. pi. 49. f. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds; vol. i. p. 226.
White Wagtail, Mont. Orn. Diet.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches five lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) six lines, (from the gape) eight lines ; of the tarsus
eleven lines ; of the hind toe, claw included, seven lines ; of the tail three
inches four lines and a half; from the carpus to the end of the wing three
inches four lines : breadth, wings extended, ten inches nine lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in summer plumage.) Forehead, cheeks, and sides
of the neck, white ; crown of the head, nape, throat, breast, and upper
part of the body, black ; belly and vent white : quills and greater wing-
coverts edged with white: the two outer tail-feathers nearly all white:

MOTACILLA.] AVES JNSESSORES. 115

the others black: bill black: irides dusky. (Winter plumage.) Throat
and fore part of the neck white : a crescent- shaped black patch on the
upper part of the breast : all the upper parts inclining to blackish gray.
(Young of the year.) Crown of the head, and all the upper parts, ash-
gray, inclining to bluish gray; wing-coverts broadly edged and tipped
with white : on the upper part of the breast a crescent-shaped patch of
dusky ash, the horns of the crescent extending upwards to the ears in a
narrow line on each side of the neck ; throat, cheeks, under part of the
neck, and lower part of the breast, dirty white : abdomen nearly pure
white : quills blackish, with an oblong white spot on their inner webs.
(Egg.) White, speckled with ash-colour: long. diam. nine lines; trans,
diam. seven lines.

A common and well-known species, frequenting pastures and newly
ploughed lands, more especially those in the vicinity of water. Runs
with great celerity, and occasionally wades in shallow streams in pursuit
of aquatic insects. Migrates in the North of England, but is stationary
in the southern counties. Nest on the ground, or in the holes of trees
and old buildings ; composed of moss, fibres, and wool, and lined with
hair. Eggs four or five.

63. M. Boarula, Linn. (Gray Wagtail.) — Head and
back bluish gray ; rump and under parts bright yellow :
tail very long.

M. Boarula, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 257. Gray Wagtail,
Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 253. pi. 49. f. 2.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 228.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches nine lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) five lines, (from the gape) seven lines and a half;
of the tarsus ten lines ; of the hind toe, claw included, six lines ; of the
tail three inches ten lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing three
inches one line and a half.

DESCRIPT. (Summer plumage.) Head, neck, back, and scapulars,
bluish gray: above the eyes a pale streak: throat black: rump, and
under parts, bright yellow, the former tinged with green : quills and
six middle tail-feathers grayish black, more or less edged with yellowish
white; outer tail-feather entirely white; the two next white, with a part
of the outer web black : feet dusky brown. (Winter plumage.) Throat
yellowish white: under parts of a paler yellow. Obs. Female at all times
paler than the male. (Egg.) White, nearly covered with reddish yellow
brown, varying in intensity : long. diam. eight lines and a half; trans,
diara. seven lines.

A regular winter visitant in the southern parts of the kingdom, but in
the northern a summer visitant. Habits and nidification very similar to
those of the last species. Is said to have two broods in the year, the first
of which is generally fledged about the end of May.

** Hind claw elongated; but slightly curved.

64. M. yfava, Ray. (Yellow Wagtail.) — Head, and all
the upper parts of the body, olive-green : streak above the
eye, and under parts, bright yellow : tail moderate,

H 2

116 AYES INSESSORES. [MOTACILLA.

M. flava, Ray, Syn. Av. p. 75. Yellow Wagtail, Mont. Orn. Diet,
and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 255. pi. 49. f. 3. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 229.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches eight lines: length of the bill (from
the forehead) five lines and a half, (from the gape) eight lines ; of the
tarsus eleven lines ; of the hind toe, claw included, eight lines and a half;
of the tail two inches eleven lines; from the carpus to the end of the wing
three inches : breadth, wings extended, nine inches nine lines.

DE SCRIPT. (Male.) Crown of the head, nape, and ear-coverts, pale
olive-green ; back, rump, and scapulars, of the same colour but darker :
over the eyes a bright yellow streak : all the under parts bright yellow :
quills and coverts blackish brown, edged and tipped with yellowish white :
tail dusky ; the two middle feathers edged with pale olive ; the two outer
ones with the whole of their external, and a large part of their inner webs
white : bill and feet black. (Female.) Upper plumage inclining more to
cinereous : throat yellowish white ; the rest of the under parts yellow,
but not so bright as in the male. (Young of the year.) Resembling the
female, but still paler: upper parts dull cinereous, very faintly tinged
with olivaceous : all the under parts yellowish white : greater and lesser
coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two bars across the wings :
tail as in the adult. (Egg.) White, mottled nearly all over with yellow
and ash-brown : long. diam. eight lines and a half; trans, diam. six lines
and a half.

A migratory species, visiting this country about the end of March, or
beginning of April. Frequents downs, and arable lands, and is rather
less attached to water than either of the foregoing species. Nest placed
on the ground ; composed of dried stalks and fibres, and lined with hair.
Eggs four or five in number.

65. M. neglecta, Gould. (Blue-headed Wagtail.) —
Head bluish lead-colour ; streak above the eye white :
body above olivaceous green, beneath yellow.

M. neglecta, Gould in Proceed, of Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 129. Id. Europ.
Birds, part 3. M. flava, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 260.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches. GOULD.

DESCRIPT. Closely resembling the last species, from which it scarcely
differs excepting in the colour of the head and streak above the eye : the
former, instead of being olivaceous like the rest of the upper parts, is of a
fine lead gray, approaching to blue ; the latter, as well as a second streak
beneath the eyes, is white. The female has the colours paler, and the
eye-streaks indistinctly marked. (Egg.) "Greenish olive, with light
flesh-coloured blotches." GOULD.

Mr Gould has the merit of having first distinguished this from the
M. flava, with which it had been previously confounded. The differences
between them, he observes, do not depend upon the season, he having
obtained specimens of each killed in the same month. The present spe-
cies, which appears to be the only .one known to continental authors, in
our own country has hitherto occurred but once. This individual, which
was an old bird, was killed near Colchester by Mr H. Doubleday, in the
Autumn of 1834. A pair were seen. Food and nidification similar to
those of the M. flava.

ANTHUS.] AVES INSESSORES. 117

GEN. 22. ANTHUS, Bechst.
* Hind claw longer than the toe; very little curved.

66. A. Richardi, Vieill. (Richard's Pipit.) — Upper
plumage deep brown, with lighter edges : breast spotted :
tarsi very long.

A. Richardi, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 263. Vigors in Zool.
Journ. vol.i. p. 411. pi. 14. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 379.
Richard's Pipit, Selb. Illmt. vol. i. p. 264. pi. 100. f. 5.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches seven lines : length of the hind toe,
claw included, one inch. TEMM,

DESCRIPT. Plumage on the crown of the head, back, and scapulars,
deep olive-brown ; the edges of the feathers somewhat paler : a broad
streak above the eye, temples, throat, belly and vent, pure white ; breast
and sides reddish yellow, the former marked with lanceolate dusky spots :
wings blackish brown ; quills and coverts broadly edged with yellowish
white: tail dusky, edged in the same manner; outer feather entirely
white ; the next with the greater portion white : bill somewhat stronger,
and rather more elongated, than in the other species of this genus ; upper
mandible brown ; lower mandible yellow : irides brown : feet yellowish :
hind claw very long, almost straight. (Egg.) Reddish white ground,
speckled with darker red and light brown: long. diam. ten lines and
a half; trans, diam. seven lines and a half.

Very rare in this country. Has hitherto only occurred in two instances,
both times in the neighbourhood of London. Habits unknown.

67- A. pratensis, Bechst. (Meadow Pipit.) — Upper
plumage olivaceous green, with dusky spots : neck, breast,
and sides, spotted : tarsi moderate.

A. pratensis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 269. Meadow Pipit,
Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 260. pi. 49. f. 4. Titlark, Mont. Orn. Diet.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 220.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches nine lines: length of the bill (from
the forehead) five lines and a half, (from the gape) eight lines ; of the
tarsus ten lines and a half; of the hind toe, claw included, ten lines and
a half; of the tail two inches four lines and a half; from the carpus to
the end of the wing three inches : breadth, wings extended, nine inches
ten lines.

DESCRIPT. (Summer plumage.) Upper parts olivaceous green tinged
with ash-gray ; feathers on the head, back, and scapulars, spotted with
dusky: under parts yellowish white; throat, in the male, during the
breeding season only, with a deep reddish tinge; sides of the neck, breast,
and upper part of the abdomen, marked with blackish brown spots ; flanks
with long dusky streaks: tail dusky; outer feather edged externally,
and broadly tipped, with white; the next with a small white spot at
the extremity : bill slender, dusky ; base of the under mandible yellowish :
irides hazel : legs yellowish brown : hind claw not so long as in the last
species, slightly curved. (Winter plumage.) Upper parts of a brighter,
and more decided olive-green, with the dusky spots not occupying- so
large a portion of the feather : under parts ferruginous yellow, and not*
so much spotted. (JZgg.) Reddish white ground, mottled all over with
darker reddish brown : long. diam. nine lines ; trans, diam. seven lines.

118 AVES INSESSORES. [ANTHUS.

Very abundant on moors, barren heaths, and extensive fenny districts.
Stays the whole year. Sings in its descent, after rising to a considerable
height in the air, always returning to the ground, or to some low bush,
with motionless wings and expanded tail. Nest on the ground; com-
posed of dry grass, bents, and stalks of plants, patched on the outside
with a small quantity of green moss, and lined with fine grasses and long
horse-hair. Eggs five or six, hatched towards the end of May. Obs. The
Pipit Lark of Montagu is this species in its winter plumage, after the
autumnal moult.

** Hind claw about equal to the toe in length, or
shorter ; much curved.

68. A. arboreus, Bechst. (Tree Pipit.) — Upper parts
olivaceous green, with dusky spots: breast and sides spot-
ted : wings with two transverse bars of yellowish white.

A. arboreus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 271. Tree Pipit, Selb.
Illust. vol. i. p. 262. pi. 49. f. 5. Field Lark, Mont. Orn. Diet.
Tree Lark, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 218.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches: length of the bill (from the fore-
head) five lines and a half, (from the gape) eight lines; of the tarsus
nine lines ; of the tail two inches six lines ; from the carpus to the end of
the wing three inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Strongly resembling the last species, but always to be
distinguished by the hind claw, which is shorter than the toe, and so
much curved as to form the quadrant of a circle ; the bill is also some-
what stronger, and more dilated at the base. Upper parts olivaceous
green, tinged with cinereous ; the centre of each feather, more especially
those on the head and back, dusky brown: lesser and middle wing-coverts
tipped with yellowish white, so as to shew a double transverse bar on the
wings when closed : throat almost white ; fore part of the neck, breast,
and flanks, ochre-yellow, marked with dusky spots, large and oval on
the breast, but assuming the form of long narrow streaks on the sides;
middle of the abdomen pure white ; under tail-coverts tinged with yellow,
but free from spots : tail dusky brown; the outer feather with the greater
portion white ; the next only tipped with white : upper mandible wholly
dusky, under mandible dusky at the tip, flesh-coloured at the base : irides
hazel : legs flesh-coloured, inclining to yellowish brown. (Egg.) Grayish
white ground, spotted and streaked with ash-colour and dark brown;
sometimes pale purple, spotted with darker purple and dark red brown :
long. diam. nine lines ; trans, diam. seven lines.

A migratory species, visiting this country about the third week in
April. Not uncommon in wooded districts, but rarely or never to be
found in open country. Sings in its descent like the last species, but
always rises from the top of some tall tree, to which it returns gra-
dually, with expanded wings and tail. Song heard till the middle of
July. Nest placed on the ground; formed of dry grass, patched ex-
ternally with moss, and lined with the finer grasses. Eggs four or
five.

69. A. petrosus, Flem. (Rock Pipit.) — Upper parts
greenish brown with darker spots : breast and sides streaked
with brown : above the eye a yellowish white streak.

SAXICOLA.] AVES INSESSORES. 119

A. aquaticus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 265. Alauda petrosa,
Mont, in Linn. Trans, vol. iv. p. 41. Rock Pipit, Selb. Illust.
vol. i. p. 258. pi. 49. f. 6. Rock Lark, Mont. Orn. Diet. Field
Lark, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 216.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches eight lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) six lines and a half, (from the gape) nine lines ; of
the tarsus ten lines and a half; of the hind toe, claw included, ten lines ;
of the tail two inches nine lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing
three inches five lines: breadth, wings extended, eleven inches three
lines.

DE SCRIPT. (Adult.) Upper parts dark brown, with a tinge of olive-green ;
the feathers on the back, and scapulars, obscurely marked with dusky
streaks : quills and coverts dusky, edged with greenish white : above the
eye a pale streak : all the under parts whitish, with longitudinal brown
streaks on the sides of the neck, breast, and flanks : the two middle tail-
feathers cinereous brown ; the others dusky ; the outer one being white
in its greater portion, the next tipped with white: bill dusky: irides
hazel : feet brown : hind claw curved, about equal to the toe in length.
(Young.) The olivaceous tinge of the upper parts more conspicuous:
under parts yellowish, spotted as in the adult bird: wing-coverts more
broadly edged with pale cinereous brown : the white on the outer tail-
feathers less pure, inclining to pale dusky. (Egg.) Greenish white
ground, speckled with ash-brown, darkest at the larger end : long. diam.
nine lines and a half; trans, diam. seven lines and a half.

Common on rocky shores, in many parts of the kingdom, where it
resides the whole year, but is never found inland. Feeds on marine
insects. Song and habits somewhat similar to those of the two last
species. Breeds in the clefts of rocks, sometimes at a considerable
height from the ground. Nest composed of marine plants, with the
addition of a little moss externally, lined with fine grass and a few long
hairs. Eggs four or five ; hatched early in the Spring.

GEN. 23. SAXICOLA, Bechst.

70. S. (Enanthe, Bechst. (Wheat-Ear.) — Upper parts
ash-gray : forehead, throat, streak above the eyes, and
basal portion of the tail, white.

S. CEnanthe, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 237. Wheat-Ear,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 181. pi. 48. f. 1. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 264.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches six lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) six lines, (from the gape) ten lines ; of the tarsus eleven
lines and a half; of the tail two inches six lines ; from the carpus to the
end of the wing four inches : breadth, wings extended, twelve inches.

DE SCRIPT. (Male in summer.) Upper parts of the body bluish ash :
from the corners of the bill a black band, passing across the eyes, and ex-
tending to the ear-coverts ; above the black, a white streak ; forehead
and throat white : wings brownish black : fore part of the neck, and upper
part of the breast, reddish yellow ; the rest of the under parts white :
tail, with the exception of the two middle feathers which are wholly
black, white for two thirds of its length from the base ; the remaining
portion black: bill and feet black. (Female.) Upper parts cinereous
brown, tinged with yellow : the band across the eyes brown : quills with

120 AVES INSESSORES. [SAXICOLA.

pale edges : less white on the tail. (Male, after the autumnal moult.)
All those parts above, which in summer are bluish gray, tinged with
rufous : rump, and streak above the eye, pure white : lore pure black ;
but the black on the ear-coverts tinged with rufous : wing-coverts, and
secondary quills, broadly edged with rufous ; primaries tipped with red-
dish white: chin white; throat, breast, and sides of the neck, decided
rufous ; rest of the under parts paler, but still tinged with rufous. The
female, at this season, resembles the male, but is more rufous, with the
colours not so well-defined : the black streak through the eye indistinct ;
the white one above it dull and inclining to rufous. (Young of the year.)
General plumage closely resembling that of the female in autumn : the
band across the eyes very indistinct. (Egg.) Uniform delicate pale grey
blue : long. diam. ten lines and a half; trans, diam. seven lines and a half.
A migratory species, making its first appearance about the end of
March, and remaining till September. Common on open downs, and in
uninclosed districts. Builds on the ground, under stones, or in old
rabbit-burrows. Nest composed of moss and grass, and lined with wool
or hair. Obs. Previously to quitting this country, it assumes the
autumnal plumage, in which state it does not appear to have been
noticed by Ornithologists.

71. S. Rubetra, Bechst. (Whin-Chat.) — Upper plumage
dusky brown, edged with reddish yellow : streak above the
eyes, a spot on the wings, and base of the tail, white.

S. Rubetra, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 244. Whin-Chat, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 183. pi. 48. f. 2. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 266.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches : length of the bill (from the fore-
head) five lines, (from the gape) eight lines ; of the tarsus ten lines ; of
the tail two inches; from the carpus to the end of the wing two
inches ten lines and a half; breadth, wings extended, eight inches
eleven lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Crown of the head, nape, back, and scapulars, dusky
brown, the feathers broadly edged with reddish yellow : from the base of
the upper mandible a white streak, passing above the eye, and extending
considerably beyond it : cheeks and ear-coverts blackish brown : throat
and breast pale yellowish red, edged laterally with white ; rest of the
under parts white, with a faint tinge of yellow: wings brown, with a
large oblong white patch near the shoulder, and another smaller one of
the same colour on the greater coverts of the primaries : rump and upper
tail-coverts yellowish brown streaked with dusky : tail short ; the basal
half white, the remainder dusky brown ; the two middle feathers entirely
dusky : bill and feet black. (Female.) The rufous edging of the upper
plumage broader and more conspicuous : less white on the wing : all the
under parts yellowish white, inclining to rust-red on the breast : upper
tail-coverts rust-red. (Egg.) Uniform bluish green, with specks (some
very minute) of dull reddish brown : long. diam. nine lines ; trans, diam.
six lines and a half.

Migratory like the last species: seldom appears before the middle
of April. Haunts moors and commons. Nest placed on the ground,
artfully concealed, constructed almost wholly of dried grasses and
stalks, the coarser parts being on the outside, and the finer blades
forming a lining within. Eggs five or six in number; hatched towards
the end of Mav.

PARUS.] AVES INSESSORES. 121

72. S. Rubicola, Bechst. (Stone-Chat.) — Head and
throat black ; back black, the feathers with reddish edges :
sides of the neck, a spot on the wings, and rump, white.

S. Rubicola, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 246. Stone-Chat, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 185. pi. 48. f . 3 & 4. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 268.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches one line : length of the bill (from
the forehead) five lines, (from the gape) eight lines ; of the tarsus ten
lines ; of the tail two inches ; from the carpus to the end of the wing two
inches six lines : breadth, wings extended, eight inches five lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male in Summer.) Head and throat black; on each side
of the neck a large white spot ; back and nape black, some of the fea-
thers on these parts faintly edged with reddish ; quills dusky with pale
edges ; a large white spot on the greater coverts next the body : breast
rust-red ; the rest of the under parts white, tinged with yellow : rump
white : tail black : bill and feet black. In the winter plumage, the
black on the head and throat is mixed with cinereous brown. (Female.)
Head and upper parts dusky brown ; the feathers edged with yellowish
red : quills and tail deep brown, with paler edges : throat dusky, with
whitish and reddish spots : the white on the sides of the neck and on the
wings not so conspicuous as in the male; the red on the breast paler.
(Young of the year before the first moult.) Crown of the head dusky
brown, with fine yellowish white streaks on the shafts of the feathers ;
rest of the upper parts as in the adult female, but with a few whitish
spots on the nape and top of the back : wing-coverts and scapulars broadly
edged with reddish yellow; upper tail-coverts pale rust-colour: throat
whitish, speckled with dusky brown. (Egg.) Pale gray blue ; the larger
end speckled with dull reddish brown : long. diam. eight lines and a half;
trans, diam. seven lines.

Found in the same places with the preceding species, but remains
throughout the year. Habits similar. Nest on the ground ; composed
of moss and dry bents, and lined with hair or feathers. Eggs five or six ;
hatched early in the season.

GEN. 24. PARUS, Linn.

(1. PARUS, Leach.)

73. P. major, Linn. (Great Titmouse.) — Head, throat,
lower part of the neck, and mesial line of the abdomen,
black; cheeks, and a spot on the nape, white.

P. major, Temm. Man. d"0rn. torn. i. p. 287. Great Titmouse,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 233. pi. 51. f. 1. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 272.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches eleven lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) five lines and a half, (from the gape) seven lines ; of
the tarsus nine lines and a half; of the tail two inches nine lines ; from
the carpus to the end of the wing three inches one line; breadth, wings
extended, nine inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. Head, throat, fore part of the neck, and a longitudinal
streak down the middle of the abdomen, black : cheeks and ear-coverts,
and a spot on the nape, white: back olive-green: rump bluish ash:

122 AVES INSESSORES. [PARUS.

breast and belly, on each side of the black line, yellow : quills dusky ;
wing-coverts bluish ash, the larger tipped with white : tail dusky ash ;
the outer feather with the exterior web white; the next tipped with
white: under tail-coverts white: bill black: legs lead-colour. In the
female, the colours are not so vivid, and the abdominal black streak does
not extend so low down. (Egg.) White, spotted and speckled with pale
red : long. diam. nine lines and a half; trans, diam. seven lines.

Common in woods and gardens throughout the country. Has a great
variety of notes, which are heard very early in the year. Feeds prin-
cipally on insects, but will also devour grain, as well as flesh. Breeds in
the hollows of decayed trees, or in old walls. Nest constructed chiefly of
moss, and lined with feathers. Eggs very numerous.

74. P. cceruleus, Linn. (Blue Titmouse.) — Crown
blue, encircled with white : cheeks white, bordered with
black, and dark blue.

P. cseruleus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 289. Blue Titmouse,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 235. pi. 51. f. 2. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 276.

DIMENS. Entire length four inches four lines : length of the bill four
lines; of the tarsus eight lines; of the tail one inch eleven lines; from
the carpus to the end of the wing two inches four lines ; breadth, wings
extended, seven inches eight lines.

DESCRIPT. Forehead white, the white extending backwards in the
form of a narrow band above the eyes, and reaching to the occiput ; crown
of the head bright blue : cheeks white, bounded above by a narrow black
line commencing at the bill and passing through the eyes, beneath by
another line of dark blue extending from the chin to the hinder part of
the neck where it becomes broader : back yellowish green : throat, and
longitudinal streak on the middle of the abdomen, deep blue ; breast and
sides bright yellow : wings and tail blue ; secondaries and greater coverts
tipped with white : bill and legs bluish gray. In the female, the blue
colours are more obscure, and the abdominal streak not so well denned.
(Egg.) White, spotted with pale red: long. diam. seven lines and a half;
trans, diam. six lines.

Equally common with the last species. Habits and food similar. Nest
placed in the holes of trees ; formed of moss, and lined with hair and
feathers.

75. P. cristatus, Linn. (Crested Titmouse.) — Crown-
feathers elongated, forming a crest, black, edged with
white : cheeks and sides of the neck dull white : throat,
a streak on the temples, and collar, black.

P. cristatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 290. Crested Titmouse,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 243. pi. 43. f. 5. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 274.

DIMENS. Entire length four inches eight lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) three lines and a half, (from the gape) five lines ;
of the tarsus nine lines ; of the tail one inch eight lines ; from the carpus
to the end of the wing two inches six lines.

PARUS.] AVES INSESSORES. 123

DE SCRIPT. Feathers on the crown and forehead long and pointed, and
capable of erection; of a black colour, edged with white: cheeks and
sides of the neck dull white, speckled with black; beneath the eye,
and across the ear-coverts, a black streak; throat, upper part of the
neck, and a narrow line bounding the white on the sides, deep black :
back, and other upper parts, greenish brown : breast and belly white,
tinged with buff: bill black : feet bluish gray. The female has less
black on the throat, and the crown-feathers not so much elongated.
(Egg.) White, with a few spots and specks of pale red: long. diam.
seven lines; trans, diam. six lines.

Confined to Scotland; but stated to be not uncommon amongst the
large tracts of pines in the northern parts of that country, particularly
in the forest of Glenmoor. Is said to be of solitary habits, and to build
in the holes of trees.

76. P. palustris, Linn. (Marsh Titmouse.) — Crown,
throat, and nape, deep black : cheeks yellowish white.

P. palustris, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 291. Marsh Titmouse,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 237. pi. 51. f. 4. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 282.

DIMENS. Entire length four inches six lines ; length of the bill (from
the forehead) four lines, (from the gape) four lines and a half; of the
tarsus eight lines ; of the tail two inches two lines ; from the carpus to
the end of the wing two inches four lines and a half: breadth, wings
extended, seven inches ten lines.

DESCRIPT. Crown of the head, nape, and throat, deep black; cheeks
yellowish white : upper parts of the body gray tinged with brown : wings
and tail bluish gray, the edges of the feathers somewhat paler : breast
and belly white, faintly tinged with grayish brown : bill black, stronger
and more conical than in the next species: feet bluish gray. (Egg.)
White, with a few dark red spots : long. diam. seven lines and a half;
trans, diam. six lines.

Not an uncommon species in woods and thickets. Has a loud shrill
note, repeated quickly several times in succession, heard very early in
the year. Food insects and seeds, occasionally flesh. Builds in the holes
of decayed trees : nest composed of moss and the seed-down of the willow,
and lined with the last mentioned material. Eggs from six to eight in
number.

77- P- ater, Linn. (Cole Titmouse.) — Head, throat,
and fore part of the neck, black ; cheeks, and a spot on
the nape, white: two transverse white bars on the wings.

P. ater, Temm. Man. a" Orn. torn. i. p. 288. Cole Titmouse, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 239. pi. 51. f. 3. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 278.

DIMENS. Entire length four inches three lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) three lines and a half, (from the gape) four lines
and a half; of the tarsus seven lines and three quarters; of the tail
one inch seven lines and a half; from the carpus to the end of the
wing two inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. Crown of the head, and nape of the neck, black; the
latter with a central white spot : cheeks and sides of the neck white :

124 AVES INSESSORES. [PARUS.

throat and fore part of the neck black : upper parts of the body cine-
reous, inclining to yellowish on the rump : greater and lesser coverts
tipped with white, forming two transverse bars across the wings when
closed: belly and abdomen grayish white: tail relatively shorter than
in the last species, and slightly forked. The female has less white on
the sides of the neck, and less black on the throat. (Egg.) White,
with numerous pale red spots: long. diam. seven lines and a half;
trans, diam. six lines.

Not so abundant as the last species. Confined to woods and exten-
sive plantations. Feeds principally on insects. Builds in holes. Nest
constructed of moss and wool, and lined with hair.

(2. MECISTURA, Leach.)

78. P. caudatus, Linn. (Long-tailed Titmouse.) —
Forehead, crown, cheeks, and throat, white : a broad
streak across the eye, nape, and back, black ; scapulars
reddish.

P. caudatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 296. Long-tailed Tit-
mouse, Mont. Om. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 241. pi. 51. f. 5.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 279.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches nine lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) two lines and a half, (from the gape) three lines and a half ;
of the tarsus eight lines ; of the tail three inches six lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing two inches four lines : breadth, wings
extended, six inches eight lines.

DESCRIPT. Forehead, crown, cheeks and throat, pure white ; over each
eye a broad black streak, which extends backward to the nape, where it
unites with its fellow to form a broader band of the same colour down the
middle of the back : sides of the back, and scapulars, rose-red : quills
black ; greater coverts dusky ash ; these last, as well as the secondary
quills, edged with white : belly, sides, and abdomen, whitish, tinged with
red : tail cuneated, and very long ; the six middle feathers black ; the
others tipped, and obliquely edged on their outer webs, with white:
bill black, very short: irides brown: feet dusky. Obs. According to
Temminck, it is only the female which possesses the black streak over
the eyes, but as far as my observation goes it is common to both sexes,
nor did I ever see a specimen in which it was wanting. Young birds
have the white parts more or less mottled with brown and dusky ; and
the black on the back not so deep and well-defined. (Egg.) White,
with a few pale red specks; frequently quite plain: long. diam. seven
lines; trans, diam. five lines.

Far from uncommon in woods and shrubberies, in most parts of the
kingdom. Feeds entirely on insects. Nest placed generally in thick
bushes ; of a very elegant form ; long and oval, covered at top, with a
small aperture at the side ; constructed principally of moss and wool,
studded externally with lichens, and lined with a profusion of soft fea-
thers. Eggs ten to twelve in number. The young, when Hedged, follow
the parent birds till the ensuing spring.

BOMBYCILLA.] AVES INSESSORES. 125

GEN. 25. CALAMOPHILUS, Leach.

79. C. biarmicus, Leach. (Bearded Titmouse.) — Crown
and occiput bluish ash ; throat white ; beneath the eye a
black pointed moustache.

Parus biarmicus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 298. Bearded
Titmouse, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 244. pi. 51. f. 6.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 283.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches four lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) three lines and a half, (from the gape) five lines ; of the
tarsus nine lines and a half; of the tail three inches one line; from the
carpus to the end of the wing two inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head and occiput bluish gray: between the bill
and the eye a tuft of loose pendent black feathers, forming a pointed
moustache on each side of the face; throat and fore part of the neck
white ; breast and belly tinged with rose-red : nape, back, and rump, light
rufous orange ; scapulars paler : quills dusky, the primaries edged with
white ; greater coverts deep black, edged with red on the outer webs, and
with reddish white on the inner : under tail-coverts deep black : tail long
and cuneated, orange-brown; the outer feathers tipped, and edged ex-
ternally, with grayish white : bill orange : irides yellow : feet black.
(Female.) No black moustache on the sides of the neck ; crown, and
upper parts of the body, yellowish brown, spotted with dusky: under
tail-coverts of the same colour with the abdomen. (Egg.) White, with
a few minute specks and streaks of dark red : long. diam. eight lines
and a half; trans, 'diam. six lines and a half.

A local species confined to fenny districts, and extensive marshes,
where there is abundance of reeds. Found near Winchelsea in Sussex,
between Erith and London, and also in some parts of Gloucestershire,
Lancashire, Cambridgeshire, and Norfolk. Nest placed near the ground,
fixed to the stems of coarse grasses ; composed entirely of dried bents,
the finer ones forming the lining. Eggs four to six in number. Said
to feed on land mollusca, especially the Succinea amphibia, as well as
insects.

GEN. 26. BOMBYCILLA, Briss.

80. B. garrula, Bonap. (Bohemian Wax-Wing.) — Head
and upper part of the body purplish red ; the feathers on
the crown elongated ; throat black : secondaries and greater
coverts tipped with white.

Bombycivora garrula, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 124. Bohemian
Wax-Wing, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 268. pi. 34*. Bohemian Chatterer,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Chatterer, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 98.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches eleven lines.

DESCRIPT. Crown-feathers elongated, forming a pendent crest, of a
pale brown purplish red colour: nostrils covered with small black feathers:
throat and region of the eyes deep black : all the upper and under parts
of the body purplish red, with a tinge of ash-gray, being darkest above :
greater wing-coverts black, tipped with white : quills black ; some of the

126 AVES INSESSORES. [ALAUDA.

primaries with a yellow, others, and all the secondaries, with a white spot
at the extremity of the outer web : six or eight of the secondaries with
the shafts terminating in a small, oblong, flat, cartilaginous process, of a
bright red colour, and having the appearance of wax: vent and under
tail-coverts reddish orange : tail black, tipped with yellow : bill and feet
black: irides purplish red. In the female, there is less black on the
throat, and the wax-like appendages are not so numerous : the yellow
on the wings, and extremity of the tail, is also not so bright. In young
birds the waxen tags do not appear at all till after the first moult ; from
that time they gradually increase in number as the age of the individual
advances. (Egg.) Pale blue, with a few specks of ash-gray and black :
long. diam. eleven lines ; trans, diam. seven lines.

A very uncommon visitant in this country; making its appearance
at irregular intervals. Occasionally observed in small flocks during the
winter season. Feeds on heps, and the berries of the mountain-ash.

GEN. 27. ALAUDA, Linn.

81. A. alpestris, Linn. (Shore Lark.) — Upper parts
reddish brown ; streak above the eye, moustache, and a
broad transverse bar on the breast, black.

A. alpestris, Temm. Man. cTOrn. torn. i. p. 279. Shore Lark, Wils.
Amer. Orn. vol. i. p. 85. pi. 5. f. 4. Penn. Arct. Zool. vol. n.
p. 84.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches ten lines. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Forehead, throat, and sides of the head behind
the eyes, pale yellow ; a streak above the eye, continued over the fore-
head and bounding the yellow on that part, a moustache from the cor-
ners of the bill across the cheeks, and a broad transverse bar on the upper
part of the breast, deep black : upper parts of the body, wing-coverts, and
sides of the breast, reddish brown : quills dusky, edged internally with
white: tail with the two middle feathers brown; the rest black; the
outer one edged externally with white : lower part of the breast and
flanks pale red : belly and abdomen white : bill and feet black. (Female.)
Forehead yellowish ; crown of the head varied with black and brown ; the
black parts with fine yellowish streaks : the transverse bar on the breast
smaller than in the other sex ; the black feathers in the tail tipped with
whitish. (Egg.) White, spotted with black.

A single specimen of this Lark, the only one that has hitherto occurred
in this country, was killed on the beach near Sherringham in Norfolk, in
March 1830. The species inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Asia,
and America. Said to frequent extensive plains, and to feed on insects
and seeds. Nest placed on the ground : eggs four or five in number.

(5.) A. rubra, Gmel. Syst. vol. n. p. 794. Red Lark, Lewin, Brit.
Birds, vol. in. pi. 93. Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. App.

An obscure species, if indeed it be a species, of which very little is
known. Montagu says, "Taken in the Winter of 1812, near Woolwich,
in a net with other larks." The specimen, however, is not in his collection
in the British Museum, nor does one exist in any other with which I am
acquainted.

ALAUDA.] AVES INSESSORES. 127

82. A. arvensis, Linn. (Sky-Lark.) — Upper parts
reddish brown ; neck and breast reddish white with dusky
spots.

A. arvensis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 281. Sky-Lark, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 273. pi. 50. f. 1. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 213.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches three lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) five lines and a half, (from the gape) eight lines ; of
the tarsus eleven lines and a half; of the hind toe, claw included, one
inch one line and a half ; of the tail two inches eight lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing four inches four lines : breadth, wings
extended, thirteen inches six lines.

DE SCRIPT. All the upper parts reddish brown, with a dusky spot in
the middle of each feather ; these colours palest on the nape, darkest on
the head and upper part of the back : a whitish streak above the eyes ;
cheeks pale yellowish brown : throat yellowish white ; fore part of the
neck, and breast, tinged with reddish yellow, and spotted with blackish
brown ; sides with dark streaks of this last colour ; middle of the abdomen
white : quills edged externally with reddish ; the secondaries notched at
their extremities : outer tail-feathers with the tip and exterior web white ;
the two next simply edged with white : bill dusky ; the base of the lower
mandible yellowish : feet yellowish : hind claw nearly straight, longer
than the toe. (Egg.) Greenish white ground, spotted all over with
darker green and ash-brown : long. diam. eleven lines ; trans, diam. eight
lines and a half.

An abundant, and widely dispersed species. Frequents open country,
more especially arable and cultivated lands. Sings in its ascent, and
also whilst suspended at a height in the air. Commences its song, in the
middle of Summer, as early as two A. M. Breeds in May. Nest placed
on the ground; composed of stalks and dry grasses, and lined with the
finer blades. Eggs four or five in number. Occasionally two broods in
the season. Congregates in large flocks during the Winter.

83. A. arborea, Linn. (Wood- Lark.) — Upper parts
reddish brown : neck and breast yellowish white, with
dusky spots : a distinct yellowish white band above the
eyes, reaching from the bill to the occiput.

A. arborea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 282. Wood-Lark, Mont.
Orn. Did. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 276. pi. 5.0. f. 2. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 222.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches five lines : breadth, wings extended,
twelve inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Distinguished from the last species, by its somewhat
smaller size, shorter tail, and very distinct yellowish white streak pass-
ing from the bill above the eyes and reaching nearly to the occiput.
Upper plumage light reddish brown, with dusky spots : crown-feathers
long, and capable of erection : ear-coverts pale brown ; cheeks yellowish
white : neck and breast yellowish white, with longitudinal dusky spots ;
belly dirty white : quills dusky, slightly edged with brown ; wing-coverts
tipped with white : the two middle tail-feathers brown ; the next two

128 AVES INSESSORES. [EMBERIZA.

dusky ; the others black, with white tips ; the outermost of all white on
the exterior web : bill brownish black ; the base of the lower mandible
yellowish white : feet liesh-colour, tinged with yellowish brown ; hind
claw very long, and nearly straight. (Egg.) Light greenish brown
ground, mottled with darker brown, with a few dusky streaks at the
larger end : long. diam. ten lines ; trans, diam. seven lines.

Much less generally distributed than the last species : not uncommon
in the southern and western parts of England, but rare in the eastern.
Habits similar to those of the Sky-Lark. Sings at a great height in the
air, flying round and round in large irregular circles. In song nearly
the whole year. Nest on the ground, constructed principally of dry
grasses, and lined with a few hairs. Breeds very early in the season.
Does not congregate in Winter.

GEN. 28. EMBERIZA, Linn.

(1. PLECTROPHANES, Meyer.)

84. E. Lapponica, Nilss. (Lapland Bunting.) — Crown
of the head, and upper part of the breast, black ; above the
eye a white band, prolonged on the sides of the neck : nape,
back, and scapulars, varied with brown and red.

E. calcarata, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 322. Plectrophanes
Lapponica, Selb. in Linn. Trans, vol. xv. p. 156. pi. 1. (Young.)
Faun. Bar. Amer. part 2. p. 248. pi. 48. (Adult.) Lapland Finch,
Lath. Syn. vol. n. p. 263. Lapland Lark-Bunting, Selb. Illust.
vol. i. p. 283. pi. 100. f. 6.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches eight lines: length of the bill (from
the forehead) six lines, (from the gape) six lines and a quarter ; of the
tarsus ten lines ; of the hind toe, claw included, nine lines and a quarter ;
of the tail two inches nine lines ; of the folded wing three inches nine
lines. Faun. Bor. Amer.

DESCRIPT. (Young.) "Bill yellowish brown, palest towards the base
of the under mandible : head, and all the upper parts of the body, pale
wood-brown, tinged with yellowish gray ; the shafts of the feathers blackish
brown : greater wing-coverts, and secondary quills, blackish brown, deeply
margined with chestnut or orange-brown ; the tips white : quills dusky
brown, paler at the edge : above the eyes a broad streak of pale wood-
brown : cheeks and ear-coverts wood-brown, the latter mixed with black :
from the corners of the under mandible, on each side of the throat, a streak
of blackish brown : throat yellowish white : lower part of the neck and
breast dirty white, with numerous dusky spots: belly and vent white:
flanks with oblong dusky streaks : tail dusky, the outer feather with the
exterior web, and half of the interior, dirty white: the second with a small
wedge-shaped white spot near the tip : legs and toes brown : claws not.
much hooked, the posterior nearly straight, and longer than the toe."
SELBY. In the adult male, which has not yet occurred in this country,
the head, chin, throat, and upper part of the breast, are velvet black,
with a broad whitish band down the sides of the neck, commencing
above the eyes and dilating into an open space in about the middle
of its course : nape bright .chestnut ; rest of the upper plumage pale
reddish brown, with a blackish streak in the middle of each feather :
wing-coverts with two obsolete white bands ; primaries hair-brown, their

EMBERIZA.] AVES INSESSORES. 129

exterior edges whitish : belly and under tail-coverts dusky white ; sides of
the breast, and flanks, spotted with black : bill bright lemon-yellow, tipped
with black: legs pitch-black. The female differs in having the chin
grayish, the black plumage of the head and breast edged with pale
brown and gray, and the chestnut feathers of the nape fringed with
white: the white band duller. (Egg.) Pale ochre-yellow, spotted with
brown. Faun. Bor. Amer.

Of this species, which is a native of high northern latitudes, only four
individuals have hitherto occurred in this country : the first of these was
taken in Cambridgeshire ; the second in the neighbourhood of Brighton ;
the third near London, in Sept. 1828 ; the fourth near Preston in Lanca-
shire, in Oct. 1833. All the specimens were in immature plumage.
Habits said to resemble those of the Larks. Food principally seeds.
Nest composed externally of dry stems of grass, and lined with hair.
Eggs usually seven in number.

85. E. nivalis, Linn. (Snow-Bunting.) — Head, neck,
a large space on the wings, and all the under parts, white.

E. nivalis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 319. Snow-Bunting, Mont.
Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 279. pi. 52. f.5. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 178.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches eight lines: length of the bill (from
the forehead) four lines and a half, (from the gape) five lines and a half;
of the tarsus ten lines ; of the hind toe, claw included, eight lines ; of the
tail two inches eight lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing four
inches four lines and a half: breadth, wings extended, twelve inches four
lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male in Summer.) Head, neck, rump, wing-coverts, upper
half of the quills, and all the under parts, pure white : back, scapulars,
bastard wing, the lower portion of the quills, and the three secondaries
nearest the body, black : the three outer tail-feathers white, with a black
spot near the tip; the next with the upper portion of the outer web white;
the rest black : bill yellow, dusky at the tip : irides deep brown : feet
black. (Female, and male in Winter.) Head and neck white, but deeply
tinged on the occiput, nape, and ear-coverts, with brownish red ; feathers
on the back and scapulars, and three secondaries nearest the body, black,
all broadly edged and tipped with reddish ash : greater wing-coverts white,
stained with dusky towards the tips of the feathers : breast, rump, and
upper tail-coverts, tinged more or less deeply with brownish red : the
middle tail-feathers edged, chiefly towards their extremities, with red-
dish white : belly and abdomen white. (Young of the year.) Crown
of the head yellowish brown ; forehead, ear-coverts, and a transverse
band on the breast, deep reddish brown ; flanks the same, but paler ;
nape, throat, and fore part of the neck, cinereous, with a tinge of red-
dish; the feathers on the back, rump, and scapulars, dusky, with a
broad edging of yellowish red ; middle of the wing, and under parts,
whitish ; quills and middle tail-feathers dusky, edged with reddish ; the
three outer tail-feathers whitish, with a large black spot towards the tip :
bill yellowish : feet black. (Egg.) Pale reddish white, slightly speckled
and spotted with pale red and purple brown : long. diam. eleven lines ;
trans, diam. seven lines and a half.

A regular winter visitant in the northern parts of the island, first
appearing about the middle of October; but very rare, and only of
.accidental occurrence, in the southern and midland counties. Breeds

I

130 AVES INSESSORES. [EMBERIZA.

within the arctic circle: nest said to be placed within the fissures of
rocks. Habits terrestrial : does not perch on trees. Food seeds and
insects. Obs. The Emberiza mustelina and E. montana of authors are
this species, either in its winter plumage, or in an immature state.

(2. EMBERIZA, Meyer.)

86. E. Miliaria, Linn. {Common Bunting.) — Upper
parts yellowish brown, with darker spots : beneath yel-
lowish white, spotted and streaked with black.

E. Miliaria, Temm. Man. d^Orn. torn. i. p. 306. Common Bunting,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 286. pi. 52. f. 1. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 168.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches six lines: length of the bill (from
the forehead) six lines and one-third, (from the gape) seven lines and one-
third ; of the tarsus one inch one line ; of the tail two inches eleven lines ;
from the carpus to the end of the wing three inches nine lines : breadth,
wings extended, twelve inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. Upper parts yellowish brown, inclining to olive, the shafts
of the feathers with longitudinal dusky streaks : under parts yellowish
white, spotted on the breast, and streaked on the sides, with dark brown :
quills and tail-feathers dusky, with pale edges ; wing-coverts tipped with
yellowish white: upper mandible dusky, under one pale: irides dark
hazel : feet pale brown. Obs. This species is occasionally found white,
or pied. (Egg.) Reddish white, or purple red ground, streaked and
spotted with dark purple brown : long. diam. one inch ; trans, diam.
eight lines and a half.

Common throughout the kingdom, particularly in open cultivated
lands. Note harsh and inharmonious, heard at intervals during a great
part of the year. Food principally seeds. Nest placed on the ground,
formed of straw and fibrous roots, and lined with fine grass and hairs.
Congregates in the winter season.

87. E. Schceniclus, Linn. (Reed-Bunting.) — Head,
throat, and fore part of the neck, black : back and sca-
pulars reddish brown, with dusky streaks.

E. Schoeniculus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 307. Reed-Bunting,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 290. pi. 52. f. 3. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 176.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches : length of the bill (from the fore-
head) four lines and a half, (from the gape) five lines and a half; of the
tarsus ten lines ; of the tail two inches seven lines ; from the carpus to
the end of the wing three inches one line: breadth, wings extended,
nine inches eleven lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male in Summer.) Crown of the head, occiput, cheeks,
throat, and upper part of the breast, deep black : a white streak from the
corner of the bill downwards joining a collar of the same colour encircling
the nape and sides of the neck : back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, red-
dish brown, with a dusky spot in the middle of each feather : ruinp and
upper tail-coverts bluish ash, tinged with brown : sides of the breast,
belly, and under tail-coverts, white ; flanks with a few longitudinal dusky
streaks : quills dusky, edged with reddish : tail black ; the two middle

EMBERIZA.] AVES INSESSORES. 131

feathers broadly edged with rufous; the two outer ones on each side
obliquely marked with white towards their extremities, the shafts and
tips black: bill black; feet dusky. In Winter the black feathers on
the head, throat, and breast, are edged with reddish brown. (Female.)
Crown of the head reddish, with dusky spots : above the eye a pale streak
of yellowish brown : throat whitish, bordered on each side by a black
line : breast and flanks tinged with reddish, and spotted with dusky :
nape and sides of the neck brownish ash: the rest much as in the
male bird. The young of both sexes are very similar to the adult
female. (Egg.) Purple white ground, sparingly streaked with dark
purple brown: long. diam. nine lines and a half; trans, diam. seven
lines.

Common in marshy districts, and by the sides of rivers, in most parts
of the kingdom. Feeds on the seeds of aquatic plants, and occasionally
on aquatic insects. Song simple and inharmonious. Nest generally
placed on the ground, and concealed amongst rushes; constructed of
stalks, and other dry vegetable substances, and lined with fine grass,
and a scanty supply of long hairs. Eggs four or five in number ; incu-
bation commencing about the first week in May. Occasionally a second
brood in July.

88. E. Citrinella, Linn. (Yellow Bunting.) — Head,
neck, and upper part of the breast, yellow : back and
scapulars reddish brown, with darker spots.

E. Citrinella, Temm. Man. d"0rn. torn. i. p. 304. Yellow Bunting,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 288. pi. 52. f. 2. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 172.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches four lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) five lines, (from the gape) seven lines ; of the tarsus nine
lines and a half; of the tail two inches eleven lines ; from the carpus to
the end of the wing three inches three lines : breadth, wings extended,
ten inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head, cheeks, fore part of the neck, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts, gamboge-yellow : breast and sides streaked with
brownish orange : back and scapulars reddish brown, tinged with olive,
with a dusky spot in the centre of each feather ; rump bright chestnut,
the feathers edged with grayish white: tail dusky; the two outer feathers
with a large white conical spot on their inner webs : feet yellowish brown.
(Female.) The yellow colours much less vivid; that on the head, neck,
and throat, marked with olivaceous brown spots ; the under parts more
clouded and streaked than in the male bird. (Egg.) Pale purplish white,
streaked and speckled with dark red brown : long. diam. ten lines and a
half; trans, diam. eight lines.

Abundant, and generally distributed. Feeds principally on grain. Song
scarcely more varied than that of the last species ; heard from the first
week in February to the beginning or middle of August. Nest placed on
or near the ground ; composed of straw and dried herbage, and lined with
fine grass and long hair. Eggs three to five in number. Breeds late ;
incubation seldom commencing before the beginning or middle of May.
Young fledged about the second week in June. Congregates in Winter.

89. E. Cirlus, Linn. (Cirl Bunting.) — Head and nape
olivaceous green, with dusky spots : throat, and a narrow
band across the eye, black : a yellow gorget on the neck.

12

132 AVES INSESSORES. [EMBERIZA.

E. Cirlus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 313. Girl Bunting, Mont.
Orn. Diet, and Supp. with fig. Id. in Linn. Trans, vol. vn.
p. 276. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 292. pi. 52. f. 4. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 174.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches six lines. MONT.

DESCRIPT. (Male in Summer.) Crown of the head, and nape of the
neck, olivaceous green, with a dusky streak in the centre of each fea-
ther; throat, and a narrow hand through the eye reaching from the
bill to the ear-coverts, black ; streak above the eye, and another below
it, bright primrose-yellow; a gorget of the same colour encircling the
lower part of the neck : breast, immediately below the gorget, yellowish
gray, inclining to olive green : back and scapulars fine chestnut brown,
the former streaked with dusky ; rump olivaceous brown : belly and vent
bright yellow ; sides of the breast and abdomen brownish red : tail with
the two middle feathers chestnut brown ; the rest black, the two outer
ones obliquely marked with white : bill bluish gray : feet brown, with
a tinge of flesh red. In Winter, the black on the throat is more dull,
the feathers edged with pale yellow. (Female.) Head and nape oliva-
ceous brown, with numerous spots of a darker colour ; above the eye
a dull yellow streak, passing down the sides of the head : chin whitish ;
the rest of the under parts pale yellow ; the breast spotted with reddish ;
the sides, and under tail-coverts, with large dusky streaks : upper parts as
in the male bird, but the colours not so bright, and the spots on the back
larger. (Egg.) Dirty white, streaked and speckled with dark liver-brown :
long. diam. ten lines ; trans, diam. eight lines.

Not uncommon in Devonshire, and in one or two of the adjoining
counties, where it was first observed by Montagu. Is also found in
the Isle of Wight, but is scarcely known in other parts of England.
Song and habits somewhat similar to those of the last species. Nest
placed in a low bush ; composed of dry stalks, roots, and a little moss,
and lined with long hair and fibrous roots. Eggs four or five; laid
early in May. Congregates in the winter season with Chaffinches,
and Yellow Buntings. Said to feed on the berries of the Solanum.

90. E. Hortulana, Linn. (Ortolan Bunting.) — Head
and neck olive-gray, obscurely spotted with dusky brown ;
throat, orbits, and a narrow streak from the corner of
the bill downwards, greenish yellow.

E. Hortulana, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 311. Green-headed
Bunting, Brown, Illust. of Zool. p. 74. pi. 30. Lewin, Brit.
Birds, vol. n. pi. 76. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 170. Ortolan
Bunting, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 294. pi. 100. f. 7.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches six lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) four lines and three-quarters, (from the gape) five lines and
a half; of the tarsus eight lines and a half; of the tail two inches eight
lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing three inches five lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head and neck olivaceous green, with a tinge of
ash-gray, obscurely spotted with dusky brown ; throat, circle round the
eyes, and a broadish streak passing downwards from the corner of the
bill, greenish yellow : feathers on the back, rump, scapulars, and wing-
coverts, deep brown in the middle, reddish at the edges ; those on the
breast, belly, and abdomen, chestnut red, edged with ash-gray : quills
and tail dusky brown ; the former with pale edges ; the latter with the

FRINGILLA.] AVES INSESSORES. 133

two outer feathers white on their inner webs : irides brown : bill and feet
flesh red. (Female.) Smaller ; the yellow on the throat, and round the
eyes, paler ; breast spotted with brown ; the rest of the under parts red-
dish white : above, as in the male bird, but the colours not so deep, and
the spots on the head and nape larger, and more numerous. (Egg.) Pale
reddish white, streaked and speckled with purple brown.

Only two examples of this species have hitherto occurred in this
country: the first taken near London many years ago, and described
by Brown, Lewin, and others, under the name of the Green-headed
Bunting* ; the second killed near Manchester, in November 1827. Said
to build in bushes, hedges, or among corn, and to lay from four to five
eggs. Food grain and insects.

(6.) E. Ciris, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 313. Painted Finch,
Edwards, Nat. Hist. pi. 130. Gleanings, pi. 273. Painted Bunt-
ing, Lath. Syn. vol. n. p. 206.

A single individual of this species is recorded by Montagu (Orn. Diet.
Supp. Art. Grosbeak- White-Winged.) as having been taken alive on Port-
land Island, in the year 1802; but considerable doubts are entertained,
whether it had not escaped from some vessel going up channel. It is a
native of some parts both of N. and S. America.

GEN. 29. FRINGILLA, Linn.

(1. FRINGILLA., Cuv.)

91. F. Ccelebs, Linn. (Chaffinch.) — Head and nape
grayish blue : back and scapulars chestnut brown, tinged
with olive; rump greenish.

F. Coelebs, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 357. Chaffinch, Mont. Orn.
Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 303. pi. 54. f. 4. & 4*. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 188.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches eleven lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) five lines, (from the gape) six lines and a half; of
the tarsus nine lines ; of the tail two inches seven lines ; from the carpus
to the end of the wing three inches three lines : breadth, wings extended,
ten inches.

DESCRIPT. (Male in Spring.) Forehead black; crown of the head, and
nape, deep grayish blue: back and scapulars chestnut brown, with a tinge
of olive-green ; rump greenish yellow : cheeks, throat, and neck, reddish
brown ; breast and Hanks the same, but somewhat paler ; lower part of
the abdomen white : lesser wing-coverts white ; those of the primary
quills, and the bastard wing, entirely black; secondary coverts black,
tipped with primrose-yellow : the three first quills black, edged exter-
nally with yellowish white; the rest of the primaries, and all the se-
condaries, with a white spot at the base, with part of the inner web
white, and with a portion of the outer web edged with pale yellow :
the two middle tail-feathers ash-gray; the others black; the two outer
ones on each side having a large white spot on the inner web: bill
bluish ; the tip black : feet brown. In Winter, the colours are paler ;
and the feathers on all the upper and under parts tipped with ash-gray.
(Female.) Head, nape, back, and scapulars, pale olive-green, tinged with
cinereous brown : cheeks, and under parts, cinereous white : the trans-
verse bars on the wings not so distinct as in the male bird : bill yellowish

* See some remarks on this subject by Mr Yarrcll. in Zool. Joiirn. vol. in. p. 498.

134 AVES 1NSESSORES. [FRINGILLA.

gray. Obs. This species is subject to much variation of plumage, espe-
cially about the wings, which are occasionally almost entirely white.
(Egg.) Pale purplish white, sparingly streaked and spotted with red
brown: long. diam. nine lines and a half; trans, diam. seven lines.

Common throughout the country. In song from the first week in
February, to the end of June, or beginning of July. Nest placed against
the side of a tree, or in the forked branch of a bush ; constructed princi-
pally of moss, elegantly studded on the outside with lichens and wool,
and lined with feathers and hair. Eggs four or five in number; laid
about the third week in April. Collects in flocks, at the approach of
Winter.

92. F. Montifringilla, Linn. (Mountain Finch.) —
Head, cheeks, nape, and upper part of the back, black :
rump white : axillae bright gamboge-yellow.

F. Montifringilla, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 360. Mountain
Finch, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 306. pi. 54. f. 5. & 5*. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 190. Brambling, Mont. Orn. Diet.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches five lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) five lines, (from the gape) six lines and a half; of the tarsus
ten lines ; of the tail two inches seven lines ; from the carpus to the end
of the wing three inches eight lines : breadth, wings extended, ten
inches seven lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male in Winter.) Head, cheeks, nape, sides of the neck,
and upper part of the back, black ; the feathers edged and tipped with
reddish brown and ash-gray : throat, fore part of the neck, breast, scapu-
lars, and lesser wing-coverts, pale orange-brown ; greater coverts black,
tipped with orange-red ; quills black, edged with yellow on their outer
webs ; some of the primaries with a white spot at the base, forming an
oblique bar of that colour when the wing is closed : axillae bright gam-
boge-yellow : rump, belly, and under tail-coverts, white : sides inclining
to reddish, with a few dusky spots : tail black ; the two middle feathers
edged with reddish ash ; the outer one white on the exterior web : bill
lemon -yellow at the base, black at the tip : irides dusky : feet grayish
brown. In Summer, the plumage on the head, neck, and back, is deep
black, without the edging of reddish brown: the bill is also bluish.
(Female.) Colours not so bright : crown of the head reddish brown, the
feathers edged with ash-gray; a black streak above the eye; cheeks,
nape, and sides of the neck, cinereous ; back dusky brown, the feathers
broadly margined with reddish ash : the rufous tinge on the breast and
wings much fainter than in the male bird. In young birds the throat is
white. (Egg.) " Spotted with yellowish." TEMM .

A native of the northern parts of Europe. In this country only a
winter visitant, making its appearance towards the end of Autumn, and
departing early in the Spring. Is more plentiful, and more generally
distributed, some seasons than others, according to the state of the
weather. Habits very similar to those of the last species. Said to build
in fir and pine-forests, and to construct a nest of moss and wool, lined with
hair and feathers : eggs five in number.

(2. PYRGITA, Cuv.)

93. F. domestica, Linn. (House Sparrow.) — Crown
and occiput bluish ash ; cheeks, and sides of the neck, grayish
white : a transverse whitish bar on the wing.

FRINGILLA.] AVES INSESSORES. 135

F. domestica, Temm. Man. dOrn. torn. i. p. 350. House Sparrow,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 298. pi. 54. f. 2. & 2*. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 184.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches two lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) five lines and a half, (from the gape) seven lines ; of the
tarsus nine lines ; of the tail two inches four lines ; from the carpus to
the end of the wing two inches eleven lines : breadth, wings extended,
nine inches four lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Crown of the head, and occiput, bluish ash; space
between the bill and the eye, throat, and fore part of the neck, deep
black ; above the eyes, and behind the ears, a band of reddish brown :
cheeks, 'sides of the neck, breast, and abdomen, grayish white : plumage
on the back and wings dusky brown, edged with reddish ; the latter with
one transverse whitish bar : tail brown, edged with yellowish gray : bill
bluish black : irides hazel : feet brown. (Female.) Head and nape
cinereous brown : above and behind the eye a yellowish streak : upper
parts plain brown, darkest in the middle of the feathers : under parts
grayish white, without any black on the throat and neck : bill much
paler than in the male. Obs. White, and other varieties of this species
are not unfrequent. (Egg.) White ; spotted and streaked with ash-
colour and dusky brown: varies considerably in the number and in-
tensity of the markings : long. diam. ten lines ; trans, diam. seven lines.

Plentiful in all parts of the kingdom. Attached to the habitations of
man. Food, grain and insects. Nest generally placed under the eaves
of buildings, or in the holes of old walls ; composed of hay and straw in
large quantities and loosely put together, lined principally with feathers.
Eggs five or six.

94. F. montana. Linn. (Tree Sparrow.) — Crown and
occiput chestnut-brown ; sides of the neck, and a collar on
the nape, white : wings with two transverse white bars.

F. montana, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 354. Tree Sparrow,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 300. pi. 55. f. 2. Mountain
Sparrow, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 187.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches six lines. MONT.

DESCRIPT. Crown of the head, and nape of the neck, deep chestnut-
brown, tinged with cinereous : space between the eye and the bill, ear-
coverts, and throat, black: cheeks, sides of the neck, and an interrupted
collar on the nape, white : feathers on the back, and scapulars, dusky in
the middle, rufous brown at the edges ; wing-coverts chestnut-brown,
tipped with white, forming two distinct bars of that colour across the
wings : quills black, with reddish edges : tail rufous brown : bill black :
feet pale brown. In the female, the colours are more obscure ; the black
on the throat and ear-coverts hardly visible. (Egg.) Dirty white,
speckled all over with light ash-brown : long. diam. eight lines and a
half; trans, diam. six lines.

Much less abundant, and more partially distributed, than the last
species. Met with sparingly in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, and
some other of the northern and eastern counties. Does not frequent
buildings, but is partial to old trees, in the holes of which it builds. Nest
formed of the same materials as that of the House-Sparrow. Number of
eggs the same.

136 AVES INSESSORES. [FRINGILLA.

(3. COCCOTHRAUSTES, BriSS.)

95. F. Coccothraustes, Temm. (Common Grosbeak.)
— Base of the bill, lore, and throat, black : crown, cheeks,
and rump, reddish brown.

F. Coccothraustes, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 344. Haw Gros-
beak, Mont. Orn. Diet. Haw-Finch, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 324.
pi. 55. f. 1. Grosbeak, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 159.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) nine lines, (from the gape) ten lines ; of the tarsus ten lines
and a half; of the tail one inch ten lines; from the carpus to the end
of the wing three inches ten lines.

DESCRIPT. Base of the bill, space between the bill and the eye, chin
and throat, deep black : a broad collar of ash-gray on the nape : crown of
the head, cheeks, rump, and upper tail-coverts, reddish, or chestnut-
brown; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts, the same, but of a
deeper tint ; greater coverts grayish white, forming a broad bar of that
colour across the wings; secondary quills, and some of the primaries,
glossy black, with an oblong white spot on the middle of their inner webs,
the former truncated at their extremities ; the rest of the quills entirely
black : breast and belly vinous red ; vent and under tail-coverts white :
tail with the two middle feathers like the back ; the others dusky brown
with a large oblong white spot at the extremities of their inner webs : bill
blue in Summer, whitish in Winter. In the female, the colours are
paler, but similarly disposed to those of the other sex. (Young of the
year before the first moult.) Throat yellow; crown of the head, cheeks,
and all the upper parts of the body, yellowish brown: under parts yel-
lowish white ; the breast, belly and flanks, spotted with brown, this last
colour occupying the tip of each feather. (Egg.) White tinged with
blue, spotted and streaked with ash-gray and dark brown : long. diam.
eleven lines ; trans, diam. eight lines and a half.

Only an occasional visitant in this country during the winter months.
Principally observed in the southern counties. In a few instances, has
been known to remain and breed. Feeds on haws, and other stone
fruits. Builds in hedges and tall trees : nest composed of twigs, lichens,
and vegetable fibres; lined with feathers or horse-hair, and other soft
materials. Eggs three to five in number.

96. F. Chloris, Temm. (Green Grosbeak.) — All the
upper and under parts of the body yellowish green.

F. Chloris, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 346. Green Grosbeak,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 163. Selb. Illust.
vol. i. p. 326. pi. 54. f. 3.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches : length of the bill (from the fore-
head) six lines, (from the gape) seven lines ; of the tarsus nine lines ; of
the tail two inches five lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing
three inches four lines : breadth, wings extended, ten inches four lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) All the upper and under parts of the body, sca-
pulars, and lesser wing-coverts, yellowish green; greater coverts and
secondary quills ash-gray ; primaries dusky, edged on the outer web with
gamboge-yellow : tail a little forked ; the' two middle feathers blackish
gray, edged with yellowish gray; the four outer feathers on each side

FRINGILLA.] AVES INSESSORES. 137

with the greater part of the exterior web yellow : bill and feet pale flesh-
red : irides dark hazel. (Female.) Upper parts cinereous, tinged with
green : under parts much paler than in the male bird : the yellow edging
on the outer webs of the primaries and tail-feathers not so bright. (Egg.)
White, tinged with light blue ; the larger end speckled and spotted with
purplish gray and dark brown : long. diam. nine lines and a half; trans,
diam. six lines and a half.

Common in all parts of the country, and stationary throughout the
year. Feeds on seeds and grain. Has a harsh monotonous note, heard
from the end of February to the middle of August or September. Nest
generally placed in a thick bush ; composed of slender twigs, bents, and
moss, interwoven with wool, and lined with hair and feathers. Eggs four
or five. Is a late breeder, and seldom hatches before the middle of May.
Collects into flocks in Winter.

(4. CARDUELIS, Briss.)

97- F. Carduelis, Linn. (Goldfinch.) — Base of the
bill, occiput, and nape, black : forehead and throat, blood-
red.

F. Carduelis, Temm. Man. dOrn. torn. i. p. 376. Goldfinch, Mont.

Orn. Diet. Selb. Illmt. vol. i. p. 312. pi. 55. f. 8, 9. Bew. Brit.

Birds, vol. i. p. 192.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches : length of the bill (from the fore-
head) six lines, (from the gape) six lines and a half; of the tarsus seven
lines ; of the tail two inches one line ; from the carpus to the end of the
wing three inches one line : breadth, wings extended, nine inches three
lines.

DE SCRIPT. Base of the bill, lore, occiput and nape, deep black : fore-
head and throat arterial blood-red : cheeks, ear-coverts, fore part of the
neck, belly and abdomen, white : back, scapulars, and sides of the breast,
deep yellowish brown: lesser wing-coverts black; greater coverts, and
basal half of the quills, bright yellow ; the remaining portion of the quills
black, with a white spot at the tips : tail black ; the two outer feathers on
each side with a large oblong white spot on the middle of the inner web ;
the others tipped with white : bill yellowish white ; the tip dusky : feet
pale flesh-red. In the female, there is less red on the forehead and
throat ; the lesser wing-coverts are brown, and the colours in general not
so bright as in the male bird. (Egg.) Pale bluish white, with a few
spots and lines of pale purple and brown : long. diam. eight lines and a
half; trans, diam. six lines.

. An abundant and generally diffused species. Feeds on seeds, espe-
cially those of the thistle. Song pleasing and varied ; heard from April
till towards the end of the Summer. Builds in orchards, gardens, and
plantations : nest placed in trees or shrubs, composed of moss and wool
with the addition of a few bents or lichens, and lined with wool, hair, and
thistle-down. Eggs four or five in number. Is rather a late breeder.

98. F. Spinus, Linn. (Siskin.) — Crown of the head,
and throat, black : nape dusky green : above and behind the
eye a broad yellow streak.

F. Spinus, Temm. Man. dOrn. torn. i. p. 371. Siskin, Mont. Orn.
Diet, fy Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 309. pi. 55. f. 6, 7. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 194.

138 AVES INSESSORES. [FRINOILLA.

DIMENS. Entire length four inches seven lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) four lines and a half, (from the gape) five lines and a
half; of the tarsus six lines and a half; of the tail one inch nine lines;
from the carpus to the end of the wing two inches nine lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Throat, crown, and occiput, deep black: nape
variegated with dusky and greenish yellow : above and rather behind the
eye a broad streak of sulphur-yellow : neck, breast, and belly, yellow :
back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts, yellowish green, inclining to
ash-gray, with a longitudinal dusky spot in the centre of each feather :
greater coverts black, tipped with yellow : quills dusky with yellow edges :
tail dusky, all the feathers except the two middle ones with a large yellow
spot near the base extending over both webs : sides and lower part of the
abdomen whitish, with longitudinal dusky streaks : bill whitish, the tip
black : feet pale brown. (Female.) All the upper parts, cheeks, and sides
of the neck, cinereous, with longitudinal dusky spots : under parts yel-
lowish white; breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts, with dusky green
streaks : the transverse bars on the wings, and the yellow edging of the
quills, paler than in the other sex. (Egg.) Pale bluish white, spotted
with purple brown.

A winter visitant, but not making its appearance regularly. Occa-
sionally observed in large flocks in Cambridgeshire about the commence-
ment of the new year, during its stay in which parts, it appears to feed
almost entirely on the seeds of the alder. Is known also in Norfolk,
Suifolk, Sussex, Middlesex, and Northumberland. Breeds in the North
of Europe, and is said to build in the highest branches of the pine. Lays
five eggs.

(5. LINARIA, Steph.)

99. F. Linaria, Linn. (Lesser Redpole.) — Forehead,
lore, and throat, black : bill much compressed towards the
tip, yellowish : feet brown.

F. Linaria, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 373. Lesser Redpole,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 200. Selb. Illust.
vol. i. p. 320. pi. 54. f. 6.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches three lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) three lines, (from the gape) four lines and a quarter ;
of the tarsus six lines and a half; of the tail two inches one line; from
the carpus to the end of the wing two inches eight lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male in Spring.) Forehead, space between the bill and
the eye, chin and throat, black : crown of the head deep crimson : occi-
put, nape, and upper part of the back, blackish brown, the feathers edged
with pale reddish brown : sides of the throat, fore part of the neck, breast,
sides of the abdomen, and rump, carmine-red, the latter tinged with
grayish ; middle of the belly, vent, and under tail-coverts, white tinged
with rose-colour: wings and tail dusky, the feathers edged with pale
reddish brown ; wing-coverts tipped with pale yellowish brown, so as to
shew two transverse bars : bill more compressed than in the next species ;
yellow, the culmen and tip dusky : feet brown. (Female.) Less red on
the crown of the head ; forehead brown, mixed with yellowish white :
rump and under parts only slightly tinged with rose-red : throat dusky ;
breast and middle of the belly whitish ; flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts,
marked with large longitudinal spots of blackish brown. (Egg.) Pale
blue, speckled and streaked with pale purplish red, and reddish brown :
long, diam, seven lines and a half; trans, diam. five lines and a half.

FHINGILLA.J AVES INSESSORES. 139

Var. /3. Linaria borealis, Selb. in Newcast. Nat. Hist. Trans, vol. i.
p. 263. Lesser Redpole, (a large variety,) Selb. Illust. vol. i. pi. 53**. f. 2.
Mealy Redpole, (Lin. canescens,) Gould, Europ. Birds, part xi. Larger
than the more common variety : general plumage paler : rump grayish
white : tail rather longer : the two cross-bars on the wings broader and
more strongly marked.

Resident in Scotland and the North of England throughout the
year. In the southern counties only a winter visitant, appearing at that
season in large flocks, and frequently associating with other species.
Nest, according to Selby, placed in a bush or low tree; constructed of
moss and the stalks of dry grass, intermixed with down from the catkin
of the willow, which also forms the lining. Eggs four or five in number.
Young seldom fledged before the end of June or beginning of July. Feeds
on the catkins of the birch and alder, as well as on the seeds and buds
of other trees. The Var. p. is considered by some as a distinct species,
but this point requires further investigation. It is known to the bird-
catchers in the neighbourhood of London, by the name of Mealy-backed
Redpole, the more common variety being called by them Stone Redpole.

100. F. cannabina, Linn. (Common Linnet.) — Throat
yellowish white, with dusky streaks : scapulars and wing-
coverts, chestnut-brown : bill thick at the base ; bluish
gray : feet brown.

F. cannabina, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 364. Common or
Brown Linnet, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 315. pi. 55. f. 3, 4. Greater
Redpole, and Linnet, Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i.
pp. 198 & 202.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches five lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) five lines, (from the gape) five lines and a half; of the
tarsus seven lines and a half; of the tail two inches three lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing three inches one line : breadth, wings
extended, nine inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male in Spring.) Forehead and breast bright carmine-
red : throat and fore part of the neck yellowish white, with longitudinal
dusky streaks : crown, nape, and sides of the neck, cinereous : back,
scapulars, and wing-coverts, chestnut-brown: middle of the belly and
abdomen grayish white ; flanks pale reddish brown : quills black, edged
with white, so as to exhibit a longitudinal bar of the latter colour when
the wing is closed : tail forked ; the two middle feathers wholly black,
and pointed; the rest black, narrowly edged with white on the outer
web, and more broadly so on the inner: bill bluish gray; not so much
compressed as in the last species : feet brown. In young birds, the red
on the breast and forehead is not so intense, or so widely extended. (Male
in Winter.) Crown of the head with large dusky spots : back and scapu-
lars chestnut-brown, broadly edged with pale yellowish brown : breast
cinereous brown, faintly tinged with red, the tips of the feathers yel-
lowish white : flanks with large oblong brown streaks. (Female.) Smaller
in size. All the upper parts pale cinereous brown, with dusky spots ;
wing-coverts reddish brown: under parts pale reddish, inclining to
white on the belly : breast and flanks with streaks of dusky brown.
(Egg.) Pale bluish white, speckled with pale purple and red-brown :
long. diam. nine lines ; trans, diam. six lines and a half.

Common throughout the country. Song commenced in March or
April, and continued during the greater part of the Summer. Nest

140 AVES INSESSORES. [FRINGILLA.

placed in hedges and low bushes ; formed of moss and bents interwoven
with wool, and lined with wool and hair. Eggs four or five in number ;
hatched the beginning of May. Occasionally a second brood. In Winter,
collects into large flocks. Obs. The Fringilla Linota of authors is this
species in its winter plumage.

101. F. Montium, Gmel. (Mountain Linnet.) —
Throat reddish brown, without spots; greater wing-coverts
edged with white ; rump purplish red : bill thick and short ;
yellow: feet black.

F. Montium, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 368. Mountain Linnet
or Twite, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 318. pi. 55. f. 5. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 204. Twite, Mont. Orn. Diet.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches three lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) three lines, (from the gape) four lines ; of the tarsus
seven lines and a half; of the tail two inches three lines; from the
carpus to the end of the wing two inches eleven lines : breadth, wings
extended, eight inches nine lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male in Spring.) Throat, fore part of the neck, and sides
of the head, pale reddish brown : the feathers on the crown, nape, and
back, deep black in the middle, reddish at the edges: rump fine purplish
red : greater wing-coverts edged and tipped with whitish : quills dusky ;
the primaries edged with pale brown, the secondaries with white, on their
outer webs : breast and sides, yellowish brown, with large dusky spots ;
middle of the belly and vent whitish: tail forked; deep brown, edged
with dirty white: bill smaller than in the last species, wax-yellow:
irides brown: feet black. In Winter, the black on the upper parts
assumes more of a brownish tinge. (Female.) All the upper parts brown,
the feathers edged with pale yellowish red ; rump the same as the back,
without the tinge of purplish red : bill yellowish, tipped with brown.
(Egg.) Pale bluish white, speckled with pale purple-red: long. diam.
eight lines ; trans, diam. six lines and a half.

Not uncommon in the neighbourhood of London, and in many of the
eastern counties, during the winter season, flocking with the last species.
At the approach of Spring, retires to the northern and mountainous parts
of England and Scotland, where it breeds. Nest placed amongst heath,
and formed of that plant with the addition of dry grass and wool, lined
with this latter material, fibres of roots, and the finer parts of the heath.
Eggs four or five in number.

GEN. 30. PYRRHULA, Briss.

102. P. vulgaris, Temm. (Common Bullfinch.) — Base
of the bill, crown, throat, wings and tail, black : cheeks,
and under parts, red.

P. vulgaris, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 338. Bullfinch, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 165. Selb. Illust. vol. i.
p. 336. pi. 54. f. 1. & 1*.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches four lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) four lines and a half, (from the gape) five lines; of the
tarsus nine lines ; of the tail two inches &ix lines ; from the carpus to the

LOXIA.] AVES INSESSORES. 141

end of the wing three inches two lines : breadth, wings extended, nine
inches nine lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Crown and occiput, base of the bill, throat, wings,
and tail, velvet black tinged with purple: nape and back bluish ash:
cheeks, sides and under part of the neck, breast, belly, and flanks, bright
tile-red : rump, vent, and under tail-coverts, white : greater wing-coverts
tipped with grayish white, shewing a transverse bar across the wing :
bill and feet dusky brown. (Female.) Upper parts bluish ash, with a
tinge of yellowish brown : under parts reddish brown : less white on the
rump. (Egg.) Pale blue, speckled and streaked with purplish gray and
dark purple : long. diam. nine lines and a half; trans, diam. seven lines.

Common in most parts of the country. Frequents woods, gardens, and
orchards. Food seeds and the buds of trees. Nest generally placed in
thick bushes ; composed of dry twigs, and lined with fibrous roots. Eggs
four or five ; hatched towards the end of May.

103. P. Enucleator, Temm. (Pine Bullfinch.) — Ge-
neral plumage reddish orange, spotted on the back and
scapulars with dusky brown.

P. Enucleator, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 333. Pine Gros-
beak, Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 161. Pine
Bullfinch, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 334. pi. 53*. f. 1, 2.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches four or five lines. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Head, throat, neck, and under parts, fine
reddish orange, inclining to yellowish orange on the breast and belly:
the feathers on the back, scapulars, and rump, deep brown, broadly bor-
dered with yellowish orange : wings and tail black ; the former with two
transverse white bars : secondaries edged with white ; primaries and tail-
feathers, with orange. (Young male.) Head, neck, throat, breast, and
rump, bright crimson ; feathers on the back and scapulars broadly bor-
dered with the same colour : the transverse bars on the wings, and the
edging of the secondary quills, likewise crimson : flanks, belly, and vent,
cinereous, tinged with red. (Female.) Head, nape, and rump, yellowish
brown, more or less inclining to orange: back and scapulars cinereous
brown : under parts ash-gray very faintly tinged with yellowish orange :
the transverse bars on the wings grayish white, and not so broad as in the
other sex; quills edged with greenish orange. (Egg.) White: long,
diam. one inch one line; trans, diam. ten lines.

An occasional visitant in the northern districts of Scotland, but very
rare. According to Messrs. C. & J. Paget (Nat. Hist, of Yarm. p. 6.)
a flight was once observed near Yarmouth. Partial to pine-forests..
Food seeds and berries. Breeds within the Arctic Circle. Nest placed
in trees, not far from the ground, formed of twigs and sticks, and lined
with feathers. Eggs four in number.

GEN. 31. LOXIA, Briss.

104. L. curvirostra, Linn. (Common Cross-Bill.)-^—
Bill as long as the middle toe, moderately hooked ; the
crossing point of the lower mandible passing beyond the
ridge of the upper.

142 AVES INSESSORES. [LoxiA.

L. curvirostra, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 328. Common Cross-
Bill, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 329. pi. 53. Cross-Bill, Mont. Orn.
Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 153.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches four lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) General colour of the plumage cinereous,
deeply tinged with greenish yellow : rump yellow : lower part of the
abdomen ash-gray with dusky spots : quills and tail-feathers dusky, with
greenish edges; great and middle wing-coverts edged with yellowish
white : bill yellowish brown : irides and feet brown. (Male after the
first moult.) All the upper and under parts brick-red, tinged with yel-
lowish gray : quills and tail-feathers dusky, edged with yellowish green :
under tail-coverts white, spotted with dusky. (Female, and young of
the year.) Brownish gray, more or less tinged with greenish: rump
yellow: under parts whitish, with longitudinal dusky streaks. (Egg.)
Pale bluish white, speckled with red-brown: long. diam. ten lines and
a half; trans, diam. eight lines.

An occasional visitant in this country, at irregular intervals. Gene-
rally observed during the summer and autumnal months, in larger or
smaller flocks. Breeds in the northern parts of Europe during the
Winter, or very early in the Spring. According to Sheppard has been
known to breed in Suffolk in one or two instances. Nest placed in the
forked branches of pines, composed of moss and lichens, and lined with
feathers. Eggs four or five in number. Food principally the seeds of
the pine and other firs.

105. L. Pytiopsittacus, Bechst. (Parrot Cross-Bill.)
— Bill shorter than the middle toe, very strong and broad
at the base, much hooked ; the crossing point of the lower
mandible not reaching so high as the ridge of the upper.

L. Pytiopsittacus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 325. Parrot Cross-
Bill, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 332. pi. 53**. f. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 157.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) All the upper and under parts of the body
olive-ash : cheeks, throat, and sides of the neck, cinereous : head spotted
with brown : rump greenish yellow ; breast and belly the same, tinged
with gray; sides streaked with dusky: quills and tail-feathers dusky
brown, edged with olive-ash: bill dusky horn-colour: irides, and feet,
brown. (Male after the first moult.) Upper and under parts bright red :
wings and tail blackish brown ; the quills edged with reddish. (Female.)
" Upper parts greenish ash, with large spots of cinereous brown : throat
and neck grayish, tinged with brown ; rest of the under parts cinereous,
slightly tinged with greenish yellow : rump yellowish : abdomen whitish ;
under tail-coverts spotted with brown/1 TEMM. The young of the
year very much resemble the female. (Egg.) Similar to that of the
last species.

This species, which inhabits the northern parts of Europe and Ame-
rica, has been occasionally met with in this country, but is much more
rare than the last. Habits similar. Breeds, according to Temminck, in
some climates, during the Winter ; in others, in May. Eggs four or live
in number.

STURNUS.J AVES INSESSORES. 143

106. L. leucoptera, Gmel. (White-winged Cross-Bill.)
— Bill longer than the middle toe : wings with two broad
transverse white bars.

L. leucoptera, Bonap. Amer. Orn. vol. n. pi. 15. f. 3. (Female.) Faun.
Bor. Am. vol. n. p. 263. L. falcirostra, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 371.
White-winged Cross-bill, Lath. Syn. vol. n. p. 108. Wilson,
Amer. Orn. vol. iv. pi. 31. f. 3.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches three lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) seven lines, (from the gape) seven lines and a half; of the
tarsus seven lines and a half; of the tail two inches seven lines; of the
wing three inches six lines. Faun. Bor. Am.

DESCRIPT. {Immature male.) Head, nape, back, rump, and all the
under parts, crimson-red, partially spotted with dusky: wings and tail
black, the former with two broad, white, transverse bars : region of the
bill brown. "As the bird acquires its mature plumage, the red parts
change to greenish yellow, the rump assuming a purer yellow. The
female and young, before their first moult, are greenish, with yellowish
rumps ; their bellies whitish, streaked with blackish brown." Faun. Bor.
Am. (Egg.) White, marked with yellowish spots.

A native of North America, but has been killed in Ireland, in one
instance, within two miles of Belfast. Partial to thick forests of white
spruce, feeding on the seeds of the cones. Nest generally fixed about
half way up a pine-tree, composed of grass, mud, and feathers. Eggs five
in number.

GEN. 32. STURNUS, Linn.

S. vulgaris, Linn. (Common Starling.) — Plumage
black, with purple and green reflections ; the feathers
tipped with yellowish white.

S. vulgaris, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 132. Common Starling,
Sell). Illust. vol. i. p. 340. pi. 36. f. 1. Starling, Mont. Orn. Diet.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 105.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches four lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch, (from the gape) one inch four lines ; of the
tarsus one inch one line ; of the tail two inches seven lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing four inches ten lines : breadth, wings
extended, fifteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) General colour of the plumage black, with bril-
liant purple and golden-green reflections ; the feathers on the upper parts
tipped with small triangular yellowish white spots: quills and tail-
feathers dusky brown, with pale reddish edges : under tail-coverts edged
with white: bill yellow: feet flesh-red, inclining to brown. In the
Female, the spots are more numerous, and diffused over the under as
well as the upper parts. In the young of the year previously to the
autumnal moult, the plumage is of a uniform cinereous brown without
any spots ; the throat and lower part of the abdomen whitish. In this
state it is the Solitary Thrush of Montagu. The perfect plumage is
probably not attained till the third year. (Egg.) Of a uniform delicate
pale blue : long. diam. one inch two lines ; trans, diam. ten lines.

144 AVES INSESSORES. [PASTOR.

A plentiful and widely dispersed species. Partial to old trees, church
steeples, and ruinous buildings, in the holes of which it breeds. Nest
formed of dry grass. Eggs four or five in number. In the Autumn, con-
gregates in immense flocks. Food insects and worms, occasionally grain.

GEN. 33. PASTOR, Temm.

108. P. roseus, Temm. (Rose-coloured Pastor.) —
Head and neck violet-black, the feathers on the crown
elongated, forming a crest : back and belly rose-red.

P. roseus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. tom.i. p. 136. Rose-coloured Pastor,
Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 343. pi. 36. f. 2, 3. Rose-coloured Ouzel, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Rose-coloured Starling, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i.
p. 110.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches six lines: breadth, wings
extended, fourteen inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. {Male.} Head and neck velvet-black, with violet and
green reflections ; the feathers on the crown very much elongated, forming
a pendent crest : back, rump, breast, and belly, rose-red : wings and tail
blackish brown, with violet reflections : under tail-coverts, and thighs,
black : upper mandible, and tip of the lower one, yellowish red, the re-
maining portion black : irides deep brown : feet yellowish red. (Female.)
General colours of the plumage much paler ; the red tinged with brown :
the feathers on the crown shorter. (Young of the year.) "No crest:
all the upper parts of the body isabella-brown : wings and tail brown,
all the feathers fringed with white and ash-colour : throat and middle of
the abdomen pure white ; the rest of the under parts cinereous brown :
bill yellow at the base, brown at the tip : feet brown." TEMM. (Egg.)
Colour unknown.

Art occasional, but very rare, visitant in this country. Has been ob-
served in Sussex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Oxfordshire, Dorset-
shire, Northumberland, Lancashire, and Ireland. Habits similar to those
of the Starling. Food insects and their larvae ; also seeds, and occasion-
ally cherries. Said to build in the holes of trees and old walls, and to lay
six eggs.

GEN. 34. FREGILUS, Cuv.

109. Graculus, Selb. (Cornish Chough.) — Black: bill
and feet coral-red.

Pyrrhocorax Graculus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 122. Cor-
nish Chough, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 365. pi. 33. Chough, Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 90. Red-legged Crow, Mont. Orn. Diet.

DIMENS. Entire length sixteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) two inches two lines and a half, (from the gape) two inches two
lines and a half; of the tarsus two inches; of the tail five inches seven
lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing ten inches eight lines :
breadth, wings extended, two feet eight inches.

DESCRIPT. The whole plumage black, with purple and green reflec-
tions: bill and feet bright coral-red: claws black. (Egg.) Yellowish
white, spotted with ash-gray and light brown : long. Sam. one inch
eight lines; trans, diam. one inch one line.

CORVUS.] AVES INSESSORES. 145

A local species ; principally met with on the rocky coasts of Cornwall,
Devonshire, Dorsetshire, antf Wales. Found also in some of the Scotch
Islands. Never observed inland, but breeds on the cliffs, or in old build-
ings near the sea. Nest formed of sticks, and lined with wool and hair.
Eggs four or five in number. Food insects, grain, and berries.

GEN. 35. CORVUS, Linn.

(I. CORVUS, Guv.)

110. C. Corax, Linn. (Raven.) — Plumage black,
glossed with blue: nostrils covered by bristly feathers
half the length of the bill : tail considerably rounded, ex-
tending two inches beyond the folded wings.

C. Corax, Temm. Man. d"0rn. torn. i. p. 107. Id. torn. in. p. 56.
Raven, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 346. pi. 27*.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 79.

DIMENS. Entire length two feet one inch : length of the bill two
inches nine lines : breadth, wings extended, four feet.

DESCRIPT. The whole plumage black ; the upper parts with purple
and blue reflections, beneath less glossy: throat feathers long, loose,
and acuminated: bill very strong, black: irides with two circles, the
outer one brown, the inner gray : tail veiy much rounded, much longer
than in the next species, reaching about two inches beyond the tips of
the folded wings : feet black. According to Low, white varieties have
been met with in the Orkneys. (Egg.) Pale green ground, spotted and
speckled with darker greenish brown : long. diam. two inches ; trans,
diam. one inch four lines.

The largest species in the genus. Widely dispersed over the country,
but not very plentiful. Breeds very early in the year, on steep cliffs, or
in large and lofty trees. Nest formed of sticks, and lined with wool, hair,
and other substances. Eggs five or six in number. Food small quad-
rupeds, poultry, game, as well as carrion, and other animal substances.
The male and female pair for life, and generally haunt the same spot
every year for the purpose of nidification.

111. C. Cor one, Linn. (Carrion Crow.) — Plumage
bluish black : nostrils covered by bristly feathers one-third
the length of the bill : tail moderately rounded, extending
an inch and a quarter beyond the wings.

C. Corone, Temm. Man. d'Orrt. torn. i. p. 108. Id. torn. in. p. 58.
Carrion Crow, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 349. pi. 28.
The Crow, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 81.

DIMENS. Entire length nineteen inches: length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch ten lines, (from the gape) two inches one line ; of the
tarsus two inches one line ; of the tail seven inches six lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing twelve inches : breadth, wings extended,
three feet.

DESCRIPT. Much smaller than the last species, but very similar in
general appearance : plumage entirely black ; the upper parts reflecting
green and violet : tail relatively shorter than in the C. Corax, and not so

K

146 AVES INSESSORES. [CORVUS.

much rounded at the extremity : bill and feet black : irides dark hazel.
(Egg.) Ground colour pale bluish green, spotted and speckled with two
shades of ash-colour and clove-brown : long. diam. one inch eight lines ;
trans, diam. one inch two lines.

Common throughout the kingdom, but most abundant in wooded dis-
tricts. Food and habits similar to those of the Raven. Like that species
found in pairs all the year. Breeds as early as February. Nest gene-
rally placed in the forked branch of a lofty tree, composed of sticks, and
lined with wool, hair, and other soft materials. Eggs four or five in
number.

112. C. Cornice, Linn. (Hooded Crow.) — Headr
throat, wings and tail, black, glossed with blue ; the
rest of the plumage ash-gray.

C. Comix, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 109. Id. torn. HI. p. 59.
Hooded Crow, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 351. pi. 29.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 83.

DIMENS. Entire length nineteen inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) two inches two lines, (from the gape) two inches two
lines and a half; of the tarsus two inches three lines; of the tail seven
inches six lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing twelve inches ten
lines : breadth, wings extended, three feet two inches.

DESCRIPT. Head, throat, wings, and tail, black, with blue and green
reflections : all the rest of the plumage cinereous gray : bill strong, shaped
like that of the Raven, black : nostrils covered by reflected bristly'feathers,
as in the last species : irides brown : feet black. (Egg.) Mottled all
over with dark greenish brown on a lighter green ground : long. diam.
one inch ten lines ; trans, diam. one inch three lines.

Resident all the year in the western and northern parts of Scotland,
and in some parts of Ireland, but only a winter visitant in England,
where it arrives about the end of October, and remains till the approach
of Spring. During its stay chiefly frequents the sea-coast, or open and
extensive downs. Builds in trees and rocky cliffs, constructing a nest
similar to that of the Carrion Crow. Breeds early in the year, and lays
four or five eggs. Feeds indiscriminately on all kinds of animal sub-
stances.

113. C. frugileguS) Linn. (Rook.) — Plumage black,
glossed with blue: base of the bill (in the adult bird)
denuded of feathers, and covered with a white scurf.

C. frugilegus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 110. Id. torn. in. p. 59.
Rook, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 353. pi. 30. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 85.

DIMENS. Entire length eighteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) two inches two lines, (from the gape) two inches four lines ; of
the tarsus two inches ; of the tail seven inches five lines ; from the carpus
to the end of the wing twelve inches six lines : breadth, wings extended,
three feet.

DESCRIPT. Strongly resembling the C. Corone, but may always be
distinguished in the adult state by the naked, scabrous, whitish skin
surrounding the base of the bill, and by the entire absence of nasal fea-

CORVUS.] AYES INSESSORES. 147

thers : plumage wholly black as in that species, but rather more glossy,
reflecting rich tints of blue and violet-purple : bill not quite so strong,
and of not so deep a black : colour of the feet similar. Young birds, on
leaving the nest, have the base of the bill feathered as in the C. Corone,
and the nostrils likewise covered by reflected bristles : in the course
of the autumn these feathers fall off, and are not replaced by others.
Varieties are occasionally met with entirely white, or pied, or with the
tips of all the feathers whitish. (Egg.) Ground colour pale green, nearly
covered with blotches of dark greenish brown : long. diam. one inch eight
lines; trans, diam. one inch two lines.

Common throughout the country, especially in cultivated districts. Of
gregarious habits, breeding together, and likewise seeking food in large
companies. Subsists principally on the grub of the cockchaffer, wire-
worm, and other insects; but will occasionally devour corn, and, during
the winter season, is very destructive to turnips. Builds early in March,
and hatches in April. Nests crowded together at the tops of the tallest
trees, composed principally of fresh twigs forcibly detached from the
branches of the neighbouring trees, and lined with grass and fibrous
roots. Eggs four or five in number.

114. C. Monedula, Linn. (Jackdaw.) — Crown of the
head, and upper parts of the body, bluish black ; occiput
and nape ash-gray.

C. Monedula, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 111. Id. torn. in. p. 60.
Jackdaw, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 356. pi. 31. f. 1.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 88.

DIMENS. Entire length twelve inches nine lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch two lines, (from the gape) one inch five
lines ; of the tarsus one inch eight lines ; of the tail four inches eleven
lines; from the carpus to the end of the wing nine inches: breadth,
wings extended, two feet three inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. Much smaller than any of the foregoing species: crown
of the head, and all the upper parts of the body, black, glossed with
violet-blue ; occiput and nape ash-gray : wings and tail the same as the
back : under parts deep black, not so much glossed as the upper : bill and
feet black : irides grayish white. Varies occasionally like the last species.
(Egg.) Pale bluish white, spotted with ash-colour and clove-brown:
long. diam. one inch seven lines ; trans, diam. one inch and half a line.

Common in all parts of the country. Much attached to churches and
other buildings, especially such as are in a ruinous and deserted state.
Builds in such situations, as well as in the holes of decayed trees ; occa-
sionally in chimnies, and even rabbit-burrows. Nest composed of sticks
mixed up occasionally with horse-dung, and lined with wool and other
soft substances. Eggs four to six in number. Gregarious like the last
species, with which it often associates. Feeds on a great variety of
animal and vegetable substances.

(2. PICA, Cuv.)

115. C. Pica, Linn. (Magpie.) — Head, throat, back,
and breast, black ; scapulars and belly white.

K2

148 AVES INSESSORES. [GARRULUS.

C. Pica, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 113, Garrulus Pious,
Id. torn. in. p. 63. Magpie, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust.
vol. i. p. 358. pi. 31. f. 2. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 92.

DIMENS. Entire length eighteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch four lines, (from the gape) one inch eight lines ; of
the tarsus two inches one line ; of the tail nine inches ten lines ; from
the carpus to the end of the wing seven inches eight lines : breadth,
wings extended, twenty-three inches.

DESCRIPT. Head, throat, neck, upper part of the breast, back, vent,
under tail-coverts, and thighs, deep velvet-black; the feathers on the
throat rather loose and open, each tipped with a short bristle : scapulars,
lower part of the breast, and belly, pure white : wings and tail greenish
black, reflecting rich tints of purple, bronze, and blue, according to the

decreasing : irides dark brown : bill and feet black. (Egg.)

white, spotted all over with ash-colour and two shades of greenish brown :

long. diam. one inch four lines and a half; trans, diam. one inch.

A common and generally dispersed species. Frequents woods and
thickets, but prefers those near adjoining to villages. Generally observed
in pairs. Nest placed in a thick bush, or on the top of a lofty tree ; of
an oval shape, constructed of sticks closely interwoven with each other,
the bottom plastered with clay, and lined with fibrous roots. Eggs six or
seven in number, laid early in the Spring. Omnivorous.

GEN. 36. GARRULUS, Briss.

116. G. glandarius, Flem. (Jay.) — A black moustache
descending from the corners of the bill: greater wing-
coverts barred with black and blue.

Corvus glandarius, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 114. Garrulus
gland. Id. torn. in. p. 65. Jay, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust.
vol. I. p. 362. pi. 32. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 94.

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches eight lines : length of the
bill (from the forehead) one inch two lines, (from the gape) one inch five
lines and a half; of the tarsus one inch eight lines and a half; of the tail
five inches nine lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing seven
inches three lines : breadth, wings extended, twenty-two inches.

DESCRIPT. The feathers on the forehead and crown narrow and
elongated, forming a crest capable of erection, of a whitish colour streaked
with black; chin whitish; a broad black moustache, about an inch in
length, descending from the corners of the lower mandible: general
colour of the plumage above and below reddish or purple ash ; darkest on
the nape and upper part of the back ; rump, and lower part of the ab-
domen, whitish : quills and tail dusky, the former edged with white ;
bastard wing and greater coverts bright blue, with several narrow trans-
verse bars of black ; secondaries with an oblong white spot on their outer
webs: bill black: irides bluish white : feet livid brown. White and other
varieties sometimes occur. (Egg.) Yellowish white ground, minutely
and thickly speckled all over with light brown, presenting the appearance
of a uniform yellow gray-brown: long. diam. one inch four lines; trans,
diam. one inch.

Picus.] AVES INSESSORES. 149

Found in extensive woods in most parts of the kingdom. Like the
last species omnivorous. Has a harsh disagreeable cry. Nest placed
in close thickets, formed of sticks and lined with fibrous roots. Lays five
or six eggs.

GEN. 37. NUCIFRAGA, Briss.

117. N. Caryocatactes, Temm. (Nutcracker.) — Ge-
neral plumage brown, spotted on the back and under parts
with white.

N. Caryocatactes, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 117. Id. torn. in.
p. 67. Nutcracker, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 368.
pi. 33*. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 97.

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches: length of the bill two
inches. MONT.

DESCRIPT. Crown of the head and nape of the neck blackish brown :
the rest of the plumage above and below the body rusty brown, spotted
with white; the spots on the back guttiform; those beneath disposed
longitudinally on each feather, and occupying a larger portion of the
ground-colour: vent white: quills and tail black; the latter with a
broad white bar at the extremity : irides brown : bill and feet dusky.
(Egg.) Pale buff-coloured white : long. diam. one inch three lines ; trans,
diam. ten lines and a half.

Very rare in this country. Has been only observed in three or four
instances. One killed near Moyston in Flintshire in October 1753; a
second in Kent; a third in Northumberland in the autumn of 1819.
Common in some of the mountainous parts of the North of Europe,
residing principally in woods. Feeds on seeds and nuts ; also on insects.
Said to build in the holes of trees, and to lay five or six eggs.

GEN. 38. PICUS, Linn.

118. P. viridis, Linn. (Green Woodpecker.) — Plumage
above, green ; beneath, greenish ash ; crown and occiput
bright red.

P. viridis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 391. Id. torn. in. p. 280.
Green Woodpecker, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 372.
pi. 38. f. 2. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 136.

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches three lines: length of the
bill (from the forehead) one inch seven lines, (from the gape) one inch
nine lines and a half ; of the tarsus one inch two lines ; of the tail three
inches ten lines and a half; from the carpus to the end of the wing six
inches four lines ; breadth, wings extended, twenty-one inches.

DESCRIPT. Crown and occiput bright crimson-red; base of the bill,
and region of the eyes, black ; a broad crimson moustache edged with
black descending from the corner of the bill : hind part of the neck, back,
and wing-coverts, bright green ; rump gamboge-yellow : under parts

150 AVES 1NSESSORES. [Picos.

grayish white, with a tinge of yellowish green : primaries dusky, with a
regular series of pale yellow spots on the outer wehs : tail-feathers pre-
senting alternate bars of green and dusky-brown ; the extreme tips
black : bill dusky ; the base of the lower mandible yellowish : irides
white : feet pale brown with a tinge of green. In the female, there is
less red on the head, and less black about the eyes ; the moustache is
entirely black. In very young birds, the red on the head is mixed with
yellowish gray ; the green tint on the upper parts paler, and irregularly
spotted with ash-gray ; the moustache incomplete ; and the under parts
marked with transverse brown bars. (Egg.) Smooth and shining : pure
white: long. diam. one inch two lines and a half; trans, diam. ten lines
and a half.

Common in wooded districts throughout the country. Feeds on ants,
and other insects ; more especially the larvae of the timber-eating species,
which it extracts by means of its long tongue, after having perforated the
wood with its bill. Breeds in the holes of trees. Eggs four or five in
number, deposited on the rotten wood.

119. P. major, Linn. (Great Spotted Woodpecker.)
, — Crown, and upper part of the body, black ; scapulars
white; a crimson patch on the occiput.

P. major, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 395. Id. torn. in. p. 281.

>. L

Greater Spotted Woodpecker, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb.

vol. i. p. 376. pi. 38. f. 3. Pied Woodpecker, Bew. Brit. Birds,

vol. i. p. 138.

DIMENS. Entire length nine inches six lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) one inch, (from the gape) one inch three lines ; of the tarsus
eleven lines ; of the tail three inches seven lines ; from the carpus to the
end of the wing five inches : breadth, wings extended, fourteen inches.

DESCRIPT. A transverse band of dirty white on the forehead ; crown
of the head black ; occiput crimson-red : cheeks and ear-coverts white,
bounded beneath by a black line, proceeding from the corner of the
mouth towards the nape, from whence arises another line of the same
colour that passes down the side of the neck and terminates on the
breast : a white spot on each side of the back part of the neck : back and
lesser wing-coverts velvet-black; scapulars, and some of the greater
coverts nearest the body, pure white : quills black, with a series of white
spots on each web : throat, fore part of the neck, breast and belly, dirty
white ; abdomen and under tail-coverts rich crimson : tail black ; the
three lateral feathers on each side spotted and tipped with dirty white :
irides red : bill and feet dusky lead-colour. In the female, there is no
red on the occiput. In young birds, until the first moult, the crown
of the head is red, and the patch on the occiput black ; the black on the
upper parts is also tinged with brown. (Egg.) Smooth ; shining white :
long. diam. one inch ; trans, diam. nine lines.

Not so abundant as the last species, but hardly to be esteemed rare.
Haunts, food, and habits, very similar. Makes a loud jarring noise in the
Spring, (probably a call-note to the other sex) by striking its bill very
rapidly and many times in succession against the branch of a tree.
Makes no nest, but deposits its eggs, which are four or five in number,
in the holes of decayed trees. Obs. The Middle Spotted Woodpecker of
Montagu and other English authors is only the young of this species :
the Picus medius of Temminck is distinct ; but not hitherto found in this
country.

Picus.] AVES INSESSORES. 151

120. P. minor, Linn. (Lesser Spotted Woodpecker.)
— Occiput and nape black : middle of the back, and sca-
pulars, with white and black bars : crown of the head
red.

P. minor, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 399. Id. torn. in. p. 283.
Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i.
p. 379. pi. 38. f. 4. Barred Woodpecker, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i.
p. 140.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches six lines : length of the bill seven
lines and a half : breadth, wings extended, twelve inches.

DESCRIPT. Forehead dirty white; crown of the head bright red;
streak over the eyes, occiput and nape, black ; cheeks and sides of the
neck white; from the corners of the lower mandible a black streak
directed towards the shoulders : upper part of the back, rump, and lesser
wing-coverts, glossy black; the rest of the upper parts, including the
middle region of the back, scapulars, and quills, transversely barred with
black arid white : all the under parts of a dirty brownish white, with
a few fine longitudinal dark streaks on the breast and sides : the four
middle tail-feathers glossy black; the three outer ones on each side
tipped with white and barred with black : bill and feet dusky lead-colour :
irides reddish brown. In the female, the crown is dirty white instead of
red. (Egg.) Smooth, delicate white : long, diarn. nine lines and a half;
trans, diam. seven lines.

Much less frequent than either of the preceding species, and only par-
tially distributed. Met with in the counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Here-
ford, Cambridge, Norfolk, and Suffolk. Said to be very rare in the
North of England. Habits and nidification similar to those of the last.

(7.) P. martins, Linn. (Great Black Woodpecker.) Temm. Man.
d'Orn. torn. i. p. 390. Gould, Europ. Birds, part i. Selb. Illust.
vol. i. p. 375. pi. D. f. 4.

This species, which is not uncommon in the northern parts of Europe,
has been included in the British lists principally on the authority of
Drs. Latham and Pulteney. The former author states (Syn. Supp. p. 104.)
that it has been sometimes seen in Devonshire ; the fatter ( Cat. Dors.
p. 6.) that it has been more than once shot in Dorsetshire. No specimen,
however, known to have been certainly killed in this country, exists in
any of our museums, and there is strong reason to doubt the reality of its
claims to a place in the British Fauna.

<8.) P. villosus, Linn. (Hairy Woodpecker.) Lewin, Brit. Birds,
vol. n. pi. 50. Mont. Orn. Diet.

A pair of this species, in the collection of the late Dowager Duchess of
Portland, were said to have been shot near Halifax in Yorkshire. It is
supposed, however, that this was an error, and that the above locality had
been confounded with Halifax in North America, where the species is not
uncommon.

(9.) P. tridactylus, Linn. (Three-toed Woodpecker.) Temm. Man.
d'Orn. torn. i. p. 401. Don. Brit. Birds, vol. vi. pi. 143.

A native of the northern parts of Europe and America. According
to Donovan, has been shot in the North of Scotland. This, however, is
probably a mistake.

152 AVES INSESSORES. [Yimx.

GEN. 39. YUNX, Linn.

121. Y. Torquilla, Linn. (Wryneck.) — Upper parts
yellowish gray, irregularly spotted and lined with brown
and black ; a broad black mesial stripe on the back of the
neck.

Y. Torquilla, Ternm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 403. Id. torn. in.
p. 284. Wryneck, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 381.
pi. 38. f. 1. Sew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 129.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches four lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) six lines, (from the gape) nine lines and a half ; of
the tarsus eight lines and a half; of the tail two inches eight lines; from
the carpus to the end of the wing three inches six lines : breadth, wings
extended, eleven inches.

DESCRIPT. General colour of the upper plumage reddish or yellowish
gray, irregularly spotted and marked with various shades of brown and
black ; more particularly a broad black mesial streak extending from the
occiput to the upper part of the back : throat and fore part of the neck
reddish yellow, with transverse undulating dusky lines ; rest of the under
parts whitish, with arrow-shaped black spots : quills marked on the outer
webs with oblong red spots : tail-feathers rounded at the end, mottled like
the back, with four transverse black bars : irides yellowish brown : bill
and feet brown. (Egg.) Smooth, delicate white : long. diam. nine lines
and a half; trans, diam. seven lines.

A summer visitant, first appearing about the second week in April.
Not very uncommon in wooded districts throughout the southern, mid-
land, and eastern counties : said to be more rare in the West of Eng-
land. Utters a loud and oft-repeated cry during the breeding season,
somewhat resembling that of the Kestril Hawk. Food principally ants.
Eggs six to ten in number, deposited in the holes of trees on the rotten
wood, without a nest.

GEN. 40. CERTHIA, Linn.

122. C. familiaris, Linn. (Common Creeper.) — Upper
parts yellowish brown ; variegated with dusky, and white
spots : rump reddish yellow.

C. familiaris, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 410. Id. torn. in. p. 288.
Common Creeper, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 388.
pi. 39. f. 2. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 148.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches: length of the bill (from the fore-
head) five lines and three quarters, (from the gape) seven lines ; of the
tarsus seven lines; of the tail two inches one line and a half; from the
carpus to the end of the wing two inches four lines : breadth, wings
extended, seven inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. Head, and all the upper parts, yellowish brown, mixed
with dusky, with an oblong whitish spot in the centre of each feather ;
rump rust-red ; above the eyes a whitish streak : all the under parts
white, tinged with reddish on the lower part of the abdomen : quills
tipped with white ; the four first dusky, the rest with a broad transverse
reddish white bar about the middle : tail-feathers long, stiff, and acumi-

UPUPA.] AVES INSESSORES. 153

nated ; brownish gray, tinged with red : upper mandible brown ; lower
mandible yellowish : feet yellowish brown. (Egg.) White, with pale red
spots often confined to the larger end : long. diam. eight lines ; trans,
diam. five lines and a half.

Common and generally dispersed throughout the country. Climbs
trees with great facility. Feeds entirely on insects. Has a peculiar, but
rather monotonous song, heard early in the Spring, and continued during
the breeding season. Nest placed in the holes, or under the loose bark,
of decayed trees ; formed of small sticks, wool, and mosses packed rudely
together, and lined with feathers and fine shreds of wood. Eggs six or
eight in number, laid towards the end of April.

GEN. 41. TROGLODYTES, Cuv.

123. T. Europceus, Selb. (Common Wren.) — Upper
plumage reddish brown, with transverse dusky lines : over
the eye a narrow white streak.

Sylvia Troglodytes, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 233. Troglodytes
vulgaris, Id. torn. in. p. 160. Common Wren, Mont. Orn. Diet.
Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 390. pi. 47. f. 6. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 262.

DIMENS. Entire length three inches nine lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) three lines and a half, (from the gape) five lines and
a half; of the tarsus nine lines ; of the tail one inch four lines; from the
carpus to the end of the wing one inch nine lines and a half: breadth,
wings extended, six inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. Upper parts of the body deep reddish brown, faintly
marked with transverse dusky lines : over each eye a pale narrow streak :
quills barred alternately on their outer webs with blackish brown and
reddish : tail dusky, with transverse black bars : under parts light rufous-
brown; the sides and thighs streaked with darker lines; under tail-
coverts obscurely spotted with white : bill brown : irides hazel : feet yel-
lowish brown. (Egg.) White, with a few specks of pale red : long. diam.
seven lines and a half; trans, diam. six lines.

Abundant in all parts of the country, remaining with us the whole
year. Frequents gardens and out-houses. Song shrill and loud. Nest
often fixed against the thatch of buildings, or placed in the holes of trees,
more rarely on the ground; of an oval form, covered over at top, with the
entrance on one side ; formed of moss, hay, leaves, and other materials,
and lined with feathers occasionally mixed with hair. Eggs five to eight
in number.

GEN. 42. UPUPA, Linn.

124. U. Epops, Linn. (Hoopoe.) — Head, neck, and
breast, purplish red ; wings black, barred with white.

U. Epops, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 415. Id. torn. in. p. 291.
Hoopoe, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 393. pi. 40. f. 2.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 144.

DIMENS. Entire length twelve inches : length of the bill two inches
six lines: breadth, wings extended, nineteen inches.

DESCRIPT. Crest composed of a double row of elongated feathers,
orange-red tipped with black ; a small white patch intervening between
these two colours : head, neck, and breast, purplish red : upper part of

154 AVES INSESSORES. [SITTA.

the back pale grayish brown ; middle and lower regions barred with
black and white: wings black, with five transverse bars of yellowish
white : tail black, with one broad, white, crescent-shaped bar : abdomen
white; flanks with a few longitudinal brown streaks: bill flesh-red at
the base, black at the tip : irides and feet brown. In the female, the
colours are paler, and the crest not so long. (Egg.) Uniform pale
lavender-gray : long. diam. one inch and half a line ; trans, diam. eight
lines.

Visits this country most years, but in very small numbers. Occasion-
ally met with in diiferent parts of England : rarely breeds with us.
Habits somewhat terrestrial. Food coleopterous, and other insects.
Builds in the holes of trees. Nest formed of bents, and lined with
feathers and other soft materials. Eggs four or five in number.

GEN. 43. SITTA, Linn.

125. S. Europcea, Linn. {Nuthatch.) — Upper parts
bluish ash ; breast and belly reddish yellow ; a black
streak across the eye and ear-coverts.

S. Europsea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 407. Id. torn. in. p. 285.
Nuthatch, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 385. pi. 39.
f. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 142.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches ten lines.

DESCRIPT. Crown of the head, and all the upper parts of the plumage
bluish ash: a black streak from the corner of the bill across each eye,
and extending down the sides of the neck as far as the shoulder ; cheeks
and throat white; breast and belly dull orange-red; sides and thighs
ferruginous chestnut ; under tail-coverts white, edged with ferruginous :
tail consisting of twelve short flexible feathers; the two middle ones
gray ; the four outer ones black, with a white spot near the extremity,
the tips themselves gray : bill blackish above, white at the base of the
lower mandible: irides hazel: feet yellowish gray. (Egg.) White,
spotted and speckled with pale red : long. diam. nine lines ; trans,
diam. seven lines.

Common in wooded districts in many parts of the country, but not in
all. Rare in some of the northern and western counties. Remains with
us the whole year. Climbs trees with great facility, and equally well in
all directions. Feeds principally on nuts, which it breaks with its bill
after having firmly fixed them in the crevices of old trees ; occasionally
on insects. Nest placed in the holes of trees, and formed of dead leaves.
Eggs six or seven in number.

GEN. 44. CUCULUS, Linn.

126. C. canorus, Linn. {Common Cuckow.) — Head,
neck, breast, and upper parts, bluish ash : abdomen whitish,
with transverse dusky bars.

C. canorus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 381. Id. torn. in. p. 272.
Common Cuckow, Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. i.
p. 397. pi. 37, and pi. 43. f.3. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 124.

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) ten lines, (from the gape) one inch two lines ; of the

COCCYZUS.] AVES INSESSORES. 155

tarsus ten lines and a half; of the tail six inches ten lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing eight inches nine lines : breadth, wings
extended, twenty-three inches four lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Head, and all the upper parts, bluish ash;
throat, fore part of the neck, and breast, the same, but rather paler ;
belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts, whitish, with transverse streaks
of dusky brown : quills dusky, barred on the inner webs with oval white
spots : tail black, with a series of small white spots on the shafts of the
feathers; the tips also white: bill dusky, yellowish at the base and
edges ; inside of the mouth, and orbits, orange-yellow : irides and feet
yellow. (Young of the year.) All the upper parts of a deep clove-
brown, with transverse bars of pale ferruginous brown, the feathers
tipped with whitish ; a patch of white on the occiput : throat, and under
parts, yellowish white, with transverse black bars: quills spotted with
reddish brown on their inner webs: tail with alternate oblique bars of
red and brown, the brown bar nearest the extremity broader than the
others ; the shafts of the feathers with a series of white spots ; the
tips white: irides liver-brown. (Egg.) White, speckled all over with
ash-brown ; or reddish white, speckled with nutmeg-brown : long. diam.
eleven lines ; trans, diam. eight lines and a half.

Visits this country early in April, and leaves it again about the be-
ginning of July ; the young of the year remaining till September. Feeds
principally on caterpillars, and other insects. Makes no nest, but com-
mits its eggs (five or six in number) to the nests of other birds, generally
selecting those of the Hedge Sparrow, Wagtail, or Tit-Pipit.

GEN. 45. COCCYZUS, Vieill.
127. C. Americanus, Bonap. (Carolina Cuckow.)

Cuculus Americanus, Linn. .Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 170. Lath. 2nd.
Orn. vol. i. p. 219. Cue. Carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. vol. iv.
p. 13. pi. 28. f. 1. Cue. cinerosus, Temm, Man.cTOrn. torn. in. p. 277.
Carolina Cuckow, Lath. Syn. vol. n. p. 537.

DIMENS. Entire length eleven inches four lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch, (from the gape) one inch four lines ; of the
tarsus eleven lines and a half; of the tail five inches seven lines; from
the carpus to the end of the wing five inches nine lines.

DESCRIPT. All the upper parts of the head and body, wings, and two
middle tail-feathers, cinereous brown, with a slight tinge of olivaceous ;
the other tail-feathers black, with a broad white space at the extremity
of each of the three outermost; the fourth just tipped with white;
primaries and wing-coverts bright rufous : throat, sides of the neck, and
all the under parts white : upper mandible black, edged with yellow at
the base ; lower mandible yellow, tipped with black : legs black : tarsi
long, naked. (Egg.) " Of a uniform greenish blue colour". WILS.

The above description of this species is taken from a specimen in the
collection of the Zoological Society, which was killed in the preserves of
Lord Cawdor in Wales, in the autumn of 1832. Three other individuals
have occurred in this country, two in Ireland, and one in Cornwall. In-
habits the northern parts of America. Habits said to be essentially
different from those of the Common Cuckow. Constructs its own nest,
and rears its own young. Eggs three or four in number. Food, according
to Wilson, principally caterpillars.

156 AVES 1NSESSORES. [CORACIAS.

GEN. 46. CORACIAS, Linn.

128. C. garrula, Linn. (Garrulous Roller.) — Head,
neck, and under parts, light bluish green : back and sca-
pulars reddish brown.

C. garrula, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 127. Id. torn. in. p. 72.
Garrulous Roller, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 117.
pi. 34. Roller, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 100.

DIMENS. Entire length twelve inches six lines. MONT.

DESCRIPT. Head, neck, breast, and belly, verditer blue, inclining to
sea-green: back and scapulars reddish brown: lesser wing-coverts rich
violet-blue ; greater coverts pale green : rump, and basal portion of the
quills, purplish blue ; the tips of the quills dusky : tail somewhat forked ;
the outer feather pale ultra-marine blue, tipped with black; the others
dusky green, tipped with pale bluish green, the two middle ones excepted,
which are dusky throughout : bill black at the tip, yellowish brown at
the base : feet yellowish. (Egg.) Smooth, shining white : long. diam.
one inch five lines; trans, diam. one inch one line.

Very rare in this country, and only an accidental visitant. First
noticed as a British bird by Pennant, who describes one killed in Corn-
wall. Solitary individuals have been since met with in Sussex, Suffolk,
Norfolk, Scotland, Northumberland, and Yorkshire. Said to be common
in Germany and Sweden, inhabiting large forests. Feeds principally on
insects. Builds in the holes of decayed trees, and lays from four to seven

GEN. 4tf. MEROPS, Linn.

129. M. Apiaster, Linn. (Common Bee-eater.) — Fore-
head greenish white ; nape, and upper part of the back,
deep chestnut : throat yellow, bounded by a black line.

M. Apiaster, Temm. Man. d'Orn. tom.i. p. 420. Id. torn. in. p. 293.
Sow. Brit. Misc. pi. 69. Common Bee-eater, Mont. Orn. Diet.
Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 114. pi. 41. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 146.

DIMENS. Entire length eleven inches. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. Forehead white, passing into bluish green ; crown of the
head, nape, and upper part of the back, deep chestnut ; middle and lower
regions of the back of a paler chestnut, passing into reddish yellow : from
the corner of the bill a black streak passing over the eyes and across the
ear-coverts, where it meets another line of black encircling the lower
portion of the neck ; throat golden yellow ; the rest of the under parts
bluish green : lesser wing-coverts grass-green ; middle portion of the
wing brownish red : quills dusky, passing into bluish green on their outer
webs: tail greenish blue; the two middle feathers somewhat darker,
pointed, and longer than the others by more than an inch : bill black :
irides red : feet brown. In the female, the colours are for the most part
similar, only paler : the two middle tail-feathers are relatively shorter.
(Egg.) Smooth, and white ; nearly round : long. diam. one inch and half
a line ; trans, diam. eleven lines.

Very rarely seen in this country. A flight of about twenty was ob-
served near Mattishall in Norfolk, and one killed, in June 1794; since

HIRUNDO.] AVES INSESSORES. l5^

which period, other specimens have been met with on different occasions
in Cornwall, Devonshire, and Ireland. Common in some parts of the
Continent. Feeds principally on Hymenopterous insects. Nest placed
in deep holes excavated in the banks of rivers for that purpose. Eggs
five to seven in number.

GEN. 48. ALCEDO, Linn.

130. A. Ispida, Linn. (Common King-Fisher.) —
Crown of the head, and wing-coverts, deep green, spotted
with azure-blue: behind the eye a patch of orange-brown
passing into white.

A. Ispida, Temm. Man. cTOrn. torn. i. p. 423. Id. torn. in. p. 296.
Common King-Fisher, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i.
p. 136. pi. 40. f. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 121.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches three lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch six lines, (from the gape) two inches ; of
the tarsus four lines and a half; from the carpus to the end of the wing-
three inches : breadth, wings extended, ten inches.

DESCRIPT. Crown of the head deep olive-green, the feathers tipped
with bright azure-blue : from the upper mandible to the eye a dusky
streak ; behind the eye a band of orange-brown, passing on the sides of
the neck into a white patch ; below this, extending from the base of the
lower mandible to near the insertion of the wing, a broad streak of azure-
green: middle of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, fine bright
azure: throat, and fore part of the neck, yellowish white; rest of the
under parts ferruginous orange : wing-coverts and quills deep greenish
blue, spotted like the crown of the head, but more sparingly : tail greenish
blue ; the shafts of the feathers black : bill dusky brown, reddish at the
base : irides hazel : feet orange-red. (Egg.) Smooth, and white ; nearly
round : long. diam. ten lines and a half; trans, diam. nine lines.

Generally diffused over the country, and resident all the year. Haunts
the banks of rivers and clear streams, feeding on fish and aquatic insects.
Is rapid on wing, and frequently utters a shrill cry in its flight. Nest
placed in holes in the ground near the water's edge, consisting simply
of fish bones and other indigestable parts of the food rejected from the
stomach after eating. Eggs six or seven in number.

GEN. 49. HIRUNDO, Linn.

131. H. rustica. Linn. (Chimney Swallow.) — Upper
parts, and a transverse bar on the breast, bluish black ;
forehead and throat chestnut-red.

H. rustica, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 427. Id. torn. in. p. 297.
Chimney Swallow, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 120.
pi. 42. f. 1. Swallow, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 287.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches: length of the bill (from the
forehead) three lines and a half, (from the gape) eight lines; of the
tarsus five lines ; of the tail four inches ; the same, excluding the long

158 AVES INSESSORES. [HIRUNDO.

lateral feathers, two inches six lines; from the carpus to the end of the
wing four inches eleven lines : breadth, wings extended, thirteen inches
four lines.

DESCRIPT. Forehead and throat chestnut-red : all the upper parts,
sides of the neck, and a broad transverse bar on the breast, black, with
purple and blue reflections : belly and vent reddish white : tail long, and
very much forked ; the two middle feathers plain ; the rest with a large
white spot on the inner web : bill and feet black. The female has less
red on the forehead, and less black on the breast : the under parts are
also whiter, and the outer tail-feathers not so long as in the male bird.
In young birds, the long tail-feathers do not appear till after the first
moult. White varieties are sometimes met with. (Egg.) White, spotted
and speckled with ash-colour and dark red-brown : long. diam. nine lines
and a half; trans, diam. six lines and a half.

A summer visitant, making its first appearance about the second or
third week in April, and staying till towards the middle or end of
October. Feeds entirely on insects, taken on the wing. Builds generally
in chimnies : nest formed of mud plastered together, and lined with
feathers. Eggs four or five in number: two broods in the season.
Previous to migration, congregates in large flocks.

132. H. urbica, Linn. (House Martin.) — Head, nape,
and back, bluish black ; rump white : tarsi and toes fea-
thered.

H. urbica, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 428. Id. torn. in. p. 300.
Martin, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 123. pi. 42. f. 2.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 293.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches six lines: length of the bill (from
the forehead) three lines, (from the gape) six lines ; of the tarsus six
lines; of the tail two inches six lines and a half; from the carpus to the
end of the wing four inches four lines.

DESCRIPT. Head, nape, and all the upper region of the back, glossy
bluish black: wings and tail dusky brown; the latter forked, but not
so long as in the last species : rump, and all the under parts from the
chin to the vent, pure white : tarsi and toes covered with a white down.
(Egg.) Smooth, delicate white: long. diam. nine lines and a half; trans,
diam. six lines.

Rather later in its arrival than the last species, being seldom observed
in abundance before the end of April or beginning of May. Departs in
October ; but a few stragglers may occasionally be seen on to November.
Food and habits similar to those of the Swallow : flight not so rapid.
Nest usually fixed under the eaves of houses or in the angles of windows;
formed entirely of mud externally, and lined with feathers. Lays four or
five eggs, and has frequently two broods in the Summer. Congregates at
the approach of Autumn.

133. H. riparia, Linn. (Bank Martin.) — All the upper
parts, and a transverse band on t^he breast, cinereous brown :
tarsi and toes naked.

H. riparia, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 429. Id. torn. in. p. 300.
Sand Martin, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Ittust. vol. i. p. 125. pi. 42.
f. 3. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 295.

CYPSELUS.] AVES INSESSORES. 159

DIMENS. Entire length five inches two lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) three lines, (from the gape) six lines ; of the tarsus five
lines and a half; of the tail two inches one line ; from the carpus to the
end of the wing four inches.

DE SCRIPT. All the upper parts, cheeks, and a transverse band on the
breast, cinereous or mouse-coloured brown : wings and tail inclining to
dusky brown : throat, fore part of the neck, belly, and under tail-coverts,
white : tarsi and toes naked, with the exception of a few small feathers
near the origin of the hind toe. In young birds, all the upper parts of
the plumage are edged with pale reddish brown ; the tail-feathers with
yellowish white. (Egg.) White : long. diam. eight lines ; trans, diam,
six lines.

First seen about the beginning of April. More locally distributed than
either of the preceding species. Found only in the neighbourhood of
sand-pits and the high banks of rivers, in which situations it builds,
excavating a horizontal hole in the loose soil to the depth of two or
three feet. Nest placed at the extremity of the hole, formed of dry
grass and straw, and lined with feathers. Eggs four or five in number.

GEN. 50. CYPSELUS, Illig.

134. C. Apus, Flem. {Common Swift.) — Chin white ;
all the rest of the plumage black.

C. murarius, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 434. Id. torn. in. p. 303.
Common Swift, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 127. pi. 42. f. 4. Swift,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 296.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches: length of the bill (from the
forehead) three lines and a half, (from the gape) eight lines and a half ;
of the tarsus six lines ; of the tail three inches four lines ; from the carpus
to the end of the wing five inches ten lines and a half: breadth, wings
extended, seventeen Inches.

DESCRIPT. Throat grayish white: all the rest of the plumage above
and below sooty black, with greenish reflections: wings and tail ex-
tremely long; the latter much forked: tarsi covered with small fea-
thers: irides deep brown: bill and feet black. (Egg.) White: long,
diam. one inch; trans, diam. eight lines.

Late in its arrival, seldom shewing itself before the beginning, and in
some parts of the country not till near the end, of May. Departs also
much sooner than the other species of this family ; generally about the
middle of August. Haunts churches, towers, and other lofty buildings,
in the holes of which it breeds. Nest formed of dried grass, and lined
with feathers. Eggs two in number. Only one brood in the season.
Feeds entirely on insects, taken on the wing. Flight high, and extremely
rapid.

135. C. alpinus, Temm. {Alpine Swift.) — General
colour of the plumage grayish brown : throat, and middle
of the abdomen, white.

C. alpinus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 433. Id. torn. in. p. 303.
Greatest Martin, Edw. Nat. Hist. vol. i. pi. 27. White-bellied
Swift, Lath. Syn. vol. n. p. 586.

160 AVES INSESSORES. [CAPRIMULGUS.

DIMENS. Entire length nearly nine inches. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. All the upper parts of a uniform grayish brown; breast,
sides of the abdomen, and under tail-coverts the same : throat, and middle
of the belly, pure white: tarsi covered with brown feathers. (Egg.)
White : of the same size as that of the last species.

Shot within eight or ten miles of the south coast of Ireland in 1829,
about Midsummer. A second individual has been since killed at Kings-
gate, in the Isle of Thanet, and a third in Norfolk. Common in alpine
and rocky districts in the southern parts of Europe. Habits somewhat
similar to those of the Common Swift. Said to build in the clefts of rocks
and old buildings, and to lay three or four eggs.

GEN. 51. CAPRIMULGUS, Linn.

136. C. Europceus, Linn. (Europcean Goatsucker.) —
General colour of the plumage ash-gray, variegated with
black, brown, and ferruginous.

C. Europseus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. i. p. 436. Id. torn. in.
p. 304. European Goat-sucker, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i.
p. 131. pi. 42*. Night- Jar, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 302.

DIMENS. Entire length ten inches four lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) four lines and a half, (from the gape) one inch two lines ;
of the tarsus eight lines ; of the tail four inches eight lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing seven inches nine lines : breadth, wings
extended, twenty-two inches.

DESCRIPT. General colour of the plumage ash-gray, beautifully varie-
gated with black, brown, ferruginous, and white, disposed in bars, spots
and specks, of different shades and sizes : on the head, and down the
middle of the back, some longitudinal black streaks : a little white on the
throat, as well as beneath each eye : under parts in general yellowish
brown, with transverse undulating lines of black : quills dusky, with fer-
ruginous spots on their outer webs ; the three first with also a large white
patch on the inner web about midway : tail nearly square, yellowish gray,
with transverse zigzag bars of black ; the two outer feathers on each side
tipped with white : bill and irides dusky : feet yellowish brown. The
female wants the white spots on the tips of the quills and two outer tail-
feathers. (Egg.) Of an oval form : ground colour white, mottled with
cinereous ; this last colour including spots of two shades of brown : long,
diam. one inch two lines ; trans, diam. ten lines and a half.

One of our latest summer visitants, not appearing before the middle
or end of May. Stays till September or October. Generally distributed
over the kingdom, but not equally plentiful in all parts. Found prin-
cipally in wild uncultivated districts, where there is wood. Habits cre-
puscular. Food insects ; particularly the Melolontha tribe, and the larger
Lepidoptera. Makes no nest, but lays two eggs on the bare ground
amongst fern, heath, or long grass. During the season of incubation
the male utters a peculiar noise somewhat resembling that of a spin-
ning-wheel.

COLUMBA.] AVES RASORES. 161

ORDER III. RASORES.

GEN. 52. COLUMBA, Linn.

(1. COLUMBA, Swains.)

137. C. Palumbus, Linn. (Ring-Dove.) — -Bluish ash ;
a white space on the sides of the neck, and on the edge
of the wing; extremity of the tail black.

C. Palumbus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 444. Id. Pig. et Gall.
torn. i. p. 78. Ring-Dove, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i.
p. 406. pi. 56. f. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 307.

DIMENS. Entire length sixteen inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) nine lines and a half, (from the gape) one inch two
lines ; of the tarsus one inch four lines ; of the tail six inches six lines ;
from the carpus to the end of the wing ten inches : breadth, wings
extended, twenty-nine inches four lines.

DESCRIPT. Head, cheeks, throat, rump, and basal portion of the tail,
bluish ash ; on each side of the neck a patch of white ; a narrow line of
the same colour running longitudinally down the wing near the edge ;
breast and upper part of the belly vinaceous red, with glossy green reflec-
tions ; back and wing-coverts deep bluish gray ; quills dusky, edged with
white ; a broad black bar at the extremity of the tail ; vent, thighs, and
under tail-coverts, grayish white : bill orange; the soft portion at the base
covered with a white mealy substance : irides light yellow : feet red.
(Egg.) White: long. diam. one inch eight lines; trans, diam. one inch
two lines.

Common in wooded districts throughout the country, remaining the
whole year. Utters a cooing note, heard from February to the beginning
of October. Builds in April : nest placed in trees, formed of twigs loosely
put together, and very shallow. Eggs always two in number. Frequently
a second, or even a third brood. Food, grain and seeds of various kinds ;
during severe weather, the leaves of turnips, and other vegetables. Col-
lects in large flocks at the approach of Winter.

138. C. (Enas, Linn. (Stock-Dove.) — Bluish ash;
sides of the neck with green and purple reflections ; some
of the wing-coverts spotted with black, forming an irre-
gular transverse bar ; rump bluish gray ; tip of the tail
black.

C. (Enas, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 445. Id. Pig. et Gall.
torn. i. p. 118. Stock-Dove, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 408. pi. 56*.
f. 1.

DIMENS. Entire length twelve inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) eight lines and a half, (from the gape) eleven lines

L

162 AVES RASORES. [COLUMBA.

and a half ; of the tarsus one inch ; of the tail four inches ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing eight inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Head and throat deep bluish gray ; sides of the neck
glossed with metallic hues of green and purple ; back brownish gray ;
rump and upper tail-coverts pale bluish ash ; breast pale vinaceous red ;
belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts, bluish gray ; quills dusky, passing
into bluish gray at the base of the feathers ; wing-coverts of the same
colour as the back, but rather paler ; some of the greater ones, as well as
the three last secondary quills, spotted with black, forming an irregular
bar across the wings : tail bluish ash passing into black at the extremity ;
the outer web of the external feather with an oblong white spot towards
the base : irides deep reddish brown : feet red. (Egg.) White : oval :
long. diam. one inch six lines and a half; trans, diam. one inch two
lines.

Inhabits woods with the preceding species, but is less plentiful and
more local. Not uncommon in some of the midland and eastern counties,
where it remains the whole year. Builds in the hollows of old pollard
trees, and lays two eggs. Does not cooe like the Ring-Dove, but utters a
hollow rumbling note, heard at intervals throughout the spring and
summer months. Flocks with that species in the Winter, and supports
itself in the same manner.

139. C. Lima, Briss. (Rock-Dove.) — Bluish ash;
sides of the neck glossed with green reflections ; wings with
two distinct transverse bars ; rump white ; tip of the tail
black.

C. Livia, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 446. Id. Pig. et Gall.
torn. i. p. 125. Rock-Dove, Selb. Illmt. vol. i. p. 410. pi. 56*. f. 2.
Wild Pigeon, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 309.

DIMENS. Entire length twelve inches eight lines.

DESCRIPT. Head, throat, upper part of the back, wing-coverts, and
under parts, bluish ash ; sides of the neck, and upper part of the breast,
glossed with shades of green and purple-red ; rump, and lower part of the
back, white : wings with two distinct black transverse bars ; quills tipped
with black : tail deep bluish gray at the base, black at the extremity ;
outer feather with the external web white : irides pale reddish orange :
feet red. (Egg.) White : of a sub-oval form, and rather pointed : long,
diam. one inch five lines ; trans, diam. one inch two lines and a half.

Found on rocky cliffs, principally those in the neighbourhood of the
sea. Met with in various parts of England, but is most abundant on the
eastern coast. Breeds in caverns, and the recesses of rocks, and lays two
eggs. Has two or three broods in the year. Feeds on grain, seeds, and
some of the smaller Helices. Obs. The Domestic Pigeon, with its
numerous varieties, is descended from this species.

140. C. Turtur, Linn. (Turtle-Dove.) — Back and
rump cinereous brown ; a black space on the sides of the
neck ; tip of the tail white.

C. Turtur, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 448. Id. Pig. et Gall.
torn. i. p. 305. Turtle-Dove, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i.
p. 413. pi. 56. f. 2. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 312.

COLUMBA.] AVES RASORES. 163

DIMENS. Entire length eleven inches three lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) eight lines, (from the gape) ten lines ; of the tarsus
ten lines ; of the tail four inches four lines ; from the carpus to the end
of the wing six inches nine lines: breadth, wings extended, twenty
inches.

DESCRIPT. Head and nape cinereous, with a tinge of vinaceous red ;
on each side of the neck a patch of black feathers tipped with grayish
white ; back and rump cinereous brown ; inside and edge of the wings
bluish ash; greater quills brownish black; secondaries bluish gray;
scapulars and wing-coverts ferruginous brown inclining to rust-red, with
a black spot in the middle of each feather : fore part of the neck and breast
pale vinaceous ; belly and under tail-coverts pure white : the two middle
tail-feathers wholly brown; the rest bluish black, tipped with white;
the outer one also white on the external web : bill brown : irides reddish
orange : orbits and feet red. (Egg.) White : rather more pointed than
in any of the former species : long. diam. one inch two lines and a half;
trans, diam. ten lines.

Var. ft. Spotted-necked Turtle. Lath. Syn. vol. n. p. 645. Don. Brit.
Birds, vol. vn. pi. 149. Characterized principally by having the whole
side of the neck black, each feather having a round white spot near the
extremity, instead of being tipped with white.

A migratory species, visiting this country in May, and departing at the
approach of Autumn. Not generally diffused. Said to be most abundant
in Kent and Buckinghamshire. Occurs sparingly in some of the eastern
and western counties, but is rare northward. Frequents thick woods, and
builds in trees, constructing a nest like that of the Ring-Dove, but
smaller. Eggs two in number, laid about the middle of June. Utters
a peculiar plaintive note during the breeding season, which is sometimes
continued at intervals till near the middle of August. Food all kinds of
grain and seeds. The Spotted-necked variety, first noticed by Dr Latham,
appears to have been only met with in Buckinghamshire.

(2. ECTOPISTES, Swains.)

141. C. migratoria, Linn. (Passenger Pigeon.) —
Cinereous; sides of the neck glossed with green and
purple; wing-coverts spotted with black.

C. migratoria, Temm. Pig. et Gall. torn. i. p. 346. Passenger

Pigeon, Lath. Syn. vol. n. p. 661. (Male.) Canada Turtle,

Id. vol. n. p. 658. (Female.) Pass. Pig., Wilson, Amer. Orn.
vol. v. p. 102. pi. 44. f. 1.

DIMENS. Entire length sixteen inches nine lines and a half: length
of the bill one inch ; of the tarsus one inch one line and a half: breadth,
wings extended, twenty-four inches six lines. FLEM.

DESCRIPT. "Chin, cheeks, head, back, and rump, bluish gray;
shoulders with a tinge of yellowish brown : side of the neck, and behind,
rich reddish purple, iridescent : fore-neck deep chestnut, becoming paler
on the breast, or rather salmon-coloured, and passing to white on the
belly and vent : thighs like the breast : quills brownish black, the gray
colour of the margin of the outer web increasing at the base of the
secondaries, and towards the ends of the inner ones : bastard wing, and
greater coverts of the primaries, brownish black ; greater coverts of the
secondaries gray : lesser coverts and outer scapulars tinged with yellowish
brown, with black spots : tail of twelve feathers, the two middle ones

L 2

164 AVES RASORES. [MELEAGRIS.

produced, the rest decreasing to the exterior : the two middle ones dusky
black, the next gray, the inner margin white towards the extremity, with
a black and brown spot near the base ; the fourth and third gray, with
the black spot; the second gray, with the black and brown spot; the
outer web and tip of the first white, lower half of the inner web gray,
with a black and brown spot: upper tail-coverts long, produced; lower
ones white : bill black : bare space round the eyes livid : irides reddish
orange: feet reddish, paler behind than before; claws black." FLEM.
The female, according to Wilson, is somewhat smaller, with the colours
in general less vivid and more tinged with brown : the gold spot on the
sides of the neck smaller, and less brilliant.

A native of North America. The only individual which has hitherto
occurred in this country is recorded by Dr Fleming (Brit. An. p. 145.)
to have been " shot in the neighbourhood of a pigeon-house at Westhall,
in the parish of Monymeal, Fifeshire, Dec. 31, 1825. The feathers were
quite fresh and entire, like those of a wild bird."

* GEN. 53. MELEAGRIS, Linn.

* 142. M. Gallopavo, Linn. (Turkey.) — Head, and upper part of the
neck, almost naked, with a bluish papillose skin : a tuft of black hairs on
the breast.

M. Gallopavo, Temm. Pig. et Gall. torn. n. p. 374. and torn. in. p. 677.
Turkey, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 325.

BIMENS. Entire length three feet six inches : breadth, wings extended, about
four feet.

DESCRIPT. Head, and upper portion of the neck, bare of feathers; skin bluish,
rough with numerous fleshy papillae of various hues and sizes ; throat furnished with
a pendulous carunculated wattle, of a bright scarlet colour, increasing in intensity
when the bird is under excitement : also an elongated fleshy appendage arising from
the base of the upper mandible, in its contracted state about an inch long, but when
relaxed hanging down considerably below the bill : a tuft of long pendent hair from
the middle of the breast : colour of the plumage very variable ; generally dark gray,
inclining to black, or black with transverse whitish bars ; occasionally pure white,
or pied ; more rarely of a fine deep copper-colour, with the greater quills pure
white, and the tail dirty white. In the female the pectoral tuft is wanting ; the
frontal caruncle is smaller, and remains always contracted ; there is also no power
of erecting and expanding the tail, as in the male bird. (Egg.) Yellowish white,
spotted and speckled all over with reddish yellow : long. diam. three inches ;
trans, diam. one inch eleven lines.

Found in a wild state in North America. Generally supposed to have been
introduced into England about the year 1524. Lays early in the Spring, and pro-
duces from fifteen to seventeen in a brood. Seldom hatches more than once in the
season in this climate.

* GEN. 54. PAVO, Linn.

* 143. P. cristotus, Linn. (Crested Peacock.)— Crest on the head
compressed.

P. cristatus, domesticus, Temm. Pig. et Gall. torn. n. p. 35. and torn. in. p. 651.
Peacock, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 328.

DIMENS. Entire length three feet eight inches : length of the bill one inch ten
lines ; of the train four feet five inches ; of the tail one foot seven inches.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Crest of twenty-four feathers, the shafts slender, and
scarcely webbed except at the tips, which are of a golden green colour : head,
throat, neck, and breast, of a rich blue, glossed with green and gold ; above and

GALLUS.] AVES RASORES. 165

beneath the eye a white streak ; back and rump golden green, glossed with copper,
the feathers edged and tipped with velvet black ; train, or upper tail-coverts, very
much elongated, reaching considerably beyond the tail, capable of being erected
and expanded at will ; each of the feathers composing it having a conspicuous ocel-
lated spot at the extremity ; the true tail concealed beneath the train, consisting of
eighteen feathers, of a grayish brown colour: scapulars and lesser wing-coverts
variegated with black, and reddish cream-colour ; middle coverts deep blue, glossed
with golden green ; greater coverts, bastard wing, and primary quills, rufous ; the
other quills dusky, some of them being variegated with red, and tinged with golden
green : belly and sides greenish black ; thighs tawny yellow : irides yellow : bill
whitish : feet grayish brown. (Female.) Smaller; the train shorter than the tail,
and without the ocellated spots ; sides of the head with more white ; throat of that
colour ; neck green ; general colour of the body, and wings, cinereous brown, the
feathers on the breast being tipped with white : irides lead gray. White and pied
varieties sometimes occur in both sexes. (Egg.) Yellowish white, sparingly speckled
with reddish yellow : long. diam. two inches e,ight lines ; trans, diam. two inches
one line.

A native of India, where it is still met with in an unreclaimed state. The period
of its first introduction into this country, not very well ascertained. Lays from five
to eight eggs. Time of incubation from twenty-seven to thirty days. The approach
of the breeding season announced by the loud discordant screams of the male bird,
first heard towards the end of March, and continued at intervals through the
Summer. The two sexes are similar in plumage during the first year, and the
train of the male does not appear till the third.

* GEN. 55. GALLUS, Briss.

* 144. G. domesticus, Briss. (Domestic Cock.) — Caruncle on the
head compressed, denticulated ; throat with two pendulous wattles *
neck-feathers linear and elongated.

G. domesticus, Temm. Pig. et Gall. torn. n. p. 92. and torn. in. p. 654. The
Cock, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 316.

DIMENS. Extremely variable.

DESCRIPT. Crest or comb with eight or nine serratures, of a bright coral-red ^
two long wattles beneath the lower mandible of the same colour ; throat, and space
round the eyes, naked, the skin on these parts red ; beneath the ears a naked white
spot : neck-feathers very much elongated, and linear throughout their whole length :
tail ascending, compressed, forming two planes inclined to one another at an acute
angle ; of fourteen feathers, the two middle ones considerably the longest, and
bending gracefully over the others : thighs strong and muscular : tarsi with long
bent spurs: colours of the plumage very variable; more commonly, the head,
neck, back, and wing-coverts, orange-red ; under parts whitish, or velvet black ;
the sickle-shaped feathers of the tail blackish blue : sometimes the whole plumage
pure white. The Hen is always smaller, with the comb and wattles less developed ;
the colours are also less brilliant, and the tail wants the long pendent feathers.
(Egg.) White; varying in size and shape according to the breed.

Far. /3. cristatus. (Crested Cock.) Temm. Pig. et Gall. torn. n. p. 239. Distin-
guished by haying a tuft of feathers on the head instead of a comb.

Far. y. pusillus. (Bantam Cock.) Temm. Pig. et Gall. torn. n. p. 242. A small
variety, with the feet and toes feathered.

Far. 8. Pumilio. (Dwarf Cock.) Temm. Pig. et Gall, torn, n. p. 244. Very
small, scarcely larger than a pigeon : feet short, generally feathered.

Far. e. pentadactylus. (Dorking Cock.) Temm. Pig. et Gall. torn. in. p. 658.
Differs from the others in having five toes on each foot, three in front, and two
behind. Generally considered as most abundant in the neighbourhood of Dorking,
in Surrey.

Known in a state of domestication from the earliest times. The original stock
very uncertain ; referred by Temminck to the G. Bankiva, Temm. (Pig. et Gall.
torn. n. p. 87.) a species met with at the present day in a wild state in the Island,
of Java. In the domestic varieties, the cock is polygamous. The hen is very
prolific, and continues to lay during a great part of the year. Period of incu-
bation about three weeks.

Besides the above, the following species are domesticated in some parts of
England.

166 AVES RASORES. [CALLUS.

* (10.) G. Morio, Temm. (Negro Cock.) Pig. et Gall. torn. n.
p. 253.

Originally from India. Remarkable for having the comb, wattles, skin,
and periosteum black.

*(11.) G. lanatus, Temm. (Silk Cock.) Pig. et Gall, tom.n. p. 256.

A native of Japan. Has the webs of the feathers disunited, and of a
very silky texture. Plumage white.

* (12.) G. crispus, Briss. (Frizzled Cock.) Temm. Pig. et Gall.

torn. ii. p. 259.

From Asia. All the feathers reflexed, and as it were curled. Smaller
than the common poultry.

* (13.) G. ecaudatus, Temm. (Rumpless Cock.) Pig. et Gall. torn. n.
p. 267.

Inhabits Ceylon. No tail or tail-coverts: wants the last dorsal
vertebra.

* GEN. 56. PHASIANUS, Linn.

* 145. P. Colchicus, Linn. (Common Pheasant.) — Head and neck
metallic green, glossed with blue; breast and flanks reddish orange
with purple reflections, the feathers edged and tipped with violet black.

P. Colchicus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 453. Id. Pig. et Gall. torn. n.
D. 289. Common Pheasant, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 417.
pi. 57.

DIMENS. Entire length three feet : length of the bill (from the forehead) one
inch two lines, (from the gape) one inch four lines ; of the tarsus three inches ; of
the tail one foot nine inches ; from the carpus to the end of the wing ten inches :
breadth, wings extended, two feet seven inches six lines. (Male.)

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head and neck of a rich metallic green, passing beneath
into blue and violet ; on each side of the occiput a tuft of dark golden green feathers
capable of being erected at will, and most conspicuous in the breeding season : a
large naked space on the cheeks, thickly studded with scarlet papillae intermixed
with minute black specks : lower part of the neck, breast, belly, and sides, of a bril-
liant orange red, with a faint tinge of purple, each
)f the abdc

with violet black ; lower part of the abdomen, and thighs, blackish brown : sca-
pulars, and feathers on the back, dusky brown in the middle, broadly edged with
purplish orange, within which is a yellowish white band ; lower part of the back,
tail-coverts, and saddle-hackle feathers, exhibiting different shades of green, inter-
mixed with orange and purple : primary and secondary quills dusky brown, with
yellowish white bars : tertials and wing-coverts reddish yellow, stained and spotted
with dark purple-red : tail long, and very much cuneated, of an olive-gray, or
grayish brown colour, with transverse black bars, each feather being fringed with
purplish red: bill pale horn-colour: hides yellowish orange: feet grayish black:
spurs sharp and pointed, half an inch or more in length. (Female.) Smaller:
general colour of the plumage yellowish brown, variegated with gray and rufous ;
head, neck, and upper part of the body, with the central portion of each feather
black : region of the eyes feathered : tail much shorter than in the male bird, but
barred in a similar manner. ( Young of the year, till after the first moult.) Of
a uniform gray colour, somewhat resembling the adult female : spur of the male
short and blunt. Varieties, white and pied, are not unfrequent. (Egg.) Uniform
olive-brown : long. diam. one inch ten lines ; trans, diam. one inch five lines.

Var. (3. Ring Pheasant. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 321. With a collar of
white round the neck. This variety, which is not uncommon, has originally pro-
ceeded from a cross between this and the following species, with which last it must
not be confounded.

PHASIANUS.] AVES RASORES. 167

Var, y. Hybrid Pheasant. (Male.) Head, neck, and breast, deep brownish
black, with a slight gloss of bottle-green ; the rest of the plumage above and below
the body, scapulars and wing-coverts, deep red brown, the feathers edged with
glossy black, and many of them streaked with yellow down the shafts : tail shorter
than in the common Pheasant, compressed, and slightly arched, of a deep brown,
approaching to black, variegated with specks and transverse undulating lines of
ochre-yellow. (Female.) Head, neck, and breast, dull brown without the gloss
of green ; a greater portion of the upper plumage reddish or yellowish brown ;
many of the feathers without the black border : tail brown, barred with reddish
yellow • more cuneated than in the male bird. This variety, which is occasionally
met with, is an hybrid production between the Common Pheasant and the Domestic
Fowl. The plumage is of course subject to considerable variation. The above
descriptions were taken from a pair in the museum of the Cambridge Philosophical
Society. Is sometimes called a Pero. The female has been known to breed again
with the male Game-Fowl.

Supposed to have been brought originally from the banks of the Phasis, a river
of ancient Colchis. Common at present throughout the greater part of Asia and
Europe. Period of its first introduction into Britain uncertain. As a naturalized
species, is generally distributed throughout England, but considered rare in Scot-
land. Frequents woods. Is polygamous, like the Domestic Cock. Commences
laying in April, and hatches towards the end of May. Number of eggs from ten to
fourteen, deposited on the ground, amongst long grass, or in cornfields ; sometimes
in thick copses. Barren hens, which have partially assumed the spurs and plumage
of the cock, are not unfrequently met with, and are termed by sportsmen Mule-
Birds.

* 146. P. torquatus, Temm. (Ring-necked Pheasant.) — Head and
neck bluish green, the latter encircled by a white collar ; a line of white
over each eye ; lower part of the neck and breast copper-red, the feathers
deeply divided by a black line.

P. torquatus, Temm. Pig. et Gall. torn. n. p. 326. and torn. in. p. 670. Ring
Pheasant, Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. n. p. 14. pi. 66. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol.xi.
p. 228.

DIMENS. Rather less than those of the last species.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head and upper part of the neck deep green, with a tinge
of violet blue ; below this colour, a collar of pure white, broadest on the sides of the
neck, narrow behind, entirely interrupted in front: over each eye a narrow white
line, not always present : plumage on the upper part of the back, between the
shoulders, of a paler colour than in the P. Colchicus, approaching to orange-yellow,
the feathers of a more pointed form, and deeply divided by a blackish blue line ;
all the lower portion of the back varied with different shades of green, passing off at
the sides into bluish ash ; saddle-hackle feathers pale rust-colour ; upper tail-coverts
the same, passing into greenish yellow ; feathers on the fore part of the neck below
the white collar, and those on the breast, of a fine bright copper-red, with a much
narrower edging of black than in the last species, but deeply indented at the tip
by a lanceolate black line : wings and tail paler than in the Common Pheasant.
(Female.) General colour similar to that of the female of C. Colchicus; breast
not so much spotted ; transverse bars on the tail more distinctly marked. (Egg.)
Bluish green, with small spots of a darker tint. TEMM.

A native of China, from whence it has been introduced into England, and
naturalized in many parts of the country. In consequence, however, of its breed-
ing freely with the Common Pheasant*, it has become so intermixed with that
species, as very rarely to occur at present exhibiting the pure plumage which
characterizes it in its wild state. The above description of the cock bird was
taken from a fine specimen in the possession of Mr Leadbeater.

* (14.) Bohemian Pheasant.

This name is employed in many parts of England to distinguish a species
or variety of the Pheasant, which is met with in several preserves, but
which does not appear to have received the notice of ornithologists. The

* This docs not happen in its native country, where both species are equally plentiful, but,
according to Temminck, keep perfectly separate.

168 AVES RASORES. [NUMIDA.

head and neck are coloured much the same as in the P. colchicus, but all
the rest of the plumage is of a uniform pale brownish yellow, the feathers
being edged with black, and indented at the tips, as in the species last
described : tail rather darker than the body, but paler than in the common
Pheasant. The history of this peculiar breed, together with the origin of
its name, does not appear to be well ascertained.

* GEN. 57. NUMIDA, Linn.

* 147. N. Meleagris, Linn. (Guinea Pintado.) — Head and upper
part of the neck naked, the skin bluish : plumage on the body bluish
gray, with white spots.

N. Meleagris, Temm. Pig. et Gall. torn. n. p. 431. and torn. in. p. 680. Guinea
Pintado, Lath. Syn. vol. n. p. 685. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 332.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-two inches : length of the bill one inch three
lines.

DESCRIPT. Head bare of feathers, and covered with a naked bluish skin ; on the
crown a callous conical protuberance, compressed at the sides and directed back-
wards, of a bluish red colour; at the base of the upper mandible, on each side,
a loose pendulous wattle, bluish in the male, red in the female : upper part of the
neck nearly naked, being thinly furnished with hair-like feathers, which on the nape
are directed upwards ; the skin bluish ash ; lower part of the neck feathered, in-
clining to purple : general colour of the plumage on the other parts, dusky, or dark
bluish gray, sprinkled all over, the breast alone excepted, with round white spots of
various sizes : back very much rounded : tail short, and bent down : feet brownish
red. ( Egg.) Yellowish white ground, mottled all over with reddish yellow : long,
diam. two inches ; trans, diam. one inch seven lines.

Brought originally from Africa, but has long been domesticated in Britain. Is
very prolific ; but the young are difficult to rear. Of a restless disposition, and very
clamorous.

GEN. 58. TETRAO, Linn.

(1. TETRAO, Steph.)

1 148. T. Urogallus, Linn. (Wood Grow*.)— Chin and throat-feathers
elongated : breast glossed with dark green : bill white : tail rounded at
the extremity.

T. Urogallus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 457. Id. Pig. et Gall. torn. in.
pp. 114, & 696. Wood Grous, Lewin, Brit. Birds, vol. iv. pi. 132.
Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 335. (Trachea) Linn.
Trans, vol. xvi. pi. 21. f. 1.

DIMENS. Entire length (male) two feet ten inches, (female) two feet one inch :
breadth, wings extended, three feet six inches.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head and neck dusky ash, passing into black on the chin
and throat where the feathers are elongated ; a bare red skin above the eye, and
beneath it a small spot of white feathers ; breast of a fine dark glossy green ; rest of
the under parts black, with white spots : wings and scapulars chestnut brown, finely
speckled with dusky ; lower part of the back, rump, sides, and upper tail-coverts,
marked with numerous small undulating lines and specks of black, upon an ash-
coloured ground : tail very much rounded, black, some of the feathers having a
white spot on each side near the extremity : tarsi thickly clothed with brown hair-
like feathers: bill yellowish white: irides hazel. (Female.) Very much smaller :
head, neck, and back, barred transversely with black and tawny red ; throat tawny
red, without spots ; breast deep red, with a few white spots ; belly barred like the
back, some of the feathers tipped with white : quills dusky, mottled on their outer
webs with light rufous brown : tail dark red with black bars ; the tip white : bill
dusky. (Young male after the first moult.) Upper plumage not so deep coloured
as in the adult, inclining to cinereous gray -, green on the breast more dull ; a few
red feathers shewing themselves in different parts of the body ; tail often tipped with

TETRAO.] AVES RASORES. 169

white. Before the first moult, both sexes resemble the adult female. (Egg.) Light
reddish yellow brown, spotted all over with two shades of darker brown : long. diam.
two inches three lines ; trans, diam. one inch eight lines.

Formerly abundant in the mountainous forests of Scotland and Ireland, but now
extirpated. The last specimen killed in the former country is said to have been shot
near Inverness, about fifty years ago. Ceased to exist in Ireland at a considerably
earlier period. Occurs plentifully at the present day in many parts of the Continent,
and is much attached to pines, birch, and juniper. Said to feed on the berries of
the latter, and on the buds and tender sprays of the two former. The males are
polygamous. The females build on the ground, and lay from six to sixteen eggs.

t (15.) T. medius, Meyer. (Hybrid Grous.) Temm. Man. d'Orn.
torn. ii. p. 459. Id. Pig. et Gall. torn. HI. pp. 129, & 698. Spurious
Grous, Lath. Syn. Supp. p. 214.

Said to have been formerly found in Scotland, on the authority of
Mr Tunstall ; but there is no existing evidence by which the truth of
this assertion can be proved. Is principally distinguished from the last
species by having the neck and breast of a rich bronzed purple hue, the
bill black, and the tail slightly forked, with the outermost feathers the
longest. The egg, which is figured by Klein, is very similar in colour
to that of the Wood Grous, but in size a little smaller.

149. T. Tetovo, Linn. (Black Grous.) — Throat-
feathers not elongated : the general plumage violet-black,
with a white bar on the wings : tail very much forked ;
the lateral feathers bending outwards.

T. Tetrix, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 460. Id. Pig. et Gall.
torn. in. pp. 140, & 699. Black Grous, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb.
Illust. vol. i. p. 423. pis. 58, & 58*. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 338.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-three inches : breadth, wings extended,
three feet.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head, neck, breast, back, and rump, black, with
purple and blue reflections : eyebrows naked, vermilion-red ; beneath
the eye a white spot: abdomen, wing-coverts, and tail, deep black,
secondary quills tipped with white, forming, with the adjacent coverts,
a broad bar of that colour across each wing: under tail-coverts pure
white : the lateral feathers of the tail much longer than the middle ones,
curling outwards: tarsi clothed with blackish gray hair-like feathers:
bill black: irides bluish. (Female.) Smaller; general colour of the
upper plumage ferruginous yellow, barred and mottled with black :
greater wing-coverts tipped with white : breast orange-brown, with black
bars : belly dusky brown, with whitish and red bars : tail very slightly
forked, variegated with ferruginous and black; the tip grayish white.
The young of the year, till after the first moult, resemble the adult
female. (Egg.) Yellowish white, spotted and speckled with orange-
hrown : long. diam. two inches ; trans, diam. one inch five lines.

Most abundant in Scotland, and the northern parts of England.
Occurs more or less sparingly in some parts of North Wales, as well as
in the counties of Stafford, Somerset, Devon, Sussex, and Hants. Partial
to woody, heathy, and mountainous situations. Feeds on berries, and on.
the tops of heath and birch. Is polygamous. Nest placed on the ground,
generally under the shelter of a low bush, composed of a few dried stems
of grass. Eggs from six to ten in number, laid in May. Obs. The
Hybrid Bird figured in White's Nat. Hist, of Selborne, is probably a
young male of this species, having nearly completed the first moult.

170 AVES RASORES. [TETRAO.

(2. LAGOPUS, VieilL)

150. T. Scoticus, Temm. (Red Ptarmigan.) — The
entire plumage chestnut-brown, variegated with black :
tail of sixteen feathers ; the six outer ones on each side
dusky.

T. Scoticus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 465. Red Grous, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 427. pi. 59. f. 1. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 341.

DIMENS. Entire length sixteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) nine lines and a half, (from the gape) eleven lines; of the
tarsus one inch five lines ; of the tail four inches ; from the carpus to
the end of the wing eight inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) The whole plumage of a deep chestnut-brown,
nearly plain on the head and neck, but marked on the back and wing-
coverts with black spots of different sizes, and beneath the body with
numerous undulating black lines : orbits, and a small patch at the base
of the lower mandible, white : naked space above the eyes fringed, of a
bright scarlet colour : frequently some of the feathers on the abdomen
tipped with white : tail of sixteen feathers ; the four middle ones reddish
brown, with transverse black lines ; the rest of a uniform dusky brown :
bill black, half concealed by the nasal feathers : irides chestnut-brown :
tarsi and toes thickly clothed with grayish white feathers ; claws light
horn-colour. (Female.) Colours not so dark as in the male ; the brown
varied with reddish yellow, and marked with a greater number of black
spots and lines : naked space above the eyes less conspicuous. (Egg.)
Reddish white, nearly covered with blotches and spots of umber-brown :
long. diam. one inch nine lines ; trans, diam. one inch three lines.

Peculiar to the British Islands. Found plentifully in Scotland, as well
as in some of the mountainous parts of England and Wales. Frequents
moors, heaths, and extensive uncultivated wastes : never resorts to woods.
Feeds on berries, and the tender tops of heaths. Is monogamous, and
pairs in January. Commences laying in March or April. Eggs eight
to twelve in number, deposited on the ground.

151. T. Lagopus, Sab. (Common Ptarmigan.) — Cine-
reous, with transverse undulating lines and spots of black,
(summer) ; or wholly white, (winter) ; shafts of the quills,
and lateral tail-feathers, always black.

T. Lagopus, Sab. Supp. Parry s First Voy. p. cxcvii. Richards.
App. Parry's Second Voy. p. 350. Ptarmigan, Mont. Orn. Diet.
Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 430. pi. 59. f. 2. & pi. 60. Shaw, Gen. Zool.
vol. xi. p. 287. pi. 21. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 343.

DIMENS. Entire length fifteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) eight lines, (from the gape) ten lines ; of the tarsus one inch
four lines ; of the tail four inches three lines ; of the wing seven inches
six lines: breadth, wings extended, twenty-four inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male in winter plumage.) A streak from the corner of
the bill across the eyes, lateral tail-feathers, and shafts of the quills,
black ; the rest of the plumage pure white : above the eyes a scarlet
fringed membrane : tarsi and toes thickly clothed with woolly feathers :

TETRAO.] AVES RASORES. 171

bill and claws black. In the female, the naked membrane above the
eyes is less conspicuous, and the black on the lore altogether wanting.
(Male in summer plumage.) All the upper parts of the body, scapulars,
tertiaries, neck, breast, and sides under the wings, cinereous brown, with
transverse undulating black lines, and minute dusky spots : a few reddish
orange bars on the head and neck only : primary and secondary quills,
(with the exception of the black shafts), greater part of the wing-coverts,
belly, under tail-coverts, and legs, white : two middle tail-feathers nearly
all white ; the others black, some of them slightly tipped with white.
The female in summer does not show so much of the rufous tint on the
head and neck. (Egg.) Yellowish white, sparingly blotched and spotted
with black brown : long. diam. one inch eight lines ; trans, diam. one
inch two lines.

Found only in the Highlands of Scotland, and the adjacent isles. Was
formerly met with in some of the mountainous parts of Cumberland and
Westmoreland, but is supposed now to be extinct in England. Frequents
the summits of the loftiest hills, from whence it rarely descends into
the plains. Feeds on the berries and tender shoots of alpine plants.
Pairs early in the Spring, and lays its eggs on the bare ground, from
eight to fourteen in number. Obs. This species is also met with in
North America ; but it is not found on the Continent, where it has been
always confounded with the following.

152. T. rupestris, Sab. (Rock Ptarmigan.) — Brownish
yellow, with transverse black bars, (summer) ; or pure
white, (winter) ; shafts of the quills, and lateral tail-
feathers, always black.

T. rupestris, Sab. Supp. Parry s First Voy. p. cxcv. Richards.
App. Parry s Second Voy. p. 348. Faun. Bor. Amer. pt. 2.
p. 354. pi. 64. T. Lagopus, Temm. Man. dOrn. torn. u. p. 468.
Rock Ptarmigan, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xi. p. 290.

DIMENS. Entire length fourteen inches: length of the bill (from the
forehead) seven lines, (from the gape) one inch ; of the tarsus one inch
four lines and a half; of the tail four inches; of the wing seven inches.
Faun. Bor. Am.

DESCRIPT. Smaller than the last species, with the bill longer and
narrower. Winter plumage exactly similar. Summer plumage cha-
racterized by its brownish yellow colour, with rather broad blackish
brown bars, exhibiting none of the cinereous tint which predominates
in the Common Ptarmigan: on the upper parts the black markings
prevail over the yellow ; on the under the yellow ground is most con-
spicuous : primary and secondary quills, with some of the coverts, white ;
the shafts of the quills black : tail with the two middle feathers barred
like the back ; the rest black, faintly tipped with white. The male is at
all seasons distinguished from the female by a black band across the eye,
as in the last species: in its summer plumage, it is furthermore cha-
racterized by having the middle of the belly white. (Egg.) Bufiy white,
nearly covered with spots of two shades of dark red brown: long. diam.
one inch nine lines ; trans, diam. one inch two lines.

This species, originally described by Pennant, (Arct. Zool. vol. n.
p. 364. no. 184.) occurs in North America, and very plentifully in some
parts of the Continent, but has been confounded by Temminck and others

172 AVES RASORES. [PERDIX.

with the Common Ptarmigan. In Great Britain, it has hitherto only
occurred once. This specimen was killed in Perthshire in Scotland,
and is now in the collection of Lord Derby. Is said to frequent dry
rocky grounds, and to feed on the tops of small birch. Hatches in June.

GEN. 59. PERDIX, Briss.
(1. PERDIX, Steph.)

153. P. cinerea, Briss. (Common Partridge.) — Upper
parts cinereous, variegated with brown and black ; a deep
chestnut crescent-shaped spot on the breast.

P. cinerea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 488. Id. Pig. et Gall.
torn. in. pp. 373, & 728. Common Partridge, Mont. Orn. Diet.
Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 433. pi. 61. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 348.

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) seven lines and a half, (from the gape) eleven lines; of the
tarsus one inch nine lines ; of the tail three inches four lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing six inches two lines: breadth, wings
extended, twenty inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Sides of the face, throat, and eyebrows, bright
rust-colour : behind the eye a naked red skin : neck and breast bluish
gray with fine zigzag black lines ; on the lower part of the breast a large
patch of deep chestnut-brown in the shape of a horse-shoe ; flanks cine-
reous, with undulating black lines, and a large rust-coloured bar towards
the tip of each feather: back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, cinereous
brown, with transverse zigzag black lines and a few narrow bars of reddish
brown ; scapulars and wing-coverts of a deeper hue than the back, with
the shafts of the feathers yellowish white ; quills blackish gray, spotted
and barred with pale yellowish red : tail of eighteen feathers ; the four
middle ones marked like the back ; the others bright rust-colour : bill
and feet bluish gray : irides hazel. (Female.) Less of the rust-coloured
tinge on the head and throat ; feathers on the crown of the head spotted
with white : upper plumage generally darker, with a greater number of
black bars and spots : the horse-shoe mark on the breast very indistinct,
or altogether wanting. White and pied varieties are occasionally met
with. (Egg.) Of a uniform olive-brown : long. diam. one inch five lines ;
trans, diam. one inch and half a line.

Abundant in all the cultivated parts of Great Britain, but seldom
found at a distance from arable land, which is its favourite haunt. Feeds
on seeds and insects, and especially on the pupae of ants. Pairs in
February, and commences laying about the middle or end of May.
Eggs twelve to twenty in number, deposited on the ground, amongst
brush-wood and long grass, or in fields of clover and standing corn.
Period of incubation three weeks. After the young are hatched, they
flock together in coveys till the following Spring.

* 154. P. rubra, Briss. (Red-legged Partridge.) — Upper parts
reddish ash: throat and cheeks white; bounded by a collar of black,
expanding on the breast, and spotted with white.

P. rubra, Temm. Man. d'Orn. tom.n. p. 485. Id. Pig. et Gall. torn. in. pp.361,
and 726. Guernsey Partridge, Mont. Orn. Diet. Lewin, Brit. Birds, vol.iv.
pi. 137. Red-legged Partridge, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 345.

PERDIX.] AVES RASORES. 173

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches six lines: length of the bill (from the
forehead) eight lines, (from the gape) eleven lines; of the tarsus one inch seven
lines ; of the tail four inches one line ; from the carpus to the end of the wing six
inches six lines : breadth, wings extended, twenty inches ten lines.

DESCRIPT. Forehead cinereous ; crown and occiput reddish brown ; throat,
cheeks, and a broad band above the eyes reaching nearly to the nape, white ;
the white space on the throat bounded by a black collar, which spreads itself out on
the upper part of the breast and sides of the neck, in the form of black spots on
a light reddish ground ; intermixed with the black spots are a few white ones ; lower
part of the breast bluish ash ; belly and abdomen rust-red ; feathers on the sides
cinereous, each with two transverse bars across the middle, the first white and the
second black, beyond which last is a large semilunar rust-coloured spot, occupying
the tip : all the upper parts of the body reddish ash : quills grayish brown, with the
outer webs ochre-yellow : the four middle tail-feathers like the back ; the others
rust-colour: orbits, bill, and feet, bright red. In the female the colours are paler,
but in other respects similar to those of the male. ( Egg.) Reddish yellow white,
spotted and speckled with reddish brown : long. diam. one inch seven lines and a
half; trans, diam. one inch three lines.

A native of France, Italy, and the Islands of Guernsey and Jersey, from whence
it has been imported into England, and naturalized in some parts of the country*.
Is very common in Suffolk, frequenting waste heaths and extensive barren lands,
more than cornfields. Occasionally met with in other counties. On the Continent,
is said to lay from fifteen to eighteen eggs.

* (2. OKTYX, Steph.)

* 155. P. Virginiana, Lath. (Virginian Partridge.) — Body above
brownish chestnut, variegated with black and rufous ; beneath whitish,
with transverse undulating black lines : throat, and a broad band above
the eye, white.

Tetrao Virginianus, Wils. Amer. Orn. vol. vi. p. 21. pi. 47. f. 2. Perdix
borealis, Temm. Pig. et Gall. torn. in. pp. 436, and 735. Virginia and Mary-
land Partridge, Lath. Syn. vol. n. pp. 777, and 778. Northern Colin, Shaw,
Gen. Zool. vol. xi. p. 377.

DIMENS. Entire length nine inches : length of the bill six lines and a half; of
the tarsus one inch three lines.

DESCRIPT. ( Male.) Forehead black ; a broad white band above the eye, reach-
ing to the nape, above which is another narrow one of black ; throat white, bounded
by a black collar, which expands over the front and sides of the neck in the form
of black spots, mixed with others white and red : crown of the head chestnut-red,
spotted with black ; upper part of the body brownish chestnut ; the edges of the
feathers cinereous, with fine black streaks ; in the middle of the back some large
black spots edged with rufous : scapulars and greater wing-coverts spotted with black
and red on their inner webs, with cinereous and red on their outer ; lesser coverts
red with fine undulating black lines : breast reddish white, with transverse black
lines ; belly pure white, with black lines of a semicircular form ; feathers on the
sides rufous, with an edging of white spots surrounded with black ; under tail-coverts
red, spotted with black ; tail bluish ash ; the middle feathers rufous towards their
extremities, and marked with brown undulating lines : bill black, reddish at the
base: feet brownish red. (Female.) Throat, and band above the eyes, pale red,
the latter without the black streak above ; the red on the throat surrounded by spots
of black, brown, and white : nape, and upper part of the head, spotted with red :
feathers on the back more deeply edged with cinereous ; rest of the upper parts
paler than in the male bird : breast bright red, with two little white spots towards
the extremity of each feather : tail bluish ash, with fine undulating lines of brown
and whitish towards the tips of all the feathers : bill with more red at the base than
in the male. The young of the year very much resemble the adult female, but
the transverse undulating lines on the back and tail-feathers are more numerous.
(Egg.) White: of a pointed form: long. diam. one inch two lines and a half;
trans, diam. one inch.

* Pulteney observes that this species has been killed near Weymouth in Dorsetshire, and
suggests the probability of its sometimes reaching this country from the Islands of Jersey and
Guernsey. If this be ever the case, which is rather doubtful, it has a claim to be considered as
one of our native species.

174 AVES RASORES. [PERDIX.

A native of North America, from whence it has been recently introduced into
this country. Is now naturalized in Suffolk. Said to frequent woody situations,
and to perch in trees. Lays from twenty to twenty-five eggs, and has two broods
in the year.

(3. COTURNIX, Briss.)

156. P. Coturnix, Lath. (Common Quail.) — Upper
parts cinereous brown, variegated with black : over each
eye, and on the crown of the head, a longitudinal whitish
streak.

P. Coturnix, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. u. p. 491. Coturnix dacty-
lisonans, Temm. Pig- et Gall. torn. in. pp. 478, & 740. Common
Quail, Selb. Illust. vol. i. p. 437. pi. 62. Quail, Mont. Orn. Diet,
and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 351.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) five lines, (from the gape) seven lines and a half; of the tarsus
one inch two lines ; of the tail one inch six lines ; from the carpus to the
end of the wing four inches six lines : breadth, wings extended, fourteen
inches four lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Crown and occiput black, the feathers edged with
rufous brown; over each eye a yellowish white streak extending to a
considerable distance down the neck ; a similar streak along the top of
the head running parallel with the above ; throat rufous, bounded by a
double crescent of dusky brown : upper part of the neck, back, scapulars,
and wing-coverts, cinereous brown, variegated with black; the shafts
and central portions of the feathers yellowish white : lower part of the
neck, breast, and, sides, pale rufous brown with longitudinal white
streaks ; belly yellowish white : tail blackish brown ; the shafts and tips
of the feathers whitish : bill and feet yellowish brown. (Female.) Throat
white, without the double crescent-shaped markings: breast yellowish
white, spotted with blackish brown : general colours of the plumage
paler. Obs. This species is subject to some variation of colours : in very
old males, the cheeks and throat are dusky brown, and the whole
plumage of a more vivid hue. Occasionally found pure white ; or of a
uniform deep brown. (Egg.) Yellowish white, blotched and spotted
with umber-brown : long. diam. one inch one line ; trans, diam. eleven
lines.

A migratory species visiting this country in May, and usually depart-
ing towards the end of the Autumn. Occasionally remains through the
Winter. Chiefly frequents corn-fields and open lands. Feeds on seeds,
grain, and insects. The males are polygamous, and utter during the
breeding season a peculiar whistling note. Eggs eight or ten in number,
deposited on the bare ground.

GEN. 60. OTIS, Linn.

157. O. Tarda, Linn. (Great Bustard.) — Upper
part of the body reddish orange, with transverse black
bars ; beneath whitish : a tuft of long filiform feathers
(male) from the corners of the lower mandible.

OTIS.] AVES RASORES. 175

O. Tarda, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 506. Great Bustard,
Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. lllust. vol. i. p. 442. pis. 64,
& 64*. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 355.

DIMENS. Entire length nearly four feet : breadth nine feet. PENN.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head and neck cinereous; a longitudinal black
streak on the crown reaching to the occiput ; feathers on the chin loose,
and somewhat elongated, with the barbs disunited; a long moustache
of similar feathers on each side of the lower mandible : * back, scapulars,
lesser wing-coverts, rump, and tail-coverts, yellowish or reddish orange,
barred and variegated with black ; greater wing-coverts, and some of the
secondaries, pale cinereous ; primaries black, slightly tipped with white :
upper part of the breast reddish orange ; rest of the under parts white :
tail brownish orange, some of the lateral feathers with the basal half and
tip white; the whole crossed by two or three black bars near the ex-
tremity : bill dusky, the under mandible somewhat paler than the upper :
irides light hazel : feet dusky brown. (Female.) Much smaller, and
without the tuft of long feathers on each side of the lower mandible ;
the longitudinal streak on the crown not so obvious; fore part of the
neck of a deeper gray : in other respects similar to the male. (Egg.)
Olive-brown, sparingly and indistinctly blotched with greenish brocoli-
brown : long. diam. two inches eleven lines ; trans, diam. two inches two
lines.

Formerly met with in great plenty on the plains of Wiltshire and
Dorsetshire, the Wolds of Yorkshire, as well as in many other parts of
England, and also in Scotland. Is now become extremely rare, and
almost confined to the open parts of Norfolk and Suffolk, where the
species still continues to breed in small quantities. Single individuals
are occasionally observed in Cambridgeshire, and a fine male specimen
was killed near Ickleton in that county in January 1831. Where plenti-
ful, usually found in flocks. Food green corn, seeds, insects, as well as
various other vegetable and animal substances. Lays two eggs early in
the Spring, which are deposited on the bare ground : rarely, however,
hatches more than one in this country. Period of incubation about four
weeks. The male of this species possesses a capacious pouch, situate
along the fore part of the neck, said to be capable of holding several
quarts of water.

158. O. Tetrax, Linn. (Little Bustard.) — Upper
part of the body yellowish orange, with fine zigzag dusky
lines ; neck black, encircled by a double collar of white,

O. Tetrax, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 507. Little Bustard,
Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. lllust. vol. i. p. 447. pi. 65.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 359.

DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches and a half: breadth, wings
extended, two feet ten inches and a half. SELBY.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Crown and occiput yellowish orange, with
brown spots : sides of the head and throat deep cinereous, bounded by a
white collar encircling the upper part of the neck ; lower part of the neck
black ; on the breast another, and somewhat broader, white collar, below
which is a narrow one of black : upper parts yellowish orange, crossed by
numerous fine zigzag dusky lines, and mottled with large spots more

* Bewick's figure represents this species with a longitudinal black streak or band on the sides
of the neck. It is possible that such a character may exist during the short period of the breeding
season only, but it is not usually present.

176 AVES GRALLATORES. [CuRsomus

sparingly distributed : the edge of the wing, belly, and upper tail-coverts,
pure white : irides orange : bill and feet gray. (Female and young male.)
Throat white ; sides of the head, and upper part of the neck, yellowish
orange, with longitudinal dusky streaks ; lower part of the neck and
upper part of the breast the same, with transverse crescent-shaped dusky
bars ; lower breast and flanks whitish, spotted with dusky, the latter with
a few fine longitudinal streaks besides on the shafts of the feathers :
belly and abdomen white and unspotted : upper parts of the body much
as in the male. Obs. It is not certain whether the adult male does not
lose the black neck and double white collar in Winter, and resemble
the female during that season. (Egg.) Of a uniform olive-brown:
long. diam. two inches ; trans, diam. one inch six lines.

A very rare, and only occasional, visitant in this country. Has been
taken alive on the edge of Newmarket Heath, and more recently near
Caxton in Cambridgeshire. Other specimens have been killed in Sussex,
Kent, Devonshire, Northumberland, and Suffolk. Frequents plains, and
large tracts of open country. Said to be graminivorous. Eggs three to
five in number, deposited on the ground.

ORDER IV. GRALLATORES.

GEN. 61. CURSORIUS. Lath.

159- C. isabellinus, Meyer. (Cream-coloured Courser.) —
General plumage reddish cream-colour: behind the eyes a
double black streak.

C. isabellinus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 513. Cream-coloured
Plover, Lath. Syn. vol. in. p. 217. Id. Supp. p. 254. pi. 116.
Mont. Orn. Diet. Cream-coloured Swiftfoot, Selb. Illust. vol. n.
p. 217. pi. 33**.

DIMENS. Entire length ten inches: length of the bill nine lines.
MONT.

DESCRIPT. General colour of the plumage reddish cream or buff
orange, the feathers in some places with pale edges; throat whitish;
behind the eye a double black streak directed towards the occiput:
quills black: lateral tail-feathers black towards their extremities, the
black including a small white spot : abdomen whitish : bill black : legs
yellowish brown. In immature birds, the scapulars and wing-coverts are
crossed by numerous, fine, zigzag bars of a darker tint, more particularly
towards the tips of the feathers : the black streak behind the eyes very
faint. (Egg.) Unknown.

A native of Africa, very rarely occurring in Europe. In England only
three specimens have been hitherto observed. The first of these was
shot near St Albans, in Kent, many years back ; the second was killed
in October 1827, at Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; the third in the
year following, at Freston, near Aldborough, in Suffolk. Very little is
known of its habits. Said to inhabit dry plains, and to run very swiftly.

CHARADRIUS.] AVES GRALLATORES. 177

GEN. 62. (EDICNEMUS, Temm.

160. QE. crepitans, Temm. (Common Thick-knee.) —
Reddish ash, with longitudinal dusky spots : quills black ;
the first two primaries with a broad white bar across each
web.

(E. crepitans, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 521. Common Thick-
knee, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 250. pi. 40. Great Plover, Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 362. Thick-kneed Bustard, Mont. Orn. Diet.

DIMENS. Entire length eighteen inches.

DESCRIPT. Upper parts reddish ash, with a longitudinal dusky spot
down the middle of each feather : space between the eye and the bill,
cheeks, throat, belly, and thighs, white: neck and breast tinged with
reddish, and marke'd with fine longitudinal dusky streaks : a pale bar
across the wing-coverts: quills black; the first with a large and con-
spicuous white spot near the middle; the second with one somewhat
smaller : under tail-coverts red : all the tail-feathers, the two middle
ones excepted, tipped with black: bill yellowish at the base, black at
the tip : irides, orbits, and feet, yellow. In young birds, the markings
are less distinct. (Egg.) Stone-colour, blotched, spotted, and streaked,
with ash-blue and dark brown : long. diam. two inches two lines ; trans,
diam. one inch seven lines.

A migratory species visiting this country about the latter end of April
or beginning of May, and departing in the Autumn. Is most abundant
in the southern, midland, and eastern counties. Frequents heaths, exten-
sive corn-lands, and other open districts. Feeds on insects, worms, and
reptiles. Makes no nest, but lays its eggs, which are two in number, on
the bare ground. During the breeding season the male utters a loud
shrill cry, heard more particularly in the dusk of the evening. The name
of this species is derived from a peculiar enlargement of the upper part
of the tarsus, and of the joint immediately above it, most conspicuous in
the young birds of the year.

GEN. 63. CHARADRIUS, Linn.

161. C. pluvialis, Linn. (Golden Plover.) — Upper parts
dusky brown, spotted with yellow; cheeks, neck, and breast,
variegated with brown and ash-colour ; throat and abdomen
white.

C. pluvialis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 535. Golden Plover,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 231. pi. 37. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. i. p. 367.

DIMENS. Entire length eleven inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) ten lines and a half, (from the gape) one inch one line ; of the
tarsus one inch seven lines ; of the tail three inches ; from the carpus to
the end of the wing seven inches six lines : breadth, wings extended,
twenty -three inches.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Crown of the head, and all the upper
parts, dusky brown, thickly spotted with king's yellow, the spots being
disposed along the edges and at the tips of the feathers ; cheeks, neck,

M

178 AVES GRALLATORES. [CHARADRIUS.

and breast, somewhat variegated with streaks and spots of ash-gray and
yellowish brown ; throat, belly, and abdomen, white: quills, and greater
coverts, dusky ; the former white along the shafts ; the latter tipped with
white : bill dusky : irides dark brown : legs deep ash-colour. (Summer
plumage.) Upper parts deep black ; the edges of the feathers spotted with
bright yellow : forehead, and space above the eyes, white : sides of the
neck white, with large black and yellow spots : throat, fore part of the
neck, and all the under parts, black. (Young of the year.) Upper parts
cinereous brown, with spots of yellowish ash. (Egg.) Yellowish stone-
colour, blotched and spotted with brownish black: long. diam. two inches;
trans, diam. one inch four lines.

Not uncommon; migrating from the southern to the northern parts
of the kingdom at the approach of the breeding season. Haunts moors,
heaths, and other open districts ; occasionally, during severe weather, the
sea-coast. Food worms and insects. Eggs four in number ; laid in May.

162. C. Morinellus, Linn. (Dotterel Plover.) — Upper
plumage brownish ash, edged with reddish : breast reddish
ash : a broad streak above the eyes, and a gorget on the
breast, white.

C. Morinellus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 537. Dotterel, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 236. pi. 39. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. i. p. 369.

DIMENS. Entire length nine inches five lines: length of the bill (from
the forehead) seven lines and a half, (from the gape) one inch ; of the
tarsus one inch six lines; from the carpus to the end of the wing six
inches.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Forehead, throat, and sides of the
face, whitish, dotted and streaked with black ; above each eye a broad
band of reddish white, reaching to the nape : crown of the head, and
occiput, dusky ash ; rest of the upper parts cinereous, tinged with oliva-
ceous brown ; the feathers on the back, wing-coverts, and scapulars, edged
with rust-red : fore part of the neck, breast, and flanks, reddish ash ; a
gorget on the upper part of the breast extending on each side to the
bend of the wing, and middle of the belly, pure white : shaft of the first
primary white; the rest dusky: tail cinereous, passing into dusky towards
the end ; the extreme tip white : bill black : irides brown : feet greenish
ash. (Male in summer plumage.) Cheeks, throat, and band above the eyes,
pure white ; crown of the head, and occiput, deep brown ; back, wing-
coverts, and scapulars, olivaceous ash, the feathers edged with deep red ;
nape, also the sides and lower part of the neck in front, cinereous ; on the
upper part of the breast a white gorget bounded above by a blackish line;
lower part of the breast, and flanks, bright rust-colour ; middle of the
belly deep black; vent and under tail-coverts reddish white. In the
female, the white band above the eyes is less conspicuous; the gorget
on the breast has a reddish tinge ; the black patch on the abdomen is
smaller, and much intermixed with white. In young birds, the crown
of the head is reddish, with longitudinal dusky spots ; the upper parts
are more cinereous; and the tail is tipped with pale red. (Egg.) Yel-
lowish olive, blotched and spotted with dark brownish black : long. diam.
one inch seven lines and a half; trans, diam. one inch two lines and a
half.

CHARADRIUS.] AVES GRALLATORES. 179

Common in some parts of England, appearing twice in the year, Spring
and Autumn, in its passage to and from more northern latitudes, in
which it breeds. Winters in the South of Europe. With us generally
observed in small flocks on heaths, moors, and other open districts.
Feeds on insects and worms. This and the preceding species are in
high estimation for the table.

163. C. Hiaticula, Linn. (Ringed Plover.) — Upper
parts cinereous brown : a broad gorget of black on the
breast : bill orange and black : feet orange.

C. Hiaticula, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 539. Ringed Plover,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 240. pi. 38. f. 1, 2. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 371.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches six lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) seven lines, (from the gape) seven lines and a half;
of the tarsus eleven lines and a half; of the tail two inches five lines ;
from the carpus to the end of the wing five inches: breadth, wings
extended, sixteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male in Summer and Winter.) Forehead, space
between the eye and the bill, and sides of the face, black; across the
forehead, and through the eyes, a white band, passing backwards to the
occiput : on the upper part of the breast a broad gorget of black, the ends
of which unite on the nape becoming narrower : throat, a collar round
the neck immediately above the black gorget, and the rest of the under
parts, pure white : crown of the head, and all the upper parts, cinereous
brown : quills dusky, with an oval white spot about the middle of each
feather; shafts partly white: outermost tail-feather wholly white; the
next white, with a small brown spot on the inner web ; the rest dusky,
tipped with white, the two middle ones excepted, which are dusky
throughout : bill orange at the base, black at the tip : irides hazel :
feet yellowish orange. (Adult female.) Lore and cheeks cinereous brown;
forehead white, surmounted by a narrow transverse band of dusky ash ;
streak through the eye faint ; gorget dusky : in other respects similar to
the male. (Young of the year.) Between the bill and the eye a dusky
streak ; forehead dirty white, without the coronal black band : upper
parts cinereous brown, the feathers edged with yellowish white : gorget
on the breast cinereous brown: bill dusky: feet yellowish. (Egg.) Stone-
colour, spotted and streaked with ash-blue and black : long. diam. one
inch five lines ; trans, diam. one inch and half a line.

Common on most parts of the sea-coast, resorting occasionally to inland
marshes and the banks of rivers. Remains with us the whole year. Food
insects and worms. Pairs in May, and towards the end of that month
deposits its eggs, which are four in number, in a small cavity in the sand,
just above high-water mark. In the Autumn becomes gregarious, and
keeps in small flocks throughout the Winter.

164. C. minor, Meyer. (Little Ringed Plover.) — Upper
parts cinereous brown : a gorget of black on the breast : bill
entirely black : feet flesh-colour.

C. minor, Temm. Man. oTOm. torn. n. p. 542. Little Ring-Dotterel,
Gould, Europ. Birds, part xi. pi. 2.

M2

180 AVES GRALLATORES. [CHARADRIUS-

DIMENS. Entire length five inches : length of the bill (from the fore-
head) five lines and a half; of the tarsus eleven lines and a half; of the
tail two inches four lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing four
inches four lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male and female.) " Bill hlack ; a band of the
same colour passing from the bill to the eye, and extending over the
ear-coverts ; the forehead pure white, above which on the crown a black
band passes from eye to eye ; the occiput gray, beneath which a white
circle spreads from the throat round the neck; this is succeeded by a
black band, broad on the chest, but narrowing until it meets at the back
of the neck; the whole of the upper plumage, with the exception of the
rump, which is white, of a fine brownish gray ; under surface white ;
feet and legs flesh-colour ; irides hazel. (Young.) Wants the black collar
and facial markings, the crown of the head and face being brownish
gray ; in every other respect resembles the adult, except that a brownish
tint pervades the whole of the upper plumage, and that every feather is
edged with a lighter margin. (Egg.) Yellowish white, marked with
blotches of black and brown." GOULD.

A single individual of this species, a young bird of the year, has been
recently killed at Shoreham in Sussex. It is now in the possession of
Mr Henry Doubleday of Epping. No other has hitherto occurred in
Britain, although from its close resemblance to the C. Hiaticula, it is
possible that the species may have been overlooked. Common on some
parts of the Continent. According to Temminck, resorts by preference
more to the banks of rivers than to the shores of the sea. Food and
nidiftcation similar to those of the Ringed Plover.

165. C. Cantianus, Lath. (Kentish Plover.) — Upper
parts cinereous brown : a large patch of black on each side
of the breast : bill and feet black.

CJ. Cantianus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 544. Kentish
Plover, Leivin, Brit. Birds, vol. v, pi. 85. Lath. Syn. Supp. n.
p. 316. Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 243.
pi. 38. f. 3.

DiMEif s. Entire length six inches ten lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) seven lines and a half, (from the gape) nine lines ; of the
tarsus one inch and half a line ; of the tail two inches one line ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing four inches three lines : breadth, wings
extended, thirteen inches four lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Forehead, a broad streak over each eye, a ring
round the neck, and all the under parts, pure white : space between the
eye and the bill, and ear-coverts, black ; an angular black patch imme-
diately behind the forehead, advancing towards the crown; a larger patch
of the same colour on each side of the breast : crown of the head, and
nape of the neck, light brownish red ; rest of the upper parts cinereous
brown: shafts of the primaries white: the two outermost tail-feathers
white ; the next whitish ; the rest cinereous brown : bill and feet black.
(Female.) The white on the forehead of less extent ; behind it a small
transverse black streak instead of the large angular spot ; space between
the eye and the bill, ear-coverts, and the patch on each side of the breast,
cinereous brown : the red on the head and nape tinged with ash-gray.
(Young before the first moult.) The white on the forehead, above the
«yes, and across the nape of the neck, very indistinct : no black any

VANKLLUS.] AVES GRALLATORES 181

where ; the large spot on the sides of the breast light brown, and very
faintly indicated: all the upper parts light cinereous brown. (Egg.)
Stone-colour, spotted with black: long. diam. one inch three lines;
trans, diam. eleven lines.

A rare, and only occasional visitant in this country. Observed many
years ago near Sandwich in Kent, by the late Mr Boys. Has more
recently occurred in two or three instances on the coasts of Norfolk
and Sussex. Habits similar to those of the last two species. Feeds
on marine insects and worms. Lays from three to five eggs on the
bare sand.

GEN. 64. VANELLUS, Briss.
(1. SQUATAROLA, Cuv.)

166. V. griseus, Briss. (Gray Plover.) — Upper plumage
dusky brown, variegated with white and ash-colour ; breast
and belly white with dark spots (winter), or of a uniform
deep black (summer).

V. melanogaster, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 547. Gray Plover,
Selb. Illust. vol. ii. p. 227. pi. 35. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 83.
Gray Sandpiper, Mont. Orn. Diet.

DIMENS. Entire length eleven inches six lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch and half a line, (from the gape) one inch
three lines and a half; of the tarsus one inch eleven lines; of the naked
part of the tibia ten lines ; of the tail three inches ; from the carpus to
the end of the wing seven inches eleven lines : breadth, wings extended,
twenty-five inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Forehead and chin white; streak over
the eyes, fore part of the neck, sides of the breast, and flanks, white,
variegated with spots of brown and ash-colour : head, and all the upper
parts of the body, dusky brown, the feathers edged and tipped with
grayish white: belly, abdomen, thighs, and upper tail-coverts, pure
white : beneath the wing some long black feathers arising from the
axilla : tail white, towards the tip reddish, with transverse brown bars
which become paler and less numerous on the lateral feathers : bill
black : irides dusky : feet blackish gray. (Summer plumage.) Space
between the eye and the bill, throat, sides and fore part of the neck,
middle of the breast, belly and flanks, deep black ; forehead, a broad
streak above the eyes continued down the sidqs of the neck and breast
and bounding the b'laek on those parts, thighs and abdomen, pure white :
crown and occiput cinereous brown, with the shafts of the feathers black ;
nape variegated with brown, black, and white; back, scapulars, and wing-
coverts, black, all the feathers broadly tipped and barred with white.
(Young of the year.) Somewhat similar to the adult bird in winter
plumage : the spots on the sides of the breast and flanks larger, but
of a paler tint: upper parts of a uniform light gray, variegated with
whitish spots; the transverse bars on the tail gray. (Egg.) Light
clay-brown, spotted and streaked all over with dark brown : long. diam.
one inch ten lines ; trans, diam. one inch four lines.

Found on many parts of the British coast during the autumn and
winter months, but not in very great abundance. Retires northward to
breed. Feeds on worms and marine insects. Lays four eggs.

182 AVES GRALLATORES [VANELLUS.

(2. VANELLUS, Cuv.)

167- V. cristatus, Meyer. (Crested Lapwing.) — Crown,
fore part of the neck and breast, greenish black ; occipital
feathers very much elongated, slightly recurved : back and
scapulars olive-green.

V. cristatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 550. Crested or Green
Lapwing;, Self). Illust. vol.n. p. 221. pi. 34. Lapwing, Mont. Orn.
Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 79.

DIMENS. Entire length twelve inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) ten lines and a half, (from the gape) one inch and
half a line ; of the tarsus one inch ten lines ; of the tail four inches six
lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing eight inches seven lines :
breadth, wings extended, twenty-eight inches five lines.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Occipital feathers very much elon-
gated, filiform, and turned upwards at the extremities : forehead, crown,
crest, fore part of the neck, and upper part of the breast, of a shining
greenish black ; throat, region of the eyes, and sides of the neck, white :
back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, olive-green, glossed with blue and
purplish red: quills black; the first four primaries tipped with white:
lower part of the breast, and all the belly, white; upper and under tail-
coverts pale ferruginous : basal half of the tail white ; the remaining
portion black, tipped with white; outer feather almost entirely white:
bill dusky : feet brownish red. (Summer plumage.) The black on the
neck of a deeper tint, and extending over the throat ; the occipital crest
somewhat longer ; the green and blue reflections on the upper parts more
brilliant. (Young of the year.) The crest shorter; throat variegated with
white and cinereous brown; beneath the eyes a dusky streak; all the
feathers, as well on the upper as under parts, tipped with reddish yellow :
feet olivaceous ash. (Egg.) Olive ground, blotched and spotted nearly
all over with blackish brown : long. diam. one inch eleven lines ; trans,
diam. one inch four lines.

Common in most parts of the kingdom, frequenting fens and moist
fields, as well as heaths, warrens, and upland situations. Has a pecu-
liar note resembling the word pee-wit. Feeds on insects, worms, and
snails. Breeds early in the Spring, depositing its eggs, which are
four in number, on the bare ground. Collects in vast flocks at the
approach of Autumn.

GEN. 65. STREPSILAS, Illig.

168. S. Inter pres. Leach. (Common Turnstone.) —
Upper parts variegated with white, black, and ferruginous ;
breast and abdomen white.

S. collaris, Temm. Man. d^Orn. torn. n. p. 553. Common Turnstone,
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 204. pi. 33*. Turnstone, Mont. Orn. Diet.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. pp. 108, and 110.

DIMENS. Entire length nine inches three lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) ten lines, (from the gape) eleven lines and a half :
of the tarsus eleven lines and a half; of the tail two inches eight lines;

CALIDRIS.] AVES GRALLATORES. 183

from the carpus to the end of the wing five inches ten lines : breadth,
wings extended, eighteen inches eight lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Forehead, space hetween the eye and the
bill, throat, and a broad collar on the nape of the neck, white : across the
forehead a narrow black streak, which, passing over the eyes, becomes
somewhat enlarged on the sides of the face ; from thence it branches off
on one side to the base of the lower mandible, on the other to the sides of
the neck, where it again enlarges before uniting with a large gorget of
the same colour on the lower part of the neck and breast : rest of the
under parts pure white : crown of the head reddish white, with longi-
tudinal black streaks; upper part of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts,
ferruginous brown, with large irregularly distributed black spots ; lower
back and upper tail-coverts white; a broad black bar on the rump : quills
dusky ; the shafts of the primaries, and tips of the secondaries, white :
tail black, tipped with white; the outer feather entirely white: bill black:
feet orange-yellow. The female differs only in having the colours not
so distinct ; the white on the head and neck less pure ; the black not so
deep. (Young of the year.) Head and nape cinereous brown, with darker
variegations; some white spots on the cheeks and sides of the neck;
throat and fore part of the neck whitish ; sides of the breast deep brown,
the feathers tipped with whitish ; rest of the under parts, and a consider-
able portion of the back, pure white ; upper part of the back, scapulars,
and wing-coverts, deep brown, all the feathers broadly edged with yel-
lowish ; the transverse bar on the rump deep brown, bordered with red :
feet yellowish red. (Egg.) Reddish white, blotched and spotted with
dark chestnut-brown : long. diam. one inch six lines ; trans, diam. one
inch.

A regular winter visitant on many parts of the coast, appearing in
August and departing in the Spring. Goes northward to breed. Derives
its name from its habit of turning over the small stones on the shore in
search of marine insects and worms on which it feeds. Is said to lay
three or four eggs, in a small hollow in the sand. Obs. The Tringa
Morinella of Linnaeus is this bird in immature plumage.

GEN. 66. CALIDRIS, Illig.

169. C. arenaria, Illig. (Sanderling.) — Cinereous
above, with darker streaks; all the under parts white
(winter) : or ferruginous and white spotted with black ;
belly and abdomen white (summer).

C. arenaria, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 524. Sanderling, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 375. Common Sanderling,
Selb. Illust. vol. ii. p. 208. pi. 36.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches: length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch and half a line, (from the gape) one inch one line ;
of the tarsus eleven lines and a half; of the middle toe, claw included,
eight lines and a half; from the carpus to the end of the wing four inches
nine lines.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) All the upper parts cinereous, with
the shafts of the feathers blackish brown : forehead, cheeks, throat, sides
of the neck, and all the under parts, pure white : the bend and edge of
the wing blackish gray ; primaries dusky, the edges and tips inclining
to brown ; wing-coverts broadly edged with white : tail deep gray, the

184 AVES GRALLATORES.

feathers edged with white ; the two middle ones darkest : bill, irides, and
feet, black. (Summer plumage.) Cheeks and upper part of the head
blaok, the feathers edged and variegated with ferruginous and white :
throat, neck, breast, and upper part of the flanks, reddish ash ; the central
portion of each feather black, the tip whitish : the rest of the under parts
pure white : back and scapulars deep ferruginous, with large irregular
patches and spots of black; all the feathers edged and tipped with
whitish: wing-coverts dusky brown, margined and tipped with white,
forming a transverse bar : the two middle tail-feathers blackish brown
with ferruginous edges. (Young of the year before the first moult. .}
" Feathers on the crown of the head, back, scapulars, and wing-coverts,
black, edged and spotted with yellowish ; between the bill and the eye a
cinereous brown streak; nape, sides of the neck, and sides of the breast,
pale gray, with fine undulating streaks ; forehead, throat, fore part of the
neck, and all the under parts, pure white: wings and tail as in the
adult." TEMM. (Egg.) Olive ground, spotted and speckled with black :
long. diam. one inch four lines; trans, diam. one inch.

Not uncommon in small flocks on many parts of the coast, but rarely
observed inland. Is partial to sandy shores, feeding upon marine insects.
Breeds in high northern latitudes. Said to construct a rude nest of grass
in the marshes, and to lay four eggs ; incubation commencing in the
middle of June.

GEN. 67. HJEMATOPUS, Linn.
170. H. ostralegus, Linn. (Pied Oyster-Catcher.) —
Head, neck, and upper parts black : breast and abdomen
white: bill and feet red.

H. ostralegus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. 11. p. 531. Pied Oyster-
Catcher, Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Oyster-Catcher, Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. u. p. 113. Common Oyster-Catcher, Selb. Illust. vol. n.
p. 200. pi. 33.

DIMENS. Entire length sixteen inches ten lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) two inches nine lines, (from the gape) two inches ten
lines and a half; of the tarsus one inch eleven lines; of the tail four
inches two lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing ten inches nine
lines : breadth, wings extended, thirty-two inches.

DESCRIPT. ( Winter plumage.) Head, neck, upper part of the breast,
back, wings, and extremity of the tail, deep black ; a collar on the throat,
and a small spot beneath the eye, white : under parts, rump, basal por-
tion of the tail and quill feathers, and a transverse bar on the wings,
pure white: bill, and orbits, bright orange-red: irides crimson: feet
purplish red. The summer plumage is distinguished by the absence of
the white collar; in other respects similar. (Young of the year.) "The
black parts of the plumage shaded with brown, the feathers being edged
with this last colour; the white dull and soiled: bill and orbits dusky
brown : irides brown : feet livid gray." TEMM. (Egg.) Yellowish stone-
colour, spotted with ash-gray and dark brown: long, diam, two inches
two lines; trans, diam. one "inch six lines.

Common on the coast, assembling in small flocks during the winter
season. Is never found inland. Feeds principally on marine insects and
the bivalve mollusca. Makes no nest, but deposits its eggs, two to four
in number, on the bare ground above high- water mark. The male bird
has a loud screaming note during the season of incubation.

GRUS.] AVES GRALLATORES. 185

(16.) Psophia crepitans, Linn. (Gold-breasted Trumpeter.) Lath.
Syn. vol. ii. p. 793. pi. 68.

An individual of this species is recorded by Montagu, in the Supplement
to his Ornithological Dictionary, as having been taken in Surrey ; it had,
however, probably escaped from confinement, being a native of South
America.

GEN. 68. GRUS, Pall.

171. G. cinerea, Bechst. (Common Crane.) — Cine-
reous ; occiput, throat, and fore part of the neck, dusky
gray.

G. cinerea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 557. Common Crane,
Selb. Illust. vol. ii. p. 4. pi. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 3.
Crane, Mont. Orn. Diet. (Trachea,) Linn. Trans, vol. iv. pi. 12.
f.4.

DIMENS. Entire length five feet: length of the bill above four inches.
MONT.

DESCRIPT. Forehead, and space between the bill and the eyes, covered
with black bristly hairs ; crown of the head naked, the skin of an orange-
red colour : occiput, throat, and fore part of the neck, of a deep blackish
gray ; all the upper and under parts of the body dark ash-colour : quills,
and greater coverts, black ; secondaries and tertials elongated, and of an
arched form, with the barbs of the feathers disunited, forming an elegant
tuft of floating plumes capable of being erected or depressed at will : bill
greenish black, the tip horn-colour : feet black. " Young birds, pre-
viously to the second autumnal moult, are without the naked patch on
the crown of the head, or have it very small ; the deep blackish tint on
the occiput and fore part of the neck is simply indicated by a few
longitudinal spots of that colour. In old individuals, a large whitish
space is found behind the eyes, and on each side of the upper part
of the neck." TEMM. (Egg.) Pale greenish olive ground, blotched and
spotted with darker green and olive-brown: long. diam. four inches;
trans, diam. two inches six lines.

According to Ray, this species was formerly met with in Cambridge-
shire, in large flocks, during the winter months. In still earlier times
it is stated by Turner to have bred in some of our fens. It must now be
considered as an extremely rare and accidental visitant. Pennant makes
mention of a single specimen which was killed in his time near Cam-
bridge. One or two others are said to have occurred in Kent; and so
recently as in the year 1828, an individual is recorded to have been killed
in Cornwall. This last is now in the collection of Mr Drew, Devonport.
(Loud. Mag. vol. in. p. 177.) Is a common inhabitant of marshy plains
in the eastern parts of Europe. Feeds on grain, aquatic plants, worms,
and small reptiles. Said to build amongst rushes and other thick her-
bage, sometimes on the roofs of solitary houses. Lays two eggs.

186 AVES GRALLATORES. [ARDEA.

GEN. 69. ARDEA, Linn.

(1. ARDEA, Steph.)
* A large portion of the tibia naked ; tarsi long.

172. A. cinerea. Lath. (Common Heron.) — General
plumage bluish ash : middle toe, claw included, much
shorter than the tarsus.

A. cinerea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 567. Common Heron,
Mont. Orn. Diet, and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. H. p. 11. pi. 2.
Heron, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 9.

DIMENS. Entire length three feet two inches nine lines ; length of
the bill (from the forehead) four inches seven lines, (from the gape) five
inches eleven lines ; of the tarsus five inches eight lines ; of the naked
part of the tibia two inches eight lines ; of the middle toe three inches
ten lines ; of the tail eight inches ; from the carpus to the end of the
wing one foot five inches seven lines : breadth, wings extended, five feet
six inches.

DE SCRIPT. (Adult, after the age of three years.) A pendent crest
of narrow, elongated, black feathers at the back of the head : forehead,
crown, neck, middle of the breast, belly, edge of the wing, thighs, and
under tail-coverts, pure white; fore part of the neck with large longi-
tudinal black spots ; the feathers towards the bottom loose and very
much elongated, falling over the breast in an elegant manner: occi-
put, sides of the breast, and flanks, deep black: back and wings of a
fine bluish gray: quills black: scapulars long and pointed, forming
graceful plumes of a silvery gray colour : tail bluish ash : bill deep
yellow: irides bright gamboge-yellow: lore, and naked skin round the
eyes, greenish: feet brown; the naked part of the tibia red. (Young,
and until the age of three years.) Occipital crest very short, almost
wanting: without the long plumes on the scapulars and lower part of
the neck : forehead and crown cinereous ; throat white ; neck pale ash-
colour, inclining to whitish underneath, with large longitudinal dusky
spots : rest of the upper parts bluish ash ; ridge of the wing spotted with
white and reddish brown ; quills of a deep bluish black : breast, belly,
and vent, white, spotted with black : upper mandible dusky brown, varie-
gated with yellowish spots; lower mandible wholly yellow: irides yellow:
lore and orbits greenish yellow : feet dark ash-colour ; the lower part of
the tibia yellowish. (Egg.) Of a uniform sea-green: long. diam. two
inches three lines; trans, diam. one inch nine lines.

A common and generally distributed species. Congregates in large
societies during the breeding season, building on the loftiest trees. At
other times of the year, of rather solitary habits, residing principally in
marshy districts, or in the neighbourhood of streams and rivers. Feeds
principally on fish and small reptiles. Lays three or four eggs.

173. A. purpurea, Linn. (Purple Heron.) — General
plumage reddish ash, inclining to purple : middle toe, claw
included, as long as, or longer than the tarsus.

A. purpurea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 570. Crested Purple
Heron, Lath. Syn. vol. in. p. 95. Shaw, Zool. vol. xi. p. 556.
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 15. pi. 3.

ARDEA.] AVES GRALLATORES.

DIMENS. Entire length two feet eleven inches : length of the hill
(from the forehead) four inches eight lines, (from the gape) five inches
seven lines ; of the tarsus four inches seven lines ; of the naked part of
the tibia two inches seven lines ; of the middle toe, claw included, four
inches nine lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing thirteen inches
eight lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in perfect plumage.) Crown, and occipital crest,
black, with green reflections ; throat white ; cheeks, and sides of the
neck, reddish brown, with three longitudinal narrow black bands, two
lateral reaching from the eyes to the breast, the third commencing at
the nape and running down the back of the neck for two-thirds of its
length: front of the neck variegated with red, black, and purple; the
feathers on the lower part long and acuminated, of a purplish white
colour : back, wings, and tail, reddish ash ; scapulars long and subulate
as in the last species, of a rich brilliant purple red : breast and flanks of
a deep brownish red, tinged with purple ; belly and thighs red : bill and
orbits bright yellow : irides yellowish orange : soles of the feet, posterior
part of the tarsus, and naked space on the tibia, yellow; fore part of
the tarsus, and upper surface of the toes, greenish brown. (Immature
plumage.) No occipital crest, or simply a few red feathers somewhat
longer than the others : without the long subulate plumes on the lower
part of the neck and scapulars : forehead black ; nape and cheeks pale
red ; throat white ; fore part of the neck, and -sides of the breast, yel-
lowish white, with numerous longitudinal black spots : back, wings, and
tail, dusky ash, all the feathers edged with reddish ash : belly and thighs
whitish : a large portion of the upper mandible dusky ; lower mandible,
orbits, and irides, pale yellow. (Egg.) Pale asparagus-green : long,
diam. two inches four lines; trans, diam. one inch seven lines.

A very rare, and only occasional visitant in this country. Has been
killed in Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, and in one or two other
parts of the kingdom. A specimen is also said to have flown on board
a fishing boat off the coast of Cornwall in May 1822, and to have been
taken. Frequents the same kind of situations as the last species. Food
similar. Is said to breed amongst reeds and thick underwood, rarely in trees.
Lays three eggs. Obs. The African Heron of Montagus Ornithological
Dictionary (A. Caspica, Gmel.) is this species in immature plumage.

(17.) A. alba, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 239. Great White Heron,
Mont. Orn. Diet. & Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 18. A. Egretta,
Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 572. White Heron, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. n. p. 427. pi. 62.

Recorded as a British species by Ray. Asserted by Latham, on the
authority of Dr Heysham, to have been shot in Cumberland : supposed also
to have been seen in Devonshire and Suffolk. There is, however, no well
authenticated instance of its having been met with in this country of late
years, nor any British-killed specimen in existence. It is distinguished by
its pure white plumage, greenish yellow bill, and long slender legs : the
adult, in the breeding season, possesses an occipital crest and long dorsal
plumes like the next species. Is common in some of the eastern parts of
Europe. Food and habits resembling those of its congeners.

174. A. Garzetta, Linn. (Little Egret Heron.) —
Whole plumage white : bill black.

A. Garzetta, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 574. Egret, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. n. Append, p. 631. pi. 7. Mont. Orn. Diet.
Little Egret, Lath. Syn. vol. in. p. 90. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n.
p. 17. Little Egret Heron, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p, 21. pi. 5.

188 AVES GRALLATORES. [ARDEA.

DIMENS. Entire length one foot ten or eleven inches. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. (Mature plumage in Summer.) The whole plumage pure
white : a pendent crest of long narrow feathers on the occiput : a tuft of
similar feathers, the webs silky and disunited, on the lower part of the
neck : dorsal plumes likewise of the same character, being of a soft silky
texture, with the shafts very much elongated, and floating loosely over
the back and tail from between the shoulders : bill black : lore and orbits
greenish : irides bright yellow : feet dusky green ; toes greenish yellow.
(Immature plumage, and adult in Winter.) The long silky plumes on the
occiput, back, and lower part of the neck, wanting. Tn very young birds,
the white is of a dull tint; the bill, lore, orbits, irides, and feet, black.
(Egg.) White. TEMM.

An extremely rare and accidental visitant in this country, though sup-
posed to have been more plentiful formerly. Said to have been shot in
Anglesey, and also in Ireland, many years ago. More recently, in April
1824, two specimens are recorded to have been killed near Penzance in
Cornwall, and one of them to have been preserved. Common on some
parts of the Continent. Said to breed in marshes, and to lay four or
five eggs.

175. A. russata, Wagler. (Buff-backed Heron.) —
Occiput, nape, and hind-neck, saffron-yellow : wings, tail,
and under parts, pure white.

A. russata, Wagler, Syst. Av. part i. sp. 12. A. aequinoctialis,
Mont, in Linn. Trans, vol. ix. p. 197. Little White Heron,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. with fig. Buff-backed Heron, Selb.
Illust. vol. n. p. 24.

DIMENS.* Entire length twenty inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) two inches two lines, (from the gape) two inches ten
lines ; of the tarsus three inches ; of the naked part of the tibia one inch
one line ; of the middle toe, claw included, two inches nine lines ; of the
tail four inches ; from the carpus to the end of the wing ten inches.

DESCRIPT. (Mature plumage.) " Occiput, nape, and hinder part of
the neck, clothed with rigid open feathers of a saffron yellow : throat,
front part of the neck and breast, white, tinged with sienna-yellow : long
flowing plumes of the back ochre-yellow : wings, tail, and under parts
of the body, pure white." SELBY. (Immature plumage.) " The whole
plumage snow white, excepting the crown of the head, and the upper
part of the neck before, which are buff: the skin of a very dark colour,
almost black, so that on the cheeks and sides of the neck, where the
feathers are thin, it is partly seen, giving a dingy shade to the white
plumage of those parts : feathers on the back of the head somewhat
elongated, but scarcely forming a crest: those on the lower part of the
neck before, rather more elongated, hanging loosely over the upper part
of the breast : tail slightly forked, and so short as to be entirely covered
by the wings when folded : bill, lore, and orbits, orange-yellow : irides
pale yellow : legs nearly black, with a tinge of green." MONT.

A single individual of this species, in immature plumage, and probably
a young bird of the year, is recorded by Montagu to have been shot near
Kingsbridge in Devonshire, the latter end of October 1805. This spe-
cimen, which is now in the British Museum, is the only one that has

* These measurements were taken from Montagu's original specimen.

ARDEA.] AVES GRALLATORES. 189

hitherto occurred in this country. It is a native of the warmer parts of
Europe, as well as of Asia and Africa, but is not found in America, " the
Ardea (equinoctialis, with which it has been confounded, being a distinct
species, and confined to that continent." Habits unknown.

* * A small portion of the tibia naked ; tarsi short.

176. A. Ralloides9 Scop. (Squacco Heron.) — Occi-
pital feathers very long, white edged with black : neck,
back, and scapulars, pale buff-orange.

A. Ralloides, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 581. Squacco Heron,
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 25. pi. 6. Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. Shaw,
Zool. vol. xi. p. 574.

DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches: length of the bill (from the
forehead) two inches six lines, (from the gape) three inches one line ; of
the tarsus two inches ; of the naked part of the tibia eleven lines and
a half; of the middle toe, claw included, two inches seven lines; of the
tail three inches one line ; from the carpus to the end of the wing eight
inches eleven lines.

DE SCRIPT. (Mature plumage.) Forehead and crown yellowish, streaked
with black ; a pendent crest from the occiput, consisting of eight or ten
very long narrow white feathers edged at the sides with black : throat
white ; neck, breast, upper part of the back, and scapulars, pale buff
orange ; middle and lower regions of the back inclining to ferruginous
chestnut, the feathers on those parts very long, with disunited webs, and
floating loosely over the tail : all the rest of the plumage pure white : bill
bluish green at the base, the tip black : lore and orbits gray tinged with
green : irides yellow : feet yellow tinged with green. (Plumage during
the first and second year.) " Without the long occipital feathers ; head,
neck, and wing-coverts, ferruginous brown, with large longitudinal
spots of a darker tint ; throat, rump, and tail, pure white ; upper part of
the back and scapulars of a more or less deep brown : upper mandible
greenish brown ; lower mandible greenish yellow : orbits green : irides
very pale yellow : feet greenish ash." TEMM. (Egg.) Unknown.

A very rare, and only occasional visitant. Shot at Boyton in Wiltshire,
in 1775. A second specimen taken at Ormsby in Norfolk, in 1820; a
third killed in Cambridgeshire ; and a fourth, a female, at Bridgewater,
in the Summer of 1825. Common in some parts of the Continent. Fre-
quents marshes and the borders of rivers, &c. Food small fish, mollusca,
and insects. Said to build in trees. Obs. This species is the A. comata
of Pallas and some other authors.

*** Tibia entirely feathered ; tarsi short.

177- A. minuta, Linn. (Little Heron.) — Crown,
back, scapulars, and secondaries, black, glossed with green ;
neck, wing-coverts, and under parts, reddish yellow.

A. minuta, Temm. Man. (TOrn. torn. n. p. 584. Little Bittern,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. ii. App. p. 633. pi. 8. Mont. Orn. Diet,
and Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 36. pi. 6*. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. ii. pp. 25, & 27.

190 AVES GRALLATORES. [ARDEA.

DIMENS. Entire length fourteen inches three lines: length of the
bill two inches ; of the tarsus one inch nine lines ; of the middle toe,
claw included, two inches ; from the carpus to the end of the wing five
inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Crown of the head, occiput, back, scapulars,
secondary quills, and tail, black, with green reflections ; cheeks, neck,
wing-coverts, and all the under parts, reddish yellow ; flanks, and sides of
the breast, with a few brownish streaks ; primary quills dusky : bill
yellow ; the tip brown : orbits and irides yellow : feet greenish yellow.
(Young of the year.) Crown of the head brown; fore part of the neck
whitish with longitudinal dark streaks; cheeks, nape, breast, back, and
wing-coverts, chestnut-brown more or less deep, some of the feathers
with pale rufous edges: greater quills and tail-feathers deep brown.
(Egg.) White : long. diam. one inch six lines; trans, diam. eleven lines.

Occasionally met with, but not common in this country. Montagu
records that three specimens were shot in Devonshire during the Spring
and Summer of 1808. Others have been killed at different times in the
Orkneys, in Somersetshire, Shropshire, Northumberland, Hampshire,
Suffolk, and, more recently, on Uxbridge Moor, and on the banks of the
Thames near Windsor. Frequents marshes, and rushy places on the
borders of lakes and rivers. Breeds in such situations, constructing a
large nest of leaves and rushes. Lays five or six eggs. Food small
reptiles, fish, worms, &c.

(2. BOTAURUS, Steph.)

178. A. stellaris, Linn. (Common Bittern.) — Upper
parts ochre-yellow, variegated with black ; beneath paler,
with oblong dusky streaks.

A. stellaris, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 580. Bittern, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. 11. p. 30. pi. 8. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. ii. p. 22.

DIMENS. Entire length two feet six inches six lines : length of the
bill (from the forehead) three inches, (from the gape) four inches ; of the
tarsus three inches eleven lines ; of the middle toe four inches six lines ;
of the tail four inches six lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing
one foot : breadth, wings extended, three feet nine inches.

DESCRIPT. Crown of the head, and a broad streak or moustache from
the corners of the mouth, black; neck-feathers loose and elongated,
capable of being raised and depressed at will, ochre-yellow, with brown
zigzag transverse lines on the sides, and long streaks and spots of reddish
brown in front : all the upper parts of the body ochre-yellow tinged with
orange-red, with a large dusky spot in the middle of each feather;
primary and secondary quills, primary coverts, and spurious winglet,
ferruginous, with transverse bars of blackish brown ; rest of the coverts
and scapulars, mottled like the back with ochre-yellow and zigzag dusky
lines : under parts of the same colour as above but paler, with large
oblong longitudinal dusky streaks : upper mandible brown, passing into
yellow at the edges; lower mandible, lore, orbits, and feet, greenish
yellow ; irides bright gamboge-yellow. (Egg.) Of a uniform light olive-
brown: long. diam. two inches two lines; trans, diam. one inch six
lines.

Occasionally met with in extensive marshes, as well as on the borders
of rivers and lakes, but not so abundant as formerly. Is partial to sedge

ARDEA.] AVES GRALLATORES. 191

and reedy situations. Breeds in such spots, constructing a nest of rushes
and other coarse plants. Lays four or five eggs. During the Spring the
male utters a singular bellowing note which may be heard to a con-
siderable distance. Feeds on small fish and reptiles, as well as on
aquatic worms and insects.

179. A. lentiginosa, Mont. (American Bittern.) —
Back and scapulars chocolate-brown glossed with purple,
the edges of the feathers paler : under parts ochre-yellow,
marked on the neck, breast, and belly, with broad chestnut
streaks.

A. lentiginosa, Faun. Amer. Bor. vol. 11. p. 374. Freckled Heron,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. with fig. American Bittern, Selb. Illust.
vol. ii. p. 34.

DIMENS. Entire length about twenty-three inches : length of the bill
(from the forehead) two inches nine lines : of the tarsus three inches nine
lines. MONT.

DE SCRIPT. Crown of the head chocolate bro-wn, passing into dull
yellow at the nape, where the feathers are much elongated ; chin and
throat white, with a row of brown feathers down the middle ; from the
base of the lower mandible a black streak increasing on the upper part of
the neck on each side ; cheeks yellowish, with an obscure dusky line at
the corner of the eye ; the feathers on the neck long and broad, with their
webs partly unconnected; those in front pale dull yellow with broad
chestnut streaks ; hind neck bare ; the feathers on the breast long, of a
fine chocolate brown, glossed with purple, and edged with dulljellow;
belly and sides the same, but not so bright, the brown marks becoming
speckled ; vent and under tail-coverts yellowish white : back and scapu-
lars chocolate-brown, minutely speckled and glossed with purple, the
edges of the feathers paler : wing-coverts dull yellow, darkest in the
middle of each feather, the margins prettily speckled ; first and second
order of quills, their greater coverts, and the spurious wing, dusky lead-
colour, with a tinge of cinereous ; primaries very slightly tipped with
brown ; secondaries and the greater coverts tipped more deeply with the
same, and prettily speckled on the light part : the closed wings not reach-
ing to the end of the tail : upper mandible dusky above, greenish yellow
at the sides ; lower mandible greenish yellow : legs greenish. MONT.
(Egg.) Cinereous green. Faun. Am. Bor.

A single individual of this species, which is common in North America,
was shot by Mr Cunningham, in the parish of Piddletown, in Dorsetshire,
in the Autumn of 1804. This specimen was procured by Montagu, and,
with the rest of his collection, is now in the British Museum. No other
has occurred since in this country. Has a loud booming note similar to
that of the last species. Said to frequent marshes and willow thickets,
and to lay four eggs.

(3. NYCTICORAX, Steph.)

180. A. Nycticorax, Linn. (Common Night-Heron.)
— Crown, back, and scapulars, black, glossed with green :
under parts white.

192 AVES GRALLATORES. [CICONIA.

A. Nycticorax, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. 11. p. 577. Night-Heron,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 39. pis. 7, & 7*. Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 14.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-one inches : length of the hill (from
the forehead) two inches eight lines, (from the gape) three inches eight
lines; of the tarsus two inches eleven lines; of the naked part of the tibia
ten lines ; of the middle toe, claw included, three inches one line and a
half; from the carpus to the end of the wing twelve inches.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Crown of the head, nape, upper part of the back,
and scapulars, black glossed with green : occiput ornamented with three
very narrow white feathers, measuring six or seven inches in length :
lower part of the back, wings, and tail, of a fine pearl-gray : forehead, a
narrow streak above the eye, throat, and all the under parts, pure white ;
bill black, yellowish at the base : lore and orbits green : irides deep
orange : feet yellowish green. (Young of the year.) Without the long
subulate feathers on the occiput : upper part of the head, nape, back, and
scapulars, dull brown, with longitudinal streaks of yellowish white, one in
the middle of each feather : throat white, spotted with brown ; feathers
on the sides and fore part of the neck, yellowish, broadly edged with
brown ; rest of the under parts variegated with brown, white, and ash-
colour ; middle of the belly whitish : wing-coverts, and primary quills,
cinereous brown, with large pisciform yellowish white spots at the tips of
the feathers : culmen and tip of the bill dusky brown, the remaining
portion greenish yellow : irides brown : feet olivaceous brown. (Egg.)
Pale blue : long. diam. two inches three lines ; trans, diam. one inch nine
lines.

Very rare in this country. Has been killed in Norfolk, Suffolk, Bed-
fordshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, and, in more than one instance,
near London. Common in the South of Europe ; inhabiting the borders
of rivers and lakes where there is covert. Feeds on fish, reptiles, worms,
&c. Said to build on the ground, and to lay three or four eggs. Obs.
The Ardea Gardeni of Gmelin and Latham is the young of the year of
this species. The supposed A. Cayennensis, recorded by Mr Youell to
have been taken near Yarmouth, May 23, 1824, (Linn. Trans, vol. xiv.
p. 588.) is probably only a variety of the common Night-Heron, having
double the usual number of long occipital feathers.

GEN. 70. CICONIA, Briss.

181. C. alba, Ray. (White Stork.) — White; scapu-
lars and wings black.

C. alba, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 560. Stork, Mont. Orn.
Diet. Sf Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 6. White Stork,
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 45. pi. 11.

DIMENS. Entire length three feet eight inches: length of the bill
(from the forehead) seven inches six lines ; of the tarsus twelve inches ;
of the naked part of the tibia six inches.

DESCRIPT. Head, neck, and all the body, pure white; scapulars and
wings black : bill and legs red : naked skin round the eyes black : irides
brown. In young birds, the black on the wings inclines to brown, and
the bill is dusky tinged with reddish. (Egg.) White : long. diam. two-
inches ten lines ; trans, diam. one inch eleven lines.

PLATALEA.] AVES GRALLATORES, 193

Very common in Holland, France, and other parts of the Continent, but
in this country a rare, and only accidental visitant. Montagu mentions
one which was killed near Salisbury, in February 1790 ; a second shot at
Sandwich in Kent, in 1805 ; and a third in Hampshire, in the Autumn
of 1808. Has occurred in Suffolk more recently, and in three or four
instances. Food, reptiles and insects, as well as small quadrupeds and
birds. Builds on the tops of houses, or in old trees. Lays generally
three eggs.

182. C. nigra, Ray. (Black Stork.) — Black; lower
part of the breast, and belly, white.

C. nigra, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 561. Black Stork, Mont,
in Linn. Trans, vol. xn. p. 19. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 48. pi. 11*.

DIMENS. Entire length nearly three feet. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Head, neck, all the upper parts of the body,
wings, and tail, black, with purple and green reflections ; lower part of
the breast and belly dingy white : bill and orbits bright orange : irides
hazel: legs and toes deep red. (Young.) Head, and upper part of the
neck, pale reddish brown, with the central portion of the feathers dusky ;
back, scapulars, wings, and tail, dusky brown, very slightly glossed with
greenish hues : bill, orbits, and legs, olivaceous green. (Egg.) Of a
uniform greenish buff: long. diam. two inches seven lines; trans, diam.
one inch eleven lines.

A single individual of this species is recorded by Montagu as having
been shot in West Sedge-Moor, in Somersetshire, May 13, 1814. The
specimen is now in the British Museum. A second is stated to have
been shot in October 1832, in the parish of Otley, about eight miles from
Ipswich. (Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. vn. p. 53.) Inhabits various
parts of Europe, but is less plentiful than the last species. Said to
frequent wooded swamps and extensive forests. Food, small fish, rep
tiles, and insects. Builds in lofty trees, and lays two or three eggs.

GEN. 71. PLATALEA, Linn.

183. P. Leucorodia, Linn. (White Spoonbill.) — Whole
pltimage white: a pendent crest of long subulate feathers
on the occiput.

P. Leucorodia, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 595. Spoonbill,
Penn. Brit. Zoot. vol. n. App. p. 634. pi. 9. Bew. Brit. Birds,
vol. ii. p. 29. White Spoonbill, Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp.
Selb. Illust. vol. ii. p. 51. pi. 10. (Trachea,) Linn. Trans.
vol. xvi. pi. 19.

DIMENS. Entire length thirty-one inches: length of the bill (from
the forehead) seven inches three lines ; breadth of the spoon one inch ten
lines ; length of the tarsus four inches eleven lines ; of the naked part of
the tibia two inches eight lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing
fourteen inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Old male.) The whole plumage pure white, with the
exception of a large patch of buff yellow on the upper part of the breast,
from whence a narrow band of the same colour ascends on each side
towards the top of the back : lore, orbits, and naked space on the throat,
orange-yellow : bill black ; the tip ochre-yellow : irides red : legs black.

N

194 AVES GRALLATORES. [Ims.

(Old female.) Somewhat smaller; the occipital crest shorter; the buff-
coloured patch on the breast not so distinct. (Young of the year.) No
occipital crest ; the feathers on the head short and rounded : shafts of all
the quills, and tips of the primaries, deep black ; the rest of the plumage
white : bill deep ash-colour, soft, and very flexible : irides cinereous : lore
and orbits dingy white. " The patch of buff yellow on the breast does
not shew itself 'till the second or third year." TEMM. (Egg.) White,
spotted with pale reddish brown : long. diam. two inches nine lines ;
trans, diam. one inch nine lines.

A rare visitant in England. Pennant mentions a flock which migrated
into the marshes near Yarmouth in Norfolk, in April 1774. Since then,
specimens have been killed in Somersetshire, Devonshire, Dorsetshire,
Lincolnshire, and Suffolk. In the latter county, three were shot out of
a flight of seven, which appeared at Thorpe, in the Autumn of 1828.
Common in Holland, frequenting the banks of rivers near their junction
with the sea. Food, small fish, mollusca, and aquatic insects. Builds
in trees or amongst rushes. Eggs two or three in number.

GEN. 72. IBIS, Lacep.

184. I. Falcinellus, Temm. (Glossy This.) — Neck,
breast, and under parts, bright chestnut-red; lower back,
rump, wings and tail, glossy green with purple reflections.

I. Falcinellus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. u. p. 598. Glossy Ibis,
Mont. Orn. Diet. $> Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 56. pi. 12.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 33. Bay Ibis, Sow. Brit. Misc.
pi. 17. Brazilian Curlew, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. xvn. pi. 705.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-two inches : length of the bill (from
the forehead) four inches, (from the gape) four inches three lines ; of the
tarsus three inches six lines ; of the naked part of the tibia one inch ten
lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing ten inches eight lines.

DESCRIPT. (Old bird in perfect plumage.) Head chestnut-red passing
into dusky brown ; neck, breast, upper part of the back, and all the under
parts, bright chestnut-red ; lower part of the back, rump, wing-coverts,
primary quills, and tail-feathers, deep dusky green, with purple and
bronze reflections : bill and legs greenish black : lore and orbits green :
irides brown. (Young till the age of three years.) Head, throat, and
upper part of the neck, dusky brown, the feathers with whitish edges ;
occasionally a few large irregular spots and transverse bars of this last
colour : lower part of the neck, breast, belly, and thighs, cinereous black,
with a few greenish reflections on the breast: back and scapulars greenish
brown ; wings and tail as in the perfect plumage, but with the gloss of
green and purple much less brilliant. The young of the year have the
whole plumage inclining more to cinereous brown ; and the feathers on
the head and neck more broadly edged with white. (Egg.) Unknown.
, An occasional but rare visitant in this country. Has been killed in the
counties of Cornwall, Devon., Kent, Berks., Norfolk, and Northumber-
land; also in Anglesea and Ireland. Most of the specimens have occurred
during the autumnal and winter months. Common in the eastern parts
of Europe, inhabiting the borders of lakes and rivers. Feeds on insects,
worms, shell-fish, and aquatic plants. Nidification unknown. Obs. The
Green Ibis of Latham and other authors is this species in immature
plumage.

NUMENIUS.] AVES GRAULATORES. 195

GEN. 73. NUMENIUS, Briss.

185. N. arquata, Lath. (Common Curlew.) — Head,
neck, breast, and all the upper parts, rufous ash ; belly and
abdomen white ; the whole variegated with dusky spots.

N. arquata, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 603. Common Curlew,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 62. pi. 13.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 36.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-two to twenty-five inches: length of
the bill from four to six inches and a half; of the tarsus three inches
three lines ; of the naked part of the tibia one inch two lines ; of the tail
four inches six lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing from eleven
to eleven inches and a half: breadth, wings extended, from thirty-eight
to forty-two inches.

DESCRIPT. Head, neck, and breast, pale ash tinged with rufous, the
shafts and central portion of the feathers dusky; upper part of the back
and scapulars blackish brown, the feathers broadly edged with pale rufous
brown ; lower part of the back inclining to white, spotted with black ; tail
yellowish white, with transverse brown bars ; belly and abdomen white,
with longitudinal dusky spots: upper mandible blackish brown; lower
one flesh-colour: irides brown: legs and toes pale bluish gray. The
female has less of the rufous, and more of the cinereous, tinge. The
young of the year have the bill considerably shorter, and nearly straight,
(Egg.) Olive green ; blotched and spotted with darker green and dark
brown : long. diam. two inches seven lines ; trans, diam. one inch eleven
lines.

Common on most parts of the coast during the winter season. Retires
inland, and to more elevated spots, to breed. Deposits its eggs amongst
heath, rushes, or long grass, to the number of four or five. Feeds on
worms, insects, and molluscous animals.

186. N. Phceopus, Lath. (Whimbrel.) — Head, neck,
breast, and upper parts, pale ash-colour, spotted with
dusky: lower back, belly and abdomen, white.

N. Phaeopus, Temm. Man. d Orn. torn. n. p. 604. Whimbrel,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 38. Whimbrel
Curlew, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 65. pi. 14.

DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches: length of the bill three
inches three lines: breadth, wings extended, twenty-nine inches.

DESCRIPT. Forehead and crown cinereous brown, the latter divided
in the middle by a longitudinal pale streak ; over each eye, another but
broader streak of white variegated with brown ; sides of the head, neck,
and breast, pale ash, with longitudinal brown streaks : upper part of the
back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, deep brown, the feathers with pale
edges ; lower part of the back white ; rump barred with cinereous brown;
tail cinereous brown, with oblique bars of a darker shade: belly and
abdomen white ; sides barred with brown : bill dusky, reddish towards
the base : irides brown : legs deep bluish gray. In young birds, the bill
is shorter, and not so much curved. (Egg.) Dark olive-brown, blotched
with darker brown: long. diam. two inches five lines; trans, diam. on$
inch eight lines.

N2

196 AVES GRALLATORES. [TOTANUS,

Found on many parts of the coast during the autumnal and winter
months, hut is less common than the last species. Generally ohserved in
small flocks. Retires to the northern parts of the country to hreed. Nest
said to he placed on open and exposed heaths. Food, worms and insects.

GEN. 74. TOTANUS, Bechst.

* Bill slender, straight.

187- T. fuscus, Leisl. (Dusky Sandpiper.) — Upper
plumage ash-gray; rump, and all the under parts, pure
white: legs, and base of the lower mandible, red.

T. fuscus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 639. Cambridge Godwit,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. n. p. 447. Dusky Sandpiper, Shaw, Zool.
vol. xii. p. 132. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 69. pi. 15. f. 1, & 2.

DIMENS. Entire length twelve inches : length of the hill two inches
five lines ; of the tarsus two inches three lines ; of the naked part of the
tibia one inch three lines and a half; of the tail two inches seven lines;
from the carpus to the end of the wing six inches ten lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in winter plumuge.) Crown of the head, nape, and
back, cinereous gray, with fine dusky streaks on the shafts of the feathers ;
wing-coverts and scapulars cinereous gray edged with white* ; between
the bill and the eye a blackish patch, above which is a white streak;
cheeks, sides and fore part of the neck, variegated with white and ash-
colour; throat, breast, rump, belly and abdomen, pure white; flanks
whitish, passing into ash-gray : upper tail-coverts, and three or four
outermost tail-feathers, with alternate transverse bars of white and dusky
brown ; central tail-feathers of a uniform ash-gray narrowly edged with
white : bill black ; base of the lower mandible red : legs bright orange-red.
(Adult in summer plumage.) All the upper parts deep blackish brown, the
feathers on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, marked on the edges
with white spots mostly of a triangular form ; head, neck, and under parts,
dusky gray ; the neck without spots, but the breast and belly sometimes
with a narrow crescent-shaped white edging at the tip of each feather :
vent, and under tail-coverts, barred transversely with white and dusky ;
tail dusky ash, with little transverse white streaks at the edges of the
feathers, not reaching to the shafts : legs reddish brown. (Young of the
year.) Upper parts olivaceous brown, the feathers on the back with a
narrow edging of white; wing-coverts and scapulars with triangular
white spots : all the under parts whitish, with indistinct spots and trans-
verse undulating bars of cinereous brown : legs and toes orange-red.

A rare species in Great Britain, but has been killed at different times
in various parts of the country. Frequents marshes, and the borders of
lakes and rivers. Food, principally molluscous animals. Retires to high
northern latitudes to breed. Obs. The Cambridge Godwit of Pennant is
this species in the adult winter plumage : the Spotted Redshank of the
same author (the Spotted Snipe of Latnam and Montagu) is the young
bird of the year.

188. T. Calidris, Bechst. (Redshank Sandpiper.) —
Upper parts cinereous brown; rump, belly, and greater
portion of the secondary quills, white: legs, and basal
half of both mandibles, red.

* Probably, in very old birds, this white edging disappears.

TOTANUS.] AVES GRALLATORES. 197

T. Calidris, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 643. Redshank Sand-
piper, Selb. lllust. vol. n. p. 72. pi. 16. f. 1. Redshank, Mont.
Orn. Dict.fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 71.

DIMENS. Entire length twelve inches two lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch seven lines and a half, (from the gape) one
inch ten lines; of the tarsus one inch ten lines; of the naked part of the
tibia nine lines; of the middle toe one inch four lines and a half; of the
tail two inches ten lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing six
inches eleven lines: breadth, wings extended, twenty-one inches nine
lines.

DE SCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Crown of the head, space between the
eye and the bill, back of the neck, upper part of the back, scapulars, and
wing-coverts, cinereous brown, darkest on the shafts of the feathers;
throat, and streak above the eye, white ; sides of the head, fore part of
the neck, and breast, grayish white, the shafts of the feathers brown ;
lower part of the back, belly and abdomen, white : greater quills with
their coverts dusky brown ; secondaries white for a considerable portion
of their length : tail and upper tail-coverts with transverse zigzag bars of
white and deep brown : bill red ; the tip black : irides brown : feet pale
red. (Summer plumage.) A white streak from the base of the upper
mandible to the eye : all the upper parts cinereous inclining to olivaceous
brown, with a broad longitudinal dusky streak in the middle of each
feather ; lower part of the back white : sides of the head, throat, front of
the neck, breast, and belly, white, spotted and streaked with blackish
brown : tail barred with black and white, and tipped with pure white, the
white passing into ash-colour on the four middle feathers: legs, and
basal half of the bill, bright vermilion-red. (Young, till after the first
moult.) Upper parts dark cinereous brown, all the feathers edged with
yellowish white; on the back and scapulars this edging assumes the
form of angular spots; wing-coverts dusky brown, edged and tipped with
yellowish white : throat whitish, dotted with brown ; neck and breast
cinereous, with longitudinal narrow streaks ; belly white ; flanks, abdo-
men, and under tail-coverts, spotted with brown : tip of the tail reddish :
bill livid flesh-colour ; the tip brown : legs orange-yellow. (Egg.) Pale
reddish white, tinged with green ; blotched, spotted, and speckled, with
dark red brown : long. diam. one inch six lines and a half; trans, diam.
one inch two lines.

Not uncommon on the coast during the autumnal and winter months.
Retires inland to breed. Nest placed in marshes and wet pastures.
Eggs four in number. Food, insects and worms, and bivalve mollusca.
Obs. The Gambet of Pennant is either this species, or a Ruff in winter
plumage.

189. T. Ochropus, Temm. (Green Sandpiper.} —
Upper parts greenish brown : tail barred with brown and
white; the two outer feathers on each side almost entirely
white: bill and legs greenish.

T. Ochropus, Temm. Man. d Orn. torn. H. p. 651. T. Glareola,
Markwick in Linn. Trans, vol. i. p. 128. tab. 11. Green Sand-
piper, Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n.
p. 85. Selb. lllust. vol. n. p. 75. pi. 16. f. 2.

DIMENS. Entire length nine inches eight lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch three lines and a half, (from the gape) one

198 AVES GRALLATORES. [TOTANUS.

inch six lines ; of the naked part of the tihia nine lines ; of the tarsus one
inch four lines ; of the middle toe one inch two lines ; of the tail two
inches five lines; from the carpus to the end of the wing five inches six
lines.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Crown of the head, nape, sides of the
neck, and all the upper parts, cinereous brown, tinged with olivaceous
green ; the feathers on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, with an
edging of small whitish spots : from the bill to the eye a brown streak,
above which is another one of white : upper tail-coverts, and all the under
parts, pure white; the breast, and front of the neck, variegated with
numerous longitudinal dusky streaks : quills deep brown : under wing-
coverts marked with transverse undulating white bars : tail white for one-
third of its length from the base; the remaining portion barred with
brown and white ; the two middle feathers with five broad bars of the
former colour ; the two next with four ; the two next with three ; the two
next with two ; the two next with only one bar, but with a small spot
higher up on the exterior web ; the two outer feathers almost entirely
white, having only a single small spot on the exterior web : bill dusky
green passing into black at the tip : irides deep brown : legs and toes
greenish gray. The summer plumage is distinguished by the deeper
tint of the upper parts, which are also more glossed with green, and more
spotted on the edges of the feathers ; the streaks on the fore part of the
neck are likewise more distinct. (Young of the year.) " All the upper
parts paler; the spots fewer, and of a yellowish colour; nape tinged with
cinereous : sides of the breast of the same colour as the back, and marked
with white spots ; all the fore part of the neck, and middle of the breast,
with lanceolate brown streaks : less white at the base of the tail ; the
bars of brown on the middle feathers broader." TEMM. (Egg.) Yellowish
clay-colour, blotched and spotted with ash-gray and dark brown : long,
diam. one inch four lines and a half; trans, diam. one inch.

An occasional visitant in this country, principally during the autumnal
and winter months, but scarcely to be called common. Frequents the
borders of streams, rivers, and other pieces of fresh water, but rarely
resorts to the coast. Said to breed in the central parts of Europe, con-
structing its nest in the sand or grass by the water-side. Lays from three
to five eggs. Food, insects and worms.

190. T. Glareola, Temm. (Wood Sandpiper.} — Upper
parts deep brown, spotted with white : all the tail-feathers
barred with brown and white; the two outer feathers on
each side with the inner web entirely white : bill and legs
greenish.

T. Glareola, Temm. Man. a" Orn. torn. n. p. 654. Wood Sandpiper,
Mont. Orn. Diet. $ Supp. with fig. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 77.
pi. 16. f. 3. Long-legged Sandpiper, Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp.
App.

DIMENS. Entire length nine inches : length of the bill not quite one
inch three lines. MONT.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Between the bill and the eye a dusky
streak, above which is a broader one of white continued over the eye :
forehead, crown, back, and wings, deep brown ; the edges of the feathers
on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, marked with white and grayish
white spots: ear -coverts dusky ; cheeks, nape, fore-neck, and breast, dirty

TOTANUS.] AVES GRALLATORES. 199

white, irregularly variegated with spots and streaks of cinereous brown;
flanks with transverse undulating bars of the same colour : throat, middle
of the abdomen, upper and under tail-coverts, pure white ; some of the
tail-coverts with fine dusky streaks on the shafts of the feathers : tail with
alternate black and white bars, narrower and more numerous than in the
last species ; the two outer feathers with their inner webs pure white :
legs greenish ; much longer than in the T. Ochropus, with a greater por-
tion of the tibia naked : bill black, towards the base greenish. (Summer
plumage.) " Crown of the head, and nape, streaked longitudinally with
brown and whitish ; cheeks, fore part of the neck, breast, and flanks,
nearly pure white, streaked longitudinally with deep brown : all the
feathers of the back with a very large black spot in the centre, and
with two whitish spots on each side of the webs ; scapulars, when raised,
appearing barred with broad dusky bands : the rest as in winter." TEMM.
(Young of the year.) "AH the deep brown part of the plumage covered
with small, closely approximating, red spots : the whole of the breast
waved with cinereous, with irregular brown spots : legs, and base of
the bill, dirty yellowish green : tail-feathers irregularly barred." TEMM.
(Egg.) Reddish white; the larger end nearly covered with dark red
brown : long. diam. one inch five lines ; trans, diam. one inch one line.
First noticed as British by Montagu, who has accurately pointed out
the distinctions between this and the last species. The individual de-
scribed by him was shot on the coast of South Devon early in August.
He mentions another which was shot at Woolwich, at the same period of
the year. Since his time individuals have been killed in the counties of
Durham, Northumberland, Norfolk, and Cambridge. The species, how-
ever, must be considered as a rare and accidental visitant in this country.
Common on many parts of the Continent. Breeds, according to Tem-
minck, within the arctic circle. Constructs its riest in marshes, and lays
four eggs. Food, insects and worms.

(18.) T. Macularia, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 656. Wils.
Amer. Orn. vol. vn. p. 60. pi. 59. f. 1. Spotted Sandpiper, Mont.
Orn. Diet. & Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. H. p. 84. pi. 17. Spotted
Tringa, Edw. Glean, pi. 277.

There is no well-authenticated instance in which this species has oc-
curred in Great Britain, although by all our authors it has been included
in the British lists. The bird shot in Essex described by Edwards, and
supposed by him to be the same as his Spotted Tringa from America, is
evidently nothing more (as Mr Selby has suggested) than the common
Totanus Hypoleucos. The same may be said of the Spotted Sandpiper of
Bewick. ( Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 97.) The true T. Macularia is abund-
ant in the United States, where it represents the Common Sandpiper of this
country. Nevertheless, as (according to Temminck) it has certainly been
killed in two or three instances on the Continent, it is still possible that it
may occasionally occur in this country.

191. T. Hypoleucos, Temm. (Common Sandpiper.)
— All the upper parts cinereous brown glossed with olive ;
under parts pure white, without spots.

T. Hypoleucos, Temm. Man. d'Orn. tom.ii. p. 657. Common Sand-
piper, Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit Birds, vol. n. p. 93. Selb.
Illust. vol. n. p. 81. pi. 15. f. 3, & 4.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches nine lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch, (from the gape) one inch one line and

200 AVES GRALLATORES. [TOTANUS.

a half; of the tarsus eleven lines ; of the naked part of the tibia four
lines ; of the tail two inches four lines ; from the carpus to the end of the
wing four inches three lines: breadth, wings extended, thirteen inches
three lines.

DESCRIPT. (Summer and winter plumage.) All the upper parts cine-
reous brown, glossed with olivaceous green ; the shafts of the feathers
being of a darker tint ; back and wing-coverts marked with fine trans-
verse undulating lines of dusky brown : over the eye a whitish streak :
under parts pure white, streaked on the breast and sides of the neck with
cinereous brown: quills brown, with a large white spot on their inner
webs, the two first excepted : the four middle tail-feathers like the back ;
the two next on each side tipped with white ; the outer one tipped with
white, and barred on the exterior web with white and brown : bill and
legs grayish brown, the latter tinged with green. (Young of the year.)
Throat, and fore part of the neck, pure white, spotted only on the sides ;
the white streak above the eyes broader and more distinct ; the feathers
on the back edged with reddish and dusky ; wing-coverts tipped with
red and black bars. (Egg.) Reddish white, spotted and speckled with
umber brown: long. diam. one inch four lines; trans, diam. one inch.

A regular summer visitant, making its appearance in the Spring and
departing in the Autumn. Chiefly frequents the banks of rivers and
lakes. Nest constructed of moss and dry leaves, and placed in the grass
by the water side. Eggs four or five in number. Utters a clear piping
note in its flight. Food, worms and insects.

** Bill rather strong, slightly recurved.

192. T, Glottis, Bechst. (Greenshank.) — Back, scapu-
lars, and wing-coverts, dusky brown, the feathers edged
with yellowish white ; lower back, and under parts, white :
legs greenish.

T. Glottis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 659. Greenshank, Mont.
Orn. Diet, fy App. to Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 67.
Selb. lllust. vol. n. p. 86. pi. 19.

DIMENS. Entire length fourteen inches. MONT.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) From the upper mandible to the eye
a white streak ; head, cheeks, sides and back part of the neck, and sides
of the breast, cinereous white, with longitudinal brown streaks ; upper
part of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, dusky brown, all the fea-
thers broadly edged with yellowish white : lower part of the back, upper
tail-coverts, throat, fore part of the neck, middle of the breast, belly, and
other under parts, pure white : quills dusky ; some of them spotted with
white on their inner webs : tail white, with transverse bars of brown ; the
outer feathers entirely white, with the exception of a narrow longitudinal
streak on the exterior web : bill cinereous brown : legs yellowish green ;
long and slender. (Summer plumage.) Crown, nape, cheeks, and sides
of the neck, with dusky streaks ; throat white ; fore-neck, breast, upper
part of the abdomen, and flanks, white, with oval black spots ; rest of the
under parts pure white: upper part of the back and scapulars deep black,
the feathers on the back edged with white, those on the scapulars with
reddish white spots ; greater coverts reddish ash with black shafts, edged
with white: the two middle tail-feathers cinereous, with transverse brown
zigzag bars. (Egg.) Olive-brown, covered all over with dusky spots.

HIMANTOPUS.] AVES GRALLATORES. 201

Occasionally observed in small flocks on the coast during the winter
months, as well as in marshes and on the banks of rivers, but not a very
common species. Doubtful whether it ever remains through the Summer.
According to Temminck, breeds within the arctic circle. Food, small fish,
worms, and molluscous animals. Obs. The Cinereous Godwit of Pennant
is this species in its winter plumage.

GEN. 75. RECURVIROSTRA, Linn.

193. R. Avocetta, Linn. (Scooping Jvocet.) — Crown,
nape, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts, black : cheeks, and
under parts, pure white.

R. Avocetta, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. u. p. 590. Scooping Avocet,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 116. Selb. Illust.
vol. n. p. 90. pi. 20.

DIMENS. Entire length eighteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) three inches, (from the gape) three inches two lines ; of the
tarsus two inches nine lines ; of the tail two inches ten lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing eight inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male and female.) Crown of the head, nape, two-
thirds of the hind part of the neck, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and
primary quills, deep black ; all the rest of the plumage pure white : bill
black: irides reddish brown : legs bluish gray. (Young of the year, before
the first moult.) " All the black parts of the plumage tinged with brown ;
the brownish black on the head not extending below the occiput ; scapu-
lars edged with red, and tipped with reddish ash : legs cinereous." TEMM.
(Egg.) Olive-brown, blotched and spotted with brownish black: long,
diam. two inches three lines; trans, diam. one inch five lines.

Common in small flocks on some parts of the coast during Winter.
Breeds in the fens of Lincolnshire, and in other extensive marshy
districts. Lays two eggs. Food, worms and marine insects.

GEN. 76. HIMANTOPUS, Briss.

194. H. melanopterus, Temm. (Black-winged Long-
shanks.) — Occiput, nape, back, and wings, black : rest of
the plumage white.

H. melanopterus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 528. Long-
legged Plover, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. n. p. 476. White, Nat.
Hist. Selb. vol. n. p. 84. with fig. Mont. Orn. Diet. Shaw,
Nat. Misc. vol. vi. pi. 195. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 365.
Black-winged Stilt, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 247. pi. 39*.

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches : length of the bill two inches
six lines; of the naked part of the tibia three inches six lines; of the
tarsus four inches six lines: breadth, wings extended, two feet five
inches.

DESCRIPT. Occiput and nape black, the latter sometimes whitish with
dusky streaks ; back and wings glossy black, with greenish reflections :
forehead, sides of the face, neck, and all the under parts, pure white,
slightly tinged on the breast and belly with rose-red : rump white : tail
•cinereous gray; the outer feathers white: bill black; irides crimson:

202 AVES GRALLATORES. [LIMOSA.

legs vermilion red. In very old males, according to Temminck, the nape,
and sometimes the occiput also, is perfectly white. (Female.) Smaller ;
the black on the back and wings inclining more to brown, and without
the greenish gloss. (Young.) Crown, occiput, and nape, dusky ash; back
and wings brown ; all the feathers with whitish edges : legs orange-red.
(Egg.) Pale blue, blotched and streaked with ash green and red brown :
long. diam. one inch nine lines ; trans, diam. one inch three lines.

A very rare and accidental visitant in this country. Sibbald mentions
a pair which were killed in Scotland. Pennant has recorded another
which was shot near Oxford ; and White, in his Nat. Hist, of Selborne,
speaks of five which were shot out of a flock of six on the verge of Frin-
sham pond, near Farnham in Surrey, in April 1779. Has also been killed
in Anglesea, and more recently in Lincolnshire and Norfolk. Said to be
not uncommon in the eastern parts of Europe, frequenting the borders of
rivers and lakes. Breeds in the salt marshes of Hungary and Russia.
Food, tadpoles, aquatic and other insects, &c.

GEN. 77. LIMOSA, Briss.

195. L. rufa, Briss. (Bar-tailed Godwit.) — Tail with
eight or nine transverse dusky bars : bill curving conside-
rably upwards : middle claw short, and without serratures :
tarsi moderate.

L. rufa, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 668. Godwit, and Red
Godwit, 'Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. pp. 59, & 61. Shaw, Gen. Zool.
vol. xii. p. 77. Red Godwit, Selb. Ittust. vol. n. p. 98. pi. 22.

DIMENS. Entire length sixteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) three inches, (from the gape) three inches one line; of the
tarsus one inch eleven lines and a half; of the tail two inches ten
lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing eight inches.

DESCRIPT. (Male and female in winter plumage.) Crown of the
head, space between the bill and the eyes, cheeks, and neck, pale ash-
colour, with longitudinal streaks of brown ; a broad line above the eyes,
throat, breast, belly, and abdomen, white ; flanks, and some of the under
tail-coverts, streaked with dusky brown: upper part of the back, and
scapulars, cinereous gray, the shafts of the feathers, together with a
small portion of the webs on each side, brownish black; wing-coverts
white, the middle of each feather deep brown : quills dusky : lower
part of the back, and rump, white with dusky spots : tail with alter-
nate transverse bars of white and blackish brown : basal half of the
bill purplish red; the tip black: irides brown: legs and toes black.
(Male in summer plumage.) Crown and nape reddish orange, with brown
streaks ; line above the eyes, throat, sides of the neck, and all the under
parts, bright ferruginous ; the feathers on the sides of the breast, flanks,
and under tail-coverts, longitudinally streaked with dusky brown : back
and scapulars deep black, with oval spots of pale orange-red at the edges
of the feathers ; wing-coverts dusky ash, edged with white : quills black
with white shafts : rump white spotted with black : tail with alternate
bars of brown and reddish white. In the female, the ferruginous tint
is not so bright : the upper parts are deep brown, with cinereous un-
dulating lines, and yellowish spots on the edges of the feathers : under
parts pale reddish yellow, with the exception of the middle of the belly,
which is pure white ; sides of the breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts,
streaked with black. Dimensions always larger than those of the male.

LIMOSA.] AVES GRALLATORES. 203

(Young of the year.) " Head, nape, back, and scapulars, deep brown,
the feathers with an interrupted border of yellowish white ; wing-coverts
broadly edged with white: neck, breast, and flanks, reddish ash, with fine
longitudinal streaks of brown; band above the eyes, throat, and belly,
pure white; rump and under tail-coverts white, with large lanceolate
dusky spots : tail with broad zigzag bars of brown and reddish white ;
the tip white : legs dusky ash." TEMM. (Egg.) Unknown.

Not uncommon on our coasts during the winter months, and occasion-
ally observed in marshes inland. Said to resort to higher latitudes to
breed. Food, worms, insects, and the smaller bivalve mollusca. Obs. The
Common Godwit of Montagu and Bewick is this species in its winter
plumage. The Red Godwit of this last author (but not of Montagu) is
the same in its summer plumage.

196. L. melanura, Leisl. (Black-tailed Godwit.} —
Tail of a uniform black, the base white: wings with a
transverse white bar : bill very slightly curved : middle
claw long and serrated : tarsi very long.

L. melanura, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. u. p. 664. Black-tailed
Godwit, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 94. pi. 21. Jadreka Snipe, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Supp. with fig.

DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) four inches seven lines, (from the gape) four inches
ten lines ; of the tarsus three inches four lines ; of the naked part of the
tibia one inch eleven lines; of the tail three inches eight lines; from the
carpus to the end of the wing nine inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.') All the upper parts of a uniform
cinereous brown, with the shafts of the feathers of a somewhat deeper
tint : streak over the eyes, throat, fore part of the neck, breast, and
flanks, grayish white; belly, abdomen, rump, and under tail-coverts,
white : quills dusky ; the basal portion of some of the primaries white :
greater wing-coverts ash-gray, broadly edged with white : tail white for
one-third of its length from the base ; the remaining portion black ; the
two middle feathers tipped with white : bill orange-red at the base, the
tip black: legs dusky gray; the tarsi much longer than in the last
species. (Summer plumage.) Crown of the head black, the feathers
edged with bright red : eye-streak reddish white ; space between the
eye and the bill brown ; throat and neck bright ferruginous, with brown-
ish specks ; breast and flanks the same, with transverse crescent-shaped
bars of brownish black : upper part of the back, and scapulars, deep black,
all the feathers tipped with reddish brown, and edged at the sides with
small spots of the same colour ; wing-coverts much as in winter : middle
of the belly, abdomen, and base of the tail, white ; lower part of the back,
and remainder of the tail, deep black: base of the bill bright orange : legs
black. (Young of the year, before the first moult.) Eye-streak, throat,
base of the tail, belly, and abdomen, white: upper part of the head brown,
the feathers with reddish edges ; neck and breast pale red, tinged with
cinereous; feathers on the back and scapulars dusky brown, surrounded
by a red border ; wing-coverts cinereous, broadly edged and tipped with
reddish white ; tips of the tail-feathers edged with white : extremity of
the bill brown. (Egg.) Light olive-brown, blotched and spotted with
darker brown: long. diam. two inches two lines; trans, diam. one inch
six lines.

204 AVES GRALLATORES. [SCOLOPAX.

Much less frequent than the last species. Haunts marshes and low
pastures, and is not often observed on the sea-coast. Is occasionally known
to breed in the fenny districts of Cambridgeshire and Norfolk. Lays four
eggs. Food, insects and their larvae, worms, &c.

GEN. 78. SCOLOPAX, Linn.
(1. RUSTICOLA, Vieill.)

197- S. Rusticola^ Linn. (Woodcock.) — Plumage, above,
variegated with black, gray, and ferruginous ; beneath, yel-
lowish white, with transverse undulating bars : occiput
barred transversely.

S. Rusticola, Temm. Man. d"0rn. torn. n. p. 673. Woodcock, Mont.
Orn. Diet. $ Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 43. Selb. Illust.
vol. n. p. 107. pi. 23. f. 1.

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches nine lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) two inches nine lines, (from the gape) two inches
seven lines and a half; of the tarsus one inch four lines and a half; of
the middle toe one inch eight lines and a half ; of the tail three inches
three lines; from the carpus to the end of the wing seven inches ten
lines: breadth, wings extended, twenty-four inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Forehead and crown ash-gray, tinged with rufous; from
the corner of the bill to the eyes a dusky streak ; occiput with four broad
transverse bars of blackish brown ; rest of the upper parts variegated with
chestnut-brown, ochre-yellow, and ash-gray, with zigzag lines and large
irregular spots of black : throat plain white ; rest of the under parts yel-
lowish white, passing into rufous on the breast and fore part of the neck,
with transverse undulating bars of dusky brown : quills barred with fer-
ruginous and black on their outer webs : tail of twelve feathers, black,
the outer webs edged with rufous ; the tips ash-gray above, silvery white
beneath: bill flesh-colour, tinged with gray: legs livid. The female is
somewhat larger, with the colours more dull. (Egg.) Pale yellowish
white ; the larger end blotched and spotted with ash-gray and two shades
of reddish yellow brown : long. diam. one inch nine lines ; trans, diam. one
inch four lines.

A winter visitant, appearing regularly about the beginning of October,
and departing in February or March. Frequents moist woods, and is of
common occurrence in most parts of the kingdom. Occasionally known
to breed with us. Nest placed on the ground, in a small hollow. Eggs
four in number. Food, insects and worms.

(2. SCOLOPAX, Vieill.)

198. S. Sabini, Vig. (Sabine's Snipe.) — Whole
plumage variegated with black and chestnut ; paler be-
neath : tail of twelve feathers.

S. Sabini, Vigors in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 556. pi. 21. Jard.
and Selb. Orn. vol. i. pi. 27. Sabine's Snipe, Selb. Illust. vol. n.
p. 118. pi. 24. f. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 416.

DIMENS. Entire length nine inches and three-tenths: length of the
bill two inches and seven-tenths; of the tarsus one inch three lines: from
the carpus to the end of the wing five inches and one-tenth. VIG.

SCOLOPAX.] AVES GRALLATORES. 205

DESCRIPT. Cheeks, throat, neck, and breast, brownish black, speckled
with chestnut-brown ; belly and abdomen grayish black, with transverse
bars of chestnut-brown : back and scapulars deep black, with chestnut-
brown bars and spots ; under wing-coverts blackish gray : tail of twelve
feathers, black at the base, ferruginous at the tip, with transverse black
bars : bill brownish black, with a tinge of chestnut at the base of the
upper mandible : legs brownish black. (Egg.) Unknown.

A rare and little known species first described by Mr Vigors from a
specimen shot in the Queen's County in Ireland, in August 1822. Since
then, two other individuals have occurred in Kent, a third in another
part of Ireland, and a fourth near Morpeth in Northumberland. This last
is in the collection of Mr Selby. Has not hitherto been met with in any
other part of the world.

199. S. major, Gmel. (Great Snipe.) — All the under
parts spotted and barred with black : tail of sixteen
feathers.

S. major, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 675. Great Snipe, Mont.
Orn. Diet. $ Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 115. pi. 23. f. 2.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 415.

DIMENS. Entire length twelve inches six lines : length of the bill two
inches nine lines : breadth, wings extended, nineteen inches.

DESCRIPT. Crown of the head black, divided in the middle by a
longitudinal streak of yellowish white ; between the bill and the eye
a dusky brown streak: cheeks, eyelids, and throat, yellowish white,
speckled with brown : hind part of the neck pale yellowish brown,
spotted with black: back and scapulars variegated with black and
chestnut-brown, many of the feathers edged on their outer webs with
yellowish white; greater coverts tipped with white: under parts
white, tinged with yellowish brown, spotted and barred all over with
blackish brown : quills dusky : tail of sixteen feathers, black for two-
thirds of its length from the base, the remaining portion bright chestnut
with black bars, the tip yellowish white : bill pale brown, inclining to
flesh-colour at the base : legs greenish gray. (Egg.) Yellow olive-brown,
spotted with two shades of reddish brown : long. diam. one inch nine
lines ; trans, diam. one inch two lines.

A rare and only occasional visitant in this country. Inhabits extensive
marshes in the North of Europe. Nest said to be placed in such situa-
tions, amongst rushes and other herbage. Eggs three or four in num-
ber. Food, worms, insects, and small shells.

200. S. Gallinago, Linn. (Common Snipe.) — Neck
and breast mottled with black and pale ferruginous ; belly
and abdomen pure unspotted white: tail of fourteen
feathers.

S. Gallinago, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 676. Common Snipe,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 121. pi. 23. f. 3. Snipe,
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 50.

DIMENS. Entire length eleven inches five lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) two inches ten lines and a half, (from the gape) two
inches ten lines ; of the tarsus one inch two lines ; of the tail two inches

206 AVES GRALLATORES. [SCOLOPAX.

three lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing five inches four lines :
breadth, wings extended, seventeen inches five lines.

DESCRIPT. Upper parts very similar to those of the last species :
crown black, divided by a yellowish white line ; a similar streak from the
base of the upper mandible over each eye ; between the bill and the eye
a dusky line : back and scapulars velvet-black, with transverse bars of
chestnut-brown, and longitudinal streaks of ochre-yellow ; wing-coverts
dusky brown, edged with reddish white ; quills black : chin and throat
white ; cheeks, neck, and upper part of the breast, mottled with black
and pale ferruginous brown; flanks with white and dusky transverse
bars ; lower part of the breast, belly and abdomen, pure white without
spots : tail of fourteen feathers, black for two-thirds of its length from the
base, the remaining portion reddish brown, with black bars, the tip
reddish white : bill brown, paler at the base : legs dusky gray, tinged
with green. (Egg.) Pale yellowish white ; the larger end spotted with
three shades of brown : long. diam. one inch six lines ; trans, diam. one
inch one line.

A common inhabitant of marshes and low meadows throughout the
kingdom. Is generally considered as migratory, appearing early in the
Autumn and departing in the Spring. In certain districts, however,
many remain annually through the breeding season. Nest placed on the
ground, concealed amongst rushes and coarse grass. Eggs four or five
in number. Food, worms, insects, &c.

201. S. Gallinula, Linn. (Jack Snipe.) — Crown
divided longitudinally by a black band reaching to the
nape : neck and breast spotted ; belly and abdomen pure
white : tail of twelve feathers.

S. Gallinula, Temm. Man. cTOrn. torn. n. p. 678. Jack Snipe, Mont,
Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. H. p. 125. pi. 23. f. 5. Judcock, Bew.
Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 54.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches six lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch eight lines and a half, (from the gape) one
inch seven lines ; of the tarsus eleven lines ; of the tail one inch eleven
lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing four inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. Crown divided by a black band slightly edged with red-
dish brown, extending from the forehead to the nape ; beneath this, and
parallel with it, are two streaks of yellowish white, separated by another
of black ; between the bill and the eye a dusky line ; throat white ; front
of the neck, and upper part of the breast, pale yellowish brown tinged
with ash, with longitudinal spots of a deeper tint : back and scapulars
black, glossed with green and purple reflections; the latter with the
outer webs cream-yellow, forming two conspicuous longitudinal bands
extending from the shoulders to the tail ; quills dusky : wing-coverts
black, edged with pale brown and white : lower part of the breast, belly
and abdomen, pure white : tail of twelve feathers, dusky, edged with pale
ferruginous brown : bill bluish at the base, black towards the tip : legs
greenish gray. (Egg.) Yellowish olive ; the larger end spotted with two
shades of brown : long. diam. one inch three lines ; trans, diam. ten
lines.

Found with the last species, but not quite so plentiful. Arrives early
in October and departs in March. Very rarely remains with us to breed.
Nest said to resemble that of the Common Snipe. Eggs four or five.
Food similar.

TRINGA.] AVES GRALLATORES. 207

(3. MACRORAMPHUS, Leach.)

202. S. grisea> Gmel. (Brown Snipe.) — Cinereous
brown (winter), or reddish brown variegated with black
(summer) ; rump and tail white, with numerous dusky
transverse bars.

S. grfsea, Temm. Man. dS&rn. torn. n. p. 679. S. Noveboracensis,
Wils. Amer. Orn. vol. vn. p. 45. pi. 58. f. 1. (Summer.) Brown
Snipe, Mont. Orn. Diet. vol. n. tvithfig. in Supp. Brown Long-
beak, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 103. pi. 24. f. 2. Shaw, Zool. vol.xn.
p. 61. pi. 9.

DIMENS. Entire length eleven inches : length of the bill two inches
six lines. MONT.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Between the bill and the eye a dusky
streak ; above that, passing over the eye, a white one ; cheeks and throat
white, the former with a few brown streaks ; crown of the head, neck,
and upper part of the breast, cinereous brown, with the shafts of the
feathers somewhat darker ; back and scapulars dark brown, the feathers
edged with cinereous and rufous brown; primary quills dusky, the inner
ones and largest coverts immediately over them, slightly tipped with
white ; smaller coverts above and below the bastard winglet dusky and
white ; the rest of the coverts cinereous brown, darkest in the middle of
the feathers ; secondary quills dusky brown, tipped and edged with white :
lower part of the breast, belly and thighs, pure white; flanks whitish
with dusky bars ; lower part of the back white ; rump and under tail-
coverts white, with transverse crescent-shaped dusky spots ; upper tail-
coverts and tail thickly barred with black and white: tail of twelve
feathers : bill dusky, lightest at the base : legs yellow olivaceous green.
MONT. (Summer plumage.) Crown of the head, nape, back and scapu-
lars, reddish brown, variegated with black and yellowish; cheeks, and
streak over the eye, pale reddish ; fore part of the neck and breast red-
dish brown; wing-coverts cinereous, with whitish edges; belly, rump
and tail, as in winter. TEMM. (Young of the year.) All the upper parts
blackish brown, the feathers broadly edged with bright ferruginous;
eyestreak and under parts dirty white tinged with reddish, the ferruginous
tint most distinct on the breast ; breast and flanks spotted with dusky
brown; the middle tail-feathers tipped with red. TEMM. (Egg.) Un-
known.

A native of North America. In this country an extremely rare and
accidental visitant. The specimen described by Montagu was shot in the
beginning of October, on the coast of Devonshire. Since then, a second,
in summer plumage, has been killed at Yarmouth. Wilson states that it
diifers in its habits from the Common Snipe, keeping on the sea-coast,
and being seldom or never seen inland. Food, worms and small bivalve
mollusca. Nidification unknown.

GEN. 79. TRINGA, Briss.

(1. MACHETES, Cuv.)

203. T. pugnaos, Linn. (Ruff.) — Tail rounded ; the
two middle feathers barred ; the three outer ones on each
side always of one colour.

208 AVES GRALLATORES. [TRINGA.

T. pugnax, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. H. p. 631. Ruff, Mont. Orn.
Diet. $ Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 75. Selb. Illust.
vol. n. p. 130. pi. 25.

DIMENS. Entire length twelve inches five lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch six lines, (from the gape) one inch six
lines; of the tarsus one inch ten lines; of the tail two inches eight
lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing seven inches five lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male, during the breeding season.) Face nake*d, covered
with warty pimples of a reddish yellow colour : sides of the occiput
adorned with two tufts of elongated feathers : beneath the throat a large
frill or ruff of similar feathers standing out in a very conspicuous manner ;
colours of the ruff extremely variable, changing occasionally even in the
same individual in different seasons ; yellowish white, barred with black ;
or entirely black, glossed with purple ; in some, of a uniform yellowish
brown; in others, pure white; or varied with black, white, and yellow :
upper parts of the body likewise variable, in general presenting a mix-
ture of cinereous brown, yellowish white, reddish brown, and black : sides
of the breast and Hanks pale reddish brown, with transverse black bars,
sometimes entirely black ; middle of the belly, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts, white : quills dusky : the four middle tail-feathers barred with
black; the rest of a uniform colour: bill yellowish orange: legs yellow.
(Male in autumn and winter.) Face feathered : no elongated tufts on
the occiput, or frill on the neck : throat, fore part of the neck, belly, and
other under parts, pure white ; or stained and mottled with black ; some-
times black, with transverse undulating white lines: breast reddish
brown, with spots of a deeper tint : upper plumage variable, generally
brown with black spots, the feathers edged with reddish ; greater coverts,,
and middle tail-feathers, barred with black and reddish brown : bill
brownish: legs yellowish brown. (Female or Reeve.) Smaller: at all
times without the ruff and occipital tufts: upper parts of the body
cinereous brown, mixed with black, the black glossed with steel blue;
neck and breast the same, but paler; belly and abdomen white: bill
black: legs yellowish. (Young of the year.) Very much resembling
the female in winter plumage, but with the fore part of the neck and
breast of a dull reddish ash ; the feathers on the head, back, scapulars,
and greater wing-coverts, dusky brown, broadly edged with reddish
yellow; lesser coverts edged with reddish white: throat, belly, and ab-
domen, pure white : bill black : feet greenish. (Egg.) Olive, blotched
and spotted with clove and liver-brown : long. diam. one inch seven
lines; trans, diam. one inch one line and a half.

A migratory species, arriving early in the Spring, and departing in
September. Rather locally distributed. Principally confined to the
marshes of Lincolnshire, Norfolk, and the Isle of Ely. Males very
pugnacious during the breeding season. Nest usually placed on a has-
sock of grass, in the most swampy situations. Eggs four in number, laid
in the first or second week of May. Towards the end of June, or begin-
ning of July, the ruff on the neck of the male bird begins to fall. Food,
insects and worms. Obs. The Shore Sandpiper, Greenwich Sandpiper,
and Equestrian Sandpiper of Latham, are all referable to this species in
different states of plumage.

(2. THING A, Selb.)

204. T. subarquata, Temm. (Pigmy Curlew.) — Bill
slightly bent down, much longer than the head : the two

T-RIIVGA.] AVES GRALLATORES. 209

middle tail-feathers longer than the others: a considerable
part of the tibia naked : tarsus fourteen lines in length.

T. subarquata, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 609. Pigmy Curlew,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. with fig. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n.
p. 40. Curlew Tringa, Selb. Illust. vol. li. p. 157. pi. 26. f. 4, & 5.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches: length of the bill one inch
seven lines ; of the tarsus one inch two lines ; of the naked part of the
tibia six lines ; of the middle toe, claw included, eleven lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing five inches two lines.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Face, streak above the eye, throat,
belly, and other under parts, pure white; from the bill to the eye a brown
streak ; upper part of the head, back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, cine-
reous brown, with the shafts of the feathers somewhat darker ; feathers
on the nape streaked longitudinally with brown, and edged with whitish ;
fore part of the neck and breast the same, but paler : upper tail-coverts
white : tail cinereous gray, the feathers edged with white : bill black :
irides brown : legs dusky gray. (Summer plumage.) Face, streak over
the eye, and throat, white, speckled with brown: crown of the head black,
the feathers edged with pale reddish brown ; hind part of the neck red-
dish brown, with longitudinal black streaks ; fore part of the neck, breast,
belly, and abdomen, chestnut red, with a few white feathers and brown
spots sometimes intermixed, according to the period of the season : back,
scapulars, and greater coverts, deep black, the edges of the feathers
marked with a series of reddish brown spots, the tips yellowish gray ;
rest of the coverts deep brown, margined with grayish white, or (during
the season of incubation) with reddish yellow: upper and under tail-
coverts white, with transverse black bars. ( Young of the year, before
the first moult.) Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, dusky ash, all the
feathers broadly edged and tipped with yellowish white: breast tinged
with white and pale yellowish brown, faintly streaked, but without
any distinct spots: feet brown. (Egg.) Yellowish, with brown spots.
TEMM.

A rare visitant in this country. Occasionally met with on the eastern
and southern coasts, but not often observed inland. Common in Holland
in Spring and Autumn at the periods of its migration. Sometimes breeds
in that country. Nest placed on the sea-shore, or on the borders of exten-
sive waters. Eggs four or five in number. Food, insects and worms. Obs.
The Red Sandpiper of Latham and Montagu is this species in its summer
plumage.

205. T. variabilis, Meyer. (Dunlin.) — Bill nearly
straight, a little longer than the head : the two middle tail-
feathers longer than the others, and pointed: a. small part
of the tibia naked : tarsus eleven lines and a half.

T. variabilis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 612. Dunlin and Purre,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. pp. 102, & 104.
Dunlin, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 153. pi. 26.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches nine lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch three lines, (from the gape) one inch two
lines and a half; of the tarsus eleven lines and a half; of the naked part
of the tibia three lines ; of the tail two inches one line ; from the carpus

O

210 AVES GRALLATORES. [TRINGA.

to the end of the wing four inches eight lines: breadth, wings extended,
fourteen inches seven lines.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Throat, and a streak from the base of
the upper mandible to the eye, pure white : head, back of the neck, and
all the upper parts, cinereous brown, the shafts of the feathers being of a
darker tint ; quills dusky ; greater wing-coverts tipped with white : lower
part of the neck and breast grayish white, mottled with pale cinereous
brown; belly, vent, and under tail-coverts, pure white: rump and two
middle tail-feathers dusky brown; the other tail-feathers brownish ash,
edged with white: bill black: irides and legs dusky brown. (Summer
plumage.) Throat white ; cheeks, sides and fore part of the neck, and
breast, reddish white, with fine longitudinal streaks of black; belly and
abdomen, during the period of incubation, deep black, but afterwards
mixed with white : crown of the head black, the feathers edged with red-
dish brown ; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts, deep black, all the
feathers broadly edged with reddish brown, and tipped with grayish
white; quills and greater coverts dusky brown, the latter tipped with
white : two middle tail-feathers blackish brown ; the rest cinereous edged
with white. (Spring and autumn, at the time of change.) Throat and
eye-streak white ; upper parts dusky brown, tbe feathers edged with red-
dish yellow; amongst them several cinereous brown, as in winter: wing-
coverts wholly cinereous brown, without any red : neck and breast reddish
yellow, spotted with brown; belly white, more or less spotted and blotched
with dusky brown; vent and under tail-coverts pure white. Obs. The
female is somewhat larger than the mate, and has a longer bill. In
young birds, the bill is nearly straight. (Egg.) Greenish white, blotched
and spotted with two shades of dark red brown : long. diam. one inch four
lines and a half; trans, diam. eleven lines and a half.

A common species on all parts of the coast during the greater part
of the year. At the approach of the breeding season, retires to inland
marshes and the banks of rivers. Lays four eggs. Food, worms and
insects. Obs, The Purre of authors is this species in its winter plumage.

206. T. pectoraliSj Bon. (Pectoral Sandpiper.) —
" Bill shorter than the head, compressed and reddish
yellow at the base : rump black : middle tail-feathers
longest : feet greenish yellow : tarsus one inch." BON.

T. pectoralis, Bon. Syn. p. 318. Id. Amer. Orn. vol. iv. p. 43.
pi. 23. f.2.* Pectoral Sandpiper, Nuttall, Orn. of Unit. States,
vol. ii. p. 111.

DIMENS. Entire length about ten inches : length of the bill (from the
rictus) rather more than one inch ; of the tarsus one inch. NUTT.

DESCRIPT. " Summer plumage, varied with black and rufous, beneath
white; breast cinereous, strongly lineated with blackish. Winter plumage,
cinereous brown, beneath white." BON.

Mr Yarrell informs me that a single individual of this species, which is
not uncommon in the United States, has been killed at Yarmouth. It is
at present in the possession of Mr Hoy of that place. Its identity with
the T. pectoralis of America was confirmed by Mr Audubori, to whom
the specimen was submitted for examination.

» The above reference to Bonaparte's American Ornithology is on the authority of Nuttall.
I have not been able to get sight of the fourth volume of that work myself.

TRINGA.] AVES GRALLATORES. 211

207. T. maritima, Brunn. (Purple Sandpiper.) —
Bill slightly curved at the tip, longer than the head :
tibia almost entirely feathered : feet, and base of the bill,
coloured.

T. maritima, Temm. Man. d^Orn. torn. n. p. 619. T. nigricans,
Mont, in Linn. Trans, vol. iv. p. 40. pi. 2. Purple Sandpiper,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Purple or Rock Tringa, Selb. Illust.
vol. ii. p. 150. pi. 26. f. 6.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches three lines : length of the bill
one inch three lines ; of the tarsus ten lines and a half; of the tail two
inches three lines; from the carpus to the end of the wing five inches two
lines.

DESCRIPT. (Winter 'plumage.) Crown of the head, cheeks, sides and
nape of the neck, dusky brown, with a tinge of ash-gray ; throat white ;
orbits, and a spot near the anterior angle of the eye, grayish white : back
and scapulars black, with purple and violet reflections, the feathers edged
with deep ash-colour ; wing-coverts black, edged with white : breast gray,
the feathers fringed with white ; rest of the under parts white, streaked
on the flanks with dark ash-colour; under tail-coverts with lanceolate
dusky spots : rump, and two middle tail-feathers, deep black ; the other
tail-feathers dusky ash, fringed with white: bill reddish orange at the
base, the tip dusky : irides dusky: legs ochre-yellow. (Summer plumage.)
" Crown of the head, back, and scapulars, violet black, the feathers with
a broad edging of white mixed with a little ferruginous : fore part of the
neck, breast, and belly, cinereous white, with lanceolate dusky spots;
flanks, and sides of the neck, with oval spots; under tail-coverts with
longitudinal streaks; middle of the belly pure white." TEMM. (Young
of the year.) " Crown, back, scapulars, secondary quills, and middle tail-
feathers, dull black, all the feathers edged and tipped with pale red ;
wing-coverts broadly tipped with white : sides and fore part of the neck
with longitudinal streaks, the feathers edged with cinereous ; some large
spots disposed longitudinally on the flanks and under tail-coverts : legs
and base of the bill pale yellowish.1' TEMM. (Egg.) Yellowish olive, spot-
ted and speckled with reddish brown : long. diam. one inch three lines ;
trans, diam. eleven lines.

Inhabits rocky shores, and is found on many parts of the British coast
during the winter months. Retires to higher latitudes to breed. A few
have been observed by Mr Selby to remain for that purpose on the Fern
Islands. Food, marine insects and small bivalve mollusca. Obs. The
Knot of Bewick is the young of the year of this species.

208. T. Temminckii, Leisl. (TemmincWs Stint.) —
Bill very slightly curved at the tip, shorter than the head :
tail cuneiform, the outer feathers pure white : tarsus eight
lines and a half.

T. Temminckii, Temm. Man. a" Orn. torn. u. p. 622. Little Sand-
piper, Mont. Orn. Diet. App. Temminck's Tringa, Selb. Illust.
vol. n. p. 144. pi. 27*. f. 1, & 2.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches: length of the bill (from the fore-
head) eight lines and a half, (from the gape) eight lines ; of the tarsus

o2

212 AVES GRALLATORES. [TRINGA.

eight lines and a half or nine lines; of the naked part of the tibia four
lines and a half; of the tail one inch nine lines ; from the carpus to the
end of the wing three inches nine lines : breadth, wings extended, eleven
inches eight lines.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) All the upper parts deep brown, with
dusky streaks on the shafts of the feathers : throat white ; breast and
front of the neck cinereous brown; belly, vent, and under tail-coverts,
pure white : tail cuneated ; the four middle feathers cinereous brown ; the
others whitish ; the two outer ones on each side nearly pure white : bill
dusky : legs olivaceous brown. (Summer plumage.) ** Upper parts black,
all the feathers broadly edged with deep ferruginous: throat white; fore-
head, breast, and fore part of the neck, reddish ash, with very small longi-
tudinal black spots ; the rest of the under parts, and outer tail-feathers,
pure white ; the two middle tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with deep
ferruginous." TEMM. (Young of the year, before the first moult.) Upper
parts cinereous brown, palest on the nape ; all the feathers, those on the
nape excepted, with a double edging of dusky brown and yellowish white :
throat white ; over the eyes a whitish streak ; breast and sides of the
neck cinereous gray, with a faint tinge of reddish; rest of the under parts
white; tail-feathers, the outer one excepted, tipped with reddish: bill and
legs somewhat paler than in the adult. (Egg.) Unknown.

A rare, and only an occasional, visitant in this country. Montagu's
specimen was killed on the south coast of Devonshire. Others have been
since met with in Sussex and Norfolk. Frequents the borders of lakes
and rivers. Probably breeds in high northern latitudes. Food, insects
and worms.

209. T. minuta, Leisl. (Little Stint.) — Bill straight,
shorter than the head : tail doubly forked, the outer feathers
cinereous brown edged with whitish : tarsus ten lines and
a half.

T. minuta, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 624. Little Stint, Sew.
Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 107. Minute Tringa, Selb. Illust. vol. n.
p. 147. pi. 27*. f. 3,&4.

DIMENS. Entire length six inches : length of the bill eight lines and
a half; of the tarsus ten lines and a hall.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) All the upper parts cinereous brown,
with the shafts of the feathers dusky : a brown streak between the bill
and the eye ; above the eyes another indistinct one of white ; sides of the
breast cinereous, tinged with brown ; throat, fore part of the neck, middle
of the breast, and all the other under parts, pure white : the outer tail-
feathers cinereous brown, edged with whitish; the two middle ones brown:
bill and legs black. (Summer plumage.) Crown black, the feathers edged
with reddish brown; forehead and eye-streak somewhat paler than the
rest of the head ; throat white ; cheeks, sides of the neck, and sides of the
breast, pale reddish spotted with brown; middle of the breast, and all the
under parts, pure white : feathers on the back, scapulars, wing-coverts,
rump, and two middle tail-feathers, deep black, all broadly edged and
tipped with bright red brown ; the outer tail-feathers cinereous brown,
edged lighter. (Young of the year, before the first moult.) " Crown of
the head dusky, the feathers edged with yellowish red ; forehead, eye-
streak, throat, front of the neck, middle of the breast, and other under

TRINGA.] AVES GRALLATORES. 213

parts, pure white ; between the bill and the eye a brown streak ; sides of
the breast reddish, mixed with cinereous brown ; nape and sides of the
neck cinereous and brown : back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, dusky
brown ; the feathers on the upper part of the back broadly edged with
red, the scapulars with yellowish white; wing-coverts with a narrow
edging of yellowish red: two middle tail-feathers dusky, edged with
reddish ash: the others edged with white." TEMM. (Egg.) Reddish
white ground, spotted and speckled with dark red brown : long. diam.
one inch one line and a half; trans, diam. nine lines.

Like the last, a rare and occasional visitant. Habits similar. Sup-
posed to retire northward to breed.

210. T. Canutus, Linn. (Knot.) — Bill straight, a
little longer than the head, very much dilated at the tip :
tail even at the extremity : a small part of the tibia naked.

T. cinerea, Temm. Man. d'0rn. torn. n. p. 627. Knot and Ash-
coloured Sandpiper, Mont. Orn. Diet, ty Supp. Knot, Selb. Illust.
vol. ii. p. 138. pi. 27. f. 2, 3, & 4.

DIMENS. Entire length ten inches: length of the bill (from the fore-
head) one inch four lines ; of the tarsus one inch two lines ; of the tail
two inches six lines; from the carpus to the end of the wing six inches
three lines.

DE SCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Crown of the head, hind part of the
neck, back, and scapulars, light ash-gray, with the shafts of the feathers
darker ; wing-coverts the same, but tipped with white, forming a trans-
verse bar : from the bill to the eye a dusky streak ; over the eye a white
one; forehead, throat, and all the under parts, white; sides and front
of the neck longitudinally streaked with brown ; breast and flanks with
transverse bars of cinereous brown : rump and upper tail-coverts white,
with transverse crescent-shaped black bars: tail-feathers cinereous, edged
with white: bill and legs blackish gray: irides hazel. (Summer plumage.)
Throat, eye-streak, sides and fore part of the neck, breast, belly, and
flanks, ferruginous brown : crown of the head, and nape, ferruginous,
with small longitudinal black streaks; back and scapulars deep black,
all the feathers edged with bright ferruginous; on the scapulars some
large spots of the same colour : abdomen white, mixed with ferruginous :
upper tail-coverts white, barred with black and spotted with ferruginous :
tail dusky ash, the feathers edged with whitish. (Young of the year,
before the first moult.) Crown of the head, and nape, ash-gray, with
large brown spots longitudinally disposed; back and scapulars deep
cinereous gray, all the feathers with a double edging of black and
yellowish white, the latter colour being outermost : a brown streak
between the bill and the eye; breast with a faint tinge of reddish
gray : bill greenish gray : legs greenish yellow : in other respects like
the adult in winter. (Egg.) Pale yellowish olive, blotched and spotted
with two shades of dark red brown : long. diam. one inch eight lines ;
trans, diam. one inch one line and a half.

A winter visitant, arriving in September and departing in April. Fre-
quents the coast in large flocks ; and, during certain parts of the year,
inland fens and marshy districts. Retires northward to breed. Said to
lay four eggs on a tuft of withered grass. Food, worms, marine insects,
and small bivalve mollusca.

214 AVES GRALLATORES. [TRINGA.

211. T. rufescens, Vieill. (Buff-breasted Sandpiper.)
— Bill slender, very slightly curved, not longer than the
head : tail cuneated : the outer feathers light brown, edged
with white : a large portion of the tibia naked.

T. rufescens, Vieill. Gal. Ois. torn. n. p. 105. pi. 238. Yarr. in
Linn. Trans, vol. xvi. p. 109. pi. 11. Buff-breasted Tringa, Selb.
lUust. vol. ii. p. 142. pi. 27. f. 1.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) nine lines, (from the gape) one inch ; of the naked part of the
tibia six lines ; of the tarsus one inch three lines. YARR.

DESCRIPT. Feathers on the top of the head dark brown, approaching
to black, edged with very light brown, giving a mottled appearance; hind
part of the neck light brown, with a minute dark spot in the centre of
each feather ; back, scapulars, and tertials, blackish brown, the edges of
the feathers paler ; primaries nearly black, tipped with white ; the shafts
white; tail-coverts brown, with lighter-coloured edges; tail cuneiform,
the middle feathers black, the shafts and edges lighter ; the feathers on
each side light brown, inclosed by a zone of black, and edged with white :
chin, sides of the neck, throat, and breast, light brown tinged with buff;
abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts, white, but pervaded also by the
buff colour of the higher parts; sides of the neck with darker coloured
spots : anterior portion of the under surface of the wing rufous brown ;
the outer portion spotted ; under coverts pure white ; shafts of the pri-
maries on their under surface pearl-white, the outer web dusky, the inner
web also dusky, and plain on the part nearest the shaft, the other inner
half of the web beautifully mottled with dark specks ; secondary quills
also mottled at their bases, and ending in sabre-shaped points, presenting
a regular series of lines formed by alternating shades of white, black, and
dusky bands, well defined in the adult bird, and presenting a beautifully
variegated appearance, peculiar to the species: bill black: legs brown.
YARR. (Egg.) Unknown.

A single individual of this species, which is a native of Louisiana in
America, was shot early in September 1826, in the parish of Melbourne
in Cambridgeshire, in company with some dotterel. It is now in the
possession of Mr Yarrell. A second was killed at Sheringham in
Norfolk, July 28, 1832. This last, which proved to be a female, is in
the Norwich Museum. It appears to be a very rare species even in its
native country. Habits and nidification unknown.

GEN. 80. LOBIPES, Cuv.

212. L. hyperboreus, Steph. (Red Lobefoot.) — Crown,
nape, and sides of the breast, deep ash ; sides of the neck
ferruginous: legs greenish gray.

Phalaropus hyperboreus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 709. P.
Williamsii, Simm. in Linn. Trans, vol. vm. p. 264. Red Phala-
rope, Mont. Orn. Diet. $• Supp. Red-necked Phalarope, Sow.
Brit. Misc. pi. 10. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 149. Red Lobe-
foot, Selb. Illust. vol. ii. p. 166. pi. 28.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches three lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) ten lines and a half, (from the gape) eleven lines ; of

PHALAROPUS.] AVES GRALLATORES. 215

the tarsus nine lines and a quarter ; of the naked part of the tibia three
lines ; of the tail one inch eleven lines ; from the carpus to the end of the
wing four inches two lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male in spring plumage.) Crown of the head,
nape, sides of the breast, space between the eye and the bill, as well as a
little streak behind the eye, deep ash-gray ; sides and front of the neck
bright ferruginous ; throat, middle of the hreast, and all the other under
parts, pure white; flanks marked with large ash-coloured spots: back,
and scapulars, deep black, the feathers with broad ferruginous edges;
wing-coverts black, tipped with white, forming a transverse bar: two
middle tail-feathers deep black; the lateral feathers ash-gray bordered
by a narrow white band : bill black : irides brown : legs greenish gray.
{Adult female.) The ash-gray about the eyes tinged with reddish ; the
red on the front of the neck of less extent, and mixed with cinereous ;
the spots on the flanks larger and more numerous. (Young of the year.)
" Crown of the head, occiput, nape, and a spot behind the eyes, dusky
brown; back, scapulars, and two middle tail-feathers, the same, but all
the feathers broadly edged with pale red: primaries and wing-coverts
dusky, edged and tipped with whitish ; the transverse bar on the wing
not so broad as in the adult : forehead, throat, front of the neck, breast,
and other under parts, white, passing into pale ash on the sides of the
breast and on the flanks ; a faint yellowish tinge on the sides of the neck :
inside of the tarsi yellow ; the outer portion, and toes, yellowish green."
TEMM. The adult in winter is nearly similar to the young. (Egg.)
Olive ground, blotched and streaked all over with dark red-brown :
long. diam. one inch two lines ; trans, diam. ten lines.

Abundant in the Orkneys, Hebrides, and northern parts of Scotland,
but very rarely met with in England. Has been shot in Yorkshire, and
in Norfolk. Frequents fresh-water lakes, on the banks of which it
breeds. Lays three eggs. Food, worms and insects.

GEN. 81. PHALAROPUS, Briss.

213. P. lobatus, Flem. (Gray Phalarope.) — Gray
above ; beneath white (winter) : or brown above, the
feathers edged with rufous ; beneath red (summer) : a
transverse white bar on the wings.

P. platyrhinchus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 712. Gray Phala-
rope, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 162. pi. 28. Red
and Gray Phalaropes, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. pp. 146, & 147.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches six or nine lines. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Forehead and crown white ; occiput,
ear-coverts, and a streak down the nape of the neck, dusky gray ; sides
of the breast, back, scapulars, and rump, bluish ash, with the shafts
of the feathers dusky ; some of the scapulars tipped with white ; wing-
coverts the same, forming a transverse bar on the wing : throat, sides of
the neck, middle of the breast, and all the other under parts, pure white :
tail dusky gray, the feathers edged with cinereous : bill yellowish red at
the base, dusky brown at the tip : irides reddish yellow : legs greenish
gray. (Summer plumage.) Forehead, throat, crown, and occiput, deep
grayish ash ; region of the eyes, and sides of the occiput, white : sides
and fore part of the neck, breast, belly, and abdomen, brick-red : nape,
back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts, dusky brown, all the feathers

216 AVES GRALLATORES. [GLARKOLA.

broadly edged with reddish yellow ; wing-coverts black, tipped with
white; rump white, spotted with black. (Young of the year, before
the first moult.) "Occiput, and a streak over the eyes, dusky; nape,
back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts, cinereous brown; the feathers
on the back and scapulars broadly edged with yellowish; rump white,
variegated with brown ; wing-coverts edged and tipped with yellowish
white ; tail cinereous brown, the middle feathers with a broad yellowish
edging : forehead, throat, sides and front of the neck, breast, and other
under parts, pure white: bill cinereous brown: feet greenish yellow."
TEMM. (Egg.) Stone-colour, tinged with green ; blotched and spotted
all over with blackish brown: long. diam. one inch two lines; trans, diam.
ten lines and a half.

A rare and occasional visitant in this country, but has been killed
in several instances and in widely separated localities. Said to be not
uncommon in some seasons on the coast of Cornwall. Very abundant in
the arctic regions, arid in the eastern parts of Europe and Asia, where
it is supposed to breed. Inhabits the borders of rivers and large lakes.
Swims with great facility, and preys upon marine and other aquatic
insects. Obs. The Red Phalarope of Bewick is this species in summer
plumage.

GEN. 82. GLAREOLA, Briss.

214. G. Pratincola^ Leach. (Collared Pratincole.) —
Above brown ; throat and front of the neck reddish white,
bounded by a black line : tail very much forked.

G. Pratincola, Leach in Linn. Trans, vol. xin. p. 131. pi. 12. G.
torquata, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. u. p. 500. Collared Pratin-
cole, Selb. Illufit. vol. u. p. 213. parti, pi. 63. Austrian Pratincole,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. with fig.

DIMENS. Entire length ten inches. MONT.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) All the upper parts brown, more or less inclining
to gray, occasionally with a reddish tinge on the crown and nape ; back
and scapulars with faint reflections of greenish bronze : throat and front
of the neck reddish or yellowish white, bounded by a black line pass-
ing upwards to the corners of the bill ; space between the bill and the
eye black ; breast clouded with brown ; under wing-coverts bright ferru-
ginous; belly, abdomen, upper and under tail-coverts, white, the two
former sometimes tinged with reddish: quills dusky brown: tail very
much forked, dusky, with more or less of white at the base : bill black,
the base reddish: irides reddish brown: eyes surrounded by a naked
red circle: legs rufous brown. (Young.) Upper parts cinereous brown,
shaded with brown of a darker tint; the feathers edged with reddish
white: throat whitish, the surrounding black line simply indicated by
a few spots: breast and belly deep gray, occasionally spotted with brown :
tail but little forked ; the outer feathers much shorter than in the adult
bird. Obs. This species is subject to considerable variation of plumage :
the colours are more or less intense even in individuals of the same age.
(Egg.) White: long. diam. one inch two lines; trans, diam. ten lines.

This species, which is a native of some parts of Europe and Asia, must
in this country be regarded as an extremely rare and accidental visitant.
The first recorded British-killed specimen was shot near Liverpool on the
18th of May 1804, and is now in the collection of Lord Derby. A second

CREX.] AVES GRALLATORES. 217

individual was killed by Mr Bullock in the Isle of Unst, about three
miles from the northern extremity of Britain, on the 16th of August
1812. More recently (May 1827) a pair are recorded to have been shot
on the Breydon-wall, Yarmouth*. Said to frequent the banks of
rivers, lakes, inland seas, and extensive marshes. Builds in the reeds
and other thick herbage growing in such situations. Lays three or
four eggs. Flight extremely rapid. Food, principally insects, which
are taken on the wing.

GEN. 83. RALLUS, Linn.

215. R. aquations. Linn. (Water-Rail.) — Above,
olive-brown spotted with dusky ; beneath, bluish gray ;
flanks with black and white bars.

R. aquaticus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 683. Rail, Mont. Orn.
Diet. $ Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 172. pi. 29. Water-Rail,
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 126.

DIMENS. Entire length eleven inches five lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch seven lines, (from the gape) one inch eight
lines and a half; of the tarsus one inch eight lines ; of the naked part
of the tibia six lines ; of the middle toe, claw included, two inches ; of the
tail two inches three lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing four
inches eight lines : breadth, wings extended, sixteen inches.

DESCRIPT. Crown of the head, and all the upper parts, olive-brown,
with a dusky spot in the middle of each feather : chin whitish ; sides of
the head, sides and fore part of the neck, breast and belly, deep ash or
lead-gray ; flanks with alternate transverse bars of black and white ;
under tail-coverts white : quills dusky brown : tail blackish ; the feathers
edged with olive-brown: bill red; the culmen, and tips of both mandibles,
brown : irides red : legs and toes brownish flesh colour. A white variety
is said to have occurred not long since in Berkshire t. (Egg.) Buffy white;
the larger end speckled with ash-gray and orange-brown: long. diam. one
inch four lines ; trans, diain. one inch.

Not uncommon in most parts of the country, frequenting marshes,
streams, and the banks of rivers. Remains with us the whole year.
Nest placed amongst rushes and other aquatic herbage. Eggs six to
ten in number. Food, insects, and molluscous animals ; also vegetables.

GEN. 84. CREX, Bechst.

216. C. pratensis, Bechst. (Corn-Crake.) — Above,
rufous brown, the centres of the feathers dusky ; beneath,
yellowish white : wing-coverts ferruginous.

Gallinula Crex, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 686. Crake Galli-
nule, Mont. Orn. Diet. Land-Rail or Corn-Crake, Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. n. p. 130. Meadow or Corn-Crake, Selb. Illust. vol. n.
p. 176. pi. 30.

DIMENS. Entire length ten inches : length of the bill (from the fore-
head) nine lines and a half, (from the gape) one inch one line ; of the
tarsus one inch five lines and a half; of the tail two inches and half
a line ; from the carpus to the end of the wing five inches four lines.

* Paget's Nat. Hist. ofYarm. p. 10. t Loudon's Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 384.

218 AVES GRALLATORES. [CREX.

DESCRIPT. All the upper parts dusky brown, the feathers broadly
margined with reddish ash ; over each eye a broad cinereous streak, pro-
longed down the sides of the head and neck ; wing-coverts ferruginous
brown ; quills reddish brown, tinged with gray : under parts yellowish
white, tinged with cinereous, passing into pale yellowish brown on the
breast ; flanks and under tail-coverts with transverse bars of pale orange-
brown : upper mandible of the bill brown ; lower mandible whitish : irides
pale brown: legs yellowish brown, tinged with gray. (Egg.) Pale red-
dish white, spotted and speckled with ash-gray and pale red brown : long,
diam. one inch six lines ; trans, diam. one inch one line.

A regular summer visitant, appearing about the latter end of April,
and departing in October, Is pretty generally distributed throughout the
kingdom, though said to be most plentiful in the northern parts of it, and
in Ireland. Frequents cornfields and meadows, particularly such as are
in the neighbourhood of water. Nest on the ground, generally in high
grass, rudely constructed of moss and a few dry plants. Eggs from
seven to twelve in number, laid the middle of June. During the breed-
ing season, the male is heard to utter a singular noise resembling the
word Crex, frequently repeated. Food, insects, worms, and snails ; also
seeds and aquatic vegetables.

217. C. Porzana, Selby. (Spotted Crake.) — Above
olive-brown, with dusky streaks and white spots; beneath
cinereous olive, spotted with white.

Gallinula Porzana, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 688. Spotted
Crake, Selb. Illust. vol. 11. p. 179. pi. 30*. f. 1, & 2. Spotted
Gallinule, Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 132.

DIMENS. Entire length nine inches : length of the bill (from the fore-
head) nine lines and a quarter, (from the gape) ten lines and a half; of
the tarsus one inch four lines and a half; of the naked part of the tibia
six lines ; of the middle toe, claw included, one inch eight lines ; of the
tail two inches ; from the carpus to the end of the wing four inches eight
lines ; breadth, wings extended, fifteen inches two lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Crown of the head, back, scapulars and rump,
olive-brown, with a dusky spot in the middle of each feather, all except
the first elegantly spotted and streaked with pure white: forehead, throat,
and a broad streak above the eyes, ash-gray, the latter speckled with
white ; nape thickly spotted with black and white ; cheeks cinereous,
speckled with black ; fore part of the neck and breast pale olivaceous,
tinged with ash-gray, and spotted with white ; belly and vent cinereous
white; flanks marked with transverse bars of white, black, and oliva-
ceous brown: quills brown: wing-coverts olivaceous brown, sparingly
spotted with white : bill greenish yellow, passing into orange-yellow
at the base : irides reddish hazel : legs and toes yellowish green. In
the female, the cheeks have a reddish tinge, and are speckled with
brown. (Egg.) Pale reddish white, spotted and speckled with dark
red brown : long. diam. one inch three lines ; trans, diam. eleven lines.

Sparingly distributed over many parts of the kingdom, frequenting
marshes, the banks of rivers, and other watery places. Is usually con-
sidered as a migratory species, retiring at the approach of Winter, but
it is highly probable that many individuals remain with us throughout
the year. It is certainly to be met with from early in March to the
middle of November. Is fond of concealing itself in the thickest covert,

CRKX.] AVES GRALLATORES. 219

amongst reeds and rushes, in which situations it is not easily roused.
Nest rudely constructed of aquatic plants, and said to float upon the
water. Eggs eight to twelve in number. Food, similar to that of the
last species.

218. C. Baillonii, Selby. (Banian's Crake.) — Upper
parts olivaceous red, with numerous white spots on the
back and wings: these last reaching to half the length
of the tail : bill green : legs flesh-colour.

Gallinula Baillonii, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 692. Jard. and
Selb. Orn. pi. 15. Baillon's Crake, Selb. Illmt. vol. i. p. 182.
pi. 30*. f, 3. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xn. p. 228. pi. 27.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) eight lines, (from the gape) eight lines and a half; of the
naked part of the tibia five lines ; of the tarsus one inch and half a
line ; of the middle toe, claw included, one inch six lines ; of the tail
one inch eight lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing three
inches five lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Crown of the head, and back of the neck,
wood-brown ; throat, cheeks, front and sides of the neck, breast and belly,
bluish gray : back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, yellowish brown, tinged
with olivaceous, and marked with numerous irregular white spots, each
surrounded by a black border : flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts,
black, with narrow transverse white bars : bill dark green, thicker and
shorter than in the next species: irides reddish: legs and toes flesh-
colour. In the female the colours are the same, but of a paler tint.
(Young.) Throat, and middle of the belly, white, with transverse undu-
lations of cinereous and olivaceous brown ; flanks olivaceous, spotted with
white : upper parts as in the adult, but the white spots fewer in num-
ber : bill greenish brown. (Egg.) Light olive-brown, spotted with darker
brown : long. diam. one inch one line ; trans, diam. nine lines and a half.

A rare and accidental visitant in this country. A specimen, caught
alive at Melbourne in Cambridgeshire, in January 1823, is now in the
collection of Dr Thackeray. According to Sheppard, it has also occurred
in Suffolk. Common in the southern and eastern parts of Europe. Fre-
quents the same situations as the last species. Food similar. Nest always
placed in the vicinity of water. Eggs seven or eight in number.

219. C. pusilla, Selby. (Little Crake.) — Upper parts
olivaceous with a few white streaks ; wings without spots,
reaching to the extremity of the tail : bill and legs sap-
green.

Gallinula pusilla, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 690. Little Crake,
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 185. pi. 30*. f. 4. Little and Olivaceous
Gallinules, Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. with figs. Little Gallinule,
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. u. p. 134.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches nine lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) eight lines and a half, (from the gape) nine lines ; of
the naked part of the tibia five lines ; of the tarsus one inckone line and
a half; of the middle toe, claw included, one inch seven lines ; of the tail

220 AVES GRALLATORES. [GALLINULA.

one inch seven lines and a half; from the carpus to the end of the wing
three inches ten lines and a half.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Throat, sides of the head and neck, breast
and helly, deep bluish gray, without spots : crown of the head, and all
the upper parts, olivaceous green, with the centres of the feathers dusky ;
on the back a large blackish patch, marked with a few longitudinal white
streaks : abdomen and flanks with indistinct transverse bars of white and
brown; under tail-coverts black, barred with white: bill longer and more
slender than in the last species, of a fine sap-green, somewhat reddish at
the base : irides red : legs and toes sap-green. (Adult female.) Sides of
the head pale cinereous ; throat whitish ; front of the neck, breast and
belly, reddish ash; thighs and abdomen cinereous; under tail-coverts
tipped with white ; all the upper parts reddish brown ; on the back
a large dusky patch, sparingly spotted with white ; wing-coverts oliva-
ceous ash. (Young.) Colours paler; the whole of the throat whitish;
fore-neck and upper breast light buff; the white marks on the upper
part of the back very few in number; flanks brown, with transverse
white bars. (Egg.) Light olive-brown, spotted with darker brown : long,
diam. one inch two lines ; trans, diam. nine lines and a half.

Like the last, a very rare and only occasional visitant in this country.
Montagu's specimen was shot near Ashburton, in Devonshire, in 1809.
Others have been since killed in Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Cambridgeshire,
and Norfolk. Common in the eastern parts of Europe. Haunts and food
similar to those of the last species. Nest said to be placed amongst reeds
and other aquatic herbage. Eggs seven or eight in number. Obs. The
Olivaceous Gallinule of Montagu is supposed to be the adult state, and
the Little Gallinule of the same author the young, of this species.

GEN. 85. GALLINULA, Lath.

220. G. chloropus, Lath. (Common Gallinule.) —
Plumage above deep olive-brown ; beneath blackish gray ;
ridge of the wing, and under tail-coverts, white.

G. chloropus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 693. Common Galli-
nule, Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 137. Sclb.
Ittwt. vol. n. p. 188. pi. 31.

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches : length of the bill (from the
base of the frontal disk) one inch five lines, (from the gape) one inch one
line and a half; of the tarsus one inch eleven lines; of the middle toe
two inches eight lines and a half; of the tail two inches eleven lines ;
from the carpus to the end of the wing six inches nine lines : breadth,
wings extended, twenty inches ten lines.

DESCRIPT. Head, throat, neck, and upper part of the breast, dusky
gray ; rest of the under parts deep bluish gray, the feathers on the belly
and abdomen edged with grayish white : upper parts dark olive : flanks
with large longitudinal streaks of white : ridge of the wing, and under
tail-coverts, pure white, the latter with a few black feathers intermixed :
frontal disk, and base of the bill, red ; tip of the bill yellow : irides red :
legs and toes olive-green : on the naked part of the tibia a red circle.
(Young, till after the second autumnal moult.) Crown of the head and
nape, as well as the rest of the upper parts, olivaceous brown : throat,
front of the neck, and a spot beneath the eye, whitish; breast, belly,

FULICA.] AVES GRALLATORES- 221

and abdomen, pale gray ; flanks tinged with olivaceous : tip of the bill
greenish, passing into olivaceous brown at the base : the frontal disk of
small size, of a deep olivaceous brown : irides brown : legs olivaceous ;
the naked part of the tibia yellowish. (Egg.) Reddish white, sparingly
spotted and speckled with orange-brown: long. diam. one inch eight lines
and a half; trans, diam. one inch three lines and a half.

A common inhabitant of marshy places and the banks of rivers
throughout the country. Runs swiftly, and is also a good swimmer.
Nest constructed of rushes and other dry herbage; generally placed
on the ground near the water's edge, but occasionally in trees. Eggs
from five to eight in number, laid early in April. Food, insects, seeds,
and aquatic vegetables.

GEN. 86. FULICA, Linn.

221. F. atra. Linn. (Common Coot.) — Head and
neck black ; back black, tinged with cinereous : beneath
paler.

F. atra, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 706. Common Coot, Mont.
Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Selb. Illmt. vol. n. p. 193. pi. 32. Coot,
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 141.

DIMENS. Entire length sixteen inches : length of the bill (from the
base of the frontal disk) one inch ten lines, (from the gape) one inch five
lines; of the tarsus two inches two lines ; of the middle toe three inches
three lines ; of the tail two inches ; from the carpus to the end of the
wing seven inches nine lines.

DESCRIPT. Head and neck deep black; back, wings, and all the
upper parts, black, with a tinge of ash-gray : breast, belly, flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts, deep bluish gray : frontal disk large, of a pure
white : bill white, with a tinge of rose-red : irides crimson red : legs
and toes ash-gray, tinged with greenish ; naked part of the tibia orange-
yellow. In young birds, the frontal disk is very small ; the under parts
of the plumage pale gray. (Egg.) Stone-colour, speckled with nutmeg-
brown : long. diam. two inches one line ; trans, diam. one inch six lines.

Common in most parts of the country, frequenting lakes, rivers, and
extensive ponds. Makes a large floating nest of flags, and other aquatic
plants, and lays from eight to twelve eggs. Feeds on aquatic insects and
vegetables. Obs. The Greater Coot (F. aterrima, Linn.) is not distinct
from the present species.

222 AVES NATATORE8. [ANSER.

ORDER V. NATATORES.

GEN. 87. ANSER, Briss.
(1. ANSER, Steph.)

222. A. ferus, Steph. (Wild Goose.) — Bill strong and
elevated ; orange, the nail whitish : legs flesh-colour : wings
not reaching to the extremity of the tail.

Anas Anser ferus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 818. Gray-Lag
Goose, Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 282.
Gray-Lag Wild Goose, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 261. pi. 41.

DIMENS. Entire length two feet ten inches.

DESCRIPT. Head and neck clove-brown, tinged with gray, the fea-
thers on this last part loose and fan-owed : back, scapulars, greater and
middle wing-coverts, clove-brown, the feathers deeply edged with grayish
white ; lesser wing-coverts, and base of the primary quills, bluish gray :
breast and belly grayish-white, undulated with bars of a deeper tint :
rump, abdomen, and under tail-coverts, pure white: tail deep clove-
brown; the middle feathers edged with white; the outer one on each
side almost wholly white : bill large and elevated; orange-red, the nail
whitish: irides deep brown: legs flesh-colour. (Egg.) Ivory white:
smooth and shining : long. diam. three inches one line ; trans, diam. two
inches one line.

Said to have been formerly very plentiful in this country; and resi-
dent in the fens of Lincolnshire all the year. Now only met with in
small flocks during the winter months, and that not very frequently.
Breeds in marshes, and lays from five to ten eggs. Food, aquatic vege-
tables, and grain of all kinds. Obs. The Domestic Goose is usually con-
sidered as having been derived from this species, but such a circum-
stance is rendered highly improbable from the well known fact that
the Common Gander after attaining a certain age is invariably white.
Montagu also observes* that a specimen of the Anser ferus, which
was shot in the wing by a farmer in Wiltshire, and kept alive many
years, would never associate with the tame geese. In fact the origin
of these last is unknown.

223. A Segetum, Steph. (Bean Goose.) — Bill long,
and somewhat depressed ; orange, the base and nail black :
legs orange : wings extending beyond the extremity of the
tail.

Anas Segetum, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 820. Bean Goose,
Mont. Orn. Diet. $ Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. 11. p. 263. pi. 42.

DIMENS. Entire length two feet six inches : length of the tarsus three
inches three lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing eighteen
inches six lines.

* Orn. Diet. vol. i. Art. Goose-Gray-Lag.

ANSER.] AVES NATATORES. 223

DESCRIPT. Head, and upper part of the neck, dark cinereous brown,
the feathers of the latter having a furrowed appearance ; lower part of the
neck, breast and belly, ash-gray, clouded with shades of a deeper tint :
back, scapulars and wing-coverts, deep clove-brown, the feathers edged
with whitish : quills dark gray, passing into black at the tips ; the shafts
white : rump blackish brown : tail dusky, tipped with white : vent, and
under tail-coverts, pure white : bill black at the base and on the nail,
the middle part orange-red : irides deep brown : legs orange. Obs. This
species is subject to some little variation of plumage : the brown tint on
the upper parts prevails over the ash-colour, or the ash-colour over the
brown : the secondary quills are also sometimes edged and tipped with
white : occasionally, though very rarely, the nail of the bill is white, in
which case it becomes extremely difficult to distinguish it from the last
species, which at all times it closely resembles ; it is however smaller
than the A.ferus, and the wings when closed extend nearly half an inch
beyond the tip of the tail. (Egg.) Dull yellowish white : long, diam.
three inches five lines ; trans, diam. two inches five lines.

Much more plentiful than the last species. Visits this country in large
Hocks at the approach of Winter, resorting to fens, and also to upland
corn-fields for the sake of the green wheat. Clamorous in its flight,
which, when the flock is numerous, generally assumes a figured form.
Retires in May to more northern latitudes to breed. Said to make a nest
in marshes, amongst the coarse herbage, and to laj> from ten to twelve
eggs.

224. A. albifrons, Steph. (White-fronted Goose.) —
Bill and legs orange ; the former with the nail white :
wings reaching a little beyond the tail : a large white
space on the forehead.

Anas albifrons, Temm. Man. d*Orn. torn. n. p. 821. White-fronted
Goose, Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 294. Selb.
Illust. vol. n. p. 266. pi. 43.

DIMENS. Entire length two feet three inches : length of the bill
(from the gape) two inches ; of the tarsus three inches ; from the carpus
to the end of the wing sixteen inches.

DESCRIPT. Region of the bill, and a large space on the forehead,
pure white, the latter bordered with deep brown ; a small white spot also
under each eye : rest of the head, and neck, brownish ash : back, scapu-
lars, and flanks, clove-brown, the feathers edged with reddish ash : quills-
black ; greater wing-coverts tipped with white : breast, belly and abdo-
men, dirty white, irregularly marked with patches and transverse bars of
black: tail blackish gray; the middle feathers edged with white, the
outer one on each side almost wholly white : upper and under tail-coverts
white : bill flesh-red, tinged with orange ; the nail white : irides brown r
legs yellowish orange. In young birds, there is no white patch on the
forehead, but occasionally two or three small white spots at the base of
the bill : the head and neck are tinged with reddish ; the ash-coloured
tints on the rest of the plumage paler than in the adult. (Egg.) White,
tinged with buff: long. diam. two inches ten lines ; trans, diam. one inch
eleven lines.

Appears in small flocks during the winter months. Not uncommon in
the fenny districts in the eastern parts of England. Said to breed in the
Arctic Regions. Food, grain, seeds and vegetables.

224 AVES NATATORES.

(2. BERNICLA, Steph.)

225. A. Leucopsis, Bechst. (Common Bernicle.) —
Forehead, cheeks, and throat, white : crown, occiput, neck
and breast, black.

Anas Leucopsis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 823. Bernicle
Goose, Mont. Orn. Diet. <$• Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 268.
pi. 44. Bernacle, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 302.

DIMENS. Entire length two feet one inch.

DESCRIPT. Forehead, cheeks and throat, white; between the hill and
the eyes a dark streak ; crown, occiput, neck, and upper part of the breast,
black; back, scapulars and wing-coverts, undulated with transverse
bars of ash-gray, black, and grayish white, this last colour occupying the
tips of the feathers : quills blackish gray : under parts of the body pure
wnite, passing into ash-gray on the flanks : tail black : irides dusky
brown : bill and legs black. The young have the white on the forehead
mottled with dusky ; the feathers on the back and wings tipped with
reddish ; the flanks of a darker colour than in the adult : legs dusky
brown. (Egg.) Greenish white : long. diam. three inches ; trans, diam,
one inch eleven lines.

Common as a winter visitant on the western coast of England, and in
some parts of Ireland. Rarely seen in the southern and eastern dis-
tricts. Retires early in the year to high latitudes, where it breeds.
Food, seeds, grain, and aquatic and other vegetables.

226. A. torquatus, Frisch. (Brent Bernicle.) — Head,
neck, and breast, black ; a white patch on each side of
the neck.

Anas Bernicla, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 824. Brent Goose,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 300,
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 271. pi. 45.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-nine inches.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Head, neck, and upper part of the breast, black ;
on each side of the neck about half-way down, a patch of white, mottled
with black : back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, clove-brown, the feathers
edged with ash-gray : middle of the belly dark gray, tinged with brown ;
flanks barred transversely with gray and white ; vent, upper and under
tail-coverts, pure white : rump, quills, and tail, black : irides dusky brown :
bill and legs black. (Young of the year.) Head and neck dusky ash,
the latter without the white patch on the sides ; the feathers on the back
and breast tipped with reddish brown ; flanks gray, with transverse bars
of reddish white. (Egg.) Dull white, slightly tinged with green : long,
diam. two inches eleven lines ; trans, diam. one inch nine lines.

Like the other species of this family, a regular winter visitant. Most
abundant in the eastern and southern parts of the kingdom. Frequents
the sea coast, and also inland marshes. Retires northward in February
and March to breed. Said to lay from eight to ten eggs. Food, similar
to that of the last.

ANSER.] AVES NATATORES. 225

227. A. rufcollis, Pall. (Red-breasted Bernicle.)—
Crown and throat black ; fore-neck and breast ferruginous ;
lore, and a double longitudinal line on the sides of the
neck, white.

Anas ruficollis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. 11. p. 826. Red-breasted
Goose, Mont. Orn. Diet. Sew. Brit. Birds, vol. u. p. 280.
Selb. Illust. vol. u. p. 275. pi. 46.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-one inches, MONT.

DESCRIPT. Forehead, crown, list down the back of the neck, throat,
and a band extending upwards to the eyes, black: between the bill and
the eye, a large oval white spot ; behind the eye, and surrounding a large
patch of orange-brown on the side of the neck, a list of white, which is
further extended, and forms a line of division between the orange-brown
and black of the lower neck : fore part of the neck, and breast, fine
orange-brown; the latter margined lay a list of black, and another of
white ; a second bar of white immediately before the shoulders : back,
belly, quills and tail, black : abdomen, vent, thighs, upper and under
tail-coverts, pure white: greater wing-coverts black, edged with white:
bill reddish brown; the nail black: legs blackish brown, tinged with
red. SELB. (Egg.) Unknown.

A very rare and accidental visitant in this country. According to
Montagu, one was shot near London in 1766, and another taken alive in
Yorkshire about the same time. Other specimens are stated to have
been killed in Cambridgeshire during the severe winter of 1813. It hast
also occurred in Norfolk. Inhabits the North of Asia, about the shores of
the Frozen Sea. Appears in Russia as a regular bird of passage. Said
to breed in the northern parts of that country.

* 228. A. JEgyptiacus, Briss. (Egyptian Goose.) — Forehead, crown,
and throat, white ; a large patch encircling the eyes, and another on the
breast, chestnut-red.

Chenalopex ^gyptiaca, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. vol. xn. part 2. p. 43.
pi. 42. Egyptian Goose, Lath. Syn. vol. in. p. 453. Shaw, Nat. Misc.
vol. xv. pi. 605. Bcw. Brit. Birds, vol. u. p. 298.

DIMENS. Entire length two feet three inches : length of the bill two inches.
LATH.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Forehead, crown, and throat, white; this last somewhat
spotted with chestnut : on the sides of the head, surrounding the eyes, a large patch
of chestnut-red : upper part of the neck pale chestnut, becoming deeper at bottom
where it unites with the back : this last, and scapulars, brownish red, with numerous
transverse undulating dusky lines : wing-coverts white ; the greater ones barred
with black near their tips : primary quills black, the first fiv« entirely so, the rest
edged with glossy green : secondaries tinged with reddish bay, and edged with chest-
nut: lower back, rump and tail, black : middle of the belly white ; all the rest of
the under parts pale rufous ash, with narrow undulating dusky lines ; on the breast
a large deep chestnut-coloured spot : bill red, the tip black : eyelids red : irides
yellowish: legs red. (Female.) "Chestnut patch round the eye smaller: chin
white : the chestnut patch on the breast smaller, if not wholly wanting : lesser

white, tinged with buff: long. diam. two inches nine lines; trans, diam. two
inches.

A native of Egypt, and other parts of Africa. Has been introduced into this
country, and become partly naturalized in some places. A small flock is recorded

P

226 AVES NATATORES. [ANSER.

to have visited the banks of the Tweed, at Carham, in February 183*2, and two to
have been killed ; but according to the conjectures of Mr Selby, they had probably
made their escape from Gosforth, the seat of the Earl of Wemyss, upon the Firth of
Forth, where great numbers of these birds are kept in the artificial pieces of water.

(3. PLECTROPTERUS, Leach.)

229. A. Gambensis, Briss. (Spur-winged Goose.) —
Neck, and all the upper plumage, black, glossed with
purple on the back ; cheeks, throat, and under parts, white :
bill and legs red.

Plectropterus Gambensis, Steph. in Shaws Gen. Zool. vol. xii. part ii.
p. 6. pi. 36. Spur-winged Goose, Lath. Syn. vol. in. p. 452. pi. 102.
Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 296.

DIMENS. Size of the Common Goose, but standing higher on its
legs : length of the bill more than two inches. LATH.

DESCRIPT. Upper part of the head and neck dingy brown; ear-
coverts, and sides of the throat, white, spotted with brown ; the lower
part of the neck, sides of the breast, and all the upper plumage, ap-
pear black, but this colour is lost, particularly in the scapulars and
tertials, which are most resplendently bronzed and glossed with bril-
liant green, and most of the outer webs of the other feathers partake
of the same hue: on the bend of the wing or wrist a strong white
horny spur, turning upwards, about five-eighths of an inch (Latham
says an inch and a half) in length, and pointing rather inwards : the
whole of the edges of the wing, from the alula spuria to the elbow
and shoulder, white : all the under parts the same : bill reddish yellow :
legs and toes somewhat longer than those of the Wild Goose ; of a red or
orange-yellow. BEW. (Egg.) Unknown.

A single individual of this rare species, shot near St Germain's, Corn-
wall, June 20th, 1821, is now in the Newcastle Museum. No other has
hitherto occurred in this country. Inhabits Gambia, and other parts of
Africa. Habits and nidification unknown.

GEN. 88. CYGNUS, Meyer.

* 230. C. Guineensis, Nob. (Guinea Swan.) — An elevated knob at
the base of the upper mandible: upper parts of the body brownish gray,
the edges of the feathers paler : a black list down the nape of the neck.

Anser Guineensis, Briss. Orn. vol. n. p. 435. Chinese Goose, Lath. Syn.
vol. in. p. 447. Swan Goose, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 274.

DIMENS. Entire length three feet four inches.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) A white streak from the corners of the mouth surrounding
the base of the upper mandible : down the nape a longitudinal black stripe reach-
ing from the occiput to the back ; this last, and all the rest of the upper parts,
brownish gray, with the edges of the feathers somewhat paler : fore part of the neck
and breast yellowish brown ; belly, abdomen, and under tail-coverts, white ; flanks
brownish gray, the feathers edged with white : bill with a large protuberance at the
base of the upper mandible ; black, the base and protuberance sometimes orange :
under the throat a loose skin, forming a kind of pouch and almost bare of feathers :
legs black. (Female.) Smaller : the frontal protuberance not so much developed.
(Egg.) White : long. diam. three inches three lines ; trans, diam. two inches two
lines.

A domesticated species, common in many parts of ^ngland on artificial pieces of
water. Native country somewhat doubtful. SahTb'y some to have been brought

CYGNUS.] AVES NATATORES. 22?

originally from Guinea, Of restless habits, and very clamorous. Spends much of
its time on land, seldom taking to the water except for safety in times of danger.
Feeds on grain and vegetables. Lays in March.

* 231. C. Canadensis, Steph. (Canada Swan.) — No protuberance at
the base of the bill: head and neck black; under the throat a crescent-
shaped white patch.

G. Canadensis, Steph, in Shaw's Gen.^Zvd. vol. xn. part 2. p. 19. Anser
Canadensis, Faun. Bar. Am. part ii. p. 468. Canada Goose, Lath. Syn.
vol. in. p. 450. Wils. Amer. Orn. vol. vm. p. 53. pi. 67. f. 4. Cravat
Goose, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 276.

DIMENS. Entire length forty -one inches: length of the bill (above) two inches
two lines, (from the gape) two inches six lines; of th« tarsus three inches seven
lines ; of the tail nine inches ; of the wing nineteen inches six lines. Faun.
Bar. Am.

DESCRIPT. Head, and greater part of the neck, black ; under the throat a
crescent-shaped white patch, passing upwards behind the eyes, and reaching nearly
to the occiput; back, scapulars, wings and flanks, grayish brown, the tips of the
feathers paler : lower part of the neck in front, breast, belly, and under parts, pure
white: primary quills, rump and tail, black: bill and legs black. (Egg.) Dull
dirty white : long. diam. three inches four lines ; trans, diam. two inches four
lines.

A native of North America, from which country it has been introduced into
Europe. Is not uncommon in some parts, and may be considered as in a great
measure naturalized. Small flocks are occasionally observed in England in a state
of liberty and independance.

232. C. ferus, Ray. (Whistling Swan.) — Bill black;
the base and sides, these last to beyond the nostrils, bright
yellow : plumage white : tail of twenty feathers.

Anas Cygnus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 828. Whistling Swan,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. 11. p. 278. pi. 47.
Wild Swan, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 265. (Trachea,) Linn.
Tram. vol. iv. pi. 12. f. 1.

DIMENS. Entire length five feet: length of the bill (to the forehead)
four inches four lines and a half, (to the eye) five inches three lines ; of
the tarsus four inches ; of the middle toe six inches six lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing twenty«five inches six lines : breadth,
wings extended, seven feet ten inches. YARR.

DESCRIPT. The whole plumage pure white, with the exception of the
head and nape, which have a faint tinge of orange-yellow: bill black;
cere at the base, and a portion of the sides extending beyond the line of
the nostrils, lemon-yellow; the same cere passes backward, and forms
a yellow space round the eyes : irides brown : legs black. In the female,
the bill is of a paler yellow than in the male. In young birds, the whole
plumage is pale gray ; the cere^ and naked skin surrounding the eyes,
pale flesh-colour ; the legs reddish gray. The plumage is probably not
perfected till the fourth or fifth year. (Egg.) Dull white, faintly tinged
with greenish : long. diam. four inches one line; trans, diam. two inches
eight lines.

A periodical winter visitant in the northern parts of Britain. Seldom
observed southward except in very severe seasons. According to Low,
some few pairs remain and breed in the Orkneys; but the greater

P2

228 AVES NATATORES. [CYGNUS.

number retire to the Arctic Regions at the approach of Spring. Builds
on the ground near water, and lays from five to seven eggs. Has
a loud harsh note. Food, aquatic plants and insects.

233. C. Bewickii, Yarr. (Bewick's Swan.) — Bill black ;
the base orange-yellow : plumage white : tail of eighteen
feathers.

C. Bewickii, Yarrell in Linn. Trans, vol. xvi. p. 445. Selby in
Newcastle Nat. Hist. Trans, vol. i. p. 17. Faun. Bor. Amer.
partii. p. 465. Bewick's Swan, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 284. pi. 47*.
(Trachea,) Linn. Trans, vol. xvi. pis. 24, & 25.

DIMENS. Entire length three feet nine inches : length of the bill (to
the forehead) three inches six lines, (to the eye) four inches four lines
and a half; of the tarsus three inches nine lines ; of the middle toe five
inches three lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing twenty inches
six lines : breadth, wings extended, six feet one inch. YARR.

DESCRIPT. Closely resembling the last species, but one third smaller.
The whole plumage pure white, tinged, in immature specimens, on the
crown, nape, and belly, with reddish orange : bill black ; the cere at the
base and sides orange-yellow ; but no part of this last colour advancing
beyond the nostrils, (as in the C. ferns') : irides orange-yellow : legs
black: tail cuneiform, of only eighteen feathers*. The young are gray,
and the adult plumage is not perfected till the third or fourth year.
(Egg.) Brownish white, slightly clouded with a darker tint : long. diam.
three inches seven lines ; trans, diam. two inches six lines.

Like the last, a winter visitant. First distinguished as a peculiar
species by Mr Yarrell, and, about the same time, by Mr Richard Win-
gate of Newcastle. Breeds in the Arctic Regions. Said to possess a
weaker voice than that of the C.ferus. Habits similar.

*234. C. Olor, Steph. (Mute Swan.)— Bill red; the edges of the
mandibles, nail, and a protuberance at the base, black : plumage white :
tail of twenty-four feathers.

C. Olor, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. vol. xn. part ii. p. 15. pi. 38. Anas
Olor, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 830. Mute Swan, Lewin, Brit. Birds,
vol. vn. pi. 237. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 270.

DIMENS. Entire length five feet or upwards.

DESCRIPT. The whole plumage, without exception, pure white : bill red ; the
edges of the mandibles, nail at the tip, nostrils, and a large protuberance on the
forehead, as well as the space round the eyes, deep black: irides brown: legs
black; sometimes tinged with reddish. The female is smaller, with the frontal
protuberance not so much developed. The young of the year are ash -brown, with
the bill and legs dusky gray. In the second year the bill assumes a yellowish tint,
and white feathers appear intermixed with the gray ones. In the third year, the
plumage is perfected. (Egg*) Dull greenish white: long. diam. four inches',
trans, diam. two inches nine lines.

Well known in a domesticated or half-reclaimed state on many of our rivers and
artificial pieces of water. Found wild in the eastern parts of Europe. Makes a
nest amongst aquatic herbage in February or March, and lays from six to eight
eggs. Food, aquatic vegetables and insects ; occasionally small fish. Is destitute
of the shrill voice which distinguishes the two preceding species.

* According to Mr Thompson there are twenty tail-feathers. See Lend. $ Edinb. Phil. Mag,
Oct. 1834. p. 299.

TADORNA.] AVES NATATORES. 229

GEN. 89. TADORNA, Leach.

235. T. rutila, Steph. (Ruddy Shieldrake.) — Back,
scapulars, and under parts, ferruginous yellow; a black
collar on the neck; a large white space on the wings:
bill and legs black.

Anas rutila, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 832. Ruddy Goose,
Lath. Syn. vol. in. p. 456. Ruddy or Casarka Shieldrake, Selb.
lllust. vol. n. p. 293. pi. 48**. Ferruginous Duck, Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. n. p. 313.

DIMENS. Entire length about twenty-three inches. SELB.

DESCRIPT. Forehead, cheeks and chin, pale ochreous yellow ; region
of the eyes, crown and nape, grayish white ; neck, as far as the collar,
ochreous yellow, tinged with orange ; collar about half an inch in width,
black, glossed with green : breast, back, scapulars, and under parts of the
body, deep gallstone-yellow, tinged with orange, deepest upon the breast ;
the feathers on the upper parts with paler edges, and the ends of the
long tertials passing into sienna-yellow : lesser and middle wing-coverts
white : secondary quills, and greater coverts, green, glossed with purple,
forming a very large speculum : greater quills black : tail-coverts black,
glossed with duck-green : bill, legs and feet, black. SELB. The female,
according to Temminck, wants the black collar, and has more white
about the head and neck. (Egg.) White. TEMM.

An extremely rare and accidental visitant in this country. One killed
at Bryanston in Dorsetshire, in the Winter of 1776, is now in the New-
castle Museum. Mr Selby has figured a second individual which was
killed in the South of England, and which is in his own collection.
Inhabits the eastern parts of Europe. Said to make a nest in the
banks of rivers, or in burrows excavated for the purpose in deserted
hillocks ; occasionally in hollow trees. Lays eight or nine eggs. Food,
aquatic plants and insects.

236. T. Bellonii, Steph. (Common Shieldrake.) —
Back, wing-coverts, and flanks, white ; a broad ferruginous
band on the breast : bill, frontal protuberance, and legs,
red.

Anas Tadorna, Temm. Man. dOrn. torn. n. p. 833. Shieldrake,
Mont. Orn. Diet. $ Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 341.
Common Shieldrake, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 289. pi. 48. (Trachea,)
Linn. Trans, vol. iv. pi. 15. f. 8, & 9.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-three inches six lines: length of the
bill (from the forehead) two inches, (from the gape) two inches three
lines ; of the tarsus one inch eleven lines ; of the tail three inches eight
lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing twelve inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head, and upper part of the neck, deep blackish
green with glossy reflections ; lower part of the neck, back, wing-coverts,
flanks, rump, and base of the tail, pure white : across the breast a broad
band of ferruginous brown, the ends passing upwards and uniting be-
tween the shoulders : scapulars, a mesial abdominal list dilating at the
vent, and tip of the tail, black; under tail-coverts pale reddish brown :
primaries black: speculum rich bronzed-green: three or four of the

230 AVES NATATORES. [CAIRINA.

secondaries next the body with their outer webs rich orange-brown:
bill, and a fleshy protuberance on the forehead, blood-red : irides brown :
legs flesh-red, inclining to crimson. (Female.) Smaller ; no frontal pro-
tuberance, but a whitish spot instead : the colours in general not so
bright as in the male : the pectoral band, and abdominal list, narrower ;
the latter often interrupted by large white spots. (Young of the year.)
Forehead, cheeks, front of the neck, back, and all the under parts, white :
crown and back of the neck dusky brown, with whitish specks : the pec-
toral band faintly indicated by a very pale tinge of reddish on that part :
scapulars dusky gray, edged with pale ash : lesser wing-coverts white,
with dusky tips, having a mottled appearance: tail tipped with cine-
reous brown: bill reddish brown: legs livid gray. (Egg.) Smooth;
shining white : long. diam. two inches nine lines ; trans, diam. one inch
eleven lines.

A common species on many parts of the British coast, where it resides
all the year. Prefers flat and sandy shores. Is rarely observed inland.
Breeds in rabbit-burrows, or in holes in sand-banks excavated for the
purpose. Eggs eight to ten in number. Food, sea-weed, marine insects,
and small bivalve mollusca.

* GEN. 90. CAIRINA, Item.

* 237. C. moschata, Flem. (Musk Duck.)— Bill, legs, and naked skin
surrounding the eyes, red : plumage various.

Anas mcschata, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 199. Muscovy Duck, Lath. Syn.
vol. in. p. 476. Musk Duck, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 317. (Trachea,)
Linn. Trans, vol. xv. pi. 15. f. a.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-four inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Crown-feathers slightly elongated, forming a kind of tuft capable of
being erected : colours of the plumage extremely variable in the domesticated state ;
often wholly white, the tuft on the crown excepted, which is black ; or slate-gray,
with more or less white on the under parts : tail of twenty feathers ; the outer one
on each side always white : bill, a fleshy protuberance at its base, and a naked
papillose skin surrounding the eyes, red : legs short and thick ; red, or reddish
yellow. In the female, the naked papillose skin is of a paler hue, and does not
cover so large a part of the face: she is also smaller than the male. (Egg.)
Yellowish white: long. diam. two inches six lines; trans, diam. one incn nine
lines.

Common in a domesticated state, throughout Europe, but not indigenous.
Native country said to be America, where they are still found wild. A prolific
species, laying often, and producing from eight to twelve in a brood. Nest occa-
sionally placed in the holes of trees. Has a musky smell arising from the gland on
the rump. 06s. The Anas bicolmr of Donovan* is a hybrid between this species and
the common Domestic Duck, which not unfrequently breed together.

GEN. 91- ANAS, Linn.

(1. ANAS, Swains.)

238. A. clypeata, Linn. (Common Shoveller.) — Head
and neck glossy green ; back brown ; belly and abdomen
brownish red ; lesser wing-coverts pale blue.

A. clypeata, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 842. Shoveller, Mont,
Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 345. Common
Shoveller, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 297. pi. 48*. (Trachea,) Linn
Trans, vol. iv. pi. 13. f. 4, & 5.

* Bril. Bird*, vol. ix. pi. 212.

ANAS.] AVES NATATORES 231

DIMENS. Entire length twenty inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) two inches eight lines, (from the gape) two inches eleven lines ;
of the tarsus one inch five lines ; of the tail four inches ; from the carpus
to the end of the wing nine inches: breadth, wings extended, two feet six
inches.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head, and upper half of the neck, deep green,
with glossy reflections; lower part of the neck, breast, and scapulars,
white; belly, abdomen, and flanks, brownish red: back, and primary
quills, umber-brown : lesser wing-coverts pale blue ; greater ones tipped
with white, forming an oblique bar across the wings and an upper border
to the speculum, which last is of a brilliant grass-green : rump, upper and
under tail-coverts, brown, glossed with blackish green ; sides of the rump
white : tail brown, the feathers edged with white ; the outer one wholly
white : bill black : irides yellow : legs orange. (Female.) Head pale red-
dish brown, with fine dusky streaks; rest of the upper parts dusky brown,
the feathers edged with reddish white : under parts reddish, with large
brown spots : lesser wing-coverts slightly glossed with pale blue : spe-
culum not so bright as in the male. Obs. During the breeding season
the male has a red breast, in which state it is the Red-breasted Shoveller
of Pennant : after the expiration of that season, he partially assumes the
female plumage, which is retained till the period of the autumnal moult.
(Egg.) White, tinged with green : long. diam. two inches two lines ;
trans, diam. one inch six lines.

Not a very abundant species, but met with occasionally during the
winter months, principally in the eastern parts of the country. A few
pairs are said to remain and breed in the marshes in Norfolk. Nest
placed near the water's edge amongst aquatic herbage. Eggs twelve
to fourteen in number. Food, worms and aquatic insects.

(2. CHAULIODUS, Swains.)

239. A. Strepera, Linn. (Gadwall.) — Back, breast,
scapulars and flanks, dusky brown, marked with undulating
white lines: speculum white.

A. Strepera, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 837. Gadwall, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 348. Common Gadwall,
Selb. Illust. vol. ii. p. 301. pi. 51, & pi. 49*. f. 1. Gould, Europ.
Birds, part viii. (Trachea,) Linn. Trans, vol. iv. pi. 13. f. 7, & 8.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch nine lines, (from the gape) two inches ; of the tarsus
one inch six lines ; of the tail three inches five lines ; from the carpus to
the end of the wing ten inches seven lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head and neck grayish white, speckled with
brown; lower part of the neck, breast, and back, clove-brown, marked
with crescent-shaped white lines; scapulars and flanks undulated with
white and blackish brown ; middle wing-coverts chestnut-brown ; greater
coverts, rump, and upper and under tail-coverts, black, glossed with pur-
plish blue : speculum white : belly and abdomen white, minutely speckled
with grayish brown: tail cinereous, edged with white: bill brownish
black, pale beneath : legs orange. (Female.) Not very dissimilar to the
male, but with the undulating lines and crescent-shaped bars less dis-
tinctly marked. (Young of the year.) " Of a uniform rusty brown above,
each feather having a central mark of dusky black ; the under surface
white." GOULD. (Egg.) "Greenish ash-colour." TEMM.

232 AVES NATATORES. [ANAS.

A winter visitant, but not of very common occurrence. According to
Temminck, is very abundant in Holland, frequenting the same situations
as the common Wild Duck. Breeds in marshes, and lays eight or nine
eggs. Food, fish, and aquatic insects and vegetables.

(3. DAFILA, Leach.)

240. A. acuta, Linn. (Pintail.) — A longitudinal
white line on each side of the occiput ; back and flanks
undulated with black and grayish white; two central
elongated tail-feathers black.

A. acuta, Temm. Man. cTOrn. torn. n. p. 838. Pintail Duck,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 356.
Common Pintail, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 311. pi. 49, & pi. 49*. f.2.
(Trachea,) Linn. Trans, vol. iv. pi. 13. f. 6.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-six inches; the same, central tail-
feathers excluded, twenty-four inches : length of the bill (from the fore-
head) two inches, (from the gape) two inches three lines ; of the tarsus
one inch seven lines; of the middle toe, nail included, two inches four
lines ; of the tail six inches ; from the carpus to the end of the wing ten
inches six lines.

DE SCRIPT. (Male.) Forehead and crown umber-brown, the feathers
with paler edges ; rest of the head, chin, and throat, dark hair-brown,
slightly glossed behind the ears with purplish green : fore part of the
neck, and two lateral streaks passing upwards to the occiput, white ; neck
above deep blackish brown : the whole of the back, flanks, and sides of
the breast, beautifully marked with transverse undulating lines of black
and grayish white : scapulars black ; tertials long and acuminated, velvet
black, with a broadish edging of grayish white : wing-coverts and pri-
maries hair-brown : speculum blackish green, glossed with purple, bor-
dered above by a pale ferruginous bar, below by a white one : breast,
belly, and abdomen, white ; the latter minutely speckled with gray to-
wards the vent : tail, and upper coverts, dark cinereous brown, the edges
of the feathers paler ; two central elongated feathers, and under coverts,
black: bill black, the sides of the upper mandible bluish gray: legs
blackish gray. (Female.) Smaller than the male: head and neck red-
dish brown, speckled and streaked with dusky : all the upper plumage
blackish brown, the feathers edged with reddish white : under parts red-
dish yellow, obscurely spotted with brown : speculum dull, without the
green gloss ; bordered above with yellowish, beneath with whitish : tail
conical, but the two middle feathers scarcely longer than the others. Obs.
The male of this species (as in the case of the Shoveller) partially
assumes the female plumage after the expiration of the breeding season :
it is, however, not retained beyond the autumnal moult. (Egg.) Greenish
white, tinged with buif: long. diam. two inches three lines ; trans, diam.
one inch seven lines and a half.

Not of unfrequent occurrence during the winter months. Breeds in
higher latitudes. Said to lay eight or nine eggs. Food, aquatic insects
and vegetables, fish, and molluscous animals.

(4. BOSCHAS, Swains.)

241. A. glocitans. Pall. (Eimaculated Duck.) — Before
and behind the eyes an irregular patch of chestnut-brown ;

ANAS.] AVES NATATORES. 233

back and flanks undulated with black : two middle tail-
feathers somewhat elongated, straight.

Querquedula glocitans, Vigors in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 559.
Bimaculated Duck, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. n. p. 602. pi. 100.
no. 287, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 362. Bimaculated Teal,
Selb. Ittust. vol. n. p. 321. pis. 55, & 55*.

DIMENS. Length of the body, bill included, fifteen inches nine lines ;
of the bill (to the forehead) one inch and nine-tenths, (to the gape) two
inches and one-tenth ; of the tarsus one inch and six lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing eight inches and two-fifths. VIG.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Forehead, crown, and occiput, very deep reddish
brown, glossed with purplish black, passing, on the hinder part of the
neck, into deep violet purple : between the bill and the eye, and behind
the ear-coverts, two large irregular patches of chestnut-brown, margined
and varied with white : cheeks, and sides of the neck, glossy duck-green,
the rest of the upper neck, and throat, greenish black: front of the lower
neck, and sides of the breast, reddish brown, with oval black spots;
middle part of the breast pale reddish brown, spotted with black: ground-
colour of the back pale sienna-yellow, undulated with black lines ; scapu-
lars the same, tipped with glossy Scotch blue ; wing-coverts hair-brown,
the lower row tipped with pale wood-brown ; speculum dark green, glossed
with purple : upper and under tail-coverts greenish black, glossed with
purple : tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers black, narrow and acumi-
nated, considerably longer than the others, which are hair-brown, edged
with white : belly and abdomen yellowish white, with undulating black
lines, darkest and most distinct upon the flanks : bill blackish gray, pass-
ing towards the base and margins, into dirty orange-yellow : legs pale
orange. SELB. (Female.) Chin and throat pale buff; head and neck
the same, but spotted and streaked with black, the spots largest and most
distinct upon the crown ; lower neck, and sides of the breast, pale yel-
lowish brown, with blackish brown spots ; middle of the breast, and belly,
white; abdomen white, with faint hair-brown spots; flanks variegated
with yellowish brown and blackish brown : upper parts blackish brown,
the feathers deeply edged with reddish white and yellowish brown; lesser
wing-coverts hair-brown, the lower tier deeply tipped with pale reddish
brown : upper half of the speculum green, with purple reflections ; the
lower half velvet-black, with white tips to the feathers : quills and tail
hair-brown, the latter edged with white and reddish white : legs orange-
yellow. SELB.

Very little is known of this extremely rare species, which was first
described by Pennant from a male specimen taken in a decoy in 1771.
Two other individuals, a male and female, occurred near Maldon in
Essex, in the Winter of 1812-13. These last, which are described in
the Linnsean Transactions by Mr Vigors, are now in the Museum of
the Zoological Society. Habits and nidification unknown. Stated by
Pallas to be a native of Siberia, frequenting Lake Baikal and the
River Lena.

242. A. Boschas, Linn. {Mallard.) — Head, and upper
part of the neck, deep green; below the green a white
collar : four middle tail-feathers (in the male) recurved.

234 AVES NATATORES. [ANAS.

A. Boschas, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 835. Common Duck,
Mont. Orn. Diet. $ Supp. Common Wild Duck, Selb. Illust.
vol. n. p. 305. pis. 50 & 50*. Mallard, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n.
p. 325. (Trachea,) Linn. Trans, vol. iv. pi. 13. f. 10.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-four inches : length of the bill (from
the forehead) two inches three lines, (from the gape) two inches seven
lines; of the tarsus one inch eleven lines; of the middle toe, nail included,
two inches five lines ; of the tail three inches five lines ; from the carpus
to the end of the wing ten inches nine lines : breadth, wings extended,
three feet.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head, and upper half of the neck, deep emerald-
green, approaching to black on the cheeks and forehead; beneath the
green a white collar ; rest of the neck, and breast, dark chestnut ; upper
part of the back, wing-coverts, and primary quills, cinereous brown of dif-
ferent tints, the first with fine transverse lines of gray ; rump, upper and
under tail-coverts, blackish green ; scapulars, flanks, abdomen, and sides
of the rump, grayish white, with fine transverse undulating lines of clove-
brown ; some of the outer scapulars chestnut, with the transverse lines
darker : speculum deep Prussian-blue, with purple and green reflections ;
bounded above and below by a double border, the inner one velvet-black,
the outer one white : tail grayish brown, all the feathers bordered with
white: bill greenish yellow: irides reddish brown: legs orange. (Female.)
Smaller : all the upper parts umber-brown, of diiferent shades, the fea-
thers edged with pale reddish brown: head and neck with dusky streaks;
throat whitish ; breast and under parts yellowish gray, obscurely spotted
and streaked with brown : speculum as in the male : four central tail-
feathers straight : bill greenish gray. The young males, till after the
Jirst moult, resemble the females. (Egg.) Smooth ; greenish white : long,
diam. two inches three lines and a half ; trans, diam. one inch seven lines.

A common species in most parts of the country during the winter
months, some few remaining to breed. Frequents lakes, marshes, and
rivers. Nest generally placed on the ground amongst aquatic herbage ;
sometimes in trees. Eggs ten or twelve in number. The young are called
Flappers. Food, insects, slugs, grain, and aquatic vegetables. Obs. The
Domestic Duck derives its origin from this species.

* (19.) A. adunca, Linn. (Hook-billed Duck.) Lath. Syn. vol. HI.
p. 495. Don. Brit. Birds, vol. ix. pi. 218.

Differs from the Common Mallard in the bill being broader, longer, and
inclined more downwards at the tip. In other respects similar. It does
not seem to be satisfactorily determined, whether it be a peculiar species,
or only a variety of that last described ; probably, however, the latter. Not
uncommon in the domestic state.

243. A. Querquedula, Linn. (Garganey.) — Crown,
occiput, and list on the nape, dark brown ; a white stripe
from the eye down each side of the neck : speculum
grayish green.

A. Querquedula, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 844. Garganey,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 372.
Garganey Teal, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 318. pi. 53. (Trachea,)
Linn. Trans, vol. iv. pi. 13. f. 2, & 3,

ANAS.] AVES NATATORES. 235

DIMENS. Entire length sixteen inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Crown, occiput, and a list down the back part of
the neck, dark umber-brown ; throat black ; over each eye a band of pure
white, prolonged down the sides of the neck; cheeks, and upper part of
the neck, chestnut-brown, with fine longitudinal streaks of white ; lower
part of the neck, and breast, pale yellowish brown, beautifully marked
with crescent-shaped black bars : back grayish black, the feathers edged
with ash-colour and yellowish brown ; scapulars long and narrow, black,
with a broad central white streak; wing-coverts bluish ash: speculum
grayish green, bordered above and below by a white bar : belly white ;
flanks marked with transverse undulating black lines : vent, upper and
under tail-coverts, yellowish white, spotted with black : tail dusky gray,
the edges of the feathers lighter: irides light hazel: bill and legs blackish
gray. (Female.) Smaller : throat white : head, neck, and upper parts of
the body, brown, approaching to dusky, the feathers with pale whitish
edges : the streak behind the eye very faint and ill-defined : lower part
of the breast, and belly, white ; flanks and abdomen spotted with brown :
wing-coverts dark ash-gray; speculum dull, the green tinge almost
wanting. The young males resemble the females : as they advance to
maturity, the plumage assumes a mixed character. (Egg.) Buff-colour :
long. diam. one inch nine lines ; trans, diam. one inch three lines.

Met with in small numbers principally during the winter arid spring
months, and probably remains to breed in some parts of the country, but
this last point does not appear to have been fully ascertained. Frequents
marshes and the reedy banks of rivers. Nest placed on the ground in
situations of the above nature. Eggs ten or twelve. Food, slugs, insects,
seeds, and aquatic plants.

244. A. Crecca, Linn. (Teal.) — Crown, cheeks, and
neck, ferruginous brown; from the eyes to the nape a
broad longitudinal band of green: speculum, half green
and half black.

A. Crecca, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 846. Teal, Mont. Orn.
Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 374. Common Teal, Selb. Illust.
vol. n. p. 315. pi. 54. (Trachea,) Linn. Trans, vol. iv. pi. 13. f. 1.

DIMENS. Entire length fourteen inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch five lines, (from the gape) one inch eight
lines; of the tarsus one inch two lines; of the tail three inches two lines;
from the carpus to the end of the wing seven inches five lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male) Crown of the head, cheeks, front and sides of the
neck, ferruginous brown ; on the sides of the head, inclosing the eye, a
large patch of deep green, passing off backwards to the nape in the form
of a broad band ; sides of the lower part of the neck, back, scapulars, and
flanks, beautifully marked with transverse undulating lines of black and
white ; some of the longer scapulars cream-yellow, with a portion of their
outer webs velvet-black : lower part of the neck in front, and breast, red-
dish white, with round black spots: wing-coverts brown, tinged with
gray; speculum deep green in the middle, velvet-black at the sides,
bordered above by a broad white bar : belly and abdomen white : under
tail-coverts blackish brown, bordered at the sides with yellowish white :
tail cuneiform, brown, the feathers edged with white : bill dusky gray :
irides light hazel : legs brown, with a tinge of ash-gray. (Female.) Ex-
tremely similar to that of the last species, but may always be distin-
guished by the speculum, which is of the same dark black and green

236 AVES NATATORES. [MARECA.

colours as in the male : head, neck, and all the upper parts, dusky brown,
the feathers more or less broadly edged with pale reddish brown ; throat,
cheeks, and a band behind the eyes, yellowish white, spotted with black :
under parts yellowish white. The young males resemble the female.
(Egg.*) White, tinged with buff : long. diam. one inch nine lines ; trans.
diain. one inch four lines.

A common species during the winter months, appearing in small flocks,
and frequenting fresh waters. Remains to breed in some parts of the
country. Nest (according to Selby) composed of rushes and other aquatic
grasses, and lined with down. Eggs ten to twelve in number. Food,
similar to that of the Garganey. Obs. The name of Summer Teal ap-
pears to be applied in some places indiscriminately to this and the last
species, when met with during the Spring of the year.

GEN. 92. MARECA, Steph.

245. M. Penelope, Selb. (Wigeon.) — Forehead yel-
lowish white ; rest of the head, and neck, chestnut-red :
back and flanks undulated with black and white.

Anas Penelope, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 840. Wigeon,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 350.
Common Wigeon, Selb. lUust. vol. n. p. 324. pi. 52. (Trachea,)
Linn. Trans, vol. iv. pi. 13. f. 9.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch six lines, (from the gape) one inch nine lines ; of the
tarsus one inch six lines; of the tail three inches ten lines; from the
carpus to the end of the wing ten inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Forehead and crown cream-yellow; rest of the
head, and upper part of the neck, chestnut-red, the cheeks speckled
with black ; throat black ; lower part of the neck, and breast, vinaceous
red : back and flanks marked with transverse undulating lines of black
and white ; scapulars black, edged with white ; wing-coverts white, some
of the lesser ones nearest the body pale grayish brown : quills cinereous
brown : speculum composed of three bars, the middle one glossy green,
the upper and under ones black : belly and abdomen white : tail cunei-
form ; the two middle feathers pointed, and considerably longer than the
others ; of a blackish gray colour : under tail-coverts black : bill bluish
gray, the tip black: irides hazel: legs dusky lead-colour. (Female.)
Head and neck rufous brown, speckled with dusky; back and scapu-
lars dusky brown, the feathers with reddish edges; wing-coverts brown,
edged with whitish ; speculum without the gloss of dark green : breast,
belly, and abdomen, much as in the male : flanks rufous brown, the tips
of the feathers inclining to ash-gray : bill and legs dusky gray. Obs.
This species appears to be subject to considerable variation of plumage.
In very old males, according to Temminck, the forehead alone is yel-
lowish white, this colour not extending over the crown. Young males
of the year resemble the female. (Egg.) Brownish white : long. diam.
two inches; trans, diam. one inch seven lines.

A winter visitant of common occurrence in most parts of the country.
Frequents rivers and marshes, as well as inlets of the sea. Keeps in
flocks, and has a peculiar whistling note. Breeds in the north of Europe,
and is said to lay eight or nine eggs. Food, aquatic insects and vege-
tables, mollusca, and small fish. In confinement, has been known to
breed with the Pintail and the Common Duck.

SOMATERIA.] AVES NATATORES. 237

* GEN. 93. DENDRONESSA, Swains.

* 246. D. Sponsa, Swains. (Summer Duck.) — A pendent occipital
crest, variegated with green, purple, and white.

D. Sponsa, Faun. Bor. Amer. part ii. p. 446. Summer Duck, Lath. Syn.
vol. in. p. 546. Wits. Amer. Orn. vol. vin. p. 97. pi. 70. f. 3. (Trachea,)
Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. App. last plate, f. 5.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-one inches: length of the bill (above) one inch
four lines and a half, (to gape) one inch ten lines; of tarsus one inch six lines ; of
middle toe and claw two inches ; of tail four inches six lines ; of folded wing nine
inches. Faun. Bor. Am.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head above, and space between the eye and the bill, glossy
dark green ; cheeks, and a large patch on the sides of the throat, purple, with blue
reflections ; pendent occipital crest of green and auricula purple, marked with two
narrow white lines, one of them terminating behind the eye, the other extending
over the eye to the bill ; sides of the neck purplish red, changing on the front of the
neck and sides of the breast to brown, and there spotted with white : scapulars,
wings and tail, exhibiting a play of duck-green, purple, blue, and velvet-black,
colours ; interscapulars, posterior part of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts,
blackish green and purple ; several of the lateral coverts reddish orange ; a hair-
like, splendent, reddish purple tuft on each side of the rump ; the under coverts
brown : chin, throat, a collar round the neck, a crescentic bar on the ears, the
middle of the breast, and whole of the abdomen, white : flanks yellowish gray,
finely undulated with black ; the tips of the long feathers, and also of those on the
shoulder, broadly barred with white and black : inner wing-coverts white, barred
with brown : almost all the coloured plumage shows a play of colours with metallic
lustre : bill red ; a space between the nostrils, its tip, margins, and lower mandible,
black: legs orange. Faun. Bor. Am. (Female.) Without the fine lines on the
flanks, and the hair-like tufts on the sides of the rump : crest shorter : the plumage
less vivid, particularly about the head, where it is mostly brown. Faun. Bor. Am.
(Egg.) Smooth ; yellowish white : long. diam. one inch ten lines ; trans, diam. one
inch six lines.

A pair of these birds, male and female, were shot about two or three years since
near Dorking in Surrey, but as the species is strictly a native of America, and is
often kept in aviaries, its claims to a place in the British Fauna must be considered
as extremely doubtful. It is probable that the above individuals had escaped from
confinement. Common in Mexico, and other parts of North America ; breeding in
hollow trees. Said to lay thirteen eggs. Food, according to Wilson, principally
acorns, seeds of the wild oats, and insects.

GEN. 94. SOMATERIA, Leach.

247. S. mollissima, Leach. (Eider Duck.) — Lateral
prolongations at the base of the bill in the form of two
narrow flat lamellae: bill and legs greenish gray.

Anas mollissima, Temm. Man. a" Orn. torn. n. p. 848. Eider Duck,
Mont. Orn. Diet. $> Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 305.
Common Eider, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 338. pis. 70, & 70*. (Trachea,)
Linn. Trans, vol. xn. pi. 30. f. 1, & 2.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-four inches: length of the bill (from
the forehead) two inches three lines, (from the gape) two inches ten
lines ; of the tarsus two inches ; of the tail four inches ; from the carpus
to the end of the wing eleven inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Contour of the frontal lamellse, forehead and
crown, taking in the eyes, black, glossed with violet; a longitudinal
band on the top of the head, cheeks, throat, and front of the neck,
whitish; occiput, nape, and a large patch beneath the temples, green-
ish white ; lower part of the neck, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts,

238 AVES NATATORES. [SOMATERIA.

curved tertiaries, and sides of the rump, pure white; breast white, with
a tinge of vinaceous red : belly, abdomen, and rump, deep black : quills
and tail-feathers dark ash-gray : bill dull green : irides brown : legs dull
greenish gray. {Female.) The whole plumage reddish brown, with trans-
verse black bars : head and back part of the neck marked with dusky
streaks: wing-coverts black, edged with ferruginous: across the wing
two rather indistinct white bars : belly and abdomen dark reddish brown,
with obscure transverse black bars. Young males are said not to attain
to maturity till the fourth year. According to Montagu, during the first
year, the back is white, and the usual parts, except the crown, black ;
but the rest of the body variegated with black and white. In the second
year, the crown of the head is black, and the neck and breast spotted with
black and white. (Egg.) Smooth, shining, olive-green : long. diam. three
inches ; trans, diam. two inches one line.

Common in the northern parts of Britain, particularly in the Scotch
Islands, where it breeds. Rarely observed southwards; but has been
killed in a single instance on the coast of Devon. Nest placed on the
ground, near the edge of the sea, or on projecting rocks, formed of sea-
weed, and copiously lined with down, which the female plucks from her
body. Eggs five or six in number. Food, marine plants and insects,
small fish, and bivalve mollusca.

248. S. spectabilis, Leach. (King Duck.) — Lateral
prolongations at the base of the bill in the form of two
elevated, compressed tubercles : bill red : legs ochre-
yellow.

Anas spectabilis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 851. King Duck,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 310. King Eider,
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 343. pi. 71. (Trachea,) Linn. Trans, vol. xv.
pi. 15. f. c & d.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-four inches six lines : length of the
bill (from the forehead) one inch two lines, (from the gape) two inches
seven lines ; of the tarsus one inch ten lines and a half; of the tail four
inches three lines ; of the wing eleven inches six lines : height of the frontal
tubercles one inch six lines ; breadth of ditto one inch. Faun. Bor. Am.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Contour of the frontal tubercles, under eyelid,
edge of the upper one, and two converging bands on the throat, meet-
ing on the chin, rich velvet-black : crown, occiput, and nape, fine bluish
gray : cheeks and ear-coverts glossy pea-green, passing into dull white
towards the chin and neck ; a whitish line from the corners of the eye
down the sides of the occiput reaching to the nape; lower part of the
neck, and breast, white tinged with buff; upper part of the back, wing-
coverts, and a large space on each side of the rump, pure white : scapu-
lars, secondaries, curved tertiaries, lower part of the back, rump, tail-
coverts, belly, and abdomen, deep black : greater quills and tail blackish
brown : bill vermilion -red ; frontal tubercles, and base of the lower man-
dible, orange : legs ochre-yellow. (Female.) " Exactly resembling the
female Eider, except that the frontal plates of the upper mandible, in-
stead of being almost horizontal, are more nearly vertical. The bill is
also shorter than that of the Eider." Faun. Bor. Am. (Young male.)
" Head and neck dusky yellowish gray, crowded with blackish spots :
upper plumage mostly pitch-black, with yellowish brown edgings : breast
and Hanks yellowish brown, spotted and barred with black; belly the

OJDEMIA.] AVES NATATORES. 239

same colours intimately mixed: bill as in the female." Faun. Bor. Am.
(Egg.) Greenish yellow white : long. diam. two inches nine lines ; trans.
diam. one inch nine lines.

A native of high northern latitudes, but met with occasionally in small
numbers in some of the Scotch Islands. Mr Bullock is stated by Mon-
tagu to have found it breeding in Papa Westra, one of the Orkneys, in
the latter end of June. The nest was on a rock impending the sea. Eggs
six in number, covered, as in the case of the last species, with the down
of the female. Very rare on the English coast, but has been killed at
Aldborough in Suffolk.

GEN. 95. OIDEMIA, Flem.

249. O. fusca, Flem. (Velvet Scoter.) — Black; a white
speculum on the wings : legs red.

Anas fusca, Temm. Man. a" Orn. torn. n. p. 854. Velvet Duck,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol.n. p. 320. Velvet Scoter,
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 333. pi. 67. (Trachea,) Linn. Trans, vol. xvi.
pi. 21. f.2,&3.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-three inches : length of the bill (from
the forehead) one inch eight lines, (from the gape) two inches seven
lines ; of the tarsus one inch nine lines ; of the tail three inches ten
lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing ten inches ten lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) A small crescent-shaped spot beneath the eyes,
and speculum on the wings, white; all the rest of the plumage deep
velvet-black : bill orange ; a protuberance at the base, nostrils, and mar-
gins of both mandibles, black: legs and toes scarlet-red; membranes
black. (Female.) Similar to the male, but smaller, with the upper
plumage more inclining to brown ; under parts gray, spotted and streaked
with dusky brown ; between the bill and the eye, and on the orifice of the
ears, a grayish white spot : bill blackish brown ; slightly inflated at the
base : legs and toes dull red. (Egg.) Buff-colour: long. diam. two inches
ten lines ; trans, diam. one inch ten lines.

A periodical winter visitant, but not very numerous in the southern
parts of the country. Frequents the sea-coast, and is very rarely observed
inland. Breeds, according to Temminck, in the Arctic Regions, and lays
from eight to ten eggs. Dives well in search of its food, which consists
principally of bivalve mollusca.

250. O. nigra, Flem. (Black Scoter.) — The whole
plumage black ; no speculum on the wings : legs dusky

Anas nigra, Temm. Man. d"Orn. torn. n. p. 856. Scoter, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 322. Black Scoter,
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 329. pi. 68.

DIMENS. Entire length eighteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch eight lines, (from the gape) two inches ; of the tarsus
one inch nine lines ; of the tail three inches four lines ; from the carpus
to the end of the wing eight inches nine lines : breadth, wings extended,
two feet nine inches. (Female.)

DESCRIPT. (Male.) The whole plumage, without exception, deep
velvet-black, with glossy reflections : bill, and a globular protuberance at
the base, black; the latter divided longitudinally by a mesial band of

240 AVES NATATORES. [OIDEMIA.

orange yellow, which, passing onwards, spreads over half the bill, but
does not reach the tip by half an inch : irides brown : orbits yellow :
tarsi and toes dusky gray ; membranes black. (Female.) Crown, occiput
and nape, dusky brown; cheeks, throat and breast, dull brown, with a
mixture of ash-gray : back, wings, and under parts of the body, deep
brown, the feathers edged at the tips with whitish brown : bill somewhat
elevated at the base, but without the globular protuberance ; of a blackish
colour ; the nostrils, and a spot towards the tip, yellowish : orbits brown.
(Young male, during the first year.) " Resembles the adult female, but the
colours are somewhat paler : space between the eye and the bill, crown,
occiput, nape and breast, deep brown; beneath the eyes, sides and fore
part of the neck, pure white ; the rest of the plumage sooty-brown : bill
elevated at the base ; livid brown ; the nostrils flesh-colour : legs dirty
yellowish green; membranes dusky." TEMM. (Egg.) Pale buiF-colour:
long. diam. two inches six lines; trans, diam. one inch nine lines.

Like the last a winter visitant. Not uncommon on most parts of the
British coast, but seldom observed inland. Breeds in high northern
latitudes. Dives well, and feeds principally on shell-fish.

(20.) O. pcrspicillata, Steph. (Surf Scoter.) Faun. Bor. Amer.
part ii. p. 449. Selb. Illust. vol. H. p. 335. pi. 69. Anas persp.,
Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 853. Wils. Amer. Orn. vol. vm.
p. 49. pi. 67. f. 1.

According to Temminck, this species, which is plentiful in North Ame-
rica, has occurred occasionally in the Orkneys. It does not, however,
appear to have been met with by any of our own naturalists, nor am I
aware that any native specimens exist in our collections. It is distinguished
from the 0 nigra, which it most nearly resembles, by a frontal band, and
a large patch on the nape, of pure white : rest of the plumage black : no
speculum.

(21.) 0. leucocephala, Steph. (White-headed Scoter.) Flem. Brit.
An. p. 119. Anas leuc., Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 859.

Dr Fleming is of opinion that the female Scoter described by Montagu in
the Supp. to the Orn. Diet, and the White-throated Duck of Pennant (Brit.
Zool. vol. n. pi. 98.) are referable to this species, to which he has accord-
ingly given a place in the British Fauna. It is, however, very probable,
that the individuals above alluded to may have been only immature speci-
mens of the 0 nigra, which has generally more or less white on the head
and neck during the first year. There is no good authority for considering
the O leucocephala as British. It inhabits the eastern parts of Europe, and,
according to Temminck, is never found in Holland.

. GEN. 96. FULIGULA, Ray.

251. F. rufina, Steph. (Red-crested Pochard.) — Head,
throat, and crest, reddish brown ; lower part of the neck,
breast, belly and abdomen, deep black; flanks, a large
spot on the shoulders, and speculum on the wing, white:
bill and legs red.

F. rufina, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. vol. xn. part ii. p. 188. pi. 54.
Anas rufina, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 864. Yarrellin Zool.
Journ. vol. ii. p. 492. Red-crested Duck, Lath. Syn. vol. in.
p. 544. Red-crested Pochard, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 350. (Trachea,)
Linn. Trans, vol. xv. pi. 15. f. e.

FULIOULA.] AVES NATATORES. 241

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-one inches; length of the bill (from
the forehead) two inches two lines, (from the gape) two inches three
lines; of the tarsus one inch four lines and a half; from the carpus to
the end of the wing ten inches.

DESCRIPT. (Mate.) Head, cheeks, throat, and upper part of the neck,
reddish brown or bay; the feathers on the crown elongated, and of a
silky texture, forming a crest, somewhat paler than the rest of the head ;
lower part of the neck, breast, belly, and abdomen, deep black : back*
wings, and tail, pale brown : flanks, bend of the wing, a large spot on the
sides of the back, speculum, and basal part of the primary quills, white :
bill, tarsi, and toes, bright red : nail of the bill white : membranes of the
feet black : irides bright red. (Female.) " Crown, occiput and nape, deep
brown ; the crest less tufted ; cheeks, throat, and sides of the neck, ash-
brown; breast and flanks yellowish brown; belly and abdomen gray:
back, wings, and tail, brown, with a slight tinge of ochre ; no white
spot on the sides of the back ; speculum half grayish white, the other half
pale brown ; base of the quills white tinged with brown : bill, tarsi, and
toes, reddish btown." TEMM. (Immature male.) Nape, fore part of the
neck, and breast, dark brown ; abdomen of a lighter brown ; flanks white,
tinged with pink: tail ash-brown; upper and under taiUcoverts dark
brown: legs and toes orange: the rest as in the adult. (Egg.) Uni-
form olive-brown: long. diam. two inches two lines; trans, diam. one
inch six lines.

An immature male of this species, supposed to be in the second year,
was shot near Boston, in January 1826, while feeding on fresh water in
company with some Wigeons. It is now in the collection of Mr Yarrell.
Since then a second individual has occurred in the London markets ; a
third has been shot at Yarmouth ; and a fourth killed near Colchester.
This last is in the Museum of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Said
to inhabit the north-eastern parts, of Europe. Food, according to Tem-
minck, shell-fish and aquatic vegetables.

252. F. ferina, Steph. (Common Pochard.) — Head
and neck bright chestnut ; breast black ; flanks and scapu-
lars with undulating lines of black and grayish white :
no speculum : bill black, with a broad transverse blue
band.

Anas ferina, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 868. Pochard, Mont.
Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 353. Red-
headed Pochard, Selb. Illust. vol. it. p. 347. pi. 63. f. 1. (Trachea,)
Linn. Trans, vol. iv. pi. 14. f. 5.

DIMENS. Entire length nineteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) two inches, (from the gape) two inches three lines; of the
tarsus one inch nine lines ; of the tail two inches six lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing eight inches three lines : breadth, wings
extended, twenty-nine inches seven lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head and neck bright chestnut-red: upper part
of the back, breast, and rump, black ; middle and lower regions of the
back, scapulars, wing-coverts, flanks, and thighs, grayish white, with
numerous fine undulating black lines ; belly and abdomen whitish, very
faintly undulated in the same manner, the lines becoming darker towards

Q

242 AVES NATATORES. [FULIGULA.

the vent : secondary quills bluish gray : primaries, and tail, dark cine-
reous brown, approaching to dusky : upper and under tail-coverts black :
bill black, with a broad transverse band in the middle of deep bluish
gray: irides orange-yellow : legs bluish gray; membranes black. (Female.')
Crown, nape, sides of the neck, and upper part of the back, reddish
brown; throat, and fore part of the neck, white, mixed with reddish;
breast reddish brown, the feathers edged and mottled with reddish white ;
flanks with large brown spots ; middle of the belly grayish white : back
and wings much as in the male, but the undulating lines less distinct.
Young males of the year resemble the female. In those of one and
two years, the breast is dusky brown, and the head and neck not so
bright as in the adult. (Egg.) Greenish white : long. diam. two inches
three lines and a half; trans, diam. one inch seven lines and a half.

Not uncommon on the British coasts during the winter season. Has
been known to breed in Norfolk, but the greater part retire northwards
in the Spring for that purpose. Eggs twelve to fourteen in number.
Food, small fish, marine plants, and insects.

253. F. Nyroca, Steph. (Nyroca Pochard.) — Head,
neck, breast, and flanks, ferruginous: irides, and a spot
on the chin, white: speculum white, edged with black
beneath : bill and legs bluish gray.

F. Nyroca, Steph. in Shaws Gen. Zool. vol. xn. partii. p. 201. pi. 55.
Anas leucophthalmos, Temm. Man. d"0rn. torn. u. p. 876. Olive-
tufted Duck, Sow. Brit. Misc. pi. 21. Ferruginous Duck, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. u. p. 601. pi. 99.? Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. with
Jig. Castaneous Duck, Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. App. Bew. Brit.
Birds, vol. n. p. 315. Nyroca Pochard, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 352.
pi. 63. f. 2. (Trachea,) Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. App. last pi. f. 1.

DIMENS. Entire length (male) sixteen inches six lines, (female)
eighteen inches. MONT.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head and neck dark ferruginous; on the lower
part of the neck a narrow collar of blackish brown ; back, scapulars, and
wing-coverts, dusky brown, somewhat glossed with green and purple re-
flections, the whole finely powdered with pale reddish brown : a whitish
spot on the chin ; lower part of the neck, breast, and flanks, bright fer-
ruginous ; belly and under tail-coverts pure white ; abdomen and vent
blackish gray, finely speckled with yellowish white: speculum white,
edged with black at the lower part : primaries dusky : tail, and upper
tail-coverts, dusky brown, with a slight dash of ferruginous : bill and legs
bluish gray ; the nail of the bill, and the membranes of the toes, black :
irides white. (Female.) Head, neck, breast, and flanks, brown, all the
feathers tipped with reddish ; the collar on the lower part of the neck
indistinct : upper parts dusky, the feathers tipped with pale brown : the
rest as in the male. (Young of the year.) " Crown of the head dusky
brown : all the feathers on the upper parts edged and tipped with reddish
brown : the white on the belly clouded with pale brown." TEMM. (Egg.)
"White, tinged with greenish." TEMM.

A rare species in this country, but met with occasionally during the
winter months. Frequents rivers, extensive lakes, and other inland
waters. Said to breed in marshes and on the rushy banks of rivers,
laying from eight to ten eggs. Food, insects, aquatic vegetables, &c.

FULIGULA.] AVES NATATORES. 243

Obs. The Collared Duck of Donovan*, is either a female or a young
male of this species, with a slight variation of plumage. The Ferru-
ginous Duck of Pennant is also probably referable to this species in
some one of its different states.

254. F. dispar^, Steph. (Western Pochard.) — White;
beneath ferruginous : forehead, and occipital band, green ;
orbits, throat, collar and back, black.

F. dispar, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. vol. xn. part ii. p. 206.
Anas dispar, Gmel. Syst. torn. i. part ii. p. 535. Western Duck,
Penn. Arct. Zool. vol. n. p. 289. pi. 23. Lath. Syn. vol. in. p. 532.
Id. Supp. p. 275. Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. i. pi. 32. Western Pochard,
Shaw, Gen. Zool. 1. c. Selb. lllust. vol. n. p. 360. pi. 66**.

DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches. LATH.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Crown, sides of the head and neck, and hind part
of this last for half-way, white ; across the forehead a band of pea-green ;
a transverse fascia on the nape of the same colour, but deeper, at the
lower corner of which, on each side, is a round black spot of the size of a
pea; behind the eye, another spot of the same colour, but irregular in
shape : chin, throat, and fore part of the neck, black, communicating with
a collar of the same which surrounds the neck about the middle ; from
the hind part of this the black passes down over the back, quite to the
tail : breast and sides pale ferruginous, deepening into chestnut at the
middle, growing still deeper as it passes on towards the vent, where the
colour is black: wing-coverts white; primary quills dusky black ; second-
aries six inches long, and curving downwards, partly white, partly black,
the colours divided obliquely on each feather; scapulars also long, and
curving elegantly downwards over the greater coverts, as in the Gar-
ganey ; each of these has the web next the body scarcely broader than
the shaft itself, and both of them white; the other web very broad, and
black : tail pointed, brown : bill and legs black. LATH. (Female.) The
whole plumage mixed brown and ferruginous, not unlike that of the
Woodcock : the quills all straight, and of a dusky colour ; some of the
secondaries with white tips, forming a spot on the wing; some of the
wing-coverts also tipped with white: legs black. LATH. (Egg.) Un-
known.

Only one individual of this species has hitherto occurred in Britain.
This, which was a male specimen, is recorded to have been shot at Caistor
near Yarmouth, in February 1830. It is now in the Norwich Museum.
Said to inhabit Kamtschatka, and the western coast of America, breeding
amongst rocks. Pennant states that it flies in flocks, and never enters
the mouths of rivers.

255. F. Marila, Steph. (Scaup Pochard.) — Head
and neck black, glossed with green ; back and scapulars
whitish, with undulating black lines ; belly, flanks, and
speculum on the wing, white ; bill blue ; legs ash-colour.

* Brit. Birds, vol. vi. pi. 147.

t I have followed Stephens and Selby in referring this species to the present genus, until its
true situation be determined. It may be questioned, however, whether it be not more properly
an Oidemia.

Q2

244 AVES NATATORES. [FULIGULA

Anas Marila, Temm^ Man, d'Orn. torn. it. p. 865. Scaup Duck,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 339.
Scaup Pochard, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 354. pis. 66, & 66 *. (Trachea,)
Linn. Trans, vol. iv. pi. 14. f. 3, & 4.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch ten lines, (from the gape) two inches three lines ; of
the tarsus one inch five lines and a half; of the tail two inches seven
lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing eight inches six lines.

DE SCRIPT. (Male.) Head and upper part of the neck greenish black,
with glossy reflections ; lower part of the neck, and breast, pitch-black :
upper part of the back, and scapulars, grayish white, with fine, distant,
transverse, undulating, black lines : first three primaries, and greater
wing-coverts, dusky ; lesser coverts the same, but finely powdered with
white ; the rest of the primaries, and all the secondaries, white, with
dusky tips, forming a bar across the wings when closed : rump, tail, and
upper tail-coverts, deep brown, approaching to black: belly and flanks
pure white, the latter slightly undulated with black: vent, and under
tail-coverts, spotted With brown : bill pale grayish blue ; the nail black :
irides bright yellow: legs ash-gray; the membranes dusky. (Female.)
A broad, transverse band of yellowish white surrounding the base of the
bill ; rest of the head, and neck, chocolate-brown ; lower part of the neck,
breast, and rump, deep brown ; back and scapulars dusky brown, with
minute specks and close undulating lines of grayish white; flanks spotted
and undulated with brown : irides dull yellow. (Young male,) More or
less similar to the adult fetnale : some white feathers at the base of the
bill ; the black on the head and neck without gloss, and mixed with fea-
thers of a dusky brown colour : the white on the back variegated with
brown spots ; and the undulating lines closer together than in the adult
male: belly dirty white, spotted with gray; flanks spotted with dusky-
brown. (Egg.) Greenish yellow white: long. diam. two inches five lines;
trans, diam. one inch eight lines and a half.

A regular winter visitant, and not uncommon at that season on most
parts of the British coast. Occasionally met with inland on fresh waters.
Retires in the Spring to high northern latitudes to breed. Food, marine
plants and insects, fish, and molluscous animals. Obs. The Anas free-
nata of Sparraann* is the female of this species. ,

256. F. cristata, Steph. (Tufted Pochard.) — Head*
neck, crest, and upper parts, black, with glossy reflections ;
belly, flanks, and speculum on the wing, white: bill and
legs bluish gray.

Anas Fuligula, Temm. Man. dCOrn. torn. n. p. 873. Tufted Duck,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 370. Tufted
Pochard, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 357. pi. 65.

DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch seven lines, (from the gape) one inch nine lines and a
half; of the tarsus one inch four lines and a half; of the tail two inches
four lines; from the carpus to the end of the wing eight inches two lines:
breadth, wings extended, twenty-eight inches two lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head, neck, breast, and a pendent crest of elon-
gated feathers on the occiput, black, with green and purple reflections :
hack, wings, and rump, brownish black, slightly glossed with green, and

* Sow. Brit. Mite. pi. 62.

CLANGULA.] AVES NATATORES. 245

finely powdered with grayish white : belly, flanks, and a transverse bar
on the wings, pure white; vent black: bill pale bluish gray; the nail
black : irides gamboge-yellow : legs bluish gray ; the membranes dusky.
(Female.) Smaller than the male ; the crest shorter, and of not so bright
a colour : head, neck, breast, and upper part of the back, dull black,
clouded with deep brown ; back and wings dull blackish brown, speckled
with grayish brown; breast and flanks with large spots of reddish brown;
belly whitish, tinged with reddish brown : speculum smaller than in the
male : bill and legs of a deeper colour : irides pale yellow. (Young
of the year of both sexes.) " No indication of a crest : a large whitish
spot on the sides of the bill ; some white also on the forehead and occa-
sionally behind the eyes : head, neck, and breast, dull brown, this last
variegated with reddish brown : back and wings dusky brown, the fea-
thers edged with paler brown : flanks reddish brown : the bar on the
wings small and whitish: abdomen variegated with brown and ash-
colour: irides dirty yellow. Young males have the belly of a purer
white than young females. After the first moult, the white at the base
of the bill disappears ; the crest begins to shew itself ; and the plumage
becomes deeper coloured." TEMM. (Egg.) Greenish white, spotted with
light brown : long. diam. two inches one line ; trans, diam. one inch five
lines.

Like the last species, a winter visitant. Met with on the coast, and
also not unfrequently on fresh waters. Said to breed within the Arctic
Circle. Food, similar to that of the preceding.

GEN. 97- CLANGULA, Flem.

257. C. chrysophthalmos, Steph. (Golden-Eye Garrot.)
— A large patch before the eye, lower neck, all the under
parts, and speculum on the wing, white ; legs orange-
yellow.

Anas Clangula, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 870. Golden-Eye,
Mont. Orn. Diet. # Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 365.
Common Golden-Eye Garrot, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 367. pi. 62.
(Trachea,) Linn. Trans, vol. iv. pi. 15. f. 1, & 2.
DIMENS. Entire length eighteen inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch three lines, (from the gape) one inch seven
lines; of the tarsus one inch six lines; of the tail three inches seven lines;
from the carpus to the end of the wing eight inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) A large white space at the corner of the bill,
immediately beneath the lore ; rest of the head, and upper half of the
neck, glossy black, with green and violet reflections ; lower part of the
neck, breast, belly, abdomen, and flanks, pure white : back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts, deep glossy black : scapulars partly white and partly
black ; primary quills, four outer secondaries, and coverts bordering the
wing, brownish black; rest of the secondaries, middle and greater coverts,
white : tail blackish gray : bill black : irides golden yellow : legs orange ;
the membranes, and joints of the toes, dusky. (Female.) No white space
at the corner of the bill ; the whole head, and upper part of the neck,
deep umber-brown ; lower part of the neck, belly, and abdomen, pure
white ; breast and flanks deep ash-colour, margined with grayish white :
all the upper parts grayish black, the feathers edged and tipped with ash:
greater coverts white, tipped with black ; lesser coverts blackish gray,
tipped with white : bill black ; the tip yellowish : irides and legs pale

246 AVES NATATORES. [CLANGULA.

yellow. Young males of the year resemble the adult female. At the
end of the first year, the white patch at the base of the bill begins to
shew itself, and the head becomes black, but without any glossy reflec-
tions. (Egg.) Buff-coloured white: long. diam. two inches four lines;
trans, diam. one inch seven lines.

Met with in small flocks during the winter season, but not very plen-
tiful. Frequents principally rivers, lakes, and other inland waters. Re-
tires northward in the Spring to breed. Said to lay as many as fourteen
eggs. Food, aquatic insects and vegetables, small fish, and mollusca.
Obs. The Anas Glaucion of Linnaeus may be referred either to the
female, or to the young, of this species.

258. C. histrionica, Steph. (Harlequin Garrot.) — A
large patch on the lore, spot on the ears, longitudinal band
on the sides of the neck, collar, and pectoral fascia on each
side, white : speculum blue : legs dusky.

C. histrionica, Steph. in Shows Gen. Zool. vol. xn. part ii. p. 180.
pi. 57. Anas histrionica, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. u. p. 878.
Sow. Brit. Misc. pi. 6. Harlequin Duck, Mont. Orn. Diet.
Harlequin Garrot, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 371. pi. 60.

DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches : length of the bill one inch
six lines. MONT.

DESCRIPT. (Male.) Head and neck black, glossed with violet: a large
patch between the bill and the eye, a spot behind the eyes, a longitudinal
band on the sides of the neck, collar lower down, a broad crescent-shaped
fascia on the sides of the breast, and part of the scapulars, all pure white :
lower part of the neck, and breast, bluish ash; flanks ferruginous; belly
brown : back, wings, and rump, glossy black, with blue and violet reflec-
tions : speculum on the wing very deep violet : bill black : irides brown :
legs, and membranes of the toes, dusky blue. TEMM. (Female.) Smaller :
all the upper plumage deep brown, clouded with ash-colour : towards the
forehead, and a little before the eyes, a small white spot; a large patch of
the same colour on the orifice of the ears : throat whitish ; breast and
belly whitish, clouded and spotted with brown; flanks reddish brown.
TEMM. (Egg.) White, tinged with buff-colour : long. diam. two inches
two lines ; trans, diam. one inch seven lines.

A very rare occasional winter visitant. A pair, male and female, killed
some years back in the north of Scotland, were in the collection of the
late Mr James Sowerby. A young female has also been shot in one of
the Orkney Islands. According to Messrs. C. and J. Paget*, it has also
been obtained in one instance in the market at Yarmouth. Common
in the northern parts of Europe and America. Said to breed on the
borders of waters, amongst shrubs and herbage, and to lay from ten to
twelve eggs. Food, shell-fish and insects. Obs. The Anas minuta of
Linnaeus is the female of this species.

(22.) C. albeola, Steph. (Buff el-headed Garrot.) Faun. Bor. Amer
part ii. p. 458. Anas albeolay Wils. Amer. Orn. vol. vm. p. 51
pi. 67. f. 2 & 3. Don. Brit. Birds, vol. x. pi. 226.

Inserted as British by Donovan in his " British Birds," but without any
authority being given. A common species in North America.

* Nat, Hist. ofYarm. p. 12.

HARELDA.] AVES NATATORES. 247

GEN. 98. HARELDA, Leach.

259. H. glacialis, Steph. (Long-tailed Hareld.) —
Crown and nape white ; a large chestnut patch on the
sides of the neck : bill black, with a transverse orange
band : legs yellow.

Anas glacialis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 860. Sabine in
Linn. Trans, vol. xn. p. 555. Long-tailed Duck, Mont. Orn.
Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 359. Long-tailed
Hareld, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 363. pi. 61. (Trachea,) Linn.
Trans, vol. xn. pi. 30. f. 3, & 4.

DIMENS. Entire length, central tail-feathers included, twenty-two
inches. MONT.

DE SCRIPT. (Adult male in winter.) Crown of the head, nape, front
and lower part of the neck, pure white ; cheeks and chin ash-gray ; on
each side of the upper part of the neck a large patch of chestnut-brown :
breast, back, wings, rump, and the two elongated central tail-feathers,
brownish black: scapulars, and lateral tail-feathers, white; the former
long, narrow, and acuminated : flanks cinereous ; belly and abdomen
white : bill black, with a broad transverse band of deep orange before
the nostrils: irides reddish yellow: legs yellowish; the membranes of
the toes dusky. (Adult female.) ** Forehead, chin, and eyebrows, whitish
ash ; crown of the head, and the large patch on the sides of the neck, dusky
ash : nape, front and lower part of the neck, as well as the belly and
abdomen, pure white : breast variegated with brown and dark ash-colour :
back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, blackish brown, the feathers edged and
tipped with reddish ash : the rest of the upper parts sooty brown : tail short,
the central feathers not elongated ; blackish brown, edged with white :
bill bluish ; the transverse band yellowish : irides light brown : legs bluish
gray." TEMM. (Male in summer.) "The whole under part of the neck,
and breast, black ; sides of the head, and a little beyond the eye, brownish
white ; round the eye some white feathers ; from the bill a black line runs
on the top of the head to the crown, which is black ; back of the neck chiefly
black, but at a small distance below the crown with a few white feathers
intermixed ; the black of the back of the neck extends down the back, but
in the centre of the upper part of the back near the neck is a patch of
black feathers edged with ferruginous ; scapulars long and narrow, black
in the centre, and edged with ferruginous white, the longer ones having
more white ; wings brownish black, the quills being palest ; lower belly
and sides to the rump, and under tail-coverts, white, a line of black de-
scending between the white from the back to the tail." SAB. (Young of
the year.) Not very different from the adult female : face, crown, occiput,
and nape, grayish white, mottled with brown and ash-colour; on the
sides of the neck a large dusky patch ; throat and upper part of the neck
in front, belly and abdomen, white ; lower part of the neck in front, and
upper part of the breast, spotted and variegated with brownish ash ; sides
of the breast with transverse crescent- shaped bars of the same colour;
back, and rest of the upper parts, deep brown ; the scapulars edged with
ash-colour, and some of the shorter ones with white feathers intermixed ;
tail short, the two middle feathers not elongated. (Egg.) Greenish
yellow white : long. diam. two inches two lines ; trans, diam. one inch six
lines and a half.

A regular winter visitant in the Orkneys, and on the northern coasts
of England and Scotland. Seldom met with in the southern parts of

248 AVES NATATORES. [MERGUS-

Britain; such individuals generally young birds. Breeds in the Arctic
Regions. Nest said to be placed amongst grass, near the edge of the
sea. Eggs, according to Temminck, five in number ; according to others,
from ten to fourteen. Food, marine insects, and bivalve mollusca. Obs.
The Anas hy emails of Linnaeus is the male of this species in summer
plumage.

GEN. 99. MERGUS, Linn.

260. M. Merganser, Linn. (Goosander.) — Breast,
and speculum on the wing, white; the latter without
transverse bars : bill and legs red : crest (in the adult
male) short and bushy.

M. Merganser, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. u. p. 881. Goosander,
Mont. Orn. Diet. $ Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 375. pi. 57.
Goosander and Dun-Diver, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. pp. 250, &
253. (Trachea,) Linn. Trans, vol. xv. pi. 15. f. h.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-four inches : length of the bill (from
the forehead) two inches four lines, (from the gape) three inches one
line; of the tarsus two inches one line; from the carpus to the end of the
wing ten inches six lines. (Young male.) The adult sometimes attains a
length of twenty-nine inches.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Head and upper part of the neck glossy
greenish black ; the feathers on the crown and occiput elongated, forming
a short crest : lower part of the neck, breast, belly, and abdomen, cream-
yellow, fading after death to pure white : upper part of the back, inner
scapulars, humeral wing-coverts, bastard winglet, basal halves of the
greater coverts, and fourteen outer quills, black; outer scapulars, all
the lesser coverts except the humeral ones, six of the secondary quills,
and tips of the greater coverts immediately above them, white: lower
back, rump, and tail, deep ash-gray : bill vermilion red ; the ridge and
nail black : irides red : legs vermilion. (Adult female.) Crown, and occi-
pital crest (the latter longer and more slender than in the male), ferrugi-
nous brown ; rest of the head, and upper part of the neck, bright ferrugi-
nous ; chin and throat pure white ; lower part of the neck before, sides
of the breast, flanks, and thighs, white and ash-colour mixed ; belly and
abdomen yellowish white : back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and tail, deep
ash-colour : primaries dusky ; six of the secondaries, and tips of the im-
pending coverts, white, forming a large speculum : bill dull red ; the
ridge and nail blackish : irides brown : legs yellowish red. The young
males of the year resemble the adult female. At the end of the first
year, the white on the throat begins to be spotted with black ; the crown
becomes dusky, and the ferruginous brown on the neck is edged at
bottom with black ; the white also appears on the wing-coverts. (Egg.)
Pale olive white, tinged with buff: long. diam. two inches six lines; trans,
diam. one inch eight lines.

Found in the Orkneys, and some other of the Scotch Islands, through-
out the year. In England, only a winter visitant, and seldom seen at all
in the more southern districts except in severe seasons. Frequents lakes,
large rivers, and estuaries. Nest said to be placed amongst loose stones
near the edge of the water, occasionally in bushes, or in hollow trees.

MERGUSL.] AVES NATATORES. 249

Eggs twelve to fourteen in number. Food, fish and amphibious reptiles.
Obs. The Dun-Diver of English authors (M. Castor, Linn.) is the female
of this species.

261. M. Serrator, Linn, (Red-breasted Merganser.)
— Breast (in the male) reddish brown: speculum white,
divided by one or two transverse bars : bill and legs red :
crest (in the adult male) long, slender, pendent.

M. Serrator, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 884. Red-breasted
Merganser, Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 257.
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 379. pis. 58, & 58*. (Trachea,) Linn. Trans.
vol. iv. pi. 16. f. 1, & 2.
DIMENS. Entire length twenty-two inches.

DESCRIPT. {Adult male.) Head, a pendent crest on the occiput, and
upper part of the neck, greenish black, with glossy reflections ; lower
part of the neck white, the mesial line behind black; breast reddish
brown, spotted and variegated with black; near the insertion of the
wing, several large white spots bordered with black ; upper part of the
back, scapulars, edge of the wing and adjoining coverts, and primary
quills, black ; the rest of the coverts, and secondary quills, white, but
these last, as well as the greater coverts, black at the base, the whole
together forming a large speculum divided by two transverse bars ; some
of the secondaries nearest the body white edged with black : lower part
of the back, rump, and flanks, grayish white, with fine transverse undu-
lating black lines ; belly and abdomen white ; tail brown : bill orange-
red ; the ridge and nail dusky : irides red : legs orange. (Adult female.)
Head, crest, and neck, dull ferruginous ; throat white ; fore part of the
neck and breast variegated with white and ash-gray ; lower part of the
neck behind, back, rump, wings, and scapulars, dark ash-colour; spe-
culum white, with one transverse bar, by which it may always be dis-
tinguished from the female of the last species, which in other respects
it greatly resembles ; belly and abdomen white ; flanks dark ash-colour :
bill and legs dull orange : irides brown. (Young male of the year.)
Head deep brown; throat grayish white; bill pale red; irides yellow-
ish: in other respects like the adult female. (Egg.) Smooth and
shining; buff-colour: long. diam. two inches six lines; trans, diam.
one inch nine lines.

A winter visitant in England, and not often met with in the southern
counties. More abundant northward. Breeds in some of the Scotch lakes.
Nest, according to Selby, composed of small sticks and grass, lined with
the down of the female ; built in the thick herbage on the edge of the
main land, or on small islets in the lake. Eggs nine in number. Food
and habits similar to those of the last species.

262. M. cucullatus, Linn. (Hooded Merganser.) —
Head, neck, and upper parts, dusky brown ; beneath white :
bill and legs reddish brown : crest (in the adult male)
semicircular, compressed.

M. cucullatus, Faun. Bor. Amer. part ii. p. 463. Hooded Mer-
ganser, Lath. Syn. vol. in. p. 426. pi. 101. Wils. Amer. Orn.
vol. viii. p. 79. pi. 69. f. 1. Selb. in Trans, of Nat. Hist. Soc.
of Newcast. vol. i. p. 292. ' Id. Illust. vol. n. p. 383. pi. 58**.

-250 AVES NATATORES. [MERGUS.

DIMENS. Entire length eighteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch eight lines, (from the gape) two inches ; of the tarsus
one inch three lines ; of the tail three inches ten lines ; from the carpus
to the end of the wing seven inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) Head and neck brownish black; the former
furnished with a large, erect, compressed, semicircular crest, extending
from the forehead to the occiput ; frontal portion of the crest, space above
the eyes, and a narrow edging all round, black ; the remaining part of
the crest, and a space on the sides of the occiput commencing five lines
behind the eyes, white : back, rump, tail, primaries, and lesser wing-
coverts, dark cinereous brown, inclining in some places to dusky : greater
coverts, and secondary quills, black at the base, the tips of the former
and outer borders of the latter white ; the whole together forming a spe-
culum consisting of four bars, black and white alternately : scapulars long
and pointed, greenish black, streaked longitudinally down the middle
with white : sides of the breast with two or three crescent-shaped trans-
verse black bars; flanks, and sides of the body near the bend of the wing,
finely undulated with black and yellowish brown ; rest of the under parts
pure white : bill and legs reddish brown. (Adult female.) Forehead,
sides of the head, and all the neck, dark ash-colour ; crest shorter than
in the male, reddish ash, without any white : all the upper plumage dark
brown, approaching to dusky, with a tinge of cinereous : upper part of
the breast, and flanks, lead-gray, the feathers edged with white : the rest
much as in the male. (Young female ?) «* Chin grayish white, speckled
with grayish brown ; the whole of the face, cheeks, and neck, of an uni-
form grayish brown, or mouse-colour; crown of the head darker; occi-
pital crest pale reddish brown, tinged with gray; breast gray, the margins
of the feathers paler ; upper back and wing-coverts grayish black, the
feathers margined with obscure grayish brown ; scapulars and lower back
black; margins of four or five of the secondary quills white, forming
a small spot in the middle of the wings ; quills and tail grayish black ;
lower part of the breast, belly, and abdomen, pure white, with a silken
lustre ; sides and flanks deep grayish brown ; bill reddish brown at the
base, the tip black; legs reddish brown." SELB. (Egg.) White.
LATH.

A single individual of this species, supposed to be a young female, of
which the above is a description borrowed from Selby, was killed near
Yarmouth in Norfolk, in the Winter of 1829. It is a native of North
America, and had never before been seen in Europe. According to
Latham, appears at Hudson's Bay as a summer visitant at the end of
May, and builds close to the lakes. Nest composed of grass, lined with
feathers from the breast. Eggs four to six in number. Frequents fresh
waters.

263. M. albellus, Linn. (Smew.) — Head, neck, and
all the under parts, white ; cheeks and occiput greenish
black : bill and legs bluish gray : crest (in the adult male)
bushy, moderately elongated.

M. albellus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. tom.u. p. 887. Smew, Mont. Orn.
Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n . p. 260. Selb. Illust. vol. 1 1.
p. 385. pi. 59. (Trachea,) Linn. Trans, vol. iv. pi. 16. f. 3, & 4.
DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch three lines, (from the gape) one inch eight lines ; of
the tarsus one inch six lines.

PODICEPS.] AVES NATATORES 251

DESCRIPT. (Adult male.) A large patch on each side of the base of
the bill enclosing the eyes, and another longitudinal one on the occiput,
black glossed with green ; rest of the head, occipital crest, neck, some of
the lesser wing-coverts, and all the under parts, pure white : two crescent-
shaped fasciae advancing forwards from the shoulders on each side, and
partly encircling, one the lower part of the neck, the other the upper part
of the breast, black ; back, lesser coverts bordering the wing, and primary
quills, black; scapulars white, edged on the outer webs with black;
secondary quills and greater coverts black, tipped with white : tail and
upper tail-coverts bluish gray : flanks and thighs with transverse undu-
lating lines of black : bill and legs deep bluish gray ; the membranes of
the toes dusky. (Female.) Crown, cheeks, and occiput, reddish brown ;
crest shorter than in the male ; throat, sides and front of the upper part
of the neck, belly, and abdomen, white ; lower part of the neck, breast,
and flanks, clouded with ash-colour : back, tail, and upper tail-coverts,
deep ash-gray: wings much as in the male, only the dark parts gray
instead of black. The young of the year resemble the adult female,
After the second moult, the male begins to shew a few black feathers
on the sides of the face, the first indication of the large patch which cha-
racterizes that part in the adult ; some white appears on the crown and
occiput ; the back becomes partially black ; and the two crescent-shaped
fasciae are faintly traced out on the sides of the breast. (Egg.) " Whitish."
TEMM.

A winter visitant, but not of very frequent occurrence. Principally
met with in the neighbourhood of fresh waters. Breeds in high latitudes
on the borders of lakes and rivers. Eggs, according to Temminck, from
eight to twelve in number. Food, fish, and aquatic vegetables. Obs.
The Minute Merganser of Montagu and other English authors (M.
minutus, Linn.) is referable to the female and young of this species.

GEN. 100. PODICEPS, Lath.

264. P. cristatus, Lath. (Great Crested Grebe.) — Bill
longer than the head, reddish, the tip white ; distance from
the nostrils to the tip about eighteen lines.

P. cristatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 717. Crested Grebe,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 394. pi. 73. Great Crested
Grebe, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 153.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-one inches : length of the bill, from
the forehead, two inches.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in perfect plumage.) Streak above the eye, cheeks,
and throat, white : crown of the head, occipital crest, and a large ruff of
feathers standing out round the neck, glossy black, passing into reddish
yellow on the sides of the head : fore part of the neck, and all the under
parts of the body, silvery white : hind part of the neck, back, scapulars,
and wing-coverts, dusky brown: secondaries pure white, forming an
oblique bar across the wings: naked space between the bill and the
eye red : bill reddish, dusky brown on the ridge, the tip grayish white :
irides crimson red : legs dusky ; internally yellowish white. (From two
to three years of age.) "Occipital crest very short, edged with white ;
face white, without the reddish tinge; the feathers of the ruff' very short;
a dusky streak passing from the bill beneath the eyes, and reaching to

252 AVES NATATORES. [PomcEPs

the occiput. (Young before the age of two years.) No occipital crest
or ruff round the neck : forehead and face white ; these parts as well
as the upper part of the neck with zigzag streaks of dusky brown dis-
posed in every direction: irides pale yellow. The young of the year
before the first moult have the head and upper part of the neck deep
brown." TEMM. (Egg.) White : long. diam. two inches two lines ;
trans, diam. one inch six lines.

Not an uncommon species, remaining with us the whole year. Fre-
quents lakes and extensive tracts of fen; during severe weather in
Winter, the sea-coast and the estuaries of large rivers. Is said to breed
in the meres of Shropshire and Cheshire, and also in Lincolnshire. Makes
a large floating nest of aquatic plants. Eggs four in number. Food, prin-
cipally fish. Dives well, and is rarely seen on land. Obs. The Tippet
Grebe of Pennant (C. Urinator, Linn.) is this species in its immature
state.

265. P. rubricollis, Lath. (Red-necked Grebe.) — Bill
of the length of the head, black, towards the base yellow ;
distance from the nostrils to the tip thirteen or fourteen
lines : no ruff; occipital crest very short.

P. rubricollis, Temm. Man. d Orn. torn. n. p. 720. Red-necked
Grebe, Mont. Orn. Diet. $ Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n.
p. 161. Selb. Illust. vol. H. p. 392. pi. 72.

DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch nine lines, (from the gape) two inches two
lines ; of the tarsus two inches two lines ; from the carpus to the end of
the wing seven inches two lines : breadth, wings extended, twenty-nine
inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Forehead, crown, and occipital tuft, blackish
brown : cheeks and throat ash-gray : back part of the neck, and all
the upper parts of the body, deep blackish gray : front of the neck,
sides and upper part of the breast, bright orange-brown; rest of the
under parts white ; flanks and thighs with a few dusky streaks : lower
half of the secondary quills white : bill black, with the base of both man-
dibles bright gamboge-yellow: irides reddish brown: legs externally
black; internally yellowish green. (Young, at the age of two years.)
Throat and cheeks white : forehead, crown, and rest of the upper parts,
dusky brown, without any elongated feathers on the occiput : sides of the
neck, and upper part of the breast, pale reddish, mixed with dusky and
brown ; rest of the under parts white, faintly spotted with dusky on the
flanks and towards the vent : base of the bill livid yellow. (Egg.) Dirty
white : long. diam. one inch ten lines ; trans, diam. one inch four lines.

Of rare occurrence in this country, particularly in the adult state.
Abundant in the eastern parts of Europe. Frequents rivers and lakes,
and also the sea-coast. Food, small fish, aquatic insects and vegetables.
Nest said to resemble that of the last species. Eggs three or four in
number.

266. P. cornutus, Lath. (Sclavonian Grebe.) — Bill
strong, shorter than the head, compressed throughout its
length ; black, the tip red : eyes with a double iris : distance
from the nostrils to the tip of the bill seven lines.

PODICEPS.] AVES NATATORES. 253

P. cornutus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. 11. p. 721. Sclavonian Grebe,
Mont. Orn. Diet. $ Supp. with fig. Horned Grebe, Selb. Illust.
vol. ii. p. 397. pi. 74.

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) ten lines and a half, (from the gape) one inch four
lines; of the tarsus one inch eight lines: breadth, wings extended, twenty-
two inches.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Forehead, crown, and an ample ruff surrounding
the upper part of the neck, deep glossy black; above and behind the eyes
two large spreading tufts of feathers of an orange-red colour, resembling
horns : nape, and all the upper parts of the body, dusky brown : secondaries
white : front of the neck, and breast, bright ferruginous chestnut ; rest
of the under parts pure white, with the exception of the flanks, which are
tinged with ferruginous : base of the bill, and naked space between it and
the eyes, rose-red ; rest of the bill black, the extreme tip red : irides with
a double circle ; the inner one yellow ; the outer and broader one bright
red: legs externally black, internally gray. (Young, during the first
year.) Head, nape, and all the upper parts, dusky ash, deepest on the
head, where it approaches to black, with a slight gloss of green ; no indi-
cations of a ruff or tufts above the eyes : throat and cheeks pure white ;
a narrow line of the same colour extends from behind the ears on each
side to the back of the head : middle of the fore part of the neck ash-
colour ; sides of the breast, and flanks, tinged with dusky ; rest of the
under parts, as well as the secondary quills, pure white : bill dusky, with
the sides of the upper, and base of the under, mandible, of a livid flesh-
colour, the tip pale brown : the inner circle of the iris white ; the outer
one red: legs externally dusky; internally bluish ash. (Egg.) Dirty
greenish white : long. diam. one inch nine lines ; trans, diam. one inch
three lines.

More common than the last species, but not very plentiful, at least in
the adult state. Found on fresh waters, as well as on the sea-coast. Food,
similar to that of the two preceding species. Constructs a floating nest
amongst reeds and rushes* and lays three or four eggs. Obs. The second
of the two states of plumage described above is that of the Dusky Grebe
of Pennant, (P. obscurus, Lath.) which Temminck considers as the young
of this species. Not being prepared to prove to the contrary, I have fol-
lowed him in this last instance. Yet the correctness of such an opinion
may reasonably be called in question on the ground of anatomical differ-
ences observed by Mr Yarrell. This last gentleman remarked that in
an adult male specimen of the P. cornutus, the stomach was membrano-
muscular, and the csecal appendages only an inch and a half in length ;
whereas in a specimen of the P. obscurus dissected by him, the stomach
was more decidedly muscular, and the csecal appendages nearly five inches
in length. These facts appear to indicate a difference of species.

267- P. auritus, Lath. (Eared Grebe.) — Bill shorter
than the head, depressed at the base, slightly recurved at
the tip, black : iris single : distance from the nostrils to the
tip of the bill six lines and a half.

P. auritus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 725. Eared Grebe,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. with fig. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n.
p. 157. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 399. pi. 74.

254 AVES NATATORES. [PODICEPS

DIMKNS. Entire length twelve inches: length of the bill (from the
forehead) eleven lines, (from the gape) one inch one line and a half; of
the tarsus one inch six lines and a half; from the carpus to the end of the
wing five inches.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Cheeks, forehead, crown, a short occipital crest,
and upper part of the neck, deep black : sides of the head ornamented
with two tufts of long slender feathers, of a pale yellow passing into deep
orange; these tufts arise from behind the upper part of the eye, and
passing backwards cover the orifice of the ears : throat, lower part of the
neck, sides of the breast, and all the upper parts, dull black : secondary
quills white: flanks and thighs deep chestnut-red, mixed with dusky;
the rest of the under parts pure white : bill black, reddish at the base :
irides vermilion : legs externally dusky ash, internally greenish ash.
(Young of the year.) Closely resembling the young of the last species,
but may always be distinguished by the peculiar shape of the bill, which
is depressed at the base, and slightly recurved at the tip : the iris is also
of one colour, and the white on the cheeks more extended, reaching down
the sides of the neck. (Egg.) Dirty yellowish white : long. diam. one
inch nine lines; trans, diam. one inch three lines.

A rare species in this country, particularly in the adult state. Met
with principally in the winter months, but, according to Montagu, breeds
in the fens of Lincolnshire. Chiefly frequents lakes and inland waters,
occasionally the estuaries of rivers. Nest placed amongst reeds and other
aquatic herbage. Eggs three or four in number.

268. P, minor, Lath. (Little Grebe.) — Bill very
short, compressed ; distance from the nostrils to the tip
six lines : no ruff or occipital crest : tarsi furnished
posteriorly with a double row of serratures.

P. minor, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 727. Colymbus Hebridicus,
Sow. Brit. Misc. pi. 70. Little and Black-chin Grebes, Mont. Orn.
Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 163. Little Grebe,
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 401. pi. 75.

DIMENS. Entire length nine inches ten lines : length of the bill one
inch: of the tarsus one inch three lines; from the carpus to the end of
the wing four inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in summer.) Throat, crown of the head, and nape,
deep black ; cheeks, sides and fore part of the neck, bright chestnut :
upper parts of the body dark brown, tinged with olivaceous green ; rump
inclining to reddish brown: primary quills brownish ash; secondaries
white at the base and on their inner webs : under parts dusky ash,
darkest on the breast, vent, and flanks ; thighs tinged with reddish :
bill black; the extreme tip, and base of the lower mandible, together
with the lore, yellowish white: irides reddish brown: legs externally
dusky olive, internally livid flesh-colour. (Young of the year.) Crown
of the head, nape, and all the upper parts of the body, a mixture of
brown and ash-colour, with a slight tinge of rufous : throat pure white :
sides of the neck reddish ash ; fore part of the neck, upper part of the
breast, and flanks, the same but paler ; belly and abdomen white : bill
shorter than in the adult ; the lower mandible, and edges of the upper
mandible, yellowish white ; rest of the bill deep brown : irides brown.
(Egg.) Smooth; white: long. diam. one inch seven lines; trans, diam.
one inch one line.

COLYMBUS.] AVES NATATORES. 255

The most abundant species in the genus. A frequent inhabitant of
ponds, marshes, lakes, and the hanks of rivers. Rarely observed on the
sea-coast. Feeds on Dyticidce and other aquatic insects. Is an excellent
diver. Constructs a large floating nest, which it attaches to the stems of
rushes. Eggs four to six in number.

GEN. 101. COLYMBUS, Lath.

269. C. glacialis, Linn. (Northern Diver.) — Head
and neck violet-black, the latter with a double interrupted
white collar : bill upwards of four inches in length ; the
upper mandible nearly straight.

C. glacialis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 910. Northern Diver,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. IHust. vol. n. p. 406. pi. 76. Great
Northern Diver, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 174.

DIMENS. Entire length thirty-three inches : length of the bill (from
the forehead) two inches eleven lines, (from the gape) four inches one
line ; of the tarsus three inches ; of the middle toe, nail included, four
inches two lines ; of the tail three inches six lines ; from the carpus to
the end of the wing thirteen inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Head and neck velvet black, with green and
purple reflections ; beneath the throat a transverse semilunar white band
with black streaks ; on the lower part of the neck an interrupted broad
collar, streaked longitudinally with black and white : all the upper parts
black, elegantly spotted with white; the spots on the back and rump
small and round ; those on the scapulars larger and of an oblong-square
form, disposed in rows, two at the extremity of each feather : quills and
tail without spots : breast and other under parts white ; flanks and sides
of the breast with a few black streaks : bill black ; the ridge of the upper
mandible very slightly arched above; lower mandible channelled beneath,
appearing deepest in the middle ; the gonys sloping upwards to the tip ;
tomia of both mandibles, but particularly of the lower one, inflected :
irides brown: feet externally dusky brown; the inner portions, and
membranes between the toes, whitish. (Young of the year.) Head,
occiput, and all the back part of the neck, cinereous brown; cheeks
speckled with white and ash-colour ; throat, front of the neck, and all
the other under parts, pure white; the feathers on the back, wings,
rump, and flanks, deep brown in the middle, the edges and tips ash-
colour : upper mandible cinereous gray ; lower mandible whitish. At the
age of one year, a transverse bar of dusky brown appears on the middle of
the neck, forming a sort of collar ; the back assumes a dusky tint, and
the small white spots begin for the first time to shew themselves. At the
end of the second year, the dusky bar on the neck extends further ; the
brown on the head and nape becomes mixed with greenish black ; the
spots on the back and wings increase in number, and the band on the
throat, and collar on the lower part of the neck, are more distinctly indi-
cated by longitudinal streaks of brown and white. At the age of three
years, the plumage is perfect. (Egg.) Dark olive-brown, with a few spots
of umber-brown : long. diam. three inches six lines ; trans, diam. two
inches three lines.

A native of high northern latitudes. Abundant in the Orkneys,
Hebrides, and other Scotch islands, but very rare in the southern parts

256 AVES NATATORES. [COLYMBUS.

of Britain. Has been taken in Cornwall, Bedfordshire, and occasionally,
in the immature state, on different parts of the English coast. Seldom
Hies, but dives well. Feeds on fish, particularly herrings. Nest said to
be placed on the borders of fresh-water lakes, or in small islands. Eggs
two in number. Obs. In its immature state, this species is the C. Immer
of authors, but it is probable that in some cases this name has been also
applied to the young of the next species.

270. C. arcticus, Linn. (Black-throated Diver.) —
Occiput and nape cinereous brown ; front of the neck
violet-black : bill upwards of three inches in length ; the
upper mandible slightly curved.

C. arcticus, Temm. Man. cTOrn. torn. u. p. 913. Black-throated
Diver, Mont. Orn. Diet Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 181. Selb.
Ittust. vol.n. p. 411. pi. 77.

DIMENS. Entire length from twenty-four to twenty-six inches.
TEMM.

DESCRIPT. (Adult plumage.) Head and nape cinereous brown, passing
into black on the forehead ; throat and fore part of the neck black, with
purple and green reflections ; immediately beneath the throat a narrow
transverse white band longitudinally streaked with black ; on the sides of
the neck a broader band extending downwards from the ears, streaked
longitudinally with black and white ; lower part of the neck, and sides
of the breast, streaked in a similar manner : back, rump, and flanks, deep
black, without spots ; scapulars with twelve or thirteen transverse bars
of pure white ; wing-coverts black, speckled with white : breast and under
parts of the body pure white : quills dusky : tail grayish black ; under
tail-coverts barred with black : bill dusky ; the upper mandible more
curved than in the last species ; the lower mandible not thickened in the
middle, and without the groove : irides brown : feet externally brown ;
internally whitish; membranes whitish. (Young of the year.) Only to
be distinguished from those of the last species by their inferior size, and
characters of the bill as above pointed out : plumage almost entirely
similar : there is generally, however, a dusky band running longitudi-
nally down the sides of the neck, which is not present in the young of
C. gladalis. At the age of one year, a few black feathers begin to ap-
pear on the throat, as well as on the back, rump, and flanks ; there is also
a slight indication of the broad band of black and white streaks on the
sides of the neck. At the end of the second year, the colour of the fore-
head begins to deepen ; the violet-black extends itself over the throat and
fore part of the neck, still however mixed witty a few white feathers ; the
band of longitudinal streaks appears more distinct ; and the black and
white on the upper parts becomes tolerably well-defined. At the age of
three years, the plumage is generally matured. (Egg.) Dark olive-brown,
thinly spotted with umber-brown: long. diam. two inches nine lines;
trans, diam. one inch ten lines.

Inhabits the Arctic Regions, but appears occasionally as a winter
visitant on different parts of the British coast, as well as on lakes and
rivers inland. Feeds on fish, frogs, insects, and aquatic vegetables. Nest
placed amongst reeds and rushes in marshy situations, or on the banks
of rivers. Eggs two in number. Obs. The Lesser Imber of Bewick is
probably the young of this species.

COLYMBUS.] AVES NATATORES. 25?

271. C. septentrionalis. Linn. (Red-throated Diver.)
— Occiput and nape with black and white streaks; front
of the neck deep orange-brown ; bill scarcely, or not ex-
ceeding, three inches ; slightly recurved ; tomia very much
inflexed.

C. septentrionalis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn, n. p. 916. Red-throated
Diver, Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 177.
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 414. pis. 78, & 78*.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-six inches three lines : length of the
bill (from the forehead) one inch eleven lines, (from the gape) two inches
eleven lines and a half; of the tarsus two inches ten lines ; of the tail
three inches three lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing eleven
inches three lines : breadth, wings extended, three feet four inches seven
lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Sides of the head, throat, and sides of the neck,
mouse-gray ; crown spotted with black ; occiput, nape and lower part of
the neck, marked with longitudinal streaks of black and white ; on the
front of the neck a large patch of deep orange-brown ; breast and belly
silvery white ; flanks and thighs streaked with dusky : back, and all the
other upper parts dusky brown, without spots in very old individuals, but
in birds of three and four years of age, with small indistinct whitish spots :
bill black; the commissure quite straight, but the upper mandible being
considerably depressed above the nostrils, the ascending gonys of the
lower one causes the bill, when closed, to appear slightly recurved; tomia
of both mandibles greatly inliexed : irides orange-brown : feet externally
greenish gray; internally livid white; membranes the same. (Young of
the year.) Forehead, crown and nape, dusky ash, finely streaked with
grayish white; back, scapulars and rump, dusky brown, copiously
sprinkled with small oval white spots arranged along the edges of the
feathers; wing-coverts bordered with white towards their extremities:
throat, sides and fore part of the neck, breast and belly, white ; flanks
streaked with dusky : quills and tail blackish gray : bill grayish white ;
the ridge of the upper mandible dusky : irides brown : legs externally
dark greenish gray ; internally, as well as the \vebs, greenish white. At
the end of the first year, a few red feathers begin to show themselves on
the fore part of the neck ; and the white spots on the upper parts become
smaller and less distinct. After the second moult, the patch of orange-
brown is nearly complete, but still mixed with a little white : the spots on
the upper parts gradually disappear as the bird advances to maturity.
(Egg.) Chestnut-brown, rather thickly spotted with dark umber-brown:
long. diam. two inches eight lines ; trans, diam. one inch ten lines.

A winter visitant on the English coast of not unfrequent occurrence,
particularly in the immature state. Remains all the year in the Orkney
and Shetland Islands, where it breeds. Nest placed on the extreme
borders of lakes, composed of rushes and dry grass. Eggs two in number.
Food similar to that of the last species. Flies well, and is also an
excellent diver. Obs. The Speckled Diver of Pennant and Montagu
(C. stellatus, Gmel.) is the young of the year of this species. The
Second Speckled Diver of Bewick is perhaps the same bird a little
nearer advanced to maturity.

AVES NATATORES. [URIA.

GEN. 102. URIA, Sriss.

272. U. Troile, Lath. (Foolish Guillemot.) — Above
brownish black; secondaries tipped with white: bill as
long as, or somewhat longer than, the head ; very much
compressed throughout : feet dusky.

U. Troile, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. 11. p. 921. Foolish Guillemot,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 166. Selb.
Illust. vol. ii. p. 420. pi. 79.

DIMENS. fentire length seventeen inches nine lines: length of the
bill (from the forehead) one inch eleven lines, (from the gape) two inches
eleven lines ; of the tarsus one inch seven lines ; of the tail two inches ;
from the carpus to the end of the wing six inches two lines : breadth,
wings extended, two feet.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in winter.) Forehead, crown, space between the
eye and the bill, a longitudinal streak running backwards from the eyes
to the distance of an inch and a half, and all the upper parts, including
the wings, brownish black with a slight tinge of cinereous : occiput gray-
ish white, opening on each side into a white patch above the longitudinal
streak behind the eyes: secondaries tipped with white: all the under
plumage pure white ; the black on the sides of the neck advancing in
front towards the lower part, and forming a faint collar of grayish ash :
bill black ; very much compressed throughout its whole length : inside of
the mouth dull yellow : irides brown : feet and toes yellowish brown ;
posterior part of the tarsus and membranes black. (Summer plumage.)
The whole of the head, including the region of the eyes, throat, and all
the upper part of the neck, pitchy brown : inside of the mouth bright
yellow: the rest as in winter. (Young of the year.) Resemble the adult
in winter, but distinguished by the shorter bill : the longitudinal streak
behind the eyes is also indistinct ; and the white on the under parts less
pure, with more of cinereous brown on the lower part of the neck : tarsi
and toes dull yellowish; membranes brown. (Egg.) Very variable in
colour, scarcely two being found precisely alike ; generally bluish green,
more or less blotched and streaked with black : long. diam. three inches
two lines; trans, diam. one inch eleven lines.

Met with in great abundance on various parts of the British coast
throughout the year. Breeds on cliffs and rocky islands, generally in
large companies. Lays a single egg. Food, fish, marine insects, and
small bivalve mollusca. Obs. The Lesser Guillemot of English authors
is the young of the year of this species.

(23.) U. Brunnichii, Sab. in Linn. Trans, vol. XH. p. 538. Temm.
Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 924. Franks Guillemot, Shaw, Gen.
Zool. vol. xii. p. 243. pi. 62.

According to the statement of a writer in the Quarterly Review,
(vol. XLVII. p. 354. ) this species has been killed off one of the Shetland
Isles. It is distinguished from the last, principally by the form of the bill,
which is shorter and more dilated at the base.

273. U. Grylle, Lath. (Black Guillemot.) — Above
black; a large white patch on the middle of the wings:
legs red.

MERGULUS.] AVES NATATORKS. 259

U. Grylle, Temm. Man. cTOrn. torn. n. p. 925. Black Guillemot,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. u. p. 170.
Sdb. Illust. vol. u. p. 426. pi. 80.

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches six lines : length of the hill
(from the forehead) one inch two lines, (from the gape) one inch five
lines ; of the tarsus one inch two lines ; of the tail one inch nine lines ;
from the carpus to the end of the wing six inches seven lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in winter.) Crown, nape, and all the rest of the
upper plumage, sooty black, with the exception of the middle and greater
coverts, which are white, forming a large patch of this last colour on the
middle of the wing : sides of the face, and all the under parts, white : bill
black : irides brown : inside of the mouth, and legs, reddish. (Summer
plumage.) The whole plumage above and below, with the exception of
the large white space in the middle of the wing, deep sooty black : bill
black: inside of the mouth, and legs, bright red. (Young of the year.)
Crown of the head and nape blackish, the feathers edged with white ;
lower part of the neck, and sides of the breast, gray and white mixed :
throat, breast, and rest of the under parts, white : upper back and scapu-
lars black, many of the feathers edged with white ; lower back black :
rump white mixed with black : wings as in the adult, but the white spe-
culum marked with cinereous and dusky spots : irides dusky brown :
inside of the mouth, and legs, reddish. (Egg.) White, tinged with green ;
blotched, spotted and speckled, with ash-gray, red brown, and very dark
brown : long. diam. two inches three lines ; trans, diam. one inch six
lines.

Met with principally in the northern parts of the kingdom. Common
in the Hebrides and Orkney Islands, where they remain all the year,
breeding in the crevices of rocks. Like the last species, lays but one
egg*. Food, small fish, and marine Crustacea. Obs. The Spotted Guil-
lemot of authors is this species in. its immature state.

GEN. 103. MERGULUS, Ray.

274. M. Alle, Selby. (Common Rotche.) — Black;
breast, belly, a spot above the eyes, and tips of the
secondaries, white. ,

Uria Alle, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. u. p. 928. Little Auk,

Orn. Diet. & Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 408. Common
Rotche, Sett. lUust. vol. n. p. 430. pi. 81.

DIMENS. Entire length eight inches ten lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) seven lines, (from the gape) eleven lines; of the
tarsus nine lines and a half; of the tail one inch seven lines; from the
carpus to the end of the wing four inches nine lines.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Crown, region of the eyes, nape, sides
of the breast, and all the upper parts of the body, deep black: wings
pitchy brown; secondaries tipped with white; tertials broadly edged
with the same colour : throat, front and sides of the neck, and all the
under parts, pure white : sides of the head also white, variegated with
dusky streaks, the white passing off towards the occiput in the form of an
indistinct narrow band : bill black : irides dusky brown : tarsi and toes

* A writer in London's Magazine, of Natural History, (vol. v. p. 418.) asserts that in a large
number of instances he has in' variably found the eggs two in number.

R2

260 AVES NATATORES. [FRATERCULA.

yellowish brown; membranes greenish brown. (Summer plumage.)
Head, cheeks, throat, and neck, deep sooty black ; a small white spot
above the eyes: the rest as in winter. (Young of the year.) Distin-
guished by their shorter and smaller bill: plumage similar to that of
the adult in winter. (Egg.) Of a uniform pale blue : long. diam. one
inch seven lines ; trans, diam. one inch one line.

Very abundant in the Arctic Regions, where it breeds. Met with occa-
sionally on the British coasts during the winter season. Lays two eggs,
which are deposited in the holes and crevices of the steepest rocks. Food,
marine insects and Crustacea.

GEN. 104. FRATERCULA, Briss.

275. F. arctica, Steph. (Puffing — Crown, collar and
back, black; cheeks, throat, breast and belly, white.

Mormon Fratercula, Temm. Man. cTOrn. torn. n. p. 933. Puffin,
Mont. Orn. Diet. $ Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. 11. p. 404.
Selb. Illust. vol. ii. p. 439. pi. 83*.

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch eleven lines, (from the gape) one inch six
lines ; height of the bill at the base one inch seven lines ; length of the
tarsus one inch one line; of the tail two inches two lines; from the carpus
to the end of the wing six inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult at all seasons.) Crown of the head, a broad collar
surrounding the neck, and all the upper parts of the body, deep glossy
black : quills dusky brown : cheeks, throat, and a broad band above the
eyes, grayish white; breast, belly, and rest of the under parts, pure
white : bill bluish gray at the base, orange-yellow in the middle, bright
red at the tip ; upper mandible with three obliquely transverse furrows ;
lower mandible with two : irides, and horny appendages to the eyelids,
grayish white: orbits red: legs orange-red ; claws black. (Young of the
year.) Bill much smaller and narrower; the sides smooth, with the trans-
verse furrows very indistinctly marked; colour yellowish brown: space
between the eye and the bill dusky ash ; cheeks and throat of a deeper
gray than in the adult bird; collar inclining to dusky gray: legs dull
red. (Egg.) White; indistinctly spotted with ash-gray : long. diam. two
inches three lines ; trans, diam. one inch seven lines.

Found in great abundance on many parts of the British coast during
the spring and summer months. First seen about the middle of April.
Breeds in the crevices of rocks, and, in some places, in holes in the ground
burrowed out for the purpose. Deposits a single egg about the middle of
May. Towards the end of August or beginning of September, leaves the
British kingdom, and retires southward for the Winter. Food, small fish,
particularly sprats, marine Crustacea and insects, occasionally sea-weed.

GEN. 105. ALCA, Linn.

276. A. Torda, Linn. (Razor-Bill.) — Wings reach-
ing to the rump : bill black, with a transverse white band :
a narrow white line in advance of the eye.

ALGA.] AVES NATATORES. 261

A. Torda, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 936. Razor-Bill, Mont.
Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 399. Razor-Bill Auk,
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 435. pi. 83.

DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches: length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch six lines, (from the gape) one inch eleven lines ; of the
tarsus one inch three lines ; of the tail three inches four lines ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing seven inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in winter.} Crown of the head, nape, sides of the
neck, and all the upper parts, deep black ; from the eye to the middle of
the bill a narrow longitudinal interrupted white line : secondaries tipped
with white, forming a transverse bar on the wings : throat, front of the
neck, breast, and all the under parts, pure white; sides of the occiput
white mixed with cinereous, bounded beneath by a narrow black band
reaching backwards from the eyes : bill black, with three or four trans-
verse furrows, the middle one pure white: irides hazel: legs dusky.
(Adult in summer.) The narrow streak from the eye to the middle
of the bill pure uninterrupted white: head, throat, and all the upper
and fore part of the neck, deep brownish black: the rest as in
winter. (Young of the year.) Similar to the adult in winter plumage,
but easily distinguished by the smaller and narrower bill, without the
transverse white furrow : the white line from the bill to the eye obscure
and ill-defined : crown and nape cinereous black ; sides of the neck, and
towards the occiput, white, tinged with ash-colour: under parts pure
white. (Egg.) White; blotched and spotted with dark red brown and
blackish brown : long. diam. two inches nine lines ; trans, diam. one inch
ten lines.

Like the Puffin, a regular summer visitant. Common on all the rocky
parts of the coast during the breeding season, and generally found in
large companies. Deposits a single egg, about the beginning of May, on
the tops and projecting shelves of the highest cliflfs. Food, sprats and
other small fish, and marine Crustacea. Obs. The Black-billed Auk of
English authors (A. Pica, Gmel.) is this species in its immature state.

277- A. impennis. Linn. (Great Auk.) — Wings very
short, not reaching to the rump : bill black : an oval white
patch in advance of the eye.

A. impennis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 939. Great Auk,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 397. Selb. Illust.
vol. n. p. 433. pi. 82.

DIMENS. Entire length thirty-two inches: length of the bill (from
the forehead) three inches six lines, (from the gape) four inches two
lines ; of the tarsus two inches five lines ; of the tail three inches three
lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing seven inches.

DESCRIPT. (Summer plumage.) Head, nape, back, wings, and tail,
deep glossy black ; front and sides of the neck black tinged with brown :
immediately before the eye a large oval white patch : flanks dark ash-
colour ; rest of the under parts pure white : wings very short, incapa-
citated for flight ; secondary quills tipped with white : bill black ; crossed
obliquely by several transverse furrows and ridges : irides and legs black.
(Winter plumage.) " Unknown." TEMM. (J2gg.) Dirty white, tinged with
vellow ; blotched and streaked, principally at the larger end, with black :
long. diam. four inches ten lines; trans, diam. two inches nine lines.

2(rl AVES NATATORES. [PHALACROCORAX.

A native of high northern latitudes, very rarely visiting the British
coast. Occasionally seen in the Orkneys, and off the island of St. Kilda.
Resides entirely in the open sea, never coming on land except for the
purpose of breeding. Swims and dives with the greatest rapidity. Lays
one egg in the clefts of rocks close to the water's edge. Food, fish and
marine vegetables.

GEN. 106. PHALACROCORAX, Briss.

278. P. Carbo, Steph. (Common Cormorant.) — A
white gorget under the throat : tail of fourteen feathers.

Carbo Cormoranus, Temm. Man. cTOrn. torn. n. p. 894. Corvorant,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Cormorant, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 379.
Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. in. pi. 123. Common Cormorant, Selb.
Illust. vol. n. p. 446. pi. 84.

DIMENS. Entire length three feet : length of the bill (from the fore-
head) two inches ten lines, (from the gape) four inches.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in winter.) Crown of the head, neck, breast, and
all the under parts, black, with blue and green reflections; throat dusky,
mixed with whitish ; on the neck a few indistinct whitish streaks : upper
part of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, cinereous brown, glossed
with purple and bronze, all the feathers broadly edged with deep black :
lower back and rump bluish black : quills and tail dusky : bill dark horn-
colour : naked skin encircling the eyes greenish yellow : irides green :
guttural pouch yellowish : legs black. (Summer plumage.) The feathers
on the occiput and nape slender and elongated, forming a crest of a
bluish black colour, glossed with green : a broad gorget of pure white
on the throat: crown and upper part of the neck variegated with nu-
merous long slender white feathers of a silky texture : upon the thighs
a large patch of pure white : the rest as in winter. (Young of the year.)
" Crown, nape, and back, deep brown, with a slight gloss of green: gorget
whitish gray ; front of the neck, and all the under parts, grayish brown,
with whitish spots, more particularly on the breast and middle of the
belly, intermixed: upper part of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts,
ash-gray, the feathers broadly edged with deep brown : bill pale brown :
irides brown." TEMM. (Egg.) White, tinged with pale blue ; the outer
surface of a rough calcareous texture : long. diam. two inches nine lines ;
trans, diam. one inch seven lines.

Common on most parts of the British coast throughout the year.
Occasionally observed inland on the banks of rivers. Swims and dives
with great ease. Breeds on the summits of lofty rocks, sometimes in
trees. Constructs a nest of sea-weed, and lays three or four eggs. Feeds
entirely on fish. Obs. The Crested Cormorant of Bewick is this species
in its summer plumage.

279. P. cristatus, Steph. (Crested Shag.) — The
whole of the plumage, throat included, deep green : tail
short, of twelve feathers.

Carbo cristatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 900. Shag, and
Shag, tyout. Orn. Diet, fy Su.pp. Shag. /to''. Bril.

SULA.] AVES NATATORES. 263

Birds, vol. n. p. 387. Crested Shag, or Green Cormorant, Selb.
Illust. vol. ii. p. 450. pi. 86. Gould, Europ. Birds, part x.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-eight inches : length of the bill (from
the forehead) two inches six lines, (from the gape) three inches six lines ;
of the tarsus two inches two lines ; of the tail five inches two lines ; from
the carpus to the end of the wing ten inches nine lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in tointer.) The whole plumage of a rich deep
glossy green : upper part of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, with
bronze and purple reflections, each feather surrounded with a narrow
edging of velvet-black : tail short and rounded ; black : base of the bill
and guttural pouch gamboge-yellow: bill brown: irides green: legs
black. (Summer plumage.) Remarkable for an elegant crest of long
spreading feathers rising from the forehead between the eyes, capable
of erection : no white feathers on the neck and thighs as in the last
species. (Young of the year.) " Distinguished by the whole of the upper
part of the plumage being brown, slightly tinted with green ; the under
surface brownish ash, more or less inclining to white." GOULD. (Egg.)
White, tinged with pale greenish blue in patches; the outer surface
rough and calcareous : long. diam. two inches five lines; trans, diam.
one inch five lines.

Found principally in the rocky islands of the North of England and
Scotland. Common in the Orkneys. Breeds on the shelves of steep
rocks. Nest formed of sea- weed. Eggs from three to five in number.
Feeds on fish. Is never seen inland.

(24.) P. Graculus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. vol. xui. part i.
p. 82. Carbo Graculus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 897. Black
Cormorant, Gould, Europ. Birds, part x.

This species has been considered as British by nearly all our own Orni-
thologists, though upon very insufficient authority. It appears to have
been confounded with the P. cristatus, from which it differs in the darker
colour of its plumage, as well as in other characters which will be found
pointed out in Mr Gould's work above referred to.

GEN. 107. SULA, Briss.

280. S. Bassana, Briss. (Common Gannet.) — Crown
and occiput pale buff; quills black ; the rest of the plumage
Avhite.

S. alba, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 905. Gannet, Mont. Orn.
Diet. 8f Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. u. p. 390. Solan Gannet,
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 455. pis. 86*, & 87.

DIMENS. Entire length three feet.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in perfect plumage.) Crown of the head, and
occiput, pale buff-yellow ; all the rest of the plumage milk-white, with
the exception of the quills and bastard winglet, which are black : bill
bluish gray at the base, the tip white : naked skin surrounding the eyes
pale blue : at the corners of the mouth a dusky membrane having the
appearance of being a prolongation of the gape: chin destitute of fea-
thers, and of a dusky colour; capable of great distention, forming a kind
of pouch : irides yellow : acrotarsia and acrodactyla with longitudinal
streaks of pale green; membranes dusky; claws white: tail-feathers
strong and pointed: twelve in number; the middle ones longest. (Young

264 AVES NATATORES. [STERNA.

during the first year.) All the upper plumage dusky brown ; under parts
brown, varied with ash-gray : bill, naked membranes, and irides, brown :
tail simply rounded. After the second moult, the head, neck and breast,
are grayish black, with a small triangular white spot at the tip of each
feather : back, rump, and wings, the same, but the spots on these parts
larger and more scattered : abdomen whitish, the feathers margined with
cinereous brown : quills and tail grayish black ; the latter more conical,
with the shafts of the feathers white: bill grayish brown, whitish towards
the tip: acrotarsia and acrodactyla greenish brown; the longitudinal
streaks grayish white : membranes cinereous brown: claws whitish. At
each succeeding moult the plumage becomes whiter, till the commence-
ment of the fourth year, when it is fully matured. (Egg.) Dull white,
tinged with green : long. diam. three inches three lines ; trans, diam. one
inch ten lines,

Plentiful during the breeding season on some parts of the northern
coasts, particularly in the Isle of Bass in the Frith of Forth, St. Kilda,
and some other of the Scotch Islands. Migrates southward in the Autumn,
and, during Winter, may be observed in most parts of the British channel.
At such times generally keeps far out at sea, but has been killed inland
in a few rare instances. Feeds on herrings, pilchards, and other fish, on
which it darts with great force and velocity. Nest placed on steep inac-
cessible rocks. Lays a single egg.

(25.) Pelecanus Onocrotalus, Temm. Man. d'Orn, torn. n. p. 891.
Pelican, Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. Gould, Europ. Birds, partxii.

An individual of this species, which is a native of Eastern Europe, is
recorded (according to Montagu) to have been shot in England, in May
1663, at Horsey Fen. It is conjectured, however, that it might have
escaped from confinement k

GEN. 108. STERNA, Linn.

(1. STERNA, Steph.)

281. S. Caspia, Pall. (Caspian Tern.) — Bill thick
and strong, bright red : tarsus one inch six lines in length :
tail short, forked.

S. Caspia, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 733. Caspian Tern, Lath.
Syn. vol. in. p. 350. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 463.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-one inches: length of the bill (from
the forehead) two inches nine lines, (from the gape) three inches two
lines ; of the tarsus one inch six lines ; of the tail six inches ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing sixteen inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Summer plumage.) Forehead, crown, and long occipital
feathers, deep black : nape, back, scapulars and wing-coverts, bluish ash :
quills brown, tinged with ash-gray : sides of the head, fore part of the
neck, and all the under parts of the plumage, pure white : tail pale ash-
gray: bill coral-red : legs black. Wings reaching about four inches and
a half beyond the tail. (Winter plumage.) Forehead, and a part of the
crown, pure white; occiput variegated with black and white : the rest as
in summer. (Young of the year.) " Forehead and crown as in the adult
in winter plumage; rest of the upper parts ash-coloured brown, with
large dusky spots and transverse bars : tail with a large dusky space at

STERNA.] AVES NATATORES. 265

the extremity : quills almost entirely of the same colour : under parts
white : bill dull red ; the tip dusky." TEMM. (Egg.) Yellowish stone-
colour, spotted with ash-gray and dark red-brown ; long', diam. two inches
six lines ; trans, diam. one inch eight lines.

Inhabits the borders of the Baltic, the Caspian Sea, and Archipelago.
Is also occasionally seen on the coasts of France and Holland. In Eng-
land, a few specimens have occurred at Yarmouth and Aldborough.
One killed at this last place is in the Museum of the Cambridge Philo-
sophical Society. Feeds on fish. Eggs two or three in number ; depo-
sited in a hole in the sand, or on the rocks by the edge of the sea.

282. S. Cantiaca, Gmel. (Sandwich Tern.) — Bill
long ; black, the tip yellowish : legs short ; black : tarsus
one inch : tail long, very much forked, shorter than the
wings.

S. Cantiaca, Temm. Man. d'0rn. torn. n. p. 735. Sandwich Tern,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. with fig. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n.
p. 189. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 464. pi. 88. f. 3.

DIMENS. Entire length eighteen inches : length of the bill two
inches : breadth, wings extended, two feet nine inches. MONT.

DESCRIPT. (Summer plumage.) Forehead* crown, and long occipital
feathers, deep black ; nape and upper part of the back pure white ;
middle and lower regions of the back, scapulars and wing-coverts, pale
bluish ash : all the under parts pure white, tinged on the breast and
fore part of the neck, with rose-red: quills deep ash-gray, having a
velvety appearance, bordered on their inner webs with a broad band of
pure white ; some of the primaries tipped with black : tail white ; con-
siderably forked : bill black for two-thirds of its length from the base,
the tip straw-yellow: legs black; the under surface of the toes and
membranes yellow : claws black. (Winter plumage.) Forehead and
crown white, spotted with black towards the occiput ; the long occipital
feathers deep black, but fringed with white: under parts pure white,
without the rosy tinge on the neck and breast : the rest as in winter.
(Young of the year.) Crown and occiput a mixture of black, white, and
pale reddish brown : all the under parts pure white : upper part of the
back and scapulars reddish, with transverse bars of dusky brown ; some
of the larger scapulars broadly bordered with brown ; tips of the wing-
coverts with a crescent-shaped edging of this colour : primary and
secondary quills dusky ash, edged and tipped with white: tail ash-
coloured at the base ; the remaining portion dusky, with the tips of the
feathers white: bill livid black; the extreme tip yellowish. (Egg.) Yel-
lowish stone-colour; thickly spotted with ash-gray, orange-brown, and
deep red-brown: long. diam. two inches; trans, diam. one inch five
lines.

A summer visitant. Frequents the coasts of Kent, Sussex, and
Suffolk. Occasionally met with in other parts of the country, but not
a generally diffused species. Breeds in large societies. Eggs two or
three, laid on sandy shores or on rocks. Feeds on fish.

283. S. Dougallii, Mont. (Roseate Tern.) — Bill slender;
black, the base reddish : legs orange : tarsus nine lines :
tail greatly forked, extending far beyond the wings-.

266 AVES NATATORES. [STERNA.

S. Dougalli, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 738. Roseate Tern,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. with fig. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. 11. p. 192.
Selb. Illust. vol. ii. p. 470. pi. 89. f. 1, & 2.

DIMENS. Entire length fifteen inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch seven lines and a half; of the tarsus nine
lines ; of the tail seven inches ; from the carpus to the end of the wing
nine inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. (Summer plumage.) Forehead, crown, and long occipital
feathers, deep black; cheeks, throat, neck, and all the under parts, pure
white, tinged on the fore part of the neck, breast, and belly, with rose-
red : back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, pale ash-gray : first quill with
the outer web hoary black ; the rest gray : all of them with a deep
border of white on their inner webs : tail white, greatly forked ; the outer
feathers very long and subulate, extending upwards of two inches
beyond the wings : bill long and slender, black, passing into orange-red
at the base : legs bright orange : claws small and black. (Young.) " Bill
brownish black; the base orange-yellow: forehead and crown cream-
yellow, tinged with gray : region of the eyes, ear-coverts, and nape,
grayish black, mixed with yellowish white: throat, sides of the neck,
and under parts, white : ridge of the wings blackish gray, margined
paler : back and wing-coverts bluish gray, marbled with grayish -black
and yellowish white: tail-feathers with the exterior webs gray, the
interior and tips white : quills gray, margined with white : legs pale
gallstone-yellow." SELB. (Egg.) Yellowish stone-colour; spotted and
speckled with ash-gray and dark brown : long. diam. one inch nine lines
and a half; trans, diam. one inch two lines and a half.

First noticed on the Cumbrey Islands in the Frith of Clyde, by
Dr Macdougall, who communicated the species to Montagu. Since ob-
served on other parts of the Scotch coast, and also in the Fern Islands, to
which last locality, according to Selby, they resort annually to breed.
Eggs two or three in number. Food, small fish.

284. S. Hirundo, Linn. (Common Tern.) — Bill
moderate ; red, the tip black : legs red : tarsus nine lines
and a half: tail very much forked ; as long as, or a little
shorter than, the wings.

S. Hirundo, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 740. Common Tern,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 185.
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 468. pi. 90. f. 1.

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch seven lines and a half, (from the gape) two
inches two lines; of the tarsus nine lines and a half; of the tail four
inches six lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing ten inches four
lines : breadth, wings extended, two feet six inches eight lines.

DESCRIPT. (Summer plumage.) Forehead, crown, and long occipital
feathers, deep black ; hind part of the neck, back, scapulars, and wing-
coverts, bluish ash : all the under parts white, the breast and belly faintly
tinged with ash-colour : quills ash-gray passing into dusky brown at the
tips, with a large oblong white space on their inner webs : tail whitish ;
the outer webs of the two exterior feathers dusky ash : bill red, passing
into dusky at the tip: feet bright red. The winter plumage differs
simply in having the forehead and crown of a more dull black. (Young
of the year.) Forehead and anterior part of the crown dirty white; rest

STERNA.] AVES NATATORES. 267

of the crown towards the occiput marked with large dusky spots; the
long occipital feathers brownish black with whitish tips: rest of
the upper parts dull bluish ash, irregularly spotted with pale reddish
brown, all the feathers whitish at the tips : under parts whitish : many
of the quills tipped with white: lesser wing-coverts near the top of
the wing dusky gray with whitish edges : tail ash-gray, passing into
white on the inner webs, and towards the tips of the feathers : bill
much shorter than in the adult bird, dusky at the tip, dull orange at the
base : legs orange. (Egg.) Yellowish stone- colour, blotched and spotted
with ash-gray and dark red-brown : long. diam. one inch eight lines ;
trans, diam. one inch two lines.

Common on most parts of the British coast during the spring and
summer months. Retires in the Autumn. Occasionally observed inland
on fresh waters. Breeds on flat shingly shores, and lays from two to four
eggs. Of noisy and restless habits ; constantly on wing. Food, insects
and small fish. Obs. The Brown Tern of English authors is probably
this species in immature plumage.

285. S. arctica, Temm. (Arctic Tern.) — Bill slender;
red throughout its whole length : legs red : tarsus seven
lines : tail very much forked ; longer than the wings.

S. arctica, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 742. Arctic Tern, Shaw,
Gen. Zool. vol. xm. p. 152. Selb. Illust. vol. ii. p. 473. pi. 90.
f. 2.

DIMENS. Entire length fifteen inches: length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch four lines, (from the gape) one inch ten lines ; of the
tarsus seven lines ; of the tail seven inches nine lines ; from the carpus to
the end of the wing eleven inches.

DE SCRIPT. Very similar to the last species, but may always be dis-
tinguished by the much shorter tarsus, and the bill which is also shorter
and generally of one colour throughout. (Summer plumage.) Forehead,
crown, and long occipital feathers, deep black ; rest of the upper parts
bluish ash: throat, front of the neck, breast and belly, of the same
colour as the back; vent, under tail-coverts, and a band beneath the
eyes, pure white : tail very much forked; always longer than in the last
species, extending (in the adult male) one inch two lines beyond the
wings : tarsi and toes very short ; of a deep crimson-red : bill crimson-
red. (Egg.) Colour the same as in the last species: long. diam. one
inch seven lines ; trans, diam. one inch one line.

Inhabits the Arctic Regions; resorting to the northern coasts of
Britain during the summer months. According to Selby, very abundant
in the Fern Islands, where they arrive about the middle of May and stay
till August. Eggs laid on the gravelly beach or bare ground ; three or
four in number. Food, small fish, particularly the fry of the sand-eel
(Ammodytes Tobianus.)

286. S. minuta. Linn. (Lesser Tern.) — Bill orange,
the tip black : legs orange : tarsus seven lines and a half :
tail very much forked, shorter than the wings: forehead
white.

268 AVES NATATORES. [STERNA.

S. minuta, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 752. Lesser Tern, Mont.
Orn. Diet. $ Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 187. Selb;
Illust. vol. n. p. 475. pi. 89. f. 3, & 4.

DIMENS. Entire length nine inches six lines : length of the bill (from
the forehead) one inch two lines, (from the gape) one inch eight lines ; of
the tarsus seven lines and a half; of the middle toe, claw included, nine
lines ; of the tail three inches three lines ; from the carpus to the end of
the wing seven inches one line : breadth, wings extended, twenty inches
ten lines.

DESCRIPT. (Summer and winter plumage.) Forehead, and a streak
above the eyes, pure white ; between the bill and the eye a broad black
streak; crown, occiput, and nape, deep black; back, scapulars, and
wing-coverts, pale bluish ash : first three quills blackish gray, their inner
webs broadly edged with white: cheeks, all the under parts, and tail,
pure white : bill yellowish orange ; the tip black : irides black : legs and
toes orange-yellow. (Young of the year.) Forehead yellowish white;
crown, occiput and nape, brownish, with dusky streaks ; before and be-
hind the eyes a black spot ; back, scapulars and wing-coverts, yellowish
white, with a crescent-shaped dusky bar near the extremity of each
feather : quills cinereous gray, ed»ed and tipped with yellowish white :
tail nearly even at the end, white tinged with cinereous, the tips of the
feathers yellowish : throat, and all the under parts, white : bill shorter
than in the adult bird, pale yellow, the tip blackish brown : legs dull
yellow. (Egg.) Stone-colour, spotted and speckled with ash-gray and
dark chestnut-brown : long. diam. one inch four lines ; trans, diam. eleven
lines.

Common on some parts of the British coast during the summer
months, but not so generally diffused as the -S. Hirundo. Habits similar-
to those of that species. Eggs two or three in number, deposited on the
shingly beach a little above high water-mark. Food, marine worms and
winged insects.

287. S. nigra, Linn. (Black Tern.) — Bill black:
legs reddish brown : membranes of the toes deeply emar-
ginated: tarsus seven lines and a half: tail not much forked,
shorter than the wings.

S. nigra, Temm. Man. d'Om. torn. n. p. 749. Black Tern, Mont.
Orn. Diet. $ Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 195. Selb.
Illust. vol. n. p. 477. pi. 91.

DIMENS. Entire length ten inches three lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch two lines, (from the gape) one inch seven
lines and a half; of the tarsus seven lines and a half; of the tail three
inches three lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing eight inches
eight lines : breadth, wings extended, twenty-three inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. (Summer plumage.) Head and neck deep black : breast
and abdomen dark ash-colour : all the upper parts, including the rump
and tail, deep bluish gray : vent and under tail-coverts pure white :
wings, when closed, extending one inch seven lines beyond the tail : bill
black: irides brown: legs purplish brown. (Winter plumage.) Fore-
head, space between the bill and the eyes, throat and all the fore part of
the neck, white : the rest as in summer. In the intermediate seasons,

STERNA.] AVES NATATORES. 269

these parts are often found mottled with black upon a white ground.
(Young of the year.) " Forehead, space between the eye and the bill,
sides and front of the neck, as well as all the under parts, pure white :
on the sides of the breast a large patch of dusky ash : before the eyes
a crescent-shaped spot of the same colour: crown, occiput and nape,
black: back and scapulars brown, the feathers edged and tipped with
reddish white: wings, rump and tail, ash-colour; the wing-coverts
tipped with reddish white : bill brown at the base : irides brown : legs
liyid brown." TEMM. (Egg.) Dark olive-brown, blotched and spotted
with black, principally at the larger end : long. diam. one inch five lines ;
trans, diam. one inch.

A more inland species than any of the foregoing. Found principally
in marshes, and on the banks of rivers and lakes. First seen towards the
latter end of April : departs in October. Common in Romney Marsh in
Kent, and also in the fens of Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire, where
they breed. Eggs two to four in number, deposited on the bare grass
in swampy and sedgy spots. Young hatched in the beginning of July.
Food, worms and aquatic insects. Obs. The S. ncevia of Gmelin is the
young of this species.

288. S. Anglica, Mont. (Gull-billed Tern.) — Bill
short and thick ; entirely black : legs long ; black : claws
nearly straight : tarsus one inch three or four lines : tail
not much forked, considerably shorter than the wings.

S. Anglica, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 744. Gull-billed Tern,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. with fig. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 480.
pi. 88. f. 1.

DIMENS. Entire length thirteen inches six lines : length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch six lines, (from the gape) one inch ten lines
and a half; of the tarsus one inch two lines and a half to four lines and
a half*.

DESCRIPT. (Summer plumage.) Forehead, crown, occiput and nape,
deep black ; the feathers on this last part long and silky : all the rest of
the upper plumage pale bluish ash : quills dusky gray, having a hoary
appearance ; the tips of the first five black : under parts white : wings
extending three inches beyond the extremity of the tail : bill deep black ;
remarkably thick and strong ; gonys of the lower mandible ascending ;
mental angle very prominent, as in the genus Larus : irides brown : legs
long; black, with a reddish tinge: toes long; the claws unusually
straight; membranes deeply emarginated. (Winter plumage.) Forehead
and crown white ; anterior angle of the eye, and spot behind the ears,
grayish black : the rest as in summer, with the exception of the primary-
quills, which are not quite so deeply coloured at the tips. (Young of the
year.) "Crown white, with small longitudinal brownish streaks: back
and wings bluish ash, mixed with gray and yellowish brown: all the
under parts pure white : quills brownish ash : tail very little forked, ash-
colour, the tips of the feathers white : base of the bill yellowish ; the rest,
towards the tip, dusky brown : legs brown." TEMM. (Egg.) Dark olive-
brown, spotted with ash-colour and two shades of dark red-brown : long,
diam. one inch eleven lines ; trans, diam. one inch four lines.

* A difference of two lines was found in the length of the tarsus in two British-killed specimens
in the British Museum.

270 AVKS NATATORES. [STERNA.

A rare species in this country, first described by Montagu, who ob-
tained specimens from the coast of Sussex. According to Temminck,
very abundant in Hungary. Said to breed on the marshy borders of
salt-water lakes, and to lay three or four eggs. Food, winged insects.

(2. ANGUS, Steph.)

289. S. stolida, Linn. (Black Noddy.) — Forehead and
crown whitish ; the rest of the plumage, as well as the
bill and legs, black.

S. stolida, Lath. Ind. Orn. vol. n. p. 805. Noddy, Lath. Syn.
vol. in. p. 354. Black Noddy, Steph. in Shaws Gen. Zool. vol. xin.
p. 140. pi. 17.

DIMENS. Entire length fifteen inches: length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch nine lines, (from the gape) two inches ; of the tarsus
eleven lines ; of the tail five inches ; from the carpus to the end of the
wing ten inches.

DESCRIPT. Forehead and crown whitish, passing into ash-gray on the
occiput and nape : all the rest of the plumage brownish black, deepest on
the quills and tail-feathers : wings just reaching to the extremity of the
tail, which is even, or somewhat rounded, at its tip : bill and legs black :
the membranes of the toes entire, without any indication of a notch.

Two adult individuals of this species were taken a few years since
during Summer on the Wexford coast, between the Tasker Lighthouse
and Dublin Bay. From one of these, which was obligingly submitted to
my examination by Mr W. Thompson of Belfast, the above measure-
ments and description were taken. Not previously known as British.
Frequently met with at sea, but generally within the Tropics. Stated
by Latham to breed in the Bahama Islands, laying its eggs on the bare
rocks.

GEN. 109. LARUS, Linn.

(1. XEMA, Leach.)

290. L. Sabini, Sabine. (Saline's Gull)

Xema Sabini, Leach in Rosss Voy. App. p. Lvii. with fig. Larus
Sabini, Sab. in Linn. Trans, vol. xu. p. 520. pi. 29. Sabine's
Xeme, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. vol. xin. part i. p. 177. pi. 20.

DIMENS. Entire length from twelve inches six lines to fourteen
inches : length of the bill one inch ; of the tarsus one inch six lines ; of
the tail five inches : breadth, wings extended, about thirty-three inches.
SAB.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male and female in summer.) " The whole of the
head, and upper part of the neck, a very dark ash or lead-colour ; the
remainder of the neck behind and before, as well as the breast and belly,
pure white ; a narrow black collar surrounding the neck at the meeting
of the ash-colour and white : back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, ash-
coloured, very much lighter than the head, but darker than the corres-
ponding parts of the Larus ridibundus ; the lower ends of the scapulars
tipped with white : the first five primary quills with black shafts, the
whole outer webs of these black, the edge of their upper webs white to
within an inch and a half of the tips, tho white sometimes continued to
the tip ; the tips of the first and second of these quills in some white, in

LARUS.] AVES NATATORES.

others black ; the tips of the third, fourth, and fifth, white, giving the
wing when closed a spotted appearance ; the sixth primary quill with a
white shaft, having the web more or less black, but principally white,
with sometimes a black spot near the end; the other primaries, the
secondaries, and tertials, white; the whole under parts of the wings
white: wings extending an inch or more beyond the longest feather of
the tail : upper and under tail-coverts white ; the tail feathers twelve,
the outer narrower than the central ones ; the depth of the fork nearly an
inch : bill with the base of both mandibles black as far as the angular
projection of the lower mandible, the remainder yellow ; inside of the
mouth bright vermilion : irides dark, surrounded by a naked circle of the
same colour as the inside of the mouth ; a small white speck beneath
the eye, scarcely perceptible : legs black," SAB. In the immature state
and in the adult winter plumage, the black head is wanting. (Egg.) Of
a regular shape, and not much pointed : colour olive, much blotched with
brown : long. diam. one inch six lines. SAB.

Two individuals of this species, which was first observed in Greenland
by Captain Sabine, are recorded by Mr Thompson* to have been killed
in Ireland. The specimens, which are both in the plumage of the first
year, are now in the Museums of the Natural History Society of Belfast
and the Royal Society of Dublin. Not much is known respecting its
habits. Said to lay two eggs on the bare ground, which are hatched in
the last week in July. Food, marine insects.

(2. LARUS, Steph.)

* Small; less than twenty inches in length.
291. L. minutus, Pall. (Little Gull) — Bill brownish
red : legs bright vermilion : tarsus eleven or twelve lines :
hind toe very small ; the claw straight : all the quills tipped
with white ; the shafts of the primaries brown.

L. minutus, Temm. Man. aOrn. torn. n. p. 787. Little Gull, Mont.
Orn. Diet. App. to Supp. with fig. Lath. Syn. vol. in. p. 391.
Selb. Illmt. vol. n. p. 484. pi. 92. Gould, Europ. Birds, part xi.

DIMENS. Entire length rather exceeding ten inches: length of the
bill (from the forehead) rather more than nine lines ; of the tarsus rather
more than one inch ; from the carpus to the end of the wing eight inches
six lines. MONT.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in winter.) Forehead, cheeks, and a space behind
the eyes, throat, and all the under parts, pure white : occiput, nape, a spot
at the anterior angle of the eye, and ear-coverts, deep blackish gray :
upper parts of the body and wings pale bluish ash : primary and secondary
quills broadly tipped with white : inside of the wings deep blackish gray':
tail white: bill and irides dusky brown: legs bright vermilion-red.
(Adult in summer.) " All the head, and upper part of the neck, black;
a white crescent-shaped spot behind the eyes ; lower part of the neck, and
all the under parts, white, with a faint blush of rose-red : back, scapulars,
and wings, very pale bluish ash ; rump and tail pure white : primary
quills cinereous; all of them, as well as the secondaries, tipped with
white: bill deep lake-red: irides dark brown: legs crimson." TEMM.
(Young of the year.) "Forehead and crown white, tinged with gray:
nape, and back part of the neck, and upper parts of the body, blackish

* Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. and Journ. fifSci. vol. v. (iaS4) p. 299.

272 AVES NATATORES. [LARUS.

gray, tinged with clove-brown, the margins of the feathers fringed with
grayish white: scapulars edged with white: greater coverts pale bluish
gray, deeply edged with white : first four quills with the outer webs and
tips black, the inner webs grayish white : under plumage white : tail
white for two-thirds of its length, terminated by a broad black bar: legs
livid or flesh-red." SELB. (Egg.) Unknown.

A very rare occasional visitant in this country. First noticed by
Montagu, who describes a specimen shot on the Thames near Chelsea.
Has since occurred at Yarmouth, and on one or two other parts of the
eastern coast, as well as in Cornwall and Scotland. Said to be common
in the East of Europe, frequenting rivers and lakes. Food, insects and
worms. Nidification unknown.

292. L. capistratus, Temm. (Brown-headed Gull.) —
Bill and legs reddish brown : tarsus one inch seven lines :
shafts of the outer primaries white : in summer, a brown
hood reaching to the occiput.

L. capistratus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 785. Flem. Brit. An.
p. 142. Yarr. in Proceed, of Zool. Soc. 1831. p. 151. Masked
Gull, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xm. p. 204.

DIMENS. Entire length fifteen inches : length of the bill (above, from
the first feathers) one inch and half a line, (from the gape) one inch ten
lines ; of the tarsus one inch seven lines ; of the middle toe, nail included,
one inch six lines ; from the carpus to the end of the wing eleven inches
eight lines. YARR.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) According to Temminck, exactly
similar to that of the next species, from which however the present
may always be distinguished by its smaller size, its more slender as
well as shorter bill, shorter tarsi, and smaller feet : the colour of the feet
is also reddish brown. (Summer plumage.) " Head, and upper part of
the neck, brocoli-brown, bounded by blackish brown, descending lowest
at the fore part, some of the dark feathers at the margin in front tipped
with white; the remaining portion of the neck, breast, abdomen, vent and
tail, pure white : upper surface of the wings pale ash-gray ; under surface
grayish white : primaries white, edged and tipped with black, broadest
on the inner web; shafts white: bill, legs, and toes, brownish red;
membranes chocolate-brown." YARR. (Egg.) Unknown.

But little is known of the habits of this species, which was first cha-
racterized as distinct from the two following, by Temminck. Inhabits
the Shetland and Orkney Islands. Has been also shot in Ireland, in
the neighbourhood of Belfast, by Mr Thompson. Food and nidification
unknown.

293. L. ridibundus, Linn. (Black-headed Gull.) —
Bill and legs bright red : tarsus one inch ten lines : a large
white space in the middle of the primaries : in summer, a
deep brown hood reaching below the occiput.

L. ridibundus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 780. Black-headed
Gull, Mont. Orn. Diet. $ Supp. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 486
pi. 92. Black-headed and Red-legged Gulls, Bew. Brit. Bird*.
vol. ir. pp. 222, & 225.

LARUS.] AVES NATATORES . 273

DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches : length of the bill (from
the forehead) one inch four lines, (from the gape) two inches one line ; of
the tarsus one inch ten lines ; of the middle toe, nail included, one inch
eight lines ; of the tail four inches eight lines ; from the carpus to the
end of the wing twelve inches nine lines : breadth, wings extended, three
feet three inches five lines.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) Head, neck, and tail, pure white, with
the exception of a small black spot at the anterior angle of the eye, and
a dusky patch on the ear-coverts : back, scapulars, secondary quills, and
greater portion of the wing-coverts, pale bluish ash ; some of the long
coverts annexed to the primaries, as well as the spurious winglet, white :
primaries themselves white, passing into dusky ash towards the margins
of the inner webs, and broadly tipped with black; (according to Tem-
minck, in very old birds, the extreme tips of the primaries are white ;)
first primary with the outer web black from the base nearly to the tip,
the inner edging of dusky ash very narrow ; under surface of the wings
dark ash-gray: breast, belly, and abdomen, white, in some individuals
faintly tinged with flesh-red : irides deep brown : bill and legs bright
vermilion-red. (Summer plumage.) Head, and upper part of the neck,
deep brown ; at the posterior angle of the eye a white spot; lower part of
the neck, and all the under plumage, fine white, tinged with rose-red :
bill and legs deep purplish red: the rest as in winter. (Young of the
year.) Head and occiput very pale brown ; a large white spot behind the
eyes : under parts, and a collar on the nape, white ; the white on the front
of the neck with a faint reddish tinge ; flanks with brown crescent-
shaped marks : back, scapulars, and middle coverts, deep brown, the
feathers with yellowish edges; upper edge of the wing, rump, and
greater part of the tail-feathers, white, these last tipped with dusky
brown : primaries white at the base and on the inner webs, black on the
outer, and at the tips ; greater coverts bluish ash : bill livid at the base ;
the tip black • legs yellowish. After the first autumnal moult, the back
and wings are bluish ash, with a few brown feathers intermixed, some of
those on the wings still with yellowish edges : forehead, and all the under
parts, pure white ; head white, spotted with pale ash-colour ; ear-coverts,
and a spot at the anterior angle of the eye, brown : tail still with a dark
bar at its tip : bill reddish at the base ; the tip brown. In this state they
remain till the following spring, when they assume the perfect summer
plumage. (Egg.) Yellowish olive-brown, spotted with two shades of
darker brown : long. diam. two inches one line and a half; trans, diam.
one inch six lines.

A common species; frequenting inland marshes and the banks of
rivers. Resorts to the sea-coast in Winter. Breeds in fens and low
swampy meadows, laying three eggs on tufts of grass previously trodden
down. Food, insects, worms, and small fish. Obs. The Red-legged Gull
(L. cinerarius, Gmel.) is this species in its winter plumage. The Brown-
headed Gull (L. erythropus, Gmel.) is the young of the year after the
first autumnal moult.

294. L. Atracilla^ Linn. (Laughing Gull.) — Bill and
legs deep brownish red : tarsus one inch ten lines : primaries
entirely black ; extending considerably beyond the tail : in
summer a lead-coloured hood reaching below the occiput.

L. Atracilla, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 779. L. ridibundus,
Wils. Amer. Orn. vol. ix. pi. 74. f. 4. Laughing Gull, Mont. Orn.
Diet.

S

274 AVES NATATORES. [LARUS.

DIMENS. Entire length eighteen inches. MONT.

DESCRIPT. (Winter plumage.) According to Temminck, unknown.
(Summer plumage.) " Head, and upper part of the neck, deep lead-gray,
the hood extending lower in front than behind ; a white spot above and
beneath the eyes; lower part of the neck, breast, belly, and tail, pure
white : back, wings, and secondary quills, lead-gray ; tips of the second-
aries white ; the whole of the primaries, which extend two inches beyond
the tail, deep black: bill and legs very deep lake-red." TEMM. (Egg.)
Dun clay-colour, thinly marked with small irregular touches of pale
purple and pale brown: long. diam. two inches and a quarter; trans,
diam. one inch and a half. WILS.

But little known as a British species. Montagu records having seen
five individuals together feeding in a pool upon the Shingly Flats near
Winchelsea in Sussex, and two others near Hastings. One was shot.
According to Temminck, not uncommon in the South of Europe. Food,
the remains of fish and Crustacea, and also insects. Said by Wilson to
breed in marshes, and to lay three eggs.

295. L. tridactylus, Lath. (Kittiwake Gull.) — Bill
greenish yellow : legs dusky : tarsus one inch four lines :
a small knob instead of a back toe: primaries bluish ash,
the outer one edged externally with black.

L. tridactylus, Temm. Man. dOrn. torn. n. p. 774. Kittiwake,
Mont. Orn. Diet. $> Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. pp. 218,
& 220. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 493. pi. 94.

DIMENS. Entire length fifteen inches six lines: length of the bill
(from the forehead) one inch four lines, (from the gape) two inches one
line ; of the tarsus one inch four lines ; of the tail five inches five lines ;
from the carpus to the end of the wing twelve inches : breadth, wings
extended, three feet one inch four lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in unnter.) Crown, occiput, nape, and sides of the
neck, pale bluish ash, with a few fine dusky streaks before the eyes ;
forehead, region of the eyes, and all the under parts, pure white : back,
scapulars, and wing-coverts, bluish ash : quills the same ; the first with
the whole of the outer web black ; first four primaries tipped with black,
two or three of them with a small white spot at the extreme point ; the
fifth white at the extremity, with a black bar near the tip : rump and
tail pure white : bill greenish yellow : inside of the mouth, and eye-lids,
orange-red : irides brown : legs dusky brown, tinged with olivaceous.
(Summer plumage.) The whole head and neck pure white, without any
bluish ash on the nape, or dusky streaks before the eyes : the rest as in
winter. (Young of the year.) Head, neck, and all the under parts, white,
with the exception of a small spot at the anterior angle of the eye,
a patch on the ear-coverts, and a larger crescent-shaped patch on the
nape, which are dusky ash : back and wings deep bluish ash, the feathers
tipped with dusky brown ; the bend, and upper edge, of the wing, black ;
scapulars and secondary quills with large dusky spots ; primaries black :
tail black at the end, the extreme tips of the feathers whitish ; the outer
feather entirely white : bill, irides, and eye-lids, black. After the first
moult, the back assumes the bluish ash, with still a few feathers inter-
mixed spotted with brown ; the spots on the head, and crescent-shaped
patch on the nape, appear of a dark bluish ash ; the wing-coverts also
still spotted with dark brown ; tail black at the extremity : bill greenish

LARUS.] AVES NATATORES. 275

yellow spotted with dusky: forehead, and all the under parts, white.
The plumage is not matured till after the second autumnal moult.
(Egg.) Stone-colour, thickly spotted with ash-gray and two shades of
light brown: long. diam. two inches two lines and a half; trans, diam.
one inch seven lines.

Not uncommon during the summer months on rocky coasts in the
northern parts of the island. More rarely observed southwards. Breeds
on the narrow ledges of steep cliffs, and lays three eggs. Food, small
fish and marine insects. Obs. The Tarrock Gull of English authors is
this species in its immature plumage.

296. L. canus, Linn. (Common Gull.) — Bill greenish,
yellow at the tip : legs greenish gray : tarsus two inches
one line : wings reaching beyond the tail ; first two pri-
maries black, with a large white spot near the tips.

L. canus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 771. Common Gull,
Mont. Orn. Diet. $ Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 216.
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 490. pi. 93.

DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches three lines : length of the
bill (from the first feathers) one inch three lines, (from the gape) two
inches two lines ; of the tarsus two inches one line ; of the naked part
of the tibia seven lines ; of the middle toe, nail included, one inch nine
lines ; of the tail five inches four lines ; from the carpus to the end of
the wing thirteen inches ten lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in winter.) Head, occiput, nape, and sides of the
neck, white, spotted with blackish gray : all the under parts, rump and
tail, pure white : back, scapulars and wing-coverts, fine bluish ash : first
two primaries black, with a large white space near the tips ; the rest
black towards the extremities, the tips themselves, as well as those of
the scapulars and secondary quills, white : bill greenish at the base, the
tip ochre-yellow : inside of the mouth orange : irides brown : naked
circle round the eyes reddish brown: legs greenish gray; the webs
blotched with yellowish. (Summer plumage.) Head, occiput, nape and
sides of the neck, pure white, without the dusky spots : bill ochre-yellow :
naked circle round the eyes bright vermilion: legs pale ochre-yellow,
spotted with bluish ash: the rest as in winter. (Young of the year.)
A black spot before the eyes ; all the upper plumage grayish brown, the
feathers on the back and wings edged and tipped with yellowish white ;
those on the upper part of the back with fine streaks of this colour :
forehead, and all the under parts, whitish, the breast and flanks spotted
with ash-gray; throat, and middle of the belly, pure white: quills of
a uniform dusky brown, neither tipped nor spotted with white : tail white,
with a broad black bar near the extremity : base of the bill livid dirty
white ; the tip black : naked circle round the eyes brown : legs livid
white. In the second year, the head, neck, rump, and under parts, are
white, the two former streaked with dusky brown : back and scapulars
bluish ash; wing-coverts still mottled with brown and white feathers:
quills dusky brown, sometimes tipped with white : tail white, with a black
bar towards the tip. The plumage is not matured till after the second
spring moult. (Egg.) Dark olive-brown, spotted with two shades of
darker brown: long. diam. two inches three lines; trans, diam. one
inch six lines.

Common on all parts of the coast, and, during the winter months,
occasionally observed inland at a considerable distance from the sea.

s2

276 AVES NATATORES. PLARUS.

Breeds on the ledges of rocks. Nest constructed of sea-weed. Eggs
two or three in number. Food, worms, marine insects, and small fish.
Obs. The Winter Gull of English authors (L. hybernus, Gmel.) is
this species in its immature plumage.

297. L. eburneus, Gmel. (Ivory Gull.) — Bill strong;
bluish gray, the tip yellow : legs black : naked part of the
tibia very small : tarsus one inch six lines : membranes of
the toes somewhat abbreviated : adult plumage pure white.

L. ehurneus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 769. Sabine in Linn.
Trans, vol. xn. p. 548. Edmondst. in Wern. Mem. vol. iv. p. 501.
Ivory Gull, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 214. Selb. Illust. vol. n.
p. 497. pi. 94*.

DIMENS. Entire length sixteen inches, (according to Temminck,
nineteen inches) : breadth, wings extended, three feet three inches and
a half. EDMONDST.

DESCRIPT. (Adult plumage.) The whole plumage pure white, with-
out spots of any kind : bill thick and strong ; deep bluish gray at the
base, the rest ochre-yellow : irides deep brown : wings extending an inch
and a half beyond the tail: legs black; covered with a rough skin : tibia
feathered nearly to the tarsal joint: membranes of the toes short, and
slightly hollowed out : claws much hooked. In young birds, the plumage
is pale grayish white, more or less spotted and barred with blackish
brown ; the tips of the quills, and a transverse bar at the extremity of the
tail, of this last colour : bill blackish, the tip yellow : legs blackish gray.
(Egg.) Unknown.

Inhabits the Arctic Regions. A rare and accidental visitant in this
country. A solitary individual in its second year's plumage is recorded
by Mr. Edmondston to have been killed in Balta Sound, Zetland, Dec. 13,
1822. It is now in the Edinburgh Museum. According to Selby, it has
been also killed, in an immature state, in the Frith of Clyde. Food,
according to Captain Sabine, blubber and the flesh of whales. Nidifica-
tion unknown.

** Large; exceeding twenty inches in length.

298. L. argentatus, Brunn. (Herring Gull.) — Bill
yellow : legs livid flesh-colour : tarsus two inches six lines :
wings reaching very little beyond the tail: shafts of the
primaries black: mantle (in the adult) bluish ash.

L. argentatus, Temm. Man.d'Orn. torn. n. p. 764. Herring Gull,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 207.
Selb. Illust. vol. ii. p. 504. pis. 96, & 96*.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-three inches : length of the bill (from
the forehead) two inches three lines, (from the gape) two inches nine
lines ; of the tarsus two inches six lines ; from the carpus to the end of
the wing seventeen inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in winter) Crown, region of the eyes, occiput,
nape and sides of the neck, white, with longitudinal streaks of pale brown
on the shafts of the feathers : back, scapulars and wing-coverts, fine
bluish ash : primaries dusky, passing into deep black towards their extre-

LARUS.] AVES NATATORES. 277

mities, all terminated by a large white spot; scapulars and secondaries
edged and tipped with white : forehead, throat, and all the other under
parts, as well as the tail, pure white : bill ochre-yellow ; the angle of the
lower mandible orange-red : orbits orange : irides pale yellow : legs livid
flesh-colour. (Summer plumage.) The whole head and neck pure white,
without any brown streaks: the rest as in winter. (Young of the year.)
Head, neck, and all the under parts, ash-gray, spotted and variegated
with light brown : upper parts brown and ash-colour, all the feathers
edged with reddish : quills dusky brown, without any white at the tips :
tail whitish at the base, becoming browner towards the extremity, the
tips of the feathers reddish yellow : bill grayish black : irides and orbits
brown: legs livid brown. In the second year, the colours are similar,
but somewhat paler. After the second autumnal moult, the bluish ash
begins to appear upon the back mottled with brown, and the irides get
lighter, inclining to yellow. The following spring, the colour of the bill
changes ; the bluish ash extends further and assumes a purer tint ; and
the bar on the tail gradually disappears. At the age of three years, or
after the third autumnal moult, the plumage is matured. (Egg.) Light
olive-brown, spotted with two shades of dark brown : long. diam. two
inches six lines ; trans, diam. one inch nine lines.

Common on all parts of the coast throughout the year. In the young
or immature state, occasionally observed inland in the vicinity of rivers
and fresh-water lakes. Breeds on rocky cliffs, constructing a nest of
long dry grass. Eggs two or three in number. Feeds on fish, worms,
and marine rejectamenta. Obs. The name of Wagel Gull has been
applied indiscriminately to the young of this, and the two following
species.

299. L. fuscus, Linn. (Lesser Black-backed Gull.) —
Bill and legs yellow : tarsus two inches three lines : wings
reaching two inches beyond the tail : shafts of the primaries
black : mantle (in the adult) grayish black.

L. fuscus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. u. p. 767. Lesser Black-backed
Gull, Mont. Orn. Diet. $ Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. u. p. 205.
Selb. Illust. vol. ii. p. 509. pi. 95.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-four inches. MONT.

DESCRIPT. (Adult in wnter.) Crown, region of the eyes, occiput,
nape and sides of the neck, white, with longitudinal streaks of pale brown
on the shafts of the feathers : upper part of the back, scapulars and
wing-coverts, deep blackish gray: primaries black, deepening in tint
towards their extremities ; the first two with an oval white spot near their
tips; the rest finely tipped with white; secondaries, and some of the
longer scapulars, likewise tipped with white : forehead, throat, and all
the under parts, lower part of the back, rump and tail, pure white :
bill ochre-yellow ; the angle of the lower mandible orange-red : irides
gamboge-yellow : orbits bright red : legs yellow. (Summer plumage.)
The whole head and neck pure white, without any brown streaks : the
rest as in winter. (Young of the year.) Scarcely to be distinguished
from that of the last species, excepting by the shorter tarsus and some-
what longer wings : plumage extremely similar : throat, and front of the
neck, whitish, with longitudinal streaks of pale brown ; rest of the under
parts grayish white, almost entirely covered with large deep brown spots :
upper plumage dusky brown, all the feathers edged with a narrow yel-

278 AVES NATATORES. [LARUS.

lowish band : primaries black, without any white at the tips : tail grayish
white at the base, variegated with black ; the remaining portion deep
blackish brown, the feathers tipped with white : bill blackish, brown at
the base : legs dull yellow. (Egg.) Yellow stone-colour, thickly spotted
with ash-gray and two shades of brown : long. diam. two inches ten
lines; trans, diam. one inch eleven lines.

Not uncommon on the northern coasts of Britain : less abundant south-
ward, though generally diffused. Like the last species, occasionally
observed inland on the banks of rivers. Breeds on rocks and steep
shores, and lays from two to four eggs. Food, fish, worms, and marine
rejectamenta.

300. L. marinus, Linn. (Great Black-backed Gull.]
Bill yellow : legs pale flesh-colour : tarsus three inches :
wings reaching very little beyond the tail : shafts of the
primaries black : mantle (in the adult) grayish black.

L. marinus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. 11. p. 760. Great Black-backed
Gull, Mont. Orn. Diet. Selb. lllust. vol. n. p. 507. pi. 97. Black-
backed Gull, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 201.

DIMENS. Entire length near thirty inches : length of the bill three
inches six lines : breadth, wings extended, five feet nine or ten inches.
MONT.

DESCRIPT. Distinguished from the last species, which it closely
resembles, by its superior size, longer tarsus, and by the colour of the
legs. (Adult in winter.) Crown, region of the eyes, occiput and nape,
white, with longitudinal streaks of pale brown on the shafts of the
feathers: back, scapulars and wing-coverts, deep grayish black: fore-
head, throat, neck, all the under parts, rump and tail, pure white:
primaries black towards their extremities, all terminated by a large
white space ; secondaries and scapulars tipped with white : bill thick
and strong ; bright yellow ; the angle of the lower mandible blood-red,
enclosing a dusky spot not found in the last species: irides gamboge-
yellow : orbits red : legs livid white, or pale flesh-colour. {Summer
plumage.) The whole head and neck pure white, without any streaks of
brown: orbits orange: the rest as in winter. (Young of the year.)
Similar to that of the two last species, but always larger, with the bill
stronger. Head, and fore part of the neck, grayish white, with numerous
brown spots largest on the neck : upper plumage dusky brown, all the
feathers edged and tipped with reddish white ; wing-coverts marked with
transverse bars of this last colour : under parts dirty gray, with broad
zig-zag streaks and spots of brown : primaries dusky, sometimes finely
tipped with white: middle tail-feathers almost wholly dusky; lateral
feathers black towards their extremities; all edged and tipped with
whitish : bill black : irides and orbits brown : legs livid gray. During
the second year, the colours of the plumage undergo no material change :
only the gray on the head and under parts gradually gives place to a
purer white, while the brown spots decrease in size and number ; the
base and tip of the bill also assume a livid tinge. After the second
autumnal moult, the mantle of grayish black begins to show itself,
though still variegated with large irregular brown spots; the white on
the under parts is now nearly perfected ; the tail white, variegated in parts
with black ; the bill becomes livid yellow spotted with black ; and the
red spot, enclosing a black one, appears at the corner of the lower

LARUS.] AVES NATATORES.

mandible. At the age of three years, or after the third autumnal moult,
the plumage is matured. (Egg.) Yellow-brown tinged with green,
sparingly spotted with slate-colour and dark brown : long. diam. three
inches two lines; trans, diam. two inches four lines.

Not so plentiful as the two last species, but occasionally met with on
most parts of the British coast. Observed by Montagu in considerable
abundance on the extensive sandy flats of the coast of Caermarthenshire.
In the immature state, it is sometimes seen far inland. Breeds in the
Orkneys, and on the northern shores of Scotland. Nest placed on the
shelves of insulated rocks. Eggs three or four in number. Food, fish,
carrion, and any animal matter.

301. L.' Islandicus, Edmondst. (Iceland Gull) — Bill
yellow : legs livid : tarsus two inches three lines : wings
reaching a little beyond the tail : shafts of the primaries
white : mantle (in the adult) pale bluish ash.

L. Islandicus, Edmondst. in Wern. Mem. vol. iv. p. 506. Flem.
Brit. An. p. 139. L. argentatus, Sab. in Linn. Tram. vol. xn.
p. 546.? Iceland Gull, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 501. pi. 98.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-two inches, (EDMONDST.): length
of the bill (from the forehead) two inches ; of the tarsus two inches
three lines, (SELB.): breadth, wings extended, four feet four inches,
(EDMONDST.)

DESCRIPT. Distinguished from the next species by its smaller size,
and "from the L. argentatus, which it also closely resembles, by the
entire absence of black on the primary quills. (Adult in winter.) " Back,
and upper wing-coverts, very pale blue ; all the rest of the plumage
white, except the head and upper part of the neck, which are streaked
with gray, as occurs in the winter dress of the other large gulls ; wing-
feathers and scapulars tipped with a more brilliant and pure white tinge
than that which occurs on the rest of the plumage : irides pale yellow :
bill smaller and more slender than in the Herring Gull : feet deep flesh-
colour." EDMONDST. (Immature Bird.) "Ground-colour of the entire
plumage pale yellowish gray ; the feathers being barred and mottled with
pale broccoli-brown : quills grayish white, with a slight tinge of broccoli-
brown: tail pale broccoli-brown, marbled with white: bill pale flesh-
red, or livid, at the base, with the tip blackish, or dark horn-colour:
irides pale yellowish gray : legs and toes pale livid flesh-red." SELB.

A winter visitant in the Shetland Isles, and the "northern parts of
Scotland, where it was first observed by Mr. Edmondston, who has
pointed out the distinctions between this and the next species. Mr.
Selby has also obtained a few specimens on the coast of Northumberland,
though all in immature plumage. By this last gentleman it is con-
sidered to be the same as the L. argentatus of Sabine, /. c. (the L.
arcticus of Macgillivray, Wern. Mem. vol. v. p. 268), which is described
as being plentiful in Baffin s Bay, Davis' s Straits, and Melville Island.
Mr. Selby observes that it is also common upon the Iceland coast, and
thinks it probable that many of those which winter with us retire there
to breed. Feeds on fish, the flesh of whales, and other carrion.

302. L. glaucus, Brunn. (Glaucous Gull.) — Bill
yellow : legs livid : tarsus three inches : wings barely

280 AVES NATATORES. [LARUS.

reaching to the end of the tail : primaries terminated by
a large white space ; the shafts entirely white : mantle (in
the adult) pale bluish ash.

L. glaucus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 757. Sab. in Linn.
Trans, vol. xn. p. 543. Glaucous Gull, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n.
pp. 209, & 212. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 498. pi. 99. Iceland Gull,
Edmondst. in Wern. Mem. vol. iv. pp. 176, & 182.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-nine inches: length of the bill
(above) three inches, (from the gape) four inches ; of the tarsus three
inches ; of the tail ten inches ; of the wing nineteen inches : breadth,
wings extended, five feet two inches. Faun. Bor. Am.

DESCRIPT. Similar to the last, but larger, with the bill more robust,
and the tarsus longer. (Adult in winter.) Head and neck white,
streaked and mottled with gray : back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, pale
bluish ash, not so dark as in the L. argentatus : primaries terminated by
a large white space, extending upwards more than two inches ; the shafts
entirely white : tips of the secondaries, tail, and all the under parts, also
pure white: bill very strong; wax-yellow ; the angular projection of the
lower mandible bright arterial blood-red : orbits red : irides yellow : legs
livid flesh-colour. (Summer plumage.) Head and neck pure white, with-
out the gray streaks : the rest as in winter. (Young of the year.) Whole
plumage mottled throughout with white, gray, and light brown, as in
the young of the L. marinus and L. argentatus, but the colours are
always paler than in those species, especially those of the quills, which
are brown instead of dusky, with the shafts entirely white : bill horn-
coloured at the base, the tip brownish black; the angular projection of
the lower mandible not so strongly denned as in the adult : legs flesh-
colour. From the young of the last species, they are only to be distin-
guished by their greater size. (Egg.) Stone-colour, spotted with ash-
gray, and two shades of red-brown : long. diam. two inches nine lines ;
trans, diam. one inch eleven lines.

A regular winter visitant in the Shetland Islands, where it arrives
about the middle of Autumn. In the southern parts of Britain rare, and
only occasionally met with : such individuals generally young birds in
immature plumage. A bold and voracious species, preying on fish and
other birds, as well as on carrion. Retires to the Arctic Regions to
breed.

GEN. 110. LESTRIS, Illig.

303. L. Cataractes^ Temm. (Common Skua.) — Central
tail-feathers but slightly elongated ; of equal breadth
throughout ; square at the extremities : tarsus two inches
eight lines.

L. Cataractes, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 792. Cataractes
vulgaris, Flem. in Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. i. p. 99. Skua Gull,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 229.
Common Skua, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 514. pi. 100.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-five inches; the same, central tail-
feathers excluded, twenty-two inches : length of the bill one inch nine
lines ; of the tarsus two inches eight lines.

LESTRIS.] AVES NATATORES. 281

DESCRIPT. Head, and region of the eyes, deep brown: neck, and all
the under parts, reddish ash, tinged with brown: back and scapulars
dark ferruginous brown, the feathers edged at the sides with dusky
brown; wing-coverts, secondary quills, and tail-feathers, brown: basal
half of the primaries white ; the remaining portion deep brown ; the
first with the whole of the outer web brown; shafts of the quills, as
well as those of the tail-feathers, white : bill black, the base brownish :
irides brown : orbits black : legs covered with large black scales ; back
part of the tarsus with very little indication of the projecting asperities
which characterize the next species : claws strong and black. Obs. The
plumage of this species is not subject to any important variation, either
from age or season. One, which lived ten years in confinement, ex-
hibited no tendency towards the light colour which characterizes the
adult under plumage of the other species of the genus. (Egg.) Olive-
brown, blotched with darker brown : long. diam. two inches nine lines ;
trans, diam. two inches.

Met with in small numbers in the Shetland Islands, particularly in
those of Foulah and Unst, where they remain the whole year. Of
very rare and accidental occurrence -in the southern parts of Britain.
Montagu mentions one that was shot at Sandwich in Kent, in the Winter
of 1800. Another has been since killed in Somersetshire. A bold and
rapacious species, obtaining its food principally by pursuing the larger
kinds of Gulls, and compelling them to disgorge the fish which they
have obtained. Flight very impetuous. Breeds in large companies
on high hills and unfrequented moors. Nest constructed of a few dried
weeds. Eggs two in number.

304. L. pomarinus, Temm. {Pomarine Skua.) —
Central tail-feathers projecting three inches; of equal
breadth throughout ; rounded at the tips : tarsus two
inches and half a line ; covered posteriorly with rough
angular scales.

L. pomarinus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 793. Faun. Bor.
Amer. partii. p. 429. Pomarine Skua, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xm.
p. 216. pi. 24. Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 517. pi. 101**.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-one inches; the same, central tail-
feathers excluded, eighteen inches : length of the bill (above) one inch
seven lines, (from the gape) one inch ten lines ; of the tarsus two inches
and half a line ; of the central tail-feathers nine inches six lines ; of the
wing fifteen inches. Faun. Bor. Am.

DESCRIPT. (Male and female in perfect plumage.) Face, crown of the
head, occiput, back, wings, and tail, of a uniform deep brown : neck
straw-yellow ; the feathers on the nape long and subulate : ear-coverts,
throat, breast and belly, white; vent, and under tail-coverts, blackish
brown ; flanks, and sides of the breast, blotched with the same : shafts
of the quills and tail-feathers white, except at their tips : bill dark
brown, the tip black: legs black: tail slightly rounded, excluding the
central pair of feathers ; these last of equal breadth throughout, and
rounded at the tips : tarsus posteriorly very rugose, clothed with angular
projecting scales. (Middle age.) "The whole plumage above and below
very deep brown ; the feathers on the neck and nape slightly elongated,
tinged with yellow : central tail-feathers shorter than in the adult in

282 AVES NATATORES. [LKSTRIS.

perfect plumage, but always of the same breadth throughout, and
rounded at the tips : bill and legs the same as described above." TEMM.
(Young of the year.) Head, neck, and all the upper parts, very dark
cinereous brown, approaching to dusky ; the feathers on the back, scapu-
lars, and wing-coverts, edged with reddish yellow : quills and tail dusky :
under parts "yellowish ash, with dusky spots and indistinct transverse
undulating bars ; upper and under tail-coverts with more distinct bands
of brown and yellowish white : base of the bill greenish blue ; the tip
black: legs bluish ash; base of the toes, and membranes, whitish:
central tail-feathers not more than half an inch longer than the others ;
the tips broad and rounded. (Egg.) Pale green ; the larger end spotted
with two shades of red brown : long. diam. two inches three lines ; trans,
diam. one inch six lines and a half.

Inhabits the Arctic Regions. In this country, at least in the adult
state, a rare and accidental visitant. Immature birds have been killed
at Dover, Brighton, near London, and in several instances on the eastern
coast of England. Food and habits similar to those of the last species.
Said to breed on low hills in marshy districts, or on rocks. Constructs
a nest of grass and moss coarsely put together, and lays two or three
eggs.

305. L. Richardsonii, Swains. (Richardson's Skua.)
— Central tail-feathers projecting three inches ; gradually
tapering from the base ; the tips acute : tarsus one inch
nine lines ; slightly rugose posteriorly.

L. Richardsonii, Faun. Bor. Amer. part ii. p. 433. pi. 73. Cataractes
parasiticus, Flem. in Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. i. p. 101. Id. Brit.
An. p. 138. Larus parasiticus, Edmondst. in Edinb. Phil. Journ.
vol. v. p. 169, & vol. vn. p. 91. Arctic and Black-toed Gulls, Mont.
Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. pp. 232, & 235.
Arctic Skua, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 520. pis. 101, & 101*. Rich-
ardson's Lestris, Gould, Europ. Birds, part iv.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-one inches ; the same, central tail-
feathers excluded, eighteen inches : length of the bill (from the forehead)
one inch two lines and a half, (from the gape) one inch nine lines and
a half; of the tarsus one inch nine lines; of the middle toe, nail in-
cluded, one inch eight lines and a half; of the central tail-feathers nine
inches ; from the carpus to the end of the wing thirteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Adult male and female.) Forehead, crown, occiput, wings
and tail, deep black ; the shafts of the quills and tail-feathers white to
near their tips : rest of the upper plumage deep dusky brown tinged with
cinereous : nape, and ear-coverts, straw-yellow : throat, breast, and belly,
yellowish white : flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts, deep dusky gray :
bill and legs black. (Young of the year.) Extremely similar to those
of the last species, from which they are scarcely to be distinguished
except by their inferior size, less robust bill, shorter and smoother tarsi,
and the sharp-pointed central tail-feathers, which in length, however, do
not at this age exceed the others by more than half an inch : legs, and
basal portion of the webs as well as toes, flesh-colour; the remaining
portion of the membranes black, in which state it is the Black-toed Gull
of English authors. Obs. In the adult state this species is subject to
considerable variation of plumage; in sonic instances all the under parts
being of a uniform dark brownish gray without any of the yellow and

LESTRIS.] AVES NATATORES. 283

yellowish white tints, which are probably not assumed till after a certain
number of years. This variety is common to both sexes, and individuals
may be found shewing every intermediate shade of colouring. (Egg.)
Olive-brown, spotted with two shades of darker brown : long. diam. two
inches four lines; trans, diam. one inch eight lines.

Of much more frequent occurrence than the next species, with which
it appears to have been confounded by many authors. It is, however,
principally confined to the Orkney and Shetland Islands, where it breeds
in considerable abundance. Immature birds are occasionally met with
on different parts of the English coast. Habits predatory, like those of
the Common Skua. Nest constructed of dry grass, on unfrequented
heaths. Eggs two in number. Is gregarious during the breeding

306. L. parasiticus, Temm. (Arctic Skua.) — Central
tail-feathers projecting six inches or more ; gradually taper-
ing from the base; the tips acute: tarsus one inch six
lines ; slightly rugose.

L. parasiticus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 796. Faun. Bor.
Armr. vol. n. p. 430. Parasitic Gull, Gould, Europ. Birds,
part iv.

DIMENS. Entire length twenty-one inches: length of the bill one
inch and six-eighths ; of the tarsus one inch six lines ; of the central
tail-feathers twelve inches; of the wing eleven inches nine lines.
GOULD*.

DESCRIPT. Extremely similar to the last species, from which it is
principally distinguished by its smaller size, longer central tail-feathers,
and shorter tarsi. (Adult male and female.) " Top of the head, and the
space between the bill and the eyes, of a deep blackish brown, terminating
at the occiput ; the whole of the upper surface of a clear brownish gray ;
quills and tail-feathers much darker ; the throat, neck, and under sur-
face, of a pure white, with the exception of the cheeks and sides of the
neck, which are tinged with a delicate straw-yellow; legs and feet black.
The young resemble in colouring the other species of the genus of the
same age." GOULD.

Apparently of rare occurrence in this country ; nor is it known whether
it ever breeds with us like the last species. A British-killed specimen is
in the British Museum, but I am ignorant from what locality it was
obtained. According to Mr. Thompson, it has repeatedly occurred in the
Bays of Dublin and Belfast. It is possible that the Arctic Gull noticed
by Montagu in the Supplement to his " Ornithological Dictionary," may
have been of this species, but in all other cases the bird described under
that name by English authors is referable to the L. Richardsonii. Ac-
cording to Mr. Gould, the present species inhabits the shores of the
Baltic, the rugged coasts of Norway, and the Polar Regions. Habits
similar to those of the rest of the genus.

* The following are the dimensions of a British specimen, in the British Museum, as given in
the Faun. Bor. Amer. by Dr. Richardson. " Length, total, twenty inches ; the same, excluding
central tail-feathers, fourteen inches ; of central pair eleven inches ; of wing eleven inches six
lines ; of bill above one inch ; of bill to rictus one inch seven lines and a half; of tarsus one inch
seven lines; of middle toe one inch three lines; of hind toe two lines; of hind nail two lines;
transverse diameter of the bill at the front four lines."

284 AVES NATATORES. [PROCKLLARIA.

GEN. 111. PROCELLARIA, Linn.
(1. PROCELLARIA, Vig.)

307. P. glacialis, Linn. (Northern Fulmar.) — White ;
back and wings hoary ash : bill and legs yellow.

P. glacialis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 802. Fulmar, Mont.
Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 239. Fulmar
Petrel, Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 525. pi. 102.

DIMENS. Entire length seventeen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch seven lines, (from the gape) one inch nine lines and
a half; of the tarsus one inch ten lines ; of the tail five inches ; from the
carpus to the end of the wing twelve inches.

DESCRIPT. (Adult.) Head, neck, rump, tail, and all the under parts,
pure white : back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and secondary quills, bluish
ash ; primaries dusky gray : tail rounded at the tip : bill yellow ; the
nasal tube tinged with orange : irides and legs yellowish. (Young of the
year.) " All the parts of the body pale gray tinged with brown ; the
feathers on the back and wings tipped with deeper brown: primary
quills and tail-feathers of one uniform tint of brownish gray : before the
eyes an angular dusky spot: bill and legs yellowish ash." TEMM. (Egg.)
Dirty yellowish white: long. diam. two inches ten lines; trans, diam.
two inches.

Not uncommon in some of the islands off the North of Scotland, lout
very rarely seen in the southern parts of Britain. Has been killed on
the coast of Durham, as well as, in a single instance, in South Wales.
Breeds in St. Kilda, and is said to lay one egg in the holes of rocks.
Habits very oceanic : seldom resorts to land, except for the purpose of
nidification. Food, fish, the flesh of whales, and other animal matter.

(2. PUFFINUS, Ray.)

308. P. Puffinus, Linn. (Cinereous Shearwater.) —
Bill two inches long : tarsus one inch ten lines : tail conical.
TEMM.

P. Puffinus, Temm. Man. &0rn. torn. n. p. 805. Cinereous Shear-
water, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xin. part i. p. 227. Selb. Illust.
vol. n. p. 528. pi. 102*.

DIMENS. Length eighteen inches. TEMM.

DESCRIPT. "Head, back part of the neck, and the upper plumage,
blackish brown, with the margins and tips of the feathers of the scapu-
lars lighter : throat, lower part of the neck, and the whole of the under
plumage, deep ash-gray, with a tinge of broccoli-brown : quills and tail
brownish black : legs having the outer part of the tarsus deep gray ; the
inner part, and webs, yellowish." SELB.

Mr. Selby informs us that he has lately obtained an individual of this
species on the coast of Northumberland. It has not been noticed by
any other British author. Possibly, however, it may have been con-
founded with the P. Anglorum, which it is said closely to resemble.
According to Temminok, it is common in the Mediterranean and on the
roast of Spain. Habits unknown.

PROCELLARIA.] AVES NATATORES. 285

309. P. Anglorum, Temm. (Manks Shearwater.) —
Bill very slender ; one inch seven or eight lines in length :
tail rounded ; wings extending a little beyond its extremity :
tarsus one inch nine lines.

P. Anglorum, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 806. Shearwater,
Mont. Orn. Diet. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 241. Manks
Shearwater, Selb. Ittust. vol. n. p. 529. pi. 102.

DIMENS. Entire length fourteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch six lines, (from the gape) one inch nine lines ; of the
tarsus one inch nine lines ; of the tail three inches seven lines ; from
the carpus to the end of the wing nine inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Forehead, crown, nape, and all the upper parts, including
the wings and tail, deep grayish black, with a slight gloss : sides of the
neck mottled with indistinct transverse bars of gray and white : chin,
throat, and all the other under parts, pure white: some of the under
tail-coverts black on their outer webs : bill yellowish brown at the base,
dusky towards the tip : legs gray ; the front of the tarsus, and part of
the webs, yellowish white, tinged with flesh-red. (Egg.) White : long,
diam. two inches five lines ; trans, diam. one inch nine lines.

Formerly very abundant during the breeding season in the Calf of
Man, but less so of late years. Common in the Orkneys, and some other
of the Scotch Islands, to which they resort in February or March. Builds
in the interstices of rocks, sometimes in rabbit-burrows, laying but one
egg. Food, fish, and marine insects and worms. Habits crepuscular;
seldom appearing abroad during the bright sunshine.

310. P. fuliginosa, Strickland.

Puffinus fuligiriosus, Proceed, of Zool. Soc. 1832. p. 129.

DIMENS. Entire length eighteen inches : length of the bill (from the
forehead) one inch and seven-eighths, (from the gape) two inches and
a half; of the tarsus two inches and a quarter; of the middle toe two
inches and a half; of the wing twelve inches. STRICKL.

DESCRIPT. Brown above and below; the wings of a deeper tint:
throat faintly tinged with gray : bill of the same colour : tarsi exter-
nally, and the outer toes, brown; tarsi internally, and membranes,
ochraceous brown. STRICKL.

A single individual of this species, supposed to be the Procellaria
fuliginosa of Kuhl, was shot in the middle of August 1828, at the mouth
of the Tees, and is now in the collection of Mr. Arthur Strickland, of
Boynton in Yorkshire. It is the only specimen hitherto obtained.
Native country and habits unknown.

(3. THALASSIDROMA, Vig.)

311. P. pelagica, Linn. (Stormy Petrel.) — Black:
tail even ; the wings extending a little beyond its tip :
tarsus ten lines and a half.

P. pelagica, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 810. Stormy Petrel,
Mont. Orn. Diet, fy Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 246.
Selb. Illust. vol. n. p. 533. pi. 103. f. 2.

286 AVES NATATORES. [PROCELLARIA.

DIMENS. Entire length five inches ten lines.

DESCRIPT. Head, back, quills, and tail, ink-black: wing-coverts
brownish black; a broad transverse bar of white on the rump; some
of the scapulars and secondary quills tipped with white : all the under
parts brownish black : bill and legs black : irides brown. (Egg-) White ;
of a roundish-oval form: long. diam. one inch one line; trans, diam.
ten lines.

A common species on some parts of the British coast, especially north-
wards. Very abundant in the Orkneys and Hebrides, where it breeds
in holes in the ground or in the clefts of rocks, laying one, sometimes
two eggs. Generally keeps far out at sea, though occasionally driven
inland by storms. Individuals under such circumstances, have been
met with in various parts of England. Skims the surface of the ocean,
feeding on the marine insects which float on the waves. When ap-
proached, ejects from its mouth an oily substance of a very rancid
smell.

312. P. Leachii, TWm. (Leacfrs Petrel.) — Black :
tail forked ; the wings not reaching beyond its tip : tarsus
eleven lines and a half.

P. Leachii, Temm. Man. d'Orn. torn. n. p. 812. Leach's Petrel,
Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. vol. xin. part i. p. 219. pi. 25. Fork-
tailed Petrel, Bew. Brit. Birds, vol. n. p. 244. Selb. Illust. vol. n.
p. 537. pL 103-.- f. 1.

DIMENS. Entire length seven inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Head, neck, and under parts, grayish black : back and scapu-
lars pitch-black : quills black ; the coverts lighter, forming a bar of dusky
brown: upper and lateral under tail-coverts white, the shafts and tips
black : tail black, of twelve feathers, forked ; the depth of the fork half
an inch: bill and legs black. (Egg.) White; roundish-oval: long,
diam. one inch four lines ; trans, diam. eleven lines.

First discovered by Mr. Bullock in St. Kilda. Since ascertained to be
not uncommon in that island, though rare elsewhere. Solitary indi-
viduals have been occasionally met with in different parts of England.
Breeds in the clefts of rocks, and lays one egg. Food and habits similar
to those of the last species.

(26.) P. Wilsoni, Bonap. — Vigors in Zool. Journ. vol. i. p. 425.
P. pelagica, Wils. Amer. Orn. vol. vn. p. 90. pi. 60. f. 6.

I am informed by Mr. Yarrell that this species has been killed in the
British Channel, though at some distance from land. It inhabits the
western shores of the Atlantic, and is principally distinguished by a large
oblong yellow spot on the membranes of the toes. Length of the tarsus
nearly an inch and a half.

CLASS III. REPTILIA.

ORDER I. TESTUDINATA.

Body enclosed in a double shield ; the head, neck,
limbs, and tail, alone free ; the upper shield formed
by the union of the ribs and dorsal vertebrae, the
lower one by the pieces of the sternum : jaws horny,
without teeth : four feet.

I. CHELONIADJE. — Feet, especially the anterior
pair, elongated ; compressed, fin-shaped.

1. SPHARGIS. — Shell covered with a continuous
coriaceous skin : claws obsolete.

2. CHELONIA. — Shell covered with horny plates:
feet with claws.

ORDER II. SAURIA.

Skin covered with scales : body and tail elongated :
jaws furnished with teeth : generally four feet.

I. LACERTID^.— Tongue slender, extensile,
bifid: all the feet with five toes; these last

288 REPTILIA.

separate, unequal, armed with claws: scales dis-
posed, under the belly and round the tail, in
transverse parallel bands.

3. LACERTA Palate armed with two rows of teeth :

upper part of the head protected by large squamous plates,
terminating posteriorly in a line with the orifices of
the ears: a collar on the under side of the neck formed
by a transverse row of flat broad scales, separated from
those of the breast by a space covered with small granu-
lated scales* : scales on the abdomen much broader than
those on the back, and not keeled : one row of femoral
pores on each thigh.

ORDER III. OPHIDIA.

Skin covered with scales : body cylindrical, very much
elongated : jaws furnished with teeth : no feet.

I. ANGUID^E A third eyelid: body entirely

covered with imbricated scales: jaws not dilat-
able : rudimentary scapular and clavicular bones
beneath the skin.

4. ANGUIS. — No appearance of extremities visible
externally : tympanum concealed beneath the skin :
maxillary teeth compressed and hooked ; no teeth on
the palate.

* This last character, though applicable to the few species met with in this country, must bo
received with some limitation in the case of two or three others found on the Continent, in which
the collar, though still free at the sides, is interrupted in the middle.

REPTILIA. 289

II. SERPENTID^.— No third eyelid: abdomen
covered with broad transverse plates : jaws
dilatable : no vestiges of bones of the sternum
and shoulder.

5. NATRIX. — Subcaudal plates arranged in pairs :
four nearly equal rows of imperforate teeth above, and
two below : no poison-fangs.

6. VIPERA Subcaudal plates arranged in pairs:

maxillaries armed with poison-fangs, but without ordinary
teeth.

T

290 REFflLIA. [SPHARGIS.

ORDER I. TESTUDINATA.

GEN. 1. SPHARGIS, Merr.

1. S. coriacea, Gray. (Coriaceous Turtle.) — Shell
oval, pointed behind, with three longitudinal ridges.

S. coriacea, Gray, Syn. Rept. part i. p. 51. Testudo coriacea,
Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 350. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 78. Coriudo
coriacea, Flem. Brit. An. p. 149. Turtle, Borl. Nat. Hist, of
Cornw. p. 285. pi. 27. f. 4. Coriaceous Tortoise, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. in. p. 7. pi. 1. Coriaceous Turtle, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. in.
part i. p. 77. pi. 21.

DIMENS. Said to attain the length of eight feet.

This species, which is a native of the Mediterranean, has heen occa-
sionally taken in our seas. Borlase mentions two which were caught in
the mackerel-nets off the coast of Cornwall, in July 1756. The largest
measured six feet nine inches from the tip of the nose to the end of the
shell, and was adjudged to weigh eight hundred pounds. Pennant speaks
of a third individual, of equal weight with that just alluded to, which was
taken on the coast of Dorsetshire. Obs. The anterior extremities in this
species are said to he proportionally longer in the young animal than in
the adult.

GEN. 2. CHELONIA, Brongn.

2. C. imbricata, Gray. (Imbricated Turtle.) — Shell
elliptic, carinated, with the plates of the disk imbricated.

C. imhricata, Gray, Syn. Rept. part i. p. 52. Testudo imhricata,
Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 350. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 78. Chelona
imhricata, Flem. Brit. An. p. 149. Imhricated Turtle, Shaw,
Gen. Zool. vol. in. part i. p. 89. pi. 26.

DIMENS. General length, from the tip of the hill to the end of the
shell, about three feet : has heen known to measure five feet. SHAW.

DESCRIPT. Body roundish-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, slightly cari-
nated down the hack : head small, prominent ; with the upper mandible
curved over the lower : two claws on each foot : plates of the disk imbri-
cated, thirteen in number, rather square, semi-transparent, variegated ;
of the circumference twenty-five, pointed and incumbent on each other in
a serrated manner : tail a mere notch. TURT.

LACERTA.] REPTILIA SAURIA. 291

A native of the American seas: has occurred, however, in a few in-
stances, as a straggler, on the British coasts. The first individual
(according to Dr. Fleming) is recorded by Sibbald, as having appeared
in Orkney. Dr. Fleming himself states that he has " credible testimony
of its having been taken at Papa Stour, one of the West Zetland Islands."
Dr. Turton has also mentioned one which was taken in the Severn in the
Spring of 1774. This last was placed in a fish pond, where it lived till
the Winter.

ORDER II. SAURIA.

GEN. 3. LACERTA, Cuv.

3. L. Stirpium, Daud. (Sand Lizard.) — Occipital
plate rudimentary ; frontal large, nearly as broad behind
as before : temples covered with small plates : abdominal
lamellae in six longitudinal rows : fore feet with the third
toe longest : femoral pores from twelve to fifteen.

Lezard des Souches, Edwards in Ann. des Sci. Nat. (1829) tom.xvi.
p. 65. Duges, Id. p. 377.

DIMENS. The following are those of an English specimen. Entire
length seven inches: length of the head (measured above to the posterior
margin of the occipital plate) nine lines, (underneath from the extremity
of the lower jaw to the posterior margin of the collar) one inch and half
a line ; of the body (from the collar to the anus) two inches one line ; of
the tail three inches ten lines ; of the hind leg one inch three lines and a
half; of the fore leg ten lines and a half. These measurements are, how-
ever, probably often exceeded.

DESCRIPT. (Form.') Larger than the common species ; the body and
limbs thicker and stronger in proportion to the entire length. Occipital
plate rudimentary, very much smaller than the parietal plates ; frontal
large, and nearly as broad at its posterior, as at its anterior margin ;
space between the eye and the meatus auditorius covered with small
plates of various sizes : collar composed of eleven lamellae ; the margin
irregularly toothed or notched : pectoral triangle well-defined : abdominal
lamellae in six longitudinal rows ; the two middle rows much narrower
than the adjoining ones, with the lamellae of a parabolic form : ante-anal
lamella single*, large, somewhat pentagonal: dorsal scales small, of an
irregular form, approaching to square or hexagonal, with a distinct longi-
tudinal keel directed somewhat obliquely ; those on the sides of the body

* In one specimen it was observed to be double, but this is probably accidental.
T2

292 REPTILIA SAURIA. [LACERTA.

larger, with the keel obsolete : caudal scales oblong, but becoming longer
and narrower as they approach the tip of the tail, each terminating below
in an obtuse point, and furnished with a longitudinal keel, which also
becomes more strongly marked towards the extremity : tail itself mode-
rately stout at its origin, but gradually tapering to a fine sharp point ;
with fifty-three (Duges says from fifty to eighty) whorls of the scales last
described : fore legs not reaching beyond the eyes, when placed against
the sides of the head ; strong, with the third toe a little longer than the
fourth ; all the claws strong and sharp, and more developed than those
on the hind feet : hind feet reaching to the carpus of the fore : thighs
very much compressed ; the number of femoral pores varying (according
to Duges) from twelve to fifteen, — in this specimen, on the right thigh
thirteen, on the left fifteen. (Colours.) Said to be very variable. In my
specimen, the upper parts dark green, thickly spotted with black; a
broad interrupted fascia of dark greenish brown down the middle, con-
taining interrupted lines of yellow spots : under parts light bluish green,
with small black spots much less numerous than above.

Of this species I have seen but two indigenous specimens, which
were obtained by W. Yarrell, Esq. from the neighbourhood of Poole
in Dorsetshire. For one of these I am indebted to the kindness of
that gentleman. It is common in France, and will probably be met
with in other parts of our own country, as soon as our native Reptiles
shall have received more attention from naturalists. It is very distinct
from the L. agilis, though at first sight, and without close examination,
it might pass for a large variety of that species. With its habits I am
unacquainted. Obs. The L. arenicola of Daudin is a variety of this
species.

(1.) L. viridis, Daud. Hist. Nat. des Rept. torn. in. pi. 34.
Lacertus viridis, Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 264. Lteard piquett,
Edwards in Ann. des Sci. Nat. (1829) torn. xvi. p. 64. Lezard
vert, Duges, Id. p. 373.

Larger, with the tail much longer in proportion to the body, than the
L. Stirpium. Occipital plate small, and triangular ; interparietal lozenge -
shaped ; frontal very large, quite as broad at its posterior as at its anterior
margin : collar consisting of eight lamellae ; the alternate ones smaller, and
of a triangular form : abdominal lamellae in six rows, the two middle ones
much narrower than the others : tail with upwards of a hundred whorls of
scales: toes long and slender; the third and fourth on the fore feet of
equal length : femoral pores from fifteen to eighteen. Colour generally a
brilliant green variegated with black specks on the back, flanks, and limbs :
abdominal lamellae plain yellowish green. Attains a length of eighteen
inches.

This species, which is well known on the Continent and in the Island of
Guernsey, is said by Ray to be found in Ireland, but its existence in this
last country does not appear to have been confirmed by any subsequent
observer. It is also doubtful whether it be indigenous in any part of
England, though possibly the " beautiful green Lacerti" observed by
Mr. White "on the sunny sand-banks near Farnham, in Surrey,"* may
have belonged to this species.

4. L. agilis, Berkenh. (Common Lizard.) — Occipital
plate rudimentary ; frontal large, as broad behind as

* Nat. Hist. ofSelborne: seventeenth letter to Mr. Pennant.

LACERTA.] REPTILIA SAURIA. 293

before : temples covered with small plates : abdominal
lamellae in six rows : fore feet with the fourth toe longest :
femoral pores from nine to eleven.

L. agilis, Berkenh. Syn. vol. i. p. 56. Sheppard in Linn. Trans.
vol. vn. p. 49. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 79. Flem. Brit. An. p. 150.
Scaly Lizard, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 21. pi. 2. no. 7.

DIMENS. Entire length from six inches to six inches nine lines.
Relative proportions very variable.

DE SCRIPT. (Form.) In every respect smaller, and more slender, than
the L. Stirpium : snout rather sharper : head more depressed, with the
superciliary plates raised above the level of the crown: occipital plate
very small'; frontal large, as broad at its posterior as at its anterior mar-
gin : temples covered with small plates, more numerous than in L. Stir-
pium : collar composed of nine nearly equal lamellae, with the posterior
margin entire: pectoral triangle ill-defined, the lamellae crowded together
in an irregular manner : abdominal lamellae in six longitudinal rows ; the
two middle rows a little narrower than the adjoining ones, with the
lamellae in these rows approaching to square or rectangular: dorsal
scales rather narrower than in the L. Stirpium ; not carinated, or with
the keel very obsolete : caudal scales similar, but the keel of these also
less strongly marked ; the terminal point of each scale is likewise more
obtuse, causing the whorls to appear less crenated : feet much slenderer
than in the above species; the fore feet with the fourth toe a little longer
than the third ; claws small, and not more developed before than behind :
thighs scarcely compressed ; the number of femoral pores tolerably con-
stant, generally nine, sometimes ten, rarely eleven. The following are
sexual distinctions. In the male, the tail and legs are longer in propor-
tion to the body ; the former is nearly (in some specimens quite) two-
thirds of the entire length ; the hind leg, applied to the side of the
abdomen, reaches to, or passes beyond, the carpus of the fore foot : the
ante-anal lamella is shorter and broader, or more transverse : the under
side of the base of the tail is flattened, with a slight longitudinal depres-
sion in the middle just behind the vent; during the season of sexual
excitement the base of the tail is much dilated at the sides, appearing
swollen. In the female, the abdomen is longer, and the tail shorter, tha
latter being often not more than half the entire length : the hind leg
barely reaches to the tips of the claws of the fore foot : the ante-anal
lamella is longer in proportion to its breadth, and of a more decided hex-
agonal or pentagonal form : the base of the tail is rounded, and convex
underneath, and never dilated at the sides*. (Colours.) Extremely
variable. Upper parts generally cinereous brown, more or less dark, often
tinged with bluish green ; a dark list down the middle of the back, with
parallel fasciae at the sides ; these last broader than the former, com-
mencing behind the eyes, and sometimes extending to near the extre-
mity of the tail ; between the mesial list and lateral fasciae, are one or
more rows of black spots, and sometimes the same number of yellow
ones : under surface of the body and base of the tail, and sides of the
abdomen, in the male, bright orange, more or less spotted with black ; in
the female, generally pale yellowish green without spots. Obs. In some
individuals, the whole of the upper parts are plain cinereous brown, with-
out any markings whatever.

* Some of the above distinctions were first pointed out by Mr. Gray in a communication made
to the Zoological Society, in May 1832. (See Proceed, of Zool. Soc. 1832. p. 112.) I have myself
since examined a large number of individuals, and confirmed the accuracy of them.

294 REPTILIA SAURIA. [LACERTA.

An extremely abundant species in all parts of the country, frequenting
heaths, moors, woods, sand-banks, &c. Is fond of basking in the sun-
shine, and in warm weather is extremely active. Forms a retreat under
ground, in which it resides wholly during .Winter. Is first seen in
March, or early in April. Feeds principally on insects. Is ovovivipa-
rous ; the young broods appearing in June or July. Tail extremely brit-
tle, but, when broken, gradually reproduced. The renewed part, how-
ever, according to Duges, never acquires vertebrae.

(2.) L. osdura, Sheppard in Linn. Trans, vol. vii. p. 50.

This supposed species is principally characterized by the circumstance of
the " tail bulging out a little below the base, which gives it the appearance
of having been cut off and set on again." I am indebted to Mr. Gray for
a suggestion, which he has since published in the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society, (1834. p. 101.) that it is nothing more than the male
of the common species in summer, when under the full influence of sexual
excitement. I think this extremely probable.

(3.) L. anguiformis, Sheppard in Linn. Trans, vol. vii. p. 51.

" Head very light brown above, with four dark spots ; yellowish white
beneath : back with a black line along the middle, reaching from the
head to about half an inch beyond the hind legs ; on each side of this a
broader one of dark brown (these beyond the black line unite, and reach to
, the end of the tail) ; next to these succeeds a fine yellow stripe that extends
to the end of the tail ; then a black one, which reaches no further than
the middle line, and afterwards a dark brown stripe mixed with a few
yellow spots extending to the end of the tail : a little above the hind legs,
in some specimens, is a slight division of the scales, forming a transverse
line : belly yellowish white, with a few black spots : tail, under part dirty
white, spotted with black as far as within an inch of the end ; the re-
mainder marked lengthways with long bars of black : legs dark brown
spotted with black. Length seven inches and upwards." SHEPP.

Another species instituted by Mr. Sheppard, but too imperfectly cha-
racterized to rank as certainly distinct from those already described. Mr.
Sheppard states that he once saw a specimen above a foot long, a length to
which, I believe, the common L. agilis never attains. Unfortunately,
however, this gentleman has in his description almost entirely confined
himself to noticing the colours, than which, in these Reptiles, nothing can
be more variable*.

Obs. Before concluding this account of our British Lacertte, it may
be stated that several other allied species, formerly confounded under the
general name of L. agilis, are known on the Continent, some of which
may possibly occur in this country, although hitherto overlooked by
naturalists. Pennant speaks of a Lizard, " which was killed near Wos-
cot, in the parish of Swinford, Worcestershire, in 1741, which was two
feet six inches long, and four inches in girth t." He adds, that " another
was killed at Penbury, in the same county." It is very possible that
these may have been the L. ocellata of Daudin, which is found in the
South of Europe, and which, according to Duges, sometimes exceeds two

* Mr. Sheppard thinks that this species may be the Lacerta anguiformis of Ray. It is clear,
however, that Ray, in bjs enumeration of the British species of " Eft or Swft, as he terms
them, has only copied from Merrett, ( Pinax, p. 169. ) who, I suspect, by the Lacertus terrestrix
anguiformis in Ertcetis, meant nothing more than our Common Lizard, which he calls angui-
formis, in order to distinguish it from the scale-less Efts, belonging to the modern genus Triton,
between which and the true Lacertce, the writers of that day did not sufficiently discriminate.
Merrett's other species, viz. 1. Terrestris vulg. venire nigro-maculato, 2. Parvus terrestrix
fuscus oppido rarus, 3. Aquat. fuscus, and 4. Aquat. niger, are probably all referable to one
or other of our two well-known British species of Triton, being called terrestres or a<iin>tiri.
according as they may happen to have been found on land or in water.

t No further light is thrown upon this species, in the Illustrations of the Natural History of
Worcestershire, lately published by Dr. Hastings, who simply alludes to the circumstance, as,
mentioned by Pennant.

ANGUIS.] REPTILIA OPHIDIA. 295

feet in length. In the event of their occurring to any future observer, it
may be useful to mention that the L. ocellata, independently of its great
size, may be easily distinguished by the circumstance of its having the
occipital plate very much developed, and at least quite as large as either
the frontal or parietal plates * : it also possesses eight or ten longitudinal
rows of abdominal lamellae.

Another species, which may be briefly alluded to, is the L. muralis ^f
Latreille, very common on the Continent, and apparently closely re-
sembling our own L. agilis, from which, however, it would seem to
differ in having the temples covered with very small granulated scales,
resembling those of the back, in the middle of which is one circular
plate t: the number of femoral pores is also much greater, varying
from eighteen to twenty-five. It may be stated, that Mr. Gray is of
opinion that this species is identical with the Common Lizard of this
country. Judging, however, from the descriptions of French authors, I
cannot but consider this as at present doubtful $.

ORDER III. OPHIDIA.

GEN. 4. ANGUIS, Cuv.
5. A. fragilis, Linn. (Blind-Worm.)

A. fragilis, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 392. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 81. Flem. Brit. An. p. 155. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 70.
Csecilia, Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 289. Blind-Worm, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. in. p. 36. pi. 4. no. 15. Common Slow-Worm, Shaw,
Gen. Zool. vol. in. p. 579.

DIMENS. Length from ten to twelve inches ; rarely more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Head small; body larger (more bulky in the
female than in the male), cylindrical, and of nearly equal thickness
throughout ; tail long, equalling half the entire length, sometimes more,
blunt at the extremity : eyes small : gape extending a little beyond the
eyes : teeth small, slightly hooked, with the points directed backwards :
tongue broad ; the tip deeply notched : upper part of the head covered

* See a representation of the plates of the head in this species, as well as in L. Stirpium and
L. viridis, in the Ann. des Sci. Nat. torn. xyi. pi. 5. f. 1, 3, & 4.

f This plate Edwards calls disque masseterin. See Ann. des Sci. Nat. torn. xvi. pi. 7- f- 3.,
where is a representation of the side of the head in this species.

£ For a more detailed account of the above species, as well as of some others found on the
Continent, which may possibly occur in England, I refer the reader to two valuable memoirs, al-
ready alluded to, one by Milne Edwards the other by Duges, in the 16th volume of the Annales des
Sciences Naturelles. In the same memoirs will be found an explanation of the nomenclature
employed in designating the different external parts of these animals, more particularly of the
plates on the upper part of the head, which furnish important characters for distinguishing some
nearly allied species.

I would also recommend to pur own naturalists, in drawing up descriptions of these Reptiles
in future, to pay more attention to form, as opposed to colour. This last can scarcely ever be
depended upon. It not only varies to a very great extent in the same species, but in the same
individual, according to age, season, and the period of time which may have elapsed since the
last moult of the cuticle. Edwards has observed that in general the spots are more regular and
better defined in younp, than in adult specimens.

296 REPTILIA OPHIDIA. [ANGUIS.

with squamous plates; frontal large; parietal and interparietal plates
moderately developed, the latter of a triangular form, with the apex
directed backwards : sides of the head, throat, and all the upper as
well as under surface of the body and tail, covered with small imbri-
cated scales of a rounded form and not keeled ; those on the sides set
obliquely with respect to the axis of the body. (Colours.) Glistening
brownish gray above, inclining to reddish on the sides; bluish black
beneath : along the back several parallel rows of small dark spots :
sometimes all the upper surface light yellowish brown without spots;
the sides only marked with a dusky fascia, commencing behind the eyes,
and reaching to the extremity of the tail. Obs. The markings are most
distinct in young specimens.

Common in most parts of the country. Frequents woods and gardens.
Feeds on worms and insects. Is ovoviviparous. Motion slow.

(4.) A. Eryx, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 392. Aberdeen Snake,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 35.

" Length fifteen inches : tongue broad and forked : nostrils small, round,
and placed near the tip of the nose : eyes lodged in oblong fissures above
the angle of the mouth : belly of a bluish lead-colour, marked with small
white spots irregularly disposed : the rest of the body grayish brown, with
three longitudinal dusky lines, one extending from the head along the
back to the point of the tail ; the others broader, and extending the whole
length of the sides : no scuta ; but entirely covered with small scales ;
largest on the upper part of the head." PENN.

The above is a description of a Snake, communicated to Linnaeus and
Pennant by the late Dr. David Skene, and said to inhabit Aberdeenshire .
It is probably nothing more than a variety of the common A.fragilis.

GEN. 5. NATRIX, Flem.

6. N. torquata, Ray. (Ringed Snake.) — Dorsal
scales carinated : a lunulate yellow spot on each side of
the nape, with a black one behind.

N. torquata, Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 334. Flem. Brit. An. p. 156.
Coluber Natrix, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 380. Turt. Brit.
Faun. p. 81. Ringed Snake, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 33.
pi. 4. no. 13. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. in. p. 446. Couleuvre a
collier, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 83.

DIMENS. Length from three to four feet; sometimes more. Obs.
The female is always much larger than the male.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Head depressed, and broader than the neck;
body slender, elongated, thickest in the middle, gradually tapering pos-
teriorly ; tail about one-fifth of the entire length, rather sharp-pointed at
the extremity : gape the length of the head, arched, ascending upwards
behind : teeth very small, serrated, arranged in two rows on each side of
the jaws : upper part of the head protected by large squamous plates ;
the frontal and fronto-parietal plates of considerable size ; seven plates
on each side of the upper jaw : dorsal scales imbricated, oval, with an
elevated keel down the middle; becoming broader and larger at the sides,
with the keel obsolete : plates of the belly broad, transverse, oblong, in
number about one hundred and seventy ; subcaudal plates arranged in
pairs, from sixty to sixty-five on each side. (Colours.) Upper parts cine-

VIPERA.] REPTILIA OPHIDIA. 297

reous brown, tinged with green : at the back of the head a double lunulate
spot, of a bright yellow colour, behind which is a double one of black,
larger and more triangular: two rows of small black spots disposed longi-
tudinally down the middle of the back, besides which are some larger
ones on the sides, uniting to form short transverse undulating bars :
throat, and beneath the neck, yellowish white ; abdomen, and under sur-
face of the tail, dusky blue, mottled in some places with yellowish white ;
edges of the abdomen with a series of yellowish white spots.

A common species ; met with in woods and hedges, as well as in
marshes. Is particularly abundant in the fens of Cambridgeshire, where
it sometimes attains a large size. Often takes to the water, especially
when alarmed ; and swims easily : will occasionally remain at the bottom
for a considerable time. Feeds on frogs, mice, insects, &c. Is oviparous.
Eggs from sixteen to twenty in number, often deposited on dunghills,
or under hedges. Hybernates during Winter : reappears in March, or
early in April. When irritated, voids a foetid substance.

(5.) N. Dumfrisiensis, Flem. Brit. An. p. 156. Coluber Dum-
frisiensis, Sow. Brit. Misc. p. 5. pi. 3. Loud. Mag. of Nat.
Hist. vol. ii. p. 458. (Copied.)

An obscure species, of which little is known. Said to be particularly
characterized by having ' ' the scales of the back extremely simple, not
carinated : plates on the belly one hundred and sixty-two : scales under
the tail about eighty. Of a pale brown colour, with pairs of reddish
brown stripes from side to side, over the back, somewhat zigzag ; with
intervening spots on the sides." Sow. Only one specimen known, which
was discovered by T. W. Simmons, near Dumfries. According to
Sowerby's figure, which is said to be of the natural size, its length does
not exceed three or four inches. Probably an immature variety of the
common species.

GEN. 6. VIPERA, Daud.

7- V. communis, Leach. (Common Viper.) — Three
plates on the upper part of the head, larger than the
surrounding scales ; dorsal scales carinated : a series of
confluent rhomboidal black spots down the back.

V. communis, Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. HI. p. 7. Flem. Brit. An.

p. 156. Vipera, Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 285. Coluber Berus, Turt.

Brit. Faun. p. 80. Viper, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. m. p. 26. pi. 4.

no. 12. Common Viper, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. HI. p. 365.

pi. 101.

DIMENS. Length from one and a half to two feej ; rarely more.
DESCRIPT. {Form.) Shorter, and, in proportion to its length, thicker,
than the Natrix torquata. Head depressed, widening behind the eyes ;
neck somewhat contracted; gape as long as the head, slightly ascending
posteriorly ; jaws very dilatable ; two rows of fine teeth on the palatines,
but none on the maxillaries, besides the poison-fangs: body gradually
increasing in thickness to about the middle of the entire length, from
that point scarcely diminishing to the vent, beyond which it tapers quite
suddenly : tail very short, not one-ninth of the entire length, terminating
in a sharp point : upper part of the head covered with small squamous
plates, different from the imbricated scales of the back ; of these plates
three are larger than the rest, one situate in the middle between the
eyes, the two others immediatelv behind the first : dorsal scales imbri-

298 REPTILIA OPHIDIA. [VIPEBA

cated, oval approaching triangular, carinated ; increasing in size towards
the sides of the body, where the longitudinal keel becomes lost : beneath
the lower jaw some imbricated scales without a keel : plates of the belly
transverse, oblong, about one hundred and forty-three in number ; sub-
caudal plates about thirty-three on each side. (Colours.) Extremely
variable : ground of the back and upper parts, in some, dirty yellow ; in
others olive, or pale cinereous brown : space between the eyes, and an
oval patch on each side of the occiput, black or dark brown ; a zigzag
dorsal fascia of the same colour commencing at the nape and reaching to
the extremity of the tail (in some the fascia assumes rather the appear-
ance of a longitudinal row of confluent diamond-shaped spots) ; also a
row of small triangular black spots along each side parallel to the dorsal
fascia : belly, and beneath the tail, steel-blue, stained in some places with
yellowish ; sometimes almost wholly black. Obs. The markings above
vary much in intensity of colouring, but always preserve, those on the
head especially, nearly the same form. The following are some of the
principal varieties noticed by authors.

Var. /3. Red Viper. Rackett in Linn. Trans, vol. xn. p. 349. Strick-
land in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 399. Gray in Proceed, of
Zool. Soc. (1834) p. 101. Coluber Chersea, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i.
p. 377. Petite Vipere, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 92. " Of a bright fer-
ruginous red, with zigzag markings down the back, resembling in form
those of the Common Viper; but instead of being black or dark brown,
they are of a deep mahogany colour : also a series of irregular spots of
the same colour along each side : the zigzag line terminates at the back
of the head in a heart-shaped spot, placed between two converging dark-
coloured bands, which meet on the top of the head, and again diverge
towards the eyes : belly ferruginous, like the back. Head much broader
and shorter than in the Common Viper." STRICKL.

Var. y. Blue-bellied Viper. (Coluber cseruleus,) Shepp. in Linn.
Trans, vol. vn. p. 56.

Var. £. Black Viper. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. in. pi. 124. Coluber
Prester, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 377. Wholly black, or very dark
brown; the markings hardly distinguishable.

Common in many parts of the kingdom, frequenting thickets, old chalk-
pits, and other waste places, more especially where the soil is dry. Said
to be most abundant in the Western Islands. In Cambridgeshire very
rare. Feeds on mice, frogs, and insects. Brings forth its young alive.

Var. /3. was first obtained by the Rev. T. Rackett from Cranborne
Chase, in Dorsetshire. It has been since met with in Suffolk, Worcester-
shire, Somersetshire, and Berkshire. By some it is considered as a dis-
tinct species ; I have, however, no hesitation myself in regarding it as a
mere variety of the common kind. The fact of its being always found of
a small size is probably due to the circumstance of the colours changing
in advanced life.

Var. y. was described by Mr Sheppard, who considered it as another
distinct species. He does not state whence his specimen was obtained.

Var. 8. has been found in Suffolk, and a few other parts of England,
but is very rare.

Obs. The Coluber Berus of Linnaeus is thought by Cuvier to be
the same as his Vipere Commune, a species perfectly distinct from the
Common Viper of England*.

* Obs. According to Mr. Lyell, (Prin. ofGeol. vol. n. p. 103.) none of the above three species
of Ophidian Reptiles have been observed hitherto in Ireland. According, however, to another
author, (Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. xvm. p. 373.) Snakes have been lately imported into
that country, and, "arc at present (1835) multiplying rapidly within a few miles of the tomb of
St Patrick/'

CLASS IV. AMPHIBIA.

ORDER I. CADUCIBRANCHIA.

Gills deciduous.

I. RANID./E. — No tail in the adult state: fore
feet with four toes; hind feet with five, or with

the rudiment of a sixth.

1. RANA. — Skin smooth : hind feet very long, adapted
for leaping ; more or less palmated : upper jaw with a
row of small fine teeth ; also a transverse interrupted row
on the middle of the palate.

2. BUFO Body swollen : skin warty ; a porous pro-
tuberance behind the ears : hind feet of moderate length :
jaws without teeth. t

II. SALAMANDRID^. — Body elongated; tail
always present : fore feet with four toes ; kind

feet with five.

3. TRITON. — Tail compressed: jaws furnished with
numerous small teeth ; two longitudinal rows of similar
teeth on the palate.

300 AMPHIBIA. [RANA.

ORDER I. CADUCIBRANCHIA.

GEN. 1. RANA, Laurent.

1. R. temporaria, Linn. (Common Frog.) — Reddish
or yellowish brown, spotted with black ; an elongated
black patch behind the eyes.

R. temporaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 357. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 80. Flem. Brit. An. p. 158. R. aquatica, Ray, Syn. Quad.
p. 247. R. fusca, Rces. Ran. tabb. 1-3. Common Frog, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 9. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. m. p. 97. pi. 29.
Id. Nat. Misc. vol. xx. pi. 864. (Variety.) Grenouille rousse,
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. 11. p. 105.

DIMENS. (.Average.) Length (from the end of the snout to the anus)
two inches seven lines ; hind leg (from its union with the body to the
extremity of the longest toe) four inches ; fore leg (measured in the same
way) one inch five lines and a half. Obs. Often attains a larger size.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body slender, compared with that of the Toad:
head approaching triangular, the snout a little pointed : gape wide,
extending to a vertical line from the posterior part of the orbit : teeth
minute, forming a single row in the upper jaw; none in the lower; also
an interrupted row across the front of the palate: tongue soft, fleshy,
spatula-shaped, emarginated at the tip, folded back upon itself when not
in use : eyes somewhat elevated above the forehead : back generally flat ;
sometimes a little gibbous behind : fore feet moderate, with four divided
toes ; third toe longest ; second shortest ; first and fourth nearly equal :
hind feet more than half as long again as the body ; the thighs strong
and muscular ; toes on these feet palmated, five in number, with scarcely
the rudiment of a sixth ; fourth toe considerably longer than any of the
others ; third and fifth equal : skin naked, every-where smooth, excepting
between the thighs, where it is a little rugose. (Colours.) Variable:
above brown, yellowish brown, or reddish brown, more or less spotted
with black ; the spots forming transverse fasciae on the legs : beneath
whitish, or yellowish white ; generally plain, but sometimes spotted like
the back. The most constant mark is an elongated patch of brown or
brownish black behind the eyes, on each side of the occiput : there is also
generally more or less indication of a whitish line running longitudinally
down each side of the back, and enclosing a space paler than the adjoin-
ing regions.

Common and generally distributed in England and Scotland : said,
however, to have been unknown in Ireland previously to 1696, in which

BUFO.] AMPHIBIA CADUCIBRANCHIA. 301

year the species was introduced, for the first time, into that country*.
Frequents the water during its larva state; afterwards, only resorts
to it occasionally, or for the purpose of spawning. Ova deposited in
clusters, in ditches and shallow ponds, about the middle of March : young,
or Tadpoles, hatched a month or five weeks afterwards, according to the
season : by the eighteenth of June, these are nearly full-sized, and
begin to acquire their fore feet : towards the end of that month or the
beginning of the next (varying in different years), the young frogs come
on land, but the tail is still preserved for a short time afterwards.
During the breeding season, the thumb of the male is much swollen.
Food, principally insects.

(1.) R. esculenta, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 357. Turt. Brit.

Faun. p. 80. Flem. Brit. An. p. 159. E. viridis, Roes. Ran.

tabb. 13, 14. Edible Frog, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 13. Green

Frog, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. in. p. 103. pi. 31.' Id. Nat. Misc.

vol. xx. pi. 871.

Larger than the common species. Colour olive-green, spotted with
black : three longitudinal streaks of yellow down the back : belly yel-
lowish.

This species, which is common in France and in other parts of the
Continent, has been included in the British Fauna upon rather doubtful
authority. In the late Mr. Don's account of the plants and animals
found in Forfarshire, it is asserted (p. 37.) that a few are occasionally to
be met with about the lakes in that district, although rather rare. More
recently, Dr. Stark is saidt to have found it in the neighbourhood of
Edinburgh. I cannot but think, however, that, in both these instances,
some other species, possibly a new one, has been mistaken for it, since it
seems hardly probable that an animal so common in the South of Europe,
should be found in Scotland, and not in any part of England. Although
represented as indigenous by all our British authors, none, with the ex-
ception of those above mentioned, have assigned any locality for it. It is
much to be desired that Dr. Stark would investigate the subject more
thoroughly, and compare the specimens, which he finds in his neighbour-
hood $, with the true R. esculenta of the Continent.

GEN. 2. BUFO, Laurent.

2. B. vulgaris, Flem. (Common Toad.) — Lurid
brownish gray, with reddish brown tubercles : body large
and swollen.

B. vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 159. B. terrestris, Rces. Ran. tab. 20.
Rana Bufo, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 354. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 80. Bufo, Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 252. Toad, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. in. p. 14. Common Toad, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. in. p. 138.
pi. 40. Crapaud commun, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 109.

DIMENS. Length three inches three lines ; hind leg three inches six
lines ; fore leg two inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body broad, thick, and very much swollen : head
large, with the crown much flattened, the snout obtuse and rounded :
gape extremely wide : no teeth either in the jaws or on the palate :

* See Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. xvm. p. 372.

t Proceed, of Zool. Soc. (1833) p. 88.

t That they are not simple varieties of the R. temporaries, is probable from the circumstance
of Dr. Stark s having observed osteological differences between them and the species just alluded
to. But I think it remains to be shewn that they are really the R. esculenta.

302 AMPHIBIA CADUCIBRANCHIA. [BUFO.

tongue with the apex entire: eyes moderately projecting; above each
a slight protuberance studded with pores ; a larger protuberance of the
same kind on each side of the head behind the ears, with pores more
numerous and secreting a foetid humour: fore feet with four divided
toes; third toe longest; first and second equal, both a little shorter
than the fourth: hind legs moderate, scarcely longer than the body;
the toes on these feet semi-palmated, five in number with the rudiment
of a sixth; fourth toe much the longest; third a little longer than
the fifth : skin every-where covered with warts and pimples of
various sizes ; largest on the back, but most crowded beneath. (Colours.)
Upper parts of a lurid brownish gray, sometimes inclining to olive, at
other times to black ; the colour of the tubercles rufous brown : beneath
yellowish white; either plain, or irregularly spotted with black.

Common in most parts of Great Britain : rare, however, in Ireland, if
not an introduced species in that country. Frequents the shady parts of
woods and gardens, cellars, and other damp places. Always a few days
later in spawning than the Frog ; the difference, in some seasons, amount-
ing to more than a fortnight. Ova deposited in long necklace-like chains.
Feeds on worms and insects, but is capable of remaining a long time
without nourishment. Said to be very long-lived. Ofcr. The Great Frog
of Pennant* is evidently nothing more than a large variety of this
species f.

3. B. Calamita, Laurent. (Natter-Jack.) — Olivaceous,
or yellowish brown; a bright yellow line down the middle
of the back : eyes very much elevated.

Rana Bufo, (3, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1047. R. Rubetra,
Turt. Brit. An. p. 80. Bufo Rubeta, Flem. Brit. An. p. 159.
B. terrest. fsetidus, Rces. Ran. tab. 24. f. 1. Natter-Jack, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 19. Jenyns in Camb. Phil. Trans.
vol. in. p. 373. Mephitic Toad, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. m. p. 149.
pi. 43. Id. Nat. Misc. vol. xxm. pi. 999.

DIMENS. Length two inches seven lines and a half; hind leg two
inches; fore leg one inch three lines.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General appearance similar to that of the last
species; but the eyes more projecting, with the eye-lids very much ele-
vated above the crown: porous protuberance behind the ears not so
large : toes on the fore feet more nearly equal ; the third, notwithstand-
ing, a little longer than the others ; first and second not shorter than
the fourth : hind legs not so long as the body ; the toes on these feet
much less palmated than in the B. vulgaris; the sixth toe scarcely at
all developed : skin similarly covered with warts and pimples. (Colours.)
Above, yellowish brown, or olivaceous, clouded here and there with
darker shades ; a line of bright yellow along the middle of the back ;
warts and pimples, especially the porous protuberance behind the eyes,
reddish : beneath, whitish, often spotted with black : legs marked with
transverse black bands.

First observed near Revesby Abbey in Lincolnshire, by the late
Sir J. Banks. Has been since met with in plenty on many of the
heaths about London, as well as on Gamlingay Heath in Cambridge-

* Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 20.

t See, on this subject. Leach's Zoological Miscellany, vol. in. p. 9. pi. 125,

TRITON.] AMPHIBIA CADUCIBRANCHIA. 303

shire, and in two or three localities in Norfolk. Appears to affect dry
sandy districts. Of much more active habits than the Common Toad,
its pace being a kind of shuffling run : never leaps. Spawns later in the
season.

Obs. Before concluding this family, it may be just stated, that
amongst the British species, Merrett has enumerated the Tree Frog,
(Ranunculus viridis, Pinax Rer. Nat. Brit. p. 169.) This, however, is
so obviously a mistake, that there is no occasion to dwell longer on the
circumstance.

GEN. 3. TRITON, Laurent.

4. T. palustris, Flem. (Warty Eft.) — Body rough ;
with scattered pores ; a distinct lateral line of pores :
dorsal and caudal crests (in the male) separate; the
former deeply serrated.

T. palustris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 157. Lacerta palustris, Linn. Syst.
Nat. torn. i. p. 370. Shepp. in Linn. Trans, vol. vn. p. 52.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 79. Salamandra aquatica, Ray, Syn. Quad.
p. 273. S. cristata, Latr. Hist. Nat. des Sal. de France, pp. 29,
& 43. pi. 3. f. 3. A. Warty Lizard, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p. 23. pi. 3. Warted Newt, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. vm. pi. 279.
Great Water-Newt, Id. Gen. Zool. vol. in. p. 296. pi. 82.
Salamandre cretee, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 116.

DIMENS. Entire length from five to six inches, rarely more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Head depressed: snout obtuse and rounded:
gape extending a little beyond the eyes : teeth minute, sharp, slightly
hooked, forming a single row in each jaw, and two parallel rows on the
palate : a collar beneath the neck formed by a loose fold of the skin: fore
feet extending a little beyond the snout ; each with four flattened toes ;
third toe longest; second a little longer than the fourth; this last a
little longer than the first: hind feet, placed against the sides of the
abdomen, reaching to the carpus of the fore ; with five toes, more de-
veloped than those in front ; third and fourth toes equal, and longest ;
second longer than the fifth ; first shortest : tail about two-fifths of the
entire length ; very much compressed, with its upper and under edges
sharply keeled; of a lanceolate form, gradually tapering to an obtuse
point : skin warty, uniformly covered with scattered pores ; parotids
porous ; also a row of distinct pores on each side of the body, forming
a line between the fore and hind legs. Obs. In the male the abdomen is
rather shorter, compared with the entire length, than in the female /
the hind feet are somewhat larger and stronger ; the back, during the
spring, is ornamented with an elevated membranous crest, commencing
between the eyes, and running longitudinally down the mesial line to
near the tail ; this last is also furnished with a similar but separate mem-
brane along its upper and under ridges, causing it to appear at the base

Ige occupying the plac
(Colours.) Upper parts blackish brown, with round spots of a somewhat
darker tint : breast and abdomen bright orange, or orange-yellow, with

304 AMPHIBIA CADXJCIBRANCHIA. [TRITON.

conspicuous round black spots, sometimes confluent, and forming inter-
rupted transverse fasciae : sides dotted with white : frequently a silvery
white band along the sides of the tail : membranes dusky, tinged with
violet.

Not uncommon in ditches, ponds, and other stagnant waters, during
the spring months. Late in Summer, is sometimes met with on land, in
damp shady situations : this, however, is probably in consequence of the
drying up of the waters in its accustomed haunts. Ova deposited on
aquatic plants.

5. T. punctatus, Bonap. (Common Eft.) — Body
smooth, without pores ; lateral line of pores indistinct ;
top of the head with two porous bands : dorsal and
caudal crests united, and uniformly crenate.

T. punctatus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. fasc. i. tab. 4. f. 4. T. aquaticus,
Flem. Brit. An. p. 158. Lacerta aquatica, Linn. Syst. Nat.
torn. i. p. 370 ? L. maculata, Shepp. in Linn. Trans, vol. vn.
p. 53. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 79. Salamandra punctata, Latr.
Hist. Nat. des Sal. de France, pp. 31, & 53. pi. 6. f. 6. A. (Male.)
B. (Female.) Smaller or Common Water-Newt, Shaw, Nat.
Misc. vol. xi. pi. 412. Id. Gen. Zool. vol. in. p. 298. pi. 83.
Salamandre ponctu6e, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 116.

DIMENS. Entire length from three and a half to four inches.

DESCRIPT. {Form.) Always much smaller than the last species, from
which it may be further distinguished by its smooth soft skin : tail ter-
minating in rather a sharper point than in the T. palustris : fore feet,
relatively, a little longer ; but the disposition of the toes on both fore and
hind feet similar : very little trace of a collar beneath the throat : two
rows of pores on the top of the head, but none on the body ; occasionally
a few distant pores between the legs forming an indistinct lateral line.
In the male, the dorsal crest commences at the occiput, and is more ele-
vated than in the L. palustris; it also forms one continuous membrane
with the crest of the tail ; its margin, instead of being serrated, is regularly
crenate, or festooned, throughout its whole length : during the season of
love, the hind toes of this sex are also broadly fringed with dilated mem-
branes. (Colours.) Above light brownish gray, inclining to olivaceous ;
beneath yellowish, passing into bright orange in the spring : every-where
marked with round black spots of unequal sizes : on the head the spots
unite to form longitudinal streaks ; there is generally also a yellowish
white fascia commencing beneath the eyes, and terminating a little be-
yond them. Obs. The female is much less spotted than the male; the
spots are also smaller : sometimes, in this sex, the under parts are quite
plain.

Equally common with the last species, and found in similar situa-
tions.

Obs. The above species is subject to considerable variation. It is also
often found on land, a circumstance which tends in some measure to alter
its characters. In such specimens, the skin loses its softness ; becoming
at the same time opaque, and somewhat corrugated : the membranes of
the back and tail entirely disappear, causing this last to appear narrower,
and thicker in proportion to its depth: the toes, from being flattened,
become rounded: the colours also are every-where more obscure. In
this state it is the Lac.erta wilgaris of Sheppard and Turton (and pro-

TRITON.] AMPHIBIA CADUCIBRANCHIA. 305

bably of Linnaeus also), the Triton vulgaris of Fleming, the Brown
Lizard of Pennant, and the Common Newt of Shaw. By these authors,
the variety in question is considered as a distinct species, an opinion to
which I was formerly myself inclined. I am, however, now perfectly
satisfied, from the examination of a large number of specimens, that it
is identical with the aquatic kind, and that all its peculiarities may be
traced to the change of circumstances under which it is placed. Shep-
pard lays great stress upon the fact of its being observed " of all sizes,
from one to four inches in length, but never in any other than a perfect
state ;" and he considers this " a sufficient proof that, like the rest of the
land lizards, it undergoes no change." The same circumstance is noticed
by Shaw, who regards it as an argument in favour of its being viviparous.
I suspect, however, that the period of time during which this species
remains in the larva state, although perhaps constant in ordinary cases,
is subject to much variation; and that if any thing occur to oblige the
young to exchange their native element for another before they would
naturally attain their perfect form, the gills are cast prematurely, to
enable the animal to accommodate itself to its new circumstances. The
fact of such small specimens, as Sheppard has noticed, being found on
land is indisputable, but I think I have generally observed some traces
of there having been gills at no very long period before. I may just add,
that Sheppard appears to have confounded, as Pennant had done before
him, the males of these reptiles, when possessing the dorsal and caudal
fins, with the larvae.

6. T. mttatuS) Gray. (Striped Eft.) — Body smooth,
without pores; lateral line of pores distinct; top of the
head with two porous bands : dorsal and caudal crests
irregularly and deeply notched.
T. vittatus, Gray s Mss.

DIMENS. Entire length four inches six lines.

DESCRIPT. Skin smooth : top of the head and parotids with scattered
pores : a series of distant pores on the lower part of the sides between
the fore and hind legs. Male in summer with a high, deeply notched,
dorsal crest, commencing in front of the eyes, and with a deep notch over
the vent ; continued into a low entire crest extending the whole length
of the tail. Colour white (yellow? when alive), with unequal black
spots; tail black; belly, under sides of the legs and tail, and a broad
streak along each side of the body and tail, white.

Var. (3. Throat white, with a few spots ; upper part of the tail pale,
black-spotted : dorsal crest very low ; caudal crest distinct.

Var. y. Above black, beneath white; throat black-spotted: dorsal
crest none.

A new species, discovered in ponds near London, by J. E. Gray, Esq.
to whom I am indebted for the above description. It differs remarkably
from both the preceding species in the form of the dorsal crest, and in
the disposition of the colours. From the T. palustris, it may be further
distinguished by its smooth skin.

U

CLASS V. PISCES.

(I. O S S E I.)

Skeleton bony ; the osseous matter disposed in fibres :
sutures of the cranium distinct: maxillary and
intermaxillary bones, always one, and generally
both, present.

§ i. PECTINIBRANCHII. — Bronchia in con-
tinuous pectinated ridges; furnished with an
opercle and branchiostegous membrane: jaws
complete, and free.

ORDER I. ACANTHOPTERYGII.

The first portion of the dorsal fin, or the entire first
dorsal when two are present, with simple spinous
rays : also the anal and ventrals with one or more
of the anterior rays generally spinous.

I. PERCID^E. — Scales generally rough, with
ciliated margins : margin of the opercle or pre-
opercle, sometimes both, denticulated, or armed
with spines: both jaws, as well as the vomer,
and almost always the palatine bones also, armed
with teeth.

PISCES. 307

1. PERCA. — Body oblong, somewhat compressed:
ventrals beneath the pectorals : branchiostegous membrane
with seven rays : preopercle with the basal and posterior
margins denticulated : jaws, vonier, and palatines, all armed
with small teeth : scales rough ; not easily detached.

(1. PERCA.) Two dorsals : opercle with the upper half covered -with
scales, terminating ibehind in a flattened point : infra-orbitals
slightly denticulated: tongue smooth.

(2. LABRAX.) Two dorsals: opercle entirely covered with scales,
terminating behind in two spines : infra-orbitals not denticu-
lated: tongue rough with minute teeth.

(3. SERRANUS.) A single dorsal: cheeks and opercle covered with
scales ; the latter terminating behind in one or more flattened
points: jaws with some elongated sharp teeth among the smaller
ones.

(4. ACERINA.) A single dorsal: head without scales, pitted with
indentations : opercle terminating behind in a single spine :
teeth uniform.

2. TRACHINUS Head compressed ; body elongated :

ventrals before the pectorals : two dorsals ; the first short ;
the second, as well as the anal, long : branchiostegous mem-
brane with six rays : opercle with one strong spine directed
backwards : two small spines in front of the eye : both
jaws, as well as the vomer and palatines, armed with
minute teeth.

(1.) SPHYRJENA.— Body elongated: two dorsals remote from each
other : head oblong : lower jaw pointed, longer than the upper, with
some of the teeth larger than the others: branchiostegous membrane
with seven rays: no denticulations on the preopercle, or spines on the
opercle.

3. MULLUS Body oblong, thick: ventrals a little

behind the pectorals : two dorsals widely separated : branch-
iostegous membrane with four rays : no denticulations on
the preopercle, or spines on the opercle : teeth in the
lower jaw and on the palatines only : chin with two long
barbules: scales large, deciduous*.

* Obs. The characters of this and the last genus depart rather from those of the rest of the
Percidce. With respect to the Mullets, Cuvier observes that they might almost be considered as
a distinct family.

U2

308 PISCES

II. LORI CAT I. — Infra-orbitals extending more
or less over the cheeks, articulating behind with
the preopercle : head mailed, or otherwise armed.

4. TRIGLA Head mailed ; in the form of a parallele-
piped: opercle, and bones of the shoulder, armed with
spines : body scaly : two dorsals : three detached rays
beneath the pectorals : branchiostegous membrane with
seven rays : fine velvet-like teeth* in both jaws and on
the front of the vomer.

5. COTTUS Head broad, depressed; more or less

armed with spines: body naked, without scales: two
dorsals, distinct, or very slightly connected: lower rays
of the pectorals simple: branchiostegous membrane with
six rays : teeth in both jaws, and also on the front of
the vomer ; none on the palatines : ventrals small.

6. ASPIDOPHORUS Head broad, depressed; armed

with spines and tubercles : body attenuated behind, mailed
with angular plates : two dorsals, nearly contiguous :
branchiostegous membrane with six rays ; furnished, as
well as the chin, with small thread-like filaments : teeth in
both jaws ; none on the vomer or palatines : ventrals
small j\

7- SCORPJENA. — Head compressed, armed more or
less with spines and tubercles : body oblong, scaly : a
single dorsal : lower rays of the pectorals simple : branch-
iostegous membrane with seven rays : velvet-like teeth in
both jaws, and on the palatines.

(1. SEBASTES.) Head scaly; spines on the preopercle and opercle;
. no tubercles.

8. GASTEROSTEUS Head without spines or

tubercles : body generally more or less protected by

* The terms employed to designate the different forms of teeth in fishes have been, in most
instances, adopted from Cuvier. See Hist. Nat. des Poiss. torn. i. p. 362. See also Yarrell's
British Fishes, vol. i. p. 99.

f Since the publication of my Catalogue, I have inclined to the opinion that this group should
rank higher than as a mere subdivision of the genus Cottus.

PISCES. 309

shield-like plates : several free spines instead of a first
dorsal : ventrals reduced nearly to a single spine : branch-
iostegous membrane with three rays : teeth in both jaws ;
none on the vomer or palatines.

(1. GASTEROSTEUS.) Bones of the pelvis united, forming a trian-
gular plate on the abdomen : ventrals with only one soft ray.

(2. SPINACHIA.) Bones of the pelvis separate: ventrals with two
soft rays: lateral line armed with large carinated scales.

III. SCI^ENID^E.. — Preopercle denticulated; opercle

with spines: mouth but little protractile: no

teeth on the vomer or palatines : bones of the

face and cranium often cavernous, causing the

snout to appear more or less protuberant.

9. SCI^ENA. — Head protuberant, covered entirely, as
well as the body, with scales : two dorsals ; the second
much longer than the first : anal short : preopercle,
except in advanced age, denticulated ; opercle terminating
behind in two flat spines : branchiostegous membrane with
seven rays.

(1. SCLENA.) A row of strong pointed teeth in each jaw, accom-
panied, in the upper, by smaller ones behind : anal with only one
small spine : no cirrus on the chin.

A broad band of fine small teeth in each jaw without an
anterior row of stronger ones : anal with two spines, the second strong :
a barbule beneath the symphysis of the lower jaw.

IV. SPARID^E. — No denticulations on the pre-
opercle, or spines on the opercle : palate without
teeth : mouth not protractile : body oval, covered
with large scales; no scales on the vertical
fins.

10. SPARUS __ Sides of the jaws furnished with
rounded molars forming a pavement : cheeks scaly : a
single dorsal : branchiostegous membrane with five or
six rays.

310 PISCES.

(I. CHRYSOPHRYS.) From four to six conical incisors in each jaw;
molars large, in three or more rows.

(2. PAGRUS.) Conical incisors in front, with card-like teeth behind;
molars of moderate size, in only two rows.

(3. PAGELLUS.) All the anterior teeth fine and card-like: molars
small, in two or more rows.

11. DENTEX. — All the teeth conical, and forming but
a single row ; some of the anterior ones longer than the
others, and hooked : cheeks scaly : a single dorsal : branch-
iostegous membrane with six rays.

12. CANTHARUS. — All the teeth card-like, and
crowded together ; the anterior row larger, and more
hooked, than the others : cheeks scaly : branchiostegous
membrane with six rays.

V. SQUAMIPINNATL — Body compressed;
scaly : dorsal and anal jfins, or at least their
soft portions, closely covered with scales.

13. BRAMA Both jaws, as well as the palatine

bones, with card-like teeth : dorsal and anal fins long :
the spinous rays few in number : branchiostegous mem-
brane with seven rays.

VI. SCOMBRID^E. — Opercular pieces without
denticulations : scales very small: body smooth:
vertical fins not scaly.

14. SCOMBER. — Lateral line unarmed: two dorsals;
the first continuous ; posterior rays of the second, as
well as the corresponding rays of the anal, separated into
spurious finlets : body fusiform : branchiostegous membrane
with seven rays.

(1. SCQMBER.) First dorsal separated from the second by a wide
space : scales small, and every -where uniform : sides of the
tail with two small cutaneous ridges.

(2. THYNNUS.) First dorsal reaching nearly to the second: some
large scales surrounding the thorax, forming a corselet : sides
of the tail with a cartilaginous keel between two small cuta-
neous ridges.

PISCES. 311

15. XIPHIAS. — Lateral line unarmed : a single dorsal,
continuous : body elongated ; the snout produced into a
sword-like process : jaws without teeth : sides of the tail
with a strong projecting keel : ventrals wanting.

16. CENTRONOTUS __ Lateral line unarmed : spines
of the first dorsal free, and not connected by a membrane :
ventrals always present.

(1. NAUCRATES.) Body fusiform: sides of the tail keeled: two free
spines before the anal.

Body compressed: sides of the tail not keeled: two free
spines before the anal : before the spines on the back, a reclined spine
directed forwards.

17- CARANX. — Lateral line armed with large, im-
bricated, spinous plates: two distinct dorsals; before the
first a sharp reclined spine directed forwards : some free
spines before the anal; sometimes connected, forming a
small fin: body fusiform.

18. ZEUS -- One dorsal; the spinous and soft por-
tions separated by a deep notch : body oval, compressed :
mouth very protractile : teeth small, few in number :
ventrals thoracic.

(1. ZEUS.) Dorsal spines accompanied hy filamentous prolongations
of the membrane : a series of forked spines along the base of
the dorsal and anal.

(2. CAPROS.) No spines at the base of the dorsal and anal fins:
body covered with rough scales.

19- LAMPRIS -- Dorsal entire, very much elevated
anteriorly : anal also elevated, with one small spine in
front of the base : body oval, compressed : no teeth :
ventrals, and lobes of the caudal, very much elongated;
the former abdominal, with ten rays : sides of the tail
keeled.

20. CORYPKLENA. _ Body compressed, elongated:
upper part of the head presenting a sharp edge : one
dorsal running the whole length of the back; all the

312 PISCES.

rays nearly equally flexible, but the anterior ones not
articulated : branchiostegous membrane with seven rays.

(1. CENTROLOPHUS.) Head oblong: palate destitute of teeth: a
space without rays between the occiput and commencement
of the dorsal.

VII. T^ENIOIDEI.— Body venj much elongated, as

well as compressed: scales small.

* Snout elongated: gape wide: teeth strong, sharp, and
cutting : lower jaw projecting.

21. LEPIDOPUS. — Ventrals reduced to two small
scales : dorsal extending throughout the whole length :
anal narrow : caudal well formed : branchiostegous mem-
brane with eight rays.

22. TRICHIURUS. Ventrals and caudal wanting :

tail produced into a long, slender, compressed filament :
anal represented by a series of small, almost invisible, spines :
branchiostegous membrane with seven rays.

** Mouth small, very protractile : teeth small.

23. GYMNETRUS. — Anal entirely wanting: dorsal
long ; the anterior rays prolonged : ventrals very long
(but easily broken) : caudal of few rays, attached vertically
to the extremity of the tail, which terminates in a small
hook or claw : branchiostegous membrane with six rays.

*** Snout very short ; gape oblique : teeth well deve-
loped.

24. CEPOLA Dorsal and anal long, both reaching to

the base of the caudal : ventrals moderately developed :
branchiostegous membrane with six rays.

VIII. MUGILID^E. — Body oval, approaching to
cylindric; covered with large scales: snout
very short: mouth transverse, angular when

PISCES. 31.3

closed, the lower jaw with an eminence in the
middle fitting into a corresponding hollow in
the upper : teeth extremely minute : two dorsals
widely separated : ventrals a little behind the
pectorals: branchiostegous membrane with six
rays.

25. MUGIL.

26. ATHERINA* Body elongated : mouth very

protractile : teeth minute : two dorsals widely separate :
ventrals behind the pectorals : branchiostegous membrane
with six rays : a broad silver band along each side.

IX. GOBIADJE. — Body elongated: one or two
dorsals: the spinous rays always slender and
flexible.

27. BLENNIUS Ventrals before the pectorals, very

much reduced : body elongated, compressed, smooth,
covered with small scales: gill-opening large; the mem-
brane continued across the breast : a single dorsal, com-
posed almost entirely of simple flexible rays.

(1. BLENNIUS.) Teeth long, even, close-set, forming a single row;
the last in the series sometimes longer than the others, and
curved: ventrals of two or three rays.

(2. GUNNELLUS.) Teeth short, in more than one row: ventrals
extremely small, reduced nearly to a single ray: dorsal ex-
' tending the whole length; all the rays simple, and without
articulations.

28. ZOARCESf — Ventrals before the pectorals, small,
with three rays : body elongated, covered with a mucous

* Cuvier places this genus between the Mugilidce and the Gobiadce, observing that it will not
exactly associate with either.

t This genus has been probably misplaced by authors. It seems (as Nilsson observes) to shew
more affinity to the Malacopterygian Fishes, especially to some of the Gadidce. It is a curious
circumstance that the Zoarces viviparus and the Lota vulgaris should have obtained the same
English name (that of Eel-Pout,) in some parts of the country.

314 PISCES.

secretion : branchiostegous membrane with six rays ; not
continued across the breast: teeth conical, in one row at
the sides of the jaws, in many in front : fins invested with
a thick skin ; the dorsal, anal, and caudal, united ; all
the rays of the dorsal soft and articulated.

29. ANARRHICHAS. — Ventrals wanting: body
elongated, smooth : one dorsal, composed entirely of simple
rays, not connected with the caudal : branchiostegous mem-
brane with six rays : palatines, vomer, and mandibles,
armed with large osseous tubercles; the anterior teeth
long, and conical.

30. GOBIUS. — Ventrals thoracic ; more or less united
at the edges, forming a funnel-shaped cavity : body elongated,
scaly : head moderate : gill-opening small ; branchiostegous
membrane with five rays : two distinct dorsals ; the first
with the spines extremely flexible.

31. CALLIONYMUS Ventrals jugular, widely sepa-
rate, broader than the pectorals : body naked : head broad
and depressed : gill-opening reduced to a small hole on each
side of the nape: preopercle terminating behind in several
small spines: two dorsals.

X. LOPHIAD^E. — Bones of the carpus elongated,
forming a kind of arm supporting the pectorals:

skeleton semicartilaginous.

32. LOPHIUS Ventrals before the pectorals : opercle

and branchiostegous rays enveloped in the skin; the branch-
iostegous membrane forming a large purse-like cavity in the
axilla : two distinct dorsals ; in front of which are sonje free
rays, produced into long slender filaments: skin naked: head
broad and depressed; extremely large with respect to the
rest of the body.

XI. LABRID^E. — Body oblong, scaly : only one
dorsal; the spines invested with membranous

PISCES. 315

shreds, extending beyond their tips, and giving
them a bifid appearance: lips fleshy : pharyn-
geans three in number; two above and one
below; all armed with strong teeth.

33. LABRUS __ Lips double: branchiostegous mem-
brane with from four to six rays : maxillary teeth conical ;
the anterior ones longest : pharyngeans cylindrical, blunt,
forming a pavement.

(1. LABRUS.) Preopercle with the margin entire: cheeks and opercle
scaly : first dorsal spines not elongated.

First dorsal spines produced into long flexible threads.

(2. JULIS.) First dorsal spines elongated : head entirely smooth, and
without scales.

(3. CRENILABRUS.) Preopercle with the margin denticulated: cheeks
and opercle scaly.

XII. CENTRISCID^E.— Mouth at the extremity
of a long tube, formed by a prolongation of
the rostral and opercular bones.

34. CENTRISCUS.— Body oblong-oval, compressed at
the sides, carinated beneath : mouth extremely small, cleft
obliquely : branchiostegous membrane with two or three
slender rays : two dorsals ; the anterior one placed very
backward, with the first spine much longer and stouter
than the others: ventrals small, behind the pectorals.

ORDER II. MALACOPTERYGII.

All the fin-rays, with the exception sometimes of the
first in the dorsal and the first in the pectorals,
soft and cartilaginous ; these rays of an articulated
structure, and generally more or less branched at
their extremities.

316 PISCES.

(I. ABDOMINALES.)

Ventrals suspended from the abdomen, and situate far
behind the pectorals.

I. CYPRINID^E. — Mouth small: jaws weak,
generally without teeth, formed by the intermaxil-
laries : pharyngeans with strong teeth: body
scaly : no adipose fin.

35. CYPRINUS. — Jaws without teeth: lips simple,
with or without barbules: branchiostegous membrane with
three flat rays : one dorsal : scales generally large.

(*1. CYPRINUS.) Dorsal long; the second ray, as well as that in the anal,
a serrated spine.

(2. BARBUS.) Dorsal and anal short; the former with the second or
third ray strongly spinous : upper jaw with four barbules ; two
at the angles, and two at the extremity of the mouth.

(3. GOBIO.) Dorsal and anal short ; without spines : upper jaw with
two barbules.

(4. TINCA.) Dorsal and anal short; without spines: scales small,
and slimy: two very short barbules.

(5. ABRAMIS.) Neither spines nor barbules : dorsal short, placed
behind the ventrals: anal long.

(6. LEUCISCUS.) Dorsal and anal short; without spines: mouth
without barbules.

36. COBITIS Jaws without teeth: lips fleshy, fitted

to act as suckers, furnished with barbules : body elongated :
scales small, and slimy : branchiostegous membrane with
three rays : one dorsal : ventrals very much behind.

II. ESOCID^E. — Mouth with strong teeth: upper
jaw formed by the intermaxillary, or if not
entirely, the maxillary without teeth and con-
cealed in the substance of the lips : no adipose

37. ESOX. — Snout broad, oblong, rounded, depressed ;
intermaxillaries forming two-thirds of the upper jaw ; teeth

PISCES. 317

in both jaws, as well as on the vomer, palatines, tongue,
pharyngeans, and branchial arches : one dorsal ; the
anal opposite.

j. ^ <j

anal opposite

38. BELONE Snout attenuated, greatly prolonged:

intermaxillaries forming the entire margin of the upper jaw :
both jaws with small teeth ; none on the vomer, palatines,
or tongue : body elongated : a row of carinated scales along
each side of the abdomen.

(1. BELONE.) Dorsal and anal entire.

(2. SCOMBERESOX.) Last rays of the dorsal and anal detached, form-
ing spurious finlets.

39. EXOCOETUS. — Head depressed, scaly : intermax-
illaries without pedicles, and forming the entire margin of
the upper jaw : both jaws with small teeth : branchioste-
gous membrane with ten rays : a row of carinated scales
forming a projecting line along the bottom of each flank :
pectorals extremely large, almost as long as the body.

SIL URIDJE. — No true scales : skin naked, or
covered with osseous plates : adipose Jin often pre-
sent : upper jaw formed by the intermaxillaries :
Jirst ray of the dorsal and pectoral Jins generally
a strong articulated spine.

(2.) SILURUS. — Skin naked, covered with a mucous secretion : head
depressed : mouth terminal ; with several fleshy barbules : card-like teeth
in both jaws, as well as on the vomer : dorsal small, without any sensible
spine : anal very long.

III. SALMONID^. — Body scaly: two dorsals;
the first with all the rays soft; second small.,
and adipose.

40. SALMO The greater part of the upper jaw

formed by the maxillaries : one row of sharp teeth on the
maxillaries, intermaxillaries, palatines, and mandibulars ;

318 PISCES.

two rows on the vomer, tongue, and pharyngeans : ven-
trals opposite the middle of the first dorsal ; the adipose
fin opposite the anal : branchiostegous membrane with more
than eight rays.

41. OSMERUS. — Two rows of teeth on each palatine,
the vomer with only a few teeth in front : ventrals opposite
the anterior margin of the first dorsal : branchiostegous
membrane with only eight rays : scales minute.

42. THYMALLUS. — Gape small : jaws, tongue, pala-
tines, and front of the vomer, with very fine velvet-like
teeth : branchiostegous membrane with ten rays : first dorsal
long and high : scales large.

43. COREGONUS. — Mouth as in the last genus, but
the teeth still smaller, sometimes entirely wanting : dorsal
not so long as it is high in front : scales very large.

(3.) SCOPELUS. — Gaye and gill-openings large: both jaws with
very small teeth ; the margin of the upper formed entirely by the in-
termaxillaries : tongue and palate smooth : branchiostegous membrane
with nine or ten rays : first dorsal answering to the space between the
ventrals and the anal ; second very small, with vestiges of rays.

IV. CLUPEIDJE. — jVb adipose Jin: upper jaw
formed in the middle by the intermaxillaries,
which are without pedicles; at the sides by the
maxillaries: body scaly.

44. CLUPEA. — Intermaxillaries short, and narrow ;
sides of the jaw formed by the maxillaries in three pieces,
and alone protractile : mouth with few teeth, sometimes
with none: abdomen compressed, the scales on the margin
forming a serrated ridge : gill-opening very large ; branch-
iostegous membrane with from six to eight rays.

(1. CLUPEA.) Maxillaries arched in front: gape moderate; upper
lip entire.

(2. ALOSA.) Upper jaw notched in fhe middle.

45. ENGRAULIS. — Snout projecting, and sharp-
pointed ; intermaxillaries placed beneath, and very small;

PISCES. 319

maxillaries straight and long : gape extending to behind
the eyes : both jaws furnished with teeth : gill-opening
extremely large ; the membrane with twelve or more rays :
abdomen generally smooth.

(4.) LEPISOSTEUS.— Snout prolonged, formed by the union of the
intermaxillaries, maxillaries, palatines, vomer and ethmoid : lower jaw
equalling it : both jaws armed with sharp teeth : branchiostegous mem-
brane with three rays : body covered with hard osseous scales : dorsal and
anal opposite, placed very far back.

(II. SUBBRACHIALES.)

Ventrals immediately beneath the pectorals, the pelvis
being attached to the bones of the shoulder.

V. GADIDjE*. — Ventrals jugular, pointed: body
covered with soft scales : all the fins soft : jaws,
and front of the vomer, armed with several rows
of sharp card or rasp-like teeth: gill-opening
large with seven rays.

46. GADUS Body oval, moderately elongated : head

compressed : three dorsals : two anals : one barbule at the
extremity of the lower jaw: ventrals with six rays.

47. MERL ANGUS.— Body elongated: three dorsals:
two anals : no barbule on the chin : ventrals with six rays.

48. MERLUCCIUS. — Body elongated: head com-
pressed : two dorsals ; the first small : one anal : chin
without barbules.

49- LOTA — Body slender, elongated, compressed be-
hind : two dorsals ; the first short ; the second dorsal, as

* I have followed Cuvier in the arrangement of the genera belonging to this family. It may be
questioned, however, whether those which he has adopted are all of them groups of equal value,
and whether some might not with more propriety be lowered to a subordinate rank. Without
an extensive acquaintance with foreign species, it would be presumptuous to decide this point.

320 PISCES

well as the anal, long : chin with one or more barbules :
ventrals with six or seven rays.

50. MOTELLA. — Body elongated, compressed behind :
first dorsal but little elevated, and scarcely perceptible ; the
rays detached and hair-like, all, except the first, very
minute : second dorsal, and also the anal, long : ventrals
with six or seven rays.

51. BROSMUS. — Body elongated, compressed behind :
only one long dorsal extending nearly to the caudal : anal
long : chin with a single barbule : ventrals thick and fleshy,
consisting of five rays.

52. PHYCIS. — Ventrals consisting of only a single ray;
often forked : head large : body elongated : chin with one
barbule: two dorsals; the second, as well as the anal,
long.

53. RANICEPS. — Head depressed and very broad :
body very much compressed behind : two dorsals ; the first
very small, scarcely perceptible ; the second, as well as the
anal, long : ventrals with the two first rays elongated.

VI. PLEURONECTID^.— Body deep, venj much
compressed; with both the eyes on the same side
of the head : sides of the mouth, and generally
the pectorals, unequal: dorsal and anal extend-
ing the whole length of the back and abdomen
respectively : ventrals appearing like a con-
tinuation of the anal: branchiostegous mem-
brane with six rays.

54. PLATESSA. — A single row of obtuse cutting teeth
in each jaw ; and generally a pavement of teeth on the pha-
ryngeans : dorsal commencing in a line with the upper eye,
and leaving, as well as the anal, a space between it and the
caudal : form rhomboidal : eyes on the right side.

PISCES. 321

55. HIPPOGLOSSUS.— Jaws and pharyngeans armed
with strong sharp teeth : dorsal commencing in a line with
the upper eye, and terminating before the caudal: form
oblong : eyes sometimes on the right, sometimes on the
left side.

56. PLEURONECTES. — Jaws and pharyngeans with
fine card-like teeth : dorsal commencing immediately above
the upper lip, and reaching, as well as the anal, to very near
the caudal : form rhomboidal : eyes generally on the left
side.

57. SOLEA Mouth irregular, and as it were twisted

on the side opposed to the eyes, and furnished on that side
only with fine velvet-like teeth, the upper side being without
teeth : form oblong-oval : snout rounded, advancing beyond
the mouth : dorsal commencing at the mouth, and reaching,
as well as the anal, quite to the caudal.

(1. SOLEA.) Pectorals of moderate size, and not very unequal.

(2. MONOCHIRUS.) Pectoral on the side of the eyes extremely small;
that on the side opposite rudimentary, or altogether wanting.

VII. DISCOBOLI. — Centrals united, forming a
concave disk beneath the body: skin without
scales.

58. LEPADOG ASTER Pectorals large, descending

to the inferior surface of the body, then doubling forwards
upon themselves, and finally uniting under the throat by
a transverse membrane: a second, circular, concave disk
behind the disk formed by the united ventrals: head broad
and depressed ; snout projecting : gill-opening small ;
branchiostegous membrane with four or five rays : one
dorsal.

59. CYCLOPTERUS Pectorals large, uniting under

the throat, and enclosing the disk of the ventrals : no second

X

322 PISCES.

disk : mouth broad ; both jaws, as well as the pharyngeans,
armed with small pointed teeth : gill-opening closed at
bottom ; branchiostegous membrane with six rays.

(1. CYCLOPTERUS.) A first dorsal more or less obvious, with simple
rays ; a second, with branched rays, opposite the anal : body
thick.

(2. LIPARIS.) Only one, moderately long, dorsal: anal long: body
smooth ; elongated, compressed behind.

VIII. BCHBNEIDID^.— An oval flattened disk
on the upper part of the head, composed of
several transverse cartilaginous plates directed
obliquely backwards, and toothed on their
posterior margin : body elongated, covered
with small scales.

60. ECHENEIS.

(III. APODES.)

Ventral s wanting.

IX. ANGUILLID^. — Body very much elongated :
skin thick and soft ; the scales deeply imbedded,
and scarcely apparent.

61. ANGUILLA Gills opening by a small aperture

on each side beneath the pectoral : dorsal and anal fins pro-
longed round the end of the tail, forming by their union a
pointed caudal.

(1. ANGUILLA.) Dorsal commencing considerably behind the pec-
torals : upper jaw shorter than the lower.

(2. CONGER.) Dorsal commencing a little behind, sometimes imme-
diately above, the pectorals : upper jaw longest.

(5.) OPHISURUS. — Gills opening by a small aperture beneath the
pectorals : dorsal and anal not reaching to the end of the tail, which ter-
minates in a point, and is itself without a fin.

PISCES. 323

62. MUR^ENA Gills opening by a small aperture

on each side : pectorals wanting : dorsal and anal uniting
at the tail; low, sometimes scarcely distinguishable.

63. LEPTOCEPHALUS Gill-opening small, before

the pectoral : body very much compressed, ribband-shaped :
head extremely small; snout short: pectorals scarcely per-
ceptible : dorsal and anal obsolete, uniting at the extremity
of the tail.

64. OPHIDIUM. — Gills opening by a moderately large
aperture ; furnished with a distinct opercle and branchioste-
gous membrane : body very much compressed : dorsal and
anal uniting to form a pointed caudal ; the dorsal rays arti-
culated, but not branched.

65. AMMODYTES. — Gill-opening very large ; all the
pieces of the opercle considerably developed : snout sharp ;
upper jaw capable of great extension, but when at rest
shorter than the lower : dorsal and anal separated from
the caudal by a small space; the dorsal furnished with
simple articulated rays: caudal forked.

§ ii. LOPHOBRANCHII.— Branchia in small
round tufts disposed in pairs along the branchial
arches ; opercle large, confined on all sides by
a membrane, with only a small hole for the
external aperture; branchiostegous rays rudi-
mentary: jaws complete, and free.

ORDER III. OSTEODERMI.

Body mailed with transverse angular plates: snout
very much produced, formed by a prolongation of

x2

324 PISCES.

the bones of the head and gill-covers : generally
one dorsal, with simple slender rays: the other
fins often wanting.

66. SYNGNATHUS — Snout prolonged into a tube;
mouth placed at the extremity, and cleft nearly vertically :
body very much elongated, slender, and of nearly equal
thickness throughout : gill-opening towards the nape : ven-
trals always wanting.

67. HIPPOCAMPUS. — Snout tubular; the mouth
placed at the extremity : trunk of the body laterally com-
pressed, and more elevated than the tail : the joints of the
squamous plates raised in ridges ; the projecting angles
spinous : ventrals, and also caudal, always wanting.

§ in. PLECTOGNATHL — Jaws incomplete;
maxillary firmly attached to the side of the
intermaxillary, which alone forms the jaw ;
palatine arch united to the cranium by suture,
and immoveable : branchiae with the pectina-
tions continuous ; opercle and rays concealed
beneath the skin; external aperture a simple
cleft.

ORDER IV. GYMNODONTES.

No true teeth ; but the jaws covered with a lamellated
substance resembling ivory, either entire, or divided
in the middle by a suture : opercle small ; branch-
iostegous rays five on each side; both deeply
concealed.

PISCES. 325

68. TETRODON Jaws divided in the middle, so

as to present the appearance of four teeth, two above and
two below : skin rough, with small slightly projecting
spines : body capable of inflation.

69. ORTHAGORISCUS Jaws undivided: body

very much compressed, short, truncated behind; rough,
but without spines ; not capable of inflation : dorsal and
anal fins high and pointed, uniting with the caudal.

ORDER V. SCLERODERMI.

Snout very much produced, of a conical or pyramidal
form ; mouth small, with distinct teeth in each
jaw : skin generally scabrous, or clothed with large
scales.

70. BALISTES Eight teeth, forming a single row,

in each jaw : body compressed ; covered with large, hard,
rhomboidal scales, not overlapping one another : first dorsal
with three spines ; the first much the largest, the third very
small, and remote from the others ; extremity of the pelvis
projecting; armed with prickles.

(II. CARTILAGINEI.)

Skeleton cartilaginous : bones soft, and destitute of
fibres : sutures of the cranium indistinct : maxillary
and intermaxillary bones either wanting or rudi-
mentary ; the palatines, or vomer alone, supplying
their place.

326 PISCES.

ORDER VI. ELEUTHEROPOMI.

Branchiae pectinated, free, with one large external
aperture; furnished with an opercle, but without
rays in the membrane : upper jaw formed by the
palatine bone firmly united to the maxillary:
intermaxillary rudimentary.

71. ACIPENSER Body elongated; mailed, as well

as the head, with osseous tubercles arranged in longitu-
dinal rows: snout conical: mouth placed beneath, very
protractile, small, without teeth : nostrils and eyes lateral :
four pendent barbules on the under surface of the snout.

ORDER VII. ACANTHORRHINI.

Branchiae pectinated ; adhering by a large portion of
their external margin ; opening outwards by a
single aperture, communicating with five others at
the bottom of the general cavity: opercle rudi-
mentary : the vomer alone present to represent the
upper jaw.

72. CHIMERA Body elongated: snout conic, mark-
ed with lines of pores : jaws armed with hard plates instead
of teeth ; four above and two below : between the eyes a
fleshy process, bent forwards, and terminating in a cluster
of small spines : first dorsal armed with a strong spine ;
placed above the pectorals : second dorsal commencing im-
mediately behind the first, and, reaching to the end of the
tail, which terminates in a long filament.

PISCES. 327

ORDER VIII. PLAGIOSTOMI.

Branchiae pectinated, fixed, opening outwards by seve-
ral distinct apertures : no opercle : jaws represented
by the palatine and postmandibular bones, which
alone are armed with teeth : pectorals and ventrals
always present; the latter (in the male) furnished
on their internal margin with long appendages.

73. SQUALUS Body elongated : tail thick and mus-
cular : pectorals of moderate size : branchial openings at the
sides of the neck: snout more or less produced; with the
mouth and nostrils beneath : eyes lateral.

* Snout short and obtuse: nostrils near the mouth, with
a groove-like prolongation conducting to the edge of
the lips ; more or less closed by two membranous Jlaps ;
caudal truncated at the extremity, not forked.

(1. SCYLLIUM.) Teeth sharp and pointed, with small denticulations
on each side : temporal orifices, as well as an anal fin, always
present : dorsals very much behind, the first never in advance of
the ventrals : branchial openings partly above the pectorals.

** Snout produced : nostrils not prolonged in a groove,
nor furnished with valves : caudal with a lobe beneath,
causing it to appear forked.

(2. CARCHARIAS.) Snout depressed; the nostrils beneath the middle:
teeth cutting, pointed, and generally denticulated at the sides :
first dorsal far in advance of the ventrals; second nearly opposite
to the anal, which is always present : no temporal orifices : the
last of the branchial openings above the pectorals.

(3. LAMNA.) Snout pyramidal ; the nostrils beneath the base : teeth
sharp and pointed, denticulated at the sides : first dorsal consi-
derably before the ventrals: anal present : no temporal orifices :
the branchial openings all before the pectorals.

(4. GALEUS.) Snout depressed; the nostrils beneath the middle:
teeth sharp and pointed, with a few denticulations on the outer
side only : temporal orifices, as well as an anal fin, present : the
last branchial opening above the pectoral.

(5. MTJSTELUS.) Snout depressed ; the nostrils beneath the middle ;
teeth small and obtuse, forming a closely-compacted pavement
in each jaw : temporal orifices, and anal, both present.

328 PISCES.

(6. SELACHE.) Teeth small, conical, not denticulated at the sides :
temporal orifices, and anal, both present : branchial openings all
before the pectorals ; large, nearly surrounding the neck.

(7. SPINAX.) Snout depressed: teeth small, cutting, in several rows:
temporal orifices present : anal wanting : branchial openings all
before the pectorals : a sharp strong spine in front of each of the
dorsals.

(8. SCYMNUS.) Teeth in two or more rows ; in the upper jaw lanceo-
late, with the cutting edges rough ; in the lower jaw pyramidal,
compressed, with the cutting edges crenated : temporal orifices
present : anal wanting : no spines before the dorsal fins.

74. ZYG^ENA. — Head flattened horizontally, truncated
in front, with the sides very much produced, appearing ham-
mer-shaped ; eyes placed at the extremities of the lateral
prolongations ; the nostrils at their anterior margin ; mouth
beneath : pectorals moderate : branchial openings at the
sides of the neck.

75. SQUATINA Body broad, flattened horizontally :

pectorals large, extending forwards, but separated from the
neck by a cleft, in which are the branchial openings : head
round ; mouth at the extremity of the snout ; eyes above :
temporal orifices present : no anal : both dorsals further
back than the ventrals.

(6.) PRISTIS. — Bo&y elongated, flattened anteriorly; with the
branchial openings placed beneath : snout prolonged into a depressed
sword-shaped beak, armed on each side with strong sharp spines re-
sembling teeth: mouth beneath: temporal orifices present : no anal fin.

76. RAIA. — Body very much flattened, resembling a
disk : pectorals extremely large, uniting with the snout, or
with each other, anteriorly ; extending backwards to near
the base of the ventrals : mouth, nostrils, and branchial
openings, beneath ; eyes, and temporal orifices, above :
dorsals almost always upon the tail.

(1. TORPEDO.) Tail short, and moderately thick: the disk of the
body nearly circular ; the part between the pectorals and the
head and the branchiae furnished with an electrical apparatus :
teeth small and sharp.

(2. RAIA.) Tail slender ; furnished above, towards its extremity, with
two small dorsals, and sometimes the vestige of a caudal : disk
rhomboidal : teeth slender, close-set, arranged in a quincuncial
order.

PISCES. 329

(3. TRYGON.) Tail slender; armed with a sharp serrated spine, but
without fins : head enveloped in the pectorals, which meet at an
obtuse angle : teeth slender, set in a quincuncial order.

( MYLIOBJTIS.) Tail long, and extremely slender ; armed with one or more
serrated spines, and also furnished, near its base, with a small dorsal :
head projecting from between the pectorals, which last are much broader
transversely than in the preceding sub-genera : jaws with broad flat teeth
forming a pavement.

(4. CEPHALOPTERA.) Tail long, and extremely slender ; armed with
a spine, and also furnished at its base with a small dorsal : head
truncated in front, placed between two horn-like prolongations
of the pectorals, which are broad as in the last sub-genus : teeth
small, and very slender, finely denticulated.

ORDER IX. CYCLOSTOMI.

Branchiae purse-shaped, fixed, opening outwards by
several apertures : jaws represented by an immove-
able cartilaginous ring, formed by the union of the
palatine and mandibular bones: no pectorals or
ventrals : body elongated : the skeleton very imper-
fectly developed.

77. PETROMYZON. — Seven branchial openings on
each side : maxillary ring armed with strong teeth ; inside
of the mouth furnished with tooth-like tubercles: lip cir-
cular: tongue with two longitudinal rows of small teeth.

78. AMMOCGETES. — Branchial openings seven in
number : lip semicircular, and covering only the upper
part of the mouth : no teeth ; but the opening of the
mouth furnished with a row of small branched cirri.

79. MYXINE. — Branchial openings two in number,
placed beneath : maxillary ring entirely membranaceous,
with a single tooth above : tongue with strong teeth ar-
ranged in two longitudinal rows on each side: mouth
circular, surrounded by eight barbules; a. spiracle above,
communicating with the interior.

330 PISCES. [PERCA.

(I. OSSEI.)

ORDER I. ACANTHOPTERYGII.

GEN. 1. PERCA, Linn.

(1. PERCA, Cuv.)

1. P. Jluviatilis, Linn. (Common Perch.) — Back
dusky green ; sides with five transverse dusky bands.

P. fluviatilis, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 481. Block, Ichth. pi. 52.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 52. Flem. Brit. An. p. 213. Perch,
Witt. Hist. Pise. p. 291. tab. S. 13. f. 1. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p. 254. pi. 48. no. 124. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 345. pi. 59.
Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. 5. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 1. Perche commune, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. n. p. 14.
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 132.

LENGTH. From twelve to sixteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body compressed; back much arched, highest
over the ventrals, the depth at that part equalling nearly one-third of
the length, caudal fin excluded ; greatest thickness half the depth : head
about one-fourth of the entire length, including caudal : nape depressed,
the back rising rather suddenly behind ; profile gently falling from the
forehead towards the end of the snout: jaws nearly equal; teeth in both
jaws, as well as on the vomer, palatines, pharyngeans, and branchial
arches : head and cheeks for the most part smooth, the latter covered
with small scales: preopercle rectangular; the margin finely serrated:
opercle triangular, terminating behind in a sharp point ; the subopercle
reaching beyond it : gill-opening large : lateral line nearly parallel with
the line of the back, its course at about one-fourth of the depth*: first
dorsal fin commencing in a line with the terminating point of the oper-
cle ; the fourth and fifth rays longest ; those on each side gradually de-
creasing ; the last, or last two, in the fin small and inconspicuous ; height
of the longest rays nearly equalling half the depth of the body : second

* The course of the lateral line is said to be at half, one-third, one-fourth, <fcc. of the depth,
when the distance from the line of the hack to the lateral line equals half, one-third, one-fourth,
\-c. of the depth of the hody.

PERCA.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 331

dorsal close behind the first, only a small space intervening; first ray
spinous, not half the length of the second ; third and fourth longest ; the
succeeding ones slightly decreasing ; all the soft rays, except the first,
branched : anal commencing rather more backward than the second
dorsal, and not extending so far towards the caudal; two first rays
strongly spinous, much shorter than the others, which are all branched
and articulated : caudal forked : pectorals about two-thirds of the length
of the head ; the middle rays longest, those on each side decreasing ; the
first two and last three simple, the others branched: ventrals placed
a little behind the pectorals, equal to them in length; the first ray
strongly spinous, shorter than the others, which are all soft and much
branched : number of rays in the respective fins,

D. 14 or 15—1/13; A. 2/8; C. 17, and some short ones; P. 14; V. 1/5* :

vent in a line with the commencement of the second dorsal. Number of
vertebrae forty-two. (Colours.} Back and sides dusky green, with from
five to seven dark transverse bands; abdomen white, tinged with red:
ventrals bright scarlet; anal and caudal fins somewhat paler; dorsals
and pectorals dusky, tinged with red; often a conspicuous black spot on
the webs connecting the four last spines in the first dorsal.

Common in lakes, rivers, and streams. Found, according to Cuvier,
throughout all the temperate parts of Europe, and a great part of Asia.
Often, but not always, gregarious. Feeds on worms, insects, small Crust-
acea, and the fry of other fish. Seldom attains a greater weight than
four pounds, but has been known to weigh as many as nine. Spawns
in April or May. A monstrous variety, with the back hunched, and the
lower part of the back-bone next the tail much distorted, is mentioned by
Pennant as found in a lake in Merionethshire.

(2. LABRAX, Cuv.)

2. P. LabraoD) Linn. (Common Basse.)

P. Labrax, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 482. Don. Brit. Fish.
vol. ii. pi. 43. Flem. Brit. An. p. 213. Scisena Labrax, Block,

Ichth. pi. 301. Labrax Lupus, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. n.
p. 41. pi. 11. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 133. Basse, Will. Hist.
Pise. p. 271. tab. R. 1. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. m. p. 257. pi. 49.

Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 348. pi. 60. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 6.

LENGTH. From one to two feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Resembling the Perch, but more elongated ; the
back not so high : greatest depth a little behind the ventrals, equalling
one-fourth of the length, caudal excluded : line of the back somewhat
concave beneath the first dorsal, and convex beneath the second : head
nearly one-fourth of the entire length, including caudal: lower jaw
longest; strong card-like teeth on the intermaxillary, vomer, and pala-
tines; on the sides, and towards the root, of the tongue, teeth like
velvet : head smooth ; cheeks covered with small scales : preopercle
large ; the serratures on the ascending margin more developed than in
the Perch; the basal margin with three strong spines : opercle triangular,
the posterior angle armed with two strong flattened spines : lateral line
curved, descending a little from the upper angle of the opercle to

* I have adopted throughout the same kind of formula, by which to express the number of
fin-rays, as that employed by MM. Cuvier and Valeneienne.s. "

33'2 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [PERCA

beneath about the middle of the first dorsal, then passing off straight to
the caudal: first dorsal commencing a little behind the ventrals: the
fourth and fifth rays equal and longest, those on each side gradually de-
creasing: second dorsal immediately after the first; first ray spinous,
not half the length of the succeeding ones ; third longest ; the others
gradually decreasing : space between the second dorsal and the base of
the caudal equal to that occupied by the former fin : anal similar to the
second dorsal, but placed a little more backward, with the three first rays
spinous, gradually increasing in length : caudal a little forked : pectorals
somewhat less than half the length of the head, covered at their base
with small scales ; the first ray simple, and shorter than the others :
ventrals a little behind the pectorals, equal to them in length ; the first
ray spinous: number of rays in the respective fins,

D. 9— 1/12; A. 3/11; C. 17; P. 17; V. 1/5.

Number of vertebrae twenty-six. (Colours.) Back and sides dusky gray,
with a paler spot in the middle of each scale ; lower portion of the sides,
and abdomen, white, slightly silvery ; cheeks and gill-covers with a
faint yellowish tinge ; posterior portion of the opercle almost black, form-
ing a dark patch on that part : dorsal and caudal fins deep lead- gray ;
anal the same, tipped with whitish ; pectorals pale gray ; ventrals nearly
white.

Met with occasionally on different parts of the coast, particularly south-
ward, and likewise in the estuaries of rivers, but seldom in any great
plenty. Common in the Mediterranean, where it attains a much larger
size than in the British seas. Said to be very voracious. Obs. Pennant
states that in the young of this species the space above the side-line
is marked with small black spots : the same remark is made by Cuvier
and others; but certainly in the larger number of British specimens
there is no indication of these spots whatever.

(3. SERRANUS, Cuv.)

3. P. Cabrilla, Linn. (Smooth Serranus.) — Jaws
without scales : cheeks and gill-covers marked with three
or four oblique bands ; sides with a few longitudinal
bands.

P. Cabrilla, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 488. P. Channus, Couch
in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 19. fig. 6. Serranus
Cabrilla, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. n. p. 166. pi. 29. Smooth Ser-
ranus, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 9. Smooth Perch, Couch, I. c.
Serran commun, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 139,

LENGTH. About ten inches. COUCH.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) " Under jaw longest : teeth in both and in the
palate, numerous, irregular, sharp, incurved : tongue small, loose : eyes
large, near the top of the head : first plate of the gill-covers serrate ; the
second with two (in the female one) obscure spines, scarcely to be distin-
guished, except in form, from the scales with which the gill-covers and
body are thickly and firmly covered, and which are also ciliated : seven
rays in the gill-tnembrane, curved ; the superior broad : body compressed,
deep : dorsal fin commencing opposite the ventrals : pectorals pointed :
caudal slightly curved : number of fin-rays,

D. 10/14; A. 2/7; C. 17; P. 15; V. 6:

PERCA.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 333

lateral line nearer the back." COUCH. According to Cuvier and Valen-
ciennes, this species is distinguished from the Serranus Scriba, Cuv. (a
closely allied one found in the Mediterranean) by its shorter snout and
rather more convex forehead*; larger eye; and rather less rounded pre-
opercle, with the denticulations towards the angle a little stronger : the
lower jaw has the under surface of its branches chagrined and vermicu-
lated by little marks in the skin. (Colours.) *« Colour of the back brown,
having, in some specimens, distinct bars running round to the belly :
sides yellow, reddish, or saffron-coloured, more faint below : two irregu-
lar parallel whitish lines pass along the side from head to tail ; a third,
more imperfect, on the belly : gill-plates with several faintish blue stripes,
running obliquely downward: fins striped longitudinally with red and
yellow; pectorals wholly yellow." COUCH.

An abundant species in the Mediterranean. In the British seas it has
hitherto been observed only by Mr. Couch, who represents it as common
on the coast of Cornwall, " keeping in the neighbourhood of rocks, not far
from land."

4. P. Gigas, Gmel. (Dusky Serranus.) — Lower jaw
covered with very small scales.

P. Gigas, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1315. P. robusta, Couch
in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 21. fig. 7. Serranus Gigas,
Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. n. p. 201. pi. 33. Dusky Serranus,
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 15. Dusky Perch, Couch, I. c.
Merou brun, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 140.

LENGTH. Three feet. COUCH.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) "Depth, .exclusive of the fins (in a specimen
measuring three feet in length), seven inches: body thick and solid:
under jaw longest; both jaws, as well as the palate, with numerous
slender incurved teeth ; in front of the under one a bed of them : lips
like those of the Cod-Fish: two large open nasal orifices, and a large
hole under the projection of the nasal bone : first plate of the gill-covers
serrate, the second with a broad flat spine projecting through the skin,
and pointing backward ; the fleshy covering of the gill-cover elongated
posteriorly; seven rays in the gill-membrane: body and head covered
with large scales : lateral line gently curved : dorsal fin single, long,
expanding towards its termination, with eleven spinous rays, the first
short, and seventeen soft rays, the last two from one origin: pectorals
round, with nineteen rays : ventrals fastened down by a membrane
through part of their course, with six rays: vent an inch and a half
from the origin of the anal fin, which last has two spinous and nine
soft rays, the last two from one origin: caudal roundish, with sixteen
rays." COUCH. According to Cuvier and Valenciennes, the number of
fin-rays stands thus :

D. 11/15 or 16 ; A. 3/8 ; C. 15 ; P. 1J ; V. 1/5.

(Colours.) "Back reddish brown, lighter on the belly: two slightly
marked lines on the gill-covers running obliquely downward, one on
each plate." COUCH.

* Or rather that part of the face between the forehead and the nostrils termed by the French
chanfrein, for which we have no adequate term in the English language.

334 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [PERCA.

A single individual of this species, which is found in the Mediter-
ranean, has heen obtained by Mr. Couch from the coast of Cornwall.
Cuvier states that nothing is known of its habits, excepting that at
Nice it approaches the shores in the months of May and April. Usual
weight from ten to twenty pounds.

(1.) Serranus Couchii, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 12. Stone-Bas-se,
Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 81.

This fish, which has been observed by Mr. Couch on the Cornish coast,
accompanying floating timber covered with barnacles, remains yet to be
identified with certainty. It was considered by that gentleman, in his
paper in the Linneean Transactions, as the Pagrus totus argenteus of
Sloane*, a species, however, to which it evidently bears no affinity.
Mr. Yarrell, who has received an original drawing of the fish from
Mr. Couch, regards it as a new species of Serranus, and accordingly
names it after its first discoverer. No description of it has been yet
published.

(4. ACERINA, CUV.)

5. P. Cemua, Linn. (Common Ruffe.) — Back and
sides olivaceous, spotted with dusky brown.

P. Cernua, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 487. Block, Ichth. pi. 5.
f. 2. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 39. Cernua fluviatilis, Flem.
Brit. An. p. 212. Acerina vulgaris, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. in.
p. 4. pi. 41. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 144. Ruffe, Will. Hist.
Pise. p. 334. tab. X. 14. f. 2. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 259.
Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 350. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish.
Draw. 10. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 18.

LENGTH. From six to eight inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Not so high in the back as the Perch, and less
compressed in proportion ; head broader, thicker, and more obtuse about
the snout : greatest depth at the commencement of the dorsal fin, equal-
ling one-fourth of the entire length, including caudal; thickness two-
thirds of the depth : eyes very large and brilliant ; their diameter one-
fourth of the length of the head : mouth rather small ; upper jaw a little
the longest; both jaws, as well as the vomer, armed with fine teeth like
velvet ; pharyngeans card-like : head without scales ; the snout, cheeks,
and jaws, pitted with numerous excavations : preopercle with the ascend-
ing and basal margins strongly spined; posterior angle of the opercle
terminating in a small spine : gill-opening very large : lateral line nearly
parallel with the back; its course at rather less than one-third of the
depth: dorsal commencing in a line with the posterior angle of the
opercle; first ray very short; the succeeding ones gradually lengthen-
ing to the fourth and fifth, which are longest, then decreasing to the
fourteenth, or last of the spinous rays ; soft portion of the fin rather more
than half the length of the spinous ; middle rays longest, the last ray
double : anal commencing a little nearer the caudal than the soft dorsal,
and not extending quite so far; first two rays strongly spinous and
slightly curved : finless portion of the tail about equal in length to the
caudal ; this last deeply forked : pectorals in a line with the commence-
ment of the dorsal, and two-thirds the length of the head ; all the rays
soft, and, except the first and last, branched; middle rays longest: vent-

* Nat. Hist, of Jam. vol. n. tab. 253. f. 1.

TRACHINUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 335

rals about equal to the pectorals, placed immediately beneath them ; the
first ray spinous, rather more than half as long as the third, which is
longest ; all the soft rays much branched : number of rays,

D. 14/12 ; A. 2/5 ; C. 17 ; P. 14 ; V. 1/5.

Number of vertebrse thirty-seven. (Colours.) Back and upper half of
the sides pale brown, inclining to olivaceous ; lower portion of the sides
with a slight lustre of golden yellow : belly silvery : cheeks, opercle, and
breast, of a pearly hue, with a play of iridescent colours varying accord-
ing to the light : head, back, and a portion of the sides, sprinkled with
brownish spots: dorsal, caudal, and pectorals, yellowish gray, speckled
with brown ; ventrals and anal pale yellowish white, without spots :
irides with the upper portion dusky, the lower half inclining to golden
yellow.

Not uncommon in rivers and clear streams. Said to have been first
observed by Dr. Caius in the river Yare near Norwich. Habits some-
what resembling those of the Perch. Seldom exceeds a weight of three
ounces. Spawns in March and April. Is sometimes called a Pope.

GEN. 2. TRACHINUS, Linn.

6. T. Draco, Linn. (Great Weever.) — Entire length
six times the depth of the body : second dorsal with about
thirty rays : lower jaw ascending.

T. Draco, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 435. Cuv. et Vol. Poiss.

torn. in. p. 178. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 152. T. major, Don.

Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 107. Flem. Brit. An. p. 214. Weever,

Will. Hist. Pise. p. 288. tab. S. 10. f. 1. Great Weever, Penn.

Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 171. pi. 29. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in.

p. 229. pi. 33. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 20.
LENGTH. From twelve to fifteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Elongated; head and sides much compressed;
entire length more than six times the depth of the body, and more than
four times the length of the head ; greatest thickness half the depth :
head and back nearly in a continuous straight line; the profile slightly
falling from the forehead ; abdomen scarcely more convex than the back :
lower jaw longer than the upper, and sloping upwards to meet it ; both
armed, as well as the vomer, palatines, pterygoidians, and pharyngeans,
with fine sharp velvet-like teeth ; arch-bones of the gills with a number
of serrated tooth-like processes : before and rather above each eye are
two short strong spines ; there is also a strong sharp spine on the upper
part of the opercle, but not projecting beyond the edge of the membrane:
supra-scapulars represented by a large denticulated scale : lateral line
straight ; its course at rather "less than one-fourth of the depth : scales
small, disposed in oblique transverse rows : first dorsal very short, com-
mencing immediately above the denticulated scale ; spines stiflf and very
sharp ; the third longest ; those on each side gradually decreasing ; the
last very small and partly concealed: second dorsal immediately after
the first, almost continuous with it, and extending nearly to the caudal :
anal thick and fleshy, rather longer than the second dorsal, the ends
of the rays reaching beyond the webs, and somewhat hooked : caudal
scarcely notched : pectorals two-thirds of the length of the head ; the
third and six following rays branched, the others simple ; ninth ray long-
est : ventrals before the pectorals, and scarcely more than half their

336 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [TRACHINUS.

length ; first ray short and spinous ; the rest articulated, with the last
three branched; fourth ray in the fin longest: number of rays,

D. 6—31 ; A. 1—31 ; C. 13 ; P. 16 ; V. 1/5.

Number of vertebrae forty. (Colours.) Back and upper portion of the
sides reddish brown, with interrupted lines of black and yellow, running
parallel with the oblique rows of scales; lower part of the sides, and
abdomen, white, with interrupted yellow lines : first dorsal with the web
deep black; second dorsal and caudal pale, more or less spotted with
brown.

Met with occasionally at Weymouth, Hastings, Scarborough, and other
parts of the coast. Is much apprehended by fishermen on account of its
spines, which are sharp, and capable of inflicting a severe wound : they
are usually considered as venomous, but, in the opinion of Cuvier, there
is no real secretion of any poisonous fluid. Feeds on small fish, Crustacea,
and marine insects. Spawns in June.

7- T. Vipera, Cuv. (Little Weever.) — Entire length
four times the depth of the body : second dorsal with
twenty-four rays : lower jaw nearly vertical.

T. Vipera, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. in. p. 189. Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. ii. p. 152. T. Draco, Block, Ichth. pi. 61. Don. Brit. Pish.
vol. i. pi. 23. Flem. Brit. An. p. 213. Common Weever, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 169. pi. 28. no. 71. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 226. pi. 32. Lesser Weever, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 25.

LENGTH. Five or six inches ; rarely more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Much resembling the T. Draco, but deeper in
proportion to its length, owing to the greater convexity of the abdomen :
profile not falling, but in the same horizontal line with the back ; lower
jaw more nearly vertical ; when the mouth is opened wide, the upper jaw
becomes exactly vertical, and the lower forms with it a right angle : sides
very much compressed: greatest depth beneath the first dorsal, equalling
one-fourth of the length, caudal excluded; thickness half the depth:
teeth (in the lower jaw especially) very sharp, and somewhat longer
in proportion than in the last species : the toothed scale, formed by the
supra- scapular and part of the omoplat, of a different form, rounded, bilo-
bated, and more deeply denticulated: lateral line commencing at the
above scale, and running nearly straight throughout its course : the
oblique transverse lines on the sides, formed by the scales, much less
strongly marked : first dorsal more distinctly separated from the second ;
the fifth and sixth spines (the last especially) very small and inconspi-
cuous : pectorals pointed, about equal in length to the depth of the body :
caudal rounded : number of fin rays,

D. 6—23 or 24 ; A. 25 ; C. 13 j P. 14 ; V. 1/5.

(Colours.) Back reddish gray; sides and abdomen much paler than in
the last species, approaching to silvery white, with faint indications of
transverse yellow lines : the web connecting the four first spines of the
first dorsal deep black : a black spot at the extremity of the caudal fin.

Rather more common than the last species, and met with on various
parts of the British coast. Said to conceal itself in the loose soil at the

MULLTTS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT, 337

bottom of the water, with only its head exposed. It is probably the small
species alluded to by Willughby*, under the name of Otterjrike.

, GEN. (1.) SPHYRjENA, Schn.

(2.) £ vulgaris, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. torn. in. p. 242. S. Spet,

Lacep. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. torn. v. p. 326. Esox Sphyrcena,

Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 515. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 389. Sea-Pike,
Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 84.

A very doubtful native. Inserted by Mr. Couch in his list of Cornish
Fishes, accompanied by a remark that he had been informed that a fish,
which he could refer to no other species but this, had been taken some time
since near Falmouth. He had never, however, himself met with a spe-
cimen. Inhabits the Mediterranean.

GEN. 3. MULLUS, Linn.

8. M. Surmuletus, Linn. {Striped Surmullet.) — Red ;
sides with longitudinal yellow lines : profile descending
obliquely from the forehead.

M. Surmuletus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. I. p. 496. Bloch, Ichth.
pi. 57. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 12. Flem. Brit. An. p. 216.
Surmullet, Will Hist. Pise. p. 285. tab. S. 7. f. 1. Striped
Surmullet, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 274. pi. 53. ~Id. (Edit.
1812.) vol. in. p. 368. pi. 64. Striped Red Mullet, Yarr. Brit.
Fish. vol. i. p. 27. Surmulet, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. torn. in. p. 319.
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 157.

LENGTH. From twelve to fifteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Thick and blunt-headed, the profile falling
abruptly from the forehead: greatest depth contained four times and
a half in the entire length ; thickness rather more than half the
depth : head a little less than one-fourth of the whole length : eyes
large; mouth small; jaws equal; the lower one only with fine teeth
like velvet; teeth in the middle of the palate forming a pavement:
chin with two barbules two-thirds of the length of the head: scales
large, particularly those on the head and gill-covers, easily falling: first
dorsal commencing at a little less than one-third of the entire length
from the end of the snout ; its length half the depth of the body ; its
height somewhat exceeding its length ; first three rays nearly equal, the
others gradually decreasing: space between the two dorsals equalling
the length of the first : height of the second rather less than that of the
first ; its length somewhat greater; first ray shorter than the second
and third, which are equal and longest ; the succeeding ones gradually
decreasing ; all the rays branched : caudal deeply forked : anal similar
to the second dorsal, commencing a little more backward, but ending in
the same vertical line; all the rays except the first branched: finless
portion of the tail not quite one-fourth of the whole length, caudal ex-
cluded : pectorals not quite so long as the head, narrow, and somewhat
pointed; the first two rays simple, the others branched; fourth ray
longest : ventrals exactly beneath them, and nearly of the same length ;
first ray spinous; second and third longest; all the soft rays branched:
number of rays altogether,

D. 7—8 or 9 ; A. 8 ; C. 15, and some short ones ; P. 17 ; V. 1/6.

* Hist. Pise. p. 289.

Y

338 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT [MULLUS.

Number of vertebrae twenty-four. (Colours.) General colour of the back
and sides vermilion-red, with three longitudinal lines of golden yellow :
throat, breast, belly, and beneath the tail, white, tinged with rose-colour r
fins pale red, inclining in some places to yellow. When the scales are
rubbed off, the skin appears crimson.

Met with principally on the southern coast. Mr. Couch states that
it *• is a migratory fish, and usually reaches the Cornish shores about
Midsummer. Its common habit is to keep close to the ground, but the
migration is performed near the surface." Has no air-bladder. Food,
according to Bloch, Crustacea, small fish, and shelled mollusca. Spawns,
in Spring.

9. M. barbatus, Linn. (Red Surmullet.) — Plain red ;
the sides without any longitudinal yellow lines : profile
nearly vertical.

M. barbatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 495. Block, Ichth. pi. 348.
f. 2. Mullus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 285. tab. S. 7. f. 2. Red Sur-
mullet, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 271. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. IIL
p. 365. Plain Red Mullet, Yarr. Brit. Pish. vol. i. p. 32. Vrai
Rouget, ou Rouget-Barbet, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. in. p. 325.
pi. 70.

LENGTH. Rarely exceeds six inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Readily distinguished from the last species by
the form of the head, the fall of the profile approaching more nearly
to vertical : the pores of the infra-orbitals are also larger and more nume-
rous ; the scales narrower, with fewer indentations on their basal margin,
and with the striae more strongly marked. In other respects the two
species are similar. (Colours.) Of a deeper red, and of a more uniform
colour than the M. Surmuletus, without any longitudinal yellow lines* :
beneath the body silvery : fins yellow. Cuv.

This species, which resides principally in the Mediterranean, appears
to be extremely rare in the British seas. Pennant mentions having
heard of its being taken on the coast of Scotland. More recently two
specimens have been obtained by Mr. Couch on the coast of Cornwall.
There is no other recorded instance in which it has been noticed. Habits
said to resemble those of the M. Surmuletus.

GEN. 4. TRIGLA, Cuv.
Body marked withjtne transverse thread-like ridges.

10. T. Piniy Bl. (Pine-leaved Gurnard.) — Transverse
lines not reaching below the middle of the sides : lateral
line smooth : profile oblique.

» According to Mr. Couch, there is one yellow line, a little below the lateral line,

TRIGLA.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 339

T. Pini, Block, Ichth. pi. 356. T. lineata, Mont, in Warn. Mem.
vol. n. p. 460. Flem. Brit. An. p. 215. Pine-leaved Gurnard,
Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. xxn. pi. 954. Red Gurnard, Yarr. Brit,
fish. vol. i. p. 34. Grondin rouge, ou Rouget comraun, Cuv. et
Vol. Pom. torn. iv. p. 20. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. 11. p. 159.

LENGTH. From twelve to sixteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Head large; body tapering from the nape to
the base of the caudal: greatest depth contained six times and a half
in the entire length; length of the head contained four times; thick-
ness three-fourths of the depth: profile falling obliquely, and making
with the cranium an angle of one hundred and thirty to one hundred
and forty degrees ; the descending line slightly concave : sides of the
head flat and nearly vertical; space between the eyes contracted and
concave : cheeks and upper part of the head rough with granulations
disposed in lines radiating from different centres : extremity of the snout
slightly emarginated, with three or four blunt denticulations on each side :
above the anterior angle of the eye two or three short spines : supra-sca-
pulars ending in a sharp point, of a semi-elliptic form, with the inner
margin denticulated : opercle with two short spines, not extending be-
yond the membrane; the upper one directed obliquely upwards, the lower
one backwards: clavicle likewise terminating in a short, but sharp, point:
lateral line straight, slender, bifurcating at the caudal extremity, and
almost perfectly smooth, as is the rest of the body, with the exception of
the dorsal ridges, which are deeply and strongly serrated : upper part of
the sides marked with a number of transverse parallel lines, intersecting
the lateral line nearly at right angles, and reaching as far below as above
it : both dorsals placed in a groove ; the first commencing above the
supra-scapulars, of a triangular form, with the first ray serrated ; second
ray longer and stouter than the others, equalling the depth of the body
at this point : second dorsal a very little behind the first, scarcely more
than half as high, but twice as long: anal answering to the second
dorsal, but commencing a little further backward : caudal slightly forked :
pectorals equalling one-fourth of the whole length, reaching a little be-
yond the vent; first seven rays branched, gradually decreasing; the rest
simple : veiitrals somewhat shorter than the pectorals ; the spinous ray
half as long as the soft ones, which are all branched :

B. 7 ; D. 9—18; A. 17 ; C. 11, and some short ones; P. 11, & 3 free; V. 1/5.

Number of vertebrae thirty-six or thirty-seven. (Colours.) The whole
body, fins included, rose-red ; the under parts somewhat paler : occasion-
ally the red is more or less clouded with brown and cinereous.

Very abundant on the southern and western coasts, and generally
known by the name of the Red Gurnard. Is considered by many
authors as the T. Cuculus of Linnaeus, but since the characters in the
Sy sterna Natures apply equally well to two species, this must remain
doubtful. Feeds principally on crustaceous animals. Spawns in May
or June.

11, T. lineata^ Gmel. (Streaked Gurnard.) — Trans-
verse lines encircling the whole body : lateral line sharply
serrated : profile nearly vertical.

T. lineata, Gmel. Linn, tom.i. pt. 3. p. 1345. Block, Ichth. pi. 354
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 4. T. Adriatica, Flem. Brit. An. p. 215,
Mullus imberbis, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 278. tab. S. 1. f. 1. Cuculus

Y2

340 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOF1\

lineatus, Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 165. Streaked Gurnard, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. i n. p. 281. pi. 57. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 377. pi. 66.
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 46. Rouget Camard, Cuv . et Vol. Poiss.
torn. iv. p. 25. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 159.

LENGTH. One foot.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Thicker anteriorly than the last species; the
body tapering behind more suddenly : head shorter : profile falling more
abruptly; the descending line inclining to convex : cheeks higher in pro-
portion: snout less emarginated; the denticulations at the sides very
indistinct: opercle broader, the terminating spine shorter and blunter:
clavicular spine not quite so sharp: first, dorsal with the second ray
shorter ; the first more strongly serrated ; all the spirious rays weaker :
pectorals longer : lateral line and dorsal ridges sharply serrated : rest of
the body roughish, marked with elevated transverse lines, which, after
crossing the lateral line, pass onwards to the abdomen, where they ramify,
thus nearly encircling the whole body ; these lines correspond in number
with the scales on the lateral line, amounting to about sixty-eight : num-
ber of fin-rays,

D. 10—16; A. 16; C. 11 or 13; P. 10, and 3; V. 1/5.

Number of vertebrae thirty-three. (Colours.) Dusky green, mottled with
purple, and sprinkled with red and gamboge-yellow spots ; lower portion
of the sides silvery white, clouded with flesh-red: pectorals blue on their
under surface, but red at the base; their upper surface yellowish green,
spotted with red : free rays yellowish green tipped with red : ventrals
white : dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, red ; the rays of the anal tipped with
white. Obs. Young fish are much less variegated, and generally want
the yellow spots.

A rare species ; first observed on the Cornish coast by Mr. Jago, and
communicated by him to Petiver. Is occasionally met with at Weymouth,
Hastings, and as far north as the coast of Scotland. At Hastings it
is called the French Gurnard. The colours are very variable, but the
transverse lines encircling the whole body will always serve to identify
the species.

** Body without transverse lines.

12. T. Hirundo, Bl. (Sapphirine Gurnard.) — Lateral
line smooth : pectorals very large, reaching beyond the
ventrals : spine on the opercle scarcely projecting beyond
the membrane.

T. Hirundo, Block, Ichth. pi. 60. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 1.
T. Isevis, Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. n. p. 455. Flem. Brit. An.
p. 214. Tub- Fish, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 280. tab. P. 4. Sapphirine
Gurnard, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 280. pi. 56. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 376. pi. 68. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 41. Le Perlon,
Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. iv. p. 29. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 15ft.

LENGTH. From eighteen to twenty-five inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Somewhat resembling the T. Pint in its general
proportions, but thicker in the body, and broader across the head and
snout : inclination of the profile the same : eyes much smaller ; the space
between them broader and not so much hollowed out : cheeks smoother :

TRIGLA] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 341

snout more emarginated, with three or four rather blunt denticulations
on each side : gape more capacious : supra-scapulars triangular, the ter-
minating spine rather more pointed : the opercular and clavicular spines
preserve the same proportions, the former scarcely projecting beyond the
membrane: lateral line straight, slender, and almost perfectly smooth,
like the rest of the body with the exception of the dorsal ridges, which
are strongly serrated : spines in the first dorsal not so strong as in the
T.Pini; the first with very obsolete denticulations ; the second scarcely
longer than the adjoining ones, and equalling not above two- thirds of the
depth of the body: pectorals contained three times and a half in the whole
length : number of fin rays,

D. 9—16; A. 16 ; C. 11 or 13 ; P. 10, and 3 ; V. 1/5 :

scales very small, oval, smooth, entire ; those on the lateral line scarcely
projecting beyond the others. Number of vertebrae thirty-three or thirty-
four. (Colours.) General colour of the head and body brownish red, here
and there faintly tinged with yellowish green : pectorals bluish green on
their inner surface, edged and spotted with bright blue ; on their outer
surface brownish red with the rays whitish : first dorsal reddish ; second,
as well as the anal and ventrals, nearly white.

Common on the southern and western coasts, attaining a larger size
than any other British species, the T. Lyra excepted. Is sometimes
called a Tub-Fish. According to Mr. Couch, "sheds its spawn about
Christmas." Obs. Linnaeus and Pennant have erroneously attributed
to this species a rough lateral line, a circumstance which appears to
have misled Montagu, when he established a second under the name
of T. lewis. All the individuals which have fallen under my notice
have had this part perfectly smooth, neither does Cuvier seem at all
aware of there being any allied species in which it is otherwise.

13. T. Lyra, Linn. (Piper.) — Lateral line smooth:
pectorals large, reaching beyond the ventrals : humeral and
opercular spines extremely long : snout divided into two
dentated processes.

T. Lyra, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 496. Block, Ichth. pi. 350.
Don. Brit. Fish, vol.v. pi. 118. Flem. Brit. An. p. 215. Piper,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 282. tab. S. 1. f. 4. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p.279. pi. 55. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m. p. 374. pi. 67. Yarr. Brit.
Fish. vol. i. p. 44. La Lyre, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. iv. p. 40.
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 159.

LENGTH. From twenty to twenty-eight inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Readily distinguished from all the other British
species by the length of the opercular and humeral spines. Head very
large : depth at the nape a little less than one-fifth of the whole length ;
length of the head one-fourth: snout deeply emarginated; the lateral
lobes much more produced than in any other species ; the margin of
each lobe divided into twelve or fifteen teeth, the middle ones long and
pointed : the whole head finely granulated : only one, rather strong, spine
at the anterior angle of the orbit: the spine on the supra-scapular, and
the large one on the opercle, longer and sharper than in any other spe-
cies ; the humeral spine still more developed ; the humeral bone, when
measured to the end of the spine, equalling more than half the length of
the head : first dorsal with the rays very sharp, a little bent, and smooth ;
the first and second only with their anterior edges obsoletely denticu-

342 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [TRIGLA:

lated; second and third rays equal; fourth scarcely shorter: pectorals
very large, equalling nearly one-third of the entire length, extending
considerably beyond the ventrals :

D. 9—16 ; A. 16; C. 11, and some short ones ; P. 14, and 3; V. 1/5 :

dorsal ridges more strongly serrated than in the other species : lateral
line smooth. Number of vertebrae thirty- three. (Colours.) "The gene-
ral colour pale flesh-colour, rosy or darker on the back, and the belly
white; fins bluish at the base, and tinged with reddish towards the
extremities: irides fine golden yellow." DON.

Far from common; the name of Piper being often applied to the
last species, which is of much more frequent occurrence in the London
market. Frequents the western coasts at all seasons of the year, accord-
ing to information communicated to Pennant. Is also occasionally taken
at Wey mouth. Attains a weight of nearly seven pounds. Feeds on
Crustacea. This and some other species have the power of uttering a
low grumbling sound when taken out of the water. The English name
of Piper is derived from this circumstance.

14. T. Gurnardus, Linn. (Gray Gurnard.) — Lateral
line sharply serrated : pectorals of equal length with the
ventrals : humeral and opercular spines long : first three
rays of the first dorsal granulated.

T. Gurnardus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p.'497. Block* Ichth. pi. 58.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 30. Plem. Brit. An. p. 215. Gray
Gurnard, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 279. tab. S. 2. f. 1. Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. in. p. 276. pi. 54. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m. p. 371. pi. 65.
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 48. Le Grondin gris, Guv. et Vol. Poiss.
torn. iv. p. 45. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 160.

LENGTH. From fifteen to twenty inches ; rarely two feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form) Body more elongated, the snout longer, and the
profile less inclined than in most of the other species : depth at the pec-
torals less than one-sixth of the whole length : length of the head one-
fourth: cranium very slightly hollowed out between the eyes: descending
line of the profile nearly straight : emargination of the snout moderate ;
each lobe with three or four well-marked denticulations : the whole of
the head, as well as the shoulders, granulated : two sharp spines at the
anterior angle of the orbit : supra-scapular and its terminating spine
much as in the T. Hirundo : humeral and opercular spines strongly
developed, much more "so than in any of the foregoing species, except-
ing the T. Lyra ; the latter projecting four or five lines beyond the mem-
brane : spines of the first dorsal very strong, especially the first three,
which are rough with granulations ; the second longest, a little exceeding
the depth of the body beneath : pectorals and ventrals of equal length,
both falling short of the vent by two or three lines :

D. 8—20; A. 19; C. 11, besides short ones; P. 10, and 3; V. 1/5 :

lateral line broad, and sharply serrated ; the scales larger than those on
the rest of the body : scales on the dorsal ridges with little projecting
crests, which are crenated and rough with minute granulations, but not
spinous. Number of vertebrae thirty-eight. (Colours.) Above gray,
clouded with brown, and more or less spotted with black and yellowish
white: beneath silvery: lateral line forming a longitudinal whitish band:
sometimes the whole body red, or inclining to that colour.

COTTUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 343

One of the most common species on the British coasts. Pennant states
that it sometimes attains the length of two feet and a half; it is however
usually found much less. Said to keep near the bottom, preying on shells
and Crustacea. According to Bloch, spawns in May and June.

15. T. Cuculus, Bl. {Red Gurnard.) — Constantly
red, with a black spot on the first dorsal: this last with
the first three rays smooth, without granulations.

T. Cuculus, Block, Ichth. pi. 59. Mont, in Went. Mem. vol. n.
p. 457. Flem. Brit. An. p. 215. T. Blochii, Yarr. Brit. Fish.
vol. i. p. 50. Red Gurnard, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 278.
pi. 57. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 373. pi. 66. Le Grondin Rouge,
Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. iv. p. 48. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 160.

LENGTH. From nine to twelve inches.

DE SCRIPT. Distinguished from the last species, which it closely re-
sembles in all its other characters, by the first three spines in the dorsal
\fin not being granulated, but simply with a few denticulations on the
anterior edges of the first two : the crests likewise of the scales on the
dorsal ridges are not crenated as in the Grey Gurnard, but entire, each
terminating in a little point. Colour constantly red, with a conspicuous
black spot on the upper part of the first dorsal, extending from the second
to the fifth spine. From the T. Pini, it is easily distinguished, by the
serratures of the lateral line, and the absence of the transverse striae.

D. 8—19; A. 18; C. 11, besides short ones; P. 11, and 3; V. 1/5.

Number of vertebrae thirty-seven.

Never attains the size of the T. Gurnardus, and is not so abundant.
The above description is from specimens taken at Weymouth. It is
•doubtful whether the Cuculus of Willughbv* be this species or the
T. Pini.

GEN. 5. COTTUS, Linn.

16. C. Gobio, Linn. (Bull-head.) — Head nearly
smooth : preopercle armed with a single spine.

C. Gobio, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 452. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 39. f. 2,
Don. Brit. Rsh. vol. iv. pi. 80. Flem. Brit. An. p. 216. Bull-
head, or Millers Thumb, Witt. Hist. Pise. p. 137. tab. H. 3. f.3.
River Bull-head, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. m. p. 216. pi. 39. Id. (Edit
1812.) vol. ni. p. 291. pi. 43. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. 24.
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 56. Le Chabot de riviere, Cuv. et Vol.
Poiss. torn. iv. p. 106. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. H. p. 162.

LENGTH. From three to four, rarely five, inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Head very large, occupying one-third of the
whole length; as broad as long; somewhat depressed above, rounded
in front : body gradually tapering from behind the nape : greatest depth
beneath the first dorsal, equalling one-fifth of the entire length : gape
very wide ; jaws equal; both armed, as well as the fore part of the vomer,
with fine teeth like velvet : eyes small, placed on the upper part of the
head, a little inclined ; somewhat nearer together in the male than in the
female: head smooth, without spines, covered, as well as the whole body,

* Hist. Pise. p. 281. §. 7-

344 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [COTTUS.

with a soft naked skin : preopercle only, with a single curved spine at its
posterior angle, the point turning upwards ; opercle terminating behind
in a flat blunt point: lateral line nearly straight, its course at one-third
of the depth ; formed by a row of small lozenge shaped elevations of the
skin, from thirty to thirty-five in number : first dorsal commencing a little
behind the base of the pectorals ; all the rays somewhat soft and flexible,
but not articulated : second dorsal twice as high, and nearly three times
as long, as the first ; the membrane continuous from one to the other ;
most of the rays simple, but all flexible and articulated : anal com-
mencing a little more backward than the second dorsal, and not ex-
tending so far towards the caudal : this last rounded : pectorals broad
and rounded, equalling one-fourth of the entire length ; most of the rays
simple, but all articulated : ventrals immediately under them, the first or
spinous ray enveloped in a membrane, which causes it to appear longer
and thicker than it really is:

D. 6—16; A. 13; C. 11, and some short ones; P. 14; V. 1/3.

Number of vertebrae thirty-two. (Colours.) Brownish gray, occasionally
marbled with yellow and dusky spots; belly silvery white: fins barred
and varied with brown. .

Common in fresh waters, especially clear streams which have a gra-
velly bottom. Lurks under stones, and swims with great rapidity. Swells
out its head when in danger by raising the gill-covers, thus causing the
former to appear broader than it is. Food, principally aquatic insects.
Spawns in March and April, according to Bloch and some other authors ;
but, according to Cuvier, during the months of May, June, and July.
Has no air-bladder.

17- C. Scorpius, Bl. (Sea- Scorpion, or Father-lasher.)
— Two erect spines before the eyes : preopercle with three
spines ; the first barely one-fifth the length of the head.

C. Scorpius, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 4(h Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 35.
Flem. Brit. An. p. 216. Sea-Scorpion, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 60. Le Chaboisseau de mer commun, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss.
torn. iv. p. 117.

LENGTH. Rarely exceeds eight or nine inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Head less depressed than in the last species ; its
breadth not much more than half its length : eyes larger in proportion,
situate a little nearer the nose than the nape ; the space between them
concave, and not equal to their diameter: mouth large; jaws equal: in
front of the space between the eyes, two small, but sharp, erect spines :
at the posterior part of the upper margin of the orbit a small tubercle,
more or less pointed, whence proceeds a slightly elevated crest on each
side of the occiput towards the nape, terminating there in another
tubercle; the space included between these ridges is of an oblong form
approaching to square : preopercle terminating behind in a strong sharp
spine directed backwards and a little upwards, its length barely one-fifth
that of the head ; beneath it one smaller ; and at the anterior extremity
of the lower margin a third still smaller, directed downwards and some-
what forwards : opercle likewise ending in a sharp spine : subopercle
with two small spines, one directed backwards and the other downwards :
scapulars and clavicles also each with a single spine directed backwards :
first dorsal commencing nearly in a line with the base of the pectorals :
second immediately behind it; somewhat longer as well as higher; this

COTTUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 345

last with all the rays simple, but flexible and articulated : anal a little
more backward than the second dorsal, and generally terminating nearer
the caudal : pectorals very broad, rounded at the extremity ; rays simple ;
seventh and eighth longest : veutrals narrow ; the spinous ray and first
soft one so intimately united as to appear but one :

D. 9 or 10—14 or 15 ; A. 11 ; C. 12, and some short ; P. 17 ; V. 1/3.

Number of vertebrae thirty-four or thirty-five. (Colours.) Reddish gray,
marbled and spotted with dusky and brown; belly whitish: fins pale,
with spots and specks of brown forming irregular transverse bars.

Apparently not so abundant on the British coasts as the next species,
with which it was for a long time confounded. Inhabits rocky shores,
and is of solitary habits. Swells out its head when attacked, endeavour-
ing to wound with the spine on the preopercle. Is very voracious, and
feeds on Crustacea. Colours variable. According to Bloch, spawns in
December and January.

18. C. Bubalis, Euph. (Four-spined Father-lasher.)
— Two erect spines before the eyes: preopercle with four
spines ; the first one-third the length of the head.

C. Bubalis, Guv. et Val. Poiss. torn. iv. p. 120. pi. 78. Cuv. Reg.
An. torn. ii. p. 163. Yarr. in Zool. Jowrn. vol. iv. p. 470.
Father-lasher, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 138. tab. H. 4. f. 3. Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 218. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m. p. 294. Yarr.
Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 63.

LENGTH. From seven to nine inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Very similar to the last species, but differs in the
following points. The head is rougher ; the space between the eyes nar-
rower, arid more concave : the occipital ridges are closer together, more
prominent, and very finely denticulated ; behind, they terminate each in
a sharp, strong, and well-defined point ; the space included between the
ridges is twice as long as it is broad : the great spine on the preopercle is
nearly one-third the length of the head ; beneath it are three, instead of
only two, smaller ones : spine on the opercle, as well as the tubercles
which form the lateral line, rough and granulated, in some cases finely
denticulated : second dorsal with only eleven or twelve, very rarely thir-
teen rays: anal with only nine; terminating before the second dorsal,
instead of after it, as in the last species.

D. 8—11 to 13; A. 9; C. 10; P. 16; V. 1/3.

(Colours.) Similar to those of the C. Scorpio, but the belly, lower part
of the sides, and membranes of the anal and pectoral fins, with a bright
red tinge, rarely observed in the other species.

First distinguished as British by Mr. Yarrell. Common on many parts
of the coast, and having the same habits as those of the last species. Is
evidently the one described by Willughby as well as Pennant, though the
figure of this last author on the whole more resembles the C. Scorpio.
Food, Crustacea and the fry of other fish. Spawns in January.

19. C. quadricornis, Linn. (Four-horned Father-lasher.)
— Four tubercles on the occiput: preopercle with three spines.

C. quadricornis, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 451. Bloch, Ichth.
pi. 108. Cuv. et Val. Poiss. torn. iv. p. 123. Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. ii. p. 163. Four-horned Cottus, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 68.

346 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [ASPIDOPHORUS.

LENGTH. From ten to twelve inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Distinguished principally by four large, rough,
osseous tubercles, which take the place of the four occipital spines in the
C. Scorpius : head broader than in this last species; cranium broader
than long, and without the lateral ridges : first infraorbital much more
pitted, or hollowed out ; on the second, often a small spine : preopercle
with three strong spines; the uppermost longer than the others, and
bending a little outwards : spine on the opercle, as well as that on the
supra-scapular, likewise a little curved ; this last large : scales on the
lateral line, large, osseous, rectangular, with two concave impressions, one
above the other : above the lateral line a row of osseous tubercles, round,
a little raised in the middle, and finely granulated in streaks ; a few
others scattered beneath: in most other respects the two species are
similar :

D. 7—14; A. 15; C. 11; P. 17; V. 1/3. Cuv.

Individuals of this species, recently observed in the London market
amongst Sprats from the mouth of the Thames, are now in the British
Museum. Has not hitherto occurred in any other instance in our seas.
Common in the Baltic, and said generally to keep near the mouths of
rivers where the salt and fresh waters mix. Habits resembling those of
the C. Scorpius.

GEN. 6. ASPIPOPHORUS, Lactp.

20. A. cataphractus, Nob. (Pogge.) — Dorsals con-
tiguous : upper jaw longest : chin and branchiostegous
membrane furnished with numerous thread-like filaments.

A. armatus, Lacep. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. torn. HI. p. 222. A. Euro-
pseus, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. torn. iv. p. 147. Cottus cataphractus,
Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 451. Block, Ichth. pi. 39. f. 1. Don.
Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 16. Cataphractus Schoneveldii, Flem. Brit.
An. p. 216. Pogge, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 211. tab. N. 6. f. 2, & 3.
Armed Bull-head, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 217. pi. 39. Id.
(Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 293. pi. 43. Yarr. Brit. Fish, vol.i. p. 70.

LENGTH. From four to six inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Distinguished from the Cotti by the osseous
plates on the body, which form longitudinal sharp angular ridges, and
render it somewhat octagonal : head broad, and much depressed : body
tapering behind : depth at the nape about one-seventh the entire length :
breadth across the head one-fourth : space between the eyes concave :
snout slightly recurved, and armed at its extremity with four small acute
spines directed upwards : upper jaw projecting over the lower : both jaws
with fine sharp velvet-like teeth : pharyngeans the same: tongue and palate
smooth : infra-orbitals with three blunt tubercles on their lower margin ;
beyond them a sharp spine directed backwards: preopercle with a similar
but larger spine; opercle small and unarmed: branchiostegous membrane,
as well as the chin, furnished with numerous small fleshy filaments in the
form of threads : body only octagonal from the vent to the termination of
the second dorsal and anal ; at that point the two uppermost carinse, and
the two lowermost, unite respectively to form one ; and beyond, the body
is hexagonal : the lateral line is first parallel to the upper series, then
takes a bend opposite to the vent where the second series commences,
and passing between this and the third, proceeds straight to the caudal :
four uppermost carina? roujjh and sharp: the four lower ones almost

SCORP^NA.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 347

smooth : first dorsal rounded ; the rays flexible but not articulated : second
immediately behind it ; all the rays simple : anal answering exactly to
the second dorsal: finless portion of the tail one-third of the entire
length : caudal rounded : pectorals also rounded, about the length of the
head ; all the rays simple : ventrals immediately under them, narrow and
pointed, the spinous ray closely attached to the first articulated one :

D. o— 6; A. 7; C. 11; P. 16; V. 1/2.

(Colours.) Brown above; beneath white; more or less marked with
dusky spots.

Common on many parts of the coast, concealing itself in the sand, or
amongst stones. Feeds on small Crustacea and marine insects. Spawns,
according to Bloch, in May.

GEN. 7. SCORP^NA, Linn.

(1. SEBASTES, Cuv.)

21. S. Norvegica, Cuv. (Northern Sebastes.) — Dorsal
fin with fifteen spinous and fifteen soft rays ; the longest of
the spinous rays scarcely more than one-fifth the depth of
the body.

Sebastes Norvegicus, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. iv. p. 240. pi. 87.
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 166. Serranus Norvegicus, Flem. Brit.
An. p. 212. Sea-Perch, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 258. pi. 48.
Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 349. pi. 59. Bergylt, & Norway Had-
dock, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 73.
LENGTH. Two feet and upwards. Cuv.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Resembles the Perch: body oblong, a little com-
pressed ; dorsal and ventral lines slightly convex : mouth oblique ; lower
jaw longest: depth at the pectorals contained not quite three times and
a half in the length ; thickness not half the depth : snout a little convex :
space between the eyes flat: infra -orbitals somewhat pitted, but not
armed : one small spine on the edge of the orbit in front ; behind it,
on the cranium, three others also small : on each side of the occiput
a slightly elevated crest, terminating likewise in a small spine : scapu-
lar and supra-scapular each with a single spine: two on the opercle;
preopercle rounded, with five sharp, but rather short, spines ; subopercle
and interopercle each also with one small spine at the point where they
meet : fine velvet-like teeth in both jaws, as well as on the vomer and
palatines : dorsal commencing above the supra-scapular ; spinous portion
equalling nearly one-third of the whole length ; rays strong but short ;
soft portion only half the length of the spinous, but twice as high : anal
commencing in a line with the soft portion of the dorsal; first three
rays spinous, the first only half the length of the two others ; soft rays
branched, twice as long as the spinous ones : caudal nearly even : pec-
torals equalling one-fifth of the whole length, rounded, as broad as long ;
the first ten rays branched, the rest simple : ventrals a little behind the
pectorals, and not quite so long :

D. 15/15; A. 3/8; C. 14; P. 19; V. 1/5:

scales covering the whole head and body ; a few small ones on the soft
portions of the dorsal and anal fins, as well as on the caudal : lateral line
parallel to the back; its course at one-fourth of the depth. Number of
vertebrae thirty-one. Cuv.

348 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [GASTEROSTEUS,

This species, the Perca marina of Linnaeus, frequents high latitudes,
and is little known as a native of our own seas, excepting along the
northern coasts of the Island. Has been met with on the coasts of Aber-
deenshire and Berwickshire; also in Zetland by Dr. Fleming. Food,
according to Cuvier, Crustacea and small fish. Obs. It is very doubtful
whether the Sea-Perch of Willughby * be referable to this species.

GEN. 8. GASTEROSTEUS, Linn.

(1. GASTEROSTEUS, Cuv.)
* Sides more or less protected by transverse scaly plates.

22. G. aculeatus, Linn. (Three-spined Stickleback.)
— Three dorsal spines.

G. aculeatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 489. Block, Ichth. pi. 53.
f. 3. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 11. Flem. Brit. An. p. 219.
G. trachurus, leiurus, & semiarmatus, Cuv. et Vol. Pom. torn. iv.
p. 352. pi. 98, & p. 361. G. trachurus, & gymnurus, Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. ii. p. 170. Stickleback, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 341. tab. X. 14.
f. 1. Bowd. Brit.fr. wat. Fish. Draw. 20. Three-spined Stickle-
back, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 261. pi. 50. no. 129. Id. (Edit.
1812.) vol.111, p. 353. pi. 61.

LENGTH. From two to two and a half, rarely three inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oval; rather elongated; sides compressed; tail
slender ; dorsal and ventral • lines equally convex : greatest depth about
the middle, rather more than one-fifth of the entire length ; head one-
fourth ; thickness a little more than half the depth : eyes large : cranium
more or less striated, the striae formed of minute granulations : mouth
protractile; when closed, the lower jaw advancing a little beyond the
upper: both jaws with fine small teeth, but none on the tongue, vomer,
or palatines : opercle large and triangular, the posterior margin rounded :
no true scales, but the sides protected by a series of oblong osseous plates,
varying in number, disposed in transverse bands ; a similar plate, ascend-
ing from the base of the ventrals, reposes on the third and fourth of the
above series ; there is also another placed longitudinally on each side of
the breast, and a large triangular one on the belly, having its base in a
line with the ventrals, and its apex directed towards the vent ; all these
scaly plates more or less granulated in lines : instead of a first dorsal
three free strong spines, a little distant from each other, more or less ser-
rated at their edges, varying in length, but the second always longest ;
first spine above the first or second of the lateral scaly plates ; second
above the fourth ; the third, which is much smaller than the other two,
in a line with the apex of the triangular plate on the belly : soft dorsal
commencing immediately behind this last spine ; all the rays, except the
first, branched : anal about half the length of the soft dorsal, with one
short, curved, free spine immediately before the first ray : caudal rounded :
ventrals consisting of one strong serrated spine, united by a delicate mem-
brane to one slender soft ray scarcely one-third of its own length :

D. 3—10 to 13; A. 1/8 to 10; C. 12 ; P. 10; V. 1/1:

sides of the tail sometimes furnished with a horizontal expansion of
the skin forming a keel. Number of vertebrae thirty-three. (Colours.}

* Hist Pise. p. 327-

GASTEROSTEUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 349

Back and sides olivaceous, sometimes passing into yellowish brown or
dusky blue: throat and breast, in some individuals, bright fiery red:
belly and flanks silvery, with a pearly lustre.

Var. a. G. trachurus, Cuv. Yarr. in Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. in.
p. 522. fig. 127. a. Rough-tailed Stickleback, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 76. The scaly plates extending the whole length of the sides; in
number about thirty.

Var. j3. G. semiarmatus, Cuv. Yarr. in Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. in.
p. 522. fig. 127. b. Half-armed Stickleback, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 80.
Lateral plates extending to a vertical line joining the vent and com-
mencement of the soft dorsal ; in number from twelve to fifteen.

Var. y. G. leiurus, Cuv. Yarr. in Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. in. p. 522.
fig. 127. c. Smooth-tailed Stickleback, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 81.
Lateral plates from four to six; extending only as far as the pectoral
fins, when these last are laid back.

Var. d. G. brachycentrus, Cuv. ? Short-spined Stickleback, Yarr.
Brit. Fish. vol. i. p/82. Lateral plates not extending beyond the pec-
torals : dorsal and ventral spines very short.

Common throughout the country in rivers and streams, as well as in
stagnant waters. Is also found occasionally in the sea. Of active and
lively habits. Is very voracious, and preys on worms and aquatic insects.
Spawns, according to Bloch, in April and June ; according to Cuvier, in
July and August.

Obs. The above species is subject to great variation, not only in the
number of the lateral plates, but in several other less obvious respects.
The former may occasionally be found of every intermediate number
between that which characterizes the G. leiurus, Cuv. and that which
appears in the G. trachurus of the same author. This number, moreover,
is sometimes found constant in specimens which differ remarkably in
other respects ; at other times, varying, when all other characters remain
the same. From these circumstances combined, I feel satisfied that the
above are mere varieties, notwithstanding the high authorities on which
they stand recorded as distinct species. Perhaps it may be useful to state
the result of a close comparison of a large number of individuals with
each other from different localities.

(1.) Specimens from the Thames, procured by W.Yarrell, Esq. These
agreed in having the eyes very large; the space between rugose, with
granulations disposed in lines ; the teeth rather prominent ; the osseous
disk between the opercle and pectoral large ; the lateral plates varying in
number, but well-defined and very regularly disposed ; the ventral plate
narrow, more than twice as long as broad at the base ; the dorsal and
ventral spines long, the latter equalling two-thirds of the depth of the
body, nearly straight, and often with serrated edges ; sides of the tail
generally, but not always, carinated.

(2.) Specimens from Wilbraham in Cambridgeshire. Depth greater
in proportion to the length than in no. 1 ; eyes much smaller ; the rugose
lines between as before ; teeth similar ; osseous disk behind the opercle
much smaller; lateral plates few in number but well-defined; ventral
plate very large, its breadth at the base contained only once and a half in
its length ; spines, the ventral especially, nearly as long as in the above,
equally serrated, but not so straight, being slightly curved from their
base; sides of the tail perfectly smooth.

(3.) Specimens from the pond in the Botanic Garden, Cambridge.
Eyes intermediate in size between those of nos. 1 & 2, but varying
slightly in different individuals ; rugose lines on the vertex generally
indistinct, sometimes wholly wanting with the exception of two, one

350 PISCES (OSSE1) ACANTHOPT. [GASTEROSTEUS.

above each eye, which are always present; teeth varying a little, but
generally smaller than in either of the above ; osseous plate behind the
opercle generally larger than in the last, but seldom so large as in the
Thames specimens; lateral plates varying in number, sometimes ex-
tending the whole length of the sides, but generally few, and irregu-
larly disposed ; ventral plate about twice as long as broad at the base ;
spines varying a little, but always much shorter (the dorsal especially)
than in no. 1 ; ventrals equalling half the depth ; sides of the tail, except
in one or two instances, not carinated.

(4.) Specimens from the North of Ireland, procured by W. Thompson,
Esq. Of very large size, measuring full three inches. Eyes large, but
less than in the Thames specimens ; the space between smooth, with the
exception of two deeply impressed lines, one above each eye ; teeth mode-
rate ; osseous disk between the opercle and pectoral rather large ; lateral
plates five in number, and regularly disposed; ventral plate twice as
long as broad at the base, its apex very obtuse ; dorsal and ventral spines
strong, but much shorter in proportion than in any of the former spe-
cimens, a little curved, their margins finely serrated ; sides of the tail
smooth, without any trace of a keel.

From the above details it will be seen how each character varies in its
turn, and at the same time how little connection there is between the
variation of one part and that of the others *.

23. G. spinulosus, Yarr. and Jen, (Four-spined
Stickleback.) — Four dorsal spines.

Four-spined Stickleback, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. Apr. 1831. p. 386.
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 83.

LENGTH. One inch and a quarter.

DE SCRIPT. Differs in no essential particulars from the last species,
excepting in being smaller, and having an additional dorsal spine, situate
half-way between the second and third of the ordinary ones ; this spine
is very small, and even shorter than that which precedes the soft fin : in
my specimen, there are only two lateral plates, and these not very well
developed ; they occupy that portion of the side which lies beneath the
first and second spines : the ascending plate from the base of the ventrals
is longer and narrower than in young specimens of the G. aculeatus of
the same size : none of the spines are serrated, and the sides of the tail
shew no appearance of a keel :

D. 4— 11; A. 1/10; C. 12; P. 10; V. 1/1.

Discovered in some plenty near Edinburgh, by Dr. James Stark (to
whom I am indebted for a specimen), in September 1830. Possibly a
mere variety of the last species, which is said to have been numerous in
the same pond. In the number of the spines, it resembles the G. tetra-
canthus of Cuvier; but this last is represented as having the spines
shorter than in the common species, and the ventral plate broader.

** Sides naked.

24. G. Pungitius, Linn. (Ten-spined Stickleback.)—
Dorsal spines nine or ten.

* It is more than probable that some of the other foreign Gasterostei described by Cuvier are
mere varieties of this species. They hardly differ more from those described above than these
last do from each other.

GASTEROSTEUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 351

G. Pungitius, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 491. Block, Ichth. pi. 53.
f. 4. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 32. Flem. Brit. An. p. 219.
Lesser Stickleback, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 342. Ten-spined Stickle-
back, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 262. pi. 50. no. 130. Id. (Edit.
1812.) vol. m. p. 355. pi. 61. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 85.
L'Epinochette, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. iv. p. 370. Cuv. Reg.
An. torn. n. p. 170.

. LENGTH. Rarely exceeding two inches,

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Rather more elongated than the G. aculeatus;
the depth not so great : differs essentially from that species in wanting
the lateral scaly plates, although it possesses the triangular one on the
belly, and the ascending branch from the base of the ventral spines :
dorsal spines generally nine, but sometimes ten in number, much shorter
than in the G. aculeatus, all equal, placed at equal distances from each
other, erect but somewhat inclining alternately to the right and to the
left, without denticulations at the edges, each furnished with a small
membrane at the base : ventral spines barely so long as the ventral plate,
likewise without serratures : ventral plate somewhat narrower and more
pointed than in the G. aculeatus : sides of the tail keeled ; each keel
being furnished with several slender scales, which themselves appear
keeled under the microscope:

D. 9 or 10— 10 or 9 ; A. 1/9; C. 12; P. 10; V. 1/1.

(Colours.) Back and portion of the sides yellowish green, marked occa-
sionally with transverse dusky bands ; abdomen silvery ; the whole more
or less dotted with black specks : fins pale. A variety sometimes occurs
of a uniform dark bluish black, pervading the whole body above and
below.

Var. ft. G. Isevis, Cuv. Reg. An. vol. n. p. 170. Sides of the tail
smooth.

Equally abundant with the G. aculeatus, and as generally distributed.
Like that species, is occasionally found in salt water. Habits similar.
Obs. The G. leevis of Cuvier differs in no respect excepting in wanting
the carinated scales at the sides of the tail, and is evidently a mere
variety.

(2. SPINACHIA, Flem.)

25. G. Spinachia, Linn. (Fifteen-spined Stickle-
back.)

G. Spinachia, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 492. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 53.
f. 1. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 45. Spinachia vulgaris, Flem.
Brit. An. p. 219. Aculeatus marinus, Witt. Hist. Pise. p. 340.
tab. X. 13. f. 2. Fifteen-spined Stickleback, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. in. p. 263. pi. 50. no. 131. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m. p. 356.
pi. 61. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 87. Le Gastre, Cuv. et Val.
Poiss. torn. iv. p. 373. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 170.

LENGTH. From five to six inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Very much elongated; the entire length ten
times the depth and the breadth: lateral line marked throughout its
course by a series of carinated scales, which form ridges, and render the
posterior half of the body quadrangular; before the vent it is pentagonal:
head one-fourth of the whole length ; snout very much produced ; mouth
rather small ; lower jaw longest : vertex flat, with a sulcus between the
eyes : dorsal spines commencing immediately above the pectorals, fifteen

352 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [SCI*NA.

in number, of equal length, the last excepted, which is longer and more
hooked than the others ; space occupied by these spines equalling nearly
one-fourth of the whole length : soft fin immediately behind the last spine,
of a triangular form ; its greatest height equalling the depth of the body ;
all the rays branched : anal exactly answering to it in form, situation, and
number of rays ; before the first ray a short hooked spine : portion of the
tail beyond these fins very much depressed, sharp at the sides, and equal-
ling one-third of the whole length : caudal square at the end ; all the rays
branched: pectorals rounded, one- ninth of the entire length; the rays
simple: ventral spines short and slightly curved, each accompanied by
two small soft rays:

D. 15—6 or 7 ; A. 1/6 ; C. 12 ; P. 11 ; V. 1/2 :

about forty- two scales in the lateral line, all sharply keeled and slightly
granulated; those on the sides of the tail forming the sharpest edge: rest
of the skin smooth. Number of vertebrae forty-one. (Colours.) Greenish
brown ; silvery beneath : dorsal and anal fins, each with a round black
spot.

Found only in the sea, never ascending rivers. Not uncommon on
some parts of the coast. Feeds on worms and small Crustacea, as well as
on the eggs and fry of other fish. Spawns in Spring. Is stated by Cuvier
to be the only known species belonging to this sub-genus.

GEN. 9. SCIJSNA, Cuv.

(1. SCI^ENA, CUV.)

26. S. Aquila, Cuv. (Maigre.)

S. Aquila, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. v. p. 21. pi. 100. Neill in
Edinb. New Phil. Journ. Apr. 1826. p. 135. Flem. Brit. An. p. 213.
S. Umbra, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 172. The Maigre, Yarr.
Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 90.

LENGTH. From three to five, sometimes six feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General appearance resembling that of the Basse
(Perca Labraoc) : head one-fourth of the entire length ; greatest depth
rather more than one-fifth: profile descending obliquely, inclining to
convex at the nape, concave at the forehead : snout blunt and slightly
protuberant: each jaw with a row of sharp, somewhat hooked teeth,
separate from each other, with several smaller ones amongst them in
the lower, behind them in the upper jaw : none on the tongue, vomer, or
palatines : preopercle with the posterior margin denticulated when young,
but not afterwards : opercle terminating in two flat, but rather sharp
points, with an emargination between : first dorsal with the third spine
longest, equalling half the depth of the body : second dorsal more than
twice the length of the first, immediately behind it, the membrane of
the latter continuous with that of the former: pectorals and ventrals
nearly one-sixth of the entire length : anal very small in proportion to
the second dorsal, with only one slender spinous ray almost concealed in
the edge of the fin, and eight soft ones : caudal with seventeen branched
-rays : number of rays altogether,

D. 9— 1/27 or 28 ; A. 1/8; C. 17; P. 16; V. 1/5:

lateral line nearly parallel to the back : the whole head and body covered
with scales ; those on the back and sides large, deeply imbricated, and

SPARUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 353

set obliquely to the axis of the body. Number of vertebrae twenty-four.
(Colours.) Of a uniform silvery gray, inclining to brownish on the back,
and to white on the belly : first dorsal, pectorals, and ventrals, red ; the
other fins reddish brown. Cuv.

Common in the Mediterranean, where it attains a large size. Has
not occurred in the British seas in more than four or five instances. One
specimen recorded by Mr. Neill as having occurred off the Shetland
coasts in November 1819. A second taken in the seine, at Start Bay, on
the south coast of Devon, in August 1825*. A third, taken on the coast
of Northumberland, is in the possession of Mr. J. Hancock of Newcastle.
A fourth is mentioned by Mr. Yarrell as having occurred on the Kentish
coast in November 1834. Said to swim in shoals, and when taken, to
make a low grumbling noise like the Gurnards. Air-bladder, according
to Cuvier, very large, extending the whole length of the abdomen, and
remarkable for its branched lateral appendages. Obs. This species has
been much misunderstood, and confounded with others by many authors,
especially by Willughby, Artedi, and Linnaeus, whose descriptions in
consequence are rendered of no value. It is the only Europsean species
belonging to this sub-genus.

( UMBRINA, Cuv.)

(3.) 5. cirrhosa, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 481. Bloch,- Ichth.
pi. 300. Umbrina vulgaris, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. torn. v. p. 127.
Bearded Umbrina, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 95.

According to an extract from the Minute-Book of the Linnaean Society,
(Linn. Trans, vol. xvi. p. 751.) dated Nov. 20, 1827, a specimen of this
fish, weighing one hundred weight, has been taken in the river Exe. As,
however, there has been much confusion with respect to the species of this
family, it is possible that this British individual may not have been different
from the Sci&na Aquila described above. According to Cuvier, the
Umbrina is never found so large as this last species, though it often
exceeds two feet in length. It is common on the coasts of Prance, Spain,
and Italy, and is easily distinguished by a short barbule attached to the
symphysis of the lower jaw.

GEN. 10. SPARUS, Cuv.
(1. CHRYSOPHRYS, Cuv.)

27. S. Aurata, Linn. {Gilt-head.) — Molars in four
or five rows above, and three below : a golden spot on the
preopercle, and a dark one on the opercle.

S. Aurata, Block, Ichth. pi. 266. Flem. Brit. An. p. 211. Chry-
sophrys Aurata, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. torn. vi. p. 62. pi. 145.
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. 11. p. 182. Gilt-head, Will. Hist. Pise.
p. 307. tab. V. 5. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 97. Lunulated Gilt-
head, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 240. but not pi. 42. Id. (Edit,
1812.) vol. in. p. 327. but not pi. 46.

* Proceedings of Comm. of Zool. Soc. 1831. p< 112.

z

354 PISCES (OSSE1) ACANTHOPT. [SPARUS.

LENGTH. Fifteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body oval, larger before than behind: depth
nearly one-third of the entire length ; thickness two-fifths of the depth :
snout obtuse : eyes moderate, situate on the upper part of the cheek, at
the distance of twice the length of their diameter from the end of the
snout : opercle narrow, almost three times as high as broad ; the scales
which cover it larger than those on the preopercle : lower jaw a little the
shortest; in each jaw six strong, hooked, conical, rather blunt, incisors;
tubercular teeth in five rows above, in three below ; the anterior ones
small and rounded ; at the back of the mouth, always one, often two, oval
ones larger than the others, their longest diameter measuring sometimes
four lines : (in young individuals the teeth are smaller and in only four
rows :) lateral line nearly straight ; its course a little above one-third of
the depth : number of scales in a longitudinal line nearly eighty, in the
depth about twenty-four : dorsal commencing at a distance from the end
of the snout equalling nearly one-third of the whole length ; spinous,
higher than the soft, portion : anal in a line with the third soft ray of the
dorsal, and not extending beyond that fin ; its spinous rays shorter than
those of the dorsal ; second stoutest : caudal moderately forked : pectorals
long, reaching beyond the vent, equalling nearly one-fourth of the whole
length ; their point of attachment a little before the dorsal : ventrals
rather behind the pectorals, moderately broad :

B. 6 ; D. 11/13 ; A. 3/11 ; C. 17 ; P. 16 ; V. 1/5.

Number of vertebrae twenty-four. (Colours.) Back silvery gray; belly
like polished silver ; sides with from eighteen to twenty longitudinal
golden bands; on the forehead, between the eyes, a crescent- shaped
band of golden yellow; a large spot on the shoulder; opercle also dusky
or violet. Cuv.

This species must be considered as very rare in the British seas, if it
have really any claim at all to a place in the Fauna. The descriptions of
Pennant and Fleming apply with tolerable correctness, but the Gilt-head
of Donovan and other English authors is only the Pagettus centrodontus
of Cuvier hereafter described. Found in the Mediterranean along with
another nearly allied species, and said, by Cuvier, to feed on the con-
chiferous mollusca.

(2. PAGRUS, Cuv.)

28. S. Pagrus, Linn. (Braive, or Becker.) — Silvery,
tinged with red : no golden crescent between the eyes ; no
black spot on the shoulder.

Pagrus vulgaris, Cuv. et Veil. Pom. torn. vi. p. 104. pi. 148. Le
Pagre de la Mediterranee, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 182. Becker,
Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 79. Braize, or Becker, Yarr.
Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 102.

LENGTH ?

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Snout obtuse, like that of the S. Aurata, but
the nape less elevated, and the body more elongated than in that
species: head one-fourth of the entire length; depth a little more:
eyes large and round : opercle more than twice as high as broad : four
strong pointed teeth at the extremity of each jaw, with a group of
small card-like teeth behind them ; beyond these a row of five teeth
obtusely conical, and four or five round ones; within, and parallel to this

SPARUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT 355

series, another row of five or six teeth all round : pharyngeans strong-
and card-like : lateral line more strongly marked than in the Gilt-head :
scales on the upper part of the head and on the gill-covers smaller;
those on the body larger in proportion : number in a longitudinal line
nearly sixty ; in the depth twenty : dorsal when laid back almost entirely
concealed -in a deep groove ; the spinous rays compressed, and somewhat
flexible ; the longest not one-third the depth of the body : anal answering
to the soft portion of the dorsal ; the three spinous rays sensibly stronger
than those of that fin; along its base a slight scaly projection partly
concealing it : pectorals pointed, contained three times and a half in the
entire length, and reaching when laid back to the third spinous ray in
the anal fin : ventrals only half the length of the pectorals ; the spinous
ray one-sixth shorter than the first soft one :

B. 6; D. 12/10; A. 3/8; C. 17; P. 15; V. 1/5.

Number of vertebrae twenty-four. (Colours.) Silvery, tinged with red :
no semilunar mark between the eyes, as in the last species, and no dark
patch on the shoulder, as in the S. centrodontus. Cuv.

So much confusion and misunderstanding prevails with respect to the
species of this family, that it is not easy to attach to each correctly its
proper synonyms. The present one appears to be the Becker of Mr.
Couch, which is stated by that gentleman to approach the Cornish coasts
during the Summer and Autumn. There is very little respecting it, at
least on which any dependence can be placed, in other British writers.
The Pagrus vulgaris of Fleming (the Red Gilt-head of Pennant) is pro-
bably only the Pagellus centrodontus of Cuvier and of this work. Ac-
cording to Cuvier, the present species is found in the Mediterranean,
along with two others belonging to the same sub-genus.

(3. PAGELLUS, Cuv.)

29. S. Erythrinus, Linn. (Spanish Sea Bream.) —

Rose-colour, with silvery reflections: a golden crescent
between the eyes, but no lateral spot.

S. Erythrinus, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 274. Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. xx.
pi. 834. Pagellus Erythrinus, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. vi. p. 126.
pi. 150. Erythrinus Rondeletii, Witt. Hist. Pise. p. 311. tab. V. 6.
Le Pagel commun, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 183. Spanish
Bream, Couch in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 17. Yarr.
Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 104.

LENGTH ?

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body oval, elongated, moderately compressed, a
little contracted towards the tail : depth to the right of the pectorals one-
third of the length : nape elevated ; profile descending in a straight line,
a little obliquely, towards the snout : eyes large and round, placed half-
way between the end of the snout and the shoulder : infra-orbitals large :
preopercle also large, covering nearly the whole cheek ; the ascending
margin rectilineal and nearly vertical : mouth scarcely protractile : lower
jaw a little the longest : both jaws with fine card-like teeth at their ex-
tremities, the outer row rather the strongest ; nine or ten on each side ;
molars behind small, in two or more rows, more numerous in the adult
than in the young : pharyngeans strong and hooked : lateral line strongly
marked ; its course straight to the end of the dorsal, then turning in and
terminating at the caudal, passing a little above the middle of the tail :

z2

356 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [SPARUS,

number of scales in a longitudinal line nearly sixty ; in the depth twenty-
one: dorsal with the fourth spinous ray longest, equalling nearly one-
third of the depth beneath; the succeeding ones gradually decreasing;
soft rays a little longer than the last of the spinous : anal answering to
the soft portion of the dorsal ; the spinous rays stronger than those in
that fin: caudal deeply forked; the two lobes equal, covered for half
their length with small scales : pectorals narrow, contained three times
and a half in the length of the body : ventrals triangular, rather large, a
little behind the pectorals :

D. 12/10; A. 3/8; C. 17; P. 15; V. 1/5.

Number of vertebrae twenty -four. (Colours.) Fine carmine-red, passing
into rose-red on the sides ; belly with silvery reflections : fins rose-red ;
the anal and ventrals palest. Cuv.

Observed by Mr. Couch in two or three instances off the coast of
Cornwall, and said to be known to the fishermen there by the name
of Spanish Bream. Not mentioned by any other writer on British
Zoology ; though, according to Mr. Yarrell, it appears to have been
met with at Teignmouth by the late Mr. Walcott. Common in the
Mediterranean. Stated by'Cuvier to keep in small shoals, and to
feed on fish and conchiferous mollusca. Is always smaller than the
next species.

30. S. centrodontus^ Laroche. (Common Sea Bream.)
— Flesh-red, with golden-yellow reflections : a crescent-
shaped mark above the eyes ; a large black spot on the
shoulder.

S. centrodontus, Laroche, Ann. du Mus. torn. xm. p. 345. pi. 23. f. 1 1.

S. Pagrus, Block, Ichth, pi. 267. S. Aurata, Don. Brit. Fish.

vol. iv. pi. 89. Pagellus centrodontus, Cuv . et Vol. Poiss. torn. vi.

p. 133. Pagrus vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 211. Sea Bream,

Will. Hist. Pise. p. 312. tab. V. 1. f. 5. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.

p. 107. Red Gilt-head, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 242. Lunu-

lated Gilt-head, Id. pi. 42. no. 112. Le Rousseau, Cuv. Reg. An.

torn. n. p. 183.

LENGTH. From fifteen to twenty inches, or more.
DESCRIPT. (Form.) Distinguished from the last species by its larger
size, more obtuse snout, larger eye, and finer as well as more numerous
teeth : body a little thicker, and more regularly oval : head rather more
than one-fourth of the entire length ; profile descending obliquely from
the forehead, and still more rapidly from the nostrils to the lips, giving
the snout a remarkably blunt and convex appearance : diameter of the
eye one-third the length of the head; the distance between the eyes
equal to this diameter: jaws nearly equal: anterior teeth finer than in
the S. Erythrinus; molars smaller in proportion, disposed in three or
more rows above, and in two or three below : pharyngean tubercles
larger: infra-orbitals and preopercle very narrow from the great size
of the eyes: lateral line strongly marked; its course parallel to the
curvature of the back at one- fourth of the depth: number of scales
in a longitudinal line nearly eighty; in the depth more than twenty:
dorsal rising from a shallow groove, and commencing just above the
insertion of the pectorals ; its length half the entire length ; fourth, fifth,
and sixth spinous rays longest, equalling nearly one-third of the depth ;
soft portion of the fin half the length of the spinous, the rays much of a

DENTEX.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 357

height, being a little longer than the last of the spinous : anal answering
to this soft portion : caudal moderately forked ; lobes equal ; the base of
the fin scaly : pectorals long and pointed, about the length of the head :
ventrals immediately under them; the spinous ray strong, and shorter
than the others:

B. 6 ; D. 12 or 13/ 13 or 12 ; A. 3/12 ; C. 17 ; P. 16 or 17 ; V. 1/5.

Number of vertebrae twenty-three. {Colours.) Flesh-colour, with a bright
golden-yellow lustre; the red tint most conspicuous from the ridge of
the back to the lateral line; belly very pale reddish yellow: fins flesh-
red : the ventrals palest : upper part of the head deep purplish flesh-red,
with a faint golden lunulated mark above the eyes : infra-orbitals, upper
and lateral portions of the snout, preopercle, and margin of the opercle,
bright silvery : at the commencement of the lateral line, above the pec-
torals, a black patch.

Common on many parts of the southern and western coasts : off Hast-
ings and Weymouth in great abundance. Small specimens taken at the
former place in the month of September, of the length of eight inches,
were observed to be without the black spot on the shoulder, which is said
not to be acquired till during the second year. This species is probably
the Bream of Mr. Couch.* Its habits are similar to those of the last.

GEN. 11. DENTEX, Cuv.

31. D. vulgaris, Cuv. (Toothed Gilt-head.) — Silvery;
back tinged with sky-blue : dorsal bluish yellow ; pectorals
and caudal reddish.

D. vulgaris, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. vi. p. 163. pi. 153. Flem.
Brit. An. p. 212. Sparus Dentex, Block, Ichth. pi. 268. Don.
Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 73. Dentex, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 312.
tab. V. 3. Toothed Gilt-head, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 331. but not pi. 54. Four-toothed Sparus, Yarr. Brit.
Fish. vol. i. p. 111. Le Dente vulgaire, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n.
p. 184.

LENGTH. From two to three feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body oval, elongated; dorsal line more convex
than the ventral: depth contained three times and three-quarters in
the length ; thickness twice and a half in the depth : head large ; its
length equalling the depth of the body : profile from the forehead con-
vex ; the snout, however, somewhat pointed : eyes moderate, high on the
cheeks, nearly at equal distances from the end of the snout and the point
of the opercle : infra-orbitals very large, occupying nearly half the cheeks ;
preopercle occupying nearly the other half, pitted in front, and covered
with small smooth scales: scales on the opercle and subopercle rather
larger than those on the preopercle: jaws but little protractile; in each
four strong hooked canine teeth, behind which are others much smaller,
like velvet; beyond, on the edges of the jaws, a row of strong large
teeth, which are short and straight : palate and tongue smooth : lateral
line parallel to the curve of the back ; its course at one-fourth of the
depth : about fifty scales in a longitudinal line, and twenty-four in the
depth : length of the dorsal rather more than one-third that of the body :
spinous rays moderate: vent nearly in the middle: anal short, com-

* Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 79.

358 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [CANTHARUS.

mencing a little behind it; first spinous ray in this fin shorter than
the second; second shorter than the third; this last equal to the soft
rays : caudal forked ; upper lobe a little the longest : pectorals long and
narrow : ventrals triangular, placed a little behind them :

B. 6; D. 11/11; A. 3/7; C. 17; P. 14; V. 1/5.

Number of vertebrae twenty-four. Cuv.

An individual of this species, taken off" the coast of Hastings in Sussex,
was obtained by Donovan in the Billingsgate market, April 9, 1805,
There is no other recorded instance of its having occurred in the Bri-
tish seas. Not uncommon in the Mediterranean, where it attains a
weight of twenty pounds and upwards.

GEN. 12. CANTHARUS, Cuv.

32. C. griseus, Cuv. (Black Sea Bream.) — Silvery
gray, with bluish reflections; on each flank twenty-four
dark longitudinal lines.

C. griseus, Cuv. et Vol. Pom. torn. vi. p. 249. Sparus lineatus,

Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. 11. p. 451. pi. 23. Pagrus lineatus,

Flem. Brit. An. p. 211. Black Bream, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 114.

LENGTH. Fifteen to eighteen, rarely twenty, inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Deeper in proportion to its length than the
Sparus centrodontus ; the back more arched ; the dorsal line falling more
abruptly : length of the head, and depth at the nape, equal, each con-
tained about four times and a half in the total length : jaws equal : teeth
card-like, somewhat crowded in front, in several rows, the outer row long-
est; no molars, but on each side of the jaws above and below, one single
row of small card-like teeth: eyes moderate, their diameter contained
four tunes and a half in the length of the head ; the space between them
a little convex : infraorbital broad, and deeply notched on that part of the
margin which answers to the extremity of the maxillary : scales on the
cheeks in six rows : lateral line broad and strongly marked ; its course
parallel to the curvature of the back at one-third of the depth : dorsal
commencing in a line with the pectorals ; the spinous portion of the fin
twice the length of the soft ; fourth ray longest, exactly equalling the
depth to the lateral line ; succeeding rays nearly of the same length :
caudal much forked; the upper lobe a little the longest: anal com-
mencing nearly in a line with the soft portion of the dorsal, and ter-
minating at the same distance from the caudal; spinous rays stronger
than those of the dorsal, shorter than the soft ones ; these last branched,
the last two springing from one root: pectorals reaching to the vent,
one-fourth of the whole length, narrow and pointed ; fifth ray longest :
ventrals a little behind the pectorals ; in the axilla of each a long narrow
pointed scale, and on the belly between the two, another similar but
broader scale, of a triangular form, not present in the Sparus cen-
trodontus :

B. 5; D. 12/11; A. 3/11 ; C. 17; P. 16; V. 1/5.

Number of vertebrsa twenty -two. (Colours.) Lead-gray, with a very
faint tinge of golden yellow ; becoming paler on the belly : sides marked
with twenty-four or twenty-five longitudinal lines, darker than the
ground colour, but narrower and less conspicuous than the lateral line,

BRAMA.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 359

which last assumes the appearance of a broad brown band : fins dark
gray : a faint golden lunulated mark with blue reflections on each side
of the nape continuous with the gill-opening : beneath this line, imme-
diately above the eyes, an irregular spot, presenting the same colours :
no lateral dark spot.

First noticed by Montagu, who states that "it is by no means an
uncommon fish on the south coast of Devon." Is also found occasionally
off Hastings, but is not distinguished by the fishermen from the Sparus
centrodontus, which is taken there in much greater plenty. According
to Cuvier, there are two or three other allied species met with in the
Mediterranean, which may not improbably also occur at times in the
British seas. Food, according to that same author, at least in part,
vegetable substances.

(4.) Old Wife, (Sparus Vetula,) Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 79.
Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 743.

As considerable doubt attaches to this species, I have thought it proper
to place it at the end of the present family, to which it certainly belongs.
The following is Mr. Couch's description. " Body deep, compressed, and
bearing a considerable resemblance to the S. Pagrus (of Couch) : lips
fleshy ; jaws furnished with a pavement of teeth, those in front the
longest; gill-membrane with five rays; gill-covers and body covered
with large scales ; ten first rays of the dorsal fin spinous ; the anal also has
four spinous rays, after which it becomes more expanded ; tail concave.
This fish has a membranous septum across the palate, as in the Wrasse
genus. When in high season, the colour behind the head is a fine green,
towards the tail reddish orange ; the belly has a lighter tinge of the same
colour. When out of season, the whole is a dusky lead colour. Weight
about three pounds." I should have had no hesitation in referring this
fish to the species last described, with which Mr. Couch himself has since
associated it, had it not been said to possess " a pavement of teeth." This
character, which is common to nearly all the other British Sparida, is
inapplicable to the Canthari, in which there are no rounded molars what-
ever. I am more inclined to think from such a circumstance, that it
will prove to be a species of the sub-genus Sargus, Cuv.

GEN. 13. BRAMA, Schn.
33. B. Raii, Cuv. (Ray's Sea Bream.)

B. Raii, Cuv. at Vol. Pom. torn. vii. p. 210. pi. 190. Sparus Raii,
Block, Ichth. pi. 273. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 37. S. niger,
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 98. Brama marina cauda forcipata, Ray,
Sijn. Pise. p. 115. Will. Hist. Pise. App. p. 17. tab. V. 12.
B. marina, Flem. Brit. An. p. 210. La Castagnole, Cuv. Reg.
An. torn. n. p. 194. Toothed Gilt-head, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. in. p. 243. pi. 43. Mont, in Linn. Trans, vol. vii. p. 292.
Ray's Bream, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 117.

LENGTH. From twenty-six to thirty inches. Cuv.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body deep, compressed, elongated posteriorly:
snout rounded, very obtuse, the profile falling rapidly from the fore-
head : mouth oblique, approaching to vertical when the jaws are closed :
upper jaw with an outer row of sharp slender teeth, and a narrow band
of smaller ones behind ; in the lower jaw two rows of similar teeth, with
smaller ones between; those in the inner row curving inwards and

360 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [BRAMA.

stronger than the others; more particularly two or four in front of the
lower jaw so much produced as to appear like true canines : palatines
also with card-like teeth, but none on the vomer or tongue : eyes
very large: cheeks and gill-covers scaly: lateral line indistinct; its
course parallel to the back at one-fourth of the depth: dorsal com-
mencing above the insertion of the pectorals ; its length nearly half
the entire length ; three spinous rays gradually increasing ; second and
third soft rays longest, equalling nearly one-third of the depth ; fourth
to the ninth gradually decreasing ; rest of the fin even, its height at this
part only one-third that of the anterior portion: anal resembling the
dorsal in form ; commencing a little behind it, but terminating in the
same vertical line : caudal crescent-shaped ; the lobes long and pointed,
equal: pectorals one-fourth of the whole length, pointed; sixth and
seventh rays longest: ventrals very small, only one-quarter the length
of the pectorals, placed immediately beneath them ; at the base of their
external margin a large triangular scaly plate ; beneath, on the inner
margin, another smaller one:

D. 3/33; A. 2/28; C. 26; P. 19; V. 1/6:

all the vertical fins with nearly their whole surface covered with small
scales. (Colours.) Dull silvery, towards the back tinged with brown :
vertical fins brownish ground, with silvery scales: pectorals and vent-
rals yellowish.

First described by Ray from a specimen found on the sands at low
water near the mouth of the Tees, Sept. 18, 1681. Since then several
other individuals have occurred at different times on various parts of the
British coast. Common in the Mediterranean. Weight from ten to
twelve pounds. According to Cuvier, spawns in Summer, and during
that season is much tormented by intestinal worms. The only Euro-
paean species belonging to this genus. Obs. Cuvier is of opinion that
the Chcetodon mentioned by Mr. Couch as taken at Looe in Cornwall,
Aug. 1821 *, was only an individual of this species.

GEN. 14. SCOMBER, Cuv.

(1. SCOMBER, Cuv.)

34. S. Scomber, Linn. (Common Mackarel.) — First
dorsal with twelve rays : lower part of the sides and
abdomen plain silvery.

S. Scomber, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 492. Block, Ichth. pi. 54.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 120. S. vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An.
p. 217. Mackrell, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 181. tab. M. 3. Common
Mackrell, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 264. pi. 51. Mackerel,
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 121. Le Maquereau commun, Cuv.
et Vol. Poiss. torn. vm. p. 5.

LENGTH. From sixteen to eighteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body compressed, fusiform, tapering to a point
before the caudal fin : depth behind the ventrals one-sixth of the length,
caudal excluded ; thickness half the depth : head a compressed cone,
one-fourth of the whole length, measured to the commencement of the

* Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 78

SCOMBER.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 361

caudal fork: profile slightly convex : jaws about equal: teeth small but
numerous, in a single row on the edge of each jaw, as well as on the
palatines ; longer and more slender teeth on the pharyngeans : diameter
of the eye one-fifth the length of the head : interopercle and subopercle
much developed: first dorsal commencing at one-third of the whole
length from the end of the snout ; of a triangular form ; rising from
a deep groove, in which it is entirely concealed when laid back ; second
ray longest, equalling two-thirds of the depth beneath; last ray ex-
tremely short : space between the dorsals one-sixth of the whole length :
second only half as high as the first; its length twice its height; first
ray spinous; the next two articulated but simple; the rest articulated
and branched : between it and the caudal five spurious finlets ; each con-
sisting of one branched ray ; the last double : anal similar to the second
dorsal, and followed by the same number of spurious finlets ; before its
base, immediately behind the vent, a small free spine: caudal forked
nearly to the extremity of the tail itself; the central rays only one-fourth
the length of the lateral ones : pectorals small, not half the length of the
head ; third ray longest ; all except the first two branched : ventrals a
little behind them, and somewhat shorter, triangular ; first ray spinous
but slender ; the rest soft and branched :

B. 7; D. 11 or 12—1/11, and V false; A. 1—1/11, and V false; C. 17;
P. 18 or 19; V. 1/5:

two cutaneous ridges on each side of the tail, forming a double keel.
Number of vertebrae thirty-one. (Colours.) Back, and sides above the
lateral line, rich green varied with blue, with dark transverse bands;
belly and lower part of the sides silvery white : dorsal, caudal, and pec-
toral fins, dusky ; ventrals and anal reddish.

Gregarious: approaches the shore in large shoals to spawn early in
the Spring, and retires at the end of the Summer to deep water. Weight
about two pounds ; but, according to Pennant, has been known in one
instance to exceed five. Has no swimming bladder.

35. S. maculatus. Couch. (Spanish Mackarel.) —
First dorsal with seven rays : sides and belly thickly
covered with small dusky spots.

S. maculatus, Couch in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 22. f. 8.
Le Maquereau Colias, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. vm. p. 29. pi. 209.?
Spanish Mackarel, Couch, I.e. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 131.

DESCRIPT. " Figure round and plump, six inches and a half in com-
pass near the pectoral fins (in a specimen fourteen inches and a half in
length), the thickness of its figure being carried far towards the tail :
mouth large ; jaws of equal length ; teeth small ; tongue moveable and
pointed : head large and long : eye large, one inch and one-eighth from
the snout, and itself six eighths of an inch wide ; from the snout to the
pectoral three inches and a half: rays of the gill-membrane six, con-
cealed : lateral line at first slightly descending, then straight : scales on
the superior plate of the gill-covers as well as on the body : first dorsal
in a chink, with seven rays, the first shorter, second and third of equal
lengths : spurious fins six above and below, the anterior not high : tail
divided, and at its origin doubly carinated : vent prominent. Colour dark
blue on the back, striped like the Mackarel, but more obscurely and with
fewer stripes ; a row of large dark spots from the pectoral fin to the tail ;
sides and belly thickly covered with smaller dusky spots : tail, gill-

362 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [SCOMBER.

covers, and sides, and behind the eye, bright yellow. From the Mack-
arel, which it resembles, this fish differs in the markings of the head,
longer snout, larger eye and gape, longer head, and in having scales on
the anterior gill-covers : the body is not nearly so much attenuated pos-
teriorly ; the ventral fins are sharp and slender, those of the Mackarel
wider and more blunt : in the former, the pectorals lie close to the body ;
in the latter, they stand off; in the latter, also, is a large angular plate,
the point directed backward, close above the pectoral fins, which does not
exist in the Spanish Mackarel." COUCH.

The above species will probably prove to be the S. Colias of Cuvier
and Valenciennes, which is found in the Mediterranean, and is remark-
ably distinguished from the S. Scomber by having a swimming bladder.
For the present, however, I have thought it proper to retain the name
given to it by Mr. Couch, and to annex his description. This gentleman
observes that it is scarce, but that some are taken every year off the coast
of Cornwall. It attains the weight of four or five pounds, but is in no
estimation as food. It is called by the fishermen Spanish Mackarel.

(5.) S. Colias, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 100. sp. 76.

Under this name Turton speaks of a species which is " found frequently
in the Weirs about Swansea, and which very much resembles the Common
Mackarel, except in size, which seldom exceeds six or seven inches in
length. Its colours are much richer, and it does not appear to come in
shoals." Whether this be any thing more than the young state of one of
the foregoing species can only be determined by a closer examination of its
characters.

(2. THYNNUS, Cuv.)

36. S. Thynnus, Linn. {Common Tunny.) — Nine
spurious finlets above and below : pectorals falcate ; con-
tained five times and a half in the entire length.

S. Thynnus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 493. Block, Ichth. pi. 55.
Don. Brit. Pish. vol. i. pi. 5. Flem. Brit. An. p. 218. Thynnus
vulgaris, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. torn. vni. p. 42. pi. 210. Tunny-
Fish, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 176. tab. M. 1. f. 3. Tunny, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 266. pi. 52. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 134.
Le 'Thon commun, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 197.

LENGTH. From three to seven feet ; sometimes more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form resembling that of the Mackarel,
but thicker in proportion to its length, and shorter in the snout : head a
little less than one-fourth of the entire length ; profile slightly convex ;
lower jaw a little longer than the upper ; each with a single row of small
sharp teeth, slightly curving inwards and backwards ; about forty on each
side above and below ; a few fine teeth like velvet also on the palatines
and fore part of the vomer : diameter of the eye one-seventh the length
of the head: cheeks covered with long narrow pointed scales, which
cause them to appear wrinkled: gill-covers, as well as all the rest of
the head, naked : lateral line irregularly and slightly flexuous, marked
throughout its length by large scales similar to those which form the
corselet: pectorals sickle- shaped, contained five times and a half in the
whole length: ventrals scarcely more than half as long: first dorsal
commencing nearly in a line with the base of the pectorals, rising from
a groove, and extending nearly to the second; first spine longest; the
others decreasing rapidly to the sixth, afterwards more slowly : second

SCOMBER.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 363

dorsal with one small concealed spine; the soft rays which follow elevated
anteriorly and pointed ; those behind rapidly decreasing : anal similar to
the second dorsal, and nearly opposite to it, with two spines concealed in
its anterior margin : nine or ten spurious finlets above, and nine below :
caudal crescent-shaped :

B. 7 ; D. 14—1/13, and IX ; A. 2/12, and VIII ; C. 19, and 16 or 17 ; P. 31 ;

sides of the tail keeled. Number of vertebrae thirty-nine. (Colours.)
Upper part of the body bluish black ; corselet inclining to whitish : sides
of the head whitish: belly grayish, with silvery whitish spots : first dorsal,
pectorals, and ventrals, dusky; caudal somewhat paler : second dorsal and
anal inclining to flesh-colour, with silvery reflections; spurious finlets
sulphur-yellow, edged with black. Cuv.

According to Pennant, " not uncommon in the Lochs on the western
coast of Scotland; where they come in pursuit of Herrings." Rare
southwards. Donovan mentions three which were captured near the
mouth of the Thames in the Summer of 1801, and brought to Billings-
gate market. Very abundant in the Mediterranean. Usually swim in
large shoals. Feed on other fish. Weight of one examined by Pen-
nant, measuring seven feet ten inches in length, four hundred and sixty
pounds.

37. S. Pelamys, Linn. (Bonito.) — Eight spurious
finlets above, seven below : sides of the abdomen with four
longitudinal dusky bands.

S. Pelamys, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 492. Thynnus Pelamys,
Cuv. et Veil. Hist. Nat. des Pom. torn. vin. p. 82. pi. 214. Bonito,
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 140. Bonite des Tropiques, ou Thon
a ventre raye, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 198.
LENGTH. Rarely exceeds thirty inches. YARR.
DESCRIPT. "Girth close behind the pectoral fins (in a specimen
twenty-nine inches long) twenty inches; head conical, ending in a
point at the nose; under jaw projecting; teeth few and small; tongue
flat and thin; nostrils obscure, not in a depression; from the nose to
the eye two inches and a half; gill-covers of two plates: body round
to the vent, from thence tapering to the tail ; near the tail depressed ;
lateral line at first descending and waved, becoming straight opposite the
anal fin, from thence ascending and terminating in an elevated ridge,
with another above and below the lateral line near the tail : eye elevated,
round ; iris silvery : from the nose to the pectoral fin eight inches and
three-fourths, the fin pointed, four inches long, received into a depres-
sion : first dorsal fin seven inches long, four inches high, lodged in a
groove ; the first two rays stout, the others low : the body is most solid
opposite the second dorsal, which fin and the anal are falcate : tail divided
and slender: ventral fins in a depression. Colour a fine steel blue,
darker on the back ; sides dusky, whitish below : behind the pectoral
fins is a bright triangular section of the surface, from which begin
four dark lines, that extend along each side of the belly to the tail.
Scales few, like the Mackarel."" COUCH, as quoted by YARR. Number
of fin-rays, according to Cuvier,

D. 15—1/12, and VIII ; A. 2/12, and VII ; C. 35; P. 27 ; V. 1/5.

Specimens of this fish, which is the Bonito of the Tropics so well known
to navigators, are stated by Mr, Couch to have occurred occasionally

364 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [XIPHIAS.

on the Cornish coast. According to Stewart*, it has been also taken,
though rarely, in the Frith of Forth ; and, according to Dr. Scoulert, in
the Frith of Clyde. In the two last instances, however, it is doubtful
whether the present species be intended, or the Pelamys Sarda of
Cuvier$, to which also the name of Bonito has been applied. This
last is found principally in the Mediterranean, and is characterized by
a variable number of obliquely transverse bands extending from the top
of the back to a little below the lateral line. The species here described
inhabits the Ocean, and is particularly distinguished by four longitudinal
bands on each side of the abdomen: the teeth are also much weaker than
in the Pelamys Sarda.

GEN. 15. XIPHIAS, Linn.
38. X. Gladius, Linn. (Common Sword-Fish.)

X. Gladius, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 432. Block, Ichth. pi. 76.
Flem. Brit. An. p. 220. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 201. Cuv.
et Vol. Poiss. torn. vin. p. 187. pis. 225, & 226. X. Rondeletii,
Leach in Wern. Mem. vol. n. p. 58. pi. 2. f. 1. Leach, Zool.
Misc. vol. i. p. 62. pi. 27. Sword-Fish, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 161.
tab. I. 27. f. 2. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 160. pi. 26. Id.
(Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 216. pi. 30. Knox in Edinb. Journ. of
Nat. and Geog. Sci. vol. n. p. 427. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 143.

LENGTH. From ten to fifteen feet ; sometimes more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body elongated, nearly round posteriorly, a little
compressed in front: depth increasing with the age from one-tenth to
one-sixth of the entire length, reckoning this last from the end of the
sword to the extremity of the lobes of the tail: sword three-tenths: upper
part of the cranium flat or slightly convex ; profile falling gently ; sides
of the head vertical : eye round ; its diameter nearly two-thirds of the
breadth of the cranium above it : sword terminating in a sharp point ;
the edges cutting, and finely denticulated: lower jaw likewise pointed,
extending to where the upper surface of the sword becomes horizontal :
no teeth in either of the jaws : pharyngeans only with fine teeth like shorn
velvet: no true tongue: gill-opening large; the branchiostegous mem-
brane with seven rays : pectorals inserted very low down, sickle-shaped,
one-seventh of the entire length, this last being reckoned as before : ven-
trals none : dorsal commencing above the gill-opening, and extending in
young subjects to within a short distance of the caudal; its anterior por-
tion very much elevated and pointed ; rays rapidly decreasing from the
fifth to the eleventh, continuing low beyond that point to the thirty-ninth
or fortieth; last three or four again elevated: all the intermediate or low
portion of the fin extremely delicate, and with the rays more slender than
those at the two extremities ; in adult individuals often found very much
torn, or even entirely destroyed, causing the two elevated ends which
are left to appear like two distinct fins : anal somewhat similar in shape
to the dorsal, but much shorter, only commencing in a line with its last
third portion: caudal crescent-shaped:

B. 7; D. 3/40; A. 2/15; C. 17 ; P. 16:

* mem. of Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 363.

t London's Maq. of Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 529.

j Cuv. et Vol. Hist. Nat. des Poist. torn. vin. p. 108. pi. 217.

CKNTRONOTUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOFf. 365

the whole head and body covered with a somewhat rough skin, the
roughness arising from very minute scales; opercle smooth: lateral line
scarcely visible: on each side of the tail a projecting horizontal keel.
Number of vertebrae twenty-five. (Colours.) All the under parts fine
silvery white : upper parts tinged with dusky blue. Young individuals
from twelve to eighteen inches in length, have the whole body covered
with little tubercles, disposed in longitudinal rows : these disappear first
on the back, and afterwards on the belly : they are no longer visible in
individuals of three feet. Cuv.

Occasionally taken in the British seas, off various parts of the coast.
Common in the Mediterranean, where it is much sought after as an
article of food. Attacks other fish, on which it is said to prey; but,
according to Bloch, feeds also on vegetable substances. The stomach
of one examined by Fleming contained the remains of the Loligo sagit-
tata. But little is known on the subject of its reproduction, when the
intermediate part of the dorsal fin is worn away, it becomes the X. Ron-
deletii of Leach.

GEN. 16. CENTRONOTUS, Lactp.

(1. NAUCRATES, Cuv.)
39. C. Ductor, Nob. (Common Pilot-Fish.)

Naucrates Ductor, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. vm. p. 229. pi. 232.
Gasterosteus Ductor, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 489. Scomber
Ductor, Block, Ichth. pi. 338. Pilot-Fish, Will. Hist. Pise. App.
tab. 8. f. 2. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 149.

LENGTH. One foot.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General contour a little like that of the Mackarel?
depth one-fifth of the whole length : length of the head contained in this
last four times and a half: profile slightly convex; snout transversely
obtuse ; lower jaw projecting a little beyond the upper : each jaw with
a narrow band of teeth like shorn velvet; the same on the palatines,
vomer, and middle of the tongue: diameter of the eye one-fifth the
length of the head: opercular pieces much as in the Mackarel: pectorals
attached a little below the middle ; oval, contained seven times and a half
in the whole length : ventrals very close together, a little behind the
insertion of the pectorals, of about the same length : first dorsal repre-
sented by three, rarely four, very small free spines, commencing nearly
in a line with the extremity of the pectorals : second dorsal commencing
about the middle of the body ; anterior rays longest, equalling a little
more than one third of the depth : anal of a similar form to this last fin,
and commencing beneath the middle of its length ; before it two small
free spines, the first hardly perceptible: caudal forked to the middle;
the lobes rather broad, and moderately pointed :

B. 7 ; D. 3 or 4—1/26 to 28 ; A. 2/16 or 17 ; C. 17, and 8 ; P. 18 ; V. 1/5 :
cheeks, upper part of the opercle, and the whole body, excepting a
triangle above the base of the pectoral, covered with small oval scales ;
forehead, snout, jaws, and greater portion of the opercular pieces, without
scales : lateral line curved, marked by a narrow series of very small
elevations: sides of the tail with a projecting horizontal keel. Number
of vertebrae twenty-six. (Colours.) Silvery bluish gray ; deeper on the
back, paler on the belly : sides with five broad transverse bands of deep
violet. Cuv..

366 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [CARANX.

Mr. Couch states* that "two of this species a few years since
accompanied a ship from the Mediterranean into Falmouth, and were
taken in a net." It has been observed in the British seas, under similar
circumstances, in a few other instances. Is well known for its habit of
following vessels to a considerable distance, in order to get what falls
from them.

(LlCHIA, C/UV.1)

(6.) Albacore, Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 82. Lichia glaucus,
Cuv. et Val. Poiss. torn. vin. p. 263. pi. 234.?

Mr. Couch states that he believes the Albacore to be not uncommon in
the Summer off Cornwall, though keeping at a distance from the shore, and
but rarely taken. This name, however, having, like that of Bonito, been
applied to more than one species, it does not appear with certainty to
which he alludes. If he .refer to the Sco7nber glaueus of Linnaeus, this last
is synonymous with the Lichia glaucus of Cuvier and Valenciennes. I
have accordingly annexed a corresponding reference to their work for
a description and figure.

GEN. 17. CARANX, Cuv.
40. C. Trachurus, Lacep. (Scad.)

C. Trachurus, Cuv. et Val. Poiss. torn. ix. p. 9. pi. 246. Scomber
Trachurus, Block, Ichth. pi. 56. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 3.
Trachurus vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 218. Scad, Will. Hist.
Pise. p. 290. tab. S. 22. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 269. pi. 51.
Scad, or Horse-Mackerel, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 154.

LENGTH. From twelve to sixteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form resembling that of the Mackarel :
tail slender; head a little pointed, rather less than one-fourth of the
entire length: greatest depth a little more than one-fifth; thickness
half the depth: lower jaw projecting beyond the upper, inclining up-
wards at an angle of forty-five degrees : in each jaw one very narrow
row of extremely minute teeth, more sensible to the touch than to
the eye ; the same on the vomer and palatines : eyes large, above the
middle of the cheek : cranium, cheeks, and all the body, covered with
small scales ; snout, jaws, and opercular pieces, without scales, the
upper half of the opercle excepted: lateral line parallel to the back,
at one-fourth of the depth, till opposite the commencement of the
second dorsal; then bending obliquely downwards and backwards;
when in a line with the ninth ray of that fin, passing off straight to
the caudal at half the depth ; protected throughout its course by a series
of large scaly laminse, seventy-two in number, three or four times as
high as broad, closely compacted ; the last forty of these laminae with
keels terminating backwards in sharp points, the keels more elevated
and the points sharper as they get nearer the caudal : first dorsal com-
mencing at about one-third of the length, triangular, its length and
height about equal; third and fourth rays longest; before it a small,
but sharp, horizontal spine, with the point directed forwards : second
dorsal immediately behind the first ; three times its length ; its height
at first nearly the same, but afterwards falling, and remaining low
throughout the rest of its length: behind the vent, two stout, sharp
spines, united at their base by a short membrane; then the true anal,
exactly similar to the second dorsal excepting in being shorter, and com-

* Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 82.

ZEUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT 367

mencing nearer the caudal ; its point of termination in the same vertical
line : both dorsal and anal arising from deep grooves in the hack and
abdomen respectively: pectorals falcate, very much pointed, of the
length of the head : ventrals a little behind them, scarcely more than
half as long : caudal deeply forked :

B. 7 ; D. 8—1/30 ; A. 2—1/25 ; C. 17, and 10 ; P. 21 ; V. 1/5.
(Colours.) Lead-gray, variegated with blue and green; beneath silvery;
a black spot on the upper part of the opercle; irides golden.

Common throughout the Summer, according to Mr. Couch, off the
coast of Cornwall. Occurs also at Hastings, and off other parts of the
English, as well as Scotch, coast. Preys on other fish. Obs. Cuvier and
Valenciennes describe this fish as varying greatly in the number of scaly
laminse on the lateral line, as well as in the degree of curvature of this
last, and seem to think that possibly two or more species may have been
hitherto confounded. For this reason I have been the more particular
in the above description, which is taken from specimens obtained at
Hastings, Sept. 1833.

GEN. 18. ZEUS, Linn.

(1. ZEUS, Cuv.)
41. Z. Faber, Linn. (Dory.)

Z. Faber, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 454. Block, Ichth. pi. 41.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 8. Flem. Brit. An. p. 218. Doree,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 294. tab. S. 16. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.

L221. pi. 41. Dory or Doree, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 162.
Doree, Guv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 211.

LENGTH. From twelve to eighteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oval, very much compressed; tail suddenly con-
tracting immediately before the caudal: greatest depth half the entire
length ; thickness four times and a half in the depth : head very large,
but greatly compressed, one-third of the entire length: profile falling
regularly from the nape in nearly a straight line, and making a right
angle with the lower jaw, when the mouth is closed : this last very pro-
tractile ; gape large ; upper lip reflexed : lower jaw a little longer than
the upper, bifurcated behind, and terminating in two small sharp spines :
both jaws with fine velvet-like teeth : eyes large, very high on the cheeks :
opercle small, triangular, without spines : clavicular bone behind the opercle
terminating in a sharp spine : two spines behind the eye directed back-
wards, and one on each side of the occiput : a row of spines on each side
of the base of the dorsal and anal fins, at first simple, afterwards forked ;
between the ventrals and anal, a double row of large strongly serrated
scales, the serratures directed backwards ; pectoral ridge before the vent-
rals with three rows of the same serratures : scales on the cheeks and
body, small, deeply impressed : lateral line continually descending from
the supra-scapulars for two-thirds of its course, then suddenly passing off
straight to the caudal: dorsal commencing in a line with the posterior
angle of the opercle ; the spinous and soft portions divided by a deep
notch ; third spine longest, equalling half the depth ; all except the last
attended by filamentous prolongations of the membrane nearly as long as
themselves*; soft portion only half as high as the spinous; all the rays

* Judging from the descriptions of other authors, it would appear that these filaments vary
very much in length, and that they are sometimes found twice or thrice the length of the spines
themselves.

368 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOFf. [ZEUS.

simple : anal with the first four rays strongly spinous ; the soft portion
separate as in the dorsal, and answering to the same part in that fin :
caudal oblong, even at the end: pectorals small, rather less than one-
third the length of the head, of an oblong rounded form, the middle rays
a little the longest ; all simple : ventrals a little before the pectorals,
more than twice their length; first ray strongly spinous; third and
fourth longest; all the soft rays except the last branched:

B. 6 ; D. 10/24 ; A. 4/23 ; C. 12, and 2 short ; P. 13 ; V. 1/7.

(Colours.) Yellowish, varied with olive and lead-gray; in the middle of
each side an oval black spot : the whole tinged with a golden lustre.

Not uncommon on some parts of the southern and western coasts.
Occasionally attains a considerable size. Pennant speaks of one which
weighed twelve pounds. According to Bloch, is very voracious, and
keeps near the shore in order to prey on the fish which come there
to spawn.

(2. CAPROS, Lactp.)

42. Z. Aper, Gmel. (Boar-Fish.)

Z. Aper, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1225. Capros Aper, Lactp.
Hist. Nat. des Poiss. torn. iv. p. 591. Riss. Hist. Nat. de
VEwr. Mtr. torn. in. p. 380. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 211.
Proceed, of Comm. of Zool. Soc. 1833. p. 114. Aper Rondeletii,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 296. tab. I. 4. f. 4. Boar-Fish, Yarr. Brit.
Fish. vol. i. p. 169.

LENGTH. The British specimens have not exceeded seven inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) "Body a shorter oval than that of the Dory:
mouth protruding : a band of minute teeth considerably within each jaw :
eye very large, placed at the distance of its own diameter from the end
of the nose when the mouth is shut: nostrils large, just anterior to the
edge of the orbit: origin of the first dorsal, pectoral, and ventral, fins,
nearly in the same plane : the base of the first dorsal about as long as
its third spine, which is the longest : the base of the second dorsal equal
to that of the first, the rays very slender and flexible, the membrane
only extending up one-third of the length of the rays : pectoral fin as
long as the third ray of the first dorsal, slender and delicate in structure :
ventral with one strong spine, the other rays flexible and branched, the
membrane not extending the whole length of the rays : anal with all
the characters observable in the second dorsal, and ending at the same
distance from the tail : the caudal rays slender, and twice as long as the
fleshy portion of the tail : number of fin-rays,

D. 9/24 ; A. 3/24 ; C. 12 ; P. 14 ; V. 1/5.

No lateral line observable : body quite smooth when the finger is passed
from before backwards, but rough to the touch in the contrary direction,
from numerous small scales which are minutely ciliated." (Colours.)
" Upper part of the back and sides pale carmine, still lighter below, arid
passing to silvery white on the belly : body divided by seven transverse
orange-coloured bands reaching three-fourths of the distance from the
back downwards : irides orange ; the pupil bluish black : all the fin-rays
the same colour as the back; the membranes much lighter." YARR.
Obs. In one of the British specimens there were no transverse bands.

This species, which is a native of the Mediterranean, has twice occurred
in the British seas. The first individual is recorded by Dr. Henry Boase

LAMPRIS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 369

as having been taken in Mount's Bay, in October 1825. The second is
said to have been obtained in Bridgewater fish-market, on the 18th of
April 1833. Dr. Boase's specimen is described in the ** Proceedings of
the Zoological Society," /. c. Of its habits little appears to be known,
excepting that (according to Risso) it spawns in April.

GEN. 19. LAMPRIS, Retz.

43. L. Luna,) Risso. (Opah, or King-Fish.)

L. Luna, Riss. Hist. Nat. de VEur. Mtrid. torn. in. p. 341. Flem.
Brit. An. p. 219. Zeus Luna, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii.
p. 1225. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 97. Z. imperialis, Shaw,
Nat. Misc. vol. iv. pi. 140. Chrysotosa Luna, Lacep. Hist. Nat.
des Poiss. torn. iv. p. 587. pi. ix. f. 3. Lampris guttatus, Cuv.
Reg. An. torn. n. p. 211. Opah, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 223.
pi. 42. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 299. pi. 46. Sow. Brit.
Misc. pi. 22. Opah, or King-Fish, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 173.

LENGTH. From three to four feet and a half.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body oval, compressed, greatly diminishing at
the tail, which is almost cylindrical : greatest depth (in a specimen three
feet six inches long) nearly two feet : thickness not above six inches :
mouth small: jaws without teeth: tongue thick, set with reflected
prickles : eyes remarkably large : pectorals broad, about eight inches
long : dorsal commencing a little behind their insertion, and extending
nearly to the caudal ; elevated anteriorly to the height of seven inches,
but sloping away very suddenly, then continuing low till just at its ter-
mination, where it again becomes slightly elevated : ventrals very strong,
placed near the middle of the body : anal narrow, running from the vent
to the tail : caudal forked, expanding twelve inches. PENN.

D. 54; A. 26 ; C. 30 ; P. 28; V. 10 :

skin smooth: scales scarcely perceptible: lateral line irregular, and
somewhat curved at its commencement. DON. (Colours.) Back deep
blue, inclining to regal purple, below which the purple is glossed in
various directions of light with a reddish and golden hue, blending
into green upon the sides, and the green fading to yellow as it ap-
proaches the silvery white of the abdomen : the whole body covered
with numerous large distinct oval silvery spots : all the fins fine scar-
let. DON.

Rare ; but has been taken in the British seas in several instances ; in
some cases been found stranded on the coast after storms. Most of the
individuals have occurred off Scotland and the Orkney Islands, but one
or two on the western coast of England. Has been known to attain the
weight of one hundred and forty pounds. Donovan, who has figured a
specimen taken in the Frith of Forth, describes the pectoral fins as much
longer than usually represented by British writers : he states that when
placed erect, they reach even above the back. This species is not noticed
either by Willughby or Ray.

AA

370 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [CORYPH/ENA.

GEN. 20. CORYPH^NA, Linn.

(1. CENTROLOPHUS, Lactp.}
44. C. Morio, Cuv. (Black-Fish.)

Centrolophus Morio, Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. ix. p. 254. C. niger,
Lactp. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. torn. iv. pp. 441, & 442. pi. 10. f. 2.
Perca nigra, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1321. Black-Fish,
Borl. Nat. Hist, of Cornw. p. 271. pi. 26. f. 8. Yarr. Brit. Fish.
vol. i. p. 158. Black Ruffe, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 260.
Black Perch, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m. p. 351.

DESCRIPT. " Smooth, with very small thin scales; fifteen inches long,
three-quarters of an inch (three or four inches ?) broad besides the fin ;
head and nose like a Peal or Trout ; little mouth ; very small teeth ; a
full and bright eye ; only one fin on the back, beginning from the nose
four inches and three-quarters, near six inches long; a forked tail; a
large double nostril." BORL.

"Fifteen inches long: (a second specimen measured two feet eight
inches in length, and weighed nearly fourteen pounds :) blunt and
rounded over the snout, flattened on the crown; mouth small; tongue
rather large ; teeth in the jaws fine ; nostrils double, that nearest the eye
large and open; eye prominent and bright; five gill-rays; though soft,
the membrane of the preopercle had a free edge, somewhat incised : body
compressed, about three inches deep ; a thin elevated ridge, which makes
it appear deeper on the back, on which the dorsal fin is seated: this
fin begins at four and a half inches from the snout, and reaches to the
distance of twelve inches from it ; the rays fleshy at the base, many of
them obsolete ; vent six and a half inches from the lower jaw ; pectoral
fins pointed; ventral fins bound down by a membrane; tail forked : lateral
line somewhat crooked at its commencement : body covered with minute
scales, which when dry appear curiously striated. Colour of the whole
black, the fins intensely so, very little "lighter on the belly; somewhat
bronzed at the origin of the lateral line. While employed in drawing a
figure, the side on which it lay changed to a fine blue." COUCH, as quoted
by YARR.

We have as yet but an imperfect knowledge of this species, which was
originally described by Borlase from the papers of Mr. Jago, who ob-
tained two specimens at Looe, May 26, 1721. Cuvier seems to enter-
tain no doubt of Jago's fish being the same as the Centrolophus niger
of Lacepede, which last he thinks may prove to be the adult state of
his C. Pompilus, the Pompttus of Rondeletius. This idea receives con-
firmation from a statement of Mr. Couch, who has lately rediscovered
this species in the Cornish seas, and, apparently without knowledge of
Cuvier's work, gives it as his opinion that it is the Pompilus of Gesner
and Ray*. For the present, however, Cuvier considers these two species
as distinct, and if he be right in so doing, it is just possible that they
may both occur in our seas, and that Jago may have seen one, and
Mr. Couch the other. For this reason I have annexed the descriptions
given by both these authors. Mr. Couch's specimens were obtained
in 1830 and 1831. His notice of them, in the work just referred to,
is accompanied by a remark, that there is "an error in Borlase's ori-
ginal description, of three-fourths of an inch, instead of three or four
inches," and that this " has chiefly led to the continued mistake respect-

* Loud. May. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 315.

LEPIDOPUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT.

ing this fish." Some further particulars respecting this species, from
Mr. Couch, will he found in Yarrell's " British Fishes," 1. c., to which
the reader is referred.

GEN. 21. LEPIDOPUS, Gouan.
45. L. argyreus, Cuv. (Scale-foot, or Scabbard-Fish.)

L. argyreus, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. u. p. 217. Cuv. et Veil. Poiss.
toni. vin. p. 163. pi. 223. L. Lusitanicus, Leach, Zool. Misc.
vol. H. p. 7. pi. 62. L. tetradens, Flem. Brit. An. p. 205. Van-
dellius Lusitanicus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iv. p. 199. Zipotheca
tetradens, Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. i. p. 82. pis. 2, & 3. Id.
vol. ii. p. 432. Scabbard- Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Ed. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 210. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 176.

LENGTH. From four to six feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Ensiform, much compressed, and equally cari-
nated above and below, except the head, which is flat on the top :
depth at the gills (in a specimen five feet six inches long) four inches
and a half, continuing nearly the same to the vent, from thence decreas-
ing, at first gradually, but afterwards more suddenly ; portion of the tail
beyond the termination of the anal nearly round : head porrected, conic ;
lower jaw longest by half an inch, terminating in a callous fleshy pro-
jection : in each jaw an irregular row of extremely sharp-pointed teeth,
standing very conspicuous, even when the jaws are closed ; those below,
about twenty on each side; above, not quite so numerous, but in this jaw
four large teeth in front, not found in the other ; two fore-teeth approxi-
mating ; and two larger canine, rather crooked and compressed, with a
slight process or barb on the inside near the point : tongue smooth : a
row of minute teeth on each palatine : eyes very large, lateral, inde-
pendent, not covered with the common skin : pectorals five inches long ;
the lower rays twice' the length of the upper ones: instead of ventrals,
two oblong silvery scales, half an inch in length, partly detached from
the body, and connected at the base ; their situation considerably behind
the pectorals : vent in the middle : anal commencing at about one-sixth
of the entire length from the posterior extremity, and running nearly
to the caudal : dorsal commencing at the nape and extending uninter-
ruptedly till opposite the termination of the anal : caudal forked :

D. 105; A. 17; P. 12.

Lateral line slightly elevated: skin quite smooth, destitute of scales.
(Colour.) Like burnished silver, with a bluish tint. MONT.

First described as British by Montagu, from a specimen taken in Sal-
comb Harbour on the coast of South Devon, June 4th, 1808. Said to have
been swimming with great velocity, with its head above water. Accord-
ing to Fleming, a second individual, only ten inches in length, occurred
on the Devon coast in February 1810. Mr. Yarrell mentions two others
which were also obtained from the southern shores of England. Obs.
Cuvier, in his description of this species, observes that the number of
large hooked teeth in the upper jaw ought to be six, but that two or
three are generally found broken. He also speaks of a triangular move-
able scale a little behind the vent, not noticed by Montagu ; and states
further, that in his specimens, the anal rays amounted to twenty five, but

A A 2

372 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [TRICHIURUS.

that some of the anterior ones are so small and slender as easily to
be overlooked. Number of vertebrae given as one hundred and eleven.
Cuvier would seem to be of an opinion, that there is no other well
ascertained species belonging to this genus.

GEN. 22. TRICHIURUS, Linn.
46. T. Lepturus, Linn.? (Hair-Tail.)

T. Lepturus, Hoy in Linn. Trans, vol. xi. p. 210. Flem. Brit.
An. p. 204. Block, Ichth. pi. 158. ? Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n.
p. 218.? Cuv. et Vol. Poiss. torn. vm. p. 173.? Silvery Hair-
Tail, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 182.

LENGTH. Twelve feet and upwards. HOY.

DESCRIPT. " Length, from the gills to the extremity of the tail, twelve
feet nine inches : breadth, eleven inches and a quarter, nearly equal for
the first six feet in length from the gills, diminishing gradually from
thence to the tail, which ended in a blunt point : greatest thickness two
inches and a half: distance from the gills to the anus forty-six inches :
dorsal fin extending from the head to the tail : no ventrals or anal ; but
the thin edge of the belly closely muricated with small hard points,
scarcely visible through the skin, but plainly felt. Both sides of the
fish white, with four longitudinal bars of a darker colour ; the one imme-
diately below the dorsal fin about two inches broad ; each of the other
three about three-fourths of an inch. Side-line straight along the
middle." HOY.

The above fish, originally described by Mr. Hoy, L c., was found on
the beach of the Moray-Frith, near the fishing village of Port Gordon in
Scotland, November 12, 1812. Its head had been broken off, and was
quite gone, and a small bit of the gills only remained about the upper
part of the throat. A fish, supposed to be of a similar kind, had been
cast upon the same shore two years previously, and Mr. Hoy commences
his account with a description of this last individual. From the great
difference, however, which appears in their relative proportions, as stated
by this gentleman, I am inclined to Dr. Fleming's opinion, that the indi-
vidual last alluded to was a distinct species, if not belonging to a different
genus. There can be no doubt that the one described above was a true
Trichiurus, and probably the T. Lepturus of Linnaeus and other authors ;
but as the description is rather imperfect, and the species of this genus
ill determined, it is impossible to speak with certainty on this last point.
It is worth noting, however, that neither Cuvier nor Bloch describe this
species as exceeding three feet. The T. Lepturus is found in the Atlantic
Ocean, and, like the Lepidopus argyreus, appears to have a wide geogra-
phical range. It is erroneously said by Bloch to inhabit fresh waters.

GEN. 23. GYMNETRUS, EL

47. G. arcticus, Cuv. (Deal-Fish.)

Gymnogaster arcticus, Cuv. Reg. An. (1st Ed.) torn. n. p. 246.
Deal-Fish of Orkney, Flem. in Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. iv. p. 215.
with fig. Vaagmaer, or Deal-Fish, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 191.

GYMNETRUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 373

LENGTH. From four to six feet.

DESCRIPT. " Body excessively compressed, particularly towards the
back, where it does not exceed a table-knife in thickness : breadth (in a
specimen three feet long) nearly five inches, tapering to the tail : colour
silvery, with minute scales ; the dorsal fin of an orange-colour, occupying
the whole ridge from the head to the tail, with the rays of unequal sizes :
caudal fin forked, the rays of each fork about four inches long : pectorals
very minute : no ventral or anal fins whatever : vent immediately under
the pectoral fins, and close to the gill-openings : head about four inches
and a half long, compressed like the body, with a groove in the top : gill-
lids formed of transparent porous plates : eyes one inch and a quarter in
diameter: both jaws armed with small teeth: lateral line rough: and,
towards the tail, armed with minute spines pointing forwards, and these
are the only spines on the body." (Another specimen.) "Length four
feet and a half: breadth eight inches : thickness one inch, thin at the
edges, viz. back and belly : length of the head five inches, terminating
gradually in a short snout : tail consisting of eight or. nine fin-bones or
rays, the third ray seven inches long, the rest four inches : dorsal fin
reaching from the neck to the tail, rays four inches long : on each side of
the fish, from head to tail, a row of prickles pointing forward, distance
between each half an inch : under edge fortified by a thick ridge of blunt
prickles: pectorals one inch long, lying upwards: skin rough, without
scales (?) : colour a leaden or silvery lustre ; dorsal fin and tail blood-
colour : the skin or covering of the head like that of a herring : several
small teeth : gills red, consisting of four layers." FLEM. /. c.

The above descriptions were communicated to Dr. Fleming by Dr. Alex-
ander Duguid of Kirkwall, Orkney, in April and October 1829. They
relate to a species of fish, which it would seem is not unfrequently cast
on the shores of the Island of Sanday during bad weather, and which is
called there the Deal-Fish. Dr. Fleming considers it as identical with
the Vaagmaer of Olafsen, the Gymnogaster arcticus of Brunnich, and
of Cuvier's first edition of the " Regne Animal," though afterwards re-
ferred by this last author to the genus Gymnetrus, Bl.*, under the
belief that the ventrals, usually considered as wanting in the Vaagmaer,
were only accidentally lost in the specimens hitherto observed-!-. The
Vaagmaer is found off Iceland. Nothing is known of it as a British
species beyond what Dr. Fleming has recorded in the work above
referred to.

(7.) G. Hawkenii, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 423. Blochian Gymnetrus,
Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iv. p. 197. pi. 29. Ceil Conm, Couch in
Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 77. Hawkens Gymnetrus, Yarr. Brit.
Fish. vol. i. p. 188.

A doubtful native. Said to have been "drawn on shore in a net at
Newlin in Cornwall, in Feb. 1791. The extremity of the tail was wanting ;
the length of what remained was eight feet and a half, the depth ten
inches and a half, thickness two inches and three quarters ; weight
forty pounds." Couch. The species itself is an obscure one, and not well
ascertained. Bloch and Shaw have both figured the caudal fin from
imagination, that part having been deficient in the specimens hitherto
obtained.

* Reg. An. 2nd Edit. torn. n. p. 219.

t This opinion, that the Vaagmaer possesses ventrals, when not mutilated by accident, has
been confirmed by Professor Beinhardt, who has recently published a notice respecting a nearly
perfect specimen of this fish, which had been cast ashore during the foregoing year, on the coast
of Skagcn. See L' InstH,u t, 1834. p. 158.

374 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [CBPOLA.

GEN. 24. CEPOLA, Linn.
48. C. rubescens. Linn. {Red Band-Fish.)

C. rubescens, Mont, in Linn. Trans, vol. vn. p. 291. pi. 17. Don.
Brit. Pish. vol. v. pi. 105. Flem. Brit. An. p. 204. Cuv. Reg.
An. torn. n. p. 221. C. Tsenia, Block, Ichth. pi. 170.? Serpens
rubescens, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 118. c. 13. Red Band-Fish,
Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 285. Yarr. Brit. Fish.
vol. i. p. 195. Red Snake-Fish, Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv.
p. 76.

LENGTH. From ten to fifteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Long, slender, smooth, sub-pellucid, somewhat
compressed, tapering gradually from the head to the tail: depth be-
hind the head (in a specimen ten inches long) rather more than three-
quarters of an inch ; breadth half an inch : head not larger than the
body, sloping from the eye to the end of the upper jaw: under jaw
longest, sloping upwards: mouth large: both jaws with one row of
distant, subulate, curved teeth at their very edge, the front ones pro-
jecting forwards: eyes large, placed high on the cheeks: pectorals small,
rounded : ventrals small, oval ; the first ray short and spinous, with a fila-
ment adjoining longer than the other rays, and detached from them;
close together, and rather before than immediately under the pectorals :
dorsal commencing just behind the head, immediately above the gill-
opening, and continuing uninterruptedly to unite with the caudal : anal
commencing just behind the vent, which is scarcely an inch from the
ventral fins, and like the dorsal, continuing the whole length to unite
with the caudal: this last lanceolate, the middle ray being much the
longest, and gradually shortening on each side, till the distinction is
lost in the dorsal and anal fins:

B. 4; D. 70; A. 61; C. 12; P. 16; V. 1/5:

lateral line a little curved near the head, but afterwards running quite
straight to the tail : skin smooth, but when examined by a lens appearing
finely punctured. (Colours.) Pale carmine, darkest above and towards
the tail ; gill-covers, and undulated transverse lines along the sides, sil-
very : fins of the same colour as the body, except the ventrals, which are
nearly white. MONT.

First noticed as a British species by Montagu, who obtained two spe-
cimens from Salcomb Bay, on the south coast of Devonshire. Several
others have since occurred off Cornwall, where it is represented by
Mr. Couch as being not very uncommon. In the Mediterranean it is
well known.

GEN. 25. MUGIL, Linn.

49. M. Capita, Cuv. (Gray Mullet.) — Maxillary
visible when the mouth is closed : orifices of the nostril
near together : the skin at the margin of the orbit not
advancing upon the eye : scale above the pectoral short
and obtuse.

MUGIL.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT.

M. Capito, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 232. M. Cephalus, Don. Brit.
Fish. vol. i. pi. 15. Flem. Brit. An. p. 217. Mullet, Will Hist.
Pise. p. 274. tab. R. 3.? Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 329. pi. 66.
Gray Mullet, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 200.

LENGTH. From fifteen to twenty inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Back but little elevated : ventral line more com
vex than the dorsal : greatest depth beneath the first dorsal, about one-
fourth of the whole length, excluding caudal : greatest thickness nearly
two-thirds of the depth : head broad and depressed ; snout short, trans-
versely blunt and rounded, but vertically sharp : mouth very protractile,
transverse, angular ; teeth, in the jaws scarcely perceptible, on the tongue,
vomer, and palatines, more developed : maxillary visible when the mouth
is closed, and not retiring beneath the infra-orbital : upper lip rather
thick and fleshy, margined with a number of close-set minute pectina-
tions : eyes rather high up ; the skin at the anterior and posterior mar-
gins of the orbit not advancing over any portion of the iride: nostrils
double on each side ; the two orifices placed near together, the anterior
one round, the posterior one oblong: head smooth; all the upper part
covered with large polygonal scales : scales on the body large, but smaller
than the above, deciduous : first dorsal commencing about the middle;
its height twice its length; spines strong ; the first two equal and longest:
second dorsal considerably behind the first ; its height and length the
same as in that fin; all the rays except the first branched: caudal forked-
anal rather in advance of the second dorsal, somewhat longer than that
fin, but of the same height: pectorals about three-fourths of the length
of the head ; second, third, and fourth rays longest ; all the rays except
the first branched : ventrals a little behind the pectorals, close together,
somewhat shorter ; first ray strongly spinous ; second soft ray longest :

B. 6; D. 4—9; A. 3/9; C. 14, and some short; P. 17; V. 1/5.

(Colours.) Back dusky blue: sides and belly silvery ; the former marked
with several parallel longitudinal dark lines.

Several species of this genus are noticed by Cuvier in his "Regne
Animal", confounded by previous authors under the general name of
M. Cephalus. That which occurs most abundantly in our own seas,
appears to be his M. Capito, to which species he himself refers the
Mullet of Willughby and Pennant*. This is not uncommon on many
parts of the coast, and is often found in estuaries. Spawns, according
to Mr. Couch, about Midsummer.

50. M. Chelo, Cuv. (Thick-lipped Gray Mullet.) —
Lips very large and fleshy, the margins ciliated ; teeth
penetrating into their substance like so many hairs :
maxillary curved, showing itself behind the commissure.
Cuv.

M. Chelo, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. 11. p. 232. Thick-lipped Gray

Mullet, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 207.

LENGTH. Ten inches. COUCH. Probably attains a larger size.
DESCRIPT. (Form.) "Head wide, depressed: eyes (in a specimen ten
inches long) one inch apart, and three-eighths of an inch from the angle

* Dr. Hancock appears to have been the first of our own naturalists to remark that the Gray
Mullet of the British coasts was not the true Mnqil Cephalus. He named it M. Britannicus.
See Lend. Quart. Journ. ofSci. 1830. p. 129, &c.

376 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [MUGIL.

of the mouth, not connected with any membrane : nostrils close together,
and while the fish is alive, moveable on each contraction of the mouth :
a prominent superior maxillary bone, minutely notched at its lower or
posterior edge : upper lip protuberant and fleshy, with a thin margin
minutely notched or ciliated ; the lip appears behind as projecting under
the maxillary : carina of the under jaw prominent and square ; edge of
the lower lip fine and simple : body solid, round over the back : pectoral
fins high on the side, pointed, rounded below, the first rays short : the
first dorsal fin five inches and three-eighths from the snout, the origin of
the first three rays approximate, the first ray the longest : the first two
rays of the anal fin short : tail broad, concave : scales large." (Colours.)
" Head and back greenish ; all besides silvery, with six or seven parallel
lines along the sides of the same colour as the back." COUCH, as quoted
by YARR.

This species would seem, from Mr. Couch's MSS. communicated to
Mr. Yarrell, to be not uncommon on the coast of Cornwall. Said to be
" gregarious, frequenting harbours and the mouths of rivers in the winter
months in large numbers." It does not appear, hitherto, to have been
observed by any other of our own naturalists.

51. M. curtus, Yarr. (Short Gray Mullet.)
M. curtus, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 210.

DESCRIPT. *' Length of the head compared with that of the body and
tail as one to three, the proportion in the Common Gray Mullet being
as one to four : the body deeper in proportion than in M. Capito, being
equal to the length of the head : head wider, the form of it more tri-
angular, and also more pointed anteriorly : eye larger in proportion : fin-
rays longer, particularly those of the tail : the ventral fins placed nearer
the pectorals ; also a difference in the number of some of the fin-rays :

D. 4—1/8; A. 3/8; C. 14; P. 11; V. 1/5.

The colours of the two species are nearly alike ; and in other respects,
except those named, they do not differ materially." YARR.

A new species described by Mr. Yarrell, of which only one specimen
has hitherto been obtained. This, which is probably quite young, mea-
suring but little more than two inches in length, was taken, in company
with the fry of the Common Gray Mullet, between Brownsey Island and
South Haven, at the mouth of Poole Harbour.

(8.) M. Cephalus, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. 11. p. 231.

Whether the true M. Cephalus of Cuvier be found in the British seas,
must be left doubtful, until naturalists shall have more closely examined
and compared our native species. It may, perhaps, assist in determining
this point, just to point out its distinguishing characters. These consist
(according to Cuvier) in the eyes being partly covered by a fatty mem-
brane adhering to the anterior and posterior margins of the orbit ; in the
maxillary being entirely concealed beneath the infra- orbital, when the
mouth is closed ; and in the base of the pectoral fin being surmounted by
a long carinated scale* ; the orifices of the nostril are also separate from
each other, and the teeth are tolerably well developed.

* Sec a representation of this s>calc in the vignette at the foot of page 20] of Yarrcll's British
Fishes.

ATHERINA.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT.

GEN. 26. ATHERINA, Linn.

52. A. Presbyter, Cuv. (Atherine.) — Anal with fifteen
soft rays : fifty-one vertebrae.

A. Presbyter, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. 11. p. 235. A. Hepsetus, Don.
Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 87. Flem. Brit. An. p. 217. Atherine,
Penn. Brit. Zool vol. HI. p. 328. pi. 65. Id. (Edit 1812.) vol. in.
p. 434. pi. 76. Atherine, or Sand-Smelt, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 214.

LENGTH. From four to six inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Elongated; head and back in nearly the same
horizontal line ; abdomen rather more convex : greatest depth one-sixth
of the entire length ; thickness two-thirds of the depth : snout short ;
lower jaw projecting beyond the upper, and ascending to meet it at an
angle of forty-five degrees with the axis of the body : mouth very pro-
tractile; both jaws, as well as the vomer and base of the tongue, with
very fine velvet-like teeth; pharyngeans rather stronger: eyes large;
their diameter contained two and a half times in the length of the head ;
distance from them to the end of the snout equalling scarcely more than
half their diameter ; space between, and upper part of the snout, with
several longitudinal ridges and corresponding depressions: first dorsal
commencing a little before the middle; its length rather less than its
height; spines weak and slender; second and third longest: second
dorsal remote, longer and more elevated than the first; first ray spi-
nous; the rest soft; second longest: anal answering to second dorsal,
but somewhat longer than that fin, commencing a little in advance of it :
caudal deeply forked : pectorals a little shorter than the head : ventrals
shorter than the pectorals, and about in a line with the tips of those fins
when laid back :

B. 6 ; D. 7 to 9—1/12 ; A. 1/15 ; C. 17 ; P. 15 ; V. 1/5 :

vent a little behind the middle. Number of vertebrae fifty-one. (Colours.)
A longitudinal silver band on each side, running straight from behind
the eye to the commencement of the caudal, b6unded above by a narrow
dusky or purplish line ; breadth of the band about one-sixth of the depth :
back, and portion of the sides above the band, pellucid grayish white,
freckled with black ; along the dorsal ridge an interrupted yellowish
line : belly, and portion of the sides beneath the band, pellucid white,
without spots : above the snout, and between the eyes, yellowish, spotted
with black: fins pellucid, with minute black specks: irides silvery
white.

According to Cuvier, the present genus, like the last, embraces several
species hitherto confounded by naturalists. Our British specimens, at
least those found on the southern coast, whence the individuals were
obtained which furnished the above description, appear to belong to his
A. Presbyter. Not uncommon at East Bourne and Brighton, where they
are termed Sand-Smelts. Taken in most abundance during the spring
months. Spawn in May and June. According to Pennant and Dono-
van, they are also found at Southampton and on'the coast of Devonshire.
Obs. The Atherine of Bloch (pi. 393. f. 3.) is probably distinct from our
British species.

378 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [BLENNIUS.

GEN. 27. BLENNIUS, Linn.

(1. BLENNIUS, Cuv.)
* Head with two or more tentaculiform appendages.

53. B. ocellaris, Bl. (Ocellated Blenny.) — Head with
two principal appendages : dorsal bilobated ; the anterior
lobe much elevated, marked with an ocellated spot.

B. ocellaris, Block, Ichth. pi. 167. f. 1. Mont, in Wern. Mem.
vol. ii. p. 443. pi. 22. f. 2. Flem. Brit. An. p. 206. Butterfly-
Fish, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 131. tab. H. 3. f. 2. Ocellated Blenny,
or Butterfly-Fish, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 223. Le Blennie
papillon, Guv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 237.

LENGTH. From four to six inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Sides much coiiipressed : greatest depth contained
three times and a half in the whole length, caudal excluded : thickness
rather more than half the depth : head rounded anteriorly, very obtuse ;
snout short; profile nearly vertical: jaws equal: teeth numerous, closely
compacted, the last in the series on each side above and below hooked, and
longer than the others : eyes large, high on the cheeks ; the space between
narrow and concave : above each eye a narrow tentaculiform appendage,
slightly branched on its posterior margin, equalling in length one-third
that of the head ; considerably behind the eyes, on each side of the occi-
put, a minute membranaceous flap: lateral line proceeding from the upper
angle of the opercle at one-fourth of the depth, but bending suddenly
down about the middle of the body, where it alters its course to half the
depth : dorsal commencing at the' occiput, and extending very nearly to
the caudal, with which, however, it is not continuous, as in the next spe-
cies; the first eleven rays soft, but not articulated; first much longer
than any of the others, and more than equalling the whole depth of the
body ; the succeeding ones gradually decreasing to the eleventh, which
is the shortest in the whole fin; beyond the eleventh the rays again
lengthen, the twelfth being twice the length of the preceding one ; all
the rays in this portion of the fin articulated, but not branched : anal
commencing under the twelfth ray of the dorsal, and answering to the pos-
terior lobe of that fin ; the two fins terminating exactly in the same line :
caudal rounded; rays branched; the two outermost above and below
excepted: pectorals the length of the head, slightly pointed; all the
rays simple: ventrals one-fourth shorter than the pectorals, narrow
and pointed, of three simple rays, the middle one longer than the other
two :

D. 11/15 ; A. 17 ; C. 11, and 2 short ; P. 12 ; V. 3.

(Colours.) "Pale rufous brown, mixed with bluish gray, and slightly
tinged with green in some parts ; the sides of the head, throat, and
branchiostegous rays, spotted with rufous brown : the dorsal fin also a
little spotted and barred with olive-brown and white ; between the sixth
and eighth rays, a roundish purple-black spot, sometimes surrounded
with white." MONT.

First noticed as a British species by Montagu, who obtained three
specimens from an oyster-bed at Torcross, on the south coast of Devon,
in 1814. A fourth, likewise British, from which the above description
was taken, is in the collection of Mr. Yarrell. This last occurred among
the rocks of the Island of Portland. In one of Montagu's examples the

BLENNIUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 379

ocellated spot was so ill-defined, that he was led to suspect it may some-
times be altogether wanting. He observed that those in which the ocel-
lated spot was most perfect, had the first dorsal ray very long. Not an
uncommon species in the Mediterranean.

54. B. Gattorugine, Mont. (Gattoruginous Blenny.)
— Head with two appendages : dorsal nearly even through-
out, continuous with the caudal.

B. Gattorugine, Mont, in lYern. Mem. vol. n. p. 447. Flem.
Brit. An. p. 206. Gattorugine, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 132. c. xx.
tab. H. 2. f. 2. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 207. pi. 35. no. 91.
Gattoruginous Blenny, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 226.

LENGTH. From five to seven inches, sometimes more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Snout not so obtuse as in the last species, the
profile falling more gradually: teeth even throughout, the last in the
series not longer than the others : eyes very high on the cheeks, rising
above the level of the crown ; the intervening space longitudinally im-
pressed with a deep sulcus, conducting to another placed transversely
immediately behind the eyes ; beyond this is a slight gibbosity in front of
the dorsal fin : over each eye a broad compressed tentaculiform appendage,
much palmated on both its margins, in length more than one-third that
of the head : lateral line as in the B. ocellaris : dorsal extending the
whole length of the body, and uniting with the base of the caudal ; nearly
even throughout, having only a slight indentation about the middle;
posteriorly somewhat rounded; the first thirteen rays soft but not articu-
lated, the first and thirteenth being the shortest; fourteenth one-third
longer than the preceding ; this and all the succeeding ones articulated *,
but simple : anal commencing under the thirteenth ray of the dorsal, not
extending quite so far as that fin, and leaving a small space between
it and the caudal : this last as in the B. ocellaris : pectorals equalling
the head in length ; all the rays simple ; the two middle ones longer than
the others : ventrals of only two simple articulated rays, without even the
rudiment of a third ; the inner ray longer and stouter than the outer one :

D. 13/20 ; A. 23; C. 11, and two short; P. 14; V. 2.

(Colours.) "Plain rufous brown, without any markings, paler on the
belly, as far as the vent : throat and fins orange-red, except the base of
the dorsal and pectorals : hides, and cirrhi over the eyes, orange." MONT.
The species of this genus, especially the British ones, have hitherto
been but ill-determined. There is reason to believe that two or more
have been confounded under the name of B. Gattorugine. The above
description, from a specimen taken at Weymouth, appears to agree with
the Gattorugine of Willughby and Pennant, which is probably quite
distinct from the species described by Linnaeus under that namef. It
also accords with the B. Gattorugine of Montagu, and of Fleming, who
copies from him, but not with that of Donovan, as hereafter shown. Ap-
parently not very common, at least on all parts of the coast. Pennant's
specimen was taken on the coast of Anglesea : Montagu's in a crab-pot
on the south coast of Devon. Others have since occurred in Cornwall to
Mr. Couch. Mr. Yarrell has also specimens from Poole Harbour, and
from other localities on the south coast.

* The articulations are not easily seen, except the membrane investing the rays be dissected
•iff, and the fin viewed against a strong light.
t On this point, sec Bull, des Set. Nat, 1828. torn, xv, no. 120.

380 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [BLENNIUS.

(9.) B. Gattorugine, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 86. B. Gattoru-
gine, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 442.? Bloch, Ichtli. pi. 167.
f. 2. ? Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 92.

" The anterior half of the lateral line double ; its lower limb extending
in a straight direction from the gills to the tail ; midway between this and
the back is an arched lateral line originating at the hind part of the head,
and curving down to the former, with which it is united a little behind the
tip of the pectoral fin : D. 32 : P. 13 : V. 2, of nearly equal length, with
a very small lateral appendage: A. 20: C. 12: the rays of the tail
branched : all the rest simple or undivided." DON.

The double lateral line, the small lateral appendage to the ventrals
forming a kind of third ray, and the four palmated membranes on the
head, clearly characterize this as a distinct species from either of the two
last, supposing Donovan's figure and description to be correct. The four
appendages on the head associate it with the B. Gatt. of Linnaeus and
Bloch. The double lateral line is probably an error. Bloch and Turton
describe the lateral line as straight. In the -B. Gattorugine of this work it
is curved. Donovan does not state whence his specimen was obtained.

55. B. palmicornis, Cuv. (Crested Blenny.) — Head
with four appendages : dorsal even throughout, continuous
with the caudal : ventrals very small.

B. palmicornis, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 237. B. Galerita, Flem.
Brit. An. p. 207. B. Pennantii, Jen. Cat. of Brit. Vert. An. 24.
sp. 54. Crested Blenny, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. pi. 35. no. 90.
but not p. 206. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 233.

LENGTH. Four or five inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Much more elongated than either of the pre-
ceding species : depth, which is tolerably uniform throughout, equalling
not more than one-seventh of the entire length : body considerably com-
pressed: snout short and obtuse; the profile descending in a curve:
" outline of the mouth, when viewed from above, forming a semicircle ;
viewed laterally, the angle of the mouth is depressed," the lower jaw
ascending to meet the upper : gape rather wide ; " lips capable of exten-
sive motion:" teeth small and short; rather irregularly disposed, and
not all exactly of the same length: eyes high on the cheeks, but not
elevated above the crown : the intervening space flat, ornamented with four
fimbriated tentaculiform appendages ; the first pair of appendages are
placed, one at the anterior margin of each eye, and are connected at the
base by a low transverse membrane or fold of the skin ; the second pair,
which are twice the length of the first, and rather more fimbriated, are
placed further back near the posterior margins of the eyes : " nape of the
neck, and for some distance towards the commencement of the dorsal fin,
the skin is smooth, with the exception of various small papillae:" orbits
surrounded by a circle of large, open, conspicuous pores : a row of similar
pores at the upper part of the opercle, falling in with the commencement
of the lateral line : dorsal commencing in a line with the upper angle
of the opercle, and extending quite to the caudal, with which it is conti-
nuous ; its height, which is uniform throughout, equalling rather more
than half the depth of the body ; the first ray a little shorter than the
second ; all the rays simple, and apparently all spinous or inarticulated,
their extreme tips projecting beyond the connecting membrane ; the first
three, however, accompanied by short filamentous prolongations of the
membrane, which extend further than themselves : anal commencing in
a line with the fourteenth rav of the dorsal, and extending, like that fin.

BLENNIUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 381

quite to the caudal ; the first ray only half the length of the second ; the
second a little shorter than the third; this last and the rest nearly equal,
and of about the same length as the dorsal fin-rays, the ends, however,
projecting further, the connecting membrane not being so deep : caudal
rounded, with the principal rays branched : pectorals a little shorter than
the head, also rounded : ventrals very small, consisting of only three rays,
the longest being scarcely more than one-third the length of the head :
number of fin-rays ;

D. 51 ; A. 37 ; C. 14, and some short ones ; P. 14 ; V. 3.

{Colours,) "General colour of the body and fins pale brown, mottled on
the sides with darker brown; the head, the anterior part of the body,
the ventral and pectoral fins, being darker than the other parts." YARR.
Of this species, I have only seen the specimen, taken at Berwick-upon-
Tweed, which has been already described by Mr. Yarrell, and which was
kindly lent me for examination. To that gentleman we are indebted for
having cleared up some part of its history. It is probably the same
as the B. Galerita of Dr. Fleming, which was found by him in Loch
Broom. It is also clearly identical with Pennant's figure of the Crested
Blenny, but the description of that species, in the " British Zoology," is
in part borrowed from Willughby, and belongs to the Alauda cristata
of that author, which last I am inclined to think is synonymous with
the next species.

** Head with one principal, transverse, crest-like,
appendage.

56. B. Galerita, Mont. (Montagues Blenny.)

B. Galerita, Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. i. p. 98. pi. 5. f. 2. Alauda
cristata sive Galerita, Will. Hist, Pise. p. 134. B. Montagui,
Flem. Brit. An. p. 206. Diminutive Blenny, Penn. Brit. Zool.
(Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 277. Montagu s Blenny, Yarr. Brit. Fish.
vol. i. p. 219.

LENGTH. From one and a half to two and a half inches. MONT.

DESCRIPT. "Body rather more slender than the Smooth Blenny:
head much sloped ; eyes high up, approximating, gilded ; the upper lip
furnished with a bony plate that projects at the angles of the mouth
into a thin lamina that turns downwards, the ends of which are orange-
coloured : on the top of the head, between the eyes, a transverse, fleshy,
fimbriated membrane ; the fimbrice of a purplish brown colour, tipped
with white : nostrils furnished with a minute bifid appendage : behind
the crest several minute, erect, filiform appendiculce, between that and
the dorsal fin, placed longitudinally: lateral line considerably curved
near the head : pectorals large and ovate, of twelve rays, reaching as far
as the vent : ventrals, two unconnected rays : dorsal extending from the
head to the tail, of thirty rays, and appearing like two distinct fins,
by reason of the slope to the thirteenth ray, which is not above half
the length of the anterior ones, and the sudden elongation of the four-
teenth ray; this fin is very broad, and in one specimen there was an
ovate black spot between the first and second ray, and another obscure
one between the next rays, but this is not a constant character: anal
fin equally broad, and extending from the vent to the tail, consisting
of eighteen rays usually margined with black, and tipped with white:
caudal slightly rounded, composed of fourteen rays.

D. 30; A. 18; C. 14; P. 12; V. 2.

382 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [BLENNIUS.

The colour above generally olive-green spotted with pale blue sha<
white ; the belly white, arid the pectoral fins spotted with orange." I

shaded to
MONT.

Montagu observes that this" species is occasionally taken, with the
B. Gattorugine and B. Pholis, among the rocks on the south coast of
Devon, in me pools left by the receding tide. Several specimens seem
to have been noticed by him. It has also occurred to Mr. Couch in Corn-
wall ; but none of our other naturalists appear to have met with it. I see
no reason for supposing it distinct from the Alauda cristata of Willughby,
the Galei'ita of Rondeletius, although not the same as the J5. Galenta of
Linnaeus, who (as Mr. Yarrell has pointed out) has confounded this spe-
cies with that which has been since termed by Cuvier B. palmicornis.
Should the contrary hereafter appear, it will then be proper to exchange
the name of Galerita for that of Montagui, first adopted by Fleming.

Head without appendages.

57. B. PholiS) Linn. (Smooth Blenny, or Shan.]
Dorsal notched in the middle ; not continuous with the
caudal.

B. Pholis, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 443. Block, Ichth. pi. 71.
f. 2. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 79. Alauda non cristata, Will.
Hist. Pise. p. 133. c. xxi. tab. H. 6. f. 2. Pholis laevis, Flem.
Brit. An. p. 207. Smooth Blenny, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p. 208. pi. 36. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 280. pi. 40. Shanny,
or Smooth Shan, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 230. Baveuse com-
mune, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 238.

LENGTH. From four to five inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Thicker anteriorly than the B. Gattorugine; the
head less compressed; the body not quite so deep: depth, contained a
little more than four times in the whole length, caudal excluded : thick-
ness two-thirds of the depth : snout short and obtuse ; profile almost ver-
tical : teeth crowded, with one or two longer than the others, and hooked,
at the end of each series above and below : eyes smaller, and not so high
on the cheeks as in B. Gattorugine; the space between wider, with only
a very slight longitudinal depression : no appendages on the head of any
kind, or transverse sulcus on the nape, which last part is rather convex :
lateral line similar, taking a sweep over the pectorals : dorsal commencing
at a greater distance from the end of the snout by one-fourth, and ter-
minating a little before it reaches the caudal ; first ray a little shorter
than the second ; fifth, sixth, and seventh, slightly the longest, equalling
not quite half the depth ; eighth and following ones decreasing to the
twelfth, which is the shortest in the whole fin, and only half the length of
the thirteenth, or first of the articulated rays ; rest of the fin nearly even :
anal answering to the posterior portion of the dorsal, but terminating
a little sooner, leaving a larger space between it and the caudal: pectorals
rather more rounded than in the B. Gattorugine, the middle rays being
not so much elongated : ventrals rather shorter, of only two rays, the
inner one longest:

B. 6; D. 12/19 ; A. 20; C. 11, and 4 short; P. 13; V. 2.

(Colours.) Marbled and variegated with dusky and olive-brown, occa-
sionally more or less spotted with white : rays of the anal always tipped
with this last colour.

BLENNIUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 383

The most common species in the genus. Found on many parts of the
coast, lurking beneath stones and sea-weed near low-water mark. Is
tenacious of life, and will live for some time out of the water. Said
to feed on small Crustacea and marine worms. Spawns in Summer.

(2. GUNNELLUS, Flem.)

58. B. Gunnellus, Linn. (Spotted Gunnel.) — A row
of dark ocellated spots along the base of the dorsal fin.

B. Gunnellus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 443. Block, Ichth. pi. 71.
f. 1. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 27. Gunnellus Cornubiensium,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 115. c. ix. tab. G. 8. f. 3. G. vulgaris, Flem.
Brit. An. p. 207. Spotted Blenny, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.

&210. pi. 35. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m. p. 282. pi. 39. Spotted
unnel, or Butter-Fish, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 239.

LENGTH. From six to eight, rarely ten, inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body elongated, and very much compressed
throughout: greatest depth rather exceeding one-eighth of the entire
length : thickness half the depth : head and back in one horizontal line ;
the former small, not more than one-ninth of the whole length, excluding
caudal: snout more pointed than in the true Blennies; mouth small;
lower jaw sloping considerably upwards; teeth minute: eyes placed
rather high; the space between forming an elevated ridge: nape, be-
hind the eyes, a little depressed : dorsal fin commencing a little behind
the nape, at a distance from the end of the snout equalling one-eighth of
the entire length, and extending quite to the caudal, with which it is
continuous; all the rays simple and inarticulated, flexible, of the same
height throughout, equalling scarcely more than one-sixth of the depth,
projecting a little beyond the connecting membrane : anal commencing
at about the middle of the whole length, likewise continuous with the
caudal ; the first two rays spinous ; the rest articulated and branched :
caudal rounded, with fifteen branched rays, and six simple ones shorter
than the others, four above and two below: pectorals short, scarcely more
than half the depth, rounded ; all the rays articulated, and, except the
first and last, branched : ventrals extremely small, scarcely one-third the
length of the pectorals, reduced to a single spine united to one small soft
ray of about its own length :

D. 77; A. 2/40; C. 15, and 6; P. 12; V. 1/1 :

vent exactly in the middle. (Colours.) Deep olive, with a row of dark
ocellated spots, varying in number, but generally from ten to twelve,
along the line of the back, extending partly on to the dorsal fin : belly
whitish: pectorals yellow.

Variety. Purple Blenny, Low, Faun. Ore. p. 203. " Reddish purple ;
fins lightest Likewise wants the spots on the back ; instead of eleven,
has only a single one, and that placed near the beginning of the back
fin." Low.

Not uncommon ; particularly off the coasts of Cornwall and Anglesea.
Habits similar to those of the last species.

384 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [ZOARCES.

GEN. 28. ZOARCES, Cuv.
59. Z. viviparus, Cuv. (Viviparous Blenny.)

Z. viviparus, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 240. Blennius viviparus,
Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 443. Block, Ichth. pi. 72. Don. Brit.
Fish. vol. n. pi. 34. Mustela vivipara, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 122.
tab. H. 3. f. 5. Gunnellus viviparus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 207.
Viviparous Blenny, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 211. pi. 37. Id.
(Ed. 1812.) vol. in. p. 283. pi. 41. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 243.

LENGTH. From ten to twelve, rarely fifteen, inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Slender, elongated : body sub-cylindric anteriorly,
compressed and tapering behind : skin smooth and naked : head small,
equalling about one-sixth of the entire length: snout blunt; upper jaw
thick, projecting a little beyond the lower: teeth conical, sharp, very
minute : lateral line indistinct ; its course straight, at half the depth of
the body: dorsal commencing at the nape and extending the whole
length, nearly even till just before its union with the caudal, where it
becomes suddenly depressed and appears notched ; all the rays soft and
articulated, but simple : anal commencing a little before the middle, even
throughout, also uniting with the caudal: this last rounded: pectorals
large and rounded : ventrals jugular, very small and narrow, of three
rays :

B. 6 ; D., A. and C., about 150 ; P. 18 ; V. 3.

(Colours.) Back and sides yellowish brown, stained and spotted with
dusky : a series of dark spots more or less well-defined along the dorsal
fin : under parts, and anal, yellowish.

Found on many parts of the coast both in England and Scotland.
Stated by Pennant to be common in the mouth of the river Esk at
Whitby, Yorkshire. Keeps at the bottom, lurking beneath stones.
Feeds on small crabs. Is ovoviviparous. The young, according to
Bloch, from two to three hundred in number, are excluded in the
month of June.

GEN. 29. ANARRHICHAS, Linn.
60. A. Lupus, Linn. (Wolf-Fish.)

A. Lupus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 430. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 74.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 24. Flem. Brit. An. p. 208. Wolf-
Fish, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 130. c. xviii. tab. H. 3. f. 1. Ravenous
Wolf-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 151. pi. 24. Id. (Edit.
1812.) vol. in. p. 201. pi. 27. Wolf-Fish, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 247.

LENGTH. From four to six feet; sometimes more.
DESCRIPT. (Form.) "Head a little flatted on the top: nose blunt;
nostrils very small ; eyes small, and placed near the end of the nose : fore-
teeth strong, conical, diverging a little from each other, standing far out
of the jaws ; commonly six above, and the same below, though sometimes
only five in each jaw ; these are supported within side by a row of lesser
teeth, which makes the number in the upper jaw seventeen or eighteen,
in the lower eleven or twelve : grinding teeth of the under jaw higher
on the outer than the inner edges, which inclines their surfaces inward ;
they join to the canine teeth in that jaw, but in the upper are separate
from them : in the centre are two rows of flat strong teeth, fixed on an

GOBIUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 385

oblong basis upon the bones of the palate and nose : body long, a little
compressed : skin smooth and slippery : pectorals consisting of eighteen
rays : dorsal extending from the hind part of the head almost to the tail ;
the rays in the fresh fish not visible : anal extending as far as the
dorsal : caudal rounded, of thirteen rays. (Colours.) Sides, back, and fins,
of a livid lead-colour; the first two marked downwards with irregular
obscure dusky lines: these in diiferent fish have different appearances.
Young of a greenish cast." PENN.

A powerful and ferocious species, most abundant in the northern parts
of the globe, where it is said to attain to a larger size than in the British
seas. Not unfrequently met with off the coasts of Scotland and York-
shire. Feeds on shell-fish and Crustacea, which it readily crushes by
means of its strong molars. According to Pennant, is full of roe in
February, March, and April, and spawns in May and June.

GEN. 30. GOBIUS, Linn.

61. G. niger, Linn. (Black Goby.) — Dorsals con-
tiguous : lower jaw a very little the longest : distance
between the eyes not equal to their diameter.

G. niger, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 449. Sea-Gudgeon, Will.
Hist. Pise. p. 206. tab. N. 12. f. 1. Black Goby, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. in. p. 213. pi. 38. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 251.
Le Boulereau noir, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 243.

LENGTH. From four to five, rarely six, inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Elongated, the anterior extremity depressed, the
posterior compressed and tapering : depth one-sixth of the entire length ;
thickness more than three-fourths of the depth : line of the back nearly
straight ; abdominal line bellying a little behind the ventral fins : head
rather large, as broad as the body, somewhat more than one-fourth of the
whole length : snout blunt and rounded ; gape wide ; lower jaw a very
little the longest: fine card-like teeth, in several rows, the inner rows
much smaller than the outer : eyes large, placed on the upper part of the
head, approximating ; the distance between barely three-fourths of their
diameter : gill:opening much contracted : head naked ; marked on the
cheeks and before the eyes with several dotted lines, consisting of very
minute papillae : from the occiput to the first dorsal a shallow groove :
body covered with large scales of a semicircular form, the free edges of
which are finely ciliated : lateral line straight along the middle, rather
indistinct: first dorsal commencing at one-third of the whole length,
excluding caudal ; spines very slender and flexible, a little unequal in
height ; fourth longest, equalling three-fourths of the depth ; from the
last' ray the membrane passing on, falls gradually till it terminates at the
base of the first ray in the second dorsal : this last with fourteen rays,
nearly of equal height, the middle ones somewhat exceeding the others,
equalling the longest of the spinous rays ; all articulated, and, except the
first, branched : anal answering to second dorsal, but commencing a little
nearer the tail, and not extending quite so far; rays similar: caudal
rounded ; rays branched : pectorals the length of the head, of an oval-
oblong form, with the middle rays longest ; all the rays branched : vent-
rals forming by their union a funnel-shaped cavity ; rays very unequal ;
the central ones, which are longest, somewhat shorter than the pectorals :

B. 5; D. 6—14 ; A. 12 ; C. 13, and some short; P. 19 ; V. 10, when united :

BB

386 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [GOBIUS.

vent exactly in the middle ; immediately behind it a little conical papilla.
(Colours.) Deep olive-brown, variegated with dusky spots and streaks :
dorsals dusky brown, variegated with whitish.

Found on many parts of the coast, but not in any abundance. Some-
times called Rock-Fish, from the power which they are said to possess
of affixing themselves to the rocks by means of their united ventrals,
though, according to Fleming, these fins are not capable of acting as
a sucker. It is probable that under the name of Gobius niger several
species have been confounded. That figured by Bloch is evidently dis-
tinct from our British one, differing from it in having sixteen rays in the
second dorsal, and the jaws of equal length. The G. niger of Donovan
and Fleming refers to the next species.

62. G. bipunctatus, Yarr. (Two-spotted Goby.) —
Dorsals nearly contiguous: lower jaw considerably the
longest : distance between the eyes more than equal to
their diameter.

G. bipunctatus, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 255. G. niger, Don.
Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 104 Flem. Brit. An. p. 206.

LENGTH. From two to four inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form resembling that of the last spe-
cies, but rather more elongated in proportion to the depth : eyes fur-
ther asunder, and placed more laterally; the distance between them
rather more than equal to their diameter : head moderately depressed :
lower jaw considerably more projecting: dorsals not approximating quite
so nearly ; the first with a ray more ; the second with three (in Donovan's
two) less ; posterior rays of this last rather the longest. In other respects
the forms of the two species are similar.

D. 7—11 ; A. 11 ; C. 12, and 2 short; P. 18; V. 12.

(Colours.) Testaceous, or yellowish white, all the scales on the back and
upper part of the sides edged with brown ; towards the top of the back
this last colour prevails almost entirely : on the lateral line, beneath the
commencement of the first dorsal, a conspicuous black spot; a similar
one on each side of the base of the caudal fin : fins grayish white, with
obsolete dusky bars.

Perhaps more common than the last species, with which it has, until
lately, been confounded. The above description is taken from a speci-
men in the collection of Mr. Yarrell. Donovan's was from the coast of
Devonshire.

63. G. minutus, Pall. (Spotted Goby.) — Dorsals
remote; the second with the fourth and succeeding rays
gradually decreasing: eyes closely approximating.

G. minutus, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1199. Don. Brit. Fish.
vol. n. pi. 38. Flem. Brit. An. p. 206. Spotted Goby, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 215. pi. 37. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 258.
Le Boulereau blanc, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 243.

LENGTH. From two to three inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) More elongated and tapering than the G. niger,
and not so much compressed : greatest depth, in the region of the pec-

GOBIUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 387

torals, contained six times and a half in the entire length : thickness the
same as the depth : head depressed ; snout short ; lower jaw projecting
heyond the upper : eyes full and prominent, closely approximating on the
upper part of the head, the space between reduced to a shallow groove,
less than one-fourth of their diameter: opercle large, of an irregular
square form, with the lower angle rounded off; the ascending margin
nearly vertical ; reaching nearly to the base of the rays of the pectorals :
scales small : first dorsal with the first four rays nearly equal ; fifth and
sixth decreasing; all inclining backwards: space between the dorsals
equalling half the depth of the body : second dorsal with the first ray
a little shorter than the second; second, third, and fourth, equal and
longest ; the succeeding rays gradually decreasing to the last, which is
scarcely more than half the length of the third and fourth : anal answer-
ing to 'the second dorsal, commencing and terminating nearly in the
same line ; the rays, however, with the exception of the first, which is
much shorter than the others, more nearly of a height : caudal nearly
even.

B. 5; D. 6—11; A. 12; C. 13, and 2 short; P. 20; V. 12.

(Colours.) Yellowish white, and somewhat pellucid; the back and sides
obscurely spotted and mottled with ferruginous; three or four of these
spots, larger than the others, are placed at intervals on the lateral line ;
that which is most distinct being just at the base of the caudal: rays
of the caudal and dorsal fins spotted with the same colour, giving the
appearance of transverse bars when the fins are close ; anal and ventrals
plain : opercle with silvery reflections.

Common on many parts of the coast where it is sandy, and often taken
in the shrimp-nets. Is probably, however, frequently confounded with
the next species. Pennant considers it as the Aphua Cobites of Wil-
lughby, but as this last is represented as having seventeen rays in the
second dorsal, this opinion is probably incorrect.

64. G. gracilis, Jenyns. (Slender Goby.) — Dorsals
remote ; the second with the posterior rays longest : eyes
closely approximating.

G. gracilis, Jen. Cat. of Brit. Vert. An. 25. sp. 63. Slender Goby,
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 260.

LENGTH. Three inches two lines.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Closely resembling the last species, but more
elongated and slender throughout: greatest depth barely one-seventh
of the whole length: snout rather longer: opercle approaching more
to triangular, the lower angle being more cut away, and the ascending
margin more oblique ; a larger space between it and the pectorals : the
two dorsals further asunder: rays of the second dorsal longer; these
rays also gradually increasing in length, instead of decreasing, the pos-
terior ones being the longest in the fin, and rather more than equalling
the whole depth : rays of the anal in like manner longer than in the
G. minutus :

D. 6—12 ; A. 12 ; C. 13, and 2 short ; P. 21 ; V. 12 :

in all other respects similar. (Colours.) Also resembling those of the
last, with the exception of the anal and ventral fins, which are dusky,
approaching to black in some places, instead of plain white, as in the
G. minutus.

B B 2

388 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [CALLIONYMUS.

Apparently a new species ; though probably of not less frequent occur-
rence than the last, with which it may be easily confounded. My spe-
cimens were obtained from Colchester, and were supposed to have been
taken somewhere off the Essex coast.

GEN. 31. CALLIONYMUS, Linn.

65. C. Lyra, Linn. (Gemmeous Dragonet.) — Distance
from the end of the snout to the posterior margin of the
orbit, and thence to the first dorsal fin-ray, equal: first
ray of the first dorsal greatly prolonged.

C. Lyra, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 433. Block, Ichth. pi. 161.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 9. Flem. Brit. An. p. 208. Dracun-
culus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 136. tab. H. 6. f. 3. Gemmeous
Dragonet, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 164. pi. 27. Id. (Edit.
1812.) vol. in. p. 221. pi. 31. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 261.
Le Savary ou Doucet, Cuv. Reg- An. torn. n. p. 247.

LENGTH. From nine to twelve inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Head depressed, oblong-triangular, broader than
the body, equalling one-fourth of the entire length : body elongated,
gradually tapering from the nape to the caudal : eyes approximating,
directed upwards, removed twice their diameter from the end of the
snout ; the distance from the end of the snout to the posterior margin
of the orbit equalling the distance from this last point to the first dorsal
fin-ray : gape wide : intermaxillary very protractile : upper jaw longest :
both jaws with velvet-like teeth ; none on the vomer or palatines : pre-
opercle prolonged backwards, and terminating in three short but strong
spines, the two innermost of which are directed upwards : opercle con-
cealed beneath the investing skin, which is carried all round and nearly
closes the branchial aperture, leaving only a small round hole on each
side of the nape for the egress of the water : lateral line at first slightly
descending, but afterwards straight : skin smooth and naked : first dorsal
commencing at a little less than one-third of the whole length, caudal
excluded ; first ray prolonged into a slender filament, varying in length,
but often reaching, when laid back, to the base of the caudal ; the three
succeeding rays much shorter, and rapidly decreasing, the last scarcely
equalling the depth of the body ; membrane of the fin extending beyond
the last ray, and terminating at the base of the first ray in the second
dorsal : this last fin three times as long as the first ; all the rays arti-
culated but simple ; of moderate and nearly equal height, the last two
only being a little the longest : both dorsals rise from a shallow groove
which is continued on to the caudal : this last rounded ; the uppermost
ray and the two lowermost simple, the rest branched : anal similar to the
second dorsal, but placed rather more backward, and with the rays not
quite so long : pectorals somewhat pointed ; the middle rays longest ; all,
except the first, branched : ventrals jugular, very far asunder, broader
than the pectorals, to which they are partly united at the base by a
membrane; first ray short and spinous; articulated rays very much
branched :

D. 4—10 ; A. 9 ; C. 10, and 2 short ; P. 20 ; V. 1/5 :

vent rather before the middle ; furnished with a conical papilla as in the
last genus. (Colours.) " Predominant colour a fine pellucid brown, with

LOPHIUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 389

marks arid spots of pale blue, white, yellow, and black, disposed with
peculiar elegance, especially about the head and dorsal fin : ventrals
dark purple, finely contrasting with the pellucidity and whiteness of the
pectorals: throat black." DON.

Found on many parts of the coast, but seldom in any plenty. Pennant
states that it is not unfrequent off Scarborough, where it is taken by the
hook in thirty or forty fathoms water. Obs. Both Willugrhby and Bloch
represent this species with all the rays of the first dorsal nearly equally
elongated. In our British specimens it is only the first ray which is
so extraordinarily developed. This circumstance seems to suggest the
possibility of their species being different from ours.

66. C. DracunculuS) Linn. (Sordid Dragonet.) —
Distance from the end of the snout to the posterior margin
of the orbit only half that from the eye to the first dorsal
fin-ray : first ray of the first dorsal moderate.

C. Dracunculus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 434. Bloch, Ichth.
pi. 162. f. 2. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 84. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 89.
Sordid Dragonet, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 167. pi. 28. Id.
(Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 224. pi. 32. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 266.

LENGTH. From six to eight and a half inches ; rarely more.

DESCRIPT. {Form.) Differs from the C. Lyra, which it closely resem-
bles, in the following particulars : head shorter, and more decidedly tri-
angular : eyes removed from the end of the snout by a space equalling
not more than once their diameter; the distance from the end of the
snout to the posterior margin of the orbit equalling only half the distance
from this last point to the first dorsal fin-ray : gape much smaller : lateral
line not so strongly marked: first dorsal with the first ray only one-
third longer than the second, not prolonged into an extended filament.
Number of fin-rays,

D. 4—10; A. 10 ; C. 10, and a short one; P. 21 ; V. 1/5.

(Colours.) Back and sides reddish brown, sometimes cinereous brown,
mottled with darker spots ; lower portion of the sides with a faint gloss
of metallic gold : beneath white, with the posterior half pellucid : irides
pale gold.

Considered by Neill* and Fleming t as only the female of the last species.
This seems, however, hardly probable, from its being of much more fre-
quent occurrence than the C. Lyra, invariably smaller, and with the
colours very different. Common on most parts of the coast, and, when
small, often taken in the shrimp-nets. Is sometimes called a Fox.

GEN. 32. LOPHIUS, Linn.
67- L. piscatorius, Linn. (Common Angler.)

L. piscatorius, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 402. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 87.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 115. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 101. Flem.
Brit. An. p. 214. Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. xi. pi. 422. Rana pisca-
trix, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 85. tab. E. 1. Common Angler, Penn.

* Wern. Mem. vol. i. p. 529. t Brit. An. p. 208.

390 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [LOPHIUS.

Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 120. pi. 18. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 159.
pi. 21. Fishing-Frog, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 269. La Baudroyc
commune, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 251.

LENGTH. From three to five feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Head enormously large, occupying more than
one-third of the entire length, broad and very much depressed : body
tapering suddenly from behind the pectorals : snout obtuse and rounded ;
gape excessively wide; lower jaw considerably the longest, fringed along
its edge with numerous short filaments : teeth conical, of various lengths
and sizes, numerous and very sharp ; two closely approximating rows in
the lower jaw ; the same above, bat more widely separated ; palatines, pha-
ryngeans, and middle of the tongue, likewise bristling with teeth : eyes
moderate, placed towards the upper part of the head, equally distant from
the end of the snout and from each other : orbits above the eyes armed
with a number of tooth-like processes, which forming two rows extend
backwards to meet on the nape, but do not project through the skin: also
two erect spines on each side of the end of the snout : gill-opening in the
form of a wide, loose, purse-like cavity immediately beneath the pectorals ;
opercle small, not appearing externally : skin every-where soft and naked :
above the nose, in front of the eyes, two long erect filamentous processes,
one before the other, nearly half the length of the head ; further down the
mesial line, and about as far behind the eyes as the above are before them,
another single filament about one-fourth shorter ; after the same interval
again two others about half the length of the first ones, and a third very
short one; these three are sometimes connected at the base by a low
membrane, forming a first dorsal; second dorsal commencing after a
similar interval taken the third time, of a somewhat semicircular form,
its length twice its height and half the length of the head ; membrane
enveloping the rays thick and fleshy, extending beyond the fin nearly to
the caudal ; this last even : pectorals in a line with the first of the three
posterior dorsal filaments, of an oblong form, the rays of equal length,
appearing truncated; their length one-third that of the head: anal
similar to the second dorsal, but placed a little nearer the caudal:
ventrals a little before the pectorals; the distance between them
equalling their own length:

B. 6; D. 2—1-3—11 ; A. 9 or 10; C. 7 or 8; P. 24 to 26 ; V. 5.

(Colours.) All the upper parts brown, inclining to dusky: beneath
white.

Taken occasionally on most parts of the coast. Keeps wholly at the
bottom, and is very destructive to other fish. Has no swimming-bladder.
Obs. Cuvier speaks of another species belonging to this genus, which
may possibly also occur in the British seas. It is principally charac-
terized by having the second dorsal less elevated, and only twenty-five
vertebrae, the present species having thirty.

(10.) L. Cornubicus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. v. p. 381. Fishing-Frog
of Mounts Bay, Borl. Cornw. p. 266. pi. 27. f. 6. Long Angler,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 123.

In the opinion of Cuvier this supposed species is only an altered indi-
vidual of the common one*. " Found on the shore of Mount's Bay,
Aug. 9, 1757." BORL.

* The same may probably be said of the liana Piscatrijc, figured in Leigh's "Natural History
of Lancashire," &c. (p. 186. pi. 6. f. 5.)

LABRUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 391

GEN. 33. LABRUS, Linn.

(1. LABRUS, Cuv.)
* Dorsal with twenty or twenty-one spinous rays.

68. L. maculatus, Bloch. (Ballan Wrasse.) — Ascend-
ing margin of the preopercle oblique : soft portion of the
dorsal more than twice the height of the spinous : dorsal
and anal terminating nearly in the same line.

L. maculatus, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 294. L. Tinea, Shaw, Nat. Misc.
vol. xi. pi. 426. Id. Gen. Zool. vol. iv. p. 499. pi. 72. Don. Brit.
Fish. vol. iv. pi. 83. L. Balanus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 209. Ballan
Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 246. pi. 44. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 334. pi. 55. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 275. La Vieille
tachetee, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 255.

LENGTH. From twelve to eighteen inches.

DE SCRIPT. (Form.) Oblong-oval, narrowing at the tail beyond the
termination of the dorsal and anal fins: body thick and bulky: depth
one-fourth of the entire length : back not much elevated ; dorsal line
nearly straight from the commencement of the dorsal fin backwards,
but in advance of that point falling gradually to the snout; no depres-
sion at the nape : head one-fourth of the whole length, caudal excluded :
snout short and conical : mouth very protractile ; lips double, the anterior
pair thick and fleshy, and partially reflexed, shewing the teeth : jaws
equal : teeth rather small, conical, the anterior ones longest, amounting
to about eighteen in each jaw : distance from the eye to the end of the
snout equalling twice the diameter of the eye ; space between the eyes
convex, without any depression or sulcus, equalling two diameters
and a half: preopercle with the ascending margin inclined, this last
forming with the basal margin an obtuse angle: lateral line bending
a little downwards beneath the termination of the dorsal fin; its
previous course nearly straight at one-third of the depth : dorsal com-
mencing at a distance from the end of the snout equalling one-fourth of
the entire length ; space occupied by the fin nearly equalling half the
entire length ; spinous portion three-fourths of the whole, the height of
this part one-fourth of the depth of the body; soft portion more than
twice the height of the spinous : anal commencing in a line with the soft
portion of the dorsal, and terminating also nearly in the same line with
that fin; first three rays spinous, stronger than the dorsal spines, shorter
than the soft rays which follow : caudal slightly rounded; its base scaly,
heyond which are rows of scales between the rays for one-fourth of their
length : pectorals rounded, two-thirds the length of the head : ventrals a
little shorter : all the fins very stout ; the membranes enveloping the rays
thick and fleshy :

D. 20/11; A. 3/9; C. 13; P. 15 ; V. 1/5.

(Colours.) Back and sides bluish green, becoming paler on the belly; all
the scales margined with orange-red : head and cheeks bluish green, reti-
culated with orange-red lines ; lips flesh-colour ; irides bluish %reen : all
the fins greenish blue, with a few scattered red spots ; the dorsal with
spots along the base only ; the blue on the caudal passing into dusky at
the tip.

392 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [LABRITS.

Not an uncommon species in the British seas. Pennant and Donovan
obtained their specimens from Scarborough; where, according to the
former author, ** they appear during Summer in great shoals off Filey-
Bridge ; the largest weighing about five pounds." Donovan states that
he has also received it from Cornwall ; from the Skerry Islands, north of
Anglesea, and from Scotland. Mr. Yarrell mentions various parts of the
Irish coast, the eastern coast of England, and the shores of Dorsetshire
and Devonshire, as other localities for this species. -The description
given above is that of a specimen in the collection of the Zoological
Society, from the London market. Frequents rocky ground, and feeds
principally on Crustacea, Spawns, according to Mr. Couch, in April.
Obs. The colours in this, and in all the other species of this family,
are liable to much variation.

69- L. lineatus, Don. (Streaked Wrasse.)

L. lineatus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 74. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 99. Flem. Brit. An. p. 209. L. Psittacus, Riss. Hist. Nat.
de VEur. Mfrrid. torn. in. p. 304. ? Green- streaked Wrasse,
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 279.

LENGTH. Seven inches. DON.

DESCRIPT. Body green, with numerous longitudinal yellowish lines:
fins greenish. Number of fin-rays,

D. 20/10; A. 3/8; C. 15 ; P. 14; V. 8. DON.

Obtained by Donovan from the coast of Cornwall, where it is said
to be provincially known by the name of Green-Fish. According to
Mr. Yarrell, it appears also to have been met with on the Devonshire
coast by Montagu. It is probably the L. Psittacus of Risso*, but Dono-
van's description is too imperfect to speak with certainty on this point.

70. L. pusillus, Jenyns. (Corkling.) — Ascending
margin of the preopercle very oblique ; a few obsolete
denticulations about the lower angle : soft portion of the
dorsal a little higher than the spinous : dorsal extending
a little beyond the anal.

L. pusillus, Jen. Cat. of Brit. Vert. An. 25. sp. 69.

LENGTH. Four inches.

DESCRIPT. (Fbrm.) Distinguished by its small size. Back but little
elevated, sloping very gradually towards the snout; ventral line more
convex than the dorsal ; sides compressed : depth contained about three
times and three-quarters in the entire length ; thickness half the depth,
or barely so much : head one-fourth of the entire length : snout rather
sharp ; jaws equal : teeth of moderate size, conical, regular, about sixteen
or eighteen in each jaw : eyes rather high in the cheeks, situate half-
way between the upper angle of the preopercle and the margin of
the first upper lip; the space between about equal to their diameter,
marked with a depression; a row of elevated pores above each orbit:
preopercle with the ascending margin very oblique; the basal angle,

* By an error, the L. Psitlacns was inserted in my Catalogue as British, independently ot
Donovan's species.

LABRUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 393

which falls a little anterior to a vertical line from the posterior part
of the orbit, very obtuse, and remarkably characterized by a few minute
denticulations, which further on become obsolete, and in some specimens
are scarcely anywhere obvious : lateral line a little below one-fourth of
the depth ; nearly straight till opposite the end of the dorsal, then bend-
ing rather suddenly downwards, and again passing off straight to the
caudal : number of scales in the lateral line about forty-five : dorsal com-
mencing at one-third of the length, excluding, caudal ; spinous portion
nearly three-fourths of the whole fin, the spines very slightly increasing
in length from the first to the last, which last is not quite one-third
of the depth of the body ; soft portion a little higher than the spinous,
of a somewhat rounded form, the middle rays equalling nearly half the
depth : anal commencing a little anterior to the soft portion of the dorsal,
and terminating a little before it ; the first three rays spinous, the third
being the longest, but the second the stoutest spine; soft rays resembling
those of the dorsal : caudal nearly even, with rows of scales between the
rays for nearly half their length : pectorals rounded, about two-thirds
the length of the head, immediately beneath the commencement of the
dorsal; all the rays soft and articulated, and, except the first, branched :
ventrals a little shorter ; the first ray spinous, shorter than the second
and third, which are longest; all the soft rays branched; the last ray
united to the abdomen by a membrane for half its length :

B. 5; D. 20/10 or 11; A. 3/9; C. 13; P. 14; V. 1/5.

(Colours of specimens in spirits.) Yellowish brown, with irregular
transverse fuscous bands : dorsal irregularly spotted with fuscous ; anal
light brown; the other fins pale.

This species, which is the smallest in the genus, is possibly the Turdus
minor or Corkling of Mr. Jago*. It is apparently quite distinct from
any of those described by other authors. Though belonging to the pre-
sent section, which it is convenient to retain, it would seem to form the
transition to the Crenilabri, to which its near affinity is indicated by the
rudimentary denticulations on the margin of the preopercle. The only
specimens I have seen, amounting to four or five, were obtained at
Weymouth by Professor Henslow, and are now in the Museum of the
Cambridge Philosophical Society. One of these is very minute, and quite
young, but the two largest, measuring four inches, have all the appear-
ance of being full-grown fish.

(11.) Comber, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 252. pi. 47. Id. (Edit.
1812.) vol. in. p. 342. pi. 58. Comber Wrasse, Yarr. Brit. Fish,
vol. i. p. 289. Labrus Comber, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii.
p. 1297. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 99. Flem. Brit. An. p. 209.

An obscure and doubtful species. Pennant's fish, which was obtained
from Cornwall, is thus characterized. " Of a slender form: dorsal fin
with twenty spinous, and eleven soft, rays : pectoral with fourteen : ventral
with five : anal with three spinous and seven soft : tail round. Colour of
the back, fins, and tail, red : belly yellow : beneath the lateral line ran
parallel a smooth even stripe from gills to tail, of a silvery colour."

Mr. Couch is recorded to have met with a single individual of this
species several years since, but his account of it, as given in the " British
Fishes" of Mr. Yarrell, is scarcely more explicit. He observes that
" compared with the Common Wrasse, the Comber is smaller, more slender,
and has its jaws more elongated : the two upper front teeth are very long :
a white line passes along the side from head to tail, unconnected with the
lateral line : it has distinct blunt teeth in the jaws and palate : the ventral
fins are somewhat shorter than in others of the genus."

* Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 165.

394 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [LABRUS.

It may be observed that Pennant supposed his fish to be the Comber of
Mr. Jago*. This, however, must be considered very doubtful, Ray men-
tioning nothing respecting Jago's fish, except that it was small, scaly, and
of a red colour. Cuvierf regarded it as a red variety of the L. macnlatus,
with a series of white spots along the flank.

* * Dorsal with from sixteen to eighteen spinous rays :
form elongated.

71. L. variegatus, Gmel. (Striped Wrasse.) — Ascend-
ing margin of the preopercle nearly vertical : dorsal ex-
tending a little beyond the anal ; the soft portion scarcely
higher than the spinous : branchiostegous membrane with
five rays.

L. variegatus, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. partiii. p. 1294. Don. Brit. Fish.
vol. i. pi. 21. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 99. Turdus perbelle pictus,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 322. tab. X. 3. Sparus forraosus, Shaw, Nat.
Misc. vol.i. pi. 31. Striped Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p. 240. pi. 45. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m. p. 337. pi. 57. Blue-striped
Wrasse, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 281. La Vieille rayee, Cuv.
Reg. An. torn. n. p. 255.

LENGTH. From twelve to fourteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) More elongated than any of the former species :
back not much elevated : greatest depth contained four times and one-
third in the entire length : thickness rather less than half the depth :
dorsal line continuous with the profile ; no depression at the nape : head
more than one-fourth of the whole length: teeth numerous, conical,
sharp, the anterior ones longest, slightly curved ; about twenty in the
upper, and thirty-five in the lower jaw; a few smaller ones behind:
distance from the eye to the end of the snout equalling twice and
a half the diameter of the eye ; distance between the eyes equalling two
diameters; the intervening space very slightly concave: no elevated pores
above the orbits: ascending margin of the preopercle nearly vertical,
forming with the basal margin a slightly obtuse angle, which angle falls
behind the eye and not immediately under it, as in the next species :
lateral line high, its course at rather below one-fifth of the depth, bending
downwards opposite the termination of the dorsal, but much more gra-
dually than in the species of the first section : number of scales in the
lateral line forty-six : dorsal commencing in a line with the pectorals and
posterior angle of the opercle ; the soft portion scarcely higher than the
spinous : anal commencing in a line with the soft portion of the dorsal,
but terminating a little before that fin : caudal nearly even, with rows of
scales between the rays extending for half their length : pectorals not
half the length of the head : ventrals equal to them :

B. 5; D. 17/12 or 13; A. 3/11; C. 13; P. 15; V. 1/5.

(Colours.) Back and sides for two-thirds of their depth olivaceous brown,
with spots and interrupted longitudinal lines of bluish gray ; remainder
of the sides orange: head and cheeks like the back; lower jaw, and all
beneath the head, bluish gray : dorsal orange, with a largo oblong space

* Rnij, Syn. Pise. p. 163. fig. 5. t Rep. An. torn. n. p. 255. note (2).

LABRUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 395

of bluish gray on its anterior half, occupying three-fourths of the height
of the fin; on the posterior half, three round spots of the same colour:
anal and ventrals orange-yellow, edged with bluish gray : caudal varie-
gated with the same colours.

Not a very common species. Pennant and Donovan obtained speci-
mens from the coast of Anglesea off the Skerry Islands. According to
Mr. Thompson of Belfast, it is occasionally met with on the coast of
Ireland. The individual described above is one of two, in the collection
of Mr. Yarrell, from the London market. The colours are very variable,
and at certain periods of the year extremely beautiful.

72. L. Vetula, Bloch ? (Sea-Wife.) — Ascending margin
of the preopercle oblique, forming with the basal an obtuse
angle : dorsal nearly of equal height throughout : branch-
iostegous membrane with four rays.

L. Vetula, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 293. ? Sea-Wife, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.

p. 284.

LENGTH. Thirteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Very similar to the last species, but rather more
bulky in proportion to its length : depth about the same : thickness
somewhat greater : teeth smaller, and more numerous, especially in the
upper jaw : ascending margin of the preopercle more oblique, forming a
more obtuse angle with the basal margin ; this angle more immediately
under the eye, a vertical from it forming a tangent to the posterior part
of the orbit ; (a line similarly drawn in L. variegatus is nearly coincident
with the ascending margin, and falls behind the eye at a distance equal-
ling the diameter of the eye :) branchiostegous membrane with only four
rays*: lateral line rather lower, its course at one-fourth of the depth:
scales somewhat larger : dorsal similar, nearly of equal height through-
out : anal with the rays of the terminating fourth portion rather longer
than the others; (in L. var. the rays are equal throughout:) caudal,
pectorals, and ventrals, similar :

D. 16/13; A. 3/11; C. 13; P. 14; V. 1/5.

(Colours of a specimen in spirits.) Back and sides for three-fourths
of their depth dark brown without spots; lower portion of the sides
and belly pale orange-yellow : anterior half of the dorsal with a large
oblong space at the base of dusky blue ; remainder of the fin pale, with
a row of dark spots, one at the base of nearly every ray : anal and vent-
rals orange-yellow, edged with dusky blue : caudal pale, with some of the
exterior rays tipped with the same colour.

The individual described above, the only one which I have seen of this
species, is in the collection of the Zoological Society. It was procured in
the London market. It so nearly resembles the L. variegatus, that had
I not seen the two together and compared them closely, I should have
hesitated about admitting them as distinct. I do not feel certain that it
is the L. Vetula of Bloch, but it approaches more nearly to that species
than any other described one with which I am acquainted.

* The Labrus Vetula of Bloch is represented by that author as having six branchiostegous
rays.

396 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [LABRUS.

73. L. trimaculatus, Gmel. (Trimaculated Wrasse.) —
Ascending margin of the preopercle oblique : dorsal with
the posterior rays a little the longest : body red ; with three
dark spots on each side, two at the base of the dorsal fin,
and one between the dorsal and the caudal.

L. trimaculatus, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1294. Shaw, Nat.
Misc. vol. xix. pi. 786. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. HI. pi. 49. Turt.
Brit. Faun. p. 99. L. carneus, Block, Ichth. pi. 289. Trimaculated
Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 248. pi. 46. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 336. pi. 56. Red Wrasse, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. I. p. 286.
La Vieille couleur de chair, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 256.

LENGTH. From eight to twelve inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oblong, elongated, and rather slender; the back
and profile nearly in a straight line: snout longer and more produced
than in either of the two last species : greatest depth contained about
four times and a half in the entire length : teeth numerous, conical, the
anterior ones longest : ascending margin of the preopercle oblique, form-
ing with the basal a much more obtuse angle than in the L. variegatm :
course of the lateral line rather above one-fourth of the depth : dorsal
and anal much as in L. variegatus ; the former with the posterior rays
a little the longest : anal terminating a little before the dorsal : caudal
even, or very slightly rounded, with rows of scales between the rays :

D. 18/13; A. 3/11; C. 13; P. 15 ; V. 1/5.

(Colours.) "Pervading colour a fine orange, varying to red upon the
back, and becoming paler and whiter towards the belly : dorsal and
tail a rich orange ; the former strongly marked with dark purplish black,
and prettily edged with blue ; the rest of the fins of a paler hue : the
three dark spots at the posterior extremity of the back of a rich blackish
purple ; contiguous to these are four other spots of a delicate rose-colour ;
two disposed in the space between the three dark ones, and the third
and fourth placed one at each extremity of the outermost ones, so as
to form together a series of seven spots, alternately of a pale rose-colour
and a very deep purple." DON.

Apparently a rare species in the British seas. Pennant's specimen
was taken on the coast of Anglesea; Donovan's on the south coast of
Devonshire near Exmouth. It has also occurred in Cornwall, and in the
Frith of Forth. Obs. Fleming has erroneously considered this species
and the Striped Wrasse as mere varieties of the L. maculatus.

(12.) L. bimaculatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 477. Bimaculated
Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 247. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI.
p. 335.

This must be considered a very doubtful species, especially as British.
Pennant does not appear to have seen it himself, but to have inserted it
simply on the authority of Brunnich, who is said to have observed it at
Penzance. No one has met with it since.

(13.) Cook (i.e. Coquus) Cornubiensium, Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 163. f. 4.
Penn. Brit. Zool.vol. in. p. 253. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 340.
Lab. Coquus, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 99. Flem. Brit. An. p. 209.

Ray's description of this species, which is one of those discovered by
Mr. Jago on the coast of Cornwall, is so short and imperfect as hardly to

LABRUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 397

admit of its being identified with certainty. It is, however, in all probability
the same as the L. variegatus already described. To the same species may
be referred the Cuckow-Fish described by the editor of the last edition of
the "British Zoology" (vol. in. p. 341.) Mr. Couch speaks of the
Cook * as a species with which he is familiar, but he has not added any
description of the fish to which he alludes.

( LACHNOLAIMVS, Cuv . ? )

(14.) L. Suillus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 476. Lachnolaimus
suillus, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 257. note(l)? Hog Wrasse,
Couch in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 19.

Inserted by Mr. Couch in his " Fishes of Cornwall" on the authority of
Osbeck, who mentions t " Rock -Fish (Labrus Suillus, Linn.)" amongst
other species of fish which were brought on board his vessel by the people
of the Scilly Islands. This bare statement, unaccompanied by any
description of the fish alluded to, seems hardly sufficient ground for
admitting the present species into the British Fauna.

(2. JULIS, Cuv.)

74. L. JuliS) Linn. (Rainbow Wrasse.) — " Above
fuscous and green ; beneath white, with a fulvous dentated
stripe on each side : two fore-teeth longest." DON.

L. Julis, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 476. Block, Ichth. pi. 287.
f. 1.? Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 96. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 99.
Julis, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 324. pi. X. 4. f. L? Julis vulgaris,
Flem. Brit. An. p. 210. La Girelle, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 257.
Rainbow Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 343.
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 291.

LENGTH. Rather exceeding seven inches. DON.

DESCRIPT. "Of a slender, or elongated form, and remarkable for
the elegant distribution of its colours, which are changeable in various
directions of light : abroad dentated stripe, extending along each side,
from the head nearly to the tail, of a silvery and fulvous colour :

D. 9/13 ; A. 2/13 ; C. 13 ; P. 12 ; V. 1/5." DON.

Received by Donovan from the coast of Cornwall, in the year 1802.
The only recorded instance in which it has hitherto occurred in the
British seas. Inhabits the Mediterranean along with two other closely
allied species.

(3. CRENILABRUS, Cuv.)

75. L. Tinca^ Linn. (Ancient Wrasse.) — Dorsal line
falling gradually to the snout : depth very nearly one-third
of the length : denticulations of the preopercle moderate.

L. Tinea, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 477. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 98.
Crenilabrus Tinea, Flem. Brit. An. p. 208. Turdus vulgatissimus,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 319. Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 136. Ancient
Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 244. pi. 47. Id. (Edit.
1812.) vol. in. p. 332. pi. 58. Gilt-Head, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 293.

* Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 80. f Voyage to China, vol. n. p. 122.

398 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [LABRUS.

LENGTH. From eight to ten inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form resembling that of the species in
the first section of the first sub-genus : greatest depth contained a very
little more than three times in the entire length: thickness twice
and a half in the depth : dorsal line falling very regularly, continuous
with the profile ; no depression at the nape : head contained three times
and a half in the whole length: jaws equal; teeth prominent, of mode-
rate size, the middle anterior ones longest, about thirteen above and
fifteen below, with a secondary but imperfect row of smaller ones behind
in the upper jaw : eyes moderate, rather high up ; their distance from
the end of the snout equalling twice their diameter ; the space between
them a little concave, equal to the same : ascending margin of the pre-
opercle sharply denticulated, but the denticulations not so much deve-
loped as in the next species; nearly vertical, and making a right angle
with the basal margin : opercle large ; the margin entire, rounded below,
emarginated above : lateral line following the curvature of the back at
one-fourth of the depth, bending suddenly downwards opposite the termi-
nation of the dorsal fin : scales very large ; number in the lateral line
thirty-six : dorsal commencing in a line with the pectorals, and posterior
angle of the opercle ; soft portion rounded, higher than the spinous :
anal commencing a little anterior to the soft portion of the dorsal, but
terminating in a line with that fin : caudal rounded, scaly at the base,
but with no rows of scales between the rays : pectorals and ventrals
much as in the other species of this genus :

B. 5; D. 16/9; A. 3/10; C. 13, and 2 short; P. 14; V. 1/5.

(Colours.) Back, and upper part of the sides above the lateral line,
marked with alternate longitudinal lines of dull red and dusky blue ;
sides beneath the lateral line bluish green, spotted with dull red;
abdomen the same, but paler: upper part of the head deep brownish
red, with undulating lines of bright azure-blue ; cheeks and gill-covers
bluish green with longitudinal lines of red; throat and beneath the
pectorals paler, lined with red : irides bluish green, with an inner circle
of red : dorsal, caudal, anal and ventral fins, bluish green, spotted and
lined with red: pectorals pale without spots.

Found on many parts of the coast, and perhaps the most common of all
the British species belonging to this family. Chiefly frequents deep
water where the bottom is rocky, and is often taken in the prawn-pots.
Feeds principally on Crustacea. Spawns in April. It is the Common
Wrasse of Couch*, and the Old Wife of some English authors. Pennant
calls it Ancient Wrasse, but it must not be confounded with the Ancient
Wrasse of Donovan, which is clearly the L. maculatus of this work.

76. L. Cornubicus, Gmel. (Goldsinny.) — Depth con-
siderably less than one-third of the length : denticulations
of the preopercle very much developed : a conspicuous black
spot on each side of the tail.

L. Cornubius, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1297. Don. Brit.
Fish. vol. in. pi. 72. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 99. Goldsinny, Ray,
Syn. Pise. p. 163. fig. 3. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 251. pi. 47.

* Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 80.

LABRUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. 399

Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 339. pi. 58. Corkwing, Couch in
Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 17. f. 4. Goldfinny, Yarr.
Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 296.

LENGTH. From four to four inches and a half.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Very similar to the last species, but much smaller,
and slightly more elongated: depth contained nearly three times and
a half in the entire length : thickness twice and a half in the depth :
head one-fourth of the whole length: jaws and teeth similar, hut the
latter not so numerous in the upper jaw, only eight or ten, with no
secondary row behind ; those below in about the same number : denticu-
lations of the preopercle longer and more conspicuous : all the other
characters, including lateral line, form and relative position of the fins,
number of fin-rays, &c. exactly the same in the two species.

B. 5; D. 16/9; A. 3/10; C. 13, and 2 short; P. 14; V. 1/5.

(Colours.) Somewhat similar to those of the last species, but in general
much paler : a conspicuous dusky spot on each side of the tail, near the
commencement of the caudal, and immediately below the lateral line :
dorsal fin variegated with fuscous bands.

First observed by Mr. Jago on the coast of Cornwall, and communicated
by him to Ray. Obtained since from the same locality by Donovan and
Mr. Couch. Has been also found in Devonshire by Montagu. The
specimens which furnished the above description were procured at
Weymouth. Obs. This species is erroneously considered by Fleming
as a mere variety of the last.

77- L. gibbus, Gmel. (Gibbous Wrasse.) — Depth
considerably more than one-third of the length ; dorsal
line falling suddenly to the snout.

L. gibbus, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1295. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 98. Crenilabrus gibbus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 209. Gibbous
Wrasse, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 250. pi. 46. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 338. pi. 56. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 298.

LENGTH. Eight inches. PENN.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) " Very deep and elevated, the back vastly arched,
and very sharp or ridged : greatest depth three-eighths of the length :
from the beginning of the head to the nose a steep declivity : teeth like
those of the others : eyes of a middling size : the nearest cover of the
gills finely serrated :

D. 16/9; A. 3/11; P. 13; V. 1/5:

caudal large, rounded at the end ; the rays branched ; the ends of the
rays extending beyond the webs: lateral line incurvated towards the tail:
gill-covers and body covered with large scales. (Colours.) Gill-covers
most elegantly spotted, and striped with blue and orange, and the sides
spotted in the same manner ; but nearest the back the orange disposed
in stripes: dorsal and anal sea-green, spotted with black; ventrals and
tail a fine pea-green; pectorals yellow, marked at their base with trans-
verse stripes of red." PENN.

This species appears to be known only from the description of Pen-
nant, who obtained a specimen taken off Anglesea. Its great depth

400 PISCES (OSSEI) ACANTHOPT. [LABRUS.

clearly distinguishes it from the L. Cornubicus, of which Mr. Couch
seems inclined to think it a mere variety*.

78. L. luscus, Linn. ? (Scale-rayed Wrasse.) — Very
much elongated : between the rays of the dorsal, anal, and
caudal fins, processes of imbricated scales.

L. luscus, Couch in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 18, & p. 742.
fig. 121. Scale-rayed Wrasse, Yarr. Brit. Pish. vol. i. p. 300.

DESCRIPT. "Length twenty-two inches; greatest depth, exclusive
of the fins, two inches and a quarter : body plump and rounded : head
elongated; lips membranous; teeth numerous, in several rows, those in
front larger and more prominent, rather incurved: eyes moderately large:
anterior gill-plate serrate ; six gill-rays : body and gill-covers with large
scales : lateral line nearer the back, descending with a sweep opposite
the termination of the dorsal fin, thence backward straight : dorsal with
twenty-one firm, and eight soft, rays ; the fin connected with the latter
expanded, reaching to the base of the tail : pectorals round, with four-
teen rays: ventrals with six rays, the outermost simple, stout, firm,
tipped ; between these fins a large scale : anal with six firm, and eight
soft, rays, the latter a soft portion expanded : caudal round, with fifteen
rays : between each ray of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, a process
formed of firm elongated imbricated scales.

D. 21/8; A. 6/8; C. 15; P. 14; V. 1/5.

Colour a uniform light brown, lighter on the belly ; upper eye-lid black ;
at the edge of the base of the caudal fin a dark brown spot : pectorals
yellow; all the other fins bordered with yellow." COUCH.

A single individual of this species is recorded by Mr. Couch to have
been taken off Cornwall, in February 1830, at the conclusion of a very
cold season. It appears to be particularly characterized by having rows
of scales between the rays of the dorsal and anal fins, as well as the
caudal ; this last fin exhibiting the above character in many other species
of the present family. Its identity, however, with the L. Luscus of
Linnaeus appears very questionable. Cuvier thinks* that the LinnaBan
L. Luscus is only a variety of L. Turdus of Gmelin.

GEN. 34. CENTRISCUS, Linn.
79. C. Scolopaoc, Linn. (Trumpet-Fish.)

C. Scolopax, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 415. Block, Ichth. pi. 123.
f. 1. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 63. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 117.
Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. xiv. pi. 584. Flem. Brit. An. p. 220.
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 268. Trumpet-Fish, Will. Hist. Pise.
p. 160. c. xi. tab. I. 25. f. 2. Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv.
p. 89. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 302. Snipe-nosed Trumpet-
Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 190.

* Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 18. t Hey. An. torn. n. p. 256. note (2).

CYPRINUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 401

LENGTH. From four to five inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) "Body oval, compressed: snout elongated, the
jaw-bones forming a tube extending an inch and a half before the eyes ;
mouth placed at the extremity, small, without teeth : eyes large : back
elevated, forming a slight ridge, and ending in a short spine just in
advance of the long and strong denticulated spine of the first dorsal fin :
scales on the body hard, rough, minutely ciliated at the free edge, the
surface granulated : first dorsal with but three spinous rays (generally
said to be four) ; the first three times as long as, and also much stronger
than, the others, pointed, moveable, and toothed like a saw on the under
part, constituting a formidable weapon of defence; the other spines short,
but their points projecting beyond the membrane by which they are
united : the rays of the second dorsal soft : anal elongated ; the rays
short: pectorals small: ventrals also small, with a depression behind
in which they can be lodged.

D. 4—12; A. 18; C. 16; P. 17; V. 4.

(Colours.) Back red, the sides rather lighter; sides of the head and
belly silvery, tinged with gold-colour : irides silvery, streaked with red ;
pupils black: all the fins grayish white." YARR.

An individual of this species is recorded to have been thrown on shore
at Menabilly near Fowey, Cornwall, early in the year 1804*. Donovan
appears to have been acquainted with one or two other instances in
which it had occurred on the western coasts of England. Common in
the Mediterranean.

ORDER II. MALACOPTERYGII.

(I. ABDOMINALES.)

GEN. 35. CYPRINUS, Linn.

(* 1. CYPRINUS, Cuv.)
* With barbules.

* 80. C. Carpio, Linn. (Common Carp.) — Mouth with two barbules
on each side : caudal forked.

C. Carpio, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 525. Block, Ichth. pi. 16. Turt. Brit.
Faun. p. 107. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 110. Flem. Brit. An. p. 185.
Carp, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 245. tab. Q. 1. f. 2. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p. 353. pi. 70. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 467. pi. 81. Bowd. Brit. fr.
wat. Fish. Draw. no. 2. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 305. La Carpe vulgaire,
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 271.

* Linn. Trans, vol. vm. p. 358.

Cc

402 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [CYPRINUS.

LENGTH. From one to one and a half, or even two, feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oval; body thick anteriorly; back moderately elevated;
dorsal line more convex than the ventral, falling with the profile in one continuous
curve, without any depression at the nape : greatest depth beneath the commence-
ment of the dorsal fin, measuring rather more than one-third of the entire length :
greatest thickness in the region of the gills, equalling half the depth : head large :
jaws equal ; lips thick, furnished with two barbules at the corners of the mouth,
and two shorter ones above nearer the nose : mouth small : no teeth in the jaws ;
pharyngeans with flat teeth striated on the crown : eyes small, and rather high on
the cheeks : opercle marked with radiating striae : lateral line nearly straight ; its
course a very little below the middle : scales large ; number, in the lateral line,
thirty-eight ; in the depth twelve, six and a half being above, and five and a half
below, the lateral line* : dorsal commencing in a line with the end of the pectorals,
and occupying a space equal to nearly one-third of the entire length ; first two rays
bony, and partaking of the nature of spines ; the first not half the length of the
second; this last very strong and serrated posteriorly; third (or first of the soft
rays) longest, equalling rather more than one-third of the depth ; succeeding ones
gradually decreasing to the seventh or eighth, beyond which they remain even to
the end ; all the soft rays branched ; the last two from one rootf : anal short, op-
posite the last quarter of the dorsal, and terminating in a line with that fin ; first two
rays bony ; the second strongly serrated ; third ray longest, nearly equalling the
third in the dorsal ; fourth and succeeding ones decreasing ; all the soft rays
branched ; the last two from one root : caudal forked for half its length ; all the
principal rays except the outer ones branched : pectorals attached low down, in
a line with the posterior margin of the opercle ; their length about three-fourths
that of the head : all the rays soft, and, except the first, branched : ventrals similar
to the pectorals but rather shorter, situate in a line with the first three soft rays of
the dorsal :

B. 3 ; D. 2/22 ; A. 2/6 ; C. 19, and some short; P. 17; V. 9.
(Colours.) General colour olive-brown, tinged with gold; darkest on the head;
belly yellowish white : fins, dorsal and caudal, dusky ; ventrals and anal tinged
with red.

Originally from the middle of Europe. Said to have been introduced into Eng-
land about the year 1514, but was certainly known before that time. Common in
lakes and ponds, as well as in some rivers. Attains to the weight of nearly twenty
pounds, but arrives at a still larger size on some parts of the Continent. Spawns
in May and June, and is very prolific. Food, insects, worms, and aquatic plants.

** Without barbules.

* 81. C. Gibelio, Gmel. (Gibel.) — Depth one-third of the entire
length : lateral line bending slightly downwards : caudal crescent-shaped.

C. Gibelio, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1417. Block, Ichth. pi. 12.
Flem. Brit. An. p. 185. Carassius, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 249. Crucian,

XHinnea to tnose scales wnicn are marK.ea witn me luoe-iiRe projection, me smaii irregular
»t the insertion of the caudal being neglected. The number of rows in the depth is taken
deepest part of the body, or in a line from the first rays of the dorsal fin to the base of the
1. Such a line, however, being interrupted near the middle by the lateral line, it is divided

* The number of scales in the lateral line, and the number of rows of scales in the depth, are
characters of some importance in distinguishing the different species of Cyprinidce. They are
here adopted from Junne, and I shall state, nearly in the words of that author, the exact method
in which they are computed. In estimating the number of scales in the lateral line, the reckon-
ing is confined to those scales which are marked with the tube-like projection, the small irregular

sclles at the i i= - — HSTSZZ ™__ .__.___ _, __

atthedeepes

ventral. Such a line, however, being ********* M*sv*i*%» ******* *,**** *********** **-j ***** **.*.****» ******, **- *» ***T *******
into two parts, the dorsal portion containing the number of scales above the lateral line, the
ventral portion the number below it. Moreover, one of the scales themselves being always
divided by the lateral line, and this line serving as the boundary of the two portions, it follows
that half a scale is given each way to be added to the number of entire scales that appear in these
portions respectively. It may be further stated that the curved tile-like scale, which appears on
the ridge of the back in most of the fish belonging to this family, being common to both sides, is
not taken into the account ; neither are the small incomplete irregular scales which may be often
observed at the base of the rays of the dorsal fin. In like manner, the numerous small scales
which appear at the bottom of the abdomen, and which could not be counted with precision, are
omitted ; the reckoning at this point commencing with the first entire scale above the long scale
which is placed at the base of the ventral fin. See Jurine's memoir on the Fish of the Lake of
Geneva, contained in the Mem. de la Soc. de Phys. et d'Hist. Nat. de Geneve, torn. in. part i.
nn 143 144

t In all the Cyprinidce, the last two rays in the dorsal and anal fins will be found to spring
from one root. In computing the fin-ray formula they may be reckoned either as one or two.
I have considered them as two.

CYPRINUS.J PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 403

Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 364. pi. 72. no. 171. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat.
Fish. Draw. no. 23. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 311. Gibele, Penn. Brit.
Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 480. pi. 83. La Gibele, Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. ii. p. 271.

LENGTH. From ten to twelve inches, or more.

DESCRIPT. (Farm.) Back moderately elevated, the dorsal line more convex
than the ventral : greatest depth one-third of the entire length : head about one-
fifth : profile falling very regularly, and forming one continuous curve with the
line of the back : snout short, and rather obtuse ; jaws nearly equal, the lower one
a little the longest when the mouth is open ; gape rather small : eyes small : opercle
marked with radiating striae : lateral line descending in a gentle curve a little
below the middle : scales large ; number in the lateral line thirty-four ; in the
depth twelve, six and a half above, and five and a half below, the lateral line :
dorsal much as in the last species ; the first two rays bony ; the first very short ;
the second strong and serrated, but the serratures very fine compared with those of
the same ray in the Carp : anal short, also with the first two rays bony ; the first
extremely short ; this fin terminating a little beyond the termination of the dorsal :
caudal forked ; the depth of the fork about one-third of its length : pectorals and
ventrals much as in the Carp ; the latter nearly in a line with the second bony ray
of the dorsal.

D. 2/18 ; A. 2/7 ; C. 19, and some short; P. 14 ; V. 9.

Number of vertebras (according to Mr. Yarrell) thirty. (Colours.) Back, and
sides above the lateral line, olive-brown ; lower part of the sides yellow, becoming
paler on the belly ; the whole tinged with a bright golden lustre : irides golden :
cheeks and gill-covers bright golden yellow : dorsal fin olivaceous ; caudal the
same, tinged with orange-yellow ; anal, pectorals, and ventrals, bright orange-
red.

Supposed to be a naturalized species in this country, but not exactly known when
it was introduced. Found in some of the ponds about London, as well as in other
parts of England. Usual weight about half a pound : has been known, however,
to weigh upwards of two pounds. Said to spawn in April or May. Food, aquatic
plants and worms. Is very tenacious of life.

(15.) C. Carassius, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 526. Bloch, Ichth.
pi. 11. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 108. Le Carreau ou Carrassin,
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 271.

Mr. Yarrell has reason to believe that he has more than once received
this species from the Thames. Its claims, however, to a place in the
British Fauna are not fully established. By Turton, it was probably con-
founded with the C. Gibelio, from which it may be distinguished by the
Greater depth of the body, straight lateral line, and nearly even caudal,
t has also more rays in the dorsal and anal fins.

* 82. C. auratus, Linn. (Golden Carp.) — Caudal deeply forked;
sometimes three or four lobed.

C. auratus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 527. Bloch, Ichth. pis. 93, & 94.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 108. Flem. Brit. An. p. 185. Gold-Fish, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 374. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 490. Gold Carp,
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 315. La Dorade de la Chine, Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. ii. p. 272.

LENGTH. Seldom exceeds eight or ten inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form resembling that of the Carp: head short;
jaws equal; eyes large; nostrils tubular, placed near the eyes: body covered with
large scales: lateral line straight, near the back: fins extremely variable in form
and size, as well as in the number of the rays : dorsal often very small ; sometimes
entirely wanting, or represented by a simple elevation on the ridge of the back :
anal often double : caudal large, sometimes enormously developed ; deeply forked,
or divided into three or more lobes. (Colours.) Black during the first year ; after-
wards mottled with silver ; this last colour continually spreading till it occupies

c c2

404 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [CYPRINUS.

the entire fish : after a few years the red tint is assumed, which becomes more
brilliant with age : sometimes red from birth, or before acquiring the silvery hue :
tins scarlet : irides golden.

A native of China. According to Pennant, first introduced into England about
the year 1691, but not generally known till 1728. Is now completely naturalized,
and breeds freely in ponds in many parts of the country. Spawns in May.

(2. BARBUS, Cuv.)
83. C. Barbus, Linn. (Barbel.)

C. Barbus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 525. Block, Ichth. pi. 18.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. 11. pi. 29. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 107.
Barbus vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 185. Barbel, Will Hist.
Pise. p. 259. tab. Q. 2. f. 1. Penn. Brit. Zool vol. HI. p. 357.
pi. 71. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 472. pi. 82. Bowd. Brit. fr.
wat. Fish. Draw. no. 9. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 321. Barbeau
commun, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. H. p. 272.

LENGTH. From two to three feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Rather elongated; the back but little elevated :
dorsal line continuous with the profile, and falling in one gradual slope
to quite the end of the snout : greatest depth beneath the commence-
ment of the dorsal, equalling between one-fifth and one-sixth of the
entire length: head one-fifth of the same; of a somewhat oblong form:
snout rather pointed, and advancing considerably beyond the lower jaw:
upper lip fleshy, furnished with four barbules ; two at the corners of the
mouth, and two shorter ones in front of the nose : eyes small ; nostrils
placed near them: lateral line nearly straight; its course along the
middle : head smooth ; scales on the body rather small, firmly attached
to the skin, finely striated, with their free edges slightly scolloped : dorsal
short, commencing at about the middle point between the end of the
snout and the base of the caudal ; first ray very short, second half the
length of the third; this last strong and bony, with sharp serratures
at the edges; succeeding rays all soft and branched, and gradually
decreasing to the last, which is only half the length of the third:
anal also short, commencing in a line with the tip of the dorsal when
laid back ; third ray longest ; all the rays soft, and, except the first two,
branched: caudal forked for more than half its length: pectorals shorter
than the head: ventrals attached beneath the middle of the dorsal, a
little shorter than the pectorals; in the axilla of each a long narrow
pointed scale :

B. 3; D. 3/9; A. 8; C. 20; P. 16; V. 9.

(Colours.) Back and sides olivaceous brown, with more or less of a
golden-yellow lustre ; belly white : irides golden-yellow : dorsal brown,
tinged with red; anal and ventrals reddish yellow; caudal deep pur-
plish red; pectorals pale brown.

Common in rapid streams and rivers, especially those with a hard
gravelly bottom. Lives in society. Conceals itself during the day in hol-
lows and amongst large stones :' roves about at night in quest of food.
At the approach of Winter retires down the river to deep water. Food
aquatic mollusca, worms, and small fish. Spawns in May and June;
but, according to Bloch, is not capable of breeding till towards the
fourth or fifth year. Grows quickly, and attains a large size : has been
known to weigh as much as eighteen pounds.

CYPRINUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 405

(3. GOBIO, Cuv.)
84. C. Gobio, Linn. (Gudgeon.)

C. Gobio, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 526. Block, Ichth. pi. 8.
f. 2. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. HI. pi. 71. Tfcr/. #nY. Faun. p. 107*.
Gobio ttuviatilis, Flem. Brit. An. p. 186. Gudgeon, Will. Hist.
Pise. p. 264. tab. Q. 8. f. 4. Penn. Brit. Zool vol. in. p. 361.
/of. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 476. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Pish.
Draw. no. 15. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 325.

LENGTH. From six to eight inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Of an elongated form, resembling that of the
Barbel: greatest depth beneath the commencement of the dorsal, equal-
ling one-fifth of the entire length ; thickness half the depth : head large,
approaching to conical, a little depressed, with a transverse groove across
the nose, beyond which, at the extremity of the snout, is a small elevation;
its length about equal to the depth of the body : mouth wide : upper jaw
very protractile, projecting beyond the lower when the mouth is closed,
and furnished with a short barbule at each angle: nostrils a little in
advance of the eyes : these last moderately large : head smooth and
naked: scales on the body large, thin, firmly attached to the cuticle,
semicircular, the free portion radiated, and crenated at the margin :
lateral line at first very slightly descending, but afterwards straight,
along the middle of the side : number of scales in the lateral line forty ;
in the depth nine ; five and a half above, and three and a half below, the
lateral line: dorsal commencing exactly in the middle of the whole
length, caudal excluded ; its length half, and its greatest height three-
fourths, of the depth of the body; first and second rays simple, the
others branched; second and third longest: anal similar to the dorsal,
but smaller ; commencing nearly in a line with the extremity of that fin
when laid back : caudal forked for about half its length : pectorals about
three-fourths the length of the head ; second and third rays longest ; all
the rays except the first branched : ventrals in a line with the third
dorsal ray, a little shorter than the pectorals, but of a similar form;
rays similar : vent about midway between the ventrals and the anal :

B. 3 ; D. 10 ; A. 9 ; C. 19, and some short ones ; P. 16 ; V. 8.

(Colours.) Back, and upper part of the sides, olivaceous brown, spotted
with black ; gill-covers greenish white ; lower part of the sides silvery ;
belly white : dorsal and caudal spotted; the other fins plain.

Common in rivers and gentle streams, preferring those with a sandy
or gravelly bottom. Frequents shallows during the warm months, but
retires to deep water at the approach of Winter. Generally keep in
shoals. Pennant mentions one taken near Uxbridge which weighed
half a pound: usually much smaller. Food, worms, mollusca, and
aquatic plants. Spawns in April or May.

(4. TINCA, Cuv.)
85. C. Tinea, Linn. (Tench.)

C. Tinea, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn, i, p. 526. Block, Ichth. pi. 14.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 108. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 113. Tinea
vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 186. Tench, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 251.
c. vi. tab. Q. 5. f. 1. Penn. Brit. Zool vol. in. p. 359. Id. (Edit.

406 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [CYPRINUS.

1812.) vol. in. p. 474. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 13.

Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 328. Tanche vulgaire, Cuv. Reg. An.

torn. n. p. 273.

LENGTH. From twelve to eighteen inches ; sometimes more.
DESCRIPT. (Form.) Thick and bulky in proportion to its length : back
moderately elevated : dorsal line continuous with the profile, falling in
one regular curve to the end of the snout : greatest depth a little before
the dorsal, contained about three times and a half in the entire length :
thickness exceeding half the depth : head about one-fourth of the whole
length, excluding caudal : snout rather broad and rounded when viewed
from above : eyes small and somewhat sunk in the head, directed down-
wards: jaws equal: a minute barbule at each corner of the mouth:
lateral line descending in a gentle curve from the upper part of the
opercle to the middle of the body, then passing off straight to the base
of the caudal : scales very small, invested with a slimy mucus : dorsal
commencing a little beyond the middle ; its greatest height rather more
than half the depth of the body ; its length a little less than its height ;
first ray scarcely more than half the length of the second ; this last and
the next three nearly equal; the succeeding ones slightly decreasing;
all except the first two branched : anal similar to the dorsal, but smaller ;
commencing beyond the termination of that fin : caudal broad, rather
thick and fleshy, the end nearly even: pectorals large and rounded,
about two-thirds the length of the head ; the fifth, sixth, and seventh
rays longest: ventrals exactly half-way between the pectorals and the
anal; in shape and length similar to the former:

B. 3; D, 11; A. 10; C. 19, &c.; P. 18; V. 10. .

(Colours.) Head, back, and sides, deep olive-green, tinged with golden-
yellow: abdomen sordid yellow: irides orange-red: all the fins deep
purplish brown, inclining to dusky.

Inhabits lakes, ponds, and other still waters. Keeps near the bottom,
and remains in a tranquil state buried in the mud during the winter
months. Usually from four to six pounds in weight, but has been known
to exceed eleven. Spawns in June. Very tenacious of life.

(5. ABRAMIS, Cuv.)

86. C. Brama, Linn. (Yellow Bream.)— ^Depth one-
third of the whole length : number of scales in the lateral
line fifty-seven: anal with twenty-eight or twenty-nine
rays.

C. Brama, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 531. Block, Ichth. pi. 13.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 93. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 108.
Abramis Brama, Flem. Brit. An. p. 187. Bream, Witt. Hist.
Pise. p. 248. tab. Q. 10. f. 4. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 362.
pi. 70. no. 169. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. ni. p. 478. pi. 81. Bowd.
Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 18. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 335.
Breme commune, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 274.
LENGTH. From one to two feet, or upwards.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body very deep in proportion to its length; the
depth increasing suddenly at the shoulder ; greatest above the ventrals,
where it equals one-third of the entire length : sides much compressed ;
the greatest thickness contained three times and one -third in the depth :
back sharp : dorsal line forming a salient angle at the commencement

CYPRINUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 407

of the dorsal fin, thence falling very obliquely to the nape, from which
point the profile falls less obliquely, causing a depression at the nape :
ventral line less convex than the dorsal : head small, about one-fifth of
the entire length : mouth remarkably small in proportion : jaws nearly
equal : distance from the eye to the end of the snout rather greater than
the diameter of the eye ; distance between the eyes nearly equal to twice
their diameter : scales smaller than in the next species, of a broad oblong
form, the basal portion with the margin somewhat sinuous, without radii,
the free portion with ten or twelve diverging radii : lateral line sloping
downwards from the upper part of the opercle, and curved throughout ;
midway, its course is at two-thirds of the entire depth : number of scales
in the lateral line about fifty-seven ; in the depth eighteen, twelve and a
half being above, and five and a half below, the lateral line : the whole of
the dorsal behind the middle, as well as behind the ventrals ; first ray
only half the length of the second; both these simple; the rest branched;
last two from one root : anal twice the length of the dorsal ; first ray very
small and easily overlooked ; second half the length of the third ; third
and fourth longest; the succeeding ones decreasing to the twelfth, be-
yond which they remain even : caudal crescent-shaped ; the lower lobe
longer than the upper: pectorals reaching to the ventrals: these last
extending to the vent:

B. 3; D. 12 or 13; A, 28 or 29 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 17; V. 9.

(Colours.) Back dusky, passing into bluish green; sides yellowish white,
with a slight golden lustre ; belly almost plain white : irides yellowish
white : all the fins dusky, the pectorals alone faintly tinged with red.

Found in large lakes and slow rivers ; generally in shoals. Keeps near
the bottom. Food, worms and aquatic vegetables. Attains to a large
size : weight sometimes exceeding twelve pounds. Spawns in May.

87. C. Blicca, Bl. ? (White Bream.) — Depth three
times and a half in the entire length : number of scales in
the lateral line not exceeding fifty-one: anal with from
twenty-two to twenty-four rays,

C. Blicca, Block, Ichth. pi. 10. ? C. latus, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii.
p. 1438. ? Jen. Cat. of Brit. Vert. An. 26. sp. 86. La Bordeliere,
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 274. ? White Bream, or Bream-Flat,
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 340.

LENGTH. Rarely exceeding ten or twelve inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Not so deep as the last species ; the back much
less elevated : depth, at the commencement of the dorsal, contained three
times and a half in the entire length : greatest thickness very little more
than three times in the depth: dorsal line falling less obliquely, and
continued in one regular slope to the end of the snout, without any
depression at the nape : eyes relatively larger ; the distance from them
to the end of the snout not nearly equal to their diameter ; the distance be-
tween them not equal to one and a half times their diameter: scales larger;
the number in the lateral line about fifty or fifty-one, scarcely exceeding
this last number : number in the depth fifteen ; nine and a half being
above, and five and a half below, the lateral line : anal shorter, with five
or six fewer rays ; dorsal and pectorals also with one or two rays less
in number: in all other respects similar to the last.

D. 10 or 11 ; A. 22 to 24 ; C. 19, &c, ; P. 15 ; V. 9.

408 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [CYPRINUS.

(Colours.) Back dusky, tinged with bluish green; sides of a silvery
bluish white, with scarcely any of the golden yellow lustre observable
in the last species : irides silvery : all the fins dusky, but sometimes very
pale ; pectorals and ventrals occasionally tinged with reddish.

This species, very distinct from the last, though closely resembling it,
agrees in all respects with the C. Blicca of Bloch, excepting that 1 never
saw the pectorals and ventrals of so deep a red as represented by that
author. It is without doubt the same as the White Bream alluded to by
Sheppard in the Linnaean Transactions*. It is of very common occur-
rence in the Cam, and is found in some parts of that river in which the
C. Brama is not met with. It is known to the fishermen about Ely by
the name of Bream Flat. It never attains to the size of the last species,
rarely exceeding a pound in weight.

(6. LEUCISCUS, Klein.)
* Dorsal immediately above the ventrals.

88. C. Rutilus j Linn. (Roach.) — Body deep: jaws
equal : dorsal with twelve rays : irides, and all the fins,
red.

C. Rutilus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 529. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 2.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 67. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 108.
Leuciscus Rutilus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 188. Roach, Will. Hist.
Pise. p. 262. tab. Q. 10. f. 5. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 36 5.
Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 482. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish.
Draw. no. 3. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 348. La Rosse, Cuv .
Reg. An. torn. n. p. 275.

LENGTH. From twelve to fifteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oval ; the back much elevated, and sharply
ridged: greatest depth at the commencement of the dorsal fin, about
one-third of the length, excluding caudal : greatest thickness not twice
and a half in the depth : dorsal line very convex, falling gradually to the
nape, whence the profile falls less obliquely and in nearly a straight
line, causing a slight depression at the part j ust mentioned : head con-
tained about four times and three-quarters in the whole length, caudal
excluded: mouth small: jaws equal: eyes moderate; the distance be-
tween equal to twice and a half their diameter : lateral line commencing
at the upper part of the opercle, and taking a descending course below
the middle, but not quite so low as two-thirds of the depth : head and
gill-covers smooth and naked: scales on the body broad, marked with
numerous very fine circular concentric striae, and with a few deeper and
more distinct lines radiating anteriorly and posteriorly ; number in the
lateral line forty-three; above it seven and a half; beneath three and
a half: dorsal commencing a very little behind the middle point between
the end of the snout and the base of the caudal ; its greatest height
equalling half the depth ; its length nearly the same ; first ray only one-
third the length of the second, which is longest ; third and succeeding
rays gradually decreasing; all except the first two branched; the last
two from one root: anal commencing a little beyond the termination
of the dorsal ; of a similar form ; second ray longest ; all the rays except
the first branched ; last two from one root : caudal deeply forked : pec-
torals rather more than three-fourths of the length of the head ; first ray

* Vol. xiv. p. 587.

CYPRINUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 409

longest; all the rays except the first branched: ventrals in a line with
the "commencement of the dorsal, about equal to the pectorals, rounded ;
first ray simple ; the others branched ; in their axilla a triangular pointed
scale :

B. 3 '; D. 12 ; A. 13 ; C. 19, and 4 or 6 short ones ; P. 16 ; V. 9.

(Colours.) Upper part of the head and back dusky green, with blue
reflections ; sides and belly silvery : cheeks and gill-covers silvery white :
dorsal and caudal dusky, tinged with red ; anal, pectorals, and ventrals,
bright red : irides reddish yellow.

Common in lakes and still deep rivers throughout the country. Keeps
in large shoals. Usual weight from a pound to a pound and a half:
sometimes, however, exceeding two, or even three, pounds. Spawns in
May or June, at which season the scales are rough to the touch : is very
prolific. Food, worms arid aquatic vegetables.

89. C. Dobula, Linn. (Dobule.) — Elongated: head
broad ; snout blunt and rounded : upper jaw longest :
anal, pectorals, and ventrals, red.

C. Dobula, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 528. Block, Ichth. pi. 5.
Yarrell in Linn. Trans, vol. xvn. p. 9. Le Meunier, Cuv. Reg.
An. torn. ii. p. 275. Dobule Roach, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 346.

LENGTH. That of the specimen described below was six inches and
a half: gets to a larger size.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) "Body slender in proportion to its length: the
head, compared with the length of the head and body alone, without
the caudal rays, as two to nine : depth of the body equal to the length
of the head : diameter of the eye compared with the length of the head
as two to seven : nose rather rounded : upper jaw longest: the ascending
line of the nape and back more convex than any other portion of the
dorsal or abdominal line : the first ray of the dorsal fin arising half-way
between the anterior edge of the orbit of the eye, and the edge of the
fleshy portion of the tail ; the first ray half as long as the second, which
is the longest, and is as long again as the last ray of this fin, the length
of the last ray being equal to the length of the base of the fin : the pec-
toral fin rather long and narrow: ventrals arising just in advance of the
line of the origin of the first ray of the dorsal fin ; the distance from the
origin of the ventrals to the origin of the anal fin, and from the origin of
the last ray of the anal fin to the end of the fleshy portion of the tail,
equal ; the first ray of the anal fin nearly as long again as the last : tail
considerably forked, the external rays being as long again as those in the
centre : scales of the body moderate in size, fifty forming the lateral line,
with an oblique row of seven scales above it under the dorsal fin, and four
below it ; the lateral line itself concave to the dorsal line throughout its
whole length.

D. 9; A. 10; C. 19; P. 16; V. 9.

(Colours.) Top of the head, nape, and back, dusky blue, becoming
brighter on the sides, and passing into silvery white on the belly : dorsal
and caudal fins dusky brown; pectoral, ventral, and anal fins, pale orange-
red : irides orange : cheeks and opercle silvery white." YARR.

A single individual of this species was obtained by Mr. Yarrell in
August 1831, whilst fishing in the Thames below Woolwich. No other

410 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [CYPRINUS.

has hitherto occurred in this country. According to Bloch, it prefers
clear rivers and large lakes, in which it deposits its spawn in the months
of March and April. Food, worms and aquatic mollusca. In general
appearance it somewhat resembles the last species, hut is much less deep
for its length, and darker in colour. Said rarely to exceed half a pound
in weight.

90. C. Leuciscus, Linn. (Dace.) — Elongated; depth
rather more than one-fifth of the length : upper jaw longest :
dorsal with ten rays : anal, pectorals, and ventrals, pale :
irides yellowish.

C. Leuciscus, Linn. Syst, Nat. torn. i. p. 528. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 97.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 77. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 109.
Leuciscus vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 187. Dace, Will. Hist.
Pise. p. 260. tab. Q. 10. f. 3. Penn. Brit. Zool. voL HI. p. 366.
Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 483. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish.
Draw. no. 11. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 353. La Vandoise,
Guv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 275.

LENGTH. From eight to ten inches ; sometimes more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) More elongated than the Roach; the hack hut
slightly elevated: greatest depth one-fourth of the entire length, ex-
cluding caudal ; thickness half the depth : dorsal line continuous with
the profile, and deviating hut little from a straight line: head small;
one-fifth of the entire length, measured quite to the extremity of the
longest caudal rays : snout rather acute, viewed laterally, hut somewhat
rounded when viewed from above; upper jaw projecting beyond the
lower : eyes moderate ; distant from the end of the snout a little more
than the length of their diameter; the distance from one to the other
scarcely more than one diameter and a half: lateral line slightly de-
scending; its course, beneath the commencement of the dorsal, at just
two-thirds of the depth : scales smaller than in the Roach, with the
radiating striae posteriorly finer and more numerous; number in the
lateral line fifty- one; above it eight and a half; beneath four and a
half: dorsal commencing a little behind the middle point between the
extremity of the snout and the base of the caudal ; second ray longest,
equalling rather more than two-thirds of the depth : anal similar to the
dorsal, commencing in a line with the tip of that fin when folded back :
caudal deeply forked : pectorals and ventrals as in the Roach, the latter
a very little in advance of the first ray of the dorsal :

D. 10 ; A. 11 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 16; V. 9.

(Colours.) Upper part of the head and back dusky, with a bluish cast ;
this last tint terminating at about one-third of the depth by a tolerably
well-defined hue : sides beneath, and belly, silvery : dorsal and caudal
fins dusky; pectorals, ventrals, and anal, very pale red: irides yel-
lowish.

Common in deep rivers and other clear waters, but not so plentiful as
the Roach. Is gregarious. According to Bloch, spawns in June, but
according to other authors in February and March. Is very prolific, and
multiplies fast. Seldom attains to the weight of a pound, though Pen-
nant mentions one which weighed a pound and a half. Is sometimes
called a Dare.

CYPRINUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 411

91. C. Lancastriensis, Shaw. (Graining.) — Elongated;
depth one-fifth of the length : back and upper part of the
sides pale drab : fins yellowish white.

C. Lancastriensis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. v. p. 234. Leuciscus
Lancastriensis, Yarr. in Linn. Trans, vol. xvn. p. 7. pi. 2. f. 1.
Graining, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 367. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 484. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 355.

LENGTH. From seven to nine inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) " Length of the head, compared with the whole
length of the head, hody, and tail, as one to six : depth of the hody, com-
pared with the whole length, as one to five : nose more rounded than in
the Dace; the upper line of the head straighter : eye rather larger : the
inferior edge of the preopercle less angular : the dorsal line less convex :
dorsal fin commencing exactly half-way between the point of the nose
and the end of the fleshy portion of the tail ; the first ray short ; the
second longest : pectorals longer in proportion than in the Dace : vent-
rals placed, on a vertical line, hut little in advance of the first ray of the
dorsal fin : anal commencing, on a vertical line, under the termination of
the dorsal fin-rays when that fin is depressed; the first ray short; the
second longest ; the last douhle : the fleshy portion of the tail long and
slender; the caudal rays also long and deeply forked : all the fins a little
longer than those of the Dace : scales of a moderate size, rather larger
than those of the Dace, the diameter across the line of the tuhe greater,
and the radiating lines less numerous ; the number in the series forming
the lateral line forty-eight ; those in an oblique line up to the base of the
dorsal fin eight, and downwards to the origin of the ventral fins four:
lateral line descending from the upper edge of the opercle by a gentle
curve to the middle of the body, and thence to the centre of the tail
in a straight line : number of fin-rays,

D.9; A. 11; C. 19; P. 17; V. 10.

(Colours.) Top of the head, back, and upper part of the sides, of a pale
drab-colour, tinged with bluish red, separated from the lighter coloured
inferior parts by a well-defined boundary line : irides yellowish white :
cheeks and gill-covers shining silvery white, tinged with yellow : all the
fins pale yellowish white." YARR.

Originally observed by Pennant in the Mersey near Warrington.
Mr. Yarrell has since obtained it from the same locality, and pointed
out its claims to rank as a distinct species. According to this last gen-
tleman, it is met with in considerable abundance in several streams
connected with the above river; but is not known to exist in ponds.
In its habits and food it is said to resemble the Trout. Weight not
commonly exceeding half a pound.

** Dorsal above the space intervening between the ventrals

and anal.

92. C. Cephalus, Linn. (Chub.) — Elongated: body
thick ; snout broad and rounded ; upper jaw longest :
dorsal and anal with ten rays : pectorals, ventrals, and
anal, pale red.

412 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [CYPRINUS.

C. Cephalus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 527. C. Jeses, Don. Brit.
Fish. vol. v. pi. 115. Leuciscus Cephalus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 187.
Chub or Chevin, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 255. tab. Q. 4. f. 2. Chub,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 368. pi. 73. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in.
p. 485. pi. 84. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 6. Yarr.
Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 358.

LENGTH. From sixteen to eighteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oblong-oval, elongated, and subcylindrical : great-
est depth contained four times and a half in the entire length ; thickness
two-thirds of the depth: dorsal line continuous with the profile and nearly
straight; ventral rather more convex: head one-fifth of the entire length:
snout broad and rounded : gape large ; upper jaw projecting beyond the
lower : eyes rather small ; the space between them liat, equalling three
times their diameter: nostrils large: lateral line descending, following
the curve of the ventral line at about two- thirds of the depth: scales
large ; the free portion finely striated across, with six or eight diverging
radii from the centre ; the basal with finer and more numerous diverging
radii, the margin lobed ; number in the lateral line forty -five ; above it
seven and a half; beneath three and a half: dorsal commencing about
the middle of the back ; second ray longest, equalling two-thirds of the
depth: anal similar to the dorsal, commencing in a line with the tip
of that fin when folded down : caudal forked for nearly half its length :
pectorals and ventrals much as in the Roach; the latter a very little
in advance of the first ray of the dorsal, and having a narrow elongated
pointed scale in their axilla :

B. 3 ; D. 10 ; A. 10; C. 19, &c. ; P. 19 ; V. 9,

(Colours.) Back dusky green ; the sides and belly silvery : lateral scales
with the free portion dotted with black: cheeks and gill-covers with
gold reflections : irides pale yellow, almost white : dorsal and caudal fins
dusky; pectorals pale; anal and ventrals tinged with red, with the
exception of two or three of the last rays.

Found principally in rivers. Lurks in holes and near the roots of trees.
Food, insects, worms, and the young of other fish. Spawns in April and
May. Attains to a weight of four or five pounds, sometimes more. Obs.
The C. Jeses of Linnaeus and Bloch, and which this last author supposes
to be the Chub of Pennant, is evidently distinct from this species, and
has not hitherto been identified as a native of Britain.

93. C. Erythrophthalmus, Linn. (Rudd, or Red-Eye.)
— Body deep : lower jaw longest : anal with fourteen rays :
sides and abdomen gilded; caudal, ventrals, and anal,
bright vermilion.

C. Erythrophthalmus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 530. Bloch,
Ichth. pi. 1. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 40. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 108. Leuciscus Erythroph. Flem. Brit. An. p. 188. Rudd or
Finscale, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 252. tab. Q. 3. f. 1. Rud, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 363. pi. 72. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 479.
pi. 83. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 21. Red-Eye,
Yarr. Brit. Fish, vol! T. p. 361. Le Rotengle, Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. n. p. 276.

CYPRINUS] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 413

LENGTH. From twelve to fourteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General appearance resembling that of the Roach,
but the body deeper and thicker; the back more arched, and forming
a slightly salient angle at the commencement of the dorsal fin ; ventral
line very convex anteriorly, but behind, along the base of the anal,
nearly straight; tail suddenly contracting before the caudal: head
small: snout short; lower jaw projecting beyond the upper : lateral line
bending downwards; its course, beneath the commencement of the dorsal,
at about two-thirds of the depth : scales large ; number in the lateral line
forty-one; above it seven and a half; beneath three and a half: dorsal
fin entirely behind the middle, as well as the ventrals ; first ray only half
the length of the second ; all the rays except the first two branched : anal
commencing a little beyond the termination of the dorsal : caudal deeply
forked : pectorals about the length of the head : ventrals a little shorter,
situate exactly half-way between the pectorals and the vent :

D. 11; A. 14; C. 19, &c.; P. 14; V. 9.

(Colours.) Back olivaceous ; sides and belly golden-orange, the metallic
lustre very brilliant in the living fish, but fading soon after death : irides
orange : dorsal and pectorals dusky, tinged with red ; ventrals, anal, and
caudal, bright vermilion, the two former pale at the base.

Found in rivers and other deep waters, not uncommonly. Recorded
by Willughby as inhabiting the lakes of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire,
and the river Cherwell in Oxfordshire. Is also met with in the
Thames, Stour, and Cam; very abundantly in some parts of the river
last mentioned, where it is called a Shallow. Feeds on worms, mollusca,
and vegetable substances. Spawns in April or May. Weight from one
to one and a half, rarely two pounds.

94. C. cceruleus. Nob. (Azurine.) — Depth moderate :
lower jaw longest: anal with fourteen rays: sides and
abdomen silvery; all the fins plain white.

Leuciscus cseruleus, Yarr. in Linn. Trans, vol. xvn. p. 8. pi. 2.
f. 2. Azurine, Id. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 365.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form resembling that of the last species :
greatest depth rather more than one-fourth of the entire length ; head
one-fifth ; thickness not half the depth : back arched ; the dorsal line
descending in one regular curve to the end of the snout, without any
depression at the nape; ventral line much less convex: snout blunt;
mouth small; lower jaw a little the longest: eyes rather large: nostrils
midway between them and the upper lip : opercle marked with radiating
lines : lateral line descending ; its lowest point at rather more than two-
thirds of the depth : scales large, oval, marked anteriorly and posteriorly
with a variable number of radiating stria3; number in the lateral line
about forty-one; above it seven and a half; beneath three and a half:
dorsal entirely behind the middle, commencing half-way between the
posterior edge of the orbit of the eye and the base of the caudal fin ;
its form and rays as in the last species: anal commencing nearly in
a line with the last ray of the dorsal ; first ray extremely short and
easily overlooked ; second half the length of the third ; third and fourth
equal and longest; all except the first three branched: caudal forked
for half its length : pectorals and ventrals as in the Red-Eye, the latter

414 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT [CYPRINUS.

altogether in advance of the dorsal, which last is directly over the inter-
vening space between them and the anal :

D. 12; A. 14; C. 20; P. 16; V. 9.

(Colours.) Upper part of the head, back, and sides, slate-blue, passing
into silvery white beneath, and both shining with metallic lustre : irides
white, tinged with pale straw-yellow : all the fins plain white ; the dorsal
and caudal inclining to dusky.

A new species described by Mr. Yarrell from specimens received along
with the Graining from Knowsley in Lancashire. Not much at present
known of its habits. Said to be hardy, tenacious of life, and to spawn
in May. Weight of the largest individual hitherto obtained about a
pound.

95. C. Alburnus, Linn. (Bleak.) — Elongated: lower
jaw longest, ascending: anal with about nineteen rays:
bright silvery; fins pellucid white.

C. Alburnus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 531. Block, Ichth. pi. 8.
f. 4. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 18. Turt. Brit. Faun. -p. 109.
Leuciscus Alburnus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 188. Bleak, Will Hist.
Pise. p. 263. tab. Q. 10. f. 7. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 370.
pi. 73. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 487. pi. 84. Bowd. Brit. fr.
wat. Fish. Draw. no. 4. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 368. L'Ablette,
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 276.

LENGTH. From six to seven, rarely eight, inches.

DESCRIPT: (Form.) General form resembling that of the Dace, but
more elongated : greatest depth exactly one-fifth of the entire length ;
greatest thickness about half the depth : ventral line more convex than
the dorsal, rising rather abruptly posteriorly along the base of the anal
fin : head contained five times and a half in the entire length : forehead
flat : eyes large ; their diameter very nearly one-third the length of the
head: snout short; lower jaw projecting, ascending to meet the upper:
lateral line descending in a sweep from the upper angle of the
opercle till it reaches the middle of its course, thence passing off nearly
straight to the caudal; above the ventrals its course is at just two-thirds
of the depth : scales of moderate size, thin, finely striated, easily de-
tached ; number in the lateral line about forty-eight ; above it seven and
a half; beneath three and a half: dorsal entirely behind the middle; its
greatest height about two-thirds of the depth ; its length scarcely more
than half its height; first ray only half the length of the second; second
and third rays longest; the succeeding ones decreasing; the first two
simple, the rest branched: anal commencing in a line with, or rather
in advance of, the last ray of the dorsal ; longer than in any of the pre-
ceding species of this sub-genus, and occupying half the space between
the vent and the origin of the caudal fin ; the first two rays very short ;
third and fourth longest, about equalling the longest rays in the dorsal ;
the first three simple, the others branched: caudal forked for half its
length ; the lower lobe of the fin a very little longer than the upper :
pectorals shorter than the head, not reaching to the ventrals when laid
back : ventrals shorter than the pectorals, considerably before the dorsal,
and not reaching to the vent.

D. 10 or 11 ; A. 19 to 21 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 16 ; V. 9.

CYPRINUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 415

(Colours.) Back olivaceous green; sides and belly bright silvery; the
two colours separated by a well-defined line: cheeks and gill-covers
silvery white: all the fins pale; the anal and ventrals nearly pure
white: irides pale yellow.

Common in rivers, swimming in large shoals near the surface. Spawns
in May and June. Food, principally insects.

96. C. Phoxinus, Linn. (Minnow.) — Body slender,
rounded : jaws equal : scales very minute : anal with ten
or eleven rays : fins pale.

C. Phoxinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 528. Block, Ichth. pi. 8.
f. 5. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 60. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 109.
Leuciscus Phoxinus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 188. Pink or Minim,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 268. tab. Q. 8. f. 7. Minnow, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. in. p. 373. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 489. Bowd.
Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 8. Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 372. Le Veron, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 276.

LENGTH. From three to four inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body elongated and rounded, tapering posteriorly:
dorsal line but slightly curved ; ventral more convex : greatest depth a
little before the ventrals, equalling about one-fifth of the entire length :
head rather less than one-fifth : thickness exceeding half the depth : snout
short; jaws equal: eyes small: nostrils wide, approximating: lateral
line very slightly descending ; its course a little below the middle : scales
very minute : dorsal entirely behind the middle, as well as the ventrals ;
first ray half the length of the second ; second and third longest ; the
first two and the last in the fin simple ; the rest branched : anal com-
mencing in a vertical line with the last ray of the dorsal ; first ray very
short and easily overlooked; second not half the length of the third;
third and fourth longest ; the first three and the last ray of all simple ;
the others branched : caudal forked for nearly half its length : pectorals
about three-fourths the length of the head : ventrals a little shorter :

D. 10 ; A. 10 or 11 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 16; V. 8.

(Colours.) Back, and upper half of the sides, deep olive-brown, some-
times spotted with black; lateral line often of a golden hue; lower
portion of the sides and belly yellowish white, but (in the males ?)
during the spawning season of a rich crimson: dorsal and caudal fins
pale brown; generally a large dusky spot at the base of the caudal;
anal, pectorals, and ventrals, lighter.

Common in rivers, more especially those with a gravelly bottom.
Keeps in shoals. Spawns the end of May, or beginning of June, at
which season the head is covered with small tubercles. Food, worms,
insects, and aquatic plants.

(16.) C. Idus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 529. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 36.
The Ide, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 344.

Said to have been found by the late Dr. Walker in the mouth of the
Nith*. Its claims, however, to a place in the British Fauna do not
appear to have been confirmed by any subsequent observer.

* Steiv. Rl of Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 382.

416 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [CoBiris.

(17.) C. Orfus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 530. Bloch, Ichth.
pi. 96.

This species having been confounded by Willughby and Ray with the
Hud, (C. Erythrophthalmus), Linnaeus was led, apparently on their au-
thority, to consider it as inhabiting the English rivers. This error has
been reproduced in the "British Animals," (p. 186), of Dr. Fleming,
who attaches the name of Barbus Orfus to the Rud or Fmscale of
Willughby, a species undoubtedly the same as the Red-Eye of Donovan.
It is almost certain that the true C. Orfus, which is a native of Germany,
has no claim whatever to a place in the British Fauna.

GEN. 36. COBITIS, Linn.

97- C. barbatula, Linn. (Bearded Loach.) — Body
rounded anteriorly, compressed behind : sides of the head
unarmed.

. C. barbatula, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 499. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 31.
f.3. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 22. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 103.
Flem. Brit. An. p. 189. Loche, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 265. tab. Q. 8.
f. 1. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 282. pi. 58. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 379. pi. 69. Bowd. Brit.fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 12.
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 376. La Loche franche, Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. IT. p. 278.

LENGTH. From four to four and a half, rarely five, inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Elongated; subcylindric anteriorly, compressed
towards the tail: greatest depth one-seventh of the entire length;
thickness, in the region of the pectorals, about two-thirds of the depth :
head small, a little depressed, the profile gently sloping : snout blunt ;
upper jaw projecting over the lower; mouth small, placed beneath,
furnished with six short barbules, two at the corners, and four in front
of the upper Up ; those at the corners longest, equalling rather more
than one-third the length of the head: eyes small; the intervening
space flat: body covered with very small scales, and invested with
a mucous secretion : lateral line straight : dorsal commencing midway
between the end of the snout and base of the caudal ; its height nearly
equalling the depth of the body ; first ray very short and easily over-
looked ; second not half the length of the third ; fourth and fifth
longest ; the first three simple ; the rest branched : anal commencing
beyond the tip of the dorsal when laid back, somewhat smaller than that
fin, but in other respects similar ; first ray very small ; fourth and fifth
longest: caudal slightly rounded: pectorals attached low down, about
the length of the head, rounded ; second and third rays longest, and, as
well as the fourth, much stouter than the others: ventrals in a line
with the commencement of the dorsal, somewhat shorter than the
pectorals; third ray longest:

B.3; D. 10; A. 9 ; C. 17 ; P. 12; V. 8:

vent in a line with the tip of the dorsal when laid back. (Colours.) Back
and sides yellowish brown, mottled and spotted with dusky; abdomen
and lateral line whitish : dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins, spotted ; anal
and ventrals nearly plain.

Not uncommon in rivers and streams with a gravelly bottom. Feeds
on aquatic insects. Spawns in March and April.

Esox.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 41 7

98. C. Ttznia, Linn. (Groundling.) — Body much
compressed throughout : beneath each eye a forked spine.

C. Tsenia, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 499. Block, Ichth. pi. 31.
f. 2. Barken. Syn. vol. i. p. 79. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 103.
Flem. Brit. An. p. 189. C. barbatula aculeata, Will. Hist. Pise.

f. 2. Barken. Syn. vol. i. p. 79. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 103.
Flem. Brit. An. p. 189. C. barbatula aculeata, Will. Hist. Pise.
p. 265. tab. Q. 8. f. 3. Spinous Loche, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit.

1812.) vol. in. p. 381. Spined Loche, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
p. 381. La Loche de riviere, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 278.

LENGTH. From three to four inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Much more compressed than the last species,
especially about the head, which is also smaller : thickness of the body
only half the depth : profile more convex, the snout appearing somewhat
truncated: barbules shorter and less conspicuous: eyes smaller, placed
very high on the cheeks ; the intervening space contracted into a narrow
elevated ridge : beneath each eye, but a little in advance, a sharp move-
able forked spine directed backwards : dorsal and anal fins similar, and
similarly situated, but the former with a ray more : pectorals relatively
shorter and less developed, not equal to the length of the head; the
second, third, and fourth rays not stouter than the others : ventrals like-
wise smaller:

D. 11; A. 9; C. 15; P. 8; V. 7.

(Colours.) Yellowish, tinged with orange; the back and upper half of
the sides spotted and mottled with brown; more particularly a longi-
tudinal series of large round spots on the lateral line, a second on the
dorsal ridge, and a third intermediate between these two ; those on the
lower part of the back, between the dorsal and caudal fins, sometimes
assume the appearance of short transverse bars : dorsal and caudal spot-
ted ; the other fins plain.

Much less frequent than the last species. Found in the Trent in
Nottinghamshire, and, according to Turton, in the clear streams of
Wiltshire. I have also met with it in some plenty in the Cam, as
well as in fish-ponds at Ely. Keeps near the bottom, and appears to
reside more in the mud than the C. barbatula. Spawns, according to
Bloch, in April and May. Is very tenacious of life.

GEN. 37. ESOX, Cuv.
99- E. Lucius, Linn. (Pike.)

E. Lucius, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 516. Block, Ichth. pi. 32.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 109. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 105.
Flem. Brit. An. p. 184. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 282. Pike,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 236. tab. P. 5. f. 2. Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. in. p. 320. pi. 63. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 424. pi. 74.
Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 17. Yarr. Brit. Fish.
vol. i. p. 383.

LENGTH. From two to three feet; sometimes more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oblong, rather elongated, suddenly narrowing
behind the dorsal and anal fins; sides compressed: depth nearly uni-
form throughout, about one-sixth of the entire length : head large, rather
more than one-fourth : cranium fiat, a little concave between the eyes ;

DD

418 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [Esox.

snout broad and depressed, rounded at the extremity; lower jaw pro-
jecting beyond the upper: intermaxillaries, vomer, palatines, tongue,
pharyngeans, and branchial arches, armed with sharp card-like teeth
of unequal lengths; also a series of long sharp teeth on the sides of
the lower jaw : eyes moderate, situate half-way between the end of the
snout and posterior edge of the opercle : nostrils a little in advance : above
and below each orbit, beneath the lower jaw on each side, and along the
margin of the preopercle, a row of pores : gill-opening very large : cheeks
and upper part of the opercle covered with small scales; scales on the
body moderate, oblong-oval, with the basal margin three-lobed: lateral
line at first slightly descending, but afterwards straight: dorsal placed
very far back, commencing at about two-thirds of the entire length ; first
six rays simple, gradually increasing in length, the first being very short;
seventh longest ; this and all the succeeding ones branched : anal similar
to the dorsal, and answering to it : caudal forked : pectorals attached low
down, not half the length of the head, rounded ; fourth ray longest :
ventrals equal to the pectorals, placed at about the middle of the entire
length; third ray longest:

B. 14 or 15*; D.21; A. 18 or 19 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 15; V. 11.

(Colours.) Head, back, and sides, bright olive-green spotted with yellow,
or, when out of season, greenish gray with pale spots ; more or less of
a metallic gloss; belly white: fins dusky, spotted and variegated with
red.

Probably indigenous, though usually supposed to have been intro-
duced into England during the reign of Henry VIII. Found in rivers,
lakes, and most stagnant waters. Very voracious, preying on other fish,
including its own species, as well as water-rats and young water-fowl.
Is very long-lived. Grows rapidly, and occasionally attains a weight of
thirty, forty, or even sixty pounds. Spawns in March and April.

GEN. 38. BELONE, Nob.

(1. BELONE, Cuv.)
100. B. vulgaris, Flem. (Common Gar-Fish.)

B. vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 184. Esox Belone, Linn. Syst.
Nat. torn. i. p. 517. Block, Ichth. pi. 33. Don. Brit. Fish.
vol. in. pi. 64. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 105. Horn-Fish or Gar-
Fish, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 231. tab. P. 2. f. 4. Gar-Pike, Penn.
Brit. Zoo/, vol. HI. p. 324. pi. 63. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 429.
pi. 74. Gar-Fish, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 391.

LENGTH. From eighteen inches to two feet; rarely more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Subcylindrical, slender, and very much elon-
gated : depth nearly uniform till past the commencement of the dorsal
and anal fins, contained seventeen times and a half in the entire length :
thickness rather more than two-thirds of the depth: abdomen flat,
bounded on each side by a longitudinal series of large scales, forming
a sort of lateral keel which runs the whole length of the body : head,
snout included, contained a little more than three times and a half in the
entire length ; cranium flat and horizontal ; cheeks vertical ; snout prd-
duced into a long, slender, sharp-pointed beak; the lower jaw consider-
ably the longest: both jaws armed at their edges with a single row of

* One individual was found to have fourteen on one side and fifteen on the other.

PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 419

line sharp card-like teeth ; none on any other part of the mouth : eyes
large, placed high, a little behind the corners of the mouth: nostrils
wide, immediately in advance of them : lateral line nearly straight, not
very distinct: head and opercle without scales* those on the body, with
the exception of the longitudinal row on each side of the abdomen, thinly
scattered and not very conspicuous : dorsal very far behind, commencing
at three-fourths of the entire length ; first ray only half the length of
the second, which is longest ; third and three following ones decreasing ;
beyond the sixth, the rays remain low and neatly even to the termination
of the fin ; all except the first branched : anal similar to the dorsal, and
answering to it: caudal forked: pectorals small, in length scarcely ex-
ceeding the depth of the body, attached about half-way down, a little
behind the gill-opening ; second ray longest : ventrals still smaller ; their
point of attachment exactly half-way between the posterior part of the
opercle and the end of the fleshy portion of the tail :

D. 18; A. 21; C. 19, &c. ; P. 13; V. 7*

(Colours.) Head, back, and upper part of the sides, fine rich bluish green:
gill-covers, and all below the lateral line of the body, bright silvery.

Common on many parts of the coast, appearing in shoals about April,
and remaining till late in Autumn. At the approach of Winter, retires
to deep water. From its usually preceding the Mackerel, is sometimes
called the Mackerel-Guide. Said to deposit its spawn close to the shore,
among rocks and sea-weed. The bones are well known for acquiring
a green colour when boiled,

(18.) Little Gar (Esox Brasiliensis), Couch in Linn. Trans,
vol. Xiv. p. 85.

A doubtful species, taken by Mr. Couch " in the harbour at Polperro, in
July 1818, as it was swimming with agility near the surface of the water.
About an inch in length : head somewhat flattened at the top ; the upper
jaw short and pointed ; the inferior much protruded, being at least as long
as from the extremity of the upper jaw to the back part of the gill-covers :
the mouth opened obliquely downwards ; but that part of the under jaw
which protruded beyond the extremity of the upper, passed straight forward
in a right line with the top of the head : body compressed, lengthened,
and resembling that of the Gar-Pike (E. Belone) : one dorsal and one
anal placed far behind, and opposite to each other : tail straight. Colour
of the back bluish green, with a few spots ; the belly silvery." COUCH.

Mr. Couch conceived that this species might be the Esox Brasiliensis of
Linnaeus. It seems, however, more likely to have been the young of
some species of Hemiramphus, Cuv.

(2. SCOMBERESOX, Lac.)
101. B. Saurus, Nob. (Saury ', or Skipper.)

Esox Saurus, Rackett in Linn. Trans, vol. vn. p. 60. tab. 5. Turt.
Brit. Faun. p. 105. Neill in Wern. Mem. vol. i. p. 541. Don.
Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 116. Lacertus vel Saurus, Will. Hist. Pise.
p. 232. Scomberesox Saurus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 184. Skipper
(Cornubiensium), Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 165. Saury, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. in. p. 325. pi. 64. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 424.
pi. 75. Saury Pike, Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 394.

LENGTH. From fifteen to eighteen inches. NEILL.
DESCRIPT. (Form.) " Body long and slender, agreeing precisely with
that of the common Gar-Fish : snout subulate, fine, toothless, and slightly

DD2

420 PISCES (OSSE1) MALACOPT. [ExocosTus.

curving upwards: jaws of unequal length, the lower longest, and bending
upwards at the tip: body smooth; the scales with which it is covered
being thin and glabrous : the lower part of the body from the gills to the
tail marked witn a longitudinal carina or keel, which terminates at the
latter part in a somewhat protuberant manner: all the fins small: the
dorsal placed far down the back, and containing eleven rays : between
this and the tail five distinct pinnules or spurious fins : pectorals some-
what falcated, containing eleven rays : ventrals with six rays : anal oppo-
site to the dorsal, of eleven rays: between this and the tail seven distinct
pinnules: caudal of twenty-two rays.

D. 11, and V false ; A. 11, and VII false ; C. 22 ; P. 11 ; V. 6.

(Colours.) Back of a most lovely azure blue, changing to green, and
glossed with purple and yellow ; the lower parts silvery." DON.

Rare on the southern coast, but, according to Mr. Neill, not un-
common in the North of Scotland, entering the Frith of Forth almost
every Autumn in considerable shoals. Mr. Rackett's specimen was taken
near the Isle of Portland in Dorsetshire. This species derives its English
name of Skipper from its habit of leaping out of the water, and passing
over a considerable space (Mr. Couch says thirty or forty feet) before
returning to that element. It is not noticed either by Linnseus, Gmelin,
or Bloch.

GEN. 39. EXOC(ETUS, Linn.

102. E. volitans, Linn.? (Flying-Fish.) — Ventrals
small, placed before the middle.

E. volitans, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 520. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n.
pi. 31. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 106. E. evolans, Bloch, Ichth.
pi. 398. Winged Flying-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 333.
pi. 67. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in, p. 441. pi. 78. Flying-Fish,
Yarr. Brit. Fish. vol. i. p. 398.

According to Pennant, a fish of this genus was caught in June 1765,
at a small distance below Caermartheri, in the river Towy. A second
individual is said to have occurred in July 1823, in the Bristol channel,
ten miles from Bridgewater*. Others are recorded to have been seen
off Portland Island, in August 1825, by a vessel going down channel t.
Although referred, by Pennant, in the first instance, to the E. volitans
of Linnaeus, in none of these cases does the species appear to have been
determined with certainty. Pennant seems to suppose his to be the one
so common in the Mediterranean : but, according to Cuvier, this last is
the E. exiliens of Bloch $, which is distinguished from the E. volitans by
its much longer ventrals, placed beyond the middle of the body. For this
reason I have not annexed any detailed description.

» Ann. of Phil. vol. xxu. p. 152.

t Land. Quart. Journ. of Set. vol. xx. p. 412.

t Ichth. pi. 397.

SALMO.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 421

(2.) SILURUS, Arted.

(19.) S. Glanis, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 501. Bloch, Ichth,
pi. 34. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. u. p. 291. Sly Silurus, Yarr. Brit,
Fish. vol. i. p. 403.

This species, or at least a fish bearing the same name, is included by
Sibbald in his list of Scottish fishes*, but it is not said on what authority.
Possibly some other species (perhaps the Burbot) may be intended. At
any rate it is not likely that it should exist in that country at the present
day, as from its great size, it would in that case hardly have been for so
long a time overlooked by our naturalists. It is the largest fresh-water
fish found in Europe, attaining the weight of from one to two hundred
pounds and upwards. It is met with in the rivers of Germany, Hungary,
and other parts of the Continent.

GEN. 40. SALMO, Cuv.

103. S. Salar, Linn. (Common Salmon.) — Posterior
margin of the gill-cover forming a semicircle: vomerine
teeth confined to the anterior extremity : caudal forked :
ventrals dusky on their inner surface.

S. Salar, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 509. Block, Ichth. pis. 20,
& 98. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 103. Flem. Brit. An. p. 179. Jard.
in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. xvm. p. 46. Salrao, Will. Hist.
Pise. p. 189. tab. N. 2. f. 1. Salmon, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.

L284. pi. 58. no. 143. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 382. pi. 69,
Saumon, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. u. p. 302.

LENGTH. From two to three feet, sometimes three feet and a half.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oval; moderately elongated ; with the head and
hack in nearly the same line : greatest depth a little before the dorsal,
contained about five times and a half in the entire length, increasing,
however, with age: thickness half the depth: head small, about one-
sixth of the entire length : snout rather sharp : jaws, in young fish,
nearly equal; but in old males, the lower one longest, and curving
upwards in a hook : a row of sharp teeth along both sides of each jaw,
as well as on the palatines ; but those on the vomer confined to its ante-
rior extremity, and in some specimens rather obsolete; two rows of teeth
on the tongue : eyes directly above the posterior extremity of the maxil-
lary, and nearer the end of the snout than the furthest point of the gill-
cover by one-third: gill-cover with the posterior margin more curved
than in the next species, and forming a semicircle ; opercle oblong, the
basal margin slightly ascending posteriorly ; subopercle about one-third
the size of the opercle ; a line drawn from the extremity of the upper jaw
to the furthest point of the gill-cover passes through the eyes: lateral
line perfectly straight, dividing the body into two nearly equal parts:
scales small : dorsal occupying a middle position between the end of the
snout and the end of the fleshy part of the tail ; rather longer than high,
its greatest elevation not equalling half the depth of the body ; first ray
very short ; fourth longest ; first two rays simple, the rest branched ; last
two from one root : adipose small ; much nearer the caudal than the anal :

* Scot. Illust. part ii. vol. u. p. 25.

422 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [SALMO.

anal similar to the dorsal, more in advance than the adipose, terminating
in a line with this last fin ; third ray longest ; first two simple ; the rest
branched ; the last two from one root : tail, between the adipose and the
caudal fin, more slender than in the next species ; the end of the fleshy
portion cut square, appearing truncated : caudal very much forked when
young, gradually becoming less so as age advances, but never (except
perhaps in very old fish) quite even : pectorals more than half the length
of the head ; tneir inferior margin rather concave ; second and third rays
longest : ventrals beneath the middle of the dorsal ; rather shorter than
the pectorals ; the axillary scale half their own length : number of rays,

B. 12 ; D. 14 ; A, 12 ; C. 19, and some short ones ; P. 15 ; V. 9.

Number of vertebrae sixty. (Colours.) Bluish gray or lead-colour; ab-
domen silvery ; here and there, principally above the lateral line, a few
dusky spots : dorsal, caudal, and pectorals, dark gray ; ventrals deeply
stained, especially on their inner surface, with the same colour ; anal less
so, nearly white. In the fry, till about five or six inches long, the sides
shew more or less indication of dark transverse bands. The adult male,
during and after the spawning season, acquires a reddish tinge.

Found both in the sea and in rivers. Principal fisheries carried on in
Scotland, the North of England, and Ireland, where the species is very
abundant. Begins to ascend rivers in April; at the approach of Autumn,
pushes up towards their sources in order to spawn, springing up cata-
racts, and surmounting any other obstacles which oppose its progress.
Spawning season principally from October to February, but varying
much in different rivers. Male and female pair for the occasion, and
excavate a furrow in the gravelly or sandy beds of shallows, in which
the spawn and milt are deposited simultaneously. After spawning, both
sexes return to the sea in a very reduced state ; the males going down
sooner than the females ; at this season, the former are called Kippers,
the latter Kelts. Young fry, termed Smolts or Samlets, appear about
March, and keep going down to sea from the end of that month to the
middle of May : after remaining in the sea some weeks, they return to the
rivers, having attained to the weight of from a pound and a half to four
or five pounds : fish of the former weight, and up to two pounds, termed
Peal; of the latter weight Grilse, which last name they retain till they
have spawned once, when they are called Salmon. From the time of
their first return to the rivers, they increase rapidly in size. Greatest
weight which the species attains to forty or fifty pounds, sometimes more:
Pennant mentions one which weighed seventy-four pounds. Food at
sea, according to Fleming, principally the Sand-eel. Obs. According
to M. Agassiz*, the S. hamatus of Cuvier is only an old fish of this spe-
cies: the S. Goedenii of Bloch (Ichth. pi. 102.t) the young.

104. S. Eriox, Linn. (Bull Trout, or Grey.) — Pos-
terior margin of the gill-cover very little curved : vomerine
teeth confined to the anterior extremity : caudal even :
back and sides spotted with purplish gray; ventrals plain
white.

S. Eriox, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 509. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 103. Flem. Brit. An. p. 180. S. Cambricus, Don. Brit. Fish

* Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. xvn. p. 385.

t Mr. Yarrcll thinks that the fish figured by Bloch on his 102nd plate is only S. Fario.

SALMO.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 423

vol. iv. pi. 91. The Grey, Will Hist. Pise. p. 193. Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. in. p. 295. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m. p. 394.? Sea
Trout, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 296. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in.
p. 397.

LENGTH. Two feet eight inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Closely resembling the Salmon, hut of a more
clumsy make : head and nape somewhat thicker : curvature of the pos-
terior margin of the gill-cover much less considerable ; margin of the
preopercle more sinuous; suhopercle larger with respect to the opercle,
the basal margins of both nearly parallel to the axis of the body ; a line
drawn from the extremity of the upper jaw to the furthest point of the
gill-cover passes beneath the eyes : vomer with only two or three teeth
at its anterior extremity : tail, beyond the adipose, more bulky and mus-
cular than in the Salmon: caudal even; in old fish rather convex: the
other fins similar : number of fin rays,

D. 12 to 14 ; A. 11 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 14 ; V. 10.

Number of vertebrae fifty-nine. The female is characterized by having
shorter jaws than the male, with the teeth less developed. (Colours.)
For the most part similar to those of the Salmon, but the back and sides,
above the lateral line, more spotted ; the spots being most abundant in
the female. In the spawning season, the male acquires a red tinge : the
female remains gray.

Migratory like the Salmon. A common species in the Tweed, where
the young are called Whitlings. Found also in the rivers of Wales,
Dorsetshire, and Cornwall. Apparently the same as the Sewen of Dono-
van, (S. Cambricus,) said by that author to be found in such great plenty
on the coasts of Glamorganshire and Caermarthenshire ; this last (which,
according to Donovan, rarely exceeds twelve or fifteen inches in length,
and from one to two pounds in weight) only a younger fish. It is also
probable that the /S. Hucho of Fleming, and other British authors, is not
distinct from the present species. Flesh inferior to that of the Salmon ;
cutting yellow.

105. S. Trutta, Linn. (Sea Trout.) — Gill-cover
slightly produced behind; the margin rounded: vomerine
teeth extending the whole way : caudal forked : back and
sides with X-shaped dusky spots: ventrals plain white.

S. Trutta, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 509. Block, Ichth. pi. 21.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 103. Flem. Brit. An. p. 180. Jard. in
Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. xvm. p. 49. Trutta lacustris,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 198. tab. N. 1. fig. 5. Truite saumonee,
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 304.

LENGTH. From one to two feet, or rather more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Not so slender as a Salmon of the same size :
jaws nearly equal: teeth rather larger; those on the vomer extending
all along the ridge of the palate, and forming by pressure a groove in the
tongue between the two rows of lingual teeth : eyes rather nearer the
extremity of the snout : gill-cover more produced behind than in either
of the preceding species, the margin more curved ; basal margins of the
opercle and subopercle sloping obliquely upwards to form a considerable
angle with the axis of the body: position of the fins much as in the
.Salmon ; but the adipose rather larger ; the caudal, with the outer rays

424 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [SALMO.

shorter, and not so much forked ; in very old fish nearly even : the fleshy
portion of the tail rounded at its extremity : pectorals with their inferior
margin straight : number of fin- rays,

D. 13 ; A. 11 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 14 ; V. 10.

Number of vertebrae fifty-eight. (Colours.) Darker in the body, and
lighter in the fins, than the Salmon : back and sides, above the lateral
line, more thickly spotted ; the spots assuming the form of the letter X ;
those above sometimes surrounded by a pale circle; gill-covers and cheeks
spotted, as well as the dorsal and adipose fins : ventrals always plain
white.

A common species, inhabiting the sea and rivers. Enters these last
about the end of May or beginning of June. Is the Salmon-Trout of the
London markets. Flesh red, and highly esteemed. Food, according to
Sir W. Jardine, principally the Talitrus Locusta, or common Sand-
hopper. Obs. According to Agassiz, the 5. Lemanus of Cuvier is the
same as the present species. The Sea-Trout of Pennant appears to be
identical with the species last described, which is called by the above
name in some rivers.

(20.) £ albus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 180. Jard. in Edinb. New
Phil. Journ. vol. XVIH. p. 50. White, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p. 302. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 396. Herling, Jard. in
Proceed, of Berwicksh. Nat. Club, p. 50.

This is held to be a distinct species by Sir W. Jardine, and some other
of our naturalists. I must confess, however, that I have been unable to
discern any appreciable difference between it and the last, of which, in the
opinion of Mr. Yarrell and myself, it is only the young of the first year.
Found in the Solway, the Tweed, the Esk, and a few other rivers in the
North. Is sometimes called a Whiting or Phinor. Pennant says it never
exceeds a foot in length. According to Sir W. Jardine, the fish in the
Solway average from a pound to a pound tind a half in weight, very seldom
reaching two pounds. It is added by this last gentleman, that "one of the
most marked appearances of this fish, is the great proportional breadth of
the back, and the peculiar grayish green colour of the upper parts."

106. S. Fario, Linn. (Common Trout.) — Gill-cover
produced behind into a rounded angle : vomerine teeth
extending the whole way : maxillaries reaching to a vertical
line from the posterior part of the orbit : caudal slightly
forked : back and sides with numerous red spots.

S. Fario, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 509. Block, Ichth. pis. 22,
& 23. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 103. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 85.
Flem. Brit. An. p. 181. Jard. in Edinb. New Phil. Journ.
vol. xvin. p. 51. Trutta fiuviatilis, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 199.
Trout, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 297. pi. 59. no. 146. River
Trout, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 399. pi. 70. Bowd. Brit,
fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 14. Truite commune, Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. n. p. 304.

LENGTH. From one to two feet; sometimes more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General proportions resembling those of the S.
Trutta : differs from that species in the form of the gill-cover, which is
much more produced behind, forming at its distal extremity a rounded
angle; basal margins of the opercle and subopercle rising more obliquely:

SALMO.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 425

snout short; but the jaws, which are nearly equal, becoming more length-
ened in the spawning season : maxillary reaching to a vertical line form-
ing a tangent to the posterior part of the orbit, by which character it
is distinguished from the S. Salmulus : teeth on the whole length of the
vomer : dorsal and adipose fins placed as in the Salmon ; the former with
the first three rays, the first especially, very small and inconspicuous, but
gradually increasing in length; sixth and seventh longest; first four
simple, the rest branched: anal entirely in advance of a vertical line
from the adipose: caudal not so much forked as in the S. Trutta, or
so square as in S. Eriox : number of fin-rays,

D. 14 ; A. 11 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 13 ; V. 9.

(Colours.) Back dusky: sides and belly, the former more especially,
yellow, tinged with gold, and also with green : a row of red spots along
the lateral line : dorsal fin, and above the lateral line, spotted with dusky.
In young fish, more or less indication of transverse dusky bands on the
sides.

Var.p. Gillaroo Trout, Sow. Brit. Misc. pi. 61.

A common species in lakes and rivers, attaining in some localities to a
large size. Has been known to weigh from sixteen to twenty pounds,
though usually much smaller. In many places seldom exceeds a pound
or a pound and a half. Spawns in September and October ; ascending
to the sources of rivers for this purpose. Is very voracious. Feeds on
worms, small fish, and insects, especially Ephemerte and Phryganece.
The variety, called the Gillaroo Trout, is distinguished by its strong
muscular stomach, resembling the gizzard of birds, resulting from feeding
principally on shells. It is found in some of the lakes in Ireland.

Obs. The above species exhibits very great variation in colours*, and
in some measure in form also, according to the locality in which it is
found. Possibly two or more species may have been hitherto confounded,
but in the present state of the science it is almost impossible to decide
this point. Sir W. Jardine, who has paid great attention to the whole
family, and from whom we may expect much light upon the subject, has
particularized some remarkable varieties found in Sutherlandshire, in
the " Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal," 1. c., to which I refer the
reader. According to Agassiz, the S. punctatus of Cuvier, the S. mar-
moratus of the same author, and the -S. alpinus of Bloch, all belong to
this species.

107. S. ferooo, Jard. and Selb. (Great Lake Trout.)

Great Lake Trout (S. ferox), Jard. in Encyd. Brit. (7th Edit.)
Art. Angling, p. 142. Id. in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. xvm.
p. 55.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) "Principally distinguished by its large size,
square tail in all its stages of growth, the form of the gill-covers and
teeth, the relative position of the fins, the form of the scales, particu-
larly those composing the lateral line, and in the generally delicate skin
which is spread over the outside of the body* being extremely strong and
tough, and from under which the perfectly transparent scales can be

* Sir H. Davy was of opinion, that when Trout feed much on hard substances, such as larvae
and their cases, and the ova of other fish, they have more red spots, and redder fins : and that
when they feed most on small fish, as minnows, and on flies, they nave more tendency to become
spotted with small black spots, and are generally more silvery. See Salmonia, (2nd Edit.) p. 41.

426 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [SALMO.

extracted. The fins may be stated nearly thus, though a greater varia-
tion may occur;

D. 13 to 15 ; A. 12; P. 14; V. 11 ; gill-covers, 12:

the greatest variation occurs in the dorsal fin." JARD. (Colours.)
" Deep purplish brown on the upper parts, changing into reddish gray,
and thence into fine orange-yellow, on the breast and belly : the whole
body, when the fish is newly caught, appearing as if glazed over with
a thin tint of rich lake-colour, which fades rapidly away as the fish dies :
gill-covers marked with large dark spots : the whole body covered with
markings of different sizes, and varying in amount in different indivi-
duals; the markings, in some, few, scattered, and of a large size; in others,
thickly set, and of smaller dimensions : each spot surrounded by a paler
ring, which sometimes assumes a reddish hue: the spots more distant
from each other as they descend beneath the lateral line: lower parts
of the fish spotless." JARD.

A new species first identified as distinct from the Common Trout by
Sir W. Jardine and Mr. Selby. The former of these gentlemen states
that it is generally distributed in all the larger and deeper lochs of Scot-
land, but that it seldom ascends or descends the rivers running into or
out of them, and never migrates to the sea. Very voracious, feeding
nearly entirely upon small fish. Average weight from ten to twenty
pounds: has been known, however, to reach twenty-eight pounds.
Spawns in Autumn. Obs. It is probably the same as the S. lacustris
of Berkenhout*, though (in the opinion of M. Agassiz) not of conti-
nental authors.

108. S. Salmulus, Turt. (Samlet.) — Vomerine teeth
extending the whole way: maxillaries reaching to beneath
the centre of the orbit : caudal forked for half its length :
sides marked with long, narrow, transverse, bluish bands.

S. Salmulus, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 104. Jard. in Edinb. New Phil.
Journ. vol. xvm. p. 56. Salmulus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 192.
tab. N. 2. fig. 2. Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 63. Samlet and Parr, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 303. pi. 59. no. 148. & pi. 66. no. 78. Id.
(Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 404. pis. 70, & 77.

LENGTH. From six to eight inches.

DE SCRIPT. (Form.) Closely resembling the young Trout, but differing
in the following particulars. Body somewhat deeper in proportion to its
length : snout blunter : teeth weaker and less developed ; those on the
tongue not very conspicuous : maxillary shorter, not reaching beyond a
vertical line from the centre of the orbit ; also broader at its posterior
extremity: gill-cover not so much produced into an angle, the hinder
margin being more regularly rounded, as in the Salmon : " scales, taken
from the lateral line below the dorsal fin, altogether larger, the length
greater by nearly one-third, the furrowing more delicate, and the form of
the canal not so apparent or so strongly marked towards the basal end of
the scale t : " caudal more deeply forked, the fork extending about half
its length : pectorals larger. (Colours.) " The row of blue marks on
the sides, which are also found in the young Trout, and in the young

* Sun. vol. i. p. 79.

t This character, which I have not had an opportunity of verifying myself, is taken from
8ir W. Jardine.

SAUIO.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 427

of several of the Salmonidte, in this species are narrower and more
lengthened, The general spotting seldom extends below the lateral line,
and two dark spots on the gill-cover are a very constant mark." JARD.
According to Pennant, " the adipose fin is never tipped with red ; nor
is the edge of the anal white."

This fish, which is common in many of the rivers of Wales and Scot-
land, as well as in some of those in England, has been regarded by dif-
ferent observers as the young, either of the Salmon, the Sea Trout, or
the common Trout. It is, however, now pretty well ascertained to be
a distinct species, always remaining of a small size. Is called in some
places a Parr, in others a Skirling or Brandling. Said, by Sir W. Jar-
dine, " to frequent the clearest streams, delighting in the shallower fords
or heads having a fine gravelly bottom, and hanging there in shoals, in
constant activity, apparently day and night." According to Dr. Hey-
sham*, the adult fish go down to the sea after spawning, which takes
place, as in the other migratory species of this genus, in the depth of
Winter.

109. S. Umbla, Linn. (Charr.) — Vomerine teeth con-
fined to the anterior extremity ; dorsal midway between the
end of the snout and the base of the caudal : anal com-
mencing beyond the tip of the reclined dorsal: axillary
scale nearly half the length of the ventrals.

S. Umbla, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 511. Block, Ichth. pi. 101.
S. alpinus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 61. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 104. Flem. Brit. An. p. 180. Charr, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p. 305. pi. 60. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 407. pi. 71.

LENGTH. From twelve to fourteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Elongated ; the line of the back nearly straight ;
profile sloping gently downwards from the nape: greatest depth about
one-fifth of the entire length : head contained five times and a half in the
same: snout short and somewhat obtuse: jaws nearly equal, except in
the spawning season, when the lower one becomes longest: teeth small
and sharp ; those on the vomer confined to the anterior extremity : eyes
moderate ; their diameter rather less than one-fourth the length of the
head ; the distance between them equalling twice their diameter : gill-
cover produced behind into a rounded lobe; the basal margin sloping
very obliquely upwards : lateral line arising at the upper angle of the
opercle, at first slightly descending, but afterwards nearly straight, its
course being a little above the middle ; scales small : dorsal a little before
the middle of the entire length ; the distance from the first ray to the
end of the snout, when measured behind, not reaching beyond the base
of the caudal ; of a somewhat triangular form, the posterior rays being
not more than half the length of the anterior ones; fifth ray longest,
equalling a little more than half the depth of the body: adipose so placed,
that two-thirds of the distance between the dorsal and caudal lie before
it, one-third behind it : anal commencing considerably beyond a vertical
line from the tip of the reclined dorsal: pectorals just three-fourths the
length of the head : ventrals beneath the middle of the dorsal ; in their
axillae a long narrow pointed scale, nearly half their own length :

B. 10 or 11 ; D. 14 ; A. 13 ; C. 19, and some short ones ; P. 11 ; V. 9.

* Catalogue of the Animals of Cumberland, p. 31.

428 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [SALMO.

(Colours.) Back, and upper part of the sides, bluish gray, tinged with
olivaceous; flanks and belly flesh-colour: above the lateral line spotted
with white; beneath the same, spots more obscure: dorsal, anal, and
caudal, dusky, the latter darkest; pectorals and ventrals dark red. In
the spawning season, the flanks and abdomen are bright crimson-red;
the whole of the sides, above and below the lateral line, spotted with
deeper red ; the anal, pectorals, and ventrals, are also deep red, the first
rays of the anal and ventrals excepted, which are bluish white.

Found in the lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland, especially in
Winander Mere, in the latter county ; also in Crummock and Coniston
Waters in Lancashire, and, according to Sir W. Jardine, in many of the
northern lochs of Scotland. Frequents clear and deep waters, keeping
near the bottom. Feeds on insects. Varies much in its colours at dif-
ferent seasons, a circumstance which has obtained for it several different
names. In its ordinary state, it is the Case Charr of Pennant and other
authors : when exhibiting the bright crimson belly which it assumes
before spawning, it is called Red Charr : when out of season, the spawn
having been shed, it is distinguished by the name of Gilt Charr. Obs.
According to Agassiz, the S. Umbla, the S. Salvelinus, the S. alpinus,
and the S, Salmarinus, of LinnaBus, are all referable to this species in its
different states.

110. S. Salvelinus^ Don. (Torgoch.) — Vomerine teeth
confined to the anterior extremity : dorsal exactly in the
middle of the entire length : anal commencing in a line
with the tip of the reclined dorsal : axillary scale not one-
third the length of the ventrals.

S. Salvelinus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 112.

LENGTH. Six inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Differs from the last species as follows: not so
much elongated in proportion to its depth: head larger; contained not
more than four times and a half in the entire length : teeth, those on
the tongue especially, stronger and more developed : eyes larger ; their
diameter rather more than one-fourth the length of the head ; the dis-
tance between them not equalling above one diameter and a half: pos-
terior lobe of the opercle not so much produced : all the fins relatively
larger : dorsal exactly in the middle of the entire length ; the distance in
front, when measured behind the fin, reaching to the end of the caudal ;
fifth and sixth rays longest, equalling at least three-fourths of the depth
of the body ; posterior portion of the fin very little less elevated than the
anterior: adipose nearer the middle point between the dorsal and the
caudal : anal commencing exactly in a line with the tip of the reclined
dorsal : pectorals longer : scale in the axillae of the ventrals much shorter,
not one- third the length of the fin :

B. 9; D. 14 or 15; A. 13; C. 19, &c.; P. 13; V. 8.

(Colours.) Probably as variable as in the last species. The following
were those of the specimens examined : head, back, and upper part of
the sides, dark olivaceous-green; lower part of the sides yellowish, passing
into bright orange-red on the abdomen: above the lateral line spotted
with yellowish white; yellow of the sides, beneath the lateral line, spotted
with red: dorsal, caudal, and pectorals, dark olivaceous; first and last

OSMERUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 429

rays of the pectorals, and the whole of the anal and ventrals, bright
red.

Whether this species be found on the Continent, or be the same as any
of those described by foreign authors, it is not easy to determine, owing
to the great confusion which prevails in this genus. I have, however,
little hesitation in considering it as the S. Salvelinu-s of Donovan, though
not of Turton and Fleming, who appear to have confounded it with the
Red Charr of Pennant, which is only a variety of the last species. The
same may be said of Willughby, who has comprised them both under the
title of Umbla minor, Gesn.* That it is distinct from the S. Umbla
of this work (the S. alpinus of most English authors) no one, I con-
ceive, can doubt, who has had an opportunity of comparing the two.
My examination was made from specimens in the possession of Mr.
Yarrell, who obtained them from Corsygiddel Lake near Barmouth.
According to Donovan, it is found in the Waters of Llyn Quellyn, one
of the alpine lakes on the west side of Snowdon ; he adds, that formerly
it was also met with in the Llanberris Lake, on the opposite side of the
mountain, but that of late years it has disappeared in the locality last
mentioned. The species appears to be confined to Wales, in which
country it is said to be called Torgoch, a Welch term signifying Red-
belly.

GEN. 41. OSMERUS, Art.

111. O. Eperlanus, Flem. (Smelt.)

O. Eperlanus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 181. Eperlanus, Will Hist. Pise.
p. 202. tab. N. 6. f. 4. Salmo Eperlanus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i.
p. 511. Block, Ichth. pi. 28. figs. 1, 2. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n.
pi. 48. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 104. Smelt, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. m. p. 313. pi. 61. no. 151. Id. (Ed. 1812.) vol. in. p. 416.
pi. 72.

LENGTH. From eight to ten, rarely twelve, inches. Pennant mentions
one which measured thirteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Elongated; the back straight, and in the same
line with the profile : greatest depth one-seventh of the entire length ;
thickness rather more than half the depth : head small, one fifth of the
entire length, somewhat conical: lower jaw longest, curving upwards
when the mouth is closed : gape wide, extending to beneath the eyes :
maxillary teeth sharp, but very fine ; those in the lower jaw curved, and
much longer ; two rows of teeth on each palatine ; also some very strong
long curved teeth on the tongue and front of the vomer : eyes large :
gill-cover produced posteriorly into an obtuse lobe : lateral line at first
slightly descending, but afterwards straight : scales small, deciduous :
dorsal commencing exactly half-way between the extremity of the upper
jaw and the end of the fleshy part of the tail ; its height nearly twice
its length, and about equal to, or rather less than, the depth of the body ;
third ray longest; first two rays simple, the others branched; the last
two from one root: adipose small, a little nearer the caudal than the
dorsal: anal commencing a little beyond the tip of the reclined dorsal,
much longer than that fin, and extending beyond a vertical line from the
adipose ; first ray very short ; fourth longest ; first three simple, the rest
branched : the last two from one root : caudal deeply forked : pectorals

* Hist. Pise. p. 1%.

430 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [THYMALLUS.

attached low down, and just below the produced lobe of the gill-cover :
ventrals beneath the commencement of the dorsal : number of fin-rays,

D. 11; A. 17; C. 19; P. 11; V. 8.

{Colours.) Back whitish, tinged with green; upper part of the sides
varied with blue ; lower part of the sides, and belly, bright silvery :
irides silvery ; pupil black : fins pale.

A common species on the British coasts, ascending rivers in December,
January, and February, for the purpose of spawning, which takes place
in March and April. Food, according to Bloch, worms, and small shells.
Varies greatly in size; a circumstance which has induced the author
just mentioned to form two species of it. Derives its English name of
Smelt from a peculiar scent which it emits, and which has been com-
pared by some to cucumbers, by others to violets. Is sometimes called
a Sparling*.

GEN. 42. THYMALLUS, Cuv.
112. T. vulgaris, Nilss. (Grayling.)

T. vulgaris, Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 13. Thymallus, mil.
Hist. Pise. p. 187. tab. N. 8. Salmo Thymallus, Linn. Syst. Nat.
torn. i. p. 512. Block, Ichth. pi. 24. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 88.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 104. Coregonus Thymallus, Flem. Brit. An.
p. 181. Grayling, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 31 1. pi. 61. no. 150.
Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 414. pi. 72. Ombre commune, Cuv.
Reg. An. torn. n. p. 306.

LENGTH. From ten to fifteen, rarely eighteen, inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Back slightly elevated at the commencement of
the dorsal fin, from which point it falls gradually to the snout : greatest
depth one-fifth of the entire length ; thickness not quite half the depth :
head contained five times and a half in the entire length : snout rather
short ; obtuse, and rounded : gape small : upper jaw a little the longest :
maxillary, and all the other teeth, small and fine : lateral line at first
slightly descending, afterwards straight : scales large, disposed in longi-
tudinal rows ; seven and a half above the lateral line, the same number
below it: dorsal commencing at one-third, and occupying about one-
fourth, of the entire length ; being twice as long as high ; its greatest
elevation three-fourths of the depth of the body ; anterior rays gradually
increasing from the first, which is very short, to the eighth and ninth,
which are longest ; tenth and succeeding rays slightly decreasing ; first
eight simple, the rest branched : adipose situate at nearly two-thirds of
the distance from the dorsal to the base of the caudal : anal commencing
a little beyond the tip of the reclined dorsal ; shaped like that fin, but
much smaller ; first five rays simple, the rest branched : caudal deeply
forked: pectorals three-fourths the length of the head: ventrals about
the same; attached beneath the middle of the dorsal; with a long
narrow scale in their axillae :

B. 10; D. 22 ; A. 15, the last double ; C. 19, and some short ones ; P. 15 ; V. 11.

(Colours.) Upper part of the head dusky ; back and sides silvery gray,
marked with longitudinal dusky streaks : dorsal spotted ; the spots
arranged in longitudinal lines : other fins plain.

* I may state in this place that the Mallotus villosus, or Capelin, was inserted by error in my
Catalogue as a doubtful inhabitant of the British seas. There is no recorded authority for such
insertion.

COREQONUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 431

An inhabitant of streams and rivers, in which it remains stationary all
the year, though asserted by Donovan to be migratory *. Partial to clear
and rapid waters. Found in Derbyshire, in some of the rivers in the
North, and in a few other parts, of England. Food, insects, testaceous
mollusca, small fish, &c. Spawns in April and May. Has been known
to attain the weight of five pounds t, but is usually found much smaller.

GEN. 43. COREGONUS, Cuv.

113. C. Lavaretus, Flem.? (Gwiniad.) — Jaws equal;
snout scarcely advancing beyond them.

C. Lavaretus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 182. ? Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand.
p. 15.? Salmo Wartmanni, Block, Ichth. pi. 105.? Gwiniad,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 183. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 316.
pi. 62. Id. (Ed. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 419. pi. 73. Le Lavaret, Cuv.
Reg. An. torn. n. p. 307. ?

LENGTH. From ten to twelve inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Extremely similar in form to the Common Her-
ring. Back slightly arched: greatest depth about one-fifth of the
entire length : head triangular, also about one-fifth : snout moderate,
scarcely advancing beyond the jaws ; these last equal, and without teeth ;
a few very fine velvet-like teeth on the tongue : eyes round, and large ;
their diameter contained three times and a half in the length of the
head ; the distance between them about equal to their diameter : gill-
opening very large : opercle of a somewhat triangular form, the basal
margin ascending very obliquely; subopercle approaching to oblong,
rounded beneath : lateral line straight, dividing the sides into two nearly
equal parts : scales large ; of an oval or roundish form, marked with close
concentric circles, but without radiating lines: dorsal occupying about
the middle of the entire length ; the distance from the end of the snout
to the first ray, when measured behind the fin, reaching a little beyond
the end of the fleshy part of the tail ; anterior part of the fin elevated,
the fourth ray, which is longest, equalling three-fourths of the depth of
the body; fifth and succeeding rays rather rapidly decreasing; length
of the fin about two-thirds of its greatest height ; first three rays simple,
the rest branched: space between the dorsal and adipose three times
that between this last and the caudal: anal commencing considerably
beyond the tip of the reclined dorsal, terminating in a line with the
adipose; similar to the dorsal in form, but longer and less elevated:
caudal deeply forked : pectorals inserted low down, a little shorter than
the head : ventrals attached beneath the middle of the dorsal ; axillary
scale nearly one-third their own length :

B. 10 ; D. 13 ; A. 16 ; C. 19, and some short ones ; P. 17 ; V. 11.

(Colours.) " Head dusky ; pupil deep blue ; gill-covers silvery, powdered
with black: back, as far as the lateral line, glossed with deep blue
and purple, but towards the line assuming a silvery cast, tinged with
gold, beneath which those colours entirely prevail: lateral line marked
by a series of distinct dusky spots : ventrals, in some, of a fine sky-blue,
in others, as if powdered with blue specks ; the ends of the other lower
fins tinged with the same colour." PENN.

* According to Sir H. Davy, "the Grayling will not bear even a brackish water, without

ring." Salmonia, (2dEdit.) p. 207.

t Daniel's Rural Sports, vol. .11. p. 280.

432 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [CORKGONUS.

This species is found in Bala Lake, Merionethshire, as well as in the
North of England and Scotland. I do not feel certain that it is identical
with the C. Lavaretus of continental authors (synonymous with the
Salmo Wartmanni of Bloch), there being several other allied species, the
characters of which have not as yet been determined with precision.
The above description is from specimens in the collection of W. Yarrell,
Esq. By Turton and some other English authors, it appears to have
been confounded with the Salmo Lavaretus of Bloch (S. Oxyrhinchus,
Linn.), a very distinct species, in which the snout is furnished with a soft
conical projection at its extremity extending beyond the jaws, and which
is not, that I am aware, a native of this country. According to Pennant,
the Gwiniad is a gregarious fish, and spawns in December.

114. C. Pollan, Thomps. (Pollan.)

C. Pollan, Thomps. in Proceed, of ZooL Soc. June 9, 1835.

LENGTH. From ten to twelve inches. THOMPS.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) " Differs from the Gwiniad in the snout not
being produced; in the scales of the lateral line; in having fewer rays
in the anal fin, and in its position being rather more distant from the tail ;
in the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, being of less dimensions ; and in the
third ray of the pectoral fin being longest ; (the first being of the greatest
length in the Gwiniad.) Relative length of the head to that of the body
as one to about three and a half: depth of the body equal to the length
of the head: jaws equal; both occasionally furnished with a few delicate
teeth ; the tongue with many teeth : lateral line sloping downwards for a
short way from the opercle, and thence passing straight to the tail : nine
rows of scales from the dorsal fin to the lateral line, and the same number
thence to the ventral fin ; the row of scales on the back and that of the
lateral line not reckoned : the third ray of the pectoral fin longest :

B. 9; D. 14; A. 13; C. 19; P. 16; V. 12.

Number of vertebrae fifty-nine. (Colours.) Colour to the lateral line dark
blue ; thence to the belly silvery : dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, towards
the extremity tinged with black ; pectoral and ventral fins of crystalline
transparency, excepting at their extremities, which are faintly dotted
with black: irides silvery; pupil black." THOMPS.

The above description is that of a species of Coregonus, lately brought
under the notice of the Zoological Society by Mr. W. Thompson of
Belfast, who considers it distinct from those hitherto published by
authors. It is found in Lough Neagh in Ireland, in which district it
is said to be known by the name of Pollan. Not having given it myself
a close examination, I forbear offering any opinion about it. Judging,
however, from the description, it certainly appears different from the last
species, with which it was probably confounded by Fleming, who gives
Lough Neagh as a locality for the C. Lavaretus.

115. C. Marcenula, Jard. (Vendace.) — Lower jaw-
longest, obliquely ascending.

C. Marsenula, Jard. in Edinb. Journ. of Nat. and Geog. Set. vol. in.
p. 4. pi. 1. Salmo Maramula, Block, Ichth. pi. 28. f. 3.? Gmel.
Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1381.? S. albula, Stew. El of Nat. Hist.
vol. i. p. 373. La Vemme, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 307.?

COREGONUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 433

LENGTH. From four to ten inches. JARD.

DK SCRIPT. (Form.) Differs essentially from the C. Lavaretus in
having the lower jaw longest, and ascending at an angle of forty-five
degrees to meet the upper, which receives it as in a groove: general
outline similar : greatest depth exactly one-fourth of the entire length,
caudal excluded: head small; "the crown heart-shaped, and so trans-
parent that the form of the skull and brain may be seen through the
integuments * :" maxillaries and lower jaw without teeth : tongue, which
is small and triangular, and placed far back, rough to the touch, with
a few, almost invisible, velvet-like teeth : eyes large and brilliant ; their
diameter contained three times and a half in the length of the head ; the
intervening space scarcely equal to their diameter: gill-opening very
large : lateral line straight : " scales of considerable size, oval, and nearly
smooth on the outer surface : " dorsal commencing at the middle of the
entire length ; .very much elevated and pointed anteriorly, its greatest
height being nearly twice its length ; first ray very short ; fourth longest ;
fifth and succeeding rays rapidly decreasing ; the last not half the length
of the fourth ; first three simple, the rest branched : space between the
dorsal and adipose more than double that between the adipose and
caudal : anal commencing a little beyond the tip of the reclined dorsal,
and terminating in a line with the adipose ; first ray very minute ; fourth
and fifth longest; first four simple, the rest branched: caudal very much
forked: pectorals attached low down: ventrals opposed to the anterior
half of the dorsal ; the axillary scale scarcely more than one-fourth of
their length:

B. 9 ; D. 12 ; A. 14 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 15 ; V. 11.

"Number of vertebrae fifty to fifty-two." (Colours.) "Upper parts of
a delicate greenish brown, shading gradually into a clear silver lustre :
irides and cheeks silvery : dorsal fin greenish brown ; the lower fins all
bluish white." JARD.

First distinguished as a British species by Sir W. Jardine. By pre-
vious authors in this country it appears to have been confounded with
the C. Lavaretus. The only locality known for it " is the lochs in the
neighbourhood of Lochmaben, in Dumfries-shire ;" into which (according
to tradition) it was introduced by Mary Queen of Scots. " General habits
resembling those of the Gwiniad. Swims in large shoals, retiring to the
depths of the lakes in warm and clear weather. Spawns about the com-
mencement of November."

(3.) SCOPELUS, Cuv.

(21.) £ Humboldti, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 315. S. borealis,

Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 20. Sheppy Argentine, Penn.

Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 327. pi. 65. no. 156. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 432. pi. 76.

jast Demg me type ot his genus dcopelus. The fallowing is Pennant's
description of his fish, which he obtained from the sea near Downing, in
1769. "Length two inches and one-fourth. Eyes large; irides silvery :
lower jaw sloped much : teeth small: body compressed, and of an equal
depth almost to the anal fin : tail forked. Back of a dusky green : the
sides and covers of the gills as if plated with silver. Lateral line in the
middle and quite straight. On each side of the belly a row of circular
punctures : above them another, ceasing near the vent."

Whether the Argentine of Lowt be the same as Pennant's fish, can
scarcely, from his imperfect description, be determined.

* Sir W. Jardine. t Faun. Oread, p. 225.

EE

434 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [CLUPEA.

GEN. 44. CLUPEA, Linn.

(1. CLUPEA, Linn.)

116. C. Harengus, Linn. (Common Herring.) —
Minute teeth in both jaws : infra-orbitals and gill-covers
veined : subopercle rounded at bottom : dorsal behind
the centre of gravity : ventrals beneath the middle of the
dorsal.

C. Harengus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 522. Block, Ichth. pi. 29.
f. 1. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 106. Flem. Brit. An. p. 182.
Harengus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 219. tab. P. 1. f. 2. British
Herring, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 335. pi. 68. no. 160. Com-
mon Herring, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 444. pi. 79. Hareng
commun, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 317.

LENGTH. Ten to twelve inches ; sometimes more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oval; rather elongated : dorsal and ventral lines
equally convex : greatest depth one-fifth of the entire length, excluding
caudal : thickness half the depth : sides compressed : belly sharply cari-
nated, but without any sensible serratures : head triangular, very much
compressed; one-fifth of the entire length, this last being measured to
the base of the caudal fork : lower jaw longer than the upper, with a few
minute teeth confined to its extremity ; upper jaw with the lower half
of the maxillaries finely serrated : a few minute teeth on the tongue, as
well as on the vomer : eyes large ; their diameter contained about four
times and a half in the length of the head : infra-orbitals, preopercle, and
upper part of the opercle, marked with fine vein-like striae : subopercle
rounded beneath : gill-opening extremely large : lateral line not very
distinct; its course nearly straight, and rather above the middle: scales
large, very deciduous : dorsal fin behind the centre of gravity, com-
mencing exactly half-way between the end of the snout and base of
the caudal rays; rays rapidly increasing from the first, which is very
short, to the fifth, which is longest; then gradually decreasing; the
first four simple, the succeeding ones branched: anal commencing be-
yond the tip of the dorsal, this last being laid back ; of about the same
length as that fin, but not so high ; fourth and some of the succeeding
rays longest : caudal deeply forked : pectorals rather narrow, more than
half the length of the head : ventrals attached beneath the middle of
the dorsal, a vertical line from the first dorsal ray falling considerably
in advance of them :

B. 8 ; D. 19 ; A. 17; C. 19, and 5 or 6 short ones ; P. 17 ; V. 9.

Number of vertebrae fifty-six. (Colours.) Back and upper portion of
the sides deep sky-blue, tinged with sea-green : belly and flanks bright
silvery : irides, cheeks, and gill-covers, tinged with gold.

A common and well-known species visiting our coasts in large shoals
towards the end of Summer. Deposits its roe in October and November,
after which it retires again into deep water. Food, according to Pennant,
small Crustacea ; sometimes the fry of its own species.

117. C. Leachii) Yarr. (Leactis Herring.)

C. Leachii, Yarr. in Proceed, of Zool. Soc. (1831.) p. 34. Id. in
Zool. Journ. vol. v. p. 278. pi. 12.

CLUPEA.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 435

DESCRIPT. " Much deeper in proportion than the Common Herring,
an adult fish eight inches long, being one inch and seven-eighths deep,
while a Common Herring of the same depth measures ten inches and
a half in length : dorsal and abdominal lines much more convex ; the
latter keeled, but without serration : under jaw with three or four pro-
minent teeth placed just within the angle formed by the symphysis ; the
upper maxillae with their edges slightly crenated: eye large: scales
smaller than in the other species: no distinct lateral line. Back and
sides deep blue, with green reflections, passing into silvery white be-
neath. Dorsal fin behind the centre of gravity ; but not so far behind
it as in the Common Herring : number of fin-rays,

D. 18 ; A. 16 ; C. 20 ; P. 17 ; V. 9.

Number of vertebrae fifty-four." YARR.

A new species, obtained by Mr. Yarrell in 1831, from fishermen en-
gaged in taking Sprats at the mouths of the Thames and Medway.
Found heavy with roe on the 31st of January: probably does not
spawn till the middle of February. Flesh said to be much milder than
that of the Common Herring.

Obs. From the statements made by Mr. Yarrell in the " Zoological
Journal*", it seems probable that there may be yet another species of
Herring, larger than either of those described above, occasionally met
with in the British seas. Pennant also speaks of one, seen by Mr.
Travis, which measured twenty-one inches and a half in length.

118. C. Sprattus, Bloch. (Sprat.) — Teeth in the lower
jaw obsolete : infra-orbitals and gill-covers not veined :
dorsal further back than in the Herring; the ventrals
beneath its anterior margin : keel of the abdomen serrated :
anal with eighteen rays.

C. Sprattus, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 29. f. 2. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 107.
Sprattus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 221. Sprat, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. m. p. 346. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 457. Melet, Esprot
ou Harenguet, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 318.

LENGTH. Five inches.

DESCRIPT. Proportions nearly the same as those of the adult Her-
ring, but the depth (equalling one-fifth of the entire length, caudal
included) considerably greater than in a young Herring of the same
length : keel of the abdomen more sharply serrated than in that spe-
cies: teeth in the lower jaw more obsolete, scarcely sensible to the
touch : subopercle of nearly the same form ; but the veins on the in-
fra-orbitals and preopercle not so distinct: scales larger: dorsal placed
a little further back, commencing at the middle point between the end of
the snout and the base of the caudal fork : ventrals, in consequence, rela-
tively more forward, being slightly in advance of a vertical line from the
first dorsal ray : number of fin-rays,

D. 17; A. 18; C. 19, &c. ; P. 16; V. 7.
Number of vertebrae forty-eight.

* Vol. v. pp. 279, and 382.
E E 2

436 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [CLUPEA.

This species has by many authors been confounded with the young
of the Herring. Pennant was the first to point out its true distinguish-
ing characters. It is very abundant in the Thames during the Winter,
entering the river (according to Pennant) in the beginning of November,
and leaving it in March. It is also found on other parts of the coast, but
not every-where in plenty. Mr. Couch states *, that he never saw above
one specimen of the true Sprat in Cornwall ; though the Cornish fisher-
men apply this name to the young of both the Herring and the Pilchard.

119. C. alba, Yarr. (White-Bait.) — Minute teeth in
both jaws : dorsal further back than in the Herring :
ventrals beneath the middle of the dorsal : keel of the
abdomen serrated : anal with sixteen rays.

C. alba, Yarr. in Zool. Journ. vol. iv. pp. 137, and 465. pi. 5. f. 2.
C. latulus, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 318. White-Bait, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 371. pi. 69. no. 176. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 465. pi. 80.

LENGTH. Three to four inches, rarely four inches nine lines.

DESCRIPT. Body more compressed than in the Herring, the thick-
ness being less than half the depth : abdominal serratures much sharper
than in either the Herring or Sprat, but not so sharp as in the Shad, in
which last species they are also of a different form : head one- fourth of
the entire length: lower jaw longest: teeth very minute; those in the
lower jaw confined to the extremity ; upper jaw with the lower half of
the maxillaries finely serrated: eyes large; their diameter nearly one-
third the length of the head : lateral line distinctly marked, and straight :
dorsal a very little further back than in the Herring1}; ventrals imme-
diately beneath it : number of fin-rays,

D. 19; A. 16; C. 19, &c.; P. 16; V. 9.

Number of vertebrae fifty-six.

Supposed formerly to have been the young of the Shad $, but clearly
proved by Mr. Yarrell to be a distinct species. Found only in the
Thames, which river it ascends in April, sometimes as early as the
end of March. Abundant throughout the Summer about Greenwich
and Blackwall, but never found higher up the river than the locality
last mentioned. Supposed to deposit its spawn during Winter. Swims
near the surface. Food minute shrimps.

120. C. Pilchardus, Bloch. (Pilchard.) — Teeth ob-
solete : infra-orbitals and opercular pieces strongly veined :
subopercle square at bottom : dorsal exactly in the centre
of gravity : ventrals beneath the posterior half of the
dorsal.

* Loudon's Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 315.

t Cuvier says plus avancte, but I have not found it so in our English specimens, at least in
those which 1 have examined.

t The White-Bait represented in Donovan's British Fishes (vol. v. pi. 98.) are really young
Shads, and not the above species.

CLUPEA.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 437

C. Pilchardus, Block, Ichth. pi. 406. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in.
pi. 69. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 106. Flem. Brit. An. p. 183.
Harengus minor, sive Pilchardus, Will Hist. Pise. p. 223.
tab. P. 1. f. 1. Pilchard, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 343.
pi. 68. no. 161. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 453. Le Pilchard,
ou le Celan, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 319.

LENGTH. Nine to eleven, rarely twelve, inches.

DESCRIPT. General form resembling that of the Herring: the body,
however, somewhat thicker and rounder ; the depth greater, the dorsal
line being more curved : belly not so sharp, as in that species, although
the abdominal serratures, more especially those in front of the ventrals,
are rather more produced: head shorter: lower jaw not so long with
respect to the upper: scarcely any perceptible teeth; the maxillaries
simply with a few very fine denticulations quite at their lower extre-
mity :" diameter of the eye about one-fourth the length of the head :
subopercle cut square at bottom, and forming with the preopercle an
oblong (not a semicircle as in the Herring) ; both opercle and pre-
opercle, but the last especially, with strongly-marked radiating striae :
scales larger than in the Herring: dorsal more forward, and placed
exactly in the centre of gravity ; the distance from the end of the snout
to the first ray, equalling the distance from the last ray to the base of the
caudal : caudal deeply forked : pectorals two-thirds the length of the
head, attached low down, beneath the subopercle: ventrals rather be-
hind a vertical line from the middle of the dorsal :

B. 6 ; D. 18 ; A. 18 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 16 ; V. 8.

Principally taken off the coast of Cornwall, where they appear in large
shoals towards the end of Summer. The fishery for them commences
(according to Mr. Couch) towards the end of July, and terminates about
the time of the autumnal equinox. Food undetermined, but thought by
Mr. Couch to be the seeds of fuci.

(2. ALOSA, Cuv.)

121. C. Finta, Cuv. (Shad.) — Distinct teeth in both
jaws : a row of dusky spots along each side of the body.

C. Finta, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 320. C. Alosa, Block, Ichth.
pi. 30. f. 1. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. HI. pi. 57. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p, 106. Flem. Brit. An. p. 183. ? Shad, Witt. Hist. Pise. p. 227.
tab. P. 3. f. 1. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 348. pi. 69. no. 164.
Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 460. pi. 80. Yarr. in Zool. Journ.
vol. iv. pp. 137, and 465. pi. 5. f. 1. (Young.) Thames Shad,
Bowd. Brit.fr. wat. Fish. Draw.no. 19.

LENGTH. From ten to sixteen inches ; occasionally rather more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Much larger in all its dimensions than either the
Herring or the Pilchard : body thicker ; also somewhat deeper in pro-
portion to its length : ventral line more convex than the dorsal : abdomen
sharply carinated; the serratures much sharper and stronger than in
any of the true Clupece, most developed between the ventrals and the
anal: head somewhat triangular; measuring rather more than one-fifth
of the entire length : snout short ; under jaw relatively longer than in
the Pilchard, but not so long as in the Herring : intermaxillary deeply
notched : maxillaries sharply serrated with fine teeth along their whole
margin ; lower jaw likewise with three or four teeth, much stronger than

438 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [CLUPEA.

the others, on each side near the extremity : tongue smooth, of a tri-
angular form, free, and terminating in a hlunt point : eyes placed high
on the cheeks ; much smaller than in the Pilchard, their diameter being
scarcely more than one-fifth the length of the head ; the distance from
them to the edge of the maxillary just equal to their diameter: sub-
opercle as in the Herring, but rounded off at bottom more obliquely ;
preopercle more resembling that of the Pilchard, and marked with radi-
ating striae as in that species, though not quite so distinctly : lateral line
scarcely perceptible : scales of moderate size : dorsal placed further back
than in the Pilchard, but more advanced than in the Herring, the dis-
tance from the snout to its commencement, when brought behind the fin,
reaching to nearly one- third of the caudal ; fifth ray longest ; the pre-
ceding ones gradually increasing from the first, which is very short ; first
three simple, the rest branched ; the last two from one root : anal longer
than in the Pilchard, and not approaching quite so near the caudal ; the
intervening space one-seventh of the entire length of the body, caudal
excluded : caudal deeply forked : pectorals more than half the length of
the head : ventral s beneath the middle of the dorsal.

B. 8; D. 20 ; A. 21 ; C. 19, &c. ; P. 15 ; V. 9.

Number of vertebrae fifty-five. (Colours.) Back, and upper part of the
sides, dusky blue: lower part of the sides, and belly, silvery white, or
yellowish, glossed with golden hues : a row of dusky spots, generally five
or six in number, but varying in different individuals, along each flank.
Obs. The young of this species are distinguished from White-Bait by
their greater depth in proportion to their length, smaller eye, bifid snout,
the presence of teeth along the whole margin of the maxillary, more for-
ward dorsal fin, much sharper, as well as differently formed, abdominal
serratures, and by the row of spots on the sides, the first of which, imme-
diately behind the opercle, is never wanting.

A migratory species, entering rivers in May for the purpose of spawn-
ing, and returning to the sea about the end of July. Very abundant
in the Thames and Severn. In the former river is found as high up
as Putney and Hammersmith, where the White-Bait is unknown. Feeds,
according to Bloch, on worms, insects, and small fish. Spawns about the
first week in July. Flesh coarse and insipid. In the Severn is called
a Twaite, the name of Shad being reserved for the next species.

122. C. Alosa, Cuv. (Allis.) — Jaws without distinct
teeth : a single black spot behind the gills.

C. Alosa, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 319. Shad, Bowd. Brit. fr.
wat. Fish. Draw. no. 27.

LENGTH. From two to three, sometimes four, feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Depth greater than in the last species, equalling
rather more than one-fourth of the entire length : maxillaries rough at
the edges, but without any distinct teeth: anal a little longer: in all
other respects nearly similar : number of fin-rays,

D. 19; A. 26; C. 19, &c. ; P. 15 ; V. 9.

(Colours.) Resembling those of the C. Finta, but with rarely more than
a single dusky spot behind the gills, which is always present.

This species abounds in the Severn, and is also occasionally, though
rarely, taken in the Thames, in which last river it is called Allis. It

ENGRAULIS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 439

is more esteemed for the table than the C. Finta: it also attains to
a larger size, weighing from four to five, sometimes even as much as
eight, pounds. Obs. Either this or the last species is the Chad of Jesse*.

GEN. 45. ENGRAULIS, Cuv.
123. E. Encrasicholus, Flera. (Anchovy.)

E. Encrasicholus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 183. Clupea Encrasicholus,
Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 523.' Block, Ichth. pi. 30. f. 2.
Don. Brit. Pish. vol. in. pi. 50. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 107.
Encrasicholus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 225. tab. P. 2. f. 2. Anchovy,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 347. pi. 67. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol.m.
p. 441. pi. 78. L'Anchois vulgaire, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n.
p. 322.

LENGTH. Six inches and a half. PENN.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body slender, but thicker in proportion than the
Herring: eyes large: under jaw much shorter than the upper: teeth
small ; a row in each jaw, and another on the middle of the tongue : the
tongue doubly ciliated on both sides : dorsal consisting of twelve rays,
transparent, and placed nearer the nose than the tail: scales large and
deciduous : edge of the belly smooth : tail forked. (Colours.) Back green,
and semipellucid : sides and belly silvery, and opaque : irides white, with
a cast of yellow. PENN. According to Donovan, the number of the fin-
rays is as follows:

D. 15; A. 14; C. 24 ; P. 15 ; V. 7-

Apparently a rare species in the British seas. First obtained by Ray
from the estuary of the Dee. Pennant mentions a few which were taken
near his house at Downing, in Flintshire, in 1769. Donovan procured a
specimen from the coast of Hampshire. More recently single individuals
have occurred on the coasts of Norfolk and Durham. Common in the
Mediterranean, where there is also (according to Cuvier) a second and
smaller species, distinguished by the profile being less convex. Both
this last and the British one belong to that section of the genus, in which
the belly is smooth without a sharp edge, and the dorsal opposite the
ventrals.

(4.) LEPISOSTEUS, Lacep.

(22.) L. Gavialis, Lacep. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. torn. v. p. 333.
Esox osseus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 516. Bloch, Ichth.
pi. 390. Berkenh. Syn. vol. i. p. 81. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v.
pi. 100.

Berkenhout was the first to include this species in the British Fauna.
He gives us to understand that it had occurred on the Sussex coast. The
only other author who has mentioned any locality for it is Stewart, who
states t that it has been taken in the Frith of Forth. It is probable, how-
ever, that in both these instances there is some error, as the species is
a native of America, where it is said to inhabit lakes and large rivers.

* Gleanings in Nat. Hist. Second Series, p. 129.
t Elements of Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 374.

440 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [GADUS.

(II. SUBBRACHIALES.)

GEN. 46. GADUS, Linn.

124. G. Morrhua, Linn. (Common Cod.) — Back and
sides spotted with yellow and brown ; lateral line white :
jaws nearly equal.

G. Morrhua, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 436. Block, Ichth. pi. 64.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 89. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 106.
Asellus major vulgaris, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 165. tab. L. m. 1.
n. 1. f. 4. Morhua vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 191. Common
Cod-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 172. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 231. La Morue, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 331.

LENGTH. Two to four feet. Has been known (according to Pennant)
to reach five feet eight inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oval; elongated; thickest behind the pectorals ;
somewhat tapering posteriorly: greatest depth about one-fifth of the
entire length : dorsal line nearly straight beyond the commencement
of the first fin, in front of which it slopes gently downwards to the
snout ; ventral line more bellying : head large ; rather more than one-
fourth of the entire length: snout rounded: jaws nearly equal; but
sometimes the upper a little the longest : both jaws, as well as the fore
part of the vomer, armed with small, sharp, card-like teeth in several rows,
of unequal lengths: beneath the symphysis of the lower jaw a single
barbule about one inch and a half in length : eyes moderate : head
smooth and naked : body covered with small soft scales : a longitudinal
groove on the nape extending from behind the eyes to the commence-
ment of the first dorsal : lateral line arising from the upper part of the
opercle, curving gently downwards till beneath the twelfth ray of the
second dorsal, then passing off straight to the caudal ; beneath the first
dorsal, its course is about one-fifth of the depth : three dorsals ; the first
commencing at nearly one-third of the length ; of a somewhat triangular
form ; its length rather greater than its height, which last equals about
one-third of the depth of the body ; first ray only half the length of the
second ; third, fourth, and fifth, rays longest ; succeeding ones gradually
diminishing ; the last ray very small : second dorsal almost immediately
behind the first, of the same height, but its length half as much again ;
third, fourth, and fifth, rays longest : third dorsal resembling the first, but
rather longer ; fourth, fifth, and sixth, rays longest ; the first ray very
short: two anals; the first nearly corresponding to the second dorsal,
beginning a little backwarder, but terminating in the same line ; first
ray very small, and easily overlooked; seventh and eighth longest:
second anal answering exactly to the third dorsal : caudal nearly even at
the extremity ; the rays proceeding principally from the sides of the tail,
which is prolonged into the middle of the fin : pectorals rounded, rather
less than half the length of the head; fifth ray longest; all the rays,
except the first two, branched: ventrals a little shorter than the pec-
torals, placed before them, narrow, and pointed; third ray longest:
number of fin-rays,

D. 12—20—19 ; A. 19—17 ; C. 34, and several short ones ; P. 19 ; V. fi.

GADUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 441

(Colours.) Back, head, and upper half of the sides, cinereous brown,
obscurely spotted with yellow; lower half of the sides, and abdomen,
white: lateral line forming a narrow white band, very conspicuous on
the dusky ground: fins dusky; ventrals pale, approaching to white.

A common species on most parts of the coast, but said to increase
in numbers towards the North. According to Dr. Fleming, the most
extensive fisheries in our seas are off the Western Isles and the coast
of Zetland. Spawns in the early part of the Spring. Food, worms,
Crustacea, shell-fish, &c. Has been known to attain the weight of
seventy-eight pounds.

(23.) G. Callarias, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 436. Bloch, Ichth.
pi. 63. Berkenh. Syn. vol. i. p. 67. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 89.
Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 40. Asellus varius vel striatus,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 172. tab. L. m. 1. n. 1. f. 1. Variable Cod-
Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Ed. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 239. Le Dorsch,
Cuv. Reg. -An. torn. n. p. 332.

This species, which is common in the Northern seas, especially in the
Baltic, has been included in the British Fauna by Berkenhout, Turton,
and the Editor of the last edition of Pennant's Zoology ; its claims to
insertion, however, must be considered as rather doubtful. It is probable
that by some observers it has been confounded with a variety of the last
species, in which the upper jaw projects a little beyond the lower, though
never so much as in the G. Callarias, in which this character forms a
striking feature. According to Cuvier, the true G. Callarias is usually
of much smaller size than the G. Morrhua. Nilsson states its length to be
from one to two feet.. The same observer has annexed a distinguishing
character between the two species, which it may be well to repeat here
for the guidance of our own naturalists, in the event of the G. Callarias
being really an inhabitant of the British seas. He remarks, that in the
G. Morrhua, the length of the lower jaw equals half that of the head,
also equals the distance from the snout to the posterior margin of the
orbit : in the G. Callarias, it is shorter than half the length of the head,
and equals the distance from the snout to the middle of the eye. The
colours of this last species, upon which some authors appear to have
relied, are said to be extremely variable.

The G. Callarias has been sometimes distinguished by the English name
of Dorse. Its flesh (according to Cuvier) is reckoned superior to that
of the Common Cod.

125. G. j32glefinus9 Linn. (Haddock.) — Lateral line,
and a large spot behind the pectorals, black : upper jaw
longest.

G. ^Bglefinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 435. Block, Ichth. pi. 62.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 59. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 89.
Onos, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 170. tab. L. m. 1. n. 2. Morhua
^Eglefinus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 191. Hadock, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. in. p. 179. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 241. L'Egrefin,
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 331.

LENGTH. From eighteen inches to two feet; rarely more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Rather more elongated, in proportion to its depth,
than the Common Cod : barbule on the chin shorter : nape with an ele-
vated ridge instead of a groove: upper jaw considerably the longest:
lateral line hardly so much curved: first dorsal more decidedly tri-
angular; the second and third rays longest, and more elevated above
the others: third dorsal of the same length as the first, but not so

442 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [GADUS.

high, the rays being more nearly equal: first and second anals an-
swering to the second and third dorsals respectively: insertion of the
pectorals in a line with the first ray of the first dorsal : ventrals narrow
and pointed ; the second ray longest : caudal forked : number of fin-rays,

D. 16—21—19 ; A. 24—20 ; C. about 40, besides short ones ; P. 21 ; V. 6 :

scales small ; firmly attached to the skin : vent in a line with the com-
mencement of the second dorsal. (Colours.) Dusky brown: belly, and
lower part of the sides, silvery : lateral line black : a large black spot
on each side of the body, behind the pectorals and beneath the first
dorsal.

An abundant species on all parts of the coast, particularly during
Winter. Migrates northwards in Spring. Keeps in large shoals.
Spawns in February.

(24.) G. punctatus, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 90. Morhua punctatus,
Flem. Brit. An. p. 192.

" Body eighteen inches long, slightly arched on the back, a little pro-
minent on the belly, covered above with numerous gold-yellow roundish
spots, beneath with dusky specks which are stellate under a glass : head
large, gradually sloping : teeth small, in several rows in the upper jaw,
in the lower a single row : nostrils double : iris reddish, pupil black :
chin with a single beard : nape with a deep longitudinal groove : lateral
line nearer the back, curved as far as the middle of the second dorsal fin,
growing broader and whiter towards the end : upper fins and tail brown,
with obscure yellowish spots, and darker towards the ends; lower ones
tinged with green : vent near the middle of the body : scales small ; under
a glass minutely speckled with brown : gill-covers of two pieces : lower
jaw with five obscure punctures on each side :

D. 14—20—18; A. 19—16; P. 18; V. 6,

the first ray shorter than the second, and divided a little way down ; C. 36,
even at the extremity." TURT.

This supposed species, which I am not acquainted with, is stated by
Dr. Turton as being frequently taken in the Weirs at Swansea. No other
author appears to have noticed it. I would venture to suggest that it is
only a variety of the G. Morrhua.

126. G. luscus, Linn. (Bib, or Pout.) — Depth one-
fourth of the length : first anal commencing nearly in a
line with the first dorsal.

G. luscus & barbatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 437. Turt.
Brit. Faun. p. 90. G. barbatus, Block, Ichth. pi. 166. G. luscus,
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 19.? Morhua lusca & barbata,
Flem. Brit. An. p. 191. Bib and Blinds (Cornubiensibus), Asellus
luscus, Witt. Hist. Pise. p. 169. Asellus mollis latus, Id. App.
p. 22. tab. L. m. 1. n. 4. Pout & Bib, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
pp. 183, & 184. pi. 30. no. 76. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. pp. 246,
& 247. pi. 34.

LENGTH. From ten to twelve inches, seldom more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Remarkable for the great depth of the body,
equalling, at least, one-fourth of the entire length : sides compressed :
back slightly arched, and somewhat carinated ; nape in particular offering
a sharp ridge, which commences in a line with the eyes, and extends
nearly to the dorsal: head about one-fourth of the entire length, ex-

GADUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 443

eluding caudal: snout obtuse and rounded ; upper jaw a little the long-
est: a single row of sharp moderately long teeth in the lower jaw; the
same in the upper with a band of smaller teeth behind : barbule at the
chin about one-fourth the length of the head : eyes large ; their diameter
one-third the length of the head ; invested with a loose membranous skin
capable of inflation ; the distance between the eyes less than their dia-
meter: scales not particularly large: lateral line curved, the flexure
taking place beneath the commencement of the second dorsal ; anterior
to which its course is at rather more than one-fourth of the depth : be-
neath the lower jaw, on each side, a row of seven or eight open pores :
fins thick, fleshy at the base, invested with a loose skin: first dorsal
commencing at about one- third of the entire length, excluding caudal;
second and" third rays longest; fourth and succeeding ones gradually
decreasing ; the last very short ; greatest height of this fin about two-
thirds the depth of the body : second dorsal commencing at a very short
interval after the first ; more than twice its length ; third ray longest :
third dorsal closely following the second; in length, a little exceeding
the first; third and fourth rays longest: first anal commencing in a line
with the second ray of the first dorsal, and terminating in a line with
the last ray of the second dorsal ; the rays gradually increasing to the
eleventh, which is longest, the first being very short :" second anal imme-
diately following the first; answering to the third dorsal; fourth ray
longest: caudal nearly even: pectorals about three-fourths the length
of the head ; third and fourth rays longest : ventrals long and narrow ;
the first two rays very much produced beyond the others, terminating
in slender filaments; the second, which is the longer, rather more than
equalling the length of the pectorals : number of fin-rays,

D. 12—23—19 ; A. 35—21 ; C. 31, and some short ones ; P. 18 ; V. 6 :

vent directly beneath the commencement of the first dorsal. (Colours.)
Whitish, inclining to dusky olivaceous on the back; sides tinged with
yellow : fins dusky, becoming paler at the base ; a dusky spot at the root
of the pectorals.

Common all along the southern coast, where it is taken in considerable
quantities for the table. Found also in other places. It is the Whiting
Pout of the London market. Obs. I have ventured to bring together (as
Bloch has already done before me) the G. luscus and G. barbatus of
authors, under a strong belief that they form but one species*. Should

* This opinion has not been adopted hastily. I have in vain sought for any author who has
described both the supposed species from his own observation, and after a due comparison of
their respective characters. The error of considering them as distinct appears to have originated
with Ray, the Editor of Willughby's Ichthyology. It would seem that Willughby was the first
to describe a fish (called in Cornwall Bib or Blinds) under the name of Asellus luscus, a species
evidently the same as the Pout of the Southern coast, to which Willughby's description, as far as
it goes, applies exactly. After that the body of his work was printed, Ray, his Editor, appears to
have received from Martin Lister, along with other novelties, a short account of the Whiting
Pout of the London market, to which he gave a separate place in the Appendix, never suspecting
that it might be the same as what had been already described by Willughby under the name of
Bib. Hence the two nominal species, which were afterwards perpetuated by Ray in his "Synopsis
Piscium ; " and either to that work or Willughby's, the descriptions of all succeeding authors,
so far as regards one of the species, when they have noticed both, may ultimately be traced.
This is the case with Artedi, in the instance of the G. luscus. He simply refers to Ray and Wil-
lughby, annexing a short character, apparently taken from the description by the author last
mentioned. This character is repeated by Linnaeus in his "Systema Naturae, accompanied by
a reference to Artedi. Pennant's account of the two species is partly copied, and partly original :
his description of the Pout is perhaps his own ; but that of the Bib is in a great measure taken
from Willughby, and althougn he has made one or two additional remarks, as well as annexed
a figure, I question whether these were derived from any fish specifically distinct from his
Whiting Pout. Gmelin, who, with respect to the G. luscus, only compiles from Willughby and
Pennant, appears to have suspected that the two fish were not really different. Berkenhout
states nothing beyond what is mentioned either by Willughby, Pennant, or Gmelin. Turton's
descriptions of the two species are evidently compiled from Pennant and Gmelin, excepting as
regards the number of fin-rays in the G. luscus, in which there is manifestly some error. Lastly,

444 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [GADUS.

I be wrong in holding this opinion, the minute description which I have
given above of the Pout, as it occurs at Hastings, where my specimens
were obtained, will not be without its use in enabling future observers
to point out more precisely than has been hitherto done, the essential
differences between it and the true G. luscus.

(25.) Lord-Fish.

Mr. Yarrell possesses the drawing of a fish (itself, unfortunately, not
preserved) which was brought to him some years since, under the above
name, by the Thames fishermen, and which was said to have been taken at
the mouth of that river. In general form, it approaches the G. luscus, but
it differs remarkably from that species, in having the first anal much
shorter, and more rounded, commencing at a further distance from the
head, and leaving a considerable space between itself and the second anal ;
the vent also, which in G. luscus is in a line with the commencement of
the first dorsal, is here in a line with the commencement of the second
dorsal, or hardly so far advanced, being nearer the tail than the head.
The number of fin-rays is as follows :

D. 14—19-18; A. 17-^11; C. 24; P. 14; V. 6.

It is impossible to do more than thus briefly indicate the existence of
a fish, which, if not a case of accidental deformity*, may hereafter turn
out to be an undescribed species.

127. Gr. minutus, Linn. (Poor.) — Depth one-fifth of
the length : first dorsal entirely before the first anal.

G. minutus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 438. Block, Ichth. pi. 67.
f. 1. Turt. Brit: Faun. p. 90. Asellus mollis minor, Will. Hist.
Pise. p. 171. tab. L. m. 1. n. 1. f. 2. Morhua minuta, Flem. Brit.
An. p. 191. Poor or Power, Jago in Rays Syn. Pise. p. 163. fig. 6.
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 185. pi. 30. no. 77. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 249. pi. 34.

LENGTH. From six to eight inches.

DESCRIPT. The smallest species in the genus, but more elongated
in proportion than the G. luscus : greatest depth one-fifth of the entire
length : head contained nearly five times in the same : lateral line nearly
straight : a row of very distinct open pores, six or seven in number, com-
mencing near the corner of the mouth, on each side of the head, and
extending along the margin of the preopercle: distance from the end
of the snout to the commencement of the first dorsal considerably less
than one-third of the entire length : vent in a line with the tenth ray of
the fin just mentioned : first dorsal entirely before the first anal, this last
commencing nearly in the same line as that in which the former ter-
minates : number of fin-rays,

D. 13—24—20; A. 28—24; P. 18; V. 6.

In all other respects, the form of this species is similar to that of the
G. luscus. The colour, according to Pennant, is light brown on the
back, and dirty white on the belly.

Dr. Fleming compiles from Willughby and Pennant. I would beg to ask, after this statement,
what is the value of our authority for considering these species as distinct? In further confirma-
tion of their identity, I may add that Mr. Yarrell has received from Mr. Couch, of Cornwall,
a drawing of the fish which is called Bib on that coast, and that it proves in every respect to be
the same as the Whiting Pout of the London market.

* This has been suggested by Mr. Yarrell, who hints that it may possibly be only a monstrous
variety of the G. Morrhua, and that the name of Lord-Fish, given it by the fishermen, may
be due to this circumstance.

MERLANGUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 445

First noticed as a British species by Jago, who obtained it on the
Cornish coast, where it has been since observed by Mr. Couch. The
specimen described above was caught at Weymouth, and measured eight
inches in length, considerably exceeding the size usually assigned by
authors to this species. Said to be very abundant in the Mediterranean,
and to go in large shoals. According to Willughby and Bloch, it is pecu-
liarly characterized internally by the peritonceum being black.

GEN. 47. MERLANGUS, Cuv.

128. M. vulgaris, Flem. (Whiting.) — Upper jaw
longest : lateral line nearly straight.

M. vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 195. Gadus Merlangus, Linn.
Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 438. Block, Ichth. pi. 65. Turt. Brit.
Faun. p. 91. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. u. pi. 36. Asellus mollis
major seu albus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 170. tab. L. m. 1. n. 5.
Whiting, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 190. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 255. Merlan commun, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 332.

LENGTH. From twelve to sixteen, rarely twenty, inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) More slender and elongated than the Common
Cod: greatest depth one-sixth of the entire length: head about one-
fourth : snout a little pointed; upper jaw very sensibly the longest: teeth
above in several rows ; the outer row longer than the others, and appear-
ing beyond those in the lower jaw, when the mouth is closed ; these last
forming but a single row : eyes round, large ; their diameter about one-
fifth the length of the head : no longitudinal groove on the nape : lateral
line nearly straight, showing only a slight flexure beneath the com-
mencement of the second dorsal : scales small : first dorsal commencing
at about one-third of the entire length ; of a triangular form, its length
and greatest elevation about the same, equalling two-thirds of the depth
of the body; third, fourth, and fifth, rays longest: second dorsal com-
mencing after a very short interval, much longer than the first, but in
other respects similar: third dorsal resembling the second, and com-
mencing after about the same interval; fourth and fifth rays longest:
vent in a line with the fourth ray of the first dorsal; first anal com-
mencing immediately behind it, and terminating a little beyond a ver-
tical line from the end of the second dorsal ; first seven rays gradually
increasing in length from the first, which is extremely short ; eighth and
some of the succeeding rays longest, and nearly even; last five or six
gradually decreasing : second anal answering to the third dorsal : caudal
nearly even : pectorals a little in advance of the first dorsal ; rather more
than half the length of the head ; third and fourth rays longest : vent-
ral s narrow and tapering, rather shorter than the pectorals ; second ray
much longer than the others : number of fin-rays,

D. 15—19—20; A. 32—21 ; C. 31, and some short ones; P. 19; V. 6.

(Colours.) Back, and upper part of the sides, pale brown, or reddish gray,
generally without spots : belly silvery : lateral line whitish : a dusky spot
at the roots of the pectoral fins.

A common species, taken in large quantities for the table during the
spring and summer months. Said to keep in large shoals at the distance
of two or three miles from the shore.

446 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [MERLANGUS.

129. M. Pollachius, Flem. (Pollack.) — Lower jaw
considerably the longest : lateral line curved, and dark
coloured : caudal slightly forked.

M. Pollachius, Flem. Brit. An. p. 195. Gadus Pollachius, Linn.
Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 439. Block, Ichth. pi. 68. Don. Brit. Fish.
vol. i. pi. 7. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 91. Asellus Huitingo-Polla-
chius, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 167. Pollack, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p. 188. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 254. Lieu, ou Merlan jaune,
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 333.

LENGTH. From two feet to two feet nine inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Not so much elongated as the Whiting: depth
greater, equalling (beneath the first dorsal) one-fourth of the whole
length, excluding caudal: ventral line more convex than the dorsal:
head long, contained three times and a half in the entire length : snout
a little depressed : lower jaw considerably the longest : teeth smaller and
finer than those of the Whiting: lateral line with a strongly marked
flexure beneath the termination of the first dorsal ; its course, before the
bend, running at one-fourth of the depth, after it, at nearly one-half:
first dorsal resembling that of the Whiting : second twice the length of
the first : third rather more than half the length of the second : vent in a
line with the third ray of the first dorsal : anals much as in the Whiting :
caudal slightly forked : length of the pectorals about half that of the
head: ventrals much smaller than in the Whiting; only one-third the
length of the pectorals ; second ray longest : number of fin-rays,

D. 14—21—19 ; A. 28—21 ; C. 31, and several short ones ; P. 19 ; V. 6.

(Colours.) Upper part of the head, back, and a portion of the sides, gray-
ish or dusky brown, sometimes inclining to green ; the rest of the sides,
and lower part of the body, whitish; these two colours separated by a
well-defined line, coinciding with the lateral line along the first half of its
course, but leaving it at the flexure : lips and fins dusky, with a tinge of
dull red.

Not uncommon off Weymouth and Scarborough, arid other rocky parts
of the British coast. The specimen described above was caught at Hast-
ings, and measured thirty-three inches in length, being above the usual
size of this species. Is sometimes called a Whiting Pollack.

130. M. Carbonarius, Flem. (Coal-Fish.) — Lower
jaw longest : lateral line straight, and white : caudal deeply
forked.

M. Carbonarius, Flem. Brit. An. p. 195. Gadus Carbonarius,
Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 438. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 66. Don. Brit.
Fish. vol. i. pi. 13. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 91. Asellus niger,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 168. tab. L. m. 1. n. 3. Coal-Fish, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 186. pi. 31. no. 78. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in.
p. 250. pi. 35. Merlan noir, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 332.

LENGTH. Two to three feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Resembling the last species, but more elongated;
greatest depth about one-fifth of the entire length : head a little shorter :
profile rather more convex : lower jaw not projecting so far beyond the

MERLUCCIUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 44?

upper : lateral line perfectly straight throughout its whole course : dorsal
and anal fins much as in the Pollack : ventrals rather longer than in that
species : caudal more deeply forked : number of fin-rays,

D. 14—19—22; A. 26—24; C. 31, &c. ; P. 21 ; V. 6.

(Colours.) Head, back, upper part of the sides, and dorsal fins, brown,
dusky, or deep black ; varying in different specimens : lateral line, belly,
ventral and anal fins, whitish. According to Pennant, the dark colour
of the back and sides deepens with age.

Equally common with the last species, but taken in most abundance on
the northern coasts of the Island. Said by Pennant to swarm about the
Orkneys, where the young are much used by the poor as an article of
food. Is called in Cornwall a Rauning Pollack.

131. M. virens, Flem. (Green Cod.) — "Jaws equal:
lateral line straight. "

M. virens, Flem. Brit. An. p. 195. Gadus virens, Linn. Syst. Nat.
torn. i. p. 438. Neill in Wern. Mem. vol. i. p. 532. Green
Cod, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 253.

LENGTH. Less than a foot. FLEM.

DESCRIPT. "Smooth; dusky green on the back, silvery in every
other part : jaws of equal length ; side-line straight ; tail forked." PENN.
According to Fleming, the number of fin-rays is,

D. 15—24—19 ; A. 27—22 ; P. 22 ; V. 6.

This species, which I have not seen, is said by Mr. Neill to resemble
the young Coal-Fish. Pennant first included it in the British Fauna,
on the authority of Sir John Cullum. Dr. Fleming states, that it is
frequently taken in the Frith of Forth, during Summer.

GEN. 48. MERLUCCIUS, Cuv.

132. M. vulgaris, Flem. (Common Hake.) — " Whitish,
grayish on the back : lower jaw longest."

M. vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 195. Gadus Merluccius, Linn. Syst.
Nat. torn. i. p. 439. Block, Ichth. pi. 164. Don. Brit. Fish.
vol. n. pi. 28. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 91. Asellus primus, Will.
Hist. Pise. p. 174. tab. L. m. 2. n. 1. Hake, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. in. p. 191. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m. p. 257. Merlus ordi-
naire, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 333.

LENGTH. From eighteen inches to nearly three feet. PENN.

DESCRIPT. Of a slender elongated form : head large, broad, and flat-
tish : mouth very wide : lower jaw longest : teeth very long and sharp,
particularly those of the lower jaw: near the eyes four small perfora-
tions : lateral line straight, nearer the back, beginning with several small
tubercles near the head: vent nearer the head: first dorsal small, and
pointed : the second reaching from the base of the first almost to the tail;
the last rays highest: pectorals and ventrals pointed: caudal nearly even:
number of fin-rays,

D. 9—38 to 40 ; A. 36 to 39 ; C. 18 ; P. 12 to 15 ; V. 7 or 8. PENN. & TURT.

448 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [LOTA.

Said to be found in vast abundance on many of our coasts, particularly
those of Ireland. Rare, according to Fleming, in Scotland. A coarse fish,
and seldom admitted to table.

GEN. 49. LOTA, Cuv.

133. L. Molva, Nob. (Ling.) — Above gray, inclining
to olive ; beneath silvery : upper jaw longest.

Gadus Molva, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 439. Block, Ichth. pi. 69.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 91. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 102. Asellus
longus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 1 75. tab. L. m. 2. n. 2. Molva vul-
garis, Flem. Brit. An. p. 192. Ling, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. m.
p. 197. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p.262. Lingue, Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. ii. p. 333.

LENGTH. (Average.) From three to four feet. Pennant mentions
having heard of one which reached seven feet.

DE SCRIPT. (Form.) Body slender, more elongated than that of the
Hake, roundish: head flat: gape large: lower jaw shorter than the
upper, with a single barbule at its extremity: teeth in the upper jaw
small, and very numerous ; those in the lower longer and larger, forming
but a single row : lateral line straight : scales small, firmly adhering to
the skin : two dorsals ; of equal height : first short, commencing near the
head, not pointed as in the Hake, but with most of the rays even : second
long, immediately behind the first, reaching nearly to the caudal; the
posterior portion the most elevated: vent in a line with the eighth or
ninth ray of the second dorsal : anal immediately behind it, long, resem-
bling the second dorsal, and terminating in the same line with that fin
posteriorly : caudal rounded at the extremity : number of fin-rays,

D. 15—65; A. 67; C. 40; P. 15; V. 6*.

(Colours.) Back and sides gray, inclining to olive; sometimes cinereous,
without the olivaceous tinge; belly silvery: ventrals white; dorsal and
anal edged with white ; caudal marked near the end with a transverse
black bar, the extreme tip white.

Not an uncommon species on many parts of the coast. Said by Pen-
nant to abound about the Scilly Isles, on the coasts of Scarborough, and
those .of Scotland and Ireland. Approaches the land in January and
February, according to Mr. Couch, in order to deposit its spawn. Very
prolific. Feeds on other fish.

134. L. vulgaris, Nob. (Burbot.) — Yellowish or
olivaceous brown, with darker blotches : jaws equal.

Gadus Lota, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 440. Block, Ichth. pi. 70.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 91. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 92. Mustela
fluviatilis, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 125. tab. H. 3. f. 4. Molva Lota,
Flem. Brit. An. p. 192. Burbot, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 199.
Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 265. Barbolt, Bowd. Brit.fr. wat. Fish.
Draw. no. 30. Lotte commune, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 334.

LENGTH. From one to two feet; sometimes more.
DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body elongated, thick and roundish anteriorly,
but much compressed behind: dorsal line nearly straight, but the ventral

* The above fin-ray formula is from Turton.

MOTELLA.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 449

rather convex: greatest depth between one-fifth and one-sixth of the
entire length : head broad and depressed : snout short and rounded : jaws
equal ; each with a band of rasp-like teeth : beneath the chin a single
barbule, not one-third the length of the head : gape large : eyes round,
moderate : gill-opening large ; the membrane uniting with that on the
opposite side under the throat : head naked : scales on the body minute,
deeply imbedded, and invested with a slimy mucus : lateral line straight,
not very distinct : dorsals of equal height ; the first short, and slightly
rounded, commencing at one-third of the entire length ; the second long,
closely following the first, and carried on quite to the caudal, to the base
of which it is united ; height of the second dorsal uniform throughout,
only the first and last rays shorter than the others : vent a little before
the middle of the entire length, excluding caudal; anal immediately
behind it, carried on likewise very nearly to the caudal, but not ex-
tending quite so far as the second dorsal : caudal rounded : pectorals
rounded, shorter than the head: ventrals of about the same length,
narrow and pointed; the second ray much longer than the others:
number of fin-rays,

D. 13—71 ; A. 68; C. 48, including short ones ; P. 20 ; V. 7.

(Colours.) Yellowish brown, blotched and stained with dark olivaceous
brown ; sometimes of a uniform dark olivaceous brown : head approaching
to dusky : belly yellowish white.

The only species of this family inhabiting fresh water. Not uncommon
in Cambridgeshire, where it is called an Eel-Pout. Found also (accord-
ing to Pennant) in the Trent, in the river Witham, and in the great East
Fen in Lincolnshire; but not generally distributed over the country.
Frequents lakes and rivers. In England, seldom attains a greater
weight than three pounds, but on the Continent is said sometimes to
reach ten or twelve. Spawns (according to Bloch) in the months of
December and January. Feeds on other fish, worms, and aquatic
insects. Very tenacious of life: will live a long time out of water.
Flesh excellent eating.

GEN. 50. MOTELLA, Cuv.

135. M. tricirrata, Nilss. (Three-bearded Rock-Ling.)
— Reddish yellow, spotted with black : two barbules on the
snout ; and one at the symphysis of the lower jaw.

M. tricirrata, Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 48. Gadus tricirratus,
Bloch, Ichth. pi. 165. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 2. Turt. Brit.
Faun. p. 92. Flem. Brit. An. p. 193. Rock-Ling, Jago in Rays
Syn. Pise. p. 164. fig. 9. Three-bearded Cod, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. in. p. 201. pi. 33. no. 87. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 267.
pi. 36. Mustele commun, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 334.

LENGTH. {Average.) From twelve to fifteen inches. According to
Pennant, sometimes reaches nineteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body elongated; approaching cylindric ante-
riorly, compressed behind: depth tolerably uniform throughout, equal-
ling, behind the pectorals, one-seventh of the entire length : thickness,
at the same part, more than three-fourths of the depth : head depressed ;

FF

450 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [MOTELLA.

rather more than one-fifth of the entire length : snout short, broad, and
rounded : gape wide : upper jaw a little the longest : a broad band of
velvet-like teeth in each jaw, with a single row of longer conical ones
behind them in the lower, before them in the upper: sharp card-like
teeth on the front of the vomer : two barbules on the upper part of the
snout, in advance of the nostrils ; a third at the symphysis of the lower
jaw; these three barbules of equal length, each measuring one-fourth
that of the heacj : gill-opening large ; the membranes uniting under the
throat as in the Burbot : scales very small ; the skin every-where soft,
and covered with a mucosity : lateral line bending downwards beneath
the commencement of the second dorsal, and gradually altering its course
from one-fifth to one-half the depth: first dorsal commencing in a line
with the gill-opening, situate in a deep groove, about half the length
of the head ; all the rays detached, fine and hair-like, scarcely showing
themselves above the groove, numerous ; the first ray stouter and longer
than the others: second or true dorsal immediately behind the first; long,
running nearly to, but not connected with, the caudal ; its height, except
just at its commencement, uniform, being rather more than one-third the
depth of the body : vent exactly in the middle of the entire length, caudal
excluded ; anal immediately behind it, resembling the second dorsal, and
terminating in the same line with that fin : caudal, and also the pectorals,
rounded : ventrals narrow ; the first two rays longer than the others, with
the intervening membrane deeply divided : number of fin-rays,

2nd D. 56 ; A. 48 ; C. 24, and some short ones ; P. 19 ; V. 7.

(Colours.) "Head and body reddish yellow, marked above the lateral
line with large black spots : dorsal fin and caudal darker ; anal of a
brighter red, but all spotted." PENN.

Frequents rocky shores, but is far more rare in the British seas than
the next species. The specimen which furnished the above description,
was taken at Weymouth. Is sometimes called the Whistle-fish.

136. M. Mustela, Nilss. (Five-bearded Rock-Ling.)
— Olive-brown : four barbules on the snout ; and one at
the symphysis of the lower jaw.

M. Mustela, Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 49. Gadus Mustela,
Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 440. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 14.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 92. Flem. Brit. An. p. 193. Five-bearded
Cod, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 202. pi. 33. no. 88. Id. (Edit.
1812.) vol. in. p. 268. pi. 36.

LENGTH. About the same as that of the last species.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Differs from the last species, which it closely
resembles, in having two additional barbules, rather shorter than the other
ones, at the extremity of the upper lip: head shorter: upper jaw more
projecting : teeth not quite so strongly developed : eyes smaller : all the
fins similar, but the first ray of the first dorsal much longer and stouter
with relation to the other rays in that fin : number of fin-rays,

2nd D. 51 ; A. 43; C. 24, &c.; P. 16; V. 7;

the dorsal and anal always containing fewer than in the M. tridrratus,
by about five rays. (Colours.) Back and sides deep olive-brown, some-

MOTELLA.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 451

times inclining to green ; generally without spots : belly whitish, tinged
with silvery.

Much more abundant than the M. tricirrata, and met with on most
parts of the British coast. By Willughby, the two species were con-
sidered simply as varieties of one, which he describes under the general
name of Mustela vulgaris *. Some modern authors, amongst whom may
be reckoned Mr. Couch t, are inclined to the same opinion.

137. M. glauca, Nob. (Mackerel Midge.) — " Back
bluish green ; all besides silvery : five barbules."

Midge (Ciliata glauca), Couch in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v.
p. 15. fig. 2. and p. 741.

LENGTH. One inch three lines. COUCH.

DESCRIPT. " Body moderately elongated, the proportions much resem-
bling those of the Whiting : head obtuse : upper jaw longest, having
four barbs, the under jaw one; teeth in both jaws: gill-membrane with
seven rays : eyes large and bright : pectoral and ventral fins rather large
for the size of the fish : a ciliated membrane placed in a chink behind the
head : the dorsal and anal fins reaching almost to the tail, which last is
large and straight : scales deciduous. Colour of the back bluish green :
belly and fins silvery." COUCH.

This fish, which has been noticed only by Mr. Couch, will probably
prove eventually to be the fry of some other species. This gentleman
states that it is found in multitudes on the Cornish coast, swimming near
the surface ; and that it is migratory, making its first appearance about
the middle of May. When Winter approaches, they disappear ; he is dis-
posed, however, to think that they do not go to a great distance.

(26.) Gadus argenteolus, Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. n. p. 449.
Flem. Brit. An. p. 193.

" Head obtuse : cirri three ; two before the nostrils, and one on the
chin : upper jaw longest : eyes lateral ; irides silvery : all the fins of
a pale colour, and the whole fish of a silvery resplendence, except the
back, which is blue, changeable to dark green ; pectorals rounded, with
sixteen or eighteen rays : ventrals with six or seven, the middle ray
considerably the longest, and placed much before the pectorals : first
dorsal commencing above the gills ; the rays very minute and obscure,
the first excepted, which is much the longest, but more than thirty have
been counted : second dorsal commencing close to the other, in a line
with the end of the pectorals, and terminating close to the caudal ; the
rays innumerable : anal beginning immediately behind the vent, and
terminating even with the dorsal : caudal nearly even at the end. Length
about two inches." MONT.

This fish is supposed by Montagu to constitute a new species. He
mentions having noticed many of them thrown upon the shore in the
South of Devonshire, in the Summer of 1808, and adds, that he had taken
two or three since. The fishermen, he observes, called it White-Bait.
It has, however, so much the character of the fry of some larger species,
that it cannot be viewed without doubt. Had it not been said to possess
but three cirri, I should have thought it the same as Mr. Couch's Mackerel
Midge. Montagu appears to be quite certain that it is not the young of
the Motella tricirrata.

* Hist. Pise. p. 121. f See Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 73.

FF2

452 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [BROSMUS.

GEN. 51. BROSMUS, Flem.
138. B. vulgaris, Flem. (Torsfc.)

B. vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 194. Gadus Brosme, Gmel. Linn.
. torn. i. partiii. p. 1175. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 70. Turt. Brit.

Faun. p. 92. Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 47. Torsk, Penn.

Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 203. pi. 34. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 269.

pi 37. Low, Faun. Ore. p. 200.

LENGTH. From eighteen inches to two feet ; rarely three feet. NILSS.
Largest specimen observed by Low, three feet and a half.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Greatest depth (in a specimen twenty inches and
a half in length) four inches and a half: head small: upper jaw a little
the longest : both jaws with numerous small teeth : on the chin a small
single beard : belly, from the throat, growing suddenly very prominent,
continuing so to the vent, where it grows smaller to the tail ; body, be-
yond the vent, pretty much compressed : from the head to the dorsal fin
a broad furrow : lateral line scarcely discernible, but running nearer the
back than the belly, till about the middle of the fish, where it bends
a little downward, and then runs straight to the tail : dorsal running the
whole length of the back, within about an inch of the tail : anal begin-
ning at the vent, and ending at the tail, but not joined with it : the rays
of the dorsal and anal fins numerous, but from their softness, and from
the thickness of the skin, not easily counted with exactness: caudal
rounded : pectorals broad, and rounded : ventrals small, thick, fleshy,
ending in four points, or cirri. Low. The following is the number of
rays in the several fins, according to Donovan:

D. 49; A. 37; C. 35; P. 21; V. 5.

(Colours.) "Head dusky; back and sides yellow, the yellow becoming
lighter by degrees, and losing itself in the white of the belly : edges of
the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins white ; the other parts dusky : pectorals
brown." Low.

A native of the northern seas. Represented by Low as being extremely
common on the coast of Shetland, where it forms a considerable article of
commerce. According to Pennant, it has not been discovered lower than
the Orkneys. Is sometimes called a Tusk.

GEN. 52. PHYCIS, Arted.

139. P. furcatus, Flem. (Common Fork-Beard.) —
First dorsal more elevated than the second ; the first
ray very much elongated : ventrals twice as long as the
head. Cuv.

P. furcatus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 193. P. blennoides, Nilss. Prod.
Ichth. Scand. p. 49. Asellus Callarias, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 205.
Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 75. Barbus major, Jago in Ray's Syn. Pise.
p. 163. fig. 7. Blennius Phycis, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 93. Forked
Hake, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 193. pi. 31. no. 82. Id. (Edit.
1812.) vol. in. p. 259. pi. 35. Greater forked Beard, Couch in
Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 75. Merlus barbu, Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. ii. p. 335.

RANICEPS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 453

LENGTH. Eleven inches and a half. PENN. Eighteen inches and
a half. BORLASE.

DESCRIPT. Greatest depth (in a specimen eleven inches and a half
long) three inches : head sloping down to the nose as in the rest of the
Gadidce: mouth large: besides the teeth in the jaws, a triangular con-
geries of small teeth in the roof of the mouth : at the end of the lower
jaw a small beard: first dorsal triangular; the first ray* extending far
beyond the rest, and very slender: second dorsal commencing just behind
the first, and extending almost to the tail : ventrals three inches long ;
consisting of only two rays, joined at the bottom, and separated or bifur-
cated towards the end : vent in the middle of the body : anal extending
from thence t just to the tail: lateral line incurvated: tail rounded.
Colour cinereous brown. PENN. Number of fin-rays,

D. 10—62; A. 56; P. 12. FLEM.

First obtained by Mr. Jago from the coast of Cornwall, where it has
been since observed by Mr. Couch. According to this last gentleman, it
keeps in deep water, and is not common : is called by the Cornish fisher-
men a Hakes Dame. Pennant's specimen was taken on the shores of
Flintshire. It has also occurred near St. Andrew's in Scotland %. Obs.
The specific character of this fish given above from Cuvier, is requisite in
order to distinguish it from a nearly allied species found in the Mediter-
ranean, (P. Mediterraneus, Laroche,) in which the first dorsal is round,
and not elevated above the second, and the ventrals nearly of the same
length with the head. According to Cuvier, it is this last species, which
is the Blennius Phycis of Linnaeus, and not the one described and figured
by Pennant, as supposed by many of our English authors.

GEN. 53. RANICEPS, Cuv.
140. R. trifurcatus, Flem. (Tadpole-Fish.)

R. trifurcatus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 194. Blennius trifurcatus, Turt.
Brit. Faun. p. 93. Trifurcated Hake, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p. 196. pi. 32. Trifurcated Tadpole-Fish, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in.
p. 272. pi. 38.

LENGTH. From eight to twelve inches. DAVIES.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Head depressed and very broad: eyes large:
mouth very wide, with irregular rows of incurvated teeth ; in the roof of
the mouth likewise a congeries of teeth : no tongue, a broad abrupt rudi-
ment only supplying the defect : body compressed, but remarkably so as
it approaches the tail: above the pectoral fins, on each side, a row of
tubercles, nine or ten in number, from the last of which commences the
lateral line, which descends in a curved direction at the middle, and from
thence continues straight to the tail : first dorsal placed in a furrow, rudi-
mentary, consisting of three slender feeble rays easily overlooked : second
dorsal reaching almost to the tail, with sixty-two rays : anal correspond-
ing, with fifty-nine: caudal rounded, with thirty-six: pectorals also
rounded, with twenty-three: ventrals with six rays, the last three of
which are very slender and short, and the whole connected by a very
delicate membrane.

D. 3—62; A. 59; C. 36; P. 23; V. 6.

* According to Nilsson, it is the third ray which is so much elongated beyond the others,
t According to Mr. Couch, " a few spines are placed before the anal fin."
$ Wern. Mem. vol. vi. p. 569.

454 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [RANICEPS.

(Colour.) Deep brown, the folding of the lips excepted, which are snow-
white: irides yellowish. DAVIES.

Pennant's description of this species was taken from a specimen sent
him from Beaumaris by Mr. Hugh Davies, which gentleman has given
some additional particulars respecting it in the last edition of the " British
Zoology." Within these last three or four years, it has been obtained
from Berwick Bay by Dr. Johnston *, a circumstance conclusive as to the
existence of the species t, though it is still but little known to many
of our naturalists.

(27.) R. Jago, Flem. Brit. An. p. 194. Barbus minor, (The Lesser
Forked-Beard), Jago in Ray's Syn. Pise. p. 164. fig. 8. Couch in
Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 75. Lest Hake, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. in. p. 195. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 261.

There is great reason for believing that this supposed species, obtained
by Mr. Jago from the coast of Cornwall, where it has been since found
by Mr. Couch, is identical with the R. trifurcatus last described. Jago
says but little of his fish by which it can be recognized. He has, however,
annexed a figure, which, allowing for the rude style in which drawings
were executed in those days, might easily be intended for the species just
mentioned. The following is Mr. Couch's description of his own speci-
men. " Length ten inches : head wide and flat : eyes forward and pro-
minent: under jaw shortest: teeth in the jaws and palate, sharp and
incurved, and some in the throat : a small barb at the under jaw : body
compressed, smooth : first dorsal fin triangular and extremely small ;
second dorsal fin and the anal fin long, ending in a point : tail round :
ventral fins with several rays, of which the two outermost are much
elongated, the longest measuring two inches : the fins all covered with
the common skin : a furrow passing above the eyes to the back. Stomach
firm, with longitudinal folds : no appendix to the intestines : air-bladder
large, and of unusual form. In the intestines were the remains of an

GEN. 54. PLATESSA, Cuv.

141. P. vulgaris, Flem. (Common Plaice.) — Rhom-
boidal : a row of osseous tubercles on the eye-side of the
head : lateral line curved above the pectoral : body smooth :
teeth blunt, contiguous.

P. vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 198. Pleuronectes Platessa, Linn.
Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 456. Block, Ichth. pi. 42. Don. Brit. Fish.
vol. i. pi. 6. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 96. Passer Bellonii, Witt.
Hist. Pise. p. 96. tab. F. 3. Plaise, Penn. Brit. Zool vol. HI.
p. 228. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 304. Plie franche, ou Carrelet,
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 338.

LENGTH. From twelve to eighteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Subrhomboidal ; the tail very much contracted
before the caudal : greatest breadth just half the length, fins excluded :

* Proceed. ofBerwicksh. Nat. Club. p. 7-

t Donovan has asserted in the Preface to his "British Fishes," that the Trifurcated Hake of
Pennant is not in being, and that the description in the British Zoology was taken from a damaged
skin of the Forked Hake. This opinion appears to have been adopted by Dr. Leach. See Wern.
Mem. vol. n. p. 59.

PLATESSA.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 455

head a little less than one-fourth of the entire length : dorsal curve not
carried on continuously to the mouth, but very much depressed behind
the eyes: snout a little sharp; mouth small, ascending; the lower jaw
longest : teeth small, closely set, cutting, even, and rather obtuse : eyes on
the right side ; full and prominent ; both equally advanced towards the
end of the snout ; the intervening space narrow, with an osseous ridge in
the middle, which, behind the eyes, becomes interrupted, giving rise to a
flexuous row of tubercles five or six in number : lateral line commencing
at the upper part of the opercle where the tubercles terminate, slightly
arched above the pectoral, but afterwards continued straight along the
middle of the body : both sides of the body smooth : scales minute, and
deeply impressed in the cuticle, causing the skin, except on the lateral
line, to appear pitted : dorsal commencing behind the eye, and extending
the whole length of the back, leaving, however, a small space between it
and the caudal; greatest elevation about the middle, equalling rather
more than one-fourth of the breadth of the body ; all the rays simple,
and projecting a little beyond the webs : pectorals immediately behind
the posterior angle of the opercle, rounded, small ; that on the right side
of the body not half the length of the head ; fifth and sixth rays longest ;
the first two and the last simple, the rest branched ; pectoral on the left
side a little shorter and smaller than the other : anal commencing a little
beyond a vertical line from the pectorals, similar to the dorsal, and ter-
minating in the same line with that fin; before it a short stiff spine
directed forwards : caudal oblong, even or slightly rounded at the ex-
tremity ; its length equalling nearly half the breadth of the body ; the
three outermost rays above and below simple, the rest branched : ventrals
a little shorter than the pectorals, and rather in advance of those fins ;
third and fourth rays longest ; all the rays simple :

B. 6; D.72; A. 53; C. 20; P. 11 ; V. 6.

(Colours.) Upper part of the body and fins olivaceous brown, marked
with large bright orange spots; also, occasionally, a few oblong dusky
blotches, or stains of a darker brown than the ground colour : beneath
white.

Very abundant on most parts of the British coast. The largest said to
be found off Rye, on the coast of Sussex. According to Pennant, has
been known to weigh fifteen pounds. Feeds on small fish and testaceous
mollusca. Spawns in February and March. Obs. Cuvier notices a second
species of Plaice* (Platessa lata, Cuv.), which is sometimes taken, though
rarely, upon the French coast, closely resembling the common sort, and
possessing the same row of tubercles on the head, but differing in the
greater breadth of its body, which is not contained more than once and a
half in the entire length. Possibly this species may occur in our own
seas ; though I am not aware that it has ever been observed hitherto.

142. P. Flesus, Flem. (Flounder.) — Rhomboidal: a
row of tubercular asperities along the base of the dorsal
and anal fins ; lateral line slightly curved, and rough with
denticulated scales ; rest of the body smooth : teeth blunt.

P. Flesus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 198. Pleuronectes Flesus, Linn. Syst.
Nat. torn. i. p. 457. Block, Ichth. pi. 44. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv.
pi. 94. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 96. Passer fluviatilis, Will. Hist.

* Reg. An. torn. n. p. 339.

456 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [PLATESSA

Pise. p. 98. tab. F. 5. Flounder, Penn. Brit. Zool vol. in. p. 229.
Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 307. Bowd. Brit.fr. wot. Fish. Draw.
no. 25. Flet ou Picaud, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 339.

LENGTH. Twelve inches and upwards.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Resembling the Plaice, but rather more elon-
gated; greatest breadth contained more than twice in the length, fins
excluded; body, in the adult fish, thicker. Dorsal and ventral lines
equally curved: profile depressed above the eyes: snout rather sharp;
mouth small; lower jaw longest, ascending obliquely at an angle of forty-
five degrees : teeth small and cutting, the summits obtuse : eyes large,
approximating, nearly equally in advance, the lower one a little the most
so : immediately behind the eyes, an elevated ridge of minute tubercular
asperities passing off to the upper part of the opercle, there to unite with
the lateral line, which last takes a slight bend over the pectoral before
passing off straight to the extremity of the caudal : greater part of the
head rough from the scales being denticulated ; region of the lateral line
also rough from a band of similar scales extending along its whole length
immediately above and below it ; there is also a row of tuberculated aspe-
rities along the basal margins of the dorsal and anal fins : rest of the body
smooth; the scales small, and very adherent : dorsal commencing above
the eye, and extending nearly the whole length of the back, as in the
Plaice; greatest elevation a little behind the middle, equalling one-
third of the depth of the body : anal as in the Plaice ; immediately
before it a strong sharp spine directed forwards : caudal oblong, slightly
rounded at the extremity : pectoral on the right side rather more than
half the length of the head ; that on the left smaller : ventrals much
smaller than the pectorals: number of fin-rays,

D. 61; A. 43; C. 18; P. 10; V. 6.

(Colours.) Extremely variable : upper surface generally olivaceous brown,
more or less deep ; sometimes entirely dusky ; occasionally flesh-coloured
or yellowish, or with brown spots upon a ground of one of these colours ;
or with one-half of the body deep brown, the rest pale; more rarely
entirely flesh-colour, with scattered spots of a deep rose-red : under side
of the body generally whitish, but sometimes nearly as dark as above.

Var. p. Pleuronectes Passer, Block, Ichth. pi. 50. Eyes and lateral
line on the left side.

Equally common with the last species, and often found in rivers. Very
abundant in the Thames, where they are taken in considerable quantities
during the spring months. Such generally held in more estimation for
the table than those met with in the sea. Has been known to weigh
(according to Pennant) six pounds. Spawns in April and May. Obs.
The sinistral variety is not very uncommon. The Pleuronectes roseus of
Shaw*, and the Platessa carnaria of Brown t, are mere varieties of this
species, distinguished by a peculiarity of colouring ; the former being of
a uniform delicate rose-colour ; the latter flesh-red, with irregular, deep,
rose-coloured, distant spots.

143. P. Limanda, Flem. (Dab.) — Subrhomboidal :
lateral line strongly curved above the pectoral : body rough
throughout ; the scales with ciliated margins : teeth sharp,
a little distant from each other.

* Nat. Misc. vol. VH. pi. 238.

f Edirib. Journ. of Nat. and Geog. Sci. vol. n. p. 99. pi. 2.

PLATESSA.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 45?

P. Limanda, Flem. Brit. An. p. 198. Pleuronectes Limanda, Linn.
Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 457. Block, Ichth. pi. 46. Don. Brit. Fish.
vol. n. pi. 44. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 96. Passer asper sive
squamosus, Witt. Hist. Pise. p. 97. tab. F. 4. Dab, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. in. p. 230. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 308. Limande,
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 339.

LENGTH. From six to nine, rarely twelve, inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form similar to that of the Flounder:
greatest breadth contained about twice and a half in the length, including
caudal : head contained five times in the same : dorsal line nearly con-
tinuous with the profile, suffering very little depression above the eyes :
teeth small ; sharper and narrower than in either of the foregoing spe-
cies, and not set quite so closely together : eyes large, but rather less pro-
minent than in the Plaice; both equally advanced towards the mouth;
between them a slightly projecting ridge, passing backwards in an
ascending direction, but not accompanied by any osseous tubercles:
lateral line at first strongly curved, but after passing the pectoral,
straight to the end of its course: both sides of the body rough, but
the upper one much the most so ; the scales having their free edges
ciliated : dorsal, anal, and caudal fins as in the Plaice : before the anal,
a small, sharp, reclined spine, directed forwards: pectorals more than
half the length of the head ; first ray only half the length of the second ;
third longest; the first two and the last simple; the others branched:
ventrals small, nearly in a line with the pectorals : number of fin-rays,

D. 72 ; A. 57 ; C. 18 ; P. 10 ; V. 6.

(Colours.) Upper side of a uniform pale brown; sometimes clouded with
shades of a darker tint, or with a few ill-defined spots : beneath white.

Rather less abundant than either of the foregoing species, and never
attaining to so great a size. Found, nevertheless, on most parts of the
British coast. Feeds on marine worms and small Crustacea. Spawns in
May and June.

144. P. microcephala, Flem. (Lemon Dab.) — Oblong-
oval : lateral line slightly curved above the pectoral : body
smooth : head and mouth very small : jaws equal : teeth
obtuse.

P. microcephala, Flem. Brit. An. p. 198. Pleuronectes micro-
cephalus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 42. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 96.
P. laevis, Id. I.e. P. microstomus, Niks. Prod. Ichth. Scand.
p. 53. ? Rhombus Isevis Cornubiensis maculis nigris, (A Kitt,)
Jago in Rays Syn. Pise. p. 162. fig. 1. Smear-Dab, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. in. p. 230. but not pi. 41. no. 106. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 309. pi. 47. New species of Sole, Edinb. New Phil.
Journ. no. 37. July, 1835. p. 209.

LENGTH. From twelve to eighteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oblong-oval; more elongated than any of the pre-
ceding species : greatest breadth, dorsal and anal fins excluded, contained
twice and three-quarters in the entire length : head very small, not more
than one-seventh of the entire length : dorsal curve continuous with the
profile, falling regularly to the extremity of the snout : mouth extremely
small; lips a little projecting: jaws equal: teeth cutting, set closely

458 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [PLATESSA.

together, their summits nearly even, and rather obtuse : eyes moderately
large, approximating, situate close behind the mouth, and both equally
advanced towards it; between them an osseous ridge, which, however,
is not produced behind as in the last species : lateral line commencing
higher up than the gill-opening, curved above the pectoral, but after-
wards straight ; the degree of curvature less than in the Dab, but greater
than in the Plaice : both sides of the body smooth : scales small, their
free edges scarcely ciliated: dorsal commencing above the eyes, and
extending the whole length of the back, and very nearly to the caudal ;
greatest elevation one-fourth of the breadth of the body: anal com-
mencing in a line with the pectorals, and answering to the dorsal ; the
spine before it scarcely perceptible : caudal much as in the Plaice : the
two pectorals of equal size, and more than half the length of the head :
ventrals very small, a little in advance of the pectorals, and about three-
quarters of their length; second ray longest : number of fin-rays,

D. 92; A. 69; C. 19 ; P. 9 ; V. 5.

(Colours.) Above light brown, sometimes mottled with yellow and
dusky : beneath white. Pennant says, " belly white, marked with five
large dusky spots ; " but, according to the editor of the last edition of the
" British Zoology," this spotting is not a constant character.

Met with occasionally on the southern and western coasts, but much
less plentiful than any of the preceding species. The specimen from
which the above description was taken, was obtained at Hastings. Said
to be frequent on the coast of Cornwall. According to Hanmer *, it is
known at Bath by the name of the Lemon Sole ; at Plymouth, by that of
the Merry Sole ; at Looe, by that of the Kitt ; and at Penzance, by that
of the Queen, or Queen-Fish. Obs. This species is probably the Pleu-
ronectes microstomus of Faber and Nilsson, but this last author has
noticed another, the P. Cynoglossus of Linnseus, which also approaches
very nearly to it. Possibly both these species may occur in our own seas.
Donovan appears to have considered it as the Vraie Limandelle of Duha-
mel, but, according to Cuvier, this last is synonymous with the Platessa
Pola next described. I may add that I can see no difference between
the present species and the supposed New Species of Sole lately charac-
terized by Mr. Parnell t, of which I have seen a specimen in the posses-
sion of Mr. Yarrell.

145. P. Po/0, Cuv. (Pole.) — Oblong-oval : lower eye
more advanced than the upper one: lateral line straight
throughout its course : body everywhere smooth : lower
jaw longest: teeth cutting.

P. Pola, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. u. p. 339. New species of Platessa,
Edinb. New Phil. Journ. no. 37. July, 1835. p. 210.

LENGTH. Seventeen to nineteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oblong-oval, approaching the form of the Sole :
greatest breadth, dorsal and anal fins excluded, rather exceeding one-
third of the entire length ; body narrowing both ways from that point,
but more towards the tail than the head : length of the head half the

* See Hanmer's observations on the genus Pleuronectes, in the Appendix (No. 5.) to the third
volume of the last edition of Pennant's " British Zoology."
t Edinb. Neiv Phil. Jmtrn. 1. c.

PLATESSA.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 459

breadth of the body: mouth very small; lower jaw longest; commissure
of the lips, when the mouth is closed, nearly vertical : teeth cutting, set
closely together, with even summits, extending the whole length of the
jaws : eyes on the right side, large, placed obliquely, the lower one being
more advanced than the upper, close together, with an osseous ridge
between; diameter of the orbit equalling one-third the length of the
head : lateral line almost perfectly straight throughout its whole course,
but not exactly parallel to the axis of the body, inclining slightly upwards
anteriorly; half-way, its course is found to be a very little above the
mesial line: skin smooth above and below: scales large: dorsal fin
commencing above the eye, at a distance from the end of the snout
equalling nearly half the length of the head; rays short at first, but
doubling their length beyond the line of the pectorals ; from that point
nearly even throughout ; greatest elevation of the fin contained five times
and a half in the breadth of the body : anal commencing just opposite the
point at which the dorsal rays begin to lengthen, answering to that fin,
and terminating in the same line, a little before the caudal : caudal rounded
at the extremity ; its length equalling half the breadth of the body : pec-
torals attached just behind the posterior angle of the opercle, their length
about half that of the head : ventrals immediately beneath them, of the
same length.

D. 109; A. 93*; C. 19; P. 12; V.6,

{Colour of a specimen in spirits.) Yellowish brown.

The above description of this species, which is a recently acquired ad-
dition to the British Fauna, was taken from a specimen in the Museum
of the Zoological Society, procured in the London market, in May, 1833.
Mr. Yarrell has another from the Frith of Forth, sent him by Mr. R. H.
Parnell, by whom it appears to have been considered as an undescribed
species f . This last gentleman states that it is known to the fishermen
in that neighbourhood under the appellation of Craig fluke. I have
ventured to suggest the English name of Pole, as being in unison with
the Latin name which it has received from Cuvier.

146. P. Limandoides, Nob. (Sandnecker.) — Oblong-
oval : both eyes equally advanced towards the mouth :
lateral line straight : body rough ; the scales with ciliated
margins : teeth conical, and sharp-pointed.

Pleuronectes Limandoides, Block, Ichth. pi. 186. Gmel. Linn. torn. i.
part iii. p. 1232. Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 57. P. liman-
danus, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. no. 37. July, 1835. p. 210.

LENGTH. From ten to twelve inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oblong-oval ; the body more elongated than in the
last species : greatest breadth, dorsal and anal fins excluded, about one-third
of the entire length ; head rather more than half the breadth : mouth con-
siderably larger than in the P. Pola ; lower jaw longest, ascending obliquely
to meet the upper ; teeth conical, sharp-pointed, a little distant from each
other: eyes on the right side, and both equally advanced towards the
mouth ; between them an osseous ridge, produced behind, and falling in
with the commencement of the lateral line ; diameter of the orbit one-
fourth the length of the head : lateral line straight throughout its course :

* The numbers of rays in the dorsal and anal fins are taken from Mr. Parnell.
t See Edinb, New Phil. Journ. 1. c.

460 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [HIPPOGLOSSUS.

scales large, with their free edges ciliated, communicating a marked
roughness to both sides of the body : dorsal commencing above the
upper eye, and extending nearly to the caudal ; highest part of the fin
a little beyond the middle : caudal rounded : anal and other fins, much
as in the P. Pola : number of fin-rays,

D. 82; A. 64; C. 18 ; P. 10; V. 6.

(Colour.) Of a uniform pale brown, or yellowish brown, above; white
beneath.

This species, which, like the last, has been only recently added to our
Fauna, has been obtained from Berwick Bay by Dr. Johnston, and from
the Frith of Forth by Mr. Parnell. In the last-mentioned locality, parti-
cularly on the Fifeshire coast, it is represented as not very uncommon,
and as known to most of the fishermen by the name of Sandnecker, or
Long Fluke. It appears to be a northern species, inhabiting, according
to Bloch, sandy bottoms, and preying upon young crabs and small lob-
sters. Flesh stated by the same author to be white, and of good eating.
Obs. In its general form this species resembles the Holibut, with which,
perhaps, it ought properly to be associated.

GEN. 55. HIPPOGLOSSUS, Cuv.

147. H. vulgaris, Flem. (Holibut.) — Eyes on the
right side : lateral line arched above the pectorals : body
oblong ; smooth.

H. vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 199. Pleuronectes Hippoglossus,
Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 456. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 47. Don. Brit.
Fish. vol. iv. pi. 75. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 95. Nilss. Prod.
Ichth. Scand. p. 57. Hippoglossus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 99.
tab. F. 6. Holibut, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 226. Id. (Edit.
1812.) vol. in. p. 302. Le grand Fletan ou Helbut, Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. ii. p. 340.

LENGTH. From three to six feet, and upwards.

DESCRIPT.* (Form.) Body oblong; of a more elongated form than
in the last sub-genus, tapering much towards the tail : greatest breadth,
dorsal and anal fins excluded, rather more than one-third of the entire
length : head small, a little more than one-sixth of the same : mouth
large; both jaws armed with several long, sharp, curved, distant, teeth:
eyes large, approximating, situate on the right, very rarely on the left,
side of the head : gill-cover of three pieces ; the gill -opening large, with
the membrane exposed : lateral line arched above the pectoral, but after-
wards running straight to the caudal fin: body smooth: both sides
covered with small, soft, oblong, scales, strongly adhering, and invested
with a slimy mucus : dorsal commencing above the eyes, and reaching
very nearly to the caudal: vent further removed from the head, than
in the other species belonging to this family : before the anal a long
spine: pectorals oblong: caudal crescent-shaped:

B. 7; D. 107; A. 82; C. 16; P. 15; V. 7.

(Colours.) "Dusky brown, most commonly inclining to a liver-colour,
and free from spots ; the tint variable, and said to be blackest, or more
dusky, in fish of poor condition : lower surface uniformly white." DON.

* Not having any original description of this species, the above has been compiled from Bloch,
Gmelin, Donovan, and Nilsson. The fin-ray formula is from Bloch.

PLEURONECTES.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 461

Not uncommon on some parts of the coast, and occasionally exposed
for sale in the London markets. Attains to a very large size. One taken
off the Isle of Man in April 1828, is said to have measured seven feet
and a half in length, and to have weighed three hundred and twenty
pounds*. Said to be very voracious, preying upon other fish, and on
Crustacea. Spawns, according to Bloch, in the Spring. Flesh poor, and
not much esteemed. In the northern parts of Britain, is called a Turbot.

GEN. 56. PLEURONECTES, Flem.

148. P. maximus, Linn. (Turbot.) — Body rhom-
boidal, and nearly as broad as long : the eye-side beset
with small, subacute, osseous, tubercles.

P. maximus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 459. Block, Ichth. pi. 49.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 46. Flem. Brit. An. p. 196. P. tuher-
culatus, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 97. Rhomhus maximus asper non
squamosus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 94. tah. F. 2. Turbot, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. m. p. 233. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 315. pi. 49. Le
Turbot, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. 11. p. 341.

LENGTH. From eighteen inches to two feet ; sometimes more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body rhomboidal, approaching to round : greatest
breadth, dorsal and anal fins included, almost equalling the entire length
without the caudal : head broad : dorsal curve carried on continuously to
the mouth, without any depression before or behind the eyes ; forming
with the ventral curve, at the extremity of the snout, a right angle :
lower jaw longest, ascending obliquely to meet the upper : both jaws
armed with small card-like teeth : eyes on the left side of the head; both
equally advanced towards the mouth; a little remote from each other,
the intervening space nearly flat : basal and ascending margins of the
preopercle meeting at a right angle ; gill-opening large : lateral line com-
mencing behind the orbit of the upper eye, forming a considerable arch
above the pectoral, but afterwards straight, dividing the body into two
equal parts : both sides of the body smooth, but studded with small, sub-
acute, osseous, tubercles ; the tubercles on the upper or eye-side larger
and more numerous than those on the lower : scales small : dorsal com-
mencing in front of the eye, immediately above the upper jaw, and ex-
tending very nearly to the caudal ; greatest elevation of the fin about the
middle, attained gradually : anal commencing nearly in a line with the
posterior lobe of the opercle, and answering to the dorsal : ventrals ap-
pearing like a continuation of the anal ; a small space intervening, in
which the vent is situate : caudal rounded : number of fin-rays,

D. 67 ; A. 45 ; C. 17 ; P. 12 ; V. 6.

(Colours.) Upper side yellowish brown, mottled and spotted with darker
brown : under side white.

Found on many parts of the British coast, in some places, in consider-
able abundance. Attains to a larger size than any other species in this
family, the Holibut excepted. Weight from fifteen to twenty pounds,
sometimes as much as thirty, or even more. Flesh firm, and highly
esteemed for the table. Food, according to Bloch, insects and worms.

* Loudon's Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 84.

462 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [PLEURONECTES.

149. P. Rhombus, Linn. (Brill.) — Body broadly
oval ; smooth, without tubercles : first rays of the dorsal
half free, and branched at their extremities.

P. Rhombus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 458. Block, Ichth. pi. 43.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 95. Sow. Brit. Misc. pi. 50. Turt.
Brit. Faun. p. 97. Flem. Brit. An. p. 196. Rhombus non
aculeatus squamosus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 95. tab. F. 1. Pearl,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 238. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 321.
pi. 50. La Barbue, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. 11. p. 341.

LENGTH. From twelve to eighteen inches; sometimes more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Very similar to the Turbot, but of a more oval
form: breadth not so great, contained about once and a half in the
entire length: upper surface perfectly smooth, without any osseous
tubercles : lateral line arched above the pectorals, but the curvature not
so great as in that species : the first four or five rays of the dorsal fin
half free, and divided at their extremities : in most other respects the
two species are similar :

D. 71; A. 57; C. 16; P. 12; V. 6.*

(Colours.) Rather darker than the Turbot : upper surface deep brown,
with numerous dusky and white spots; sometimes intermixed with
yellowish : beneath white : fins spotted.

Met with in the same localities as the last species, and more abund-
antly. Does not attain to so great a size. Flesh less esteemed. Is
sometimes called a Pearl.

150. P. punctatus, Bloch. (Block's Top-Knot.) —
Roundish oval : both sides of the body rough ; the edges
of the scales denticulated: the first ray of the dorsal fin
elongated : ventrals and anal separate.

P. punctatus, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 189. Flem. in Wern. Mem. vol. 11.
p. 241. Id. Phil. Zool. pi. HI. f. 2. Id. Brit. An. p. 197.

LENGTH. Five inches and a half.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Roundish oval, the dorsal and ventral lines
equally convex : greatest breadth, fins excluded, just half the length :
head a little less than one-third of the same : profile notched immediately
before the eyes : mouth of moderate size, very protractile ; jaws nearly
equal ; the lower one a very little the longest, and ascending obliquely
at an angle of rather more than forty-five degrees: teeth so fine as to
be scarcely visible: eyes large, remarkably full and prominent, their
diameter about one-fourth the length of the head; placed on the left
side; approximating; the lower one rather more advanced than the
upper; between them a projecting ridge: basal and posterior margins
of the preopercle meeting at a very obtuse angle, the former rising
obliquely to meet the latter : lateral line commencing at the upper part
of the opercle, at first very much arched, but afterwards straight : both
sides of the body, but more especially the upper, extremely rough ;
scales minute ; those on the upper side having their free margins set
with from four to six longish denticles; those beneath having the

* The above fin-ray formula is from Bloch.

PLEURONECTES.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 463

denticles finer and more numerous : dorsal commencing immediately in
advance of the upper eye, and extending very nearly to the caudal, at
the same time passing underneath the tail, where the rays become very
delicate ; greatest elevation of the fin near its retral extremity ; first ray
very much produced, nearly three times the length of those which
follow ; most of the rays divided at their tips ; some of the last in the
fin branched from the bottom : anal commencing in a line with the
posterior angle of the preopercle, answering to the dorsal, and terminat-
ing in the same manner beneath the tail ; greatest elevation correspond-
ing : caudal oblong, the extremity rounded : pectorals inserted behind
the posterior lobe of the opercle, a little below the middle ; the first ray
very short ; the next three or four longest ; the succeeding ones nearly
as long; pectoral on the eye-side rather larger than that on the side
opposite : ventrals immediately before the anal, and appearing like a
continuation of that fin, but not connected with it, as in the next species ;
vent situate between the two last pairs of rays : the rays of all the fins
covered with rough scales nearly to their tips :

D. 87; A. 68; C. 16; P. (Left) 12, (Right) 11; V. 6.

(Colours.) Above brown, or reddish brown, mottled and spotted with
black; a large round spot, more conspicuous than the others, in the
middle of the side towards the posterior part of the body ; fins spotted :
beneath, plain white.

This species, which I believe to be the same as the P. punctatus of
Bloch, was confounded by that author with the P. Megastoma. More
recently, it has been confounded by several naturalists, including Cuvier,
Nilsson, Hanmer, and Fleming, with that next described. The elongated
first dorsal ray, and the ventrals, disjoined from the anal, will, however,
always serve to distinguish it. It is evidently to the present species that
Fleming's fish, procured in Zetland, belongs. The only other British
specimen I know of, is in the Museum of the Cambridge Philosophical
Society. This last, from which the above description was taken, was
obtained by Professor Henslow at Weymouth. The Top-Knot of Hanmer
belongs to the next species.

151. P. hirtus, Mull. (Mullens Top-Knot.) — Round-
ish oval : eye-side of the body rough ; the edges of the
scales denticulated: jaws equal: the first dorsal ray not
longer than the succeeding ones: ventrals and anal
united.

P. hirtus, Mull. Zool. Dan. vol. in. p. 36. pi. 103. Smear-Dab,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. pi. 41. no. 106. (No description an-
nexed.) Top-Knot, Hanmer in Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 322. pi. 51. Whiff, Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv.
p. 78.

LENGTH. Seven inches nine lines.

DESCRJPT. (Form.) In general appearance very similar to the last
species, but differing in the following particulars : profile without the
notch before the commencement of the dorsal fin : mouth rather smaller,
and more oblique; when closed, the maxillaries assuming nearly a
vertical position : jaws more nearly equal : eyes not so prominent, nor
so close together; the lower one rather more in advance with respect
to the upper, a tangent to the posterior part of the orbit of the former

464 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [PLEURONECTES.

nearly bisecting the latter into two equal parts : the space between more
flattened, or with very little of a projecting ridge : basal and posterior
margins of the preopercle meeting at a less angle, the former being more
nearly parallel to the axis of the body : upper side of the body less
rough ; the lower one perfectly smooth : scales on the upper side
smaller, with more numerous and shorter denticles; the two middle
denticles, however, longer than the others ; the scales on the lower side
without any denticles : dorsal fin almost in close contact with the mouth ;
the first ray not longer than the succeeding ones: ventrals united, at
their posterior margins, to the anal, from which, at first sight, they are
scarcely to be distinguished; the vent placed between them: fleshy
portion of the tail not so long, or not so much projecting from the oval
of the body ; the dorsal and anal fins approaching one another more
closely on its under surface :

D.96; A. 73; C. 16; P. 12; V. 6.

{Colours.) For the most part similar to those of the P. punctatus : the
dark spots and markings are however better defined ; more particularly
a black, slightly angulated, band, passing across the head through the
eyes, and a large spot beyond the extremity of the pectoral, upon the
lateral line.

Muller is the only author, so far as I am aware, who has distinguished
this from the last species. It appears to have been more often met with
in our seas than the P. punctatus. Pennant has evidently figured it
under the name of Smear-Dab, though the corresponding description
belongs to the Platessa microcephala of this work. A better representa-
tion of it is given in the last edition of the " British Zoology," from a
specimen obtained by Mr. Hanmer from the coast near Plymouth. More
recently it has been noticed on the Cornish coast by Mr. Couch, and on
the coast of Berwickshire by Dr. Johnston. It has also occurred near
the mouth of the Medway. Mr. Couch observes that it keeps in rocky
ground, and rarely, if ever, takes a bait.

152. P. Megastoma, Don. (Whiff.) — Body oblong;
the eye-side rough, with the scales finely ciliated : gape
large ; lower jaw longest : first rays in the dorsal fin
free, but simple.

P. Megastoma, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. HI. pi. 51. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 97. Flem. Brit. An. p. 196. P. Cardina, Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. ii. p. 341. Passer Cornubiensis asper, magno oris hiatu,
(A Whiff,) Jago in Rays Syn. Pise. p. 163. fig. 2. Whiff, Penn.
Brit. Zool vol. m. p. 238. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 324. pi. 52.
Carter, or Lantern-fish, Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 78.

LENGTH. From twelve to eighteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body oblong, the tail suddenly contracting before
the caudal ; thin, and rather pellucid : greatest breadth, dorsal and anal
fins excluded, not quite one-third of the entire length : head large, nearly
one-fourth of the same : dorsal curve falling regularly to the end of the
snout; the profile slightly concave before the eyes: gape extremely
large; lower jaw longest, ascending obliquely, furnished with a blunt
tubercle beneath the symphysis : both jaws with very fine velvet-like
teeth: eyes very large; their diameter at least one-fourth the length
of the head ; placed on the left side ; approximating ; the lower one most

PLEURONECTES.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 465

in advance ; between them an osseous ridge, passing upwards behind to
unite with the lateral line : gill-opening large ; opercle small, of a tri-
angular form ; subopercle and interopercle much developed : lateral line
very much arched above the pectoral, afterwards straight, and carried on
to quite the end of the caudal : scales large ; those on the eye-side of the
body with their free edges finely ciliated, communicating a roughness to
the touch ; those on the opposite side smooth, with their margins entire ;
scales on the lateral line with a slightly elevated oblong tubercle : dorsal
commencing about half-way between the extremity of the snout and the
upper eye, and carried on very nearly to the caudal ; greatest elevation
of the fin a little beyond the middle, where it equals one-third of the
depth of the body; most of the rays simple, some of the longest only
divided at their tips ; the first four or five nearly free, the connect-
ing membrane being very low : anal commencing in a line with the pos-
terior lobe of the opercle, and answering to the dorsal ; before it a blunt
point : caudal oblong, rounded at the extremity, its length rather more
than half the depth of the body ; all the principal rays, except the two
outermost, branched : pectorals inserted a little below the middle of the
depth, and in a line with the commencement of the anal ; very unequal ;
that on the eye-side rather more than half the length of the head ; the
opposite one more than one-third shorter ; first ray very short ; third and
fourth rays longest : ventrals entirely in advance of the pectorals, and
appearing like a portion of the anal, only double, from which they are
separated by the vent:

B. 7 ; D. 85; A. 71 ; C. 15, and 4 short ; P. (Left) 12, (Right) 10 ; V. 6.

{Colours.) Upper side light reddish brown, here and there mottled and
spotted with dusky and darker brown: under side white.

First observed by Mr. Jago on the coast of Cornwall, where it has
been since represented, by Mr. Hanmer and Mr. Couch, as very common.
Occasionally met with on other parts of the southern^ as well as on the
western, coast. The specimen from which the above description was
taken occurred at Hastings. In Cornwall called a Lantern-Fish.

153. P. Arnoglossus, Schn. (Scald-Fish.) — Body
oblong-oval : scales large, deciduous, finely ciliated : jaws
equal : lower eye most in advance : before the anal a strong
sharp spine.

P. Arnoglossus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 197. Bonap. Faun. Ital.
Fasc. iv. Arnoglossus, vel Solea laevis, Will Hist. Pise. p. 102.
tab. F. 8. f. 7. ? Smooth Sole, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 232.
Scald-Fish, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 325. pi. 53.

LENGTH. Five to six inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oblong-oval; the body narrowing behind more
gradually than in the last species, and not so suddenly contracted before
the caud'al; thin and somewhat pellucid: greatest breadth, dorsal and
anal fins excluded, one-third of the entire length : head one-fourth of the
same, excluding caudal : profile slightly .emarginated before the eyes :
gape moderate; jaws nearly equal; lower one obliquely ascending; both
with fine velvet-like teeth : eyes placed as in the Whiff, but not so large
in proportion : lateral line arched above the pectoral, afterwards straight :
scales large, thin, very deciduous; their free edges finely ciliated, and
emarginated ; those on the lateral line with an oblong tubercle as in the

GG

466 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [PLEURONECTES.

Whiff, but not so much elevated : dorsal and anal as in that species ;
before the anal a strong, sharp, triangular, spine or lamina, directed
downwards and backwards : caudal rounded : pectorals unequal ; that on
the upper side about three-fourths the length of the head : ventrals con-
sisting of a double row of rays ; that on the upper side more advanced
than the other : the rays of all the fins slender and bristly ; the connect-
ing membranes very delicate, and easily broken :

D. 85 ; A. 66 ; C. 17 ; P. 10 ; V. 6.

(Colour.) " Upper side pale brown, or dirty white." HANMER.

Apparently not common in the British seas. Hitherto noticed only by
Mr. Hanmer, who states that it occurs at Plymouth, though very rarely.
The Museum of the Cambridge Philosophical Society possesses speci-
mens from Weymouth, where it is called Megrim*. The name of Scald-
Fish has arisen from the peculiarly smooth naked appearance of the
sides, when divested of the scales, which adhere so slightly as to yield to
the slightest friction. Inhabits the Mediterranean, along with one or two
other closely allied species.

(28.) P. Cyclops, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 90. Platessa Cyclops,
Flem. Brit. An. p. 199.

Eyes on the left side : left eye subvertical, and visible on both sides.
Body very broad, smooth ; marked with dusky spots, surrounded by a
whitish ring : head elongated : lateral line much curved above the pectoral
fin : scales inconspicuous : dorsal commencing behind the eye : middle
rays of both dorsal and anal longest : caudal rounded :

D. 66; A. 52; C. 16; P. 11; V. 7.

Length, one inch and three-eighths. DON.

An obscure and doubtful species. Sent to Donovan by Captain Mer-
rick, of Aberfraw, in Anglesea, North Wales, who obtained it on that
coast. Probably the fry of some other species. The backward commence-
ment of the dorsal fin associates it with the last genus ; but the sinistral
position of the eyes with this.

GEN. 57. SOLEA, Cuv.

(1. SOLEA, Cuv.)

154. S. vulgaris, Flem. (Common Sole.) — Greatest
breadth not half the' length : upper side of the body dark
brown ; the pectoral tipped with black.

S. vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 197. Pleuronectes Solea, Linn.
Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 457. Block, Ichth. pi. 45. Don. Brit. Fish.
vol. in. pi. 62. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 96. Buglossus, seu Solea,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 100. tab. F. 7. Sole, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p. 231. Id. (Edit. 1812.) p. 311.

LENGTH. From twelve to eighteen inches; sometimes two feet, or
more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oblong-oval; very much rounded anteriorly; body
narrowing behind : dorsal line carried on in one continuous curve to the

* According to Mr. Hanmer, the name of Megrim is sometimes given to the last species.
Several other instances might be pointed out, in which the same English name is applied, on
different parts of the coast, to two or more totally distinct species.

SOLEA.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 467

mouth: greatest breadth, dorsal and anal fins excluded, rather more than
one-third of the entire length : length of the head just half the breadth
of the body : snout obtuse and rounded, projecting beyond the mouth ;
this last appearing distorted on the side opposed to the eyes, and fur-
nished on that side only with fine velvet-like teeth; upper jaw the long-
est: eyes small; distant from each other about twice their diameter;
the lower one immediately above the corner of the mouth, the upper one
further advanced towards the end of the snout ; the space between them
flat : nostrils tubular, placed a little above the lip, one on the upper and
the other on the under side of the head : side of the head opposed to the
eyes bearded with numerous white fleshy cirri : lateral line arising above
the upper eye, and, after making a great curve, descending to the upper
part of the opercle; thence running straight to the caudal along the
middle of the side : scales small, of an oblong form ; their free edges
ciliated, the denticles about ten in number : dorsal commencing a little
above the mouth, and extending along the whole ridge of the back quite
to the caudal ; its greatest elevation less than one-seventh of the breadth
of the body ; all the rays simple, of a compressed conical form, and scaly
for the greater part of their length : pectorals one-third the length of the
head, both of equal size, placed just behind the upper part of the gill-open-
ing; narrow and rounded, with the middle rays longest; first and last rays
simple, the others branched: anal commencing a little in advance of
the insertion of the pectorals ; answering to the dorsal : caudal oblong,
slightly rounded at the extremity : ventrals very small, about two-thirds
the length of the pectorals ; situate just in advance of the anal ; third ray
longest :

B. 6; D. 84; A. 67; C. 18; P. 8; V. 5.

" Number of vertebrae forty-seven *." (Colours.) All the upper side of
the body dark brown, the scales edged with a deeper tint, causing a reti-
culated appearance ; the pectoral on that side tipped with black : under
side of the body white : irides golden yellow.

Common on all parts of the coast, particularly in the West and South
of England, where it attains a large size. Weight, according to Pennant,
sometimes so much as six or seven pounds ; usually, however, very much
less. Keeps almost entirely at the bottom, and feeds on the eggs and fry
of other fish.

155. S. Pegusa, Yarr. (Lemon Sole.) — Greatest
breadth, dorsal and anal fins included, half the length :
upper side of the body light orange-brown, freckled with
dark brown spots; pectoral tipped with black.
S. Pegusa, Yarr. in Zool. Journ. vol. iv. p. 467. pi. 16.

LENGTH. Eight to ten and a half inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Wider in proportion to its whole length than the
Common Sole, and also somewhat thicker : greatest breadth (in a spe-
cimen eight inches long), not including the dorsal and anal fins, three
inches, including both fins, four inches : head obtuse, shorter and wider :
mouth arched : opercle formed externally of a single piece, circular in
shape, and less deep : under surface of the head almost smooth, without
any of the papillary eminences so remarkable in the Common Sole ; the
nostril on that side pierced in a prominent tubular projection, wanting in

* Yarrell. (Zool. Journ. vol. iv. p. 468.)
GG2

468 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [SOLEA.

the other species : scales differing both in character and general arrange-
ment; the appearance of them more strongly marked upon the under
than upon the upper surface : lateral line straight, but not very strongly
marked : tail narrower than in the Common Sole, though composed of
the same number of rays :

D.81; A. 69; C. 17; P. 8; V. 5.

Number of vertebrae forty- three. (Colours.) Upper surface a mixture of
orange and light brown, freckled over with small circular spots of very
dark brown, presenting a mottled appearance ; tip of the pectoral black :
under surface white. YARR.

First obtained by Mr. Yarrell at Brighton, where it is said to be
"occasionally taken with the Common Sole by trawling over a clear
bottom of soft sand, about sixteen miles from the shore." Is known
there by the name of Lemon Sole. Has since been met with, in a
few instances, in the London market. Obs. This species is not the
Pleuronectes Pegusa of Risso, as was at first supposed by Mr. Yarrell.
It appears to be undescribed by any of the continental authors.

(2. MONOCHIRUS, Cuv.)

156. S. Lingula, Nob. (Red-backed Sole.) — Eye-side
of the body light reddish brown ; dorsal, anal, and caudal
fins with dusky spots.

Pleuronectes Lingula, Hanmer in Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 313. pi. 48. P. variegatus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. y.
pi. 117. Solea variegata, Flem. Brit. An. p. 197. S. Mangilii,
Bonap. Faun. ItaL Fasc. v. Solea parva, sive Lingula, RondeL
Pise. p. 324. Witt. Hist. Pise. p. 102. tab. F. 8. fig. 1.

LENGTH. From six to nine inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Very much resembling the Common Sole, but
remarkably distinguished by the small size of the pectorals, that on the
eye-side being less than one-eighth the length of the head, that on the
side opposite scarcely perceptible : body rather thicker in proportion than
in that species ; the breadth hardly so great, equalling just one-third of
the entire length, excluding caudal : eyes rather nearer together ; the
upper one a little in advance: scales of a different form; oblong, but
always contracted about the middle; their free edges set with more
numerous denticles, varying from eighteen to twenty -one in number:
dorsal and anal fins with fewer rays, and not approaching quite so
near the caudal:

B. 6; D. 77; A. 62; C. 19; P. (Right) 4; V. 5.

In other respects the two species are similar. (Colours.) " Upper side a
very light brown, tinged with red ; the scales shewing a pattern, some-
thing like that of the Common Sole, though in proportion coarser ; the
dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, marked with brown or blackish spots, ex-
tending some lines to the body of the fish." HANMER.

A local species obtained by Mr. Hanmer from the coast near Plymouth,
where it is said to be common in the Spring. It is probably the same as
the Pleuronectes variegatus of Donovan, which was procured by that
naturalist in Billingsgate market, and which is said to have been since
found at Rothsay, in Scotland*. The specimen from which the above

» Loudon's Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 530.

LEPADOGASTER.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 469

description was taken, was caught at Weymouth, and is now in the
Museum of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. It appears to differ
from Mr. Hanmer's fish in its colours, but as these were not observed in
the recent state, and may possibly have been altered by the preserving
liquor, I have suppressed any notice of them, and substituted a part of
Mr. Hanmer's description. It also differs in the larger number of dorsal
fin-rays, which amount, in Mr. Hanmer's fish, to about sixty-eight. Fur-
ther observation is necessary in order to decide whether, in this instance,
I have confounded two nearly allied species.

GEN. 58. LEPADOGASTER, Gouan.

157. L. Cornubiensis, Flem. (Cornish Sucker.) —
A double cirrus in front of each eye : dorsal and anal
fins connected by a membrane with the caudal.

L. Cornubiensis, Flem. Brit. An. p. 189. Cyclopterus Cornubicus,
Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. v. p. 397. C. ocellatus, Don. Brit. Fish.
vol. iv. pi. 76. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 116. Small Suck-Fish,
Borl. Cornw. p. 269. pi. 25. f. 28, & 29. Jura Sucker, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. in. p. 137. pi. 22. no. 59. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in.
p. 181. pi. 25. Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 87.

LENGTH. Four inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Head and anterior part/6f the body broad and
depressed; towards the caudal compressed and tapering: snout very
much produced, spatula-shaped, narrower and more flattened than the
head; gape wide; jaws nearly equal, the lower one a little the shortest;
both furnished with minute sharp teeth ; lips a little reflected : length of
the head rather more than one-third of the entire length : eyes lateral ;
the space between them equalling about twice their diameter; imme-
diately in advance of the anterior angle of each a membranous cirrus
with a second minute filament branching out from its base ; behind the
cirrus a small fleshy tubercle: gill-opening small: skin smooth and
naked : pectorals large, placed immediately behind the gill-opening, and
extending downwards to the lower surface of the body, where the rays
become suddenly stronger, and the membrane, doubling forwards, passes
on to unite with that of the opposite fin under the throat ; the membranes
of the pectorals thus united enclose a disk, and form an hemispherical
cavity; behind this cavity is a second, larger, circular, concave disk,
formed by the united ventrals : dorsal commencing beyond the middle of
the entire length, and reaching very nearly to the caudal, with which its
membrane is connected : anal shorter, commencing further back, united
in like manner to the caudal : rays of both fins articulated but simple :
caudal rounded : number of fin- ray s,

D. 19; A. 11 ; C. 14; P. 18, and 4 stouter ones.

(Colours.) Dusky, or purplish brown, (according to Mr. Couch, some-
times crimson,) with minute inconspicuous spots ; flesh-coloured beneath :
on the nape, behind the eyes, two ocellated spots ; " each consisting of a
large obovate spot of deep purple, enclosed within a broad pale brownish

470 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [LEPADOGASTER.

ring, and embellished in the centre with a brilliant blue dot, or pupil * : "
dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, bright purplish red.

First observed by Borlase on the coast of Cornwall, where it has been
since noticed by Mr. Couch. Found by Pennant in the Sound of Jura ;
by Montagu t, in some plenty, at Milton, on the coast of Devonshire,
adhering to the rocks at low water. Obs. All our English authors repre-
sent this species as having only eleven rays in the dorsal fin ; and this is
made by Fleming a ground of distinction between it and the L. Gouani
of Risso, which is said to have a larger number. In the only two British
specimens, however, which I have had an opportunity of examining,
they amounted to no less than nineteen. Possibly we may have two spe-
cies in our seas, which have been hitherto confounded $. I may add, that
in the above specimens, although there were two filaments before each
eye, the second was extremely minute compared with the first, and much
smaller than represented and described by Donovan.

158. L. bimaculatus, Flem. (Bimaculated Sucker.)
— No cirri before the eyes : dorsal and anal fins short ;
not connected with the caudal : behind the pectoral, on
each side, a purple spot.

L. bimaculatus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 190. Cyclopterus bimaculatus,
Turt. Linn. vol. i. p. 907. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 78. Turt.
Brit. Faun. p. 115. Bimaculated Sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
App. p. 397. pi. 22. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 181. pi. 25. Mont,
in Linn. Trans, vol. vn. p. 293.

LENGTH. An inch and a half; rarely more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form resembling that of the last species,
but the head and anterior part of the body more depressed: snout conical,
with the sides not so much hollowed out: jaws equal; teeth more de-
veloped, those in the lower jaw sharp and curved : eyes further asunder,
and placed more laterally ; no cirri in front of them : pectorals, and the
two disks which form the organs of adhesion, similar : dorsal short, and
placed far behind : anal answering to it : both fins terminating at a small
distance from the caudal, with which they are not in any way connected :
caudal narrow, the end nearly even :

D. 6 ; A. 6 ; C. 12 ; P. about 20, and 4.

(Colours.) Back and sides pink or rose-colour, with spots and interrupted
fasciae of white : behind the pectoral fin, on each side, a purple spot, sur-
rounded by a ring of white : irides pink, surrounded by a dark purplish
ring : fins variegated with pink and white : under surface of the body
whitish. According to Montagu §, "the fry are of a green colour, mi-
nutely speckled with blue, and without the smallest trace of the pectoral
spots."

First obtained at Wey mouth by the late Dowager Dutchess of Portland.
Has been since taken at the same place by Professor Henslow. Not very
uncommon, according to Montagu, at Torcross in Devonshire, adhering
to stones and old shells; procured by deep dredging. By the same means

* Donovan. f Linn. Trans, vol. vn. p. 294.

t Several others, allied to our British one, are noticed by Risso.
§ Wern. Mem. vol. i. p. 92.

CYCLOPTERUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 471

Mr. W. Thompson has procured several specimens in Belfast Bay. Has
also occurred on the coasts of Kent and Cornwall. Apparently unknown
except in the British seas.

GEN. 59. CYCLOPTERUS, Linn.

(1. CYCLOPTERUS, Cuv.)

159. C. Lumpus, Linn. (Common Lump-Fish.) —
Three longitudinal rows of osseous tubercles on each
side : a tuberculated ridge on the back, representing a
first dorsal fin.

C. Lumpus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 414. Block, Ichth. pi. 90.

Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 10. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 115. Flem.

Brit. An. p. 190. Lumpus Anglorum, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 208.

tab. N. 11. Lump-Sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 133.

pi. 21. no. 57. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 176. pi. 24. Le Lump,

Cuv. Reg. An. torn. 11. p. 346.
LENGTH. From eighteen inches to two feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body deep, and at the same time remarkably
thick and fleshy : back sharp and elevated, with a salient ridge of osseous
tubercles, occupying the place of, and representing, a first dorsal fin ; the
tubercles ten in number, of a somewhat conical form, striated, and sharp-
pointed : three longitudinal rows of similar tubercles on each side of the
body ; the first commencing a little above the eye, and extending nearly
to the caudal ; the second commencing behind the gills, and reaching to
the same distance ; the third, a short row of five tubercles, placed at the
side of the abdomen, and terminating near the commencement of the anal
fin : there are also two very short rows of tubercles, placed one on each
side of the space intervening between the dorsal ridge and the dorsal fin :
belly, included between the two rows of abdominal tubercles, flat : head
short; forehead broad, rising very obliquely: mouth wide; lips thick
and fleshy; jaws furnished with numerous small sharp teeth, besides
which are some small rough tubercles on the pharyngean bones, and near
the root of the tongue : nostrils single, tubular, about half-way between
the mouth and the eyes : skin without scales, but every-where rough with
small sharp points : second or true dorsal placed far behind ; its length a
little exceeding its height ; extending to near the caudal, but leaving a
small intervening space : anal answering to the dorsal : ventrals united,
forming together a circular disk, with a funnel-shaped cavity in the
middle : pectorals very large, passing downwards and forwards beneath
the throat, and surrounding the disk of the ventrals :

B. 6; D. 11; A. 10; C. 12; P. 21.

(Colours.) Back and sides dusky olive, here and there tinged with red-
dish ; belly crimson : caudal and anal fins purplish red, spotted with
dusky : pectorals bright orange.

Var. ft. C. pavoninus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. ix. pi. 310. " Back of a
fine azure, deepening towards the ridge : the sides tinged with crimson :
mouth, sides of the head, and all the under parts to the tail, of a delicate
sea-green, with a silvery tinge on the cheeks, the pectoral fins, and the
part of the body next the tail : irides likewise silvery ; pupil black : fins
and tail terminating in a fine pale yellow." DAVIES.

Not an uncommon species on many parts of the British coast, but taken
in most abundance northwards. Spawns, according to Bloch, in March.

472 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [CYCLOPTERUS.

Power of adhesion, by means of the ventral disk, very great. Var. ft was
taken near Bangor in Caernarvonshire, in 1797, and sent to Shaw by
Mr. Hugh Davies of that place. It measured only six inches in length.
Obs. The Lumpus gibbosus of Willughby * (Cyclopt. pyramidatus,
Shawt), characterized by a pyramidal hump on the back, and said to
be found in the Scotch seas, owes its origin, in the opinion of Cuvier,
to a badly-stuffed specimen of the present species.

(2. LIPARIS, Arted.)

160. C. Liparis 9 Linn. (Common Sea-Snail.) — Dorsal
and anal fins united to the caudal.

C. Liparis, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 414. Block, Ichth. pi. 123.
f. 3. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 47. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 115.
Liparis nostras, Will. Hist. Pise. App. p. 17. tab. H. 6. fig. 1.
Liparis vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 190. Unctuous Sucker, Penn.
Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 135. pi. 21. no. 58. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in.
p. 179. pi. 24.

LENGTH. From three to five inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body elongated, thick and rounded anteriorly, but
much compressed behind : belly very protuberant : head large, broad, a
little depressed in front, and somewhat inflated about the gills ; its length
contained about four times and a half in the entire length : snout blunt
and rounded: mouth moderately large; upper lip with two short cirri:
in each jaw a band of rasp-like teeth: tongue thick and fleshy: eyes
small, and rather high on the cheeks : nostrils double : gill-opening very
small ; the opercle produced behind into a cartilaginous spine : head and
body every-where covered with a smooth, soft, naked, unctuous, semi-
transparent, skin : dorsal fin commencing a little behind the nape, and
extending to the base of the caudal, with which it is just united; rays
slender and simple, the anterior ones rather shorter than those which
follow, but on the whole the rays nearly of a length : anal commencing
at about half the length of the body, and also uniting to the caudal, but
at a point beyond that at which the dorsal terminates : caudal slightly
rounded: pectorals large, extending downwards and forwards to unite
under the throat; two or three rays, just at the turn of the fin beneath
the body, very much elongated, and considerably produced beyond those
on each side of them : ventral disk concave, and nearly circular ; placed
on the throat, and partly encircled by the pectorals ; the circumference
set with twelve or thirteen flattened tubercles, the central portion im-
pressed with four or five curved lines branching out on each side of
a longitudinal diameter:

D. 36; A. 26; C. 12 ; P. 32|.

(Colours.) "Pale brown, sometimes finely streaked with darker brown."
PENN. In a variety, met with by Donovan, " the head and body were
strongly marked with longitudinal streaks and waves of white, edged with
blue, and disposed on a ground of testaceous or rather chestnut-colour."
It is observed by this last author, that this species " differs very consider-
ably in colour at different seasons of the year, as well as in its various
stages of growth : small specimens have occurred in which the sides and
belly were white ; in some pale yellow, and in others rosy ; the sides of
the head usually partaking of the same tints as those of the body."

* Hist. Pise. p. 209. tab. N. 10. fig. 2.

t Gen. Zool. vol. v. part ii. p. 390. pi. 167.

^ The above fin-ray formula is from Donovan.

ECHENEIS.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 473

Common on many parts of the coast, and generally found near the
mouths of rivers. When taken out of the water, said rapidly to dissolve
and melt away. Food, according to Bloch, aquatic insects, young shells,
and small fish. Spawns early in the year : found by Pennant heavy with
roe in January. Arrives at a much larger size in the northern seas than
in our own.

161. C. Montagui, Don. (Montagues Sea-Snail.]
Dorsal and anal fins unconnected with the caudal : upper
lip marked with several indentations.

C. Montagui, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 68. (Young.) Mont, in
Wern. Mem, vol. i. p. 91. pi. 5. f. 1. C. Montacuti, Turt. Brit.
Faun. p. 115. Liparis Montagui, Flem. Brit. An. p. 190. Mon-
tagu's Sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 183.

LENGTH. From two to three inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form similar to that of the C. Liparis:
body very much rounded as far as the vent, beyond which it becomes
suddenly compressed: head more depressed than in that species, and
much inflated at the gills: snout, jaws, and teeth, similar: eyes small,
placed high : front of the head, above the upper lip, scalloped with about
six indentations : rest of the head, and body, very smooth : dorsal fin
commencing a little behind the nape, and extending to the base of the
caudal, with which, however, it is not in any way connected ; rays at first
very short and inconspicuous, but gradually increasing in length to just
before the caudal, where the fin is broadest, and presents a rounded ap-
pearance : anal similar, and likewise separate from the caudal : pectorals
and ventral disk much as in the C. Liparis : vent about half-way between
the posterior margin of the disk and the commencement of the anal fin :

D. about 26; A. about 24 ; C. 12 ; P. about 29*.

(Colours.) "Purplish brown in appearance to the naked eye; but by the
assistance of a lens, the ground-colour is dull orange, covered with minute
confluent spots of the former : the under parts are paler, and about the
throat and sucker white : irides golden ; pupil dark blue." MONT.

Discovered by Montagu, at Milton, on the south coast of Devon, where
a few specimens were obtained at extraordinary low tides, among the
rocks. Has been since found on the coast of Ireland by Mr. W. Thomp-
son of Belfast : also on the coast of Berwickshire by Dr. Johnston. Ap-
parently a rarer species than the foregoing.

GEN. 60. ECHENEIS, Linn.

162. E. Remora, Linn. (Common Remora.) — Shield
on the head with about eighteen transverse bars : caudal
crescent-shaped.

E. Remora, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 446. Block, Ichth. pi. 172.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 94. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 347. Remora,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 119. App. tab. 9. f. 2. Mediterranean Remora,
Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. App. p. 524.

* The above fin-ray formula is from Montagu.

474 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [ECHENEIS.

LENGTH. From twelve to eighteen inches. BLOCH.

DESCRIPT. (Form*) Body moderately elongated ; covered with small
scales : head perfectly flat above ; the shield consisting of from seventeen
to nineteen transverse elevated bars divided into two series ; the margin
of the shield cartilaginous : eyes lateral : mouth wide and rounded : lower
jaw advancing beyond the upper ; furnished, as well as the intermaxilla-
ries, with small card-like teeth ; a very regular row of small teeth, resem-
bling cilia, along the edge of the maxillaries, which form the outer
margin of the upper jaw; the anterior margin of the vomer furnished
with a band of card-like teeth, and its whole surface, as well as that of
the tongue, rough: four orifices near the upper lip; the anterior pair
cylindrical, the posterior oval : gill-opening very large : lateral line, which
is scarcely visible, taking a curve towards the end of the pectoral fin :
dorsal single, commencing a little beyond the middle of the length : anal
opposite : vent nearer the caudal than the head : caudal crescent-shaped :
all the fin-rays soft, much branched, and invested with a thick membrane.

B. 9ti D. 21; C. 20; P. 22; V. 4.

(Colour.) "Dusky brown." TTJRT.

This species, which is well known for its power of adhering, by means
of the shield on the head, to other fish, and to the bottoms of vessels,
is found in the Mediterranean, as well as in various parts of the ocean.
In a single instance it has occurred in the British seas, Dr. Turton having
taken a specimen at Swansea, from the back of a Cod-Fish, in the summer
of 1806.

(III. A P O D E S.)

GEN. 61. ANGUILLA, Cuv.

(1. ANGUILLA, Cuv.)

163. A. acutirostris, Yarr. (Sharp-nosed Eel.) —
Snout sharp, compressed at the sides; gape extending to
beneath the middle of the eye : about one-third of the
entire length before the dorsal, and between one-eighth
and one-ninth before the pectorals.

A. acutirostris, Yarr. in Proceed, of Zool. Soc. 183 1Z p. 133. jRiss.
Hist. Nat. de FEur. Merid. torn. in. p. 198.? A. vulgaris,
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 87. Flem. Brit. An. p. 199. Mursena
Anguilla, Block, Ichth. pi. 73. Common Eel, Penn. Brit. Zool.

» Compiled from Cuvier and Bloch.

t The above formula is from Bloch : according to Cuvier, there are but eight rays in the
branchiostegous membrane.

ANGUILLA.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 475

vol. in. p. 142. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 191. Bawd. Brit,
fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 7. Sharp-headed Eel, Yarr. in ZooL
Journ. vol. 4. p. 469. L'Anguille long-bee, Guv. Reg. An. torn. n.
p. 349.

LENGTH. Usual length from two to three, sometimes four, feet : has
been known to attain to six feet three inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Very much elongated; body thick, approaching
to cylindrical ; the depth and thickness nearly uniform for three-fourths
of the entire length ; the last quarter compressed and slightly tapering :
depth, taken at the commencement of the dorsal fin, equalling about one-
sixteenth of the entire length : head, measured from the end of the snout
to the branchial orifice, contained nearly eight times and three-quarters
in the same ; convex, and slightly elevated, at the nape, from which point
the profile slopes forward, becoming much depressed above the eyes :
snout sharp and attenuated, compared with that of the two next species ;
the sides rather compressed: jaws gradually narrowing towards their
extremities, which are slightly rounded ; the lower one a little the long-
est; both furnished with a broad band of velvet-like teeth, the band above
dilating on to the fore part of the vomer : gape small ; the commissure of
the lips not extending to a vertical line drawn as a tangent to the pos-
terior part of the orbit: eyes small; the distance from them to the end
of the snout not equalling twice their diameter ; the space between them
rather less than the above distance : nostrils double ; the anterior orifice
tubular, situate on the edge of the upper lip, the posterior one a simple
pore immediately in advance of the eye : a row of pores above the upper
lip on each side, and another forming the commencement of the lateral
line ; which last arises a little above the pectorals, and passes off straight
to the extremity of the tail : gill-opening reduced to a small round aper-
ture, immediately before, and a little below, the pectoral fin : scales very
minute, scarcely visible, deeply imbedded in a thick, soft, slimy skin :
dorsal commencing at about (sometimes a little before) one-third of the
entire length ; low, preserving throughout the same elevation, which
equals scarcely more than one- fourth of the depth: vent before the
middle of the entire length by a space equalling the depth of the body ;
anal commencing immediately behind it, similar to the dorsal : both
dorsal and anal are carried quite to the extremity of the tail, forming by
their union a pointed caudal : pectorals small and rounded, not half the
length of the head ; the distance from the line of their insertion to the
end of the snout contained eight times and a half in the entire length,
and about twice and three-quarters in the portion anterior to the com-
mencement of the dorsal fin : ventrals wanting. Number of vertebrae
one hundred and thirteen*. (Colours.) Upper part of the head, back,
and a large portion of the sides, dark olivaceous green, tinged with
brown ; lower part of the sides paler : throat, belly, and a portion of the
anal fin, yellowish white.

Common in rivers, lakes, and other fresh-waters, throughout the coun-
try. Attains to a larger size than either of the two following species, with
which it was formerly confounded. Two taken some years since in a fen-
dyke near Wisbeach, in Cambridgeshire, weighed together fifty pounds ;
the heaviest twenty-eight, the other twenty-two pounds. Usually, how-
ever, much smaller. Generally considered as viviparous, but, from the
observations of Mr. Yarrell, it is probable that this is not the caset. In
the Autumn, migrates down the rivers, in order, it is said, to pass the

* The number of vertebrae rests on the authority of Mr. Yarrell.

t See on this subject Proceed, of ZooL Soc. 1831. p. 133; also Jesse's Glean, in Nat. Hist.
(Second Series), p. 57, &c.

4-76 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [ANGUILLA.

Winter in the brackish water, and to deposit its spawn ; the young fry
migrating up the river in the Spring. Many, however, certainly remain
in ponds all the year, and breed there. Roves about, and feeds, prin-
cipally in the night. Said to quit its native element occasionally, and
to cross meadows, in search of other waters, as well as for the purpose of
feeding on worms and snails*. Very tenacious of life. Obs. This species
varies a good deal in colour, according to the nature of the water in which
it is found. Those in which the belly is of a clear white are called some-
times Silver Eels.

164. A. latirostris, Yarr. (Broad-nosed Eel.) — Snout
broad and rounded ; gape extending to a vertical line from
the posterior part of the orbit : more than one-third of the
entire length before the dorsal, and about one-seventh
before the pectorals.

A. latirostris, Yarr. in Proceed, of Zool. Soc. 1831. p. 133. Riss.
Hist. Nat. de lEur. Merid. torn. in. p. 199.? Blunt-headed Eel,
Yarr. in Zool. Journ. vol. iv. p. 469. Glut Eel, Bowd. Brit. fr.
wat. Fish. Draw. no. 22. L'Anguille pimperneaux, Cuv. Reg.
An. torn. n. p. 349.

LENGTH. From one to two, perhaps sometimes three, feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body much larger and thicker anteriorly than in
the last species, but more compressed behind; thickness not uniform
beyond the commencement of the dorsal, from which point the compres-
sion of the sides rapidly increases: depth greatest at the nape: head
large, appearing, when viewed from above, broader than the body : snout
blunt and rounded, flattened before the eyes: jaws broad; the lower one
wider and longer than the upper : gape large ; the commissure reaching
to, or almost beyond, a tangent to the posterior part of the orbit: lips
thick and fleshy at the sides of the mouth, and partially reflexed : eyes
larger than in the A. acutirostris ; the distance from them to the end
of the snout equals at least twice their diameter ; the distance between
them rather less : dorsal commencing at a point beyond one-third of the
entire length; both that and the anal thicker in substance and more
elevated than the same fins in the A. acutirostris, their height equalling
nearly half the depth : vent before the middle by a space equalling about
three-fourths of the depth : tail broader, and more rounded at its ex-
tremity : pectorals somewhat larger, and placed, as well as the branchial
orifices, further behind ; the distance from the line of their insertion to
the end of the snout is contained not more than seven times in the entire
length, and not so much as twice and a half in the portion anterior to the
commencement of the dorsal fin. Number of vertebrae one hundred and
fifteen t- (Colours.) Back and sides of a darker colour than in the
A. acutirostris, and having more of a bluish than a greenish tinge; the
lateral line, however, forms a pale green stripe down each side : under-
neath, including a portion of the anal, white, without any yellow tinge.
The colours, however, are variable, as in the last species.

This species, which is probably the Grig % or Glut Eel of Pennant, is
nearly as common as the last. It has not been known, however, to exceed

* See an instance mentioned by Dr. Hastings in his Nat. Hut. of Worcestersh. p. 134.
t The number of vertebrae rests on the authority of Mr. Yarrell.

| I am informed by Mr. Yarrell, that the term Griff is applied in many places generally to all
small-sized Eels. Too much reliance, therefore, must not be placed upon the mere name.

ANGUILLA.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT.

a weight of five pounds. Independently of the above external differences,
Mr. Yarrell has observed others " in the size and character of the bones
of the head and vertebrce ; those of the present species being nearly
as large again as the same parts of the A. acutirostris in examples of the
same length *."

165. A. mediorostris, Yarr. (Snig Eel.) — Snout rather
long, and moderately broad ; gape extending not quite to
a vertical line from the posterior part of the orbit : rather
less than one-third of the entire length before the dorsal,
and between one-seventh and one-eighth before the pec-
torals.

A. mediorostris, Yarrell s Mss. Snig Eel, Yarr. in Jesses Glean,
of Nat. Hist. (2nd Series) pp. 75, & 76.

LENGTH. The length of my specimen is nineteen inches.

DE SCRIPT. (Form.-?) More slender and elongated in proportion to the
depth and thickness than either of the preceding species : depth at the
commencement of the dorsal fin not exceeding one-nineteenth of the
entire length : nape but little elevated, and nearly in the same horizontal
line with the profile: snout and jaws somewhat resembling those of the
A. acutirostris y but longer and broader than in that species, though not
so broad as in the A. latirostris : both jaws rounded at their extremities ;
the lower one longest: teeth longer and more developed than in the
A. acutirostris : gape more capacious, owing to the greater length of the
jaws ; commissure nearly, but not quite, extending to a tangent to the
posterior part of the orbit : the distance from the eye to the end of the
snout equalling full twice the diameter of the former : dorsal commencing
rather before one-third of the entire length ; its height about one-third of
the depth of the body : vent nearer the middle than in either of the two
former species: caudal moderately pointed at its extremity: pectorals
small ; the distance from the line of their insertion to the end of the
snout contained seven times and a half in the entire length. (Colours.)
Upper parts dark greenish brown, passing by a lighter olive-green to
yellowish white below.

This species was first distinguished by Mr. Yarrell, who received it
from the river Avon in Hampshire. Said to be known there by the name
of Snig. Does not attain to a large size, seldom exceeding half a pound
in weight. Said to differ from the other eels in its habit of roving and
feeding during the day. Presents also some osteological peculiarities,
" the first five cervical vertebrae being smooth and round, and entirely
destitute of superior or lateral spinous processes, both of which are pos-
sessed by the two other species J."

(29.) Grig Eel, Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw. no. 28. LAnguille
Plat-Bee, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 349.

Being unacquainted with this species, I am unable to point out its dis-
tinguishing characters. According to Mrs. Bowdich, it is the smallest of

* Proceed, of Zool. Soc. 1831. p. 133.

t The above description having been drawn up with reference to a single specimen, the only
one I have had an opportunity of examining, possibly some of the characters may not. be found
constant in all cases.

t Yarr. I.e.

478 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [ANGUILLA.

the Eel tribe, and is caught plentifully in the Thames, but more especially
in Berkshire and Oxfordshire. She thinks that Pennant has confounded
it with the Glut Eel. Mr. Yarrell informs me, he considers it as distinct
from the last species.

(2. CONGER, Cuv.)

166. A. Conger, Shaw. (Conger Eel.) — Dorsal and
anal fins margined with black : lateral line spotted with
white.

A. Conger, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iv. part i. p. 20. pi. 1. Turt.
Brit. Faun. p. 87. Flem. Brit. An. p. 200. Muraena Conger,
Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 426. Block, Ichth. pi. 155. Don.
Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 119. Conger, Witt. Hist. Pise. p. 111.
tab. G. 6. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 147. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. HI. p. 196. Yarr. in Proceed, of Zool Soc. (1831.) p. 158.

LENGTH. From five to six feet: said to reach occasionally as much
as ten feet, or upwards.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form resembling that of the Common
Eel : body thick, and nearly cylindrical anteriorly, compressed and
tapering behind : head larger than in that species, being a little less
than one-seventh of the entire length: crown flat; snout a little de-
pressed, narrowing towards the extremity, and rather pointed : upper
jaw a little the longest: both jaws with a band of sharpish card-like
teeth, " forming three rows, of which those in the middle line are much
the largest; numerous smaller teeth, more uniform in size, occupy the
line of the vomer, but do not extend far backwards : " * lips fleshy : gape
wide ; not extending quite so far as a tangent to the posterior part of
the orbit : eyes much larger than in the Common Eel : nostrils double ;
the first orifice placed a little before the eye ; the second, which is
tubular, at the extremity of the snout : a row of mucous pores along
the upper lip ; several pores also between the corner of the gape and the
gill-opening: dorsal commencing a little behind the pectorals, or at
about one-fifth of the entire length : vent (in a specimen measuring
thirty-one inches and a half in length) about three inches before the
middle : anal commencing immediately behind the vent, and extending
quite to the extremity of the tail, where it unites with the dorsal (pro-
longed in a similar manner) to form a pointed caudal :

" B. 10 ; D. A. & C. 306 ; P. 19"t.

(Colours.) Of a uniform pale brownish gray above, passing into a dirty
white beneath : dorsal and anal fins whitish, margined with deep bluish
black : lateral line spotted with white.

A common inhabitant of the British seas, and found on most parts of
the coast in considerable abundance. Attains to a very large size : has
been known to weigh upwards of one hundred pounds. Frequents
rocky ground. Is very voracious, preying on other fish and on
Crustacea.

(30.) A. Myrus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iv. part i. p. 24. Turt. Brit.
Faun. p. 87. Flem. Brit. An. p. 200. Murcena Myrus, Linn.
Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 426. Berkenh. Syn. vol. i. p. 64. Le Myre,
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 350.

* Yarrell. 1 Bloch.

PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 479

This species, which is found in the Mediterranean, has been included in
the British Fauna by Berkenhout and Turton, but it is not said on what
authority. It is distinguished from the last by its smaller size, and by some
spots on the snout, a transverse band on the occiput, and two rows of dots
on the nape, of a whitish colour*.

(5.) OPHISURUS, Lacep.

(31.) O. Ophis, Lacep. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. torn. n. p. 196. Flera.
Brit. An. p. 200. Murcena Ophis, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 425.
Bloch, Ichth. pi. 154. Berkenh. Syn. vol. i. p. 64. Ophis maculata,
Turk Brit. Faun. p. 87.

Like the last, a very doubtful native. Given as British by Berkenhout,
but without any remarks. Of a whitish or silvery colour, with several
longitudinal rows of dark oval spots. Length from three to four feet.
Inhabits the European seas.

(32.) 0. Serpens, Lacep. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. torn. n. p. 198.
Murcena Serpens, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 425. Serpens
marinus, Merr. Pinax, p. 185. Sibb. Scot. Illust. part ii. torn. n.
p. 23.

Whether this, or the last, be the species alluded to by Merrett and
Sibbald under the name of Serpens marinus, is very doubtful. Neither is
it known on what authority either of these naturalists has inserted it in the
British Fauna. The 0. Serpens of Lac6pede is distinguished from the
0. Ophis, by its being without spots. It also grows to a larger size, at-
taining the length of five or six feet. A native of the Mediterranean.

GEN. 62. MUR^NA, Thunb.

167- M. Helena, Linn. (Common Murcena.) — Oli-
vaceous brown, marbled with yellow.

M. Helena, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 425. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 153.
Mursena, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 103. tab. G. 1. Roman Mursena,
Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. iv. part i. p. 26. pi. 2. Murene commune,
Guv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 252.

LENGTH. Three feet and upwards. Cuv.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body, in old fish, compressed at the sides, in
young, round : head small : mouth large : jaws armed with sharp pointed
teeth, a little distant from each other: palate also armed with teeth:
two tubular orifices near the eyes, and two at the extremity of the snout :
gill-opening large : dorsal, anal, and caudal, united ; forming together
a low fleshy fin, invested by the common skin, commencing on the back
at a pretty considerable distance from the head, passing round the tail,
and terminating underneath the body at the vent : no pectorals or ven-
trals. BLOCK. (Colours.) " Of a dusky greenish brown, pretty thickly
variegated on all parts with dull yellow subangular marks or patches,
disposed in a somewhat different manner in different individuals, and
generally scattered over with smaller. specklings of brown; the whole
forming a kind of obscurely reticular pattern." SHAW.

An individual of this species, measuring four feet four inches in
length, was caught by a fisherman at Polperro, in Cornwall, in October
1834t. I am not aware that it had been ever taken previously in our

* Cuvier, /. c.

t This circumstance was communicated by Mr. Couch to Mr. Yarrell, to which latter gentleman
I am indebted for the knowledge of it.

480 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [LEPTOCEPHALUS.

seas*. Common in the Mediterranean, and well-known as the Mureena
of the Romans. Said to live with equal facility in fresh and salt water,
though principally found at sea. Is very voracious.

GEN. 63. LEPTOCEPHALUS, Gronov.

168. L. Morrisii, Gmel. (Anglesea Morris.)

L. Morrisii, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1150. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 88. Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. n. p. 436. pi. 22. f. 1. Leach,
Zool. Misc. vol. in. p. 10. pi. 126. Flem. Brit. An. p. 200. Cuv.
Reg. An. torn. n. p. 358. Deere in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist.
vol. vi. pp. 530, & 531. Ophidium pellucidum, Couch in Loud.
Mag. vol. v. pp. 313, & 742. Anglesea Morris, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. in. p. 158. pi. 25. no. 67. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m. p. 212.
pi. 28.

LENGTH. From five inches to six inches and a quarter.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body ribband-shaped, extremely thin and com-
pressed, semipellucid : greatest depth, which is tolerably uniform through-
out, diminishing only near the head and tail, one-twelfth of the entire
length : thickness (according to Montagu) not exceeding the sixteenth
part of an inch : head small ; the profile sloping a little downwards from
the line of the back, which is nearly straight: snout short: jaws nearly
equal: teeth (according to Montagu) numerous, and all inclining for-
wards : eyes large : gill-opening, a small transverse aperture before the
pectorals : lateral line straight, and nearly in the middle : sides of the
body marked with a double series of oblique lines which meet in the
lateral line at an acute angle ; these lines are parallel to each other in
the same series, and the angles formed by their union with those of
the other series are directed forwards : dorsal commencing a little beyond
one-third of the entire length, low and rather obscure, the rays ex-
tremely delicate, and not easily counted : vent about the middle t : anal
commencing immediately behind it ; in form, similar to the dorsal : both
dorsal and anal are carried on to the extremity of the tail, where they
unite to form a caudal: pectorals extremely small, scarcely a line in
length, but sufficiently obvious, if carefully sought for : ventrals wanting.
(Colours.) Pale colourless white, with a row of minute black dots along
the margins of the back and abdomen : a few similar dots, arranged in
a longitudinal series, down the mesial line of each side.

First discovered, in the sea near Holyhead, by the late Mr. William
Morris, who communicated it to Pennant. Has been since met with in
several instances in our seas. Four specimens taken near Beaumaris,
by the Rev. Hugh Davies ; one by Mr. Lewis Morris, at Penrhyn Dyfi ;
two by Mr. Anstice in the river Pervet, near Bridgewater ; one by Mr.
Deere, at Slapton, near Dartmouth ; and four by Mr. Couch, on the coast
of Cornwall. Mr. Thompson has also recently recorded the occurrence,
at different times, of six specimens on the coast of Ireland. The pectorals
are so small, as to have been thought wanting by Pennant, a circum-

* A species of Murcena, three feet in length, is figured in Nash's " Collections for the History
of Worcestershire" (vol. i. p. Ixxxvi.), along with some other fish from the Severn, but nothing
positive is stated respecting its capture, or the circumstances which have led to its being intro-
duced into that work. It appears not very dissimilar to the M . Helena described above.

t So it appeared to be in the specimen examined by me. Montagu says, "situated a trifle
nearer the head than the tail."

OPHIDIUM.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 481

stance which has led to some little confusion amongst naturalists, in their
attempts to identify his fish. There can be little doubt, however, that in
all the above instances, the same species has been observed. At the
same time it may be added, that several others have been detected in
warmer latitudes, though I am not aware that their essential and distin-
guishing characters have been hitherto established.

GEN. 64. OPHIDIUM, Linn.

(33.) 0. barbatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 431. Bloch, Ichth.
pi. 159. f. 1. Berkenh. Syn. vol. i. p. 66. Turt. Brit. Faun,
p. 88. Donzelle commune, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 359.

Two pair of small barbules attached to the extremity of the hyoid bone,
the anterior pair shorter than the other. Flesh-colour ; the dorsal and
anal fins edged with black. Length from eight to ten inches*. Cuv.

Introduced into the British Fauna by Berkenhout, but without the
mention of any authority for its insertion. Must, in consequence, be con-
sidered as a very doubtful native. Found in the Mediterranean, along
with another closely allied species.

169. O. imberbe, Mont. (Beardless Ophidium.) —
Lower jaw without barbules.

O. imberbe, Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. i. p. 95. pi. 4. f. 2. Flem.
Brit. An. p. 201. Beardless Ophidium, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
App. p. 398. and vol. iv. pi. 93. ? Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m. p. 208.
pi. 29.

LENGTH. About three inches. MONT.

DE SCRIPT. (Form.) Body ensiform, considerably compressed towards
the tail, and in shape not unlike Cepola rubescens: depth about one-
twelfth of the entire length : head very obtuse, rounded in front: mouth,
when closed, inclining obliquely upwards ; lips marginated : eyes large,
placed forward, and lateral : gill-membranes inflated beneath : lateral
line nearly in the middle, arising at the angle of the gill-cover, but rather
obscure : vent nearly in the middle : pectorals rounded : dorsal com-
mencing immediately above the base of the pectoral, at first not so
broad, and usually not so erect, as the other part: anal commencing
at the vent, and, together with the dorsal, uniting with the caudal
fin, which is cuneiform, but obtusely pointed:

D. about 77 ; A. 44 ; C. 18 or 20 ; P. 11.

(Colours.) Purplish brown, disposed in minute speckles; along the base4
of the anal fin about ten small bluish white spots, regularly placed, but
scarcely discernible without a lens, and possibly peculiar to young spe-
cimens : all the fins of the same colour as the body, except the pectoral
and caudal ; the first of which is pale, the last yellowish : irides dark,
with a circle of silver round the pupil. MONT.

The above fish was obtained on the south coast of Devon by Montagu,
who considered it as the Ophidium imberbe of Linnaeus. Cuvier, how-
ever, appears to have entertained some doubts as to its identity with that
species t. Whether it be the same as the Beardless Ophidium of Pen-
nant, which was sent to that naturalist from Weymouth by the late

* Cuvier says "eight or ten inches at the most," but Bloch, "from twelve to fourteen inches."
-f See Reg. An. torn. n. p. 359. note (2).

HH

482 PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. [AMMODYTES.

Dowager Dutchess of Portland, and which also was referred to the
Linnsean species, is likewise uncertain; Pennant having published no
description of his fish, and his figure being very unlike that given by
Montagu. Montagu's specimen was taken among rocks at low water.

GEN. 65. AMMODYTES, Linn.

170. A. TobianuS) Bloch. (Wide-mouthed Launce.)
— Gape large ; maxillaries long ; the pedicels of the
intermaxillaries very short : dorsal commencing in a line
with the extremities of the pectorals.

A. Tobianus, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 75. f. 2. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 87.
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 360. A. lanceolatus, Lesauv. in Bull,
des Sd. Nat. (1825.) torn. iv. p. 262. A. Anglorum verus, Jago
in Rays Syn. Pise. p. 165. pi. 2. f. 12. Sand Launce, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. in. p. 156. but not pi. 25. no. 66. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 206. but not pi. 28.

LENGTH. From ten to fifteen inches and a half.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Slender, and very much elongated : body square,
but with the angles somewhat rounded, approaching cylindrical, and of
nearly equal thickness throughout : greatest depth contained about six-
teen times in the entire length : head an elongated cone, forming one-
fifth of the same: lower jaw projecting far beyond the upper, and
terminating in a point ; the upper one slightly rounded at its extremity :
scarcely any perceptible teeth, excepting two long sharp teeth on the
front of the vomer directed downwards : gape very wide on account of the
great length of the maxillaries ; intermaxillaries (compared with those of
the next species) with the pedicels very short : when the mouth is fully
opened, the upper jaw turns up at its extremity, and the maxillaries
become vertical, drawing after them the sides of the lower jaw, which,
ascending from behind, become vertical also, and parallel to the former :
gill-opening very large : pieces of the opercle all considerably developed,
but especially the subopercle, which is produced beyond the true opercle
in the form of a projecting lobe, having its descending margin sinuated,
and its surface elegantly marked with several diverging striae; true
opercle forming an equilateral triangle : head naked ; body covered with
minute scales : lateral line arising on each side of the nape, and running
parallel with the dorsal fin a very little below it ; marked by a series
of oblong slightly elevated tubercles : along the middle of each side a
second impressed line formed by the division of the muscles : dorsal com-
mencing at about, or a little beyond, one-fourth of the entire length,
exactly in a line with the extremities of the pectorals, and terminating
a little before the caudal ; height tolerably uniform throughout, equalling
not quite half the depth of the body ; rays very slender ; all simple, but
articulated: vent some little way beyond the middle of the entire length ;
anal commencing immediately behind it, similar to the dorsal, and ter-
minating in the same line with that fin : caudal forked for nearly half its
length ; the rays much branched, with the exception of the outermost
above and below : pectorals inserted just below the produced lobe of the
subopercle, and equalling one-third the entire length of the head ; fourth
and fifth rays longest; the middle ones branched; two or three of the
lateral ones above and below simple.

B. 7 ; D. 58; A. 31 ; C. 15, and a few short ones ; P. 15.

AMMODYTES.] PISCES (OSSEI) MALACOPT. 483

(Colours.) Back, and upper part of the sides, brown, a little varied with
blue and green : one or two dusky lines running parallel with the dorsal
fin : lower part of the sides, and belly, silvery.

Not so common on the British coast as the next, with which it was
confounded previously to M. Lesauvage, who first pointed out (1. c.) the
distinguishing characters of the two species. Generally keeps near the
shore, burying itself in the sand, at the ebb of the tide, to the depth
of one or two feet. Food, marine worms, and, according to Bloch, the
young of its own species. Is much used as a bait for other fish. Said to
spawn in May.

171. A. Lancea, Cuv. (Small-mouthed Launce.) —
Gape not so large ; maxillaries short ; the pedicels of the
intermaxillaries very long: dorsal commencing before the
extremities of the pectorals.

A. Lancea, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. 11. p. 360. A. Tobianus, Don. Brit.
Fish. vol. n. pi. 33. Swains. Zool. Illust. vol. i. pi. 63. upper fig.
Lesauv. in Bull, des Sci. Nat. (1825.) torn. iv. p. 262. Flem. Brit.
An. p. 201. Ammodytes, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 113. Launce,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. pi. 25. no. 66. but not p. 156. Sand-
Launce, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m. pi. 28. but not p. 206.

LENGTH. From five to eight inches; rarely more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Much thicker in proportion than the A. Tobi-
anus; in a fish measuring one-fourth less in length, the depth and
thickness remain the same as in that species : head a perfect cone, con-
tained five times and a half in the entire length : lower jaw not produced
so far beyond the upper, and less pointed : the two teeth on the vomer
much less developed : gape smaller, the maxillaries being much shorter ;
the pedicels of the intermaxillaries, on the contrary, are considerably
longer, very much increasing the protractility of the upper jaw, which,
when the mouth is opened, instead of turning back as in the last species,
protrudes itself forwards and downwards, the maxillaries never becoming
vertical : the pieces of the opercle not so much developed, nor produced
so far backwards, but preserving the same form: dorsal commencing
a little nearer the head, in a line with the commencement of the last
quarter of the pectorals : both dorsal and anal contain fewer rays : pec-
torals exactly half the length of the head : in other respects the forms
of the two species are similar.

D. 53 or 54; A. 28; C. 15, &c.; P. 13.

(Colours.) Similar to those of the A. Tobianus, only paler.

Common on all our sandy shores, in which it may be found buried
at the ebb of the tide. Habits resembling those of the last species. Obs.
Willughby has erroneously figured this species (tab. G. 8. f. 1.) with two
dorsal fins : his description, however, is correct.

H H2

484 PISCES (OSSEI) OSTEODERMI. [SYNGNATHUS,

ORDER III. OSTEODERMI.

GEN. 66. SYNGNATHUS, Cuv.
* Anal, caudal, and pectoral fins, all present.

172. S. Acus, Linn. (Great Pipe-Fish.) — Body hept-
angular anteriorly : crown with an elevated longitudinal
ridge ; profile descending in a sinuous curve : snout much
narrower, vertically, than the head.

S. Acus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 416. Block, Ichth. pi. 91.
f. 2. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 116. Flem. Brit. An. p. 175. Pipe-
Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. Hi. pi. 23. no. 60. lower fig. but not
p. 138. Shorter Pipe-Fish, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. pi. 26. no. 60.
lower fig. Low, Faun. Ore. p. 181.

LENGTH. From twelve to sixteen inches: according to Bloch, from
two to three feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Very much elongated, slender, tapering behind:
greatest depth and thickness about equal; each contained thirty-seven
times in the entire length : body, from the head to the vent, heptangular ;
thence to the termination of the dorsal fin, hexangular ; thence to the
caudal, quadrangular : the heptangular portion presents two longitudinal
ridges on each side, one on each side of the middle of the back, and one
down the middle of the belly; this last terminates at the vent; the
dorsal ridges terminate at the end of the dorsal fin, and the upper pair
of lateral ridges rise to take their place ; beyond the vent, the under sur-
face of the tail is very flat, with the margins rather dilated, and, in the
male, contains a long purse-like cavity, for the reception of the ova,

riing by a longitudinal slit: body protected by transverse, striated,
Ids or plates, sixty -three in number ; nineteen occupying that portion
of the trunk between the gills and the vent, forty-four the remainder of
the length: head compressed, contained (snout included) about seven
times and a half in the entire length : occiput rising into a longitudinal
elevated ridge, continued over the crown ; the profile falling thence in
a sinuous curve to the base of the snout: eyes large, protected above
by a sharp osseous ridge ; the intervening space concave ; in front of each
a sharp spinous process: snout elongated, nearly twice the length of
the rest of the head, compressed, much narrower than the head in a
vertical direction; mouth very small, situate quite at the extremity;
lower jaw longest, ascending : no teeth : opercle large, marked with
diverging striae, closed on all sides by a continuous membrane, the gill-
opening being reduced to a small hole on each side of the nape : dorsal
so placed as to terminate exactly at the middle point of the entire length ;
length of the fin about equal to that of the head ; its height equalling

SYNGNATHUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) OSTEODERMI. 485

the depth of the body, and nearly uniform throughout, the anterior rays
being slightly shorter than the succeeding ones ; all the rays simple :
vent in a line with the seventh dorsal ray ; anal immediately behind it,
very small and inconspicuous, consisting of only three short simple rays :
caudal moderate, rounded; the rays simple and articulated: pectorals
a little behind the gills, not very large, of a rounded form ; all the rays
simple.

D. 42; A. 3; C. 10; P. 12.

{Colours.) Pale yellowish brown, with transverse bands of darker brown :
belly whitish.

Not uncommon on many parts of the coast, frequenting chiefly the shal-
lower places. I am not aware, however, that in the British seas it ever
attains to the length which Bloch assigns to it. This and several other
species in the present genus are remarkable for the males carrying the
ova, until hatched, and even the young themselves for a short time after
they have been hatched, in a peculiar longitudinal pouch beneath the
tail, into which the former are received, at the time of their exclusion
by the female*. The present species breeds in Summer, and at a very
early age, sometimes when not exceeding four inches in length. Obs.
This and the next were considered by Pennant as mere varieties of one
species, to which he applied the name of Shorter Pipe-Fish. The same
opinion appears to have been entertained by Montagu t.

-^*

173. S. Typhle, Linn. (Lesser Pipe-Fish.) — Body
hexangular anteriorly : crown flat ; profile nearly in the
same line : snout almost as broad, vertically, as the
head.

S. Typhle, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 416. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 91.
f. 1.? Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 56. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 116.
Flem. Brit. An. p. 175. Acus Aristotelis, Will Hist. Pise. p. 158.
tab. I. 25. f. 1. Pipe-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. pi. 23. no. 60.
upper fig. but not p. 138. Shorter Pipe-Fish, Id. (Ed. 1812.)
vol. in. pi. 26. no. 60. upper fig.

LENGTH. One foot : rarely more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Thicker in proportion to its length than the last
species ; the ventral carina not so prominent, causing the anterior part
of the body to appear more hexangular than heptangular : number of
transverse shields between the gills and the vent the same, but from
the vent to the caudal only thirty-six or thirty-seven : head larger ; the
crown nearly flat, without any elevated ridge ; the profile passing off
almost in a straight line to the mouth, with very little sinuosity : snout
every-way larger; longer, and, measured vertically, nearly as broad as
the head; very much compressed: spinous process before the eyes
smoother, and less projecting : head, including the snout, rather more
than one-sixth of the entire length : opercle much larger : dorsal placed
further back, being exactly in the middle of the entire length : anal very
minute : caudal and pectorals similar.

D. 39; A. 3; C. 10; P. 15.

{Colours.) "Varying from greenish olive, to olivaceous yellow, and
brown, variegated sometimes with dark or bluish lines." DON.

* See on this subject Proceed, of Zool. Soc. (1834.) p. 118,
t Wern. Mm. vol. i. p, 86.

486 PISCES (OSSEI) OSTEODERMI. [SYNGNATHUS.

Found in the same situations as the last species, and equally, if not
more, common. Obs. I feel some hesitation in considering the S. Typhle of
Bloch to be the same as that of English authors. His figure, as Donovan
has observed, resembles more nearly the S. Acus in a young state.

(34.) S. pelagicus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 58. Turt. Brit.
Faun. p. 117. Flem. Brit. An. p. 176,

I very much doubt whether this supposed species be any thing more
than the young of S. Acus. During a stay at East Bourne, in Sept. 1833, 1
obtained three specimens, taken in the shrimp-nets at that place, which
appeared exactly to coincide with Donovan's figure, but which, I am
tolerably satisfied, are only what I have stated above. Two of these were
females, and possessed an extremely minute anal fin ; but the third, which
was a male, exhibited no vestige of it whatever, even when examined care-
fully with a lens. In this last individual, though measuring only three
inches and a half in length, the caudal pouch was full of newly-hatched
young. What the S. pelagicus of Linnaeus may be, I do not pretend
to say.

* Anal and pectoral Jins wanting ; caudal obsolete.

174. S. cequoreus, Linn. (JEquoreal Pipe-Fish.) —
Body octangular anteriorly : snout short ; much narrower,
vertically, than the head: dorsal and vent nearly in the
middle of the entire length.

S. sequoreus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 417. Mont, in Wern.
Mem. vol.i. p. 85. pi. 4. f. 1. Flem. Brit. An. p. 176. Acus
nostras cauda serpentina, Sibb. Scot. Ittusi. part ii. torn. n. p. 24.
tab. 19. JEquoreal Pipe-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 188.

LENGTH. From twenty to twenty-four inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Readily distinguished from both the foregoing-
species by the want of the pectoral and anal fins. Form slender, and
very much elongated : body compressed, with an acute dorsal and ab-
dominal ridge; also with three slight ridges on each side; hence the
trunk from the gills to the vent is octangular; the tail is obsoletely
quadrangular, becoming almost round towards the tip, which is ex-
tremely tapering: transverse shields or plates, between the gills and
the vent, twenty-eight in number; from the vent to the extremity of
the tail, sixty or more (Montagu says about sixty-six), but, from the
extreme minuteness of the last few, not admitting of being counted with
exactness : head not more than one-twelfth of the entire length; without
any elevated ridge on the occiput : snout narrower than the head, similar
in shape to that of £ Acus, but much shorter in relation to the entire
length of the fish: dorsal occupying nearly a middle position in the
entire length; the distance from the last ray to the end of the tail at
the same time a little exceeding that from the end of the snout to the
commencement of the fin : vent a very little before the middle, being
nearly in a vertical line with the commencement of the last quarter of
the dorsal fin : tail compressed at the extremity, showing a very small
rudimentary caudal fin ; the rays however so obsolete, and so much enve-
loped in the common skin, as to be scarcely distinguishable.

D. about 10 ; A. 0 ; C. 0 ? ; P. 0.

SYNGNATHUS.] PISCES (OSSEI) OSTEODERMI. 487

{Colours.) "Yellowish, with transverse pale lines, with dark margins,
one in each joint, and another down the middle of each plate, giving it
the appearance of possessing double the number of joints it really has :
these markings, however, cease just beyond the vent." MONT.

This species, which had been previously observed by Sibbald in the
Frith of Forth, was obtained by Montagu at Salcomb, in 1807. A second
specimen, he mentions, was afterwards picked up on the same coast.
That from which the above description was taken was procured in Ber-
wick Bay by Dr. Johnston : it is now in the collection of W. Yarrell, Esq.

175. S. Ophidion, Bloch. (Snake Pipe-Fish.) — Body
round, very obsoletely octangular anteriorly : snout short ;
much narrower, vertically, than the head : dorsal and vent
considerably before the middle of the entire length.

S. Ophidion, Bloch, Ichth. pi. 91. f. 3. Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii.
p. 1456.? S. anguineus, Jen. Cat. of Brit. Vert. An. 30. sp. 176.
Snake Pipe-Fish, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. v. part ii. p. 453. pi. 179.
(Copied from Bloch.) Longer Pipe-Fish, Low, Faun. Ore. p. 179.

LENGTH. From twelve to fourteen inches. According to Bloch, from
one to two feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Very similar to the last species, but more slender
and tapering in proportion to its length: anterior part of the body scarcely
thicker than a goose-quill, presenting the same angles as the S. cequoreus,
but with these angles so ill-defined arid obsolete, as to appear on the whole
nearly round ; beyond the vent the body is obsoletely quadrangular, be-
coming quite round near the extremity of the tail, the tip of which is
compressed into a very minute rudimentary caudal fin : transverse shields
on the trunk not separated by any well-marked lines, so as scarcely to
admit of being counted : head one-twelfth of the entire length, similar,
as is also the snout, to that of the S. cequoreus : dorsal much forwarder
than in that species, entirely before the middle ; the distance from the
last ray to the end of the tail more than half as long again as that from
the end of the snout to the commencement of the fin : vent considerably
before the middle of the entire length, but in relation to the dorsal situate
as in the S. cequoreus, three-fourths of that fin lying in advance of it :
rays of the caudal too minute and obsolete to be distinguished.

D. 38; A. 0; C. 0 ? ; P.O.

(Colour of a specimen in spirits.) Of a uniform yellowish brown, paler
beneath : no indication of the transverse bands which appear in the last
species.

This species, which has evidently been confounded with the next by
many authors *, I have, since the publication of my Catalogue, ascer-
tained to be the true S. Ophidion of Bloch, and probably of Gmelin, but
whether of Linnaeus also is doubtful, as his very concise description ap-
plies nearly equally well to both. It is closely allied to the -S. cequoreus,
from which it scarcely differs, excepting in its slenderer and rounder
form, and much forwarder position of the dorsal and vent. It is indeed
with this last species, that it has probably been confounded by Low, under

* Montagu was the first to point out the great discrepancies which appear in the different
figures and descriptions given by different authors of S. Ophidion, and it is entirely owing to his
observations on this subject, that I was led to detect the existence of another species. See Worn.
Man. vol. i. p. 89.

488 PISCES (OSSEI) OSTEODERMI. [SYNGNATHUS.

the name of Longer Pipe-Fish, part of whose description, borrowed from
Sibbald and Pennant, does not belong to it: the proportions, however,
which Low assigns to his own specimens, convince me that this is the
species which had occurred to himself, and, according to his own account,
in great plenty. The only specimens which I have seen, amounting,
however, to several, are in the collection of W. Yarrell, Esq. I am
ignorant as to the locality whence they were obtained.

(35.) Longer Pipe-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 138. pi. 23.
no. 61. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 184. pi. 26. no. 61. Syngna-
thus barbarus, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 117. Flem. Brit. An. p. 176.

I consider this as a very doubtful species. The figure, in which there is
neither anal nor pectoral fins, approaches so closely the S. tequoreus, that
I feel confident it was taken either from that species, or the S. Ophidian
last described. In the description, however, mention is made both of anal
and pectorals, but of no caudal, a combination of characters which is not
only at variance with every British species I am acquainted with, but
which will not accord with any of those given by Linnaeus, (not even with
the S. barbarus, in which, according to that author, there is no anal,) and
which, moreover, will not fall under any of the sections into which Cuvier
has divided the genus. There is strong ground for believing that, by some
unaccountable accident, Pennant has mixed up under one name the de-
scriptions of two totally distinct species.

Anal, pectoral, and caudal jins, all wanting.

176. S. lumbriciformis, Nob. (Worm Pipe-Fish.) —
Body round, slightly compressed anteriorly : snout very
short ; of nearly equal breadth with the head : dorsal and
vent at about the middle of the entire length.

S. Ophidion, Flem. Brit. An. p. 176. Acus lumbriciformis, Will.
Hist. Pise. p. 160. Little Pipe-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p. 141. pi. 33. no. 62. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 187. no. 62.

LENGTH. From six to nine inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Extremely slender; the trunk or anterior half
slightly compressed, but without angles; the tail round, and tapering
to a very fine point, without even the rudiment of a caudal fin : trans-
verse shields smooth, apd of a membranous nature, somewhat resembling
the segments of the common earth-worm ; between the gills and the vent
twenty-eight ; thence to the end of the tail upwards of sixty, perhaps near
seventy, but towards the tip so minute as scarcely to admit of being
counted with exactness : head small, scarcely one-seventeenth of the
entire length ; crown flat, without any elevated ridge ; snout very short,
blunt at the tip, compressed, with a sharp keel above and below; its
breadth, vertically, not much less than that of the head : dorsal at about
the middle of the entire length, but rather more of the fin behind than
before it, the distance from the end of the snout to the first ray being a
little greater than that from the last ray to the extremity of the tail: vent
also almost exactly in the middle, if any thing a little behind it ; with
respect to the dorsal, it is forwarder than in the two last species, only
one-third of that fin lying in advance of it.

D. 39; A. 0; C.O; P. 0.

TETRODON.] PISCES (OSSEI) GYMNODONTES. 489

(Colour.) Of a uniform olive, sometimes yellowish, brown ; in my spe-
cimen, a longitudinal dark fascia extends from behind the gill-cover over
the first six segments of the trunk.

As this species would seem not to be the S. Ophidion of continental
authors, I have restored to it the name originally given it by Willughby,
in consideration of its worm-like appearance. I believe it is not uncommon
on many parts of the coast, and is said to be called in Cornwall a Sea-
Adder. The ova are not carried by the male in a caudal pouch, but *• in
hemispheric depressions on the external surface of the abdomen, anterior
to the vent." Obs. The S. Ophidion of Berkenhout and Turton may be
intended either for this species or the last.

GEN. 67. HIPPOCAMPUS, Cuv.

177- H. brevirostris, Cuv.? (Sea-Horse.) — Snout
short.

H. brevirostris, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 363. H. Rondeletii,
Will. Hist. Pise. tab. I. 25. fig. 3.

Pennant states his having been informed that the Syngnathus Hippo-
campus of Linnaeus had been found on the southern snores of this king-
dom *. More recently, Messrs. C. and J. Paget have recorded t that it is
occasionally met with at Yarmouth. As, however, several species have
been confounded by authors under the above name, and the British one
has not hitherto been correctly ascertained, it is impossible to annex any
description. At the same time there is ground for believing that it will
prove to be the Hippocampus brevirostris of Cuvier.

ORDER IV. GYMNODONTES.

GEN. 68. TETRODON, Linn.

178. T. stellatus, Don. (Stellated Globe-Fish.) —
Above blue ; beneath silvery : abdomen spinous ; each
spine arising from a stellated root, of four rays. DON.

T. stellatus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 66. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 116. Flem. Brit. An. p. 174. Globe Diodon, Penn. Brit.
Zool. vol. in. p. 132. pi. 20. Globe Tetrodon, Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 174. pi. 23.

* Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 141, f. Xat. Hist, of Yarm. p. 18,

490 PISCES (OSSEI) GYMNODONTES. [TETRODON.

DIMENS. Entire length one foot seven inches ; length of the belly,
when distended, one foot ; the whole circumference in that situation two
feet six inches. PENN.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body usually oblong, but when alarmed the fish
has the power of inflating the belly to a globular shape of great size : the
whole surface of the abdomen, down to the vent, armed with small sharp
spines, each arising from a distinct stellated root of four processes : mouth
small : back from head to tail almost straight, or at least very slightly
elevated : dorsal placed low on the back ; anal opposite : caudal almost
even, divided by an angular projection in the middle : pectorals present ;
ventrals wanting.

D. 11; A. 10; C. 6; P. 14.

(Colours.) Back of a rich deep blue: belly and sides silvery white; the
spines of a rich carmine-colour : tail and fins brown : irides white, tinged
with red. PENN. and DON.

An individual of this species is recorded by Pennant as having been
taken at Penzance in Cornwall. A second specimen, also captured on the
Cornish coast, is figured by Donovan. Bloch appears to have considered
Pennant's fish as his T. lagocephalus *, but by Donovan it was thought,
and apparently with some reason, to be distinct. This and all the other
species in this genus have the power of inflating the abdomen to a large
size, at the same time that they erect the spines with which it is armed,
by which means they defend themselves against the attacks of their
enemies.

GEN. 69. ORTHAGORISCUS, Schn.

179. O. Mola, Schneid. (Short Sun-Fish.) — Depth
about two-thirds of the length : skin rough.

O. Mola, Flem. Brit. An. p. 1 75. Mola Salviani, Will Hist. Pise.
p. 151. tab. I. 26. Tetrodon Mola, Linn. Syst. 'Nat. torn. i.
p. 412. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 25. Dioclon Mola, Block,
Ichth, pi. 128. Cephalus brevis, Shaw, Gen. Zool vol. v. part ii.
p. 437. pi. 175. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 116. Sun-Fish, Borl
Cornw. p. 267. pi. 26. f, 6. Short Diodon, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. HI. p. 131. pi. 19. Short Tetrodon, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in.
p. 172. pi. 22.

LENGTH. From three to four feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Oblong, approaching orbicular, truncated behind :
sides very much compressed; the dorsal and ventral lines presenting a
sharp edge: depth behind the pectorals about two-thirds of the entire
length; thickness rather more than one-third of the depth: head not
distinguishable from the trunk; mouth small; jaws exposed; the lamel-
lated substance undivided: eyes moderate, about equidistant from the
corner of the mouth and the branchial aperture, which last is of an oval
form, and situate immediately before the pectoral fin : skin destitute of
scales, but every-where very rough with minute granulations : no lateral
line : dorsal placed at the further extremity of the body, short but very
much elevated, its height equalling two-thirds or more of the depth of
the body, terminating upwards in a point ; rays very much branched :
anal opposite and exactly similar to the dorsal : caudal with the posterior

* Ichth. pi. MO.

ORTHAGORISCUS] PISCES (OSSEI) GYMNODONTES. 491

margin slightly rounded, very short, but its depth (or breadth, measured
vertically) nearly equalling that of the body, extending from the dorsal
to the anal, with both of which fins it is connected: pectorals small,
rounded, attached horizontally: ventrals wanting.

D. 17; A. 16; C. 14; P. 13*.

(Colours.) Back dusky gray ; belly and sides silvery.

Rare in the British seas, but has been captured, in different instances,
upon various parts of the coast. Attains to an enormous size ; sometimes
weighing as much as four hundred or five hundred pounds. Generally
distributed over the European seas. According to Bloch, occasionally
reposes on one side, in which situation, when surprised, it is easily taken.
Flesh bad, but yielding a great deal of oil.

180. O. oblongus, Schneid. (Oblong Sun-Fish.) —
Length more than twice the depth of the body : skin
smooth.

O. truncatus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 175. Jen. Cat. of Brit. Vert. An.
31. sp. 181. Tetrodon truncatus, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii.
p. 1448. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 41. Cephalus oblongus,
Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. v. part ii. p. 439. pi. 176. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 116. Sun-Fish from Mount's Bay, Borl. Cornw. p. 268. pi. 26.
f. 7. Oblong Diodon, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 129. pi. 19.
Oblong Tetrodon, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 170. pi. 22.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Represented by authors as closely resembling the
last species, excepting in its more oblong and elongated shape, the entire
length being more than twice (according to Turton, nearly three times)
the depth of the body : skin smooth : branchial aperture funulate. The
number of fin-rays, according to Donovan, stands thus :

D. 12; A. 15; C. 17; P. 14.

(Colours.) "Back dusky, with some variegations; abdomen silvery; be-
tween the eyes and the pectoral fins a few dusky streaks pointing down-
wards." SHAW.

Apparently more rare in the British seas than the last species. First
noticed by Borlase, who has figured a specimen from Mount's Bay in
Cornwall. The same author speaks of another taken at Plymouth in
1 734, which weighed five hundred pounds. Since then other individuals
have occasionally been met with. In the stomach of one, obtained by
Donovan from the Bristol Channel, there were found fragments of testa-
ceous and crustaceous animals. Obs. Both this and the 0. Mola have a
bright glistening appearance when taken fresh out of the water, to which
circumstance is to be attributed their English name of Sun-Fish. At
night they are said to be phosphorescent.

* The above fin-ray formula is from Bloch.

492 PISCES (OSSEI) SCLERODERM1. [BALISTES.

ORDER V. SCLERODERMI.

GEN. 70. BALISTES, Cuv.

181. B. Capriscusy Gmel. (Mediterranean File-Fish.)

B. Capriscus, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1471. Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. n. p. 372. Capriscus Rondeletii, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 152.
tab. I. 19. Le Baliste Caprisque, Lacep. Hist. Nat. des Poiss.
torn. i. p. 372. Mediterranean File-Fish, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. v.
partii. p. 411. pi. 168*.

LENGTH. From one to two feet. SHAW.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Head very much compressed: mouth small: each
jaw armed with eight large, broad, strong teeth, forming a continuous
series : eyes round, placed high : first dorsal nearly in the middle of the
back, consisting of three strong spines connected by a membrane, the
first three times as large as either of the other two ; when at rest, con-
cealed in an osseous furrow on the ridge of the back ; these spines are so
articulated as only to admit of being elevated or depressed all together :
second dorsal long, reaching nearly to the caudal : anterior portion of the
abdomen armed with a sharp strong recurved bone, the extremity of which
projects out of the skin in a backward direction ; between this and the
vent are several other much smaller, but moderately strong, serrated
spines: anal similar to the dorsal, commencing behind the vent: tail
becoming suddenly narrow, and terminating in a broad fin : pectorals
small and round: ventrals wanting. WILL. (Colours.) " General colour
violaceous gray, sometimes variegated both on the body and fins with blue
or red spots : irides yellow ; pupils blue." SHAW.

A single individual of this species, which is a native of the Mediter-
ranean, as well as of the American seas, is recorded by Mr. Children
to have been captured on the Sussex coast in August, 1827*. Not pre-
viously known as a British fish. Most of the species belonging to this
genus inhabit the Tropics.

* See his Address to the Zoological Club of the Linncean Society, p. 6.

ACIPENSER.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) ELEUTHEROP. 493

(II. CARTILAGINEI.)

ORDER VI. ELEUTHEROPOMI.

GEN. 71. ACIPENSER, Linn.

182. A. Sturio, Linn. (Common Sturgeon.) — Osseous
tubercles in five longitudinal rows ; strong and spinous.

A. Sturio, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 403. Block, Ichth. pi. 88.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 114. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. HI. pi. 65. Flem.
Brit. An. p. 173. Sturio, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 239. tab. P. 7. fig. 3.
Sturgeon, Penn. Brit. ZooL vol. in. p. 124. pi. 19. no. 53. Com-
mon Sturgeon, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 164. pi. 22. L'Esturgeon
ordinaire, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. 11. p. 379.

LENGTH. From six to eight feet, sometimes more.

DE SCRIPT. (Form.) Body elongated ; somewhat pentagonal ; with five
longitudinal rows of osseous tubercles, one on the back, two at the sides,
and two at the edges of the abdomen ; tubercles marked with radiating
strise, broad at the base, terminating above in a sharp strong spine
directed backwards ; those on the back more developed than the others :
the whole skin rough with minute points and tubercles independently
of the above larger ones: abdomen flat: head long, covered above
with lozenge-shaped plates; a longitudinal sulcus on the forehead:
snout depressed, somewhat conical, rather slender and sharp-pointed ;
mouth placed beneath, cylindrical, small, without teeth, bordered by a
protractile cartilage instead of lips : four pendent barbules on the under
surface of the snout, nearer its extremity than the mouth : eyes small :
nostrils near the eyes, double; the anterior orifice round, the posterior
one elongated : gill-opening large ; the gill-cover marked with numerous
stria?, radiating in all directions: a single dorsal, of a somewhat tri-
angular form, small, placed very far back near the tail: anal also small,
and nearly opposite : caudal forked ; the upper lobe long and pointed,
produced very much beyond the lower : pectorals' oval : vent beneath the
commencement of the dorsal ; the ventral fins a little in advance of it.

D. 35 ; A. 23 ; C. 125; P. 28 ; V. 24*.

(Colours.) Upper parts gray, variegated with dusky, sometimes inclining
to olivaceous ; the central part of the tubercles white : beneath silvery
white.

A migratory species, residing in the sea during the winter months,
but entering rivers at the approach of Spring to spawn. Very abundant
in many parts of the Continent, but seldom in any plenty in this country.
Attains to the weight of from one hundred to three hundred pounds,

* The above fin-ray formula is from Donovan,

•194 PISCES (CARTILAG.) ACANTHORR. [CHIMERA.

Pennant mentions one, taken in the Esk, which weighed four hundred
and sixty pounds. Arrives at a still larger size abroad, according to
Bloch and othqr authors. Feeds principally upon the smaller fish. Flesh
much esteemed. The well, known article of food termed Caviar is pre-
pared from the roe.

ORDER VII. ACANTHORRHINI.

GEN. 72. CHIMERA, Linn.

183. C. monstrosa, Linn. (Sea-Monster.)

C. monstrosa, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 401. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 124.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 114. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 111. Flem.
Brit. An. p. 172. Galeus Acanthias Clusii, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 57.
tah. B. 9. f. 6. Northern Chimsera, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 159*. La Chimere arctique, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n.
p. 382.

LENGTH. From two to three feet. Cuv.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) " Body compressed : head blunt; the snout sub-
ascending, blunt : a narrow crenulated grinder on each side in the lower
jaw, and a broad tubercular one corresponding above: nostrils imme-
diately above the upper lip, contiguous, each with a cartilaginous com-
plicated valve : branchial openings in front of the pectorals : eyes large,
lateral: lateral line connected with numerous waved anastomosing grooves
on the cheeks and face : on the crown, in front of the eyes, a thin osseous
plate, bent forwards, with a spinous disk at the extremity on the lower
side : the first dorsal fin above the pectorals, narrow, with a strong spine
along the anteal edge: second dorsal arising immediately behind the first,
narrow, and continued to the caudal, where it terminates suddenly : pec-
torals large, subtriangular : ventrals rounded ; in front of each a broad
recurved osseous plate, with recurved spines on the ventral edge: claspers
pedunculated, divided into three linear segments, the anteal one simple,
the retral ones having the opposite edges covered with numerous small
reflected spines : a small anal fin opposite the extremity of the second
dorsal : caudal fin above and below, broadest near the origin, gradually
• decreasing to a linear produced thread." FLEM. (Colours.) " The whole
body dark brown above, varied with yellowish brown and silvery; the
lower parts of a bright silver colour : eyes green, with silvery irides, and
very brilliant, or shining with phosphoric splendour." DON.

Found principally in the northern seas of Europe, and but rarely met
with in those of Great Britain. The above description was taken by
Dr. Fleming from a specimen captured in the Zetland seas, where it is
said to be known by the name of Rabbit-Fish. Food, according to Bloch,
medusae and crabs.

SQUALUS.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOML 495

ORDER VIII. PLAGIOSTOML

GEN. 73. SQUALUS, Linn.

(1. SCYLLIUM, CUV.)

184. S. Canicula^ Linn. (Spotted Dog-Fish.) — Spots
small and numerous : ventrals cut obliquely at their pos-
terior margin : valves of the nostrils united, partly covering
the mouth.

S. Canicula, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 399. S. Catulus, Block,
Ichth. pi. 114. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 55. Blainv. Faun.
Franq. p. 69. pi. 17. f. 1. Scylliura Catulus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 165.
(Male.) S. stellare, Id. (Fern.) S. Canicula, Bon. Faun. Ital.
Fasc. vn. Catulus major vulgaris, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 62. tab. B. 4.
f. 1. Catulus minor, Id. p. 64.? Lesser Spotted Dog-Fish, (Male),
and Spotted Dog-Fish, (Fern.) Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. pp. 1 15,
and 113. pi. 15. Lesser Spotted Shark, (Male,) and Spotted Shark,
(Fern.) Id. (Ed. 1812.) vol. in. pp. 150, and 148. pi. 19. La grande
Roussette, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 386.

LENGTH. From two to three feet ; sometimes three feet and a half,
or even more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body elongated, tapering from behind the pec-
torals, where the thickness is greatest: head blunt, depressed: snout
short and rounded : nostrils on the under surface of the snout, near the
mouth, large, prolonged in a channel to the margin of the lips, and almost
entirely closed by a fleshy valve or lobe of the skin ; each valve unites
with its fellow on the opposite side, the two together forming a large flap,
emarginated in front, which extends over the upper lip and entirely con-
ceals it : mouth beneath, behind the nostrils, of a semicircular form : both
jaws with several rows of small, but sharp, teeth, inclining backwards ;
each tooth furnished with a long point in the middle, and smaller denti-
culations at the sides: eyes large, oblong-oval, at equal distances from
each other and the end of the snout ; behind each a small temporal ori-
fice, or spiracle, communicating with the mouth : branchial openings at
the sides of the neck, five in number, parallel to, and equally distant
from, each other, arranged in a longitudinal series, the first as far behind
the eyes, as these last are distant from the end of the snout, the last
immediately above the pectoral fin ; first four openings nearly of equal
size, the fifth smaller : skin somewhat glistening, very rough when the
hand is passed from tail to head, but only slightly so in the opposite direc-
tion, the roughness proceeding from very minute denticulated scales : no
distinct lateral line: two dorsals; both placed very much behind: the
first commencing about the middle of the entire length, of a trapezoidal
form, cut square behind, its greatest height about equal to the depth
of the body, the space which it occupies about two-thirds of the same :

496 PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. [SQUALUS.

second dorsal rather before the middle point between the first dorsal and
the end of the caudal, shaped like the first, but rather smaller: anal
answering to the space between the two dorsals, commencing a little
beyond the termination of the first, and terminating nearly in a line with
the commencement of the second; somewhat triangular, with the posterior
portion produced backwards in the form of a lanceolate process : tail very
long, equalling a little more than half the entire length ; terminating in
a caudal fin ; upper lobe of the caudal commencing a little beyond the
termination of the second dorsal, low at first, but gradually widening
towards its extremity, which is truncated ; lower lobe a little distant from
the upper, and of a triangular form : pectorals large, of about the length
of the head, broadest at their posterior margin, which is cut square : vent-
rals a little in advance of the first dorsal, attached horizontally, much
smaller than the pectorals, obliquely truncated behind, their posterior
margins meeting at an acute angle; together they form a kind of lozenge,
in the middle of which is the vent. The male is characterized by having
the ventrals larger than in the other sex, and united throughout their
length by an intermediate membrane ; they are also furnished on their
inner margins with fusiform appendages, not extending beyond the fin in
young subjects, but lengthening in adults : in the female, the ventrals
have the last third portions of their inner margins separate. (Colours.)
Back, upper portion of the head, and the whole of the sides, reddish gray,
or dirty flesh-red, with very numerous small dark brown spots ; the spots
on the posterior portion of the body more scattered : fins coloured like the
back, but the spots larger and less numerous ; anal almost without spots :
under portion of the head and body whitish, free from spots. Obs. The
spots are generally less numerous, and rather larger, in the female than
in the male.

A common species on all parts of the coast. Does not attain to any
great size. Very voracious, preying on almost any animal substance.
Oviparous: produces, according to Pennant, about nineteen young at
a time. Very tenacious of life. Obs. I have ventured to bring toge-
ther the Spotted Dog-Fish and the Lesser Spotted Dog-Fish of Pennant,
under a strong suspicion that they are simply the two sexes of the pre-
sent species. The female has probably been confounded by some authors
with the following.

185. S. stellaris, Linn. (Rock Dog-Fish.) — Spots
large and scattered : ventrals cut square at their posterior
margin : valves of the nostrils separate, not reaching to the
mouth.

S. stellaris, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 399. Blainv. Faun. Fran^.
p. 71. pi. 17. f. 2. Scyllium stellare, Bon. Faun. Ital. Fasc. yii.
Catulus maximus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 63. ? Spotted Dog-Fish,
Var. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 114. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in.
p. 150. Rock Shark, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. v. part ii. p. 336.
La petite Roussette ou Rochier, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 386.

LENGTH. From two to three feet. According to Blainville, it attains
to a larger size than the last species.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Closely resembling the S. Canicula, but differing
essentially in the structure of the lobes of the nostrils, and in the form of
the ventrals: the former are not united as in that species, and of a smaller
size, leaving the whole of the mouth and the upper lip visible : the vent-

SQUALUS.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. 497

rals, instead of being cut obliquely, are cut nearly square, their posterior
margins meeting at a very obtuse angle ; they are united or separate,
according to the sex, in a similar manner : the snout is rather more elon-
gated; and, according to some authors, the tail rather shorter, giving
the dorsal a more backward position, but this last character I have not
noticed myself. (Colours.) Upper parts brownish gray, with very little-
of the red tinge observable in the last species: back, flanks, and tail,
sparingly marked with large brown spots of a deep brown or black colour :
under parts whitish.

Whether this species be common on our coasts or not, I am ignorant.
In many instances it appears to have been confounded with the last. The
only specimens I have seen were obtained at Weymouth. According to
Blainville, resides amongst rocks. Skin very rough, and said to be of
more value in the arts than that of the S. Canicula. In some of its
characters it appears to resemble the Catulus maximus of Willughby, to
which I have annexed a reference above.

(36.) Scyllium melanostomum, Bon. Faun. Ital. Fasc. viii. Squalus
melastomuSy Blainv. Faun. Franc,, p. 75.

A drawing of a third British species of this sub-genus, supposed to be
the S. melanostomum of the Prince of Musignano, has been recently for-
warded to Mr. Yarrell by Mr. Couch of Cornwall. It was taken upon
that coast. Not possessing any description of it, and not being able to
speak with certainty as to its identity with the above species, I have con-
fined myself to giving this notice of its existence in the British seas. The
following are the characters given to the S. melanostomum in the '* Fauna
Italica." — " Sc. rufocinereus ; maculis magnis obscurioribus oblongis ; pinnis
ventralibus oblique truncatis ; ore intus nigro-c&ruleo."

(2. CARCHARIAS, Cuv.)

186. S. Carcharias, Linn. (White Shark.} — Teeth
triangular, the sides straight and denticulated ; those in the
lower jaw narrower than those above.

S. Carcharias, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 400. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 113. Blainv. Faun. Frang. p. 89. Canis Carcharias, Will Hist.
Pise. p. 47.? Carcharias vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 167. White
Shark, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 106. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in.
p. 139. Low, Faun. Ore. p. 174. Le Requin, Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. n. p. 387.

LENGTH. Twenty-five feet. Cuv.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) "Body very much elongated: skin very hard
and granulated : the first dorsal placed before the middle of the back,
elevated, rounded above ; the second small, nearly in the middle of the
tail: anal nearly opposite to this last: head flattened; snout rounded,
pierced with a large number of pores: tail moderate, terminating in
a falciform caudal of two lobes, the upper lobe double the lower one :
mouth very large, semicircular, entirely beneath: vent nearly in the
middle : form of the nostrils unknown : eyes lateral, small, round : jaws
large, bent : teeth in five or six rows in both jaws, above and below ; of
a triangular form, compressed, finely denticulated at the edges, which
are perfectly straight ; the lower ones a little narrower than the upper
ones : no temporal orifices : branchial openings five in number, but their
form and proportion unknown : pectorals very large, in the form of an

Ii

498 PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. [SQUALUS.

isosceles triangle, extending beyond the base of the first dorsal : ventrals
small, a little nearer the second dorsal than the first. (Colours.') Cine-
reous brown above, whitish beneath, with two rows of black dots on the
sides." BLAINV.

This species appears to be very rare in the British seas; nor am I
aware of any description of a native specimen on record. Grew ha&
incidentally thrown out a remark * that it is sometimes found upon the
Cornish coast. Low states, that according to information given to him, it
is met with in the neighbourhood of the Orkneys. None of our other
English authors, that I am aware, have specified any localities in which
it has occurred. The description given above is taken from the Faune
Francais. It may be of use in enabling future observers to identify this
species : it must be remembered, however, that two or more appear to
have been confounded under the name of Carcharias; and possibly it
may not belong to the one which has been met with in the British seas.
According to Cuvier, the S. Carcharias of Blocht is very distinct. The
present species is widely distributed, and attains to a very large size. It
is very voracious, and much dreaded by navigators.

187- S. Vulpes, Gmel. (Sea-Fox, or Thresher.) —
Teeth triangular, pointed ; the edges not denticulated :
caudal with the upper lobe nearly as long as the body.

S. Vulpes, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. partiii. p. 1496. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 112. Blainv. Faun. Frang. p. 94. pi. 14. f. 1. Vulpes marina,
Will. Hist. Pise. p. 54. tab. B. 6. f. 2. Carcharias Vulpes, Flem.
Brit. An. p. 167. Long-tailed Shark, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in.
p. 110. pi. 14. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 145. pi. 17. La Faux,
ou Renard, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 388.

LENGTH. Thirteen feet; the tail alone measuring more than six.
PENN.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) «* Body fusiform, appearing very much elongated
in consequence of the relatively great size of the tail : skin very finely
and equally shagreened above and below : first dorsal moderately large,
triangular, elevated, adhering by almost the whole length of its base,
in the middle of the back: the second exceedingly small, triangular,
inclined, terminating behind in a very sharp point, and falling in a ver-
tical line with the base of the anal, which is similar to itself: head small,
rounded : snout short, conical : tail exceedingly long, in consequence of
the great development of the caudal fin, which is in the form of a long
sithe ; upper lobe enveloping the extremity of the vertebral column, and
separated by a notch from the lower lobe, which is moderately broad at
its origin : mouth moderate, of a horse-shoe form, entirely beneath : vent
at nearly the anterior third of the entire length : nostrils beneath, at the
posterior third of the length of the snout, transversely oval : eyes lateral,
large, occupying three-fifths of the length of the upper jaw: teeth similar
in both jaws, triangular, very sharp, not denticulated, broad at the base,
without any accessory points or tubercles : no temporal orifices : branchial
openings nearly equal, entirely lateral, the last two somewhat smaller,
nearer together, and reaching beyond the anterior margin of the pectoral
fin: pectorals narrow, very much elongated, triangular; the adhering
side much smaller, and attached for nearly its whole length: ventrals
small, triangular, horizontal, adhering by two-thirds of their inner edge,

* Rarities ofGresJiam College, p. 90. t Ichth, pi. 119.

SQUALUS.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. 499

the remaining portion free. (Colours.) Bluish gray above, white be-
neath; the pectoral fins attached to the white portion." BLAINV.

Met with occasionally on the British coast, but not very plentiful.
Derives its English name of Thresher from its supposed habit of attack-
ing and striking the Grampus with its long fox-like tail *.

188. S. glaucus, Linn. (Blue Shark.) — Teeth in
the upper jaw triangular, and curved; in the lower jaw
longer, and more straight ; all denticulated : body slender,
slate-blue above.

S. glaucus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 401. Watson in Phil. Trans.
(1778.) vol. LXVIII. p. 789. pi. 12. Block, Ichth. pi. 86. S. cseruleus,
Blainv. Faun. Franc, p. 90. Galeus glaucus, Witt. Hist. Pise.
p. 49. Carcharias glaucus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 167. Blue Shark,
Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 109. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. HI. p. 143.
Le Bleu, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 388.

LENGTH. Six or seven feet. PENN. (Edit. 1812.)

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Elongated: the skin less rough than in the
others of this genus : snout long, sharp, depressed, not pellucid at the
extremity, punctured above and below with numerous pores: (mouth
large, widely cleft ; teeth numerous, in four or five rows ; the upper ones
broadest, curving a little backwards, and denticulated at the edges ; the
lower ones narrower, straight, in the form of a scalene triangle, and finely
denticulated :) nostrils long, transverse, (equally distant from the edge of
the jaw, and the extremity of the snout:) eyes elliptic, but the irides
exactly circular, the pupils lenticular and transverse ; (commissure of the
lips extending far beyond them:) no temporal orifices: five branchial
openings, (moderate, elevated, lateral ; the first three largest and furthest
asunder ; the last two, especially the fifth, smaller, and closer together :)
two dorsals ; the first at about the middle of the length, excluding caudal ;
(triangular, of moderate size, the base longer than the two other sides :)
second dorsal not far from the setting on of the caudal, (much smaller,
equally triangular, and much more inclined :) anal answering to this last
fin : tail (scarcely equalling half the body,) with a triangular excavation
at the upper part of the base of the caudal fin ; this last with two lobes,
the upper extending very far beyond the lower, and terminating in an
acute angle : vent at the distance of more than one-third of the length
from the setting on of the caudal : pectorals large, (falciform,) very long,
terminating in an acute angle: ventrals small, (cut square behind.)
(Colours.) Back of a fine, moderately deep, blue: belly silvery. WILL.
and BLAINV.

Said to be not uncommon on some parts of the coast, particularly that
of Cornwall during the pilchard season. The specimen described by
Dr. Watson in the "Philosophical Transactions" was taken on the coast
of Devonshire. It is possible, however, that in the case of this species,
as in that of the S. Carcharias, two or more have been confounded
under one name. The above description is from Willughby, and is that
of a specimen observed by him at Penzance. It appears to be the same
as the S. cceruleus of Blainville, from whom I have borrowed some addi-
tional characters t. The /S. glaucus of this last author is a closely allied
species, in which the teeth are not denticulated at the sides.

* Borl. Cornw. p. 265.

t The parts borrowed from Blainville are included in parenthesis.
n2

500 PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. [SQUALUS.

(3. LAMNA, Cuv.)
189. S. Cornubicus, Gmel. (Porbeagle Shark.)

S. Cornubicus, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1497. Turt. Brit.
Faun. p. 113. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 108. Neill in Wern.
Mem. vol. i. p. 549. Blainv. Faun. Fran$. p. 96. pi. 14. f. 2.?
S. Selanonus, Leach in Wern. Mem. vol. n. p. 64. pi. 2. f. 2. ?
Lamna Cornubica, Flem. Brit. An. p. 168. Porbeagle, Borl.
Cornw. p. 265. pi. 26. f. 4. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol.m. p. 117. Id.
(Edit. 1812.) vol. m. p. 152. Goodenough in Linn. Trans, vol. in.
p. 80. pi. 15. Le Squale Nez, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 389.?

LENGTH. Said to attain the length of from five to nine feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Girth (in the thickest part of a specimen three
feet nine inches in length) two feet one inch : body very thick and deep,
but extremely slender and flattened just at the setting on of the tail; the
sides near that part distended and sloping, thinning off to a sharp angle
or elevated line : snout very long, slender towards the extremity, sharp-
pointed, and punctured beneath : nostrils near the mouth, at about one-
fourth of the distance between it and the end of the snout ; of a lunar
form, the extremities pointing backwards: mouth semicircular: teeth
very sharp, smooth, two-edged, with a little acute process at the base on
either side ; (the process in some concealed within the gums ;) arranged
(according to Goodenough) in the upper jaw, in two rows, except in the
front, where the two middle ones stand single; in the under jaw, in two
rows also, except in the front, where the two middle teeth have a triple
row ; the inner row bent inwards, the others all turned outwards ; (ac-
cording to Pennant) in three rows in the upper jaw; the same on the
sides of the lower, but only two rows in the front of the latter: eyes about
four inches* from the extremity of the snout, and upon an exact level
with the surface of the body : branchial openings five in number, placed
in a regular series ; the apertures perpendicular, and about three inches
long : skin, when stroked backwards, a little roughish, with an obsolete
line of minute tubercles- running from the head down the sides, and at
length ending in the thick elevated ridge, which takes place at the depres-
sion of the body near the tail : first dorsal placed nearly in the middle,
erect, its height not quite equal to its length : second dorsal pretty near
the tail, much smaller: anal nearly opposite to this last, of the same
length and size : above and below the tail, near the base of the caudal,
a semicircular or lunar impression, the points directed backwards : caudal
of a lunar form, vertical, the upper lobe nearly one-third longer (Pennant
says, a little longer f) than the lower: pectorals immediately behind the
branchial openings, and equalling rather more than one-sixth of the
entire length; of a semilunar form behind: ventrals small, also of a
semilunar form behind. GOODEN. and PENN. (Colours.) " Colour of
the whole upper part, the sides, fins, and tail, dusky, tinged obscurely
with green and blue ; beneath, from the tip of the nose, and also part
of the sides, entirely white." PENN.

This species was first noticed by Jago,from whose drawing of it Borlase's
figure was engraved. Since his time many other individuals have oc-
curred on different parts of the coast. Dr. Goodenough's specimen was
obtained at Hastings ; Pennant's at Brighton. Mr. Neill states that it
is occasionally met with in the Frith of Forth : Mr. Couch remarks that

* This is with reference to Dr. Goodenough's specimen : as, however, there was only an inch
difference in length between his and Pennant's, this difference would not much affect the relative
proportions.

f According to Cuvier and Blainville, the lobes are nearly equal.

SQUALUS.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. 501

on the coast of Cornwall it is not uncommon. It appears to be the same
as the S. Selanonus of Leach. Is ovoviviparous. Hunts its prey (accord-
ing to Mr. Couch) in companies, from which circumstance it has received
its common name. Obs. Authors do not agree in all the characters which
they assign to this species, but it is probable that some of these, especially
the number of rows of teeth, may vary with age.

190. S. Monensis, Shaw. (Beaumaris Shark.)

S. Monensis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. y. part ii. p. 350. S. Cornu-
bicus, /3, Gmel. Linn. torn. i. part iii. p. 1497. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 113. Beaumaris Shark, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 118.
pi. 17. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 154. pi. 20. Le Beaumaris,
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 389. note (2).

LENGTH. Seven to nine and a half feet. DAV.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) " Snout and body of a cylindrical form: greatest
circumference (in a specimen seven feet long) four feet eight inches:
nose blunt: nostrils small: mouth armed with three rows of slender
teeth, flatted on each side, very sharp, and furnished at the base with two
sharp processes ; the teeth are fixed to the jaws by certain muscles, and
are liable to be raised or depressed at pleasure : first dorsal two feet eight
inches distant from the snout, of a triangular form : second dorsal very
small, and placed near the tail: pectorals strong and large: ventrals
and anal small : the space between the second dorsal and the tail much
depressed, the sides forming an acute angle; above and below a trans-
verse fossule or dent: tail crescent-shaped, but the horns of unequal
lengths; the upper, one foot ten inches; the lower, one foot one inch:
skin comparatively smooth, being far less rough than that of the lesser
species of this genus. (Colour.) The whole fish lead-colour." DAV.

No one appears to have met with this species excepting Mr. Davies,
who communicated to Pennant, by whom it was first published, a drawing
and description of one taken near Beaumaris. In the last edition of the
"British Zoology," there are some further particulars by Mr. Davies,
including an account of a second individual stranded near Bangor Ferry,
on the Anglesea side of the Menai, in June 1811. This last differed from
the former specimen in having the nose smaller (though itself a larger
fish), and more abruptly tapering. It was a female, and contained in its
belly four young ones, each about twenty-eight or thirty inches long.
Obs. By Gmelin and Turton, this -species is made a variety of the last,
from which it scarcely seems to differ, excepting in its blunt snout.
Donovan and Fleming regard them as the same fish. Further ob-
servation alone can determine whether either of these opinions is
correct.

(4. GALEUS, Cuv.)

191. S. GaleuS) Linn. (Common Tope.)

S. Galeus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 399. Block, Ichth. pi. 118.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 112. Blainv. Faun. Frang. p. 85. Canis
Galeus, Will Hist. Pise. p. 51. tab. B. 6. f. 1. Galeus vulgaris,
Flem. Brit. An. p. 165. Tope, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 111.
Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 146. but not pi. 18. Le Milandre,
Cuv. Reg. An. torn. 11. p. 389.
LENGTH. From three to five feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form) Body fusiform, elongated : head moderately large,
depressed, behind the eyes broad, but narrowing anteriorly ; snout pro-

502 PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. [SQUALUS.

duced, of a somewhat triangular form, very much flattened, and in front
of the nostrils somewhat pellucid : nostrils beneath, nearly midway be-
tween the mouth and the extremity of the snout, partly covered by a
small membranous flap: mouth wide : jaws moderately bent: teeth small,
sharp-pointed, of a triangular form, with some smaller denticulations on
the outer edge only ; in several rows, and nearly similar above and below :
eyes about half-way between the end of the snout and the first branchial
opening ; behind each a small temporal orifice : branchial openings five
in number, rather small, near together ; the first four of nearly equal
size; the fifth smaller, and placed immediately above the base of the
pectoral: skin moderately rough from tail to head, but smooth in the
opposite direction : two dorsals : the first not very large, commencing at
exactly one-third of the entire length; its height and length about equal;
of a triangular form, but with a projecting point at its posterior extremity
directed towards the tail: second dorsal just half-way between the first
and the extremity of the tail; of a similar form, but smaller: anal pre-
sent, resembling the second dorsal ; nearly opposite to that fin, but placed
a little backwarder : caudal with a large projecting lobe on its lower
margin; the upper lobe terminal, and obliquely truncated at its ex-
tremity : pectorals moderate, approaching triangular, the distance from
their insertion to the end of the snout considerably more than equal
to their length : ventrals exactly in the middle of the entire length, and
answering to the middle of the space between the two dorsals ; only half
the size of the pectorals, and obliquely truncated at their extremities.
(Colours.) Of a uniform deep slate-gray above; yellowish white beneath.
Common in the Mediterranean, but apparently of not very frequent
occurrence in the British seas. Willughby speaks of its being met with
on the Cornish coast, where it has been since observed by Mr. Couch.
Pennant's specimen was taken on the coast of Flintshire," and weighed
twenty-seven pounds, its length being five feet. Dr. Johnston has pro-
cured it on the coast of Berwickshire*. The individual described above
was obtained, with others, at Weymouth, by Professor Henslow. Accord-
ing to Bloch, it sometimes attains to the weight of one hundred pounds.
It is stated by this same author, that it usually lives in society, and in
deep water.

(5. MUSTELUS, CUV.)

192. S. Mustelus, Linn. (Smooth Hound.)

S. Mustelus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 400. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 112. Blainv. Faun. Franc, p. 81. pi. 20. f. 1. Mustelus
Isevis, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 60.' tab. B. 5. f. 2. Flem. Brit. An.
p. 166. Galeus Mustelus, Leach in Wern. Mem. vol. n. p. 63.
pi. 2. f. 3. Smooth Hound, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 116.
pi. 16. Smooth Shark, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 151. Tope
Shark, Id. pi. 18. L'Emissole commune, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n.
p. 390. note (1).

LENGTH. From three to four feet; sometimes more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form very similar to that of the S.
Galeus ; the snout, however, not quite so much produced : nostrils
midway between the mouth and the end of the snout, partly covered
by a small cutaneous membrane: teeth small and numerous, obtuse,
forming a closely compacted pavement, disposed in a quincuncial order :
eyes large, oval : behind each a temporal orifice of moderate size :

* Proceed, of Berwicksh. Nat. Club. p. 7.

SQUALUS.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. 503

branchial openings large, set nearer together as they are more behind;
the middle three larger than the others ; the last smallest, and placed
above the base of the pectoral : skin less rough, when rubbed from tail to
head, than in the S. Galeus; in the opposite direction perfectly smooth :
all the fins in shape and situation exactly the same as in that species ;
only the second dorsal relatively somewhat larger, while the projecting
lobe on the lower portion of the caudal is smaller. (Colours.) Upper
parts of a uniform pearl-gray ; paler, or almost white, beneath.

Tolerably common on most parts of the coast. According to Mr. Couch,
** keeps near the bottom, and feeds chiefly on crustaceous animals, which
its blunt teeth are well calculated to crush."

(37.) S. Hinnulm, Blainv. Faun. Franc, p. 83. pi. 20. f. 2. Mustelus
stellatus, Riss. Hist. Nat. de 1'Eur. Merid. torn. in. p. 126.
L'Emissole tachetee de blanc, ou Lentillat, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n.
p. 390. note (1).

Length three feet. Farm almost the same as that of the last species ;
only the lateral line more distinctly marked. Colour brownish ash, with
a row of small whitish spots from the eye towards the first of the branchial
openings ; lateral line indistinctly spotted with white ; also a moderate
number of small scattered white spots between the lateral line and the
dorsal ridge.

The above notes, made at Weymouth in Aug. 1832, relate to a species
of shark, not unfrequently captured on that coast, which appears to be
identical with the S. Hinnulus of Blainville. I have since seen a drawing
of a similar fish in the possession of Mr. Yarrell, to whom it was sent
by Mr. Couch of Cornwall. Not being aware at the time of the existence
of a second species of Musteius, and having had no opportunity of com-
paring a recent specimen with Blainville's description, I restrict myself
to this notice of the circumstance, without positively asserting the S. Hin-
nulus to be British. It is, however, a great question, whether this last be
any thing more than a variety of the S. Mustelus. As such it is considered
by the Prince of Musignano'in his Fauna Italica.

(6. SELACHE, Cuv.)
193. S. maximus, Linn. ? (Basking Shark.)

S. maximus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 400. ? Home in Phil.
Trans. (1809.) p. 206. pi. 6. f. 1. Flem. Brit. An. p. 164. Bask-
ing Shark, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 101. pi. 13. Id. (Edit.
1812.) vol. in. p. 134. pi. 16. Low, Faun. Ore. p. 171.

LENGTH. Thirty feet and upwards.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Form rather slender: snout short, blunt, and
pierced full of small holes : mouth large : teeth small and numerous ;
(according to Low, in five or six rows ;) those before much bent, those
more remote in the jaws conic and sharp-pointed: eyes small: branchial
apertures five in number, large, reaching from the neck to the throat :
first dorsal very large, not directly in the middle, but rather nearer the
head : the second small, situate near the tail : pectorals (in a specimen
twenty- three feet long) nearly four feet: ventrals smaller, placed just
beneath the hind fin of the back : a small anal : tail very large ; (ac-
cording to Pennant,) the upper lobe remarkably longer than the lower ;
(according to Low,) the lobes equal in length, only the upper one some-
what broader and blunter than the lower: skin rough, like shagreen,
but less so on the belly than the back. PENN. and Low. The following
characters are added from Sir E. Home. " Nostrils opening on the edge

504 PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. [SQUALUS.

of the upper lip : eyes very small ; the pupils perfectly round : half-way
between the eye and the gills, on each side, the orifice of a canal, leading
into the mouth : pectorals situate a little behind the posterior gills : dorsal
situate nearly opposite to the middle space between the pectoral and anal
(ventral?) fins: posterior dorsal small, and situate half-way between the
anal (ventral ?) fins, and the setting on of the tail : the two anal (ventral ?)
fins attached on their upper edge for about half their extent each to the
lower side of a long projecting body peculiar to the male: all the fins
have a thick round edge anteriorly, and become gradually thinner to-
wards the posterior part, which is partially serrated : a deep sulcus at the
setting on of the tail, and, on each side of the fish, a scabrous ridge
extending from this sulcus as far forwards as the posterior dorsal fin."
{Colours.) "Upper part of the body deep lead-colour: belly white."
PENN.

A large species of Shark, referred by authors to the Squalus maocimus
of Linnaeus, has been repeatedly noticed in the British seas. Pennant
observes that such a fish has been long known to the inhabitants of the
South and West of Ireland and Scotland, and those of Caernarvonshire
and Anglesea ; that they are seen in the Welsh seas in most summers,
sometimes in vast shoals; that they also appear in the Frith of Clyde,
and among the Hebrides, in the month of June, in small droves, but
oftener in pairs. Mr. Neill states* that they are common in the Scottish
seas, occasionally, though seldom, entering the Frith of Forth. Low
speaks of their being also common in the Orkneys. Dr. Shaw notices
one which was taken at Abbotsbury in Dorsetshire t. Sir E. Home has
described another captured at Hastings. Mr. Couch mentions another
taken on the coast of Cornwall $. Whether, however, in these and other
instances the same species has been observed, from the want of more
accurate descriptions, it is impossible to determine. Blainville is of
opinion that no less than four distinct species have been confounded
by naturalists under the name of Squalus maocimus §. Cuvier, on the
other hand, thinks that the differences observable in the figures and
descriptions which authors have given of this fish, may have arisen from
incorrect observation, and from the difficulty which attends a close exa-
mination of such large animals ||. These points can only be cleared up
by further investigation into" the real characters of such individuals as

* Wern. Mem. vol. i. p. 550. t Gen. Zool. vol. v. part ii. p. 330.

$ Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 91.

§ See two memoirs on this subject, one contained in the Journal de Physique for Sept. 1810,
(vol. LXXI. p. 248); the other in the Annales du Museum for 1811. (vol. xvm. p. 88.) In the
first of these, Blainville has briefly characterized what he considers as three species, under the
'following names: (1.) Squalus Gunnerianus; distinguished principally by the want (?) of tem-
poral orifices, and the presence of an anal fin : this, which is intended for the original fish ob-
served by Gunner, (with reference to which Linnaeus established his species,) he regards the same
as Pennant's, supposing this last to have been without temporal orifices, on which point Pennant
is silent. (2.) S. pcrcgrinus ; in which there are neither temporal orifices nor anal: the type of
this species is in the' Museum at Paris. (3. ) S. Homianus ; distinguished by the presence of
temporal orifices, and the absence of an anal : this species is founded upon the specimen described
by Sir E. Home, and named after him. In his second memoir, Blainville has given a most
elaborate description of both the external and internal characters of a large shark brought to

drawing of which was probably taken from the specimen mentioned by that author as having
been captured on the coast of Dorsetshire, but to which no description is annexed.

It is much to be desired that any of our own naturalists who may have an opportunity of
observing any individuals of the species usually termed Basking Shark, would take as accurate
and detailed a description as possible of the several parts, and compare it afterwards with that
given by Blainville in the second of the above memoirs, which should serve as a standard of eom-
parison'in all future cases. It is particularly important that they note the presence or absence
of temporal orifices and an anal fin, which are so small (compared with the entire bulk of the
animal) as to be easily overlooked. They should also attend to the form of the teeth, the nature
of the skin, and the size, as well as form and position, of the branchial openings.

Ii See Reg. An. torn. n. p. 391. note (1).

SQUALUS.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. 505

may be hereafter met with. The Basking Shark of Pennant is repre-
sented as a tame and inoffensive species, deriving its English name from
its habit of " lying as if to sun itself on the surface of the water." Its
food is supposed to consist entirely of marine plants, no remains of fish
having ever been discovered in the stomach. Pennant thinks that it
is migratory.

(7. SPINAX, Cuv.)
194. S. Acanthias, Linn. (Picked Dog-Fish.)

S. Acanthias, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 397. Block, Ichth. pi. 85.
Don. Brit. Pish. vol. iv. pi. 82. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 114.
Blainv. Faun. Franq. p. 57. Cuv. Reg. An. torn. u. p. 392.
Galeus Acanthias sive Spinax, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 56. tab. B. 5.
f. 1. Spinax Acanthias, Flem. Brit. An. p. 166. Picked Dog-
Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 100. Picked Shark, Id. (Edit.
1812.) vol. in. p. 133.

LENGTH. From three to three and a half, sometimes four, feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form much resembling that of the S.
Mustelus: body moderately elongated: head depressed; snout long,
conical, obtuse at the extremity : nostrils beneath, more remote from the
mouth than in the S. Mustelus, partly covered by a minute cutaneous
flap: jaws bent: teeth in two rows, small, sharp, the edges cutting and
not denticulated, bending from the middle each way towards the corners
of the mouth, the points short and inclining backwards: eyes large,
oblong : temporal orifices large, round, placed higher than in the S. Mus-
telus : branchial openings five in number, small, a little decreasing in
size from the first to the last ; placed in a line with the base of the pec-
torals, the last opening being immediately in advance of those fins : skin
very rough when rubbed from tail to head, but nearly smooth in the
opposite direction : lateral line tolerably well-defined, straight : two dor-
sals; in form and situation much as in the S. Mustelus, but before each
a sharp strong spine ; the spine of the second stronger and longer than
that of the first : caudal unequally forked, the upper lobe projecting far
beyond the lower : no anal : pectorals broad, triangular, cut square be-
hind, reaching when laid back to a vertical line from the spine of the first
dorsal: ventrals a little behind the middle of the entire length, much
smaller than the pectorals, obliquely truncated. (Colours.) Of a uniform
reddish gray, or grayish brown above; whitish beneath. The young,
according to Bloch and Cuvier, are spotted with white.

A common species on all parts of the British coast. Is very voracious,
preying on other fish. Ovo viviparous.

(38.) S. Spinax, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 398. Stew, El. of
Nat. Hist, vol.i. p. 319. Blainv. Faun. Franc, p. 60. Nilss.
Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 118. Acanthias Spinax, Iliss. Hist. £Jat.
de 1'Eur. Merid. torn. HI. p. 132.

This species is marked as British by Stewart, in both Editions of his
"Elements of Natural History," but on what authority he does not men-
tion. It is not noticed, that I am aware, by any other of our English
authors. Said to be distinguished from the last, which it closely resembles,
principally by the abdomen being nearly black, and the nostrils at the ex-
tremity of the snout. According to Nilsson, it is the smallest species in
the genus, not exceeding a length of sixteen inches. It is found in the
Northern seas, as well as in the Mediterranean.

506 PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. [SQUALUS.

(8. SCYMNUS, CUV.)

195. S. borealis, Scoresb. (Greenland Shark.)

S. borealis, Scoresb. Arct. Reg. vol. i. p. 538. and vol. n. pi. 15.
f. 3, & 4. S. Norvegianus, Blainv. Faun. Pram. p. 61. S. gla-
cialis, Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 116. Scymnus borealis,
Flem. Brit. An. p. 166.

LENGTH. From twelve to fourteen feet, sometimes more. SCORESB.

DESCRIPT. " Circumference (in a specimen fourteen feet long) about
eight feet. Colour gray : eye blue ; pupil emerald-green. Mouth wide.
Teeth in the upper jaw, broad at the base, suddenly becoming narrow
and lanceolate with the cutting edges rough; in the lower jaw pyramidal,
compressed, the cutting edges crenulated, a little convex on the fore-edge,
and subangularly concave on the hind-edge. Tongue broad and short.
First dorsal fin larger than the second; more advanced than the vent-
rals : pectorals large : ventrals elongated ; the two sides nearly parallel."
FLEM. According to Blainville, the general form of the body is exactly
similar to that of the S. Acanthias, differing principally in the want
of spines before the dorsal fins, and in the peculiar character of the teeth,
which are arranged in two rows in the lower jaw, and in three in the
upper.

This species, which is the /S. Carcharias of Gunner and Fabricius, and
perhaps of Bloch, is a native of the Northern seas. Dr. Fleming, how-
ever, mentions two instances in which it has occurred in those of our own
Islands. One of the specimens was caught in the Pentland Frith in
1803 : the other was found dead at Burra Firth, Unst, in July 1824. Said
to be very voracious. Food, according to Scoresby, dead whales, as well
as small fishes and crabs. Nilsson states that it resides principally in
the deepest parts of the sea, rarely coming to the surface.

Obs. It is uncertain to which of the foregoing sub-genera the following
two doubtful species belong.

(39.) S. Selanoneus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 168.

An obscure species, found (according to Fleming) by the late Dr.
"Walker, in Lochfyne, in Argyllshire, where it is said to appear during
the herring season. The following description is quoted by Dr. Fleming,
from the original Mss. of that naturalist.

" Caput, maxilla subaequalis, superiore prominente, rostrata. Maxilla
superior crassissima, apice truncata marginata, angulo superior! obtuso
suberecto. Maxilla inferior angusta. Denies numerosi, acuti. Oculi
super cantham oris positi sunt. Corpus, octo-pedale, oblongum, tere-
tiusculum, cute aspera. Spiracula quinque, antico breviore, erecta,
lineari-lunata : margine postico curvato. Tria spiracula postica super
pinnam pectoralem positi sunt, duo altera ante pinnam pectoralem versus
oculum. Pinna : dorsum suberectum, muticum, bipinne. Pinna dorsalis
antica erecta, subpedalis, circa medium corporis. Pinna dorsalis postica,
multo minor, medium inter pinnam anticam et caudam occupat. Pinnae
pectorales pedem longitudine superant, et ante pinnam anticam dorsalem
positae sunt. Pinnae ventrales spatium ante pinnam dorsalem posticam
occupant. Cauda, perpendicularis, furcata, segmentis subtEqualibus
subacutis; superiori longiori. Sore prolate, maxillis subaiqualibus ; su-
periore truncata emarginata."

From the circumstance of Dr. Walker's taking no notice either of the
anal fin or temporal orifices, Dr. Fleming infers the absence of both. He
thinks that in consequence this species may claim to rank as a new genus,
occupying a place between Carcharias and Lamna.

SQUATINA.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. 507

(40.) Rashleigh Shark, Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 91.

" Twenty-nine feet four inches long ; twenty-four feet round ; the fork
of the tail seven feet : weight four tons. Eye in front, under a snout that
projects and is turned upward : mouth two feet and a half wide. Head
deep : the first dorsal fin much elevated." COUCH.

The above notes relate to a species of Shark, a drawing and memorandum
of which are said to be in the possession of W. Rashleigh, Esq. of Mena-
billy. Mr. Couch observes that it seems to resemble the Basking Shark,
but differs from it in the form of the head and situation of the eye.

GEN. 74. ZYGCENA, Cuv.
196. Z. Malleus, Val. ? (Hammer-head.)

Z. Malleus, Valenc. in Mem. du Mus. (1822.) torn. ix. p. 223.
pi. 11. f. 1.? Cuv. Reg. An. torn. H. p. 393. Squalus Zygsena,
Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 399.

A fish of this genus is recorded by Messrs. C. and J. Paget * as having
occurred at Yarmouth, Octoher 1829. The head is said to be preserved
in the Norwich Museum. As, however, the species have been much
confounded, and the exact one in this instance does not appear to have
been determined, it is impossible to annex any description. The Squalus
Zygcena of Linnaeus is the Z. Malleus of M. Valenciennes, who has pub-
lished detailed descriptions of four species of this genus, accompanied in
each case by a representation of the head, which appears to offer the best
characteristic marks for distinguishing them. In the Z. Malleus, which
is the most common species, the head is in the form of a very long
rectangle; the anterior margin straight, and deeply notched near the
external angle; the nostrils immediately beneath the notch. The Squalus
Zygcena of Bloch is a distinct species, in which the nostrils are removed
much further from the eyes. M. Valenciennes' memoir, which is referred
to above, should be consulted by those who may have an opportunity
of seeing any other British specimen of this genus.

GEN. 75. SQUATINA, Dwm.tr.
197- S. Angelus, Cuv. (Angel-Fish.)

S. Angelus, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 394. Blainv. Faun. Franc,.
p. 53. S. vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 169. Squatina, Will.
Hist. Pise. p. 79. tab. D. 3. Squalus Squatina, Linn. Syst. Nat.
torn. i. p. 398. Bloch, Ichth. pi. 116. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i.
pi. 17. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 114. Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. xxi.
pi. 906. Angel-Fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 98. pi. 12*.
Angel Shark, Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 130. pi. 15.

LENGTH. From five to seven, sometimes eight, feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Broad and depressed anteriorly, elongated and
tapering behind : upper part of the body convex ; lower part flat : great-
est breadth in the region of the pectorals, equalling, those fins being
excluded, not quite one-fourth of the entire length ; being included, more
than half of the same : head nearly round, broader than the body, from
which it is separated by a deepish notch on each side: mouth large,
terminal, transverse : jaws but little bent, and nearly of equal length :

* Nat. Hist. ofYarm. p. 17.

508 PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. [SQUATINA.

teeth numerous, in five rows above and below, broad at the base, each
terminating: upwards in a sharp slender point: nostrils almost at the
margin of the upper lip, covered by a membrane terminating in two fila-
ments; between the nostrils the snout is slightly notched: eyes on the
upper part of the head, very small, not half the size of the large temporal
orifices, which last are of a lunulate form, the horns of the crescent being
directed backwards: branchial openings rather small, situate on each
side of the neck, between the head and the trunk: skin very rough,
covered with numerous small prickly tubercles ; some larger tubercles
of a similar nature above the eyes, and along the mesial line of the back :
two dorsals, placed very much behind on the upper part of the tail ; both
small, and nearly of the same size : caudal large, obliquely bifurcated,
the upper lobe being a little the longest : no anal : pectorals very large,
attached horizontally, broadest at their posterior margin, projecting for-
wards on each side of the neck in the form of an acute shoulder : vent-
rals of a somewhat similar form, but smaller. Obs. Cuvier and Fleming
describe this species as having the pectorals armed with short curved
spines near their margins. In the few specimens which I have examined
they were not present. Probably, as in the family of the Rays, they
are merely a sexual character. (Colours.) Upper parts more or less deep
gray : lower parts dirty white.

A common and very voracious species, preying upon other fish. Keeps
near the bottom. Attains to a large size. Pennant mentions having seen
them of near an hundred weight. According to Bloch, produces in the
Spring and Autumn from seven to eight young. On some parts of the
coast is called a Monk-Fish ; on others, a Kingstone.

(41.) Lewis, Couch in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 90.

Under the above name, Mr. Couch notices a fish, which he states is not
unfrequently taken with a line on the coast of Cornwall, and which bears
some resemblance to the Squatina Angeius, but which he seems disposed
to consider as a distinct species. The following is his description :

" Somewhat smaller than the Monk. Head large, flat, the jaws of equal
length, forming a wide mouth ; the upper jaw falls in somewhat at the
middle, so that at this part the lower jaw seems a little the longest ; both
are armed with several rows of sharp teeth ; the tongue is small. The
head is joined to the body by something which resembles a neck ; the
body is flat so far back as the ventral fins, beyond these it is round : the
pectoral and ventral fins are very large ; the former are flat, and both have
near their extremities a number of spines. The two dorsal fins are placed
far behind : the lobes of the tail are equal and lunated. There are five
spiracula: the eyes are very small, and the nictitating membrane, which
is of the colour of the common skin, contracts over the eye, leaving a linear
pupil. The body is slightly rough, of a sandy brown colour : the under
parts white. It is about five feet long, and keeps near the bottom."

Judging from the above description, I must confess I hardly see in what
respects it differs from the last species.

(6.) PRISTIS, Lath.

(42.) P. antiquorum, Lath, in Linn. Trans, vol. n. p. 277. pi. 2G.
f. 1. (Rostrum.) Cuv. Reg. An. torn. H. p. 395. Squalus Pristisy
Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 401. Pristibatis antiquorum, Blainv.
Faun. Franc,, p. 50.

According to the late Dr. Walker*, this species has been found some-
limes in Loch Long. It does not appear, however, to have been noticed

* On the authority of Dr. Fleming. Sec Aril. An. p. 164.

RAIA.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. 509

in our seas by any other naturalist. It is distinguished from some other
allied species by the rostral spines not exceeding in number from eighteen
to twenty-four on each side. It is found in various parts of the Ocean,
as well as in the Mediterranean. Attains to the length of from twelve to
fifteen feet.

GEN. 76. RAIA, Linn.

(1. TORPEDO, Dumer.)
198. R. Torpedo, Linn. (Electric Ray.)

R. Torpedo, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 395. Block, Ichth. pi. 122.?
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. in. pi. 53. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 110.
Blainv. Faun. Franc, p. 44. Torpedo vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An.
p. 169. Torpedo, Walsh in Phil. Trans. (1774.) p. 464. Electric
Ray, Penn. Brit. Zool vol. m. p. 89. pi. 10. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 118. pi. 12.

LENGTH. From two to four feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) "Head and body indistinct, and nearly round:
greatest breadth two-thirds of the entire length : thickness, in the middle,
about one-sixth of the breadth, attenuating to extreme thinness on the
edges: mouth small; teeth minute, spicular: eyes small, placed near
each other : behind each a round spiracle, with six small cutaneous rags
on their inner circumference : branchial openings five in number : skin
every-where smooth : two dorsal fins on the trunk of the tail : tail one-
third of the entire length, pretty thick and round ; the caudal fin broad
and abrupt : ventrals below the body, forming on each side a quarter of
a circle. (Colours.) Cinereous brown above ; white beneath." PENN.

First ascertained to be a native of the British seas by Mr. J. Walsh,
who obtained specimens from Torbay. According to Pennant, it is not
unfrequently taken on that coast ; has been also caught off Pembroke,
and sometimes near Waterford in Ireland. Donovan mentions the coast
of Cornwall; where it has been since noticed by Mr. Couch, though,
according to this last gentleman, it is extremely rare. I may add that it
occurs also occasionally off Weymouth, where it is called the Numb-Fish.
It must be stated, however, that, in the opinion of Risso and Cuvier,
several species have been confounded under the name of Raia Torpedo,
and the exact one met with in our seas, or whether more than one has
occurred, are points not hitherto ascertained *. Fleming thinks that the

* It may assist future observers in determining the British species, to state the
leading characters of four established by Risso in his "Histoire Naturelle de
1'Europe Meridionale."

(1.) Torpedo Narke, Hiss. torn. in. p. 142. T. Corpore supra rubro luteo,
maculis quinque ocellatis, in pentagoni figura dispositis.

La Torpille a taches osillees, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 397. Blainv. Faun.
Franf. pi. 10. f. 2.

(2.) T. unimaculata, Hiss. torn. in. p. 143. pi. 4. f. 8. T. Corpore fulvo,
albidq punctulato ; ocello unico, oblongo, in medio dorso ; cauda elongata,
gracili.

La Torpille a une tache, Blainv. Faun. Franf. pi. 10. f. 1.

Risso states that in this species the spiracles are large, and without the tooth-like
processes : the electrical apparatus scarcely visible, and giving but very slight
shocks.

510 PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. [RAIA.

British species belongs to the Torpedo marmorata of Risso. According
to Blainville, who regards Risso's species as mere varieties, the T. Gal-
vani of that author is the one most commonly met with on the shores
of the Mediterranean. This fish, at least the British species, attains to
a large size : according to Pennant, it has heen known to weigh above
eighty pounds. The exact use of the electrical apparatus is not well
ascertained. It is generally supposed to serve as a means of defence,
or to assist the fish in securing its prey, which is said to consist of other
fish. Mr. Couch imagines that it is connected with the functions of
digestion *.

(2. RAIA, Cuv.)
* Snout sharp ; more or less elongated.

199. R. Batis, Linn. (Skate.) — Snout sharp, conic,
the lateral margins not parallel : skin granulated above :
one or three rows of spines on the tail ; the points of the
lateral rows, when present, directed forwards : colour be-
neath gray, with black specks.

R. Batis, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 395. Block, Ichth. pi. 79.
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 110. Flem. Brit. An. p. 171. Blainv. Faun.
Franq. p. 13.? R. laevis undulata, seu cinerea, Will. Hist. Pise.
p. 69. tab. C. 5. Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 25. Skate, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. in. p. 82. pi. 9. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. Ill, and Sharp-
nosed Ray, pi. 11. La Raie blanche ou cendree, Cuv. Reg. An.
torn. n. p. 398.

LENGTH. From two to four feet ; sometimes more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Form rhomboidal ; the transverse diameter greater
by one-third than the length, this last being measured from the extremity
of the snout to the vent : body thin, in proportion to its bulk : snout con-
siderably elongated, sharp, conical, the lateral margins never becoming
parallel, but approaching gradually to form an acute angle : teeth nume-
rous, in several rows, rather closely compacted, oval and broad at the
base, each terminating above in a sharp conical point, hooked, the hooks
inclining backwards, and most developed in the inner rows, and on the
central teeth in those rows: nostrils in a line with the angles of the
mouth, with which they are connected by means of a prolonged channel,
and placed at less than one-third of the distance from the mouth to the
margin of the pectorals: eyes of moderate size: spiracles large: skin
finely granulated above, communicating a slight roughness to the touch ;

(3.) T. marmorata, Hiss. torn. in. p. 143. pi. 4. f. 9. T. Corpore carneo,
maculis fuscis, fasciisque sinuosis, marmorato ; cauda crassa, summitate rotundata.
La Torpille marbr6e, Blainv. Faun. Frun$. pi. 9.

Spiracles surrounded by seven tooth-like processes : branchial openings crescent-
shaped : electrical apparatus very distinct.

(4.) T. Galvani, Riss. torn. in. p. 144. T. Corpore fulvo, immaculate, nigro-
marginato.

La Torpille Galvanienne, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. ir. p. 397.

Differs from the three preceding species in its much larger dimensions, and in
the upper part of the body being constantly of a uniform red colour, without any
spots or markings whatever.

* See Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. pp. 89, 90.

RAIA.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. 511

under surface mostly smooth, but a little rough in places, more especially
beneath the snout : a row of strong spines along the mesial line of the
tail, with the points directed backwards ; a lateral row on each side of
the same, with the points standing out or directed forwards ; sometimes
the lateral rows are wanting, or simply indicated (especially in young
specimens) by small osseous tubercles: generally no spines above or
behind the eyes, or on any part of the back : tail as long as the body,
depressed, not very stout; furnished with two moderately-sized finlets
near the extremity, a little remote from each other ; scarcely the rudi-
ment of a caudal : pectorals broad, rounded at their lateral extremities,
the anterior margins nearly straight, the posterior rather convex : vent-
rals moderate, divided into two lobes; the upper lobe polliciform; the
appendages (of the male) very small in young specimens, and not extend-
ing so low as the ventrals themselves, but in the adults much longer and
more developed. Obs. The Males in this, and in all the other species of
this family, besides possessing the ventral appendages, are characterized
by several parallel rows of sharp hooked spines on the anterior lobe, and
at the angle, of each of the pectorals. 'These spines are always very
much reclined, and partly concealed, with the points directed inwards.
They are quite independent of the other, generally larger and more erect,
spines, which are more or less characteristic of the particular species.
The number of rows, and the number in each row, depend upon age,
being greatest in the oldest individuals: sometimes, in very young males,
these sexual spines (as they may be termed) hardly show themselves at
all. It may be added that the teeth also often differ in the two sexes ;
the males generally having them sharper and more pointed than the
other sex; in the young, however, they are sometimes similar in both
sexes. (Colours.) Upper surface of a uniform dusky, brown, tinged with
cinereous : under surface dusky gray, sometimes grayish white, studded
with black specks, having a white centre, most abundant beneath the
snout. The colours of both sides become paler with age.

Not uncommon on many parts of the coast, though less plentiful than
some other species. Attains to a very large size, weighing sometimes
nearly two hundred pounds. According to Pennant, the ova, or purses,
are cast by the females from May to September. The young are some-
times called Maids. Obs. By some authors the skin of this species is
represented as smooth ; and it is not quite certain whether two have not
been in some instances confounded under the name of R. Batis.

200. R. Oxyrhynchus, Linn. ? {Sharp-nosed Ray.) —
Snout sharp, slender, and very much elongated, the lateral
margins parallel near the tip : skin smooth : one or three
rows of spines on the tail : colour beneath plain white,
without spots.

R. Oxyrhinchus, Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. n. p. 423. Sharp-
nosed Ray, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 83. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 113. but not pi. 11.

LENGTH. Six feet and upwards.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Differs from the last species, which it very much
resembles, in having the snout more slender, the margins, in a mode-
rately sized fish, running nearly parallel to each other for three or four
inches at the extremity: teeth longer, and not so closely compacted:
skin perfectly smooth : three rows of spines on the tail, when arrived at

512 PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. [RAIA.

maturity. (Colours.) Upper parts of a plain brown colour, without spots
or lines : under parts white, also without spots. MONT.

This species, which I have not seen, is represented by authors as not
very uncommon in the British seas. Like the last it attains to a great
size. One obtained by Pennant in the Menai measured nearly seven
feet in length, and five feet two inches in breadth. Montagu states that
specimens have been taken of which the computed weight was above five
hundred pounds. As, however, in the case of R. Satis, the name of
Oxyrhinchus has been applied at different times to two or more perfectly
distinct species, and it is impossible to state whether we have not in our
seas more than one to which that name has been given. For this reason
I have not annexed any references except to Pennant and Montagu,
whose descriptions alone (of all our English authors) appear original, and
can with any certainty be referred to the same species. Whether the
present one be synonymous with the Oxyrhinchus of Willughby*, I
consider very doubtful. The R. Oxyrhinchus of Bloch t, as well as that
of Blainville $, appear quite distinct.

201. R. marginata, Lacep. (Bordered Ray.) — Snout
sharp, slender, moderately elongated, the lateral margins
nearly parallel at the tip : skin smooth : three rows of
spines on the tail : colour beneath white, with a broad dusky
border.

R. marginata, Lacep. Hist. Nat. des Pom. torn. v. p. 663. pi. 20.
f. 2. Blainv. Faun. Franc, p. 19. pi. 3. f. 2. Flem. Brit. An.
p. 172.

DIMENS. The following are those of an English specimen. Total
length fifteen inches six lines: length of the head (measured from
the end of the snout to the spiracles behind the eyes) three inches
six lines; of the tail (from the vent to its extremity) seven inches
nine lines : greatest breadth (across the pectorals) eleven inches three
lines. Obs. The total length of Blainville's specimen was two feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Rhomboidal ; the transverse diameter rather
more than one-third greater than the length from the end of the snout
to the vent: snout elongated, projecting considerably from between the
pectorals, terminating in a sharp point, with the lateral margins nearly
parallel for the last quarter of their length : mouth moderately wide ;
jaws transverse; teeth numerous, closely set, in several rows, roundish,
or somewhat quadrilateral, at the base, each terminating in a sharp point :
nostrils in a line with the corners of the mouth, and rather more than
half-way between them and the upper margins of the pectorals ; a chan-
nel from the nostrils to the mouth, covered by a membranous flap : eyes
and spiracles both large : skin perfectly smooth above ; also beneath,
excepting along the anterior margins of the pectorals and the surface
of the snout, which are set with very minute spines and denticles : one
large sharp spine above each eye, inclining backwards, and another
smaller one behind each eye: no spines on any part of the back, but
three rows on the tail, one occupying the middle ridge, the two others
the sides; the spines on these rows strong and sharp, and mostly in-
clining backwards : tail scarcely longer than the body, depressed, rather

* Hist. Pise. p. 71. tab. C. 4. 1 IcMh. pi. 80.

± Faun. Franc, p. 18. pi. 3. f. 1.

RAIA.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. 513

stout, with two moderately-sized finlets, of equal size and form, nearly
contiguous; scarcely the rudiment of a caudal: pectorals broad, with the
anterior margin hollowed out, and not prolonged beyond the basal half of
the snout: ventrals moderate, deeply notched or bilobated. (Colours.)
General colour of the upper parts reddish brown, somewhat paler on the
pectorals, with a faint indication of round whitish spots : beneath white,
with a broad border all round, especially beneath the angles of the
pectorals, of dark reddish brown, approaching to dusky: tail entirely
black.

First described by Lacepede from specimens sent him by M. Noel
from Dieppe, Liverpool and Brighton. The individual described above
was obtained at Wey mouth by Professor Henslow, and is now in the
Museum of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. In the same collection
is a young one, extracted from the purse, which is very large, compared
with those of other species. Blainville states that he has seen several
from the Channel, the Ocean, and the Mediterranean. He thinks that
it never attains to a very large size.

202. R. chagrined, Mont. (Shagreen Hay.) — Snout
long and sharp : skin rough above : only two principal
rows of spines on the tail, the ridge being without spines :
colour beneath white.

R. chagrinea, Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. n. p. 420. pi. 21. R. aspera
nostras, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 78. R. aspera, Flem. Brit. An. p. 172.
Blainv. Faun. Franq. p. 22. ? Shagreen Ray, Penn. Brit. Zool.
vol. m. p. 87. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 117.

DIMENS. The following were those of Montagu's specimen. Entire
length three feet ; length of the tail seventeen inches : breadth twenty-
four inches. According to Pennant, it attains to the size of the Skate.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Form narrower than that of the common kinds :
greatest breadth two-thirds of the entire length : snout long and sharp,
much resembling that of the R. Oxyrhinchus : teeth slender and very-
sharp: the whole upper surface rough, covered closely with minute
shagreen-like tubercles, resembling the skin of the Dog-Fish; under
surface smooth, except the head, breast and tail: nine or ten spines
above the eye, but in the middle of the brow a vacancy ; on the snout
several tubercular spines, but scarcely definable, in two rows: behind
the head, seven or eight spines on the dorsal ridge, extending so far
back as to be in a line with the branchiae: two rows of strong spines on
the tail, one on each side of the ridge, projecting outwards, the points
much hooked backwards, and extremely sharp ; some smaller spines on
each side of the tail, intermixed with innumerable little spicula. In
Montagu's specimen, which was a male, there were the usual four series
of hooked spines, very sharp-pointed, each series consisting of two rows :
the ventral appendages were nearly half as long as the tail. (Colours.)
Upper surface of a uniform cinereous brown ; in one instance, with a few
black spots : under surface white. PENN and MONT.

This species, which appears very distinct and well characterized, I
have not seen. Judging from the descriptions given of it by Pennant
and Montagu, I am inclined to consider it the same as the R. aspera of
Willug-hby, who expressly mentions the double row of spines on the
tail. It is also the R. aspera of Fleming, and perhaps of Blainville, but
it would be hazardous to annex any other synonyms. Pennant met with

KK

514 PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. [RAIA.

it at Scarborough, where, he observes, it is called the French Ray. He
says that it is fond of Launces, or Sand-eels, which it takes greedily as
a bait. Montagu speaks of having seen several of both sexes on the
coast of Devon, but none larger than that which he has described. He
adds that it is known to some of the west country fishermen by the name
of Dun- Cow.

** Snout short, and rather obtuse.

203. R. maculata, Mont. (Spotted Ray.) — Teeth,
in the adult, sharp-pointed : skin smooth : generally three
rows of spines on the tail, the middle row continued along
the back : colour above brown, with distinct roundish
dusky spots.

R. maculata, Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. n. p. 426. R. Rubus,
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. i. pi. 20. Fuller Ray, Penn: Brit. ZooL
vol. in. p. 86. (Synonyms excluded.) Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m.
p. 116. (Syn. excl.)

LENGTH. From two to three feet.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Rhomboidal; the transverse diameter more than
one-third greater than the length from the end of the snout to the vent :
snout short and obtuse, projecting very little beyond the pectorals, the
anterior margins of which meet in front at more than a right angle :
jaws transverse, moderate: teeth small, numerous, very closely com-
pacted ; in several longitudinal, somewhat oblique, rows ; roundish at
the base, each terminating above in a minute fine sharp point, the
points inclining inwards, and much more developed on the inner than
on the outer rows, on which last they are sometimes entirely wanting ;
in young fish all the teeth are obtuse, the points not shewing themselves
till afterwards : nostrils much nearer to the mouth than to the anterior
angles of the pectorals : eyes moderate : spiracles large : skin perfectly
smooth above and below, excepting along the anterior margins of the
pectorals and the upper ridge of the snout, which are rough with very
minute spines : two strong spines at the corners of each eye ; an inter-
rupted series of spines down the line of the back, with one isolated spine
on each side of the series, about mid-way between the eyes and the
posterior margin of the pectorals; the dorsal series of spines is con-
tinued down the middle of the tail, at the sides of which are more or less
indication of two lateral rows ; sometimes, in small specimens, these last
are wholly wanting; all the above spines incline a little backwards:
tail about the length of the body, rather stout, depressed, with two
moderate finlets, of similar size and form, nearly but not quite contiguous ;
merely the rudiment of a caudal : pectorals broad, the lateral angles
rather obtuse, the posterior margin rounded, the anterior margin straight
or nearly so : ventrals moderate. The male, in addition to the spines
mentioned above, has the usual series of curved spines on the pectorals,
which, however, do not shew themselves till a certain age. (Colours.)
Upper parts brown, sometimes reddish brown, distinctly marked all over
with roundish dusky spots : under parts plain white. A variety is not
uncommon, in which the usual spots are nearly obsolete, but there is
more or less trace of one ocellated spot in the middle of each pectoral :
Montagu has noticed two kinds of this last variety ; one, with a large

HAIA] PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. 515

dark spot surrounded with a white circle ; the other with a black spot
within a white circle, the whole surrounded by five equidistant dark
spots. Another variety is in the Museum of the Cambridge Philoso-
phical Society, in which the upper parts are pale orange-yellow, with
light rufous brown spots.

This species, although very common and well characterized, has been
so misunderstood and confused with others, that it is extremely difficult
to attach to it its proper synonyms. For this reason I have adopted the
name given it by Montagu, who was the first in this country to point out
its true distinguishing characters. It is undoubtedly the R. Rubus of
Donovan, and most probably the Puller Ray of Pennant, who describing
from an adult male, appears to have considered the sexual spines as
characteristic of the species. It is impossible to identify it with certainty
in the works of Turton and Fleming*, both of whom appear to have
mixed up the description of this with that of other species. It is known
on some parts of the coast by the name of Hommelin, on others by that
of Sand-Ray.

204. R. microcellata, Mont. (Small-eyed Ray.) —
Teeth obtusely cuneiform : skin rough with minute spines :
one row of small hooked spines on the tail, continued along
the dorsal ridge to the head : eyes remarkably small.

R. microcellata, Mont, in Wern. Mem. vol. n. p. 430. Flem. Brit,
An. p. 171.

DIMENS. Total length twenty inches : length of the tail nine inches :
breadth fourteen inches. MONT.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Resembling in shape the R. maculata, but rather
more obtuse in front, and particularly distinguished by the comparative
smallness of the eyest: teeth obtusely cuneiform, with a broad edge,
that feels rough to the finger as it is withdrawn from the mouth ; in one
jaw fifty-three, in the other fifty-six, longitudinal rows, closely connected:
skin on the upper side rough with minute spines ; the under side smooth :
in one specimen there was observed a single large spine, with a broad
base, before one of the eyes; (possibly in older fish that part may be
more spinous;) above the eyes, the spinulee were rather larger than
those which cover the whole upper surface : one row of small hooked
spines on the tail, continued along the dorsal ridge to the head. (Colours.)
Upper parts plain brown, with the exception of a few scattered pale spots
and lines on the margins of the wings : under parts white. MONT.

This species appears to have been observed hitherto only by Montagu,
who obtained two females, the largest not exceeding the dimensions
above given. He states that it appears to be confounded with the
R. chagrinea, both being indiscriminately called Dun-Cow by the
fishermen in the West of England. Whether it be the same as any of
those described by continental authors is uncertain.

* The R. Fullonica of Turton is partly applicable to the above species and partly to the
R. chagrinea last described. The R. Rubus of the same author may be the same as the R. macu-
lata of Montagu, but the description is not quite correct, nor sufficiently precise to enable one to
speak with certainty on this point. The R. Rubus of Fleming agrees with the R. maculata in
gome of its characters, but not in others.

t Montagu says, " The eyes of the specimen described did not exceed half an inch in diameter
from the opposite angles of the eye-lids ; whereas the R. maculata, and most others of similar
size, have eyes nearly double that diameter."

K K2

516 PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. [RAIA.

205. R. clavata, Linn. (Thorn-Back.) — Teeth sharp
in the male ?, blunt in the female : skin rough ; studded
with large osseous tubercles terminating in strong spines ;
one, three, or five, rows of such tubercles on the tail.

R. clavata, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 397. R. Rubus, Block, Ichth.
pi. 84. (Male.) R. clavata, Id. pi. 83. (Female.) R. clavata,
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. n. pi. 26. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 111. Mont,
in Wern. Mem. vol. n. p. 416. Flem. Brit. An. p. 170. Blainv.

Faun. Franc,, p. 33. Thorn-Back, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 93.
pis. 11, and 12. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. m. p. 122. pis. 13, and 14.
La Raie bouelee, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 398.

LENGTH. From two to three feet; sometimes more.

DE SCRIPT. (Form.) General form resembling that of the R. macu-
lata: snout short, and rather obtuse: mouth wide, transverse: teeth
larger than in the above species, and not so closely compacted; set in
oblique rows ; each with a broad round head, terminating, in the male ?,
in a strong curved point ; in the female, all blunt, with scarcely any trace
of a point or cutting edge : nostrils, eyes, and spiracles, much as in the
R. maculata : body rather thick, convex above ; the whole of the upper
surface extremely rough with minute hooked spines and asperities, be-
sides which are a greater or less number of large osseous tubercles, each
terminating upwards in a strong hooked spine, or tooth-like process, very
sharp at the extremity ; these spinous tubercles, which are of an oval
form, and very broad at the base, are scattered about in rather an irre-
gular manner, and very variable in number ; almost always one or two
above the eyes, and a row down the middle of the back, continued along
the ridge of the tail ; also one or two on each side of the dorsal series
about the middle ; sometimes three complete rows on the back, and three
or five on the tail ; occasionally, especially in large fish, the under surface
of the body is studded with tubercles as well as the upper ; more rarely
the tubercles are almost wanting altogether : tail a little longer than the
body, depressed, rather stout, and very rough with minute asperities inde-
pendently of the spinous tubercles ; two finlets near its extremity, much
as in R. maculata, besides the rudiment of a caudal : pectorals and vent-
rals the same as in that species. (Colours.) Variable: generally bluish
gray above, tinged with reddish brown; the whole sparingly sprinkled
with large, but ill-defined, whitish spots: beneath white. A variety
sometimes occurs, shewing more or less appearance of an ocellated spot
on the middle of each pectoral.

Common as this species is on all parts of the coast, its true charac-
ters, at least those which distinguish the sexes, are involved in a little
obscurity. Montagu was led to regard the R. Rubus of authors, in which
the teeth are sharp, as the male of R. clavata, in which they are blunt,
from the circumstance of his not being able to discover a female of the
former, nor a male of the latter, species. As far as my own observa-
tion goes, which, however, has been but limited, it confirms Montagu's
opinion. I have never seen a male Thorn-Back with blunt teeth, but
I have seen, in the collection of Mr. Yarrell, two fish perfectly similar in
every respect, excepting that in one, a male with long ventral append-
ages, the teeth were sharp, in the other, a female, the teeth were blunt.
Tnese I was led to regard as the sexes of the common Thorn-Back. Yet
both Risso and Blainville speak of the sexes of the R. clavata, without
any allusion to the teeth being otherwise than blunt, in the male, as well

RAIA.J PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. 517

as in the female. Moreover, they both give the R. Rubus as a distinct
species. Further observation is necessary in order to clear up this diffi-
culty. According to Pennant, the Thorn-Back preys on all sorts of flat
fish, as well as on Herrings and Sand-eels, of which it is said to be parti-
cularly fond; also on crabs. Produces its young in July and August,
which, until a certain age, are called, in common with the young of the
R. Batis, by the name of Maids. It is taken in large quantities for the
table.

206. R. radiata, Don. (Starry Ray.) — Teeth sharp
in both sexes: skin smooth; but thickly studded with
strong conical spines, intermixed with more numerous
smaller ones, radiating at the base ; one or three rows
on the tail.

R. radiata, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. V. pi. 114. Flem. Brit. An.
p. 170.

DIMENS. The following were those of the specimen described below.
Entire length eighteen inches nine lines : length of the head (measured
from the end of the snout to the spiracles) three inches two lines; of the
tail (measured from the vent) nine inches three lines : breadth, across
the pectorals, thirteen inches three lines.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form similar to that of the last species :
snout short and obtuse, projecting very little beyond the pectorals : teeth
much larger than in the R. maculata, not so closely compacted, and
terminating above in a sharper and longer point ; from those of the R.
clavata, they differ in being rather smaller at the base, more widely
separate, and strongly pointed in both sexes : ground of the back smooth,
but thickly studoVed with strong sharp hooked spines, arising from a
conical furrowed base, intermixed with smaller ones, which spread out
at bottom in a radiating or stellate manner; of the larger spines a row
occupies the mesial ridge of the tail, and is continued along the back
to behind the eyes ; there are also two on each side of the centre of the
back, one before the eyes, and two at the posterior angles of the same ;
the smaller radiating spines form a parallel and more numerous series
on each side of the central row of larger ones, commencing at the middle
of the back, and extending nearly to the extremity of the tail ; (in Dono-
van's specimen these lateral rows appear to have been wanting ;) they
are also irregularly but thickly scattered over the wings of the pectorals,
becoming smaller and more numerous towards the margins : the other
characters resemble those of the last species. (Colours.) Upper surface
brown, with a slight reddish tinge ; beneath, white.

Since publishing my Catalogue of British Vertebrata, I have seen a
pair of this species, male and female, in the collection of Mr. Yarrell,
who received them from the Frith of Forth. The same gentleman pos-
sesses a third specimen sent him by Dr. Johnston of Berwick. I am
inclined, now, to regard it as a well-marked species, quite distinct from
any of the foregoing ones, but perhaps not specifically different from the
R. Rubus of Blainville*, of which it is considered as a variety by that
author. Both sexes are equally thorny on their upper surface, the under
surface being, in both, smooth. The male specimen above alluded to
had the ventral appendages half the length of the tail. Donovan's
example of this species was caught on the north coast of Britain.

* Faun. Franc, p. 21.

518 PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. [RAIA.

(43.) R. Miraletus, Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 103. Turt. Brit.
Faun. p. ill. R. oculata, Flem. Brit. An. p. 172.

This is probably nothing more than the ocellated variety of the R. macu-
lata already alluded to. As such it was regarded by Montagu*. Blain-
ville, however, makes it the same as his .R. Speculum^. Procured by
Donovan in the London market, and supposed to have come from the
coast of Sussex.

(44.) Rough Ray, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 85. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 115.

" Length from the nose to the tip of the tail two feet nine inches : the
tail almost of the same length with the body. Nose very short : before
each eye a large hooked spine, and behind each another, beset with lesser.
Upper part of the body of a cinereous brown colour, mixed with white,
and spotted with black ; and entirely covered with small spines. On the
tail three rows of great spines ; all the rest of the tail irregularly beset
with lesser. The fins, and under side of the body, equally rough with
the upper. Teeth flat and rhomboidal." PENN.

This species was taken by Pennant in Loch Broom, in the shire of Ross.
It is doubtful whether it be distinct from all those already described.
Blainvitle appears to consider it as his R. Rubus, but the " flat rhomboidal
teeth" seem rather at variance with the characters which he ascribes to
those of that species.

(45.) R. Cuvieri, Lacep. Hist. Nat. des Poiss. torn. i. p. 141. pi. 7.
f. 1. Neill in Wern. Mem. vol. i. p. 554. Flem. Brit. An. p. 172.
Cuvier Ray, Penn. Brit. Zool. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 124.

This supposed species, which was first noticed by Lacepede, was ob-
tained by Mr. Neill, in a single instance, on the Scottish coast in 1808.
Its distinguishing character consists in the first dorsal fin being on the
middle of the back. Cuvier J, however, regards it as nothing more than
an accidental variety, or rather monstrosity, observed by him in more than
one species. Blainville§ speaks with confidence as to Lac6pede's fish
being nothing more than a variety of the R. clavata. As tending to con-
firm this opinion, it is worth noticing that Mr. NeilFs specimen is said to
have been obtained from among a large cargo of Thorn-Backs.

(3. TRYGON, Adam.)

207. R. Pastinaca, Linn. (Sting-Ray.) — Back
smooth.

R. Pastinaca, Linn. Sy&t. Nat. torn. i. p. 396. Block, Ichth. pi. 82.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. v. pi. 99. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 112.
Elaine. Faun. Frang. p. 35. pi. 6. Pastinaca marina, Will. Hist.
Pise. p. 67. tab. C. 3. Trygon Pastinaca, Flem. Brit. An. p. 170.
Sting-Ray, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 95. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 125. Pastenague commune, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n.
p. 399.

LENGTH. From two to three feet; rarely more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Disk of the body more approaching to orbicular
than in the last sub-genus; very thick and convex in the middle, but
growing thin towards the edges : the transverse diameter scarcely more
than one-fourth greater than the length measured from the end of the
snout to the vent: snout sharp, but very short, scarcely projecting beyond

* Wern. Mem. vol. 11. p. 429. t Faun. Fran?, p. 29. pi. 4. f. 1.

t Reg. An. torn. n. p. 399. § Faun. Frans. p. 35.

RAIA.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) PLAGIOSTOMI. 519

the pectorals, the anterior margins of which meet at an obtuse angle :
mouth small; teeth small, arranged in oblique rows, appearing granu-
lated on the surface: eyes moderate: skin entirely smooth above and
below, " excepting a few small tubercles along the mesial line of the back
and tail, as well as on the upper and posterior part of the pectoral fins * : "
tail varying in length, less than, equal to, or very much exceeding, half
the entire length ; slender, tapering at the extremity to a fine point,
without any trace of fins, but armed, at about the first third of its length,
with a very strong, sharp, serrated spine, the serratures directed back-
wards: pectorals large, rounded posteriorly and at the lateral angles:
ventrals small, entire. Obs. Occasionally the tail is found armed with
two spines, owing, it is said, to the circumstance of the spine being
annually renewed, and the new one sometimes appearing before the old
one drops off. (Colours.) " Upper part of the body dirty yellow, the
middle of an obscure blue ; lower part white ; the tail and spine dusky."
PENN. According to Donovan, small specimens are more or less spotted.
Met with principally on the southern coasts, and rather less frequently
than some of the other species. It occurs at Weymouth, as well as on
the coast of Cornwall. The spine is capable of inflicting a severe wound,
but is not poisonous. Flesh said to be rank and disagreeable. The liver
is large, and yields a great deal of oil.

(M.YLIOBAT1S, Dum6r.)

(46.) Whip Ray, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 88. Id. (Edit. 1812.)
vol. in. p. 128. R. Aquila, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 396. ?
Blainv. Faun. Franc., p. 38. pi. 7.? LAigle de Mer, Cuv. Reg.
An. torn. n. p. 401.?

Pennant states that in 1769, Mr. Travis, of Scarborough, had brought to
him by a fisherman of that town the tail of a Ray (the body having been
flung away) which was above three feet long, extremely slender and
taper, and destitute of a fin at the end. It is conjectured by the Editor of
the last edition of the " British Zoology," that this fish must have been the
R. Aquila of Linnaeus, a species which is found in the Mediterranean, and
which attains to a large size. It is, however, equally probable that it may
have belonged to the next sub-genus. The JR. Aquila cannot, therefore,
be considered otherwise than as a doubtful native.

(4. CEPHALOPTERA, Dumer.)

208. R. Giorna, Lacep. ? (Giorna Ray.) — " Body
smooth : the margins of the fins straight ; horns of one
colour : spine very long, situate at the base of the tail."
Hiss.

Cephaloptera Giorna, Riss. Hist. Nat. de VEur. Merid. torn. in.

5. 163. pi. 5. Cephaloptera, Thompson in Proceed, of Zool. Soc.
une 9, 1835.

A fish of this sub-genus is stated by Mr. Thompson, in a recent com-
munication to the Zoological Society, to have been taken about five
years ago on the southern coast of Ireland, and thence sent to the Royal
Society of Dublin, in the Museum of which public body it is at present

* Blainville.

520 PISCES (CARTILAG.) CYCLOSTOMI. [PETROMYZON.

preserved. In breadth it is about forty-five inches. The specimen being
imperfect, and the characters of some of the species ill-defined, Mr.
Thompson hesitates applying to it a specific name. He states, however,
that it somewhat resembles the C. Giorna figured by Risso. I have
accordingly annexed a reference to that author.

ORDER IX. CYCLOSTOMI.

GEN. 77. PETROMYZON, Linn.

209. P. marinus, Linn. (Sea Lamprey.) — Greenish
or yellowish brown, marbled with dusky: dorsals separate;
the posterior one rounded, just reaching to the caudal.

P. marinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 394. Block, Ichth. pi. 77.
Don. Brit. Fish. vol. iv. pi. 81. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 109. Flem.
Brit. An. p. 163. Blainv. Faun. Franc, p. 5. pi. 1. f. 1, & 2.
Lampetra Rondeletii, Will. Hist. Pise? p. 105. tab. G. 2. f. 2.
Sea Lamprey, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 76. pi. 8. no. 27. Id.
(Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 102. pi. 10. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish.
Draw. no. 26. La Grande Lamproye, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n.
p. 404.

LENGTH. From two to two and a half feet ; sometimes more.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Anguilliform : body thick and cylindric anteriorly,
compressed and somewhat tapering beyond the commencement of the
dorsal fin : head indistinct, obtuse and obliquely truncated in front, rather
depressed above the eyes: mouth very large, circular, bordered by a
fleshy lip, studded on the inside with corneous conical tooth-like papillae
disposed in concentric rows, and gradually increasing in size as they
advance inwards; beyond these one large tooth below, in the middle,
with six or eight points, the extreme points being the most developed ;
answering to it above a similar tooth, also in the middle, but with only
two points ; tongue with two pairs of crenated teeth : eyes large, lateral,
a little in advance of the first branchial opening : a single nostril on the
top of the head, in the middle, a little in advance of the eyes, moderately
large : line of the branchial apertures a little below the level of the eyes,
and rather inclining downwards posteriorly : skin every-where smooth
and naked: two distinct dorsals: the first commencing beyond the middle
of the entire length, short and low, of a somewhat semicircular form :
second commencing a little behind the first, more elevated, and attaining
its greatest height rather suddenly, afterwards sloping gradually off, and
finally terminating immediately before the caudal : vent very much be-

PETROMYZON.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) CYCLOSTOMI. 521

hind, beneath the anterior portion of the second dorsal, and at nearly,
but not quite, three-fourths of the entire length : caudal rounded at the
extremity, giving a truncated appearance to the tail, the fleshy portion of
which, however, is pointed ; underneath, the caudal is continued for a
little way towards the vent, sinking gradually into a low ridge represent-
ing the anal. (Colours.) Above, greenish or yellowish brown, marbled
with dark brown and dusky : beneath, white, tinged with reddish.

A migratory species, entering rivers from the sea early in the Spring
to spawn, and returning after the expiration of a few months. Common
in many parts of Great Britain, but said to be more abundant in the
Severn than in most other rivers. Attains to the weight of between four
and five pounds. Has the power of adhering very firmly to stones with
its circular mouth, by means of suction. Flesh much esteemed. Obs. It
was formerly supposed that in this and the next species the two sexes
were united in the same individual ; this has, however, been since proved
to be erroneous *.

210. P. Jluviatilis, Linn. (River Lamprey.) — Dusky
blue above, silvery beneath : dorsals widely separate ; the
posterior one angular, uniting with the caudal.

P. fluviatilis, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. I. p. 394. Block, Ichth. pi. 78.
f. 1. Don. Brit. Fish. vol. HI. pi. 54. Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 110.
Flem. Brit. An. p. 163. Blainv. Faun. Prang, p. 6. pi. 2. f. 1.
Lampetrse medium genus, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 106. tab. G. 3. f. 2.
Lesser Lamprey, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. HI. p. 79. pi. 8. no. 28.
Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol. in. p. 106. pi. 10. Bowd. Brit.fr. wat. Fish.
Draw. no. 16. Lamproye de riviere, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n.
p. 404.

LENGTH. From twelve to fifteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) General form resembling that of the P. marinus,
but more elongated in proportion : anterior half of the body thick and
semicylindric ; posterior portion much compressed : mouth similar ; teeth
less numerous ; one large tooth above, in the middle, with two remote
points ; opposed to it below, a larger one, forming the arc of a circle, with
seven or eight points, and having a crenated appearance; a few other
smaller teeth at the corners of the mouth : eyes large : nostril single, in
the middle of the upper part of the head, a little in advance of the eyes:
line of the branchial apertures commencing nearly on a level with the
eyes, but inclining a little downwards posteriorly: skin every-where
smooth: a considerable space between the two dorsals: the first com-
mencing at about, or a very little beyond, the middle of the entire length,
low, and nearly of equal height throughout: the second commencing
beyond two-thirds of the entire length, low at first, but elevated about
the middle into a sharp projecting angle, then again sloping off to meet
the caudal with which it unites: vent at exactly three-fourths of the
entire length: anal narrow, extending to, and also uniting with, the
caudal. (Colours.) Dusky blue above; silvery white beneath: fins
whitish. Said, however, by Donovan, to be very variable.

Common in many of our rivers, especially in the Thames, about Mort-
lake, where large quantities are said to be caught annually, and sold

* See Mr. Yarrell's observations on this subject in the " Proceedings of the Zoological Society,"
1831. p. 135f. See also some remarks by an anonymous author in Loudon's " Magazine of Natural
History," vol. in. p. 478.

522 PISCES (CARTILAG.) CYCLOSTOMI. [PETROMYZON.

to the Dutch to be used as bait in the Cod-fisheries. Food, according
to Bloch, insects, worms, small fish, and the flesh of dead fish. Spawns
towards the end of April or beginning of May. Sometimes called a
Lampern.

211. P. Planer^ Cuv. (Planer's Lamprey,) — Dusky
blue above, silvery beneath : dorsals contiguous.

P. Planeri, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 404. Nilss. Prod. Ichth.
Scand. p. 122. Lampetra parva et fluviatilis, Will. Hist. Pise.
p. 104. tab. G. 2. f. 1.?

LENGTH. From eight to ten inches.

DESCRIPT. Differs from the P. fluviatilis, principally in having the
two dorsals contiguous, or with only a very small space between: the
first commences at about, or a little before, the middle of the entire
length ; the second at exactly two-thirds of the same : the vent is,
relatively, a little further from the extremity of the tail; the body is
also somewhat thicker in proportion to its length. In all other respects,
including colours, armature of the mouth, &c., the two species are
identical.

This species is evidently the P. Planeri of Cuvier and Nilsson, but
not of Bloch and Blainville. That of Bloch, Cuvier thinks is only the
young of P. fluviatilis. It is probably also the species described by
Willughby under the name of Lampetra parva, in which he expressly
speaks of the two dorsals being contiguous. Willughby, however, erro-
neously considered it as the Pride of Plot, a circumstance which has led
to some little confusion in the works of later authors with respect to the
synonyms of this last fish. Whether the P. Planeri be common in this
country I am not aware. My specimens were given to me by Mr. Yarrell,
who obtained them from a brook in Surrey. The same gentleman has
since received it from the Tweed.

(47.) P. Jurce, Mac Cull. West. Isl. vol. n. pp. 186, 187. pi. 29.

Under the above name, Dr. Mac Culloch has described a species of
Petromyzon, which he considers distinct from those hitherto noticed by
naturalists. He observes that " in size it approaches to the P. fluviatilis,
which it also resembles in the proportion and disposition of the fins ; but
that it differs materially in the absence of the annuli, in the greater number
of the teeth, and in the number and forms of the bony bodies which sur-
round the opening of the throat." This fish was found adhering to the
back of a gray gurnard on the Eastern shore of Jura : the specimen was
not preserved. Dr. Fleming does not seem to allow that it is specifically
different from the P. fluviatilis*, an opinion in which I feel inclined to
join.

GEN. 78. AMMOCCETES, Dumtr.

212. A. branchialis, Flem. (Pride.)

A. branchialis, Flem. Brit. An. p. 164. Blainv. Faun. Franc,.
p. 3. pi. 2. f. 3, & 4. Petromyzon branchialis, Linn. Syst. Nat.
torn. I. p. 394. Block, Ichth. pi. 78. f. 2. Turt. Brit. Faun.
p. 110. P. C8BCUS, Couch in Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. v.

* Brit. An. p. 164.

MYXINE.] PISCES (CARTILAG.) CYCLOSTOMI. 523

p. 23. fig. 10. Lampetra caeca, Will. Hist. Pise. p. 107. tab. G. 3.
f. 1. Ray, Syn. Pise. p. 36. Pride, Plot, Oxfordsh. p. 187.
pi. 10. Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. in. p. 80. pi. 8. no. 29. Id. (Edit.
1812.) vol. in. p. 107. pi. 10. Bowd. Brit. fr. wat. Fish. Draw.
no. 32. Lamprillon, Cuv. Reg. An. torn. n. p. 406.

LENGTH. From six to eight inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body more slender than in the last genus, vermi-
form, scarcely larger than a goose-quill, marked with numerous transverse
lines, subcylindric anteriorly, somewhat compressed and tapering beyond
the vent : jaws and lips soft and membranaceous ; the upper lip semi-
circular, fleshy, prominent : inside of the mouth papillose, with a lingual
and palatine plate somewhat harder than the other portions, but no true
teeth : eyes obscure : a single nostril on the upper part of the head :
branchial orifices seven in number, situate in a kind of lateral groove ;
the body at this part somewhat dilated : skin naked, and covered with an
abundant mucosity: two dorsals; the first small and low; the second
closely following, longer, and rather more elevated anteriorly, but sloping
off to a narrow edge before uniting to the caudal : fleshy portion of the
tail sharp at the extremity, but the fin rounded : vent rather anterior to
the commencement of the last quarter of the entire length ; anal com-
mencing a little beyond it, uniting with the caudal. Obs. Two distinct
forms of this fish are not unfrequent : in one, the eyes are larger, the
mouth smaller, the snout more elongated, and the orifice on the crown
further removed from the extremity : in the other, the eyes are smaller
and very obsolete, the mouth larger, and the snout shorter: whether
these are merely sexes, or two different species, is not certain. (Colours.)
'* Bluish or reddish gray above, whitish beneath ; fins of the same colour
and almost transparent*." The following are those which Mr. Couch
assigns to his Petromyzon ccecus : " Colour dusky yellow, dark on the
back, light below ; fins light."

Said to be frequent in the rivers near Oxford, particularly the Isis,
where it was first observed by Plot. Found also in other parts of Eng-
land, as well as in Ireland. Buries itself in the soft mud. Has not
the power of adhering by the mouth, like the Lamprey ; although the
lips, according to Mr. Couch, are capable of extensive and complicated
motions. Spawns at the end of April or the beginning of May. Pro-
bably the Stone Grig of Merrettt.

GEN. 79. MYXINE, Linn.
213. M. glutinosa. Linn. (Glutinous Hag.)

M. glutinosa, Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. i. p. 1080. Flem. Brit. An,
p. 164. Nilss. Prod. Ichth. Scand. p. 123. Gastrobranchua
caecus, Block, Ichth. pi. 413. Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. x. pi. 3621
Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 110. Myxine caeca, Blainv. Faun. Frang.
p. 2. Glutinous Hag, Penn. Brit. Zool. vol. iv. p. 39. pi. 20.
f. 15. Id. (Edit. 1812.) vol.iii. p. 109. Le Gastrobranche, Cuv.
Reg. An. torn. n. p. 406.

LENGTH. From ten to fifteen inches.

DESCRIPT. (Form.) Body elongated, vermiform, thick and cylindrie
anteriorly, compressed and slightly tapering behind: head scarcely
distinguishable, obliquely truncated in front: mouth large, circular,

* Blainville. t Pinax, p. 1&.

524 PISCES (CARTILAG.) CYCLOSTOMI. [MvxitfE.

obliquely terminal, surrounded by eight barbules ; in the middle of the
upper margin a single nostril or spiracle of a roundish form ; a pair of
barbules are placed on each side of the spiracle; the remaining pairs
at the sides of the mouth: maxillary ring soft and membranaceous,
with a single curved tooth on the upper part ; two rows of strong pecti-
nated teeth on each side of the tongue : eyes wanting : branchiae opening
externally by two small apertures, placed beneath, near the mesial line,
at a little beyond one-fourth of the entire length : a row of pores along
each side of the abdomen : skin naked, invested with an abundant
mucosity : a low and rather obscure fin commences beyond the middle
of the length, turns round the tail, and is continued along the under
surface of the body as far as the vent: this last placed at a great
distance from the head, scarcely one-twelfth of the entire length inter-
vening between it and the posterior extremity. (Colours.) " Blue
above; whitish beneath." BLAINV.

This species was placed by Linnaeus in his class Vermes. Its affinity,
however, to the other Cyclostomous Fishes is obvious. Inhabits the
northern seas, but is met with on some parts of the English and Scottish
coasts. Said by Pennant to be often taken at Scarborough, where it is
in the habit of •' entering the mouths of other fish when on the hooks
attached to the lines which remain a tide under water, and totally de-
vouring the whole except the skin and bones.'1 The fishermen there
call it the Hag. According to Dr. Johnston, it occurs on the coast of
Berwickshire*.

* Proceed, of Bertmcksh. Nat. Club. p. 7-

APPENDIX.

SINCE this Work went to press, I have been made
acquainted with two recent additions to the British
Fauna, too late for inserting them in their proper
places. One of these belongs to the Class MAM-
MALTA, the other to the Class AVES.

GEN. LUTRA. Page 13.

9*. L. Roensis, Ogilby. (Irish Otter.)
L. Roensis, Ogilby in Proceed, of Zool Soc, (1834.) p. 111.

By the above name, Mr. Ogilby has designated, provisionally, a species
of Otter found in Ireland, chiefly along the coast of the county of Antrim,
which he is disposed to regard as distinct from the Common Otter
(L. vulgaris) of England. The difference is said to consist in the
intensity of its colouring, which approaches nearly to black both on the
upper and under surface; in the less extent of the pale colour beneath the
throat ; in the relative size of the ears, and in the proportions of other
parts. Mr. Ogilby adds that it is further distinguished by the pecu-
liarity of its habitation and manners. " It is, in fact, to a considerable
extent a marine animal*, living in hollows and caverns formed by the
scattered masses of the basaltic columns on the coast of Antrim, and
constantly betaking itself to the sea when alarmed or hunted. It feeds
chiefly on the Salmon." No detailed description of it has been yet
published.

* Possibly this species may be the Sea Otter, which, according to Pennant, was noticed by
Sir Robert Sibbald. See Brit. ZooL vol. i. p. 95.

526 APPENDIX.

GEN. NOCTUA. Page 93.

(SURNIA. p. 93.)

26*. N. funerea, Nob. (Canada Owl.) — Upper parts
spotted with brown and white ; beneath white, with trans-
verse brown bars: quills spotted with white; tail marked
with distant, transverse, narrow, white bars.

Strix funerea, Lath. Ind. Orn. vol. i. p. 62. Temm. Man. dOrn.
torn. i. p. 86. Faun. Bor. Amer. part ii. p. 92. Little Hawk
Owl, Edw. Nat. Hist. pi. 62. Hawk Owl, Lath. Syn. vol. i.
p. 143.

DIMENS. Entire length fourteen inches two or three lines : length of
the tail six inches six lines. TEMM.

DE SCRIPT. Forehead dotted with white and brown; a black band
arises behind the eyes, surrounds the orifice of the ears, and terminates
on the sides of the neck : upper parts marked with brown and white
spots of various forms; edge of the wing with similar white spots
upon a brown ground : throat whitish ; the rest of the under parts white,
with transverse streaks of cinereous brown : a large spot of dusky brown
at the insertion of the wings : tail-feathers cinereous brown, with distant
zigzag streaks forming narrow transverse bands: bill yellow, varied
with black spots according to age : irides pale yellow : feet feathered to
the claws. The female differs only in being somewhat larger, and in
having the colours less pure. TEMM.

An individual of this species, which inhabits the Arctic Regions, is
recorded by Mr. Thompson, in a recent communication to the Zoological
Society*, to have been taken on board a collier, a few miles off the coast
of Cornwall, in March, 1830, being at the time in so exhausted a state
as to allow itself to be captured by the hand. According to Temminck,
the species appears occasionally as a bird of passage in Germany, and
more rarely in France, but never in the southern provinces. Said to
feed principally on mice and insects. Builds in trees, and lays two white
eggs.

* Proceed. o/Zool. Soc. June 9, 1835.

ALPHABETICAL LATIN INDEX.

THE names of the Genera are printed in LARGE CAPITALS : those
of the Sub-genera in SMALL CAPITALS : those of the Species in Roman
Characters : the Synonyms, as well as the names of a few Species inci-
dentally mentioned, and those of the principal Varieties, in Italics.

The first of the two numbers attached to the names of the Genera and
Sub-genera, refers to the page containing the generic and sub-generic
characters.

A.

ABRAMIS, Cuv 316, 406

Brama, Flem. 406

Acanthias Spinax, Riss 505

ACCENTOR, Bechst 53,102

alpinus, Bechst 102

modularis, Cuv 103

ACCIPITER, Vig 50, 85

ACCIPITER, Will. 50, 85

fringillarius, Will. 85

palumbarius, Will. 85

ACERINA, Cuv 307, 334

vulgarisj Cuv 334

ACIPENSER, Linn 320, 493

Sturio, Linn 493

Aculeatus marinus, Will 351

Acus Aristotetis, Will 485

lumbriciformis, Will 488

nostras cauda serpentina,
Sibb 486

Alauda cristata sive GaZmfo,Will. 381
non cristata, Will 382

ALAUDA, Linn 56, 126

alpestris, Linn 126

arborea, Linn 127

arvensis, Linn 127

petrosa, Mont 119

rubra, Gmel. 12C

ALCA, Linn 76, 260

impennis, Linn 261

Pica, Gmel 261

Torda, Linn 260

ALCEDO, Linn ; 61, 157

ALCEDO, Ispida, Linn. 157

ALOSA, Cuv 318, 437

AMMOCCETES, Dum. ... 329, 522

branchialis, Flem 522

AMMODYTES, Linn. ... 323, 482

Anglorum verus, Jag 482

Lancea, Cuv 483

lanceolatus, Les 482

Tobianus, Bl 482

Tobianus, Don 483

Ammodytes, Will 483

ANARRHICHAS, Linn... 314, 384

Lupus, Linn 384

ANAS, Linn 72, 230

acuta, Linn 232

adunca, Linn 234

albeola, Wils 246

albifrons, Temm 223

Anserferus, Temm 222

Bernicla, Temm 224

bicolor, Don 230

Boschas, Linn 233

Clangula, Temm 245

Clypeata, Linn 230

Crecca, Linn 235

Cygnus, Temm 227

dispar, Gmel 243

ferina, Temm .". 241

frcenata, Sparm 244

Fuligula, Temm 244

fusca, Temm 239

glacialis, Temm 247

528

LATIN INDEX.

ANAS, Glaucion, Linn 24C

glocitans, Pall 232

histri&nica, Temm 246

hyemalis, Linn 248

leucocephala, Temm. 240

leucophthalmos, Temm 242

kucopsis, Temm 224

Marila, Temm 244

minuta, Linn 246

mollissima, Temm 237

moschata, Linn 230

nigra, Temm 239

Otor, Temm 228

Penelope, Temm 236

perspicillata, Temm 240

Querquedula, Linn 234

ruficollis, Temm 225

rufina, Temm 240

rutila, Temm 229

Segetum, Temm 222

spectabilis, Temm 238

Strepera, Linn 231

Tadorna, Temm 229

ANAS, Swains 73, 230

ANGUILLA, Cuv 322, 474

acutirostris, Yarr. 474

Conger, Shaw, 478

latirostris, Yarr 476

mediorostris, Yarr 477

Myrus, Shaw, 478

vulgaris, Turt 474

ANGUILJLA, Cuv 322, 474

ANGUIS, Cuv.... 288, 295

Eryx, Linn 296

fragilis, Linn 295

ANGUS, Steph 77, 270

ANSER, Briss 72,222

^Egyptiacus, Briss 225

albifrons, Steph 223

Canadensis, Bon 227

ferus, Steph 222

Gambensis, Briss 226

Guineensis, Briss 226

Leucopsis, Bechst 224

ruficollis, Pall 225

Segetum, Steph 222

torquatus, Frisch, 224

ANSER, Steph 72, 222

ANTHUS, Bechst 55, 11?

aquaticus, Temm 119

arboreus, Bechst 118

petrosus, Flem 118

pratensis, Bechst 117

Richardi, Vieill. 117

Aper Rondeletii, Will 368

AQUILA, Briss 49, 80

Albicilla, Brits 80

Chrysaetos, Vig 80

Haliseetus, Mey 81

AQUILA, Cuv 50, 80

ARDEA, Linn 66, 186

cequinoctialiS) Mont 188

alba, Linn 187

Caspica, Gmel 187

Cayennensis, Linn 192

cinerea, Lath 186

comata, Pall 189

Garden*, Gmel 192

Garzetta, Linn 187

lentiginosa, Mont 191

minuta, Linn 189

Nycticorax, Linn. ., 191

purpurea, Linn 186

Ralloides, Scop 189

russata, Wag 188

stellaris, Linn 190

ARDEA, Steph 67, 186

Arnoglossus, vel Solea loevis, Will. 465

ARVICOLA, Lacip 6, 33

agrestis, Flem 33

amphibia, Desm 33

aquatica, Flem 33

ater, Macg 33

riparia, Yarr 34

vulgaris, Desm 33

Asellus Callarias, Will 452

Huitingo-Pollachius, Will. ... 446

longus, Will 448

luscus,Wm 442

major vulgaris, Will 440

mollis latus, WU1 442

mollis major seu albus, Will. . 445

mollis minor, Will 444

niger, Will 446

primus, WiU 447

varius vel striatus, Will 441

LATIN INDEX.

529

ASPIDOPHORUS, Lac. . 308, 346

armatus, Lac 346

Cataphractus, Nob 346

Europeans, Cuv 346

ASTUR, Vig. 50, 85

ATHERINA, Linn 313, 377

Hepsctus, Don 377

Presbyter, Cuv 377

B.

BAL^NA, Lac. 9, 46

BAL^ENA, Linn 9, 46

Boops, Linn 47

Musculus, Linn 47

Mysticetus, Linn 46

Physalus, Linn 47

rostrata, Fab 48

BAL^NOPTERA, Lac 9, 47

Boops, Flem 47

Gibbar, Scoresb 4?

Jubartes, Scoresb 47

Musculus, Flem 47

Rorqual, Scoresb 47

BALISTES, Cuv 325, 492

Capriscus, GmeL 492

BARB AST ELL us, Gray, 6, 28

BARBUS, Cuv 316, 404

Or/us, Flem 416

vulgaris, Flem 404

Barbus major, Jag 452

minor, Jag 454

BELONE, Cuv 317, 418

BELONE, Nob 317, 418

Saurus, Nob 419

vulgaris, Flem 418

BERNICLA, Steph 72, 224

BLENNIUS, Cuv 313, 378

BLENNJUS, Linn 313, 378

Galerita, Flem 380

Galerita, Afont 381

Gattorugine, Don 380

Gattorugine, Linn 380

Gattorugine, Mont 379

Gunnellus, Linn 383

Montagui, Flem 381

ocellaris, Bl. 378

palmicornis, Cuv 380

Pennaniii, Jen 380

BLENNIUS, Pholis, Linn 382

Phycis, Linn 453

Phycis, Turt 452

trifnrcatus, Turt 453

viviparus, Linn „ 384

BOMBYCILLA, Briss. ... 56, 125

garrula, Bon 125

Bombycivora garrula, Temm. ... 125

BOS, Linn 7, 36

Taurus, Linn 36

BOSCHAS, Swains 73, 232

BOTAURUS, Steph 67, 190

BRAMA, Schn 310, 359

marina cauda forcipata, Ray, 359

marina, Flem 359

Raii, Cuv 359

BROSMUS, Flem 320, 452

vulgaris, Flem 452

BUBO, Cuv 51, 90

BUBO, Geoff. 51, 90

maximus, Flem 90

Scops, Nob 91

BUFO, Laur 299, 301

Calamita, Laur 302

Rubeta, Flem 302

terrestris, Ro3S 301

terrestris fcetidus, Roes 302

vulgaris, Flem 301

Bufo, Ray, 30i

Buglossus, sen Solea, Will 466

BUTEO, Bechst 50, 8?

BUTEO, Nob 50, 87

apivorus, Ray, 88

cineraceus, Flem 90

cyaneus, Nob 89

Lagopus, Vig.. 87

rufus, Nob 88

vulgaris, Will 87

Ccecilia, Ray, 295

CAIR1NA, Flem 72, 230

moschata, Flem 230

CALAMOPHILUS, Leach, 55, 125

biarmicus, Leach, 125

CALIDRIS, III. 66, 183

arenaria, ///. 183

CALLIONYMUS, Linn... 314, 388
LL

530

LATIN INDEX

CALLIONYMUS, Dracunculus,

Linn 389

Lyra, Linn 388

Ca n is Carcharias, Will 497

Gofew*, Will 501

CANIS, flem 4, 13

CANIS, Linn 4, 13

familiaris, Linn 13

Lupus, Linn 14

Vulpes, Linn 14

CANTHARUS, Cnv 310, 358

griseus, Cuv 358

CAPRA, Linn 7, 37

Hircus, Linn 37

CAPRIMULGUS, Linn. ... 61, 160
Europaeus, Linn 160

Capriscus Rondeletii, Will 492

CAPROS, Lac 311, 368

Apcr, Lac 368

CARANX, Cnv 311, 366

Trachurus, Lac 366

Carassius, Will 402

Carbo Cormoranus, Temm 262

cristatus, Temm.., 262

Graculus, Temm 263

CARCHARIAS, Cuv 327, 497

glaucus, Flem 499

vulgaris, Flem 497

Vulpes, Flem 498

CARDUELIS, Briss 57, 137

CASTOR, Linn 7, 34

Fiber, Linn 34

Cataphractus Schoneveldii, Flem. 346

Cataracte.i parasiticus, Flem 282

vulgaris, Flem 280

Cathartes Percnoptcrus, Temm.... 79

CATODON, Lac 9? 44

macrocephalus, Lac 44

Sibbaldi, Flem 45

Trumpet, Lac 44

Catulus major vulgar is, Will 495

maximus, Will. ..." 496

minor, Will. 495

CAVIA, Gmel 7, 36

Cobaya, Gmel. 36

CENTRISCUS, Linn 315, 400

Scolopax, Linn 400

CENTHOT.OPHITS, Lac 312, 370

CENTROLOPHUS, Morio, Cuv.... 370

niger, Lac , 370

Pompilut,Cuv 370

CENTRONOTUS, Lac 311, 365

Ductor, Nob 365

CEPHALOPTERA, Bum. ... 329, 519

Giorna, Riss 519

Cephalus brevis, Shaw, 490

oblongus, Shaw, 491

CEPOLA, Linn 312, 374

rubescens, Linn 374

Tcenia, Bl 374

Cernuafluviatilis, Flem 334

CERTHIA, Linn 59, 152

familiaris, Linn 152

CERVUS, Linn 8, 37

Capreohis, Linn 38

Dama, Linn 38

Elaphus, Linn 37

Choetodon, Couch, 360

CHARADRIUS, Linn 65, 177

Cantianus, Lath 180

Hiaticula, Linn 179

minor, Mey 179

Morinellus, Linn 178

pluvialis, Linn 177

CHAULIODUS, Swains 73, 231

Chelona imbricata, Flem 290

CHELONIA, Brongn 287, 290

imbricata, Gray, 290

Chenalopex JEgyptiaca, Steph 225

CHIMERA, Linn 326, 494

monstrosa, Linn 494

CHRYSOPHRYS, Cm 310, 353

Aurata, Cuv 353

Chrysotosu Luna, Lac 369

CICONIA, Briss 67, 192

alba, Ray, 192

nigra, Ray, 193

Ciliata glauca, Couch, 45 1

CINCLUS, Bechst 53, 98

aquaticus, Bechst 98

CIRCUS, Bechst 51, 88

CLANGULA, Fkm 74, 245

albeola, Steph 246

chrysophthalmos, Steph 245

histrionica, Steph 246

CI.UPEA, Cuv 318, 434

LATIN INDEX.

531

CLUPEA, Linn.. 318, 434

alba, Yarr 43G

Alosa, Bl 437

Alosa, Cuv 438

Encrasicholus, Linn 439

Finta, Cuv 437

Harengus, Linn 434

latulus, Cuv 436

Leachii, Yarr 434

Pilchardus, Bl. 436

Sprattus, Bl 435

COBITIS, Linn 316, 416

barbatula, Linn 416

larlatula aculeata, Will 417

Tania, Linn 417

COCCOTHRAUSTES, Briss. ... 57, 136

COCCYZUS, Vieill. 60, 155

Americanus, Bon 155

Coluber Berus, Linn 298

Berus, Turt 297

Cceruleus, Shepp 298

Chersea, Linn 298

Dumfrisiensis, Sow 297

Matrix, Linn 296

Prester, Linn 298

COLUMBA, Linn 62, 161

Livia, Brits 162

migratoria, Linn 163

Oenas, Linn 161

Palumbus, Linn 161

Turtur, Linn 162

COLUMBA, Swains 62, 161

COLYMBUS, Lath 75, 255

arcticus, Linn 256

glacialis, Linn 255

Immer, Linn 256

septentrionalis, Linn 257

stellatus, Gmel 257

Urinator, Linn 252

CONGER, Cuv 322, 478

Conger, Will 478

Coquus Cornnbiensium, Ray, 396

CORACIAS, Linn 60, 156

garrula, Linn 156

COREGONUS, Cuv 318, 431

Lavaretus, Flem 431

Maraenula, Jar A 432

Pollan, Thomps 432

COREGONUS, Thymallus, Flem. 430

Coriudo coriaceu, Flem 290

CORVUS, Cuv 58, 145

CORVUS, Linn 58, 145

Corax, Linn 145

Comix, Linn 146

Corone, Linn 1 45

frugilegus, Linn 1 46

glandarius, Temm 148

Monedula, Linn 147

Pica, Linn 147

CORYPH^ENA, Linn 311, 3?0

Mono, Cuv. 370

COTTUS, Linn 308, 343

Bubalis, Euph 345

Cataphractus, Linn. 346

Gobio, Linn 343

quadricornis, Linn 345

Scorpius, Bl 344

COTURNIX, Brits 64, 1?4

dactylisonans, Temm 174

CRENILABRUS, Cuv 315, 397

gibbus, Flem 399

Tinea, Flem 397

CREX, Bechtt 71, 217

Baillonii, Sell 219

Porzana, Sell 218

pratensis, Bechtt 217

pusilla, Sett 219

Cuculus lineatus, Ray, 339

CUCULUS, Linn 60, 154

Americanus, Linn 155

canorus, Linn 154

Carolinensis, Wils 1 55

cinerosus, Temm 155

CURRUCA, Bechtt 54, 108

CURSORIUS, Lath 64, 176

isabellinus, Mey 176

CYCLOPTERUS, Cuv 322, 471

CYCLOPTERUS, Linn.... 321, 471

bimacu latus, Turt 4?0

Cornubicus, Shaw, 469

Liparis, Linn 472

Lumpus, Linn 4?1

Montacuti, Turt 473

Montagui, Don 473

occUatus, Don 469

pavoninus, Shaw, 471

L L 2

532

LATIN INDEX.

CYCLOPTERUS, pyramidatus,

Shaw, 472

CYGNUS, Mey 72, 226

Bewickii, Yarr 226

Canadensis, Steph 227

ferus, Ray, 227

Guineensis, Nob 226

Olor, Steph 228

CYPRINUS, Cuv 316, 401

CYPRINUS, Linn 316, 401

Alburnus, Linn 414

auratus, Linn 403

Barbus, Linn 404

Blicca, Bl 407

Brama, Linn 406

caeruleus, Nob 413

Carassius, Linn 403

Carpio, Linn 401

Cephalus, Linn 411

Dobula, Linn 409

Erythrophthalmus, Linn. ... 412

Gibelio, Gmel. 402

Gobio, Linn 405

Idus, Linn 415

Jeses, Don 412

Lancastriensis, Shaw, 411

lotus, Gmel 407

Leuciscus, Linn 410

Orfus, Linn 416

Phoxinus, Linn 415

Rutilus, Linn 408

Tinea, Linn 405

CYPSELUS, in. 61, 159

alpinus, Temm 159

Apus, Flem 159

murarius, Temm 159

D.

DAFILA, Leach, 73,232

DELPHINAPTERA, Lac 9, 43

albicans, Flem 43

DELPHINUS, Cuv 9, 40

DELPHINUS, Linn 9, 40

albicans, Fab. 43

Chemnitzianus, Desm 44

Deductor, Scoresb 42

Delphis, Linn 40

cdentulus, Desm 44

DELPHINUS, Gladiator, Lac... 42

globiceps, Cuv 42

Grampus, Desm 42

Hunleri, Desm 44

Hyperoodon, Desm 44

Leucas, Desm 43

melas, Traill, 42

Orca, Fab 42

Phoccena, Linn 41

Sowerbyi, Desm 44

truncatus, Mont 41

Tursio,Fab 41

ventricosus, Lac 42

DENDRONESSA, Swains... W, 237

Sponsa, Swains 237

DENTEX, Cuv 310, 357

vulgaris, Cuv 357

Dentex, Will 357

Diodon Mola, Bl 490

Dracunculus, Will 388

E.

ECHENEIS, Linn 322, 473

Remora, Linn 473

ECTOPISTES, Swains. 62, 163

ELANUS, Sav 50, 86

EMBERIZA, Linn 56, 128

calcarata, Temm 128

Ciris, Linn 133

Cirlus, Linn 131

Citrinella, Linn 131.

Hortulana, Linn 132

Lapponica, Nibs 128

Miliaria, Linn 130

montana, Gmel 130

mustelina, Gmel 1 30

nivalis, Linn 129

Schceniclus, Linn 130

Scliceniculus, Temm 130

EMBERIZA, Mey 56, 130

Encrasicholus, Will 439

ENGRAULIS, Cuv 318, 439

Encrasicholus, Flem 439

Eperlanus, Will 429

EQUUS, Linn 8, 39

Asinus, Linn 39

Caballus, Linn 39

ERINACEUS, Linn 5,19

LATIN INDEX.

533

ERINACEUS, Europams, Linn. 19

ERITHACA, Swains 54, 103

Erythrinus Rondeletii, Will 355

ESOX, Cuv. 316, 417

Belone, Linn 418

Brasiliensis, Couch, 419

Lucius, Linn 417

osseus, Linn 439

Saurus, Rack 419

Sphyrcena, Linn 337

EXOCCETUS, Linn 317, 420

evolans.m 420

exiliens, Bl 420

volitans, Linn 420

F.

FALCO, Linn 50, 81

ceruginosus. Linn 89

jEsalon, Gmel. 83

Albicilla^ Temm 80

Buteo, Temm , 87

cineraceus, Mont 90

cyaneus, Temm 89

fulvus, Temm 80

furcatus, Linn 86

gentilis, Gmel 85

Haliceetus, Temm 81

Islandicus, Lath 81

Lagopus, Temm 87

Lanarius, Temm., 82

Milvus, Temm 86

Nisus, Temm 85

ossifragus, Linn 81

palumbarius, Temm 85

peregrinus, Gmel. 82

rufipes, Bechst 83

rufus, Temm 89

Subbuteo, Linn 82

Tinnunculus, Linn 84

FELIS, Linn 4, 14

Catus, Linn 14

maniculata, Rupp 15

FRATERCULA, Briss 75, 260

arctica, Steph 260

FREGILUS, Cuv 58, 144

Graculus, Selb 144

FRINGILLA, Cuv 57, 133

FRINGILLA, Linn 56, 133

FRINGILLA, cannabina, -Linn. 139

Carduelis, Linn 137

Chloris, Temm 136

Coccothraustes, Temm 136

Coelebs, Linn 133

domestica, Linn 134

Linaria, Linn 138

Linota, Gmel 140

montana, Linn 135

Montifringilla, Linn 134

Montium, Gmel. 140

Spinus, Linn 137

FULICA, Linn 71, 221

atra, Linn 221

aterrima, Linn 221

FULIGULA, Ray, 74, 240

cristata, Steph 244

dispar, Steph 243

ferina, Steph 241

Mania, Steph 243

Nyroca, Steph 242

rufina, Steph 240

G.

GADUS, Linn 319, 440

jEglefinus, Linn 441

argenteolus, Mont 451

barbatus, Linn. 442

Brosme, Gmel 452

Callarias, Linn 441

Carbonarius, Linn 446

Lota, Linn 448

luscus, Linn 442

Merlangus, Linn 445

Merluccius, Linn 447

minutus, Linn 444

Molva, Linn 448

Morrhua, Linn 440

Mustela, Linn 450

Pollachius, Linn 446

punctatus, Turt 442

tricirratus, Bl 449

virens, Linn 447

GALEUS, Cuv 327, 501

Acanthias Clusii, Will 494

Acanthias, sivc Spina-x, Will. 505

glauciu, Will 499

Mustelus, Leach, 503

534

LATIN INDEX.

GALE us, vulgarly, Flem 501

GALLINULA, Lath 71,220

Baillonii, Temm 219

chloropus, Lath 220

Crex, Temm 217

Porzana, Temm 218

pusilla, Temm 219

GALLUS, Briss 63, 165

Bankiva, Temm 165

crispus, Briss 166

cristatus, Temm 165

domesticus, Briss 165

ecaudatus, Temm 166

lanatus, Temm 166

Morio, Temm 166

pentadactylus, Temm 165

Pumilio, Temm 165

pusillus, Temm 165

GARRULUS, Briss 58, 148

glandarius, Flem 148

Picus, Temm 148

GASTEROSTEUS, Cuv 309, 348

GASTEROSTEUS, Linn.. .308, 348

aculeatus, Linn 348

Irachycentrus, Cuv 349

Ductor, Linn 365

gymnurus, Cuv 348

Icevis, Cuv 351

leiurus, Cuv 349

Pungitius, Linn 350

semiarmatus, Cuv 349

Spinachia, Linn 351

spinulosus, Yarr 350

trachurus, Cuv 349

Gastrobranchus coccus, Bl 523

Gattorugine, Will 379

GLAREOLA, Briss 70, 216

Pratincola, Leach^ 216

torquata, Temm 216

GOBIO, Cuv 316, 405

fluviatttis, Flem 405

GOBIUS, Linn 314, 385

bipunctatus, Yarr 386

gracilis, Jen 387

minutus, Pall. 386

niger, Don 386

niger, Linn 385

GRUS, Pall 66, 185

GRUS, cinerea, Bee/at 185

GUNNELLUS, Flem 313, 383

. Cornubiensium, Will 383

viviparus, Flem 383

vulgaris, Flem 384

GYMNETRUS, BL 312, 372

arcticus, Cuv 372

Hawkenii, Bl 3?3

Gymnogaster arcticus, Cuv 372

H.

H^MATOPUS, Linn 66, 184

ostralegus, Linn 184

HALI^ETUS, Sav 50, 80

HARELDA, Leach, 74, 247

glacialis, Steph 247

Harengus, Will 434

minor, sivc Pikhardus, Will. 437

HIMANTOPUS, Brits 68, 201

melanopterus, Temm 201

HIPPOCAMPUS, Cuv. ... 324, 489

brevirostris, Cuv 489

Rondeletii, Will 489

HIPPOGLOSSUS, Cuv.... 321, 460
vulgaris, Flem 4.. 460

Hippoglossus, Will 460

HIRUNDO, Linn 61, 157

riparia, Linn 158

rustica, Linn 157

urbica, Linn 158

HYPEROODON, Lac 9, 44

bidens, Flem 44

Butskopf, Lac 44

I.

IBIS, Lac 67, 194

Falcinellus, Temm 194

J.

JULIS, Cuv 315, .'597

vulgaris, Flem 397

Julis, Will .. 397

L.

LABRAX, Cuv 307, 331

Lupus, Cuv 331

LABRUS, Cuv 315, 391

LABRUS, Linn 315, 391

LATIN INDEX

535

LABRUS, Balunus, Flem 391

bimaculatus, Linn 396

carneus, Bl 396*

Comber, Gmel. t 393

Coquus, Turt 396

Cornubicus, Gmel. 398

gibbus, GmcL 399

Julis, Linn 397

lineatus, Don 392

luscus, Linn 400

maculatus, BL 391

Psittacus, Riss 392

pusillus, Jen 392

Suillus, Linn 397

Tinea, Linn 397

Tinea, Shaw, 391

trimaculatus, Gmel. 396

variegatus, Gmel 394

Vetula, Bl 395

LACERTA, Cuv 288, 291

agilis, Berk 292

anguiformis, Shepp 294

aquatica, Linn 304

arenicola, Daud 292

maculata, Shepp 304

•muralis, Latr 295

oeellata, Daud 294

cedura, Shepp 294

palustris, Linn 303

Stirpium, Daud 291

viridis, Daud 292

vulgaris, Shepp 304

Lacertus viridis, Ray, 292

Laccrtus, Will 419

LACHNOLAIMUS, Cuv 315, 397

Suillus, Cuv 397

LAGOPUS, Vieill. 63, 170

LAMNA, Cuv 327, 500

Cornubica, Flem 500

Lampetra cceca, Will 523

parva et fluviatilis, Will 522

Rondcletii, Will 520

ItCtnipetrcc medium genus, Will.... 521

LAMPRIS, Rctz 311, 369

guttatus, Cuv .-. 369

Luna, Riss 369

LANIUS, Linn 52, 95

Collurio, Linn 96

LANIUS, Excubitor, Linn 95

rufus, Briss , 96

LARUS,Lm« 77, 270

arcticus, Macg 279

argentatus, Brunn 276

argentatus, Sab 2?9

Atracilla, Linn 273

canus, Linn 275

capistratus, Temm 272

eburneus, Gmel. 276

fuscus, Linn 277

glaucus, Brunn 279

hybernus, Gmel 276

Islandicus, Edmondst 279

marinus, Linn 278

minutus, Pall. 271

parasiticus, Edmondst 282

ridibundus, Linn 272

rtdibundus, Wils 273

Sabini, Sab 270

tridactylus, Lath 274

LARUS, Steph 77, 271

LEPADOGASTER, Gouan, 321, 469

bimaculatus, Flem 470

Cornubiensis, Flem 469

Gouani, Riss 470

LEPIDOPUS, Gouan, 312, 371

argyreus, Cuv 371

Lusitanicus, Leach, 371

tetradcns, Flem 371

LEPISOSTEUS, Lac 319, 439

Gavialis, Lac 439

LEPTOCEPHALUS, Gron.323, 480
Morrisii, Gmel 480

LEPUS,Linn 7, 34

albus, Briss 35

Cuniculus, Linn 35

timidus, Linn 34

variabilis, Flem 35

LESTRIS, Illig. 77, 280

Cataractes, Temm 280

parasiticus, Temm 283

pomarinus, Temm 281

Richardsonii, Swains 282

LEUCISCUS, Klein, 316, 408

Alburnus, Flem 414

Cceruleus, Yarr 413

Cephalus, Flem 412

536

LATIN INDEX.

LEUCISCUS, Erythrophthalmus,

Flem 412

Lancastriensis, Yarr 411

Phoxinus, Flem 415

Rutilus, Flem 408

vulgaris, Flem 410

LICHIA, CHI> 311, 366

glaucus, Cuv 366

LIMOSA, Sris* 69, 202

melanura, Leisl. 203

rufa, Briss 202

LINARIA, Steph 57, 138

lorealis, Selb 139

canesccns, Gould, 139

Lingula, Rond 468

LIPARIS, Art 322, 472

Montagui, Flem 473

nostras, Will 472

vulgaris, Flem 472

LOBIPES, Cuv 69, 214

hyperboreus, Steplt 214

LOPHIUS, Linn 314, 389

Cornubicus, Shaw, 390

piscatorius, Linn 389

LOTA, Cuv 319, 448

Molva, Nob 448

vulgaris, Nob 448

LOXIA, Briss 57, 141

curvirostra. Linn 141

falcirostra, Lath 143

leucoptera, GmeL 143

Pytiopsittacus, Bechst 142

Lumpus Anglorum, Will 471

gibbosus, Will 472

LUTRA, Cuv 4, 13

Roensis, Ogilb 525

vulgaris, Desm 13

M.

MACHETES, Cuv 69, 207

MACRORAMPHUS, Leach, ... 69, 207
MANATUS, Cuv 8, 40

borealis, Flem 40

MARECA, Steph 73, 236

Penelope, Selb , 236

Maries Abietum, Flem 11

Fagorum, Flem 11

MECISTURA, Leach, 55, 124

MELEAGRIS, Linn 62, 104

Gallopavo, Linn 164

MELES, Cuv 3, 10

Taxus, Flem 10

vulgaris, Desm 10

MELIZOPHILUS, Leach, . 54, 112
provincialis, Leach, 112

MERGULUS, Ray, 75, 259

Alle, Selb 259

MERGUS, Linn 74, 248

albellus, Linn 250

Castor, Linn 249

cucullatus, Linn 249

Merganser, Linn 248

minutus, Linn 251

Serrator, Linn 249

MERLANGUS, Cuv 319, 445

Carbonarius, Flem 446

Pollachius, Flem 446

virens, Flem 447

vulgaris, Flem 445

MERLUCCIUS, Cuv 319, 447

vulgaris, Flem 447

MEROPS,£mn 61, 156

Apiaster, Linn 156

MILVUS, Bechst 50, 86

furcatus, Nob 86

Ictinus, Sav 86

MILVUS, Vig. 50, 86

Mola Salviani, Will 490

Molva Lota, Flem 448

vulgaris, Flem 448

MONOCHIRUS, Cuv 321, 468

MONODON, Linn 9, 43

Monoceros, Linn 43

Morhua JEglefinus, Flem 441

barbata, Flem 442

lusca, Flem 442

minuta, Flem 444

punctatus, Flem 442

vulgaris, Flem 440

Mormon Fratercula, Temm 260

MOTACILLA, Linn 55, 114

alba, Linn 114

Boarula, Linn 115

flava, Ray, 115

Jlava, Temm 116

neglecta, Gould, 116

LATIN INDEX

537

MOTELLA, Cuv 320, 449

glauca, Nob 451

Mustela, miss 450

tricirrata, Nilss 449

MUGIL, Linn 313, 374

Br'itannlcus, Hanc 375

Capito, Cuv 374

Cephalus, Cuv 3?6

Cephalu*, Don 375

Chelo, Cuv 375

curtus, Yarr 376

MULLUS, Linn 307, 337

barbatus, Linn 338

Surmuletus, Linn 337

Muttus, Will 338

inhering, Will 339

MUR^ENA, Thunb 323, 479

Anguilla, Bl 474

.. Conger, Linn 478

Helena, Linn 4?9

Myrus, Linn 478

Ophis, Linn 479

Serp ens, Linn 475

Muroena, WiU 479

MUS, Linn 6, 30

decumanus, Pall 32

messorius, Shaw, 31

Musculus, Linn 31

Rattus, Linn 32

sylvaticus, Linn 30

MUSCICAPA, Linn 52, 97

albicollis, Temm

grisola, Linn 9?

luctuosa, Temm 97

MUSTELA, Cuv 3, 11

Mustela fluviatilis, Will 448

vim-para, Will 384

•vulfiaris, Will 451

MUSTELA, Linn 3, 11

Erminea, Linn

Foina, Linn 11

Furo, Linn 12

Martes, Linn 1

Putorius, Linn 1

vulgaris, Gmel 1L

MUSTELUS, Cuv 327, 502

lavis, Will 502

stellatus, Riss 50J

MYLIOBATIS, Dum 329, 519

MYOXUS, Gmel 6, 30

avellanarius, Desm 30

MYXINE, Linn. 329, 523

caeca, Blainv 523

glutinosa, Linn 523

N.

NATRIX, Fkm 289, 290

Dumfrisiensis, Fkm 297

torquata, Ray, 296

Nauderus furcatus, Vig 86

NAUCRATES, Cuv 311, 365

Ductor, Cuv 365

NEOPHRON, Sav 49, 79

Percnopterus, Sav 79

NOCTUA, Sav 51, 93

funerea, Nob 526

nyctea, Nob 93

passerina, Selb 94

Tengmalmi, Selb 94

NOCTUA, Selb 52, 94

NUCIFRAGA, Briss 58, 149

Caryocatactes, Temm 149

NUMENIUS, Briss 68, 195

arquata, Lath 195

PhfEOpus, Lath 195

NUMIDA, Linn 63, 168

Meleagris, Linn 168

NYCTICORAX, Steph 67, 191

O.

(EDICNEMUS, Temm 65, 177

crepitans, Temm 177

OIDEMIA, Fkm 73, 239

fusca, Fkm 239

leucocephala, Stcph 240

nigra, Flcm 239

perspicillata, Steph 240

Onos, Will 441

OPHIDIUM, Linn 323, 481

barbatum, Linn 481

imberbe, Mont 481

pellucidum, Couch, 480

Ophis maculata, Turt 479

OPHISURUS, Lac 322, 479

Ophis, Lac 479

Serpens, Lac 479

538

LATIN INDEX.

ORIOLUS, Liun 53, 102

Galbula, Linn 102

ORTHAGORISCUS, Schn. 325, 490

Mola, Schn 490

oblongus, Schn 491

trnncatus, Flem 491

ORTYX, Stcph 64, 173

OSMERUS, Art 318, 429

Eperlanus, Flem 429

OTIS, Linn 64, 174

Tarda, Linn 174

Tetrax, Linn 175

OTUS, Cuv 51, 91

Brachyotos, Flem 92

vulgaris, Flem 91

OVIS, Linn : 7, 37

Aries, Linn 37

P.

PAGELLUS, Cuv 310, 355

centrod&ntus, Cuv. 356

Erythrinus, Cuv 355

PAGBUS, Cuv 310, 354

lincatus, Flem 358

vulgaris j Cuv 354

vulgaris, Flem 356

PANDION, Sav , 50, 81

PARUS, Leach, 55, 121

PARUS, Linn 55, 121

ater, Linn 123

biarmicus, Temm 1 25

caeruleus, Linn 122

caudatus, Linn 124

cristatus, Linn 122

major, Linn 121

palustris, Linn 123

Passer asper sive squamosus, Will. 457

Bellonii, Will 454

Cornubiensis aspcr mag no oris

hiatu, Jag 464

Jluviatttis, Will 455

Pastinaca marina, Will 518

PASTOR, Temm 58, 144

roseus, Temm 144

PAVO, Linn 63, 164

cristatus, Linn 164

Pelecanus Onocrotalus, Linn 264

PKHCA, Cuv , 307, 330

PERCA, Linn 307, 330

Cabrilla, Linn 332

Cernua, Linn 334

Channus, Couch, 332

fluviatilis, Linn 330

Gigas, Gmcl 333

Labrax, Linn 331

marina, Linn 348

nigra, Gmel 370

robusta, Couch, 333

PERDIX,JBrm 63, 172

borcalis, Temm 173

cinerea, Briss 172

Coturnix, Lath 174

rubra, Briss 172

Virginiana, Lath 173

PERDIX, Stcph 64, 172

PERNIS, Cuv 51, 88

PETROMYZON, Linn.... 329, £20

branchialis, Linn 522

ccecns, Couch, 522

fluviatilis, Linn 521

Jurae, Mace 522

marinus, Linn 520

Planeri, Bl 522

Planeri, Cuv 522

PHALACROCORAX, Briss. 76, 2G2

Carbo, Steph 262

cristatus, Steph 262

Graculus, Stcph 263

PHALAROPUS, Briss VO, 215

kgperborent, Temm.... 214

lobatus, Flem 215

jilatyrhinchus, Temm 215

Williamsii, Simm 214

PHASIANUS, Linn 63, 166

Colchicus, Linn 166

torquatus, Temm 167

PHILOMELA, Swains 54, 107

PHOCA, Linn 4, 15

barbata, Mutt. 16

vitulina, Linn 15

PHOCCENA, Cuv 9, 41

PIKENICURA, Swains 54, 104

Tithys, Jard 105

Pholis Icevis, Flem 382

PHYCIS, Art 320, 452

bfnnioides, Nilss 452

LATIN INDEX

539

PHYCIS, furcatus, Flem 452

Mediterraneus, Lar 453

Physalis vulgaris, Flem 47

PHYSETER, Lac 9, 45

PHYSETER, Linn 9, 44

Catodon, Linn 45

macrocephalus, Shaw, 44

microps, Linn 46

Millar, Lac 45

Tursio, Linn 45

PICA, Cuv 58, 147

PICUS, Linn 59, 149

major, Linn.... 150

martius, Linn 151

minor, Linn 151

tridactylus, Linn 151

villosus, Linn 151

viridis, Linn 149

PLATALEA, Linn 67, 193

Leucorodia, Linn 193

PLATESSA, Cuv 320, 454

carnaria, Brown, 456

Cyclops, Flem 466

Flesus, Flem 455

lata, Cuv 455

Limanda, Flem 456

Limandoides, Nob 459

microcephala, Flem 457

Pola, Cuv 458

vulgaris, Flem 454

PLECOTUS, Geoff: 6, 27

PLECTROPHANES, Mey. ... 56, 128

Lapponica, Selb 128

PLECTROPTERUS, Leach, .. 72, 226

Gambensis, Steph 226

PLEURONECTES, Flcm..32l, 461

Arnoglossus, Schn 465

Cardina, Cuv 464

Cyclops, Don 466

Cynoglossus, Linn 458

Flesus, Linn 455

Hippoglossus, Linn 460

hirtus, Mutt 463

Icevis, Turt 457

Limanda, Linn 457

limandanus, Parn 459

limandoides, Bl 459

Lingula, Han 468

PLEURONECTES, maximus,

Linn 461

Megastoma, Don 464

microcephalus, Don 457

microstomus, Nilss „ . . . 457

Passer, Bl 456

Pegusa, Riss 468

Platessa, Linn , 454

punctatus, Bl. 462

Rhombus, Linn 462

roseus, Shaw, 456

Solea, Linn 466

tuberculatus, Turt 461

variegatus, Don 468

PODICEPS, Lath 74, 251

auritus, Lath 253

cornutus, Lath 252

cristatus, Lath 251

Hebridicus, Sow 254

minor, Lath 254

obscurus, Lath 253

rubricollis, Lath 252

Pompilus, Rond 370

Pristibatis antiquorum, Blainv.... 508

PRISTIS, Lath 328, 508

antiquorum, Lath 508

PROCELLARIA, Linn. ... 77, 284

Anglorum, Temin 285

fuliginosa, Stricld. 285

glacialis, Linn 284

Leachii, Tcmm 286

pelagica, Linn 285

pelagica, Wils 286

Puffinus, Linn 284

Wilsoni, Bon 286

PROCELLARIA, Vig. 78, 284

Psophia crepitans, Linn 185

PUFFINUS, Ray, 78, 284

fuliginosus, Strickl 285

PUTORIUS, Cuv 3, 11

PYRGITA, Cuv. 57, 134

Pyrrhocorax Graculus, Temm. ... 144

PYRRHULA, Brits 57, 140

En ucleator, Temm 141

vulgaris, Tcmm 140

Q.

Qucrqtiediila glocitans, Vig 233

540

LATIN INDEX.

R.

RAIA, Cuv 328, 510

RAIA, Linn 328, 509

Aquila, Linn 519

aspera, Flem 513

aspera nostras, Will 513

Batis, Linn 510

chagrinea, Mont 513

clavata, Linn 516

Cuvieri, Lac 518

Fullonica, Turt 515

Giorna, Lac 519

Icevis undulata sen cinerea,

Will 510

maculata, Mont 514

marginata, Lac 512

microcellata, Mont 515

Miraletus, Don 518

oculata, Flem 518

Oxyrhynchus, Linn 511

Pastinaca, Linn. .-. 518

radiata, Don 517

Rubus, Bl 516

Rubus, Blainv 517, 518

Rubus, Don 514

Rubus, Flem 515

RubutyTmt 515

Speculum, Blainv 518

Torpedo, Linn 509

RALLUS, Linn 70, 217

aquaticus, Linn 217

RANA, Laurent 299,300

aquatica, Ray, 300

Bufo, Linn 301

Bufo, ]8, Gmel 302

esculenta, Linn 301

fuica, Roes 300

Rubetra, Turt 302

temporaria, Linn 300

virldii, Roes 301

Rana pitcatrix, Will 389

RANICEPS, Cuv 320, 453

Jago, Flem 454

trifurcatus, Flem 453

Ranunculus viridis, Merr. ' 303

RECURVIROSTRA, Linn. 68, 201

Avocetta, Linn 201

REGULUS, Cuv 54, 113

REGULUS, aurocapillus, Selb.... 113
ignicapillus, JVo6 113

Remora, Will 473

RHINOLOPHUS, Geoff. 5, 19

bihastatus, Desm 20

Ferrum-equinum, Gmel 19

Hipposideros, Bechst 20

unihastatus, Desm 19

Rhombus Icevis Cornubiensis macu-

lis nigris, Jag 457

maximus asper non squa-

mosusy Will 461

non aculeatus squamosus, Will. 462

RUSTICOLA, Vieill 69, 204

S.

Salatnandra aquatica, Ray, 303

cristatu, Latr 303

punctata,) Latr 304

SALICARIA, Selb 54, 106

SALMO, Cuv 317, 421

albula,Stew 432

albus, Flem 424

alpinus, Bl. .« 425

alp'mus, Don 427

alpinus, Linn 428

Cambricus, Don 422

Eperlanus, Linn 429

Eriox, Linn 422

Fario, Linn 424

ferox, Jard 425

Go?<fcmi,Bl 422

hamatus, Cuv 422

Hucho^ Flem 423

lacustrit, Berk 426

Lemanus* Cuv 424

Maranula, Bl 432

marmoratus, Cuv 425

punctatus, Cuv 425

Salar, Linn 421

Salmarinus, Linn 428

Salmulus, Turt 426

Salvelinus, Don 428

Salvclinus, Linn 428

Thymallus, Linn 430

Trutta, Linn 423

Umbla, Linn 427

Warlmanni, Bl 431

LATIN INDEX.

541

Salmo, Will 421

Salmulus,Wm 426

Saurus,Wi\l 419

SAXICOLA, Bechst 55, 119

(Enanthe, Bechst 119

Rubetra, Bechst 120

Rubicola, Bechst 121

SCUENA, Cuv 309, 352

Aquila, Cuv 352

cirrhosa, Linn 353

Labrax,m 331

Umbra, Cuv 352

SCIJEXA, Cuv 309, 352

SCIURUS, Linn 6, 29

vulgaris, Linn 29

SCOLOPAX, Linn 69, 204

Gallinago, Linn 205

Gallinula, Linn 206

grisea, Gmel 207

major, Gmel 205

Noveboracensis, Wils 207

Rusticola, Linn 204

Sabini, Vig 204

SCOLOPAX, Vieill. 69, 204

SCOMBER, Cuv 310, 360

Colias, Cuv 362

Colias, Turt 362

Ductor, Bl 365

maculatus, Couch, 361

Pelamys, Linn 363

Scomber, Linn 360

Thynnus, Linn ... 362

trachuru*,W 366

vulgaris, Flem 360

SCOMBER, Cuv 310, 360

SCOMBERESOX, Lac 317, 419

Saurus, Flem 419

SCOPELUS, Cuv 318, 433

borealis, Nilss 433

Humboldti, Cuv 433

SCOPS, Sav 51, 91

SCORP^NA, Linn 308, 347

Norvegica, Cuv 347

SCYLLIUM, Cuv 327, 495

Canicula, Bon 495

Catulus, Flem 495

melanostomum, Bon 497

stellare, Bon 496

SCYLLIUM, stellare, Flem 495

SCYMNUS, Cuv 328, 506

borealis, Flem 500

SEBASTES, Cuv 308, 347

Norvcgicus, Cuv 347

SELACHE, Cuv 328, 503

Serf ens rubescens, Will 374

marinus, Merr 479

Serpes Humboldti, Riss 433

SERRANUS, Cuv 307, 332

Cabritta, Cuv 332

Couchii, Yarr 334

Giffas, Cuv 333

Norvegicus, Flem 347

Scriba, Cuv 333

SILURUS, Art 317, 421

Glanis, Linn 421

SITTA, Linn 60, 154

Europasa, Linn. 154

SOLEA, Cuv 321, 466

Lingula, Nob 468

Manffilii, Bon 468

parva, sive Lingula, Rond. . . . 468

Pegusa, Yarr 467

variegata, Flem 468

vulgaris, Flem 466

SOLEA, Cuv 321, 466

Solea, Will 466

SOMATERIA, Leach, 73, 237

mollissima, Leach, 237

spectabilis, Leach, 238

SOREX, Linn 5, 17

Araneus, Linn 17

ciliatus, Sow 18

Daubentonil, Desm 18

fodiens, Gmel. 18

remifer, Geoff. 18

SPARUS, Cuv 309, 353

Aurata, Don 356

Aurata, Linn 353

centrodontus, Lar 356

Dentex, Bl 357

Erythrinus, Linn 355

formosus, Shaw, 394

lineatus, Mont 358

nigcr, Turt 359

Pagrns, Bl 356

Pagrus, Linn 354

542

LATIN liNDEX.

SPARUS, Rui'i, Bl 359

Vetula, Couch, 3">9

SPHARGIS, Merr 287, 290

coriacea, Gray, 290

SPHYR^ENA, Schn 307, 337

Spet, Lac 337

vulgaris, Cwu. ,.,.. 337

SPINACHIA, Flem 309, 351

vulgaris, Flem..,. 351

SPINAX, Cuv.... 328, 505

Acanthias, Flem.. 505

Sprattus, Will 435

SQUALUS, Linn 327, 495

Acanthias, Linn 505

borealis, Scores!). 506

cceruleus, Blainv 499

€anicala, Linn 495

Carcharias, Bl 498, 506

•Carcharias, Gunn 506

Carcharias, Linn 497

Ca**fe»,B! 495

€ornubicus, Gmd 500

Cornubicus, /3, Gmel 50 1

OfOeas,. Linn 501

glaciafts, Nilss 506

glaucus, Blainv 499

glaucus, Linn 499

Gunnerianus, Blainv 504

Hinnulus, Blainv 503

Homianus, Blainv - 504

maximus, Linn 503

melastomus, Blainv 497

Monensis, Shaw, 501

Mustelus, Linn 502

Norvegianus, Blainv 606

peregrinns, Blainv 504

Pristis, Linn 508

Selanoneus, Flem 506

Selanonus, Leach, 500

Spinax, Linn 505

Squatina, Linn 507

stellaris, Linn '. 496

Vulpes, Gmel 498

Zygaena, Bl 507

Zygcena, Linn 507

SQUATAROLA, Cuv 65, 181

SQUATINA, Dum 328, 507

Angelus, Cnv 507

SQUATINA, vulgarly Flem. ... 507

Sgnatina,Wi\\ 507

STELLERUS, Cnv 8, 40

STERNA, Linn 77, 264

Anglica, Mont 269

arctica, Temm 267

Cantiaca, Gmel 265

Caspia, Pall 264

Dougallii, Mont 265

Hirundo, Linn 266

minuta, Linn 267

ncevia, Gmel 269

nigra, Linn 268

stolida, Linn 270

STERNA, Steph : 77, 264

STREPSILAS, III 65, 182

ccllaris, Temm 182

Interpres, Leach, 182

STRIX, Linn 51, 92

Aluco, Temm 93

Brachyotos, Temm 92

Bubo, Temm 90

flammea, Linn 92

funerea, Lath 526

nyctea, Temm 94

Otusj Temm 91

passerina, Temm 94

pukhella, Don 91

Scops, Temm 91

Tengmalmi, Temm 94

Sturio, Will 493

STURNUS, Linn 57, 143

vulgaris, Linn 143

SULA,Bm* 76, 263

alba, Temm 263

Bassana, Briss 263

SURNIA, Selb 52, 93

SUS, Linn 8, 39

Scrofa, Linn 39

domestica, 40

SYLVIA, Lath 53, 103

arundinacea, Lath 107

Atricapilla, Lath 108

Cetti, Temm 107

ainerea, Lath 109

Curruca, Lath 109

Dartfordiensis, Mont 112

Hippolais, Lath Ill

LATIN INDEX.

543

SYLVIA, hortensis, Lath 108

ignicapilla, Temm 114

Locustella, Lath 106

Luscinia, Lath 107

Phoenicurus, Lath 104

Phragmitis, Bcchst 1 06

provinciatts^ Temm 112

Regains, Temm 113

Rubecula, Lath. 103

rufa, Temm 112

sibilatrix, Bcchst 110

Suecica, Lath 104

Tithys, Scop 105

Trochilus, Lath Ill

Troglodytes, Temm 153

SYLVIA, Selb 54, 110

SYNGNATHUS, Cuv. ... 324, 484

Acus, Linn 484

asquoreus, Linn 486

anguineus, Jen 487

barbarus, Turt 488

Hippocampus, Linn 480

lumbriciformis, Nob. 488

Ophidion, Bl. 487

pelagicus, Don 486

Typhle, Bl 486

Typhle, Linn 485

HYRNIUM, Sav 51, 93

Aluco, Nob 93

T.

TADORNA, Leach, 72, 229

Bellonii, Steph... n; 229

rutila, Steph 229

TALPA, Linn 4, 17

Europaea, Linn 17

Testudo coriacea, Linn 290

imbricata, Linn 290

TETRAO, Linn 63, 168

Lagopus, Sab 170

Lagopus, Temm 17!

medius, Mey 169

rupestris, Sab 171

Scoticus, Temm 170

Tetrix, Linn 169

Virginianus, Wils 1 73

Urogallus, Linn 168

TETRAO, Steph. 63, HJtt

TETRODON, Linn 325, 489

lagoccphalus, Bl 490

Mola, Linn 490

stellatus, Don 489

truncatus, Gmel 491

THALASSIDROMA, Vig. 78, 285

THYMALLUS, Cuv 318, 430

vulgaris, Nilss 430

Thymallus, Will 430

THYNNUS, Cuv 310, 362

Pelamys, Cuv 363

vulgarit, Cuv 362

TINCA, Cuv 316, 405

vulgaris, Flem 405

TORPEDO, Dum 328, 509

Galvani, Riss 510

marmorata, Riss 510

Narke, Riss 509

unimaculata, Riss 509

vulgaris, Flem 509

TOTANUS, Bechtt 68, 196

Calidris, Bechst 196

fuscus, Leisl ^^ 196

Glareola, Markw 197

Glareola, Temm 198

Glottis, Bechst 200

Hypoleucos, Temm 199

Macularia, Temm 199

Ochropus, Temm 197

TRACHINUS, Linn 307, 335

Draco, Bl „ 336

Draco, Linn 335

major,, Don 335

Vipera, Cuv 336

Trachurus vulgaris, Flem ,. . 366

TRICHECHUS, Linn 4, 16

Rosmarus, Linn 16

TRICHIURUS, Linn 312, 372

Lepturus, Linn 372

TRIGLA, Cuv 308, 338

Adriatica, Flem 339

Blochii, Yarr 343

Cuculus, BL < 343

Gurnardus, Linn 342

Hirundo, Bl 340

Icrvis, Mont .. 340

544

LAflN INDEX.

TRIGLA, lineata, Gmel 339

lineata, Mont 339

Lyra, Linn 341

Pini, Bl. 338

TRINGA, Briss 09, 207

Canutus, Linn 213

cinerea, Temm 213

maritima, Brunn 211

minuta, LeisL 212

Morinella, Linn 183

nigricans, Mont 211

pectoralis, Bon 210

pugnax, Linn 207

, rufescens, Vieill 214

subarquata, Temm 208

Temminckii, Leisl 211

variabilis, Mcy 209

TRINGA, Selb 09, 208

TRITON, Laur 299, 303

aquations, Flem 304

palustris, Flem 303

punctatus, Bon 304

vittatus, Gray, 305

vulgaris, Flem 305

TROGLODYTES, Cuv. ... 59, 153

Europaeus, Selb 153

vulgaris, Temm 153

Trtitta Jluviatilis, Will 424

lacustris, WU1 423

TRYGON, Adans 329, 518

Pastinaca, Flem 518

TURDUS, Linn 53, 98

iliacus, Linn 100

Merula, Linn 101

musicus, Linn 100

pilaris, Linn 99

torquatus, Linn 101

varius, Horsf. 101

viscivorus, Linn 98

Turdus minor, Jag 393

perlelk pictus, Will 394

vulgatissimus, Will 397

U.

Umbla minor, Will 429

UMBRINA, Cuv 309, 353

is, fuv . . 353

UPUPA, Linn 60, 153

Epops, Linn 153

URIA, Briss 75,258

Alle, Temm 259

Brunnichii, Sab 258

Grylle, Lath 258

Troile, Lath 258

URSUS, Linn 3, 10

Arctos, Linn 10

V.

Vandellius Lusitanicus, Shaw, ... 37 1

VANELLUS, Briss 65, 181

cristatus, Mey 182

griseus, Briss 181

melanogaster, Temm 181

VANELLUS, Cuv 65, 182

VESPERTILIO, Geoff. 5, 20

VESPERTILIO, Linn 5, 20

auritus, Linn 27

Barbastellus, Gmel. 28

Bechsteinii, Leisl 21

brevimanus, Jen 28

discolor, Natt 24

emarginatus, Geoff. 26

Leisleri, Kuhl, 23

minutus, Mont 20

murinus, Dcsm 20

mystacinus, Leisl 26

Nattereri, Kuhl, 21

Noctula, Gmel 23

Pipistrelius, Gmel 24

pygmgeus, Leach, 25

Serotinus, Gmel. 22

VIPER A, Daud 289, 297

communis, Leach, 297

Vipcra, Ray, 297

VULPES, Flem 4, 14

vulgaris, Flem 14

Vulpes marina, Will 498

X.

XEMA, Leach, 77, 270

Sabini, Leach, 270

XIPHIAS, Linn 311, 364

Gladius, Linn 364

Rondeldli, Leach, 364

LATIN INDEX.

545

Y.

YUNX, Linn 59, 152

Torquilla, Linn 152

Z.

ZEUS, Cuv 311, 367

ZEUS, Linn 311, 367

Aper, Gmel. 368

ZEUS, Faber, Linn 367

imperialis, Shaw, 369

Luna, Gmel 369

Zipotheca tetradens, Mont 37 1

ZOARCES, Cuv 313, 384

viviparus, Cuv 384

ZYG.ENA, Cuv 328, 50?

Malleus, Vol. 507

MM

ALPHABETICAL ENGLISH INDEX.

The names adopted for the Species in this Work are printed in Roman
characters : the Synonyms, and names of the Varieties, in Italics.

A.

ACCENTOR, alpine, 102

Hedge, 103

Adder, Sea, 489

Albacore, 366

Allis, 438

Anchovy, 439

Angel-fish, 507

Angler, common, 389

long, 390

Argentine, Sheppy, 433

Ass, 39

Atherine, 377

Auk, little, 259

black-billed, 261

great,.. 261

Razor-bill, 260

Avocet, scooping, 201

Azurine, 413

B.

Badger, 10

Band-fish, red, 374

Barbastelle, 28

Barbel, 404

Barbolt, 448

Basse, common, 331

Stone, 334

Bat, Barbastelle, 28

common, 24

great, 23

greater Horse-shoe, 19

Bat, greater long-eared, 27

Horse-shoe, 19

lesser Horse-shoe, 20

lesser long-eared, 28

long-eared, 27

Noctule, 23

Pipistrelle, 24

pygmy, 25

Serotine, 22

Bear, brown, 10

common, 10

Beaver, 34

common, 34

Becker, 354

Bee-eater, common, 156

Beluga, 43

Bergylt, 347

Bemicle, Brent, 224

common, 224

red-breasted, 225

Bib, 442

Bittern, American, 191

common, 190

little, 189

Blackbird, 101

Black-cap, 108

Black-fish, 370

Bleak, 414

Blenny, crested, 380

diminutive, 381

gattoruginous, 379

Montagu's, 381

ENGLISH INDEX.

547

Blenny, ocellated, 378

purpk, 383

smooth, 382

spotted, 383

viviparous, 384

Blinds, 442

Blind-worm, 295

Boar, 39

wild, 39

Boar-fish, 368

Bonito, 363

Bottle-head, 44

Braize, 354

Brambling, 134

Brandling, 427

Bream, black, 358

black Sea, 358

common Sea, 356

Ray's, 359

Ray's Sea, 359

Spanish, 355

Spanish Sea, : 355

white, 407

yellow, 406

Bream-fiat, 407

Brill, 462

Buck, 38

Bullfinch, common, 140

Pine, 141

Bull-head, 343

armed, 346

River, 343

Bunting, Cirl, 131

common, 130

green-headed, 132

Lapland, 128

Ortolan, 132

painted, , 133

Reed, 130

Snow, 129

yellow, 131

Burbot, 448

Bustard, great, 174

little, 175

thick-kneed, 177

Butter-fish, 383

Butterfiy-fish, 378

Buzzard, common, 87

Buzzard, Honey, 88

Moor, 89

rough-legged, 87

C.

Cachalot, blunt-headed, 44

. Tiigh-finned, 45

two-toothed, 44

Campagnol, Bank, 34

Field, 33

Water, 33

Cane, % 12

Carp, common, 401

golden, 403

Carter, 464

Cat, domestic, 15

wild, 14

Cavy, variegated, 36

Ceil-conin, 373

Chad, 439

Chaffinch, 133

Charr, 427

case, 428

gilt, 428

red, 428

Chatterer, 125

Bohemian, 125

Chevin, 412

Chiff-chaff, Ill

Chimcera, northern, 494

Chough, Cornish, 144

Chub, 411

Coal-fish, 446

Cock, Bantam, 165

crested, 165

domestic, 165

Dorking, 165

dwarf, 165

frizzled, 166

Negro, 166

rumpless, , 166

Silk, 166

Cod, common, 440

five-bearded, 450

green, 447

three-bearded, 449

Cod-fish, common, 440

variable, 441

M M 2

548

ENGLISH INDEX.

Colin, northern, 173

Comber, 393

Cook, 396

Coot, common, 221

greater, 221

Corkling, : 392

Corkwing, 399

Cormorant, black, 263

common, 262

crested, 262

green,

263

Corn-crake, 217

Cormorant, 262

Coitus, four -horned, 345

Courser, cream-coloured, 176

Craig-fluke, 459

Crake, Baillon's, 219

Corn, 217

little, 219

Meadow, 217

spotted, 218

Crane, common, 185

Creeper, common, 152

Cross-bill, common,.. 141

Parrot, 142

white- winged, 143

Crow, Carrion, 145

hooded, 146

red-legged, , 144

Crucian, 402

Cuckoo, Carolina, 155

common, 154

Cuckoo-fish, 397

Curlew, Brazilian, 194

common, 195

pigmy, 208

Whimbrel, 195

I).

Dab,

456

Lemon, 457

Smear, 457, 403

Dace, 410

Dare, 410

Deal-fish, 3?2

Deer, Fallow, 38

red, 37

Diodon, Globe, 489

Diodon, ollong, 491

short, 490

Dipper, European, 98

Diver, black-throated, 256

great northern, 255

northern, 255

red-throated, 257

second speckled, 257

speckled, 257

Dobule, 409

Dog, 13

Dog-fish, lesser, 495

picked, 505

Rock, 496

spotted, 495

spotted, 496

Dolphin, blunt-toothed, 41

common, 40

Doree, 367

Dormouse, 30

Dorse, 441

Dory, 367

Dotterel, 178

little Ring, 179

Dove, Ring, 161

Rock, 162

Stock, 161

Turtle, 162

Dragonet, gemmeous, 388

sordid, 389

Duck, bimaculated, 232

castaneous, 242

collared, 243

common, 234

common wild, 234

domestic, 234

Eider, 237

ferruginous, 229, 242

Harlequin, 246

hook-billed, 234

King, 238

long-tailed, 247

Muscovy, 230

Musk, 230

olive-tnftcd, 242

Pintail, 232

red crested, 240

Scaup, 244

ENGLISH INDEX.

549

Duck, Summer, 237

tufted, 244

Velvet, 239

western, 243

white-throated, 240

Dun-cow, 514, 515

Dun-diver, 248

Dunlin, 209

E.

Eagle, cinereous, ..................... 80

golden, ........................... 80

Eel, Uunt-headed, .................. 4?6

broad-nosed .... ................. 476

common, ........................ 474

Conger, ........................... 478

Glut, .............................. 476

Grig, .............................. 477

Grig, ........................... 476

sharp-headed, .................. 475

sharp-nosed, ..................... 474

silver, ........................... 476

Snig, ............................. 477

Eel-pout, .............................. 449

Eft, common, ........................ 304

striped, ........................... 305

warty, ........................... 303

Egret, ................................. 187

little, .............................. 187

Eider, common, ..................... 237

King,

238

Elanus, swallow-tailed, ............ 86

Ermine, .............................. 13

F.

Falcon, ash-coloured, ..... .......... 90

gentil, ........................... 85

Jer, .............................. 81

peregrine, ........................ 82

red-footed, ........................ 84

red-legged, ..................... 83

rough-legged, .................. 87

spotted, ........................... 82

Stone, ........................... 83

swallow-tailed, .................. 86

Father-lasher, ........................ 344

Father-lasher, four-horned, 345

four-spined, 345

Ferret, 12

Fieldfare, 99

File-fish, Mediterranean, 492

Finch, Chaf, 133

Gold, 137

Haw, 136

Lapland, 128

Mountain, 134

painted, 133

Fin-fish, 47

Finscale, 412

Fishing-frog, 390

of Mount's Bay, 390

Fitchet, 11

Flounder, 455

Fluke, Craig, 459

long, 460

Flycatcher, pied, 97

spotted, 97

white-collared, 98

Flying-fish, 420

winged, 420

Fork-beard, common, 452

greater, 452

lesser, 454

Fox, 14

Fox, 389

Frog, common, 300

edible, 301

great, 302

green, 301

Tree, 303

Fulmar, northern, 284

G.

Gadwall,

231

., ,. 231

Gallinule, common, 220

Crake, 217

little, 219

olivaceous, 219

spotted 218

Gambet, 197

Gannet, common, 263

Solan, .. 263

550

ENGLISH INDEX.

Gar-fish, common, 418

little, 419

Garganey, 234

Garrot, buffel-headed, 246

common Golden-eye, 245

Golden-eye, 245

Harlequin, 246

Gibel, 402

Gilt-head, 397

Gilt-head, 353

lunulated, 353, 356

red, 356

toothed, 357

toothed, 359

Globe-fish, stellated, 489

Goat, 37

domestic, 37

Goatsucker, European, 160

Goby, black, 385

slender, 387

spotted, 386

two-spotted, 386

Godwit, bar-tailed, 202

black-tailed, 203

Cambridge, 196

cinereous, 201

common, 203

red, 202

Golden-eye, 245

Goldfinch, 137

Goldfinny, 399

Gold-fish, 403

Goldsinny, 398

Goosander, 248

Goose, Bean, 222

Bernicle, 224

Brent, 224

Canada, 227

Chinese, 226

Cravat, 227

domestic, 222

Egyptian, 225

Gray-lag, 222

red-breasted, 225

ruddy, 229

spur-winged, 226

Swan, 226

white-fronted, 223

Goose, wild, 222

Goshawk, 85

Graining, 411

Grampus, 42

Grayling, 430

Grebe, black-chin, 254

crested, 251

dusky, 253

eared, 253

great-crested, 251

horned, 253

little, 254

red-necked, 252

Sclavonian, 252

Tippet, 252

Green-fish, 392

Greenshank, 200

Grey, 422

Grig, 476

Stone, 523

Grilse, 422

Grosbeak, common, 136

green, 136

Haw, 136

Pine, 141

Groundling, 417

Grous, black, 169

hybrid, 169

red, 170

spurious, 169

Wood, 168

Gudgeon, 405

Sea, 385

Guillemot, black, 258

foolish, 258

Franks, 258

lesser, 258

spotted, 259

Guinea-pig, 36

Gull, arctic, 282, 283

Hack-lacked, 278

black-headed, 272

black-toed, 282

brown-headed, 272

brown-headed, 273

common, 275

glaucous,

great black-backed,

279

278

ENGLISH INDEX.

551

Gull, Herring, 276

Iceland, 279

Iceland, 280

Ivory, 276

Kittiwake, 274

laughing, 273

lesser black-backed, 277

little, 271

masked, 272

parasitic, 283

red-legged, 272

Sabine's, 270

Skua, 280

Tarrock, 275

Wagel, 277

Winter, 276

Gunnel, spotted, 383

Gurnard, French, 340

gray, 342

pine-leaved, 338

Piper, 341

red, 343

red, 339

sapphirine, 340

streaked, 339

Gwiniad, 431

Gymnetrus, Blochian, 373

Hawken's, 373

H.

Haddock, 441

Norway, 347

Hag, glutinous, 523

Hair-tail, 3?2

silvery, 372

Hake, common, 447

forked, 452

lest, 454

trifurcated, 453

Hake's-Dame, 453

Hammer-head , 507

Hare, alpine, 35

common, 34

Irish, 35

varying, 35

Hareld, long-tailed, 247

Harrier, ash-coloured, 90

Harrier, Hen 89

Marsh, 88

Hawk, Gos, 85

Sparrow, 85

Hedgehog, 19

Herling, 424

Heron, buff-backed, 188

common, 186

common Night, 191

crested purple, 186

freckled, 191

great white, 187

little, 189

little Egret, 187

little white, 188

purple, 186

Squacco, 189

white, 187

Herring, British, 434

common, 434

Leach's 434

Hind, 37

Hinny, 39

Hobby, 82

orange-legged, 84

Hog, common, 39

domestic, 40

Holibut, 460

Hommelin, 515

Hoopoe, 153

Horn-fish, 418

Horse, 39

common, 39

Hound, smooth, 502

Ibis, bay, 194

glossy, 194

green, 194

Ide, 415

Imler, lesser, 256

J.

Jackdaw, 147

Jay, 148

Jndcock, 206

552

ENGLISH INDEX.

K.

Kelt, 422

Kestril, 84

King-fish, 369

King-fisher, common, 157

Kingstone, 508

Kipper, 422

Kite, 86

Kitt, 457

Kittiwake, 274

Knobber, 37

Knot, 213

Lampern, 522

Lamprey, lesser, 521

Planer's, 522

River, 521

Sea, 520

Lantern-fish, 464

Lanner, 82

Lapwing, crested, 182

green, 182

Lark, Field, 118, 119

Pipit, 118

red, 126

Rock, 119

Shore, 126

Sky, 127

Tit, 117

Tree, 118

Wood, , 127

Lark-bunting, Lapland, 1 28

Launce, Sand, 482, 483

small-mouthed, 483

wide-mouthed, 482

Lestris, Richardson's, 282

Lewis, 508

Ling, 448

Linnet, brown, 139

common, 139

Mountain, 140

Lizard, brown, 305

common, 292

Sand, 291

scaly, 293

warty, 303

Loach, bearded, 416

Lobe-foot, red, 214

Loche, 416

spined, 417

spinous, 417

Long-beak, brown, 207

Longshanks, black-winged, 201

Lord-fish, 444

Lump-fish, common, 471

Lump-sucker, 471

M.

Mackerel, common, 360

Horse, 366

Spanish, 361

Mackerel-guide, 419

Mackerel-midge, 451

Magpie, 147

Maid, 511, 517

Maigre, .". 352

Mallard, 233

Martin, Bank, 158

common, 11

greatest, 159

House, 158

Pine, 11

Sand, 158

Megrim, 466

Merganser, hooded, 249

minute, 251

red.breasted, 249

Merlin, 83

Mermaid of the Shetland Seas, ... 40

Midge, 451

Millers-thumb, 343

Minim, 415

Minnow, 415

Mole, 17

Monk-fish, 508

Morris, Anglesea, 480

Mouse, common, 31

Field, 30

Harvest, 31

House, 31

Meadow, 33

short-tailed, 33

Wood, 30

ENGLISH INDEX.

553

Mule, 39

Mule-bird, 167

Mullet, gray, 374

plain red, 338

short gray, 376

striped red, 337

thick-lipped gray, 375

Muraena, common, 479

Roman, 479

Mysticete, Jin-backed, 47

pike-headed, 47

N.

Narwhal, 43

small-headed, 43

Natter-jack, 302

Neophron Egyptian, 79

Newt, common, 305

common Water, 304

great Water, 303

smaller Water, 304

warted, 303

Night-heron, 191

Nightingale, 107

Night-jar, 160

Noctule, 23

Noddy, black, 270

Numb-fish, 509

Nutcracker, 149

Nuthatch, 154

O.

Old-wife, 359

Old-wife, 398

Opah, 369

Ophidium, beardless, 48 1

Oriole, golden, 102

Osprey, 81

Otter, 13

Irish, 525

Sea, 525

Otterpike, 337

Ouzel, Ring, 101

rose-coloured, 144

Water, 98

Owl, Canada, 526

Eagle, 90

great-eared, 90

Owl, little, 94

littkrhorned, 91

little Night, 94

long-eared, 91

scops-eared, 91

short,eared, 92

snowy, 93

tawny, 93

Tengmalm's, 94

Tengmalm's Night, 94

white, 92

Ox, common, 36

Oyster-catcher, common, 184

pied, 184

P.

Parr, 426

Partridge, common, 172

Guernsey, 172

Maryland, 173

red-legged, 172

Virginian, 173

Pastor, rose-coloured, 144

Peacock, crested, 164

Peal, 422

Pearl, 462

Pelican, 264

Perch, black, 370

common, 330

dusky, 333

Sea, 347

smooth, 332

Pero, 167

Petrel, fork-tailed, 286

Fulmar, 284

Leach's, v. 286

stormy, 285

Pettychaps, greater, 108

lesser, 112

Phalarope, gray, 215

red, 214, 215

red-necked, 214

Pheasant, Bohemian, 167

common, 166

hybrid, 167

Ring, 166, 167

ring-necked, 167

Phinoc, 424

i

554

ENGLISH INDEX.

Pigeon, domestic, 162

Passenger, 163

wild, 162

Pike, 417

Gar, 418

Saury, 419

Sea, 337

Pilchard, 436

Pilot-fish, common, 365

Pink, 415

Pintado, Guinea, 168

Pintail, 232

common, 232

Pipe-fish, aquoreal, 486

great, 484

lesser, 485

little, 488

longer, 488

longer, 487

shorter, 484, 485

Snake, 487

Worm, 488

Piper, 341

Pipistrelle, 24

Pipit, Meadow, 117

Richard's, 117

Rock, 118

Tree, 118

Plaice, common, 454

Plover, cream-coloured, 176

Dotterel, 178

golden, 177

gray, 181

great, 177

Kentish, 180

little ringed, 179

long-legged, 201

ringed, 179

Pochard, common, 241

Nyroca, 242

red-crested, 240

red-headed, 241

Scaup, 243

tufted, 244

western, 243

Pogge, 346

Pole, 458

Polecat, 11

Pollack, 446

rauning, 447

Whiting, 446

Pollan, 432

Poor, 444

Pope, 335

Porbeagle, 500

Porpesse, 41

Pout, 442

Whiting, 443

Power, 444

Pratincole, Austrian, 216

collared, 216

Pride, 522

Ptarmigan, common, 170

red, 170

Rock, 171

Puffin, 260

Purre, 209

Q.

Quail, common, 174

Queen-fish, 458

R.

Rabbet, 35

RabUt-fish, 494

Rail, Land, 217

Water, 217

Rat, black, 32

brown, 32

Norway, 32

Water, 33

Raven, 145

Ray, bordered, 512

Cuvier's, 518

electric, 509

French, 514

Fuller, 514

rough, 518

Sand, 515

Shagreen, 513

sharp-nosed, 511

sharp-nosed, 510

small-eyed, 515

spotted, 514

starry, 517

ENGLISH INDEX.

555

Ray, Sting, 518

Whip, 519

Razor-bill, 260

Redbreast, 103

blue -throated, or Swedish, ... 104

Red-eye, 412

Redpole, greater, 139

lesser, 138

mealy, 139

mealy-backed, 139

Stone, 139

Redshank, 197

spotted, 196

Redstart, 104

blue-throated, 104

Tithys, 105

Redtail, black, 105

Redwing, v 100

Regulus, fire-crested, 113

gold-crested, 113

Remora, common, 473

Mediterranean, 474

Ringtail, 89

Roach, 408

Dobule, 409

Rock-fish, 386, 397

Rockling, five-bearded, 450

three-bearded, 449

Roe, 38

Roe-buck, 38

Roller, garrulous, 156

Rook, 146

Rotche, common, 259

Rudd, 412

Ruff, 207

Ruffe, black, 370

common, . .. 334

S.

Salmon, common, 421

Salmon-trout, 424

Samlet, 426

Samlet, 422

Sanderling, 183

common, 183

Sand-necker, 459

Sandpiper, ash-coloured, 213

Sandpiper, buff-breasted, 214

common, 199

dusky, 196

equestrian, 208

gray, 18i

green, 197

Greenwich, 208

little, 211

long-legged, 198

pectoral, 210

purple, 211

red, 209

Redshank, 196

Shore, 208

spotted, 199

Wood, 198

Saury, 419

Scabbard-fish, 371

Scad, 366

Scald-fish, 465

Scale-foot, 371

Scoter, black, 239

Surf, 240

Velvet, 239

white-headed, 240

Sea-adder, 489

Sea-fox, 498

Sea-horse, 489

Seal, common, 15

great, 16

pied, 16

Sea-monster, 494

Sea-scorpion, 344

Sea-snail, common, 472

Montagu's, 473

Sea-wife, 395

Sebastes northern, 347

Serotine, 22

Serranus, dusky, ... 333

smooth, 332

Seven, 423

Shad, 437

Shad, 438

Thames, 437

Shag, crested, 262

Shag, 262

Shallow, 413

Shan, 382

556

ENGLISH INDEX.

Shan, smooth, 382

SJtanny, 382

Shark, Angel, 507

basking, 503

Beaumaris, 501

blue, 499

Greenland, 506

lesser spotted, 495

long-tailed, 498

picked, 505

Porbeagle, 500

Rashleigh, 507

Rock, 496

smooth, 502

spotted, 495

Tope, 502

white, 497

Shearwater, cinereous, 284

Manks, 285

Sheep, 37

Shieldrake, Casarka, 229

common, 229

ruddy, 229

Shoveller, common, 230

red-breasted, 231

Shrew, common, 17

fetid, 17

oared, 18

Water, ; 18

Shrike, cinereous, 95

red-backed, 96

Wood, 96

Silurus, sly, 421

Siskin, 137

Skate, 510

Skipper, 419

Skirling, 427

Skua, arctic, 283

arctic, 282

common, 280

pomarine, 281

Richardson's, 282

Sloff-worm, common, 295

Smear-dab, 457, 463

Smelt, 429

Sand, ...» 377

Smew, 250

Smolt, .. 422

Snake, Aberdeen, 29C

ringed, 296

Snake-fish, red, 374

Snig, 477

Snipe, brown, 207

common, 205

great, 205

Jack, 206

Jadreka, 203

Sabine's, 204

spotted, 196

Sole, common, 466

Lemon, 467

Lemon, 458

merry, 458

red-backed, 468

smooth, 465

Sparling, 430

Sparrow, House, 134

Mountain, 135

Tree, 135

Sparus, four-toothed, 357

Spoonbill, white, 193

Sprat, 435

Squirrel, common, 29

Stag, 37

Starling, common, 143

rose-coloured, 144

Stickleback, fifteen-spined, 35 1

four-spined, 350

half-armed, 349

lesser, 351

rough-tailed, 349

short-spined, 349

smooth-tailed, 349

ten-spined, 350

three-spined, 348

Stilt, black-winged, 201

Stint, little, 212

Temminck's, 211

Stoat, 13

Stone-basse, 334

Stone-chat, 121

Stone-grig, 523

Stork, black, 193

white, 192

Sturgeon, common, 493

Sucker, bimaculated, 470

ENGLISH INDEX

576

Sucker, Cornish, 469

Jura, 469

Lump, 471

Montagu's, 4?3

unctuous, 472

Suck-fish, small, 469

Sun-fish, Mount's Bay, 491

oblong, 491

short, 490

Surmullet, striped, 337

red, 338

Swallow, Chimney, 157

Swan, Bewick's 228

Canada, 227

Guinea, 226

mute, 228

whistling, 227

wild, 227

Swift, alpine, 159

common, 159

white-bellied, 159

Swift-foot, cr cam-coloured, ] 76

Sword-fish, common, 364

T.

Tadpole-fish, 453

trifurcated, 453

Teal, 235

bimaculated, 233

common, 235

Garganey, 234

Summer, 236

Tench, 405

Tern, arctic, 267

black, 268

brown, 267

Caspian, 264

common, 266

gull-billed, 269

lesser, 267

roseate, 265

Sandwich, 265

Tetrodon, Globe, 489

oblong, 491

short, 490

Thick-knee, common, 177

Thorn-back, 516

Thresher, 498

Throstle, 100

Thrush, Missel, 98

Redwing, 100

solitary, 143

Song, 100

Titlark, 117

Titmouse, bearded, 125

blue, 122

cole, 123

crested, 122

great, 121

long-tailed, 124

Marsh, 123

Toad, common, 301

mephitic, 302

Tope, common, 501

Top-knot, Bloch's, 462

Muller's, 463

Torgoch, 428

Torpedo, 509

Torsk, 452

Tortoise, coriaceous, 290

Tringa, buff-breasted, 214

Curlew, 209

minute, 212

purple, or Rock, 211

spotted, 199

Temminck's, 211

Trout, Bull, 422

common, 424

Gillaroo, 425

great Lake, 425

River, 424

Salmon, 424

Sea, 423

Trumpeter, gold-breasted, 185

Trumpet-fish, 400

snipe-nosed, 400

Tub-fish, :. 341

Tunny, common, 362

Tunny-fish, 362

Turbot, 461

Turbot, -461

Turkey, 164

Turnstone, common, 182

Turtle, Canada, 163

coriaceous,... .. 290

558

ENGLISH INDEX.

Turtle, imbricated, 290

spotted-necked, 163

Tusk, 452

Twaite, 438

Twite, 140

U.

Umbrina, bearded, 353

Urchin, common, 19

V.

Vaagmaer, 372

Vendace, 432

Viper, black, 298

blue-bellied, 298

common, 297

red, 298

W.

Wagtail, blue-headed, 116

gray, 115

pied, 114

white, 114

yellow, 115

Walrus, 16

arctic, 16

Warbler, Black-cap, 108

blue-throated, 104

Dartford, 112

Garden, 109

Grasshopper, 106

Hedge, 103

passerine, 108

Reed, 106

Sedge, 106

Wax-wing, Bohemian, 125

Weasel, 12

common, 12

Weever, common, 336

great, 335

lesser, 336

little, 336

Whale, leaked, 44

Bottle-nose, 41

Bottle-nose, with two teeth, ... 44

Ca'ing, 42

Whale, common, 46

Fin, 47

round-lipped, 47

sharp-lipped, 47

Spermaceti, 44

Wheatear, 119

Whiff, 464

Whiff, 463

Whimbrel, 195

Whin-chat, 120

Whistle-fish, 450

White, 424

White-bait, 436

White-bait, 451

Whitethroat, 109

lesser, 109

Whiting, 445

Whiting, 424

Whiting-pollack, 446

Whiting-pout, 443

Whitling, 423

Wife, old, 359, 398

old, 398

Sea, 395

Wigeon, 236

common, 236

Wolf, 14

Wolf-fish, 384

ravenous, 384

Wood-chat, 96

Woodcock, 204

Woodpecker, barred, 151

great black, 151

great spotted, 150

green, 149

hairy, 151

lesser spotted, 151

middle spotted, 150

pied, 150

three-toed, 151

Wrasse, ancient, 397

Ballan, 391

bimaculated, 396

blue-striped, 394

Comber, 393

common, 398

Cook, 396

gibbous, 399

ENGLISH INDEX

559

Wrasse, green-streaked, 392

Hog, 397

Rainbow, 397

red, 396

scale-rayed, 400

streaked, 392

striped,.. 394

trimaculated, 396

Wren, common, 153

fire-crested, 114

Wren, golden-crested, 113

Reed, 107

Willow, Ill

Wood, 110

yellow, 110, 111

Wryneck, 152

X.

Xeme, Saline's, 2?0

By the same Author,
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