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PRODROMUS

OF TUB

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

OR

FIGUEES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES

OF THE

VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS.

VOLUME II.
(DECADES XL TO XX.)

BY

FKEDEKICK McCOY, C.JI.G., M.A., Sc. D. Cantab, F.B.S.

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY

OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ;

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE NEW ZEALAND

INSTITUTE ; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER,

ETC., ETC., ETC.

AUTHOR OF "SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND;" "SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OP

IRELAND;" "CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PAL.BONTOLOGY ; " ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND McCOY'S

"BRITISH PALAEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS;" "PRODROMUS OF THE PALAEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," ETC.

PROFESSOR OP NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.
GOVERNMENT PALEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC.

MELBOURNE :

BY AUTHORITY : ROBT. S. BRAIN, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

LONDON :

TRUBNER AND CO. , 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL.

M DCCC XC.

MAR". . ROGiCK

C^

r

55

Jlatural Hist.org of Victoria.

PBODBOMUS

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES

VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS.

DECADE XI.

11 v

FREDERICK McCOY, F.R.S.,

HONORARY MEMREK OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY

OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW; CARRESPOVD1NG MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON;

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OK NEW SOUTH WALES; HONORARY FELLOW OB THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF EDINBURGH; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER,

ETC., ETC., ETC.

AUTHOR OF "SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND;" "SYNOPSIS of THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF

IRELAND;" "CONTRIBUTIONS To BRITISH PALEONTOLOGY ;" one OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND MCCOY 'fl

''BRITISH PALEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS;'' " I'RoDROM I s OF THE PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," ETC.

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.

GOVERNMENT PALEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRE! lOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC.

I

MELBOURNE:

i;v AUTHORITY : JOHN FERRE8, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

LONDON .
TRUENER AND CO., 57 AND 59 l.l ih. ATI HILL.

M DCCC I.XXXV.

I\^

ADVERTISEMENT.

It having been considered desirable to ascertain accurately the
natural productions of the Colony of Victoria, and to publish works
descriptive of them, on the plan of those issued by the Governments
of the different States of America, investigations were undertaken,
by order of the Victorian Government, to determine the Geology,
Botany, and Zoology of the Colony, to form collections illustrative of
each for the public use, and to make the necessary preparations for
such systematic publications on the subject as might be useful and
interesting to the general public, and contribute to the advancement
of science.

As the geological and botanical investigations have already
approached completion, and their publication is far advanced, it
has been decided now to commence the publication of the third
branch completing the subject, namely, that of the Zoology or
indigenous members of the different classes of the animal kingdom.

The Fauna not being so well known as the Flora, it was a necessary
preliminary to the publication to have a large number of drawings
made, as opportunity arose, from the living or fresh examples of
many species of reptiles, fish, and the lower animals, which lose their
natural appearance shortly after death, and the true characters of
many of which were consequently as yet unknown, as they had
only been described from preserved specimens. A Prodromus, or
preliminary issue, in the form of Decades, or numbers of ten plates,
each with its complete descriptive letterpress, will be published, of
such illustrations as are ready, without systematic order or waiting
for the completion of any one branch. The many good observers
in the country will thus have the means of accurately identifying
various natural objects, their observations on which, if recorded and
sent to the National Museum, where the originals of all the figures
and descriptions are preserved, will be duly acknowledged, and
will materially help in the preparation of the final systematic volume
to be published for each class when it approaches completion.

Uatural Sistorg 4 Wtttatm.

H<

PRODROMUS

OF THE

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

OR,

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES

VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS.

DECADE XI.

BY

FREDERICK McCOY, E.R.S.,

HONORARY MEMBER OF TUE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY

nF NATURALISTS UF MOSCOW; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON;

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF EDINBURGH; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER,

ETC., ETC., ETC.

AUTHOR OF "SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND;" "SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF

IRELAND;" "CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALEONTOLOGY;" ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND MlCOY'S

" BKITISH PALAEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS ; " "PRODROMUS OF THE PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," ETC.

PROFESSOR OF NATl UAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.

GOVERNMENT PALAEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC.

MELBOURNE :

UY AUTHORITY : JOHN FEEEES, GOVERNMENT PEINTES.
LONDON :

TRUBNEll AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL.

M DCCC LXXXV.

PREFACE.

This eleventh Decade gives illustrations in the first plate,
No. 101, of the only Victorian specimen known of the great
Luth, or Leathery Turtle, the largest of the living Chelonians,
and certainly identical with the Old World and American
examples.

The second plate, 102, gives the first recognisable figure of
one of the most extraordinary of Australian Lizards, the Rugged
Stump-tail, or Shingle-hack, Lizard; the short head-like tail, and
very large, thick, rugged scales of which suggest two of the
popular names given to it.

The next plate, 103, shows one of what I venture to call
our " Worm- Snakes," the Typhlops nigrescens, which burrows
in the light soils of the warm northern part of the colony,
and is often found in ants' nests.

The fourth plate, 101, is of great interest, not only as giving
the first accurate figure of the most famous of all Sharks, the
Basking Shark, the largest of all known fishes (upwards of thirty
feet long), but as representing the only recorded occurrence of
the species south of the Equator. The food has now for the first
time been identified with certainty as a very minute Pteropodous

PREFACE.

Mollusc Cuvieria minor (McCoy), less than the twelfth of an inch
in length; reminding one of the similarly minute food of many
Whales.

The next four plates continue the illustrations of Victorian
Polyzoa, the descriptions and type specimens of which have
been given by Mr. MacGillivray for this work and the National
Museum.

Plate 109 illustrates the largest species of the group of Insects
popularly called Grasshoppers, and often confounded with Locusts.
In this I observed for the first time the probable position of the
organ of hearing in Insects, in a similar position to that of
Macrourous Crustacea. This species is a close representative of
the Great Green Grasshopper of Europe, and has not been figured
before.

The last plate, 110, gives detailed illustrations of our common
Yellow-winged Locust as a type of the great group of Locusts,
often confounded with Grasshoppers, but the characteristic
structural differences of these two groups are shown in contrast
by the figures on this and the preceding plate.

The succeeding Decades will illustrate as many different genera
as possible, and will deal first usually with species of some special
interest, and of which good figures do not exist or are not easily
accessible.

Frederick McCoy.
30th July, 1885.

/of

nio:

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA
(Reptiles)

ABarthaloTruvt <UL et hih

Profit0 Coy direjct'

7te^zm, ktko Govt- Printing Office,

Zoology.] NATURAL IllSToUY OF VICTORIA. [faptUia.

Plate 101.

SPHARGIS CORIACEA (Linn. sp.).
The Luth, or Leathery Turtle.

[Genus SPHARGIS (Mbkbbm) = DERMATOCHELTS (Blain.) = CORIUDO (Flem.).
(Sub-kingd, Vertebrate. Class Reptilia. Order Chelonia. Sub-order Oiacopodcs. Fam.
Sphargidae.)

Gen. Char. — Body covered with a thick, coriaceous skin, concealing the bones of the cara-
pace and sternum ; seven longitudinal ridges on the hack, tubercular in young, smooth in old
individuals. Paddles large ; without nails or claws ; head with very strong jaws, the upper with
three large, triangular notches in front. ( )rl>its very large ; eyelids opening vertically, one in front,
and one behind ; nostrils very small, approximate, on upper surface of nose. Cosmopolitan.]

Description. — Form : Carapace sub-cordiform, acutely pointed behind, broad,
and with three inflected edj>-es in front, concavelv arched backwards, one over the
neck, and one over each fore paddle; greatest width over hind base of paddles two-
thirds of the length ; longitudinal profile slightly arched, most abruptly near the
front; transverse curvature nearly semicircular; longitudinal ridges angular, pro-
minent, with about 28 compressed tubercles, the space between the ridges deeply
concave ; surface smooth ; keels nearly equidistant, one along midline of back, the
outermost along lateral edges of carapace. Sternum flat, truncated in front, obtuse-
angled behind, without projections on surface. Head nearly as wide behind as long,
slightly convex above, moderately compressed and rounded in front; smooth, with-
out scales or plates, when adult; jaws very strong, upper one with three deep,
triangular notches defining two acutely angular, sharp lobes in front; lower jaw with
an upturned, angular point in front, fitting the median notch between the two lobes
of upper jaw. Anterior paddles very long, narrow, falcate; posterior paddles short,
broad, the two hinder fingers separately movable. Tail slightly compressed, the
point reaching a little beyond the end of carapace; whole skin smooth, except on
back of neck, which is tubercular from intersecting wrinkles. Color: Purplish-
black above, sternum and lower sides of paddles, and sides of neck and cheeks
marbled with pinkish- white, and reddish-white on front edge of anterior paddles.
Measurements: Length of carapace, 4 feet 5 inches; greatest width, 3 feet 2 inches;
depth, 1 foot ; length of head, 8 inches ; width, 1\ inches ; depth, 6^ inches ;
diameter of orbit, 2 inches; from anterior edge of orbit to nostril, 2 inches; length
of neck, 6 inches ; length of anterior paddle, 2 feet 3 inches ; greatest width, 9
inches; length of posterior paddle, 1 foot 1 inch; width, 8 inches; length of
sternum, 3 feet 2 inches ; width, 2 feet 4 inches ; tail, 4 inches.

Reference. — = Testudo coriacea (Linn.) Syst. Nat. 1, p. 350 = S. mercurii
(Rondel.) Pise. Mar. p. 450 = T. Lyra, Donnd. Zool. Beitrage, v. 3, p. 2 = Spharyis
mercurialis (Merrem) Amphib. p. 19*= S. tubcrculata (Gravenhorst) = Dermato-
chclys porcata (Wagi.) Syst. Amphib. p. 133, t. 1, figs. 1-25 = Dermockclys
Atlantica (Leseur).

The Sphargis differs from the other marine Clielonians, the
Chelonce, in the body not being covered with hard plates, but with
a very thick skin, smooth when adult, but covered with tubercular

Vol. II.— Decade XL— b. 1

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_RepliUa.

scales when very young, some flat and polygonal, and some convex
and circular. The head and paddles also lose the scales when
adult.

Of all living Chelonians the Luth is the largest, some recorded
being 9 feet long ; our specimen, from its size and the distinct
tuberculation of the dorsal ridges, is only half grown ; but there
are no traces of the line ridges on the sternum said to be found in
the very young.

The specimen above described is the only one I have known to
have occurred on the shores of the colony. It was captured in
1862 at Portland.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 101. — Fig. 1, side view of specimen, one-ninth natural size. Fig. la, front view.
Fig. lb, anterior paddle, to show coloring of under-side. Fig. lc, hind paddle, to show coloring
of under-side.

Frederick McCoy.

[2]

PI 102

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

[Reptiles)

f ifV>- T'UMR

DrYldi- dd,!t,Ut*,

Prof'tfCti) ire*?

Steam hj}wt Govt, Prurfuy Office

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Heptilia.

Plate 102.

TRACIIYDOSAURUS RUGOSUS (Gray).
The Rugged Stump-tail, or Shingle-back, Lizard.

[Genus TRACIIYDOSAURUS (Gray). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata. Class Reptilia. Order
Suuria. Sub-order Leptoglossae. Tribe Geissosaura. Earn. Scincidae.)

Gen. Char. — Form moderately elongate, thick, fusiform ; tail very short, broad, depi"essed.
Head large, trigonal, pointed in front ; neck very sliort, narrow (head shields, ears, palate,
tongue, body, and limbs as in Oyclodus) ; teeth blunt, conical ; scales of back very large, very
thick, bony, with a rugged, ridged surface.]

Description. — Form: Sliort, rounded, moderately depressed, sides rounded;
head very thick, trigonal, obtusely pointed in front, widening- to ear behind; neck
short, moderately constricted ; back sloped from midline on each side ; tail very short,
depressed, slightly rounded above, flat below, little narrower than the body, ending
in a small, conical tubercle ; anterior and posterior feet nearly equal ; toes very short,
and only slightly different in length, middle one longest, then 2nd, then 4th (a
little shorter than the 1st), then the 5th on anterior foot; three first toes gradually
longer, 4th shorter than 3rd, 5th shortest on hind foot. Scales : Nasal plates very
large, meeting over top of rostral;* inter-nasal hexagonal, very slightly wider than
long ; two fronto-nasals pentagonal, touching by their inner edges; frontal hexagonal
small, slightly longer than wide; five supraoculars; eyelids scaly; a curved row of
seven suboculars ; two fronto-parietals small, hexagonal, joining by inner edges;
inter-parietal hexagonal or heptagonal, little larger than frontal ;f two parietals
heptagonal, little larger than inter-parietal; behind parietals and occiput are four
rows of thick, rugged scales like those of neck ; two fronto -orbital plates on each side
and two frcenals ; ear moderately open, with simple margins ; scales of back very
large, thick, sub-rhomboidal, with numerous, coarse, irregular ridges converging
towards middle of posterior edge, those of middle of back largest, having two
rows, those of sides forming oblique bands, those of tail with one median large keel
ending in a point at the posterior edge; all the lower surface of chest, abdomen,
and tail covered with thin, smooth, wide, hexagonal plates. Color : Upper surface
dark rich Vandyke-brown, with transverse, irregular, paler yellowish-brown bands,
forming usually eight or nine transverse, irregular chevrons from neck to tip of
tail, one to two scales wide, above irregularly spotted at tip of scales with rich
blackish-brown; the intervening, dark spaces two or three scales wide; on under-
side the color is yellowish- white, irregularly blotched and mottled with dark brown.
The coloring varies considerably; one specimen in the collection being entirely dark
brown above, with only one light transverse band, five scales wide, behind the
shoulder, and nearly uniform brown below ; another is transversely banded on belly
and under-side of tail, much as on the back ; while in another the dark marks below
are chiefly longitudinal blotches. Tongue flat, wide, notched at the tip, blackish-
purple; inside of mouth pinkish-white.

* In some specimens the nasals do not touch, bnt the rostral and Inter-nasal touch.
t In some specimens smaller, and tin> Length ami width equal.

[ 3 ]

/'/./Oil

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA
I /i&p tiles)

Dr WilHdd.fJ.bi!:

Vr- Uy Arse1-

Steam hJjw Girt, J\oi&nj Office

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptilia.

Plate 108.

TYPHLOPS NI'GRESCENS (Gray sp.).
The Blackish Australian Worm-Snake.

[Genus TYPHLOPS (Schneider). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata. Class Reptilia. Order
Opbidia. Tribe Scolecopbidia. Fain. Typhlopsidse.)

Gen. Char. — Cylindrical, glossy; head not constricted from body; front margin obtusely
rounded from above downwards ; rostral plate very large, extending over top of head ; nasal
plates extending vertically from labials to above eye, divided by a sulcus extending from nostril ;
prcocular plate usually present, oculars larger than preocular, with the eye seen through them
when it exists ; upper labials usually 4 ; scales hexagonal, imbricated, alike on back, sides,
and abdomen ; preanal scales numerous, and like the ventrals. Teeth simple, 3 or 4 in upper
jaw only. Tongue long, flat, forked at tip. Mouth small, lunate, inferior.]

Description. — Body smooth, flossy, cylindrical, of nearly equal diameter
throughout, and covered with 22 rows of hexagonal scales, the posterior edge of
each nearly semicircular and much imbricated. Tail very short, of the 12 last
scales, obtusely rounded and bent downwards at the end, so that the terminal thorn
arises nearlv on a level with the ventral surface and inclines downwards. Head
narrower than the body, depressed, obtusely rounded in front both vertically and
transversely ; rostral plate large, margin broadly rounded on top of head behind,
slightly concave towards front, and narrowed to edge of lip below; nasal plate rising
from 1st labial, widening to edge of snout, and narrowing upwards to inter-nasal
plate behind rostral ; nostril below lateral margin, with a sulcus dividing the plate
into two below, where it touches the middle of the 1st labial ; the nasal sulcus extends
vertically upwards beyond the nostril rather further than below ; 2nd labial a little
larger than first, touching nasal and preocular plate; 3rd labial larger, and extending
up between bases of preocular and ocular plates ; ith labial largest, rounded, and
with a small notch on lower hind margin. The three anterior, median, vertex plates,
taken together, about two-thirds the length of the dorsal part of rostral plate ; the 1st,
or inter-nasal plate, largest, sub-hexagonal, the posterior margin nearly semicircular;
2nd, or frontal, smallest, hexagonal ; 3rd, or occipital, in size and shape nearly like
the 1st; they and the labial ones are larger, but nearly like the scales of the body.
Preocular narrower than the ocular, the eye distinctly seen through the upper part
of their junction, below the re-entering angle for the fronto-nasal plate. Color:
Twelve rows of scales on back and sides, each greyish-brown on posterior two-thirds,
whitish on anterior third, generally paler and browner towards the head ; lateral
portions of anterior head shields and all the scales of lower side of body yellowish
in some specimens, greyish-white in others ; the coloring of the scales of back is
seen through the transparent overlapping ones in front. Length of average speci-
men, 21 inches 6 lines; of tail, 4 lines ; diameter at base of tail, 5^ lines, in both
directions ; diameter in both directions about middle of body, 7 lines ; length of
head from front edge of snout to hind edge of third median (occipital) plate, 4^
lines ; width of head, 4 lines.

Reference. — Anilios id. Gray, C. Liz., B.M. p. 135=Typhlop3 id. Jan. Icon.,
Gen. des Ophid., p. 13; Liv. 9, t. 1, f. 1; ?= T. Ruppelli, Jan. Op. Cit., t. 1, f. 2.

The " Slow- Worms" or "Blind- Worms" of English writers, and
their numerous allies in various foreign countries, are very difficult
to classify, from their having several characters of Lizards combined

[ 7 ]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. l&eptilid.

with most of those of Snakes. The absence of external limbs,
although striking the popular eye, is not a distinctive character, for
in some undoubted Lizards these are wanting.

The " Worm-Snakes," as the curious group of Reptiles called
Scolecophidice by Dumeril and Bibron may be termed, are so
singularly like the " Slow- Worms " or "Blind- Worms" of English
writers in size, shape, general appearance, and habits, that it is not
easy for the popular observer to discriminate them. The absence
of limbs is a character of Snakes common to both ; but the true
" Slow- Worms " have the two halves of the lower jaw united by
bony union at the chin, as in the Lizards, and also agree with them
in having movable eyelids, and more or less distinct external drum
to the ear, as well as some rudiments under the skin of the limbs.
The present Worm- Snakes, on the other hand, have the halves of
the loAver jaw free and separable in front, as in the Ophidice, or
Snakes, and, like them, also, are destitute of eyelids and external
ear-drums, so that the balance of the structural evidence would go
to classify the Worm-Snakes with the Snakes, and the Slow- Worms
with the Lizards. Nevertheless, Dr. Gray, as well as Fitzinger
and Schlegel, class the creatures I propose to call "Worm-Snakes"
with the Lizards or Sauria, as well as the " Slow- Worms," or
Anguis, and other allied small snake-like Lacertilia, and at one
time Dr. Gray proposed to form an Order Saurophidia, to include
Typldops, Anguis, and a number of other snake-shaped reptiles
which are now, however, by general consent, kept in different
orders.

The " Worm-Snakes," by their small size, cylindrical body —
scarcely tapering at the very short tail, both ends being much
alike — glossy smooth surface, and habit of burrowing in the loose
soil, differ from all other Serpents and Snakes, and sufficiently
resemble Earth- Worms, to excuse the use of a popular name,
recalling the similar ones of Blind- Worm and Slow- Worm applied
to the species of Anguis, although they are neither blind nor slow.
The muzzle is broader, in proportion to the back of the head, than
in ordinary Snakes, and the bones of the anterior part of the head
and face are solidly joined together, so that the mouth is incapable
of the dilatation of Snakes in general, although, like them, and

[8]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptilia.

unlike Lizards, the halves of the lower jaw are not joined together
in front, and the mouth, by its inferior position, like that of a Shark,
below and behind the tip of the snout, differs equally from Lizards
and Snakes. The small number of teeth, and their being either in
the upper or under jaw, but not in both, is a special peculiarity of
the group of Worm- Snakes. Another peculiarity of this group is
the fact of the eyes being covered by one or two large plates of the
side of the head, and through the translucent substance of these
plates the eyes underneath may be dimly seen when they exist.
Some seem to be blind, as, indeed, their subterranean habits
and finding the Earth- Worms and larvae of insects for food, in the
dark earth, without the sense of sight, might lead one to expect.

By a sort of practical joke, not uncommon in nature, the posterior,
or tail end, in this species is made to look almost exactly like a
head, by a pair of round black spots, so nearly of the size, shape,
and color of the real eyes of the other end, and so similarly placed
over the ends of the transverse, lunate, mouth-like slit on the
ventral surface of that end, as to be readily taken for the eyes by
an unpractised observer, taking away even the crucial test by
which the boys in Leech's caricature terminated their dispute as to
which was the head of the Skye terrier, by one at last "seeing the
eyes " at the most unlikely end. The presence of these two eye-
like posterior spots is almost the only character set down by Prof.
Jan as distinguishing his T. Ruppelli from Gray's T. nigrescens ;
but as the only specimens in which I could not see these spots had
the skin so opaque, from being near the time of casting it (when
the real eyes are also obscured), I have no doubt of both belonging
to one species, as Prof. Peters has already suggested in the
Monatsbericht der Konigl. Preuss. Akad. cler Wissenschaften zu
Berlin, for June 1865, p. 262. There is, too, a singularly deceptive
appearance produced by the transparent scales of the back, showing
the semicircular dark margin, not only on the exposed, posterior
edge of each, but continued visibly through the transparent,
adjacent, overlapping scales, so that the apparent scales marked
by the coloring do not coincide with the real scales marked by the
free edges, as seen with a lens and as represented in our figure (l/*).

Although Dr. Gray was the first to describe this species (under

Vol. II.— Decade XL— c. 9

Zooloyy.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Ileptilia.

the generic name Anilios), there can he no douht that he is
unaccountably in error in stating that there are no upper labial
shields in the family Typhlopsidce, as the four are clearly present
in all our specimens, as described by Prof. Jan.

The "Blackish Worm-Snake" is not uncommon in the northern
warmer parts of the colony in localities having a loose, friable, or
sandy soil, in which it burrows to a considerable depth with extra-
ordinary ease and quickness. The specimen figured is from
Murchison, presented by Mr. H. J. E. Brisbane ; but two still
larger ones sent to me alive by Mr. J. P. Watt, from Taripta, I
have kept alive for some time in large glass jars half filled with
sandy soil at bottom, into which, when brought to the surface, they
burrow so rapidly that the whole body is out of sight in an instant
— the head being first raised, then arched and forced down with
such strength that the glossy smooth body is quickly buried to
the greatest depth. These specimens were dug out of an ant-hill
in which they dwelt in the midst of the abundant insect food suited
to them. It is almost impossible to hold them, they struggle with
such strength, and are so smooth and slippery. The tongue is
very long, narrow, flat, largely forked at the end, and of a dull red
color, being darted out frequently to a length of an inch or so, as
in ordinary Snakes. These Worm- Snakes are perfectly harmless,
although, like the SIoav- Worms and their allies in other countries,
they are popularly supposed to be very poisonous. They do not
attempt to bite when handled ; and as the mouth is so very small and
incapable of dilatation, and the few very small teeth are solid, and
there are no poison glands, there could be no harm to man if they did.

It has not been figured of the colors of life hefore.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 103. — Fig. 1, large specimen, natural size, partly embedded in sand at middle, ami
showing the position assumed by the anterior end and head when about to plunge into the sand
to bury itself. Fig. la, upper view of head, three times the natural size, to show form of
cephalic plates, with relative sizes of rostral, inter-nasal, frontal, and occipital plates in midline,
and the extension of the nasal sulcus on the nasal plates, also showing the covering over of the
eye by the preocular and ocular plates, and slightly by the outer angle of the fronto-nasal plate.
Fig. lb, side view of head, magnified three diameters, showing upper labial, uasal. preocular,
and ocular plates, and eye and nostril and nasal slit in due relation. Fig. lc, under view of head,
showing narrowed end of rostral plate touching the mouth, and the relation of the labial plates
to the others. Fig. Id, side view of tail, twice natural size, showing posterior thorn and eye-like
spot. Fig. le, ditto, from under-side, to show anal plates. Fig. 1/, scales of back, four times the
natural size, to show markings of color through the overlapping scales.

Frederick McCoy.
[10]

lof

PL. 104

■-■■ *& fl

ZOOLOCY OF VICTORIA
(fishes)

A -BardaLmtw deieL-hih,

Prof ifc Coy three''

Steam, hl/u> , Govt printing Office .

Zoology."] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Plate 104.

CETORHINUS MAXIMUS (Linn. sp.).
The Basking Shark.

[Genus CETORHINUS (Blainv.) = SELACHE (Got.). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata. Class
Pisces. Order Plaeoida. Sub-order Selachoidea. Fam. Lamniadse.)

Gen. Char. — Snout short, narrow, blunt ; spiracles small, above angle of mouth. Gill-slits
five, very large, nearly meeting under throat. Teeth very numerous, very small, conical,
moderately arched backwards, without denticulation or lateral cusps ; scales of slender, erect,
slightly curved points, rough to the touch in all directions. First dorsal opposite space between
pectoral and anal, without spine ; second dorsal small, slightly in advance of the equally small
anal ; caudal lunate, with pit at base above and below ; tail keeled on sides. No nictitating
eye-lid.]

Description. — Fusiform, head very small, abruptly narrowed to a short snout
with a slightly concave profile rising1 from a little behind the eye ; several mucous
pores at the sides; eyes near tip of snout; nostrils near edge of upper lip; spiracles
small, above and a little behind the angle of the jaw. Gill-slits enormously large,
reaching from high above middle of sides to nearly meeting under throat. Teeth
very small, simple, conical, slightly arched backwards, six rows of about 120 on
each side of lower jaw, and five rows of about 109 in each side of upper jaw;
those of under jaw a little wider than the upper ones. First dorsal large, over
the space between the pectoral and ventral fins, upper angle approaching- a right
angle, hinder angle narrow, prolonged, pointed ; 2nd dorsal small, upper angle
obtusely rounded, hind angle acutely prolonged ; anal fin resembling the 2nd
dorsal, nearly under, and slightly behind it; pectorals broad, pointed, a little behind
the last gill-opening; ventrals moderate; claspers of male small; caudal fin with
a deep, transverse pit at base above and below, lunate, upper lobe larger than lower ;
a strong keel on each side from middle of base of tail to a little behind base of anal
fin. Skin covered with very numerous, irregular, flexuous, rounded wrinkles, their
own diameter apart, and about 10 in one inch, nearly vertical on most of the body,
but longitudinal on head, and obliquely transverse on bands between gill-openings,
closely set with nearly erect, slender, conical, slightly-curved thorns, about four in
1 line (or eleven in £ inch), about ^ line long, and rendering the surface rough to
the touch in all directions, but least so towards the tail, in which direction they
chiefly incline ; the individual wrinkles are not more than 1 or 2 inches long.
Color: Nearly uniform blackish-brown or tar-color, lighter below; iris brown.

Measurements.

Length from tip of snout to tip of upper lobe of tail

„ „ ,, origin of first dorsal ...

„ across from one angle of mouth to the other

„ of upper jaw

„ of lower jaw
Nostrils on edge of upper lip, distance apart
Girth at middle of body...

Length from tip of snout to anterior cdgct>f orbit ...
„ „ „ „ „ of pectoral fin

„ of anterior edge of pectoral

[ 11 ]

feet.

inches,

30

6

9

8

2

9

2

2

1

11

1

0

20

0

0
6

9 A

0

5

9

Zoohujy.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Measurements— continued. Feet, inches.

Width of pectoral ... ... ... ... ... 2 3

Length from anterior base of pectoral to anterior base of

ventral ,.. ... ... ... ... 9 3

„ of anterior edge of ventral ... ... ... 4 9

„ of terminal edge of ventral ... ... ... 3 0

„ of base of ventral ... ... ... ... 1 8

„ of claspers of male ... ... ... ... 3 9

„ from posterior edge of base of ventral to anterior edge

of anal ... ... ... ... ... 4 8

„ of anterior edge of anal ... ... ... ... 0 9

„ of terminal edge of anal ... ... ... ... 1 2

„ of posterior edge of anal ... ... ... 0 7

Diameter of orbit ... ... ... ... ••• 0 3

Distance of eyes apart ... ... ... ... ... 1 3

Length from posterior edge of orbit to spiracle ... ... 1 6

„ „ angle of month to spiracle ... ... 1 2

Depth of snout at vertical of eye, upper jaw ... ... 0 9

„ „ „ „ lower jaw ... ... 0 8

Lengtli from tip of lower jaw to anterior edge of pectoral ... 5 6

., of longitudinal space occupied by the five gill-slits ... 2 0

„ of anterior edge of first dorsal ... ... ... 5 0

„ of hinder edge of first dorsal ... ... ... 1 5

„ of top edge of first dorsal ... ... ... 5 0

,, of base of first dorsal ... ... ... ... 3 4

„ from posterior edge of base of first dorsal to anterior

edge of second dorsal ... ... ... ... 7 3

,, of anterior edge of second dorsal ... ... ... 1 4

„ of upper edge of second dorsal ... ... ... 1 5

„ of posterior edge of second dorsal ... ... ... 1 3

„ of base of second dorsal ... ... ... ... 1 0

„ from posterior edge of second dorsal to tip of upper

lobe of caudal ... ... ... ... 9 6

„ from tip to tip of caudal fin ... ... ... 7 0

„ from tip of upper caudal lobe to pit at base ... 5 7

„ from tip of lower caudal lobe to pit at base ... 4 0

„ from middle of caudal fin to posterior end of keel ... 2 3

„ of teeth towards middle of mouth, where largest ... 0 0|
Number of teeth in a space of one inch, about five.

Reference. — =Squalus maximas, Gunner, Beschreibung des Brugden in
Sclirif'ten der Drontheimschen Gesellsch. Tlieil. 3, p. 28 (1765)= Id. Linn. Syst.
Nat., ed. 12, vol. I., p. 400 (1798) = Cetorhinus Gunneri, + C. Homianus, + C.
Shavianus, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Phil., 121 (1810) = Selache maxima, Goyeau,
Hamburg Magazin, vol. 24, p. 531, Cuv. Reg. An., vol. 2, p. 391 (1829).

As De Blainville's generic name, Cetorhinus, has a clear priority
over Goyeau and Cuvier's Selache, and as the approximation to the
characters of Whales is curiously greater in this than in any other
fish, I have followed Dr. Gray in adopting it for the present Shark.
The extraordinary circumstance of the individual I have here
figured and described having come so far south gives special
interest to this specimen, which was caught in November, 1883, at
Portland, on the western coa*st of Victoria. It, as often happens
in the northern hemisphere, to which, until this occurrence, it was

[ 12 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

supposed to be confined, was found entangled in the nets of the
fishermen, and having wrapped the nets round itself by rolling and
struggling, it became exhausted and was killed. In other countries
where fishermen have recorded their meetings with this monster,
the accounts agree in showing it to be a quiet, sluggish creature,
quite destitute of the ferocity of other Sharks, swimming along,
showing its back and dorsal fin above water, and with its mouth
open to catch its small, floating food, like a Whale, and when
basking quietly on the surface being so indifferent to the approach
of a boat that the man may feel it without any alarm or movement
of anger on the part of the Shark, unless harpooned, when it darts
to the bottom with great force and velocity, and unlike a Whale,
which must come up to breathe, it stays below, making it a
dangerous captive for any ordinary fishing vessel.

The excessively small size of the teeth, far smaller in proportion
than in any other Shark, and the very small size of the gullet, shows
a curious approach to the Whales, and departure from the usual
structure of Sharks. And I find another extremelv curious and
interesting point, not before noticed, viz., that its food, as with many
Whales, is often composed of myriads of the minute, floating, oceanic
Pteropodous Mollusca. Of the scores of Basking Sharks that have
been opened in the Northern Hemisphere not one contained any
remains of fishes or large objects, and the food was, until now,
unknown. Linnaeus mentions Medusae, Pennant suggests sea-weeds,
and Mr Low says he found a pulpy red mass, which he likened
to bruised crabs, or the roe of Echini. Neither crabs nor Echini
could be obtained by a creature like this, too large to approach the
shallow shores, and in all probability what Mr. Low saw was what
I have here noted, the red pulpy mass filling the intestines of our
example being altogether composed of body and shells of a species
of the genus Cuvieria or Triptera, rather less than a line long,
fusiform, pointed, and slightly arched at posterior end, mouth con-
tracted, oblique (which might be named Cuvieria minor), the mass
being tinted of a "boiled-shrimp" red from the remains of the soft
parts, colored like the much larger Triptera rosea of Quoy and
(iaimard. I owe the knowledge of this food to mv vigilant friend,

[ 13]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Mr. M. Dusting, of Portland, who sent me a sample be had taken
from the intestines when giving me notice of the capture of this
Shark, the species of which he correctly recognised.

The tongue is very small, with little movable part, the greater
portion of the mouth being occupied by the gill-openings.

This is the largest species of the whole class of Fishes (one
noted by Yarrell, at Brighton, being 36 feet long), and as, like many
Whales, and unlike other Sharks, it migrates in shoals of one to
two hundred individuals, each of which is worth from £30 to £50,
it is of great value where any peculiarity in the ocean (as at the
" Sunfish Bank," one hundred miles west of Clew Bay, on the west
coast of Ireland) induces it to come regularly within reach of the
fishermen. The liver only is taken, the rest of the body being left
at about a day's sail out of sight of land where they are found.
The liver weighs about two tons, and yields 10 or 12 barrels (eight
to the ton) of the finest oil, like spermaceti. The specimen figured,
after its liver was taken out, was brought by railway to Melbourne,
and attracted crowds in the streets as it came up Swanston-street
on two of the largest lorries fastened together, drawn by a long
train of horses to a stable-yard, where it was exhibited during the
race week ; the hot weather rendering it useless as a specimen for
the Museum afterwards. The teeth and portion of skin were pre-
served, and all the measurements and the drawings completed
before it defied approach.

This is the first good figure of this famous Shark which has
been published. The figures of Yarrell and Couch represent the
anal fin as too small and much too far back ; Home's figure of a
male, exactly the same size as ours, in the Philosophical Transactions
for 1809,* omits the anal fin altogether, but is otherwise the best
of those hitherto published ; the skin seems too smooth, the lower
jaw too long, and the concavity of the profile is not represented.
The concavity of the profile (as well as the size of the mucous pores

* "An anatomical account of the Squal its maximus (of Linnaeus), which, in the structure of its stomach, forms an
interesting link in the gradations of animals between the Whale Tribe and cartilaginous Fishes," by Everard Home, Esq.,
F.B.S., read May, 1809.

[ 14]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

on the snout) is exaggerated in Couch's figure. De Kay's figure
and one of Shaw's ridiculously exaggerate the wrinkling of the
tskin, and all show one or another variation of badness, mutually
correcting each other, but rendering the figure here given very
desirable.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 104. — Fig. 1, side view of male, one forty-second part of the natural size (an apparent
doubling of the spiracle is an accident in the lithography). Fig. la, front view of mouth open,
to show the rows of very small teeth, and front view of head, to show the position of nostrils
on edge of upper lip. Fig. \b, portion of skin, magnified two diameters. Fig. \c, one of the
thorns, magnified nine diameters. Fig. Id, portion of skin, natural size, to show the wrinkles
or ridges and the thorny spines inclined in every direction. Fig. le, six rows of teeth from
front portion of left side of lower jaw, natural size. Fig. If, same, viewed in profile, to show
curvature of surface to which the teeth are attached. Figs. \y and 1/;, two of same teeth,
magnified two diameters. Fig. It, two of the rows of teeth from portion of upper jaw, natural
size. Fig. Ik, one of same, magnified two diameters.

Frederick McCoy.

[15]

Pl.105

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

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Zoology.'] NATURAL BISTORT OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 105, Fia. 1.
CELLARIA RIGIDA (McG.).

[Genus CELLARIA (Lamx.) = SALICORNARIA (Cuviku). (Sub-Mngd. Mollusca.
Class Polyzoa: Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Fam. Salicornariidse.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium simple or branched, cylindrical, with the zoucoia arranged around an
imaginary axis.]

Description. — Polyzonry regularly dichotomously branched; branches cylin-
drical, slightly arcuate, usually enlarging- upwards; zocecia mostly rhomboidal,
pointed above and below ; mouth in the upper half, lofty, slightly contracted
towards the straight lower lip ; operculum with, on each side, a cervicorn mark,
and posteriorly a projecting, somewhat wedge-shaped process for the attachment
of the occlusor muscles. Avicularium very large, replacing a cell ; mandible of
great size, nearly semicircular. Ovarian cells rounded above, narrowed below ; the
pore semilunar at the extreme upper end of the cell, with the lower edge usually
projecting and smooth or obscurely crenulate.

References. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict. 1884; Salicomaria
simplex, Busk, Challenger Polyzoa, p. 88, pi. xxxiii., f. 8.

Port Phillip Heads, usually on Dictyopora.

This fine species forms tufts 1 to 3 inches high. The articula-
tions are frequently rigid from calcification. The internodes
are thick and usually slightly curved. The zocecia are nearly
regularly rhomboidal ; the ovarian ones broad and rounded above
and narrowed below. The mouth is situated in the upper half,
the lower lip corresponding to about the middle of the zooecium ;
deep in the interior are two sharp, stout, calcareous denticles from
each of the upper and lower margins, directed vertically upwards
and downwards. The operculum is very peculiar ; it has a large
cervicorn mark on each side, and the occlusor muscles are
attached to projecting, wedge-shaped processes. The avicularium
is of great size, replacing a cell ; the upper margin projects much
forwards, and the mandible is very large, nearly semicircular, and
directed upwards. The ovarian pores are mostly semilunar,
situated close to the upper margin of the zooecium, and about the
same width as the mouth ; the lower edge projects upwards as a
sort of lip, which is either smooth or very faintly crenulate.

In Decade V., pi. 49, I described a form of Cellaria as
C. Jistulosa, var. australis. Having subsequently, through the

Vol. II.— Decade XL— d. 17 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Polyzoa.

kindness of Mr. Hincks and Mr. Waters, received European
specimens of C. jistulosa, I was satisfied that they ought to rank
as distinct species, and therefore proposed (Trans. Roy. Soc.
Vict. 1884) to name it C. australis. In the Challenger Polyzoa
Mr. Busk has described the same species as Salicornaria clavata,
probably not having noticed that I had already changed the
varietal into a sjiecifie name.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 105. — Fig. 1, specimen, natural size. Fig. la, portion of same, magnified, showing
outline of zocecia and an avieularium. Fig. lb, group of zocecia and an avicularium. Fig. 1c,
single zooecium, showing the iutra-oral denticles. Fig. Id, three zocecia, two showing the
ovarian pores.

Plate 105, Fig. 2.
TUBUCELLARIA CEREOIDES (Ellis and Solander).

[Genus TUBUCELLARIA (D'Oebigny). (Sub-king. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order
Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Fam. Tubucellariida?.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium consisting of cylindrical internodes connected by corneous tubes ;
branches arising dichotomously or irregularly from the sides of the segment to which they are
attached. Zocecia prominent above, narrowed below, when young distinct, but when older
indistinct ; peristome produced into a short tube ; frequently a small, circular, median pore in
front ; surface punctate.]

Description. — Zoarium consisting of cylindrical brandies, each branch articu-
lated by a corneous tube to the side of that from which it springs. Zocecia
indistinct; mouth circular ; whole surface punctate.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict. 1884.

Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson.

Of this I have only seen two specimens, sent to me by
Mr. J. B. Wilson ; one three-quarters of an inch in length, the
other smaller. The zoarium consists of cylinders branched
exactly as in Cellaria australis, the branches arising from the
sides of those from which they spring by flexible corneous tubes.
The zocecia are, on the surface, quite confluent, and mostly
only distinguishable by their mouths. The whole surface is
beautifully punctate, the punctations being caused by the reticu-
lation of chains of small depressions or pores. There is usually
a minute circular opening about the middle of each zocecium.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 105. — Fig. 2, specimen, natural size. Fig. 2a, portion of same, magnified.

[ 18]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 10:"), Figs. 3 and 4.

URCEOLIPORA DENTATA (McG.)-

[Genus URCEOLIPORA (McG.). (Sub-king. MoUusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundi-
bulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Fam. Bifaxariidse.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium continuous, irregularly branched. Zocecia alternate, in two series,
facing opposite ways, and each springing from the upper and posterior part of that immediately
preceding; oral opening facing directly or obliquely upwards, entirely occupied by the
operculum ; a slight ridge on each side of the zocecium, probahly indicating a shallow anterior
compartment,.]

Description. — Zocecia arranged in a double series facing- opposite ways,
alternate, elongated, sub-cylindrical, lmt narrowed below and projecting in front ;
mouth terminal, oblique, lower margin straight, upper semicircular, with usually
five short, stiff spines. Ooecia large, smooth, imbedded in the front of the zocecium
above.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict,, Nov. 1884.

Port Phillip Heads, dredged by Mr. Wilson and myself.

Forms small tufts about an inch high. The zooecia bear a
marked resemblance to those of Calwellia bicornis, although there
is not the same peculiar mode of connection. On the lower lip
there is on each side a minute mark or pit, and immediately beloAV
a small median pore.

Explanation of Figures.
Platk 105. — Fig. 3, specimen, natural size. Fig. 3a, portion of the same, magnified.
Fig. 3b, two zocecia, more highly magnified. Fig. 4, small portion of another specimen,
mounted in balsam by 'Sir. Wilson, seen by transmitted light, showing two ocecia.

Plate 105, Figs. 5-7.

URCEOLIPORA NANA (McG.).

Description. — Zocecia elongated, urceolate, mouth terminal, opening nearly
vertically upwards, lower lip hollowed, with a projecting, sub-triangular process on
each side, sometimes bearing a small avicularium. Ooecia with the surface minutely
cribriform or marked with radiating beaded lines.

References. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict. 1880; ? CaUymmo-
p/iord lucida, Busk, Challenger Polyzoa, p. 84, pi. xxxii., fig. 8.

Port Phillip Heads.

This species forms small, dichotomously branched, rigid tufts,
about half an inch high, growing on Retepora and other Polyzoa.

C 19 ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

It differs from the last in its stouter habit, the mouth opening
more directly upwards, the single sub-triangular process on each
side, and the radiately marked or cribriform ocecia.

Explanation op Figures.

Plate 105. — Fig. 5, specimen, natural size. Fig. 5a, portion of same, magnified. Fig. 5b,
another portion, more highly magnified. Fig. 6, two cells and radiately marked oajcium (from
dried specimen), viewed in front. Fig. 7, portion of a specimen mounted in balsam, showing
cribriform ocecia and portions of loose epitheca.

These two species form a well-marked genus, for the second of
which I proposed in 1880 the name Urceolipora. Mr. Busk, in
the Challenger Polyzoa, having no doubt overlooked my previous
description and figure, describes a form which is probably identical
with U. nana as Callymmophora lucida, taking the name from the
loose veil-like disposition of the epitheca. I have not had an
opportunity of examining living or spirit-preserved specimens, but
I believe that this will probably be found a characteristic feature.
It is shown partly in figures 4 and 7, as well as in my original
figure, which are taken from specimens beautifully mounted in
balsam by Mr. J. B. Wilson ; and shreds of the membrane can also
be detected in some of my dried specimens.

I am indebted to Mr. MacGillivray for the descriptions and
specimens of the Polyzoa on this plate.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 20 ]

* (

I'l 106

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA
fPotyxocv

,;:"■■ -.\r,'r

Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 106, Fig. 1.

AMPHIBLESTRUM PUNCTIGERUM (ITincks).

[Genus AMPHIBLESTRUM (Gray). (Sub-king. Mollusca. Class Tolyzoa. Order
Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Fam. Membraniporidse.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium encrusting. Zooecia with the aperture occupying the whole front
or with part of the zooecium produced below; aperture partly filled in by an additional
membranous or usually calcareous lamina.]

Description. — Zooecia variously shaped, separated by raised smooth margins;
aperture occupying' the whole front, except a very narrow space below and at the
sides which is rilled in by a thin, calcareous, smooth or faintly granular membrane.
Oeccia large, faintly granular, with a mitriform or quadrate portion in front
separated try a narrow raised lino.

Reference. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July 1881.

Port Phillip Heads, on algae.

This seems to be a rare species, as I have only seen two or
three not very good specimens. The zooecia are of a large size
and very variable in shape. The raised margins are narrow and
smooth. There is a very narrow calcareous membrane, sometimes
scarcely distinguishable, on the lower part and extending up the
sides. The mitriform or quadrate space on the front of the
ocecium seems to be caused by a deficiency of the outer layer at
this part.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 106. — Fig. 1, small portion of a specimen, showing the various shapes of the zooecia,
the irregularity in extent of the calcareous thickening of the membrane, and three ooecia.

I have followed Busk (in the Challenger Polyzoa) in considering
those Membraniporrc with the membranous aperture partly filled
by a thicker chitinous or calcareous lamina as a distinct genus,
and have adopted his name derived from Gray. Gray, however,
originally proposed the name for M. membranacea, which in my
opinion ought to be taken as the type of the true Membraniporas,
the name having been first applied to it by Blainville. Gray,
moreover, makes no reference to an additional thickening of the
membranous front, which in met does not exist in M. membranacea.
Those species previously described in this work as Membraniporae
and which are referable to the present genus are M. umbonata,

cervicornis, and Rosselii.

[21 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Pohjzoa.

Plate IOC, Fig. 2.

AMPHIBLESTRUM FLEMINGII (Busk).

Description. — Zocecia large, variously shaped, surface granular ; inner aperture
large, obscurely trifoliate; a spine on each side. A sessile avicularium at the base
of a zocecium, with the mandible directed upwards or laterally. Ocecia large,
prominent.

References. — Busk, Cat. Mar. Pol. Brit. Mus , pt. ii., p. 58, pi. lxxxiv., fig's.
3-0 ; Ilincks, Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, p. 162, pi. xxi., figs. 1-3.

Fort Phillip Heads, dredged by Mr. J. B. Wilson and myself.

I have only seen two small fragments of this species, hut I
have no doubt that it is identical with M. Flemingii, although
differing in size and appearance of the ooecia from those of the only
European specimen I have. In the Victorian specimens the
zocecium is generally produced below the margin, and it is in this
part that the avicularium is situated. The mandible is usually
pointed directly upwards, but it is occasionally transverse to
the zocecium. In the European form there are generally two
avicularia at the base of a zooecium. In my specimens most of
the zocecia are destitute of spines, and when present there is only
one on each side. The ooecia are very large, some with a space
marked off in front, but most without any differentiation.

Explanation of Figure.
Flatio 100. — Fig. 2, portion of specimen, magnified, showing' ovicells ami avicularia.

Plate 100, Fig. 3.

AMPHIBLESTRUM PERMUNITUM (Hincks).

Description. — Zoarium very cnlcareous. Zooccia variously shaped, wider in
the middle, separated hy raised, crenulated margins ; secondary aperture occupying-
nearly half of the front of the zooccia, somewhat fpindrate, hut wider below; front of
zocecium helow the secondary aperture porcellanous, finely tuhercular and crenulated
at the edge. Avicularia on special tracts at the hase of smaller zocecia; mandihle
falcate, with an expanded hase, directed obliquely upwards. Ocecia small, prominent,
finely granular, with a crescentic smooth hand about the junction of the upper with
the middle third.

Reference.— Mcmbranipora permunita, Hincks, Ann. and Mns\ Nat. Hist.,
Feb. 1881. P P > >

Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone.

[ 22]

Zoohyy.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

I had previously (Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict. 1868) described this
as M. falcata, but as my description was taken from a single
imperfect specimen, it was scarcely exact enough. I have there-
fore adopted the name subsequently given to it by Mr. Ilincks,
who described it from better specimens. The whole zoarium is
very calcareous, the calcareous lamina of the membranous aperture
being thick and granular. The avicularia are very peculiar.
They are situated on special tracts at the base of small, imperfectly
developed zocecia intercalated among the others. The inaudible is
falciform, the concave edge thick, the other formed by a thin
membrane ; it expands at each side at the base, like the cross-piece
of the handle of a sword. The ocecia are prominent, globose, and
divided by a concentric smooth band, the part below which is
finely granular, the part above being smooth, or with coarser
granulations.

Explanation of Figure.
Plate 106. — Fig. 3, small portion of a. specimen, magnified, .showing an avicularium and
two occeia.

Plate 106, Fig. 4.

PYRIPOEA CRASSA (McG.).

[Genus PYRIPORA (D'Orbigny). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order
Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Fam. Membraniporidaj.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium adherent. Zooeeia distinct, thick, calcareous, convex, not separated
by raised lines, narrowed below, in branched single series or forming continuous expansions ; a
large oblique aperture in front, filled by a thin membrane.]

Description. — Zooeeia. large, much attenuated downwards, surface not anuu-
lated ; aperture large, its margin thickened, with a thick, lip-like projection from
the lower border.

Reference. — Hippolhoa crassa, P. II. MacGillivray, Trans. Hoy. Soc. Vict.
1808.

Queenscliff.

Differs from P. catenularia in the thick projection from the
lower margin of the aperture, and from P. polita in the absence of
the thick lateral masses.

Explanation of Figure.
Plate 106. — Fig. 4, portion of a specimen, magnified.

[ 23]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [l'ol,,zoa.

Pyripora forme a very natural genus, and was first proposed by
D'Orbigny, but its species have generally been included in Hippo-
thoa, with which it has no real connection, or in Membranipora.
The chief distinction from the other Membraniporidse consists in
the zocecia being very calcareous, thick, convex, much narrowed
below, and not separated by raised margins. The habit also is to
run in irregular, branching series.

Plate 10G-, Fig. 5.
PYRIPORA CATENULARIA (Jameson).

Description. — Zocecia elongated, wide above, much narrowed below, arranged
in linear or branching- series, or occasionally aggregated ; surface smooth or
annotated; aperture oval or elliptical, occupying greater part of the expanded
portion ; margin flattened or bevelled, especially below.

References. — Hippothoa calenularia, Busk, Cat. Mar. Pol. Brit. Mus., pt. i.,
p. 09, pi. xviii., figs. 1,2; Membranipora catenularia, Hincks, Brit. Mar. Pol.,
p. 134, pi. xvii., figs. 1, 2.

Port Phillip Heads ; Brighton.

I can detect no difference between this and the common
European form. In my specimens the bevelled margin of the
aperture is frequently granular.

Explanation of Figuke.
Plate 106. — Fig. 5, portion of a specimen in branching series, magnified.

Plate 10G, Fig. 6.

PYRIPORA POLITA (Hincks).

Description. — Zocecia very porcellanous, usually close together, narrowed
downwards; aperture occupying about a third or more of the front; below the
aperture a rounded or oval protuberance and on each side an oval or elliptical mass;
sometimes these convexities are not distinctly marked, and there is occasionally a
thickened collar all round the aperture, and there are sometimes several transverse
markings across the front of the zooecium.

Reference. — Membranipora polita, Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov.
1880.

Queenscliff, on Cymodocea antarctica.

[24]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Po/,,zoa.

Very conspicuous from the highly porcellaneous character of
the zocecia with their polished convexities. At the growing
extremity of one specimen the zocecia spread irregularly in the
manner of P. catenularia. I have little doubt that this is the
species described by Lamouroux as Cellipora alata.

Explanation of Figure.
Plate 106. — Fig. 6, small portion of specimen, magnified.

Plate 106, Fig. 7.

ELECTRA FLAGELLUM (McG.).

[Genus ELECTRA (Lamx.). (Sub-king. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata.
Sub-order Cheilostomata. Earn. Membraniporidae.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium encrusting or filiform and erect. Zocecia elongated, narrowed
below, closely adherent together ; lower part convex without distinct raised margins, perforated
by numerous small foramina ; aperture occupying the whole width of the zocecium above, deep,
with thick raised margins ; one or more very large whip-like spines (occasionally replaced by
an avicularium) below the margin of the aperture and a variable number of small sharp spines
on its circumference.]

Description. — Zocecia arranged in regular transverse series, elongate-quadrate;
aperture occupying the whole width of the zocecium above, its edge very prominent
and thus causing the corresponding parts of the zocecia to be separated by much-
raised margins ; lower part of zocecium convex, surface closely pitted and extending
a little further up one side than the other; a stout conical spine superiorly on each
side ; an enormous whip-like spine below the aperture to one side, and one or
occasionally two small spines on the margin on the other side.

Reference. — Membranipora flagellum, P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc.
Vict., Dec. 1881.

QueensclifF, on stems of Cymodocea antarctica.

The only species with which this can be confounded is E. pilosa,
from which it differs in the arrangement of the zoaicia in regular
transverse series, in the lower part being produced more up one
side of the aperture, and in the long spine being to one side. The
oral opening is situated very deeply. The upper margin of the
zocecium forms a deep arched vault against the base of that above,
and is surrounded by a continuation of the thickened rim of the
aperture. All my specimens present the same arrangement, which
is also slightly seen in some specimens of E. pilosa. It is possibly
ocecial, and may consequently not be constant.

Vol. II.— Decade XI.— e. " 25 \

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Pofyzoa.

The present species, Membranipora pilosa and E. verticillata,
constitute a well-marked generic group. In all three the zocecium
is of the same structure, the lower part, separated from its
neighbours by a groove, is convex, covered with oval puncta or
depressions. The aperture occupies the whole width of the upper
part of the zocecium, its margins thickened and those of contiguous
zocecia closely united. One large spine seems to be nearly
constant (sometimes replaced by an avicularium) below the
aperture, and there are other smaller spines on different parts of
the margin. In E. verticillata the cells are trumpet-shaped, and
the aperture consequently very oblique.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 106. — Figs. 7, 7a, portion magnified, the lower half the amplification of the upper.

Plate 106, Fig. 8.

BATHYPORA PORCELLANA (McG.).

[Genus BATHYPORA (McG.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundi-
bulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Fam. Memhraniporidae.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium encrusting. Zocecia in longitudinal series, quadrate, separated by
raised lines ; lower part calcareous, convex, much projecting, smooth and imperforate ; aperture
occupying the whole width of the upper part, deep, membranous, with a narrow smooth lamina
below.]

Description. — The zocecia are quadrate, separated by narrow raised margins;
the upper half is occupied by a membranous area, the membrane being- situated at a
considerable depth, with the flap-shaped mouth at the upper end; the lower half is
prominent, smooth, white, calcareous, rising- higher than the separating- margin.
The upper end of the zocecium is in the form of a broad shallow arch hollowed
out in the base of the prominent portion of that above.

Reference. — Membranipora porccllana, P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc.
Vict., Nov. 1884.

Portland, Mr. Maplestone.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 106. — Fig. 8, portion of specimen, magnified. Fig. 8a, small group of zooecia, more
highly magnified.

[ 26 ]

Zoology.-} NATURAL BISTORT OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate IOC, Fig. 9.

BIFLUSTRA PAPULIFERA (McG-.).

[Genus BIFLUSTRA (D'Obbigny). (Sub-king. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order
Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Fam. Membraniporidse.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium encrusting or erect, foliaceons or cellular, uni- or bi-laminar ; zooecia
depressed, elongated, separated by much raised, highly calcified, usually crenulated margins ;
aperture partially filled in below and occasionally on the sides bj a calcareous usually
granulated lamina, which generally slopes downwards from the margin]

Description. — Zoarium encrusting-. Zooecia arranged in more or less regular,
contiguous lines, narrowed below, oval ; aperture very slightly rilled in below ;
margin thickened, strongly crenulated, the lower part raised into a rounded
prominence.

Reference. — Membranipora papulifera, P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc.
Vict., Dec. 1881.

Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson.

Explanation of Figure.
Plate 106. — Fig. 9, group of zotecia, magnified.

Platk 100, Fig. 10.

BIFLUSTRA BIMAMILLATA (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium encrusting. Zooecia elongated; aperture elliptical, the
edge formed by a tbickened, crenulated rim; the lower part of the aperture occupied
by a large plate or denticle sloping backwards and usually with a fissure or notch
on one side; front of the zocecium formed by a calcareous granulated lamina
sloping inwards to the aperture ; at the lower part of the zocecium are two rounded
prominences or mamillag, or occasionally only a single transversely elongated mass.

Reference. — Membranipora bimamillala, P. II. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc.
Vict., Nov. 1884.

The broad smooth plate at the lower part of the aperture is
evidently of the same nature as the serrated denticle of
B. delicatula.

Explanation of Figure.
Plate 106. — Fig. 10, portion of specimen, magnified.

The descriptions and type specimens illustrated by this plate
are from Mr. MacGillivray.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 27 ]

*

i^to

PI 101

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA
(Potyzoa)

Prof Xc Coy Jva>

Steam- hiko, tjoyt/,PnrUuna Office

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Pohfzao.

Plate 107, Fio. 1.
CATENICELLOPSLS PUSILLA (J. B. Wilson).

[Genus CATENICELLOPSIS (J. B. Wilson). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa.
Ortler Infundibulata. Sub-order Oheilostomata. Fam. Catenicollidaj).

Gen. Char. — Polyzoary phytoid. erect, consisting of (usually) dicbotomously divided,
uniserial branches ; cells all facing the same way, arising by sbort, corneous tubes from the
upper and back part, or from the sides of other cells ; cells at a bifurcation geminate, or a
simple cell giving rise to the first of a series from its side ; a small avicularium on either side
superiorly.]

Description. — Cells ovoid; mouth lofty, arched ahove, straight below; a pair
of long-, blunt, hollow processes above the mouth, and another pair, shorter and
thicker, opposite its lower part, with usually a minute avicularium at their bases
externally; front with a rounded foramen below the mouth; surface smooth or
minutely papillose ; back smooth ; ovicell immersed at the base of the upper of a
group of three coalescent cells.

Reference. — J. Bracebridge Wilson, Tr. Mic. Soc. Vict. 1880.

Spring Creek, near Geelong, Mr. J. B. Wilson.

This species forms small glassy tufts, growing on other polyzoa
and algffi. The cells are ovoid, slightly curved forwards. The
mouth is lofty and slopes backwards. Ahove and behind the
mouth is, on each side, a long, blunt, digitiform process, and more
anteriorly, opposite its lower half, is a shorter, thicker, and usually
curved, similar process, which frequently has a small avicularium
on its outer aspect. On the front of the cell is a round or oval
opening raised on a slight elevation. The cells usually extend in
linear series from the upper and back part of those preceding ; but
they frequently originate by short, corneous tubes from their sides.
The branches arise from the cells of a geminate pair, from the sides
of single cells in a series, dichotomously from a single terminal
cell, or in three series from a geminate pair. The ovicell is
immersed in the base of the upper of a tricellate group, which is
either terminal or at a bifurcation. It is covered with tubercles or
raised pores.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 107. — Fig. 1, specimen, natural size. Fig. la, small portion, magnified, showing
tricellate group and ovicell. Fig. lb, posterior view of the same. Fig. \c, small portion, show-
ing the origin of cells and branches from the sides of other cells.

[29 ]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 107, Pio. 2.

CATENICELLOPSIS DELICATULA (J. B. Wilson).

Description. — Cells elongated; mouth arched above, hollowed, slightly bulg-
ing below; on each side abroad aviculnrian process, directed outwards and forwards,
extending from the summit of the cell to opposite the lower lip, and with a deep
excavation lodging an avicularium ; surface smooth ; a short narrow, sub-lateral
vitta on each side; posterior surface finely sulcate; ovicell globular, sub-immersed
in the base of the upper of two coalescent cells.

Reference. — J. Bracebridge Wilson, Tr. Mic. Soc. Vict. 1880.

Spring Creek, Mr. J. B. Wilson. Port Phillip Heads.

This, like the last, occurs in small, glassy, parasitic tufts. The
cells are elongated, and have on each side a small sub-lateral vitta.
There is also on each side a broad, lateral process, directed consider-
ably forwards, the outer part of which has a deep cup containing
an avicularium. The ovicell is cemented to the base of the upper
of two coalescent cells, the lower of which has, in the place of the
usual avicularian process, a stout, blunt, digitiform prolongation.

Explanation or Figures.

Plate 107. — Fig. 2, specimen, natural size. Fig. 2a, small portion, magnified, showing
ovicell and origin of three branches from a geminate pair.

I am doubtful whether Catenicellopsis ought to be separated
from Catenicella. The character on which the genus has been
founded is the frequent origin of the cells and branches from
the sides of the cells, and not always from the summits of the
cells of geminate pairs, as seems invariably to occur in the true
Catenicellce.

[ 30 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. • [Potgzoa.

Plate 107, Fig. 3.

CALPIDIUM PONDEROSUM (Goldstein sp.).

[Genus CALPIDIUM (Busk). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibu-
lata. Sub-order Cbeilostotuata. Faui. Cateuicellida?.)

Gen. Char. — Polyzoary phytoid, erect, brancbed ; brandies consisting of series of cells all
facing tbe same way, connected by corneous tubes ; eacb internode consisting of a single cell,
or of a median primary cell and a lateral, on one or botb sides, united side to side ; moutb
contracted about the lower third, its upper margin very prominent and projecting ; an avicu-
larium on each upper, angle of an internode.]

Description. — Polyzoary consisting of long, strangling- branches; eacb inter-
node containing a single cell, or two laterally coalescent; cells elongated, narrow,
witb five fenestra? on tbe front of eacb; an avicnlarium at eacb upper angle of tbe
internodes; posterior surface witb a vertical baud, and two lateral pairs springing
from it ; ovicell large, galeate, terminal.

Reference. — Catcnicclla ponderosa, Goldstein, Tr. Mic. Soc. Vict. 1880.

Port Phillip Heads.

Forms tufts of considerable size. The branches are much more
slender and straggling than in the next. Each internode usually
consists of only a single cell, but very frequently there is also a
coalescent one on the side. It is to be expected that a second
lateral cell sometimes occurs, hut I have not observed it in any of
the specimens examined. The cells are long, and narrower than in
C. ornatum. On the hack, in the single-celled internodes, there is
a vertical, thickened band, with a pair of similar hands extending
from its lower part obliquely upwards and outwards to the edge,
and another short pair going horizontally outwards from the
upper part. The arrangement of the bands in the double-celled
internodes varies. The ovicell is large, galeate, on the summit of
a terminal cell. The cell on which it is situated is narrower and
smaller than the others, and has the fenestra more elongated.
The posterior surface has some slightly elevated bands. The

[ 3i i

Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

external envelope is very calcareous and brittle, easily separating
in fragments or as a shell from the internal parts, and then giving
the appearance described and figured by Goldstein.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 107 — Fig. 3, branch, natural size. Fig. 3a, portion, magnified, showing single- and
double-celled iuternodes. Fig. 36, back view of a portion of the same. Fig. 3c, small portion,
more highly magnified, to show the form of the mouth.

The type specimens and descriptions of the species on this
plate have been contributed by my friend Mr. MacGillivray.

Frederick McCoy.

[32]

vx^vn

dJLj:

HI 108

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

(I 'olyzoa/J

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Steam. hZho. GovV, PriniiJUj Office--

Zoology.) NATURAL IIISToKY OF VTCTOlirA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 108, Fig. 1.
CALPIDIUM ORNATUM (Busk).

Description. — Polyzoary consisting- of broad, closely set branches; internodes
of three, or occasionally of two, laterally coalescent cells; cells very large, with five
large fenestra on each ; posterior surface with a central, thickened band, correspond-
ing to the middle of the median cell, and two pairs of transverse bands going at
right angles from this, the upper again dividing.

Reference.— Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat. Mar. Pol, p. 15, PI. XII. and XIII.

Port Phillip Heads, seemingly very rare.

The only specimen I have, which I dredged in about 1 5 fathoms,
forms a thick tuft, about 3 inches high. The branches are broad,
closely set, fiat, almost penniform in arrangement. The internodes,
which are broad and urn-shaped, usually consist of three coalescent
cells, but occasionally one lateral is wanting. At each upper
angle, whether the internode consists of two or three cells, is a
large avicularium. Almost the whole front of each cell is occupied
by 5 fenestras, separated by raised bands. The posterior surface is
marked by a vertical, thickened band, corresponding to the central
line of the median or primary cell ; from this two pairs of bands
are given off at right angles, the upper of which again gives oft'
another branch, which ascends vertically and then turns horizontally
outAvards.

The ovicell, for specimens of which I am indebted to Mr. J. B.
Wilson, very much resembles that of Catenicella plagiosfo?iia.
It is terminal, of great size, equalling in width the preceding
tricellular internode, with the summit of the middle cell of which
it is connected by a short tube. It is obscurely triangular in
outline, with the apex produced into a simple, sharp, or bifid
process. On the front is a prominent vertical ridge. The
opening is very wide, looking downwards and slightly forwards;
the margin is thickened, especially anteriorly, where it forms a
broad collar. A specimen, which is unfortunately somewhat
damaged, mounted in balsam, shows a shallow operculum with its

Vol. II.— Decade XL—/. ~ 33 ~

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

base supported by two calcareous processes rising vertically from
the thickened posterior margin of the mouth.

It is at once distinguished from the last by its much larger size,
more massive appearance, the usually tricellate internodes, and the
different sculpture on the back.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 108. — Fig. 1, portion of branch, natural size. Fig. lor, front view of two internodes,
magnified. Fig. \b, portion of branch in outline, to show internodes of two and of three cells.
Fig. \c, back of single internode.

The genus Calpidium was founded by Busk to contain
C. ornatum, the character being that "it is distinguishable by
the anomalous circumstance that each cell is furnished with two
or more, usually with three distinct keyhole-shaped mouths, and is
doubtless inhabited by three distinct individuals." The genus is a
very marked and natural one, but the real distinction is not in the
number but in the structure of the mouths. The mouth is lofty,
contracted about the junction of the middle with the lower third ;
above this the margin is very prominent, and projects as a hood or
collar, slightly hollowed in the centre above, from which point (in
the median or primary cells) a narrow ridge runs upwards. Each
internode consists of a primary cell, either single, or with an
additional cell added on one or both sides. The cells of a series,
except at a bifurcation, always arise from the summit of a primary
cell. At a bifurcation in C. ornatum one branch springs from the
primary cell, the other from one of the laterals, Avhich has also a
vertical ridge above the aperture ; while in C. ponderosum both
cells at a bifurcation have a similar ridge. In continuous series,
where the internodes are double-celled, the secondary cell seems
to be always developed on the same side. At each upper angle of
the internode, whether consisting of 1, 2, or o cells, there is a
considerable avicularium .

Catenicella aurita and C. geminata have the mouth of a similar
shape, but destitute of the raised margin, They ought, I think,
to be separated as a distinct genus.

[ 34]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 108, Fro. 2.

CHLIDONIA D.EDALA (Wtv. Thomson).

[Genus CHLIDONIA (Savignt). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order
[nfundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Fam. Chlidoniidae.)

Gen. Char. — Polyzoary plrytokl, erect, rising from a creeping stolon ; cells in single series,
rising from the joints of an articulated, non-celliferous stem, all opening the same way.]

Description. — The stem of each colony rises by a corneous tube from a disk
on the dilatation of a creeping-, anastomising stolon. It consists of a series of long,
calcareous cylinders connected by corneous tubes. The upper internode divides
into two, each division originating a branch extending in a curved direction out-
wards, upwards, and forwards. These are divided into calcareous internodes con-
nected by corneous tubes, as in the primary stem. A certain number (2-7 or 8) of
the internodes give origin superiorly to the first cells of an erect series. The lateral
branch ends in a simple or divided tendril-like filament, jointed in the same manner.
The cells are arranged in erect, linear series, each connected to the upper part of
the preceding b}r a short, corneous tube. The number varies from 1 to 5 or G in
each series, being greatest in those nearest the bifurcation of the central stem.
The ultimate cell of each series usually gives rise at its summit to a tendril-like
prolongation of similar structure to the extremities of the lateral branches. The
cells are wide above, narrowed below, laterally compressed, and very much bulging
posteriorly. The anterior surface is flattened, the greater part occupied by a thinner,
depressed area separated by distinct margins. The large mouth, situated at the
upper part, is rounded above and straight below. Below the mouth there is usually
a small, round foramen. Some of the cells are much larger, but not otherwise
different, and are probably ovicelligerous.

It is a very minute species growing on other polyzoa, chiefly
Bicellaria. When extended, the whole has a very beautiful
appearance, resembling a two-branched candelabrum.

It was made the type of a new genus by Wyville Thomson
(Dubl. Nat. Hist. Rev. 1858), and described as Cothumicella
dcedala. It is, however, exceedingly closely allied to the Mediter-
ranean Eucratea cordieri, and will probably prove to be a luxuriant
form of that species. As, however, the only specimen I have of
the latter is not in a very good state of preservation, I am unable
to decide positively. Waters's description (Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., Feb. 1879), the only one with which I am acquainted, would
precisely apply to our species.

D'Orbigny (Paleontologie Francaise, and V. Bryozoaires, p. 40)
first defines Chlidonia, referring to the name as given bv Savigny

[35 ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \Pdyzoa.

on one of his plates, and to Audouin's explanation of the plate as
Eucratea cordieri. As priority seems to be with Savigny's name,
and Eucratea has by different authors been made to include other
species generically distinct (Scruparia cJielata, Alysidium Lafontii,
Crisidia cornuta), it is, I think, better to follow D'Orbigny.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 108. — Fig. '2, specimen, natural size. Fig. 2a, specimen, magnified. Fig. 2Z», lateral
half of another specimen, more highly magnified.

The specimens and descriptions of these two curious forms are
from Mr. MacGillivray.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 30 ]

t V

PI. J 03

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

(Insects)

DTWiU M ti- hA

AerMcCcylva'

Steam* htJio, &Dyi Prmtuw Of flu

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [/meets.

Plate 109, Figs. 1-3.

LOCUSTA VIGENTISSIMA (Sebv.).

The Great Green Gum-teee Grasshopper.

[Genus LOCUSTA (Fade.). (Sub-kingd. Articulata. Class Insecta. Order Orthop-
tera. Section Saltatoria. Fam. Gryllidae).

Gen. Char. — Head vertical, front flattened, sides rounded, smooth, unridged, upper front
margin projecting between bases of antennae in a short, conical tubercle. Antennae setaceous,
longer than the body, closely approximated at base ; 1st joint* as large as the frontal tubercle ;
2nd joint short. Eyes globular; ocelli none. Labrurn sinal, rounded at tip ; mandible Btrong ;
maxillary palpi much longer than the labial ; terminal joint scarcely, or but little, larger than
the preceding, moderately widened at tip, and obliquely truncated. Legs long, slender; thighs
very slender, Blightly spinous below; anterior haunches with a curved spine on outer side;
anterior pair of tibia? in both sexes with a swelling on the outer side of the basal joint, con-
taining a hollow which is in great part covered over with a semioval lobe ; the 4 anterior tibia?
strongly spinous ; posterior tibia) with fine, close, numerous, minute spines on the two upper
keels, in addition to those below ; tarsi 4-jointed, the 3rd with 2 very large lobes, basal and
2nd joint witli smaller lobes. Prothorax with a flat disc, obscurely keeled at the deflexed sides,
a little narrowed in front; presternum with 2 long, straight, close spines; meso- and nieta-
sternum each divided longitudinally by a wide sulcus, each side bearing a conical, pointed
tubercle. Tegmina long, rounded at tip, extending beyond the tip of the abdomen ; stridulating
spot of right one transparent and glossy in middle ; hind wings equalling the tegmina in length.
Abdominal appendages thick, short; sub-anal plate in male bent upwards, not extending
beyond the abdomen, with lateral, setaceous appendages ; ovipositor very long, narrow, straight,
a little wider at base ; valves 6, pointed, slightly hollowed above.]

Description. — Male: Head yellowish-brown, with a green patch on each side;
tubercle between bases of antenna: conical, horizontal, divided by a mesial groove ;
front of head and labrum ferruginous tawny-yellow ; maxillary and labial palpi
green in most specimens. Eyes large, very prominent, yellowish-brown, mottled.
Prothorax tawny-brown above, saddle-shaped, nearly smooth, with a i'ew transverse
lines above; deflected sides green, rugosely pitted, and wrinkled; each of the three
segments of the sternum with 2 conical spines, those of the front segment most
slender and acute. Tegmina, or anterior wings, dull " gum-leaf " green, with the
longitudinal vein very thick, prominent, and yellowish-brown; stridulating, bright,
mica-like organ at base of left (or upper, when at rest) tegmina, very large,
iridescent, opaline, surrounded by ridged, rugged, yellowish-brown margins, that of
right tegmina with very bright, central spot; hinder wings transparent, almost
colorless, tinged with green, veins green, equalling the tegmina in length when at
rest, and extending nearly half their length beyond the abdomen; under part of
body and all the legs yellowish-brown, tinged with greenish below and at the joints
above ; femora of all the legs channelled below, the bounding ridges set each with
a row of small spines, very much smaller on the posterior thighs than on the four
anterior ones; keels of the tibiae set with curved, sharp spines, much larger on the
two anterior pairs than on the posterior pair ; cavity in swollen base of anterior
tibiae reduced to a long-, narrow slit; antennae extending about one-fourth of their
length be}'ond the end of abdomen, of a brownish color. Length of male from

* 1 notice a perforated papilla, or foramen, on the anterior or lower base of the basal joint of the Antenna, like
the opening to the eara in the base of the large antennae ol the Macrouroua cnutacea, and these, I thiol', may also be
the organs of bearing ; the positions of which have not as yet been indicated in in

[ 37 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Zresccte.

between eyes to end of abdomen, 1 in. 6 lines; lengtb of eacb tegmina, 1 in. 11
lines, to 2 ins. 1 line; length of antennas, 1 in. 11 lines; length of appendages, from
bifid anal plate, about \ line ; length of two upper appendages, lh lines. The sub-
pentagonal, horizontal, inner basal angle of tegmina containing the stridulating organ
is about as long as the head and prothorax, and of the same brownish color in some,
greenish in others; the rest of the tegmina abruptly deflexed. Proportional measure-
ments : Male — Length of tegmina, 1 in. 10 lines ; length from fore part of head to end
of abdomen, yVo 5 length of antenna?, x^nfj length of hind thigh, Tr^°0. Female:
Coloring as in the male, except the inner angles at base of tegmina, which are
minutely reticulated, and of the same consistence and color as the rest of the tegmina.
Length from base of antenna? to end of abdomen, excluding ovipositor, 1 in. 4 lines
to 1 in. 7 lines; ovipositor, 1 in. 4 lines; appendages above base, 1 line ; length of
hind thigh, 1 in. 3 lines; length of hind tarsus, 1 in. 3 lines; length of each
tegmina, 2 ins. 3^ lines; expanse from tip to tip, 4 ins. 6 lines; greatest width of
tegmina, 6| lines. Proportional measurements (length of tegmina taken as 100) :
greatest width of tegmina, y^ ; length of hind wing, xsVs greatest width, -/^ ;
length of antennae, TVo 5 length of prothorax, xo%5 length of ovipositor, T%°<y ;
length of hind thigh, -{±\.

Reference. — Audinet Serville Hist. Nat. des Ins. Orthop., p. 530.

The family of GryHidce, or the Grasshoppers, is composed of a
number of genera of insects often confounded with the Locustidce,
or the Locusts, to which they are most nearly allied, but from which
they may be easily distinguished by the more slender body, the
very long antennae, exceeding the body in length, and the abdomen
of the female being terminated by a very long, stiff, multivalve
ovipositor, about as long as the abdomen ; and the base of the
anterior wings or elytra of the male having usually each a round
talc-like spot (unsymmetrical, the right differing from that of the
left side), for producing the peculiar chirping song or call for the
female. This latter structure is surrounded with prominent veins,
those of the under-side of the left one being most prominent and
lying; over the right one when the wings are closed ; the sound
being produced by rubbing the bases of the wing-cases one over
the other. In the Grasshoppers generally the legs are long and
slender, and the delicate wings usually extend far beyond the end
of the abdomen when folded at rest. The anterior tibiae of both
legs have an oval pit closed by a talc-like plate in the slightly
dilated base ; the functions of these curious peculiarities being
unknown, although Glaus in his Lehrbuch der Zoologie suggests
they may be the organs of hearing. This from their position and
want of otolites is unlikely (and I have suggested the cavity
opening in the basal joint of the antennae to be the organ of

[38 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL BISTORT OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

hearing as in the macrourous Crustacea). The long ovipositor of
the female is composed of six pieces, and can be thrust to its
full depth into the earth, and then separated to allow the eggs
to pass between them ; the female after depositing a few eggs
withdraws the ovipositor, and bores into another spot. Unlike
the Locusts and the Field Crickets, which keep chiefly on the
ground, the Grasshoppers frequent the branches of trees in moist
places, feeding on the leaves, which they generally resemble in
color ; most species, therefore, being green, and not variegated
with the gay colors so often seen in the Locusts. The Grass-
hoppers of any species are not so numerous as the Locusts in
individuals, and — not forming swarms — are not dreaded as plagues.

The young, on escaping in spring from the egg laid in autumn,
are like the parents, except in size, and wanting the wings. At
first the two sexes are alike, but after the first moult (about two
months old) the ovipositor of the female begins to grow. In the
pupa condition they resemble the larvae in shape and activity, but
have rudimentary wings projecting a little way from the second
and third joints of the thorax. Their hearing is very acute, as
the males stop their song on the slightest noise.

It is unfortunate that the generic name Locusta should be
applied to a highly typical group of Grasshoppers congeneric with
the present fine species, differing altogether from the Locusts in
the very long antenna;, long ovipositor of the females, and the
stridulating, mica-like organ at base of tegmina of males. The
generic name Phasgonura, applied to them by Prof. Westwood, has
not the priority, or else it would be preferable.

The pupae of the male and female resemble the adults, except
that the elytra and wings are not more than half the length of the
abdomen.

This L. vigentissima of Australia is so like the L. viridissinut
(Linn, sp.), or Great Green Grasshopper of France and England,
in general appearance and many details of structure that it would
be easy to mistake one for the other if the great difference of
locality did not draw attention to the valid specific distinctions
which really exist. It is one of the singularly close imitations

[ 39 ]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

giving rise to the theory of representative species. It exemplifies
the fact that one country of given temperature and other geo-
graphical characteristics may have indigenous animal inhabitants so
nearly resembling in size, shape, color, and habits some inhabitants
of an inaccessibly distant country of like character (without
appearing in the intervening localities \ that, each animal being
suited to its surroundings, and those geographical circumstances
being alike, one might fancy that the species should also be alike.
As they certainly are not the same, the one species seems as if
made on the pattern of the other, or to imitate it so nearly as to
give rise to the general recognition of the fact involved in the
theory of "Representative Species."

This fine Grasshopper is not very uncommon on gum-trees
everywhere in Victoria, the male making a loud shrilling noise in
summer. It has not been figured before.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 109 — Fig. I, female, natural size, in flying position. Fig. la, head, magnified two

diameters, to show broad, smooth face without keels or ocelli. Fig. \b, upper lip, magnified
three diameters, to show simple, rounded edge. Fig. lc, mandible, magnified three times, to
show strongly-toothed edge. Fig. \d, maxilla, magnified three times, to show bifid point, hood,
and palpus. Fig. le, labium, magnified three times, to show quadrifid tips and palpi (these two
figures accidentally inverted in lithographing). Fig. \f sternum, twice natural size, showing
two conical spines on each segment between bases of legs. Fig. !</, hind leg, twice natural
size, showing smooth thigh. Fig. lA, four-jointed tarsus, magnified three diameters, viewed
sideways. Fig. la', ditto, viewed from below, showing division of basal joint, magnified three
times. Fig. Ik, six-valved ovipositor of female, magnified two diameters, showing valves
slightly separated, and the appendages at base. Fig. 1/, portion of anterior tibiae, magnified
three diameters, to show elongate drum at base, partly covered over by inflection of surface.
Fig. 2, male in flying position, natural size. Fig. 2a, same, in resting position, side view.
Fig. lb, right elytron, or tegmen, of male, magnified two diameters, to show neuration, and the
large, rounded, clear, talc-like spot of the stridulating organ at base, with the coarse, prominent
ridges round it. Fig. 2c, portion of left elytron, similarly magnified, to show the difference of
the stridulating organ. Fig. 3, female pupa, natural size, showing the shortness of elytra and
wings, characteristic of the immature state.

Frederick McCoy.

[40]

PI. J JO

ZOOLOCY OF VICTORIA

( Insects j

DTWi2dd^ahth

A/ M?Cg Itrat

SUnm. hiAe Gwt.Tnntmg Office.

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

Plate 110, Fias. 1-0.

(EDIPODA MUSICA (Fab. sp.).

Australian Yellow-winged Locust.

[Genus CEDIPODA (Latr.). (Sub-kingd. Articulata. Class Insecta. Order Orthoptera.
Section Saltatoria. Earn. Locustidae.)

Gen. Char. — Head vertical or nearly so ; anterior face convex, with four vertical keels,
two median close, outer ones lateral ; eyes large, oval ; ocelli three, one between tbe two median
keels, below base of antenna?, and tbe otbers at inner edge of eye between tbe median and
lateral keels, above the base of tbe antennae. Antenna? multiarticulate ; joints indistinct,
cylindrical, shorter than head and thorax. Prothorax moderate ; disc flat, with a median
keel and another, less distinct, on each side ; anterior half transversely striated. Three sternal
pieces between the legs, wide, not armed with spines, smooth, flattened. Feet moderate; four
anterior tibia), spinose below; posterior pair with two rows of spines above, except at base;
tarsi 3-jointed, with first joint longest, divided into 3 parts below, the last joint with a very
small cushion between the claws. Abdomen thick, long, moderately compressed, terminated by
four short, pointed pieces, in the female ; sub- anal plate of male extending slightly beyond the
end of the abdomen, triangular, pointed, and a little curved upwards, convex below; abdominal
appendages short, setaceous. Anterior wings, or tegmina, usually longer than the abdomen,
opaque towards the base, with all the transverse nervures almost equally fine, anterior margin
narrow ; never dilated nor transparent ; posterior wings usually nearly as long as the tegmina.]

Description. — Head brownish- or yellowish-green, a polished, black, triangular
spot below the eye and outside the outer keel and the base of the antenna?; man-
dibles bluish at base, with black tips ; prothorax brownish in front, pea-green behind
in most specimens, but occasionally dark brown ; keel dark brown, and one or two
black blotches on sides ; tegmina extending beyond the abdomen when at rest, basal
half of posterior margin nearly opaque and pea-green in most specimens, brown in
others, middle and anterior portions dark brown, with one conspicuous, narrow,
transverse, whitish, transparent band about one-third of length from base, with an
imperfect, similar band or spot about half-way between base and tip ; distal half
more transparent, irregularly mottled with transparent, pale brown, irregular spots
and dark brown nervures. Posterior wings a little shorter than tegmina, with basal
half rich sulphur-yellow, with a slight greenish tinge, beyond which is a broad,
brownish-black, opaque band curving from middle of anterior edge to anal angle,
where it narrows ; beyond this, the wings are transparent, nearly colorless, with
brown nervures and a few dusky spots near tip, but very variable, sometimes forming
a large, cloudy, apical spot. Abdomen, antenna;, and anterior feet greenish tawny-
brown ; inferior groove of hind thigh bright red ; tarsi and tibiae dull red, with a
yellowish band near base of tibiaa ; thighs greenish, with a large blackish, dull red,
or purple transverse band on inner side. Length, 1 in. 5 to 0 lines ; length of
tegmina, 1 in. 2 lines to 1 in. 6 lines ; width of thorax between bases of tegmina,
3 lines ; length of hind wing, 1 in. 1\ lines; length of antenna?, b\ lines ; male
smaller and with proportionately longer antenna, otherwise similar to females, length
1 in. 1 line ; length of antennae, 5| lines. Proportionate measurements — Female
(large specimen) : length, 1 in. 7 lines ; tegmina, j%°0- ; hind wing, -ffl-§ ; antenna',
i3oV Male: Length, 1 in. \\ lines; tegmina, /'^ ; hind wing, ^j ; antenna?, jl03&.
Vars. — The coloring varies considerably, especially in the proportion of green and
brown on the head and thorax, the darkness of the brown mottling on the tegmina

Vol. II.— Decade XI. -y. 41 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

and the greater or less distinctness of the mottling or obscurity of the tip of the
hind wings. The two most distinct and persistent varieties are the common one,
with thorax, and hind margin of tegmina, pea-green, and the other with those parts
testaceous brown. The green is also sometimes absent from the thighs, which are
then brown, irregularly banded with darker. In other respects the varieties agree.

Reference. — Gryllus musicus, Fabr. Ent. Syst., v. 2, p. 55 == Gryllus pieties,
Leach, Zool. Misc., v. 1, t. 25.

The family Locustidce, or the true Locusts, embracing all the
migratory sorts, includes a number of genera differing from the
Gryllidoe, or Grasshoppers, in the females not having the long
exserted ovipositor ; and in having the antennae short, not half the
length of the body, and of only 20 to 30 joints, and either cylindrical
or fusiform or clavate in shape. The head has three ocelli, or
small simple eyes, usually, but never less than one, while they are
absent in the Grasshoppers. The tarsi are only 3-jointed, instead
of 4-jointed as in the Grasshoppers. The wings in the Locusts
never have the talc-like, eye-like stridulating organ at the base
of the right anterior wing or tegmen of the male, but produce
their song, or shirring chirp, by the totally different method of
rubbing the hind femora and tibiae against the hard anterior edge
of the deflexed anterior wings or tegmina, the insect standing on
the four anterior legs while rapidly scraping the thighs up and
down like the bow of a fiddle against the raised edge of the
wing- covers ; the thigh of one side being used alternately with
that of the other.

Connected apparently with this mode of singing is another
structural peculiarity found in all Locusts (of both sexes), and not
in Grasshoppers ; this is a semi-oval drum-like cavity (see our
Fig. li) just above and behind the base of the hind leg on each
side in the last thoracic segment, with a bright reflecting internal
plate partially crossing the cavity ; the whole apparently intended
to increase the resonance of the sound produced by the scraping of
the hind legs on the wing-case edge.

The great size of the muscular thighs of the posterior pair of
feet enables the Locusts to jump much higher, further, and more
readily than the Grasshoppers, giving an example of muscular
power almost unparalleled in the animal kingdom. The hind legs
are not used for walking, which is effected by the four anterior feet,

[ «]

Zoobyy>~\ NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

the great jumping posterior pair being held up in ordinary slow
walking. This is perhaps the reason why Moses counts the
locusts amongst four-footed animals that may be eaten.

The long boring ovipositor of the Grasshoppers is replaced in
the Locusts by four short conical plates, two above and two
below, the upper ones a little concave above, the lower conoidal.
Another general peculiarity of the Locustidce in which they differ
from the Grasshoppers is the great width of the middle and hinder
sternal pieces of the thorax, separating widely the middle and
hinder legs of the right side from those of the left side.

The wonderful migrations of countless millions of individuals of
several species of this group — the Locusts — at certain times of the
year, in various countries, especially North Africa, Arabia, India,
China, and even the warm parts of Europe, have been the subjects
of records the most ancient, interesting, and important of all popular
references to insects. In most of the countries named, the flights
or migrations are approximately from E. to W. (in Victoria they
are generally from N. to S.), chiefly carried on by the action of
strong winds blowing at the time, as the power of the wings for
flight is not great, and the creatures seem to have little or no power
of directing their flight, so that the great clouds of locusts raised,
and mainly carried, by the wind are unable to avoid a river in their
course ; and as each individual's flight is for the most part short, the
insects falling into such rivers are in many cases described as
forming putrefying heaps of dead bodies many feet high and many
miles long, creating a pestilence, while the flight itself often darkens
the noon-day sky so that one could not see to read in the houses
for hours. When they all alight, as they do at sundown, every
trace of green vegetation disappears as if by magic, from the
action of their voracious jaws, the places where they pass seeming
as if burnt up — the Latin name Locusta being derived (locis uatis)
from the parched arid appearance wherever they have been. In
nearly all ancient writers the popular or local names of Locusts
have reference to their appearance in myriads, or their destructive
voracity. For instance, the old Hebrew name for these, Arbch,
refers to their multitude at the times of migration ; in Sanskrit,

[ 43 ]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

Patanga, refers to the jumping and advancing of the swarms ; the
Chinese names have all the same meaning ; the Greek, aicpig, refers
to the belief that they came from the tops of the mountains ; and
the Arabic, Djarddoim, is from their gnawing or plucking away
every green thing.

The astonishing multitudes of individuals which appear at one
time, and apparently march or fly over the land nearly in one
direction, constitute in all countries a constant character of these
scourges or plagues, and is not clearly explicable at present. The
passage is only partially effected by the wings, which are only
capable of holding up the body for a short distance ; the prevailing
winds are really the most powerful agents for carrying forward
these clouds of Locusts, described by all observers ; and it is
entirely to the power of currents high in the air that the passage
of clouds of Locusts over hundreds of miles of sea is sometimes
observed when they fall on ships at sea hundreds of miles from
land.

The eggs are generally deposited in autumn in the earth, in
parcels of fifty or sixty, slightly glued together. In spring the
young appear without tegmina or wings; and, jumping with the
hind legs, or walking slowly with the four anterior ones, increase
in size, and devour most kinds of vegetation, with a gradual de-
velopment of wings at each moult or change of skin, until the
autumn, when the flights or migrations take place on the perfection
of the wings of a considerable proportion of the individuals.
These are always accompanied by a multitude of imperfect
younger individuals with short, undeveloped wings, travelling as
pedestrians — the " Fiissgangers," as the Germans, and the Dutch
Boers in Africa, call them.

Prepared in various ways, the Locusts make good food, especially
if mixed with honey, which makes them more easy of digestion ;
some nations boiling them with butter ; others roasting the bodies,
after taking off the legs and wings, and, with the addition of salt,
either eating them fresh or potting them up preserved for future
use. Sparmann mentions how fat the delighted Hottentots grow
when the Locusts arrive in due season. Many of the lower
animals, birds, and mammals, even lions, feed largely on them.

[44]

Zoology.-} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

As Fabricius does not mention the color of the wings of his
G. musicuSj and subsequent writers have quoted that species also
from India and the Cape of Good Hope, where I do not think the
Australian species occurs; while, on the other hand, Leach's
G. pictus is unmistakably our insect, and has never been quoted
from any other country, I should have been glad to use Leach's
specific name, if it were not certain that Sir Joseph Banks's
specimen was our species, and Fabricius's name, founded on that
specimen, has the priority.

Very common everywhere in Victoria in the latter part of the
summer.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 110. — Fig. 1, female, natural size, flying. Fig. la, side view of end of abdomen of
ditto, magnified three diameters, showing the down-turned lower pair of appendages and up-turned
upper pair of oviducal plates. Fig. \l>, end view of ditto. Fig. \c, tegmen or anterior wing,
magnified twice, to show veining and absence of stridulating organ at base. Fig. Id, bilobed upper
lip or labrum, magnified three diameters. Fig. le, powerful, serrated first jaw or mandible, magni-
fied three diameters. Fig. If, slender, bidentate maxilla or second jaw, with hood and 5-jointed
palpus, magnified three diameters. Fig. Ig, lower lip or labium, with 4-jointed palpi. Fig. Ih, one
of the antennae, magnified three diameters. Fig. li, side view of anterior segments of abdomen,
to show the stridulating cavity, with its tense membranous cover over base of hind legs, magnified
three diameters. Fig. Ik, front view of head, to show the four vertical keels and position of
the three stemmata, or small simple eyes, magnified two diameters. Fig. 1/, hind leg, magnified
two diameters, to show the chevron-grooving. Fig. \m, side view of 3-joiuted tarsi, magnified
three diameters. Fig. In, under view of ditto, to show apparent division of the basal joint.
Fig. \o, sternum with bases of six legs, to show wide, flat, smooth, middle and hind segments,
and narrow, unarmed front joint. Fig. 2, male, natural size, flying, to show its smaller size and
proportionally longer antenna?. Fig. 2a, side view of end of abdomen of male, magnified three
diameters, to show the upward-curved sub-anal plate and small appendages. Fig. 2b, ditto,
viewed from above, showing pair of small appendages with up-turned end of sub-anal plate
between them. Fig. 3, female, natural size, side view. Fig. 4, female, natural size, viewed
from above, of variety, with thorax and basal or inner margin of tegmina brown, to show the
overlapping of the left anterior wing upon the right when at rest. Fig. 5, pupa, natural size,
to show short wings and tegmina. Fig. 6, hind wing, natural size, of very small specimen, to
show range of dimensions.

Frederick McCoy.

Voi. II.— -Decade XI.— h, ' 45

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

N.T5. — The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne.

DECADE I.

Plate 1. — The Black Snake (Pseudochys porphyriacus, Shaw sp.).

Plate 2. — The Copper-head Snake (Hoplocephalus superbus, Giinth.).

Plate 3. — The Tiger Snake (Hoplocephalus curtus, Schl. sp.).

Plate 4. — The Australian Bream (Chrysophrys Australia, Giinth.).

Plate 5. — The Spiny-sided Butterfly-Gurnard (Lepidotrigla Vanessa, Rich. sp.).

Plate 6. — The Kurau Gurnard (Trigla Kumu, Lesson and Garn.).

Plate 7. — The Australian Giant Earth-worm (Megascolides Australis, McCoy).

Plate 8. — Lewin's Day-moth (Agarista Lewini, Boisd.).

The Loranthus Day-moth (Agarista Casuarina?, Scott).

The Vine Day-moth (Agarista Glycine, Lewin sp.).
Plate 9. — Pieris (Thyca) Harpalyce (Don. sp.).
Plate 10. — Pieris (Thyca) Aganippe (Don. sp.).

DECADE II.

Plate 11. — The Little Whip Snake (Hoplocephalus flagellum, McCoy). The White-lipped Snake

(Hoplocephalus coronoidcs, Giinth.).
Plate 12. — The Death Adder (Acanthophis Antarctica, Shaw sp.).
Plate 13. — The Carpet Snake (Morelia variegata, Gray).
Plate 14. — The Gippsland Perch (Lates colonorum, Giinth.).
Plate 15. — The Murray Lobster (Astacoides serratus, Shaw sp.).
Plate 16. — The Salmon Arripis (Arripis truttaceus, Cuv. sp.). Adult.
Plate 17. — Ditto of the younger forms and coloring.
Plate 18. — The Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus, Lin. sp.).
Plate 19. — The Small-scaled Rock Cod (Lotella callarias, Giinth.).
Plate 20. — The Australian Rock Cod (Pseudophysis barbatus, Giiuth.).

DECADE III.

Plate 21.— The Sea-Leopard Seal (Stenorhynchus leptonyx, de Blainv. sp.).

Plate 22. — The Yellow-sided Dolphin (Delphinus Novae Zealandia?, Quoy and Gaim.).

Plate 23. — The Common Brown Snake (Diemenia superciliosa, Fisch.).

The Small-scaled Brown Snake (Diemenia microlepidota, McCoy).
The Shield-fronted Brown Snake (Diemenia aspidorhyncha, McCoy).

Plate 24.— Catenicella margaritacea (Busk). — C. plagiostoma (Busk). — C. ventricosa (Busk). —
C. hastata(Busk.)— C. rufa (McG.).— C. cribraria (Busk).— C. alata (Wyv. Thomson).—
C. lorica (Busk).— C. formosa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk).— C. perforata (Busk).—
C. Buskii (AVyv. Thomson).— C. Hannafordi (McG.).— C. crystallina (Wyv. Thomson).—
C. carinata (Busk). — C. aurita (Busk). — C. geminata (Wyv. Thomson). — C. cornuta
(Busk). — C. intermedia (McG.)

Tlate 25. — Mcmbranipora membranacea (Linn, sp.).— M. perforata (McG.).— M. ciliata (McG.). —
M. mamillaris (McG.).— M. umbonata (Busk). — M. pilosa (Linn. sp.). — M. cervicoruis
(Busk).

Plate 26.— Mcmbranipora dispar (McG.).— M. Woodsii (McG.).— M. lineata (Linn, sp.).— M. Rosselii
(Audouin sp.). — M. Lacroixii (Savigny sp.).

Plate 27. — The Australian Rockling (Genypterus Australis, Cast.).
The Yarra Blackfish (Gartopsis gracilis, McCoy).

Plate 28. — The Southern Mackerel (Scomber pneumatophorus, De la Roche).

Plate 29. — The Yabber Crayfish (Astacoides bicarinatus, Gray sp.).

Plate 30.— The Large Wattle Goat-Moth (Zeuzera Eucalypti, Boisd. Ilerr.-Schaef.).

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE IV.

Plate 31. — The Australian Sca-Bcar or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cincrca, Pt'ron sp.).

Plate 32. — The Two-hooded Furina-Snake, Furina bicucullata (McCoy).

Plate 33. — The Banded lied Gurnet-Perch (Sebasles percoides, Solander sp.).

Plate 34. — The Angel-fish (Ilhina squatina, Lin. sp.).

Plate 35. — Lepralia circinata (McG.). — L. Cecilii (Aud.). — L. diaphana (McG.). — L. marsupium

(McG.). — L. subinunersa (McG.). — L. anceps (McG.). — L. Maplestouei (McG.).
Plate 30. — Lepralia vittata (McG.). — Membranipora perforata. Lepralia Brogniartii (And.). —

L. elegans (McG.). — L. pertusa (Esper. sp.). — L. Malusii (Aud. sp.). — L. lunata (McG.).
Plate 37. — Lepralia ciliata (Linn. sp.). — L. trifoliuiu (McG.). — L. cheilodon (McG.). — L. canaliculata

(McG.).— L. larvalis (McG.).— L. diadema (McG.).— L. papillifera (McG.).— L. Ellerii

(McG.).
Plate 38. — Lepralia monoceros (Busk). — L. excavata (McG.). — L. vitrea (McG.). — L. mcgasoma

(McG.).— L. Schizostoma (McG.).— L. Botryoidcs (McG.).— L. fcrox (McG.)— L. pellu-

cida (McG.).
Plate 39. — Crisia Edwardsiana (D'Orb. sp.). — C. biciliata (McG.). — C. acropora (Busk). — C. setosa

(McG.).— C. tenuis (McG.).
Plate 40. — Saunders' Case-Moth (Metura clongata, Saunders sp.).
The Lictor Case-Moth (Entometa ignobilis, Walk.).

DECADE V.

Plate 41. — The Lace Lizard (Ilydrosaurus varius, Shaw sp.).

Plate 42. — The Spotted Marsh-Frog (Limnodynastes Tasmaniensis, Gi'mth.). — The Common Sand-
Frog (Limnodynastes dorsalis, Gray).
Plate 43. — The Carpet Shark (Crossorhinus harbatus, Lin. sp.). — The Seven-gilled Shark (Notidanus

[Ileptanehus] Indieus, Cuv.).
Plate 44. — The Barracouta (Thersites atun, Cuv.). — The Tunny (Thynnus Thynnus, Lin. sp.).
Plate 45. — Flustra denticulata (Husk). — Carbasea episcopalis (Busk). — C. dissimilis (Busk). —

C. indivisa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk). — C. pisciformis (Busk).
Plate 4G. — Spiralaria florea (Busk). — Diachoris Magellanica (Busk). — D. spinigera (P. McGil.). —

Dimetopia spicata (Busk). — D. cornuta (Busk). — Didymia simplex (Busk). — Calwellia

bicornis (Wyv. Thomson).
Plate 47. — Dictyopora cellulosa (P. McGil.).
Plate 48. — Escliara obliqua (P. McGil.). — E. dispar (P. McGil ).— E. gracilis (Lamx.). — E. platalea

(Busk).— E. quadrata (P. McGil.) — E. mucronata (P. McGil.). — Caleschara denticulata

(P. McGil.).
Plate 40. — Cellaria fistulosa (Linn.). — 0. hirsuta (P. McGil.). — C. tenuirostris (Busk.). — C. gracilis

(Busk). — Nellia oculata (Busk). — Tubueellaria hirsuta (Busk).
Plate 50. — The Great Black, or Manna Cicada (Cicada mccrens, Germ.).— The Great Green Cicada

(Cyclochila Australasia', Donov. sp.).

DECADE VI.

Plate 51. — The Victorian Phodona (Rhodona Ofiiccri, McCoy).

Plate 52. — The Black and AVhite Ringed Snake (Vermicclla annulata, Gray).

Plate 53. — The Green and Golden Bell-Frog (Ranoidea aurea, Less. sp.).

Plates 54-55. — The Australian Aulopus (Aulopus purpurisatus, Rich.).

Plate 56. — The Hammer-headed Shark (Zygama malleus, Shaw). — The Common Australian Saw-
Fish (Pristiophorus nudipinnis, Gi'mth.).

Plate 57.— Biflustra perfragilis (McGil.). — B. delicatula (Busk).

Plate 58.— Ccllularia cuspidata (Busk).— Menipea crystallina (Gray sp.).— M. cyathus (Wyv. Thom-
son).—M. cervicornis (McGil.) — M. triccllata (Busk). — M. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson).

Plate 50. — Bicellaria tuba (Busk). — B. grandis (Busk). — B. ciliata (Linn). — B. turhiuata (McGil.). —
Stirparia annulata (Map.).— Bugula ncritina (Linn.).

Plate 60. — Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk. sp.). — Pctralia undata (McGil.).

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE VII.

Plate CI. — The Tuberculatecl Argonaut (Argonauta oryzata, Meusch.).

Plate 62. — The same sealed in its so-called shell or Paper-Nautilus.

Plate 63. — The Blue-spotted Eagle-Ray (Myliobatis Australia, Macleay).

Plate 64.— The Long-toothed Bull-Shark (Odontaspis taurus, Raf.).— The Australian Tope Shark

(Galeus Australis, Macleay).
Plate 65 — The Leafy Sea-Dragon (Phyllopteryx foliatus, Shaw sp.).— The Short-headed Sea-horse

(Hippocampus breviceps, Pet.)
Plate 66. — Dictyopora grisea (Lamx. sp.). — D. albida (Kirch.)— (Var. avicularis, P. McOill.).
Plate 67.— J). Wilsoni (P. McGill.).

Plate 68. — Idmonea Milneana (d'Orb.). — I. contorta (P. McGill.).— I. radians (Lamk.).
Pi. \tes 69-70.— The Violet-shouldered Phasma (Tropidoderua iodomus, McCoy).— The Red-shouldered

Fhasma (Tropidoderus rhodomus, McCoy).

Plate

71.-

Plate

72.-

Plate

73.-

Plate

74.-

Plate

75-

Plates 76

Plate

78.-

Plate

79.-

Plate

80.-

DECADE VIM.

-The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Peron sp.).

-The Northern Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus gigas, Bodd. sp.).

-The Ludrick (Girella simplex, Rich. sp.).

-The White Shark (Carcharodon Rondeletii, Mull, and Hen.).

-The Picked Dog-Fish (Acanthias vulgaris, Linn. sp.).

-77. — The Australian Tooth-cupped Cuttlefish (Sepioteuthis Australis, Quoy and Gaim.).

-Butjula rohusta (P. McGil.). — B. cucullata (Busk). — B. dentata (Lamx.). — B. avicularia

(Pall.).
-The Violet-winged Phasma (Acrophylla violascens, Leach sp.).
-The Large Pink winged Phasma (Podacanthus typlion, Gray).

DECADE IX.

Plate 81. — The Gippsland Water Lizard (Physignathus Lesueri, Gray) — (Var. Ilowitti, McCoy).

Plates 82-83. — The Murray Tortoise (Chelymj's Macquaria, Cuv. sp.).

Plate 84. — The Murray Golden Perch (Ctenolates ambiguus, Rich. sp.).

Plates 85-86. — The Murray Cod-Perch (Oligorus Macquariensis, Cuv. and Val. sp.).

Plate 87. — The Australian Smooth-Hound (Mustelus Antarcticus, Giinth.).

Plate 88. — The Thresher, or Long-tailed Shark (Alopecias vulpes, Linn. sp.).

Plate 89.— Catenicella intermedia (P. McG.). — C. amphora (Busk). — C. Wilsoni (P. McG.). — C. pul-

chella (Map.). — C. utriculus (P. McG.).
Plate 90. — Catenicella fusca (P. McG.). — C. umhonata (Busk). — C. cornuta (Busk).

, DECADE X.

Plate 91. — Gymnohelideus Leadheatcri (McCoy).

Plates 92-93. — The Long-necked River Tortoise (Chelodina longicollis, Shaw sp.).

Plate 94. — Opercula of Rctei)ora.

Plate 95. — Retcpora porcellana (P. McGil.). — R. avieularis (P. McGil.). — R. fissa (P. McGil.).

Plate 96. — Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.).

Plate 97.— Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.).— R. formosa (P. McGil.).— R. carinata (P. McGil.).

Plate 98.— Retepora Phoenicea (Busk). — R. aurantiaca (P. McGil.).

Plate 99. — Retepora granulata (P. McGil.). — R. tessellata (Hincks). — R. scrrata (P. McGil.).

Plate 100. — Gonioeidaris tubaria (Lam.).

The foregoing ten Decades form Vol. T.

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE XI.

Plate 101. — The Luth, or Leathery Turtle (Sphargis coriacea, Linn. sp.).

Plate 102. — The Rugged Stump-tail, or Shingle-hack, Lizard (Trachydosaurus rngosus, Gray).

Plate 103. — The Blackish Australian Worm-Snake (Typhlops nigrescens, Gray sp.).

Plate 104. — The Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus, Linn. sp.).

Plate 105. — Cellaria rigida (McG.). — Tubucellaria cereoides (Ellis and Solander). — Urceolipora

dentata (McG.) — U. nana (McG.).
Plate 106. — Amphiblestrum punctigcrum (Hincks). — A. Flemingii (Busk). — A. permunitum

(Ilincks). — Pyripora crassa (McG.). — P. catenularia (Jameson). — P. polita (Hincks). —

Electra flagellum (McG.). — Bathypora porcellana (McG.). — Birlustra papulifera

(McG.).— B. bimamillata (McG.).
Plate 107. — Catenicellopsis pusilla (J. B. Wilsou). — C. delicatula (J. B. Wilson). — Calpidium

ponderosum (Goldstein sp.).
Plate 108. — Calpidium ornatum (Busk). — Chlidonia dasdala (Wyv. Thomson).
Plate 109. — The Great Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Locusta vigentissima, Serv.).
Plate 110. — The Australian Yellow-winged Locust (CEdipoda musica, Fah. sp.).

CONTENTS OF DECADE XL

N.B.— The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne.

Plate 101.— The Luth, or Leathery Turtle (Sphargis coriacea, Linn. sp.).

Plate 102. — The Rugged Stump-tail, or Shingle-back, Lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus, Gray).

Plate 103.— The Blackish Australian Worm-Snake (Typhlops nigrescens, Gray sp.).

Plate 104. — The Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus, Linn. sp.).

Plate 105. — Cellaria rigida (McG.). — Tubucellaria cereoides (Ellis and Solander).— Urceolipora
dentata (McG.).— U. nana (McG.).

Plate 106. — Amphiblestrum punctigerum (Hincks). — A. Flemingii (Busk). — A. permunitum
(Hincks). — Pyripora crassa (McG.). — P. catenularia (Jameson) — P. polita (Hincks). —
Electra flagellum (McG.). — Bathypora porcellana (McG.). — Biflustra papulifera
(McG.).— B. bimamillata (McG.).

Plate 107. — Catenicellopsis pusilla (J. B. Wilson). — C. delicatula (J. B. Wilson). — Calpidium
ponderosum (Goldstein sp.).

Plate 108.— Calpidium ornatum (Busk). — Chlidonia da;dala (Wyv. Thomson).

Plate 109. — The Great Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Locusta vigentissima, Serv.).

Plate 110. — The Australian Yellow-winged Locust (Gidipoda musica, Fab. sp.).

:

-M

Statural Sis to of Wtttarw.

%

PRODROMUS

ZOOLOGY OF -VICTORIA;

OR,

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES

VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS.

DECADE XII.

BY

FREDERICK McCOY, EJR.S.,

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OP THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY

OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ;

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOOTH WALES ; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF EDINBURGH ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER,

ETC., ETC., ETC.

AUTHOR OF " SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND ; " " SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF

IRELAND;" "CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALEONTOLOGY;" ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND MCCOY'S

"BRITISH PALEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS;" "PRODROMUS OF THE PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," ETC.

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.

GOVERNMENT PALEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC.

MELBOURNE :

BY AUTHORITY : JOHN FERBES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

LONDON:

TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LTJDGATE HILL.

MDCCCLXXXVI.

ADVERTISEMENT.

It having been considered desirable to ascertain accurately the
natural productions of the Colony of Victoria, and to publish works
descriptive of them, on the plan of those issued by the Governments
of the different States of America, investigations were undertaken,
by order of the Victorian Government, to determine the Geology,
Botany, and Zoology of the Colony, to form collections illustrative of
each for the public use, and to make the necessary preparations for
such systematic publications on the subject as might be useful and
interesting to the general public, and contribute to the advancement
of science.

As the geological and botanical investigations have already
approached completion, and their publication is far advanced, it
has been decided now to commence the publication of the third
branch completing the subject, namely, that of the Zoology or
indigenous members of the different classes of the animal kingdom.

The Fauna not being so well known as the Flora, it was a necessary
preliminary to the publication to have a large number of drawings
made, as opportunity arose, from the living or fresh examples of
many species of reptiles, fish, and the lower animals, which lose their
natural appearance shortly after death, and the true characters of
many of which were consequently as yet unknown, as they had
only been described from preserved specimens. A Prodromus, or
preliminary issue, in the form of Decades, or numbers of ten plates,
each with its complete descriptive letterpress, will be published, of
such illustrations as are ready, without systematic order or waiting
for the completion of any one branch. The many good observers
in the country will thus have the means of accurately identifying
various natural objects, their observations on which, if recorded and
sent to the National Museum, where the originals of all the figures
and descriptions are preserved, will be duly acknowledged, and
will materially help in the preparation of the final systematic volume
to be published for each class when it approaches completion.

Uatal Ststorg d Wxiimm.

PRODROMUS

OF THE

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

OR,

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OP THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES

VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS.

DECADE XII.

BY

FEEDERICK McCOY, F.^.S.,

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY

OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ;

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROTAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES ; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF EDINBURGH ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER,

ETC., ETC., ETC.

AUTHOR OF " SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND ; " " SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF

IRELAND ; " " CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALEONTOLOGY ; " ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND MCCOY'S

"BRITISH PALEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS;" "PRODROMUS OF THE PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," ETC.

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.

GOVERNMENT PALEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC

MELBOURNE :

BY AUTHORITY : JOHN FEBRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

LONDON :

TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL.

M DCCC LXXXVI.

PREFACE.

This twelfth Decade gives illustrations in the first plate of two
varieties and the young of the commonest of the Lizards found
near Melbourne, the Grammatophora muricata, absurdly called
"Blood-sucker" by the colonists.

The second plate gives the detailed illustrations of the parts
of the Antarctic representative of those curious fish, so interesting
to geologists, the Chimcerce ; this species, the Callorhynchus
Antarcticus being often called Elephant Fish by the fishermen.

The third plate is devoted to details of both sexes of that
famous and most peculiar Shark, the Port Jackson Shark or
Cestracion, the Heterodontus Phillipi, the teeth of which
resemble many ancient fossil forms found in the Palaeozoic
Rocks of Europe, which would be inexplicable but for the
existence in our day of this Australian type, in the opinion
of many authorities, who see a nearer affinity than I do.

The Fish figured on the fourth plate, the Trachichthys
Australis, is so rare that the type specimen in the British
Museum, imperfectly described eighty years ago, has remained
unique until Count Castelnau and myself each recently obtained
an example, enabling me now to give a careful figure from
the fresh specimen.

PREFACE.

Plate 115 illustrates a newly discovered kind of Sea-Pike,
the Lanioperca mordax, of a genus peculiar to this part of
Australia.

The three next plates continue the series of Polyzoa, the
specimens and descriptions of which have been contributed by
my friend Dr. MacGillivray to the National Museum and this
work.

Plate 119 figures for the first time, with details of both sexes,
an abundant Gum-tree Grasshopper, of the family GryllidcB,
contrasting, by the shortness of the ovipositor, with that of
the family Locustidce, figured on Plate 109.

The last plate gives figures of both sexes of a very rare
form allied to the preceding, but of a different sub-genus.

The succeeding Decades will illustrate as many different genera
as possible, and will deal first, usually, with species of some special
interest, and of which good figures do not exist or are not easily
accessible.

Frederick McCoy.
21st July, 1886.

///

PI. Ill

ZOOLOCY OF VICTORIA

(Reptiles J

Z>rWzU&l,tW

: Coy direr*

Steam, lithx) G(nl Fruiting OffirA

Zoology.] NATUKAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles.

Plate 111.

GRAMMATOPHORA MURICATA (Shaw sp.).

The Blood-sucker.

[Genus GRAMMATOPHORA* (Kaup). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata. Class Reptilia. Order
Sauria. Sub-order Fachyglossse. Tribe Strobilosaura. Family Agamidse.)

Gen. Char. — Body moderate, subtrigonal or slightly depressed in section. Head large,
trigonal, obtusely pointed in front, depressed ; sides flattened, and separated from tbe top by an
angle, covered with small, irregular, unequal, keeled, scale-like plates. Nostrils lateral, under
the lateral angle, a little behind tip of snout. Ear-drum large, rounded. Tongue short, flat,
narrow, spongy, notched at tip. Teeth : — molars, short, semioval, compressed, on edge of jaw bone,
5 incisors in middle, and 2 canines on each side above, 4 incisors below Throat not pouched ;
with a strong transverse fold between its base and front of thorax. Scales of back imbricated,
unequal. Femoral and preanal pores large, numerous. Tail long, conical, tapering, depressed at
base, with keeled, imbricated scales. Toes slender, the 4 first gradually increasing in length, the
5th a little shorter than the 2nd ; subdigital scales transversely keeled very strongly. Australia.]

Description. — Body moderate; head small, nearly an isosceles triangle; a
strong- keel from tip of snout over orbit to hind margin of eye ; nostril half way
between tip of snout and the anterior angle of eye ; occipital plate scarcely larger
than those surrounding it on head and nape ; tail more than twice as long as head
and body, slender. One row of small, contiguous, triangular, keeled spines along
midline of back, largest near origin at occiput, smallest at termination over base of
tail j on each side, at a distance of two ordinary scales, a row of large similar
scales, mostly separated by the length of one or two of the small, ordinary body
scales, these two lateral rows converging, running close together, where midline
ends at base of tail, continued as two approximate, conspicuous, small keels for
first fourth of tail, beyond which they are undistinguishable from the rest of the
strongly keeled scales of the tail ; a similar outer row of keeled spines extends from
half way between midline and shoulder, ending at first fourth of base of tail ;
between the 2 lateral rows and outside the outer one are several, irregularly scattered,
similar, but slightly smaller, triangular, keeled, spinose scales, very rarely forming a
slightly marked, outer, lateral, additional line; ordinary scales of back rhombic, keeled,
the keels stronger and forming continuous longitudinal ridges on tail; scales of.
belly and throat similar, but more faintly keeled ; a row of keeled spines, like those
of back, extends from eyebrow behind eye, over the ear ; a similar, short, ridge-like
row under the ear ; and one from each side of occiput extending obliquely backwards
and downwards to outer lateral row of body; a few spinose scales on upper side of
thigh and front of leg; scales on front of arm and top of head imbricated, strongly
keeled. Preanal pores 3 or 4 on each side ; femoral pores 3 or 4 on each side, not
reaching half the length of the thigh. Color : Varying from pale brownish ash to
dark olive brown above, the space between the inner lateral rows traversed by the
keeled serrated midline, usually mottled irregularly with darker; sides irregularly
mottled with dark brown on lighter greyish-brown ground; 2 rows of 6 or 7 large,
conspicuous, brownish-black, triangular spots run along the back, the base of each

* I continue the use of Kaup's generic name for these Lizards, instead of Amphibolurus of Wagler adopted hy
Boulcuger in his recent important work, because where so many cases of applying one name to two or more genera exist,
I do not think Stephens having used this one first for a genus of small moths is likely to produce any serious confusion.

Vol. II.— Decade XII.— i. ' 47

Zoologij.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Reptiles.

coinciding1 with the median lateral keels, the apices directed outwards ; the broad,
longitudinal space between the inner and outer row of spinose keels much lighter in
color than the rest of the back, and either divided into a row of large, lateral, oval
spots on each side, by the apices of the black triangular marks extending to meet a
similar smaller row of blackish triangular spots, having their bases on the outer lateral
row of spines and their apices inwards; or forming a more or less continuous longi-
tudinal pale band on each side where the triangles are disconnected; the 2 inner rows
come together to form lozenges or rhombs over basal fourth of tail where these two
ridges approach; hinder three-fourths of tail, .legs, and thighs with rather distant,
transverse, dark bands, those of tail usually 6 or 8 scales wide, with lighter intervals
2 or 3 scales wide, but sometimes narrower than the light bands; top of head with
5 or 6 narrow, transverse, chevron-like, dark brown bands starting from an irregular
midline; a broad dark band extends from the eye, enclosing the ear; a black
angular spot half way between shoulder and ear; under side of throat and belly
either plain pale ashy- grey or (sometimes) dark grey, or (more usually) mottled
irregularly with darker grey. From 3 to 4 femoral pores irregularly spaced on
basal half of each thigh, and 3 to 4 on each side preanal ones. Iris dark brown ;
inside of mouth and tongue yellow. 2 canines and 11 molars on each side above.
About 12 labial plates on each side; rostral hexagonal, 3 times wider than high;
chin plate large, pentagonal, with nearly equal sides. Moderate specimen, 1 ft. 1 in.
total length ; tip of snout to occiput 1 in., to ear 1 in. \ line ; width of head, 11 lines ;
tip of snout to shoulder 1 in. 7 lines, to thigh 3 ins. 7 lines, to vent 4 ins. ; length
of tail, 9 ins.; width of body, 1 in. 3 lines ; width of tail at base 6 lines, at half its
length, 3 lines; length of arm 9 lines, of forearm 7 lines; longest toe and claw, 6 lines;
length of thigh, 1 in. ; leg", 1 in. ; longest toe and claw from base of hind toe, 1 in.
1 line. Toes slender, third anterior one nearly as long as the fourth ; third posterior
one only two-thirds as long as the fourth.

Reference. — =Muricated Lizard, White Jour. Voy., t. 31, fig. 6 ; = Lacerta
mnricata, Shaw Gen. Zool., v. 3, pt. 1, t. 65, f. 2 ; = Grammatophora, id. Kaup Isis,
1827, p. 621 ; =Agama Jacksoniensis, Guer. Icon. Reg. An., t. 3, f. 1.

With the exception of the variations in color above noted, this
pretty little Lizard varies very little. The absence of bearded
scales on throat and across the occiput, and the invariably present,
small, median row of keeled scales along back, distinguish it readily
from the young of G. barbata. The resemblance is much closer to
the G.angulifera (of which I have many specimens before me from
Western Australia), which is, when adult, of nearly the same size
(though more slender) and much alike in coloring. But this latter
species, which I have not seen in Victoria, is easily distinguished
by its comparatively very short tail, little exceeding the body in
length, while it is more than double the length in G. muricata.
The average proportion of tail to the total length in G. muricata
is tto) while in G. angulifera it is only T%V ; the base of the
tail in G. angulifera is also much wider, and has a conspicuous
lateral line of 6 or 7 large spinous tubercles on each side, not

[48]

Zoology.']

NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA.

[Reptiles.

found in G. muricata. The tail, it should be mentioned, is shorter
in the young than in the adult of this species. The head of G.
muricata is more slender than in G. angulifera, in which latter
the femoral pores are more numerous and closer, making a nearly
continuous line across the lower part of body. The femoral pores
of the present species are, as in the woodcut, sometimes 3 on one
thigh and 4 on the other, and the preanal pores are sometimes
3 on one side and 4 on the other in the same individual. In some
specimens of G. angulifera there is a slight indication of a median
dorsal keel, but it is usually absent ; it is present always in the
long-tailed G. muricata.

To show the irregularity of the preanal and of the femoral
pores, I give here a woodcut of a specimen, magnified two

diameters, from
the Goulburn
District, in the
Museum, show-
ing 3 femoral
pores on one
thigh and 4 on
the other, and

3 preanal pores
on one side and

4 on the other.

This is the commonest Lizard about Melbourne, especially in
the sandy districts on the south coast, where it may often be seen,
as represented in our plate, on a stump of Tee-tree, which it
resembles in colors and marking so nearly that it is almost
impossible to distinguish it, unless the sun happens to glance from
its bright eyes. When seen it will remain so immovable as almost
to induce a belief that it is a withered stump ; but if your eye
should leave it for an instant, it is gone like a flash. It is fond
also of basking in the sun on sandy paths, &c. The eggs are laid
in the sand.

Why the popular name of "Blood-sucker" should be so uni-
versally given to this harmless creature by the colonists (except on

[ 49]

Zoology] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles.

the lucus a non lucendo principle) I cannot conceive. In confine-
ment it feeds readily on flies, and makes an elegant little pet in a
Wardian Fern-case.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 111. — Fig. 1, adult specimen, natural size, of the variety with lateral bands broken
into rows of oval spots, in its customary attitude on a stump of Tee-tree. Fig. 1 a, head and part of
the neck, viewed from above, magnified two diameters, to show the character of scales. Fig. 16,
hind foot, magnified two diameters, to show character of scales on under-side. Fig. lc, anterior
foot, magnified two diameters, to show the transverse keeling of the scales on under-side. Fig.
Id, scales of back, magnified two diameters, showing the middle and two lateral rows of keeled
scales. Fig. le, young, natural size, showing the shorter tail as compared with the adult.
Fig. If, variety with darkly mottled under-side, and partially continuous light bands on side of
back instead of the oval light marks of usual vai'iety, natural size.

Frederick McCoy.

[50]

/v. m

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

A BcwtAi*\)'-r. a? ■ .,:■

Pr,fMc(jn iirct.'

Steam, hMa. Gryvt/frvduui Offis*

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Fishes.

Plate 112.

CALLORHYNCHUS ANTAKCTICUS (Lacep. sr.).
The Southeen Chbleea.

[Genus CALLOEHYNCHUS (Gronovius). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-
class Elasmobranchia. Order Holocepbala. Family Cbimaeridae.)

Gen. Char. — Body semifusiform, tapering from tbe head, laterally compressed ; tail
elevated, heterocercal, caudal fin on underside only; head with the snout produced into a long
proboscis, of median and two lateral cartilages, terminating in a wide, thin, ovate, skinny flap ;
anterior dorsal fin with a long, compressed, serrated, bony spine on its anterior edge; second
dorsal with a longer base ; anal fin small, deep, triangular, close to the caudal ; pectoral very
large, triangular ; skin smooth, except two rows of minute spines usually felt between the
dorsals; pupil elliptical, vertical. Dentary plates: Anterior of upper jaw thick, narrow,
pointed in front ; grinding surface in both jaws large ; male with a small frontal appendage
between the eyes, with bifurcate base, lodged in a cavity, both cavity and tip of appendage
set with numerous small, recurved spines.]

Description. — Pectornl reaching- a little beyond the base of the ventral fins; first
dorsal commencing slightly behind the gill -opening, and origin of pectoral; second
dorsal commencing over front edge of ventrals ; dorsal spine nearly twice the length
of the space from its base to corner of orbit, bare in its whole length, compressed,
gently curved backwards, posterior edges finely serrated on apical third of length ;
skinny flap at end of snout ovate, broad end down, with rounded margins, twice
as long as wide. Lateral line slightly undulating from extremity of tail, running
along its lower margin, taking an abrupt turn upwards a little behind front edge of
caudal to a little behind the eye where it branches, one branch going over the eye
forwards nearly to tip of snout, giving off a branch behind the eye crossing top of
head to join that of other side at an acute angle directed backwards ; lower branch
going forward under the eye and sending one branch along side of proboscis, one to
anterior part of mouth, and one to angle of mouth, and one backwards to a little
in front of gill-opening extended by a few pores, as if to join that from the other
side, but interrupted in the middle under the throat. Color : Body bluish-grey lead
color with silvery lustre; under surface whitish ; a black upper margin to orbits ; a
black trigonal spot in front of dorsal fin, with base behind, and apex reaching
between eyes ; a black band on each side of base of first dorsal uniting into a broad
mesial band along middle of back to sides of second dorsal, and thence along midline
to end of tail, receiving a small lateral branch from under hind half of second
dorsal ; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins brownish, with blackish tips and margins ;
ventrals brownish with blackish base ; pectorals brownish below, blackish towards
margins, black above, brownish at base. Iris green ; front of snout-flap flesh color.

Measurements.

Length from tip of proboscis to end of caudal fin

„ „ „ base of proboscis

„ ,, „ anterior edge of orbit

„ „ „ anterior base of 1st dorsal

„ „ „ „ „ 2nd dorsal ...

„ „ „ „ „ pectoral

„ „ „ „ „ ventral

» » » n jt anal

» » » » » caudal

„ of spine ...

„ of base of 1st dorsal
Height of 2nd dorsal

[51 ]

Ft.

ins.

lines,

2

7

0

0

o

3

0

4

7

0

8

2

1

4

2

0

7

3

1

2

2

1

9

3

1

10

10

0

5

4

0

2

9

0

3

0

Zoology.']

NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA.

[Fishes.

Ft.

ins.

lines

0

5

6

0

8

0

0

3

6

0

3

6

0

2

11

0

3

0

0

1

3

0

2

2

0

5

6

0

2

3

0

6

6

0

6

3

0

0

4

0

0

11

0

2

3

0

1

11

0

0

11

0

4

6

Measurements — continued.

Length of base of 2nd dorsal

„ of pectoral
Greatest width of pectoral
Depth of ventral ...
Greatest width of ventral ...
Depth of anal
Greatest width of anal
Greatest depth of caudal (anterior lobe)
Space between 1st and 2nd dorsal ...

„ „ 2nd dorsal and caudal

„ „ pectoral to ventral ...

„ „ ventral to anal

„ „ anal to caudal

Diameter of orbit
Length of snout ...

„ of ovate flap
Greatest width of flap
Depth of body

Reference. — = Callorhynchus (Gronov.), Mus. Ichth., v. 1, p. 59, t. 4 =
Chimcera callorhynchus, Lin. Syst. Nat. = Chimcera Antarctica, Lacep. Hist.
Poiss., v. 1, p. 400, t. 12, f. 2 = C. Australis, Shaw Gen. Zool., v. 5, p. 368 = C.
Tasmanius, Rich. Trans. Zool. Soc, v. 3, p. 696.

The two rows of spines on the back between the dorsals may
be distinctly felt in most of the large female specimens, but they
are not perceptible in a male specimen of smaller size before me.
The pectorals seem slightly smaller in the males, and do not extend
quite so far towards the ventrals. The curious grasping organ on
the forehead of the male arises by a widely bifurcate base between
the eyes a little behind the anterior edge of the orbit ; its middle
portion is oblong, about three-fourths the diameter of the orbit in
length, about half as wide as long, narrowed and rounded towards
the front, where it is very convex below and set with recurved
spines ; the hollow into which it can be depressed is set with
recurved spines at its anterior end.

This fish is tolerably common along tne coast, and is frequently
called Elephant Fish by the fishermen.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 112. — Fig. 1, side view of female specimen, one-fourth of the natural size. Fig. la,
the same, viewed from above, to show the shape of the black markings and course of the
porous lines on top of head. Fig. lb, front view of head, natural size, to show the position of
the nostrils and grinding plates of mouth, the added outline showing position of the flap of the
snout. Fig. lc, side view of dentary plates of. upper and lower jaws, natural size. Fig. Id,
dentary plates of upper jaw, grinding surface, natural size. Fig. le, inner view of grinding
surface of dentary plates of lower jaw, natural size. Fig. \f, side view of flap at end of snout,
natural size. Fig. la, front view of ovate snout-flap, natural size. Fig. 1A, side view of frontal
grasping process of male, half the natural size, shewing the tooth-like spines at its distal end,
raised up from the spinose cavity, into which it fits. Fig. It, side view of dorsal spine, natural
size. Fig. Ik, section of dorsal spine.

Frederick McCoy.

52 ]

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I'l

MIFIMOTJRS ©IF TTM1E MUSEUM

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

(Fishes)

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FSchoenfeld.del &lith

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Bamel6tC?imp,

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Plate 118.

HETERODONTUS PHILLIPI (Lacep. sp.).

Port Jackson Shark, or Bull-dog Shark.

[Genus HETERODONTUS (Blainv.) = CESTRACION (Ccv., not Klein.) (Sub-king-
dom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Order Cbondropterygii. Sub-order Plagiostornata. Tribe
Selacboidei. Eamily Heterodontidaj.)

Gen. Char. — Ovate, fusiform ; head large, blunt, rounded in front, high, cuboid, with a
prominent longitudinal ridge over each eye ; mouth narrow, nearly terminal ; upper lip divided
into 7 lobes (1 median and 3 on each side) ; lower lip with one long fold on each side ; nostrils
confluent with mouth cavity; spiracles very small, below and behind the eye. Gill-openings
small. Teeth alike in both jaws, the median front rows very small, acutely tricuspid when
young, simple and with obtusely triangular cusp in middle age, blunt and hexagonal when old ;
more posterior teeth large, oblong, longer than broad, flattened, arranged in oblique, spiral rows
on each side of jaw, the anterior and posterior ones smaller than those in middle. Fins ; Two
dorsals, each with a small, smooth spine on front edge, anterior dorsal between pectorals and
ventrals, posterior dorsal in front of anal. Shagreen spines, or granules, of skin irregularly
stellate on upper surface. East and West Pacific and Indian Oceans.]

Description. — Form semifusiform, tapering- rapidly from the head to the tail.
Head large, about as high as broad, bluntly rounded in front, muzzle short ; two
prominent, bluntly rounded ridges arise, one on each side, beginning about over the
first gill-slit, arching over the eye and descending with the slope of the profile (which
is nearly straight at an angle of about 40° from longitudinal midline) to about over
angle of mouth, bounding a deep concavity along top of head ; their distance apart
about equal to distance from anterior edge of orbit to upper end of first gill-opening ;
height of head at orbit about one-seventh of total length, including caudal fin ;
length of head from tip of snout to first gill-opening about one-sixth the length of
body ; mouth and nostrils nearly terminal on under-side ; upper lip as wide as head,
divided into three lateral lobes, the outer one large, longitudinally oblong, flat,
overlapping under lip, next a nearly circular spirally involute lobe going nearly
round the large nostril, and next a broad rounded lobe ; the middle occupied by a
thin semicircular edge exposing the anterior median rows of teeth, which are promi-
nent ; lower lip with a long fold on each side from angle to the middle, exposing the
median rows of teeth in front. Spiracle minute, about the vertical diameter of the
orbit below hind margin of eye. Orbit twice as long as wide, close under the ridges
on the upper margin of the sides of the head; pupil longitudinally horizontal,
elliptical. Teeth : Upper and lower jaws alike, but a few more rows in upper than
lower jaw; quadrate, oblong in front, the rami widening so as nearly to touch about
the middle of their length, leaving an ovate median space, be}rond which they narrow
and divaricate to the back; teeth in about 27 rows, about 12 rows of about 13 teeth
each, longitudinal, and slightly diverging in front, each tooth of which is very small,
triangular, transversely ovate, front ones blunt, forming acutely angular simple erect
cusps farther back, and most acute, and with 1 or 2 lateral cusps in young teeth
behind ; 7 or 8 rows spirally arranged obliquely on each ramus from within, for-
wards and outwards, of large, flattened, slightly convex teeth, obliquely rhomboidal,
each with a narrow longitudinal ridge nearer the outer margin, and having the surface
sculptured with transverse vermicular ridges and small pits ; teeth of the fifth row
from the back largest, all longer than wide. Fins : Pectorals very large, about one-
fifth the length of the fish, width about two-thirds the length ; posterior edge nearly

[ 53]

Zoology.']

NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA.

[Fishes.

straight, posterior angle rounded ; front edge of first dorsal slightly in front of,
and vertically over the posterior base of pectorals, trapezoidal, front margin rounded,
about as long as from its base to acute posterior angle ; hind edge obliquely trun-
cated, concave; second dorsal about one-third smaller than the first, of the same
shape, origin behind the base of the ventrals, and terminating in front of anal, nearer
to anal; anal more than the length of its inner margin in front of caudal, similar
in form to second dorsal, but smaller ; caudal obliquely truncated, with its lower
part divided into two lobes by a deep quadrate notch, upper lobe separated from the
lower by the end of the body; ventrals trapezoidal, nearly equidistant between the
first and second dorsals. Spines in front of dorsal fins strong, basal two-thirds
covered with skin, exposed point smooth, compressed, triangular in section, reaching
about half the height of the fin, growing thicker with age. Skin with the shagreen
points irregularly cruciform on back and sides, globular on throat and on lower tip
of pectorals. Color: Reddish-brown above, pinkish-yellow below; a dark brown
band crosses top of head and eyes passing down cheeks towards corner of mouth ;
a broad brown band runs along middle of back from occiput to first dorsal, then
dividing obliquely outwards and backwards to upper surface of ventral fins, and
giving off a branch to the pectorals, inclosing a light, triangular space over posterior
base of pectorals; another dark medial band extends along back from anterior dorsal
on each side of second dorsal to tail ; pectorals and ventrals blackish-brown above,
pinkish on edge below; dorsal and anal fins lighter; iris greenish-brown. (The
brown dark bands are most distinct on the young, nearly or quite obsolete on the
old, and invisible on stuffed or spirit specimens.) The caudal fin is relatively larger'
in young than in old individuals.

Measurements.

Large Female.

Small Male.

Ft.

ins.

lines.

Ft.

ins. lines.

Total length

. . ... ...

3

8

0

2

9 0

Length from tip of snout to corner of mouth .

0

3

4

0

2 0

Width of mouth

0

4

0

0

2 1

Tip of snout to anterior edge of orbit

0

4

8

0

3 3

„ „ posterior edge of orbit

0

5

9

0

4 1

»

, first gill-opening

0

7

5

0

5 5

»

, anterior base of pectoral

0

10

3

0

7 0

>>

, anterior base of first dorsal

1

1

6

0

9 3

!>

, posterior ,, „

1

4

6

0

11 9

5?

, anterior base of ventral

, , ...

1

10

0

2 8

>>

, „ ,, second dorsal

o

2

6

7 3

»

, posterior „ „

o

5

0

9 3

5)

, anterior base of anal ...

2

6

6

10 7

»

, posterior „

2

8

0

11 6

)>

, anterior edge of lower lobe of caudal ...

3

0

6

2

2 7

Distance of spiracle from middle of posterior edge of orbit

0

1

0

0

0 7

\V idth of head at vertical of eye

0

7

0

0

4 5

Height at same to superciliary ridges...

0

6

7

0

3 10

Space between superciliary ridges

0

3

4

0

2 5

Length of anterior edge of pectoral ...

0

8

2

0

6 3

Outer edge of ditto ...

0

7

7

0

5 5

Exposed portion of spine of anterior dorsal

0

0

10

0

0 8

Antero-postcrior diameter of same

0

0

4

0

0 3

Transverse posterior diameter of same

0

0

n

0

0 2

Anterior edge of first dorsal ... ■

0

4

3

0

3 7

Posterior „ „

0

3

3

0

2 8 '

Exposed portion of spine of second dorsal

0

0

10

0

0 8

Antero-posterior diameter „

0

0

4

0

0 1\

Transverse posterior diameter „

, , ...

0

0

2 i

0

0 \\

Anterior edge of second dorsal

. • ...

0

3

9

0

2 11

Posterior edge of same

..

0

3

1

0

2 5

[ 54 J

Zoology."]

NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA.

[Fishes.

Measurements — continued.

Large Female.

Ska

Ft.

ins.

lines.

Ft.

ins. lines.

Anterior edge of ventral

••• •• •

• • •

0

3

6

0

2 6

Posterior edge of same

•• • ...

■ • •

0

3

7

0

2 3

Anterior edge of anal

• • •

0

3

6

0

2 7

Posterior edge of same

• • •

• ■ •

0

2

2

0

1 10

Anterior edge of lower lobe of caudal

... • • •

■ • *

0

5

0

0

3 7

Upper lobe above end of vertebral line

•• • • • •

• ■ •

0

2

0

0

1 10

Number of stellated spines of skin in 3 lines

on head ...

...

Seven

Seven

Reference. — =Port Jackson Shark, Phillip's Voy., p. 283 = Squalus Phil-
lipi, Lacep. Poiss., v. 1, p. 218 = Cestracion Phillipi, Cuv. R. A. = Jleterodontus
Phillipi, Blainville, Nouv. Bui. Sc, 1816, p. 121.

In the admirable descriptive and illustrated memoir on the
Heterodonti, by Baron Miklouho-Maclay and Mr. W. Macleay, in
the Proceedings of the Linnsean Society of New South Wales
(Vol. in., pt. 4), the interesting fact is announced of all the teeth,
both front and lateral, being small, sharp-pointed, and with one
or two lateral cusps, in the young a few inches long ; showing a
resemblance to those of Notidanus, the two anterior cusps being-
more perpendicular.

This Shark, so famous amongst zoologists and geologists under
the name of Cestracion, or Port Jackson Shark, is called the Bull-dog

Shark by Victorians, from the form of the head
and muzzle. No other Shark has any approach
to the extraordinary structure, shape, and
arrangement of the teeth of this genus,
which has been taken by Agassiz and Owen
as illustrating in our time the European
fossil genus Cocliliodus of the Carboniferous

Limestone formation ; to which, in my opinion
however, the relationship is not really close.
It is common in Hobson's Bay. The stomach
is filled with fragments of shells. There are
only two eggs at a time, laid once a year.
These eggs are very remarkable objects, not
uncommon on the shore ; they are conical in
shape, about 6 inches long, and surrounded
Egg ; half the natural size, with two broad keels extending spirally and
obliquely round the egg from one end to the other, like six turns

Vol. II.— Decade XII.— Jr. " 55 ]

Zoology^ NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Fishes.

of a broad screw ; the substance is of a tough, dark brown, horny
appearance. The stellated form of the shagreen is quite unlike
that of any other genus of Sharks.

Explanation op Figures.

Plate 113. — Fig. 1, side view, male, reduced. Fig. la, anterior view of bead, mouth
closed, showing the form of the lobes of the lips in front, and exposure of teeth above and
below. Fig. 16, teeth of lower jaws, natural size. Fig. \c, mouth widely opened, to show
similarity of dentition above and below. Fig. 2, female, reduced. Figs. 2a and 2b, irregularly
stellated shagreen of head and body, magnified.

Frederick McCoy.

[56]

"7

PL . 114

ZOOLOCY OF VICTORIA

(Fishes )

AUttrdwlorntw cULeVltih

Trof.McCcy hrext

SteajTu. litho .Govts, Printing Office

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Plate 114.

TRACHICHTHYS AUSTRALIS (Shaw).

Australian Rough Fish.

[Genus TRACHICHTHYS (Shaw). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-
class Tcleostei. Order Acanthopterygii. Family Berycidas.)

Gen. Char. — Ovate, compressed ; muzzle very short, scmioval ; cleft of mouth oblique ;
chin projecting a little in front of upper jaw ; eye very large ; teeth very fine, villiform on
jaws, palatines, and vomer. Eight branchiostegal rays. A very long, strong spine extending
backwards from supra-scapula ; a small triangular one on upper margin of operculum, and a
large one on basal angle of preoperculum ; scales semielliptical, roughly granular, serrated at
edge, and with upper and lower ends of anterior edge prolonged into flat, smooth, triangular
spines on covered portion ; scales of lateral line not larger than adjacent scales ; a row of very
large compressed scajes forming a strongly serrated edge to abdomen. One dorsal ; ventral
with six rays ; caudal forked. Australasia.]

Description. — Height of body about once and three-fourths in total length
from chin to base of caudal ; dorsal and ventral outlines from tip of snout to level
of dorsal fin, forming two nearly similar curves, the dorsal higher. Head semi-
elliptical ; diameter of eye two and a half in length of head ; mouth reaching under
middle of eye, supra-maxillary reaching to vertical of hind edge of orbit; posterior
nostril vertical, ovate, close to anterior edge of orbit; 2 lateral and 1 narrow, mesial,
smooth, vertical bands on forehead, middle widening into a cordate space above ;
intermediate spaces and all the bones of the head and the 4 lower branchiostegal
rays rough with close, irregularly arranged, spinose granules, without distinct
radiated arrangement ; supra-scapular spine very large, rough, with spinose granules
passing to flexuous ridges at point; a broad, flat, very obtuse, triangular spine on
upper margin of operculum, and a longer, stronger, and more acute, triangular,
flattened spine at basal angle of preoperculum. Teeth : A broad band of very
numerous, very minute, villiform teeth on upper and lower jaws, an ovate band of
similar teeth on each palatine bone, and a round patch of the same on the vomer.
Scales : 65 from operculum to base of caudal, and 24 from dorsal to ventral ;
rhomboidal, twice as high as long, those of lateral line not conspicuously larger than
the adjacent ones; 12 very large between bases of ventral fins and anus, forming a
strongly serrated keel to abdominal edge, the first anterior one obtuse, the others
progressively more compressed and prominent ; all the scales strongly pectinated on
hind edge, and rough with spinulose granules. Lateral line indistinct, descending
from under base of supra-scapular spine, with a slight curve to middle of tail. Fi?is :
Dorsal, with 4 spines (the first little larger than a scale), and 11 broad branched rays,
the first branched ray highest, the others rapidly shorter, the 6 latter nearly equal,
and half the height of the triangular anterior portion; anal with 3 spines and 10
branched rays (2 last with one base), the 6 hind rays lower than the 3 anterior ones,
first longest ; caudal deeply bilobed, notch angular, lobes semioval, with 6 shorter
rays above and 5 below, simple; 9 above and 7 below, thick, flat, branched ; pectorals

[57]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

quarter of an oval, of 13 rays ; ventrals broad, trigonal, of 1 spine and 6 branched
rays ; all the fin-rays, spinous and branched, rough, with short, spinulose granules.
Color: Whole surface of a rich tar-brown, with a vertical tawny-yellow band from
supra-scapular spine to spine at base of preoperculum, the throat and pectoral lighter
and with a rusty-red tinge, and the ventral blackish-brown with anterior spines
yellowish ; dorsal with spines yellowish, high triangular anterior portion blackish-
brown, posterior lower portion reddish-chestnut brown, with a conspicuous yellowish-
white, nearly colorless and translucent band at base, less than one-third the height
of the fin, with a narrow lighter edge ; middle lobe of caudal blackish-brown, upper,
lower, and middle margins yellowish ; anal blackish-brown, with a narrow, lighter
edge and a light band, yellow and less translucent than that of the dorsal, at base,
from one- fourth the height of the fin in front to one-half behind. Iris silvery
behind, orange in front. Inside of mouth pale flesh color.

Measurements.

Length from tip of snout to base of caudal

„ „ „ anterior edge of orbit

„ of upper caudal lobe ...

„ „ lower „

„ „ pectoral ...
Greatest height of dorsal

„ „ 1st dorsal spine

» ,> 2nd „

» » 3rd „

J> It !»

posterior „

edge of operculum spine

base of pectoral

„ Tentral

,, dorsal
anal

Ins.

lines

5

1

0

4

1

1

1

11

2

1

2

8

.3

3

4

3

1

6

1

4

1

4

1

6

0

2

0

3

0

4

1

3

3

7

1

6

0

10

0

7

a

X

Three

„ depth of body

„ thickness of body
Length of supra-scapular spine
Space between eyes ...
Number of scales in 6 lines at middle of body, longitudinally

» „ „ „ vertically

Reference. — Shaw, Nat. Mis. and Gen. Zool. Fishes, vol. iv., t. 92.

I should have had no doubt, like Count Castlenau, that this very
rare fish was identical with the unique specimen described about
eighty years ago by Shaw under the name of T. Australis, were it
not for the statements of Dr. Glinther that this type specimen of
Dr. Shaw, which is still in the British Museum, has 3 dorsal spines,
2 anal spines, 8 ventral keeled scales, and the height of the body
not quite one-half the length from snout to base of caudal. I
cannot say I feel satisfied that these remarks are correct, for
Shaw's figure, in his " General Zoology — Fishes," vol. iv., t. 92,
shows exactly the same relative height as our specimen, while Dr.
Giinther's proportion would stand for the edge, not base, of the

[58]

Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

caudal iu the present fish and Shaw's figure. Furthermore, Dr.
Gray, examining the same specimen (as quoted in Low's Fishes of
Madeira, p. 65), says, " There are only 3, or 4 at most, spines in
front of dorsal," and if the small anterior dorsal spine which I
count in the present fish was possibly, according to such an accurate
observer, present in Shaw's type, it may have been overlooked by
Dr. Giinther, as it is little bigger than a scale, and applied so closely
to the base of the second as to be easily overlooked. I count 12
scales of the large abdominal serration, but the anterior one
between the bases of ventral fins is so obtusely keeled, or little
compressed, that it might not be counted by some observers ; and
Shaw's figure seems to me to indicate 11 of these. Count Castle-
nau, in the description of the single specimen known to him
(Proc. Lin. Soc. N. S. Wales, vol. iii, p. 364), counts 4 spines to
the dorsal, but only 2 spines to the anal, and 10 scales to the ser-
rated ventral keel (Mr. Macleay, Des. Cat. Aust. Fish, p. 146, says
9 to 11). His statement that there are nO teeth on the palate
bones is to me at present inexjnicable. Mr. Macleay, in his excel-
lent work above quoted, proposes the new name T. Jacksonie?isis
for the New South Wales specimen described by Count Castlenau
as T. Australis, on account of those differences from Shaw's
specimen as described by Dr. Giinther ; but for the reasons indi-
cated I think it better to retain the old name, pending further
examination of the type specimen, which might more fully warrant
the establishment of a distinct species.

The tongue is so closely connected to the subjacent parts as
almost to warrant the statement of some writers that it is absent ;
its surface is smooth.

The only specimen I have ever seen is that figured, which was
presented to the National Museum by Mr. Jenkins, the fishmonger,
of Swanston-street, who has contributed many rarities to the collec-
tion. Described by Shaw originally from a New South Wales
specimen collected by White nearly a century ago, no second
specimen has been seen since until the present one and that
described bv Count Castlenau. Cuvier and Valenciennes, in their
great " Histoire Naturelle des Poissons," have had to construct
a description from Shaw's figure, no example existing in the

[ 59]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Continental museums. The only other species of the genus, the
T. elongata (Giinth.), is easily distinguished by its more elongate
slender form, smooth spines, and other characters.

The specimen in our Museum was caught in Hobson's Bay,
23rd May, 1884. Not figured of natural colors before.

Explanation of Figures.

Tlate 114. — Fig. 1, side view, natural size. Fig. la, front view of head, to show granula-
tion and smooth spaces on top of head, natural size. Fig. 16, interior of mouth, showing
tongue, and hands of villiform teeth on jaws, palatine bones, and vomer, magnified two
diameters. Fig. 1c, scales of abdominal keel, enlarged. Fig. Id, anterior spines and branched
rays of dorsal, to show their roughness, magnified two diameters. Fig. le, scale from lateral
line, magnified three diameters. Fig. 1/, ditto, profile.

Frederick McCoy.

[CO]

Pl.il--

ZOOLOCY OF VICTORIA
(Fishes)

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Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \Fiahes,

Plate 115.

LANIOPERCA MORDAX (Gunth.).

The Skip-jack Pike.

[Genus LANIOPERCA (Gunth.) = NEOSPHYRJENA (Castel.) = DINOLESTES
(Klunz.). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-class Teleostei. Order Acan-
thopterygii. Family Sphyramidaj).

Gen. Char. — Body compressed, elongate, covered with deciduous cycloid scales of moderate
size. Head sharp-pointed, covered with small scales ; cleft of mouth wide, lower jaw projecting
in front of upper one. Teeth in villiform bands on vomer, palatines, and jaws ; an outer series
of stronger, and one or two pairs of very large, lauiary, teeth in front of upper jaw. Tongue
smooth ; eyes lateral, moderate ; seven branchiostegal rays ; pseudobranchiae. Fins : Two
dorsal, anterior one short, of 5 spines ; anal with 2 spines ; ventrals nearly under pectorals.
No denticulation on plates of head; margins of opercular pieces thin and membranous.
Australia.]

D. 5 + 2, 18; A. 3, 26; V. 1, 5j P. 16; C. 18; L.L. 67Jr.

Description. — Form semiovate; head pointed, with a slightly concave profile;
abdominal outline much more convex than the dorsal line. Height of body about 5
times in total length (without caudal) ; length of head, about 3^ in the same ; eye
nearer to end of operculum than to end of snout ; diameter of eye equal to interorbital
space, about f^ of length of head; maxillary not quite reaching vertical from front
margin of eye. Preoperculum with a wide obtuse sinus in posterior edge; lower angle
forming a rounded finely-serrated lobe. Teeth of lower jaw much larger than upper
jaw, 4 or 5 posterior ones large, distant, laniary ; outer row of upper jaw nearl}T equal,
small, and about their length apart. Pectoral fin ovate, less than half the length of
the head, of 16 rays; ventrals deltoidal, united below, slightly behind base of pectorals ;
1st dorsal of 5 slender spines, about 1* its length in front of 2nd dorsal, which is
high in front and of 2 simple and 18 branched rays; anal shaped like 2nd dorsal,
of 3 simple and 26 branched rays; caudal forked, lower lobe largest, of 18 long
rays and 7 or 8 short ones on upper and lower edges. Scales large, very deciduous,
lateral line very prominent, nearly straight from upper edge of operculum to middle
of tail ; 67 along lateral line, 6 above and 11 below it. Color: Top of head, back,
and sides dark purplish-grey, fading into whitish on throat and belly ; first dorsal,
pectoral, and ventrals nearly colorless ; 2nd dorsal pale yellowish-olive ; anal lighter ;
caudal yellowish-olive ; 2nd dorsal and anal fins with rows of minute dark dots
crossing the rays. Iris silvery white. Measurements : Total length of average
specimen from tip of snout to tip of caudal fin, 1 ft. 7 ins. 6 lines. Proportional
measurements (taking total length as 100) : From tip of snout to middle of caudal,
T9^; to base of caudal, TW; to front edge of 1st dorsal, yVtt ? to front edge of
2nd dorsal, T4«^ ; to front edge of anal, f^- ; to base of pectoral, T2/0- ; to front
edge of ventrals, T2^ ; to front edge of orbit, T\rV ; to hind edge of orbit, ^ ; to
tip of operculum, -f^ ; length of pectoral, ^VV ? length of ventral, i*j>; width of
ventrals, y^ ; length of anal, $?■$ ; greatest depth at 2nd branched ray, , *-„ ;
length of 1st ray, tot 5 length of last ray, tou; length of 1st dorsal, T(;cr; greatest
height at 2nd spine, ^^ ; length of 2nd dorsal, T£$ ; greatest height at 4th branched

[ 61 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

ray, -^^ ; length of last ray, T30^j- ; greatest depth hetween 1st and 2nd dorsal fins,
Ty^. Length of largest, anterior, npper tooth, 5 lines ; length of upper anterior
teeth, 2 lines ; length of posterior lower teeth, 2 lines ; length of teeth of anterior
portion of lower jaw, |- line; those of edge of upper jaw, -^ line. Ahout middle of
hody 5 scales in one inch longitudinally, 3 vertically.

Reference. — Lanioperca mordax (Giinth.), Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1872,
v. 10, p. 183 = Dinolestes Miilleri (Klunz.), Archiv. fur Naturges, 1872, p. 29,
t. 3 = Neosphyrcena multiradiata (Cast.), Proc. Zool. Soc. Vic, v. 1, p. 96.

The Laniopercce resemble the Sphyrcence or Sea Pikes, but have
much more numerous rays in the second dorsal and anal fins, and
have teeth on the vomer, and bands of villiform teeth inside the
large ones on jaws. The typical species was made the type of the
genus Dinolestes by Klunzinger, and of Neosphyrcena by Count
Castlenau.

The Skip-jack Pike, as it is called by the fishermen, is not un-
common in the winter and spring months, and is easily distinguished
from the Sea Pike, which it resembles generally and in color, by
its shorter, thicker form and much longer anal and second dorsal
fins. The color often seems a purplish-brown in the fish shops,
when dead some time and most of the scales off ; but when fresh
is purplish slate-grey above, like the Pike.

Klunzinger's figure gives only four rays to the first dorsal fin,
and the photograph published by the Rev. J. E. Tennison- Woods,
in the " Fish and Fisheries of New South Wales," omits the first
dorsal fin altogether, the error in both cases probably arising from
the ease with which the spines are completely concealed when
depressed into a deep slit or groove at the base of the fin.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 115. — Fig. 1, average specimen, half the natural size. Fig. la, under-view of head,
to show the form of the isthmus, half natural size. Fig. 16, inner view of mouth, natural size,
showing the villiform bands of minute teeth, tapering at anterior and posterior ends on each
jaw and on the front of tlie vomer, with the smooth tongue, and the row of larger outer teeth,
becoming very large behind on the lower jaws, and the smaller, more uniform, outer row of teeth
on the upper jaw, as well as the two pairs of great laniary teeth between the vomer and front
of the mouth, and the few larger teeth on sides of back of vomer (the lower jaw is nearer the
top of the plate). Fig. lc, scales from lateral line, twice the natural size. Fig. Id, scale from
above the lateral line, twice the natural size. Fig. le, scale from below the lateral line, twice
the natural size. Fig. If, portion of anal fin, natural size, to show the transverse streaks of
minute dark dots.

Frederick McCoy.

[62]

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ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

(Po lyzocu)

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Zoology. ,] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Vohjzoa.

Plate 116, Fig. 1.

BEANIA MIRABILIS (Johnston).

[Genus BEANIA (Johnston). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infun-
dibulata. Sub-order Cheilostoniata. Family Bicellariidae.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium creeping or loosely adnate. Zooecia disjunct, connected by (usually)
corneous tubes, erect or decumbent, ovate or boat-sbaped, entirely open in front and filled in by
a membrane. Usually one or two capitate pedunculate avicularia, perfect, aborted or altered
in form.]

Description. — Zoarium sub-erect or decumbent. Zooecia erect, connected by
long', filiform tubes springing- from their bases ; each cell boat-shaped, with a thick-
ened rim, two sharp spines superiorly and 7-10 sub-marginal, incurved spines or
costce on each side, the uppermost of which is stouter than the others.

References. — Busk, Cat. Mar. Pol. Brit. Mus., Pt. i, p. 32, pi. xxiv., Figs.
4, 5 ; Hincks, Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, p. 96, pi. iv.; Figs. 8-10.

Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. B. Wilson.

This exceedingly beautiful and interesting species, for the dis-
covery of which in Australia we are indebted to Mr. J. B. Wilson,
differs in no respect from the well-known European form. The
figured specimen occurs on a small piece of sea-weed. The zooecia
are boat-shaped, of a beautiful silvery appearance, and connected
by long delicate tubes attached to their bases. The superior
thicker spine seems to me to be evidently the homologue of the
frequently-modified avicularium in the Diachoridan species.

Explanation op Figures.

Plate 116. — Fig. 1, portion of zoarium, magnified. Fig. la, single cell, more bighly
magnified.

Plate 116, Figs. 2 and 4.

MUCRONELLA TRICUSPIS (Hincks).

[Genus MUCRONELLA (Hincks). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order In-
fundibulata. Sub-ord. Cheilostomata. Fam. Escharidae.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium crustaceous or erect and uni- or bi-laminate. Zooecia ■with a sub-
orbicular or semicircular orifice, the peristome of which is elevated into a more or less promi-
nent inferior mucro.]

Description. — Zoarium encrusting*. Zooecia distinct, convex; primary mouth
semicircular, with 3 or 4 long1 spines superiorly; secondary mouth with a pouch-like
projection of the peristome below, the middle part forming' a broad mucro and on each
side produced into a sharp process. A raised avicularium on each side of the zocecium
below the mouth, with the long-, pointed mandible directed outwards, and projecting-

Vol. II.— Decade XII.— 1. ' 63 ]

Zoology.-] NATUEAL HISTOKY OF VICTOKIA. \_Polyzoa.

against the side of the mouth of the contiguous cell. Ooecia globular, smooth,
occasionally with the margin thickened.

References. — Mucronella tricuspis, Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug.
1881 ; M. munita, MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., July 1882.

Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone.

Of this common species there are two varieties which I, at one
time, considered as distinct species. The one, which may be taken
as the type, forms, when young, thin glassy layers on Retepores,
shells, &c. The oral spines are long and only seen on the marginal
zooecia. The whole surface of the zooecia is smooth. In older
specimens there is no difference except what is due to increased
calcification. The peristome below forms a pouch-like projection,
divided superiorly into three parts — a central broader and two
lateral sharper projections. The central part is traversed by a
shallow, vertical groove which is frequently, as in the figure,
replaced by an elevated band or ridge. In the other variety, which
I have described as M. munita, the surface of the zocecia is sharply
areolated round the margin, and the spines are much thicker and
persistent. Even when highly calcified the areolation is frequently
retained, although sometimes obliterated. In. one beautifully per-
fect young, growing specimen the marginal spines are thick, with
conspicuous chitinous articulations ; and many of the zooecia have
a calcareous nodule on the front.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 116. — Fig. 2, portion of zoarium of normal form, showing the young marginal
zooecia and those fully formed, ooecia, and avicularia projecting on the sides of the mouths of
contiguous zooecia. Spines are seen on the marginal zooecia, but not on the others. Fig. 4,
small portion of the variety munita, in which, however, the marginal areolation has disappeared.
The bases of the persistent spines are shown.

Plate 116, Fig. 3.

MUCRONELLA L^VIS (P. McG.).

Description. — Cells broadly ovate, arranged in linear series, separated by deep
grooves, slightly convex, smooth ; mouth rounded above, a broad denticle deep in
the lower lip ; peristome raised round the lower lip, produced in the centre into a
prominent square or blunt mucro ; six stiff, articulated spines on the upper margin.
Ocecium small, globose, smooth, three spines showing on each side in front of it.

Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., July 1882.

Sorrento, Mr. J. B. Wilson ; Port Phillip Heads, on shells, &c.

[64]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Of a yellowish-brown color. Allied to M. peachii, from which
it differs in the greater prominence of the mouth, the larger size of
the mucro, the stouter spines (the articulations of which are usually
darker colored), and the presence of three spines in front of the
ocecium on either side. It is also closely allied to, and may prove
to be identical with the M. teres described by Mr. Hincks from
specimens dredged off Curtis Island.

Explanation or Figure.
Plate 116. — Fig. 3, portion of specimen, magnified.

Plate 116, Figs. 5-8.

MUCROXELLA VULTUR (Hincks).

Description. — Zoarium loosely attached or in hemescbara form. Cells large,
distinct, surface cribriform, with numerous, slightly raised, circular foramina ; mouth
semicircular, with six spines on the upper margin ; inside the lower lip a broad
denticle, and on each side, separated by a rounded sinus, a sharp tooth; in front of
the median denticle the peristome forms a large mucro, with a large avicularium on
one side, the sharp point of the mandible of which is directed upwards. Occasionally
a large avicularium, with a broad, blunt, tongue-shaped mandible on the front of a
cell. Ooecium large, globular, closely and finely punctate, with, usually, a sharp
point on each side of the opening.

Reference. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug. 1882.

Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone ; Warrnainbool,
Mr. Watts.

In this large and handsome species the zooecia are of great size,
and the massive mucro, with its long, pointed, lateral avicularium,
is very conspicuous. The front of the mucro is frequently
elevated into a stout knob or process. The zocecia posteriorly are
quadrate, and have very frequently a large round pore, usually
situated about the centre of the upper margin, probably indicating
the attachment of a radical fibre. It is nearly allied to M.
(Lepralia) Ellerii (McG.), of which it ought possibly to rank only
as a variety. In M. Ellerii the primary mouth is of the same
structure, but the central mucro is smaller (although frequently
with the projecting process), and there are usually additional blunt
processes at the sides of the mouth. The zooecia, moreover, are

[ 65]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

oblique ; and the ooecia are broader, the inferior angles not so
sharply pointed, and there is a smooth space in front without any
punctation.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 116. — Fig. 5, two mature zocecia with ooecia, showing also the process on the mucro.
Fig. 6, two cells from another specimen. Fig. 7, younger cells from another specimen, showing
the growth of the mucro. Fig. 8, single marginal cell, showing the central and lateral denticles.

Plate 116, Fig. 9.

CYCLICOPORA LONGIPORA (P. McG.).

[Genus CYCLTCOPORA (Hincks). (Suh-kingd. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infun-
dibulata. Sub-ord. Cheilostomata. Fam. Escharidae.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium encrusting or loosely adnate. Zooecia elongated ; mouth suborbicular,
turned forwards, with a slightly-thickened margin. No avicularia. Ocecium prominent.]

Description. — Zocecia much elongated, distinct, arranged in linear series,
convex ; surface smooth and sparsely punctured ; mouth nearly circular, with the
lower lip usually slightly straightened, margin thickened. Ocecium large, rounded,
smooth.

Reference. — Lepralia longipora, P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict.,
July 1882; Cyclicopora prcelonga, Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1884.

Port Phillip Heads, mostly on calcareous nodules, common.

Explanation of Figure.
Plate 116. — Fig. 9, portion of specimen, magnified.

The specimens and descriptions for the Polyzoa on this plate
have been contributed by Mr. MacGillivray.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 66]

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ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

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Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 117, Figs. 1 and 2.
BEANIA DECUMBENS (P. McG.).

[Genus BEANIA (Johnston). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Iufun-
dibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Bicellariidse.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium creeping or loosely adnate. Zooecia disjunct, connected by (usually)
corneous tubes, erect or decumbent, ovate or boat-shaped, entirely open in front, and filled in by
a membrane. Usually one or two capitate pedunculate avicularia, perfect, aborted or altered
in form.]

Description. — Zooecia much elongated ; two or three short spines at the top ;
14-16 long- spines on each side, arching- over the front of the cell and those of
opposite sides interdigitating ; at each upper angle a smail capitate avicularium;
connecting tubes springing from the extremities or sides, so that the cells are
entirely decumbent.

Keference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Eoy. Soc. Vict., Dec. 1881.

Port Phillip Heads ; first found by Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson.
Spreads in long, irregular lines over calcareous nodules. The
connecting tubes are very short, and the zocecia are arranged end
to end, the branches, however, originating from the sides of the
zocecia. In many zocecia there are one or two radical tubes from
the sides, fixing them to the body on which they grow.

I have elsewhere given reasons for including most of the species
of Diachoris in the present genus. The zocecium in such a species
as D. spinigera, as pointed out by Hincks (Polyzoa, p. 66), is
identical in structure with that of a typical Beania. The number
of the connecting tubes, the seemingly constant junction of each
cell with six others, and, especially, the presence of capitate
avicularia, constituted the reason for separating Diachoris ; but
Hincks has described a species, D. intermedia, in which the
connecting tubes are four, and the symmetrical pattern is lost ;
and in Heller's D. hirtissima and the allied B. conferta (McG.)
there are no avicularia. The character of the genus Beania, as
now defined, depends on the structure of the cell, the margins
being raised and front entirely open or membranous, their
disjunction and connection with each other by tubes, and the
presence of one or two perfect or modified capitate avicularia at
or towards the oral end of the cell.

The systematic position of the genus is somewhat doubtful,
but on the whole I agree with Mr. Hincks in referring it to

[ & ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Pohjzoa.

the Bicellariidse. It is also closely related to the Membraniporse
through the very interesting B. radicifera, in which the original
disjunction of the cells is shown by the short, thick, calcareous
connection seen behind, and the avicularia, although sessile, are
evidently a modification of the capitate form.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 117. — Fig. 1, two zocecia of a series arranged end to end. Fig. la, single zocecium
with the first zooecia of two branches springing from the sides. Fig. 2, outline of side view,
to show the position of the attachment of the connecting tubes.

■/ki/->. .i ~ j-d^fc Plate 117, Fig. 3.

.^ojotW f (jio +4o8

— BEANIA COSTATA (Busk sp.).

Description. — Zoarium adnate or free; zooecia connected with six others by
corneous tubes ; boat-shaped, rounded at either end ; 4-0 spines above the mouth,
and about 10 or 12 long- incurved spines on each side of the aperture bending- over
the front, and tbose of opposite sides interdigitating ; posterior surface of cells
smooth; a capitate avicularium on each side opposite the mouth, usually directed
upwards.

Reference. — Diachoris costata, Busk, Challenger Polyzoa, p. 60, xxiv. f. 4.

Port Phillip Heads.

This species is allied to the D. spinigera, from which, however,
it may readily be distinguished. The zocecia are much smaller,
the marginal spines more numerous and longer, and the avicularia
are smaller, narrower, and more elongated.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 117.— Fig. 3, group of zooecia, magnified. Fig. 3a, single zocecium, more highly-
magnified ; the outward direction of some of the marginal spines is owing to the irregular
contraction of the sides of the cell in the dried specimen. Fig. 3b, back view of portion of
same specimen.

Plate 117, Figs. 4 and 5.
BEANIA CROTALI (Busk sp.).

Description. — Zoarium loosely adnate or snberect; zocecia erect, quadrate, each
joined to six others by corneous tubes; from each upper angle a large lanceolate
process (a modified avicularium) is directed downwards and inwards ; posterior
surface with several perforations at the base and on the sides.

Reference. — Diachoris Crotali, Busk, Cat. Mar. Pol. Brit. Mus., pt. 1, p. 54,
t. lxvi., figs. 1 and 2.

Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone.

[68]

Zoology.'] NATUEAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Pohjzoa.

The zoarium is partly free or adnate, and very loosely con-
nected with the object on which it rests. The zocecia are nearly
erect, oblong. Each is connected with six others by tubes spring-
ing from the bases (not the sides and anterior extremity) of the
zocecia, the tubes thus forming a horizontal network from which
the zocecia are directed upwards. At each upper angle of the
zocecia there is articulated a lanceolate leaf-like process, the upper
and narrower end of which forms a rounded knob. This process
is hollowed on one surface, and has a prominent ridge on the other.
There is no appearance of mandible, but there can be no doubt of
its being a modified avicularium. At the base of the zocecium,
when viewed posteriorly, several rounded markings or openings
are usually seen near the edge, mostly to one side, and they occa-
sionally occur also on the sides of the erect part.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 117.— Fig. 4, anterior view of portion of a specimen. Fig. 4a, portion of the same,
more highly magnified. Fig. 4b, posterior view of same. Fig. 5, side view of two zocecia.

Plate 117, Figs. 6 to 8.
BEANIA RADIC1FERA (Hincks sp.).

Description. — Zoarium attached by numerous radical tubes springing- from the
backs of the zocecia ; zocecia large ; aperture entirely membranous or slightly filled
in below by a thin calcareous plate ; two very short spines or tubercles above the
mouth, and a long, incurved, blunt or occasionally furcate, rigid spine on one side,
a short distance below the mouth ; on the opposite side a large, sessile avicularium
rising' from a distinct broad base. Ocecia large, rounded, granular and pitted.
Posteriorly, the zocecia distinct, but each united by short calcareous tubes with six
others, the spaces between the tubes appearing as round deep depressions.

Reference. — Membranipora radicifera, Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
July 1881.

Port Phillip Heads, on mud and sponges.

This is in many respects a most interesting form, marking, as it
does, the transition from Beania (including Diachoris) to Mem-
branipora. The zocecia wTith the slight filling in inferiorly are Mem-
braniporidan ; but, although they are united in front, posteriorly
they present the characteristic arrangement of Diachoris, the
rounded openings seen being the spaces between the connecting
tubes of the adjacent cells, which, instead of being long and
chitinous, are here short and calcareous. The avicularium is also

[ 69 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polgzoa.

transitional. It is not capitate, but has a broad calcareous basis,
clearly representing the pedicle of the ordinary capitate form.
The mode of attachment is peculiar, the zoarium being fixed by
numerous radical tubes springing from the backs of the cells.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 117. — Fig. 6, front view of portion of specimen. Fig. 7, back view, showing con-
nection of each zooecium with six others by short, thick, calcareous tubes. Fig. 8, single zooecium
from another specimen, showing a few radical fibres.

Plate 117, Fig. 9.

AMPHIBLESTRUM PATELLAKIUM (Moll sp.).

Description. — Zooecia slightly separated and connected by short tubes, oval and
lozenge-shaped ; margins raised, crenulated ; lower two-thirds filled in by a minutely
granular calcareous expansion ; aperture nearly semicircular, occasionally somewhat
trifoliate. Ocecia rounded, smooth, with a thickened rim below.

References. — Mollia patellaria, Smitt, Flor. Bryozoa, Pt. ii., p. 12, fig. 72 =
Diachoris patellaria, Waters, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1879 = Membrani-
por a patellaria, P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Dec. 1881.

Port Phillip Heads.

This species agrees with Beania and Diachoris in nothing but
the disjunction of the cells ; otherwise it is undoubtedly an Am-
phiblestrum, allied to A. Rossellii. It agrees perfectly with the
form described by Waters, from the Bay of Naples, as Diachoris
patellaria var. multijuncta. The cells are only slightly separated,
and are sometimes so close that the connecting tubes cannot be
distinguished. Each cell is connected with the adjacent ones by
usually about twelve tubes. In the typical form, as figured by
Smitt and Waters, the connecting tubes are much fewer. These
naturalists consider Heller's D. simplex as the same species, which
they refer to Moll's Eschara patellaria. I have not seen Moll's
work, but Heller's figure certainly looks very different. No
avicularia have been seen.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 117. — Fig. 9, group of zooecia, magnified. Fig. 10, portion of another specimen,
showing ooecia.

I am indebted for the specimens and descriptions of the Polyzoa
on this plate to Mr. MacGillivray.

Fkederick McCoy,

[ 70]

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ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

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Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 118, Figs. 1 to 5.

HORNERA FOLIACEA (P. McGL).

[Genus HORNERA (Lamx.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundi-
bulata. Sub-order Cyclostomata. Family Idmoneidse.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium brancbed, branches distinct, anastomosing or connected by transverse
bars. Zocecia distinct, opening irregularly on one side of the branches. Ooecia dorsal or
anterior. ]

Description. — Zoarium rising- from a discoid base, forming- a foliaceous ex-
pansion, composed of sub-parallel brandies dichotomously divided and connected
by transverse bars forming oblong- fenestra ; anterior surface divided into elongated,
more or less rhomboidal, spaces by the approximation, at intervals, of slightly
elevated longitudinal ridges ; zocecia opening in these spaces, exserted, the peristome
produced and lacerated especially on the expanded outer lip; posterior surface
longitudinally sulcate, the elevations between the sulci transversely marked by
shallow grooves. Ooecia very large, bulging, extending usually over several
branches, deeply and closely pitted.

Reference. — Homera foliacea, P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc Vict. =
Retihomera foliacea, Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat., Marine Polyzoa, Part iii., p. 19, pi.
xiii., figs. 1 and 2, pi. xix.

Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone ; Western Port
and Sealers' Cove, Baron von Mueller.

This beautiful and common species rises from a discoid base,
spreads usually at first in a flabelliform manner, but ultimately
becomes more or less convoluted, and frequently attains a size of
two inches. The fenestras are oblong, varying considerably in size
according to age, sometimes narrower than the branches, sometimes
as wide or even wider. The zocecia are exserted in perfect specimens,
with the peristome lacerated ; in those at the margins of the
branches the outer lip is much expanded, forming a laciniated lip
with usually two or three teeth. There are seldom more than
two or three rows of zocecia in a branch, and their occurrence on
the cross-bars is very infrequent. The surface of the branches
is faintly granular and traversed by longitudinal, slightly elevated
ridges, the approximation of which, at intervals, forms eloDgated,
irregular, somewhat rhomboidal spaces in which the orifices of the
cells are situated. The posterior surface is longitudinally sulcate,
the intermediate elevations being marked by close transverse
furrows. The depth of the posterior sulci, the distinctness of the

Vol. II.— Decade XII.— m. '71

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Polyzoa.

anterior ridges, and the prominence of the cell-mouths, of course,
vary much with age. In some specimens numerous, small, sharp-
pointed spines project from the edges of the fenestra?. These,
however, are usually absent, even in perfect specimens. The
ooecia are very large and prominent. They are seldom confined
to one branch, but usually extend over several, generally bulging
in the direction of the axis of each branch involved.

The genus Retihornera has been proposed by Kirchenpaur and
adopted by Busk for the fenestrate species of Hornera. Such a
species as H. robusta (McG.) shows the transition, and I cannot
see any sufficient reason for dividing the old genus.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 118. — Fig. 1, specimen, natural size. Fig. 2, portion of the front of a specimen*
magnified. Fig. 3, portion of another specimen, more highly magnified, to show the expanded'
lacerated outer lip of the peristome of the zooecia. Fig. 4, portion of the back of a specimen,
showing two ooecia. Fig. 5, part of a specimen, with small spines on the edges of the
fenestra?.

Plate 118, Figs. 6 to 8.

HORNERA ROBUSTA (P. McG.).

Description. — Zoarium composed of one or more thick, flattened stems, from
which lateral branches extend on either side, these lateral branches frequently anas-
tomosing- with each other and with those from adjacent stems ; zocecia arranged in
numerous longitudinal rows, separated by raised ridges ; mouth in the central zooecia
slightly exserted, in the lateral and those near the edge the peristome produced and
irregularly dentate ; posterior surface of zoarium longitudinally sulcate, the narrow
intermediate ridges thickly punctate. Ocecium large, posterior, elongated in the
direction of the branch, pitted.

Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Dec. 1882.

Port Phillip Heads.

H. robusta attains a considerable size, a specimen dredged at
Port Phillip Heads being two and a half inches by one and three-
quarters. Its mode of growth is very characteristic. It originates
from a single stem, usually subcylindrical, but sometimes broad or

[72]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Polyzoa.

indistinct. This divides usually into two, which again subdivide
into several branches. From the main branches others spread on
either side in a penniform manner, and these again give rise to
smaller branches. These anastomose irregularly together, and the
large branches from the neighbouring main stems frequently unite
in the same manner. Some specimens consist only of a single
stem with lateral branches. The resulting zoarium in those with
several stems is more or less expanded and curled. The anastomoses
are very irregular, and do not produce anything like the regular
fenestrate arrangement seen in Retihornera foliacea. They seem
to be frequently caused by the accidental contact of the peristomes
of zocecia in contiguous branches.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 118. — Fig. 6, specimen, natural size. Fig. 7, portion of a specimen, showing the
anterior surface and the mode of formation of the anastomoses, magnified. Fig. 8, small portion
of the back of another specimen, showing an ocecium.

Mr. MacGillivray has kindly contributed the specimens and
descriptions of these species of Retihornera and Hornera.

Frederick McCoy.

[73]

PL. 113

ZOOLOCY OF VICTORIA

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Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

Plate 119.

PHANEROPTERA VALIDA (Walk.).
The Smaller Green Gum-tree Grasshopper.

[Genus PHANEROPTERA (Aud. Serv.) (Sub-kingd. Articulata. Class Insecta. Order
Orthoptera.* Section Saltatoria. Family Gryllidse.)

Gen. Char. — Head small, narrow, oval, vertical ; antennas close together at base, longer
than the body, setaceous, multiarticulate, first joint large, elongate, second spheroidal, capillary
from the third joint ; eyes small, prominent ; no ocelli ; labrum small, rounded ; mandibles
moderate, slender; maxilliary palpi with last joint twice as long as that of labial palpi, both
truncated at tip. Legs long, slender ; posterior femora very long, smooth ; tibias long ; spines
of legs few and small ; anterior tibiae with a basal swelling, having a distinct oval cavity ; tarsi
4-jointed, third joint narrow, bilobed. Elytra long, narrow, extending beyond the abdomen
when at rest, and having large stridulating organ on inner base in the males ; wings large, ex-
tending beyond the elytra. Prothorax short, flat or concave above, posterior edge sometimes
raised ; presternum smooth ; mesosternum and metasternum concave, with raised lateral borders.
Abdomen narrow; subanal plate of male bifurcate at tip, the two branches extending beyond
the abdomen ; two upper appendages long, setaceous, pubescent, those of the male a little
arched upwards, and much larger than in the female ; ovipositor very short, arched upwards
from base, rounded at tip ; valves flat, smooth above.

Sub-genus, Phaneroptera proper : Prothorax oblong, nearly parallel-sided and flat above,
keeled at sides where deflected ; legs and thighs nearly smooth.]

Description. — Male: Head brown, with green tinge; eyes very prominent,
greenish-brown ; antennae very slender, pale brown ; prothorax with a flat or
slightly concave, oblong disc, sides bent down at right angles with a strong, straight,
pale-yellowish keel on each side at the flexure; rest of the surface pea-green;
anterior margin -slightly concave, posterior edge convex. Presternum narrow,
sulcate along middle, meso- and meta- sternum broader, slightly convex with raised
lateral edges, deeply bilobed behind. Upper abdominal appendages long, slightly
curved upwards; lower pair very short. Legs very long, slender; femora and
tibiae with few very minute spines, proximal half of hind femora moderately thick-
ened; anterior pair of tibia? dilated at base for oval drum cavity; all the legs pale
brown, except thick part of hind femora, which are green on outer side. Tegmina,
or anterior wings, narrow, about 2 lines shorter than posterior wings when at rest ;
larger areolets irregular, not distinctly marked; pea-green, except the large triangular
part of inner base carrying the iridescent, transparent, stridulating spots, which are
pale brown. Hind wings colorless, with pale pink and green iridescent reflection;
a triangular, opaque, pea-green spot, 2 lines long, on anterior half of apex (which
opaque green portion projects beyond the tegmina when at rest); abdomen brown
above, green below; tibia?, tarsi, distal half of hind thighs and palpi, pale brown;
angle at sides of thorax, continued by inner or posterior veins of tegmina, when at
rest, pale yellowish. Expanse of tegmina, 3 ins. 1 line ; length of body, 1 in.
Proportional measurements : Length of lower wings, 1 in. 6 lines, taken as
unity; length of anterior wings, or tegmina, \%%', width of tegmina, r§^; length
of prothorax, to%5 width of prothorax, xo?o 5 length of abdomen, xo'ttj length of
antenna?, -^^ ; hind femora, ^g, ; hind tibiae, rruV Female : General structure

* Although the name Dermaptera has some claims to priority for this Order, I have used Orthoptera, as
employed by so many writers upon the group.

[75]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. . [Insects.

and color like male, except inner bases of tegmina, which are green, and finely
reticulated like the rest. Length of tegmina, 1 in. 7 lines ; length of body,
1 in. 1 line.

Reference. — Cat. Derm. Salt., Pt. 2, p. 352.

The PhaneroptercB are the most elegantly slender of all the
Gryllidce, not only the small head and narrow body, but the nar-
rowness of the anterior pair of wings (or tegmina, or elytra) aiding
this characteristic appearance. The distance the hind wings pro-
ject behind the tips of the tegmina when at rest, and the great
length of the abdominal appendages of the male, are also pecu-
liarities. The subanal plate of the male is sometimes double, in
other species only bifurcate at tip ; it is usually curved upwards.
The shortness of the ovipositors of the female sejDarates the
PhaneroptercB at a glance from Locustidce.

Like all the Phaneropterce, the posterior wings when folded
extend like a tail beyond the ends of the elytra or anterior wings
when at rest, the exposed tips being usually colored like the elytra
and of the same consistence, differing in these respects from the
transparent membranous rest of the wing.

This species is common on young gum trees near Melbourne,
the tint of which it so closely agrees with that it is by no means
easy to detect the individuals loudly shirring or chirping on all
sides of the observer.

It has not been figured before.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 119. — Fig. 1, male, natural size, in flying position. Fig. la, front view of head,
magnified 3 diameters, snowing absence of ocelli and form of front. Fig. lb, labrum, or upper
lip, showing its simple rounded edge, magnified 5 diameters. Fig. lc, one of the strong cutting
mandibles, magnified 5 diameters. Fig. Id, one of the slender maxilla?, showing the hood over
the serrated terminal joint and the maxillary palpi. Fig. le, labium, or under lip, showing its
terminations and palpi, magnified 5 diameters. Fig. If, head and thorax viewed from above,
magnified 3 diameters, showing the flat oblong disc, with the rectangularly-deflected sides.
Fig. Iff, hind leg, magnified 2 diameters. Fig. Ih, anterior leg, showing swelling and drum
cavity in base of tibia. Fig. lz, tarsus viewed from below, magnified 3 diameters, to show the
bilobed third joint. Fig. Ik, ditto, viewed from the side. Fig. 1/, sternum, to show the bilobed
middle and hinder pieces, magnified 3 diameters. Fig. Im, anal plate and appendages of end
of abdomen of male, magnified 3 diameters. Fig. In, elytra, magnified two diameters, showing
the neuration and large, clear stridulating organs at base. Fig. 2, female, viewed in profile, with
the wings at rest, to show the projection of the wings behind the tips of the elytra, and the
extension of both far behind the end of the abdomen. Fig. 2a, elytra, or tegmina, magnified
2 diameters, to contrast the neuration with that of the male, and to show the absence in the
female of the transparent stridulating spaces at base. Fig. 2b, side view of plates of ovipositor
and appendages at end of abdomen of female, magnified 3 diameters. Fig. 3, another specimen,
in the walking position, seen from above, to show the overlapping of the left elytron.

Frederick McCoy.
[?6]

PI . 120

200L0CY OF VICTORIA

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Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

Plate 120.

PHANEROPTERA (EPHIPPITYTIIA) TRIGINTIDUO-

GUTTATA (Serv.).

The Thirty-two Spotted Grasshopper.

[Genus PHANEROPTERA (Aud. Serv.). (Sub-kingd. Articulata. Class Insecta.
Order Orthoptera. Section Saltatoria. Family Gryllidse.)

Gen. Char. — Head small, narrow, oval, vertical ; antenna? close together at base, longer
than the body, setaceous, multiarticular^ ; 1st joint large, elongate; 2nd spheroidal; capillary
from the 3rd joint. Eyes small, prominent ; no ocelli ; labrum small, rounded ; mandible
moderate, slender; maxillary palpi with last joint twice as long as that of labial palpi, both
truncated at tip. Legs long, slender ; posterior femora very long, smooth ; tibia? long ; spines
of legs few and small ; anterior tibia? with a basal swelling, having a distinct oval cavity ; tarsi
4-jointed, 3rd joint narrow, bilobed. Elytra long, narrow, extending beyond the abdomen
when at rest, and having large stridulating organ on inner base in the males ; wings large,
extending beyond the elytra. Prothorax short, flat or concave above, posterior edge sometimes
raised ; presternum smooth ; mesosternum and metasternum concave, with raised lateral
borders. Abdomen narrow ; subanal plate of male bifurcate at tip, the two branches extending
beyond the abdomen ; two upper appendages long, setaceous, pubescent, those of the male
a little arched upwards and much larger than in the female ; ovipositor very short, arched
upwards from base, rouned at tip ; valves flat, smooth above.

(Sub-genus Ephippitytha) (Serville) — Prothorax saddle-shaped, hollowed transversely,
narrow and convex in front above, abruptly widening into a rounded dilated portion raised behind.
Thighs and legs strongly spinous. Front with one tubercle.]

Description. — Female : Body yellow ochre, glossy ; top of head blackish-
brown ; a rusty yellow spot under each eye. Frontal tubercle small, conical ; point
not reaching- front of basal joint of antennae. Prothorax saddle-shaped, hollowed
on the deflected sides ; upper surface contracted in front, widening- abruptly behind ;
obliquely inclined upwards from the anterior to the posterior margin, with a median,
triangular, reddish-brown spot ; sides green, bent down, long, rounded ; posterior
portion brown, elevated, flat, rounded at the base of the elytra; sides of this plate
with a black, polished, semilunate spot, wider in front. Elytra rather opaque, ex-
tending nearly an inch beyond the end of the abdomen, dull yellowish-green ;
anterior border wide, sinuous, narrowed towards the tip, which is rounded and of a
duller color; the reticulate neuration of this margin coarse, irregular; each elytron
with 8 to 10 oblong black spots in a longitudinal line on a paler streak, touching the
posterior or inner margin of great marginal vein ; 8 to 13 other similar spots form-
ing an irregularly placed row on the inner margin of the elytra. Stridulating organ
opaque, with reticulate neuration like that of anterior margin ; hind wings trans-
parent, with slightly-opaque green tips. Legs green, with transverse brown spots ;
hind thighs with 2 rows of moderate spines below ; hind tarsi with 2 rows of
moderately large spines above, 2 anterior pairs of legs, nearly smooth ; 2 hinder
joints of sternum green, with the deflected edges yellow. Base of anterior tibia?
swollen, with a large, oval, talc-like, glossy plate covering the cavity on both the
outer and inner sides. Antennae slender, setaceous, of very numerous, indistinct,
cylindrical joints beyond the basal and 2nd joints, which are enlarged, the basal joint
slightly exceeding the frontal tubercle in length. Length of body, 1 in. 4 lines ;
length of each of the tegmina, 2 ins. 1 line; greatest width of same, 5 lines ; length of

[ 77]

Zoplogy.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

hind wing", 2 ins. 2 lines ; greatest width of same, 1 in. ; length of antennae, 1 in. 8
lines ; length of hind thigh, 1 in. 4 lines ; length of hind tibia, 1 in. 4 lines ; length
of hind tarsi, 2 lines ; length of ovipositor, 2 lines. Male : Coloring as in female.
Length from frontal tubercle to end of anal plate, 1 in. 1 line ; length of tegmina,
1 in. 11 lines j greatest width of same, 6 lines ; length of hinder wings, 2 ins. 1
line ; greatest width of same, 10 lines; length of antennae, 2 ins. 10 lines; length
of hind thigh, 1 in. 2 lines ; length of hind tibia, 1 in. 4 lines ; length of hind tarsi,
3 lines. Anal plate compressed, upturned, bifid at extremity, half its length beyond
end of abdomen. Two upper appendages of end of abdomen conical, 1^ lines long ;
length of anal plate, 2 lines.

Reference. — Aud. Serville, Hist. Nat. des Insect. Orthopt., p. 422 = E. macu-
lata, Evans, Trans. Ent. Soc, v. iv., p. 303, t. 21, fig./, c.

The black spots not only vary in number on the usual part of
the elytra, but some have a few small ones on the anterior part of
the elytra, and one near the green tip of the wing, as shown in our
figures of two varieties, differing in those respects. It is one of the
rarest of our Grasshoppers, one of the two examples in the
Museum having been found in May 1876 at Emu Plains, near
Benalla, by Mr. A. F. Bradshaw, to whom we are indebted for it.
Not figured of the colors of life before.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 120. — Fig. 1, female in flying positic-D, natural size. Fig. la, top of head and disc
of thorax, to show the saddle-shaped, narrow, keeled, anterior portion and wide flattened
posterior part of disc, magnified 3 diameters. Fig. 16, sternum, magnified 3 diameters. Fig. \c,
side view of end of ahdomen, showing ovipositor and appendages, magnified 3 diameters. Fig.
Id, the same, viewed from above. Fig. 2, male, flying, natural size, of variety, showing small
spots on anterior margin of elytra, and one larger spot near tip of each hind wing.

Frederick McCoy.

[78]

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

N.B.— The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne.

DECADE I.

Plate 1. — The Black Snake (Pseudechys porphyriacus, Shaw sp.).

Plate 2. — The Copper-head Snake (Hoplocephalus superbus,. Giinth.).

Plate 3. — The Tiger Snake (Hoplocephalus curtus, Schl. sp.).

Plate 4. — The Australian Bream (Chrysophrys Australis, Giinth.).

Plate 5. — The Spiny-sided Butterfly-Gurnard (Lepidotrigla Vanessa, Rich. sp.).

Plate 6. — The Kuniu Gurnard (Trigla Kumu, Lesson and Garn.).

Plate 7. — The Australian Giant Earth-worm (Megascolides Australis, McCoy).

Plate 8. — Lewin's Day-moth (Agarista Lewini, Boisd.).

The Loranthus Day-moth (Agarista Casuarinae, Scott).

The Vine Day-moth (Agarista Glycine, Lewin sp.).
Plate 9. — Pieris (Thyca) Harpalyce (Don. sp.).
Plate 10. — Pieris (Thyca) Aganippe (Don. sp.).

DECADE II.

Plate 11.— The Little Whip Snake (Hoplocephalus flagellum, McCoy). The White-lipped Snake

(Hoplocephalus coronoides, Giinth.).
Plate 12. — The Death Adder (Acanthophis Antarctica, Shaw sp.).
Plate 13. — The Carpet Snake (Morelia variegata, Gray).
Plate 14. — The Gippsland Perch (Lates colonorum, Giinth.).
Plate 15. — The Murray Lobster (Astacoides serratus, Shaw sp.).
Plate 16. — The Salmon Arripis (Arripis truttaceus, Cuv. sp.). Adult.
Plate 17. — Ditto of the younger forms and coloring.
Plate 18. — The Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus, Lin. sp.).
Plate 19. — The Small-scaled Rock Cod (Lotella callarias, Giinth.).
Plate 20. — The Australian Rock Cod (Pseudophysis barbatus, Giinth.).

DECADE III.

Plate 21.— The Sea-Leopard Seal (Stenorhynchus leptonyx, de Blainv. sp.).

Plate 22. — The Yellow-sided Dolphin (Delphinus Novae Zealandise, Quoy and Gaiin.).

Plate 23. — The Common Brown Snake (Diemenia superciliosa, Fisch.).

The Small-scaled Brown Snake (Diemenia microlepidota, McCoy).
The Shield-fronted Brown Snake (Diemenia aspidorhyncha, McCoy).

Plate 24.— Catenicella margaritacea (Busk). — C. plagiostoma (Busk). — C. ventricosa (Busk). —
C. hastata(Busk.)— C. rufa (McG.).— C. cribraria (Busk).— C. alata (Wyv. Thomson).—
C. lorica (Busk).— C. formosa (Busk).— C. elegans (Busk).— C. perforata (Busk).—
C. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson).— C. Hannafordi (McG.).— C. crystallina (Wyv. Thomson). —
C. carinata (Busk).— C. aurita (Busk).— C. geminata (Wyv. Thomson).— C. cornuta
(Busk).— C intermedia (McG.)

Plate 25.— Membranipora membranacea (Linn, sp.).— M. perforata (McG.).— M. ciliata (McG.). —
M. mamillaris (McG.).— M. umbonata (Busk).— M. pilosa (Linn, sp.).— M. cervicornis
(Busk).

Plate 26.— Membranipora dispar (McG.).— M. Woodsii (McG.).— M. lineata (Linn, sp.).— M. Rossehi
(Audouin sp.). — M. Lacroixii (Savigny sp.).

Plate 27. — The Australian Rockling (Genypterus Australis, Cast.).
The Yarra Blackfish (Gadopsis gracilis, McCoy).

Plate 28. — The Southern Mackerel (Scomber pneumatophorus, De la Roche).

Plate 29. — The Yabber Crayfish (Astacoides bicarinatus, Gray sp.).

Plate 30.— The Large Wattle Goat-Moth (Zeuzera Eucalypti, Boisd. Herr.-Schaef.).

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE IV.

Plate 31. — The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Peron sp.).

Plate 32. — The Two-hooded Furina-Snake, Furina bicucullata (McCoy).

Plate 33. — The Banded Red Gurnet- Perch (Sebastes percoides, Solander sp.).

Plate 34. — The Angel-fish (Rhina squatina, Lin. sp.).

Plate 35. — Lepralia circinata (McG.). — L. Cecilii (Aud.). — L. diaphana (McG.). — L. marsupiuni

(McG.). — L. subimmersa (McG.). — L. anceps (McG.). — L. Maplestonei (McG.).
Plate 36. — Lepralia vittata (McG.). — Membranipora perforata. Lepralia Brogniartii (Aud.). —

L. elegans (McG.). — L. pertusa (Esper. sp.). — L. Malusii (Aud. sp.). — L. lunata (McG.).
Plate 37. — Lepralia ciliata (Linn. sp.). — L. trifolium (McG.). — L. cheilodon (McG.). — L. canaliculata

(McG.). — L. larvalis (McG.).— L. diadema (McG.). — L. papillifera (McG.). — L. Ellerii

(McG.).
Plate 38. — Lepralia monoceros (Busk). — L. excavata (McG.). — L. vitrea (McG.). — L. megasoma

(McG.). — L. Schizostoma (McG.). — L. Botryoides (McG.).— L. ferox (McG.). — L. pellu-

cida (McG.).
Plate 39. — Crisia Edwardsiana (D'Orb. sp.). — C. biciliata (McG.). — C. acropora (Busk). — C. setosa

(McG.).— C. tenuis (McG.).
Plate 40. — Saunders' Case-Moth (Metura elongata, Saunders sp.).
The Lictor Case-Moth (Entometa ignobilis, Walk.).

DECADE V.

Plate 41. — The Lace Lizard (Hydrosaurus varius, Shaw sp.).

Plate 42. — The Spotted Marsh-Frog (Limnodynastes Tasmaniensis, G until.). — The Common Sand-
Frog (Limnodynastes dorsalis, Gray).
Plate 43. — The Carpet Shark (Crossorhinus barbatus, Lin. sp.). — The Seven-gilled Shark (Notidanus

[Heptanchus] Indicus, Cuv.).
Plate 44. — The Barracouta (Thersites atun, Cuv.). — The Tunny (Thynnus Thynnus, Lin. sp.).
Plate 45. — Flustra denticulata (Busk). — Carbasea episcopahs (Busk). — C. dissimilis (Busk). —

C. indivisa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk). — C. pisciformis (Busk).
Plate 4G. — Spiralaria florea (Busk). — Diachoris Magellauica (Busk). — D. spinigera (P. McGil.). —

Dimetopia spicata (Busk). — D. cornuta (Busk). — Didymia simplex (Busk). — Calwellia

bicornis (Wyv. Thomson).
Plate 47. — Dictyopora cellulosa (P. McGil.).
Plate 48. — Eschara obliqua (P. McGil.). — E. dispar (P. McGil ). — E. gracilis (Lamx.). — E. platalea

(Busk). — E. quadrata (P. McGil.) — E. mucronata (P. McGil.). — Caleschara denticulata

(P. McGil.).
Plate 49. — Cellaria fistulosa (Linn.). — C. hirsuta (P. McGil.). — C. tenuirostris (Busk.). — C. gracilis

(Busk). — Nellia oculata (Busk). — Tubucellaria hirsuta (Busk).
Plate 50. — The Great Black, or Manna Cicada (Cicada moerens, Germ.). — The Great Green Cicada

(Cyclochila Australasias, Donov. sp.).

DECADE VI.

Plate 51. — The Victorian Rhodona (Rhodona Officeri, McCoy).

Plate 52. — The Black and White Ringed Snake (Vermicella annulata, Gray).

Plate 53. — The Green and Golden Bell-Frog (Ranoidea aurea, Less. sp.).

Plates 54-55. — The Australian Aulopus (Aulopus purpurisatus, Rich.).

Plate 56. — The Hammer-headed Shark (Zygsena malleus, Shaw). — The Common Australian Saw-
Fish (Pristiophorus nudipinnis, Gunth.).

Plate 57.— Biflustra perfragilis (McGil.). — B. delicatula (Busk).

Plate 58. — Cellularia cuspidata (Busk). — Menipea crystallina (Gray sp.).— M. cyathus (Wyv. Thom-
son).— M. cervicornis (McGil.) — M. tricellata (Busk). — M. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson).

Plate 59. — Bicellaria tuba (Busk). — B. grandis (Busk). — B. ciliata (Linn).: — B. turbinata (McGil.). —
Stirparia annulata (Map.). — Bugula neritina (Linn.).

Plate 60. — Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk. sp.). — Petralia undata (McGil.).

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE VII.

Plate 61. — The Tuberculated Argonaut (Argonauta oryzata, Meusch.).

Plate 62. — The same seated in its so-called shell or Paper-Nautilus.

Plate 63. — The Blue-spotted Eagle-Ray (Myliobatis Australis, Macleay).

Plate 64. — The Long-toothed Bull-Shark (Odontaspis taurus, Raf.). — The Australian Tope Shark

(Galeus Australis, Macleay).
Plate 65. — The Leafy Sea-Dragon (Phyllopteryx foliatus, Shaw sp.). — The Short-headed Sea-horse

(Hippocampus breviceps, Pet.)
Plate 66. — Dictyopora grisea (Lamx. sp.). — D. albida (Kirch.) — (Var. avicularis, P. McGill.).
Plate 67.— 1). Wilsoni (P. McGill.).

Plate 68. — Idmonea Milneana (d'Orb.). — I. contorta (P. McGill.). — I. radians (Lamk.).
Plates 69-70. — The Violet-shouldered Phasma (Tropidoderus iodomus, McCoy).— The Red-shouldered

Phasina (Tropidoderus rhodomus, McCoy).

DECADE VIM.

Plate 71. — The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cincrea, Peron sp.).

Plate 72. — The Northern Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus gigas, Bodd. sp.).

Plate 73. — The Ludrick (Girella simplex, Rich. sp.).

Plate 74. — The White Shark (Carcharodon Rondeletii, Mull, and Hen.).

Plate 75. — The Picked Dog-Fish (Acanthias vulgaris, Linn. sp.).

Plates 76-77. — The Australian Tooth-cupped Cuttlefish (Sepioteuthis Australis, Quoy and Gaim.).

Plate 78. — Bugula robusta (P. McGil.). — B. cucullata (Busk). — B. dentata (Lamx.). — B. avicularia

(PaU.).
Plate 79. — The Violet-winged Phasma (Acrophylla violascens, Leach sp.).
Plate 80. — The Large Pink-winged Phasma (Podacanthus typhon, Gray).

DECADE IX.

Plate 81. — The Gippsland Water Lizard (Physignathus Lesueri, Gray) — (Var. Howitti, McCoy).

Plates 82-83. — The Murray Tortoise (Chelymys Macquaria, Cut. sp.).

Plate 84. — The Murray Golden Perch (Ctenolates ambiguus, Rich. sp.).

Plates 85-86. — The Murray Cod-Perch (Oligorus Macquariensis, Cuv. and Val. sp.).

Plate 87. — The Australian Smooth-Hound (Mustelus Antarcticus, Giinth.).

Plate 88. — The Thresher, or Long-tailed Shark (Alopecias vulpes, Linn. sp.).

Plate 89.— Catenicella intermedia (P. McG.).— C. amphora (Busk). — C. Wilsoni (P. McG.).— C. pul-

chella (Map.).— C. utriculus (P. McG.).
Plate 90. — Catenicella fusca (P. McG.). — C. umbonata (Busk). — C. cornuta (Busk).

DECADE X.

Plate 91. — Gymnobelideus Leadbeateri (McCoy).

Plates 92-93. — The Long-necked River Tortoise (Chelodina longicollis, Shaw sp.).

Plate 94. — Opercula of Retepora.

Plate 95. — Retepora porcellana (P. McGil.). — R. avicularis (P. McGil.). — R. fissa (P. McGil.).

Plate 96. — Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.).

Plate 97. — Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.). — R. formosa (P. McGil.). — R. carinata (P. McGil.).

Plate 98. — Retepora Phcenicea (Busk). — R. aurantiaca (P. McGil.).

Plate 99. — Retepora granulata (P. McGil.). — R. tessellata (Hincks). — R. serrata (P. McGiLs.

Plate 100. — Goniocidaris tubaria (Lam.).

The foregoing ten Decades form Vol. I.

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE XI.

Plate 101. — The Luth, or Leathery Turtle (Sphargis coriacea, Linn. sp.).

Plate 102. — The Rugged Stump-tail, or Shingle-back, Lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus, Gray).

Plate 103. — The Blackish Australian Worm- Snake (Typhlops nigrescens, Gray sp.).

Plate 104. — The Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus, Linn. sp.).

Plate 105. — Cellaria rigida (McG.). — Tubucellaria cereoides (Ellis and Solander). — Urceolipora

dentata (McG.) — U. nana (McG.).
Plate 106. — Amphiblestrum punctigerum (Hincks). — A. Flemingii (Busk). — A. permunitum

(Hincks). — Pyripora crassa (McG.). — P. catenularia (Jameson). — P. polita (Hincks). —

Electra flagellum (McG.). — Bathypora porcellana (McG.). — Binustra papulifera

(McG.).— B. bimamillata (McG.).
Plate 107. — Catenicellopsis pusilla (J. B. Wilson). — C. delicatula (J. B. Wilson). — Calpidium

ponderosum (Goldstein sp.).
Plate 108. — Calpidium ornatum (Busk). — Chlidonia dsedala (Wyv. Thomson).
Plate 109. — The Great Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Locusta vigentissima, Serv.).
Plate 110. — The Australian Yellow-winged Locust (GMLpoda musica, Fab. sp.).

DECADE XII.

Plate 111. — The Blood-sucker (Grammatophora muricata, Shaw, sp.).

Plate 112. — The Southern Chimsera (Callorhynchus antarcticus, Lacep. sp.).

Plate 113. — The Port Jackson Shark, or Bull-dog Shark (Heterodontus Phillipi, Lacep. sp.).

Plate 114. — The Australian Bough Fish (Trachichthys Australis, Shaw).

Plate 115. — The Skip-jack Pike (Lanioperca mordax, Giinth.).

Plate 116. — Beania mirabilis (Johnst.). — Mucronella tricuspis (Hincks). — M. lasvis (P. McG.). —

M. vultur (Hincks). — Cyclicopora longipora (P. McG.).
Plate 117. — Beania decumbens (P. McG.). — B. costata (Busk sp.). — B. Crotali (Busk sp.). —

B. radicifera (Hincks sp.). — Amphiblestrum patellarium (Moll sp.).
Plate 118.— Hornera foliacea (P. McG.).— H. robusta (P. McG.).
Plate 119. — The Smaller Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Phaneroptera valida, Walk.).
Plate 120. — The Thirty-two Spotted Grasshopper (Phaneroptera [Ephippitytha] trigintiduoguttata,

Serv.).

.

CONTENTS OF DECADE III.

N.B. — The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne.

Plate 111. — The Blood-sucker (Grammatophora muricata, Shaw, sp.).

Plate 112. — The Southern Chimsera (Callorhynchus antarcticus, Lacep. sp.).

Plate 113.— The Port Jackson Shark, or Bull-dog Shark (Heterodontus Phillipi, Lacep. sp.).

Plate 114. — The Australian Rough Fish (Trachichthys Australis, Shaw).

Plate 115. — The Skip- jack Hike (Lanioperca mordax, Giinth.).

Plate 116. — Beania mirabilis (Johns*. ) — Mucronella tricuspis (Hincks). — M. Ia3vis (P. McG.). —
M. vultur (Hincks). — Cyclicopora longipora (P. McG.).

Plate 117. — Beania decumbens (P. McG.)- — B. costata (Busk sp.). — B. Crotali (Busk sp.). —
B. radicifera (Hincks sp.). — Amphiblestrum patellarium (Moll sp.).

Plate 118.— Hornera foliacea (P. McG.).— H. robusta (P. McG.).

Plate 119. — The Smaller Green Gun>tree Grasshopper (Phaneroptera valida, Walk.).

Plaie 120.— The Thirty-two Spotted Grasshopper (Phaneroptera [EphippitythaJ trigintiduoguttata,

Serv.).

I;

al Sisto of f ictoriit.

^

*?>

PRODROMUS

OF THE

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

FIGUBES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES

VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS.

DECADE XIII.

BY

F^EI3ERICK McCOY, FJR.S.,

HONOliARY MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY

OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON;

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF EDINBURGH; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OB MANCHESTER,

ETC., ETC., ETC.

IDTHOR OF "SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND;" "SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS Oi

IRELAND;" "CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALAEONTOLOGY ; " ONE OK THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND MCCOY'S

"BRITISH PALAEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS;" "PRODROMUS OF THE PALAEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," ETC.

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.

GOVERNMENT PALAEONTOLOGIST, AND D1BECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC.

Vfe

MELBOURNE :

BY AUTHORITY : JOHN FERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

LONDON ;

TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATL 1ULL.

MDCCCLXXXVI.

ADVERTISEMENT.

It having been considered desirable to ascertain accurately the
natural productions of the Colony of Victoria, and to publish works
descriptive of them, on the plan of those issued by the Governments
of the different States of America, investigations were undertaken,
by order of the Victorian Government, to determine the Geology,
Botany, and Zoology of the Colony, to form collections illustrative of
each for the public use, and to make the necessary preparations for
such systematic publications on the subject as might be useful and
interesting to the general public, and contribute to the advancement
of science.

As the geological and botanical investigations have already
approached completion, and their publication is far advanced, it
has been decided now to commence the publication of the third
branch completing the subject, namely, that of the Zoology or
indigenous members of the different classes of the animal kingdom.

The Fauna not being so well known as the Flora, it was a necessary
preliminary to the publication to have a large number of drawings
made, as opportunity arose, from the living or fresh examples of
many species of reptiles, fish, and the lower animals, which lose their
natural appearance shortly after death, and the true characters of
many of which were consequently as yet unknown, as they had
only been described from preserved specimens. A Prodromus, or
preliminary issue, in the form of Decades, or numbers of ten plates,
each with its complete descriptive letterpress, will be published, of
such illustrations as are ready, without systematic order or waiting
for the completion of any one branch. The many good observers
in the country will thus have the means of accurately identifying
various natural objects, their observations on which, if recorded and
sent to the National Museum, where the originals of all the figures
and descriptions are preserved, will be duly acknowledged, and
will materially help in the preparation of the final systematic volume
to be published for each class when it approaches completion.

3few*al iitorii of fftetftrts.

PRODROMUS

OF THE

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

OR,

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES

OF THE

VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS.

DECADE XIII.

BY

FREDERICK McCOY, F.R.S.,

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY

OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ;

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES ; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF EDINBURGH ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER,

ETC., ETC., ETC.

AUTHOR OF " SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND ; " " SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF

IRELAND ; " " CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALAEONTOLOGY ; " ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND MCCOY'S

" BRITISH PALAEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS ; " " PRODROMUS OF THE PALAEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," ETC.

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.

GOVERNMENT PALAEONTOLOGIST, AND DIBECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC.

MELBOURNE :

BT AUTHORITY : JOHN FERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

LONDON :

TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LDDGATE HILL.

M DCCC LXXXVI.

PEEFACE.

The fifth plate gives the natural colors, for the first time, of
another Leather-jacket, the most common on our shores, the
M. hippocrepis. These Leather-jackets are almost universally
shunned by the natives and fishermen as extremely poisonous ;
while, in reality, they are excellent food for the table and perfectly
wholesome.

The three following plates illustrate a further instalment of
the magnificent collection of Polyzoa made by Mr. MacGillivray,
who has presented the specimens to our National Museum and
the descriptions to this work.

The next plate, No. 129, shows the males and curiously
abnormal, apterous female of the most aberrant genus of the
Gryllidce, the Acripeza.

The last plate figures the male, female, and details, for the
first time, of the largest of our carnivorous Orthoptera, the
Mantis latistylus.

The succeeding Decades will illustrate as many different genera
as possible, and will deal first, usually, with species of some special
interest, and of which good figures do not exist or are not easily
accessible.

Frederick McCoy.

13th September, 1886.

Ph.121

ZOOLOCY OF VICTORIA

( Reptilts)

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TV./ WCn, A-,r,c*

Staxmhtlw (*ntPruUoulOf

Zoology.']

NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA.

[Reptiles.

Plate 121.

GRAMMATOPHORA BARBATA (Kaup).
Bearded Lizard.

[Genus GRAMMATOPHORA* (Kaup). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata. Class Reptilia. Order
Sauria: Sub-order Pachyglossae. Tribe Strobilosaura. Fam. Agamidae.)

Gen. Char. — Body moderate, subtrigonal or slightly depressed in section. Head large,
trigonal, depressed, obtusely pointed in front ; sides flattened, and separated from the top by
an angle; covered with small, irregular, unequal, keeled, . scale-like plates. Nostrils lateral,
under angle, a little behind tip of snout. Ear-drum large, rounded. Tongue short, flat, narrow,
spongy, notched at tip. Teeth short, semi-oval, compressed, on edge of jaw-bone ; 5 incisors in
middle, and 2 canines on each side above ; 4 incisors below. Throat not pouched, with a strong,
transverse fold between its base and front of thorax. Scales of back imbricated, unequal.
Femoral and preanal pores large, numerous. Tail long, conical, tapering, depressed at base,
with keeled imbricated scales. Toes slender, the first four gradually increasing in length, the
fifth a little shorter than the second ; subdigital scales keeled very strongly. Australia.]

Description. — Body broad, depressed ; head large, swollen at the sides behind.
Nostrils halfway between tip of snout and anterior edge of orbit. Top of head

nearly flat, with a distinct an-
gular ridge from tip of snout
over the eyebrow, separating
it from the concave side to
edge of lip; the space over
the eyes only slightly convex.
Ear-drum oval in j^oung-, sub-
trigonal in old, without den-
ticles or lobes on edge. Scales:
Smaller and more numerous
scales of all parts of the surface
rhomboidal, with a strong,
longitudinal, median keel end-
ing in a point on the hind edge,
and with two or three indis-
tinct, lateral keels; mixed with
these are trihedral, thorn-like,
spinose scales, two or three
times larger at base than the
others, and rising to a conical
point in the middle, with
radiating, wrinkled base; a
longitudinal ridge of 4 or
5 large, compressed conical
spines over each ear, connected
10 rather smaller ones across the back of the head;
group of very long, slender, pointed, spinous scales,

Head, natural size, to show form of beard.

by a transverse row of 8 or
a large, dense, beard-like

* I continue to use this generic name instead of Amphibolurus for reason mentioned in note to Plate 111.
Vol. II.— Decade XIII.— n. [ 79 "

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles.

arched backwards, and extending along- the sides of the parotoids behind the ear,
not extending quite across the back of neck ; along each side from over the shoulder
is a row of very long, sharp, backward-arched spines, like those of the beard;
back without median, longitudinal ridge, but with numerous conical spines, shorter
than those of the flanks or beard, and more upright on the base, irregularly arranged
in bands extending obliquely backwards and outwards ; similar spinose scales form
several irregular, transverse rows on basal portions of tail with rhomboidal scales,
larger than the small ones of the back, each with a very strong median keel forming
continuous longitudinal ridges; upper surface of arms and thighs rough, with large
spinous scales ; a transverse group of spinous scales over the shoulder ; belly with
smooth and more uniformly regular rhomboidal scales, less strongly keeled longi-
tudinally. Legs and toes short; hind limb reaching to shoulder if drawn up.
Femoral pores about 7 to 9 on each thigh, forming an irregular line continued from
side to side by 8 to 10 preanal pores. Tail round, depressed at base, nearly twice as
long as head and body. Color : Sordid brownish-grey above, with the transverse
rows of spines lighter, forming narrow, irregular, transverse, indistinct lighter bands;
tail crossed by a variable number of narrow, light bands, 1 or 2 scales wide, separated
by darker spaces, 6 or 7 scales wide ; arms and legs also with narrow, irregular,
variable, lighter bands ; a blackish spot on side of neck from behind ear ; belly
lighter and more uniform, with large, oval, lighter yellowish spots with dark brown,
narrow, irregular, imperfect margins ; claws yellow on sides, dark above ; inside of
mouth and tongue yellow ; iris dark brown. Dimensions of moderate specimen : —
Total length, 1 ft. 5h ins.; length of head, 2 ins. ; width of head, 2 ins. 3 lines ; tip
of snout to base of tail, 9 ins. ; tip of snout to nostril, 5 lines ; tip of snout to
anterior edge of orbit, 9 lines ; tip of snout to ear, 1 in. 9 lines ; arm, 1 in. 4 lines ;
fore-arm, 1 in.; free part of longest toe, 8 lines; thigh, 1 in. 6 lines ; leg, 1 in. 3 lines;
free part of longest hind toe, 8 lines.

Reference. — Kaup, Isis, 1827, p. 621 ; Gray, Zool. E. and T. Rept. 1. 18, f. 1
(young).

This is commonly called the Jew Lizard by colonists, and is
easily distinguished by the beard-like growth of long, slender
spines round the throat and parotoids, the form of which below,
in the adult, is shown in the woodcut, and the similar band along
the sides, as well as by the absence of any median keel along the
back. Some si:>ecimens have the throat black.

When irritated, it inflates the body to a considerably increased
size, and hisses like a snake, exciting alarm ; but rarely biting.
The eggs are usually 8 or 10, connected by membrane in a row.

I observe great difference in the acuteness or flatness of the
plates of the head and of the large thorn-like scales of the body in
different specimens, and the relative size of the rostral and mental
plates at tip of snout. The throat has very generally a broad,
black, transverse band where the beard-like scales grow, but this
is sometimes absent. A few specimens have the belly pale and

[80]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles.

uniform iu color, but this is very unusual. Young specimens,
5 or 6 inches long, have the top of the head over the eyes more
convex than the adults, and the coloring much brighter, being rich
brown above, with the transverse narrow pale bands much more
distinct, about 7 of them on body, 15 on tail, 3 on thigh, and 1 or
2 on arm ; the broad streak from the eye through the ear, and the
continuation of it which forms the usual dark mark on side of neck
very dark rich brown ; the broad, transverse, V-shaped band on
throat of an inky blackness. In these young the spinose beard is
very much smaller, and there are two rows of large (5 or 6)
rhombic spots lighter than the general brown of the back, the
midline of which shows like a dark series of rhomboidal spots,
approaching to the markings of G. muricata, from which the
absence of any median dorsal keel and the other characters
enumerated above easily distinguish it.

This species is rare near Melbourne, but becomes gradually
more abundant in all the more northern warm localities up to
the Murray boundary.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 121. — Fig. 1, side view of moderate specimen, natural size. Fig. la, under-side of
thighs, to show the femoral pores. Fig. 16, under-side of head, two-thirds natural size, to show
the transverse fold and the under part of the beard. Fig. lc, edge of jaw, with molar teeth
enlarged. Fig. 2, a couple of the strings of eggs, natural size.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 81 ]

PI. IZZ

ZOOLOGY OF VJCTORIA

; Fishes)

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A&artfioLwh&x dchtts hlh-

?rtf Me Cvy iirtc*

Steam, Liht, C*vt frinttxj Ofhtt

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Plate 122:

TRACHYPTERUS TCENIA (Bloch).
The Southern Silver Ribbon-fish. .

[Genus TRACHYPTERUS (Gouan). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-class
Teleostea. Order Acanthopterygii. Fam. Trachypteridae.)

Gen. Char. — Body very long, tapering gradually from the head to the tail ; excessively
compressed laterally to a thin band ; no scales ; eyes large, lateral ; muzzle truncated, pro-
tractile ; mouth small. Teeth few, small, conical, on jaw and palatine bones ; one large dorsal fin
of delicate, simple rays (not jointed nor branched), extending from head to base of tail, with
smal^ semi-detached anterior portion of few elongated rays ; caudal not in line of body, inclined
obliquely upwards and backwards, of long, slender, branched rays ; -no anal ; pectoral very
small, rounded ; ventrals large, of 5 or 6 branched rays, nearly under base of pectoral. Bones
of head, preoperculum, operculum, and suboperculum radiatingly ridged ; few conical teeth on
jaws and vomer, and a patch of smaller ones on each palatine bone ; branchiostegal rays, 6 ;
large pseudcbranchia? in a pouch of mucous membrane. Pyloric appendages very numerous.
No swim-bladder. Surface silvgry, with fine transverse granulations. Bones of skeleton and
muscles soft and brittle. Deep sea.]

Description. — Greatest depth of body a little behind the head, and one-fourth
more than length of head with jaws retracted, and is contained 5| times in the total
length, excluding- caudal fin. Six conical teeth in front of upper jaw, and 8 in lower
one; 4 smaller on vomer, and 2 oblong patches of very small, numerous teeth on
each palatine bone. Eye. about one-fourth the length of head, a little behind the
middle and close to upper margin. Interoperculum nearly as large as operculum,
suboperculum small, triangular, all the bones of the head radiatingly ridged ; gill-
opening reaching to vertical under middle of eye. Fins: First 5 rays of dorsal
more elongated than following rays of continuous dorsal, from which it is also
separated by a marked space of membrane ; hinder portion of dorsal of about
170 rays, rapidly increasing to its greatest depth at about the 20th ray, where its
height equals about half the depth of the body; the rays rough and granular,
with a small spinous tubercle at base of each ; caudal having an upper portion of
about 6 or 8 very long branching rays directed obliquely upwards and a little
backwards ; and a lower portion of 6 short rays directed backwards ; pectorals very
short, rounded, of about 10 rays; ventrals about equalling the depth of the body,
of 5 to 7 branched rays, the first one with a row of spinular granules on front.
Lateral line of a row of conical spines, stellate at base, extending from upper edge
of operculum to join that of other side below and in front of caudal, where a spine
marks the junction of the two lateral lines, with a point directed forwards and
another hooked backwards; a double row of small tubercles along ventral edge.
Vent a little in front of middle of length. Color: Whole surface bright silvery;
greyish-lavender on nape and head, and with transverse grey lines corresponding
with neural spines of vertebrae; 2 spots on top of head, an oblique band across eye,
and 3 large, rounded spots above lateral line ; the 1st about one-third the length
from snout, the 2nd a little in front of middle, the 3rd spot about half way between
second one and tail, nearly black; and one oval paler one near abdominal edge behind
the vertical of 1st upper spot; belly and behind gill-opening faintly tinged with
brown ; rest of surface rendered finely granular by very fine, close, transverse lines
extending obliquely downwards and backwards from the back; fins rosy-scarlet,
membrane paler than the rays. Measurements : Length, 10 ins. 3 lines; head, 1 in.
10 lines when snout retracted, 2 ins. 3 lines when protruded; greatest depth of
body, 2 ins. ; diameter of orbit, 6 lines, 6 lines in advance of hind edge of operculum,

[83]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [F»Ae».

distance from snout varying with protrusion of jaws ; greatest thickness of body,
about 2 lines (figured specimen). Second specimen — Length, 1 ft. 4 ins. 6 lines ;
greatest depth of body, 2 ins. 6 lines ; length of head (half protruded), 2 ins. 3 lines ;
height of middle of posterior dorsal, 1 in. 9 lines.

Reference. — = (Bloch and Sch.), p. 480 = T. falx (Cuvier and Val.), Hist.
Pois. v. 10, p. 333; = ? T. iris (Cuv. and Val.), id. p. 341, t. 297.

The fishes of this genus resemble silver ribands or bright sword-
blades, from their narrow, tapering, greatly compressed bodies, and
the glistening silver lustre of the nearly smooth, scaleless surface.
They are less known than those perhaps of any other genus, on
account not merely of their rarity, but from their inhabiting the
profound depths of the ocean, whence they rarely emerge, and
where they are not exposed to the rough motions of shallower
waters, in which they are quickly battered to pieces. The whole
structure is so frail, brittle, and delicate, and so easily and quickly
decomposed, that it is extremely difficult for observers to describe
them ; and I feel convinced that several of the described species are
really only differently observed individuals of one or two species.
Thus the relative length of the rays of the anterior portion of the
dorsal fin, the caudal fin, and the ventral fins in different individuals
is due to the excessive delicacy and fragility of the rays — as fine
as the finest hair, and as brittle as spun glass — so that the slightest
touch in separating the rays to count them breaks them in pieces.
I think also that the young are deeper and shorter in proportion
than the old ; and, consequently, the specific differences founded on
the greater number of times the .length of the head or the depth
of the body are contained in the total length are not to be trusted
for specific characters when the length of the specimens is different.
I also believe the numbers of rays in the dorsal fin increase with
the length of the body of the individual. I notice that Cuvier and
other observers of actual specimens invariably describe the largest
specimen as, proportionally, the longest and most slender, and with
the length of head or depth of body forming the least proportion
of the total length, while small specimens, an inch or two long, are
more ovate, with the head and the depth going fewer times in the
total length. I therefore think it very likely that the T. Spinolce
of Cuvier may be the young of his T. falx, and T. iris, and T.
taenia, to which I refer our Victorian species. The smaller

[84]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

specimen figured of the natural size on our plate (Fig. 2) is prob-
ably the young of the larger and more typical example (Fig. 1),
the anterior portion of the dorsal of which latter, I have no doubt,
has lost the greater part of the length shown in the young, merely
from accidental causes, owing to its fragility. The greater
number of rays in the continuous dorsal in the larger than in the
smaller specimen, I believe, follows the general rule mentioned as
probably holding good for these fishes, although not for those
families and genera with fewer rays.

The first specimen which reached the Museum was presented
by Mr. Hy. Dusting, from Portland, caught in April 1879. A
second, from my excellent friend, Mr. Henry Butler, of Portland,
who has contributed a °;reat number of rare fish and other marine
objects to the Museum, somewhat smaller but more perfect than the
first, is the example figured, and both specimens agree exactly in
coloring and other details.

The third specimen, also figured, is another of Mr. Butler*s
donations, and is much smaller — only 2 ins. 7 lines long, without
caudal fin — but more perfect, especially in the long anterior part of
the dorsal. In this specimen the depth is contained only 3J times
in the total length, excluding caudal fin. This, I believe, like
Cuvier's T. Spinolce, to be the young of the proportionately longer,
larger specimen ; although, in this case, unlike T. Spinolce, the
large, rounded, black spots are wanting.

The curious silvery glitter of the surface seems slightly granular
and disposed in very fine, oblique, transverse lines extending from
above downwards and backwards from the dorsal to the ventral
edge, and passing over the black blotches, from which it may be
peeled off when decomposition sets in.

The mouth is so protractile that in taking the length of the
head, compared with other parts, as a character, it is necessary to
state whether it is extended or retracted.

Explanation of Figuees.
Plate 122. — Fig. 1, average specimen, natural size. Fig. la, front view of head, natural
size. Fig. \b, mouth showing the teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatine hones, magnified three
diameters. Fig. \c, section of hody, to show compression. Fig. Id, three spines from lateral
line, magnified three diameters. Fig. le, one spine of lateral line, magnified five diameters, to
show radiated base. Fig. 2, young specimen, natural size, probably of same species.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 85 ]

PL 123

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

CFiskes)

A Bartholomew del ;v'MJt*

ProfM'ty direx*

Steam' hlho ,Govb Prunt&w 0/ ftee-

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Plate 123.

CHIRONECTES BIFURCATUS (McCoy).
The Two-pronged Toad-fish.

[Genus. CHIRONECTES (Cuv.) > ANTENNARIUS* (Comm.). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata.
Class Pisces. Sub-class Teleostea. Order Acanthopterygia. Fam. Pediculati.)

Gen. Char. — Of moderate size, and compressed, ovate form; head moderate, compressed
laterally. Three anterior dorsal rays, separate, and in front of dorsal fin, which has no other
spines ; the 1st ray forming a flexible tentacle over the snout ; the 2nd and 3rd are stout spines.
Mouth nearly vertical when closed. Jaws and palatine bones set with many rows of small,
cardiform teeth. Tongue smooth. Aperture behind the four gills very small, oval, placed on
pedicle of pectoral fin. Eyes near snout and top of head ; opercular pieces covered by the
skin ; only half of anterior branchial arch with gills ; no pseudo branchiae Stomach wide ; no
pyloric appendages ; an air-bladder. Soft dorsal longer than anal fin. Pectorals pedunculated
by elongation of carpal bones.]

Description. — Broad, ovate, moderately compressed ; depth half the length
to end of caudal, and twice the thickness ; head compressed, profile descending
obliquely from nape ; mouth nearly vertical. First dorsal spine or filament with a
slender, cylindrical stem, three-fourths the length of second spine, surmounted by
a thickened portion divided into two thick, equal, cylindrical, tapering branches, and
two short, fiat, lateral flaps ; second ray thick, bony, terminating in 5 blunt
tubercles, and having numerous long-, branching filaments on its anterior face;
third spine like the second, but terminating in 8 or 10 soft tubercles, and with a
slight, membranous extension from back of lower third of base, and with numerous,
branching filaments from front face, far larger than those of second ; dorsal fin of
13 thick soft rays (two last with one base), projecting about one-fourth beyond
membrane, and with numerous, branching filaments from sides; caudal fin with 9
rays, set with branching filaments ; anal fin with fleshy base and 8 or 7 rays set with
few branching filaments; pectoral of 11 thick rays, set with very short, branching-
filaments on upper surface ; ventrals with 5 thick rays, with few, very short, branched
filaments on upper side ; whole surface of body set with filaments bi- or tri-fid at
end, 6 or 7 lines long on back, about 2 lines long on belly, longest on sides of head,
throat, and lips; 2 very large and 3 smaller above the eye, and 2 smaller below it;
skin smooth, or with blunt, conical tubercles between the filaments. Color : Whole
body mottled with olive, pale yellow and light green, and with several large, irregular
clouds of very dark brown, largest one over base of pectoral, next half way to base of
tail, where a third conspicuous one usually appears ; inside of mouth and tongue
pale green, with opaque, pearly-white, cloudy spots ; all the filaments orange ; no
spots on fin rays ; eye with radiating bands of pale and dark green ; anterior dorsal
ray with the basal filament transversely banded with brown.

* As Commerson'e name, Antennarius, was not published, but only written on his drawing, it is more according to
rule to adopt the name Chironectes, published tor fishes of the genus by Cuvier.

Vol. II.— Decade XIII.— o. [ 87 ]

Ins.

lines

6

5

1

6

1

7

1

0

0

11

0

2

0

8

1

1

0

9

0

H

0

11

I

0

2

5

3

0

1

5

2

4

1

0

1

3

1

0

1

0

1

2

0

7

0

7

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Measurements.

Total length from snout to end of caudal

„ of head

Depth of head
Width of head
Length of stem of first ray

„ broad base of branches ...

„ each of two long branches

„ second ray

,, third ray

„ space between first and second rays
„ „ „ second and third ray

, „ „ „ third ray and first dorsal fin ray

„ from mouth to anterior base of pectoral
Depth of body
Thickness of body
Length of dorsal fin
Greatest height of dorsal fin

„ „ „ anal fin ...

Greatest depth
Length of caudal ...
Length of longest pectoral rays
Length of ventral fin
Greatest depth

Of three specimens before me the only difference is one spine
more or less in the anal fin, and in the greater or less number of
the large, brown blotches on the body ; the two-pronged, first, long
ray with the two, short, lateral flaps at bases of the two prongs
at tip of basal filament," being alike in all.

There can be no doubt of the first filament bearing two long,
thick, nearly equal branches or filaments at extremity, and this
character allies it to Antennarius histrio and A. tigris only, of all
those described by Dr. Guntker and the L. marmoratus of Shaw,
which latter need not be considered. From C. histrio, which it also
resembles in the colored rays from the eye, it differs in the straight
2nd and 3rd dorsal rays, and their not being connected with skin of
midline of back, except at base, and in the unspotted fins, and in
the skin being smooth, instead of rough with small spines. A.
tigris differs in having the 3rd dorsal ray connected to the soft
dorsal by a wide skin, its rough spinular surface and the last ray
of soft dorsal not reaching, if laid back, as far as base of caudal,
and also in the spotted fins. None of the other species described
by Cuvier, the French Voyagers, Richardson, Count Castelnau, Dr.
Bleeker, or Dr. Giinther, resemble this species at all, and it is the
only species of the genus I have as yet met with on our shores.

[ 88 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

These beautiful and curious fishes are found occasionally after
strong south winds on the Brighton shore in summer in the shallow
pools in the rocks. They are very soft and extensible, blowing them-
selves up like a balloon, as the Diodon does, when alarmed. The
pedunculated pectoral and ventral fins look to the popular observer
like fore feet or legs, and are used like them for moving amongst
sea-weed, in which they crawl like toads ; the very small gill-
aperture, opening on the arm-pit of the pectoral fins, keeping the
gills moist for so long a time that they seem almost amphibious in
the habit of moving about out of the water between the tides.

This species has not been figured before.

Explanation or Figures.

Plate 123.— Fig. 1, side view of average specimen, natural size. Fig. la, magnified view
of mouth, to show rows of minute teeth on jaws and palatine bones. Fig. 16, eye, magnified,
to show radiating arrangement of color and form of tentacles. Fig. lc, bifurcate anterior
filament, magnified, showing the small, middle lobe on anterior aspect. Fig. Id, ditto, seen from
behind, to show the larger, posterior median lobe. Fig. le, tentacle, magnified. Fig. \f, top of
third dorsal spine, magnified, to show form of cluster of tubercles. Fig. \g, second dorsal spine,
magnified, to show tubercular tip and branching filaments. Fig. \h, filaments and tubercules
of ventral surface.

Frederick McCoy.

[89]

Fl,U4

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

(Fishes )

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Zoology.'] NATURAL IIISTOKY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Plate 124.

MONACANTHUS BROWNI (Rich, sr.)
Brown's Tooth-brush Leather-jacket.

[Genus MONACANTHUS (Cuv.) + ALUTERIUS (Cuv.) (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata.
Class Pisces. Sub-class Teleostea. Order Plectognathi. Fain. Sclerodermi.)

Gen. Char. — Body compressed, elevated in tbe middle ; scales small, rhombic, distinct on
inner surface of skin, obscured by minute spines roughening the outer surface ; sides of tail
with 4 or 6 hooked spines in 2 or 3 rows, smaller or absent in females. Lateral line absent or
indistinct. Teeth: 6 broad, flat, sharp-edged incisors in outer row of each jaw, and 4 forming
an inner row in upper jaw, alternating, one between the 1st and 2nd, and the other between the
2nd and 3rd, on each side of the outer row. Fins : First dorsal composed of one large thick
rough bony spine, which may be fixed in erect position or lowered into a pit on back, oyer the
eye ; membrane very small, triangular at base, with or without a second small, rudimentary
spine ; soft dorsal and anal long and low, with simple unbranched rays ; pectoral small, rounded ;
caudal rounded ; ventrals replaced by a small spine, sometimes rudimentary or absent.
Branchial slit in front of base of pectoral. No barbel to chin. Tropical and subtropical seas.]

Descbiption. — Body sub-fusiform, rhombic, moderately compressed, profile
nearly straight, very slightly convex, rising- to a little behind the first dorsal at an
angle of about 25 or 30 degrees. General proportion slender, the greatest height
about one-third of the total length, including the caudal fin. Eye large, close to
the frontal level. Branchial slit oblique, nearly equalling the diameter of the eye,
lower end just above level of base of pectoral. First dorsal spine nearly straight,
irregular, slightly less than half the length from its base to the snout, placed over
the posterior third of the eye, quadrangular in section, the two anterior longitudinal
ridges with about 13 large, slightly hooked spines, directed obliquely downwards
forwards and outwards. Two posterior keels with much fewer and smaller spines,
very irregular in size, shape, and direction, most of them being directed upwards,
and a few outwards or downwards ; a few irregular spinous tubercles on the sides
between these rows. One very small ray in the membrane behind the large spine.
Abdominal edge narrow over the long pelvic bone, the point of which is scarcely
traceable, but is covered with a little plate having a few large spines at its angles,
and be}'ond which the ventral outline rises abruptly to the anterior base of the anal
fin. Fins: Pectoral semi-oval, rounded, of 13 rays. Second dorsal rising rapidly
to the 7th and 8th rays, with an obtusely rounded curve, continuing thence with a
straight edge and gradually diminishing height to the posterior end, of 33 simple
rays. Anal rising rapidly to the 6th or 7th ray with a rounded anterior edge,
thence nearly straight to the shorter rays of posterior end, composed of 32 simple
rays. Caudal fin rounded, of 14 thick, doubly-branched rays, set with spinulose
granules. Skin covered with small rhombic scales, each rising into a point having
a broad radiated base, in the fresh state, on some parts of the body ; the apex of
the spine is capped with a granular cutaneous mushroom-like expansion. On the

[91]

Zoology. ] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

midline of the body, from about the vertical from the anterior margin of the anal
fin to a little beyond the line of its posterior termination, a tooth-brush-like cluster
of very long1, slender, bristle-shaped spines, 6 or 7 wide in the middle, and as high
as the 2nd anal spine, stand out perpendicular to the sides of the body, some of
them straight, and others with the tips bent. Color : Back and upper half of sides
and head rich yellowish-bronze-green as ground color, with 7 or 8 irregular, longi-
tudinal rows of short streaks and oval spots of sapphire-blue, and very numerous
intermediate dots of dark brown ; 2 or 3 narrow, olive streaks round the mouth ;
ground color of lower half of sides and belly pale opaline-blue, mottled and dotted
with the yellowish-green and brown of back, but paler, and with paler, similar,
irregular blue spots and short streaks ; a long, oval, dull, saffron-yellow patch
extends from over front of anal fin nearly to base of caudal, from the upper portion
of which arises the "tooth-brush" set of spinose filaments of the same dull yellow
mottled with brown ; below this yellow patch to base of anal fin the ground color is
opal-purple with small, irregular, brown spots ; three long, narrow, brown streaks,
about their own width apart, run along over the base of anal fin, the space between
the lower pair sapphire-blue; caudal fin dull pale yellowish-olive with darker
brownish rays; dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins with pale, almost colorless, yellowish
membrane, and darker yellowish-olive rays; anterior dorsal spine blackish-olive;
iris brown. Measurements: Total length from snout to end of caudal, 1 foot.
Proportional measurements to total length as unity : Snout to anterior edge of orbit,
to4o > greatest depth of body, to5oj greatest thickness behind head, -y£j~, diameter
of eye, T£o ; height of 1st dorsal spine, -j-1^ ; distance of base from edge of upper
teeth, T2A ; length of branchial slit, T$<j ; length of pectoral, ^^ ; length of 2nd
dorsal, -j3^ ; greatest height of ditto, -^q ; from snout to anterior ray of ditto, -^^ ;
from snout to anterior ray of anal, -j^ ; length of anal, -fwu '■> greatest height of
ditto, -j1^ ; length of caudal, $fo ; height of tooth-brush spines, T§?. Number of
spines in space of 3 lines about middle of body, 5.

Reference. — Aleuterius Browni, Rich. Voy. E. and T. Fish, p. 68 = Mona-
canthus lineo-guttatus, Hollard Monog*. des Balist. Ann. des Sc. Nat., 1854, Zool.
v. 2, p. 352.

Those species of Monacanthus having a brush-like cluster of
slender, bristly, elongate spines on each side of hinder part of body
and tail are called " Tooth-brush Leather-jackets," from these
curious developments being about the size and shape of a coarse
tooth-brush. These filaments are obviously a great prolongation
of the minute spines of other parts of the body. This strange
character is only fully developed in old males. In the present
species the dorsal and anal fins are unusually high, and the
spinose teeth on the anterior ridges of the first dorsal spine
unusually large. The curious mushroom-like soft, fleshy, granu-
lated tips to the skin spines in the fresh specimens shrink so as to
expose the simple sharp points with their large stellated base,
when dried.

[ 92]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Not very uncommon in Bass's Straits. The example on our
plate was obtained in blasting the rocks at the Heads.

This species has not been figured of the natural colors before.
It is reputed poisonous, but many of my friends have praised it
highly as a table fish, and it is certainly quite wholesome.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 124. — Fig. 1, side view, about two-thirds natural size. Fig. la, front view of mouth,
showing the teeth, twice the natural size. Fig. lb, anterior spine, side view, one and a half
times the natural size, showing small second spine in membrane, behind base. Fig. lc, ditto,
viewed in front. Fig. Id, section, three times the natural size. Fig. le, section across posterior
part of body to show the projection of the " tooth-brush " spines. Fig. If, side view of ventral
spine, three times the natural size. Fig. \g, the same, viewed from below. Fig. Ik, scales of
the middle of body, magnified four diameters. Fig. It, one of the scales, more highly magnified,
showing the top of spine without skin. Fig. Ik, side view of one of the spines of skin, fifteen
times larger than natural size. Fig. 1/, front view of spine without skin, magnified. Fig. Im,
top view of Ik. Fig. In, scales from side of tail, magnified four diameters.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 03]

PL. 125

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

f Fishes )

ABartkolomew deb ei

.

Steam. HOu ■ tuw Office

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Fishes.

Plate 125.

MONACANTHUS HIPPOCREPIS (Quoy and Gaim. sp.).
The' Horse-shoe-marked Leather- jacket.

[Genus MONACANTHUS (Ccv.) + ALUTERIUS (Cuv.). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrate.
Class Pisces. Sub-class Teleostei. Order Plectognathi. Fam. Sclerodermi.)

Gen. Char. — Body compressed, elevated in tbe middle. Scales small, rbombic, distinct on
inner surface of skin, obscured by minute spines rougbening the outer surface ; sides of tail
with 4 or 6 hooked spines in 2 or 3 rows, smaller or absent in females. Lateral line absent or
indistinct. Teeth : 6 broad, flat, sharp-edged incisors in outer row of each jaw, and 4, forming
an inner row, in upper jaw, alternating, one between the 1st and 2nd, and the other between the
2nd and 3rd, on each side of the outer row. Fins : First dojsal composed of one large, thick,
rough, bony spine, which may be fixed in erect position or lowered into a pit on back, over the
eye ; membrane very small, triangular at base, with or without a second small, rudimentary
spine. Soft dorsal and anal long and low, with simple unbranched rays. Pectoral small,
rounded. Caudal rounded. Ventrals replaced by a small spine, sometimes rudimentary or
absent. Branchial slit in front of base of pectoral. No barbel to chin. Tropical and sub-
tropical seas.]

Description. — Body sub-fusiform, compressed, profile nearly straight, rising- at
an angle of about 30° from the longitudinal lateral midline to a little behind first
dorsal, thence slightly concave to origin of second dorsal, the dorsal line beyond this
being- nearly straight to the base of the caudal. Greatest depth of body about one-
third of the length, including- the caudal fin. Eye larg-e, close to the frontal level.
Branchial slit oblique, nearly twice the length of the diameter of the eye ; lower end
a little below middle of base of pectoral. First dorsal spine straight, irregular,
slig-htly less than half the length from its base to the snout, placed over the posterior
third of the eye ; section convex in front, angular, nearly flat behind ; lateral edges
with a row of about 20 very small spines, irregular in size, shape, and direction,
some extending upwards, others downwards and outwards ; anterior face covered
with minute, rounded granules having a tendency to run into flexuous longitudinal
lines, the two middle anterior rows much larger than the others, slightly spinose in
some specimens towards the apex; second ray absent in most specimens. Ventral
spine at end of pelvic ridge scarcely perceptible, covered with a very small, spinu-
lose, oblong plate. Pectoral broad, rounded, of 13 rays. Second dorsal low, rising
rapidly to the fifth ray, thence continuing with little diminution to near the end, of
35 simple rays. Anal about as high as the second dorsal, the first ray shorter than
the succeeding ones, which diminish slightly till near the end, of 32 or 33 simple
rays. Caudal fin sub-truncate, slightly convex, of 12 thick, doubly-branched rays,
set with small spinulose granules. Skin with small rhombic scales, with fine
granules, and a line of from 3 to 7 larger, thicker, sharp-pointed spines, inclined
backwards on each ; 4 very much larger, conical spines on each side of the base
of the tail, inclining backwards in female, forwards in male. Color : Head,
cheeks, and portion of back yellowish-olive, darkest on sides of head; belly
lighter olive as far as anal fin ; from tip of pectoral to about end of anal fin a
broad, deep chrome-yellow, ovate patch, having a black horse-shoe-shaped mark
Vol. II.— Decade XIII.— p. [ 95 ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

on its anterior half,. enclosing an oblong- dark grey patch; posterior part of back,
belly, and base of tail dark grey; 3 bright ultramarine-blue stripes surround
the mouth, with a dull yellow one behind each; 3 or 4 long, fiexuous, narrow
stripes of bright blue extend from the throat along the belly, the two lowest
joining from one side to the other, one in front and one behind the vent, the next
lower one at the base of the anal fin ; the upper one continued in a loop at the
base of the caudal, and extending thence a little below the dorsal margin, nearly
to the base of the anterior dorsal spine, with a dull yellow streak below it on the
middle of the back, and two rows of numerous blue spots above it, and 2 or 3
rows of dark-purplish spots below, between it and the middle yellow patch ; 2 or 3
short blue streaks radiate from the eye in front. All the fins with nearly colorless
membrane and sap-green rays, with a bluer tinge on the caudal ; caudal fin with a
broad semilunar black band from the upper to the lower angle; a narrower band
along the upper and the lower edge, and a narrower band of black at the base. Iris
bronze-yellow. Measurements : Total length from snout to end of caudal, 1 ft. 1 in.
6 lines. Proportional measurements to total length as unity : Snout to anterior end
of orbit, y1^ ; greatest depth of body, ^\ ; greatest thickness behind head, y1^ ;
diameter of eye, T%^; height of 1st dorsal spine, y^; distance of base from edge
of upper teeth, -yYo 5 length of branchial slit, T^; length of pectoral, T^;
length of 2nd dorsal, -y2^ ; greatest height of ditto, t£q ; from snout to anterior
ray of ditto, ■£?■§ ; from snout to anterior ray of anal, T^4o '■> length of anal, T2S3^ ;
greatest height of anal, i^; length of caudal, -jW Number of. scales in space of
3 lines about middle of body, 8.

Reference. — = Balistes hippocrepis, Quoy and Gaim., Voy. Uran. Zool., p.
212; = Aluterius variabilis, Rich. Voy. E. and T. Fish, p. 67, t. 53, f. 1 to 7.

The "Leather-jackets," as the species of Monacanthus are
popularly called, are numerous in Australia, and are remarkable
for the varied character of the small roughnesses which cover the
skin outside, obscuring the scales, which are, however, distinctly
visible^on the inner side ; these roughnesses are sometimes pointed
spines, or with variously bent or dilated tips. The spine of which
the first dorsal fin is mainly composed, when raised is fixed in that
position immovably by a short, thick, bony piece falling under a notch
in its base ; the spine cannot be lowered until this so-called trigger-
bone is depressed. They all have a long pelvic bone forming the
abdominal outline, and terminating in a more or less distinct point
or spine in front of the anus, sometimes absent, and sometimes with
a radiated or variously sculptured base. Those having the pelvic
spine constitute the genus Monacanthus of Cuvier, and those with-
out it his Aluterius ; but nearly all subsequent writers agree in
uniting- those groups under the first name. The sides of the tail
have generally 4 or 6 conspicuous arched spines directed back-
wards or forwards. These are smaller or absent in the females.

[ 90 ]

Zoology.']

NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA.

[Fishes.

In old males Dr. Giinther observed that these caudal spines are
directed forwards, and I give woodcuts, of the natural size, to show
examples of both of these directions from specimens otherwise

similar. The stripes vary considerably in

different individuals.

This beautiful species, with its con-
spicuous horse-shoe-shaped black mark on
the golden-yellow patch on each side,
seems to have suggested the fountain
'lTnroKpi'ivr), near Mount Helicon, sacred to the
Muses, produced by a stroke of Pegasus'
hoof, to Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard in
giving it the specific name. Like most
of the other Leather-jackets, it is greatly
infested with a large Isopodous crustacean,
which burrows in the hinder part of the
abdomen.

Not uncommon at the Heads, The
specimen figured was got by blasting the
Lightning Rock there. It has not been
Upper figure with small spiues figured of the colors of life before. Like

on tail directed backwards; lower . •. x , . -, . -, P

figure with much larger spines the other Leather-jackets, it is good for

directed forwards. Both figures n 1 1,1 1 , i

natural size. food, altJlOUgll reputed pOlSOUOUS.

Explanation op Figures.

Plate 125. — Fig. 1, side view of average specimen, about half natural size. Fig. la, side
view of teeth, natural size. Fig. lb, section at front of pectorals, half natural size. Fig. lc,
front view of spine, natural size. Fig. Id, side view of same. Fig. le, side view of another
specimeD,five times the natural size. Fig. If, front view of same from upper half, to show the
irregular direction of the lateral spines. Fig. \g, transverse section of same spine. Fig. Ik,
spines on scales, three times the natural size. Fig. It", side view of spines. Fig. Ik, one of
caudal spines, magnified. Fig. 1/, another of ditto, magnified. Figs, lm and lit, two others,
magnified. Fig. \o, side view of Ian, magnified. Fig. \p, pelvic spine with granules, magnified.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 97]

n

Sc/^^f^t^Jui^^^0K

PIJZ6

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

f Polyzoa)

J '. Rvpper leL et Uih,

Prof M'Ccy dxrec'-

Ste<mv ht)w Govt, Pruitmg Office

Zoo/oyi/.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [I'olyzaa.

Plate 126, Figs. 1-2.

MAPLESTONIA CLRRATA (McG.).

[Geims MAPLESTONIA (McG.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Poly zoa. Order In-
fundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Fam. Gellulariida?).

Gen. Char. — Zoariura consisting of series of single or geminate zocecia, connected by distinct
corneous tubes. Zocecia with the front wholly occupied by a membranous area, or with the
lower part filled in ; imperforate behind. No aricularia or vibracula. Ooecium an inflation of
the posterior part of a zocecium.]

Description. — Occurs in minute purplish tufts, the branches consisting- of series
of single and geminate zocecia, and curling inwards. In the single zocecia the front
is usually entirely membranous, the margins being thickened and bevelled inwards ;
in the geminate zocecia the lower part is generally filled in by the cell wall ; the
posterior surface is imperforate, and mostly marked by faint transverse lines. The
mode of branching is very irregular. In all cases of geminate zocecia each zocecium
gives origin to the first of a series, but in some cases two branches spring from the
summit of a single zocecium, or they may originate from its sides. The ooecium is
very peculiar ; the ovicelligerous zocecium is terminal, broad, very much enlarged
posteriorly, with a wide spout-like opening above the upper margin of the aperture.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., July 1881.

Portland, Mr. Maplestone ; Warrnambool, Mr. Watts ; Port
Phillip Heads, Mr. J. B. Wilson.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 126. — Fig. 1, specimen, natural size. Fig. la, portion magnified, to show the anterior
surface of the zocecia and the mode of branching. Fig. \b, small portiou of the same, to show
the posterior surface. Fig. 2, ooecium.

Plate 126, Fig. 3.
. SCRUPOCELLARIA CYCLOSTOMA (Busk).

[Genus SCRUPOCELLARIA (Van Beneden). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa.
Order Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Fam. Cellulariidas.)

Gen, Char. — Zoarium usually jointed. Zocecia biserial, numerous in an internode ; aperture
large, rounded ; each zocecium with a sessile avicularium on the upper and outer angle, and,
occasionally, another, smaller, on the front : and a sinus posteriorly lodging a vibracular cell.
Ocecia superior, prominent. Radical tubes fixed to the base of the vibracular cells.]

Description. — Zocecia usually aljout 7 in an internode, hroail ; aperture
occupying three-fourths of the front, nearly elliptical, slightly narrowed downwards,
with a narrow, clear, thickened margin, and destitute of scutum; a single or two
contiguous spines at the upper and outer part, one at the inner and two ahove.
Lateral avicularia of moderate size ; on each zocecium, immediately below the
aperture, a considerable avicularium with the mandible opening upwards and
forwards, on an elevated process. Vibracular cells large; vibracular setae short and
smooth. A single vibracular cell in the angle at a bifurcation. Radical tubes long

[ 99 ]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

and thick, spirally annulated, especially at the commencement, but becoming smooth
upwards.

Eeference. — Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat. Mar. Polyzoa, pt. i., p. 24, pi. xxviii.,
figs. 4, 5.

Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone.

Forms tufts about three-quarters of an inch high. It is readily
distinguished by the width of the branches, the large uncovered
aperture, and the anterior avicularium, which is situated on an
elevation directed upwards and forwards, the mandible opening
transversely upwards. The only species with which it can be
confounded is S. ferox (Busk), in which the mandible of the
anterior avicularium is very much larger.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 126. — Fig. 3, specimen, natural size. Fig. 3a, portion magnified, to show the
anterior surface. Fig. 3b, dorsal view of the same.

Plate 126, Figs. 4-5.

SCRUPOCELLARIA OBTECTA (Haswell).

Description. — Zocecia 4-9 in an internode, broad ; aperture large, nearly
elliptical, with a very slightly thickened margin ; a large scutum* of the same shape,
and covering almost the whole aperture, with two groups of digitiform markings ; a
single stout spine at the upper and outer part. Lateral avicularian processes small ;
an anterior avicularium, of rather small size, below the aperture on a rigid elevation.
Vibracular setse short and smooth. A single vibracular cell at a bifurcation.
Ocecium globular, perforated by round foramina. Radical tubes smooth.

Reference. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., March 1883.

Port Phillip Heads ; Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson.

This seems to be a rare species, as I have not found it among
my own dredgings. It is readily distinguished by its large, size,
and the very large scutum, which is marked by two groups of
conspicuous digitiform channels between its layers. Hincks
describes a spine also at the upper and inner angle, which does not
exist in the specimen examined by. me. He also, states that the
radical fibres are hooked.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 126. — Fig. 4, specimen, natural size. Fig. 4a, anterior view of portion of same,
magnified. Fig. 46, dorsal view. Fig. 5, zooecia and ooecia from another specimen, which is
much worn, except the ooecia, which are clear and distinct. This shows also an extraordinarily
developed avicularium.

* This process, is in earlier descriptions, called the operculum, a term now generally restricted to the oral flap.
Smitt named it the fornix, and has been followed in the Challenger Tolyzoa by Busk, who, however, suggested the
present appellation, which has been adopted by Hincks, and is used here as being the most appropriate.

[100]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 126, Figs. 6-7.

SCRUPOCELLARIA CERVICORNIS (Busk).

Description. — Zoarium small, branches narrow. Zooecia 4-10 in an internode,
elongated, wide above, narrowed below; aperture elliptical, occupying rather more
than one-third of the front, margin slightly thickened; a somewhat reniform fornix,
with a rather narrow peduncle, covering about half of the aperture, and marked with
radiating canals obscurely arranged in two groups: a variable number of spines
round the upper part; usually one, simple or branched, at the upper and inner part,
two, jointed, at the outer, and one superiorly. Lateral avicularian processes large;
anterior avicularia small, situated considerably below the aperture and close to the
inner margin. Vibracular seta? very long, slender and smooth. Ocecia slightly
contracted below, perforated by round foramina. Radical fibres smooth.

Reference. — Busk, Cat. Mar. Pol. Brit. Mus., pt. i., p. 24, pi. lxii.

Port Phillip Heads.

Occurs in small glassy tufts on other Polyzoa. Busk figures
and Hincks describes (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., March 1883) the
lateral avicularia as very small, while in my specimens they are of
considerable size.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 126. — Fig. 6, specimen, natural size. Fig.. 6a, anterior view of a portion, magnified.
Fig. 66, dorsal view of the same. Fig. 7, small portion of another specimen, to show the per-
forated ooecium.

Plate 126, Fig. 8.

SCRUPOCELLARIA SCRUPEA (Busk).

Description. — Zooecia 5-12 in an internode, broad; aperture occupying- nearly
half of the anterior surface, with a thickened margin ; a hammer-shaped scutum
covering- about half of the aperture, rounded below, and narrowed and slig-htly turned
forwards above ; a stout, occasionally bifurcate spine directed forwards at the base
of the peduncle of the scutum, and usually about 3 from the upper and outer part.
Lateral avicularian processes of moderate size or, occasionally, very large ; anterior
avicularia rare, small, on a somewhat columnar elevation, and with a very small
mandible. Vibracular setae short and slender ; usually two vibracular cells in the
angle of a bifurcation. Ocecia smooth, imperforate. Radical tubes smooth, ending
in rosette-like expanded extremities.

Reference. — Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat. Mar. Polyzoa, pt. i., p. 24, pi. xxi., figs. 1, 2.

Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone.

Forms small white tufts, half an inch or more in height. There
can, I think, be no doubt that this is identical with the common
European species, of which, however, the only specimens I have
are rather imperfect.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 126. — Fig. 8, specimen, natural size. Fig. 8a, view of anterior surface, magnified.
Fig. 86, another portion of the same, showing two ovicells. Fig. 8c, dorsal surface.

[ 101 ]

Zoohgij.~] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 126, Fig. 9.

SCRUPOCELLARIA ORNITHORHYNCHUS (Wyv. Thomson).

Description. — Branches of zoarium slender. Zocecia elongated, narrowed
downwards ; aperture elliptical, occupying" rather less than half the front, with a
thickened margin much wider below; scutum much projected forwards, extending
the whole length of the aperture, somewhat pyriform, the upper extremity produced
into a narrow point, and turned forwards; a bifurcate or double spine close to the
base of the peduncle of the scutum, and 3 or 4 long, slender spines from the outer and
upper part of the aperture. Lateral avicularian processes usually very large ;
anterior avicularia very small, situated on eminences below the apertures. Vibracular
setfe short, slender, smooth. Two vibracular cells at a bifurcation. Ocecia smooth,
imperforate.

Reference.— Wyville Thomson, Dublin, Nat. Hist. Rev., July 1858, p. 144,
pi. xii.? fig-. 2; Busk, Challenger Polyzoa, pt. i., p. 24, pi. xi., fig. 6.

Port Phillip Heads and elsewhere.

In some of my specimens it is difficult to discriminate between
this and S. scrupea. The chief distinctions are in its smaller size,
the more slender zocecia, the extremely long scutum, which is much
projected forwards, overlaps the whole length of the aperture, and
has the upper extremity pointed and turned forwards. The
arrangement of the spines is much the same in both, although in
the present they are usually more slender and longer, and the inner
one is almost always bifurcate or double. In both, the lateral
avicularian process is of considerable size, and there are two
vibracular cells in the angle at a bifurcation. The margin of the
aperture is usually much more thickened below, and is occasionally
slightly tubercular. Thomson describes the scutum as ending in a
spine, and figures this as very long. There can, however, be no
doubt that this is the species intended by him.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 126. — Fig. 9, specimen, natural size. Fig. 9a, anterior view, magnified ; in this
portion the branches at the bifurcation are continuous, not articulated. • Fig. 9b, another portion
of the same, showing ocecia. Fig. 9c, dorsal view.

I am indebted to Mr. MacGillivray for the specimens and
descriptions of .the Polyzoa on this plate.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 102 ]

PUZ7

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

f Pobyzoa)

JJUpper -del tt Ltk.

Pr0f.McC<r) dtrejcP

Steam. Uiho . Covt-. Prmimg Offux

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Poh/zoa.

Plate 127, Fig. 1.

MEMBRANIPORA PYRULA (Hincks).

[Genus MEMBRANIPORA (Blainville). (Sub-king. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order
Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostoniata. Fam. Merubraniporidae.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium spreading, encrusting, or occasionally sub-erect. Zocecia contiguous,
quincuncial or in transverse and longitudinal series, separated by raised margins ; front mem-
branous, but cell frequently produced below the area.]

Description. — Zocecia pyriform, produced below the area, which is elliptical,
with slightly thickened margins; two small, lateral oral spines ; a series of 4 broad,
incurved spines on either side, and 1-3 on the inferior edge. Ocecia large, with a
distinct vertical ridge and a shallow p}rriform depression or pit on each side of the
margin. Avicularia scattered, replacing cells, with broadly spatulate mandibles.

Reference. — M. lineata, P. McG., in Decade III.; M. pyrula, Hincks, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., July 1881.

Port Phillij^ Heads, common ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone.

In the absence of authentic specimens or good figures, I pre-
viously referred this to M. lineata, Busk's figure of which my first
mutilated specimens very much resembled. It is, however, quite
distinct, and I therefore give a fuller description and better figure.
The spines are very large, glistening, rib-like, and arch over the
area, nearly meeting in the middle. They are attached a little
beyond the edge by a slightly bulbous origin, and are usually 4 on
each side and 1 or sometimes 2 or 3 at the bottom. The small
oral spines are frequently absent. The avicularia are, in most
specimens, numerous. They take the place of cells, and the
mandible is very broadly spatulated.

Explanation or Figure.
Plate 127. — Fig. 1, group of. zooecia, showing an ocecium and avicularium, magnified.

Plate 127, Fig. 2.
MEMBRANIPORA CORBULA (Hincks).

Description. — Zooecia distinct, elongated, narrow below; area occupying
nearly tbe whole front, its margin slightly thickened; 2 or 4 very large, pod-like,
erect, oral spines ; on each side of the area a series of usually 7 broad, incurved
spines meeting in the middle and sometimes crossing. Ocecia globose, smooth, with

Vol. II.— Decade XIII. -9. ' 103 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. ' {Polyzoa.

a broad, thickened band at the margin, and with several glistening- lines radiating
on the summit.

Reference. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1880.

Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone.

At once distinguished from M. pyrida and the other spinous
species by the large, pod-like, articulated oral spines. Of these
there are usually 4, but sometimes only 2. The marginal spines
arise from bulbous origins closer to the margin than in M. pyrula,
and bend over the area, meeting in the centre and frequently
overlapping. The zoarium occasionally creeps over Bicellaria and
other Polyzoa in a single, linear series. .

Explanation op Figure.
Plate 127. — Fig. 2, group of zooecia, showing an ocecium, magnified.

Plate 127, Fig. 3.

MEMBRANIPORA INABMATA (Hincks).

Description. — Zooecia large, distinct, usually oval, and rounded above and
below j area occupying the whole of the front of the cell ; a small, nearly erect spine
on each side above, and a series (about 5 or 7) of narrow, incurved spines on each
side. Ocecium projecting into the base of the zocecium above, crossed at its base by
a band formed by the cell-margin.

Reference. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July 1881.

Port Phillip Heads, dredged by Mr. J. B. Wilson and myself.

The marginal spines are much more slender and have wider
intervals between them than in M. pyrula and corbula. The
ocecium projects into the base of the cell above, and has a
thickened collar at the base formed by the cell-margin, an arrange-
ment which also occurs in M. serrata.

Explanation op Figures.
Plate 127. — Fig. 3, group of zooecia, showing ocecia. Fig. 3a, single zocecium, with ocecium.

Plate 127, Fig. 4.

MEMBRANIPORA PECTINATA (McG.).

Description. — Zooecia large, distinct, oval; 6-8 long, stout spines on each
side, sloping forwards and inwards, and nearly meeting in the middle. Ocecia small,
smooth, with the edge of the orifice straight, or with a short, sharp beak.

Port Phillip Heads.

C 104 ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \Vohjzoa.

I was at first inclined to refer this handsome species to M. Jlus-
troides (Hincks), but I think there is no doubt of their distinctness.
The zocecia are large, with a row of about 6 or 8 spines on each side.
These spines are very long, projecting forwards and inwards in a
very slightly curved manner, and, in some instances, nearly meeting
in the centre. In a few zocecia there are two shorter, smaller,
more erect spines at the upper end. The ocecium is small, semi-
globular and glistening. In the older there is a prominent, beak-
like projection from the lower margin ; in the younger the edge is
smooth. Occasionally there is an obscure elevation running down
the centre, and in some there is a thickening below showing an
approximation to the transverse collar in M. inarmata.

Explanation of Figure.
Plate 127. — Fig. 4, portion of specimen, magnified.

Plate 127, Fig. 5.

MEMBRANIPORA SERRATA (McG.).

Description. — Zocecia elongated, quadrate, or wider about the middle, or
pointed below; area occupying- the whole front, except occasionally the lower angles;
margin plain, writh a few acicular spines, or with numerous, serrated, horizontal
denticles. Avicularium on a separate area at the base of a zocecium; mandible very
long. Ocecium projecting into the base of the cell above, crossed by a band in front.

References. — M. serrata, P. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1881 ;
M. acifera, P. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1881.

Port Phillip Heads.

This species can always be distinguished by the elongated,
quadrate zocecia, the position of the avicularium with its long-
mandible, and the rounded ocecium projecting into the base of the
zocecium above with its transverse collar formed by the cell-margin.
In some cases the cells are entirely unarmed ; in others there are
one, two, or more uncinate spines ; while, in most, the margins are
thickly fringed with short, broad-ended, serrated denticles directed
horizontally inwards. In many specimens the uncinate spines
alone occur, and in others there are only the serrated denticles,

[ 105 ]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \Polyzoa.

which induced me to describe these forms as distinct species.. I
have since, however, found specimens in which both co-exist, as is
shown in that figured.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 127. — Fig. 5, portion of a specimen, showing the serrated denticles, two ooecia, and
an avicularium. Fig. 5a, other zooecia from the same, two of which are unarmed, two with
uncinate spines, and the others with the serrated denticles, which are simpler and narrower
than in the other figure ; two avicularia are also shown.

Plate 127, Fig. 6.
MEMBRANIPORA CILIATA (McG.).

As the figure given on Plate 25 is not quite correct, I give
another. It is doubtful whether this species ought to be con-
sidered as a Membranipora with the cell produced below the area-,
or referred to Amphiblestrum. In some zooecia there is a decided,
though very narrow rim, while in others it is absent or only faintly
indicated, as in the figure. The spines are sometimes thinner
than in the figured specimen, but never so slender as shown in
Plate 25.

In addition to the localities previously mentioned, Mr. Maplestone
has found it at Portland.

Plate 127, Fig. 7.
AMPHIBLESTRUM ALBISPINUM (McG.).

[Genus AMPHIBLESTRUM (Gray). (Suh-kingd. Mollusca. Class. Polyzoa. Order
Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Fam. Membraniporida?.)

Gen. Char. — Zoariuin encrusting. Zooecia with the aperture occupying the whole front, or
with part of the zocecium produced below ; aperture partly filled in by an additional membranous
or usually calcareous lamina.]

Description. — Zooecia elongated, narrowed and extended downwards beyond
the area; aperture occupying- about half of the area, the lower margin slightly
thickened; on each side a series of 3-5 enormous, pod-like, articulated spines, and
generally 2 or 3 smaller from the upper margin.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., Dec. 1881.

QueensclifF ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone.

[ 106 ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

•The zooecia are much elongated downwards, almost trumpet-
shaped, the area oval, surrounded by a thickened margin. When
the zooecia are closely packed, their real structure is not easily
made out, but when straggling over a narrow alga, it is well seen,
as in the figure.

Explanation op Figure.
Plate 127. — Fig. 7, portion of a specimen on a narrow alga, magnified.

Plate 127, Fig. 8.
MEMBRANIPORA SPINOSA (Quoy and Gaimard).

Description. — Zooecia irregularly arranged, extending downwards beyond the
area, which is sub-circular, with a thickened rim ; a fringe of (about 7) long, rigid,
pointed spines, usually united at their bases, surrounding the upper part of the
zooccium.

References. — Figured by Busk in Polyzoa of Kerguelen's Land, Phil. Trans.,
vol. 168, pi. x., fig. 3; P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict, Dec. 1881.

I have not seen the description in the voyage of the Astrolabe,
and Busk's figure represents the zooecia as much more regular,
and does not show the common basis supporting the fringe of long,
stiff spines. This is rather exaggerated in the figure, taken from a
specimen where it was well marked, and in some cases it is almost
wanting. It is only at the extreme edge of the zoaria that the
arrangement of the zooecia can be seen, being obscured at the
other parts by the dense forest of spines.

Explanation op Figure.

Plate 127. — Fig. 8, small portion, magnified. The common basis uniting the spines has
been made too large.

The specimens and descriptions of these additional species of
Membranipora have been presented by Mr. MacGillivray.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 107 ]

/'/ 128

&

I

II

Z 00 LOCY OF VI CTOR IA

I PolyzoaA

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Zoology.] . NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 128, Fig. 1.

CELLEPORA SPECIOSA (McG.).

[Genus CELLEPORA (Fabricius). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order
Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Fam. Celleporidse.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium encrusting, partly adnate, massive, foliaceous, erect and ramose, or
glomerulous. Zooecia, in the older parts, more or less erect and irregularly heaped together ;
one or more rostral processes (occasionally absent), usually bearing avicularia, in the neighbour-
hood of the mouth. Generally scattered vicarious avicularia.]

Description. — Zoarium encrusting-. Marginal zooecia horizontal, older irregu-
larly heaped ; surface smooth or finely granular; mouth straight and entire helovv ;
2-4 long-, slender spines articulated above ; to one side of the lower lip an elevated,
sessile avicularium, the mandible broadly linguate and the rostrum sharply dentate.
Vicarious avicularia large, elongated, on elevated calcareous processes, the edges of
the rostrum with several strong, recurved teeth.

Port Phillip Heads.

I have only seen a single small specimen, growing on a
Retepore. It somewhat resembles C. serratirostris, but is distin-
guished by the long, articulated spines, the entire lower lip, and
the different shape of the mandibles of the oral avicularia.

Explanation of Figdees.

Plate 128. — Fig. 1, zooecia from the growing edge. Fig. la, zooecia from an older portion.
Fig. \b, vicarious avicularium.

Plate 128, Fig. 2.

CELLEPORA SERRATIROSTRIS (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium encrusting. Zooecia much confused, granulated; the
younger, towards the growing edge, decumbent, elongated ; the older more erect,
stouter and confused ; mouth at first entire, then with a deep sinus which becomes
bridged across or closed by the junction of the opposite angles; a sub-oral process,
usually bending to one side, with a large avicularium at the summit. Avicularia
very numerous and of various forms, scattered over the zoarium ; some very large,
with long, spatulate, blunt or pointed mandibles, raised on considerable boat-like
elevations ; some spatulate and smaller ; some on rounded cells, with broad mandibles
and serrated rostra. Ooecia rounded.

Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Dec. 1884.

Port Phillip Heads.

[ 109 ]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Poli/zoa.

The very youngest zooecia have the mouth straight and entire
below, but, in almost all, a process of the peristome is seen rising
on each side, eventually meeting in the centre and leaving a round
opening which in time becomes filled in. Below the mouth a
process rises on one side, extending upwards and to the opposite
side, with a considerable avicularium on its summit, the edge of
the rostrum being serrated. In some marginal zooecia this process
is very large and directed upwards, the avicularium situated
obliquely on the summit. The older zooecia vary much in form,
being usually short and oblique or nearly erect. The sub-oral
pore of the peristome can frequently still be seen, and the peristome
is also, in some cases, produced above in a hooded manner, like a
commencing ocecium, or it may be almost tubular with a slit in the
lower edge. The aviculiferous jn'ocess below the mouth is usually
of small size, but is occasionally enormously developed, so as to be
larger than the zocecium itself. There are numerous vicarious
avicularia, with spatulate mandibles, much raised, the point of the
calcareous eminence frequently projecting over part of the neigh-
bouring: zooecia.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 128 — Fig. 2, specimen, natural size. Fig. 2a, portion of central part of same,
magnified. Fig. 2b, marginal zooecia. Fig. 2c, single zooecium, showing the sub-oral pore and
short aviculiferous process. Fig. 2d, enormously developed sub-oral avicularium, showing the
broad mandible, serrated rostrum, and mouth of the zooecium (in the figure beneath the avicu-
larium).

Plate 128, Fig. 3.
CELLEPORA TRIDENTICULATA (Busk).

Description. — Zoarium small, encrusting-. Zooecia immersed, irregular ; sur-
face granular; mouth straight below, rounded above, with 2-4 long, slender spines
articulated above, and 3 small denticles (the middle hammer-shaped) within the
lower margin. A minute avicularium, with a semicircular mandible, on a slightly
elevated sub-oral rostrum.

Reference. — Busk, Challenger Polyzoa, p. 198, pi. xxix., fig. 3.

Port Phillip Heads ; Warrnambool, Mr. Watts.
Of this species I have only two or three minute specimens, the
only perfect one of which is that figured. It seems to be identical

[ no 1

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Pofyzoa.

with Busk's C. tridenticulata, although not entirely agreeing with
the characters given by him. The number of spines, in my speci-
mens, varies from 2 to 4 ; they are long, slender, and nearly
straight. The zooecia are very irregularly placed, immersed ; the
surface granular and glistening. The sub-oral avicularium (absent
in some zocecia) is very small, usually situated on a slightly
elevated rostrum, which, however, is occasionally considerably
developed. I have not seen the ocecia nor the vicarious avicularia
with the long tubular processes described by Busk.

Explanation of Figure.
Plate 128. — Fig. 3, portion of specimen, magnified.

The specimens and descriptions of the Celleporce on this plate
are from Mr. MacGillivray.

Frederick McCoy.

Vol. II.— Decade XHI.-r. Ill]

PL. 123

ZOOLOCY OF VICTORIA

/ Insects)

vWiUddet iah

Prof Mt fov direr l

Steam. hJJio Govt Prinhjuj Oftue

Zoology.} NATUKAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

Plate 129.

ACRIPEZA RETICULATA (Guerin).
The Netted Acripeza.

[Genus ACRIPEZA (GuErin). (Sub-kingd. Articulata. Class Insecta. Order Ortkop-
tera. Section Saltatoria. Fam. Gryllidae.)

Gen. Char. — Head small, oval, with a small frontal projection. Antenna? approximate,
long, capillary, 1st joint large, 2nd short. Eyes globular, very prominent. Labrum rounded ;
mandibles pointed ; maxillary palpi a little longer than the labial, terminal joint truncated,
slightly swollen at tip, a little longer than the penultimate joint. Prothorax short, disc
slightly flattened, transversely ridged, posterior margin very rounded, lateral keels slight. Pre-
sternum smooth, without spines, meso- and meta-sternum wide, most so in females. Elytra
of female nearly as long as abdomen, hard, curved so as to fit over the back and sides of the
abdomen, with very strong, prominent reticulations ; of male long, narrow, rounded at tip,
extending beyond the abdomen when at rest, longitudinal veins sinuous ; stridulating organ
opaque on left, with transparent centre on right. Wings absent in female ; large in male, with
anterior third covered with large, coarse reticulated ridges, rest of wing with the usual veining
of the Gryllida?. Abdomen short, thick, swollen in female, with ovipositor and appendages
very small, scarcely visible ; moderate in male, with setaceous appendages, short, curved inwards
at tip; sub-anal plate of male notched at tip, not extending beyond tip of abdomen. Feet long,
slender ; thighs smooth ; legs thick at extremity, with some fine short spines, anterior tibia? with
oval cavity at base covered by a membrane ; posterior feet moderately short in the female, very
long in the male ; thighs of male slender, as large as tibiae ; upper keels of tibias with very small
spines. Australia.]

Description. — Male: Elytra narrow ; elytra and wings nearly three times as
long- as the abdomen ; stridulating spot on base of right tegmina large, clear, trans-
parent, and colorless, covered over by the left tegmina when at rest. Veining coarse
and irregularly reticulated, but less so than in the female. Wings large, transparent,
with brown veins, and slightly opaque and brown at anterior edge and tip. Length
from forehead to end of abdomen, 9h lines; length of each of the elytra (or tegmina)
and wings, 1 in. 8 lines; width of tegmina, 7 lines; length of antennae, 1 in.l line;
length of thorax, 3 lines; length of hind thigh, 10 lines; length of hind tibia, 11
lines; length of anterior thigh, 4 lines; length of anterior tibia, 4 lines. Color:
Of thorax and tegmina nearly opaque, dark brown, with indistinct greyish and
blackish cloudy markings or spots; abdomen dark brown with lateral red bands on
anterior part of each segment above; the edges of the segments have a row of about
18 small, longitudinal, bright blue, oblong spots; antennae and legs blackish-brown,
with transverse bands of pale yellowish -brown; head lighter, with two black bands
from the eyes to the prothorax ; anterior edge of prothorax showing a cinnabar-red
band when head is bent down, invisible when head erect. Female : Length from
forehead to end of abdomen, 1 in.; length of tegmina, 9 lines; length of abdomen,
8£ lines ; depth of abdomen, 6 lines ; width of tegmina from one inrolled edge to the
other, 4 lines ; length of thorax, 3 lines ; length of antennas, 1 in. 1 line ; length of
hind thigh, 8 lines; of hind tibia, 8| lines; length of anterior thigh, \\ lines;
length of anterior tibia, 4 lines ; abdominal appendages, f line. Elytra oval, little
longer than the abdomen, and curved so as to fit its convexity when covering it
above and on the sides when at rest; with very prominent, coarse, unequal, irregularly
anastomosing netted veins ; abdominal segments plicated on hind edge; thorax oblong,
flattened above, deflected at sides, posterior edge plicated, two transverse impressed
lines in front. Color : Head yellowish-grey with irregular mottlings of black, two

[ H3 ]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

broad longitudinal black bands from inner edge of eye to posterior margin of head,
and one on each side from hind middle of eye extending on to lower margin of
thorax, forming two spots, or a band interrupted in the middle ; thorax colored like
head, but with collar of bright vermilion-red between its anterior margin and the
head ; elytra nearly opaque, dark greyish-brown, with two large, irregular, roundish,
black spots, one at middle, and the larger between it and the tip of each elytron ;
abdomen blackish-brown, the anterior margins above cinnabar-red, and the fimbriated
posterior edges each with a row of small turquoise-blue spots, about 9 on each side;
thighs, tibise, and palpi yellowish-grey, with broad transverse bands of black;
antennee black, with narrow distant transverse bands of greyish-yellow, less distinct
than in the male.

Reference. — Voy. de la Coquille, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 153 ; At. Ins., t. 10, f. 2.

This most abnormal genus differs from all others of the order
in the large vaulted tegmina wrapping round the short swollen
abdomen in the female, and in that sex being without wings ; while
the male has the ordinary elongation and shape of abdomen and
elytra, and has ample wings. The small size of the ovipositor is
an exception to the rule in the family Gryllidce.

Like all the Grasshoppers, or Gryllidce, the tarsi of Acripeza
are 4-jointed, unlike the 3-jointed tarsi of the Locusts, which they
resemble in the shortness of the ovipositor. In the long slender
antennae, the drum in base of anterior tibiae, and slender legs and
thighs, and the stridulating apparatus at base of anterior wing,
they are in accord with the Gryllidce. The Acripezce are, however,
very peculiarly distinguished from both by the apterous, deformed
females ; and the extraordinarily rugged, coarse reticulation of the
elytra.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 129. — Fig. 1, male, natural size, in a flying position. Fig. la, front of head, mag-
nified three diameters. Fig. lb, upper lip, magnified three diameters. Fig. 1c, maxilla, magni-
fied three diameters. Fig. Id, mandible, showing small toothed apex, hood, and 5-jointed palpus,
magnified three diameters. Fig. le, lower lip, showing 4 lobes and 3-jointed palpi, magnified
three diameters. Fig. If, tarsus, side view, showing 4 joints. Fig. la, tarsus, viewed from
below, showing division of basal joint, magnified three diameters. Fig. 1/;, hind leg, magnified
two diameters. Fig. It, anterior leg, magnified two diameters, showing drum in base of tibia.
Fig. Ik, portion of antennas, magnified six diameters. Fig. 1/, elytra, magnified two diameters,
to show reticulation and talc-like stridulating organ at base of right elytron and its absence
from base of left one. Fig. Ira, sternum, showing pairs of spines between bases of legs, mag-
nified two diameters. Fig. In, side view of termination of abdomen, showing long appendages
and sub-anal plate, magnified three diameters. Fig. lo, same, viewed from behind. Fig. 2,
male, in walking position, viewed sideways, natural size. Fig. 3, female, viewed from above,
with elytra raised, natural size. Fig. 3a, right elytron, magnified two diameters, showing
reticulation and absence of stridulating spot at base. Fig. 36, side view of posterior end of
abdomen, showing short appendages and ovipositor, magnified three diameters. Fig. 3c, same,
viewed from behind. Fig. 3d, portion of antenna?, magnified six diameters. Fig. 4, female, with
elytra covering abdomen, side view, natural size.

Frederick McCoy.
[ 114 ]

PI. 130

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA
/Insects)

Dr VfilcL del et luh.

Prof. Mc Cay lUxe*:*

Steam. Uthjo.GoyV.Tnjitmg Ofhu.

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

Plate 130. Figs. 1-2.

MANTIS LATISTYLUS (Serv.).
The Broad-styled Mantis.

[Genus MANTIS (Lin. restricted). (Sub-kingd. Articulata. Class Insecta. Order
Orthoptera. Section Raptoria. Fam. Mantidae.)

Gen. Char. — Body elongate, smooth. Head wide, triangular, anterior face divided trans-
versely, upper part girt round on the sides and in front by a semicircular ridge ; vertex smooth.
Eyes large, rounded ; ocelli, 3, in a triangle, above the antennas and between the eyes, much
larger in the male than the female. Antennas setaceous, multiarticulate, hair-like in the
female, thicker and much longer in the males, between the eyes. Labium (or lower lip) of 4
nearly equal lobes jointed near middle ; palpi short, 3-jointed ; labrum (or upper lip) ovate,
entire ; mandibles strong, trigonal, with 1 strong tooth below and 2 or 3 at apex ; maxillae long,
outer lobe galeated, inner lobe with 2 teeth at apex ; palpi of 5 filiform joints, pointed, tips
reaching little beyond maxillaa. Prothorax very long, narrow, smooth, a little dilated laterally
at its anterior part, where the anterior pair of legs are attached ; margined on the sides ; rest of
thorax short, concealed by the tegmina and wings when at rest ; no scutellum. Abdomen of 9
dorsal joints in both sexes ; 6 ventral in female, and 8 in male, simple to the tip, depressed,
dilated laterally behind the middle, most so in the female ; 2 articulated processes at tip, and
a short inarticulate pair in male. Tegmina elongate, oval. Legs long, 2 hind pair simple,
anterior pair raptorial. Tarsi five-jointed, the first joint much longer than the others.]

Description. — Female: Body moderate, narrow. Head very wide ; eyes very
large, prominent; antennae very slender, about half the length of the prothorax.
Prothorax with a strong median keel, a smaller lateral marginal one on each side,
slightly serrated on anterior half; dilatation over anterior legs small, anterior fourth
having an oval granular space surrounded by an impressed line, and having mid-
lines impressed; hinder portion smooth. Abdomen smooth, slightly dilated behind
the middle; articulated styles large, pubescent, ecpial in length to the two first
joints of abdomen, the 6 or 7 basal joints short, narrowed, less than half as long as
wide, and convex ; 7 or 8 terminal joints, wider, longer, flattened, and the terminal
and penultimate ones longer than wide. Legs moderate, coxae of anterior pairs half
the length of prothorax, with a row of fine irregular spines on anterior ridge; thigh
about two-thirds the length of prothorax, with 5 or 6 long, strong spines on outer
lower ridge, and more numerous, smaller ones on inner margin of groove; tibia
about half the length of the thigh, ending in a long, curved, sharp spine, with a
row of about 12 small spines on each of the two posterior ridges. Wings very
short; elytra not reaching half the length of the abdomen, narrow, nearly equally
wide throughout, elliptically pointed at end, with posterior two-thirds transparent;
wings only two-thirds the length of the elytra, broad, transparent, except the narrow
anterior border. Color : Body and legs all green, with brownish tinges especially
on sides of prothorax, with a conspicuous satiny-white longitudinal band along-
middle of upper side of abdomen, and meta- and meso-thorax ; antennae, tarsi, and
abdominal styles brown. Measurements: Length, 3 ins. 6 lines. Proportional
measurements to length, taken as unity : Length or depth of vertical face, T£<y ;
width of head, including eyes, y1^ ; length of antennae, -fifo ; length of prothorax,
■yfo ; mesothorax, T^ ; metathorax, y1^ ; length of abdomen, T%% ; articulated
styles, Ty7 ; length of anterior coxae, y1^ ; width, T^ ; femur, TVo- ', length of
elytra, TVo; width, T£-0-; length of wing, yW; width, y'^. Male: More slender,

[ 115 ]

Zooloyy.-} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Insects.

and with smaller, raptorial anterior leg's than the female; prothorax similarly keeled,
but the anterior portion in front of leg's less distinctly granular; elytra and wings
extending nearly to end of abdomen ; articulated styles as in female, but, in addition,
2 very small inarticulate styles at end of last segment below, ^ line long, and 2
hooked processes two-thirds of a line long in middle. Color: All brown on body,
legs, and anterior margin of elytra and wings, the hinder portions of wings and
elytra equally colorless and transparent, a large oval patch on the under-side of
anterior base of elytra of the color and lustre of pitch, as in the female, slightly
showing through the brown of the upper side ; in many specimens two small black
spots on elytra close below the strong vein bounding the anterior margin, at about the
width of the elytra from their base, the second smaller one about the same distance
farther towards tip (the outer, or sometimes both these, spots absent). Length, 3 ins.
6 lines; width of head and eyes, t£q; length of antennce, fg$; length of prothorax,
T3o3T; articulated styles, i\%; length of coxae of anterior raptorial legs, -j1^- ; width,
T^y ; femur, y1^ ; length of elytra, fifo ; width, Ty^ ; width of front margin at
middle, yf-^ ; length of wing, T5^; width, y^V > width of colored front margin at
middle, Tfo.

Reference. — Audinet Serville Hist. Nat. des Insect. Orthop., p. 179.

In all the species of Mantis the males have the body longer and
more slender, the head and legs smaller, the wings larger, and the
elytra more transparent, longer, and more pointed than in the
female. The terminal segment of the abdomen of females is as
large as the preceding ones, but is very small in the males. The
upper wings or tegmina have numerous veins, are lapped one over
the other horizontally on the back when at rest, and in the males
are nearly of the same consistence as the hind wings.

The long oval eggs are laid in a roundish lump attached to twigs
of trees, each egg in a separate cell immersed in a gum-like
secretion. The young larvae are like the adult, but want the
wings. The pupae have very short wings and tegmina.

The family Mantidce, including all the genera and species of
Mantis, constitutes the section Raptoria of the Orthopterous or
Dermapterous insects, the whole of them being carnivorous, and
feeding upon living insects, which they catch and hold by squeezing
them between the toothed inner edges of the tibia and leg of the
anterior pair of raptorial legs, like a pair Of jaws, while eating
them by the jaws of the mouth.

Using the four simple hinder legs for walking, all the kinds of
Mantis have the singular habit of raising the extraordinarily long,
slender prothorax at a considerable angle with the rest of the body,

[ 116 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

and holding up the two great raptorial anterior pair of legs in
an attitude like that of human prayer, remaining motionless, as if
praying, for hours ; attracting the sympathetic respect of religious
people, in the more ignorant ages, of Europe and among the
Mahomedans of our own thne, and being worshipped by the
Hottentots. The name of praying Mantis, or Soothsayer, is
popularly given to them in ignorance of their really cruel, stealthy,
rapacious habits. The "raptorial legs " are curiously unlike those of
any other insects, and resemble jaws with sharp teeth when in
action ; they are much thicker and more muscular than the two
hinder pairs of legs ; the coxae are very long, and the trochanters
short and triaugular ; the femora thick, and with a deep channel on
the terminal half of the under-side, the two edges of which are set
with long, sharp, tooth -like spines ; the tibiae are short, curved,
compressed, and set with a row of tooth-like spines on under edge,
ending in a curved sharp point, the whole fitting into the channel
between the two rows of teeth in the femora when bent against
them or closed. The tarsi are all 5 -jointed and simple and slender ;
the first joint nearly as long as all the rest put together. The
posterior legs are moderately long and slender, and formed for
walking.

The name Mantis is, not only from the prophet-like customary
attitude, but an allusion to their long emaciated forms ; Theocritus
being so injudicious as to see a resemblance between them and a
thin young girl with long skinny arms — " PraBmacrani ac pre-
tenuem puellam, /uavnv."

The Mantidce are often confounded with the leaf-eating Phasmce
(of which examples are figured on our Plates 69, 70, and 79 of
Decades vn. and vin.), from which they differ in the raptorial
anterior legs, carnivorous habits, and many points of structure.
They wait motionless on trees and shrubs for the approach of
smaller insects, which they suddenly snap up in the bend of their
raptorial fore-legs, tearing them voraciously with their mandibles.

This is one of the large and rarer species of Mantis, although
the first described of the Australian kinds. It is remarkable not

[ 117 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Ziwerte.

only for the width of the articulated styles at the end of the abdo-
men of both sexes, but for the shortness of the elytra and wings
in the female. There is little or no difference in the length of the
male and female individuals ; but the males are perceptibly more
slender in body, head, and raptorial fore-legs. There is another
species with equally wide styles and of the same size, but having
the much longer elytra of the female with the proportion to total
length of TW, distinguished also by the whole of the erytra being
of the same brown color, imperfect transparency, and coarse veins
of the anterior margin, for which the name Mantis fusci-elytris
might be suggested. The two small dark spots on the elytra of
M. latistylus are more frequently absent than present, and in some
of our specimens there is one on one side and two on the other.
This curious Mantis has not been figured before.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 130. — Fig. 1. male, natural size (the elytra curled up spirally by drying while the
artist was lithographing the figure). Fig. la, front view of head, magnified three diameters.
Fig. 16, upper lip, magnified three diameters. Fig. le, mandible, magnified three diameters.
Fig. Id, maxilla and palpi, magnified three diameters. Fig. le, lower lip, with palpi, magnified
three diameters. Fig. If, anterior or raptorial arm, viewed from the side, magnified two
diameters. Fig. \g, ambulatory leg, magnified two diameters. Fig. \h, tarsus, side view, mag-
nified three diameters. Fig. It, same, viewed from below. Fig. Ik, end of abdomen of male,
with appendages and styles, viewed from above, magnified two diameters. Fig. 1/, same, viewed
sideways. Fig. 2, female, natural size. Fig. 2a, end of abdomen, viewed sideways, magnified
two diameters. Fig. 26, same, viewed from above.

Frederick McCoy.

[118]

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

N.B.— The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne.

DECADE I

Plate 1. — The Black Snake (Pseudechys porphyriacus, Shaw sp.).

Plate 2.— The Copper-head Snake (Hoplocephalus superbus, Giinth.).

Plate 3. — The Tiger Snake (Hoplocephalus curtus, Schl. sp.).

Plate 4. — The Australian Bream (Chrysophrys Australis, Giinth.).

Plate 5. — The Spiny-sided Butterfly-Gurnard (Lepidotrigla Vanessa, Rich. sp.).

Plate 6. — The Kuruu Gurnard (Trigla Kumu, Lesson and Garn.).

Plate 7. — The Australian Giant Earth-worm (Megascolides Australis, McCoy).

Plate 8.— Lewin's Day-moth (Agarista Lewini, Boisd.).

The Loranthus Day-moth (Agarista Casuarina?, Scott).

The Vine Day-moth (Agarista Glycine, Lewin sp.).
Plate 9.— Pieris (Thyca) Harpalyce (Don. sp.).
Plate 10.— Pieris (Thyca) Aganippe (Don. sp.).

DECADE II.

Plate 11.— The Little Whip Snake (Hoplocephalus flagellum, McCoy). The White-lipped Snake

(Hoplocephalus coronoides, Giinth.).
Plate 12. — The Death Adder (Acanthophis Antarctica, Shaw sp.).
Plate 13. — The Carpet Snake (Morelia variegata, Gray).
Plate 14. — The Gippsland Perch (Lates colonorum, Giinth.).
Plate 15. — The Murray Lobster (Astacoides serratus, Shaw sp.).
Plate 16. — The Salmon Arripis (Arripis truttaceus, Cuv. sp.). Adult.
Plate 17. — Ditto of the younger forms and coloring.
Plate 18. — The Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus, Lin. sp.).
Plate 19.— The Small-scaled Rock Cod (Lotella callarias, Giinth.).
Plate 20. — The Australian Rock Cod (Pseudophysis barbatus, Giinth.).

DECADE III.

Plate 21. — The Sea-Leopard Seal (Stenorhynchus leptonyx, de Blainv. sp.).

Plate 22. — The Yellow-sided Dolphin (Delphinus Novas Zealandia?, Quoy and Gaim.).

Plate 23. — The Common Brown Snake (Diemenia superciliosa, Fisch.).

The Small-scaled Brown Snake (Diemenia microlepidota, McCoy).
The Shield-fronted Brown Snake (Diemenia aspidorhyncha, McCoy).

Plate 24. — Catenicella margaritacea (Busk). — C. plagiostoma (Busk) — C. ventricosa (Busk). —
C. hastata(Busk.)— C. rufa (McG.).— C. cribraria (Busk).— C. alata (Wyv. Thomson).—
C. lorica (Busk). — C. formosa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk). — C. perforata (Busk).—
C. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson). — C. Hannafordi (McG.).— C. crystallina (Wyv. Thomson). —
C. carinata (Busk). — C. aurita (Busk).— C. geminata (Wyv. Thomson).— C. cornuta
(Busk).— C. intermedia (McG.)

Plate 25. — Membranipora membranacea (Linn. sp.). — M. perforata (McG.).— M. ciliata (McG.). —
M. mamillaris (McG.).— M. umbohata (Busk). — M. pilosa (Linn. sp.). — M. cervicornis
(Busk).

Plate 26. — Membranipora dispar (McG.).— M. Woodsii (McG.).— M. lineata (Linn, sp.).— M. Rosselii
(Audouin sp.). — M. Lacroixii (Savigny sp.).

Plate 27. — The Australian Rockling (Genypterus Australis, Cast.).
The Yarra Blackfish (Gadopsis gracilis, McCoy).

Plate 28. — The Southern Mackerel (Scomber pneumatophorus, De la Roche).

Plate 29. — The Yabber Crayfish (Astacoides bicarinatus, Gray sp.).

Plate 30.— The Large Wattle Goat-Moth (Zeuzera Eucalypti, Boisd. Herr.-Schsef.).

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE IV.

Plate 31. — The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Ptron sp.).

Plate 32. — The Two-hooded Furina-Snake, Furiua hicucullata (McCoy).

Plate 33. — The Banded Ked Gurnet-Perch (Sebastes percoides, Solander sp.).

Plate 34. — The Angel-fish (Rhina squatina, Lin. sp.).

Plate 35. — Lepralia circinata (McG.). — L. Cecilii (Aud.). — L. diaphana (McG.). — L. marsupium

(McG.). — L. subimmersa (McG.). — L. anceps (McG.). — L. Maplestonei (McG.).
Plate 36. — Lepralia vittata (McG.). — Membranipora perforata. Lepralia Brogniartii (Aud.). —

L. elegans (McG.). — L. pertusa (Esper. sp.). — L. Malusii (Aud. sp.). — L. lunata (McG.).
Plate 37. — Lepralia ciliata (Linn. sp.). — L. trifolium (McG.). — L. cheilodon (McG.). — L. canaliculata

(McG.).— L. larvalis (McG.).— L. diadema (McG.).— L. papillifera (McG.).— L. Ellerii

(McG.).
Plate 38. — Lepralia rnonoceros (Busk). — L. excavata (McG.). — L. vitrea (McG.). — L. megasoma

(McG.).— L. Schizostoma (McG.).— L. Botryoides (McG.).— L. ferox (McG.).— L. pellu-

cida (McG.).
Plate 39. — Crisia Edwardsiana (D'Orb. sp.).— C. biciliata (McG.). — C. acropora (Busk).— C. setosa

(McG.).— C. tenuis (McG.).
Plate 40. — Saunders' Case-Moth (Metura elongata, Saunders sp.).
The Lictor Case-Moth (Entometa ignobilis. Walk.).

DECADE V.

Plate 41. — The Lace Lizard (Hydrosaurus varius, Shaw sp.).

Plate 42. — The Spotted Marsh-Frog (Limnodynastes Tasmaniensis, Giinth.). — The Common Sand-
Frog (Limnodynastes aorsalis, Gray).
Plate 43. — The Carpet Shark (Crossorhinus barbatus, Lin. sp.). — The Seven-gilled Shark (Notidanus

[Heptanchus] Indicus, Cuv.).
Plate 44. — The Barracouta (Thersites atun, Cuv.).— The Tunny {Thynnus Thynnus, Lin. sp.).
Plate 45. — Flustra denticulata (Busk). — Carbasea episcopalis (Busk). — C. dissimilis (Busk). —

C. indivisa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk).— C. pisciformis (Busk).
Plate 46. — Spiralaria florea (Busk). — Diachoris Magellanica (Busk). — D. spinigera (P. McGil.). —

Dimetopia spicata (Busk). — D. cornuta (Busk). — Didymia simplex (Busk). — Calwellia

bicomis (Wyv. Thomson).
Plate 47. — Dictyopora cellulosa (P. McGil.).
Plate 48. — Eschara obliqua (P. McGil.). — E. dispar (P. McGil ).— E. gracilis (Lamx.).— E. platalea

(Busk). — E. quadrata (P. McGil.) — E. mucronata (P. McGil.). — Caleschara denticulata

(P. McGil.).
Plate 40. — Cellaria fistulosa (Linn.). — C. hirsuta (P. McGil.). — C. tenuirostris (Busk.). — C. gracilis

(Busk). — Nellia oculata (Busk). — Tubucellaria hirsuta (Busk).
Plate 50. — The Great Black, or Manna Cicada (Cicada mcerens, Germ.).— The Great Green Cicada

(Cyclochila Australasia?, Donov. sp.).

DECADE VI.

Plate 51. — The Victorian Rhodona (Rhodona Officeri, McCoy).

Plate 52. — The Black and White Ringed Snake (Vermicella annulata, Gray).

Plate 53. — The Green and Golden Bell-Frog (Ranoidea aurea, Less. sp.).

Plates 54-55. — The Australian Aulopus (Aulopus purpurisatus, Rich.).

Plate 56. — The Hammer-headed Shark (Zygama malleus, Shaw). — The Common Australian Saw-
Fish (Pristiophorus nudipinnis, Giinth.).

Plate 57.— Biflustra perfragilis (McGil.). — B. delicatula (Busk).

Plate 58. — Cellularia cuspidata (Busk). — Menipea crystallina (Gray sp.).— M. cyathus (Wyv. Thom-
son).— M. cervicoruis (McGil.) — M. tricellata (Busk). — M. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson).

Plate 59. — Bicellaria tuba (Busk). — B. grandis (Busk). — B. ciliata (Linn). — B. turbinata (McGil.). —
Stirparia annulata (Map.). — Bugula neritina (Linn.).

Plate 60. — Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk. sp.). — Petralia undata (McGil.).

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE VII.

Plate 61. — The Tuberculated Argonaut (Argonauta oryzata, Meusch.).

Plate 62. — The same seated in its so-called shell or Paper-Nautilus.

Plate 63. — The Blue-spotted Eagle-Ray (Myliobatis Australis, Macleay).

Plate 64. — The Long-toothed Bull-Shark (Odontaspis taurus, Raf.). — The Australian Tope Shark

(Galeus Australis, Macleay).
Plate 65. — The Leafy Sea-Dragon (Phyllopteryx foliatus, Shaw sp.). — The Short-headed Sea-horse

(Hippocampus breviceps, Pet.)
Plate 66. — Dictyopora grisea (Lamx. sp.). — D. albida (Kirch.) — (Var. avicularis, P. McGill.).
Plate 67.— 1). Wilsoni (P. McGill.)-

Plate 68. — Idmonca Milneana (d'Orb.). — I. contorta (P. McGill.). — I. radians (Lamk.).
Plates 69-70. — The Violet-shouldered Phasma (Tropidoderus iodomus, McCoy).— The Red-shouldered

Phasma (Tropidoderus rhodomus, McCoy).

Plate

71.-

Plate

72.-

Plate

73.-

Plate

74.-

Plate

75.-

Plates 76

Plate

78.-

Plate

79.-

Plate 80.-

DECADE VIII.

-The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Peron sp.).

-The Northern Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus gigas, Bodd. sp.).

-The Ludrick (Girella simplex, Rich. sp.).

-The White Shark (Carcharodon Rondeletii, Mull, and Hen.).

-The Picked Dog-Fish (Acanthias vulgaris, Linn. sp.).

-77. — The Australian Tooth-cupped Cuttlefish (Sepioteuthis Australis, Quoy and Gaim.).

-Bugula robusta (P. McGil.). — B. cucullata (Busk). — B. dentata (Lamx.). — B. avicularia

(Pall.).
-The Violet-winged Phasma (Acrophylla violascens, Leach sp.).
-The Large Pink winged Phasma (Podacanthus typhon, Gray).

DECADE IX.

Plate 81. — The Gippsland Water Lizard (Physignathus Lesueri, Gray) — (Var. Howitti, McCoy).

Plates 82-83. — The Murray Tortoise (Chelymys Macquaria, Cuv. sp.).

Plate 84. — The Murray Golden Perch (Ctenolates ambiguus, Rich. sp.).

Plates 85-86. — The Murray Cod-Perch (Oligorus Macquariensis, Cuv. and Val. sp.).

Plate 87. — The Australian Smooth-Hound (Mustelus Antarcticus, Giinth.).

Plate 88. — The Thresher, or Long-tailed Shark (Alopecias vulpes, Linn. sp.).

Plate 89.— Catenicella intermedia (P. McG.).— C. amphora (Busk).— C. Wilsoni (P. McG.).— C. pul-

chella (Map.).— C. utriculus (P. McG.).
Plate 90. — Catenicella f usca (P. McG.). — C. umbonata (Busk).— C. cornuta (Busk).

DECADE X.

Plate 91.— Gymnobelideus Leadbeateri (McCoy).

Plates 92-93. — The Long-necked River Tortoise (Chelodina longicollis, Shaw sp.).

Plate 94. — Opercula of Retepora.

Plate 95. — Retepora porcellana (P. McGil). — R. avicularis (P. McGil.). — R. fissa (P. McGil.).

Plate 96. — Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.).

Plate 97.— Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.).— R. formosa (P. McGil.).— R. carinata (P. McGil).

Plate 98. — Retepora Phoenicea (Busk). — R. aurantiaca (P. McGil).

Plate 99. — Retepora granulata (P. McGil). — R. tessellata (Hincks). — R. serrata (P. McGil.\

Plate 100. — Goniocidaris tubaria (Lam.).

The foregoing ten Decades form Vol. I.

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE XI.

Plate 101. — The Luth, or Leathery Turtle (Sphargis coriacea, Linn. sp.).

Plate 102. — The Rugged Stump-tail, or Shingle-back, Lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus, Gray).

Plate 103. — The Blackish Australian Worm-Snake (Typhlops nigrescens, Gray sp.).

Plate 104. — The Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus, Linn. sp.).

Plate 105. — Cellaria rigida (McG.). — Tubucellaria cereoides (Ellis and Solander). — Urceolipora

dentata (McG.)— U. nana (McG.).
Plate 106. — Amphiblestrum punctigerum (Hincks). — A. Flemingii (Busk). — A. permunitum

(Hincks). — Pyripora crassa (McG.). — P. catenularia (Jameson). — P. polita (Hincks). —

Electra flagellum (McG.). — Bathypora porcellana (McG.). — Binustra papulifera

(McG.).— B. bimamillata (McG.).
Plate 107. — Catenicellopsis pusilla (J. B. Wilson). — C. delicatula (J. B. Wilson). — Calpidium

ponderosum (Goldstein sp.).
Plate 108. — Calpidium ornatum (Busk). — Chlidonia dasdala (Wyv. Thomson).
Plate 109. — The Great Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Locusta vigentissima, Serv.).
Plate 110. — The Australian Yellow-winged Locust (CEdipoda musica, Fab. sp.).

DECADE XII.

Plate 111. — The Blood-sucker (Grammatophora muricata, Shaw, sp.).

Plate 112. — The Southern Chimera (Callorhynchus antarcticus, Lacep. sp.).

Plate 113. — The Port Jackson Shark, or Bull-dog Shark (Heterodontus Phillipi, Lacep. sp.).

Plate 114. — The Australian Bough Fish (Trachichthys Australis, Shaw).

Plate 115. — The Skip-jack Pike (Lanioperca mordax, Gimth.).

Plate 116. — Beania mirabilis (Johnst.). — Mucrouella tricuspis (Hincks). — M. lsevis (P. McG.). —

M. vultur (Hincks).— Cyclicopora longipora (P. McG.).
Plate 117. — Beania decumbens (P. McG.). — B. costata (Busk sp.). — B. Crotali (Busk sp.). —

B. radicifera (Hincks sp.). — Amphiblestrum patellarium (Moll sp.).
Plate 118.— Hornera foliacea (P. McG.).— H. robusta (P. McG.).
Plate 119. — The Smaller Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Phaneroptera valida, Walk.).
Plate 120. — The Thirty-two Spotted Grasshopper (Phaneroptera [Ephippitytha] trigintiduoguttata,

Serv.).

Plate

121.

Plate

122.

Plate

123.

Plate

124

Plate

125

Plate

126

Plate

127

Plate

128

Plate

129

Plate

130

DECADE XIII.

-The Bearded Lizard (Grammatophora barbata, Kaup).

-The Southern Silver Ribbon-fish (Trachypterus tcenia, Bloch).

-The Two-pronged Toad-fish (Chironectes bifurcatus, McCoy).

-Brown's Tooth-brush Leather-jacket (Monacanthus Browni, Rich, sp.).

-The Horse-shoe-marked Leather-jacket (Monacanthus hippocrepis, Quoy and Gaim., sp.).

-Maplestonia cirrata (P. McG.). — Scrupocellaria cyclostoma (Busk). — S. obtecta ( Haswell).
— S. cervicornis (Busk). — S. scrupea (Busk). — S. ornithorhynchus (Wyv. Thorn.).

-Membranipora pyrula (Hincks). — M. corbula (Hincks). — M. inarmata (Hincks). — M.
pectinata (P. McG.). — M. serrata (P. McG.). — M. ciliata (P. McG.). — Amphiblestrum
albispinum (P. McG ). — Membranipora spinosa (Quoy and Gaim.).

-Cellepora speciosa (P. McG.). — C. serratirostris (P. McG.). — C. tridenticulata (Busk).

-The Netted Acripeza (Acripeza reticulata, Guerin).

-The Broad-styled Mantis (Mantis latistylus, Serv.).

CONTENTS OF DECADE XIII.

N.B. — The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne.

Plate

121.-

Plate

122.-

Plate

123.-

Plate

124.

Plate

125.-

Plate

126.-

Plate
1

127.-

Plate

128.

Plate

129.-

Plate

130.-

-The Bearded Lizard (Grainmatophora barbata, Kaup).

-The Southern Silver liibbon-fish (Trachypterus tcenia, Bloch).

-The Two-pronged Toad-fish (Chironectes bifurcatus, McCoy).

-Brown's Tooth-brush Leather-jacket (Monacanthus Browni, Rich, sp.).

-The Horse-shoe-marked Leather-jacket (Monacanthus hippocrepis, Quoy and Gaiin.,sp.).

-Maplestonia cirrata (P.McG.). — Scrupocellaria cyclostoma (Busk). — S.obtecta (Haswell).
— S. cervicornis (Busk). — S. scrupea (Busk). — S. ornithorhynchus (Wyv. Thorn.).

-Membranipora pyrula (Hincks). — M. corbula (Hincks). — M. inarmata (Hincks). — M.
pectinata (P. McG.). — M. serrata (P. McG.). — M. ciliata (P. McG.). — Amphiblestrum
albispinum (P. McG.). — Membranipora spinosa (Quoy and Gaim.).

-Cellepora speciosa (P. McG.). — C. serratirostris (P. McG.). — C. tridenticulata (Busk).

-The Netted Acripeza (Acripeza reticulata, Guerin).

-The Broad-styled Mantis (Mantis latistylus, Serv.).

Q

MARY n. R0G1CK

i*

Jfatural Ipjtoir of Wutmiu.

PRODROMUS

OF THE

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES

VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS.

DECADE XIV.

BY

FEEDERICK McCOY, C.M.6. ; Sc. D, Cantab., P.E.S.

ilONOKAKY MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY

OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. OF LONDON;

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF EDINBURGH ; UONOltAKY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER,

ETC., ETC., ETC.

AUTHOR OF "SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND;" "SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF

IRELAND;" "CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALAEONTOLOGY J " ONE OF THE AUTHORS OK SEDGWICK AND MCCOYS

" BRITISH PALEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS J " " PRODROMUS OF THE PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTOHIA," ETC.

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.
GOVERNMENT PALAEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OK THE NATIONAL MDSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC.

:»«

A'

MELBOURNE :

BY AUTHORITY : JOHN FBBRE8, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

LONDON .

TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL.
HDCOGLXXXVII.

^- 'w M

ADVERTISEMENT.

It having been considered desirable to ascertain accurately the
natural productions of the Colony of Victoria, and to publish works
descriptive of them, on the plan of those issued by the Governments
of the different States of America, investigations were undertaken,
by order of the Victorian Government, to determine the Geology,
Botany, and Zoology of the Colony, to form collections illustrative of
each for the public use, and to make the necessary preparations for
such systematic publications on the subject as might be useful and
interesting to the general public, and contribute to the advancement
of science.

As the geological and botanical investigations have already
approached completion, and their publication is far advanced, it
has been decided now to commence the publication of the thud
branch completing the subject, namely, that of the Zoology or
indigenous members of the different classes of the animal kingdom.

The Fauna not being so well known as the Flora, it was a necessary
preliminary to the publication to have a large number of drawings
made, as opportunity arose, from the living or fresh examples of
many species of reptiles, fish, and the lower animals, which lose their
natural appearance shortly after death, and the true characters of
many of which were consequently as yet unknown, as they had
only been described from preserved specimens. A Prodromus, or
preliminary issue, in the form of Decades, or numbers of ten plates,
each with its complete descriptive letterpress, will be published, of
such illustrations as are ready, without systematic order or waiting
for the completion of any one branch. The many good observers
in the country will thus have the means of accurately identifying
various natural objects, their observations on which, if recorded and
sent to the National Museum, where the originals of all the figures
and descriptions are preserved, will be duly acknowledged, and
will materially help in the preparation of the final systematic volume
to be published for each class when it approaches completion.

literal Sistarg uf 0ictork

PRODROMUS

OP THE

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

OR,

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES

OF THE

VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS.

DECADE XIV.

BY

FREDERICK McCOY, C.M.G.; Sc. D, Cantab., F.R.S.,

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY

OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ;

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF EDINBURGH ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER,

ETC., ETC., ETC.

AUTHOR OF " SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND ; " " SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF

IRELAND ; " " CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALAEONTOLOGY ; " ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND MCCOY'S

1 BRITISH PALEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS ;

PRODROMUS OF THE PALAEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA, ETC.

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.
GOVERNMENT PALAEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC.

MELBOURNE :

BY AUTHORITY : JOHN FERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

LONDON ;
TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL.

M DCCC LXXXVII.

Il

PREFACE.

This fourteenth Decade gives detailed figures, on the first plate,
No. 131, of the large species of Blue-tongued Lizard, Cyclodus
nigroluteus, found near Melbourne and generally in the southern
portions of the colony, where it replaces the Cyclodus gigas,
another Blue-tongued Lizard (previously figured on Plate 72),
of the warmer more northern localities.

The second plate, No. 132, gives figures with details of
structure of two of the curious nocturnal climbins: Lizards called
Geckoes ; one illustrating the group with retractile sheathed claws
and dilated toes ; the other belonging to the slender-toed group
with non-retractile claws, without sheath. .

The third plate illustrates another of the species of English
Fish sometimes occurring, though very rarely, in our waters, the
Ray's Bream ; one of those famed as a delicacy by the European
gourmand, and which appeared for the first time on the Victorian
coast at Portland in great numbers in April, 1884, not having
been seen by our fishermen before or since.

Plate 134 gives a figure of one of the numerous beautiful
" Parrot-fishes " of the colony, the Labrichthys Bleekeri, not
figured before.

PREFACE.

The fifth plate illustrates the Sea Gar-fish, or Half-beak, of our
coasts ; and the Saury Pike, of the variety usually called Scom-
beresox Forsteri, although I doubt its distinction from the European
Saury Pike, S. saurus.

The next three plates continue the illustrations of Victorian
Polyzoa, for the specimens and descriptions of which I am indebted
to Mr. MacGillivray.

The following plate, No. 139, gives figures for the first time
of our commonest solitary Locust of the flat-horned group, the
Opsomala sordida; and also of a Locust, entirely wingless in the
adult state of both sexes, the Mesops pedestris: remarkable for
having the eye in the middle of the side of a long conical head,
far from the antennae.

The last plate illustrates in full detail our commonest species
of the division of Keel-backed Locusts, having the thorax com-
pressed into a thin prominent keel, the Tropinotus Australis.

The succeeding Decades will illustrate as many different genera
as possible, and will deal first, usually, with species of some special
interest, and of which good figures do not exist or are not easily
accessible.

Frederick McCoy.
20th May, 1887.

PU31

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

(Reptiles)

0 r Wild, dcLet Utkr

Ptof W>Cy <&■«,*

Stum, htJw.Oovt, Prwtou] Office

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles.

Plate 131.

CYCLODUS NIGROLUTEUS (Quoy and Gaim. sp.).

The Southern, or Blotched, Blue-tongued Lizard.

[Genus CYCLODUS (Wagler). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Reptilia. Order
Sauria. Sub-order Leptoglossaj. Tribe Geissosaura. Family Scincida;.)

Gen. Char. — Form moderately thick, elongate, fusiform. Head large, thick, sub-trigonal,
obtusely pointed in front. Neck short, thick. Head-shields thick, rather rugose ; nasal plates
near the tip of snout, touching (or nearly) each other above, ovato-trigonal ; nostril in centre
of nasal plate, with a curved furrow bordering its posterior edge*; inter-nasal plate rhombic ;
no supra nasals ; fronto-nasals two, moderate, touching ; frontal large, broad, obtuse-angled in
front, narrow behind ; two moderately large fronto-parietal plates ; parietals large ; inter-
parietal resembling the frontal, and nearly as long, but much narrower, acute-angled in front ;
four superciliary plates over each eye, the second largest ; about 5 rows of temporal plates
between the eye and the ear ; polygonal occipital shields in one or more transverse rows ; orbit
surrounded by a row of small plates ; two frenal plates between the nasal plate and the orbit ;
lower eyelid scaly. Ear-opening large. Scales of back and sides bony, large, convex, sub-
hexagonal, rugose, with obscure, diverging grooves ; scales of belly thinner and smoother.
Legs four, nearly equal, small, short, strong ; feet small, each with five short, cylindrical, sub-
equal toes ; claws short, thick. Tail short, rather less than one-third of the total length, sub-
cylindrical, very slightly compressed laterally, tapering, with rather thicker scales than the
back of the body, and a central row of large, broad scales below. Tongue short, flat, scaly,
slightly notched at the point.. Teeth on edge of jaws bluntly rounded ; palate without teeth,
with a triangular notch behind.]

Description. — Form: Moderately elongate, rounded; head trigonal; snout
obtusely pointed ; neck short. Plates : Nasals nearly touching' over tip of rostral,
a curved sulcus bordering posterior edge of nostril; the four temporal plates
immediately behind the rows of ocular plates surrounding the eye, from the parietal
plates above to the hindmost labial plate below, less than half the length of the
temporal plates next following them posteriorly; rostral plate wider than long;
inter-nasal plate slightly longer than wide ; width of anterior part of frontal plate
about three-fourths of the length ; anterior edge of ear dentated with a few pro-
jecting scales. Colour : Ground colour of whole body and head above and below
rich, dull yellow with blackish-brown longitudinal dashes, leaving the yellow in the
form of two longitudinal rows of about five to seven large, irregular, rounded
patches extending from the neck to the base of tail ; tail irregularly ringed with
about five yellow bands about three or four scales wide, and five or six blackish-
brown rings about two or three scales wide; throat unspotted pale yellow; sides
and belly irregularly netted with longitudinal black dashes on the yellow ground;
a few transverse dark dashes on the hind legs ; tongue bright Prussian blue.

Measurements.

Total length of rather large specimen

Length of head from snout to anterior edge of ear

Length of inter-nasal plate...

\\ I'lltl ■• ^ jj ••• ••• •••

Length of frontal plate

* Except in C. auuarime, now the type of the genus Omolepida.
Vol. II.— Decade XIV.— s. [ 119

Feet.

ins.

lines.

1

3

6

0

2

9

0

0

41

0

0

5

0

0

5

It.

ins. lines.

0

0 3f

0

0 4

0

0 21

0

0 3

0

0 4

0

0 2i

0

2 10

0

1 7

0

0 4

0

6 9

0

1 9

0

4 5

0

6 0

Pour.

Five.

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles.

Measurements — continued.

Greatest width of frontal plate
Length of inter-parietal
Greatest width of inter-parietal
Height of rostral plate

\» i<li ll yj >j ■ •• ••(. ■•• ■•• ••*

Diameter of ear ...

Length from tip of snout to anterior edge of shoulder

„ of anterior limb to tip of longest claw

,, of longest toe and claw

„ from. anterior edge of shoulder to anterior edge of thigh

„ of hind limb to extremity of longest claw

. . OX I ill I in ••• ••• ••• ••• ■••

Girth round middle of body-
Number of transverse rows of scales in 1 inch at middle of back
„ „ longitudinal „ „ „ „

Reference. = Scincus nigroluteus, Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uran., Rept. t. 41
= Cyclodus id. Wagler Syst. Amph., p. 162.

This species is very like the C. gigas (Bod.), figured in our
Plate 72, hut is readily distinguished by the shortness of the first,
or most anterior, row of the temporal plates behind the posterior
oculars, as compared with the much greater length of the next
succeeding ones, while in C. gigas the anterior ones are double
the length of the next posterior .ones. It is also distinguished by
the longitudinal rows of large, rounded, light blotches of yellow,
instead of the more numerous, irregular, transverse, alternately
dark and light bands of the former species.

Not uncommon about Melbourne, where it is generally called
"Blue-tongued Lizard," or "Sleepy Lizard." When kept in con-
finement it feeds on bread and milk, lapping the milk readily.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 131. — Fig. 1, average specimen, half the natural size. Fig. la, outline of plates of
top of head, half the natural size. Fig. lb, outline of plates of side of head, half tbe
natural size, showing the characteristic shortness of first row of plates behind the posterior
sub-orbitals. Fig. lc, two plates of back, natural size.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 120]

PI. 132

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

[Reptiles)

srj.jmua.tt hi*

Steam, htlw Gtrvt. Pr-jitziw Office

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Reptiles.

Plate 132, Fig. 1.

PHYLLURUS MILIUSII (Bory).
The Thick-tailed Gecko.

[Genus PHYLLURUS (Cur.). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Reptilia. Order Sauria.
Sub-order Pachyglossas. Tribe Nyctisaura. Fam. Geckotidse).

Gen. Char. — Head trigonal, broad behind ; one small, quadrate chin-plate ; neck narrow ;
body moderately broad, moderately depressed ; tail cordate, trigonal, thick, broad, and depressed
near base, tapering rapidly to posterior end, which is conical ; base constricted, very narrow.
Legs long, slender : toes all with non-retractile claws, elongate, slender, compressed ; sides not
serrated ; joints bent at right angles to each other, the base slightly thickened below with
distinct transverse plates ; outer hind toe versatile (at right angles to the others). Sides of
body with a slightly prominent fold of skin from base of arm to base of thigh. Scales minute,
granular, with scattered conical tubercles on upper surface. Xo femoral nor preanal pores.
Eyes nocturnal, with linear, erect pupil ; upper eye-lid large, lower one very small.]

Description. — Head short, thick, flattened, trigonal, wide behind; an oval
depression open behind on top of head, bordered by larger granules; space between
the eves half the diameter of the orbit ; rostral plate sub-hexagonal, 3 times wider
than high; width about equalling 2|- of next labial plates; upper lateral side of
rostral bears a small plate, on outer edge of which is the round nostril over first
labial ; chin-plate slightly less wide, but deeper, than the rostral ; no plates under
the chin, nor behind the nostrils. Under eye-lid very short, not covering cornea ;
upper very large, forming two parallel folds round the upper half of eye ; pupil
elliptical, vertical. Ear-opening oval. Neck and body narrow. Legs slender; toes
slender, nearly cylindrical, arched at the 'end, one row of transverse plates below
each ; claws ver}r short. Tail very narrow at base, then suddenly broad, thick, '
cordate, with scattered conical tubercles above; sides rounded and slightly tuber-
cular, then tapering quickly and becoming round in section, and tapering to a fine
point at posterior end. Scales : Entire surface of head, body, limbs, and tail, above
and below, covered with close, extremely minute, rounded granules, with larger
conical tubercles scattered on the upper surface ; the larger tubercles on the head
blunter and smaller than on the body. Labial plates, \% \; no plate between the
nostrils. Color: Upper side of body marron or chestnut-brown, tail darker chocolate,
with several narrow white cross bands, 2 or 3 on neck, and 4 or 5 on tail, and trans-
verse rows of white spots on back, smaller white spots on upper surface of legs ; under
surface of throat, body, legs, and tail plain greyish-white. Measurements : Average
total length from tip of snout to end of tail, 5| inches. Proportional measurements
(to total length as 100) : Length of head, ^% ; width of head behind, r^; width of
neck, T^; width of middle of body, T]„V; length of tail, -f^o ; width of tail at
base, yfp ; at middle of dilated portion, -^-fo ; at base of slender posterior half,
xjhrj length of dilated portion, ^%%; depth of head, Ty v ; diameter of eye, T%%- ;
from tip of snout to anterior edge of eye, T'o°o ; to ear, T%°ff ; to shoulder, -f$% 5 to
front of thigh, -^ ; from shoulder to tip of fingers, T2S%; length of longest finger,
ttio '■> from hip to' end of longest toe, ^V; length of longest toe, -fifo.

Reference. — Bory de Saint-Vincent, Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat., v. 7, p. 183, t.
not numbered, fig*. 1.

[121 ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles.

The Geckoes form one of the most peculiar divisions of the
saurian reptiles. They are all small disagreeable-looking Lizards,
inhabiting warm countries, and are nocturnal in their habits, catching
insects, especially caterpillars and other larvae, and worms, on which
they feed by night ; and hiding under the bark of trees and in other
crevices by day, and especially shunning the glare of the sun, in
which the other kinds of Lizards delight. They have a wide, flat
head, narrow neck, the body always depressed, or flattened from
above downwards, broadest in the middle, and never have any median
crest on the body or tail. The legs are strong, the feet short, with
the toes rather short and nearly equal in length, usually furnished
with sharp, retractile claws, like those of a cat, for climbing the
bark of trees, and generally furnished with transverse membranous
plates below, recalling the structure of the foot of a fly, and
enabling them to run up smooth surfaces, such as a perpendicular
wall of a house, or on the ceiling of a room, with great swiftness,
darting on the flies and other insects, which it can only catch with
its jaws, by pouncing upon them and swallowing them whole, the
oesophagus or gullet being unusually large, to allow of this mode
of feeding, and the articulation of the lower jaw being far behind
the head, as in the crocodiles, to form a large gape. The structure
of the tongue is a distinguishing peculiarity of the whole group,
being short, thick, fleshy, blunt, and slightly notched in front, which
is free, but with very slight powers of protrusion, contrasting
strongly with the Monitors, for instance (see Plate 41, Decade V.).
Like most nocturnal animals, the eyes are very large, and the pupil
usually vertical and elliptical, with fringed edge ; the eye-lids are
continuous, like those of a chameleon, the under one very small,
and the upper very large, and a transverse winking one moving
transversely between them.

They are remarkable for uttering a sharp, loud cry or click, in
some species like the word " Geck-o," from which their name
arises.

The skin seems soft and almost naked, from the minuteness and
granular character of the scales, the head being destitute of con-
spicuous plates, unlike most Lizards. The tail is less than the body
in length, and so brittle that it falls off even from a slight jar or

[ 122]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles.

sudden awkward movement from fright ; the new tail, which soon
replaces the lost one, is generally slightly different in size, color,
and scaling from the original, and must not he mistaken for a new
specific character ; it is generally depressed, often fusiform, and
sometimes flattened and dilated. The teeth are confined to the
jaws, and are " pleurodont," or ranged in a channel in each jaw,
and only fixed to the outer parapet of hone hy the side or external
face of the root ; they are close, nearly equal, compressed, and
sharp-pointed.

The males are smaller, more slender, and more agile, and more
brightly colored than the females.

The hrown and grey mottled colors of most of the species vary
a good deal at will, to assimilate to the tint and style of coloring
of the hark, &c, on which they rest, and from which only the
brilliancy of their eyes distinguishes them. Their movements are
sudden, and surprisingly swift and noiseless.

The various genera of Geckoes form two groups, the one with
the toes more or less dilated, and having retractile claws, hooked,
and lodged in a sheath when withdrawn ; the other with slender
toes and simple, non -retractile claws, not hooked, and with no
sheath ; and of these two groups our plate gives an example of
each.

The present species, P. Miliusii, is one of the most striking
Geckoes of the slender-toed group, having the toes bent nearly at
right angles with each joint, giving them the appearance of having
been broken or deformed. The broad, thick, heart-shaped tail, and
beautiful, transverse, dark and light banding of the color of the
upper surface, render this one of the most striking Lizards of the
northern warm parts of the colony. It is rarely found south of
Sandhurst.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 132 — Fig. 1, average specimen, natural size, seen from above. Fig. la, side view of
head, magnified two diameters. Fig. 16, top view of head, magnified two diameters. Fig. le,
front view of snout, to show rostral, chin, and anterior labial, plates, with the plate at anterior
inner edge of each nostril, and the granules between the nostrils ; magnified two diameters.
Fig. lrf, eye and eye-lids, magnified two diameters. Fig. le, portion of back and side, magnified
two diameters, showing the conical tubercles amongst the granular scales of back, the promi-
nent lateral ridge or fold, and the smooth belly scales. Fig. 1/, smooth scales of belly, magnified
two diameters. Fig. \g, conical tubercle of back, with surrounding small granular scales,
magnified six diameters. Fig. \h, under- side of foot, showing transverse scaling and projecting
claws, magnified three diameters. Fig. It, one of the toes, magnified four diameters, viewed
from below, to show scaling. Fig. \k, ditto, viewed from the side.

[ 123]

Zoology,'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Reptiles.

Plate 132, Fig. 2.

DIPLODACTYLUS MARMORATUS (Gray).

The Marbled Gecko.

[Genus DIPLODACTYLUS (Gray). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Reptilia. Order
Sauria. Sub-order Pachyglossa?. Tribe Nyctisaura. Family Geckotidas.)

Gen. Char. — Head, body, and tail moderately elongate, rounded, depressed ; tail conical or
fusiform, round in section ; scales of body and tail small, similar, and alike above and below.
Toes all with claws, linear, dilated and truncated at the tip, which is formed of the penultimate
joint ; last joint small, inflexed in a notch between the dilated pads ; under-side of each toe
with one row of broad, transverse plates, ending with a pair of large, convex, oval, thick plates
on the dilated tip, rounded at the distal end ; hind toe of hind foot versatile. Tongue thick,
short, convex, slightly notched at tip. Eyes with vertical, narrow, linear pupil ; eye-lids
circular, not connivent.]

Description. — Form: Head sub-pentagonal, depressed, covered with very
small, sub-equal, rounded, granular scales ; rostral plate large, pentagonal, with 3
plates arching from the upper side round to the first labial enclosing the nostril,
which touches the first labial and upper lateral angle of the rostral plate. Eight
gradually diminishing upper labials. Lower rostral plate quadrate, small, little larger
than the labials, which are 8 or 9 in number, gradually diminishing from the front.
Ear, a small, simple, round aperture. Eye, surrounded with a circle of small
granules. Hand, with the fingers gradually enlarging to the fourth, which is
longest; fifth nearly equals the second; each with a small claw hid in the notch
between the dilated pair of scales, forming the tip, covered above with several
rows of small scales, the last two or three increased in size ; on the under-side
each toe has a row of transverse plates along the -middle, with two abruptly larger,
quadrate, porous ones at the tip. Hind foot resembling the anterior, but larger,
and having' the outer or hind toe versatile or standing- at right angles to the others.
Whole body and tail, above and below, covered with nearly equal and similar,
rhombic, granular scales. Tongue broad, thick, flat, granular, with a small notch
in front. Tail nearly circular in section, slightly fusiform, perceptibly narrower at
base than at one-third its length farther towards tne tip. Color: Very pale purplish-
brown above, marbled from top of head over back of body and tail, and crossed at
intervals of about a quarter of an inch with very irregular, narrow, scribbled, or
vermiculate darker marks irregularly undulated, and joined in imperfect, looped,,
and angulated patterns, often with a median row of obscure,- paler, oblong, or
irregular angular spots ; pale, ashy, or purplish, livid-whitish below. Iris bright
brown-bronze, with black irregular streaks. Inside of mouth and tongue dull yellow.
Total length of average individual, 4 ins. 7 lines. Proportional measurements,
(referred to length as 100) : Length of head, y^-; length of gape, which reaches to
middle of eye, T6^ ; diameter of eye, -yfo-; snout to ear, y^ ; neck, y|o 5 from
snout to shoulder, y5^- ; fore-arm, y-Jf^ ; elbow to wrist, T^7 ; longest (fourth)
toe, Tf ^ ; front of shoulder to front of thigh, -f^s '■> length of thigh, t^q- ; knee to
ancle, Tf^ ; longest (fourth) toe, yyj-o; snout to base of tail, t^Vj length of tail,
tVo 5 greatest width of head, yVo ; greatest width of body, y^ ; width of base of
tail, y^-g- ; width of tail at one-third of length from base, r^. Number of scales
about middle of back in three lines, 20.

Reference. — Gray, Zool. Er. & Ter., t. 15, f. 6, Cat. B. M., Lizards, p. 149.

[124]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles.

Like all the Geckoes, these Diplodactyli are small, nocturnal
Lizards, with the tips of the toes generally more or less dilated.
This species is a good example of those having an apparent
doubling of the greatly swollen distal ends of the toes, with the
terminal joint and claw so minute as to seem hid in the notch
between the two large pads.

They live on insects and worms, which they swallow whole, the
oesophagus being very large. The males are smaller than the
females. The tails are very brittle and easily lost, and reproduced,
with some slight differences, from the original in the form of the

scales, &c.

This species is abundant in the northern parts of the colony,
found lurking under the deciduous bark of trees in the day time,
the brownish or purplish-ashy mottlings almost exactly coinciding
in appearance with the bark, rendering them very difficult of detec-
tion except for the brightness of the beautiful bronze eye. Some
specimens have the transverse, dark marbling more distinct, and
with the light color less broken, while others have the pattern more
complex. The under-side is destitute of markings in all the
specimens.

The specimen figured is from Echuca. Not figured of the color
of life before.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 132. — Fig. 2, average specimen, natural size. Fig. 2a, side view of head, magnified
two diameters. Fig. 26, top view of head, magnified two diameters. Fig. 2c, front view of
head, magnified two diameters, to show rostral, mental, and labial plates, and those between
the nostrils. Fig. 2d, under view, showing scales of base of abdomen and tail, and under-side
of hind legs, magnified two diameters. Fig. 2e, upper side of hind foot, magnified two diameters,
to show upper scaling. Fig. 2i, upper side of anterior foot, magnified two diameters. Fig. 2f,
under side of anterior foot, to show arrangement of scales with the double dilated pads at the
tips, with the minute terminal joint between them. Fig. 2g, portion of one of the toes,
magnified four diameters, to show the scales and plates near tip, viewed from below. Fig. 2h,
ditto, viewed from above.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 125 ]

TL.133

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA
(Fishes)

~mm

A Bartne rmjts Jeltlhth

Frcf ' HcC*vdiru*

Stuurohtht, litvt Trvnimq OffL:*

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Plate 133.

BR AM A RAYI (Bloch).

Ray's Sea Bream.

[Genus BRAMA (Schnider). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-class
Teleostei. Order Acanthopterygii. Family Scomberidas. Sub-family Coryphceninae.)

Gen. Char. — Body ovate, elevated, mucb compressed laterally ; scales rather small ; cleft
of mouth very oblique, lower jaw longest ; opercular pieces with smooth entire edges ; seven
branchiostegal rays ; teeth large, conical, one outer row on both jaws, with a few rows of
minute ones at base, a few, or none, on the vomer, and a patch of small ones on each palatine
bone. Dorsal fin elongate, with three or four slender spines in front, and covered with small
scales ; anal like dorsal, with two or three slender spines in front ; caudal deeply forked ;
ventrals small, under pectorals, of one slender spine and five branched rays ; pectoral long,
pointed. No swim-bladder ; about five pyloric appendages.]

D. 3 + 38 ; A. 2 . 29; P. 19; V. 1 + 5; C. ff; L.L. 94£f,

Description. — Greatest depth of body under origin of dorsal fin, equal to ^
the total length including caudal fin; thickness about ^ the height. Head
short, about 3 of total length and about ^ higher than long, profile from front of
dorsal fin to chin forming a parabolic curve; cleft of mouth extending obliquely
upwards, ending at the vertical of anterior edge of eye ; lower jaw longest, with a
chin-like angle below the mouth ; the curve of the head and nape and the less
convex one of the throat to ventral fin intersecting at the chin nearly at right angles ;
orbits large, midway on a vertical line from top of head to lower edge of subopercu-
lum. Teeth : There are no teeth on the vomer in some specimens and 1 or 3 in
others ; none on the smooth fleshy tongue ; one row of large, conical teeth on edge
of upper jaw, with a band of small ones within ; two rows of conical teeth, with a
narrow band of minute ones between them, on the under jaw, the inner row largest
and hooked inwards ; an oblong patch of 7 or 8 small hooked teeth on each palatine
bone. Gill-openings extending to middle of lower jaw at throat, their membranes
there uniting and covered by a fold of skin. Fins: Dorsal falcately lengthened in
front, posterior two-thirds low, of 3 slender spines lodged in the front edge, and 38
branched rays, covered with small scales; anal smaller than and originating a little
behind the dorsal, falcately lengthened in front, hinder three-fourths low, of 2
small, slender spines in front edge and 29 branched rays, the second and third
longest, rapidly shortening to the ninth, all covered with scales ; pectorals long,
falcately pointed, about one-third of the height above ventral edge, reaching to
middle of anal, of 19 rays, the sixth and seventh longest; ventrals small, of 1
slender spine, half the length of the others, and 5 branched rays ; caudal deeply
forked, of about 23 rays, those of the pointed lobes nearly four times as long as
those of middle. Scales : Absent on front of snout and margins of preoperculum,
on all rest of body higher than long, semielliptical or oblong, with about four
undulations in posterior margin, which is finely serrated by the ends of very fine
rough thread-like radiating strice ; lateral line indistinctly marked, of 94 scales,
running parallel with back at one-fourth of the height .from it, with about 8 small
ones beyond on tail; 15 scales from front of dorsal to lateral line, and 28 from

Vol. II.— Decadb XIV.— t. 127

Zoology.]

NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA.

[Fishes.

lateral line to ventral edge, all finely striated, with thin, entire waved edges; exposed
portion about middle of body below the lateral line semielliptical, nearly three times
higher than long; anterior covered part forming a vertically elongate, thick, slender
ridge acutely pointed above and below, greatest thickness in middle rather less than
the length of the exposed part, but the vertical extent of the anterior ridge more
than double the vertical measurement of the exposed portion ; scales of lateral line
much smaller and with the length and height of the exposed portion more nearly
equal, and the anterior ridge only extending in short angular points above and below
the exposed portion, which is otherwise like the others. The anterior ridges of the
scales produce distinct vertical ridges on the body. Color : Whole body, head, and
vertical fins lead-grey with lustre of lead, darker or blacker with brownish tinge on
back and fins ; hind portions of pectoral and ventral fins nearly colorless, with a
slight yellowish tinge ; iris brownish or yellowish above and in front, blackish
below and behind.

Measurements.

Length from tip of lower jaw to end of lobe of caudal

Depth of body

Thickness of body

Length of head from chin to edge of gill-cover

„ of posterior edge of orbit to edge of gill-coyer
Diameter of eye ...
Length from bottom of orbit to lower edge of suboperculum

„ „ upper edge of orbit to back line of top of head

„ of pectoral

,, of ventral

„ of highest ray of dorsal
Height of middle of dorsal
Length of dorsal

„ of lobes of caudal

„ of middle of caudal

„ of anal ...

„ of longest ray of anal

„ of middle rays of anal

„ of exposed portion of largest scales about middle of
body below lateral line
Vertical extent of ditto ...

„ „ of anterior ridge ...

Longitudinal greatest measure of ditto
Length of exposed part of scales of lateral line
Vertical extent of ditto ...

„ „ of anterior ridge ...

Four scales in a length of J in. at middle of body ; about two of
the rounded radiated portion of scales in the same vertical
distance, but spinous ends of the thick vertical ridges extend
farther.

Reference. — Bloch and Schn., p. 99 ; Cuv. and VaL, Hist. Poiss.,v. 7, p. 281,
t. 190.

This remarkable fish appeared at Portland in considerable
number in April 1884, being previously unknown to the fishermen,
and has not been, as yet, seen on any other part of the Victorian
coast, although noted by Count Castlenau at Sydney. I see no
difference between our specimens and the European ones. This is
considered one of the most delicious fishes for the table, of the

[128]

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Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Mediterranean, and the readiness with which the gourmets of
Victoria recognise* this quality in so unusual a visitor to our
shores is rather amusing, most pressing letters requiring the name
of this god-send arriving by every post for some time afterwards.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 133. — Fig. 1, side view of specimen, one-half the natural size. Fig. la, interior of
mouth, showing teeth on upper and lower jaws and palate, and single one on vomer, natural
size. Fig. lb, anterior portion of dorsal fin, natural size, showing the rows of scales. Fig. le,
natural size of lower portion of dorsal. Fig. Id, form of section of hody at base of pectoral.
Fig. le. form of section of tail. Fig. If, portion of scaling of hody, twice the natural size, to
show the vertical ridges. Fig. la, scale from below lateral line, magnified two diameters, to
show the very long, spinose vertical ridge. Fig. \h, scales from above lateral line, magnified
four diameters, showing the shorter vertical extension of ridges. Fig. li, scale from lateral
linej magnified four diameters.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 129 ]

PU34

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

A B 'artkcioTTtew del eO Uth

?rof M&Ccy direr"

Steam* litiw i&qvV,I 'rmtuig Ofrict,

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Plate 134.
LABRICHTHYS BLEEKERI (Cast.). H

Bleeker's Parrot-eish.

[Genus LABRICHTHYS (Bleeker). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-
class Teleostea. Order Acanthopterygii. Sub-order Pharyngognathi. Family Labrida?.)

Gen. Char. — Body moderately compressed, oblong; snout narrow, projecting; scales
large ; operculum scaly ; cheeks more or less scaly ; preoperculum not serrated. Lateral line
continuous. Teeth sharp, conical, in 1 or 2 rows in upper jaw ; usually 1 or 2 large canine
teeth on each side in front, and often a large, conical, posterior canine tooth at angle of mouth
in upper jaw. Fins, 9 spinous and 10 or 11 branched rays in dorsal, and 3 spinous and 10
branched in anal. Pacific and Indian Archipelago.]

D. 9 + 10; V. 1 + 5; A. 3 + 10; P. 13; C. 14; L.L. 26TV

Description. — Body ovate, greatest depth a little in front of middle, mode-
rately compressed ; depth ahout 3^- in total length, including- caudal. Head
moderate, ahout 3f in total length ; cheeks with radiating, branched ridges behind
and below the eye, and coarsely granulated above and in front of eye, with a vertical
curved patch of scales rather nearer the edge of the preoperculum than the eye,
large, tubular, and in 1 row above, smaller, simple, and in 2 and 3 rows below; 3
imperfect rows of large, rounded scales on the operculum ; gill-opening large, curved ;
smooth, rounded lobe of operculum nearly quadrate and almost touching upper edge
of pectoral fin. Teeth: a series of 12 conical teeth above, and 11 below, diminishing
from the front canines, which are much the largest; with or without a posterior upper
canine at coiner of mouth; a row of much smaller and blunter teeth inside the outer
row. Scales: of body large, not extending on dorsal fin ; those of lateral line 26,
branching tubules smooth, very irregular, the branches varying from 2, or more fre-
quently 3, to the most frequent number 4, descending abruptly at the 20th (which
is under the last ray of dorsal fin), the width of 1 scale, the 5 last scales running to
a little above middle of caudal fin, on which are from 3 to 6 smaller, simple scales,
forming short rows between the rays; there are 4 rows of scales above and 10 below
the lateral line at middle of body. Fins : Spinous part of dorsal of 9 spines, shorter
than the 10 branched rays, which increase to the 5th, and then decrease to the end,
so that the last ray is twice its length from the caudal; caudal sub-truncate, obtusely
rounded, of 14 rays ; anal terminating slightly in front of dorsal ; ventral of 1 spine
and 5 branched rays, sub-rhombic or sub-ovate, not prolonged into a slender point ;
pectoral large, rounded. Color : Ground color of back and sides olive-green
(darkest on back and on 3 or 4 imperfect, vertical bands, one at base of tail, one at
end of dorsal and anal fins, one in front of middle of those fins, and one extending
from posterior end of spinous dorsal on to head), and whitish pale blue below ;
posterior margin of each scale edged with dull carmine-red; top of head dark reddish-
olive ; cheeks and throat dull red, marbled with irregular spots and vermicular marks
of bluish-white ; dorsal fin mottled irregularly with pale clouds of green and reddish ;
rays reddish, with three irregular rows of dull, purple, cloudy spots; the soft dorsal
with a broad margin of pale red; caudal with greenish-yellow membrane and
orange rays, irregularly variegated with one or two rows of red spots ; anal dull red,
with four rows of round green spots on the membrane (in one specimen the fin is
green, and spots red); ventrals pale red; pectorals with brilliant chrome-yellow rays
and pale greenish-yellow membrane; iris with irregular, imperfect circles of green,
white, and orange.

[131 ]

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Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. IFishes.

Measurements.

Length from tip of snout to end of caudal ...
„ „ „ anterior edge of eye

„ „ „ posterior edge of eye

M „ „ end of operculum

base of pectoral

base of caudal ...

1st dorsal spine
„ „ „ last dorsal ray ...

„ „ „ base of ventrals

„ „ „ 1st anal spine ...

„ of pectoral
„ of veatral

Reference. — Proc. Zool. and Ace. Soc. Vict., v. 1, p. 148.

Like all of the genus, this beautiful Wrasse varies somewhat in
color, the anal fin particularly being as often green with red spots,
as like our figured specimen— dull red with green spots. The
pearly-white mottling of the cheeks is most characteristic, as well
as the red edging to the body scales. It is obvious that too much
importance has been given to the posterior canine tooth by system-
atic writers, as one side of the mouth of the figured specimen has
no trace of one, while the other has it well developed. In the
upper jaw the inner row of small blunt teeth is of about 17, the
longer pointed teeth of outer row 12, with one large solitary one
at corner of mouth. There are about 11 pointed conical teeth on
each side of lower jaw in a single row. The branching of the
tubules of the lateral line is most unusual] v irregular in number
of the branches ; they are smooth, and without pores on the
surface.

This species, like the other Parrot-fishes, may be seen occasion-
ally in the fish-shops in April, May, and June, as beautiful
curiosities rather than for sale for the table, the flesh not being
generally esteemed. Small Crustacea are found in the stomach,
and obviously constitute the usual food.

This fish has not been figured before.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 134. — Fig. 1, average specimen, natural size. Fig. la, side of bead in outline, to
sbow tbree rows of cheek scales below, the radiating branched ridges, and the granules. Fig.
lb, top of head, to show granules. Fig. lc, outer row of teeth, magnified two diameters.
Fig. Id, outer row of teeth dotted, showing relative position of smaller, blunt teeth of inner row,
magnified four diameters. Fig. le, some of upper cheek scales, magnified, to show tubular
posterior margin. Fig. If, outline of under-side of head, showing the relation of the sub-
opercula and form of istbmus. Fig. 1<7, scale of back, magnified one and a half diameters.
Fig. \h scale from lateral line with greatest number of branches, magnified one and a half
diameters.

Frederick McCoy.
[ 132 ]

J'l . 135

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

(Fishes )

'-tholomew del eLhth,.

Frof Mc Coy direc*-

Steam- liifui , Skit. I'rwtBif dffwt.

Zoology.'] NATUEAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Plate 135, Fig. 1.

HEMIRAMPHUS INTERMEDIUS (Cant.).
The Black-finned Hale-beak or Sea Gar-eish.

[Genus HEMIRAMPHUS (Cur.)- (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-class
Teleostei. Order Physostonii. Family Scomberesocidae.)

Gen. Char. — Body elongate, slender, compressed. Head elongate; upper jaw short,
triangular, convex above, formed of the iuter-maxillaries in the middle and the maxillaries at the
sides ; lower jaw prolonged beyond the upper in a loDg slender beak, with a flexible termination
representing the lips (lower jaw short in very young individuals) ; lower pharyngeals united
into a single bone ; gill-opening very wide. Teeth very minute, in a band of several rows on
upper jaw and corresponding portion of base of lower jaw. Scales moderately large, rounded,
with a row of much smaller, strongly carinated ones, forming a keel along each side near the
ventral margin. Dorsal fin single, opposite the anal fin, and equal to it ; no finlets ; caudal
usually moderately forked, with the lower lobe largest ; pectorals moderate, semioval ; ventrals
small, near middle of ventral margin. Stomach and intestine straight. No pyloric appendages.
Air-bladder large, without pneumatic duct.]

D. 16 to 17; P. 12 to 13; V. 6; A. 18 to 19; C. ff. Scales 52 to 56, from
head to tail.

Description. — Length of head from tip of beak to edge of operculum slightly
less than one-third of the total length to base of caudal. Length of lower jaw
beyond tip of upper one slightly more than half the length of head, 5f in total
length to base of caudal. Length and width of movable portion of upper jaw
nearly equal. Top of head slightly convex; diameter of orbit less than inter-orbital
space, and 1§ in the length of post-orbital part of head. Pre-orbital plate about as
long as high. Middle of back flattened, very slightly convex. Base of ventrals
half way between base of caudal and base of pectoral. Teeth in both jaws minute,
tricuspid. Color :. Back pale olive-green, darkest on top of head and towards
tail from front of dorsal to caudal fin; terminal portion of lower jaw flesh-red; a
broad,- distinct, silvery stripe from top of base of pectoral to middle of base of
caudal, having a blue, or emerald-green, or, in some lights, yellowish stripe above it.
Sides below the silver band pearly, very pale green, with opaline reflections of blue
and pink fading to nearly white on midline of belly and throat. Cheeks and oper-
cular pieces brilliant silvery, with opaline blue, green, and pink reflections. Iris
silverv, with "Teen and bronze reflections. Pectoral fins dusky or blackish, darkest
towards the tip, from crowded, minute, black dots. Ventral nearly colorless, the
rays minutely clotted with black. Dorsal and anal fins very pale olive. Caudal
brownish-olive, with blackish margin. Measurements : Length of average specimen,
from tip of lower jaw to tip of caudal, 1 ft. 4 ins. Proportional measurements :
tip of snout to tip of upper jaw, \-%% ; to gape, yW? to anterior edge of orbit,
t8$ J t0 posterior edge of orbit, tVjtj to posterior edge of operculum, -n$y5 to base
of pectoral, T;'(/s ; to tip of pectoral, ^ ; to base of ventral, -/^ ; to tip of ventral,
x5^ ; to front edge of dorsal, y7^ ; to hind edge of dorsal, y^ ; to front edge of
anal, -y7^ ; to hind edge of anal, -^\ ; to b.-ise of caudal, f^ ; to middle edge of
caudal, -f^ ; greatest depth at middle, Tyk ; greatest thickness, ^fa ; height of
dorsal, T^ ; depth of anal, y^ ; space between orbits, T|jj ; diameter of orbit,
i3(& ; width of base of upper jaw, T^ ; length of base of upper jaw, -j^.

Reference. — Cant. An. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842, v. 9, p. 485=2/. melanochir,
Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v. 19, p. 41.

[133 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

This species lias the ova exuding in the middle of October,
which must be the spawning time. The ova are larger than
those of the H. regularis of the Lakes. It is the common Sea
Gar-fish of the fishermen and fish-dealers supplying Melbourne,
and is easily distinguished from the fresh-water species of the
Gippsland Lakes, H. regularis (G-iint.), by the blackish pectoral
fins, suggesting the excellent specific name, H. melanochir, given
to it by Cuvier, as well as by the more posterior position of the
ventral fins and the long movable upper jaw.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 135. — Fig. 1, side view of specimen, f natural size. Fig. la, top view of head and
snout, | natural size, to show the flexible membranous borders and tip of lower jaw beyond
upper jaw. Fig. lb, top view of portion of lower jaw, magnified four diameters. Fig. lc,
mouth, to show rows of teeth in upper and lower jaws, magnified. Fig. lc?, tricuspid teeth of
upper and lower jaws, magnified sixteen diameters. Fig. le, scale below lateral line at middle
of body, magnified three diameters. Fig. If, scale above lateral line, magnified three diameters.
Fig. la, scale from abdominal ridge, magnified three diameters.

Plate 135, Fig. 2.

SCOMBERESOX SAURUS (Bloch sp.),
var. FORSTERI (Cuv. and Val.).

The Saury Pike.

[Genus SCOMBERESOX (Lacep.). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata Class Pisces. Sub-class
Teleostei. Order Physostomi. Family Scomberesocidse.)

Gen. Char. — Body elongate, slender, compressed. Head prolonged into two long, very
slender jaws, with a slight upward curvature, the upper formed of the inter-maxillary bones,
the lower beak a little longer than the upper ; both jaws bordered with a row of very minute,
simple teeth, none on the tongue nor palate. Scales small, thin, deciduous on body; a row of
keeled scales on each side of lower edge of belly ; lateral line very obscure, from upper end of
operculum to middle of tail. One dorsal opposite one similar anal fin, set far back, with a series
of small detached finlets between the dorsal and anal fins and the tail ; caudal fin deeply forked.
Air-bladder present or absent, without duct. Stomach and intestines forming one straight
alimentary canal, without pyloric appendages. Lower pharyngeals united in one bone. Nostrils
in a triangular pit in front of eye. Pseudobranchia? glandular, obscure. Gill-opening very
wide.]

D. 10 to 11; P. 12; V. G; A. 11 to 12; Finlets fj C. 20 to 30; L.L. about
110.

Description. — Length of head two-sevenths of total length, including- caudal
fin. Greatest depth of body (about middle), 11 times in total length from tip of

[134]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Fishes.

lower beak to end of upper lobe of caudal ; depth at base of pectoral equal to depth
in front of dorsal and anal fins; depth of tail between last finlet and caudal, 4^ times
in greatest depth at middle of body; beak nearly straight, very slender; beak of
lower jaw from angle of commissure less than the rest of the head to edge of oper-
culum, broader tban deep, tip soft and flexible, 7^ times in total length to tip of
caudal ; upper beak more slender than, and fitting in a groove in, the lower one, of
which it is f- the length ; sub-orbital plate sub-quadrate, with a shallow sinus in the
oblique front edge; a small, deep, narrow notch below the nostril, and produced
backwards in a narrow posterior angle as far as first third of diameter of eye.
Base of ventral half way between base of caudal and anterior margin of orbit;
diameter of eye about 2§ in post-orbital portion of head. Diameter of e}Te about 5
times in length of cheek from end of gape to edge of operculum, a slight mucous
swelling in front, with a row of mucous pores; another row of pores along lower
edge of preoperculum, and another row from top of orbit to the shoulder. Lower
jaws, and also the edges of the opercular plates, nearly touching under the throat,
from the narrowness of the isthmus; branchiostegal membrane lad under the oper-
cular plates. Six finlets above and seven below, the anterior one slightly smaller
than the second, and connected by membrane with the dorsal and anal fins; the
row of keeled scales along belly ends at fourth lower finlet. Color : Dark blue on
back, with slight greenish reflections; sides, belly, opercular plates, and cheeks
below the eye brilliant silvery- white; caudal fin and upper finlets blue; other
fins paler. Iris silvery. Measurements : Total length from tip of beak to
lower lobe of caudal, 12 to 15 inches. Proportional measurements to 12 ins. as
100: Tip of lower beak to tip of upper one, T§7 ; to gape, tuts') t0 front edge of
orbit, -j^ ; to hind edge of orbit, t2q°o ; to upper base of pectoral, or end of oper-
culum, yVo ; to base of ventrals, tv% > to Dase °f anal, Ty^- ; greatest depth of
body, t§q-; greatest thickness of body, Tf o ; length of pectorals, xfo; length of
ventrals, T§(j- ; length of upper lobe of caudal, TUq ; length of lower lobe of caudal,
i§tf ; length of middle rays of caudal, yf-g-. Seven scales in a length of ^ in. at
middle of body ; 12 keeled scales in same length at middle of abdominal row.

Reference. — Esox saurus, Bloch & Schn., p. 39-1, t. 78 = Scomberesox
Camperi, Lacep., v. p. 345 ; Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, v. xviii., p. 464,
t. 551 ? =. Scomberesox Forsteri, Cuv. & Val., v. xviii., p. 481.

The upper beak is longer in proportion to the lower than in the
S. Camperi, in which it is represented by Cuvier and Valenciennes
to be only three-fourths of the length of the lower ; but I, unfor-
tunately, have no European specimen to make sure of this character
or of the size of the scales, which, Dr. G-unther thinks, may distin-
guish the northern species, but he does not give the size for the S.
saurus or Camperi of Northern waters, as I do here for the Aus-
tralian fish. The sub-orbital plate in front of and below the nostril
is smaller, more upright, and with a more distinct sinus in the front
margin than in the S. Camperi, as figured and described by Cuvier
and Valenciennes, the front margin being less oblique, but, like it,
has a deep, narrow, vertical slit below the nostril.

Vol. II— Decade XIV.— u. 135 [

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Although the species of Scomberesox, like the Mackerel, have
finlets between the dorsal and anal fins and the tail, they have no
adipose eye-lid. Like the Mackerel also, species of this genus,
almost undistinguishable externally, really differ by the presence
or absence of the swim-bladder ; the English and Mediterranean
Mackerel differing in this respect, as the present Scomberesox and
the Atlantic specimens differ from the Mediterranean one, by having
a swim-bladder, which does not exist in the latter. The swim-
bladder is very distinct in our species.

I greatly doubt the distinctness of this species or variety from
S. saurus, but am not sure of the amount of variation in the relative
lengths of the jaws in the latter ; Cuvier figuring and describing
the upper jaw as considerably shorter, but praising the accuracy
of Donovan's figure of an English example, which has the jaws as
nearly equal as ours. I find about the same number of scales as
Dr. Giinther attributes to S. saurus in the longitudinal lines from
head to tail, so that his suggestion that S. Forsteri may have smaller
scales does not, I think, stand as a distinction between the species.

Three specimens in the Museum were caught in Hobson's Bay
in April.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 135. — Fig. 2, side view of specimen, three-fourths the natural size. Fig. 2a, side
view of head, seven-eighths natural size, to show form of plates and rows of mucous pores.
Fig. 2b, head, viewed from above, showing the lower jaw extending beyond the upper at sides
and tip. Fig. 2c, interior of lower jaw, showing rows of teeth on side, and transverse horny
ridges on middle. Fig. 2d, scale of body, magnified. Figs. 2e, 2/j 2g, scales of abdominal keels,
magnified.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 136 ]

y*

PI. 136

ZOOLOCY OF VICTORIA
( Potyxoaj

O

m

Prof M^Orj cUrejet

SUanvlWw.Gav^PriJtu

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 186, Fig. 1.
CABEREA RUDIS (Busk).

[Genus CABEREA (Lasix). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundib-
ulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Cellulariidae.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium continuous, or imperfectly jointed, dichotomously branched. Zooecia
bi-multiserial, quadrate ; an avicularium on the outer side of the lateral, and one or two at the
base of the internal zooecia. Vibracula large, situated at the back of the branches, biserial,
each common to several zooecia.]

Description. — Zoarium with the branches broad, about one-eighth of an inch,
strap-shaped. Zooecia multiserial ; membranous aperture large, elliptical ; three
large spines articulated at the upper and outer and one at the inner angle of the
lateral zooecia ; one or two on each angle of the inner zooecia; a stout anvil-shaped
scutum with a thick peduncle overarching the aperture. Ooecia flat, mitriform, with
a thickened margin. In the central zocecia two slightly raised avicularia, with
triangular mandibles pointing upwards, on the lamina below the aperture; on the
lateral zocecia a single large avicularium, narrowed below and expanded above, with
a thickened margin and stout beak to the rostrum, and a long, triangular, pointed
mandible directed horizontally outwards. Posterior surface flat, outline of zocecia
diamond-shaped, longitudinally sulcate. Vibracular setae short, slender, slightly
serrated, the vibracular cells narrow, and not obscuring the posterior outlines of the
zocecia. Radical fibres springing from the bases of the zocecia, uniting to form a
lateral bundle.

Reference. — Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat. Mar. Pol., pt. i., p. 37, pi. xlvi.

Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone.

Forms tufts, of a dirty white color, attaining a height of two
inches or more. It is readily distinguished by the large lateral
avicularia, which are frequently of enormous size, and by the
small size of the vibracular cells, not obscuring the posterior
outlines of the zocecia, with the short slender setae.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 136. — Fig. 1, specimen, natural size. Fig. la, portion of anterior surface, magnified
showing, on one side, the lateral avicularia of enormous size. Fig. lb, posterior view of same,
showing the outlines of zooecia, vibracular cells, and radical fibres.

Plate 136, Fig. 2.

CABEREA GRANDIS (Hlncks).

Description. — Zoarium with the branches rather broad, strap-shaped. Zooecia
multiserial ; membranous aperture large, elliptical or oblong ; two spines on the
outer and one on the inner angle of the marginal zooecia, and one on each angle of the

[ 13?]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Pc&yzoa.

central ; a spatulate or clavate scutum with thick peduncle, usually of small size.
Ocecia flat, mitriform, with a thickened rim. One or two avicularia at the base of each
central zooecium, with the mandible usually directed upwards ; on the lateral zooecia
a very small avicularium, with the mandible placed transversely, on a long, narrow
process united throughout to the cell; on various parts of the zoarium occasionally
intercalated avicularia of enormous size, Posterior surface of the zocecia entirely
obscured by the vibracular cells, which are distinct, almond-shaped, those of oppo-
site sides meeting in a groove in the centre of the branch ; setse long and serrated.
No radical tubes.

Eeference. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July 1881.

Port Phillip Heads.

This species, which attains a height of an inch or more, is
readily distinguished from the other multiserial species by the
small lateral avicularia, the projection of the vibracular cells
beyond the margins of the branches, so as to be visible from the
front, and their completely obscuring the posterior surface of the
zooecia. The size and disposition of the vibracular cells, with the
long serrated setse, and the deep groove between the rows, make a
striking resemblance to a miniature head of barley. The large
avicularia are not frequent, being absent in many sj)ecimens. The
oral spines, also, are by no means constantly seen, either from being-
absent or worn off.

Explanation of Pigures.
Plate 136. — Fig. 2, specimen, natural size. Pig. 2a, anterior surface of portion of same,
magnified ; two large avicularia are shown, one of great size. Pig. lb, posterior view of the
same.

Plate 136, Fig. 3.
CANDA ARACHNOIDES (Lamx.).

[Genus CANDA (Lamx.). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata.
Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Cellulariida?.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium dichotomously branched, branches biserial, connected by transverse
chitinous tubes attached at either end to a vibraculum. Avicularia large, situated on a special
tract on the front of the branches between the rows of zooecia. Each zoceciuni with a vibracu-
lum posteriorly.]

Description. — Branches rather broad; zocecia quadrate, a spine at each upper
angle, of which that on the outer is the larger; margin thickened, crenulated;
aperture elliptical, the lamina smooth or finely granular. Avicularia with the
mandibles broadly triangular. Posteriorly the zooecia elongated, wider in upper
half, separated by thick, raised lines. The vibracular groove not extending beyond
the median line ; setse short, smooth. Connecting tubes stout.

Reference. — Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat. Mar. Polyzoa, p't. i., p. 26, pi. xxxiii.;
Busk, Challenger Polyzoa,, p. 25.

[ 138 ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Pohjzoa.

Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone.

Luxuriant specimens attain a height of about 3 inches. Each
large branch divides dichotomously, the resulting ramification
forming a flabelliform expansion. The various branches of each
group are joined by transverse flexible tubes, which are attached
at either end to vibracula. At the lower end of the branches,
however, many, instead of connecting with other branches, attach
the zoarium to the object on which it grows in the same manner as
ordinary radical tubes. The avicularia are usually crowded, and
of large size towards the growing extremities of the branches,
being less frequent or wanting on the older. The mandible is
broadly triangular, nearly equilateral. The vibracular groove
does not extend beyond the cell with which the vibraculum is
connected, and therefore does not- cross the mesian line. I have
not seen the ooeciuin ; but Mr. Busk (Challenge?' Polyzoa, p. 25)
describes it as " subglobose, crowned with a sessile avicularium,
and having a broad elliptical membranous area in front."

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 136. — Fig. 3, specimen, natural size. Fig. 3a, front view of portion of same, magni-
fied. Fig. 3b, posterior view of same.

Plate 136, Fig. 4.

CANDA TENUIS (McG.).

Description. — Brandies very slender, straggling-. Zocecia elongated, a spine
on each side above; margins thick and crenulated, lamina granular; aperture
elliptical, occupying about two-thirds of the front. Avicuhiria with the mandible
narrow and triangular. Vibracular groove extending beyond the median line.
Connecting' tubes long- and slender.

Reference —P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov. 1884.

Port Phillip Heads.

Readily distinguished from C. aracknoicles by its much smaller
size, more slender and straggling branches, which do not grow so
much in one plane, narrower and more pointed avicularian

C 139 ]

Zoolt)yi/.~\

NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA.

[Polyzoa.

mandible, and especially by the vibracular grooves for the lodgment
of the setae extending across the median line on the surface of a
cell of the other series.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 136. — Fig. 4, specimen, natural size. Fig. 4a, front view of portion of same,
magnified. Fig 46, back view of same.

The specimens and descriptions of Caberea and Cauda on this
plate have been given by Mr. MacGillivray for the National
Museum collection and this work.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 140]

,-.

'■ tfi-

/7./.V7

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA
( PoIkizocl)

JJiipper lilk

St&ain

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 137, Figs. 1 and 5. A

CABEREA DARWINII (Busk).

[Genus CABEREA (Lamx.). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundib-
ulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Cellulariida;.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium continuous, or imperfectly jointed, dichotomously brancbed. Zooecia
bi-multiserial, quadrate. An aviculariam on tbe outer side of the lateral, and one or two at the
base of the internal zooecia. Vibracula large, situated at the back of the branches, biserial,
each common to several zooecia.]

Description. — Zoarium flabelliform. Zooecia biserial, elongated, narrowed
downwards; area large, filled in by a granulated expansion with a thickened crenu-
lated margin; aperture elliptical, almost entirely (except the part occupied by tbe
mouth) covered by tbe scutum, which has a peculiar helicine mark ; two articulated
spines at tbe upper and outer angle, and usually one, as well as a peduncular one,
from the inner ano-le. A small avicularium on the outside of each lateral zocecium
on a narrow prominence; a sessile avicularium at the base of each peduncular spine,
with the bluntly triangular mandible pointed downwards; occasionally a small
avicularium, with triangular mandible directed upwards, situated between two zoopcia.
Ooecia smooth in young specimens, with a marginal rim in older. Posteriorly the
vibracula are much elongated, spindle-shaped, with long serrated setse. Radical
tubes numerous, springing from the lower part of the zooecia, and converging to form
a ridge down the back of the branches.

Reference. — Busk, Challenger Polyzoa, p. 29.

Port Phillip Heads ; Portland, Mr. Maplestone.

In the Challenger Polyzoa, Mr. Busk describes and figures a
form from New Zealand under the name of C. Darwinii, which
he says: is identical with that described in the British Museum
Catalogue as C. Boryi and figured as C. Patagonica. It is not
uncommon here, and I quite agree with Busk in considering it as
distinct from the European species, with which it and the next have
been generally confounded. It is characterised by the zooecia
being narrowed downwards, the lower part and sides of the area
filled in by a granular layer, with the margin of the aperture finely
crenulate. In perfect specimens, the scutum is of large size, nearly
filling all the aperture, except that part corresponding to the
mouth. It is nearly straight above, with frequently a small
process or spur projecting upwards, and the large downwardly
expanded lamina has a peculiar helicine mark. Busk describes
and figures the scutum as plain ; but there can be no doubt of the

[ 1« ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

identity of the species. In older specimens the edge of the lamina
is usually worn off, and the appearance is then much altered, as in
fig. 5. The ooecium when young has the edge smooth, but it
gradually becomes surrounded by a thickened margin.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 137. — Fig. 1, specimen, natural size. Fig. la, portion of same, magnified. Fig. lb,
two zocecia of same, more highly magnified, showing the lateral and central avicularia and
scutum. Fig. \c, another portion of the same, showing an ooecium before the development of
the marginal rim. Fig. Id, portion of posterior surface, showing vibracula. Fig. 5, another
older specimen, natural size. Fig. 5a, portion, magnified, showing the scutum worn and the
ooecia with thick marginal rim.

Plate 137, Figs. 2, 3, and 4.
CABEREA GLABRA (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium expanded, flabelliform. Zooecia biserial, slightly
narrowed below, area partly filled in by a smooth plate; scutum with a thick
peduncle, the mandible usually chiefly expanded downwards, reniform or hammer-
shaped ; two spines at the outer angle above, and one, frequently of enormous size,
from the peduncle of the scutum. Lateral avicularia small; central avicularia
large, irregularly placed above or below the peduncle. Zocecia posteriorly elongated,
smooth or faintly sulcate, vibracular setae serrated. Ocecia rounded, arcuate or
irregular, flattened in front with a thickened margin.

Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1885.

Port Phillip Heads.

This species differs from C. Darwinii in the smoothness of the
lamina partly filling the area. It is closely allied to the European
C. Boryi, in which the zooecia are shorter and broader and have a
thickened smooth band round Nthe aperture. The peduncular
spine is sometimes much hypertrophied, and I was at one time
inclined to describe the form fig. 4 as a distinct species (C. dola-
brata) characterised by the enormous size of these spines, and the
form of the scutum extended to a sharp point above the peduncle
and to a blunter end below.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 137. — Fig. 2, specimen, natural size ; the branches are made too thick. Fig. la,
portion of the same, magnified ; the ooecia here have not yet developed.a thickened rim. Fig. 3,
portion of another specimen, magnified, showing a large peduncular spine and irregularly
shaped ocecia. Fig. 4, portion of specimen of var. dolabrata, magnified, showing enormous
peduncular spines and scutum forming a sharp process above.

[ 142]

Zoology] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 137, Fig. 6.
^ETEA DILATATA (Busk).

[Genus iETEA (Lasix.)- (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order Infundibulata.
Sub-order Cbeilostomata. Family .ZEteidte.)

Gen. Char. — Zocecia arising from a creeping or partially free stolon, calcareous, tubular,
with a subterminal membranous area. No avicularia or ooecia.]

Description. — Extremity cyatbiform, with a subcircular membranous area;
tube finely ringed, dilated portion minutely punctate.

Reference.— Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat. Mar. Polyzoa, pt. i., p. 30, pi. xv., figs. 2, 3.
Port Phillip Heads.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 137. — Fig. 6, small alga overrun by this species, natural size. Fig. 6a, three zooecia
and stolon, magnified. The tubular portions of the stolon between the enlargements are usually
much longer than in the figure.

Plate 137, Fig. 7.

.ETEA ANGUINA (Linn. sp.).

Description. — Extremity spatulate, with an elongated membranous area ;
tube finely ringed, spatulate portion minutely punctate.

Reference. — Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat. Mar. Polyzoa, pt. i., p. 31, pi. xv., fig. 1.
Port Phillip Heads.

Explanation op Figures.
Plate 137. — Fig. 7, specimen, natural size, covering a small alga. Fig. 7 a, portion, magnified.

The specimens and descriptions of the Polyzoa on this plate
are from Mr. MacGillivray.

Frederick McCoy.

Vol. II.— Decade XIV.— x. \ 143 ]

Pl.138

ZOOLOCY OF VICTORIA

(Pob/zoou)

3

V

I I ray del J h put

?Tof.Mc'Coy<Lcre,&

Steam- btho.Gcvt Pri-

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 138, Fig. 1.
SCHIZOPORELLA PUNCTIGERA (McG.).

[Genus SCHIZOPORELLA (Hincks). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order
Infundibulata, Sub-order Cheilostoinata. Family Escharidae.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium encrusting, adnate, or erect, and uni- or bi-laminate. Zooecia closely
adherent to each other. Lower lip with a median notch.]

Description. — Zooecia ovate or quadrate, arranged in linear, radiating- series,
smooth or more frequently minutely granular; mouth rounded above, nearly straight
below, with a narrow, sharply defined sinus ; 4-7 spines on the upper margin ; a
minute avicularium on an elevation below the mouth. Ocecia rounded, thickly
punctate, and with a smooth rim.

Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., July 1882.
Port Phillip Heads.

Explanation of Figure.

Plate 138. — Fig. 1, small group of zooecia, showing also ocecia, magnified. In this specimen
the surface of the zooecia was almost quite smooth ; it is usually finely granular, as in the next
species.

Plate 138, Fig. 2.
SCHIZOPORELLA LATA (McG.).

Description, — Zooecia quadrate or oval, arranged in linear series ,• front slightly
convex, granulo-punctured ; mouth large, with a rather wide, shallow-pointed sinus
in the lower lip ; below the mouth a small elevation bearing a minute avicularium.
Ooecia large, rounded, thickly punctate.

Reference.— P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict,, July 1882.

Port Phillip Heads.

These two species are very closely allied, but are readily dis-
tinguished by the sinus in the lower lip, which in S. lata is wide
and rather shallow, while in S. punctigera it is narrow and sharply
cut. Busk's Challenger S. mar su pud a seems to be S. lata.

Explanation of Figure.
Plate 138. — Fig. 2, small portion of specimen, magnified.

[ 145 ]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 138, Fig. 3.

SCHIZOPORELLA TRIANGULA (Hincks).

Description. — Zooecia large, quadrate, flat, separated by slightly raised mar-
gins ; surface roughly granular and frequently with minute perforations; mouth
wide, slightly arched above, with a wide sinus in the lower lip, at each angle of
which is a small articular process. A large sessile avicularium immediately below
the mouth, with the long, narrow mandible pointed directly downwards.

Reference. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July 1881 ; Busk, Challenger
Polyzoa, p. 167.

Port Phillip Heads.

This is a very marked species. The zooecia are large, usually
quadrate and arranged in radiating linear series, but sometimes
oval and very irregular. The broad, shallow, sub-triangular
mouth, and the large sub-oral avicularium with its long mandible
directed straight downwards, are sufficiently distinctive. I have
not seen the ocecia, which, according to Hincks and Busk, seem
very peculiar. The description given by Mr. Hincks is — "Ooecium
very large, covering almost the whole of the cell above it, rounded,
often traversed by raised white lines, with one or more projecting
pointed processes on each side in front, overhanging the opening,
and opposite to them on the lower margin two (sometimes more)
strong conical teeth ; surface covered with large nodules and
punctured ; orifice of the ovicelligerous cells very large, elongated
transversely, with a slightly sinuated lower margin."

Explanation of Figure.
Plate 138. — Fig. 3, small portion of specimen, magnified.

Plate 138, Fig. 4.

SCHIZOPORELLA DMDALk (McG.).

Description. — Zooecia large, quincuncial, indistinct; surface deeply areolated;
mouth semicircular, or rather higher than wide, nearly straight below, and with a
deep, rounded sinus ; four or five spines above. A very large avicularium on one or
both sides, situated below and outside the mouth, with the mandible extending

[ 146 ]

Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Polyzoa.

obliquely upwards and outwards to nearly opposite the centre of the upper margin
of the mouth of the zocecium in the adjacent series. Ocecium mitriform, deeply
imbedded in the zocecium above, divided into two parts by a thick ridge parallel to
the outer edge ; the inner part nearly smooth, but areolated at the edges, the outer
sloping and also areolated.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict.; July 1882; S. contro-
versa (Waters), Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ' &V^

All rny specimens are in the Hemeschara form. Hincks de-
scribes it from a Victorian specimen, and refers it to Waters' fossil
species, S. controversy an identification with which I do not agree.
My original name, S. insignis, having been shortly before given to
an African form, I have substituted the specific name dcedala.
The mandible of the avicularium is sometimes narrower and more
pointed, and also situated lower down, than in the specimen figured.

Explanation op Figure.
Plate 138. — Fig. 4, small portion, magnified, showing also an ooecium.

Plate 138, Fig. 5.
SCHIZOPORELLA SUBSINUATA (Hincks).

Description. — Zoarium loosely adnate or free. Zocecia separated by narrow,
raised lines, varying in shape, broad, convex; surface nodular and perforated;
mouth with the margin thickened, and a shallow sinus in the lower lip. Ocecium
large, rounded, nodular, and perforated. Avicularia rare, situated at the upper
angle of the zocecia, with the long, pointed mandible directed downwards and
inwards.

Reference. — Hincks, Ann. and Mag-. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1884.

Port Phillip Heads.

I have no doubt that this species is identical with the S. sub-
sinuata of Hincks, although not altogether agreeing with his
description or figure. The zoarium is loosely adnate ; of a dark
grey or purplish-grey color. The zocecia are large, broad, convex,
separated by distinct raised lines, irregular in shape and arrange-
ment, frequently quadrate. The surface is, in my specimens, covered
by a delicate, glistening epitheca, marked with dark lines and
loops; beneath the epitheca the surface is nodular with perforations
among the nodules. The ocecia are of large size, covered with the

[ 1^7 ]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Pohjzoa.

epitheca, and marked in the same manner as the zocecia. In a few
of the zooecia there is a single large avicularium situated at the
upper angle.

Explanation or Figure.
Plate 138. — Fig. 5, portion of specimen, magnified ; avicularia are shown in two of the
zooecia.

Plate 138, Figs. 6, 7.
SCHIZOPORELLA RIDLEYI (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium encrusting'. Zocecia rhomboidal or elongated, in
radiating linear series, separated by slightly raised margins ; surface wben young-
smooth, when older deeply areolated at the edges ; mouth semicircular above,
straight below, with a small rounded sinus. Below the mouth a small, vertical,
elliptical avicularium on an elevated part of the zocecium. Ocecium rounded.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., Oct. 1882; S.
marsupktm, Ridley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Jan. 1881.

Port Phillip Heads.

In young specimens the mouth, with its semicircular upper
margin and straight lower lip with rounded sinus, is well seen, as
well as the small, elliptical, sub-oral avicularium, situated on the
raised semilunar portion of the zooecium. In older and more
calcified zocecia this raised portion frequently becomes so developed
as to obscure the view of the mouth and avicularium ; in these
also there is usually a series of deep grooves converging from the
margin to the raised sub-oral portion.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 138. — Fig. 6, group of young zooecia, to show the form of the mouth and situation
of sub-oral avicularium. Fig. 7, portion of an older specimen, showing the converging grooves
and ooecia.

Plate 138, Fig. 8.

SCHIZOPORELLA ARACHNOIDES (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium encrusting. Zocecia oval, distinct, convex, smooth;
mouth arched above, with a deep, rounded sinus in the straight lower lip; a series
of (usually) seven stiff spines, several of which, especially the lower, are situated at

[ 148 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

a distance from the margin of the mouth. Ocecia rounded, smooth, the edge usually
sculptured.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Oct. 1882.

Port Phillip Heads.

This very beautiful species is at once distinguished by the
arrangement of the oral spines. The lowest on each side is
situated below and to one side of the angle of the mouth, and
several others are frequently situated at a little distance from the
mouth margin. The edge of the ocecium is frequently sculptured
as in Microporella Malusii ; but it is as commonly quite plain.

Explanation of Figure.

Plate 138. — Fig. 8, small portion, magnified, showing the arrangement of the oral spines,
and an ocecium, which in this specimen has a sculptured edge.

Plate 138, Fig. 9.

SCHIZOPORELLA CRYPTOSTOMA (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium encrusting-. Zocecia indistinct; surface tubercular and
glistening-; mouth with a large sinus in the lower lip; 4-6 articulated spines on
the margin, the lower on one or both sides frequently larger ; a large conical process
rising from the centre of the lower margin of the mouth, and almost entirely
concealing the oral sinus. Ocecia large, rounded, prominent, shining, the surface
smooth, or with faint, converging lines. Avicularia of two kinds, either small,
broad, and situated on a calcareous eminence usually by the side of the mouth, or of
great size, with a long, narrow, acute mandible, nearly equalling- the zocecium in
length.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., Nov. 1884.

Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. B. Wilson.

At first sight this species has a striking resemblance to a Rhyn-
clwpora, especially R. longirostris of Hincks, the large avicularia of
which are very similar. The formation of the oral process, how-
ever, is quite distinct. It is not an outgrowth from the side of the
mouth, but is a process springing from the lower margin below
the sinus.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 138. — Fig. 9, portion near the edge of the zoarium. Fig. 9a, another portion of the
same specimen, showing the large avicularia.

C 349 ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 138, Fig. 10.
GEMELLIPORA STRIATULA (Smitt).

[Genus GEMELLIPORA (Smitt). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order In-
fundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Escharidse.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium crustaceous, or erect and ramose. Moutb borse-sboe-shaped or
pyriform, with a prominent denticle on eacb side for the articulation of tbe operculum ; the
lower lip with a deep sinus.]

Description. — Zoarium encrusting-. Zooecia irregularly shaped, elongated,
usually attenuated downwards or pyriform, arranged more or less in linear series,
distinct, very slightly prominent; surface glassy, marked with irregular, mostly
transverse, fine strise, and thickly punctate with small white-hordered pores ; mouth
horse-shoe-shaped above, with a large wide sinus below; at the junction of the sinus
and upper part there is a prominent, sharp denticle on each side for the articulation
of the operculum; a small, broadly-oval avicularium on a separate punctured area
above the mouth. Ocecium large, slightly elevated, adpressed to the cell above,
punctate, and with an avicularium on the summit.

Reference. — Smitt, Floridan Bryozoa, Part ii., p. 37 ; Lepralia striatula,
P. H. MacGillivray, Tr. Roy. Soc. Vict., July 1882.

Port Phillip Heads, on Adeonella, &c.

Forms thin silvery films on old zoaria of Adeonellopsis mu-
cronata, Australis. and other calcareous polyzoa. Besides the
small avicularia above the mouth and on the ocecia, there are occa-
sionally others, precisely similar, situated at the summits of closed
cells where there is no appearance of there ever having been an
orifice. The special tracts in which the supra-oral avicularia are
situated are evidentlv of the same nature as these closed cells.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 138. — Fig. 10, portion of specimen, magnified, showing two ocecia. Fig. 10a,
portion of zocecium, more highly magnified, to show tbe structure of the mouth.

The specimens and descriptions of the Polyzoa on this plate
are from Mr. MacGillivray.

Frederick McCoy.
C 150 ]

ri.i3a

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

(inserts)

3 r Wild, del ■

Prof M c Coy dxrtxt

Steam- Tzbho , Govts. Prxnhjw Office'

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

Plate 139, Figs. 1-4.

OPSOMALA SORDIDA (Aud. Serv.).
The Dusky Flat-horned Locust.

[Genus OPSOMALA (Aud. Serv.). (Sub-kingdom Articulata. Class Insecta. Order
Orthoptera. Section Saltatoria. Family Acridida?.)

Gen. Char. — Head large, conoidal, front extended in a horizontal, thick, conical point
between the antennas ; anterior face extending very obliquely backwards and downwards, with
four slender longitudinal keels, two close together in the middle, arising between the antennae ;
the other pair, one on each side, arising between the eye and antenna? ; eyes very large, promi-
nent, placed obliquely near the anterior top of the head, close to base of antenna? ; ocelli three,
one in middle between the two keels, and one on each side above the base of the antenna? in
front of the eyes ; antenna? nearly as long as head aud thorax, of numerous (about 23) joints,
ensiform, with flattened upper and lower sides, usually widening abruptly from the third joint,
and taperiug to the end. Prothorax indistinctly tricarinate, with three or four transverse sulci,
narrow, rounded above, slightly compressed, rounded or obtusely angular behind ; presternum
with one strong acutely conical spine in the middle; mesosternum and metasternum very broad,
flat, and smooth ; elytra narrow, lanceolate, rounded at tip, usually longer than the abdomen ;
wings slightly shorter than the elytra. Abdomen large, unicarinate above ; appendages small.
Legs : anterior and middle pairs small ; posterior ones longer than the body, with thickened
femora, and two rows of spines on distal half of tibia? ; tarsi slender, last joint elongate ;
cushion between the claws large.]

Description. — Female: Head and prothorax rugged, with granules, irregularly
arranged in longitudinal rows; mesial keel on head and prothorax small, slightly
marked; lateral keels on prothorax indistinct; transverse sulci on thorax small, the
two posterior reaching the lateral margin, the two anterior shorter; prothorax
transversely rounded, with an obtuse mucro behind ; antennae flattened, of 23 joints.
Color: Head, thorax, anterior four legs, and abdomen dull brown, with tinges of
bluish-grey; face and antennae grey ; hinder thighs mottled grey and cream color
externally, dark greyish-blue on inner side; hind tibiae pale testaceous red on inner
side, paler on outer side, with the two rows of spines nearly black. Tegmina
moderately translucent, very pale brownish-grey, with brown veins and numerous
irregular, ill-defined, quadrate spots of dull pale brown ; wings colorless, or with
tinge of bluish-grey towards inner angle, with fine brown veins; abdomen smooth,
glossy, of a richer brown than the body, and with cloudy patches of grey on hinder
segments ; upper pair of ovarian plates granulated, light cream color, with a strong
median keel ending in the dark, pointed extremity; lower pair smoother, punctated,
bicuspid, points dark ; appendages very small. Length from frontal conical point to
end of abdomen, 2 ins. 5 lines. Comparative measurements to length, taken as
100 : Head, J-fo ; prothorax, y1^ ; antennae, -££■$ ; tegmina, y^ ; width of teg-
mina, -^ ; length of wings, -jr^; hind femur, fifc; hind tibiae, j-fo ; hind tarsi,
T\j%. Male: Similar to female, but much smaller; the upward curved sub-anal
plate very large; appendages moderately long. The spotting of the tegmina darker
and more distinct. Length from frontal point to end of abdomen, 1 in. 4 lines;
proportional length of head, y1^ ; prothorax, y2^ ; tegmina, y^y ; hind thigh, -f'^ ;
antennae, T4^. Pupae, 1 in. 2 lines long, have the wings 2 lines long; no ocelli;
and the surface of the abdomen very rough, with longitudinal branching vermicular
ridges, granules, and puncta.

Reference. — Audinet Serville, Orthop., p. 592.

Vol. II— Decade XIV.— y. ' 151

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects

These flat-horned Locusts differ from the typical (Edipoda in
the width and flatness of the joints of the antennae, and in the
roundness of the prothorax, and the great, single, conical spine on
the middle of the presternum between the bases of the anterior
pair of legs. They are entirely solitary, never forming flocks or
crowds of individuals, and having no perceptible migratory habits.
One, or a male and female, found occasionally on low bushes or
tee-tree scrub around Melbourne. The terminal abdominal plates
and appendages of the male and female, the structure of the hind
thigh and the tarsi, and the stridulating drum over the base of the
hind legs, agree with the general characters of the family. The
males have the hind tibiae of the same reddish tinge on the inner
side as in the females, although M. Audinet Serville thought not.
Some specimens are greyer, and others more brown in general tint,
which agrees exactly with old stems of the tee-tree (Leptospermimi)^
on which they are often found.

This species, although common, has not been figured before.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 139. — Fig. 1, female, natural size, in flying position. Fig. la, front view of head,
magnified two diameters, to show antennae, eyes, and longitudinal ridges of face. Fig. lb, side
view of head and thorax, to show granulation and form and extent of transverse sulci, magni-
fied two diameters. Fig. lc, side view of plates at end of abdomen, magnified two diameters.
Fig. Id, same, viewed from above, showing four plates and small appendages, magnified two
diameters. Fig. le, side view of tarsus, magnified two diameters. Fig. If, same, viewed from
below. Fig. ly, under-side of thorax, magnified two diameters. Fig. 2, female in walking
position, viewed sideways, to show relative length of elytra and abdomen, natural size. Fig. 3,
male, natural size, in flying position. Fig. 3a, side view of end of abdomen, magnified three
diameters. Fig. 36, same, viewed from above Fig. 4, pupa, walking position, natural size.

Plate 139, Figs. 5-6.

MESOPS PEDESTKIS (Erichson).

The Pedestrian Mid-Eyed Locust.

[Genus MESOPS (Aud. Serv.). Sub-kingdom Articulata. Class Insecta. Order
Orthoptera. Section Saltatoria. Family Acrididaa.)

Gen. Char. — First and second pairs of feet very short ; hind pair very large, with
moderately elongate and swollen thighs, and with two rows of small spines on the middle
and distal portion of upper surface of leg ; tarsi slender, with a small cushion between the
claws. Antenna? thick, moderately short, prismatic, of many wide joints. Head very long,
conical, anterior face directed a little obliquely upwards and forwards from the horizontal.

r 152 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

Eyes moderately convex, placed far behind the antennae and in front of prothorax, nearly in
middle of side of head. Prothorax narrow, no wider than the head in front, short, semi-
cylindrical, slightly keeled in the middle, without lateral keels. Presternum with a small
conical spine between bases of anterior legs ; mesosternum and metasternum narrow, widely
channelled along middle. Elytra narrow, linear, only slightly opaque, shorter than abdomen
(sometimes absent). Wings as long as the elytra (or sometimes absent). Abdomen very long,
slender, cylindrical.]

Description. — Both sexes destitute of wings in the adult state, but with
oblique lines on the sides of the mesothorax and metathorax, resembling' the
indications of wings in the pupse of winged locusts. Female: Head, thorax, and
abdomen moderately compressed, with a slightly marked keel from the tip of the
snout to the sur-anal plate. Head, thorax, and abdomen rninutely granular.
Prothorax divided by a fine transverse sulcus a little behind the middle; metathorax
divided similarly, a little in front of middle. Sub-anal plate less than half the
length of the last normal joint of the abdomen, and projecting very slightly beyond
the upper and lower pairs of plates. Lateral appendages very small. Antennae
flattened, 1st and 2nd joints narrow, 3rd and 4th joints widest; thence gradually
tapering to the end. A prominent ridge extends from front of eye to tip of snout.
First and second pairs of feet very small. A swollen tympanum at inner side of
distal end of hind femora. Two rows of minute spines on upper surface of distal
two-thirds of hind tarsi. Outer side of thighs convex, granular, with an upper
keel and a lower, one bordered by a groove, on each side. Under side of head
angularly keeled from tip of snout nearly to mouth. Male : Differing from female
in much smaller size and in having a very long, compressed, sharp-pointed sub-anal
plate, about as long as the last three normal joints of the abdomen. Color:
Variable; frequently both sexes of a dull pea-green color, with a broad, distinct,
white, satin-like band from behind the eye to the base of hind thigh, and sometimes
continued along thigh to distal end; tarsi glaucous, reddish at base, with the spines
black; antennae testaceous. Other specimens are entirely testaceous reddish, and
others greyish-brown, with the white band as before ; but the inside of the base
of the thigh usually brighter or redder testaceous than any other part. Some
specimens have irregularly scattered black dots. Measurements — Female: Total
length from front end of head to tip of sub-anal plate, 2 ins. 3 lines. Proportional
measurements to total length, -^; head, j20%; prothorax, y~oo? mesothorax, -^5 ;
metathorax, y^; (dorsal surface of whole thorax, ^55); abdomen, -,5060 ; hind
femur, y2^ ; hind tibia, y050 j hind tarsus, y§^ ; middle femur, y§^ ; middle tibia,
y^j ; middle tarsus, y§-^ ; anterior femur, y§^ ; anterior tibia, y^ ; anterior
tarsus, Too? sub-anal plate, y§^. Male: Total length from front end of
head to tip of sub-anal plate, 1 in. 5 lines. Proportional measurements to total
length: Antennas, y^; head, f^', prothorax, j~ ; mesothorax, yf-^ ; metathorax,
Y^', (dorsal surface of whole thorax, y^); abdomen, ^5; hind femur, y^>; hind
tibia, Yoo > hind tarsus, y§^j middle femur, yf-j; middle tibia, Yod> middle tarsus,
y§^ ; anterior femur, yj^ ; anterior tibia, y^-5 ; anterior tarsus, y^ ; sub-anal
plate, -

100.

The most striking characteristic of the Locusts of this genus
is the position of the eyes in the middle of the sides of the very
long, slender, conical head, far removed from both the antennae
and the prothorax.

[ 153 ]

Zoology.]

NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA.

[ Insects.

Pupa of female, twice the natural size, to show the temporarily long
sur-anal plate. The line below shows the natural size.

M. M. Charpentier and Auclinet Serville long ago observed
that the larva? and pupa? of some species of Truxalis had a very
long, compressed, pointed sur-anal plate over the other abdominal
appendages, not present, or only of very reduced dimensions, in the
adult; the latter writer believing that this curious structural pecu-
liarity belonged only to the females, as it was wanting completely in
a male pupa in his possession. The same fact may be observed in

the present in-
sect, in which
the upper abdo-
minal plate in
the adult female,
as figured in our
plate, scarcely

exceeds the lateral plates in length ; but in the smaller individuals
in the pupa state, the same plate is as long and sharp-pointed as
the sub-anal plate of the males, equalling in length the 1\ last
joints of the abdomen (the 7th, 6th, and half of the 5th), as
represented in the above woodcut. What can be the significance
of this unusual change in relative size of this plate at different
stages of development, it is impossible at present to suggest.

The terminal portion of the antenna?, equalling about 4 of the
preceding joints in length, has such obscure indications of joints
that the number is somewhat doubtful.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 139. — Fig. 5, female, natural size. Fig 5a, side view of head and thorax, magnified
three diameters, showing structure of small mesothorax and large divided prothorax and
metathorax, with oblique sulci indicative of traces of undeveloped wings and elytra. Fig. 56,
under view of same, showing small spine on presternum and wide channelled sternum behind.
Fig. 5c, abdominal plates and appendages of same, magnified. Fig. 5<7, hind leg, magnified,
showing ridges, granules, and swollen tympanum near distal end. Figs. 5e and 5/, side and
inner views of middle tarsi of same, more highly magnified. Fig. 5g, side view of anterior leg,
similarly magnified. Fig. 6, male, natural size. Fig. 6a, sub-anal plate and abdominal ap-
pendages, magnified.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 154]

Ph. 140

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

( Insects

DT Wild, del- tt, hih,

Prof Mc Cey direc*

Steam, lltfw , Govt, Trwtfvu) Ofhci

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

Plate 140.

TROPINOTUS AUSTRALIS (Leach).

The Cinnamon Keel-backed Locust.

[Genus TROPINOTUS (Aud. Serv.). (Sub-kingdom Articulata. Class Insecta. Order
Orthoptera. Section Saltatoria. Family Acridida;.)

Gen. Char. — Head large, elongate ; anterior face narrow in front, with flat converging
sides, vertical, with two longitudinal approximate keels in the middle and one other on each
side ; front projecting forward between the antenna? in a sligbtly acute tbick cone. Eyes oval,
not very prominent ; antennas shorter than thorax, thick, of about 20 slightly flattened joints,
arising very close together, filiform ; palpi of slender joints. Thorax strongly compressed above,
inversely boat-shaped, with a very large, median, dorsal, compressed, arched keel, extending in
front over the head in a point, and from the metathorax in a point behind over the elytra
beyond the base of the wings, the anterior and posterior lateral margins converging obliquely
to those points, the posterior very acutely; presternum small, with one central, long, acutely-
conical spine in middle, sometimes bifid at tip ; meso- and meta-sternum very broad, flat, smooth.
Elytra a little longer than the abdomen, with fine ueuration ; wings ample, a little shorter than
the elytra. Abdomen large, with a strong, dorsal, median keel ; appendages short, setaceous ;
sub-anal plate of male large, curved upwards, convex, triangular tip extending beyond the abdo-
men. Posterior legs large, thighs moderately thickened, with chevron marks on side ; tibia?,
except at base, with two equal rows of tooth-like spines ; tarsi 3-jointed; pads between claws
small ; maxillary palpi of 5 joints ; labial palpi of 3 joints ; maxilla? tridentate. South America,
South Africa, and Australia.]

Description. — Female : Length from front of head to end of abdomen, 1 in.
9 lines. Proportional measurements to length (taken as 100): Length of head,
ffo 5 Pi'othorax, ^ ; teg-mina, ^ ; wings, J^L ; antennae, ^o ; hind thigh, ^ ;
hind tibiae, y^ ; width of teg-mina, ^oq- Head and thorax minutely and irregularly
granulated. Antennas of 23 joints, less than half the length of head and thorax.
Elytra considerably longer than abdomen, narrow, oblong-, obliquely truncated at
distal end, translucent, but not so transparent as the wing-s, minutely netted.
Color : Whole body, head, thorax, abdomen, leg-s, and elytra, lig'ht, dull cinnamon-
brown, with minute, scattered, blackish speckles; wings with veins of the same
color, and the membrane a little lighter and more pale yellowish-tawny at base, the
anterior costal portion nearly like the teg-mina. Legs and tarsi paler. Male: Like
female in size, shape, and color, except the large sub-anal plate and longer lateral
appendages.

Reference. — Grylkis Australia, Leach, Zool. Misc., v. i., p. 56, t. 24 = Trojifc-
notus cinnamonicus, Serv., Hist. Nat. des Insect. Orthop., p. 620.

The Tropidonoti, or keel-backed Locusts, differ from ordinary
Locusts in the great compression of the midline of the thorax into
a high-arched prominent keel, extending over the head in front and
over the base of the abdomen behind, from which the genus derives
its name. The single median spine of the presternum, and the
great compression of the narrow-keeled face in front, and the
angular frontal projection of the head, are also peculiar character-
istics of these insects, in which they approach the Truxal% or

Vol. II.— Decade XIV. -z. [ 155 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Insects.

Cone-lieaded Locusts. In habits they are like many other Locusts,
chiefly found on the ground or low bushes, and laying then eggs
in the earth. They are not, however, gregarious, nor migratory,
being only found one here and there. The drum in first abdominal
segment is large, and, as usual in the family, the two hinder
segments of the sternum are very wide, flat, and smooth. The
labrum, mandibles, maxillae with their palpi, and the bilobed
labium, agree with the character of those parts in the family
generally.

The size of individuals of this species varies considerably, but
the males are little less than the females, contrary to Audinet
Serville's impression. Some specimens are lighter than others in
color. The ocelli are very minute. The presternal spine is bifid
at the tip.

Although not uncommon, it does not occur in the proportion of
one to a hundred of the yellow-winged Locust, (Edipoda musica,
and, like the Opsomala, has no gregarious habits, one or two indi-
viduals being found in one spot on the ground amongst the scrub
or dwarf bushes around Melbourne. The female, when depositing
her eggs, forces the abdomen an inch into the ground, making up
for want of long ovipositor of the Grasshoppers.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 140. — Fig. 1, female, natural size, flying.* Fig. la, front view of head, magnified
three diameters, to show the compressed face, four longitudinal keels, two eyes, three ocelli,
and antenna?. Fig. lb, head and thorax, viewed from ahove, magnified two diameters, to show
granulation and transverse sulci. Fig. lc, side view of head and thorax, to show nearly vertical
line of face and keel-like extension of the mctathorax over the bases of the elytra and wings,
magnified two diameters. Fig. \d, under-side of sternum, magnified two diameters, showing
the narrow presternum, with the large bifid spine between the base of the anterior pair of legs,
and the wide, smooth, meso- and meta-sternal parts, between the bases of the second and third
pairs of legs. Fig. le, hind leg, magnified two diameters, showing the chevron marks on the
thigh, and the two rows of coarse spines on the tibia, obsolete at base. Fig. \f, side view of
three-jointed tarsi, magnified three diameters. Fig. \g, same, viewed from below, showing the
apparent division of the basal joint and large pad between the claws. Fig. lA, one of the elytra,
magnified two diameters, to show the reticulation. Fig. It, one of the antennae, magnified three
diameters. Fig. Ik, terminal abdominal plates, viewed from behind, magnified three diameters.
Fig. 1/, the same, viewed from the side. Fig. 2, male, natural size, in flying position. Fig. 2a,
mandible, magnified three diameters. Fig. 26, maxilla?, showing bifid tip, large hood, and slender
palpi, magnified three diameters. Fig. 2c, bilobed labium, with three-jointed palpi, magnified
three diameters. Fig. 2d, sub-anal plate and appendages at end of abdomen, viewed from
behind, magnified three diameters. Fig. 2e, same, viewed from the side. Fig. 2/, drum iu first
abdominal segment, magnified two diameters. Fig. 2g, front view of compressed head, magnified
three diameters. Fig. 3, specimen in walking position, with the wings closed, viewed sideways,
natural size. Fig. 4, immature pupa, in the walking position, viewed from the side, to show the
very short elytra and undeveloped wings, natural size.

Frederick McCoy.

C 156 ]

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

N.B. — The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne.

DECADE I.

Plate 1. — The Black Snake (Pseudechys porphyriacus, Shaw sp.).

Plate 2. — The Copper-head Snake (Hoplocephalus superbus, Giinth.).

Plate 3. — The Tiger Snake (Hoplocephalus curtus, Schl. sp.).

Plate 4. — The Australian Bream (Chrysophrys Australis, Giinth.).

Plate 5. — The Spiny-sided Butterfly-Gurnard (Lepidotrigla Vanessa, Rich. sp.).

Plate 6. — The Kuinu Gurnard (Trigla Kumu, Lesson and Garn.).

Plate 7. — The Australian Giant Earth-worm (Megascolides Australis, McCoy).

Plate 8.— Lewin's Day-moth (Agarista Lewini, Boisd.).

The Loranthus Day-moth (Agarista Casuarinae, Scott).

The Vine Day-moth (Agarista Glycine, Lewin sp.).
Plate 9.— Pieris (Thyca) Harpalyce (Don. sp.).
Plate 10. — Pieris (Thyca) Aganippe (Don. sp.).

DECADE II.

Plate 11.— The Little Whip Snake (Hoplocephalus flagellum, McCoy). The White-lipped Snake

(Hoplocephalus coronoides, Giinth.).
Plate 12.---The Death Adder (Acanthophis Antarctica, Shaw sp.).
Plate 13. — The Carpet Snake (Morelia variegata, Gray).
Plate 14. — The Gippsland Perch (Lates colonorum, Giinth.).
Plate 15. — The Murray Lobster (Astacopsis serratus, Shaw sp.).
Plate 16. — The Salmon Arripis (Arripis truttaceus, Cut. sp.). Adult.
Plate 1 7. — Ditto of the younger forms and coloring.
Plate 18. — The Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus, Lin. sp.).
Plate 19.— The Small-scaled Rock Cod (Lotella callarias, Giinth.).
Plate 20. — The Australian Rock Cod (Pseudophysis barbatus, Giinth.).

DECADE III.

Plate 21. — The Sea-Leopard Seal (Stenorhynchus leptonyx, de Blainv. sp.).

Plate 22. — The Yellow-sided Dolphin (Delphinus Novas Zealandias, Quoy and Gaim.).

Plate 23. — The Common Brown Snake (Diemenia superciliosa, Fisch.).

The Small-scaled Brown Snake (Diemenia microlepidota, McCoy).
The Shield-fronted Brown Snake (Diemenia aspidorhyncha, McCoy).

Plate 24. — Catenicella margaritacea (Busk). — C. plagiostoma (Busk). — C. ventricosa (Busk). —
C. hastata(Busk.)— C. rufa (McG.).— C. cribraria (Busk).— C. alata (Wyv. Thomson).—
C. lorica (Busk). — C. formosa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk). — C. perforata (Busk). —
C. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson). — C. Hannafordi (McG.). — C. crystallina (Wyv. Thomson). —
C. carinata (Busk). — C. aurita (Busk). — C. gemiuata (Wyv. Thomson). — C. cornuta
(Busk). — C. intermedia (McG.)

Plate 25. — Membranipora membranacea (Linn. sp.). — M. perforata (McG.). — M. ciliata (McG.). —
M. mamillaris (McG.). — M. umbonata (Busk). — M. pilosa (Linn. sp.). — M. cervicornis
(Busk).

Plate 26. — Membranipora dispar (McG.). — M. Woodsii (McG.).— M. lineata (Linn. sp.). — M. Rosselii
(Audouin sp.). — M. Lacroixii (Savigny sp.).

Plate 27. — The Australian Rockling (Genypterus Australis, Cast.).
The Yarra Blackfish (Gadopsis gracilis, McCoy).

Plate 28. — The Southern Mackerel (Scomber pneumatophorus, De la Roche).

Plate 29. — The Yabber Crayfish (Astacopsis bicarinatus, Gray sp.).

Plate 30.— The Large Wattle Goat-Moth (Zeuzera Eucalypti, Boisd. Herr.-Schaef.).

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE IV.

Plate 31. — The Australian Sea-Bear or Eur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Peron sp.).

Plate 32. — The Two-hooded Furina-Snake, Furina bicucullata (McCoy).

Plate 33. — The Banded Red Gurnet-Perch (Sebastes percoides, Solander sp.).

Plate 34. — The Angel-fish (Rhina squatina, Lin. sp.).

Plate 35. — Lepralia circinata (McG.). — L. Cecilii (Aud.). — L. diaphana (McG.). — L. marsupium

(McG.). — L. subimmersa (McG.). — L. anceps (McG.). — L. Maplestonei (McG.).
Plate 36. — Lepralia vittata (McG.). — Membranipora perforata. Lepralia Brogniartii (Aud.). —

L. elegans (McG.). — L. pertusa (Esper. sp.). — L. Malusii (Aud. sp.). — L. lunata (McG.).
Plate 37. — Lepralia ciliata (Linn. sp.). — L. trifolium (McG.). — L. cheilodon (McG.). — L. canaliculars

(McG.).— L. larvalis (McG.).— L. diadema (McG.).— L. papillifera (McG.).— L. Ellerii

(McG.).
Plate 38. — Lepralia monoceros (Busk). — L. excavata (McG.). — L. vitrea (McG.). — L. megasoma

(McG.). — L. Schizostoma (McG.).— L. Botryoides (McG.).— L. ferox (McG.).— L. pellu-

cida (McG.).
Plate 39. — Crisia Edwardsiana (D'Orb. sp.). — C. biciliata (McG.). — C. acropora (Busk). — C. setosa

(McG.).— C. tenuis (McG.).
Plate 40. — Saunders' Case-Moth (Metura elongata, Saunders sp.).
The Lictor Case-Moth (Entometa ignobilis, Walk.).

DECADE V.

Plate 41. — The Lace Lizard (Hydrosaurus varius, Shaw sp.).

Plate 42. — The Spotted Marsh -Frog (Limnodynastes Tasmaniensis, Giinth.). — The Common Sand-
Frog (Limnodynastes dorsalis, Gray).
Plate 43. — The Carpet Shark (Crossorhinus barbatus, Lin. sp.). — The Seven-gilled Shark (Notidanus

[Heptanchus] Indicus, Cuv.).
Plate 44. — The Barracouta (Thersites atuD, Cuv.). — The Tunny (Thynnus Thynnus, Lin. sp.).
Plate 45. — Flustra denticulata (Busk). — Carbasea episcopalis (Busk). — C. dissimilis (Busk). —

C. indivisa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk). — C. pisciformis (Busk).
Plate 46. — Spiralaria florea (Busk). — Diachoris Magellanica (Busk). — D. spiuigera (P. McGil.). —

Dimetopia spicata (Busk). — D. cornuta (Busk). — Didymia simplex (Busk). — Calwellia

bicornis (Wyv. Thomson).
Plate 47. — Dictyopora cellulosa (P. McGil.).
Plate 48. — Eschara obliqua (P. McGil.). — E. dispar (P. McGil ). — E. gracilis (Lamx.). — E. platalea

(Busk). — E. quadrata (P. McGil.) — E. mucroimta (P. McGil.). — Caleschara denticulata

(P. McGil.).
Plate 49.; — Cellaria fistulosa (Linn.). — C. hirsuta (P. McGil.). — C. tenuirostris (Busk.). — C. gracilis

(Busk). — Nellia oculata (Busk). — Tubucellaria hirsuta (Busk).
Plate 50. — The Great Black, or Manna Cicada (Cicada mcerens, Germ.). — The Great Green Cicada

(Cyclochila Australasias, Donov. sp.).

DECADE VI.

Plate 51. — The Victorian Ehodona (Rhodona Officeri, McCoy).

Plate 52. — The Black and White Ringed Snake (Vermicella annulata, Gray).

Plate 53. — The Green and Golden Bell-Frog (Ranoidea aurea, Less. sp.).

Plates 54-55. — The Australian Aulopus (Aulopus purpurisatus, Rich.).

Plate 56.— The Hammer-headed Shark (Zygaena malleus, Shaw). — The Common Australian Saw-
Fish (Pristiophorus nudipinnis, Giinth.).

Plate 57.— Biflustra perfragilis (McGil.).— B. delicatula (Busk).

Plate 58. — Cellularia cuspidata (Busk).— Menipea crystallina (Gray sp.).— M. cyathus (Wyv. Thom-
son).—M. cervicornis (McGil.) — M. tricellata (Busk). — M. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson).

Plate 59. — Bicellaria tuba (Busk). — B. grandis (Busk). — B. ciliata (Linn). — B. turbinata (McGil.). —
Stirparia annulata (Map.).— Bugula neritina (Linn.).

Plate 60. — Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk. sp.). — Petralia undata (McGil.).

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE VII.

Plate 61. — The Tuberculated Argonaut (Argonauta oryzata, Meusch.).

Plate 62. — The same seated in its so-called shell or Paper-Nautilus.

Plate 63. — The Blue-spotted Eagle-Ray (Myliobatis Australis, Macleay).

Plate 64. — The Long-toothed Bull-Shark (Odontaspis taurus, Raf.). — The Australian Tope Shark

(Galeus Australis, Macleay).
Plate 65 — The Leafy Sea-Dragon (Phyllopteryx foliatus, Shaw sp.). — The Short-headed Sea-horse

(Hippocampus breviceps, Pet.)
Plate 66. — Dictyopora grisea (Lamx. sp.). — D. albida (Kirch.) — (Var. avicularis, P. McGill.).
Plate 67.— 1). Wilsoni (P. McGill.).

Plate 68. — Idmonea Milneana (d'Orb.). — I. contorta (P. McGill.). — I. radians (Lamk.).
Plates 69-70. — The Violet-shouldered Phasma (Tropidoderus iodomus, McCoy).— The Red-shouldered

Phasma (Tropidoderus rhodomus, McCoy).

Plate

71-

Plate

72.-

Plate

73.-

Plate

74.-

Plate

75-

Plates 76

Plate

78.-

Plate

79.-

Plate

80.-

DECADE VIII.

-The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Peron sp.).

-The Northern Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus gigas, Bodd. sp.).

-The Ludrick (Girella simplex, Rich. sp.).

-The White Shark (Carcharodon Rondeletii, Mull, and Hen.).

-The Picked Dog-Fish (Acanthias vulgaris, Linn. sp.).

-77. — The Australian Tooth-cupped Cuttlefish (Sepioteuthis Australis, Quoy and Gaim.).

-Bug;ula robusta (P. McGil.). — B. cucullata (Busk). — B. dentata (Lamx.). — B. avicularia

(Pall.).
-The Violet-winged Phasma (Acrophylla violascens, Leach sp.).
-The Large Pink winged Phasma (Podacanthus typhon, Gray).

DECADE IX.

Plate 81. — The Gippsland Water Lizard (Physignathus Lesueri, Gray) — (Var. Howitti, McCoy).

Plates 82-83. — The Murray Tortoise (Chelymys Macquaria, Cut. sp.).

Plate 84. — The Murray Golden Perch (Ctenolates ambiguus, Rich. sp.).

Plates 85-86. — The Murray Cod-Perch (Oligorus Macquariensis, Cut. and Val. sp.).

Plate 87. — The Australian Smooth-Hound (Mustelus Antarcticus, Guuth.).

Plate 88. — The Thresher, or Long-tailed Shark (Alopecias vulpes, Linn. sp.).

Plate 89. -Catenicella intermedia (P. McG.).— C. amphora (Busk). — C. Wilsoni (P. McG.).— C. pul-

chella (Map.).— C. utriculus (P. McG.).
Plate 90. — Catenicella fusca (P. McG.). — C. umbonata (Busk). — C. cornuta (Busk).

DECADE X.

Plate 91. — Gymnobelideus Leadbeateri (McCoy).

Plates 92-93. — The Long-necked River Tortoise (Chelodina longicollis, Shaw sp.).

Plate 94. — Opercula of Petepora.

Plate 95.— Retepora porcellana (P. McGil.). — R. avicularis (P. McGil.).— R. fissa (P. McGil.).

Plate 96. — Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.).

Plate 97. — Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.). — R. formosa (P. McGil.). — R. carinata (P. McGil.).

Plate 98. — Retepora Phocnicea (Busk). — R. aurantiaca (P. McGil.).

Plate 99. — Retepora granulata (P. McGil.). — R. tessellata (Hincks). — R. serrata (P. McGil.\

Plate 100. — Goniocidaris tubaria (Lam.).

The foregoing ten Decades form Vol. I.

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate

101.-
102.-
103.-
104.-
105.-

Plate 106.—

Plate 107 —

Plate 108.-
Plate 109.-
Plate 110.

DECADE XI.

The Luth, or Leathery Turtle (Sphargis coriacea, Linn. sp.).

The Rugged Stump-tail, or Shingle-hack, Lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus, Gray).

The Blackish Australian Worm-Snake (Typhlops nigrescens, Gray sp.).

The Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximUs, Linn. sp.).

Cellaria rigida (McG.). — Tubucellaria cereoides (Ellis and Solander). — Urceolipora

dentata (McG.)— U. nana (McG.).
Amphiblestrum punctigerum (Hincks). — A. Flemingii (Busk). — A. permunitum

(Hincks). — Pyripora crassa (McG.). — P. catenularia (Jameson). — P. polita (Hincks). —

Electra flagellum (McG.). — Bathvpora porcellana (McG.). — Biflustra papulifera

(McG.).— B. bimamillata (McG.).
Catenicellopsis pusilla (J. B. Wilson). — C. delicatula (J. B. Wilson). — Calpidium

ponderosum (Goldstein sp.).
Calpidium ornatum (Busk). — Chlidonia daedala (Wyv. Thomson).
The Great Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Locusta vigentissima, Serv.).
The Australian Yellow-winged Locust (CEdipoda musica, Fab. sp.).

sp.).

DECADE XII.

Plate 111. — The Blood-sucker (Grammatophora muricata, Shaw, sp.).

Plate 112. — The Southern Chimaara (Callorhynchus antarcticus, Lacep. sp.).

Plate 113. — The Port Jackson Shark, or Bull-dog Shark (Heterodontus.Phillipi, Lacep.

Plate 114.— The Australian Hough Fish (Trachichthys Australis, Shaw).

Plate 115.— The Skip-jack Pike (Lanioperca mordax, Giinth.).

Plate 116. — Beania mirabilis (Johnst.). — Mucronella tricuspis (Hincks). — M. lsevis (P. McG.). —

M. vultur (Hincks). — Cyclicopora longipora (P. McG.).
Plate 117. — Beania decumbeus (P. McG.). — B. costata (Busk sp.). — B. Crotali (Busk sp.). —

B. radicifera (Hincks sp.). — Amphiblestrum patellarium (Moll sp.).
Plate 118.— Hornera foliacea (P. McG.).— H. robusta (P. McG.).
Plate 119. — The Smaller Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Phaneroptera valida, Walk.).
Plate 120. — The Thirty-two Spotted Grasshopper (Phaneroptera [Ephippitytha] trigintiduoguttata,

Serv.). .

DECADE XIII.

Plate 121. — The Bearded Lizard (Grammatophora barbata, Kaup).

Plate 122. — The Southern Silver Ribbon-fish (Trachvpterus toenia, Bloch).

Plate 123. — The Two-pronged Toad-fish (Chironectes bifurcatus, McCoy).

Plate 124. — Brown's Tooth-brush Leather-jacket (Monacanthus Browni, Rich, sp.).

Plate 125. — The Horse-shoe-marked Leather-jacketj(Monacanthus hippocrepis, Quoy and Gaim., sp.).

Plate 126. — Maplestonia cirrata (P. McG.). — Scrupocellaria cyclostoma (Busk). — S. obtecta ( Haswell).
— S. cervicornis ^Busk). — S. scrupea (Busk). — S. ornithorhynchus (Wyv. Thom.).

Plate 127. — Membranipora pyrula (Hincks). — M. corbula (Hincks). — M. inarmata (Hincks). — M.
pectinata (P. McG.). — M. serrata (P. McG-).— M. ciliata (P. McG.). — Amphiblestrum
albispinuru (P. McG ). — Membranipora spinosa (Quoy and Gaim.).

Plate 128. — Cellepora speciosa (P. McG.). — C. serratirostris (P. McG.). — C. tridenticulata (Busk).

Plate 129. — The Netted Acripeza (Acripeza reticulata, Guerin).

Plate 130. — The Broad-styled Mantis (Mantis latistylus, Serv.).

DECADE XIV.

Plate 131. — The Southern, or Blotched, Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus nigroluteus, Quoy and
Gaim. sp.).

Plate 132. — The Thick-tailed Gecko (Phyllurus Miliusii, Bory). — The Marbled Gecko (Diplodactylus
marmoratus, Gray).

Plate 133. — Ray's Sea Bream (Brama Rayi, Bloch).

Plate 134. — Bleeker's Parrot-fish (Labrichthys Bleekeri, Cast.).

Plate 135. — The Black-finned Half-beak, or Sea Gar-fish (Herniramphus intermedins, Cant.). — The
Saury Pike (Scomberesox saurus, Bloch, sp. ; var. Forsteri, Cuv. and Val).

Plate 136. — Caberea rudis (Busk). — C. grandis (Hincks). — Canda arachnoides (Lainx.).— C. tenuis
(P. McG.).

Plate 137. — Caberea Darwinii (Busk). — C. glabra (P. McG.) — iEtea dilatata (Busk). — _ZE. anguina
(Linn. sp.).

Plate 138. — Schizoporella punctigera (P. McG.). — S. lata (P. McG.). — S. triangula (Hincks). —
S. dtedala (P. McG.).— S. subsinuata (Hincks).— S. Ridleyi (P. McG.).— S. arach-
noides (P. McG.). — S. cryptostoma (P. McG.). — Gemellipora striatula (Smitt).

Plate 139.— The Dusky Flat-horned Locust (Opsomala sordida, Aud. Serv.). The Pedestrian Mid-
Eyed Locust (Mesops pedestris, Erichson).

Plate 140. — The Cinnamon Keel-backed Locust (Tropinotus Australis, Leach).

CONTENTS OE DECADE XIV.

N.B. — The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne.

Plate 131. — The Southern or Blotched Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus nigroluteus, Quoy and
Gaim. sp.).

Plate 132. — The Thick-tailed Gecko (Phyllurus Miliusii, Bory). — The Marbled Gecko (Diplodactylus
marmoratus, Gray).

Plate 133. — Kay's Sea Bream (Brarna Rayi, Bloch).

Plate 134. — Bleeker's Parrot-fish (Labrichthys Bleekeri, Cast.).

Plate 135. — The Black-finned Half-beak, or Sea Gar-fish (Hemiraniphus intermedins, Cant.). —
The Saury Pike (Scomberesox saurus, Bloch, sp. ; var. Porsteri, Cuv. and Val. ).

Plate 136. — Caberea rudis (Busk). — C. grandis (Hincks). — Cauda arachnoides (Lamx.). — C. tenuis
(P. McG.).

-
: Plate 137. — Caberea Darwinii (Busk). — C. glabra (P. McG.). — iEtea dilatata (Busk). — M. anguin:i
(Linn. sp.).

Plate 138. — Schizoporella punctigera (P. McG.). — S. lata (P. McG.). — S. triangula (Hincks). —
S. daedala (P. McG.).— S. subsinuata (Hincks). — S. Ridleyi (P. McG.).— S. arach-
noides (P. McG.) — S. cryptostoma (P. McG.). — Gemellipora striatula (Smitt).

Plate 139. — The Dusky Plat-horned Locust (Opsomala sordida, Aud. Serv.). — The Pedestrian Mid-
Eyed Locust (Mesops pedestris, Erichson).

Plate 140. — The Cinnamon Keel-backed Locust (Tropinotus Australis, Leach).

i

MARY D, RQQjeft

patunil Sistarij 4 Wtttmn.

PEOD 11 OMUS

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

FIGUBES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES

VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS.

DECADE XV.

BY

FREDERICK McCOY, C.M.G., M, A,, Sc. D.Cantab., F.R.S.,

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY

OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ;

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SODTH WALES ; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF EDINBURGH ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER,

ETC., ETC., ETC.

AUTHOR OF " SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONK FOSSILS OF IRELAND ; " " SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF

IRELAND ; " " CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PAUEONTOLOGY ; " ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND MCCOY'S

" BRITISH PALjEOZOIC ROCK8 AND FOSSILS;" " PRODROMCS OF THE PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," ETC.

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.
GOVERNMENT PALEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC.

MELBOURNE :

BY AUTHORITY : ROBT. S. BRAIN, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

LONDON ;

TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL.

MDCCCLXXXVII.

i % &7

ADVERTISEMENT.

It having been considered desirable to ascertain accurately the
natural productions of the Colony of Victoria, and to publish works
descriptive of them, on the plan of those issued by the Governments
of the different States of America, investigations were undertaken,
by order of the Victorian Government, to determine the Geology,
Botany, and Zoology of the Colony, to form collections illustrative of
each for the public use, and to make the necessary preparations for
such systematic publications on the subject as might be useful and
interesting to the general public, and contribute to the advancement
of science.

As the geological and botanical investigations have already
approached completion, and their publication is far advanced, it
has been decided now to commence the publication of the third
branch completing the subject, namely, that of the Zoology or
indigenous members of the different classes of the animal kingdom.

The Fauna not being so well known as the Flora, it was a necessary
preliminary to the publication to have a large number of drawings
made, as opportunity arose, from the living or fresh examples of
many species of reptiles, fish, and the lower animals, which lose their
natural appearance shortly after death, and the true characters of
many of which were consequently as yet unknown, as they had
only been described from preserved specimens. A Prodromus, or
preliminary issue, in the form of Decades, or numbers of ten plates,
each with its complete descriptive letterpress, will be published, of
such illustrations as are ready, without systematic order or waiting
for the completion of any one branch. The many good observers
in the country will thus have the means of accurately identifying
various natural objects, their observations on which, if recorded and
sent to the National Museum, where the originals of all the figures
and descriptions are preserved, will be duly acknowledged, and
will materially help in the preparation of the final systematic volume
to be published for each class when it apjiroaches completion.

Ifatal Storg of ©icfcorria.

PRODEOMUS

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LIVING SPECIES OF ALL CLASSES

OF THE

VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS.

DECADE XV.

BY

FREDERICK McCOY, C.I.G., M.A.,Sc. D.Cantab., F.R.S.,

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY

OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ;

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES ; HONORARY FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF EDINBURGH ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER,

ETC., ETC., ETC.

IUTHOR OF " SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND ; " " SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF

IRELAND ; " " CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALEONTOLOGY ; " ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF SEDGWICK AND MCCOY'S

" BRITISH PALEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS ; " " PRODROMUS OF THE PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA," ETC.

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.
GOVERNMENT PALEONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE, ETC.

MELBOURNE :

BY AUTHORITY : ROBT. S. BRAIN, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

LONDON :

TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL.
M DCCC LXXXVII.

PREFACE.

This fifteenth Decade continues the illustrations of Victorian
Keptiles by figures, for the first time of the colours of life, on
Plate 141, of the Egernia, or Spiny-ridged Lizard ; and, on
Plate 142, of the Pseudechys Australis, a very deadly snake
confined in Victoria to the hot northern boundary, where it is
usually confounded with the Brown Snake (Diemenia), figured
on Plate 23 of our third Decade, although really most allied
to the equally fatal Black Snake (Pseudechys porphyriacus),
figured on Plate 1 of the first Decade.

The illustrations of the Victorian Fishes are continued with,
on Plate 143, one of the numerous "Leather Jackets" (Mona-
canthus Pero7iii) of our coasts, not recognisably figured before ;
and, on Plate 144, of the first occurrence in Australia of the
curious " Spinose Shark," Echinorhinus spinosus, of which the
previously published figures are very erroneous.

Plate 145 gives the most nearly complete figure yet published
of Banks' Oar-Fish ( Regalecus Banksi), a creature of extremely
rare occurrence, and most probably the "Sea Serpent" of
mariners.

The next three plates continue the illustrations of the Polyzoa
so abundant on our coasts, the descriptions and specimens of
which Mr. MacGillivray gives for this work and the National
Museum.

PKEFACE.

Plates 149 and 150 give full structural details of the Common
Melbourne Crawfish, or Spiny Rock Lobster, which has not
been figured before, and which I have been at great trouble
to prove identical with that common at the Cape of Good
Hope, although quite different from that of Sydney and other
more northern localities. This " Southern " species abounds in
Tasmania, New Zealand and the Island of St. Paul, as well as
at the Cape of Good Hope.

The succeeding decades will illustrate as many different genera
as possible, and will deal first, usually, with species of some
special interest and of which good figures do not exist or are
not easily accessible.

Frederick McCoy.

October, 1887.

PI. 141

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

(Reptiles)

TTJJWil&iAtkbJk

FrofM°Cc/ dzretfi

Steam, hilw.&ovt Printing Offict

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [lleptiks.

Plate 141.

EGERNIA CUNNLNGHAMI (Gray).
The Spiny-ridged Lizard.

[Genus EGERNIA (Gray). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Reptilia. Order Sauria.
Sub-order Leptoglossie. Tribe Geissosaura. Family Scincidas. )

Gen. Char. — Head semi-rbomboidal, thick, flattened above, narrowed and rounded in front ;
shields convex, rugged ; nasals ovato-triangular, nearly touching above ; nostrils large, round,
with prominent edges, with curved groove behind ; supranasal none ; rostral triangular ; inter-
nasal large, rhomboidal, as long as broad ; fronto-nasals rhombic, separate, lateral ; frontal
moderate, elongate, narrow behind, hexagonal ; fronto-parietals two, contiguous in front,
diverging behind to receive the anterior part of the interparietal, which is like the frontal but
smaller ; parietals moderate, semi ovate ; a row of 6 or 7 large temporal shields between the
fronto-nasals and parietals over the eye ; orbit without any scales between it and the hinder
labial plates ; eyelids distinct, lower eyelid scaly ; ear-opening large, oval, with four large, pointed,
lobe-like scales on anterior edge ; tongue thin, flat, wide, notched at tip. Body fusiform, sides
rounded ; tail cylindrical, gradually tapering, conical, as long as the body. Legs four, strong ;
toes long, slender, compressed, unequal, clawed. Scales thick, bony : of back, sides, and upper
part of limbs broad, hexagonal, each with a strong, central keel ending posteriorly in a strong
spine directed backwards and upwards ; those of the six rows on tail much the largest ; those
of nape with 3 or 5 longitudinal grooves ; those of throat and belly broad, thin, smooth,
hexagonal or ovate. Teeth large. Australia.]

Description. — Colour: Above, brownish-olive, irregularly mottled with
blackish-brown and whitish on the sides ; head brown ; chin and throat yellowish-
white or gTey ; under surface of chest, belly, and tail yellowish and greyish-white,
with an olive tint on the sides and strongly mottled with blackish-brown. A
variable number of small angular white spots in some specimens on flanks, tail, and
upper side of legs. Tongue greyish-blue. Iris dark-brown. About 20 rows of
spines directed backwards, forming as many narrow, prominent ridges on upper
surface of body ; about 7, stronger, with much larger and more elevated spines on
tail, and 5 or 6 smaller, spinose ridges on upper aspect of each leg ; scales on back
of neck not ridged, nor spinose, but with 3 or 5 longitudinal grooves ; scales of
under side of throat, breast, belly, and tail smooth, with thin, rounded, imbricating
edges, and a few faint, longitudinal ridges. Measurements : Length, 1 ft. 2 ins.
6 lines. Proportional measurements to total length (taken as 100) : — Length of head,
yVV ; width at base of ear, y§7; from tip of snout to front of orbit, T;';,, ; height of
rostral, y^; length of internasal, y^; width, y0\ ; length of frontal plate, yf^j
width, yfo ; length of interparietal, yfpj-; from tip of snout to anterior leg, ,-,-0- ;
to front of posterior leg-^ y^o > length of tail, TVo '■> width of tail at base, -^W,, ; at
middle, T3<j%; longest hind toe, yfhj ; longest toe on anterior foot, y^; length of
anterior leg to origin of toes, y1^; length of hind leg to origin of toes, T\2(r ; width
of middle of body, y1^; depth of ditto, yW- Four scales in length of G lines
in middle of belly; 4 spinose ridges in same space on back, with 4 scales in
same space lengthwise ; 3 ridges in same space on tail, and little over 2 spines
lengthwise.

Jo'

Reference. — Stokes' Discoveries in Australia v. 1, p. 499, t. 2.

Vol. II.— Decade XV.-2a, f 157 ]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles.

The Lizards of the genus Egernia resemble Cyclodus and
Trachydosaurus (illustrated in former plates) in many respects,
but differ in the comparatively long slender toes, the orbit not
separated by a row of plates from the labial plates, and in the
strongly keeled and spined scales. The tail being conical with a
circular section throughout, separates Egernia from Silubosaurus,
which, except for the depressed tail of the latter, it otherwise
much resembles.

This rare Lizard was formerly not uncommon at Merri Creek
and similar rocky places near Melbourne, and at Sunbury.

The indigo-blue colour of the tongue is so striking as to
suggest the popular name of Blue-Tongue for both the banded
and the blotched species of Cyclodus ( C. gigas and C. nigroluteus),
and this Egernia ; but the latter, which has the tongue of the same
colour, but paler, is easily distinguished by its long slender toes
and ridged and strongly spined scales.

The specimen figured is from Brighton.

Not fio-ured of the colours of life before.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 141. — Fig. 1, side view of average specimen, two-thirds the natural size. Fig. la,
top of head, natural size, to show form and ridging of plates and scales. Fig. lb, side view of
head, natural size. Fig. lc, front view of snout, magnified two diameters, to show rostral plate,
nasal plates and nostrils. Fig. Id, underside of head and throat, two-thirds the natural size.
Fig. le, eye, with surrounding scales, magnified two diameters. Fig. 1/, nasal plate and nostril,
magnified two diameters. Fig. \g, teeth of lower jaw, magnified three diameters. Fig. \h,
scales of tail, magnified two diameters. Fig. \i, scales of hack, magnified two diameters,
Fig. Ik, scales of belly, magnified two diameters. Fig. ll, anterior foot, viewed from below,
natural size. Fig. l?n, hind foot, viewed from below, natural size.

Frederick McCoy.

[158]

PW.42,

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA
(Reptiles )

Dr Wild- del ethth.

Prof :M$ Coy direx,"

Steam, litfw, Govt, Printing Office--

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptiles.

Plate 142.

PSEUDECHYS AUSTRALIS (Gray).

The Brown Pseudechys.

[Genus PSEUDECHYS (Wagler). (Sub-kingdom Vertcbrata. Class Reptilia. Order
Ophidia. Family Elapsidae.)

Gen. Char. — Body and tail moderately elongate, gradually tapering. Head sub-quadrate>
flattened above and at the sides, obtusely rounded in front, little wider than the neck behind ;
no loreal plate ; one anterior ocular plate forms the front margin of the orbit, and two posterior
oculars its hind edge ; two nasal plates, with the nostril between them. Scales of the back flat,
smooth, in about 17 rows ; anal plate double, a variable number of the anterior sub-caudal plates
in one row, behind which they form two rows. Confined to Australia.]

Description. — Scales of back in 25 rows across neck, close behind occipital
plates, 17 rows across middle of back, and 13 rows across base of tail; vertex plate
elongate, hexagonal, nearly twice as long as wide, wider in front than behind, length
more than one-third greater than the space from its anterior angle to posterior edge
of rostral plate. Abdominal scales, 210; anal (and preceding) plate double; sub-
caudal plates 11 single (1st, 2nd, and 10th double in specimen described), 61 double.
Colour : Above uniform brown, under side paler, with the edges slightly darker.
Total length of body and tail, 6 ft. ; length of tail, 1 ft. ; length of head from snout
to end of occipital plates, 1 in. 2 lines ; from tip of snout to end of gape, 1 in. 2 lines;
vertex plate, 4^ lines long, hexagonal, 2§ lines wide in front, long sides 3 lines,
across posterior lateral angles 2 lines ; width of two occipital plates together, 9 lines ;
length of occipital plate, 6 lines; posterior frontal, 3^ lines ; anterior frontal, 2^ lines;
fronto-nasal, H lines; width of rostral, 4 lines; height of rostral, 3| lines.

Reference. — Naja Australis, Gray, Zool. Misc., p. 55.

The head seems broader than in the Black Snake (P. por-
phyriacus) figured on our first plate, and more rounded at the
sides towards the front, the anterior and posterior frontals being-
shorter ; the vertex plate is longer in proportion to the length of
the suture from its anterior angle to the posterior angle of the
rostral plate, but I observe that undoubted specimens of the Black
Snake vary considerably in the shape and proportion of the vertex
plate, some being slightly shorter in proportion to the width, but
they all seem to have, as in our figure, Plate 1, fig. 2c, the lateral
sides nearly parallel, while in P. Australis the vertex plate narrows
perceptibly posteriorly, and is always greatly longer in proportion
to the width. As in the Black Snake (P. porphyriacus) my figure

[ 159 ]

Zoology.] NATUKAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Reptile

of the top of the head in Plate 1, fig. 2c, shows the form of the
plates in the young (one-third larger than nature), and as the adult
of the same size as our present figured P. Aiistralis always has the
vertex plate proportionally broader and shorter than in the young,
I give in the present Plate 142, fig. 2, a representation of the top
of the head, natural size, of a Black Snake of the same size as
fig. lb of the present species, so that the relative differences of the
shape, length, and width of the vertex plate, and the proportionate
distance from it to the rostral plate may be seen in each. The
vertex plate is scarcely one-fifth longer than wide, or nearly as
broad as long in the adult P. porpliyriacus, the length being
slightly less than from its anterior angle to posterior angle of
rostral plate, and nearly twice as long as wide in P. Australis, in
which the plates in front are shortened, giving the blunter or
wider outline to the anterior part of the head in it.

The belly has the colour and lustre of polished copper in some
specimens.

This species is only found in the warm northern parts of the
colony near the Murray, being very abundant on the scorching
plains, and very virulent and deadly in the bite, both for man and
beast. The figured specimen is from Kewell.

Not figured of colours of life before.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 142. — Fig. 1, ordinary specimen, one-half natural size, showing the single row of
anterior subcaudal plates (with an abnormal doubling of the two anterior ones) and the two
rows of posterior subcaudals (with an abnormal single one following the first pair). Fig. la,
side view of head, natural size. Fig. 16, top view of head, natural size, showing the elongate
form of the vertex plate. Fig. lc, front view of same, to show rostral plate, natural size. Fig. 2,
top view of head of Black Snake {P. porphyriacus) natural size, to show the broader and shorter
vertex plate, and the greater proportional distance from its anterior angle to posterior angle
of rostral plate.

Frederick McCoy.

[]60]

Pl.143

ZOOLOCY OF VICTORIA

(Tishes)

HHartholtnuw.- ieL eb UOv

TrofMcOry dirart-

StuxTTi. Utiw liq\" FnnOsw Office

Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Plate 143.

MONACANTHUS PERONII (Hollard).

Peron's Leatherjacket.

[Genus MONACANTHUS (Cuv.) + Aldterius (Cuv.). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrate.
Class Pisces. Sub-class Telostei. Order Plectognathi. Family Scleroderma)

Gen. Char. — Body compressed, elevated in the middle ; scales small, rhombic, distinct on
inner surface of skin, obscured by minute spines roughening the outer surface ; sides of tail
with 4 or 6 hooked spines in 2 or 3 rows, smaller or absent in females. Lateral line absent or
indistinct. Teeth, six broad, flat, sharp-edged incisors in outer row of each jaw, and four, forming
an inner row, in upper jaw, alternating, one between the 1st and 2nd, and the other between the
2nd and 3rd on each side of the outer row. Fins : 1st dorsal composed of one large, thick,
rough, bony spine, which may be fixed in erect position or lowered into a pit on back, over the
eye ; membrane very small, triangular at base, with or without a second, small, rudimentary
spine : soft dorsal and anal long and low, with simple unbranched rays ; pectoral small,
rounded ; caudal rounded ; ventrals replaced by a small spine, sometimes rudimentary or
absent. Branchial slit in front of base of pectoral. No barbel to chin. Tropical and sub-
tropical seas.]

D. 33 to 34 ; A. 33; P. 12; C. 12.

Description. — Body sub-ovate, compressed; profile of forehead slightly con-
cave between eye and snout, rising- with gentle convexity to origin of second dorsal
at an angle of about 30°. Lower lip slightly protruding- beyond the upper.
Greatest depth of body about twice and a half in total length, including- caudal fin.
Eye large, a little below frontal edge; branchial slit oblique, slightly longer than
diameter of eye, lower end in front of upper base of pectoral. First dorsal spine
with its anterior base over middle of e}re, thick, strong, quadrate in section, slightly
arched forwards, about half the length of from anterior edge of orbit to mouth; the
four edges set with about 15 conical spines arched downwards and outwards, those
on two anterior ridges nearly three times as large as those on posterior ridges, which
are more equal, numerous, and closer; a row of smaller spines on base of front and
lateral faces. One very small ray in membrane behind the great spine; pelvic spine
at end of long bony ridge of ventral edge very small, with a few rounded granules
on middle, and 4 or (J triangular spines on posterior end directed backwards;
abdominal edge from pelvic spine to anus convex or concave according to tem-
porary causes, ventral edge rising abruptly from end of spine to front of anal fin.
Fins: Pectoral semi-oval, of 12 rays; dorsal high, moderately convex, of 34 rays,
increasing in height to ninth ray, gradually decreasing thence to posterior end;
anal of 33 rays, moderately deep, rounded, rays lengthening gradually to sixth or
seventh, gradually diminishing to posterior end; caudal fin narrow, rounded, of
12 thick, branched, spinulose rays. Skin: With oval scales, marked with radiating,
close, branched ridges, each scale having from its centre a long, thick, cylindrical
spine obliquely dilated and subtruncated at an obtuse angle in front, leaving an acute
point directed backwards at the tip, in most portions of the body; but, in a few places,
terminating in an arched, acute, spinous tip with the dilatation lower down on the
stem. In specimen described no "tooth-brush" group of bristle-like spines on sides

[161]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

of tail, nor conical thorns; in other specimens, probably males, the "tooth-
brush" spines, 6h lines long-, are developed on each side of tail, without thorns.
Colour : Whole body yellowish-brown, fading- irregularly into paler on throat, tail,
and middle of body ; irregularly spotted with darker brown in most specimens ;
dorsal and anal fins with nearly colourless membranes, and yellowish-brown rays;
caudal with pale dusky membrane and yellowish-brown rays, darker than those of
the dorsal or anal fins, crossed by two narrow brown bands, one near the middle
and one near the posterior edge ; under a lens the scales are minutely dotted with
black. Measurements: Total length from snout to end of caudal fin, 10 inches.
Proportional measurements to total length, as 100 : — Snout to anterior end of orbit,
Tcnrj greatest depth of body, -f^ ; greatest thickness behind head, tWj diameter
of eye, -nn,; height of 1st dorsal spine, xinrS distance of base from edge of upper
teeth, xVoj length of branchial slit, yrny; length of pectoral, -p^-; length of 2nd
dorsal, fVo 5 greatest height of ditto, -j3^-; from snout to anterior ray of ditto, -^oi
from snout to anterior ray of anal, x^V; length of anal, -££$ ; greatest height of
ditto, y^q ; length of caudal, Ty^. .Number of spines in space of 3 lines, about
middle of bod}', 6.

Reference — Ann. des Sciences Nat., 4th serie., v. 2, p. 356, t. 13, f. 8.

The small skin-spines of this species only present the appearance
figured by M. Hollard, when looked down upon with a magnifier
from above, but when a bit of skin is cut off and properly mounted
to allow of a side view, the spines are all as in our plate, widening
near the point, which is obliquely truncated at an obtuse angle,
which angle, in some points of view, looks exactly like a swelling
below the apex, as in M. Hollard's figures and descriptions. When
fresh the spines are covered with a thick, finely black-dotted skin,
which soon shrinks from the apex, leaving the sharp point exposed ;
and very often it also shrinks from the stem, leaving a portion at
the angle where the oblique truncation of the apex occurs, thus
increasing the appearance of a bulb below the point. In the male,
with the " tooth-brush " group of setaceous spines on the sides of
the tail, the form is rather more slender, the depth being less than
one-third of the total length, including caudal fin (TW) ; and the
head in front of eye is perceptibly longer and forming a smaller
ans;le with the midline.

In our male specimen the dorsal fin has 32 rays, and the
anal 31 ; another female has 34 dorsal and 32 anal rays ; the
figured specimen has 34 dorsal and 33 anal. In our specimens
the end of the pelvic spine may be drawn out so that the depth of
body is one-half the total length, excluding caudal fin ; and it may

[ 162 ]

Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

be pressed in so as to give the most slender proportion indicated
above. There are two specimens in the Museum collection in
which the great dorsal spine is doubled, one on each side of the
midline.

Our male specimen is from Warrnambool, presented by C. H.
Lay, Esq., (12^ ins. long), with distinct round brown spotting on
back and under dorsal fin, spots becoming larger and less distinct
on rest of bodv. Another in the collection is from over the
Lightning Rock, at Port Phillip Heads.

Explanation of Figure.

Plate 143. — Fig. 1, average female specimen, \ natural size. Fig. la, side view of teeth, twice
the natural size. Fig. \h. first dorsal spine, magnified twice the natural size (tip imperfect),
showing the anterior and posterior thorns and second ray in membrane at base. Fig. 1c, section
of first dorsal spine, three times the natural size. Fig. \d, skin-spines from near middle of side,
showing radiated base, slender stem and dilated, obliquely truncated upper end, magnified about
twentj times natural size. Fig. le, shorter and thicker spine, magnified about twenty times
natural size. Fig. If. ventral spine, three times the natural size. Fig ]g, skin-spines from
under pectoral, covered with soft skin, magnified twenty diameters. Fig. 1/;, very slender
spines, with diminished dilatation from near tail, magnified twenty diameters. Fig. 1?', some of
the skin- spines with the external soft skin shrunk from all but a small space near dilated tip,
magnified twenty diameters. Fig. 2, spine from another specimen, with the apex perfect,
showing the forward arch and second ray and membrane at base, natural size. Fig. 'la, section
of ditto, three times natural size. Fig. 2b, section of tail of same specimen to show the
" tooth-brush " lengthened spines on sides.

Frederick McCoy.

[163]

Pl.144

ZOOLOCY OF VICTORIA

(Iishes)

A JiarOivlemeH del et- li/h?

¥rnfMcGy thrar.1

Steam hlJu> tim^Prvdaui Uffas

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Plate 144.

ECHINORHINUS SPINOSUS (Lin. sp.).
The Spinous Shark.

fGenus ECHINORHINUS (Blainville). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces.
Order Plagiostomata. Section Selachoidei. Family Spinacidse.)

Gen. Char. — Dorsal fins two, small, nearly equal, without anterior spine, the anterior edge
of anterior dorsal slightly behind the anterior margin of ventrals. No anal fin. Skin with
radiated, bony tubercles with conical spine in the middle, very irregular in size and disposition.
Mouth crescentic, with a strong fold of skin round the angle. Teeth approximately equal in
both jaws, having nearly horizontal cutting edges, from the principal cusp being directed
backwards and very little upwards, with large denticles on the anterior and posterior bases of
all except the one or two posterior teeth. Nostrils reniform, nearly half-way between eye and
tip of snout. Spiracles very small, behind the eye and behind the vertical of the corner of the
mouth. No nictitating membrane. Gill openings of moderate size.]

Description. — Body thick, fusiform. Head flattened above, semi-elliptically
rounded in front, the width at posterior edge of orbits about one-fourth greater
than the length of the snout to the line connecting them. Nostrils reniform, with
long, slender median lobe extending backwards from anterior margin ; the anterior
edge a little nearer to tip of snout than to posterior edge of orbit. Dorsal fins
higher than long, oblong, rounded, subtruncate at upper posterior edge; first dorsal
commencing a little behind vertical of anterior edge of ventrals; second dorsal
rather less than the length of the base of the first dorsal behind it. Tail strong,
short, raised; caudal fin broad, with a slightly concave posterior edge, and a nearly
rectangular, posterior, lower, rounded angle. Ventrals rhombic. Pectorals oblong.
Gill openings moderately large, about half of the posterior one above and half below
the anterior edge of pectoral ; the anterior one with three-fourths of its length above
same level. Lateral line at end of tail running into the caudal fin to the edge,
coinciding with junction of upper lobe and fin for a short distance, and thence
extending forwards in a nearly straight line a little above one-fourth of the depth
from mid-line of back as far as the vertical of the anterior edge of the third gill
opening. In all this length it is roughened with rows of minute, slender, hooked
spines ; beyond this the line extends forward and a little upwards as two rows on
each side of smooth mucous pores, having a transverse similar band connecting
them a little behind the vertical of the hind angle of the mouth, the rows of pores
extending thence with irregular flexures, widening and converging near tip of snout,
but separated in front by a narrow space. Teeth: Ten above and ten below on each
side; no tooth in the centre above; one small conical one with a small cusp on each
side of base in centre below. Skin: Very thin, with minute, close granules and
numerous, radiated bony spines, varying from 1 inch to ^ inch in diameter of base,
very irregular in size, shape and distribution, over the whole body and fins, except
anterior portion of snout; radiating ridges of spines branching-, and with shorter
simple ones between as they diverge ; central spine sharp, smooth, vertical, or with
a slight downward or backward curve. Colour : Purplish-brown, paler below ; back
and sides with numerous, rounded, darker spots ; whitish under chin and edge of lip ;
edges of pectoral, ventral and caudal fins darker brown ; tubercles white. Iris
greenish-black, with silvery and bronze-green and blue radiating lines from edge of
pupil.

Vol. II.— Decade XV.-2&. [ 165 \

Ft.

ins.

lines.

7

2

3

0

7

0

0

5

6

1

11

0

4

3

0

4

11

6

4

2

0

1

8

0

1

11

0

0

9

0

0

7

0

0

5

0

0

5

9

0

4

0

0

10

0

0

7

0

0

X

6

0

3

6

0

9

6

0

7

0

2

10

0

0

2

0

0

5

6

0

2

6

0

4

6

0

9

0

0

0

6

0

0

0

7

0

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Measurements.

Length from tip of snout to distal end of caudal fin ...
„ „ „ anterior edge of orbit

„ „ „ anterior edge of upper jaw

„ „ „ anterior edge of pectoral...

„ „ „ origin of 1st dorsal

„ „ „ origin of 2nd dorsal

„ „ „ origin of ventral

„ superior to inferior angles of caudal fin ...

„ anterior edge of lower lobe of caudal fin to tip of tail

„ „ to lower lobe of caudal

Height of 1st dorsal
Length of base of same
Height of 2nd dorsal
Length of base

„ „ of ventral ...

„ lower edge of same
„ posterior edge of same
„ upper edge of same
„ anterior edge of pectoral .. .
Greatest width
Girth in front of pectorals ...
Diameter of orbit ...
Height of hind gill opening

„ anterior gill opening
Length from tip of snout to anterior edge of nostril ...
Width of head between upper edges of orbits
Length of base of anterior tooth of upper jaw
„ „ „ „ lower jaw

Width of mouth ...

References. — = Squalus spinosus, Gm. Lin., i., p. 1500; = Echinorhinus
spinosus, Blain. F. F., p. 66; Yarrell Brit. F., 2nd ed., p. 532; = Echinorhinus
obesus, Smith, II. Zool., S. A. Pise, 1. 1; Couch F. Brit. I., v. 1, 1. 12; Bonaparte,
F. Ital. Pisci.

The careful figure here given is intermediate between Yarrell's
first slender figure and Couch's short thick one, which latter
more nearly agrees with Smith's South African drawing. Sharks,
I know, vary considerably in this respect in different individuals
of one species, and neither of the British authors seem to have
seen the fish, and they have both published the drawings of
amateurs sent to them — so that the present figure may very
probably represent the average proportions. The short thick
figure given by Couch from a drawing sent to him by Mr. Cocks,
of Falmouth, is obviously not very accurate, as the five gill
openings are made equal in length and entirely below the base
of the pectoral ; and the caudal fin being widest in the middle
is improbable. The more slender figure above quoted as given
by Yarrell, from a drawing sent to him by Mr. Hey, of the Filey
Bay specimen, gives the relative sizes and positions of the gill
openings more correctly. Several other figures are also about

[ 166 ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

as slender as ours, and the Prince C. Bonaparte's figure, in his Fauna
Italica, is almost identical in shape and coloring with ours, but has
the pectoral and ventral fins too large, and the gill openings too
nearly equal. Dr. Smith's figure of the Cape of Good Hope
specimen is much thicker, but does not seem very good, as the gill
openings are entirely below the level of the base of the pectoral,
although it shows the shape of the top of the head pretty well.
A smaller specimen I have in the Museum from the Mediterranean
is 5 ft. long, and 1 ft. 11 in. in girth in front of the pectorals, being,
therefore, like ours in shape, and it agrees in all other particulars.
The number of teeth above and below figured by the Prince of
Canino is in accord with my counting of the Australian specimen
rather than with Dr. Giinther's, which latter is nearly double those
in my European example also, and is probably a mistake of some
sort.

All observers agree in this being a sluggish ground-shark,
feeding on crabs and other creatures living on the bottom.

This is the first example recorded in Australian waters, and is
one of the many rarities in the Museum I owe to the vigilance of
Mr. M. Dusting, of Portland, where it was caught, on the 24th of
November, 1886, on a shark line or rope, with baited hooks
attached, let down to the rocky bottom by weights.

Explanation op Figures.

Plate 144. — Fig. 1, side view of specimen about one-tenth the natural size. Fig. la, top
of head, to show shape of top of head and arrangement of mucous pores in front of the anterior
terminations of the lateral line, one-tenth natural size. Fig. 16, underside of head to show form
and position of mouth and nostrils, one-tenth natural size. Fig. lc, one of the nostrils, natural
size, to show form of lobes. Fig. Id, iris, natural size. Fig. \e, central tooth and lateral series
with one of opposite side, natural size. Fig. If, space without median tooth and lateral series,
natural size (the penultimate one absent). Fig. Ig, portion of lateral line, to show spinulose
appendages, natural size. Fig. 1/t, portion of skin, natural size, to show the irregular superficial
spines. Fig. H, small spine, viewed in profile, to show the relative shape of thorn and base,
natural size.

Frederick McCoy.

[ W ]

/'/ 145

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

A -DarOwlo"

Prof J*' -

Steam lithe Govt ^nntuui Office

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

Plate 145.
REGALECUS BANKSI (Cuv. sr.).

Banks' Oar-Fish.

[Genus REGALECUS (Brunn.). (Sub-kingdom Vertebrata. Class Pisces. Sub-class
Teleostei. Order Acanthopterygia. Family Trachypteridae.)

Gen. Char. — Head small ; mouth small, protractile, usually without teeth ; body very long,
gradually tapering to the tail, greatly compressed ; gill openings wide, brauchiostegal rays, 6 ;
gills, 4 ; pseudobranchia. Fins : of simple rays, 1 dorsal, extending from nape to end of tail, the
rays of anterior portion much higher and closer than the rest ; no anal ; no caudal ; pectorals
small, rounded ; ventrals thoracic, each formed of one long, slender sbaft. dilated at distal end.
No air bladder.]

Description. — Length of head about 22 times in total length, or slightly less;
greatest depth about 23 times in total length. Dorsal fin of 17 long, closely placed
anterior rays, and 406 shorter ones, more widely separated, gradually diminishing
to end of tail, extending slightly beyond the membrane, and each ray having a
minute conical spine at its base. Pectoral rounded, of 12 rays. Ventrals each of
1 cylindrical shaft (imperfect, broken off in specimen 2 or 3 inches beyond base) ;
4 longitudinal, broad, flattened ridges, separated by narrow sulci, extend from head
to tail over the lateral line, which cuts them off obliquely in front, by descending
rapidly from nape to about one-fourth the depth of the body from ventral edge.
Lateral line of narrow, elongate, oblong, tubular scales ; it ends at about TV of the
total length from the end of the tail (or 9 inches, at about \ of the depth, from the
ventral edge). Preoperculum, operculum, interoperculum, suboperculum, and other
bones of head irregularly pitted and radiatingly marked with short, irregular grooves.
Eye large, flat, a little in front of and above middle of head. No teeth. Surface of
skin studded with small, conical, slightly radiated, bony granules. Colour: Whole
head and body brilliant metallic-silvery, slightly tinged with pale lavender-grey on
back and anterior part of head ; pectoral white ; dorsal with bright red rays, the
membrane rose-red, paler at base than at margin; about 19 vertical black streaks,
half an inch wide, of variable length, cross the anterior half of the body, and 5 or 6
longitudinal rows of longitudinally oval, blackish spots on posterior three-fifths ; no
spots near tail. Iris white. Inside of mouth black. Measurements: Total length,
13 ft. 7 in.; length of head, 7 in. 6 lines; depth at vertical of eye, 5 in. 3 lines;
greatest depth of body, 7 in. 3 lines; thickness of body, 2^ in.; diameter of eye,
1 in. 6 lines ; length of long anterior dorsal fin-rays (imperfect), 1 ft. 4 in. 6 lines;
length of shorter ones on greater part of body, 2 in. ; length of* pectoral fin, 1 in.
Six scales of lateral line in 1 in. Six granules of skin in space of -^ in.

References. — = (?) Regalecus Glesne (Ascanius) Icones Rer. Nat., t. 11 ;
1 = Gymnetrus Grilli (Lindroth) Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl., t. 8;
= Gymnetrus Banksi, Cuv. and Val., Hist. Nat. des Poiss., v. 10, p. 365; Hancock
and Embleton, Annals of Nat. Hist., July, 1849, t. 1 and 2; = Gymnetrus Hawkinsi,
Bloch, v. 12, t. 425.

So few examples of this fish have been observed, and those
described were so imperfect, that I am very glad to be able to give
a figure and description of an Australian one, caught in the waters

[169 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [.Fishes.

between the Tasmanian and Victorian coasts, in May, 1878. The
tail is more nearly perfect than in any other described one, although,
unfortunately, slightly mutilated now in stuffing, but to so small
an extent that I give a figure of this part, natural size, to show the
defect exactly. The extreme brittleness of the fin rays, as in all
the family Trachypteridce, has only left 2 or 3 inches of the basal
portion of the shaft of each ventral fin, the dilated paddle-shaped
distal end being absent, and leaving the length of the rays of the
anterior dorsal crest uncertain. The great number of rays in the
dorsal, which I give, is accounted for by the greater perfection of
the tail end of the specimen in our Museum. Hancock's figured
specimen is generally accepted as perfect, and he counts 268 rays
in the dorsal behind the crest ; but as he states the fin rays to be
1 in. high at the end where, he says, thebody is 3 inches deep, I think
this is an indication that the body had lost formerly about 2 ft. of
the tail end, which had probably healed up in the very unnatural
form he depicts, and as also represented in Mr. Couch's figure of
the same specimen. Our specimen, a foot longer than his, tapers
to a perfectly regular end, only half an inch in depth, and with the
last rays of the fin only about -£T of an inch high ; the 4 inches deep
of fin and body he gives would be found at about 2 ft. from the end,
and the missing portion would therefore have carried about 120
more rays than he gives, making a near approach to my number,
which is clear. Lindroth counts 406 rays in the dorsal of his
Gymnetrus Grillii. Although I think it quite likely that Dr. Gray
is correct in considering G. Glesne and G. Grilli as different,
imperfect, descriptions of imperfect specimens of the same species
named G. Banksi by Cuvier and Valenciennes, and figured and
described in detail by Hancock and Embletou, and that, therefore,
the proper name to use would be R. Glesne, I prefer to use
the name referring to Hancock's fish, concerning which there
can be the least doubt of any of the figures and descriptions given
before, particularly as Ascanius' figure of R. Glesne is propor-
tionately shorter, and represents the fin as going round the caudal
end of the body.

The silvering of the surface comes off at every touch, like the
dust on a moth's wing.

[ 170 ]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Fishes

The smaller proportional depth of the body compared to the
total length in the fresh specimen I have examined, than in that
caught in Filey Bay, and named the type of G. Banksi, may perhaps
be a sexual peculiarity of the male. The depth published of the
Filey Bay specimen, 13 ft. long, is 1 ft., and probably includes the
fin ; in our specimen of the same length the fin is 2 in., and the
body 1\ in., or 2| in. less. The example caught in a shallow pool,
in 1800, at the outer Fern Islands, was only 1 ft. deep, with a
length of 18 ft. ; the one measured in 1845, at Alnmouth, was
16 ft. long, and 11 in. deep. The greatest length recorded is 24 ft.,
found on the Yorkshire coast, near Redcar, in 1850. The spines
on the crest are cylindrical, hollow, and slightly rough. The
granules on the body are like little seed pearls, largest on the
ventral line.

I have little doubt that this fish is the " Sea Serpent " of
the popular accounts in the newspapers of observations made
far out at sea by captains of ships, perfectly trustworthy, but not
sufficiently instructed in zoology to give good descriptions. The
Regalecus, like the Trachypterus^ is so excessively fragile that it is
obvious it could only live in the depths of the ocean, far from land,
where the water is still and free from the turbulence of the shallow
soundings near the coasts, in which the majority of ordinary fishes
flourish ; and the few specimens which have been caught were dead
or dying, and much damaged in the shallow waters. As one
recorded measured 24 ft. with a depth of about 1, we have here no
inconsiderable approach to the dimensions reported of the " Sea
Serpent." Making some reasonable allowance for the portion not
exposed above the surface, and bearing in mind that many fishes
continue to grow as long as they live, we may reasonably expect
far longer specimens to exist in their proper habitats far from land,
and occasionally showing on the surface there with just the appear-
ance usually described, namely, a small head, with a " tall crest "
and a fin along the back. Now there are Sea Snakes, well known,
of small size, but no snakes or serpents have a crest and fin along
the back ; while the description is fairly matched by our fish. I think
captains of ships are too familiar with Seals, Conger Eels, or long
stretches of ocean seaweeds to mistake any of them, as different

[171 ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Fishes.

authors have suggested, for a " Sea Serpent," but the Regalecus,
from its great rarity, would be quite unfamiliar, and its form would
suggest a serpent to an untrained observer. The mode of pro-
gression described and roughly sketched by mariners, vertical
undulations seen on the surface of the sea in the Sea Serpent,
although so unusual in fishes, has actually been observed in this
fish. The specimen caught by three Cullercoats fishermen, 6 miles
from shore, in 20 to 30 fathoms water, was first seen lying on its
side on the top of the water, obviously dying. As they approached
it righted itself and came towards them with a gentle, lateral,
undulating motion, showing its crest and part of the head above
water. On being struck it made oft" with a vigorous vertical
undulating motion, disappearing rapidly below the surface. It was
brought to Newcastle next morning, and is the one described by
Mr. Hancock and Dr. Embleton in the Annals of Natural History
for July, 1849. Being destitute of teeth the creature is, of course,
perfectly harmless, and probably feeds on minute Crustacea and
medusae.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 145. — Fig. 1, side view of specimen, J the natural size. Fig. la, head, £ natural
size. Fig. 16, posterior termination of specimen, natural size, showing the dorsal fin reduced to
less than a line in height. Fig. \c, granules of skin, magnified, to show crenulated circular base
and central point. Fig. Id, granules of skin, natural size. Fig. le, tubular scales of lateral line,
natural size.

Frederick McCoy.

[172]

PI IU

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

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Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 146, Fig. 1.

CATENICELLA GEMELLA (McG.).

[Genus CATENICELLA (Blainville). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order
Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Catenicellidse.)

Gen. Char. — Branches originating from the summits of each of a geminate pair, or rarely
from the sides of ordinary zocecia. Zocecia in single series, but at a bifurcation geminate, or
each internode consisting of a geminate pair ; mouth with simple margins, straight or hollowed
and entire below, or with a small, rounded notch.]

Description. — Each internode consisting' of a geminate pair of zocecia, each
pair in the main stem giving- origin to two double zocecia, the one pair continuing
the stem directly upwards, the other originating a lateral branch, these branches
starting alternately right and left; the lateral branches mostly undivided, but
occasionally giving off secondary branches ; in the lateral branches, the geminate
pairs giving off the next pair alternately from the right and left zocecium ; mouth
large, lofty, straight below. Beneath the mouth a series of 5-7 fenestra around an
area continuous with that of the mouth, depressed at the margin and slightly
bulging centrally ; the mouth and fenestrate area surrounded by a thick margin ;
lateral processes large 5 at each upper angle a small, acuminate, chitinous process
(possibly the mandible of a small avicularium) ; a minute, marginal, avicularium at
the middle of each lateral process on the extremity of a tube-like mark • a small
avicularium on a slight elevation between the zocecia. Posterior surface umbonate
and finely sulcate.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., July 1886.

Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. B. Wilson.

I have only examined two small specimens of this species, which
is characterized by the constant gemination and peculiar arrange-
ment of the zocecia. The structure of the zocecia is, however,
precisely that of the geminate pairs in C. alata, including the
anterior avicularia and the chitinous points on the upper angles ;
and I at first referred it to that species, an opinion which Mr.
Waters has also expressed in a letter to me. I think it ought, in
consideration of its peculiar colonial habit, to be ranked as a
species, although it is quite possible that the examination of other
specimens may show that it is merely a variety of C. alata.

Explanation of Figure.
Plate 146.— Fig. 1, portion of branch magnified, anterior view.
Vol. II.— Decade XV.— 2 c. [ 173

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa

Plate 146, Fig. 2.

CATENICELLA URNULA (McG.).

Description. — Zooecia vase-shaped ; mouth slightly hollowed below; anterior
surface with 7 large, shallow fenestra; lateral processes large, erect, sharply pointed,
frequently a small avicularium on the front of one or both, and a shallow hollow on
the superior surface. Posterior surface with a narrow, vertical, thickened band, from
which two processes extend on each side to the margin of the zocecium, leaving
three shallow depressions. Ocecia galeate, on the summit of zooecia.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., March 1886.

Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. B. Wilson.

This species is of a dark reddish-brown colour, and attains a
large size, a tuft received from Mr. Wilson being 6 inches in height.
It is allied to C. plagiostoma and C. intermedia, but is readily
distinguished by its straight mouth, the shallowness of the fenestras,
the shape and structure of the avicularian processes, and the
markings on the back of the zooecia. The ocecia are large and
terminal. The ovicelligerous zocecium has a deep, rounded sinus
in the lower lip of the mouth, and a very large operculum ; the
upper margin of the mouth is bordered by a thick rim, above
which, on each side of the ocecium, is a broad depressed area.
The back of the ovicelligerous cell is smooth, separated by a raised
line from the ocecium, which has usually a transverse, elliptical
depression and two somewhat quadrate, superior spaces, separated
by raised bands. I have only examined dried specimens, and it is
possible that the depressed areas may, in the living state, be level
or even elevated.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 146. — Fig. 2, front view of small portion of branch, magnified. Fig. 2a, back view
of same.

Plate 146, Fig. 3.

CATENICELLA GRACILENTA (McG.).

Description. — Zooecia much elongated, very narrow ; mouth arched above and
slightly hollowed below, or sub-circular; anterior surface papillose, posterior smooth;

[ 174]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Pohjzoa.

a narrow, entirely lateral vitta extending- the whole length of the zooecium ; lateral
processes small, usually with a sharp angle above projecting outwards and forwards;
a minute avicularium opening outwards on the outer edge. Ocecium cemented to
the front of the zooecium above, with a quadrate smooth area.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict, Nov. 1884.

Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. B. Wilson.

In this small species the zocecia are exceedingly slender. The
ocecium, which is cemented to the cell above, as in C. elegans,
Buskii, fusca, and some others, has on the front a smooth, quadrate
area, totally different from the markings of any other species.

Explanation op Figuees.

Plate 146. — Fig. 3, anterior surface of portion of a branch, magnified. Fig. 3a, posterior
view of same.

Plate 146, Fig. 4.

CATENICELLA VENUSTA (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium small ; branches very slender, crystalline. Zocecia
elongated, very narrow, with usually a sharp, barren process on one side and a
thick aviculiferous one on the other; mouth sub-circular; a narrow, sub-lateral
vitta extending about two-thirds of the length of the zooecium ; surface in front
slightly papillose. Ocecia elongated upwards, adnate to the cell above, with a
vertical thickened line (indicating the closure of a fissure), margin with a thickened
rim, inside which is usually a series of white-bordered puncta.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., March 1886.

Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. B. Wilson.

In this lovely species, the zocecia are remarkably slender. The
avicularian processes are directed upwards and forwards ; one is
.isually sharply pointed and without avicularium, while the other
is thicker, and is surmounted by a minute avicularium.

i

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 146.— Fig 4, anterior view of portion of a branch, magnified ; an ocecium shows the
vertical fissure only partially closed. Fig. 4a, two zocecia and mature ocecium. Fig. 46, posterior
view of portion of same branch.

C 175 ]

Zoology.^ NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 146, Fig. 5.

CLAVIPORELLA PULCHRA (McG.).

[Genus CLAVIPORELLA (McG.). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order
Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Catenicellidas.)

Gen. Char. — Branches springing, usually, from the summits of the zocecia of a geminate
pair, but, occasionally, from tbe sides of single zooecia. Zocecia single or geminate ; usually a
large lateral process on each side above, supporting a large, gaping ayicularium, occasionally
small, altered or aborted ; mouth narrow, arched above, contracted below, and extending down-
wards as a deep notcb, giving the whole a key-hole appearance ; usually several blunt, hollow
processes above and to the side of the mouth.]

Description. — Zoarium very small j branches originating either from the
summits of geminate zooecia or from the sides of ordinary zocecia. Zocecia vase-
shaped, with, usually, a wide lateral process on each side, turned slightly forwards
and supporting a gaping avicularium ; mouth narrow, with the oral sinus very
narrow and with a tumid border ; two blunt, mamilliform processes on each side of
the mouth; a central, vertically-elongated pore in the front of the zooecium, the rest
of the surface papillose, with the papilla? generally larger in the neighbourhood of
the central pore ; posterior surface smooth.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., July 1886.

Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson.

At once distinguished from the other species by the smaller and
narrower zocecia. It is the only species in which I have seen the
branches originate from the sides of zocecia.

Explanation of Figure.
Plate 146. — Fig. 5, portion of branch showing the anterior surface, magnified.

Plate 146, Fig. 6.

CLAVIPORELLA IMPERFORATA (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium small ; branches originating from tbe upper extremity
of each of the zocecia of a geminate pair. Zocecia broadly vase-shaped ; a wide,
gaping avicularium (frequently differing in size or wanting) at each upper- angle ;
mouth rather wide, oral sinus small ; two mamilliform processes on each side of the
mouth ; front of zocecia papillose, usually a few of the papillae towards the centre
larger, and, when worn, forming pore-like marks, but no proper central pore.
Posterior surface smooth. Ocecia galeate, tubercular, either surmounting the
terminal zooecium of a branch or one in its continuity ; in the former case the upper
outline rounded, in the latter a wide, gaping avicularium at each upper angle.

Reference. — P. H. McGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., July 1886.

[ 1^6]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Port Phillip Heads.

Closely allied to C. aurita (Busk sp.), but differing principally
in the absence of the central foramen. The genus Claviporella, as
proposed by me, differs from Catenicella in the peculiar key-hole
form of the mouth, and from Calpidium. in which the shape of the
mouth is somewhat similar, in wanting the overarching hood of
that genus.

Explanation of Figure.

Plate 146. — Fig. 6, portion of branch, anterior surface, magnified, showing also a terminal
ocecium and one in the continuity of a branch.

The specimens and descriptions of the Polyzoa on this Plate are
from Mr. MacGilhvray.

Frederick McCoy.

C 177]

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ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

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Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \Po\yzoa.

Plate 147, Fig. 1.

DIASTOPORA CRIST AT A (McG.).

[Genus DIASTOPORA (Johnston). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order

Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Tubuliporidae.)

Gen. Char. — Zoarium adnate, discoid or flabelliform, or wholly or partly raised and
bilaminate. Zooecia tubular, with an elliptical or sub-circular orifice, crowded and immersed
towards the centre, more distinct and partially free towards the margins.]

Description. — Zoarium either encrusting and with portions raised into
bilaminate lobes, or wholly bilaminate, the laminee parted by a thin calcareous
septum, the margin of which is produced beyond the zocecia to form a crest-like
ridg-e. Zocecia crowded, free for a considerable extent; immersed portions separated
by shallow grooves ; surface finely and closely punctate, except the free part which
is smooth or obscurely ringed; mouth circular or oblique. Ocecium a large inflation
of the zoarium.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., March 1886.

Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson.

In some specimens, as that figured of the natural size, the
greater part of the zoarium is bilaminate, the lobes being large and
only a small part encrusting. In others, as in that from which the
magnified figures were drawn, the zoarium is mostly encrusting,
frequently surrounding the calcareous tubes of annelids, and in
parts rising into small bilaminate lobes. In the encrusting parts
a thin, basal, calcareous membrane frequently extends beyond the
zocecia, and a similar membrane separates the layers of the
bilaminate lobes. The zooecia vary a good deal in size, in some
parts being almost wholly immersed, while in others the free part
is long and tubular.

In the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales
for 1881, is a contribution by Mr. Haswell, describing a species
as Mesenteripora repens which may be identical with this, but
there is no figure, and the description is scarcely sufficient for
identification.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 147. — Fig. 1, bilaminate specimen, natural size. Fig. la, one surface of a lobe from
another specimen, showing the extension of the calcareous septum. Fig. \b, another portion of
the same, showing an encrusting portion, a bilaminate lobe, and an ooecium.

[179]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Polyzoa.

Plate 147, Fig. 2.

DIASTOPORA CAPITATA (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium consisting of bilaminate lobes, rising from an encrusting
layer, by narrow, stem-like portions, and expanding above ; lamina separated by a
thin, calcareous septum, slightly produced beyond the zocecia. Zocecia indistinct
at their lower parts, more or less free and tubular above, minutely punctate.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., March 1886.

Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson.

The only specimen I have seen consists of a cluster of four
lobes, rising from an encrusting layer of zooecia. Each lobe is
narrowed and thicker below, expanded, thinner and undulated
above, and usually divided into two secondary lobes. The summit
of the lobes is flatter than in the last, and cellular from the openings
of imperfectly formed zocecia. The zooecia are not so numerous
on the stem-like portion, but increase in number and prominence
upwards, until towards the summit they are considerably elongated
to assume a corymbose appearance. In the encrusting part a few
of the zooecia are closed, the lid having a minute perforation in its
centre.

These two species are interesting, as clearly showing the unstable
nature of the characters on which the genus Mesenteripora, as pro-
posed by Blainville and generally adopted, is founded. Mr. Hincks
has also, in the British Marine Polyzoa, united the two genera.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 147. — Fig. 2, specimen, natural size. Fig. 2a, one of the isolated lobes, magnified.

Plate 147, Fig. 3.

DIASTOPORA BICOLOR (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium adherent, nearly circular, consisting of three parts :
a central elevated portion composed of perfect zooecia, surrounded by a broad fringe
of imperfectly developed zooecia, beyond which is a thin calcareous lamina; central
portion red, much raised, flat and depressed at the centre; the remaining parts glassy.

[180]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Zooecia arranged in distinct, irregular, radiating series, slightly rugose and thickly
punctate ; mouth oval or elliptical, with slightly thickened margin ; in the marginal
zocecia open, most of the inner closed by a punctate or perforated plate; towards
the centre are numerous rounded eminences, mostly at the commencement of series
of zocecia, and of the same width, punctate or perforated in the same manner, but
presenting no trace of mouth. Surrounding fringe consisting of a broad layer of
imperfectly developed zocecia, and the thin lamina beyond marked with slight,
radiating grooves, as occurs in the corresponding part of other species.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict, Nov. 1884.

Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson.
I have only seen two specimens — the perfect one figured, and
another not so complete.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 147. — Fig. 3, specimen, natural size. Fig. 3a, the same magnified.

Plate 147, Fig. 4.
DIASTOPORA SARNIENSIS (Norman).

Description. — Zoarium thick, encrusting, and irregularly shaped, or partly free
at the margin. Zocecia large, distinct, arranged in irregular lines, a considerable
part free, especially in those towards the margin ; surface smooth or transversely
corrugated, thickly punctate, except in the peristome ; mouth circular or elliptical,
in many of those towards the centre closed by a calcareous plate, with a central,
raised, tubular opening.

Reference. — Hincks, Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, p. 463, pi. lxvi., figs. 7-9.

Port Phillip Heads.

This species varies a good deal in size and shape. The zocecia
are thick, usually pretty prominent and free ; the curious cover
when present gives a ready means of distinction from the other
species. I have not seen the ocecia, but they are described by
Mr. Hincks as "transversely elongated, subelliptical inflations of
the zoarium, of considerable size."

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 147.— Fig. 4, specimen, natural size. Fig. 4a, portion magnified. Fig. 4b, portion
of same more highly magnified, showing the calcareous plates closing the orifices of several of
the zooecia.

Vol. II.— Decade XV.— 2d. 181 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 147, Fig. 5.

DIASTOPORA PATINA (Lamarck, sp.).

Description. — Zoarium small, thin, usually more or less circular or elliptical,
surrounded by an extension of the basal lamina. Zocecia stout, thickly punctate,
crowded, more immersed towards the centre, in more or less radiating- lines towards
the circumference and usually open ; orifice in the central zocecia elliptical or
round and frequently closed by a minutely perforated calcareous plate, in those
towards the margin elliptical or produced on one side. Ocecium a large inflation of
the zoarium.

Reference. — Hincks, Brit. Mar. Poly., p. i5S, pi. lxvi., figs. 1-6.

Port Phillip Heads.

The specimens I have examined of this species are all small,
silvery and encrusting. In Europe, where it is abundant, it seems
to vary very much, being sometimes caliculate and partly free, and
occasionally proliferous at the margins. A full account of these
forms is given by Mr. Hincks.

Explanation or Figures.

Plate 147. — Fig. 5, specimen, natural size. Fig. 5a, portion of same magnified, showing
two central zooecia closed by perforated plates and an oceciuni.

The specimens and descriptions of our Diastoporce on this plate
I owe to Mr. MacGillivray.

Frederick McCoy.

[ 182 J

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ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA

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Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Plate 148, Fig. 1.'

CELLEPORA MEGASOMA (McG.).

[Genus CELLEPORA (Fabricius). (Sub-kingdom Mollusca. Class Polyzoa. Order
Infundibulata. Sub-order Cheilostomata. Family Celleporidae.)

Gen. Char.— Zoarium encrusting, partly adnate, massive, foliaceous, erect and ramose, or
glomerulous. Zooecia, in the older parts more or less erect and irregularly heaped together ;
one cr more rostral processes (occasionally absent), usually bearing avicularia, in the neighbour-
hood of the mouth. Generally scattered vicarious avicularia. J

Description. — Zoarium encrusting'. Zocecia ovoid, irregularly arranged, fre-
quently bulging below, and with an imperfect umbo. Mouth arched above, about
a.-s high as wide, with a sinus in the lower lip. Scattered avicularia, frequently a
small one, with a nearly semicircular mandible, below or to one side of the mouth.
Ooecia large, rounded, granular or pitted.

References. — P. H. MacGillivray, Lepralia megasoma, Prod. Zool. Vict.,
plate 38, fig. 5; Cellepora megasoma, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1884.

Port Phillip Heads.

Forms an encrusting zoarium, occasionally of large size, one
specimen measuring 2 inches by 1^ inches. The marginal zocecia
are decumbent, and I believe it was a cluster of these that I
described as Lepralia megasoma. The others are more or less
elevated. There is no proper mucro. The surface of the zocecia
is normally smooth, but in portion of one specimen in which most
are so, a number have a series of longitudinal elevated ribs
extending the whole length.

Explanation of Figure.

Plate 148. — Fig. J, small group of zooecia, magnified, showing also two pitted ocecia ; the
oral sinus is not generally so sharply defined.

Plate 148, Fig. 2.

CELLEPORA COSTATA (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium small, encrusting or attached to alga? or zoophytes.
Zocecia large, very irregular, mostly erect, surface strongly ribbed; mouth lofty,
arched above, with a deep rounded sinus in the lower lip; two or more stout, thick
processes at its sides, rounded at the summits and surmounted on the inner side by
a conspicuous oval avicularium. Ooecia rounded, with a mitriform or semicircular
sculptured area.

Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1868,

[183]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

Port Phillip Heads ; Wilson's Promontory ; Portland, Mr.
Maplestone ; Warrnambool, Mr. Watts.

This species is of frequent occurrence, and is found in small
masses usually attached to Polyzoa and Hydrozoa. The zooecia are
very irregular, distinct, and mostly nearly erect. The surface is
beautifully fluted, with prominent convex ribs extending from the
mouth to the base. These are sometimes thicker above, forming
a prominent ridge round the mouth. There are usually two
(occasionally more) thick, erect, calcareous processes at the sides
of the mouth, either smooth or fluted like the surface of the
zooecia. Each is surmounted, towards the inner side, by an oval
or elliptical avicularium, with the mandible directed downwards.
There are also, occasionally, larger vicarious avicularia, on elevated
calcareous processes, with nearly semicircular mandibles. The
ooecia are of considerable size, extending nearly horizontally from
the upper edge of the mouth. They are rounded, occasionally
smooth, but mostly with a sculptured area. These markings are
usually shallow, but in old specimens are much deeper and more
numerous, and the area then has a sharply defined margin.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 148. — Fig. 2, specimen, natural size. Fig. 2a, portion magnified, showing zooecia
previous to growth of oral processes ; one with processes commencing to grow, and the others
with one or two fully developed. The ooecia are of the usual appearance. A large vicarious
avicularium is seen on the right.

Plate 148. Fig. 3.

CELLEPORA ROTA (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium encrusting-. Zooecia irregularly arranged, nearly erect,
more or less globose, surface smooth or pitted ; mouth with a deep sinus in the
lower lip ; on each side of the mouth an elevated process, surmounted by a short
broad avicularium, the mandible broadly triangular with an obtuse point. Ooecia
much raised, with a nearly circular, defined area marked by radiating grooves.

"Reference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., Dec. 1884.

Port Phillip Heads.

Allied to C. costata, with which it has been united by Mr.
Waters, but certainly distinct. The zooecia are distinct, little

[ 184]

Zoology] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Polyzoa.

prominent, in older specimens nearly globose. The surface is
smooth or pitted, the pits occasionally, near the mouth, giving an
obscurely ribbed appearance. The peristome forms a thin rim,
with occasionally a prominence on each side, on the summit of
which is an oval or broadly elliptical avicularium, the mandible
directed upwards and outwards.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 148. — Fig. 3, two zooecia from the growing edge. Fig. 3a, two zoceeia, with growing
and mature ocecia. Fig. 3b, vertical view of zooecium to show the mouth.

Plate 148, Figs. 5-6.

CELLEPORA COSTAZEi, var. (Audouin).

Description. — Zoarium encrusting". Zoceeia ovate, smooth, irregularly ar-
ranged, confused; mouth wide, with a broad rounded sinus in the lower lip; usually
a prominent mucro below the mouth, supporting a small avicularium and occasionally
an aviculiferous process from the peristome on one or both sides. Numerous
scattered avicularia, some very large, with broadly expanded spatulate mandibles.
Ocecia of moderate size, with a rounded or mitriform area, bounded by a distinct, /
raised margin, pitted or sculptured in a radiate manner.

References. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1884; typical form,
Hincks, Brit. Mar. Pol., p. 411, pi. 55, figs. 11-14; typical form, C. Hassallii,
Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat. Mar. Pol., pt. ii. p. 86, pi. cix., figs. 4-6.

Port Phillip Heads.

There may be some doubt as to the identification of this with
the European species. It differs in the general absence of the
elevated avicularia on the sides of the mouth, which are only
occasionally found on one side. In an English specimen, however,
they are also absent in many of the zooecia. The sub-oral mucro
is also generally wanting in English specimens. The vicarious
avicularia are also larger in the Australian form. I had at first
intended to describe it as a new species under the name of
C. spatula, which may be retained as that of the variety.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 148.— Fig. 5, portion of specimen, magnified. Fig. 6, portion of another specimen.
Fig. 6a, ocecia of same. Fig. 66, single zooecium, with avicularium on high process.

[ 185 ]

Zoology.] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Polyzoa.

Plate 148, Fig. 7.

CELLEPORA PLATALEA (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium very small, pisiform, glassy. Zooecia very small,
rounded, irregularly heaped ; mouth slightly hollowed below, but without a distinct
sinus ; frequently a broad sub-oral mucro. Avicularia with very long-, slender
spatulate mandibles. Ocecia globular, with a distinct arched area with radiating
grooves.

Eeference. — P. H. MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict , Nov. 1884.

Port Phillip Heads, and probably common.

A very minute species, distinguished by the markings on the
area of the ooecium, and the very long, narrow avicularia.

Explanation of Figure.
Plate 148. — Fig. 7, portion of specimen, magnified.

Plate 148, Fig. 8.

CELLEPORA GLOMERATA (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium very small, pisiform, glomerular, attached to stems of
zoophytes. Zooecia ver}r irregularly heaped; mouth with a shallow sinus in the
lower lip ; in young zooecia a long superior mucro with a sessile avicularium on the
inner aspect; in older zooecia a short, thick, sub-oral mucro with a small avicularium
at the summit or internally ; scattered vicarious avicularia, with broadly spatulate
mandibles. Ooecia small, globular, smooth and glossy, or occasionally (when
young) with a small mark on the front.

Port Phillip Heads, on Zoophytes.

A minute species, distinguished by its glomerulate mode of
growth, the smooth ocecia, and the broadly spatulate avicularia.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 148. — Fig. 8, specimen, natural size. Fig. 8a, portion of same, magnified, showing
young ooecia and avicularia. Fig. 86, portion of same, showing marginal zooecia with superior
processes.

Plate 148, Fig. 9.

CELLEPORA VITREA (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium small, encrusting, glassy. Zooecia elongated, distinct,
horizontal at the margins, more confused centrally; margins areolated or surface
traversed by prominent glassy ribs ; mouth with a rather wide and not very deep
sinus on the lower lip ; a large, broad, smooth mucro below the mouth.

[186]

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Pohjzoa.

Port Phillip Heads, a single specimen, Mr. J. B. Wilson,
I have some doubt whether to refer this species to Cellepora or
Schizoporella. The marginal zooecia are quite horizontal, those
further removed confused, but not so erect as usual in Cellepora.
The sub-oral rostrum seems to be unarmed, but it is possible that
there may be an avicularium on its internal surface. I have
another specimen which seems to belong to the same species.
In it the zooecia are shorter, some smooth, but others Avith glassy
elevations, the sub-oral process rises and curves forward, or
occasionally inclines to one side, and has a small avicularium on
the inner surface towards the summit. The ooecia are rounded,
with a small, nearly circular area, punctate within the margin.
There are also several vicarious avicularia with spatulate
mandibles. This latter specimen agrees with Busk's C. signata
of the " Challenger " Polyzoa in the markings of the ooecia and
the vicarious spatulate avicularia, but differs in the sub-oral mucro
and in the wider and shallower sinus.

Explanation or Figure.
Plate 148. — Fig. 9, portion of specimen, magnified.

Plate 148, Fig. 10.
CELLEPORA TIARA (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium minute, encrusting-. Zooecia small, rather short,
smooth, confused; primary mouth with a rather deep, narrow, slit-like sinus;
peristome considerahly developed, with a stout, thick mucro at one side, usually
slightly overarching- the mouth, and surmounted by a comparatively larg-e
avicularium with broadly triangular mandible. Ocecia sub-globular, reclinate,
with a sub-triang-ular, smooth, or sculptured area.

Port Phillip Heads.

The few specimens I have are all growing on Retepora
monilifera. It is distinguished by the thick, incurving oral
mucro and the character of the area on the front of the ooecium.

Explanation of Figures.
Plate 118. — Fig. 10, specimen, natural size, encrusting Kctepore. Fig. lOra, portion of
ame, magnified. In all the zooecia the primary mouth is obscured by the peristome.

[ 18? ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. \_Polyzoa.

Plate 148, Fig. 11.
CELLEPORA BENEMUNITA (McG.).

Description. — Zoarium small, encrusting'. Zooecia small, confused, heaped;
primary mouth with a sub-oral sinus ; several short, thick processes developed in
the neighbourhood of the mouth, surmounted by small avicularia with spatulate or
linguate mandibles. Numerous vicarious avicularia, with broadly spatulate man-
dibles. Ooecia small, sub-globular.

Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson.

The only specimen I have seen is very small. It is readily
distinguished by the numerous short, glassy processes (many
surmounted by avicularia) in the neighbourhood of the mouth,
the numerous vicarious avicularia, and the smooth ooecia.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 148. — Fig. 11, specimen, natural size. Fig. 11a, portion from a growing edge,
magnified. Fig. 116, other portions of the same.

Figures of the opercula and avicularian mandibles will be given
when the remaining Celleporae are described.

The important genus Cellepora illustrated on this plate con-
tinues a series, the specimens and descriptions of which have
been contributed to the National Museum and this work by
Mr. MacGillivray.

Frederick McCoy.

[188]

PI. 143

ZOOLOGY OF VICTORIA
( Crustacea)

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Zoology.} NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Crustacea.

Plates 149 and 150.

PALINURUS LALANDI (Lam. MSS.).
Southern Spiny Lobster (Melbourne Crawfish).

[Genus PALINURUS (Fabr.). (Restricted to Milne Edwards, first section, with rostrum,
&c). (Sub-kingdom Articulata. Class Crustacea. Order Decapoda. Section Macroura.
Tribe Astacidea. Family Palinurida?.)

Gen. Char. — Carapace subcylindrical, broadly rounded on sides, with a small rostrum.
Antennary segment very narrow above. Antenna? without basal scale, nearly in contact at
base, covering the inner antennas ; basal joints long, subcylindrical, flagella of inner antennae
very short. Anterior legs monodactyle. Sternum trigonal.]

Description. — Male: Carapace covered with large, flattened, ovate, sub-spinose
tubercles, each with a narrow fibrous fringe on front and sides ; two rows of
narrow and more pointed spines extending' backwards from each supraocular spine,
largest in front, and four or five extending- half-way back on sides from a large
spine in middle of front lateral margin, and a few similar ones irregularly scattered.
Two supraocular spines, large, smootb, inclining obliquely forwards, with a straight
front edge and convex posterior edge. Rostrum small, more advanced than the
supraocular spines, but not reaching front edge of carapace, varying from straight
and horizontal (which is rare) to much arched upwards (which is the most common),
and straight and pointed vertically upwards (which is the least common) ; on each
side of base of rostrum a lunate extension, with its posterior spine directed upwards
and its anterior spine upwards and forwards. Abdominal segments with three or four
irregular transverse rows of large, flattened, scale-like tubercles, very irregular in size
and shape, each fringed with short fibres ; each segment ending laterally in a large
compressed spine arched backwards, behind which is one small, strong, flattened
spine, the edge beyond which is usually smooth, but sometimes showing two
to five small tooth-like serratures; anterior legs with a small conical spine at distal
lower edge of penultimate joint; no spine on antepenultimate joint; a very large,
conical, compressed spine on anterior third of lower edge of third joint; the largest
conical spine on anterior lower edge of second joint of first pair of legs, with from
one to four very small ones on ridge immediately behind its base; all the five legs
have the upper ridge of third joint terminating in a sharp, conical spine directed
forwards ; rarely there is a very small spine at the inner base of the constant ridge-
spine on some of the legs, and, still more rarely, a third small spine on outer edge.
Colour: Dorsal aspect of carapace rich, brownish purple-madder, the fringed
edges of scale-shaped tubercles lighter yellowish-brown ; rostrum and superciliar
spines redder and tipped with light orange-red ; lateral portion of hepatic region
whitish, with tubercles of colour of back; an irregular, narrow, whitish line
from anterior end of nuchal furrow to posterior lateral angle of carapace;
large antenna? nearly colour of back, more pink, fringed edges of joints lighter,
and with spines on basal portion tipped with orange-red ; smaller antennae colour

Vol. II.— Decade XV.— 2 e. [ 189 [

Zoology.'] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Crustacea.

of back with the distal ends of joints orange-red. Legs with tubercles, ridges
and extremities bright orange-red, relieved by a depressed ground colour, like
back, on the sides ; inner portion of penultimate joint, and of all the others,
except the terminal and antepenultimate joint of anterior leg, whitish ; sternum
and basal joint of other legs whitish on tubercles and prominent parts, with a purplish
colour, like back, as ground colour on depressed portions. Abdomen same purple-
madder colour as carapace, with the lateral spines tipped with bright orange red ;
tail fins dull orange in middle, with longitudinal rows of tubercles and margins of
purple-madder of back, becoming darker at distal end ; narrow lateral ridge and
points of tubercles on lateral edges orange-red. Measurements : Total length from
tip of snout to end of tail flaps, 1 ft. 6 in. Proportional measurements to total
length, as 100 : — Length of thorax, y^ ; length from thorax to penultimate joint of
abdomen, -j^j; greatest width of thorax, -j^ ; depth of thorax, -^-^ , greatest width

1 .5

of abdomen, -^7; length of telson, xwo', greatest width of telson near end, -]
length of first three joints of outer antennse, ^o', width of ditto, -j-J^- ; length of
flagella of outer antennae, ^m, length of rostrum, Tf^ ; length of supraorbital
spines, x^; length of first joint of inner antennas, -j1^; second joint, -j^; third
joint, ■^T; flagella, y^ ; length of first pair of legs, -^; second pair, -£^; third
pair, -3^5-; fourth pair, ^£5-; fifth pair, ^u; greatest width of first leg (at middle
of penultimate joint), -j^j. Female : The last pair of legs subchelate by the large
conical upcurved spine on lower margin of anterior edge ; the spines on lower
surface of joints of anterior pair of legs are smaller than in the male of same size,
especially those on the penultimate joint ; the rostrum is also a little smaller than in
the male, which it otherwise resembles.

Eeference. — Milne Edw. Hist. Crust., v. 2, p. 293; =P. Edwardsi, Hutton
An. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1875, p. 42;=P. Paulensis, Heller Verhandlungen der K. K.
Zool. Bot. Gesellschaft in Wien 1862, p. 525.

This fine and very interesting species has not been properly
figured before, and is consequently a source of some perplexity to
naturalists. It was first described from the Cape of Good Hope
by Prof. Milne Edwards, from the specimens in the Paris Museum
named in manuscript P. Lalandi by Lamarck ; and, many years
ago, the late Dr. Gray and Mr. Adam White in their "List,"
published in 1847, referred two specimens in the British Museum
to it, one from New Zealand and one from S. Africa. Capt. Hutton
subsequently described the New Zealand Palinurus under the name
of P. Edwardsi, distinguishing it from P. Lalandi by its smaller
size (9^ in.), by the upcurved beak (said by him to be straight and
conical in P. Lalandi), in having no spine on the penultimate joint
of the anterior legs, and in having a second small spine at the distal
extremity of the third joint of the last four pairs of legs. In the
female of P. Edwardsi the rostrum is said by Prof. Hutton to be
wanting.

[ 190]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Crustacea.

As I have always referred our species to the P. Lalandi, and
believed it to be identical with the New Zealand and Tasmanian,
as well as the South African one, I felt obliged to investigate
those supposed differences carefully. On going to the British
Museum I found, after some difficulty, the specimens (one presented
by Dr. Andrew Smith, from the Cape of Good Hope, and the New
Zealand one from Mr. Percy Earl's collection) referred by Gray
to P. Lalandi (now re-labelled P. Edwardsi) and found the NeAv
Zealand and the Cape specimens belonged clearly to one species,
and, as I had many years ago published the belief, identical also
with the Victorian species. I here also found a specimen sent to
the Indian and Colonial Exhibition from the New Zealand Govern-
ment as P. Edwardsi, about twice the size mentioned bv Prof.
Hutton, and agreeing in this respect with our ordinary examples
and the size (15 in.) published by Milne Edwards for the original
types of P. Lalandi from the Cape ; so that difference of size does
not hold even in New Zealand. The second characteristic of
P. Edwardsi — having the rostrum curved upwards, instead of
straight, as said by Capt. Hutton of P. Lalandi — gave me much
trouble, as the shape of the rostrum is not mentioned by Milne
Edwards in his work for Lamarck's species, and so I thought it
necessary to go to Paris to examine the original type in the
Jardin des Plantes Museum, and having, with the kind assistance
of Dr. Fisher, found the original specimen, I ascertained that the
rostrum curved gently upwards in the S. African type.

I figure now our most common upward-curved rostrum (Plate
149, fig. lb), and the much rarer, perfectly straight, horizontal
rostrum (Plate 150, fig. 2), between which the original Cape type
specimens in the Paris Museum, as well as by far the greater
number of our Victorian ones, are intermediate. One of our
Victorian female specimens has the rostrum straight, but directed
almost vertically upwards (Plate 150, fig. 1). The females of
P. Edwardsi are said by Capt. Hutton to have no rostrum ; in our
specimens (except occasional absences from malformation in both
sexes) the female has the rostrum as in the male, but rather
smaller, as is true generally of all spines. As to the existence of
a small, anterior, second spine at the distal extremity of the third

[191 ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. [Crustacea.

joint of the last four pairs of legs, given as a characteristic
difference of P. Edwardsi from P. Lalandi, I find, although
usually absent in our species, it is sometimes present, and some-
times present on some of the legs and absent on others of the
same individual, as represented on Figs. 3 and 3a of our Plate
150, in which the two last pairs of legs have them, and those
in front have not. This is, therefore, obviously not a constant
character, and a few specimens show a third small spine on the
outer edge of the same part. All the spines are smaller, propor-
tionally, in small specimens, and that on the inner side of the
penultimate joint of the anterior pair of legs may occasionally
disappear in so small an example (9*5 in.) as that described
by Capt. Hutton. Our figure, Plate 149, fig. lc, shows how
small it is in a specimen a foot long, and our figure Plate 150,
fig. 6, shows the much greater development of the spines at the
more nearly adult size of 18 in. in total length. This being so,
I think it might be so small in a 9 inch specimen as to almost
warrant the statement that it was absent, and raises a doubt
on this distinctive character when individuals of very different
sizes are compared.

I suggest the trivial name of Southern Rock Lobster for this
species, which, abounding in Victoria, Tasmania, and New Zealand,
as well as the Cape of Good Hope, (and St. Paul's, according to
Heller,) does not appear to have been noticed as far north as
Sydney, where it is replaced by a totally different species, the
Common Sydney Crawfish P. Hihgelli, of which I have one speci-
men from our coast and one from Tasmania, as excessively rare
occurrences as stragglers.

Very abundant in pools on the rocky coasts of Victoria, and is
the common Melbourne Crayfish of the fishmongers.

Explanation of Figures.

Plate 149. — Fig. 1, immature specimen, half the natural size, viewed from above. Fig. la,
half of third abdominal segment, natural size, showing the flattened, scale-like tuberculation, with
two serratures behind the large spine on posterior edge of pleura. Fig. 1 b, ordinary shape of
upward-arched rostrum, natural size. Fig. \c, anterior leg with moderately developed spines on
inner edge of second, third, and penultimate joints, half the natural size. Fig. Id, jaw-foot, half
the natural size. Fig. 2, underside of female, one-quarter the natural size, showing the trigonal
sternum. Fig. la, appendage of second abdominal segment of female, showing the two large
laminae, natural size. Fig. 26, appendage of third abdominal segment, with one, large, mem-
branous lamina, natural size.

[ 192 ]

Zoology.-] NATURAL HISTORY OF VICTORIA. {Crustacea.

Plate 150. — Fig. 1, portion of female, showing a straight-edged rostrum with an unusual
direction, nearly vertically upright and a little forward, natural size. Fig. 2, portion of a male
specimen, showing a straight-edged rostrum with a nearly horizontal upper edge, directed
forwards and very slightly upwards, natural size. Fig. 3, distal end of third joint of third leg,
showing the usual single spine, natural size. Fig. 3a, distal end of third joint of fourth leg of
same specimen as fig. 3, showing the comparatively rare, second, anterior, smaller spine,
supposed characteristic of P. Edwardsi, found on the fourth and fifth legs of this specimen,
but not on the second or third. Fig. 4, distal end of third joint of fourth leg of another
specimen, showing the more common, single spine of same leg. Fig. 5, last or fifth leg of
female, showing sub-chelate character, natural size. Fig. 4a, same hind or fifth leg of male,
showing its simple termination, natural size. Fig. 6, claw or anterior leg of old male, natural
size. Fig. 7, outer end of third segment with the posterior edge behind the spine, smooth and
destitute of spines or serratures, natural size. Fig. 8, outer ends of second and third abdominal
segments of another specimen, showing three and five serratures respectively on posterior edge
behind the spine. Fig. 9, female appendage of second abdominal segment, natural size. Fig. 9a,
ditto of third abdominal segment.

Feedekick McCoy.

Vol. II— Decade XV.-2/. [ 193 ]

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

N.B.— The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne.

DECADE I

Plate 1. — The Black Snake (Pseudechys porphyriacus, Shaw sp.).

Plate 2. — The Copper-head Snake (Hoplocephalus superbus, Giintli.).

Plate 3. — The Tiger Snake (Hoplocephalus curtus, Schl. sp.).

Plate 4. — The Australian Bream (Chrysophrys Australis, Giintli.).

Plate 5. — The Spiny-sided Butterfly-Gurnard (Lepidotrigla Vanessa, Rich. sp.).

Plate 6. — The Kumu Gurnard (Trigla Kumu, Lesson and Gam.).

Plate 7. — The Australian Giant Earth-worm (Megascolides Australis, McCoy).

Plate 8. — Lewin's Day-moth (Agarista Lewini, Boisd.).

The Loranthus Day-moth (Agarista Casuarinae, Scott).

The Vine Day-moth (Agarista Glycine, Lewin sp.).
Plate 9.— Pieris (Thyca) Harpalyce (Don. sp.).
Plate 10. — Pieris (Thyca) Aganippe (Don. sp.).

DECADE II.

Plate 11.— The Little Whip Snake (Hoplocephalus flagellum, McCoy). The White-lipped Snake

(Hoplocephalus coronoides, Giinth.).
Plate 12. — The Death Adder (Acanthophis Antarctica, Shaw sp.).
Plate 13. — The Carpet Snake (Morelia variegata, Gray).
Plate 14. — The Gippsland Perch (Lates colonorum, Giinth.).
Plate 15. — The Murray Lobster (Astacopsis serratus, Shaw sp.).
Plate 16. — The Salmon Arripis (Arripis truttaceus, Cuv. sp.). Adult.
Platk 1 7. — Ditto of the younger forms and coloring.
Plate 18. — The Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus, Lin. sp.).
Plate 19. — The Small-scaled Rock Cod (Lotella callarias, Giinth.).
Plate 20. — The Australian Rock Cod (Pseudophysis barbatus, Giinth.).

DECADE III.

Plate 21. — The Sea-Leopard Seal (Stenorhynchus leptonyx, de Blainv. sp.).

Plate 22. — The Yellow-sided Dolphin (Delphinus Novas Zealandiaa, Quoy and Gaim.).

Plate 23. — The Common Brown Snake (Diemenia superciliosa, Fisch.).

The Small-scaled Brown Snake (Diemenia microlepidota, McCoy).
The Shield-fronted Brown Snake (Diemenia aspidorhyncha, McCoy).

Plate 24.— Catenicella margaritacea (Busk). — C. plagiostoma (Busk). — C. ventricosa (Busk). —
C. hastata(Busk.)— C. rufa (McG.).— C. cribraria (Busk).— C. alata (Wyv. Thomson).—
C. lorica (Busk).— C. formosa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk).— C. perforata (Busk).—
C. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson).— C. Hannafordi (McG.).— C. crystallina (Wyv. Thomson).—
C. carinata (Busk). — C. aurita (Busk).— C. gemiuata (Wyv. Thomson).— C. cornuta
(Busk). — C. intermedia (McG.)

Plate 25.— Membranipora membranacea (Linn, sp.).— M. perforata (McG.).— M. ciliata (McG.). —
M. mamillaris (McG.).— M. umbonata (Busk). — M. pilosa (Linn. sp.). — M. cervicornis
(Busk).

Plate 26.— Membranipora dispar (McG.).— M. Woodsii (McG.).— M. lineata (Linn, sp.).— M. Rosselii
(Audouin sp.). — M. Lacroixii (Savigny sp.).

Plate 27. — The Australian Rockling (Genypterus Australis, Cast.).
The Yarra Blackfish (Gadopsis gracilis, McCoy).

Plate 28. — The Southern Mackerel (Scomber pneumatophorus, De la Roche).

Plate 29. — The Yabber Crayfish (Astacopsis bicarinatus, Gray sp.).

Plate 30.— The Large Wattle Goat-Moth (Zeuzera Eucalypti, Boisd. Ilerr.-Schaef.).

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE IV.

Plate 31. — The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Peron sp.).

Plate 32. — The Two-hooded Furina-Snake, Furina hicucullata (McCoy).

Plate 33. — The Banded Red Gurnet- Perch (Sebastes percoides, Solander sp.).

Plate 34. — The Angel-fish (Rhina squatina, Lin. sp.).

Plate 35. — Lepralia circinata (McG.). — L. Cecilii (Aud.). — L. diaphana (McG.). — L. marsupium

(McG.). — L. subimmersa (McG.). — L. anceps (McG.). — L. Maplestonei (McG.).
Plate 36. — Lepralia vittata (McG.). — Membranipora perforata. Lepralia Brogniartii (Aud.). —

L. elegans (McG.). — L. pertusa (Esper. sp.). — L. Malusii (Aud. sp.). — L. lunata (McG.).
Plate 37. — Lepralia ciliata (Linn. sp.). — L. trifolium (McG.). — L. cheilodon (McG.).— L. canaliculata

(McG.).— L. larvalis (McG.).— L. diaderna (McG.).— L. papillifera (McG.).— L. Ellerii

(McG.).
Plate 38. — Lepralia nionoceros (Busk). — L. excavata (McG.). — L. vitrea (McG.). — L. megasoma

(McG.).— L. Schizostoma (McG.).— L. Botryoides (McG.).— L. ferox (McG.).— L. pellu-

cida (McG.).
Plate 39.— Crisia Edwardsiana (D'Orb. sp.).— C. biciliata (McG.).— C. acropora (Busk).— C. setosa

(McG.).— C. tenuis (McG.).
Plate 40. — Saunders' Case-Moth (Metura elongata, Saunders sp.).
The Lictor Case-Moth (Entometa ignobilis, Walk.).

DECADE V.

Plate 41. — The Lace Lizard (Hydrosaurus varius, Shaw sp.).

Plate 42. — The Spotted Marsh-Frog (Limnodynastes Tasmaniensis, Giinth.). — The Common Sand-
Frog (Limnodynastes dorsalis, Gray).
Plate 43.— The Carpet Shark (Crossorhinus barbatus, Lin. sp.). — The Seven-gilled Shark (Notidanus

[Heptanchus] Indicus, Cuv.).
Plate 44. — The Barracouta (Thersites atun, Cuv.).— The Tunny (Thynnus Thynnus, Lin. sp.).
Plate 45. — Flustra denticulata (Busk). — Carbasea episcopalis (Busk). — C. dissimilis (Busk). —

C. indivisa (Busk). — C. elegans (Busk).— C. pisciformis (Busk).
Plate 46. — Spiralaria florea (Busk). — Diachoris Magellanica (Busk). — D. spinigera (P. McGil.).—

Dimetopia spicata (Busk). — D. cornuta (Busk). — Didymia simplex (Busk). — Calwellia

bicornis (Wyv. Thomson).
Plate 47. — Dictyopora cellulosa (P. McGil.).
Plate 48.— Eschara obliqua (P. McGil.). — E. dispar (P. McGil ).— E. gracilis (Lamx.).— E. platalea

(Busk). — E. quadrata (P. McGil.)— E. mucronata (P. McGil.). — Caleschara denticulata

(P. McGil.).
Plate 40. — Cellaria fistulosa (Linn.). — C. hirsuta (P. McGil.).— C. tenuirostris (Busk.).— C. gracilis

(Busk). — Nellia oculata (Busk). — Tubucellaria hirsuta (Busk).
Plate 50. — The Great Black, or Manna Cicada (Cicada moerens, Germ.).— The Great Green Cicada

(Cyclochila Australasia?, Donov. sp.).

DECADE VI.

Plate 51. — The Victorian Rhodona (Rhodona Officeri, McCoy).

Plate 52. — The Black and White Ringed Snake (Vermicella annulata, Gray).

Plate 53. — The Green and Golden Bell-Frog (Ranoidea aurea, Less. sp.).

Plates 54-55. — The Australian Aulopus (Aulopus purpurisatus, Rich.).

Plate 56.— The Hammer-headed Shark (Zygaena malleus, Shaw).— The Common Australian Saw-
Fish (Pristiophorus nudipinnis, Giinth.).

Plate 57.— Biflustra perfragilis (McGil.). — B. delicatula (Busk).

Plate 58.— Cellularia cuspidata (Busk).— Menipea crystallina (Gray sp.).— M. cyathus (Wyv. Thoni-
- son).— M. cervicornis (McGil.)— M. tricellata (Busk). — M. Buskii (Wyv. Thomson).

Plate 59.— Bicellaria tuba (Busk).— B. grandis (Busk).— B. ciliata (Linn).— B. turbinata (McGil.).—
Stirparia annulata (Map.). — Bugula neritina (Linn.).

Plate 60. — Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk. sp.). — Petralia undata (McGil.),

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE VII.

Plate 61. — The Tuberculated Argonaut (Argonauta oryzata, Meusch.).

Plate 62. — The same seated in its so-called shell or Paper-Nautilus.

Plate 63. — The Blue-spotted Eagle- Ray (Myliobatis Australis, Macleay).

Plate 64. — The Long-toothed Bull-Shark (Odontaspis taurus, Raf.).— The Australian Tope Shark

(Galeus Australis, Macleay).
Plate 65 — The Leafy Sea-Dragon (Phyllopteryx foliatus, Shaw sp.). — The Short-headed Sea-horse

(Hippocampus breviceps, Pet.)
Plate 66. — Dictyopora grisea (Lamx. sp.). — D. albida (Kirch.)— (Var. avicularis, P. McGill.).
Plate 67.— 1). Wilsoni (P. McGill.).

Plate 68. — Idmonea Milneana (d'Orb.). — I. contorta (P. McGill.). — I. radians (Lamk.).
Plates 69-70. — The Violet-shouldered Phasma (Tropidoderus iodomus, McCoy).— The Red-shouldered

Phasma (Tropidoderus rhodomus, McCoy).

Plate

71.-

Plate

72.-

Plate

73.-

Plate

74.-

Plate

75-

Plates 76

Plate

78.-

Plate

79.-

Plate 80.-

DECADE VIM.

-The Australian Sea-Bear or Fur-Seal (Euotaria cinerea, Peron sp.).

-The Northern Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus gigas, Bodd. sp.).

-The Ludrick (Girella simplex, Rich. sp.).

-The White Shark (Carcharodon Rondeletii, Mull, and Hen.).

-The Picked Dog-Fish (Acanthias vulgaris, Linn. sp.).

-77.— The Australian Tooth-cupped Cuttlefish (Sepioteuthis Australis, Quoy and Gaim.).

-Bugula robusta (P. McGil.). — B. cucullata (Busk).— B. dentata (Lamx.). — B. avicularia

(Pall.).
-The Violet-winged Phasma (Acrophylla violascens, Leach sp.).
-The Large Pink winged Phasma (Podacanthus typhon, Gray).

DECADE IX.

Plate 81. — The Gippsland Water Lizard (Physignathus Lesueri, Gray) — (Var. Howitti, McCoy).

Plates 82-83. — The Murray Tortoise (Chelymys Macquaria, Cuv. sp.).

Plate 84. — The Murray Golden Perch (Ctenolates ambiguus, Rich. sp.).

Plates 85-86. — The Murray Cod-Perch (Oligorus Macquariensis, Cuv. and Val. sp.).

Plate 87. — The Australian Smooth-Hound (Mustelus Antarcticus, Giinth.).

Plate 88. — The Thresher, or Long-tailed Shark (Alopecias vulpes, Linn. sp.).

Plate 89. — Catenicella intermedia (P. McG.). — C. amphora (Busk). — C. Wilsoni (P. McG.). — C. pul-

chella (Map.).— C. utriculus (P. McG.).
Plate 90. — Catenicella fusca (P. McG.). — C. umbonata (Busk). — C. cornuta (Busk).

DECADE X.

Plate 91. — Gymnobelideus Leadbeateri (McCoy).

Plates 92-93. — The Long-necked River Tortoise (Chelodina longicollis, Shaw sp.).

Plate 94. — Opercula of Ketepora.

Plate 95.— Retepora porcellana (P. McGil.).— R. avicularis (P. McGil.).— R. fissa (P. McGil.).

Plate 96. — Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.).

Plate 97.— Retepora monilifera (P. McGil.).— R. formosa (P. McGil.).— R. carinata (P. McGil.).

Plate 98.— Retepora Phoenicea (Busk). — R. aurantiaca (P. McGil.).

Plate 99.— Retepora granulata (P. McGil.).— R. tessellata (Hincks).— R. serrata (P. McGil. \

Plate 100. — Goniocidaris tubaria (Lam.).

The foregoing ten Decades form Vol. I.

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE XI.

Plate 101. — The Luth, or Leathery Turtle (Sphargis coriacea, Linn. sp.).

Plate 102. — The Rugged Stump-tail, or Shingle-hack, Lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus, Gray).

Plate 103. — The Blackish Australian Worm-Snake (Typhlops nigrescens, Gray sp.).

Plate 104. — The Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus, Linn. sp.).

Plate 105. — Cellaria rigida (McG.). — Tubucellaria cereoides (Ellis and Solander). — Urceolipora

dentata (McG.) — U. nana (McG.).
Plate 106. — Amphiblestrum punctigerum (Hincks). — A. Flemingii (Busk). — A. permunitum

(Hincks). — Pyripora crassa (McG.). — P. catenularia (Jameson). — P. polita (Hincks). —

Electra flagellum (McG.). — Bathypora porcellana (McG.). — Biflustra papulifera

(McG.).— B. bimamillata (McG.).
Plate 107. — Catenicellopsis pusilla (J. B. Wilson). — C. delicatula (J. B. Wilson). — Calpidium

ponderosum (Goldstein sp.).
Plate 108. — Calpidium ornatum (Busk). — Chlidonia dsedala (Wyv. Thomson).
Plate 109. — The Great Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Locusta vigentissima, Serv.).
Plate 110. — The Australian Yellow-winged Locust (GMipoda musica, Fab. sp.).

DECADE XII.

Plate 111. — The Blood-sucker (Grammatophora muricata, Shaw, sp.).

Plate 112. — The Southern Chinuera (Callorhynchus antarcticus, Lacep. sp.).

Plate 113. — The Port Jackson Shark, or Bull-dog Shark (Heterodontus Phillipi, Lacep. sp.).

Plate 114. — The Australian Bough Fish (Trachichthys Australis, Shaw).

Plate 115. — The Skip-jack Pike (Lanioperca mordax, Giinth.).

Plate 116. — Beania mirabilis (Johnst.). — Mucronella tricuspis (Hincks). — M. laevis (P. McG.). —

M. vultur (Hincks). — Cyclicopora longipora (P. McG.).
Plate 117. — Beania decumbens (P. McG.). — B. costata (Busk sp.). — B. Crotali (Busk sp.). —

B. radicifera (Hincks sp.). — Amphiblestrum patellarium (Moll sp.).
Plate 118. — Hornera foliacea (P. McG.). — H. robusta (P. McG.).
Plate 119. — The Smaller Green Gum-tree Grasshopper (Phaneroptera valida, Walk.).
Plate 120. — The Thirty-two Spotted Grasshopper (Phaneroptera [Ephippitytha] trigintiduoguttata,

Serv.).

DECADE XIII.

Plate 121. — The Bearded Lizard (Grammatophora barbata, Kaup).

Plate 122. — The Southern Silver Ribbon-fish (Trachypterus toenia, Bloch).

Plate 123. — The Two-pronged Toad-fish (Chironectes bifurcatus, McCoy).

Plate 124. — Brown's Tooth-brush Leather-jacket (Monacanthus Browni, Rich, sp.).

Plate 125. — The Horse-shoe-marked Leather -jacket (Monacanthus hippocrepis, Quoy and Gaim., sp.).

Plate 126. — Maplestonia cirrata (P. McG.'). — Scrupocellaria cyclostoma (Busk). — S. obtecta (Haswell).
— S. cervicornis ^Busk). — S. scrupea (Busk). — S. ornithorhynchus (Wyv. Thom.).

Plate 127. — Membranipora pyrula (Hincks). — M. corbula (Hincks). — M. inarmata (Hincks). — M.
pectinata (P. McG.). — M. serrata (P. McG.). — M. ciliata (P. McG.). — Amphiblestrum
albispinum (P. McG ). — Membranipora spinosa (Quoy and Gaim.).

Plate 128. — Cellepora speciosa (P. McG.). — C. serratirostris (P. McG.). — C. tridenticulata (Busk).

Plate 129. — The Netted Acripeza (Acripeza reticulata, Guerin).

Plate 130. — The Broad-styled Mantis (Mantis latistylus, Serv.).

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE XIV.

Plate 131. — The Southern, or Blotched, Blue-tongued Lizard (Cyclodus nigroluteus, Quoy and
Gaira. sp.).

Plate 132. — The Thick-tailed Gecko (Phyllurus Miliusii, Bory). — The Marbled Gecko (Diplodactylus
marmoratus, Gray).

Plate 133.— Ray's Sea Bream (Brama Kayi, Bloch).

Plate 134. — Bleeker's Parrot-fish (Lab rich thy s Bleekeri, Cast.).

Plate 135. — The Black-finned Half-beak, or Sea Gar-fish (Hemiramphus intermedins, Cant.). — The
Saury Pike (Scomberesox saurus, Bloch, sp. ; var. Forsteri, Cuv. and Val.).

Plate 136. — Caberea rudis (Busk). — C. grandis (Hincks). — Canda arachnoides (Lamx.). — C. tenuis
(P. McG.).

Plate 137. — Caberea Darwinii (Busk).— C. glabra (P. McG.) — iEtea dilatata (Busk). — JE. anguina
(Linn. sp.).

Plate 138. — Schizoporella punctigera (P. McG.). — S. lata (P. McG.).— S. triangula (Hincks). —
S. dajdala (P. McG.).— S. subsinuata (Hincks).— S. Kidleyi (P. McG.).— S. arach-
noides (P. McG.). — S. cryptostoma (P. McG.). — Gemellipora striatula (Smitt).

Plate 139. — The Dusky Flat-horned Locust (Opsomala sordida, Aud. Serv.). The Pedestrian Mid-
Eyed Locust (Mesops pedestris, Erichson).

Plate 140. — The Cinnamon Keel-backed Locust (Tropinotus Australis, Leach).

DECADE XV.

Plate 141. — The Spiny-ridged Lizard (Egernia Cunninghami, Gray).

Plate 142. — The Brown Pseudechys (Pseudechys Australis, Gray).

Plate 143. — Peron's Leatherjacket (Monacanthus Peronii, Hollard).

Plate 144. — The Spinous Shark (Echinorhinus spinosus, Lin. sp.).

Plate 145. — Banks' Oar-Fish (Kegalecus Banksi, Cut. sp.)

Plate 146.— Catenicella gemella (McG.).— C. urnula (McG.).— C gracilenta (McG.).— C. venusta

(McG.). — Claviporella pulchra (McG.). — C. imperforata (McG.).
Plate 147.— Diastopora cristata (McG.).— D. capitata (McG.).— D. bicolor (McG.).— D. sarniensis

(Norman). — D. patina (Lam. sp.).
Plate 148.— Cellepora megasoma (McG.).— C. costata (McG.).-C. rota (McG.).— C. costazei, var.

(Audouin).— C. platalea (McG.).— C. glomerata (McG.).— C. vitrea (McG.).— C. tiara

(McG.).— C. benemunita (McG.).
Plates 149, 150.— Southern Spiny Lobster, Melbourne Crawfish (Palinurus Lalandi, Lam. MSS.).

CONTENTS OF DECADE XY.

N.B. — The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne.

Plate 141. — The Spiny-ridged Lizard (Egernia Cutminghami, Gray).

Plate 142. — The Brown Pseudechys (Pseudechys Australis, Gray).

Plate 143. — Peron's Leatherjacket (Monacanthus Peronii, Hollard).

Plate 144. — The Spinous Shark (Echinorhinus spinosus, Lin. sp.).

Plate 145. — Banks' Oar-Fish (Itegalecus Banksi, Cuv. sp.).
Plate 146. — Catenicella gemeila (McG.). — C. urnula (McG.). — C. graeilenta (MeG.). — C. venusta
(McG.). — Claviporella pulchra (McG.). — C. imperforata (McG.).

Plate 147. — Diastopora cristata (McG.). — D. capitata (McG.).— D. bicolor (McG.). — D. sarniensis
(Norman). — D. patina (Lam. sp.).

Plate 148. — Cellepora megasoma (McG.). — C. costata (McG.). — C. rota (McG.). — C. costazei, Tar.
(Audouin). — C. platalea (McG.). — C. glomerata (McG.). — C. vitrea (McG.) — C. tiara
(McG.).— C. benemunita (McG.).

Plates 149, 150. — Southern Spiny Lobster, Melbourne Crawfish (Palinurus Lalandi, Lam. MSS.).

•*'.!

iybS

MARY D . ROGICK