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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
Wom, XQ0IL, I@sis—39).
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
MH Fournal of Zoology
IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRING MUSEUM.
EDITED BY
THE HON. MIRIAM ROTHSCHILD
AND DR. K. JORDAN, F.R.S.
Vor. XLI, 1938-39.
(WITH SIX PLATES.)
IssuED AT THE ZooLocicaL MusEUM, Trina.
PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON & VINEY, Lrp., LONDON AND AYLESBURY 1938-1939
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLI (1988-39).
GENERAL SUBJECT. See Siphonaptera No. 1. MAMMALIA.
1. New or little-known Marsupials: A new species of Phascogalinae, with notes upon Acrobates pulchellus Rothschild. G. H. H. Tate .
2. Some Arabian Mammals collected by Mr. H. St.J. B. et C.I.E. (Plate VI). T.C. S. MORRISON-SCOTT . 5 :
3. The Races of Jaguar (Panthera onca). R. I. Boca
TRICHOPTERA. 1. The Brazilian Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Martin E. MosELy
LEPIDOPTERA.
1. Note on Polygonia c-album (L.) 1758, at Ashton Wold, Northamptonshire, and the record of a notable aberration. MIRIAM ROTHSCHILD and MALCOLM SPOONER .
2. On the remarkable variation of an Oriental Hawkmoth (Lepidopter. Kart JoRDAN (Plate III, part)
3. On some unfigured Lepidoptera from the Oxon and Bihiopian an (Plates III and IV). KARL JoRDAN
4. Zur Nomenklatur der beiden deutschen en mit en Fühlern. KARL JORDAN .
On some Old-World Nee (este). KARL JORDAN.
6. On the Constancy and Variability of the Differences between the Old- World species of Utetheisa (Lepid.: Arctiidae). KARL JORDAN
7. Notes on Oriental Theclinae Gee eed with descriptions of new species. N. D. Rırry : é
8. On some Old-World Lepidoptera eto: KARL JORDAN
COLEOPTERA. 1. On some Old-World Anthribidae. KARL JORDAN a : 2. Descriptions of Anthribidae, mostly from Fiji. Kart JoRDAN . 3. On some Anthribidae from Africa and the Solomon Islands. KARL JORDAN
SIPHONAPTERA. 1. Where Subspecies meet. KARL JORDAN 2. On some Siphonaptera from Tropical Africa and Iraq. KARL JoRDAN 3. On some Nearctic Siphonaptera. KARL JORDAN 4
On the species of Bird-Parapsylli from the ‘tills, obtained on the British Graham Land Expedition. KARL JORDAN 6 0 :
On some Neotropical Siphonaptera. KARL JoRDAN. : 5
On five new Siphonaptera from the Republic of Argentina. Kari JoRDAN On some Nearctic Fleas. KARL JoRDAN 0 © 5 Siphonaptera collected by Dr. Gerd Heinrich in Be KARL JORDAN On Rhopalopsyllus Baker 1905 (Siphonaptera). KARL JORDAN
sae also Mallophaga, No. 1.
senon
Vv
PAGES
58—60 181—211 406—422 217—239
125 126—129 130—133 212—216 248—250 251—291 355—361 433—436 140—147 423—432 437—442 103—111 112—118 119—124 134—139 164—169 292—303
.316—320 362— 375 443—448
vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLI (1938-39).
ORTHOPTERA. 1. A preliminary Revision of the Palaearctic species and subspecies of Thisoi- PAGES cetrus Br. W. (Orthoptera, Acrididae). B. P. Uvarov 4 dj . 377—382 MALLOPHAGA. 1. Eetoparasites from captive Birds. THERESA CLAY AND MIRIAM RoTHScHILD 61—73 2. A note on some Mallophagan names. THERESA CLAY : 0 lee 3. Ectoparasites from captive Birds. THERESA Cray and Mae ROTHSCHILD 305—315
MOLLUSCA. 1. Some observations on the growth of Peringia ulvae (Pennant) 1777 in the laboratory. ANNE ROTHSCHILD and Miriam ROTHSCHILD . 6 . 240—247
See also Trematoda, No. 3, Peringia ulvae.
POLYCHAETA.
1. Polychaeta of the “ Rosaura ’” Expedition. ©. C. A. Munro . . . 345—354
2. On some tropical Polychaeta in the British Museum, mostly collected by Dr. C. Crossland at Zanzibar, Tahiti and the Marquesas. C.C. A. Monro 383—393
3. On some tropical Polychaeta in the British Museum, mostly collected by Dr. C. Crossland at Zanzibar, Tahiti and the Marquesas. C.C. A. Monro 394—405
POLYZOA. 1. Notes on some cellularine Polyzoa (Bryozoa). Anna B. Hasrtıncs . . 321—344 TREMATODA. 1. Cercaria sinitzini n.sp., a cystophorous Cercaria from Peringia ulvae (Pennant) 1777. Mirtam ROTHSCHILD . 0 5 5 6 : 42—57
2. Notes on the classification of Cercariae of the Superfamily Notocotyloidea (Trematoda), with special reference to the excretory system. MIRIAM ROTHSCHILD . : 6 6 © 0 ® 0 : 6 . 75—83
3. Further observations on the effect of Trematode parasites on Peringia ulvae (Pennant) 1777 (Plates I and II). Miırıam RotuscuHinp . 0 5 84—102
4. The excretory system of Cercaria coronanda n.sp. together with notes on its life-history and the classification of Cercariae of the Superfamily
Opisthorchioidea Vogel 1934 (Trematoda). Mrriam ROTHSCHILD . . 148—163 5. A note on the fin-folds of Cercariae of the Superfamily Spahr n
Vogel 1934 (Trematoda). MırIam ROoTHScHILD . 9 . 170—173 6. A note on the life cycle of Cryptocotyle aes eee 1825 (Premateda)
(Plate V). Mırıam RoTHSCHILD 4 . 178—180 7. Large and small flame cells in a Cercaria nee Mrsrhar Rorasgmn 376
NOMENCLATURE.
1. Notice & De suspension of the Rules of Nomenclature in certain cases
[A. (n.s.) 1]. Francıs HEMmMInG 6 6 6 : 5 5 0 304
OBITUARY.
1. In memory of Lord Rothschild, Ph.D., F.R.S., J.P. KARL JORDAN . 0 1—41
INDEX . 9 6 0 . 6 5 . ö ¢ . 3 . 449—463
PLATES IN VOLUME XLI.
PLATES I and II. PLATES III and IV. PLATE V.
PLATE VI.
Peringia ulvae. Lepidoptera.
Cryptocotyle lingua.
Heads of Arabian Gazelles.
vii
In ein a EEl Sin on on SET SEE one tne) ins) ln elle)
ERRATA.
. 67, line 8 from above, read METAPIANA for METAPOPIANA. . 71, line 6 from below, read (Linn.) 1766 for (Linn.) 1866.
. 73, line 8 from above, read Myrsidea for Myrsides.
. 115, line 9 from above, read Xenopsylla for Xenopsyllus.
. 125, line 3 from below, read possibly for possible.
. 154, line 1 from below, insert ) after Spuler.
. 155, line 4 of footnote 1, delete “ is.”
. 168, line 19 from above, add sp.nov. after 4. A. dilecta.
. 253, line 5 from above, read small for elongate.
. 270, line 18 from above, delete full stop after Heyn.
. 276, line 2 from below, add (type 3) after Diré Daoua.
. 279, line 10 from above, read PULCHELLOIDES for PULCHELLA. . 313, line 28 from above, read COSSYPHA for COSSYHA,
Vili
Nr,
TR SITE m mS Ss ne
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAR.
MH Journal of Zoology.
BDITED BY
THE HONOURABLE MIRIAM ROTHSCHILD AND Dr. KARL JORDAN, E.R.S.
Vor. XLI.
"No. 1. Pages 1-73.
Issuep May 1SrH, 1938, ar tHE ZootocicaL MUSEUM, Trine.
PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON & VINEY, Lrp., LONDON AND AYLESBURY. 1938.
3.
. IN MEMORY OF LORD ROTHSCHILD . i . Karl Jordan
Vou. XLI.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE
EDITED BY
THE HON. MIRIAM ROTHSCHILD and KARL JORDAN.
CONTENTS OF NO. I
PAGES
1-41
CERCARIA SINITZINI N.SP., A CYSTOPHOROUS CEROARIA FROM PERINGIA ULV AH (PENNANT)
1777
Miriam Rothschild 42-57.
NEW OR LITTLE-KNOWN MARSUPIALS: A NEW SPECIES OF PHASCOGALINAH, WITH NOTES
UPON ACROBATES PULCHELLUS ROTHSCHILD
1937
G. A. H. Tate 58-60
. ECTOPARASITES FROM CAPTIVE BIRDS. I. 1936-
Theresa Clay and Miriam Rothschild 61-73
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE
as) MAY 1038.
IN MEMORY OF LORD ROTHSCHILD, Pu.D., F.R.S., J.P. BORN THE 8TH FEBRUARY, 1868, DIED THE 27TH AUGUST, 1937. By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.
(With 13 photographs.)
IONEL WALTER, second Baron Roth- schild of Tring, will always occupy a place of honour in the history of Zoology. The collections contained in the Museum he founded and maintained are the largest ever assembled by one man, and are in many orders of animals unrivalled even by National Museums, a fit monument to an enthusiastic Zoologist. But he acquired still greater merit by generously placing the contents of the Museum at the service of Science. Numerous letters of condolence from biologists testify to the high esteem in which the deceased was held as a man and scientist and to the deep gratitude of the many specialists who have profited by the Tring Museum in their researches. Lord Rothschild was probably the last non-professional systematist who Kenia. amassed large collections in more than one
class of animals. Love of animals being the
original motive for the foundation of the 5 ; Tring Museum, and the study of problems of evolution its ultimate aim, one must expect to find exemplified in it the various stages or phases we observe in the development of Zoology during the last hundred years. The animals which lend themselves to easy pre- servation in a dry state, such as insects, shells, and skins of mammals and birds, were in post-Linnean times collected and classified largely by amateur systematists, the public Museums of Natural History being as yet in their early youth and the professional zoologists of the Universities concentrating almost exclusively on the classes of animals which had to be preserved in liquid. In our days the amateur systematist has to restrict his researches carried out at home to groups of manageable proportions, the National Museums with their much enlarged staffs Ace 10.
1
un 16 1938
2 NovitatEes ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938.
embrace the whole sphere of systematic Zoology, and the University has almost entirely abandoned morphology and systematics for the experimental study of life. The next phase will bring an adjust- ment when it is realized that the true understanding of life depends on the knowledge of all its aspects. In the Tring Museum there are the series of different species as the primary object of systematic research, long series of specimens of the same species for the study of variation, distribution, and descent, and intersexes, gynandromorphs, hybrids, and mutants as illustrations of the modern subjects of zoological investigations.
As with most private and public collections, the beginning of what has grown into an important Museum was haphazard. Like so many boys, the Honourable Lionel Walter Rothschild, the eldest of the three children of the first Lord Rothschild, head of the famous banking house of N. M. Rothschild and Sons, interested himself in Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, beginning to collect at the early age of seven, according to his own recollection. But unlike other youths, he did not forsake his childhood’s love in favour of attractions in other spheres of life, his devotion to natural history collections remaining with him to the end. In the mind of the general public the name of Rothschild is so inti- mately connected with finance that other activities of any member of the family are quite overshadowed. Yet Walter Rothschild was no mutant. It is not surprising, indeed, that in a family which discovered and developed national merües wien is a very i im ortant part of the life of a nation and may be : : claimed and acclaimed by scientists as a branch of biology—there is a strong trend towards natural history, manifesting itself in various ways in different members. Walter Rothschild’s father was keen on botany and kept an aviary for his own enjoyment and that of his children, all three of whom remained equally fond of animals. Walter’s sister breeds horses and other domestic animals and keeps various mammals as pets; and his brother, the late N. Charles Rothschild, who collected insects, acquired fame through his re- searches in Siphonaptera, an order of blood- sucking insects of vital importance in the investigation of the transmission of tropical diseases, and was the founder of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves. AcE 20. One cousin has very extensive collections
AGE 17.
NOVITATES ZooLOGICAE XLI.
Acr 21.
1938.
3
of live plants, and another is a physician of repute and owner of a children’s hospital. Miriam Rothschild, eldest daughter of Charles, makes an intensive study of parasitic worms, and her brother, Victor, the third Lord Rothschild, devotes himself to Biophysics and Cytology. In Walter Rothschild’s life, however, the dominance of natural history was extreme, his active interest in so many different branches of it being inimical to wise restriction.
He was a delicate child who could not be exposed to the rough and tumble of school life, and therefore was educated entirely at home under governess and tutor. Admiration for the intelligent boy and early flattery were not missing,
and accustomed him to regard himself as the centre of his world and to expect the fulfilment of his boyish wishes as a natural corollary of his important position. Shy by nature, he became unduly self-centred as he grew up and averse to asking advice. He had ample opportunities in London for indulging in his hobby by buying specimens from natural history dealers, the collections gradually getting too large for the schoolroom and being then stored in a spare bedroom at the
back of the house; these collections con- sisted chiefly of insects, with the addition of a few mounted mammals and birds. The young, slender naturalist had the great advantage of an early acquaintance with a friend of the family, Dr. Albert Giinther, the Keeper of Zoology in the British Museum, with whom he remained intimate until Dr. Günther’s death. Visits to the Zoological Gardens and the British Museum tended to enhance his interest, and the admiration for all the strange creatures he saw perhaps created in his subconsciousness the ambition to possess one day similar collections of his very own. Anything large made a deep impression onhim. His predilection for Ratite birds and Giant Tortoises, and his pride in having record horns and fishes in his Museum, exemplify this trait. The last insects he bought were some Atiacus caesar, among which there was one speci- -men larger than any he had of that species in his collection. As a boy and youth he was an assiduous field-collector
4 Novirates ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938.
of insects and skilful in setting even very small specimens, a skill he lost in later years. He never learnt to skin a mammal or bird.
In order to widen his views and to perfect his German—in which language he became quite proficient, speaking it fluently, though the grammar was some- times too much for him—he went with a Mr. Althaus as a companion to the University of Bonn, and remained there two terms, from the autumn of 1886 to July 1887, enjoying the freedom of the life of the ‘“ Studenten.” He bought here a collection of German Lepidoptera, now incorporated in the general collection with the exception of the Micros, which are still in the original cabinet. Little is left of his own collecting during his stay abroad, but as a reminder of his student days at Bonn, there were among the wall decorations of his sitting- room two long pipes such as were much in fashion in Germany during the nine- teenth century among students, schoolmasters, and parsons. He was proud of them, though he was no smoker, unlike his father and brother, who enjoyed strong cigars. Shortly after his return to England, he went up to Magdalene College, Cambridge, for nearly two years (till June 1889), and came in closer contact with scientists who were in sympathy with his own predilections, particularly Professor Alfred Newton, the famous ornithologist. From this time his life as a Zoologist for the fifty years till his death is the history of the creation and growth of his Museum. The amateur collector who derived pleasure from collecting turned into a naturalist whose collections had the object of increasing our knowledge of nature. His acquaintance with Sir Walter Buller, from whom he acquired a collection of New Zealand birds, drew his attention to the danger of extinction threatening many mammals and birds by the spread of the European population into the remote corners of the earth, a question which remained of great interest to him all his life, the measures of protection of the fauna and flora by the creation of Nature Reserves and National Trusts having his whole-hearted support. He had at Cambridge several dozen live Kiwis, a number of which he kept later at Tring. With the broadening of his scientific horizon at Cambridge, his zoological aims became ambitious, embracing live mammals and birds as well as Museum collections. Besides the aviary of his father, there were already Kangaroos of various kinds and Emus and Rheas in Tring Park, and now enclo- sures were built in a paddock for a small number of mammals and Cassowaries, the beginning of a zoological gardens. This ambitious undertaking, however, had to be given up later on; the specimens were disposed of, and the wild population in the Park reduced to Rheas and Emus. His large Zoological Gardens occasionally referred to in newspapers never existed. The collections of skins and insects had already so much increased while the Hon. Walter Rothschild was still at Cambridge that they had to be stored at Tring in rented rooms and sheds, and it became obvious that adequate premises had to be
AGE 34.
NOVITATES ZooLOGIOAE XLI. 1938. 5
a 2
4 a. ae ee We } wavs alee
In THE ZooLoGicaAL GARDENS, Lonpon. 1903.
provided in which they were not exposed to deterioration. His father gave him a piece of ground on the outskirts of Tring Park. Here he built a cottage for the insects and books and a smaller one attached to it for a caretaker; at the same time a larger building was erected behind the cottage and connected with it, destined for the display of mounted specimens of all classes of the animal kingdom. The cottages were ready for occupation in 1889, when Walter Roth- schild came of age, but the Museum took some time to arrange and the building was not opened to the public until August 1892. Whoever advised him in the making of the plans for this public Museum forgot that all the specimens exhibited should be plainly visible. However, there was one advantage in making the glass cases too high : Walter Rothschild had evidently learnt from Dr. Giinther that it is essential for the good preservation of specimens not to expose them to direct sunlight, and there is certainly no danger that the colours of any of the animals and birds exhibited in these cases will fade. Moreover, the preference he always showed for anything big may have influenced the construction of these high cases. Walter Rothschild recognized in later years that they were excellent for storing large numbers of specimens, but that they did not come up to his expectations as regards display. To modify the building for the requirements of a modern exhibition gallery will be a difficult task.
After leaving the University, Walter Rothschild, following tradition, entered the firm of Messrs. N. M. Rothschild and Sons with the object of studying finance under the tuition of his father, and found but little Aem time for thorough supervision of the ever-
6 NoviratEs ZootocioaE XLI. 1938.
increasing collections. The mounted vertebrates in the public gallery were quite safe, being well looked after by the caretaker, Mr. A. Minall; but the insects, for which one or two attendants had been engaged, were more exposed to damage on the shelves and in the corners where the boxes were piled up. When in 1891-92 he purchased the collection of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera of the Burgomaster of Vienna, Dr. Cajetan Felder, containing some thousand types of Lepidoptera, the accumulation of material became somewhat chaotic, and Dr. A. Günther urgently advised his young friend to put a reliable zoologist as Curator in charge, recommending Mr. Ernst Hartert, who was personally known to Dr. Giinther and Walter Rothschild. Hartert, who was collecting bird skins at that time on the Dutch islands off the coast of Venezuela for Count Berlepsch and Walter Rothschild, accepted the offer of the appointment and came to Tring in October 1892. The writer of these lines had met Hartert on several occasions at the house of Count Berlepsch in Hannoversch Münden, and after some corre- spondence and a visit to Tring agreed to take over the curatorship of Invertebrates from April 1893.
The collections were already of great size and considerable scientific value in 1893. However, there was much material of inferior quality, and some of it of little use because the data necessary for research were not preserved. One can hardly blame a young and enthusiastic collector with many interests for having accepted such material ; for in those days the specimens and their names were the main thing for the average amateur and quite acceptable, be the locality and other data ever so vague. In the 80’s of the last century it had not yet entered the mind of every collector that exactness of data is a primary require- ment for a scientific collection. For instance, when a Continental insect dealer was asked at Tring in the 90’s to give a precise locality for the Lepidoptera that had been selected, he was very angry that “ New Guinea ” was not considered good enough for Tring. There are some old bills for Lepidoptera supplied in which the localities are given as S. Amerika, Afrika, Indien, the specimens themselves bearing no labels on the pins with additional information ! Some of this old material is being kept as an illustration of the history of the pro- gressive change in amateur collecting. Nobody at school or at the University knew, or troubled to tell a budding naturalist, that the specimens collected must be properly labelled. Some of the early mounted Vertebrates at Tring also have only general data or none.
It was the first duty of the new Curators to see to the safety of the collections. The cottage and the rooms at the back of the Museum were not large enough to take all the accumulated material. Many Vertebrates were stored in the Victoria Hall (at Tring) and in sheds near the Museum; the Felder collections of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera were housed in the Unity Hall, and here IANGHEEO!
Novirates ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938. 7
were also piled up numerous boxes con- taining mounted and unmounted insects, some of the boxes being so badly infested with Dermestid beetles that they had to be burned. The collections were soon brought into some sort of order, so that time became available for research. It is of interest to quote here some statements from “Notes and Details about the Tring Museum” which accompanied the pros- pectus of NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE issued in 1893:
“The Museum contains two distinct departments, namely :
“I. The Public Galleries, which contain at present about 950 stuffed Nees mammals, 3,600 stuffed birds; about 200 reptiles, stuffed and in spirit ; about 300 fishes, stuffed and in spirit; about 1,500 insects, crustaceans and arachnidae, of the most typical and representative forms, mounted ; it “II. The Students’ Department, which is entirely devoted to ornithology, coleoptera, and lepidoptera. Here the collections are much more considerable. Of Birds there are at present about 40,000 skins of over 7,000 species; of Beetles, about 350,000 specimens of more than 60,000 species ; of Lepidoptera the collection contains about 300,000 specimens of nearly 25,000 species.”
The scientific staff consisted of Walter Rothschild, Ernst Hartert, and Karl Jordan; and, in addition, there was William Warren, who had already been engaged for a while at Tring in studying and arranging the Geometridae (Warren was subsequently more or less regularly employed by the Museum until his death in 1915). A caretaker, Mr. A. Minall, and his assistant, Mr. F. Young, saw to the cleaning and heating of the premises, and an odd-job man looked after the live mammals and birds in the paddock and park. In the summer of 1893, Mr. Arthur Goodson was appointed assistant to the Curators, helping them to label and sort the specimens. The cottage where the work in systematics was carried
2 Dr. E. Hartert, Lorp ROTHSCHILD, out was full of cabinets, books, and boxes, Dr. K. Jorpan, AMSTERDAM, 1930.
8 Novirates Zootoaicaz XLI. 1938.
and there were only two desks with good light available for the three scientists ; the junior Curator had to find a place at a corridor window when he wished to use a compound lens or the microscope. The division of work had already been planned when Karl Jordan joined the Museum. Ernst Hartert was to be in charge of the birds and the general management of the Museum ; Karl Jordan to name and arrange the Coleoptera ; and Walter Rothschild to attend to the Lepidoptera and the Public Galleries, reserving for his own studies any group of Vertebrates or Invertebrates that might speci- ally interest him. In 1893 it was further agreed to encourage outside AcE 68.
help as much as possible. The
number of new species in the collections being already very large, and interesting material requiring recording extensive, it became at once apparent that the manuscripts would soon be much too numerous for the existing periodicals to accept for reasonably quick publication, and therefore Dr. Giinther, a frequent visitor to Tring Park, suggested that the Museum should issue its own periodical, publishing manuscripts which were entirely, or for the greater part, based on material in the Tring Museum, the editors to depart from this rule only in very exceptional cases. The advice was accepted, and Vol. I of NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE accordingly issued in 1894, appearing in five numbers containing contributions by nine authors,
Collections had generally been bought by Walter Rothschild as and when they were offered. But when during his Cambridge days Professor Newton had introduced him to Ornithology as a most interesting and suitable subject of research for a gentleman of means, and the foundation was laid of the Ornitho- logical collection of the Tring Museum by the purchase of New Zealand birds from Sir Walter Buller, Walter Rothschild’s interest was so thoroughly roused that he sent Henry Palmer, a sailor who could skin birds, to the Chatham Islands with the sole object of collecting all the species of birds occurring on the islands. The description of a new Pigeon, in 1891, from these islands was Walter Roth- schild’s first contribution to the literature of Zoology (and his last notes, in 1937, were on Cassowaries). It was again Newton who drew Walter Rothschild’s attention to the Sandwich Islands by showing him some of the remarkable birds sent home by Scott Wilson. Seeing such birds, and no doubt listening to the professor’s exposition of the variation of the birds from island to island, was enough to decide Walter Rothschild on an ornithological exploration of the whole group of islands, and he instructed Palmer to proceed to Hawaii when he had finished his work on the Chatham Islands. Palmer stayed on the Sandwich Islands from 1890 to 1893, and collected with great success, the account of his
Novirares ZoonoaicaArn XLI. 1938. 9
collecting being published in Avifawna of Laysan, issued in three volumes (1893- 1900), the first important work written by Walter Rothschild.
From 1893 onward the Museum entered into direct relations with many explorers, professional collectors, and residents in tropical countries so as to obtain material from places as yet little Known. In most cases the collectors engaged by the Museum went abroad at their own risk and expense, often a small sum being advanced for the payment of the initial costs, the Museum being bound by contract to take a certain number of specimens of each species of birds and Lepidoptera at an agreed fair price and having the right to the first offer of specimens of other orders and classes which might be required. Such arrangements worked very well, being advantageous to both contracting parties, and the Museum remained always in friendly relations with Ansorge, Doherty, Beck, Eichhorn, Everett, Hoffmann, Hose, Klages, Kühn, Meek, and a host of other explorers whose collections came to Tring.
x Although a rapid worker endowed with a remarkably retentive memory and a keen eye for differences, great gifts for a systematist, Walter Rothschild soon found the time at his disposal too short for the many tasks he had set himself, and already in 1894 the Coleopterist was asked to come to his assistance. The first result of this collaboration was the publication in 1895 of the Revision of the Papilios of the Eastern Hemisphere exclusive of Africa, in which for the first time in Lepidopterology geographical races described by various authors as distinct species were almost consistently (as much as the material at hand warranted) reduced to the rank of subspecies and the classification thereby much clarified. The publication had a decided influence on the methods of systematics in Lepidoptera. It was incidentally pointed out that logically the first described subspecies should bear a subspecific name like the other subspecies (P. eurypylus eurypylus, P. eurypylus lycaon, etc.), but two of the editors of NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE were much against the duplication of the name in subspecific designations and therefore the accidentally first-described subspecies was termed forma typica in the Revision. Collaboration with either of his Curators or with the specialists in the British Museum was the best method of dealing with the rapidly increasing material of the orders in which he was most interested ; but Walter Rothschild worked in many instances quite inde- pendently, neither discussing the subject with the Curators, nor submitting the manuscript. The careful observer will notice in the numerous papers entirely composed and written by him some interesting peculiarities which might puzzle anybody who was not intimately acquainted with the working of the mind of the author. When describing a new species, the points of difference discovered became so super-conspicuous in his mind that he emphasized them by the employment of superlatives and in print often by the use of clarendon type. Another point is the frequent lack of detail. Although he had studied at Bonn and Cambridge at a period when the acquisition of knowledge in internal and external morphology was one of the main objects of the Zoological curriculum, Walter Rothschild had never taken kindly to the microscope and microtome. Structural details easily escaped him. Like an artist, he perceived the animal as a whole and not the details which made up the picture, and in describing a small insect he painted in words a picture that was vividly formed in his mind without the substructure of detail which would have been revealed by the cold lenses of a microscope. In order to understand and interpret such descriptions,
2
10 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
usually short, one must put oneself into the author’s frame of mind. It will also strike the Lepidopterist as rather strange in an author of great experience that he so often laid undue stress on differences of size in closely related forms of butterflies or moths ; for it was so well known that size in Lepidoptera depends frequently on the quality or quantity of the food of the caterpillar that it is no criterion of distinctness unless corroborated by other differences. But here Walter Rothschild applied experience gained in Ornithology to the systematics of insects, the species and subspecies of birds being as a rule remarkably constant in size and many subspecies diagnosed by a difference in wing-length only.
In 1893 and 1894 accommodation was already short, and as the collections came in from abroad the lack of space became very embarrassing and caused much waste of time. Asa first measure of relief a small corrugated-iron building was put up for the overflow of Lepidoptera cabinets, and in 1897 this was followed by a much larger building of the same type for the birds and additional insect cabinets. And as it appeared quite impossible to build up large collections of both Lepidoptera and Coleoptera with only one Entomologist in charge, it was decided to dispose of the beetles ; they were gradually sold, and the Lampyridae given as a present to Olivier, in the end only one small family (Anthribidae) being retained, as the Curator of Entomology did not wish altogether to lose contact with Coleopterists. Additional space and time were thus gained for Lepidoptera.
Up to 1895 all the Lepidoptera were set by professionals in London and elsewhere, but with the greater influx of collections it became imperative to have an assistant on the premises who would attend to the setting of particularly valuable material. Mr. J. W. Shipp, who had been working in the Hope Depart- ment at Oxford, was engaged, and came to Tring in 1895 (he died in the winter 1897-8 at the home of his parents at Oxford). In the following year the staff was further increased by the appointment of Mr. F. W. Goodson, the brother of Arthur Goodson, and from this time on the latter worked exclusively in the Ornithological Department and the former in the Department of Entomology. Both had learned to set butterflies and moths, and did some of this work in overtime ; several ladies in Tring and neighbourhood also took up setting, working at home, so that at one time there were more than half a dozen out- side helpers to cope with the many collections that came in.
Work on the systematics on mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects kept pace with the increase in the collections. The more important of the numerous publications by Walter Rothschild between 1897 and 1908, in collaboration with the Curators, were the Monograph of the Charaxes, the Monograph of the Cassowaries, the Revision of the Sphingidae, the Revision of the American Papilios, and Extinct Birds. Before the century ended, his work and his Museum were known in all quarters of the globe.
In 1908 there came a break in Walter Rothschild’s life. He retired from the City, having neither inclination nor ability for finance, and he could now spend his time with more freedom on scientific pursuits and travel. He had frequently been for four or five weeks in the Alps, but had never gone outside Europe. From 1908 to 1914 he took longer holidays, visiting various European countries and North Africa, always with the object of increasing his collections, Algeria being the principal country visited by him nearly every year, accom- panied by one of the Museum’s Curators, usually Dr. Hartert. He was not one
Novirarres ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938. 11
of those hardy travellers who can stand any amount of discomfort, and having suffered when a youth from an attack of pneumonia was always afraid of catching a cold, and therefore preferred to remain within easy reach of a physician. It was fortunate that during his first visit to Algeria he made the acquaintance of Dr. Chr. Nissen, the Danish Consul-General, a physician who took an interest in Lepidoptera. When staying in the interior of Algeria, Walter Rothschild’s party was generally accompanied by Dr. Nissen. Aflou, Laghouat, Touggourt, and, of course, Biskra, and many places in the coast region and on the central plateau, were visited and some time spent at each for collecting purposes. A more arduous undertaking was a journey to El Oued, in 1909, across a wide stretch of sandy desert, Walter Rothschild on horseback and the other European members of his caravan on camels. As an able collector of Lepidoptera (V. Faroult) was employed for many years, staying in different districts and collecting and breeding specimens all the year round, and as Dr. Hartert made several independent trips to Algeria in company with an assistant who could collect and skin, the Algerian material of birds and butterflies and moths became very extensive ; in addition, some hundred specimens of mammals were obtained, among them several new species and subspecies and the Wild Boar and Leopard. It was a good documentation for a critical study of the Algerian fauna, Dr. Hartert publishing a number of papers on the birds, Walter Rothschild several articles on the butterflies and moths, and Charles Rothschild and Dr. Jordan on Siphonaptera.
In 1908 a budget had been agreed upon, intended to limit the yearly expenses of the Museum to a definite sum sufficient to meet the overhead expenses and to leave a good margin for the purchase of further collections. However, Walter Rothschild had always been accustomed to a large expenditure, of which the Museum budget was only a moderate item, and it could really not be expected that he would suddenly turn a blind eye to specimens he coveted. In the same year the administration of the Museum was simplified for the Director by the engagement of a Secretary-Librarian, the books scattered over several rooms and landings were united in a library built in 1907-8, and the Lepidoptera assembled not far from the Museum (Akeman Street) in a house altered for the purpose, being provided with central heating and electric light (the electric light of the Museum buildings was provided, as it still is early in 1938, by the Tring Park Estate, the town having installed electric light only lately). In 1909 the second corrugated-iron structure was pulled down and a large permanent building added to the Museum ready for occupation in 1910, consisting of a basement and two floors, the lower floor being allotted to the entire collection of bird skins and the upper floor to an extension of the public exhibits. In 1912 another large building, a gift from his brother, was begun and finished in 1913, with two large halls for the accommodation of all the Lepidoptera, a basement of the same size and several working-rooms with shelves for the Entomological Library, ample room being provided for the extension of the collection and the Library.
The increase in the overhead expenses since 1908 and the financing of the exploration of North Africa rendered it financially inconvenient to continue the issue of extensive Revisions and Monographs. The researches on the Saturnian moths, a superfamily in which Walter Rothschild was much interested, were discontinued, only the manuscripts on some small groups being completed and published after the war.
12 Novirates ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938.
From 1925 onwards Lord Rothschild, who had succeeded to the title on the death of his father in 1915, attended several Entomological, Ornithological, and Zoological Congresses abroad, but after his visit to Algeria in 1914 did not go again on a collecting trip ; he felt tired too easily and preferred staying at home.
In 1930 Dr. E. Hartert retired, and in 1931 his assistant, Arthur Goodson, died, the Ornithological Department being carried on by Lord Rothschild. We endeavoured to find a successor to Dr. Hartert with the same enthusiasm for Ornithology, but as there was no prospect of permanent employment and the salary offered moderate, the negotiations came to nothing. That proved to be fortunate, for in 1931, when arrangements were nearly completed for an expedi- tion to New Guinea with the object of collecting birds and Lepidoptera, Lord Rothschild was suddenly confronted with the demand to pay a debt which he had allowed to accumulate without making provision for its ultimate payment, a debt not incurred on account of the Museum. When he confessed his plight and said that he would have to sell the bird-collection in order to meet the debt, substantial assistance was at once offered, but the sum required was fairly large for that moment of general financial depression, the outlook in the City being very gloomy in the autumn of 1931. He tried in vain to exclude from the sale the Parrots and Birds of Paradise in addition to the Ratites, but had to be content with the Ratites and a few specimens of rarities not represented in the British Museum. The collection was packed up and despatched to the American Museum of Natural History, New York, in 1932. The loss of the collection was a great shock to him, and though he continued to work in the Museum at Lepidoptera, to which he had always devoted most of his time, his energy was much diminished ; he missed the birds, and it was very hard to make him realize that in consideration of his age and his financial position, it was useless starting anew to build up a bird-collection. It was a disaster for him which preyed on his mind to the end.
In May 1935, when walking from the Museum to the mansion, he slipped in a paved tunnel in the grounds and injured his left knee very severely. The shock brought on an attack of gout, and he had to keep in bed for five months. He could walk again, but was very bent and obliged to use two sticks for safety. He soon became used to his state as an invalid, however, and even attended the 1936 meeting of the British Association at Blackpool, enjoying the drives along the coast and the visits to various gardens at Blackpool and neighbourhood. His capacity for work, however, was practically gone, a couple of hours in the Museum being enough to tire him. When some time after the death of his mother early in 1935 Tring Park was shut up, the Home Farm House at Tring was altered to suit his requirements, and here he lived the last year of his life. Though an invalid who required constant attention, he seemed to be much happier and more content in his new home than he had been for years. In June 1937 his back began to trouble him, and by the middle of the month it became apparent that his spinal cord was affected by cancer, the paralysis extending downwards from the middle of the back. During the first few weeks of his illness his mind remained clear and he could discuss scientific problems and make plans with the Curator for the future of the Museum. Devoted nursing kept him alive till the 27th August, when he died in his sleep early in the morning.
Since the sale of his bird-collection Lord Rothschild had been a less prolific
NOVITATES ZootoGIcAR NLI. 1938. 13
author than before. The last important paper published by him, in collaboration with Captain Guy Dollman of the British Museum, was a Monograph of the Tree Kangaroos. This work, beautifully illustrated, was a very appropriate finish to his activities as a mammalogist, for the Marsupials were an order of mammals which had interested him deeply from his undergraduate days, the series of species represented by mounted specimens and skins assembled by him in the Tring Museum approaching completeness. His knowledge of the Marsupials and the keenness of his eye are well illustrated by an incident that happened in 1934 and is worth recording. Driving along Brompton Road, he noticed a chauffeur standing at the door of a car with a fur-rug over his arm ; he stopped, looked at the rug, took the number of the car, wrote to the lady who owned the car, and bought the rug of Tree Kangaroo pelts for £30, adding it to the collection of skins in the Museum, where it still is, together with letters referring to the transaction. The Marsupials had serious rivals in Lord Rothschild’s affection in the Monotremes and the Anthropoid Apes, both groups being better represented at Tring than in any other Museum. His favourite birds were the Ratites and Birds of Paradise, of both of which he has described many novelties. The Cassowaries in particular were a speciality on which he spent much time and money, there being no less than sixty-two mounted specimens in the public galleries at Tring, including many types, a series far in excess of anything pre- served in other Museums. The last two notes he published, in 1937, were on Cassowaries. -Albinism and melanism in mammals and birds had a great fascination for him; the number of albinos in the exhibition series being particularly large. His early connexion with Dr. Günther drew his attention to the Gigantic Tortoises, weird creatures which aroused his lively interest because they were so large and moreover threatened with extinction. Among Lepidop- tera his favourites were Papilio, Charaxes, and Morpho, Sphingidae, and Saturn- idae, and in later years Syntomidae and Arctiidae, of which he has described hundreds of new species. His fondness for large species did not prevent him from studying also small moths, such as Lithosiids and Pyrals, and he always asked collectors going to the Tropics to pay special attention to small Lepidoptera, which, he said, were much neglected by professional collectors because they had little commercial value. Like Charles Oberthtir before him, he learnt by his own experience in taxonomy that the old kind of collection containing of each “ species ” a restricted number of specimens did not give any scope for the study of variation, and he therefore advocated, like Charles Oberthür, the amassing of long series wherever feasible. The idea was carried out by him, there being sometimes hundreds of specimens from the same place in the Tring collection of Lepidoptera. It was a frequent topic of conversation with visitors. He was right in saying that systematics must rise above the mere registration of the species and, being the basis necessary for the solution of biological problems, must be sound. He knew, however, that the systematist is constantly faced by the fact that the material at his disposal is inadequate and his results, there- fore, remain often tentative and inconclusive. Long series facilitate research, and facilitation of research was one of the driving factors in Lord Rothschild’s activities as a collector. This idea was there from his earliest days as a syste- matist : for he had adopted the so-called Continental style of setting insects, which makes it easy to handle a specimen and to inspect it under a strong hand- lens or the microscope, whereas the short pin then generally in use in Great
14 NOVITATES ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938.
Britain (and nowhere else) leaves insufficient room for good labelling and compels the investigator of the legs or body to take the label off. The adoption by him of glass-bottomed drawers for Lepidoptera was likewise a great convenience for the comparison of the underside of long series. Though Lord Rothschild liked nothing better than showing series of beautifully preserved specimens to interested visitors, the possible service of the collections to science was uppermost with him, and he wished bad specimens to be kept because they might be wanted for research in morphology. Therefore, unlike the old type of amateur who was most anxious that his well-arranged rows of specimens with or without those “ugly ” bits of paper on the pins, should not be disturbed, Lord Rothschild was always highly gratified when some new distinctive character of a species was discovered by the dissection of specimens. He was no less liberal in lending material to specialists at home and aboard and in according to scientific visitors every facility for successful work in the Museum. ‘Tall and broad, he made an impression on strangers, who at first stood in awe of the owner of all these collections, but his friendly smile and amiable courtesy soon put them at their ease. His liberality has influenced the policy of other Museums to the great advantage of science. Keenness to increase his own collections did not prevent him from being generous to other Museums, particularly the British Museum,. where numerous specimens are labelled as being his donations. In various instances he bought several specimens of a mammal, keeping one for his galleries and giving the others away.
Tring Park not being his property, he had no space in which to keep live animals ; but he was so fond of them that he frequently acquired interesting species of mammals, birds, and reptiles and deposited them in the Zoological Gardens in London and elsewhere. Dogs, however, were the greatest attraction for him ; his love of them being often very embarrassing, especially in the wilds of Algeria, where he always tried to make friends with any dog he saw ; sometimes the dog looked as if it would bite first and then perhaps wag its tail. His interest in natural history went beyond Zoology and embraced Botany as well as Biblio- phily. He was one of the original holders of the Victoria Medal of Honour in Horticulture (V.M.H.), established in 1897 with the consent of Queen Victoria “to enable the council of the Royal Horticultural Society to confer conspicuous honour on British Horticulturists resident in the United Kingdom”; Lord Rothschild is survived by only one of the sixty original holders of the medal. Before 1908 his collection of live Orchids was considerable, several species being named after him, and the American Orchid Society electing him an Honorary Member.
The library of the Museum contains a number of rare old books on travel and natural history, of little use for systematic Zoology but of interest for a book-lover, De Bry’s publications particularly taking his fancy.
His services to Zoological science were much appreciated, many Ornitho- logical and Entomological Societies electing him an Honorary Fellow; he became a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia, and in 1898 the University of Giessen conferred on him the honorary degree of Ph.D. In 1899 he was elected a Trustee of the British Museum, in which institute he took as much interest as in his own Museum, and in 1911 he received the blue ribbon of science, becoming a Fellow of the Royal Society in recognition of his services to the natural sciences. He was President of the
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938. 15
Hertfordshire Natural History Society in 1911 and 1912, and of the Entomo- logical Society of London in 1921 and 1922, Chairman of the British Ornithologists’ Club from 1913 to 1918, and of the British Oological Association from 1923 to 1932 ; in 1932 he presided over the Zoology Section of the York Meeting of the British Association, taking on this occasion as the subject of his address, “‘ The Pioneer Work of the Systematist.”’
Few naturalists who knew Lord Rothschild’s pursuits in science were aware that there was another active side to his life. As a young man he served as an officer in the Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry, attaining the rank of Major, and when at the outbreak of the Boer War the whole regiment volunteered for active service, and a selection from among the officers and men was accepted, Walter Rothschild regretted he was not numbered among them; he was at that time already a heavy man, requiring exceptionally strong horses, and it was obvious that neither man nor horse would for long stand strenuous campaign- ing in a hot climate. From 1899 to 1910 he sat in Parliament as member for the Aylesbury Division of Buckinghamshire, was made a Justice of the Peace, and for many years represented Manchester on the Jewish Board of Deputies. Much of his time was taken up by service as an active member or chairman of committees of various Societies and Institutions, and he was particularly in- terested in the Middlesex Hospital. For a number of years he was chairman of the Tring Urban District Council, and until his death President of the Tring Agricultural Society. He used to hunt regularly with the Rothschild Stag Hounds before he became too heavy for this sport, and was a good shot in the pheasant coverts and at the Tring reservoirs. He remained unmarried and lived with his parents, his mother surviving his father by twenty years, dying in 1935.
At the time of his death the Museum buildings had an aggregate floor-space of nearly an acre and a half, inclusive of the basements for storage.
I. The Public Galleries contained :
1. 2,004 complete mounted mammals, 207 heads, 335 pairs of horns and antlers, 6 large Elephant tusks, and many skeletons, and skulls, some of the horns being record specimens. There were in this series 13 Gorillas, 25 Chimpanzees, 228 Marsupials, 24 Echidnas, etc., the most valuable specimen from the commercial point of view being the Quagga.
2. 2,400 mounted birds, inclusive of 18 Apteryx, 62 Cassowaries, 62 Birds of Paradise, 520 Humming Birds, the Great Auk with skeleton and two eggs, and a fine Korean Eagle.
3. 680 Reptiles and Amphibians, including 144 Giant Tortoises.
4. 914 Fishes.
5. Representative collections of Invertebrates.
II. The Students’ Department contained :
6. 1,400 mammal skins with skulls, including a number of types.
7. 4,470 bird skins, among them some extinct species.
8. A very large collection of birds eggs, including the best collection of eggs of Birds of Paradise and a number of perfect eggs of Aepyornis.
9. 300 Reptiles, dry, and a small collection in alcohol.
16 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
10. Collections of unmounted skeletons of mammals, birds, and reptiles ; numerous bones of fossil birds.
11. Some two million specimens of Lepidoptera, with numerous types (of Geometridae alone over 6,000 types).
12. A collection of Anthribid beetles containing types or paratypes of more than two-thirds of the known species.
III. A Library of nearly 30,000 volumes.
Lord Rothschild had placed the collections at the service of scientists during his life, and he wished them to remain after his death equally available for research. His frequent visits to the British Museum all his life, his intimate connexion with it as a trustee, and his collaboration with members of its staff, turned his mind towards that institute when, during his last illness, he thought of the future of his own Museum. Knowing how short of space the British Museum was, and would remain for a long time, he agreed with his Curator that the Tring Museum made into an annexe of the British Museum would not only enrich the national collections, but could be used immediately to relieve the congestion from which the Entomological Department of the British Museum suffered. He therefore sent a memorandum to the Trustees, offering the entire freehold buildings, collections, and library to the British Museum on condition that the Tring Museum be continued in some form or other as an Institute for Zoological Research. It was touching to see how gratified he was when the Chairman of the Trustees, the Archbishop of Canterbury, wrote and thanked him for his generosity. It made him very happy to hear that the Trustees would accept the gift, pending the consent of the Treasury and Parliaınent.
His reputation as a Zoologist will be lasting. Whatever the present genera- tion of biologists may think of systematics and Museums, the knowledge of the animals as created by Nature and preserved as well as can be in collections for future generations of mankind will for ever be the subject of research for the scientist and of admiration for the public. The founder of the British branch of the House of Rothschild, Nathaniel Mayer, acquired such fame as a financier that the family name still casts a spell over the imagination of man in all quarters of the globe. His great-grandson owed much to that name, but more to his own activity as a Zoologist. Passing along a different road, he, too, arrived at world-wide fame.
Novirarres Zootocican NLI. 1938. 17
LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS.
The names of collaborators are placed in brackets at the end of the quotation.
I. GENERAL.
1894. First glimpses of the Zoology of the Natuna Islands. Nov. Zool. i, pp. 467, 468. (E. Hartert.) 1899. A review of the Ornithology of the Galapagos Islands, with notes on the Webster-Harris Expedition. L.c. vi, pp. 85-142. (E. Hartert.) 1905. On the advantage of the trinomials. Ibis, pp. 133-137. 1912. On the term “ Subspecies ” as used in Systematic Zoology. Nov. Zool. xix, pp. 135-136. 1913. Bird-life on Oceanic Islands, and insular variation. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc. xv, pp. 1-14. 1914. Mimicry and protective resemblance. L.c. xv, pp. 105-120. A zoological tour in West Algeria. Narrative. Nov. Zool. xxi, pp. 180-186. (E. Hartert.) 1915. On Algeria: the Tell Region, the Hauts Plateaux, and the Saharan Desert. Bull. B.O.C. xxxv, pp. 90-99. Effects of environment on the evolution of Species, discussion. L.c. xxxv, pp. 128-142. 1918. On the naming of local races, subspecies, aberrations, seasonal forms, etc. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. pp. 115, 116. 1922. President’s Address : Algeria and its Fauna. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1921-22, pp. 131-162. 1923. President’s Address : On some aspects of variation in Lepidoptera. L.c. 1922-23, pp. 122-134. 1925. Nomenclatural note. Bull. B.O.C. xlv, pp. 89, 90. 1932. The pioneer work of the Systematist. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. York Meeting, 1932, pp. 89-102. The same in Nature, cxxx, pp. 529-531. Obituaries : 1916. Henry Ecles Dresser. British Birds, ix, pp. 194-196, portrait. 1934. Ernst Johann Otto Hartert. Ibis, pp. 350-377, two portraits, bibliography.
II. MAMMALIA.
1892. Descriptions of two new Mammals from New Guinea. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1892, pp. 545, 546.
1893. On Mesoplodon bidens. Ann. Mag. N.H. (6), xi, p. 439. 1894. Propithecus majori sp. nov. Nov. Zool. i, p. 666, pl. xiv. 1895. On two new species of Antelopes. L.e. ii, pp. 52, 53, pl. iv. 1897. Note on a new Antelope. Ann. Mag. N.H. (6), xx, pp. 376, 377.
Neumann’s Hartebeest. Nov. Zool. iv, p. 377, pl. xiv.
18
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901. 1902.
1903.
1905.
1906.
1907.
1908.
1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913.
1914.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
Note on some Kangaroo hybrids. L.c. v, p. 4. Notes on T'ragelaphus spekei spekei and T. speakei gratus, with description
of a new species. L.c. v, p. 206. Dendrolagus mazimus. L.c. vi, p. 217, pl.i.
On a new race of Ibex: Capra sibirica lydekkeri subsp. nov. L.c. vii, pp. 277, 278, pl. ii. Notes on Bubalis. L.c. viii, pp. 177, 178. Two new subspecies of Proteles. Lic. ix, p. 443. Notes on Abyssinian Mammals. In Powell-Cotton, Sporting Trip through Abyssinia, pp. 453-486. Note on Alces bedfordiae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1902, ii, p. 317. Preliminary diagnosis of a new genus and species of Kangaroo. Nov. Zool. x, p. 414.
Description of a new species of Gazelle. L.c. x, p. 480, pl. xv. Note on Dendrodorcopsis woodwardi. Luc. x, p. 543. Notes on Zaglossus and description of a new subspecies of Echidna hystrix. L.c. xii, pp. 305, 306. Note on the Eland of the White Nile. L.c. xii, p. 447, pl. xii. Note on Macropus rufus Desm., with description of a new subspecies. L.c. xii, p. 508. Notes on two Kangaroos from the “‘ Northern Territory of South Aus- tralia,’ with description of a new species. L.c. xii, pp. 509, 510.
Notes on Anthropoid Apes. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, ii, pp. 413-440, pl. xxiv.
On African Forest Pigs. L.c. 1906, p. 632. Description of a new Zebra. L.c. 1906, p. 691. Description of a new Bush-Buck. L.c. 1906, pp. 691, 692. Further notes on Anthropoid Apes. L.c. 1906, pp. 465-468.
Zur Nomenclatur der Menschenaffen. Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, pp. 85-87. Further notes of Macropus magnus. Nov. Zool. xiv, p. 333, pl. ii. Description of anew Tree Kangaroo. L.c. p. 506, pl. iv. (F. Foerster.) On a new race of Orycteropus. L.c. p. 506. Description of a new species and two new subspecies of Antelopes and a new Sheep. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, pp. 237, 238. Note on Gorilla gorilla diehli Matchie. Nov. Zool. xv, pp. 391, 392, pl. xii. Microunga angustirostris (Gill). L.c. xv, pp. 393, 394, pls. i-viii. Nasua vittata Tsch. L.c. xvi, p. 333, pl. i. Notes on Sea-Elephants (Micrownga). L.c. xvii, pp. 445, 446, pls. viii, ix. On a new Marsupial. Ann. Mag. N.H. (8), vii. p. 337. (F. Foerster.) Note on Zaglossus. The Field, December Number. Some notes on the genera Zaglossus and Tachyglossus. Nov. Zool. xx, pp. 188-191. On Ovis lervia Pallas and its subspecies. L.c. xx, pp. 459, 460. Descriptions of some new forms of Antelope, with notes. Ann. Mag. N.H. (8), xii, pp. 574-576. Ein neues Känguruh aus Neuguinea. Nov. Zool. xxi, pp. 261, 262. (F. Foerster.)
Novirates Zoonoaicarm XLI. 1938. 19
1933.
1936.
1891.
1892.
1893.
Preliminary description of a new Warthog. Ann. Mag. N.H. (9), vi, p. 416. On two new races of Oryza. L.c. (9), viii, pp. 209, 210. Captain Angus Buchanan’s Air Expedition —III. Ungulate Mammals. Nov. Zool. xxviii, pp. 75-77. On a new subspecies of Zaglossus, with remarks on the other species of
the genus. Ann. Mag. N.H. (9), x, pp. 129-131. (O. Thomas.) On a new race of Bharal. L.c. (9), x, p. 231. Description of a new Baboon. L.c. (9), x, P- 232.
Remarks on a Mountain Gorilla from near Lake Kiva. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. pp. 176, 177. On a new race of Bongo and of Gorilla. \ Ann. Mag. N.H. (9), xix, p. 271. Description of a new race of Aardvark (Orycteropus afer kordofanicus). L.e. (9), xix, p. 512. On the skull of Gorilla gorilla halli Rothsch. L.c. (9), xix, p. 512. New Mammals from Dutch New Guinea. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1932, ii, pp. 1082-1084. (G. Dollman.) On Mammals collected in Dutch New Guinea by Mr. F. Shaw Mayer in 1930. L.c. 1933, i, pp. 211-219, pls. i-iv. (G. Dollman.) A new Tree-Kangaroo from the Wondiwoi Mts., Dutch New Guinea.— Abstr., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. i, p. 40, and reprinted in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. ii, pp. 540, 541. (G. Dollman.) The genus Dendrolagus. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xxi, pp. 477-548, pls. 35-57. (G. Dollman.)
III. AVES. Description of a new Pigeon of the genus Carpophaga. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. pp. 312, 313, pl. xxviii. Descriptions of seven new species of birds from the Sandwich Islands. Ann. Mag. N.H. (6), x, pp.108-112. A new Pigeon: Ptilopus salvadorii, p. 10, Jobi—Exhibition of three new birds from the Sandwich Is.: Palmeria mirabilis, Loxops ochracea, Hemignathus affinis, p. 16 (no descriptions)—A new Duck: Anas laysanensis, p. 17, Laysan I. Bull. B.0.C. i. Columba rupestris pallida subsp. nov. p. 41, Altai. Ornith. Monatsb. i, p. 97. (E. Hartert.) Die Formen von Fringilla spodiogenys in Nordafrika. L.c. i, p. 97. (E. Hartert.) Descriptions of three new birds from the Sandwich Islands. Ibis, pp. 112-114. The Avifauna of Laysan and the neighbouring islands ; with a complete history to date of the Birds of the Hawaiian possessions. Folio, London, parts i and ii; pp. i-xiv and 1-26, 56 pls. (E. Hartert.) Description of a new species from the Sandwich Is.: Hemignathus lanaiensis, p. 24, Lanai.—A new genus and species of Fringilline bird from the Sandwich Is.: Pseudonestor xanthophrys, pp. 35, 36. (E. Hartert.)—A new species of Rail: Rallus muelleri, pp. 40, 41, Auckland
1894.
1895.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
I.— Three new birds from the Sandwich Is.: Acrulocercus bishopi, p- 41, Molokai; Himatione newtoni, p. 42, Mauai ; Himatione wilsoni, p. 42, Mauai.—Exhibition of a melanistic variety of the Razorbill (Alca torda), p. 43.—A new species of Albatross: Diomedea immuta- bilis, p. 48, Laysan.—Loxops wolstenholmei n.sp., p. 56, Oahu; Viri- donia maculata (Cab.), p. 57, Oahu; Anous hawaviensis sp.n., p. 57 ; Oestrelata nigripennis sp.n., p. 57, Kermadec Is.; Thalassogeron salvini sp.n., p. 58, N. Zealand; Diomedea bulleri sp.n., p. 58, N. Zealand. — Notes on the Genus Apteryx, pp. 59-62.
Bull. B.0.C. i. Note on Himatione dolei Wils., p. 9.—A new species of Snipe: Gallinago tristrami, pp. 11, 12. Antipodes I. L.c. ii.
On Turturoena sharpei Salvad. and Osmotreron everetti sp. nov. Nov. Zool. i, pp. 40-41, pl. iii. On Albino Swallows and Wheatears. L.c. i, p. 667. On the Habitat of Chalcopsittacus dwivenbodei Dub. resp or: Salvadorina waigiuensis gen. nov. et sp. nov. L.c. i, pp. 683, 684. (E. Hartert.)
On a new Miro from the New Zealand Region. L.c. i, p. 688. On a new Bustard from the Palaearctic region. L.c. i, p. 689. (E. Hartert). Pseudonestor xanthophrys a Drepanine Bird. L.c. i, p. 692.
A series of Snipes from the New Zealand region, with remarks thereon, p. 16.—Note on Palmeria dolei (Wils.) p. 25.—Exhibition of egg of Great Auk, and eggs of Ptilorhis victoriae, p. 36.—Note on Apteryx, p. 36.— Exhibition of three species of birds, p. 42.—Exhibition of birds from the Talaut Is., p. 46.—On Parus owstoni, p. 46.—On Aithurus polyimus (Linn.) and the new race Aithurus taylori, pp. 46, 47.—A Japanese specimen of Diomedea immutabilis, p. 47. Bull. B.0.C. iii.
A new genus and species of bird from New Zealand: Traversia lyalli, pp. 10, 11. Stephens I.—On Craspedophora mantoui Oust., p. 11.
L.e. iv. On Salvadorina waigiuensis Roths. & Hart. Nov. Zool. ii, p. 22, pl. iii. Note on the Zoxops of Oahu. L.e. ü, p. 54. Further notes on the Houbara Bustard. L.c. ii, p. 54 (E. Hartert). A new Bird of Paradise. L.c. ii, p. 59, pl. v. Note on the Stephens Island Rock-Wren Traversia lyalli Rothsch. L.c. ii, p. 81. A new species and genus of Rollers. L.c. ii, p. 479. A new species of Bower-Bird. L.e. ü, p. 480. A new species of Rail. L.c. ii, p. 481. A new species of Tanager. Luc. ii, p. 481. The White Swallows of Aylesbury. L.e. ii, p. 84. On a new Parrot. L.c. ii, p. 492.
Exhibition of Birds of Paradise of different genera and remarks thereon, pp. 21, 22.—A new species of Bower-bird: Artluroedus jobiensis, pp. 26, 27.—Spermophilopsis (nom. emend.) toreplace Drepanorhynchus Dubois 1894, p. 37.—On Sterna vittata Gmel. p. 37. Bounty I.—Note on Amblyornis inornata, Parotia carolae, and other Birds of Paradise, p. 42.
Bull. B.0.C. iv.
9
Novirares ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938. 21
1896.
1897.
1898.
List of three small collections from British New Guinea, mostly brought together in the Owen Stanley Mts. Nov. Zool. iii, pp. 8-19, pl. i. (E. Hartert.) Notes on two more specimens of Astrapia splendidissima. Lc. iii, p. 19. List of a collection made by Mr. Albert S. Meek on Fergusson, Trobriand, Egum, and Woodlark Islands. L.c. iii, pp. 233-251. (E. Hartert.) On some species in a small collection made on the Owen Stanley Mts. in the Kaiari and Oriori distriets between Mts. Alexander and Nisbet in January 1896. . Luc. ii, pp. 252-255. (E. Hartert.) On some skins collected from April to June on Mount Victoria, Owen Stanley Mts., mostly at elevations of from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. L.c. iii, pp. 530-533. (E. Hartert.) List of a collection made in the Aru Islands by Captain Cayley Webster
from May to July 1896. L.c. iii, pp. 534-536. (E. Hartert.) Uratelornis chimaera Rothsch. (Description appeared in Vol. ii. p. 479.) L.e. i, pl. ii.
Exhibition of Astrapia splendidissima and Amblyornis, p. 38.—A new Pigeon from Sumba: Ptilopus dohertyi, p. 46.—Exhibition of Humming- birds, p. 46. Bull. B.0.C. v.
A new Parrot from New Guinea: Psittacella picta, p. 5, Mt. Victoria, Owen Stanley Range.—A new genus and species of Bird of Paradise : Loboparadisea sericea, pp. 15, 16. L.e. vi.
On Differences between Güldenstadt’s Redstart and its Eastern Ally.
Nov. Zool. iv, pp. 167, 168.
Description of a new Hill-Wren from Flores. L.c. iv, p. 168.
On the Figures on Plate II. L.c. iv, p. 169.
Comatibis eremita (Linn.), a European bird.
L.c. iv, pp. 371-377, pls. vii-x. (KH. Hartert, ©. Kleinschmidt.) Rhytidoceros everetti spec. nov. Journ. Ornith. p. 513. Exhibition of Loboparadisea sericea, Nemophilus macgregoriae, and
Loria loriae, with a note on Loria mariae and Loria loriae, pp. 24, 25. — Rhamphocoelus inexpectatus sp.n. p. 32, Panama.—Notes on Oestrelata haesitata (Kuhl), Paradisea intermedia De Vis, Ruticilla erythrogastra Güld. and Z. grandis Gould, pp. 40, 41.—On the subspecies of Paradisea minor: typical P. minor, Dutch N. Guinea; P. minor jobiensis subsp. n., Jobi; P. finschi A. B. Meyer, German N. Guinea, pp. 45, 46.—Notes on Ardetta neoxena Cory, Eclectus cornelia Bonap., Psit- teuteles weberi Büttik., Ps. euteles, and Paradisea minor var. albescens Musschenbr., pp. 53, 54.—Purchase of Brehm Collection, p. 54.
Bull. B.0.C. vi.
Three new birds from Ecuador: Crypturus berlepschi, p. 5; Odonto- phorus parambae and Nemosia rosenbergi, p. 6.—Exhibition of various birds and note on female of Hudynamis honorata, p. 15.—New species from New Guinea: COyclopsittacus macilwraithi, p. 21; Pachycephala gamblei, Pachycephala salvador n. em., and Epimachus astrapioides,
p. 22. L.c. vü. Notes on Paradiseidae. Nov. Zool. v, pp. 84-87. On a new Parrot of the family Loriidae. L.c. v, p. 110.
Description of a new Cassowary. L.c. v, p. 418,
bo bo
1899.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
Notes on some Parrots. L.c. v, pp. 509-511, pl. xviii. Casuarius loriae sp. nov. L.c. v, p. 513. Three new species: Pitta dohertyi, p. 29, Sula Mangoli; Ptilinopus mangoliensis, S. Mangoli, and Pt. everetti, Alor, p. 334.—Note on an expedition to the Galapagos Is. and descriptions of six new birds: Phalacrocorax harrisi, Narborough I.; Sula websteri, Clarion I. ; Nesomimus hulli, Culpepper I.; Nesomimus affinis, Narborough I. ; Certhidia becki, Wenman I.; Certhidea drownei, Culpepper I., pp. 51-53. — Two new birds from British New Guinea: Jfrita (gen. n.) coronata and Charmosyna atrata, pp. 53, 54. Bull. B.0.C. vii. Pitta meeki sp.n., p. 6, Rossel I. ; Pitta novaehiberniae Ramsay, distinct from P. mackloti, p. 7; Nesomimus carringtoni sp. n., p. 7, Barrington I., Galapagos ; exhibition of specimens, p. 7.—Egg of Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise, p. 13.—A new subspecies of Cassowary, Casuarius casuarius intensus, p. 21, no loc., and a new Cormorant: Phalacrocorax traversi, p. 21, Macquarie Is. L.c. viii. Paradiseidae. Das Tierreich, 2. Lief., pp. vi and 52. Birds of Paradise collected by Captain Cayley-Webster.—In Through New Guinea and the Cannibal Countries ; Appendix II, pp. 376, 377. Memoir on the Cassowaries. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. pp. 773-776. Note on Casuarius casuarius sclateri. Nov. Zool. vi, p. 75. A review of the Ornithology of the Galapagos Islands, with Notes on the Webster-Harris Expedition. L.c. vi, pp. 85-205, pls. v, vi. (E. Hartert.) On some rare birds from New Guinea and the Sula Islands. The genus Apieryx, with a chapter on the Anatomy of the Kiwis by F. Beddard. L.c. vi, pp. 361-402, pls. ix-xvi. (F. Beddard.) Nest and egg of Onemophilus macgregori De Vis., p. 26, and description of Casuarius casuarius violicollis, subsp. n., Aru Is., p. 27.—A new Thrush: Geocichla dumasi, Buru, p. 30.—On Casuarius casuarius slateri, the P. cinctus group of Ptilinopus, and varieties of Lophophorus refulgens, p. 42. —Two new subspecies of Cassowaries: Casuarius picticollis hecki, p. 49, German N. Guinea; Casuarius uniappendiculatus aurantiacus, p- 50, German New Guinea.—The species and subspecies of Casso- waries, p. 55; Palaeornis salvadoru and P. derbyana, p. 56; Telespiza cantans and T. flavissima, p. 56; Mirafra erythropygia and Cerchneis alopex, p. 57 ; Pyrocephalus dubius and P. nanus, p. 57. Bull. B.0.C. viii. On LEclectus westermanni Bp., p. 2.—Exhibition of and comments on the red-bellied species of Pitta, pp. 3, 4.—A new species of Oyster-catcher : Haematopus reischeki, p. 4, New Zealand.—A new form of Lory: Eos variegata obiensis ; and exhibition of Scolopax saturata, New Guinea, and Neoscolopax rochusseni, Obi Major, p. 16.—On Hupetes geislerorum, A. B. Meyer, p. 26. ILO, 3%, Ein neuer interessanter Vogel aus Neuguinea. Ornith. Monatsh. vii, p. 137. Ein kleiner Beitrag zur ferneren Kenntnis der Ornis von Neu-Hannover. L.c. vii, pp. 138, 139. (E. Hartert.)
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938. 23
1900.
1901.
1902.
The Avifauna of Laysan and the neighbouring islands ; with a complete history to date of the Birds of the Hawaiian Possessions. London, Part iii, pp. xx and 127-320, 27 pls. (E. Hartert.) A monograph of the genus Casuarius. With a dissertation on the morphology and phylogeny of the Palaeognathae ( Ratitae and Crypturi) and Neognathae (Carinatae) by W. P. Pycraft. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xv, Part v, pp. 109-290, pls. xxii-xlv. (W. P. Pycraft.) Lalage sharpei sp. n., p. 40, Upolu, Samoa; on Cracticus quoyi and (©. rufescens, p. 40.—Turnix olivii sp. n., p. 44, Cooktown; Geocichla papuensis Seebohm, p. 44.—On Aquila fulvescens, p. 51, Albania.—On Phalacrocorax chalconoius, pp. 52, 53; on Urubitinga urubitinga, p. 53, Caripe, Venezuela.—Albinos in the Tring Museum, pp. 67-94 (E. Hartert).—On Burnesia gracilis, p. 100, Luxor; Parotia duivenbodei sp.n., p. 100, Dutch N. Guinea.— Nasiterna bruijni and Chenorhamphus grayi, p. 101, Ambernoh R. Bull. B.0.C. x. Eggs of Bubo ascalaphus and melanistic specimen of Podicipes fluviatilis, p. 10.—New birds: Crateroscelis pectoralis and C. rufobrunnea, p. 25, Microeca viridiflava and Poecilodryas cyanus salvadorii, p. 26 (E. Hartert).—On Amalocichla sclateriana and A. brevicauda, p. 26, British N. Guinea (E. Hartert).—A new species of Crow: Gazzola unicolor, p. 29, Banggai (E. Hartert)—On Diphyllodes gulielmitertii, p. 30.—Grallaria parambae, pp. 36, 37, N. Ecuador. L.c. xi. Einige Bemerkungen tiber Kasuare. Journ. Ornith. pp. 360, 361. Notes on Papuan Birds. Nov. Zool. viii, pp. 55-88, pls. ii-iv. (E. Hartert.)
Notes on Papuan Birds. L.c. viii, pp. 102-162. (E. Hartert.) List of a collection of birds from Kulambangra and Florida Islands in the Solomons Group. L.c. vill, pp. 179-189. (E. Hartert.)
List of a collection of birds from Guadalcanar Island. L.c. viii, pp. 373-382. (E. Hartert.) On Microeca viridiflava, Sericornis salvador, and Dacnis berlepschi, p. 44 (E. Hartert).—A new species of Bush-shrike : Laniarius doherty, pp. 52, 53, Nandi Escarpment.—Note on Phasianus mongolicus and Ph. reevesi, p. 53.—A new subspecies of Kingfisher: Alcyone azurea yamdenae, p. 65, Timor Laut Is.—A new Woodpecker: Chloronerpes litae, p. 70, Lita, N. Ecuador.—The real male of Dacnis berlepschi Hart., pp. 70, 71. Bull. B.0.C. xi. On Central Asiatic Pheasants and two new species: Phasianus berezow- skyi, Kansu, and Ph. hagenbecki, N.W. Mongolia, pp. 19-22.—New species from Isabel, Solomon Is.: Pitta anerythra, p. 22, and Ceyz meeki, p. 23.—Exhibition of birds from Kulambangra and Isabel, p. 23.—New birds: Leptoptila batiyi, p. 33, Coiba I., off Panama ; Loborhamphus (gen. n.) nobilis, p. 34, Dutch N. Guinea. L.e. xi. On the British Dipper. Ibis, pp. 524, 525. List of a collection of birds from south of the Issik-Kul in Russian Turkestan. Nov. Zool. ix, pp. 161-168. Further notes on the Fauna of the Galapagos Islands. Notes on the birds. L.c. ix, pp. 381-418, pl. x. (E. Hartert.)
1903.
1904.
1905.
NovITATEsS ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
List of a collection of birds made on Ysabel Island. L.c. ix, pp. 581-594, pls. vii, xi. (E. Hartert.) List of a small collection of birds made on Treasury Island, Solomon Islands. L.c. ix, p. 594. (E. Hartert.) Nests and eggs from the Galapagos Is. : Certhidea olivacea fusca, Geospiza fuliginosa, Pyrocephalus dubius, Nesomimus adamsi, pp. 46, 47.—A variety of Bclectus roratus, p. 47.—A new subspecies: Rheindarius ocellatus nigrescens, p. 55, Ulu Prahang, Malay Pen. —On Corvus eremita Linn., pp. 56, 57.—Exhibition of photographs of 5 races of Apteryx, 12 races of Casuarius, and of a hybrid between Peahen and Guinea-fowl, p. 57.—A new species of Petrel: Oestrelata worthent, p. 62, Pacific Ocean, not far from the Galapagos Is.—Two new birds : Hypotaenidia kuehni, p. 75, Tukan Bessi Is.; Francolinus coqui angolensis, p. 76, Angola. Bull. B.O.C. xii. Birds from Cocos I., p. 6.—Exhibition of Wicranous diamesus and three species of Gannets, p. 7.—A new species of Gannet: Sula granti, p. 7,
Galapagos Is. L.c. xiii. Notes on Papuan Birds. Nov. Zool. x, pp. 65-116, pl.i. (E. Hartert.) Notes on Papuan Birds. L.c. x, pp. 196-231. (E. Hartert.) Notes on Papuan Birds. L.c.x, pp. 435-480, pls. xiii, xiv. (E. Hartert.) Chalcurus inopinatus Rothsch. Luc. x, pl. ü. Berichtigung. Ann. Mus. Hungar. i, pp. 447-450. (E. Hartert.)
On Janthothorax mirabilis (Reichen.), p. 31.—Two new species of birds : Chalcurus inopinatus, p. 41, Ulu Pahang, Malay Pen.; Myzomela kuehni, p. 42, Wetter.—Remarks on Pheasants: Phasianus torquatus pallasi subsp. n., p. 43.—Stigmatops notabilis Finsch from Wetter, p. 43.—A new species of Rail: Hypotaenidia wakensis, p. 78, Wake I.
Bull. B.O.C. xiii.
A new Albatross: Thalassogeron carteri, p. 6, N.W. Australia.—A collection of birds from Hainan (with descriptions of 2 new species and 7 new subspecies), pp. 6-9. L.c. xiv.
Microgoura meeki Rothsch. Nov. Zool. xi, pl. xxi.
On Phasianus, pp. 36-38.—On Fulica cornuta, p. 38.—On Casuarius, with descriptions of 3 new species and 3 new subspecies, pp. 38-40.— Hybrids of Pheasants, p. 58.—A gigantic new species of Centropus : C. albidiventris, p. 59, Gizo I., Solomon Is.—A new Parrot from the Philippines : Prioniturus waterstradti, pp. 71, 72, S. Mindanao.—A new Pigeon : Microgoura (gen.n.) meeki, pp. 77, 78, Choiseul I., Solomon Is. — A new Pitohui: P. dichrous monticola, p. 79, Upper Aroa R.—On a series of Barn-owls, pp. 87-90.—A series of Ratite eggs, p. 90.
Bull. B.0.C. xiv.
Two new Kingfishers: Halcyon bougainwillei, p. 5, Bougainville ; Halcyon owstoni, p. 61, Northern Mariannes.—Exhibition of Paryphephorus dwivenbodei and Charmosyne atrata, p. 7.—A new Pitta from the Solomon Is.: P.anerythra pallida, p. 7, Bougainville—A new Raven from Bou- gainville: Corvus meeki, p. 21, Bougainville.—On Phoebetria fuliginosa (Gmel.) and Ph. fuliginosa cornicoides (Hutton), p. 28. IDs AF
Further contributions to our knowledge of the Ornis of the Solomon Islands. Nov. Zool. xii, pp. 243-268, pl.x. (E. Hartert.)
Novirares ZootocıcAu XLI. 1938. 25
A new species of Cassowary: Casuarius roseigularis, p. 32, no loc.— Note on Eider-ducks, pp. 43, 44.—On Diomedea carteri (Rothsch.), pp. 44, 45.—Psittacirostra psittacea deppei, nom. nov., to replace Ps. ps. oliwacea Rothsch., p. 45.—Discussion on Dendroeca aestiva (Gmel.), p. 47.—Albinos of Penguins, p. 57. Bull. B.0.C. xv.
Notes on extinct Parrots from the West Indies, with descriptions of 5 unnamed species: Conurus labati, p. 13, Guadeloupe ; Anadorhynchus purpurascens, p. 13, Guadeloupe ; Anadorhynchus martinicus, p. 14, Martinique ; Ara erythrocephala, p. 14, Jamaica; Ara gossei, p. 14, Jamaica.—Clutch of 3 eggs of Comatibis eremita, p. 15, Mogador.
Ice. xya. 1906. Two new Birds of Paradise. Tring, 3 pp.
Two new birds: Granatellus pelzelni paraensis, Para; Hulabeornis castanewentris sharpei, Wokan, Aru Is., p. 81.—A new species of Polyplectron: P. katsumatae, pp. 111, 112, Hainan.
Bull. B.0.C. xvi.
On Astrapia rothschildi Foerster and Parotia wahnesi Rothsch., pp. 7, 8. —A new Parrot: Charmosyna stellae wahnesi, pp. 27, 28, Sattelberg, German N. Guinea.—A new Pigeon: Henicophaps foersteri, p. 28 New Britain (E. Hartert). L.c. xvii.
1907. On extinct and vanishing birds. A short essay on the birds which have presumably become extinct within the last 500 years, and also those birds which are on the verge of extinction, including a few which, though not yet so far gone, are threatened with extinction in the near future. Ornis, xiv, pp. 191-217.
Extinct birds. An attempt to unite in one volume a short account of those birds which have become extinct in historical times—that is, within the last six or seven hundred years. To which are added a few which still exist, but are on the verge of extinction.
London, Fol., 244 pp., 42 pls.
Notes on Papuan Birds. Nov. Zool. xiv, pp. 433-446. (E. Hartert.)
List of a collection of birds made by Mr. A. S. Meek in the mountains on the Upper Aroa River and on the Angabunga River, British New Guinea. L.c. xiv, pp. 447-483. (E. Hartert.)
Some notes on Cassowaries. L.c. xiv, pp. 504-505, pls. v-vii.
The British Willow Tit (Parus atricapillus kleinschmidtı Hellmayr).
British Birds, i, pp. 44-47.
Baer’s Pochard as a British bird. L.e. i, pp. 63, 64.
A new species of Parrot: Conurus canibuccalis, pp. 48, 49, Humaytha R., Madeira.— Pipra nattereri from the Rio Madeira, and Cinclus schulzi from Tucuman, p. 49.—On Palaeornis intermedia, P. schisticeps, and P. cyanocephala, pp. 49, 50.—On the threatened extinction of the breeding home of birds on Ailsa Craig, p. 56.—A very rare Parrot: Urochroma dilectissima Sclater, among Bogota skins, p. 77.—A new Bird-of-Paradise : Lophorina minor latipennis, Rawlinson Mts., German N. Guinea, p. 92. Bull. B.0.C. xix.
On Carpodacus incertus Grant, p. 9.—On a new species of Bullfinch : Pyrrhula owstoni, pp. 9, 10, Formosa (E. Hartert)—On Calophasis mikado Grant, and other Pheasants, pp. 22-25.—An unknown Bird-of-
1908.
1909.
1910.
‚ao,
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
Paradise belonging to a new genus: Pseudasirapia (gen. n.) lobata, p. 25, Dutch New Guinea.—On Loborhamphus nobilis and Janthothorax mirabilis, p. 25.—Exhibition of eggs of Birds-of-Paradise, p. 36. L.c. xxi. The birds of Vella Lavella, Solomon Islands. Nov. Zool. xv, pp. 351-358, pl. xiii. (E. Hartert.) On a collection of birds from San Christoval, Solomon Islands. L.c. xv, pp. 359-365. (E. Hartert.) Note on Casuarius casuarius bistriatus Oort. L.c. xv, p. 392. Exhibition of Algerian bird-skins, p. 6.—A new species of the genus Lioptilus: L. rufocinctus, pp. 6, 7, Rugege Forest.—On Drepanornis albertisi geisleri A. B. Meyer, p. 7.—A new species of Crombec : Sylvietta neumanni, p. 42, West of L. Tanganyika.—On Parotia berlepschi and
P. carolae, p. 42. Bull. B.O.C. xxii. Note sur le Gypaéte et les Aigles criards. Rev. Fr. Orn. i, pp. 105, 106. Unusual birds in Hertfordshire. Brit. Birds, ii, p. 309. Description of a new bird from Africa. Ibis, pp. 690, 691, pl. x.
A new species of Weaver-Finch : Lagonosticta graueri, p. 102, N.W. of L. Tanganyika.—A new form of Wryneck: Iynx torquilla mauretanica, p. 103, N. Algeria.—On the Little Owl, p. 104. Bull. B.0.C. xxii.
A new species of Tree-Partridge : Arboricola rolli, pp. 7, 8, Battak Mts., Sumatra.—Pieces of the egg-shell of a Struthious bird from the South Algerian desert, and egg of Megalapteryx huttoni, pp. 8, 9.—A new Sunbird: Aethopyga seheriae owstoni, p. 32, Nauchau I., S. China.
Lic. xxv.
Notes on Eagle-Owls. Nov. Zool. xvii, pp. 110-112. (E. Hartert.)
On Caprimulgus aegyptius and C. aegyptius saharae, p. 73.—Eggs col- lected in Algeria, pp. 74, 75.—On Perdix montana Brisson, p. 81.—On white-breasted Cormorant, p. 89. Bull. B.0.C. xxv.
A new form of Amblyornis: A. subalaris germanus, pp. 13, 14, Rawlinson Mts., German N. Guinea.—On Cuculus jacksoni Sharpe and Corythornis cyanostigma, p. 14.—On a new Bird-of-Paradise from the Snow Mts. in Dutch N. Guinea: Parotia carolae meeki, p. 35; and on Paradisea mariae Reichenow, p. 36. L.c. xxvii.
Uber einige neue Formen vom Schneegebirge in Neuguinea.
Ornith. Monatsb. xix, pp. 157, 158. (E. Hartert.)
Hine neue Form von Pachycephala. L.c. xix, p. 178. (E. Hartert.)
Preliminary descriptions of some new birds from Central New Guinea.
Nov. Zool. xviii, pp. 159-160. (E. Hartert.)
Ornithological explorations in Algeria,
L.c. xviii, pp. 456-550, pls. ix-xi, xv-xxv. (E. Hartert.)
On recently described Paradiseidae, with notes on some other new species.
Ibis, pp. 350-367, pls. v, vi.
On the former and present distribution of the so-called Ratitae, or ostrich- like birds, with certain deductions and a description of a new form by C. W. Andrews. Verhandl. v. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. Berlin,
1910, pp. 144-174. (C. W. Andrews.)
Preliminary descriptions of some new birds from Central New Guinea.
Nov. Zool. xviii, pp. 159, 160. (E. Hartert.)
NoVvITATES Zoonogican XLI. 1938. 27
1912.
1913.
A new Petrel and a new Spider-hunter; Puffinus obseurus atlanticus, p. 43, near Madeira; and Melilestes novae-guineae flaviventris, p. 44, Aru Is. (E. Hartert).—Two new Parrots: Charmosynopsis multistriata, p. 45, Oetakwa R., and Nasiterna pygmaea viridipectus, pp. 45, 46, Oetakwa R.—On Mr. Meek’s Oetakwa Expedition, p. 46. Bull. B.O.C. xxvii.
Two new species of Honey-eaters : Melirrhophetes foersteri and Melipotes ater, pp. 12, 13 (E. Hartert).—A new species of Thickhead from New Guinea: Pachycephala tenebrosa, p. 20.—Some new birds from New Guinea, pp. 33-35 (E. Hartert).—Cyclopsitta blythi meeki, the same as Oyclopsittacus godmani, p. 35 (E. Hartert)—On three races of Pristorhamphus, pp. 35, 36 (E. Hartert). IL, ZOaIbx,
On some newly described Birds-of-Paradise, and some undescribed eggs of the same group. Ibis, pp. 109-112, pl. ii.
Ornithological explorations in Algeria. List of birds collected and observed. Nov. Zool. xviii, pp. 471-550. (E. Hartert.)
List of a collection of birds made by Mr. Albert S. Meek on the Kumusi River, North-Eastern British New Guinea.
L.c. xix, pp. 187-206. (E. Hartert.)
List of birds collection by Mr. A. S. Meek at Haidana, Collingwood Bay, in North-Eastern British New Guinea.
L.c. xix, pp. 207-209. (E. Hartert.)
Remarks on Cassowaries and description of a new species: Casuarius keysseri, Rawlinson Mts., German N. Guinea, pp. 49-52.
Bull. B.0.C. xxix.
Alteration of plumage due to derangement or injuries to the genital organs, pp. 52-58. L.c. xxix.
A new subspecies of Albatross: Diomedea culminata mathewsi, p. 70, Campbell I., New Zealand. — Exhibition of birds’ eggs from New Guinea, p. 117.—Exhibition of and remarks on skins of Birds-of-Paradise and
Parrots, pp. 117, 118. L.c. xxix. A new Weaver-finch from Madagascar: Foudia omissa, pp. 26, 27. L.c. xxxi.
On some Australian forms of T'yto. Nov. Zool. xx, pp. 280-284. (E. Hartert.) List of the collections of birds made by Albert S. Meek in the Lower Ranges of the Snow Mountains, on the Eilanden River, and on Mount Goliath, during the years 1910 and 1911. L.c. xx, pp. 473-527. (E. Hartert.) Obituary notices of W. B. Tegetmeier, H. J. Pearson, E. A. Wilson, and R. Collett, p. 44.—Melanistic specimens of Pheasants and of some other birds, albinistic birds from his collection, pp. 45-51.—Exhibition of and remarks on hybrids exhibited from his collection, pp. 51-54.— Remarks on eggs and birds from Algeria, pp. 106, 107. Bull. B.0.C. xxxi. Remarks on various Cassowaries, pp. 34, 35.—Remark on Chelidon rufula and Ch. smithi, p. 42.—Chairman’s Address, pp. 52-56.—Remarks on the genus Bradyornis and description of a new subspecies: Br. pallidus sharpei, Abyssinia, pp. 65, 66.—A new species of Cassowary : Casuarius foersteri, p. 66, S.E. New Guinea.—Remark on change in colour of
1914.
1915.
1916.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
plumage and on Müllerian mimicry, p. 67.—On immature examples of Accipiter gularis and of three species of Birds-of-Paradise, pp. 74, 75.— On the correct name of Montagu’s harrier, pp. 75, 76. L.c. xxx. Notes on some Conurus of the ‘“ emops ” group. Avicult. Mag. v, p. 153. On a collection of birds from Goodenough Island. Nov. Zool. xxi, pp. 1-9. (E. Hartert.) List of a small collection of birds from the Aicora River. L.c. xxi, pp. 10-12. (E. Hartert.) A zoological tour in West Algeria. List of birds collected and observed. L.c. xxi, pp. 180-204, pls. vii, vii. (E. Hartert.) On the birds of Rook Island, in the Bismarck Archipelago. L.c. xxi, pp. 207-218. (E. Hartert.) On a new form of Rhea. L.c. xxi, p. 223. (C. Chubb.) The birds of the Admiralty Islands, north of German New Guinea. L.c. xxi, pp. 281-298, pl. x. (E. Hartert.) Birds from the Admiralty Is., with descriptions of new species and subspecies, pp. 104-109 (E. Hartert).—Notes on Algerian birds, p- 140.—Note on Chersophilus duponti, p. 141.—Remarks on the nesting
habits of Passer simplex in Algeria, p. 143. Bull. B.O.C. xxxiii. Chairman’s Address, pp. 2-5.—A new subspecies of Cassowary from Jobi I.: Casuarius papuanus goodfellowi, pp. 5-7.—A new species of
Goshawk from New Guinea: Accipiter ( Astur) eudiabolus, pp. 7, 8; and note on a young female Goshawk from Halmaheira, p. 8 (E. Hartert).—A new form of Kingfisher: Ceyx solitaria mulcata, pp. 24, 25 (E. Hartert).—A new form of Dicaeum: D. geelvinkianum rosseli, p- 32, Rossel I. (E. Hartert),—Remarks on Halcyon nigrocyanea,
p- 33 (E. Hartert). L.c. XXXv. The birds of Dampier Island. Nov. Zool. xxii, pp. 26-37. (E. Hartert.) The birds of Vulcan Island. L.c. xxii, pp. 38-45. (E. Hartert.) Notes on Papuan birds. L.c. xxii, pp. 46-60. (E. Hartert.) On the Genus Fregata. L.c. xxii, pp. 145, 146.
Note on the genus Sula, pp. 41-45, with description of a new subspecies : S. dactylatra californica, p. 43.—Varieties of Common Partridge, p. 45. Bull. B.0.C. xxxv. Chairman’s Annual Address, pp. 29-34.—Remarks in a discussion on the bearing of Oology on classification, p. 20.—Remarks on breeding in immature plumage of various birds, pp. 40, 41. L.c. xxxvi. On some forms of Coracina from the Solomon Islands. Nov. Zool. xxiii, pp. 289-291. (EK. Hartert.) A new Monarcha from Rossel Island. L.c. xxiii, p. 297. (E. Hartert.) On Zdolvisoma incertum (Meyer) and HE. meyeri Meyer, p. 58.—Note on Scolopax saturata Horsf. and Scolopax saturata rosenbergi Schl., p. 66.— Descriptions of and remarks on 5 new Flycatchers from the Solomon Is., pp. 72-74 (E. Hartert)—On Scolopax saturata Horsf., and its subspecies rosenbergi Schleg., pp. 86, 87. Bull. B.0.C. xxxvi. Chairman’s Annual Address, pp. 2, 3.—On Crex porzana, p. 3.—A new Flycatcher from Australia: Microeca flavigaster laetissima, p. 4, Queensland. L.c. xxxvii.
NOoVvITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938. 29
1917.
1918.
1919.
1921.
Review of the forms of Lalage karu inhabiting the Papuan subregion, pp. 15-17 (E. Hartert).—On Tyto arfaki Schleg., pp. 17-19.—A new sub- species of Myzomela: M. eichhorni interposita, p. 38, New Georgia and Rendova (Hartert).—On the status of Lophophorus impejanus Lath. and L. refulgens, pp. 49-51.—Remarks on Oenianthe, p. 57. L.c. xxxvü.
Annual address of the Chairman, pp. 1-3.—A new subspecies of Game- bird from Borneo: Melanoperdix nigra borneensis, pp. 3, 4.—Remarks on African Pigeons, with description of a new subspecies, Turtur afer slateri, pp. 25, 26. L.c. xxxviii.
A few additional notes on the birds of Rossel Island, Louisiade group.
Nov. Zool. xxv, pp. 311, 312. (E. Hartert.)
Further notes on the birds of Sudest Island, or Tagula, in the Louisiade group. L.c. xxv, pp. 313-326. (EK. Hartert.)
Note on Turtur afer slateri, pp. 37, 38.—On an Eagle-Owl from North Algeria, pp. 38, 39.—Remarks on a recently described Albatross, p. 39.— A curious Rhipidura from Kapaur, Western New Guinea, pp. 57, 58.— A new form of Lioptilus: L. abyssinicus ansorgei, p. 78, Benguela. —Remarks on the status of the Wildfowl on the Tring Reservoirs, pp. 79, 80. Bull. B.0.C. xxxviii.
Remarks on the picture of the White Dodo by Pieter Witthoos, pp. 16, 17. —Note on Crossoptilon mantchuricum, p. 17. Luc. xxxix.
On one of the four original pictures from life of the Réunion or White Dodo. Ibis, pp. 78, 79, pl. ii.
Remark on the Black-necked Grebe, p. 34.—On a new subspecies of Ostrich: Struthio camelus syriacus, and a key to the males and eggs of the five known forms of Ostriches, pp. 81-83. Bull. B.O.C. xxxix.
On New Guinea Parrots of the desmaresti group of the genus Opopsitta, pp. 64-67.—On a new species of Blood-Pheasant: Ithaginis clarkei, pp. 67, 68, N.W. Yunnan.—Exhibition of eggs of Paradiseidae and Corvidae, p. 123.—On a model of Dinornis maximus Owen, p. 133.— Note on /frita kowaldi (de Vis), pp. 134, 135. Luc. xl.
Two new birds from Asben: Myrmecocichla buchanani and Anthus sordidus asbenaicus, p. 33. Luc. xli.
On the correct name of D’Aubenton’s “ Manucode a Bouquets.”
Ibis, p. 465.
On a collection of birds from West-Central and North-Western Yunnan.
Nov. Zool. xxviii, pp. 14-67.
On some birds from the Weyland Mountains, Dutch New Guinea.
L.c. xxviii, pp. 280-294.
A new species of Snipe from the New Zealand region: Coenocorypha aucklandica iredalei, p. 63.—A new Thrush from Ceram: Turdus joiceyi, pp. 74, 75 (E. Hartert)—On Oreoibis akleyorum Chapm., p. 111.—A new subspecies from Buenos Aires: Thinocorus apoda venturii, p. 111.—A new species of Paradisea: P. mixta, p. 127, no loc. —On Paradisea apoda granti, p. 127.—A new Bird-of-Paradise : Paradisea apoda subintermedia, pp. 138, 139.—Exhibition of eggs of Struthious birds, pp. 149, 150. Bull. B.0.C. xli.
Exhibition of eggs of Alcididae, Tetraonidae, and Phasianidae, p. 34.
L.c. xlii.
1924.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
On the names of certain Parrots of the genus Larius Bodd. = Zelectus Wagl. Ann. Mag. N.H. (9) ix, pp. 411-412. Note on egg of Struthiolitus, pp. 71, 72.—Exhibition of eggs of Larks and Pipits, pp. 80, 81.—Tanisiptera danae intensa subsp. nov., p. 91, New Guinea.—On an egg of Struthiolithus from Honan, p. 123. Bull. B.O.C. xlii. (E. Hartert.) Descriptions of (11) new Yunnan birds, pp. 9-12.—A new subspecies of Flycatcher: Hmpidornis semipartitus orleansi, p. 45, Upper Nile-—On two very rare Owls from South Abyssinia, pp. 45, 46.—On an example of Asio capensis (Smith), pp. 45, 46.—A white variety of Scopus umbretta bannermani Grant, p. 46. L.c. xliü. On a second collection sent by Mr. George Forrest from N.W. Yunnan. Nov. Zool. xxx, pp. 33-58. An Ornithological Autumn Journey to Algeria. L.c. xxx, pp. 79-88. (E. Hartert.) On a third collection of birds made by Mr. George Forrest in N.W. Yunnan. ' Lc. xxx, pp. 247-267. The Reading Sewage Farm as a possible bird sanctuary, p. 83.—Remarks on intermediate specimens between Paradisea apoda raggiana and P. a. novaeguineae, p. 115.—A new bird from Buru: Madanga (gen. n.) ruficolus, p. 117 (EK. Hartert)—On sporadic and racial Hybrids, pp. 126-129.—Crossoptilon crossoptilon crossoptilon, p. 129, N.W. Yunnan.—On a new Courser from Fuerteventura: Cursor cursor bannermani, pp. 165, 166. Bull. B.0.C. xliii. Exhibition of Chats’ eggs from Rumania and North Africa, pp. 1, 2 (E. Hartert).—Exhibition of and remarks on eggs of Balaeniceps, Phoeni- copterus, Megalornis, and many other birds, pp. 9-11 (E. Hartert).— Eggs of European Titmouses and other birds, pp. 15-17 (E. Hartert). Bull. B. Ool. Assoc. i. Notes on Lophocerus jacksoni Grant and L. deckeni (Cab.) Ann. Mag. N. H. London (9), xiv, p. 317. Birds from St. Matthias I., with descriptions of seven new forms, pp. 50- 53 (E. Hartert).—On a British-killed specimen of Cwursorius cursor, p- 93. Bull. B.0.C. xliv. A new species of Lory and of Honey-eater from New Ireland : Domicella albidinucha and Philemom eichhorni, pp. 7, 8 (EK. Hartert).— Centropus violaceus from New Ireland, p. 9.—A specimen of the “ Hairy Moor- hen,” p. 9. L.c. xlv. Exhibition of and comments on eggs of Pittidae, Caprimulgidae, Podar- gidae, Steatornithidae, Hurylaemidae, and Cuckoos, pp. 33-36.—Exhibi- tion of eggs of Charadrius, Thinornis, Lymnocryptes, Capella and Coenocorypha and remarks on some of them, pp. 47, 48. Bull. B. Ool. Assoc. i. On a fourth collection of birds made by Mr. George Forrest in N.W. Yunnan. Nov. Zool. xxxii, pp. 292-313. Muscicapa blythi renamed M. collini, p. 90. Bull. B.0.C. xlv. A new form of Cassowary: Casuarius casuarius lateralis, p. 30, north coast to North-East N. Guinea.—On Oenanthe seebohmi near Biskra, p. 45. L.c. xlvi.
Noyirares ZOOoLOGICAE XLI. 1938. 31
1927.
1928.
1929.
Exhibition of eggs of larger Limicolae and remarks on some of them, p. 58. Bull. B. Ool. Assoc. i. On the Avifauna of Yunnan, with critical notes. Nov. Zool. xxxiii, pp. 189-343. Supplemental notes on the Avifauna of Yunnan. L.c. pp. 395-400. Ein ausgestorbener Drepanidide : Sassius simplex Rothsch. & Hart. Journ. Ornith. 74, pp. 386-388, pl. ix. (E. Hartert.) On the variation in Centropus ateralbus (Less.), pp. 50, 51.—An appar- ently extinct bird of the family Drepanididae: Sassius (gen. n.) simplex sp. n., p. 51, Sandwich Is. (E. Hartert)—Two new species from New Britain: Aceipiter luteoschistaceus and Turdus talaseae, p. 53 (E. Hartert)—On various forms of Fulvetta and description of a new subspecies: F. chrysotis forresti, p. 64, Yunnan.—Faked bird-skins, p. 81. Bull. B.0.C. xlvi. On One-wattled Cassowaries, pp. 26-28. L.c. xlvii. Eggs of Vultures and Eagles, pp. 89, 90.—Eggs of Falcons and Buzzards, with data, pp. 97-99.—Exhibition of Cranes’ eggs and remarks thereon, pp. 117-119. Bull. B. Ool. Assoc. i. Corrections and criticisms to the article on the Avifauna of Yunnan. Nov. Zool. xxxiii, pp. 398-400. Supplement to the Avifauna of Yunnan (Novitates Zoologicae, xxxiii, pp. 189-343). L.c. xxxiv, pp. 39-45. Remarks on the Carolina Parrot, Conuropsis carolinensis, p. 130.— Exhibition of drawings and specimens of Melanistic forms of various families of birds, and remarks thereon, pp. 138-143.—On pictures of the White Dodo, p. 144. Bull. B.O.C. xlvii. On two Humming-birds hitherto considered as hybrids, p. 41. L.c. xlviii. Exhibition of eggs of Oenanthe, various species and subspecies, pp. 36, 37 (E. Hartert)—Exhibition of eggs of Argusianus, Rheinardtius, Numida, Carpococcyx, Cabalus, Tricholimnas, and other birds, with remarks thereon, pp. 37, 38. Bull. B. Ool. Assoc. ii. Wild hybrid between Mallard and Pintail. Scottish Naturalist, pp. 89, 90. A pure white example of the Red-necked Grebe, p. 73.—Description of a new Cassowary : Casuarius rogersi, pp. 87, 88, no loc.—A new Ground- Pigeon: Otidiphaps nobilis arvensis, p. 88.—Remarks on a series of hermaphrodite and gynandromorphic birds, pp. 89, 90.—The egg of the Flightless Rail from Inaccessible I., Tristan da Cunha, p. 121.— Exhibition of 52 species of Rails and remarks thereon, pp. 122-124. Bull. B.O.C. xIviii. On a pale variety of the Kestrel and similar varieties of other birds, pp. 4-9.—On a Great Auk and egg, p. 9.—A new race of Cassowary : Casuarius bicarunculatus intermedius, pp. 9-10, Aru Is. ILC, llbz, Exhibition of and short remarks on eggs of Calopezus, Tinamus, Crypturus and many others, pp. 67-69.—Exhibition of eggs of Bustards and other birds, with remarks thereon, pp. 80-82. Bull. B. Ool. Assoc. ii. Ailuroedus buccoides and its subspecies. Nov. Zool. xxxv, p. 59. (E. Hartert).
32 Novitates ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938.
Note on Lampribis rara and L. olivacea. L.c. xxxv, p. 81. A British specimen of Turdus dauma aureus Holandre, p. 58, Suffolk.— Exhibition of hybrid Ducks and remarks thereon, pp. 93-99.—Note on Manucodia ater alter and a new subspecies: M.a. subalter, pp. 109, 110. Bull. B.0.C. xlix.
Exhibition of drawings on Cassowaries and remarks thereon, pp. 5, 6.— Remarks on Lämmergeier, p. 18.—On the three known species of
Xanthomelas, p. 33. L.c. 6. On a series of eggs of various Rails from all over the world, pp. 103-106.— Exhibition of eggs of Ragles, pp. 140, 141. Bull. B. Ool. Assoc. ii.
1930. On the breeding of the Sarus Crane (Grus antigone Linn.) at Tring. Avicult. Mag. viii, pp. 89-91, 2 photographs. Notes on the preceding article of Dr. Stresemann (Welche Paradiesvogel- arten der Literatur sind Hybriden Ursprungs ?). Nov. Zool. xxxvi, pp. 16-17. Exhibition of Birds-of-Paradise and remarks thereon, pp. 38-40.— Melanistic mutant of Common Pheasant, p. 40.—On his Sarus Cranes, p. 67.—On three races of Turdus philomelos, p. 68.—The hitherto undescribed eggs of the Tristan da Cunha Thrush and Diving Petrel (Nezocichla eremita and Pelecanoides urinatrix dacunhae), p. 74. Bull. B.0.C. 1. On the hitherto unknown eggs of the Paradise-Crow (Lycocorax pyrrho- pterus pyrrhopterus) and Phonygammus kereaudreni kereaudreni, p. 9.— Exhibition of a series of male Pochard (Fuligula ferina) and remarks thereon, p. 25. L.c. li. On the eggs of Cicinnurus regius, p. 2.—Exhibition of eggs of Birds-of- Paradise, pp. 2, 3. Bull. B. Ool. Assoe. iii. 1931. A preliminary review of the Mooruk (Papuanus bennetti) Group of Cassowaries. Nov. Zool. xxxvi, pp. 181-183, pls. i, ii. On a collection of birds made by Mr. F. Shaw Mayer in the Weyland Mountains, Dutch New Guinea, in 1930. L.c. xxxvi, pp. 250-276, pls. iii, iv. Notes on Paradiseidae with a list of species, subspecies, and hybrids exhibited at the Seventh International Ornithol. Congress. Proc. 7th Intern. Ornith. Congr. Amsterdam, 1930, pp. 285-298. Note on Nomenclature, p. 68.—A new subspecies : T'rugon terrestris mayri, p. 69, Hollandia.—On a pair of American Wigeon, p. 99, North Uist.— A new subspecies of Lark: Aethocorys personata intensa, p. 100, N’Guasa Nyiro R. Bull. B.0.C. ii. A new race of Cypseloides: C. fumigatus major, p. 36, Tucuman.— Two hitherto undescribed eggs: Pseudorestes ferrugineus brevipennis and Paradisea rubra, p. 37. L.e. li. 1932. Ona new Bird of Paradise. Ann. Mag. N.H. (10), x, 1932, p. 126. Ornithologische Ergebnisse der Expedition Stein, 1931-32. Nov. Zool. xxxvili, pp. 127-247 (partim: Paradiseidae, Psittaci, Rallı). A series of Pheasants bred in England and remarks thereon, pp. 80, 81. — A new subspecies: Sylvia undata maroccana, p. 82, N.W. Marocco.— Note on three Cassowaries, p. 82.—Perversion of plumage in Pheasants,
Novirates ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938. 33
1937.
1894.
1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1901. 1902.
1903.
1907. 1915.
1925.
1927.
1928.
1931.
1893.
p. 94.—On a specimen of Spathula clypeata, p. 102.—A correction: Sylvia
undata maroccana renamed S. u. tingitana, p. 105. Bull. B.0.C. lii. On Casuarius uniappendiculatus rufotinctus, p. 238.—A curious variety of the Blackbird at Tring Park, p. 238. L.c. iii.
Two new subspecies of Cassowaries: Casuarius papuanus shawmayeri, p. 120, Kratke Mts., and C. casuarius grandis, p. 121 (2), North coast of
Dutch N. Guinea. L.e. lvii. IV. REPTILIA.
On Giant Land Tortoises. Nov. Zool. i, pp. 676, 677, pl. xi. Remarks and corrections relating to the living Giant Tortoise on Mauri-
tius. L.e. i, p. 690. Further notes on Gigantic Land Tortoises. L.c. ü, p. 483. Further notes on Gigantic Land Tortoises. L.c. ii, pp. 85-91. Further notes on Gigantic Land Tortoises. L.c. iv, pp. 407, 408, pl. xiii. Note on Testudo sumeiret. L.c. vi, pp. 359, 360. A new Land Tortoise from the Galapagos Is. L.c. viii, p. 372.
Further notes on the Fauna of the Galapagos Is. L.c. ix, pp. 373, 374, photographs. (E. Hartert.)
Note regarding Testudo elephantopus. L.c. ix, p. 448. Further notes regarding Testudo elephantopus. L.c. ix, p. 618. Description of a new species of Gigantic Land Tortoise from the Galapagos Is. L.c. ix, p. 619. Description of a new species of Gigantic Land Tortoise from Indefatigable I. L.c. x, p. 119.
Note on Uroplates fimbriatus lichenius subsp. nov. L.c. x, p. 490, pls. iii, iv. (A. W. Head.) A new species of Giant Tortoise. L.c. xiii, pp. 753, 754. The Giant Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Is. in the Tring Museum. L.c. xxii, pp. 403-417, pls. xxi-xxxii. On the Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Seychelles and Aldabra-Mada- gascar group with some notes on certain forms of the Mascarene group. L.c. xxii, pp. 418-442, pls. xxiii-Ixxvi. Giant Tortoises of the Galapagos and Mascarene Is. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. p. 40. The Giant Monitor Lizard. The Field, Jan. 1927, p. 115, fig. 1. Exhibition of a mounted specimen of Varanus komodensis. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 256.
Notes on Gigantic Land Tortoises. L.c. pp. 658-660. V. PISCES.
The record Bream for Britain. The Field, p. 629.
The largest Bream ever recorded. L.c. p. 897.
VI. INSECTA. A. COLEOPTERA. On two new species of the genus Hnoplotrupes. Ann. Mag. N.H. (6), xii, pp. 36-38. (K. Jordan.) On some new or little known species of Coleoptera from the Hast. L.c. pp. 452-455. (K. Jordan.)
34
1894.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
Six new species of Plusiotis and one new Anoplostethus. Nov. Zool. i, pp. 504-507. (K. Jordan.)
B. LEPIDOPTERA.
A collection of Lepidoptera from S.W. Celebes. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, pp. 14-16. Exhibition of and comments on Neptis mimetica n.s., Cynthia aequicolor ! n.s., and other Lepidoptera. L.c. p. 21. On a collection of Lepidoptera from Timor, Pura, Sumba, and other islands. L.c. pp. 21-23. On a little known species of Papilio from the Island of Lifu, Loyalty group. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 141, pl. iv. On a new and also on a little known species of Pseudacraea in the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild. L.c. pp. 201, 202, pl.x. (A. G. Butler.) Notes on a collection of Lepidoptera made by William Doherty in Southern Celebes during August and September 1891: J. Rhopalocera. D. Ent. Zeits. Iris, v, pp. 429-442, pls. iv-vü. Zwei neue Charaxes-Formen. L.c. vi, pp. 348-350. Two new species of Lepidoptera from German New Guinea. Ann. Mag. N.H. (6), xü, pp. 455-457. (K. Jordan.) Descriptions of new Sphingide in the collection of Dr. Otto Staudinger. D. Ent. Zeits. Iris, vii, pp. 297-302, pls. v—vii. Exhibition of Ornithoptera paradisea Staudg. and other Lepidoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 15. On a new species of the Hepialid genus Oenetus. Ann. Mag. N.H. (6), xiii, p. 440. Notes on Sphingidae, with descriptions of new species. Nov. Zool. i, pp. 65-98, pls. v—vii.
Some new species of Lepidoptera. L.c. i. pp. 535-540, pl. xii. Additional notes on Sphingidae. L.c. i. pp. 541-543. On five new Delias. L.c. i. pp. 661-662. Additional notes on Sphingidae. L.c. i. pp. 664, 665. On some new local races of Papilio vollenhovii Feld and Papilio hipponous
Feld. L.c. i. pp. 685-687. On a new genus and species of Butterfly. L.c. i. p. 687. On a new species of the Family of Sphingidae. L.c. ü, p. 28.
Notes on Saturnidae ; with a Preliminary Revision of the Family down to the genus Automeris, and descriptions of some new species. L.c. ii, pp. 35-51, pl. x. Two new species of Rhopalocera from the Solomon Is. L.c. ii, pp. 161, 162. A new species of Theretra from the d’Entrecasteaux Is. L.e. ii, p. 162. Revision of the Papilios of the Eastern Hemisphere, exclusive of Africa. L.c. ii, pp. 167-463, pl. vi. (K. Jordan.) Some new forms of the genera Bizarda and Milionia. L.c. ii, pp. 464, 465. (K. Jordan.) On two new Moths and an aberration. L.c. p. 482.
1 These names apparently have escaped notice.
NOVITATES Zoonoaroan XLI. 1938. 35
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
On Milionia and some allied genera of Geometridae. L.e. ii, pp. 493-498, pl. vii. Some notes on my Revision of the Eastern Papilios, exclusive of Africa. L.e. ii, pp. 503, 504. (K. Jordan.)
On Copaxa multifenestrata (H.-S.) L.e. ii, p. 504. Description of a new local form of Troides victoriae (Gray) from Bougain-
ville I., Solomon group. Entomologist, xxviii, pp. 78, 79. Explanation of plates vii—x. Nov. Zool. ii (in front of pl. vii).
Two new Charazes from the Lesser Sunda Is.
Entomologist, xxix, pp. 308, 309.
Notes on Heterocera, with descriptions of new genera and species. Nov. Zool. iii, pp. 21-62. (K. Jordan.) Further notes on my Revision of the Papilios of the Eastern Hemisphere, exclusive of Africa. L.c. iii, pp. 63-68. New Lepidoptera. L.c. iii, pp. 91-99.
Notes on Heterocera, with descriptions of new genera and species. L.c. pp. 185-208, pl. iv. (K. Jordan.)
Some undescribed Lepidoptera. L.c. iii, pp. 231, 232. New Lepidoptera. L.c. iii, pp. 322-328. On some new subspecies of Papilio. L.c. iii, pp. 421-425. Descriptions of some new species of Lepidoptera, with remarks on some
previously described forms. L.c. ii, pp. 600-603, pls. xiii-xv.
On Eudaemonia brachyura Drury and E. argiphontes Kirby. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 37. On a new species of Papilio from Uganda. Entomologist, xxx, p. 165. Descriptions of some new species and subspecies of Lepidoptera. Nov. Zool. iv, pp. 179-184. Some new species of Heterocera. L.c. iv, pp. 307-313, pl. vii. Notes on Heterocera, with descriptions of new genera and species. L.c. iv, pp. 314-316, pl. iv. (K. Jordan.) On some new Butterflies and Moths. L.c. iv, pp. 507-513. On some new or rare Lepidoptera of the Old-World regions. L.c. v, pp. 96-102. Some new Lepidoptera from the East. L.c. v, pp. 216-219. Some new Lepidoptera from Obi. L.c. v, pp. 416-418. A Monograph of Charaxes and the allied prionopterous genera. L.c. pp. 545-601, pls. v-xiva, text-figs. 1-38. (K. Jordan.) Some new Lepidoptera from the East. L.c. v, pp. 602-605, text-figs. 1-4. Some new Eastern Lepidoptera. L.c. vi, pp. 67-71. A Monograph of Charazxes and allied prionopterous genera (continuation). L.c. vi, pp. 220-226, text-figs. 39-42. (K. Jordan.) On some new Lepidoptera from the East. L.c. vi, pp. 429-444. (K. Jordan.) Two new species of Charaxes. Entomologist, xxxii, pp. 171, 172. Description of the hitherto unknown female of Oenetus mirabilis. Nov. Zool. vii, p. 24. Some new or recently described Lepidoptera. L.c. vii, pp. 274-276, pl. v.
36
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
A Monograph of Charaxes and the allied prionopterous genera (continua- tion). L.c. vii, pp. 281-524, pls. vi-viii, xi, xii. (K. Jordan.) Some new Butterflies and Moths. L.c. viii, pp. 218-220. On some Lepidoptera. L.c. viii, pp. 401-407, pls. ix, x. (K. Jordan.) On some new or rare Lithosiinae. L.e. viii, pp. 409-424. (K. Jordan.) Some new N.E. African Lepidoptera discovered by Oscar Neumann. L.c. ix, pp. 595-598. A Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Sphingidae. L.c. ix, Supplement, pp. cxxxv and 972, 64 pls. (K. Jordan.) Some new Cossidae from Queensland, bred by Mr. R. P. Dodd. L.c. x, pp. 306-308. Some new Butterflies and Moths. L.c. x, pp. 309-312. A Monograph of Charaxes and allied prionopterous genera (conclusion). L.c. x, pp. 326-342. (K. Jordan.) Some new or unfigured Lepidoptera. L.c. x, pp. 481-487, pls. xi, xii. (K. Jordan.) Some new African Papilios. L.c. x, pp. 488, 489. (K. Jordan.) Lepidoptera collected by Oscar Neumann in North-East Africa. L.c. x, pp. 491-542. (K. Jordan.) Lepidoptera from British New Guinea, collected by Mr. A. S. Meek.
A new form of Prothoé from the Solomon Islands. L.c. xi, p. 366. New Sphingidae L.c. xi, pp. 435-440. A new African Melanitis. L.c. xi, p. 451. New forms of Butterflies. L.c. xi, pp. 452-455. Two new Saturniidae. L.c. xi, p. 601. A new subspecies of Troides victoriae. L.c. xi, p. 654. Some undescribed Lepidoptera. L.c. xii, pp. 78, 79. Lepidoptera collected by Oscar Neumann in North-East Africa (continua- tion). L.c. xii, pp. 175-191. (K. Jordan.) On some new Lepidoptera discovered by A. S. Meek in British New Guinea. L.c. xii, pp. 448-478. (K. Jordan.) Papilio steinbachi spec. nov. Entomologist, xxxviii, p. 125. On a new parasitic Tineid Moth from Queensland, discovered by P. F. Dodd. Nov. Zool. xiii, pp. 162-169. (P. F. Dodd.) New Sphingidae. L.c. xiii, pp. 178-185. (K. Jordan.) Two new Saturnidae. L.c. xii, p. 189.
Some new Sphingidae in the British Museum. L.c. xiii, pp. 406, 407. (K. Jordan.) A Revision of the American Papilios. L.c. xiii, pp. 411-752, pls. iv-ix. (K. Jordan.)
New Sphingidae. L.c. xiv, pp. 92-96. (K. Jordan.) Troides alexandrae sp. nov. L.c. xiv, p. 96. New American Saturniidae and Ceratocampidae. L.c. xiv, pp. 413-342. A new species of Sphingidae. L.c. xiv, p. 507.
Some new Himantopterinae, a subfamily of Zygaenidae. L.c. xiv, pp. 507, 508. Lepidopteren aus Neu-Guinea. D. Ent. Zeits. Berlin, pp. 189-198. (K. Jordan.)
Novitares ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938. 37
1908.
1909.
1910.
1911.
1912.
New African Saturniidae. Ann. Mag. N.H. (7), xx, pp. 1-10. Lepidoptera Heterocera, Fam. Sphingidae. Wytsman, Gen. Ins. Fasc. 57, pp. 1-157, pls. i-viii. (K. Jordan.)
New forms of Oriental Papilios. Nov. Zool. xv, pp. 165-174. Some new Sphingidae. L.c. xv, pp. 258, 259. (K. Jordan.) New subspecies of Parnassius apollo. L.c. xv, p. 390. A new Papilio from Africa. Ent. Mo. Mag. xlix, p. 249. New Oriental Papilionidae. Entomologist, xli, pp. 1-4. Description of a new form of Zygaena from Algeria. L.c. xli, p. 185. Description of a new Lemonia. Ann. Mag. N.H. (8), iii, p. 7.
Descriptions of new South American Arctianae. L.c. (8), iv, pp. 205-229
Mauretanisches. Ent. Zeits. Stuttgart, xxiii, p. 142 Catalogue of the collection of Parnasstiinae in the Tring Museum, with systematic notes. Nov. Zool. xvi, pp. 1-20.
Descriptions of some new South American Arctiadae, with notes. L.c. pp. 21-52, pls. iv-vü. A new Aegerid. L.c. xvi, p. 132. Descriptions of some South American Arctiadae, with notes. L.c. xvi, pp. 268-299. Catalogue of the Arctianae in the Tring Museum, with notes and descrip- tions of new species. L.c. xvii, pp. 1-85, 113-171. Descriptions of new species of Arctianae in the Tring Museum. L.c. xvii, pp. 172-188.
Descriptions of Syntomidae. L.c. xvii, pp. 429-455. List of the Sphingidae collected by the late W. Hoffmanns at Allianca,
Rio Madeira, Amazons. L.c. xvii, pp. 447-455. (K. Jordan.) Some new Sphingidae. L.c. xvii, pp. 456-459. (K. Jordan.)
Notes on Arctianae and descriptions of a few new species. L.c. xvii, pp. 504-506. A new form of Attacus. L.c. xvii, p. 507. Descriptions of anew Hawkmoth and some Syntomidae. Ann. Mag. N.H. (8), v, pp. 506-511.
Some new Algerian Lepidoptera. L.c. (8), vii, pp. 231-233. Two new Lepidoptera from New Guinea. L.c. (8), vili, pp. 233, 234. A new Madagascar Arctiid. L.c. (8), viii, p. 255. New Syntomidae in the Tring Museum. Nov. Zool. xviii, pp. 24-45. New Aegerüidae. L.c. xvii, pp. 45-47. New Syntomidae and Arctianae. L.c. xviii, pp. 154-158. An apparently new form of Lambessa from Algeria. L.c. xix, p. 113. A synonymic catalogue of the Syntomid genus Balacra Walk., ete., with
descriptions of new species. L.c. xix, pp. 119-122, pls. xiii, xiv. New Bornean Aegeriidae and Syntomidae. L.c. xix, pp. 122-124. New Mauretanian Moths. L.c. xix, pp. 125-127. Some new Sphingidae. L.c. xix, pp. 128-135. (K. Jordan.) New Syntomidae. L.c. xix, pp. 151-186. New Lithosianae. L.c. xix, pp. 212-246.
Some unfigured Syntomidae, Aegeriadae, and Arctianae. L.c. xix, pp. 375-377, pls. ii-v.
38
1913.
1914.
1915.
1916.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
Verbesserungen und Zusätze zu den Cossiden. Seitz, Grossschmett. ii, pp. 450-452. Expedition to the Central Western Sahara, vii, Lepidoptera. Nov. Zool. xx, pp. 109-143. Descriptions of two new Colias and some African Syntomidae. L.c. xx, pp. 187, 188. New Lithosianae. L.c. xx, pp. 192-226. Some new Lepidoptera from German New Guinea. L.c. xx, pp. 278, 279.
Descriptions of two new Syntomids. L.c. xx, p. 591. Notes on Jxias undatus Butler, with the description of the unknown
female. L.c. xx, p. 279. Expedition to the Central Western Sahara. Corrections to vii, Lepi-
doptera. L.c. xx, p. 469. Some unfigured Syntomidae. L.c. xx, pp. 470-472, pls. xiii, xiv. Descriptions of two new Syntomids. L.c. xx, p. 591. A new species of T'roides. L.c. xxi, p. 262. Description of a new Troides. L.c. xxi, p. 275. A preliminary account of the Lepidopterous fauna of Guelt-es-Stel,
Central Algeria. Part I. L.c. xxi, pp. 299-357. Arctiinae in Seitz. Seitz, Grossschmett. x, pp. 236-263.
Lepidoptera collected by the British Ornithologists’ Union and Wollaston expeditions in the Snow Mountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea. Macrolepidoptera, 168 pp., 2 pls. Issued at Zoological Museum, Tring.
On Lepidoptera from the Islands of Ceram (Seram), Buru, Bali, and
Misol. Part I. Nov. Zool. xxii, pp. 105-144. A preliminary account of the Lepidopterous fauna of Guelt-es-Stel, Central Algeria. Part 11. L.c. xxii, pp. 186-191.
On the Lepidoptera in the Tring Museum sent by Mr. A. S. Meek from the Admiralty Islands, Dampier, and Vulcan Islands. Part I.
L.c. xxii, pp. 192-208. ,
On Lepidoptera from the Islands of Ceram (Seram), Buru, Bali, and
Misol. Part II. L.c. xxii, pp. 209-227. Lepidoptera of the M’Zab country, South Algeria, collected by Dr. Ernst Hartert and Carl Hilgert in 1914. L.c. xxii, pp. 228-243.
Notes on and descriptions of Delias. Ann.Mag.N.H. (8), xv, pp. 172-180. On the Lepidoptera collected in 1913-1914 by Herr Geyr von Schweppen- burg on a journey to the Hoggar Mts. Part I. L.e. (8), xvi, pp. 247-258. On the Lepidoptera collected in 1913-1914 by Herr Geyr von Schweppen- burg on a journey to the Hoggar Mts. Part II. L.c. (8), xvi, pp. 392-402. Some new Sphingidae in the collection of the British Museum. Nov. Zool. xxii, pp. 291-294. (K. Jordan.) Thirteen new Sphingidae. L.c. xxii, pp. 281-290. Some new Lepidoptera from Siam. Journ. N.H. Soc. Siam, ii, pp. 74, 75. Corrections of and additions to our Revision of Sphingidae. Nov. Zool. xxiii, pp.115-123. (K. Jordan.)
Noviratres ZooLOGICAE XLI. 1938. 39
1916.
1917.
1918.
1919.
Further corrections of and additions to our Revision of the Sphingidae. L.e. xxiii, pp. 247-263. (K. Jordan.) Some new Arctiadae. L.c. xxiii, pp. 264-271. Some notes of a faunal and other nature on the Lepidoptera collected by Herr Geyr von Schweppenburg in the Hoggar Mountains. L.c. xxiii, pp. 287-288. Notes on Amathustidae, Brassolidae, Morphidae, ete., with descriptions of new forms. L.c. xxiii, pp. 229-318, pls. ii-vi. On the Lepidoptera in the Tring Museum sent by Mr. A. S. Meek from the Admiralty Islands, Dampier, and Vulcan Islands. Part III. L.e. xxiii, pp. 319-334. Some new Lepidoptera from Siam and Africa. Ann. Mag. N.H. (8), xvii, pp. 474-476. Supplemental notes to Mr. Charles Oberthür’s “ Faune des Lepidopteres de la Barbarie,’” with lists of the specimens contained in the Tring Museum. Part I. Nov. Zool. xxiv, pp. 61-220. Supplemental notes to Mr. Charles Oberthür’s “ Faune des Lepidopteres de la Barbarie,’ with lists of the specimens contained in the Tring Museum. Part II. L.c. xxiv, pp. 325-373. Supplemental notes to Mr. Charles Oberthür’s “ Faune des Lepidopteres de la Barbarie,’” with lists of the specimens contained in the Tring Museum. Part III. L.e. xxiv, pp. 393-409. Some apparently new Notodontidae. L.c. xxiv, pp. 231-264, pls. ii-vii. Notes on Metanastria digramma, with descriptions of two new subspecies. L.c. xxiv, p. 453. On the genera Melanothrix, Drepanojana, Melanergon, Paracydas, Cotana, Hypercydas, Epicydas, and Nervicompressa, of the family Eupterotidae, with descriptions of new forms. L.c. xxiv, pp. 463-474, pls. xi, xil. Some new Moths of the families Arctiidae and Hupterotidae. L.c. xxiv, pp. 475-492. Catalogue of Zerynthiinae and allied genera in the Tring Museum, with critical notes. L.c. xxv, pp. 64-75. Catalogue of the Parnassiinae in the Tring Museum. L.c. xxv, pp. 218-262. On a new species of Stichophthalma. L.c. xxv, p. 310. Some apparently new forms of African Nymphalidae. L.c. xxv, pp. 338-345. A new species of Ogoa. L.c. xxv, p. 365. Explanation of Plates I and III (Lepidoptera discussed in vol. xxiv). L.c. xxv. Supplementary notes to the Review of Houlbert and Oberthür’s Mono- graph of Castniinae by Talbot and Prout. L.c. xxvi, pp. 1-27. List of types of Lepidoptera in the Tring Museum. Part I: Sphingidae. L.c. xxvi, pp. 193-251. Algerian Lepidoptera. (Explanation of figures on Plate I.) L.c. xxvi, pp. 356-357. Descriptions of a new genus and two new species of Heterocera. Ann. Mag. N.H. (9), iii, pp. 487, 488.
1921.
1922.
1925.
1926.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
Heterocera collected in Korinchi, West Sumatra, by Messrs. H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. viii, pp. 107-139. Rhopalocera collected in Korinchi, West Sumatra, by Messrs. H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss. L.c. viii, pp. 141-163. Supplemental notes to Mr. Charles Oberthiir’s “ Faune des Lépidoptéres de la Barbarie,”’ with lists of the specimens in the Tring Museum. Nov. Zool. xxvii, pp. 1-127, pls. xiv—xvii. On the genus Zlachyophthalma Feld. L.c. xxvii, pp. 321-326. Preliminary descriptions of some new species and subspecies of Indo- Malayan Sphingidae. Ann Mag. N.H. (9), v, pp. 479-482. Parthenogenesis in two generations of Lasiocampa quercus. Proc. Ent Soc. Lond. p. 54. Exhibition of and remarks on Gynandromorphous Lepidoptera.
L.c. pp. 10-12. Moths of Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia. PartI: Noctwidae, Lemoniidae, and Pyralidae. Journ. Bombay N.H. Soc. xxviii, pp. 170-183.
Captain Angus Buchanan’s Air Expedition. V: Lepidoptera collected in Northern Nigeria and the Southern Sahara in 1919-1920. Part I.
Nov. Zool. xxviii, pp. 142-170.
Captain Angus Buchanan’s Air Expedition. V: Lepidoptera collected
in Northern Nigeria and the Southern Sahara in 1919-1920. Part II.
L.c. pp. 215-229.
A preliminary list of the Arctiinae of Para, Brazil, and a few species
from other localities. Ann. Mag. N.H. (9), ix, pp. 457-494. On a new form of Epinephele from Cyrenaica. Luc. (9), ix, p. 668. A correction. L.c. (9), ix, p. 692.
On mimetic Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 22. Exhibition of Teinopalpus aureus and T. imperialis. L.c. p. 2. Some new or noteworthy Madagascar and African Heterocera. Ann. Mag. N.H. (9), xiv, pp. 306-317. Descriptions of new forms of Delias, with some notes on others. L.c. (9), xv, pp. 671-677. On three North African Zygaenas. L.c. (9), xv, pp. 678-680. List of Lepidoptera collected by Dr. E. Hartert and Herr Carl Hilgert in Cyrenaica in March, April, and May 1922. L.c. (9), xvi, pp. 200-208. A further note on Moroccan Zygaenas. L.c. (9), xvi, p. 269. Description of a new species of Hligma (subfamily Sarrothripinae). L.c. (9), xvi, p. 269. Critical list of the collection of Algerian Lepidoptera of the late Captain N. J. E. Holl. Nov. Zool. xxxii, pp. 195-229. List of Lepidoptera collected from April to end of June 1925 by E. Hartert and F. Young in Morocco. Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc. pp. 324-345. On some African Papilios, with descriptions of new forms. Ann. Mag. N.H. (9), xvii, pp. 112-114. On some new species and subspecies of Milionia. L.c. (9), xvii, pp. 114-116.
Noviratres Zoonoaicar XLI. 1938. 4]
1927.
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933. 1935. 1936.
1925.
On some varieties of Papilio machaon. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 24. On a new species of Delias from Mindanao. Ann. Mag. N.H. (9), xix, p. 563. List of Lepidoptera collected in Morocco in 1927 by Ernst Hartert and Frederick Young. Nov. Zool. xxxv, pp. 220-24. Lepidoptera collected in Morocco by Dr. E. Hartert in 1929. L.c. xxxv, pp. 235-243. List of Lepidoptera collected by Dr. Ernst Hartert and Mr. Frederick Young in Morocco in 1930. L.c. xxxvi, pp. 191-200. Description of the unknown 9 of Paraphrygia rectangulata Kenrick and a new species of Phryganopteryx (Lepid. Arctiidae). L.c. xxxviii, p. 148. Notes on Syntomidae (Amatidae) with descriptions of new species. L.c. xxxvii, pp. 149-158. On some new Hupterotidae. L.c. xxxvili, pp. 250-252. On a collection of Lepidoptera from Spanish Morocco. L.c. xxxviii, pp. 315-330. On Opsiphanes orgetorix orgetorix Hew. and O. orgetorix magnalis (Stich.). Ann. Mag. N.H. (10), x, p. 200 New species and subspecies of Arctiinae. L.c. (10), xi, pp. 167-194. Some new Arctitinae. Nov. Zool. xxxix, pp. 239-250. On a female of T'roides victoriae regis with male coloration. Ann. Mag. N.H. (10), xvii, pp. 306, 307. New species of Chionaema, Asura, and Miltochrista. L.c. (10), xvii, pp. 482-483. New species and subspecies of Zygaenodes. L.c. (10), xvii, pp. 483-485. New species and subspecies of Caprimima (Lithosvinae). Nov. Zool. xl, pp. 1, 2.
VII. BOTANY.
The fertilisation of Ophris speculum, O. lutea, and O. fusca. Orchid Rev. xxxiii, p. 99.
42 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
CERCARIA SINITZINI: N. SP., A CYSTOPHOROUS CERCARIA FROM PERINGIA ULVAE (PENNANT 1777).
By MIRIAM ROTHSCHILD. (With 31 text-figures.)
IB 1936 I reported the occurrence of a cercaria closely allied to Cercaria sagittarius
Sinitzin 1911 in Peringia ulvae. Since the publication of that note I have found another species pertaining to this group, which, however, is so rare that there seems little if any prospect of solving the life-history. In consequence it is deemed unnecessary to withhold the morphological description of this interesting species until the publication of the writer’s fuller paper.
The cystophorous cercariae—the larvae of the Hemiuridae Lühe (Sinitzin 1905, Dollfus 1923, Krull 1935)—are among the most extraordinary and beautiful of all known cercariae, and have never failed to excite the enthusiasm of those helminthologists fortunate enough to discover them. Thirteen species have been described, several of which have proved extremely rare, occurring only once or twice in several thousand examples of the host.
Cercaria sinitzini greatly resembles C. sagittarius in general appearance and is undoubtedly closely related to it. It can be distinguished instantly from this species by the possession of an additional caudal appendage (see Table I, p. 42).
TECHNIQUE.
These cercariae are exceptional in that they are best studied when fixed and stained, though certain characters, notably the excretory system, are only visible during life. Two rediae and their contents were set aside and studied alive. The remaining rediae were carefully opened and fixed on the slide with Bouin Dubosq. Two slides were stained with Delafield’s haematoxylin and another with paracarmine. The extreme anterior portion of the snail’s liver was sectioned. The sections were cut at 8 u, and stained with Delafield’s haematoxylin with a counterstain of eosin.
Measurements.—Measurements, unless otherwise stated, were made from preserved material only. The size of the various appendages is very variable. Table II is provided to afford a comparison between them and the developing cercaria.
TABLE I. C. SAGITTARIUS C. SINITZINI
1. Rediae not active. 1. Rediae very active.
2. No 5th caudal appendage. 2. 5th caudal appendage present.
3. Terminal portion of Appendage IV (= “Phry- 3. Terminal portion of Appendage IV (=‘‘Phry- gian Cap’) not drawn out into long tapering gian Cap ”) drawn out into long tapering point. point, longer than the main body of the
cap.
4. Linear arrangement of lateral cells of Append- 4. Spiral arrangement of central cells of Append- age II (= “ Ribbon”). age II (= “ Ribbon’) and irregular arrange-
OR ment of lateral cells. 5. Encysted cercaria folded twice inside cyst, 5. Eneysted cercaria folded once inside cyst, with extremities in upper half. with extremities in basal half.
1 T have named this species in honour of D. T. Sinitzin. The type is deposited at the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAR XLI.
1938.
TABLE II
1
MEASUREMENTS OF APPENDAGES
in microns.
Body of Tail-vesicle | Cercaria Appendage I |Appendage II Appendage IIL Appendage IV Appendage V aspect 37 x 31 26 X 23 21x 6 12 x 10 |not developed | not developed |not developed 38 x 31 28 x 26 38 x 5 24 x 10 | not developed | not developed |not developed 44 x 31 33 x 31 45 xX 5 28 x 9 9 x 10 not developed |not developed (at base) 44 x 33 31 x 30 38 x 4 28 x 9 not developed | not developed |not developed 45 x 30 43 x 33 79 x 3-5 37 x 9 broken off 26 x 16 [not developed 49 x 30 33 x 35 70 x 5 37 x 9 21 long 21 x 16 9 long 51 x 24 38 x 31 107 x 3 40 x 9 38 long 23 x 14 17 long 52 x 31 40 x 35 65 x 7 35 x 9 35 long 23 x 17 14 long 54 x 28 35 x 35 Broken 37 x 9-10 44 long 26 x 12 31 long 56 x 26 44 x 37 87 x7 44 x 9 40 long 24 x 16 19 long 56 x 38 40 x 35 61 long 43 x 9 17 long broken broken 57 x 40 40 x 35 52 long 26 x 9 8 long broken broken 59 x 28 40 x 37 115 x 8 58 x 8-9 37 long 23 x 12 17 long 60 x 30 |not measured) 129 x 2-5 45 x 8 40 long 32 x 12 16 long (extended) 60 x 30 |not measured 113 x 8-9 45 x 8 40 long 8 3< Iz 16 long (not extended) 63 x 25 52 x 48 104 x 5 44 x 9 43 long broken 23 long 12 x 23 49 x 35 122 x 3 45 x 9 49 long broken 28 long (ventral aspect) 73 x 23 42 x 31 56 x 7 49 x 9 31 long 38 x 16 17 long (telescoped) 73 x 23 42 x 31 61 x 10 48 x 9 30 long 49 x 16 28 long (telescoped) 79 x 18 43 x 35 52 26 x 9 not measured | not measured | not measured (telescoped) 79 x 23 45 x 40 105 x 7 45 x 9 40 long 38 x 17 17 long 80 x 25 not measured 52 x 10 50 x 10 30 long 38 x 12 34 x 1-7 (telescoped) 82 x 23 50 x 40 51 50 x 9 35 long not measured 17 long (withdrawing into tail) 85 x 25 |not measured 53 x 11 48 x 9 35 long 36 x 16 broken (telescoped) 87 x 21 46 x 38 33 49 long 35 long 23 long 17 long (withdrawing into tail) 87 x 24 52 x 44 58 x 10 Oil sz Y 30 long 35 x 13 22 long (telescoped)
Cyst — — Appendage II Appendage III Appendage IV |Appendage V 43 x 43 — — 35 x 6 46 long not not (lateral measurable | measurable aspect)
39 x 39 — — 39 x 6 45 long not not (lateral measurable | measurable aspect) :
42 x 42 = == 40 x 6 40 long not not (lateral measurable | measurable aspect)
1 See Fig. 9 for lines of measurements.
Cercaria sinitzini n. sp.
The Redia.—Measurements.
Body: Intestine : Pharynx :
1,000 u x 125 u 33u X
The redia of this species is very distinctive, and can be
of a hand lens.
200 u. or less.
be)
AD, 35
29
be}
recognized with the aid
The body is cylindrical and a pearly white in colour.
The
44 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
pharynx is well developed and leads into a short, bright yellow intestine about 3 the length of the body, which is very conspicuous in the living animal. Collar and ambulacral processes are absent. A birth-pore is situated a little below the pharynx. The pharynx is surrounded by digestive glands.
Owing to the scarcity of the material the excretory system was not worked out in detail. It is well developed, and there are over four- teen flame-cells on each side of the body, which appear to be arranged in groups of four.
A very characteristic feature of the redia are its movements, and it is this in conjunction with the pearly white colour which gives these par- thenitae such a distinctive appear- ance. The body wall of the redia is exceptionally muscular. When liberated from the tissues of the snail, the body is violently contracted, first in one place, then in another. Unlike the rediae of C. sagittarius these rediae are very active. The body cavity is packed to bursting- point with cercariae in all stages of development, including the encysted forms. Over 100 were counted in one redia. It seems probable that the cysts are expelled through the birth-pore by the contractions of the redia, as they themselves seem incapable of movement. The rediae infest the gonad of the snail. Sections show the liver to be comparatively undamaged. One infection was found in two thousand specimens of Peringia ulvae taken from St. John’s Lake, Plymouth, in April 1936.
The Cercaria.—Measurements of full-grown specimens :
Body (length) . ‘ ; : . 631-105 u (average 851).
Body (width) . 6 : . . 12p-25u (average 181).
Tail (length without appendages) . 43y-52u (average 48 u).
Tail (width from dorsal surface to ventral 35-42 (average 38 u). surface) . B ;
Oral Sucker. : 2 : . 14u x l4u-15u x 4p.
Ventral Sucker . : ; , . Tex 7Tp-9e x Ow.
Pharynx . 3 : ; ; » OMS OM.
Peduncle . i : : : . 8u-9u.
The Body (fig. 4).—As in most Hemiurid cercariae the body is poorly differ- entiated and stains in the manner of germ balls and very young individuals of other species of cercariae. The whole animal is very transparent. The oral sucker is markedly subterminal and leads into a pharynx, oesophagus and forked
Novirates Zoonoarcan XLI. 1938. 45
intestine. The caeca reach beyond the ventral sucker posteriorly. The ventral sucker, situated at about the posterior third of the body, is poorly developed and smaller than the oral sucker. The Y-shaped excretory bladder is terminal. ‘The excretory vesicle (fig. 4) is formed by two lateral arms joining the bladder at the anterior cornu, which pass parallel to each other on either side of the ventral sucker and fuse dorsally behind the pharynx. The formation of the excretory vesicle or ““ closed circuit’ occurs after the lateral excretory tubes have turned posteriad (in the region of the ventral sucker) and divided into an anterior-lateral and posterior- lateral branch. Thus the general development of the excretory system resembles that of ©. ephemera Lebour 1907 (nee Nitzsch) (Rothschild 1936) except in the very important point that the main lateral excretory tubules only grow as far forward as the acetabulum! before turning posteriad. Owing to the undifferentiated condition of the cercaria the finer branches of the excretory system are very difficult to follow. If my observations are correct this species (and probably all the Hemiuridae) is an exception to Dubois’ rule that cercariae with the Mesostoma type of excretory system develop in sporocysts and not in rediae (Dubois 1929).
The cuticle is unarmed and no cystogenous glands were observed.
A very striking feature of the body of the cercaria is the investing primitive epithelium (figs. 1, 9, 9a). The nuclei are arranged in pairs and are very conspicuous in stained specimens—bulging out at intervals along the edge of the body. This primitive epithelium is retained by the encysted cercaria, and according to Pratt (1898) the metacercariae of Hemiurids found in the body cavity of Copepods also retain it for a considerable period. This fact strongly suggests that any cystogenous material which may be required for closing the orifice of the tail comes from the inside of the tail-vesicle itself, and is not shed by the cercaria as suggested by Sinitzin. A similar condition was recorded for ©. macrura Faust 1921.
The body of the cercaria is fixed in the anterior aperture of the tail by a thin peduncle, consisting of four rows of single cells. Early in development these arise from the base of the ut inside of the tail-vesicle, close to the vorigin of Appendage 1 (fig. 7). The cells forming the original portion of the peduncle degenerate early, so that only a few remain near the aperture of the tail, forming the very short peduncle of the fully- developed cercaria (fig. 2). The cercaria encysts by withdrawing into the tail.
The Tail—When viewed from the side the main body of the cystic tail is shaped like a jug with a wide mouth (figs. 1, 2, 4,5). When viewed from directly in front (fig. 3) or behind, it is egg-shaped. Almost all mounted specimens are
1 In the Azygiidae Odhner, the excretory system is of the Stenostoma type, and it seems likely that this pseudo-Mesostoma excretory system of Cercaria sinitzini is a later development from the former type—arising by a shortening of the lateral tubules.
3.
AL
46 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
seen from the side, as the tail is compressed laterally and tends to assume this position on the slide. The ventral half of the tail is narrower than the dorsal half. The tail carries five appendages (fig. 1, 4).
Appendage I (the “ Arrow” of Sinitzin (1911), “ Exeretory Projection” of Cort and Nichols (1922), Willey (1930), and the “ Delivery-Tube ” of Krull (1933), arising from the interior floor of the tail and passing out at the aperture, ventral to the body of the cercaria.
Appendage II (the “ Ribbon” of Sinitzin), attached externally to the mid-ventral line of the tail, a short distance below the mouth.
Appendage III (the “ Sultan’s Plume” of Sinitzin), attached externally to the centre of the mid-dorsal line of the tail.
Appendage IV (the “ Phrygian Cap” of Sinitzin), forming a prolongation of the terminal portion of the tail, directed ventrad.
Appendage V, a thin outgrowth of the base of Appendage IV, directed distad and posteriad.
The outermost layer of the tail consists of an exceedingly thin transparent membrane which is most probably the primitive epithelium of which the nuclei have degenerated. It invests the vesicle proper and all the appendages, at least in their early stages. Below this is a much thicker, hyaline, cuticular layer staining a faint mauve with Delafield’s haematoxylin. This homogeneous layer forms the cyst-wall. Posteriorly it is sharply invaginated (figs. 1, 4) so that in lateral aspect the base of the vesicular portion of the tail is divided into two asymmetrical halves. The dorsal half is larger than the ventral half both in breadth and depth, and shows behind the latter if the tail is viewed from directly in front (i.e. ven- trally). This invagination of the cyst-wall seems more pro- nounced than in ©. sagittarius. Within the cyst-wall is a layer of single cells with large oval nuclei and granular protoplasm (figs. 2, 5). Quite early in development, before the appearance of the cyst-wall itself, these can be traced clearly outlining its future course, including the posterior indentation, etc. All these three layers thin out, and are obliterated inside the aperture of the tail.
The internal structure of the tail-vesicle is extremely complicated, and I
1 Prior to encystment Appendages II and III are connected with the outer layers of the tail only, but during some stage in development these appendages also are connected with the inner cell-structure of the tail-vesicle.
Novirares ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938. 47
have been unable to gain a clear understanding of the whole organ and the function of the various cells. There are several compact groups of cells, each invested inathinmembrane. These give rise to Appendages II, IIT, the peduncle, ete. Two other groups are placed near the base of Appendage I (fig. 2) and these appear to be intimately connected with the membranous sheath which develops round the base of this appendage after it is withdrawn into the tail- vesicle. In addition there are numerous ungrouped cells, lying in different planes and possessing various-sized nuclei, some of which may provide cystogenous material. The connections between the various appendages and the groups of cells within the tail-vesicle are lost at different times. A gradual degeneration of all these cells takes place, but certain groups disintegrate before others.
By the time the cercaria is ready to withdraw into the cyst the inner structure of the tail has changed considerably. The cyst-wall has thickened, particularly at the aperture of the tail, where it is at least double the thickness of other regions. The nuclei of the tr granular protoplasmic layer have flattened out. The rest of the cellular contents of the vesicle have shrunk and disintegrated.
While Appendage I (the de- livery-tube) is still growing (i.e. before it has attained its maximum length) the tail-vesicle is more or less “solid.” The portion of the delivery-tube within the vesicle is, however, surrounded by a narrow space. This cavity is bounded by a stout membrane which can be seen in sections (fig. 2). Although at this stage it is not easy to make out the precise relationships of these parts, the membrane lining the central cavity appears to be continuous with the delivery-tube itself. By the time this appendage has reached the “telescoping” and “withdrawing” stage (see below) the cavity in the tail-vesicle has increased considerably in size. This appears to take place as a result of the disintegration of the internal cell-structure of the tail mentioned above. The innermost membrane expands with the cavity until it forms a second lining to the cyst-wall. Thus when the cercaria withdraws, the tail-vesicle is hollow, and it enters the cavity bounded by this inner membrane.
At this stage the tail-vesicle barely takes up any stain. ‘The cyst-wall and the lining membrane, together with the membranes of two internal groups of cells, are just visible, and here and there the remains of disintegrating nuclei show up.
Appendage I (figs. 15-18a).—This appendage originates from a group of cells on the floor of the inside of the dorsal half of the tail-vesicle, and, as already mentioned, is homologous with the delivery-tube of Krull. Its function also appears to be identical. It is differentiated at about the same time as the bud
48 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
of Appendage II, but grows much faster. It arises as a somewhat thick double row of cells, passing upwards and outwards by the future aperture of the tail- vesicle, ventrally to the body of the cercaria. It consists of an inner core of closely-packed cells, with their long axis at right angles to the long axis of the appendage (fig. 15). The cell-walls are never very distinct. When the body of the cercaria measures about 40 u in length, about thirteen of these cells, counted by their nuclei, can be seen outside the body of the tail. This row of cells terminates in a club-like swelling containing a group of numerous small deeply- staining nuclei. At the extreme terminal portion of the swelling is one giant oval- shaped nucleus. The appendage is invested with a delicate transparent mem- brane which cannot be detected in later stages except in sections. Rarely, during development, one of the nuclei pertaining to this membrane can be seen bulging out from the surface of the appendage (fig. 15). When the appendage pushes out from the tail-vesicle, it is surrounded by the most external cuticular or epithelial layer of the tail. I have been unable to determine whether this layer is ruptured or whether it grows with the appendage, adhering closely to its sides. The appendage grows by the elongation of these cells outside the body of the tail vesicle. These come to form a long ribbon, of single cells with their long axes now parallel to the long axis of the appendage. The external cells still rarely exceed 13 in number. The nuclei, particularly near the aperture of the tail, tend to be grouped in pairs (fig. 1). At this stage the structure of the inside of the tail-vesicle becomes less dense and the internal course of the append- age can be seen more clearly (fig. 5). Here the long axis of the cells remains transverse. Immediately above the posterior invagination of the tail-vesicle, the appendage bends sharply forward and continues its course upwards in the ventral half of the tail. At a stage when the body of the cercaria measures about 60 u-70 u. in length, the appendage is capable of considerable elongation and contraction. It then measures 87 u-129 u in length and 2 u-9 u in width (figs. 16, 17).
When the cercaria reaches a length of approximately 73 u a marked change occurs in the appendage. A general telescoping of the portion outside the tail- vesicle takes place, so that either the top of one cell fits into the bottom of the next, or the base of one fits into the top of the adjacent cell (figs. 16, 18a). This brings the nuclei very much closer together and the appendage now measures only 50 u-61 u. in length and 10y—11u in width. The small, deeply- staining nuclei in the terminal bulb disintegrate. The giant terminal nucleus also disappears. The cuticle of the whole appendage thickens somewhat, but particularly that of the terminal bulb. The constriction between it and the rest of the appendage is accentuated, forming a teat-shaped extremity. The entire appendage now stains a pinkish mauve instead of a bluish purple. Vacuoles and fibres become more noticeable in the protoplasm of the cells (fig. 18).
The onset of encystment is marked by the withdrawal of Appendage I into the cavity of the tail. This does not appear to be the result of muscular con- traction but due to the mechanical effect of the collapse of the basal, internal portion of the appendage, weakened by the enlarging of the cavity inside the tail-vesicle. The telescoped portion of the appendage is thus pulled down into the inside of the vesicle, within the lining membrane. In C. sagittarius it appears that the withdrawal of the appendage and the body of the cercaria coincide, but in the case of C. sinitzini complete withdrawal of the appendage takes place first.
Novirarrs Zoonogican XLI. 1938. 49
It comes to lie in the base of the tail, irregularly coiled up, immediately above and to the sides of the cuticular evagination. Once inside the tail-vesicle, a fairly rapid degeneration of the nuclei and protoplasm of the cells takes place, so that the outline of the whole ribbon can be made out only with difficulty. The cell-walls remain intact and a hollow tube is formed. When Appendage I is thus retracted within the lining membrane of the central cavity of the tail, the whole can be roughly compared with a glove with a single long, inverted finger.
When Appendage I is fully everted during excystment (see below) it will be seen that the basal third is considerably wider than the rest of the appendage, and is invested by a voluminous ribbed sheath (figs. 27-29). This sheath is con- tinuous with the lining membrane and is folded inside the tail-vesicle and cannot be
clearly distinguished prior to excystment. In shape and also in function it is very reminiscent of the “ Handle ” appendage of both C. projecta and the cercaria of Halipegus occidualis. It seems possible that is is homologous with that appendage.
Appendage IT (figs. 19-21).—The bud of this appendage is differentiated soon after the constriction is formed between body and tail, and is seen as a com- paratively large outgrowth on the mid-ventral surface of the tail (fig. 6). With the enlargement of the vesicle it comes to occupy a place nearer the aperture of the tail. The appendage when at the stage of maximum development (fig. 19) is finger-shaped and attached to the tail by a short hyaline stalk, continuous with the hyaline cyst-wall. It then measures 45 u-60 u. x Su-10 u. There is a large central cavity, occupied by a column of about 32 closely-packed, single cells, of which the walls and nuclei are very distinct. They are arranged in a loose spiral which is sometimes lost distally, where the column is looped back on itself for lack of space within the central cavity. The long axes of the cells are at right angles to the long axis of the appendage.
50 Novitates ZootocicaE XLI. 1938.
Although the column lies in the centre of the cylinder, it is not closely invested by the membranous outer wall of the appendage. This, unlike the external mem- brane of Appendage I, appears to be a somewhat rigid structure. Its very con- spicuous nuclei, about 13 in number, are scattered irregularly over the appendage, either bulging out from the surface or bulging inwards into the concavities of the spiral core (fig. 19). In C. sagittarius it appears that these nuclei are arranged regularly in 2 rows, parallel to the cells of the central column, which here have no spiral twist, but a simple linear arrange- ment. It is possible that this character is not specificand varies from one infection to another. The whole appendage is in- vested by the outer- most epithelial layer of the tail-vesicle. During the earlier stages of develop- ment the core of the appendage is con- nected with the in- side of the tail- vesicle, but this con- nection is severed when the terminal portion becomes con- stricted and the short hyaline stalk is formed.
After the tele- scoping of Append- age I, degeneration of Appendage II commences. The nuclei of the cells of the central core degenerate first (fig. 20). The chromatin of the nucleus shrinks away from the nuclear membrane, forming a dark undifferentiated mass in the centre of the nucleus. It gradually disappears altogether, but even after encystment of the cercaria the faint outline of the collapsed nuclear membrane of these cells can be distinguished in stained specimens (fig. 21). The nuclei of the wall of the appendage subsequently disintegrate completely, and the wall collapses, remaining as a loose crumpled covering to the central column of cells (fig. 21).
The degeneration of the nuclei of all the appendages occurs in a similar
Novirates Zoonoagrcar XLT. 1938. 51
manner, but owing to the more definite structure of the cell-walls and nuclei of Appendage II, it is most clearly seen in the case of the latter.
Appendage III (figs. 22—26).—This appendage is differentiated considerably later than I and II, when the body of the cercaria already measures about 40 u. in length (figs. 7, 8). About 16 cells, arising from one of the internal cell-groups of the vesicle, situated in the centre of the mid-dorsal line of the tail, push outwards in a flower-like formation. They are invested by the outer membrane of the tail-vesicle. These cells gradually elongate, each nucleus remaining in the distal portion of the cell. The elongated posterior portions become closely wound together, eventually fusing and forming a homogeneous hyaline stalk continuous
with the thickened cyst-wall. Thus the connection between the appendage and the inside of the tail-vesicle is lost, and the appendage now resembles a flower on a stalk, the petal-like extremities of the cells having apparently broken free from the investing membrane. It measures between 30 u and 50 u in length. During and after the encystment of the cercaria the stalk elongates considerably and the nuclei of the cells gradually degenerate. The terminal free ends become ragged, and finally split into a great number of minute threads (figs. 26, 27). In this condition the appendage remains attached to the cyst.
Appendage IV.—This forms a cap at the base of the cystic portion of the tail, 12 u-17 u broad at the base x 21 u-49 u in length. Its terminal portion is pro- longed into a long tapering point, directed towards the ventral side. This taper- ing point is as long as, or longer than, the upper portion of the cap (figs. 1, 14). There is an internal column of 6-8 cells, in communication with the cells inside the base of the cystic tail. The ventral portion of the cap is enlarged into a hump just before the tapering extremity. A mass of nuclei can be seen inside this
52 Novirates ZooLocicaE XLI. 1938.
portion of the appendage, whereas in the dorsal half no nuclei are visible. The outermost layer of the appendage is continuous with that of the cystic portion of the tail. It is differentiated soon after Appendages I and II. Simultaneously with the appearance of the bud of Appendage III, it can be seen asa hoop of 4-8 cells standing out from the main body of the tail, below Appendage II (fig. 7). Simultaneously with the telescoping of Appendage I, the cells in the cap begin to degenerate. The thickening of the cyst-wall of the tail severs the connection with the central core of cells, which gradually disappear. The cells in the ventral hump break down and form a spherical vacuolated mass with a single disintegrated, deeply-staining nucleus in the centre. The tapering point shrivels up. After the encystment of the cercaria the appendage remains attached to the outside of the cyst, but consists of little more than a structureless mass of tissue.
It will thus be seen that Appendage IV of C. sinitzini differs considerably from that of C. sagit- tarius (Table I, p. 42). The ter- minal portion is greatly elongated, being at least twice as long as in ©. sagittarius. There is also no peripheral layer of cells in the dorsal half of the appendage, but a ventral “‘ hump ” which appears to be absent in C. sagittarius.
In several specimens of C. sinitzini, the terminal portion of the cap is bifurcated (fig. 10) and in other cases it bears a small additional lobe at right angles to the main prolongation.
Appendage V.—This is the last of the appendages to be developed. It is a dorsal outgrowth of the base of Appendage IV (close to the cyst-wall of the tail- vesicle). It is first seen as a giant nucleus pushing out at right angles to Append- age IV (figs. 8, 9). When fully developed it consists of a thin homogeneous hyaline stalk 16 u-34p in length, with a bulbous tip which contains the giant nucleus measuring 4:5 x 2:3 (fig. 1). It is enveloped in the outermost membrane of the tail-vesicle. After encystment this appendage also undergoes considerable degeneration. The giant nucleus migrates back along the stalk (fig. 5) and finally disintegrates at the base near Appendage IV. The stalk, ragged and distorted in shape, remains attached to the cyst.
In some specimens an interesting abnormality was observed. A second giant nucleus grows out at the base of Appendage V, forming a similar but much smaller appendage at right angles to Appendage V, and parallel to Appendage IV.
Encystment of the Cercaria (figs. 10-13). The cercaria encysts by withdrawing into its tail. As soon as encystment commences, the aperture of the tail-vesicle draws together and it appears as if the body is pulled into the cavity by suction.
Novirares ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938. 53
The posterior portion of the cercaria descends into the dorsal half of the cyst, rupturing the peduncle (fig. 10). The anterior portion of the body, while still passing through the closing aperture of the tail, undergoes a half twist (fig. 12), and appears to slip through into the central portion of the cyst. However, some vital moment in the process of encystment must have been missed, for when the process of encystment is completed it is the anterior end of the cercaria which almost invariably lies in the dorsal half, and the posterior end in the ventral half of the eyst. During the last stages of withdrawal some fluid material appears to besqueezed out of the tail. This may help to close the eyst, and probably also serves as a lubri- cant, which assists the cerearia in slipping through the aperture of the tail. The various stages of encystment were fol- lowed in preserved material only.
The Cyst (figs. 10-13, 27-29), when fully formed, measures 39 wx 39 u-43 ux43u in lateral aspect. The aperture is completely closed, but its position is marked by a slight thickening of the cyst-wall. The various appendages are still attached to the out- side, but in a much reduced or altered condition. All nuclei of Appendage II have degenerated completely. The stalk of Appendage III has elongated and the free ends of the cells are frayed into a great number of separate strands (fig. 27). The nuclei have degenerated. In this condition the spread of the free ends of the appendage is about equal to the width of the entire cyst. Appendages IV and V appear as mere strands of tissue without a trace of nuclei. Appendage I, folded up inside the cyst, is so transparent that it becomes almost invisible. All the cells between the lining membrane and the cyst-wall have degenerated in the fully-formed cyst. The position of the encysted cercaria is different from that of ©. sagittarvus. In the
54 Novirates ZooLtocicaE XLI. 1938.
latter species the body is folded twice, so that both extremities come to lie in the top of the cyst. In C. sinitzini the body is twisted once only, and both extremities lie in the bottom of the cyst. The anterior end of the cercaria lies in the dorsal half of the cyst. The body is twisted above the cuticular invagination of the cyst-wall, thus bringing the ventral sucker uppermost near the top of the cyst. The posterior end of the cercaria lies in the ventral half of the cyst. It should be remembered that the cyst is not spherical, but strongly compressed laterally.
Excystment of the Cercaria (figs. 28, 29). If light pressure is brought to bear on the cyst, the anterior end of the cercaria is pushed against the base of the dorsal half of the cyst close to the point of origin of the delivery-tube. This releases the delivery mechanism. Appendage I is everted—turned inside out—and thus shot out through the bottom of the cyst at the point of origin of Appendage V. The telescoped walls of the cells of which Appendage I is composed are thus extended once more to their utmost limit (fig. 28). It then measures about 44 times the length of the cyst-itself. Immediately after eversion of Appendage I the cercaria is drawn rapidly down the tube and is projected to the outside.
It was possible to fix and mount specimens in all stages of excystment.
Excysted Cercaria.mWhen released from the cyst the cercaria moves about sluggishly. The body is still comparatively undifferentiated, but what appears to be the appendiculate portion of the tail has begun to form. In stained specimens, measuring 100 or over, two groups of cells in the posterior region stain more deeply than the rest, and probably represent the rudiments of the reproductive organs.
DIscussION.
Since the publication of Krull’s paper describing the life-history of Halipegus occidualis Staff. 1905, the function of some of these extraordinary appendages of Hemiurid cercariae has been demonstrated for the first time. The delivery-tube shoots the encysted cercaria through the intestinal wall into the body cavity of a Copepod, which serves as the second intermediate host. The other appendages are believed to attract the Copepod, which releases the mechanism of the delivery- tube by manipulating, touching or becoming entangled in these appendages, in its endeavour to eat the cyst or its contents.
One of the most interesting aspects of the peculiar caudal appendages of the cystophorous cercariae is their great variety. In this connection it is worth recording that in the case of C. sinitzini there appears to be a general tendency for the tail-vesicle to produce accessory appendages. As already noted, a number of abnormal specimens were observed in which the terminal portion of Appendage IV was bifurcated, or else carried a terminal finger placed at right angles to the main prolongation. Other specimens showed a replica of Appendage V, set at right angles to it—formed by the outward migration of a second giant nucleus from the base of Appendage IV. All these appendages may possess some useful or vital function, but it seems quite possible that one or several of them have no function whatsoever. So long as any of the appendages came to serve a useful purpose, the tendency to produce accessory caudal outgrowths might become fixed in the whole group. As would be expected, the delivery-tube, the im- portance of which is now quite clear, is the least variable of all the appendages. It is fairly constant in structure except in the case of C. laqueator Sinitzin 1911,
Novirates ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938. 55
where it is drawn out into an immensely long filament and apparently never with- drawn into the tail-vesicle.
The extraordinary degree of specialisation shown by this group of cercariae is unique, and it is difficult to conceive how the delivery apparatus, with its peculiar function in the life-history of the cercaria, can have arisen. It is worth noting, however, that in the Azygiidae Odhner, a family of trematodes almost certainly related to the Hemiuridae, the cercariae also encyst by withdrawing into their own tails. Although this was probably the first stage in the evolution of the present peculiar method of excystment of the cystophorous cercariae, it gives us no hint how the extremely complicated and delicately adjusted delivery mechanism first came into being.
REFERENCES.
Cort, W. W., and Nichols, E., 1920. A new cystophorous cercaria from California —In J. Parasit. Urbana, 7, pp. 8-15, 2 figs.
Dollfus, R. P., 1923. Remarques sur le cycle évolutif des Hémiurides.—In Ann. Parasitol., Paris, 1, pp. 345-351, 4 figs.
Dubois, G., 1929. Les Cercaires de la Région de Neuchatel—In Bull. Soc. Neuchatel. Sci. Nat., 58 (N.S. 2) 1928 (1929), pp. 1-177, 17 pls., 8 figs.
Faust, E. C., 1921. Notes on South African larval Trematodes.—In J. of Parasit., Urbana, 8, pp. 8-21, 1 pl., 13 figs.
Krull, W. H., 1935. Studies on the life-history of Halipegus occidualis Stafford, 1905.—In Amer. Midl. Nat., Notre Dame, 16, pp. 129-143, pl. iv.
Pratt, H. S., 1898. A contribution to the life-history and anatomy of the Appendiculate Distomes.—In Zool. Jahrb. Anat. & Ont., Jena, 11, pp. 1-40, 3 pls., 14 figs.
Rothschild, M., 1935. Note on the excretory system of Cercaria ephemera Lebour 1907 (nec Nitzsch).—In Parasitology, Cambridge, 27, No. 2, pp. 171-174, 7 figs. :
Rothschild, M., 1936. Preliminary Note on the Trematode Parasites of Peringia ulvae Pennant 1777.—In Nov. Zool., Tring, 39, pp. 268-269.
Sewell, R. B.S., 1922. Cercariae indicae.—In Ind. J. med. Res., 10 (suppl. no.), pp. 1-370, i-ii, and 32 + 7 pls.
Sinitzin, D. T., 1905. Studies on the life-cycle of Trematodes. The distomes of the fish and frogs in the environs of Warsaw (Russian).—In Mem. Soc. Nat. Varsovie, biol., 15, pp. 1-210.
Sinitzin, D. T., 1911. Parthenogenetic Generation of Trematodes and its Progeny in Molluscs of the Black Sea. (Translated by Alexis M. Bagusin, under the direction of Professor Henry B. Ward.)—In St. Petersburg Mém. Ac. Sc. (Ser. 8), Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 1-127, 6 pls.
Willey, C. H., 1930. A cystophorous cercaria, C. projecta n. sp., from the snail Helisoma antrosa, North America.—In Parasitology, Cambridge, 22, pp. 481- 489, 5 figs.
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.
Fig. 1. Cercaria sinitzini. (At this stage the body stains uniformly and the suckers are only indicated.) Tail in lateral aspect with Appendage I expanded. The internal cellular structure of the tail-vesicle is omitted in the figs. except figs. 2 and 5.
56 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
Fig. 2. Sagittal section of the tail-vesicle of a fully-developed cercaria before telescoping of Appendage I.
Fig. 3. Outline drawing of ©. sinitzini from ventral aspect after withdrawal of Appendage I.
Fig. 4. Cercaria sinitzini. Body in ventral aspect and tail in lateral aspect after telescoping of Appendage I, of which one cell is already withdrawn into the tail-cavity. The giant nucleus of Appendage V is migrating back along the stalk of the appendage. The other appendages also show signs of degenera- tion. (Nuclei of primitive epithelium omitted.)
Fig. 5. Optical section of the tail-vesicle of a fully-developed cercaria after the telescoping of Appendage I, showing flattened nuclei of sub- cuticular layer and cell-group giving rise to Appendage III. The central cavity is not visible in all optical sections.
Figs. 6-9. Outline drawings of cercariae in different stages of development. Fig. 9 shows the lines along which measurements were taken for Table II.
Fig. 9a. Nuclei of primitive epithelium.
Figs. 10-12. Process of encystment. Appendages II and III have been omitted in figs. 10-13.
Fig. 13. Encysted cercaria. Lateral aspect.
Fig. 14. Outline drawing of Appendage IV, showing maximum development of terminal prolongation.
Figs. 15-18. Terminal portion of Appendage I, showing different stages of development.
Fig. 18a. Diagram showing the manner of telescoping of the cells of Appendage I.
Fig. 19. Appendage II at maximum stage of development. A portion of the cellular structure is drawn in to show the spiral arrangement.
Fig. 20. Terminal portion of Appendage II during encystment of cercaria. Nuclei of the spiral have degenerated. External nuclei are shrinking.
Fig. 21. Appendage II after encystment of cercaria.
Figs. 22-26. Appendage III at different stages. Fig. 26 shows the final condition after encystment of the cercaria.
Fig. 27. Empty cyst after projection of cercaria to the outside through the everted delivery-tube (Appendage I).
Fig. 28. Excysting cercaria about to pass down everted delivery-tube.
Fig. 29. Excysting cercaria caught in delivery-tube, which has failed to evert normally beneath a cover-slip.
EXPLANATION OF LETTERING.
Al ‘ | : . Appendage I.
A le 1 : : . Appendage I everted.
A Il 5 : : . Appendage II.
AI . : : . Appendage III.
AV « : : . Appendage IV.
AVIV: : 3 . Appendage IV degenerating. AV 3 : 4 . Appendage V.
AN NVGh j = . Appendage V degenerating. a : 5 : . anterior end of cercaria.
ac : : : . anterior lateral collecting-tube.
Novirates ZooLoGIcAE XLI.
De bc bl. Cc Cum: cw dn
1938.
57
body of cercaria.
body of cercaria caught in delivery-tube. bladder.
cavity.
cuticular invagination.
eyst-wall.
degenerating nucleus.
dorsal half of tail-vesicle.
encysted cercaria.
group of cells of unknown function. giant nucleus.
intestine.
internal column of cells of Appendage IV. lining membrane of cyst.
main collecting-tube.
nucleus.
giant nucleus of Appendage V. nuclear membrane.
oral sucker.
pharynx.
posterior lateral collecting-tube. peduncle.
primitive epithelium.
posterior end of cercaria.
sheath of Appendage I after eversion. subcuticular protoplasmic layer.
tail.
tubular circuit of excretory vesicle. terminal prolongation of Appendage IV. ventral sucker.
ventral half of tail-vesicle.
58 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
NEW OR LITTLE-KNOWN MARSUPIALS: A NEW SPECIES OF PHASCOGALINAE, WITH NOTES UPON ACROBATES PULCHELLUS ROTHSCHILD.
By G. H. H. TATE.
IS the Zoological Museum, Tring, in the summer of 1937, I came across two
specimens of an obviously new Dasyurid collected by A. S. Meek in 1905. At my request Dr. Karl Jordan, Director, consulted the late Lord Rothschild as to the desirability of permitting the new species to be described. Lord Roth- schild kindly consented to lend the material to the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for description, and in addition to send for study the type skull of the unique Acrobates pulchellus Rothschild and two specimens of A. p. frontalis (De Vis) 1887 from near the type locality. Studies were conducted also a few months ago of the type of Acrobates pygmaeus at the British Museum (Natural History). So I am now in a favourable position to discuss the relationships of the three named forms of Acrobates.
My presence in Europe last summer was due to the generosity of Mr. Richard Archbold, who has financed two expeditions to New Guinea, and who last year set aside a sum of money to allow study of the types of Indo-Australian mammals.
1. Phascogale (Murexia) rothschildi n. sp.
Type.—Field No. 1, Zoological Museum, Tring; <g, adult; Aroa River, Papua; May 28, 1905; collector A. S. Meek. The type is a skin and skull in fair condition but lacking field measurements.
General Characters—A member of the subgenus Murexia Tate & Archb. 1937, but sharply differentiated from Ph. murex Thomas 1913, to the eye by the presence of a broad dorsal stripe running from nose to tail.
Description of type.-—General colour greyish brown, becoming slightly tinged with cinnamon on thighs ; the individual hairs with grey bases, brown subterminal bands and fuscous tips ; occasional guard hairs shining black ; dorsal band fus- cous, running from frons to base of tail, reaching an average width of 13 mm. ; underparts Light Cinnamon Buff,! with grey bases ; ears and tail light fuscous ; hands and feet buff. Pelage relatively short (4 mm.) and crisp.
Skull with the characters of Ph. murex but small throughout ; palate and muzzle relatively short and broad; incisors and premolars with similar size gradients. Teeth considerably smaller than those of P. murex.
Measurements.—Head and body,? 170 mm. ; tail, 180; hind foot (s.u.), 33 ; ear from crown, 13; skull, greatest length, 43-2; basal length, 40-1; zygomatic breadth, 24-6 ; interorbital breadth, 8-0; breadth of braincase, 16-0; mastoid breadth, 16-0; nasals, 14-9 x 5-3; palatal length, 23-0; anterior palatal foramina, 3:7; breadth of mesopterygoid fossa, 5-1; length of bulla, 2-9; crowns p‘-m*, 10:8; m!?, 7:6; mi, 2-6 x 2-0.
Paratype.—No. 108106, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; &, adult; collector and locality as for the holotype.
1 Colours are those of Ridgway, Colour Standards and Nomenclature, 1912, only if capitalized. 2 From the dry skin.
Novirares ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938.
59
I take pleasure in naming this interesting new species in memory of the late Lord Rothschild, who devoted so much of his life to furthering zoological know-
ledge.
2. On Acrobates pulchellus Rothschild 1892. Forty-five years ago Rothschild described! Acrobates pulchellus from “ one
of the small islands in Northern Dutch New Guinea.”
The unique specimen had
been received from A. Bruijn, who acted as a dealer and obtained his material
(chiefly from natives) from all about the western end of New Guinea.
of origin of the animal is therefore in doubt.
Rothschild compared the external characters of A. pulchellus with those of He did not mention A. frontalis from the- Herbert River, Queensland, which De Vis founded upon a very young animal and
-A. pygmaeus of New South Wales.
placed originally in the genus Dromicia.
The place
The skulls of A. pulchellus and of one
adult specimen of A. frontalis have now been cleaned and their characters and
measurements checked with those of the type of A. pygmaeus.
The three named
forms are compared in the following tabular arrangement :
SKINS.
A. pygmaeus, paratype ”
A. frontalis, topotype
A. pulchellus, type
New South Wales .
Male, adult . 5 5 5 5 ö
Colour faded by alcohol ; scarcely a trace of grey bases to the white ventral pelage ®
Tail longer than head and body
North Queensland Male, adult
Dorsal colour Prout’s Brown, with fuscous bases. Ventral colour
creamy white to roots. Tail as pygmaeus
Dutch New Guinea (?) Sex ? adult.
Dorsal colour brown with fuscous bases. Ventral colour dull white, with dark grey bases.
Tailshortened. By injury?
The white posterior part of the ear is a character common to all three types, as is the white upper lip.
2 The female paratype corresponds externally to the male. extracted.
3 A dried skin (A.M. 37185) from N. 8. Wales has grey bases.
Its skull has not been
SKULLS. A. pygmacus A. frontalis A. pulchellus 6 paratype 3 topotype type Breadth braincase on gl 1-01) 1:01 -90 Mastoid breadth en) Breadth mesopter. fossa 19 (+17) .20 .18 Zygomatie breadth Palatal length ——— IE ERRE ENG 75 (79 77 79 Zygomatic breadth 2) en. :24 (24) 27 25 palatal length width inside m!-m! .33 (-30) 35 .34 palatal length ken -40 (-40) 39 36 mi-3 4 Proportions in parenthesis are those of a d topotype, A.M. 37185. Obviously we lack adequate series of the forms under consideration. Also
ignorance of the sex of A. pulchellus weakens our comparison, for the very slight variations distinguishable in pulchellus may be entirely attributable to sexual 1 Rothschild 1892, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,"p. 546. 6
60 Novirates ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
differences. Aside from these points pulchellus agrees very closely with pygmaeus in the colour of the ventral pelage, in size, and in most of the cranial proportions tested. A. frontalis, on the other hand, is marked off from both pygmaeus and pulchellus by its ventral fur being white to the roots, and by the greater size of its teeth (see measurements above). Bearing in mind the doubtful origin of pulchellus and the presence of a distinct geographical form between its supposed territory and that of pygmaeus, 2,000 miles distant, the conclusion is scarcely avoidable that by error a specimen of pygmaeus was mislabelled New Guinea. In that case, when a sufficient series of the latter is available for study, pulchellus will fit within the range of individual variation of that series. If such is not the case, pulchellus can only be explained as one of the rarest of mammals living in parts of New Guinea whose zoology, broadly speaking, has been well explored.
In conclusion, I am inclined to the view that Acrobates Desmarest is an Australian genus comprising two species (or subspecies ?)—A. pygmaeus with grey- based ventral pelage and smaller teeth (mt? = 2-5) in the south, and A. frontalis with self-coloured white ventral fur and larger teeth (m! = 2-8) in the north. The animal A. pulchellus (= pygmaeus) was perhaps carried as a pet on board ship and obtained subsequently without proper locality by Bruijn.
Novirares ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938. 61
ECTOPARASITES FROM CAPTIVE BIRDS. I. 1936-1937. By THERESA CLAY, B.Se., AND MIRIAM ROTHSCHILD.
LARGE number of birds, obtained from all parts of the world, die in aviaries in this country every year. It occurred to the authors that a record of ectoparasites from some of these captive birds might prove of con- siderable interest. Quite apart from the number of new species such a collection is likely to provide, the conditions found in aviaries particularly favour the study of straggling of parasites from one host to another, and the acquisition of new parasites by foreign birds bred in this country.
In the following list the Mallophaga ! have been identified by Miss Theresa Clay, the Siphonaptera by the Hon. Miriam Rothschild, and the Acarina by Mrs. A.M. Hughes. Thesnitials following each record, whether positive or negative, indicate the collector who examined the bird in question. The figure in brackets after the name of the host indicates the number of that species examined.
Various methods were employed for collecting the parasites, but owing to the poor state of preservation of many of the birds it was not always possible to guarantee the negative records. Mites were not collected by the junior author.
GENERAL REMARKS.
A total of 128 birds was examined, including 91 species pertaining to 34 different families. Of this number, 90 specimens (65 species) were confined in captivity with various species of birds—thus providing ample opportunity for the straggling of parasites from one to another. The type of confinement varied from comparative freedom on a large lake to close confinement in an aviary or cage.
It has already been stated that mites were not collected from the birds examined at the London Zoo by the junior author, and it is therefore more convenient to study them apart from the lice. Only one bird was found to be harbouring fleas.
Mallophaga.—48 different species of Mallophaga were found distributed among 42 species of birds. The number of specimens infected was 48, or a little under half the total of the birds examined. On the whole the infections were not heavy, a comparatively small number of parasites being found on each bird. Notable exceptions to this were the Jay and Buzzard, which swarmed with parasites. The Hoopoe, Rosy-billed Pochard, and Stanley Crane were also fairly heavily infected. 10 species of birds showed infections with more than one species of Mallophaga.
11 of the birds were bred in captivity. Of these the Hoopoe, Rosy-billed Pochard, Emu, and Jackass Penguine were reared by their own parents. All proved to be infected, and the parasites were obviously acquired from the parents, except possibly in the case of the Jackass Penguin, which can have
1 Before attempting to describe any of these species a revision of several genera is necessary, and for this purpose further material is required.
62 Novirates ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938.
acquired the parasite either via its parents or directly from the other species of penguins (true hosts) with which it was confined. 6 birds were reared by foster parents (hens). 4 of these were ducks, kept on a large lake (pinioned) fully stocked with various water-fowl, including Geese, Oyster-catchers, Plovers, Curlew, etc. 2 acquired parasites, and it is worth noting that in both cases they proved to be typical duck parasites. On the other hand, one of the Madagascar Partridges, also reared by foster parents, acquired a parasite pertaining to a group which normally infests the Gressores.
The most highly infected group of birds proved to be the Cardinals. Out of 8 specimens (three species) 7 were infected. These included 5 species of lice. The least infected were the Waxbills. Out of 20 birds (four species) none were harbouring Mallophaga. The families Phasianidae and Fringillidae both showed a high percentage of infection ; on the other hand, the Psittacidae, birds which are frequently infected in the wild, all proved negative.
The egg-laying habits of lice appear to vary specifically, both with regard to the site selected and the manner of attachment of the egg capsule. This is well illustrated in the case of Degeeriella fusca (p. 67) and Degeeriella upupae (p. 70). With regard to the former species, it would be of interest to ascertain whether the lice migrate directly after hatching from the egg. The Buzzard was examined shortly after death, and no very extensive post-mortem movement of the lice had probably occurred. That such a migration does take place was suggested by the fact that the young stages were distributed all over the body and not confined to the lower wing coverts upon which the eggs are laid. A return migration to this area must presumably be undertaken by the gravid female. It is hoped to pay more attention to the habits of the lice, and include figures of different eggs, when making future collections and lists.
Four cases only of straggling were recorded. As already mentioned, the Jackass Penguin had acquired a species of Austrogoniodes generally found on the Macaroni and Rock-hopper Penguins. The Kirghiz Pheasant was infected with two species of lice, Lipewrus caponis and Goniodes meleagridis. The former is usually found on the domestic fowl and certain game birds, while the true host of the latter is the Turkey. It is possible that other cases of straggling might become apparent if more information were available. Thus, for example, the Brüelia sp. obtained from the Dominican Cardinal could conceivably have the Red-crested Cardinal (with which it was confined) as the true host in nature. However, with the exception of the Madagascar Partridge infected with a single specimen of Ardeicola sp., we have no record of a type of parasite characteristie of one definite group of birds straggling on to a bird pertaining to another unre- lated group. No evidence was obtained to disturb the belief that the Mallophaga are one of the best groups of parasites for assisting the study of host relationship. Even under such exceptionally favourable conditions the evidence of straggling is small.
It is worth drawing attention to the specimens of Ricinus sp. obtained from the Ruby and Topaz Humming Bird (confined with related species only). The presence of this genus of lice on a Humming Bird, which is otherwise characteristic of Passerine birds, is of interest in view of the controversy regarding the syste- matic position of the Trochlidae.
Acarina.—A total of 91 specimens (58 species) pertaining to 26 different families of birds was examined for mites (in addition to lice and fleas), of which
Novirarrs ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938. 63
15 specimens (13 species) were found to be infected. The number of species of mites recorded was 14. This figure is relatively low, and it appears probable that some infestations were overlooked, particularly in the case of birds which were received in a poor state of preservation. As with the lice, the actual number of parasites on each bird was generally small. In the case of the genera Cheyletiella, Laelaps, and Liponyssus, this is explained by the fact that they are essentially parasites inhabiting the nests of their hosts, rather than the birds or mammals themselves. However, an exceptionally heavy infection was recorded for the Green Magpie, literally thousands of mites being present. This bird also provided the only record of two species of mites on the same host. 8 of the infections were found in association with lice.
9 of the birds were bred in captivity. 2 showed infection with mites. One of these, the Falcated Teal, was reared by foster parents and must have acquired the mites, as it did the Mallophaga with which it was infected. Un- fortunately these specimens, together with a small series off the Scaly Ground Dove, were mislaid and are therefore omitted from the following list. No definite case of straggling was recorded. The genus Laelaps is, however, found more frequently on small mammals than on birds.
Siphonaptera.—The disappointing fact that only one record of fleas was made is probably due to the two following reasons. Firstly, fleas leave the host when it becomes cold, and in most cases the birds examined were collected several hours after death. Secondly, fleas, like many genera of mites, breed in the nests of the host, and are more likely to be collected there than on the bodies of the birds themselves.
LIST OF PARASITES. I. SIPHONAPTERA (Fleas).
Ceratophyllidae.
Parasite. Host. Ceratophyllus gallinae Schranck 1803 . Dendronessa galericulata (Linn.) 1758.
II. MALLOPHAGA (Biting Lice).
Menoponidae.
Anas falcata (Georgi) 1775.
*Trinoton querquedulae 1 (Linn.) 1758 . | Anas forınasn (Cases) NIE
Menacanthus sp.? - : 6 . Turacus leucotis (Rüppell) 1835. Menacanthus sp. - : : . Cyanops asiatica (Latham) 1790. Myrsidea sp.? . . Paroaria dominicana (Linn.) 1758. Chapinia africana ( (Bedford) 1929 . Bucorvus cafer (Schleg.) 1862. Colpocephalum decimfasciatum (Boisd.
& Lacord.) 1835 . ; ‘ . Ardea c. cinerea Linn. 1758. Colpocephalum sp.? . : : . Pavo cristatus Linn. 1758.
1 The species indicated by a star (*) show slight variation which may ultimately prove to be
subspecific.
64 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
Ricinidae. Ricinus sp. n. . : : 3 . Chrysolampis elatus (Linn.) 1758. Philopteridae. Goniodes meleagridis (Linn.) 1758 . Phasianuscolchicus mongolicus (Brandt) 1844. Goniodes cervinicornis Giebel 1874 . Gennaeus leucomelanos hamiltoni (Gray) 1829. Goniodes pavonis (Linn.) 1758 . . Pavo cristatus Linn. 1758. Goniodes sp. n. . Diardigallus diardi (Bonaparte) 1856. Goniocotes Blogs Giebel 1866 . Tragopan satyra (Linn.) 1758. Physconelloides sp. ? : ; . Phaps c. chalcoptera (Latham) 1790. Physconelloides sp. ? : ; . Geophaps smithi (Jard. & Selby) 1830.
[ Eudyptes chrysolophus (Brandt) 1837. Austrogoniodes strutheus Harrison 1915 Eudyptes c. crestatus (Miller) 1784. Spheniscus demersus (Linn.) 1758.
Lipeurus caponis (Linn.) 1758 . . Phasianus colchicus mongolicus (Brandt) 1844. Lipeurus subsellatus Harrison 1916 . Gennaeus leucomelanos hamiltoni (Gray) 1829. Oxylipeurus himalayensis (Rudow) 1869 . : 5 : : . Tragopan satyra (Linn.) 1758. Oxylipeurus sp.n.- . . Oreortyx p. picta (Douglas) 1823. . Otilipeurus turmalis a) 1842 . Otis t. tarda (Linn.) 1758. Dahlemhornia asymmetrica (Giebel) Dromiceius n. novae-hollandiae (Lath- 1866 am) 1790. Degeeriella rufa (Burm.) 1838 . . Falco tinnunculus (Linn.) 1758. " Degeeriella fusca (Denny) 1842. . Buteo buteo (Linn.) 1758. Degeeriella hospes (Giebel) 1866 . Squatarola squatarola (Linn.) 1758. Degeeriella upupae (Denny) 1842 . Upupa e. epops (Linn.) 1758. Brüelia glandarii (Denny) 1842 . Garrulus glandarius (Linn.) 1758.
[ Paroaria cristata (Boddaert) 1783. Paroaria dominicana (Linn.) 1758. Briielia limbata (Burm.) 1838 . . Loxia c. curvirostra Linn. 1758. Brüelia sp. . 5 : : . Richmondena cardinalis (Linn.) 1758. Brüelia sp. Richmondena cardinalis (Linn.) 1758. Briielia sp. Hypochaera chalybeata (Müller) 1776. Brüelia sp. Niltava grandis (Blyth) 1842. Briielia sp. Cissa chinensis (Boddaert) 1783. Paroaria dominicana (Linn.) 1758. Loxia c. curvirostra Linn. 1758.
Brüelia trithorax (Burm.) 1838 .
DO OD ew
*Philopterus citrinelle (Schrank) 1776 .
Philopterus cursitans (Giebel) 1861 . Athene n. noctua (Scop.) 1769. Philopterus sp. ? . : ö . Erythrura psittacea (Gmel.) 1788. Philopterus sp. ? : : ; . Niltava grandis (Blyth) 1842. Anatoecus sp. ? : : 3 . Metapopiana peposaca (Vieillot) 1818. Anatoecus sp. ? : . Mareca sibilatrix (Poeppig) 1829. Rallicola lugens (Giebel) 1874 : . Porphyrio poliocephalus (Latham) 1790.
Ornithobius fuscus Le Soeuf 1902 . Chenopis atrata (Latham) 1790.
Novirates ZooLOGICAE XLI. 1938. 65
*Oolumbicola columbae (Linn.) 1758 . Geophaps smithi (Jard. & Selby) 1830. Columbicola sp.? . ‘ : . Scardafella sguammata (Lesson) 1831. Columbicola sp.? . 5 : . Phaps c. chalcoptera (Latham) 1790. Columbicola sp.? . : ‘ . Chalcophaps i. indica (Linn.) 1758.
*Hsthiopterella gruis (Linn.) 1758 . Tetrapteryx paradisea (Licht.) 1793. Ardeicola sp. ? ; : ; . Margaroperdix madagarensis (Scop.)
1786.
III. ACARINA (Mites).
Analgesidae. Megninia sp. ? 3 : ; . Cissa chinensis (Boddaert) 1783. Pierolichus sp. ? Cissa chinensis (Boddaert) 1783. Pterolichus sp. ? Recurvirostra avocetta Linn. 1758. Plerolichus sp. ? Niltava grandis (Blyth) 1842. Pterolichus sp. ? Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw) 1805. Laelaptidae. Laelaps sp.? . ; ; ; . Acryllium vulturinum (Hardwicke) 1834. Liponyssidae. Liponyssus sp. ? : ¢ ¢ . Tiaris canora (Gmel.) 1788. Liponyssus sp. ? : ‘ : . Cyanops asiatica (Latham) 1790. Liponyssus sp. ? ; ; : . Richmondena cardinalis (Linn.) 1758. Cheyletidae.
~~
Cheyletiella sp. Cheyletiella sp. Cheyletiella sp.
Estrilda melpoda (Vieillot) 1817. Paroaria dominicana (Linn.) 1758. Paroaria cristata (Boddaert) 1783.
m +
LIST OF HOSTS.
Dromiceiidae.
DROMICEIUS N. NOVAE-HOLLANDIAE (Latham) 1790, Emu (1). London Zoo,1 November 1937. Bred at Whipsnade. Confined with same species only. 1 &. 5 22 Dahlemhornia asymmetria. (T. C.)?
Spheniscidae.
SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS (Linn.) 1758, Jackass Penguin (1). London Zoo, 1937. Bred in captivity. Confined with various other species of penguins. 19 33, 23 99 Austrogoniodes strutheus. This infection was probably acquired from another species of penguin as it is not the usual species of Austrogoniodes found on this bird. (T.C.)
EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHUS (Brandt) 1837, Macaroni Penguin (1). London Zoo, April 1937. Obtained from the Antarctic. Confined with various species of penguins. 5 99 Austrogoniodes strutheus. (T. C.)
1 “ London Zoo ” refers to the Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park. 2 T. C. = Theresa Clay, M. R. = Miriam Rothschild, E. M. = Elizabeth Meyerhof.
66 Novirates ZooLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
EUDYPTES C. CRESTATUS (Miller) 1784, Rock-hopper Penguin (1). London Zoo, April 1937. No data. Confined with various species of penguins. 12 34, 8 99 Austrogoniodes strutheus. (T. C.)
Podicipidae. PopICEPS c. CRISTATUS (Linn.) 1758, Great Crested Grebe (1). London Zoo, 1937. Died on arrival. No data. No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
Ardeidae.
ARDEA C. CINEREA Linn. 1758, Common Heron (2). London Zoo, January 1937. @ obtained in Great Britain. Confined with various species of birds ; 3 33,7 29 Colpocephalum decimfasciatum. The second specimen, obtained on the Continent of Europe, confined with various species of birds ; no Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
BUBULCUS IBIS COROMANDUS (Boddaert) 1783, Buff-backed Heron (1). London Zoo, 1937. Obtained from India, confined with various species of birds, No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
Phoenicopteridae.
PHOENICOPTERUS ANTIQUORUM Temminck 1820, Flamingo (1). Lilford Aviaries, 22.3.37. Obtained from Esypt. Free on lake for several years with various species of water-fowl. No ectoparasites. (E. M.)
Anatidae.
CHENOPIS ATRATA (Latham) 1790, Australian Black Swan (1). London Zoo, November 1936. Q obtained from Australia, confined with various species of birds. 12 Ornithobius fuscus. (T. C.)
ANAS FALCATA Georgi 1775, Falcated Teal (1). Lilford Aviaries, 15.9.37. Bred in England, reared by foster parent (hen). Free on lake with various water-fowl. 1 3, 1 Q *Trinoton querquedulae in breast feathers. No eggs noted. A small series of unidentified mites on the superficial head and neck feathers. (M. R.) 5
ANAS CASTANEA (Eyton) 1838, Chestnut-breasted Teal (1). Lilford Aviaries, 16.3.37. Bred in England. Conditions as above. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
ANAS CYANOPTERA Vieillot 1816, Cinnamon Teal (1). Lilford Aviaries, 12.3.37. Bred in England. Conditions as above. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
ANAS FoRMOSA Georgi 1785, Clucking Teal (1). Lilford Aviaries, 9.2.37. 2 obtained from Japan or Siberia. Free on lake for about three years with various water-fowl. 1 3 *Trinoton querquedulae in breast feathers. No eggs noted. (M. R.)
Anas DISCORS Linn. 1766, Blue-winged Teal (1). London Zoo, 1937. Obtained from North America, confined with various species of ducks. No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
Arx sponsa (Linn.) 1758, Carolina Duck (1). Dudley Zoo, 17.9.37. Obtained from North America. Confined with various species during captivity. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
Novirares ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938. 67
DENDRONESSA GALERICULATA (Linn.) 1758, Mandarin Duck (1). London Zoo, March 1937. Confined with various species of birds. A series of dd and 9° of Ceratophyllus gallinae from breast feathers. (T. C.)
MARECA SIBILATRIX (Poeppig) 1829, Chiloe Wigeon (1). Lilford Aviaries, 27.38.37. Bred in England, reared by foster parent. Free on lake with various water-fowl. 1 2 and 1 immature Anatoecus sp.? on head. No eggs noted. (M. R.)
METAPOPIANA PEPOSACA (Vieillot) 1818, Rosy-billed Pochard (1). Lilford Aviaries, 21.12.36. Bred in England, reared by own parents. Conditions as above. A fairly heavy generalized infection of Anatoecus sp.? (M.R.)
Accipitridae.
ACCIPITER NIsus (Linn.) 1758, Sparrow Hawk (1). Dudley Zoo, 7.9.37. Captured near Birmingham and subsequently confined alone. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
Burro BuTEO (Linn.) 1758, Common Buzzard (1). Lilford Aviaries, August 1937. Captured in Devonshire, England. Confined with same species only. Exceedingly heavy general infection with * Degeeriella fusca. Eggs con- fined to the surface of the basal half of lower wing coverts close to the body. As many as 160 eggs on one feather. (M. R.)
FALCO TINNUNCULUS (Linn.) 1758, Kestrel (2). One specimen for which we have no data, infected with Degeeriella rufa. Second specimen Dudley Zoo, 22.3.37. Captured near Dudley. Confined alone. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
Phasianidae.
OREORTYX P. PICTA (Douglas) 1823, Plumed Quail (1). London Zoo, 1937. No data. Confined with various species of birds. Infected with Oxylipeurus sp.n. (T.C.)
TRAGOPAN SATYRA (Linn.) 1758, Satyr Tragopan (1). London Zoo, 1937. Obtained from India, confined with various species of birds. Infected with Goniocotes diplogonus and Oxylipeurus himalayensis. (T. C.)
GENNAEUS LEUCOMELANOS HAMILTONI (Gray) 1829, White-crested Kaleege (1). London Zoo, June 1937. Obtained from Western Himalayas, India. Confined with various species of birds. 2 34, 2 22 Lipeurus subsellatus, and 8 dd, 6 29 Goniodes cervinicornis. (T. C.)
DIARDIGALLUS DIARDI (Bonaparte) 1856, Siamese Crested Fireback (1). London Zoo, February 1937. Obtained from Siam, confined with various species of birds. 6 dd, 10 99 Goniodes sp.n. (T.C.)
PHASIANUS COLCHICUS MONGOLICUS (Brandt) 1844, Kirghiz Pheasant (1). London Zoo, 1937. Obtained from Mongolia, confined with various species of birds. Infected with Lipeurus caponis and Goniodes meleagridis. The true host of the latter species is the Turkey. (T. C.)
Pavo cristatus Linn. 1758, Peafowl (2). London Zoo, December 1936 and June 1937. 2 99 obtained from India, confined with various species of birds. First specimen with 2 gg, 8 29, 4immature Goniodes pavonis. Second specimen with 4 gg, 4 22 Goniodes pavonis and 1 g, 2 99 Colpocephalum sp.? (T. C.)
ACRYLLIUM VULTURINUM (Hardwicke) 1834, Vulturine Guinea-fowl (1). Lilford Aviaries, December 1936. Obtained from Somaliland. At liberty for
68 Novirates ZooLoGIcAE XLI. 1938.
about six years in an enclosure of about three acres, together with various species of birds. Two specimens of Laelaps sp.? (M. R.)
MARGAROPERDIX MADAGARENSIS (Scop.) 1786, Madagascar Partridge (2). Foxwarren Park, 16.12.36 and 4.2.37. Both specimens bred in England, reared by foster parents, and confined with various other birds. One infected with a single specimen of Ardeicola sp. ?, a straggler from one of the Gressores. The second bird without ectoparasites. (M. R.)
Gruidae.
TETRAPTERYX PARADISEA (Licht.) 1793, Stanley Crane (1). London Zoo, December 1936. 4 obtained from Cape Colony, confined with another crane. 109 SS, 247 29, 246 immature *Hsthioptereila gruis. (T. C.)
Rallidae.
PoRPHYRIO POLIOCEPHALUS (Latham) 1790, Grey-headed Gallinule (1). Lilford Aviaries, 5.2.37. Obtained from India. Confined with jungle fowl and wild guinea fowl for about six years. A fairly generalised infection with Rallicola lugens. ‘This species seems more firmly attached to the feathers than is generally the case. (M. R.)
Otididae.
Ov1s T. TARDA Linn. 1758, Great Bustard (1). London Zoo, February 1937. © obtained from Hungary, confined with various species of birds. 5 34, 10 99 Otilipeurus turmalis. (T. C.)
Charadriidae.
SQUATAROLA SQUATAROLA (Linn.) 1758, Grey Plover (2). Ashton Wold, August 1937. A pair from Great Britain. Confined together in a large garden. One showed a light general infection of Degeeriella hospes. (M. BR.)
Recurvirostridae.
RECURVIROSTRA AVOCETTA Linn. 1758, Avocet (1). Foxwarren Park, 22.1.37. Obtained on the Continent of Europe. Heavily infected with Ptero- lichus sp. ? The mites were situated between the barbules of the retrices, parallel with them, close to the shaft of the feather. The white feathers showed dis- coloration. (M. R.)
Chionidae.
CHIONIS ALBA (Gmel.) 1788, Sheath-bill (1). London Zoo, 1937. Obtained from the South Shetlands, confined with numerous other species of birds. No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
Laridae.
LARUS DOMINICANUS Licht. 1823, Southern Black-backed Gull (1). London Zoo. No data. Confined with various species of birds. No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
LARUS N. NOVAE-HOLLANDIAE Stevens 1826, Silver Gull (1). London Zoo, 1937. Bred in captivity, confined with various species of birds. No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
Novirarrs ZOOoLOGICAE XLI. 1938 69
Columbidae.
GEOPHAPS SMITHI (Jard. & Selby) 1830, Smith’s Partridge Pigeon (1). Foxwarren Park, 26.3.37. Obtained in Australia. Confined with various species of birds. A fairly general infection with Physconelloides sp.? and 2 specimens of *Columbicola columbae. (M. R.)
GALLICOLUMBA JOBIENSIS (A. B. Meyer) 1875, White-breasted Ground Dove (1). Foxwarren Park, 30.4.37. Obtained from Jobi Island. Confined with various species of birds. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
ZENAIDA ASIATICA (Linn.) 1758, White-winged Dove (1). Lilford Aviaries, 7.2.37. Obtained from Mexico. Confined for two years at least with various other birds. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
SCARDAFELLA SQUAMMATA (Lesson) 1831, Scaly Ground Dove (1). Dudley Zoo, 2.9.37. Possibly bred in captivity. Confined with various species of birds. One specimen of Columbicola sp.?, and a small series of mites (unidentified). (M. R.)
CHALCOPHAPS I. INDICA (Linn.) 1758, Emerald Dove (1). London Zoo. No data. Confined with various species of birds. Infected with Columbicola sp. ? (T. C.)
PHAPS C. CHALCOPTERA (Latham) 1790, Common Bronze-wing (1). London Zoo, November 1936. Obtained from Australia, confined with various species of birds. 9 $4, 38 29 Physconelloides sp. ? and 1 g,3 99 Columbicola sp.? (T.C.)
Cuculidae.
CucuLus ©. CANORUS Linn. 1758, Common Cuckoo (2). Dudley Zoo, 8.8.37 and 23.8.37. Captured near Dudley, England. Confined separately. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
GUIRA GUIRA (Gmel.) 1788, Guira Cuckoo (1). London Zoo, 1937. Ob- tained from Paraguay, confined with various species of birds. No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. ©.)
Psittacidae.
MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS (Shaw) 1805, Budgerigar (3). Dudley Zoo, 13.8.37 and 6.9.37. London Zoo, 1937. The two specimens from Dudley were bred in captivity and confined with various species of birds. One showed a light infection of Pterolichus sp.? (EK. M.) The specimen from London Zoo was obtained from Australia. No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
AGAPORNIS ROSEICOLLIS (Vieillot) 1817, Rosy-faced Love Bird (1). Dudley Zoo, 6.8.37. Obtained from Africa. Confined separately since it reached this country. No ectoparasites. (E. M.)
PLATYCERCUS ADscırus (Latham) 1790, Pale-headed Rosella (1). Fox- warren Park, 7.1.37. Obtained from Queensland or New South Wales. Con- fined alone. No ectoparasites. (EK. M.)
TRICHOGLOSSUS HOEMATODUS RUBRITORQUIS Vigors & Horsf. 1827, Red- collared Lorikeet (1). London Zoo, 1937. Obtained from North-west Australia, confined with the same species only. No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
LEPTOLOPHUS HOLLANDICUS (Kerr) 1792, Quarrion (1). London Zoo, 1937. Obtained from Australia, confined with the same species only. No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
70 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
PSITTACUS E. ERITHACUS Linn. 1758, Grey Parrot (1). London Zoo, 1937. Obtained from the Gold Coast, Africa, confined with another bird of the same species. No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
Musophagidae.
TURACUS LEUCOTIS (Rüppell) 1835, White-cheeked Plantain Eater (1). Lilford Aviaries, 1937. Obtained from Africa. Kept in large aviary with various species of birds, for about five years. A light infection of Menacanthus sp.? (M. R.)
Bucerotidae.
TROPICRANUS ALBOCRISTATUS (Cassin) 1848, White-crested Hornbill (2). Foxwarren Park, 1.3.37. Obtained from Africa. Confined alone. No ecto- parasites. (E. M.)
BUCORVUS CAFER (Schleg.) 1862, Ground Hornbill (1). London Zoo, November 1937. Obtained from Cameroons, confined with various species of other birds. 1 9 Chapinia africana. (T. C.)
Strigidae.
BuBo CAPENSIS (Smith) 1834, Cape Eagle Owl (1). Dudley Zoo, 2.8.37. Wings only examined. Obtained from South Africa. Confined with other owls. No ectoparasites. (E. M.)
ATHENE N. NOCTUA (Scop.) 1769, Little Owl (1). London Zoo, 1937. © obtained from Germany, confined with other owls. 9 3, 26 22 Philopterus cursitans. (T.C.)
Upupidae.
Urupa Epops Linn. 1758, Hoopoe (1). Foxwarren Park, 14.12.36. Bred in captivity and reared by own parents. Very heavily infected with Degeeriella upupae. Eggs laid in numbers on breast feathers, parallel with barbules, at right angles to shaft. (M. R.)
Capitonidae.
CYANOPS ASIATICA (Latham) 1790, Blue-throated Barbet (4). Dudley Zoo, 7.8.37, 22.7.37, 11.9.37, and 18.9.37. Obtained from the Himalayas. Not confined with other species of birds. Two specimens with a light general infection of Menacanthus sp. ? Eggs laid in groups at the base of breast and neck feathers. A light infection on one bird of Liponyssus sp.? (M. BR.)
Pittidae. Pirra CYANEA Blyth 1843, Blue Pitta (1). Foxwarren Park, 16.12.36. Obtained from Java. Confined alone. No ectoparasites. (E. M.)
Muscicapidae. NILTAVA GRANDIS (Blyth) 1842, Greater Niltava (1). Foxwarren Park, 22.1.37. Obtained from East Himalayas. Confined alone. A single specimen of Brüelia sp. ?, Philopterus sp. ? and Pterolichus sp.” (M. R.)
Turdidae. KITTACINCLA MALABARICA INDICA (Baker) 1924, The Shama (1). London Zoo, 1937. Obtained from India. Confined alone. No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
Noviratres ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938. 71
Timeliidae. HETEROPHASIA PICAOIDES Hodgson 1839, Long-tailed Sibia (2). Foxwarren Park, 22.12.36 and 10.3.37. Birds confined together and not with other species. No ectoparasites. (M. R. and E. M.)
Corvidae.
CIssA CHINENSIS Boddaert 1783, Green Magpie (1). Foxwarren Park, 12.12.36. Obtained from India. A few specimens of Brüelia sp.? No eggs observed. An exceptionally heavy infection of Megninia sp. ? and Pterolichus sp. ?> (M. RB.)
GARRULUS LIDTHI Bonaparte 1850, Lidthi’s Jay (1). Foxwarren Park, 17.1.37. Obtained in Northern Group of Rynkyn Islands. Confined with various species of birds. No ectoparasites. (E. M.)
GARRULUS GLANDARIUS (Linn.) 1758, Common Jay (1). Dudley Zoo, 27.7.37. Captured in Britain and confined with domestic pigeons. Extremely heavily infected with Brüelia glandarw. (M. RB.)
Tanagridae.
STEPHANOPHORUS DIADEMATUS (Temminck) 1829, White-capped Tanager (1). Foxwarren Park, 14.1.37. Obtained from Northern Argentine. Confined with various species of birds. No ectoparasites. (E. M.)
Ploceidae.
ESTRILDA ASTRILDA SANCTAEHELENAE Shelley 1903, St. Helena Waxbill (12). Dudley Zoo, July-September 1937. All these birds were confined with various species of birds. All negative for ectoparasites. (M. R.)
ESTRILDA MELPODA (Vieillot) 1817, Orange-cheeked Waxbill (4). Dudley Zoo, 12.7.37, 23.7.37. Obtained from West Africa and confined with various species of birds. Two specimens with a fairly generalized infection of Cheyletiella sp.? (M. R.)
ESTRILDA SUBFLAVA (Vieillot) 1819, Zebra Waxbill (3). Dudley Zoo, 12.8.37, 24.8.37, and London Zoo, 1937. Obtained from Africa, confined with various species of birds. No ectoparasites. (M. R. and T. C.)
ESTRILDA TROGLODYTES (Licht.) 1823, Grey Waxbill (1). London Zoo, 1937. Obtained from West Africa, confined with various other birds. No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
OTHYPHANTES REICHENOWI (Fischer) 1884, Reichenow’s Weaver (1). Dudley Zoo, 7.4.37. From Kenya Colony. Confined with various species of birds. No ectoparasites. (M. RB.)
POEPHILA ACUTICAUDA (Gould) 1842, Long-tailed Finch (1). Foxwarren Park, 14.12.36. Obtained from Australia. Confined with various birds. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
URAEGINTHUS BENGALUS (Linn.) 1866, Red-cheeked Cordon Bleu (2). Dudley Zoo, 27.7.37. Obtained from Africa. Confined with various species of birds. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
EUPLECTES FRANCISCANA (Isert) 1789, Orange Bishop (1). Dudley Zoo, 1937. Obtained from West Africa. Confined with various species of birds. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
12 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XLI. 1938.
HYPOCHAERA CHALYBEATA (Müller) 1776, Combassont (2). Dudley Zoo, 11.9.37. Both birds confined with various species of birds. One with a light general infection of Brüelia sp.? The eggs laid singly, 1-3 on the same feather, along the shaft of the breast feathers. (M. R.)
Monta MALaccA (Linn.) 1766, Black-headed Munia (1). Dudley Zoo, 30.7.37. Obtained from Ceylon, India. Confined with various species of birds. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
Pappo oryzivora (Linn.) 1758, Java Sparrow (1). Dudley Zoo, 12.8.37. Confined with various species of birds. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
Sturnidae.
SPREO SUPERBUS (Rüppell) 1845, Superb Glossy Starling (1). Foxwarren Park, 10.8.37. Obtained from East Africa. Confined with other species of birds. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
LEUCOPHASER ROTHSCHILDI Stres. 1912, Rothschild’s Grackle (1). Fox- warren Park, 7.2.37. Obtained from Bali Islands. Confined with various species of birds. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
Graculidae.
GRACULA RELIGIOSA Linn. 1758, Indian Grackle (1). Dudley Zoo, 30.7.37. Obtained from Northern India. No ectoparasites. (E. M.)
Icteridae.
IcTERUS BONANA (Linn.) 1766, Martinique Oriol (1). Foxwarren Park, 4.1.37. Confined alone. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
QUISCALUS QUISCULA (Linn.) 1758, Purple Grackle (1). Foxwarren Park, 24.2.37. Obtained from Southern America. Confined with various species of birds. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
Fringillidae.
Loxta €. CURVIROSTRA Linn. 1758, Crossbill (1). London Zoo, February 1937. Obtained in Europe. Confined with many various species of birds. 2 33, 4 22 Brüelia limbata and 3 33, 6 99 *Philopterus citrinellae. (T. C.)
CHLORIS CHLORIS (Linn.) 1758, Greenfinch (1). Dudley Zoo, 2.8.37. Obtained near Oxford, England. Confined with various species of birds. No ectoparasites. (M. R.)
ERYTHRURA PSITTACEA (Gmel.) 1788, Royal Parrot Finch (2). Mr. Part- ridge’s Aviaries, 11.8.37. Obtained from Numea. No contact with other species of birds. Many empty egg capsules on breast feathers. One specimen of Philopterus sp.? (M. R.)
TIARIS CANORA (Gmel.) 1788, Cuban Grassquit (1). Dudley Zoo, 2.7.37. Confined with other birds of the same species only. Two specimens of Liponyssus sp.? (M. R.)
RICHMONDENA CARDINALIS (Linn.) 1758, Virginian Cardinal (4). Dudley Zoo, 9.7.37, 23.8.37, 2.9.37, and 15.7.37. Obtained from Eastern U.S.A. Three of the birds had light general infections of Liponyssus sp.? and three different Briielia sp. ? were found among them. Eggs laid about the billand neck. (M. R.)
Noviratres Zoonogrcar XLI. 1938. 73
PAROARIA CRISTATA (Boddaert) 1783, Red-crested Cardinal (1), Dudley Zoo, 6.9.37. Confined with various species of birds. Brüelia trithorax around face and cheek. A few on the breast feathers. Eggs around face. A light general infection with Cheyletiella sp.” (M. R.)
PAROARIA DOMINICANA (Linn.) 1758, Dominican Cardinal (3). Dudley Zoo, 23.7.37, 16.7.37. From Eastern Brazil. Confined with P. cristata. Two birds with Brüelia trithorax on head. Eggs around bill, throat, and top of head. One specimen of Myrsides sp.? Also one specimen of Cheyletiella sp.? (M. R.)
On the third bird, a light infection of Brüelia sp. ? and *Philopterus citrinellae. (E. M.)
Trochilidae.
CHRYSOLAMPIS ELATUS (Linn.) 1766, Ruby and Topas Humming Bird (1). Ashton Wold, September 1936. Obtained from Brazil and only came into con- tact with other species of humming birds. 1 4, 1 9, and 1 immature specimen of Ricinus sp.n. Eggs laid singly on throat feathers. (M. R.)
EUPETOMENA MACROURA (Gmel.) 1788, Swallow-tail Humming Bird (1). London Zoo, 1937. Confined with various species of birds. No Mallophaga or Siphonaptera. (T. C.)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
We would like to express our gratitude to all those who have so kindly co- operated with us in preparing this list, in particular to Mrs. A. M. Hughes for identifying the mites, and Mr. J. D. MacDonald for correcting the host names. Our special thanks are also due to the Earl of Dudley, Mr. Alfred Ezra, Lord Lilford, Mr.