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ORIGINES

PAROCHIALES SCOTIA.

^ J.iu.-^.-^-^-^^'^^ff

$arotl)ialtsi g)Cotiae

THE ANTIQUITIES

ECCLESIASTICAL AND TERHITORIAL

OF THE PARISHES OF SCOTLAND.

VOLUME FIRST.

EDINBURGH :

W. H. LIZARS, ST. JAMES' SQUARE.

GLASGOW : J. SMITH & SON, ST. VINCENT STREET. LONDON : S. HIGHLEY, FLEET STREET, AND ALL BOOKSELLERS.

MDCCCLL

EDIX'ErEGH : T. COXST^VBLE, P»ISIER TO HKR JIAJESTY.

THE CONTRIBUTION

TO

THE BANNATYNE CLUB

OF

LORD JEFFREY,

SIR THOMAS MAKDOUGxVLL BRISBANE, BART., AND

THE HON. CHARLES FRANCIS STUART.

THE BANNATYNE CLUB.

DECEMBER MDCCCL.

THOMAS THOMSON, ESQ., • ^resiaent.

THE EARL OF ABERDEEN. VICE-ADMIRAL SIR CHARLES ADAM. THE EARL OF ASHBURNIIAM. LORD BELHAVEN AND HAMILTON. WILLIAM BLAIR, ESQ. BERIAII BOTFIELD, ESQ. THE MARQUESS OF BREADALBANE. SIR THOMAS MAKDODGALL BRISBANE, BART. 10 GEORGE BRODIE, ESQ.

CHARLES DASHWOOD BRUCE, ESQ.

0. TYNDALL BRUCE, ESQ.

THE DUKE OP BUCCLEUCH AND QUEENSBERRY.

VERY REV. DEAN RICHARD BUTLER.

JAMES CAMPBELL, ESQ.

PATRICK CHALMERS, ESQ.

SIR GEORGE CLERK, BART., M.P.

HON. H. COCKBURN, LORD COCKEURN, [VICE-PRESIDENT.]

^

THE BANNATYNE CLUB.

DAVID CONSTABLE, ESQ. 20 ANDREW COVENTRY, ESQ.

JAMES T. GIBSON CRAIG, ESQ., [TREASURER.]

SIR WILLIAM GIBSON CRAIG, BART., M.P.

GEORGE CRANSTOUN, ESQ., [DECEASED.]

THE MARQUESS OF DALHOUSIE.

THE MARQUESS OF DOUGLAS AND CLYDESDALE.

HENRY DRUMMOND, ESQ., M.P.

SIR DAVID DUNDAS, M.P.

GEORGE DUNDAS, ESQ.

WILLIAM PITT DUNDAS, ESQ. 30 THE EARL OF ELLESMERE.

•JOSEPH WALTER KING EYTON, ESQ.

LIEUT.-COL. ROBERT FERGUSON, M.P.

COUNT MERCER DE FLAHAULT.

THE EARL OF GOSFORD.

WILLIAM GOTT, ESQ.

ROBERT GRAHAM, ESQ.

THE EARL OF HADDINGTON.

THE DUKE OF HAMILTON AND BRANDON.

SIR THOMAS BUCIIAN HEPBURN, BART. 40 JAMES MAITLAND HOG, ESQ.

JAMES B. HOPE, ESQ.

RIGHT HON. .JOHN HOPE, LORD JUSTICE-CLERK.

COSMO INNES, ESQ.

DAVID IRVING, LL.D.

HON. JAMES IVORY, LORD IVORY.

SIR HENRY JARDINE.

THE BANNATYNE CLUB.

HON. FRANCIS JEFFREY, LORD JEFFREY, [DECEASED.]

DAVID LAING, ESQ., [SECRETARY.]

THE EARL OF LAUDERDALE. .50 VERY REVEREND PRINCIPAL JOHN LEE, D.D.

LORD LINDSAY.

JAMES LOCH, ESQ., M.P.

LORD LOVAT.

ALEXANDER MACDONALD, ESQ.

HON. J. H. MACKENZIE, LORD MACKENZIE.

JAMES MACKENZIE, ESQ.

JOHN WHITEFOOUD MACKENZIE, ESQ.

KEITH STEWART MACKENZIE, ESQ.

WILLIAM FORBES MACKENZIE, ESQ., M.P. ISO ALEXANDER MACONOCHIE, ESQ.

JAMES MAIDMENT, ESQ.

HON. THOMAS MAITLAND, LORD DUNDRENNAN.

THE VISCOUNT MELVILLE.

THE HON. WILLIAM LESLIE MELVILLE.

THE EARL OF MINTO.

HON. SIR JAMES W. MONCREIFF, LORD MONCREIFF.

JAMES PATRICK MUIRHEAD, ESQ.

HON. SIR JOHN A. MURRAY, LORD MURRAY.

WILLIAJI MURRAY, ESQ. 70 ROBERT NASMYTH, ESQ.

CHARLES KEAVES, ESQ.

THE EARL OF NORTIIESK.

LORD PANMURE.

ALEXANDER PRINGLE. ESQ.

THE BANNATYNE CLUB.

JOHN RICHARDSON, ESQ.

THE DUKE OF ROXBURGHE.

RIGHT HON. ANDREW RUTHERFURD, LORD ADVOCATE, M.P.

THE EARL OF SELKIRK.

•JAMES SKENE, ESQ. SO WILLIAM SMYTHE, ESQ.

.JOHN SPOTTISWOODE, ESQ.

EDWARD STANLEY, ESQ.

REV. WILLIAM STEVENSON, D.D.

THE HON. CHARLES FRANCIS STUART.

THE DUKE OF SUTHERLAND.

ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL SWINTON, ESQ.

ALEXANDER THOMSON, ESQ.

SIR WALTER CALVERLEY TREVELYAN, BAKT.

WILLIAM B. D. D. TURNBULL, ESQ. 90 ADAM URQUHART, ESQ.

A TABLE

THE CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.

THE PREFACE.

TAGi;

DIOCESE OF GLASGOW.

DEANERY OF RUTHERGLEN.

Glasgow,

govan and gorbals,

Cadder,

monklant),

BOTHWELI. AND BeKTRAJI ShOTTS,

Cambdsnethan,

Dalziel,

Blantthe,

Cambuslang,

Rdtherglen,

Carmunnock,

Cathcart,

Eastwood and Pollock,

Paisley,

Renfrew,

INCHI^^^{AN, .

1, i7, 50, 51, 53,

58,

60, 62,

65, 66, 67, 73,

499 501 504 504 504

56 505

59 505 505

64 505 505 506 506 507

TABLE OF
Erskine, ....	I'AU K 80
KiLLALLAX, ....	81
Houston, ....	82
KiLBAROHAN,	8.3
KiLMACOLM ANB PoRT-GlASGOW,	85
IxNERKiP akd Greenock,	87, 507
LOCHWINNOCH,	93, 507
Neilstown,	96, 508
Meakns, ....	97, 508
Eaglesham, ...	98, 508
East Kilbride,	99, 508
TORRENS, ....	100, 508
Glasiord, ....	102,510
AVONDALE StRATHAVON, .	103,510
Hamilton, ....	105,510
Machan ou Dalserf,	107

DEANERY OF LENNOX.

Kilpatrick,				20, 501
Dumbarton,				23, 502
Cardross,				26, 502
Rosneath and Row,				27, 502
Luss AND Arrochar,				30, 502
Buchanan,				32,502
KiLMARONOK,				33, 503
BONHILL,				36
Drymen,				37, 503
Balfron,				39
KlI.LEARN, .				40
FiNTRAY,				42
KiLsrxH,				43

THE CONTENTS.

Cajipsv,

Stkathblane,

Baldernock,

KiRKIVrULI.OCH AND ClMBKRXAULD,

I'AGE

44, oOS

4(;

47, 504

48, 504

PART OF THE DEANERY OF KYLE AND CUNINGIIAME.

Laugs and Ccmbrvy,

KiLBIRNlE,

89, 607 92, 507

DEANERY OF L.VNARR.

Stonehouse,					108,510
Lesmahago,					110,511
Carluke,					115
Lanark,					117,511
Carstairs,					123,511
Carjtwath, .					125
DONSYRE,					12.S
DOLPHINTON,					130
Walston,					131.511
Biggar,					132,511
LiBERTON, .					135
QnoxnQUHAN,					136
Pettinajn, .					137,512
Covington,					140,512
Thankerton,					142, 513
Symington, .					144
WiSTON, ROBERTON, .					146,513 148,513

	TABLE OF	PAOE
Carmichael,		150,514
Douglas,		152
Ckawfokd John,		l(i(i
Ceawfokd,		163
Wakdal,		171
Lamngton, .		173
CULTER,		174

DEANEEY OF PEEBLES.

KlLBUCHO, .					177,514
Glenholm, .					179
Skirling,					182
KiKKURD,					185,515
West Linton,					188,516
Newlands,					192,517
Stobo,					196,518
Broughton,					201
Dawic,					202
Dedmmelzier,					203
TWEEDSJIUIR,					205
Ltne,					207
Eddleston,					210,518
Innerleithan,					215,519
Traquaiu, .					218,519
Meg get,					222
Kailzik,					224, 520
Peebles,					227, 521
Maner,					238, 522
Yarkow,					248, 522

THE CONTENTS.

THE FOREST,

PAGE

2-11

DEANERY OF PEEBLES (OR OF TEVIOTDALE.)

Ettrick, Selkirk,

259, 524 267, 524

DEANERY OF TEVIOTDALE.

Rankilbden,					264
Galashiels,				277, 525
Melrose,				279, 526
BOAVDEN,				287
St. Boswell's or Lessddden				290
Longnewton,				295, 526
Maxton,				297
Ancrum,					303, 526
Lilliesleaf,					306
ASHKIRK,					312
Hassendean,					316,526
MlNTO,					321,527
Wilton,					324
ROBERTON, .					326, 527
Cavers,					331,527
KiRKTOWN, .					337
Haavick,					338, 527
Teviothead,					346
Bededle,					347
Abbotrdle,					349
HOBKIEK,					351
Castletown,					353, 527

TABLE OF THE CONTENTS.

Ettlktown,				PAOE 363
.SOUTHDEAN,				364, 528
Jedburgh,				366, 528
Crailing,				387
OXNAM,				389
HOWNAM,				393
ECKFORD,				397
JIOREBATl'LE,				■102, 528
Mow,				413,528
Yetholm,				427
Linton,				431
Sprouston, .				436
Lempitla-w,				443
Maxwell, .				445
Roxburgh,				450, 529

THE PREFACE.

THE PREFACE.

When this Work was first projected, nothing more was proposed than to collect the earliest mention of each parish church, the dedication to its patron saint, the nature and tenure of the benefice, and its value as found in the ancient church taxations ; the chapels, hospitals, and minor foundations within its territory. The recent printing of a great body of Chartularies — the registers and records of the ancient bishoprics and monasteries of Scotland — hitherto in- accessible, had induced the compiler to attempt a Parochial classification of the ecclesiastical antiquities and statistics which they contained. But in drawing from these sources, other matters often presented themselves of such utility and interest, that it was impossible to exclude them. There were proofs of the earliest settlements of laymen, instructive descriptions of old boundaries, traces of an aboriginal population disappearing, and of the rapid colonization of their supcessors, indications of the modes of living among all classes at a very early period. Such things could not be rejected in the account of a parish, and these, with notices of the descent of lands and fragments of territorial history, have extended the Work far beyond the original plan. But if this portion has thus swelled to an unexpected and perhaps inconvenient bulk, it must be re- membered that some of the parishes of the present volume were of peculiar interest, and all or nearly all were in districts much illustrated by the Chartu- laries of Glasgow and Paisley, and of the great Abbeys of Teviotdale. There is little room to apprehend such fulness of illustration for most of the other districts of Scotland.

THE PREFACE.

In a glance at the origin and history of our parochial sj'stem, it may be convenieut to use the term Parish as meaning a district appropriated to one baptismal church, though it was not employed in its present restricted sense in the early ages of the Church either among us or in the other countries of Christendom.^

1 Parish — parochia — va^omia, — meaning any district, was at first appropriated to the diocese of a bishop. In 1179 it is used as synonymous with diocesis, and applied to the Bishopric of Glasgow. {Regist. Glasff., pp. 43, 50, 55.) In some instances it would seem to mean the jurisdiction rather than the district. KingWilliam the Lion in a charter to the monks of Kelso, speaks of the waste of Selekyrcke to which he had transferred his men of Eire- hope, as being ' of the parish of his vil of Selechirk.' {Liber de Calchou, p. 16.) But the term soon began in Scotland to be applied, though not technically and exclusively, to the baptismal church territory. In the middle of the 12th century Herbert bishop of Glasgow confirmed to the monks of Kelso the church of Molle, which Uctred the son of Liulf gave them, with the lands and parishes and all rights belonging to that church. {Liber de Calchou, p. 820.) Before the middle of the following century the parish of Molle seems to have been territorially defined, and in a con- troversy between Melrose and Kelso concern- ing it in 1269, the words parish and parish- ioners {parochia et parochiam) are used much in their present sense. {Ibid., p. 146.) In the year 1220 the churches belonging to the Abbey of Jedburgh are termed parishes {parochie), and the church of Jedburgh is styled parochi- alis ecclesia. {Regist. Glasg., p. 97-) Abbot Ailred in describing the successful preaching of Saint Ninian among the Picts of Galloway —

the crowding to his baptism of ricli and poor, young and old, renouncing Satan and joining the army of the faithful — represents him as or- daining priests, consecrating bishops, and con- ferring the other dignities of ecclesiastical orders, and finally dividing the whole land into parishes — totam terram per certas parochias ditidere, {apud Pinkerton Vit. Sanct. Scot., p. 11.) It is scarcely necessary to remark that Ailred in speaking of the acts of Saint Ninian uses the language of his own time. Indeed that life is of little value, written in rhetorical style, and bearing few marks of being compiled from ancient materials. Bede spe.aks more correctly, when he says of Saint Cedd that he erected churches in many places {fecit per loca eccle- sias), and ordained priests and deacons to assist him in preaching the faith and adminis- tering baptism. {Hist. Eccles., lib. iii., c. 22.) The word shire {schira, scyra) so common in our older church records, is often equivalent to parish, but sometimes applies to some other ' division ' of church territory which we cannot now define. The divisions of North Durham were Islandshire, Norliamshire, and Bedlingtonshire. In the Merse we had Colding- hamschire ; in Clydesdale, Machanshire, Kil- brideshire ; in Fife, the shires of Kilrimund (Saint Andrews) Forgrund, Futhrif, Karel, Kinnahin, Kennocher, Kinninmond, Kircala- dinit (Kirkaldy), Gelland, and Gateniilc ; in Aberdeen, Clatshire and the sliires of Tuly- nestyn, Kane, and Davyot.

THE PREFACE. xxi

Almost as early as we cau throw the faiut light of au imperfect history upon our country, a succession of zealous apostles of Christianity were spreading the faith over its remotest districts. Of those men only a few are now had in remembrance in Presbyterian Scotland ; yet while Ninian and his followers were preaching the gospel among the savage Galwegians, and building their white church over the waters of the Solway ; while the ' family ' of Columba were reclaiming the Pagans of the farthest Hebrides, and sending their Christian embassy and establishing their worship in Iceland ; while Palladius and his fol- lowers were planting churches in the northern mainland and the Orcades ; while Cuthbert was preaching to the shepherds of the Border mountains — others of less name along with them and following them, were spreading Christianity in every glen and bay where a congregation was to be gathered. This is not matter of inference or of speculation. It is proved beyond question by historians like Bedo and biographers like Adoranan ; and their narrative receives confirmation from the result of such preaching in the general conversion of the Pagan inhabitants, as well as from certain vestiges still to be traced of the individual preachcrs.i If a notable conversion was effected ; if the preacher had, or believed he had, some direct and sensible encouragement from Heaven, a chapel was the fitting memorial of the event. Wherever a hopeful congregation was assembled, a place of worship was required. When a saintly pastor died, his grateful flock dedicated a church to his memory. It was built, small perhaps and rude, of such matei'ials as were

Plebania is a term which occurs more rarely kel in Aberdeenshire was of this class, and is iu in our church records. It expresses a wide named in the ancient charters. (Eeffist. Aberd.) district of a mother church, having subordinate ^ Bede describes the active zeal of the Scotch churches or chapelries within its territory. missionaries who converted Northumberland The church of a riebania will be found always and Lcthian. After relating how King Os- lo have been of very high and early sanctity, wald, who had lived long in Scotland, served and its priest or parson wielded generally some as interpreter to the Scotch Bishop Aedan authority approaching to that of a rural dean. preaching to the Saxons round Lindisfarne, Of this kind was Stobo with its four subordi- he continues — From that time many were daily nate parishes of Broughton, Dawic, Drummel- coming from Scotland to preach the word of faith yier, and Tweedsmuir, where the parson was and to baptize those believing, within the king- styled Dean, and was, it would seem, in very dom of Oswald. Churches were erected every- early times hereditary, like some of the beads where (per loco), the people flocked with joy of the regular convents. {^Begist. Glasg.) Kyn- to hear the word, &c. (Hist. Efcles.,lll.,c. 3.)

THE PREFACE.

most readily to be had. The name of the founder, the apostle of the village, attached to his church — to a fountain hallowed by his using it in his baptism — to some favourite haunt of his meditation or place of his preaching — to the fair of immemorial antiquity held there on his day — though forgotten by the descen- dants of those he baptized — ^often furnishes the most interesting and unsuspected corroboration of much of those church legends and traditions which, though alloyed with the fables of a simple age, do not merit the utter contempt they have met with.^

1 The Scotch hagiology abounds with per- sonal anecdotes of the early teachers of Christi- anity, many bearing sufficient impress of truth; and the country is full of tradition and of something like real evidence which joins on to those legends. The venerable Bede tells us that Saint Aedan the apostle of Northumbria ' had a church and a chamber {ecdedam et cubiculum) near Baniborough, where he often dwelt for a time, and used to go out from thence in all directions around, preaching,' (III. 17.) ' He used to travel everywhere, through the country and in the towns, not on horse- back, but unless when compelled, on foot,' (III. 5.) A monk of Tynemouth, not intending to celebrate Saint Aedan, writes of him thus in- cidentally,— ' This most holy man was accus- tomed not only to teach the people committed to his charge in church, but also, feeling for the weakness of a new-born faith, to wander round the provinces, to go into the houses of the faithful, and to sow the seeds of God's word in their hearts according to the capacity of each.' (Vita Oswini, Surtees Soc, 1838.) Saint Cuthbert used the same practice in Lothian. ' He used to frequent most those places, to preach most in those villages which lay far in the high and rugged mountains, which others feared to visit, and which by tlioir poverty and barbarism repelled the ap-

proach of teachers. Those he cultivated and instructed so industriously, and so earnestly bestowed himself on that pious labour, that he was often absent from his monastery (he was then Abbot of Melrose) for weeks, or even an entire month without returning ; and dwelling in the mountain countries, was continually calling the rude people to the things of Heaven, not less by his preaching than by his example of virtuous life.' {Hist. Eccles., IV., c. 27.)

The church legend records how Saint Natha- lan averted a raging pestilence from his church of Buthelny by the fervency of his prayers. Long after the legend was banished from the popular mind, and the very name of Nathalan forgotten, the parishioners of Buthelny kept the eighth of January (Saint Nathalan's day) as a feast on which they did no work. The fairs of towns and country parishes were so invariably held on the day of the patron saint, that where the dedication is known, a reference to the saint's day in the Breviary serves to ascertain the day of the fair. The ' Summer-eve fair,' known by that strange and unmeaning name in several places of the North, is now traced through the Scotch Breviary, and by the help of Mr. Reeves and his Irish learning, to its origin in honour and memory of St. Malruba {Sai7U Mairune — Summareve), the monk of Bangor, who placed his Christian colony on the wild shore of Ap-

THE PREFACE.

Near each church so built, however small and however remote — -or conveni- ently neighbouring a group of churches — was established a band of relio-ious men, followers of their founder, for the service of God there.i That was perhaps more observed in Scotland than elsewhere, since Bede points to it as a peculiar custom of the Scots ; but if we reflect upon the object of the founders, and the circumstances in which they were placed, it would seem that some similar pla.n for continuing the rites and instruction of religion must have been adopted, where- ever missionaries of a new faith found proselytes. In many instances we find lands bestowed on the new ' family' or ' monastery,'^ but doubtless in the greater num- ber the servants of the Church lived on the voluntary offerings of their flock.

plecross, and was had in reverence in Contin and Glen Urquhart. His festival in Scotland. was held on the 27th of August. In like man- ner, of old, the name of Saint Cuthbert was connected by some affectionate memorials with Melrose, Channelkirk, and Maxton, Saint Boisil with Lessudden, Saint Kentigern himself with Borthwick or Lochorwart, where he spent eight years of his ministry.

The number of churches founded by one saint. Saint Columba, for instance, in Scotland proper. Saint Kentigern in Strathclyde and Lothian, is often wonderful and worth remarking, even by those who find it a duty to repudiate any feeling of gratitude to those first teachers of Christian- ity ; and it might help a very difficult historical question, to inquire of what country and what teaching were those saints whose names are still preserved in the dedications of our churches. The Irish are better known than those who came from our other Celtic cousins of Wales and Cornwall. Saint Fergus came from Ire- land, and at first lived a hermit life at Stro- geyth. He founded three churches there. He next preached and baptized to the faith in Caithness. From Caithness he sailed to the shores of Buchan, where he built a church

still called by his name. Last of all, he came to Glammis in Angus, where he chose his place of rest. There he died and was buried. But his relics, after many years, were translated to the Abbey of Scone, where they did many fa- mous miracles. A fine spring rising from a rock below the church of Glammis is still known ;is Saint Fergus's well. There the first converts of Strathmore were baptized to Christianity. It would he curious to inquire why the Abbot of Scone (a singular instance) held a prebend in the cathedral church of Caithness. {Dunrobin Charters — Breviar. A herd. )

1 We have again the testimony of Bede for the fact that monasteries were founded for main- taining the new religion — ' Construebantur ergo ecclesias per loca, confluebant ad audien- dum Verbum populi gaudentes. Donabantur munere regio possessiones et territoria ad in- stituenda monasteria, imbuebantur a precep- toribus Scottis parvuli Angloruui una cum majoribus, studiis et observatione disciplina' regularis. Nam monachi erant niaxime qui ad predicanduni venerant : monachus ipse episcopus Aedan,utpote de insula quae vocaturllii.' (^Hist. Eccles., III., c. 3.)

- There is no more instructive record for eccle-

THE PREFACE.

In tlie centuries of intestine wars and barbarian invasions that followed the first planting of Christianity in Scotland — in those ages of anarchy and confusion which have left a mere blank on that page of our history — many of these families of religious died out, many of their churches doubtless fell with- out record or remembrance. But many still lived in the memory or tradition of a

siastical antiquities than the iii(|uisition regarding the possessions of tlie cliurcli of Glasgow, taken by the good men of the country in 1 1 1 G. Saint Kentigern was dead 500 years. The bishops, his successors, as well as the monasteries he had founded throughout his wide diocese, had died out in the storms of those centuries. During that period, or at least for the latter portion, it cannot be supposed that valuable possessions had been bestowed on a church so fallen. The property ascertained by the oaths of the inquest to belong to the church of Saint Kentigern, within the Scotch part of his diocese, must have consisted of donations to the first bishop and his early followers. The verdict of the inquest was not a mere idle tribute to the glory of Saint Kentigern. Possession followed upon it, anil numerous and powerful parties, holders of the lands, had an interest in testing its truth. For our present purpose, it is sufficient to ob- serve that the ancient possessions of the suc- cessors of Saint Kentigern consisted not of tithes, not of the dues of churches, but of broad lands and numerous manors, scattered over all the south of Scotland. There were churches too in that old rent-roll, though nothing ap- proaching to the parochial divisions. In Peebles the primeval See of Cumbria had ' a plough of land and the church (dedicated to Saint Kenti- gern).' In Traquair ' a plough of land and the church.' In Merebottle ' a plough of land and the church.' {Rcgkt. Glasf/., 1.) Were those ploughs of land the portions of old set apart

for the service of those remote churches ? A half dauach seems to have been the accustomed measure of the kirk-land in the dioceses of Moray and Aberdeen. (^Regist. Morav., 83, 85, &c.)

A remarkable dovetailing of real or histori- cal evidence upon church tradition occurs in the property of Dunblane. Saint Blane, for a miraculous benefit conferred upon an English prince, received the lordships of Appleby, Troclynghani, Congere, and Malemath in Eng- land, {Brce. Aberdon. f. Ixxvii.,) and those manors remained the property of the See of Dunblane in the time of Fordun — a property it might be more easy to prove than to possess. {Scoiic/iron., lib. xi., c. 21.)

In many cases, where the ancient monastery had disappeared before the period of our re- cords, traces of its former possessions are found in the lands named Abthania or Abthane so frequent in Angus and the neighbouring dis- tricts. Among the early gifts to the Abbey of Arbroath, King William granted ' the church of Saint Mary of Old Munros, with the land of that church which in Scotch is called Ahthen.' That Scotch word is translated in another charter, terra albacie de Munros. Malcolm Earl of Angus gave to Nicholas, son of the priest of Kerimure, the land of Abthein of Munifeith ; and the Countess Maud confirming that gift describes it as ' the land lying on the south of the church of Munifeith, which the Cul- dees had.' (i2«/is<. /liert., pref., p. xiv.) King

THE PREFACE. xxv

grateful people, and there still survived some of the religious houses — still stood a few of the old time-honoured churches of the earlier light, when the dawn of a second day rose upon Scotland.i

Our imperfect acquaintance with the Christianizing of Scotland ceases with the seventh century. The three ages that follow are all darkness. The eleventh century is the renewal of light, and at the same time the era of a great revolution in society. The natives of our country were now all Christians. At least the old Pagan religion as a creed had disappeared, leaving some faint traces in popular rites and usages. Writing was coming into use, and lands began to be held by written tenures. But more important still, a new people was rapidly and steadily pouring over Scotland, apparently with the approbation of its rulers, and displacing or predominating over the native or old inhalntants. The marriage of ]\lalcolm Canmoir with the Saxon Princess ]\Iargaret has been commonly stated as the cause of that immigration of Southerns. But it had begun earlier, and many concurring causes determined at that time the stream of English colonization towards the Lowlands of Scotland. The character of the movement was peculiar. It was not the bursting forth of an overcrowded

David I. granted to Matthew the Archdeacon tjuity ; Abernethy, with its hereditary lords ; of Saint Andrews, the Ahbacia of Rossin-cle- Scone, the place of coronation from time imuie- rach, in fee and heritage, to him and his heir, to morial ; Dunfermline, then dedicated to the be held as freely as any Abbacy in Scotland is Blessed Trinity and to no saint ; Culross, where held. (Begist. S. Andr., p. 200.) There can Saint Servan already led a monastic life when be no doubt that those were possessions of the infant Saint Kentigern and his mother were the primeval church, and one of them had washed ashore on the white sands of its bay. lu passed but lately from the hands of the abori- the north Monymusk, a bouse of Culdees, was ginal holders, the Culdees. another of those foundations of immemorial au- 1 There is every reason to believe that most of tiquity. When the Bishopric of Aberdeen was the monasteries which were found subsisting in founded in the twelfth century, part of its en- Scotland whenDavid I. began hisChurch reform, dowments were 'the monastery of Cloveth,' were of that primeval foundation — the institu- and ' the monastery of Murtliillach, with its tions of the great preachers of the truth to whom five churches and the lands pertaining to them' Scotland owes its Christianity. Such probably • — {Reg'ist. Aberdon., p. 6) — all plainly the ves- were the monastery of Dunkeld, founded by Co- tiges of that monastic system which had sufficed, lumba, or his immediate followers, Dunblane, however imperfectly, to keep Christianity' alive Brechin, Saint Andrews, Saint Servan's of Loch- before a secular clergy was provided or the pa- leven, C'uldee houses of high and unknown anti- rochial system thought of.

xxvi THE PREFACE.

population, seeking wider room. The new colonists were what we should call ' of the upper classes' — of Anglian families long settled in Northumbria, and Normans of the highest blood and names. They were men of the sword, above all servile and mechanical employment. They were fit for the society of a court, and many became the chosen companions of our Princes.^ The old native people gave way before them, or took service under the strong-handed strangers. The lands those EngUsh settlers acquired, they chose to hold in feudal manner and by written gift of the Sovereign ; and the little charter with the King's subscribing cross (+), or his seal attached, began to be considered necessary to constitute and prove their rights of property. Armed with it, and supported by the law, Norman knight and Saxon thegn set himself to civilize his new acquired property, settled his vil or his town,^ built himself a house of fence, distributed the lands among his own few followers and the nativi whom he found attached to the soil, either to be cultivated on his own account, or at a fixed ' form' on the risk of the tenant.

Upon many of these manors still existed some of the old churches placed there as early as Christianity itself On some few of them remained also the family or small convent of rehgious originally founded and endowed for their service. As yet, it would seem, were no tithes paid — certainly no appropria- tion of ecclesiastical dues to any particular church. But through all Christen-

1 The names of the witnesses to the charters Gordon, Hamilton, Lindsay, Maule, Maxwell, of David I. and his brothers would prove this Morevil, Moubray, De Quinci, Ruthven, Stew- without other evidence. It is astonishing with art, Sinclair, Somerville, Soulis, Valoines, what rapidity those southern colonists spread ^Vallace, and many other names, not less even to the far north. From Tweed and Sol- powerful, though less remembered, way to Sutherland, the whole arable land may ^ "We might expect the termination i-il, which be said to have been held by them. The great appears in Maccus's town of JMaxwell and a few old houses of Atbol, Lennox, and Stratherne, others, to be much more common, looking to were within the fastnesses of the Highlands. the great number of Norman settlers, whose Anwus soon came into the De Umphravils language must have been French. But the through marriage. But of the race of the Anglian tongue prevailed, and the villa Le- Endish colonists came Bruce, Balliol, Biset, vingi, villa Edulfi, villa Thancardi of the Berkeley, Colville, Cumin, Douglas, Dunbar— charters was translated and naturalized as Le- descended of Northumbrian princes, long them- vingston, Edulston, and Thancartun. selves princes in the Merse — Fleming, Fraser,

THE PREFACE. xxvii

dom the Church was then zealously inculcating the duty of giving tithes to the secular clergy. The new settlers in Scotland were of the progressive party friends to civilization and the Church. They liad found churches on their manors, or if not already there, had erected them. To each of these manorial churches the lord of the manor now made a grant of the tithes of his estate, and forthwith the manor tithed to its church became what we now call a parish.^

Thus constituted, the parish often still farther followed the fortunes of its parent manor. When a large manor was subsequently split into sevei-al lord-

* Take as an instance, where we see the whole causes in operation, the parish of Ednam in the Merse. King Edgar, the eldest brother of David I., bestowed upon Thor, an Englishman, the land of Ednaham (the home on the rirer Eden) unsettled (desertam). Thor, who was called lonyus, was a tall man of his hands, and with the King's assistance, but by his own money, he cultivated and settled that desert. It became his manor, and there he erected a church, (ecclesiam a fundamentis fabricavi.) The King endowed the church with a plough- gate of land, and dedicated it to his honoured patron Saint Cuthbert. Besides the plough of land, the church of Ednam soon obtained the tithes and dues of the manor ; and then it became an object of desire to the monks of Durham. The kings of Scotland of that family were in an especial manner devoted to Saint Cuthbert, and nothing was to be refused that could obtain the donor a place in the Liber Vitm of the convent. Accordingly, Thor, for the weal of King Edgar's soul, and the souls of Edgar's parents and brothers and sisters, and for the redemption of his own beloved brother Lefwin, and for the weal of his own soul and body, gave to the monks of Saint Cuthbert of Durham the church of Ednaham

and the ploughgate of land with which it was endowed by King Edgar. (Anderson's Diplom. Scotiw. Raines North Durham.)

The formation of the parish of Melrose must have been subsequent to the removal of the Abbey from Old Melros to its present site. King David, at new founding the monastery, granted to the monks the lands of Jlelros, Eldune, Dernwic, Galtuneshalech, Galtune- side. King Malcolm added one stead in Cum- besley. King AVilliam, Alan the Steward, and the De Morevils gave Alewentshawis, Threpuude, Bleneslei, Milcheside, Solowles- felde, and part or the whole of Cumbesley, Biichelm, and AVitheley — which seem to in- clude all that formed the parish at the Refor- mation and now. The Abbey church served as tlie parish church. Here there was no rector and vicar, at first no landlord and tenant ; and, more remarkable still, no tithes. The monks were proprietors and cultivators, pa- rishioner and parson.

King Alexander II. in granting to Jfelrose his 'whole waste' of Ettrick in 1235, makes no mention of a church. The monks must have built a church after receiving the lands, and, it would appear, that required no new charter.

THE PREFACE.

ships, it often became desirable that each shoulil have a separate church ;i some- times a lord of a castle within the parish wished to have an independent chapel in his own castle or near by.^ Sometimes a burgh grew up in the midst of a great ancient parish, and required a separate church and cemetery and inde- pendent parochial rights. It was in this manner that the parish of Edinburgh

1 In the beginning of the 12th century Wice bestowed on the monks of Kelso the cliurch of his manor of Wicestun (Wiston), with its two chapels, namely, that of the ' town' of Robert brother of Lambin, and the chapel of the ' town' of John stepson of Baldwin. A third chapel sprung up afterwards within the bounds of this manor of old Wice, which was situated on the land of Simon Loccard. In the next century all these chapels acquired independ- ence and parochial rights by steps, which may be easily traced, and from them have arisen the existing parishes of Eoberton, Crawford John, and Symington.

In 1288 the Knights Templars obtained the privilege of an independent chapel for their lands in the parish of Culter on the banks of the Dee, chiefly on the ground that their people were separated from the parish church (the property of the monks of Kelso) by a great river without bridge, which they could rarely cross, and were thus deprived of the rites of the church to the great peril of their souls. {Begist. Aberd., p. 288.) The chapelry soon rose into a separate parish.

The parish of Glenbuchat owes its erection to a tragical incident. Its separation from its parish church of Logy Mar, by high hills and streams subject to frequent floods, (propter pericula . . inundationihus aquaruin in- fra tcrram inhahitahilern in tnonte et deserto,) had long been felt a grievance. But at length, on an occasion when the people of the glen

were crossing to celebrate Easter in the church of Logy, they were caught by a storm in which five or six persons perished. The bishop there- upon issued a commission for arranging the separation of Glenbuchat, and endowing a resi- dent chaplain.

^ William de Moravia, in the beginning of the 1 3th century, granted to the chapter of Moray the church of his manor of Artendol (Arndilly) with its tithes and dues ; but reserved the tithes of two dauachs next his castle of Bueh- arm, (namely, the dauachs of Bucharm and Athena,coT]i,/.Auc/ibcncart,) which he assigned for the support of a chaplain in his castle.

A careful arrangement was made when Walter of Lindesei desired to have a chapel at Lam- berton. Arnold the Prior of Coldingham, to whom belonged the parish church, consented that he should have mass celebrated during his life, in the chapel which he had built in his court (curia) of Lamberton ; and Lindesei swore that the mother church should in nothing sufier thereby. It was provided that there should be no access to the chapel, but through the middle of his hall or chamber. The service was to be by the chaplain of the mother church whom he should deal with to celebrate there. There was to be no celebration of mass there on the five festivals of Christmas, the Purification, Pasch, Pentecost, and the feast of the dedica- tion of the church, that the oblations might not be withdrawn from the parish church. {Raines Nurth Durham, Append., p. 64'9.)

THE PREFACE. xxix

was carved out of the liCcart of Saint Cuthbert's, and Aberdeen out of tlie o-reat parish of Saint Machar. In such cases, the riglits of tlie mother church were first to be considered. By a transaction with the incumbent and the patron, sanctioned by the Ordinary, these might be acquired. But in many cases the new church was endowed separately, and the whole tithes, oblations, and dues of every sort which at first belonged to the mother church were reserved to her. In her alone was the right of baptism, of marriage, and of burial, and if the act was performed elsewhere, to her still belonged the valuable dues attending it.^

This goodly frame- work of a parochial secular establishment was shipwrecked when scarcely formed. Monachism was then in the ascendant in all Europe. The militia of the Papal power, the well disciplined bands of ' regulars,' were already fighting the battle of Roman supremacy everywhere, and each succeed-

1 The clashing rights of the chapel and the parish church were very anxiously settled in a case regarding the chapel of the royal castle of Stirling, which was thought of such importance as to be decided in presence of the King, David I., his son Prince Henry, and their barons. The record bears that the King's barons all remembered that on the day on which King Alexander had made that chapel be dedicated, he granted to it the tithes of his demesnes in the soke of Stirling whether they should in- crease or decrease. Moreover they considered that the parish church of Eccles ought to have all the tithes paid by the llurdmeu and Bonds and Gresnien with the other dues which they owe to the church : and that whoever died, whether of the demesne lands, or of the pariah, their bodies should lie in the parish cemetery, witii such things as the dead ought to have with them to the church, unless by chance any of the burghers die there suddenly. . . And if the demesnes shall increase by grubbing out of wood or breaking up of land not tilled before.

the chapel shall have the tithes. . . And if the number of men of the demesne increase, the tithes of them and of all who cultivate it shall go to the chapel, and the parish church shall have their bodies. And to all these men. whether of the demesne or of the parish, the parish church shall perform all the Christian rites, on account of the dignity of sepulture — (omnes rectitudines chrisiianitatis, propter sepulture dignitatem, faciei.) {^Rcgist. Dtm- ferm., p. 4.) It is remarkable that this pro- ceeding took place in the King's court, ajmd castcllum pueUarum, not in an ecclesiastical tribunal — the bishop of Saint Andrews and the abbot of Dunfermline being parties, the latter having right to the chapelry of the castle. The parish here called Eccles (ecclesia), and al.so known as Kirktoun, was the parish of Stirling, at that time comprehending besides the castle, the chapelries of Dunipace and liethbert, which were afterwards raised into independent churches.

xxx THE PREFACE.

ing year saw nev; orders of monks spreading over Eurojie, and drawing public synapathy by some new and more rigorous form of self-immolation. The passion or the policy of David I. for founding monasteries and renewing and re-endowing those that previously existed, was followed by his subjects with amazing zeal. The monastery perhaps was building on a spot endeared by the traditions of primeval sanctity. The new monks of the reformed rule of Saint Benedict or canons of Saint Austin, pushing aside the poor lapsarian Cuklees, won the veneration ofthe people by their virtues and their asceticism. The lord of the manor had fixed on the rising abbey for his own sepulture or had buried in it his eldest born. He was looking to obtain the benefit of being one day admitted as a brother to the spiritual benefits of the order. Every motive con- spired to excite his munificence. Lands were heaped upon the new foundation : timber from his forest, and all materials for its buildings ; rights of pasture, of fuel, of fishing, were bestowed with profusion.^ When these were exhausted, the parish church still remained. It was held by a brother, a son, or near kins- man. With the consent of the incumbent, the church and all its dues and

1 Malcolm earl of Athol, for the souls' weal of the Kings his predecessors who rest there, granted to the monks of Dunfermlin the church of Molin and three ploughgates of land ; and in presence of the King, the Bishops, Abbots, Earls, and other good men of the kingdom, he and his countess Hextild 'rendered themselves to the church of Dunfermlin that when they died, they should be buried there.' (Riyisi. Dunferm., p. 147.)

Before the middle of the 13th century, Dun- can earl of Mar gave the church of Logyroth- man to God and the church of Saint Mary, and the canons of Aberdeen, for the main- tenance of a chaplain, to celebrate for his soul in that church of Aberdeen, where he had vowed and bequeathed his body to be buried (ubi vovi et legavi corpus mcum sepelicndiiin) among the venerable fathers the bishops there buried. {Rcght. Aberd.,f. \G.)

In the reign of William the Lion Robert de Kent gave a territory in Innerwic to the monks of Melros, adding this declaration — ' and be it known I have made this gift to the church of Melros with myself {cum meipso), and the monks have granted me their cemetery and the service of a monk at my decease, and if I be free and have the will and the power, the monks shall receive me in their convent.' {Lih. dc Melros, p. 59.)

Gilbert earl of Stratherne and his countess Matildis who founded the monastery in 1200, declared they so loved the place that they had chosen it as the place of burial for them and their successors, and had already buried there their first-born, for the repose of whose soul chiefly it was that they so bountifully endowed the monastery. At the same time they be- stowed five parish churches upon it. {Lib. Ins. 3Iisiar., pp. 3-.5.)

THE PREFACE. xxxi

pertinents were bestowed on the monastery and its patron saint for ever — reserv- ing only a pittance for a poor priest to serve the cure, or sometimes allowing the monks to serve it by one of their own brethren. In one reign, that of William the Lion, thirty-three parish churches were bestowed upon the new monastery of Arbroath, dedicated to the fashionable High Church saint, Thomas a Becket. The consequences of such a system were little thought of, and yet they might have been foreseen. The tithes and property which the Church had with much difficulty obtained for the support of a secular parish clergy were in a great measure swallowed up by the monks. The monasteries became, indeed, and continued for some ages, the centres and sources of religion and letters, the schools of civil life in a rough time, the teachers of industry and tlie arts of peace among men whose sloth used to be roused only by the sound of arms. But even the advantages conferred by them were of small account in contrast with the mischief of humbling the parish clergy. The little village church preserving the memory of some early teacher of the faith — with its modest parsonage where were wont to be found the consolations of religion, refuge and help for the needy, encouragement for all in the road to heaven — was left in the hands of a stipendiary vicar, an underling of the great monastery, ground down to the lowest stipend that would support life, whose little soul was buried in his cloister, or showed its living activity only in disputing about his need- ful support with his masters at the abbey, while his ' hungry sheep looked up and were not fed.' The Church which ignorantly or for its own purposes sanc- tioned that misappropriation, paid in time the full penalty. When tlie storm came, the secular clergy were degraded and powerless ; the regulars, eating the bread of the parish ministers, themselves idle or secularized, could not be defended.^

1 Churches were hekl by religious founda- the reign of Alexander I., before, also, any

tions in Scotland before the reconstruction of certain record, Maldwin bishop of Saint An-

the Church in the beginning of the 1 2th cen- drews had given to God and Saint Servan and tury, and even, as has been shown above, in - the Keledees of the isle of Lochleven the

the earliest state of ecclesiastical polity which church of Marchinche : Bishop Tuadal ha<l be-

we know of. Then, however, there were no stowed on them the church of Sconyn with all

endowed seculars. The monks were parish liberty and honour ; and Bishop Modach the

priests merely living in communion. Before church of Hurkenedorath on the same Kele-

xxxii THE PREFACE.

The chief sources from which a collection like the present must be compiled are the Chartularies or Registers of the muniments of the Religious Houses and Bishoprics. The Register of the Bishop was to be looked to for informa- tion regarding the property and rights of the secular churchmen, and for the ecclesiastical aflFairs of the whole diocese. But the monks had soon acquired such a number of parish churches^ — their transactions with neighbours involved the interests of so many more — above all, they were so careful recorders — that the Register of a great Abbey is generally the best guide to the parish anti- quities of its district. Of the Bishoprics of Scotland, only four have left extant chartularies. Those of the dioceses of Aberdeen, Glasgow, and Moray have been printed, and though the impression was limited, copies both of them and of the other printed chartularies are to be found in most public libraries.

The printed Registers of the Religious Houses of Scotland, are those of

The Abbey of Arbroath, of Tironensian Benedictines (one part).

Balmerino, of Cistercian Benedictines.

Dryburgh, of Premonstratensian Augustinians.

Dunfermhne, of Benedictines.

Glasgow, Collegiate Church of Saint ]\Iary and Saint Anne.

Glasgow, Friars Preachers.

Inchaifray, of Canons Regular.

Holyrood, of Canons Regular.

Kelso, of Tironensians.

Lindores, of Tironensians.

Melrose, of Cistercians.

Neubotle, of Cistercians.

North-Berwic, of Cistercian Nuns.

Paisley, of Cluniac Benedictines.

Saint Andrews, of Canons Regular, the Chapter of the Bishopric.

Scone, of Canons Regular.

dees eremites. All tbeir churches of old came ' churches in Galloway. Kiug "William granted

from bishops. Laymen gave lands. {Regist. to Holyrood the churches or chapels in Gallow-

fi. Andr., 116, 117.) ^ay, gue ad jus abbacie de HU Columchille

Jn like manner, perhaps by a still earlier pertinent. (Charters of Holyrood, aX.) tenure, the monks of lona had right to four

A

THE PREFACE. xxsiii

A great body of the charters and muniments of the Benedictine monastery of Coldingham, and among them tlie most ancient Scotch writings extant, have been printed by the Rev. James Raine in his History of North Durham, and in a vohune of ' The Priory of Coldingham.'^

Of chartularies hitherto unprinted the list is smaller ;

The Register of the Bishopric of Brechin is far advanced at press, at the ex- pense of Mr. Chalmers of Auldbar, for the Bannatyne Club.

A little Register is preserved at Aberdeen, of the charters of the ancient parish church of Saint Nicholas of Aberdeen.

The second part of the Register of the Abbey of Arbroath is prepared for the press, but not yet printed. A number of royal charters have been found at Panmure, which will illustrate both this and the part already printed.

The Register of the Priory of Beauly, of Benedictines of Vallis Caulium, the foundation of the old family of Lovat, is still hid in some northern charter-room. It has not been seen since the days of Sir George Mackenzie, who quoted its contents. Copies of a few of the Priory charters are preserved.

Avery formal transumpt or copy under the Great Seal, of the charters of the Abbey of Canons Regular of Cambuskenneth, near Stirling, is preserved in the Advocates' Library. It was made in 1535 under the direction of Abbot Mylne, the first President of the Court of Session, to supply the defect of the original charters, almost destroyed by reason of the dampness of the place where the abbey stood.

The Cistercian nuns of Coldstream had a careful Register of theii- muniments, executed in 1434. It is preserved in the British Museum."

Crosregal, a house of Cluniac monks in Carrie, had a register of its charters, which was in the custody of the Earl of CassiHs when the learned Thomas Innes was in Scotland collecting materials for his historical essay published in ] 729.3

The Cistercian Abbey of Coupar in Angus had a Register which was noted by Sir James Balfour, and quoted more lately by the more accurate Sir James Dalrymple at the beginning of the last century. It is not now known to exist. A fragment of an abridgment is at Panmure.

' Surtees Society Volume, 1841. 2 H^rl. MSS. 6670, 4to, 55 leaves.

3 MS. Note-Books in the possession of Mr. D. Laing.

xxxiv THE PREFACE.

A chartulary of the collegiate church of Crail is in the Advocates' Library.

A Register of the collegiate chui'ch of Saint Giles of Ediubui'gh, erected in 1466, is in the Library at Panimire. It had been partly prepared for the press.

A chartulaiy of the Cistercian Abbey of Glenluce in Galloway was used by Thomas Innes.i If it still exist, its place of custody is not known.

The Register of the Abbey of Canons Regular of Inchcolme is preserved in the library at Donybristle.

Kilwinning in Cunuinghame, an Abbey of Tironensians, had a register which would be of great importance to Ayrshire history. It was quoted by Timothy Pont in the beginning of the I7th century, and was seen by Thomas Innes, ' in the possession of the Earl of Eglinton,' ^ early in the last. It is probably still lying unknown at Eglinton.

A small register of the charters of the Augustinian Canons of Saint Anthony of Leith is preserved in the Advocates' Library.

A little chartulary of the Hospital of Soltra, founded for the relief of poor travellers on ' Soltra edge' at the head of the pass between Lothian and Lauderdale, is in the same Library.

This great store of Church records is as yet little known. None of the Chartularies were printed when Chalmers was engaged on his Caledonia, and the imperfect copies of the MSS. which he procured often misled him. But the study of such records is still in its infancy among us, and unluckily the Scotch student of church antiquities, who has read only the writers of his own country, has much to unlearn before he can appreciate or admit the simple truth as it flows from charter and documentary evidence.

One important document which has never been used at all, occurs in many of the chartularies. This is the ancient valuation of the churches and benefices of Scotland. It is found in whole or partially in the Registers of Saint Andrews. Dunfermline, Arbroath, Aberdeen, Moray ; and it may be proper to give some account of the appearance of that document in these different Registers.

From the earliest time when the clergy could be considered a separate estate and with common interests, they required funds for general objects, and

1 Thomas Innes' MS. notes. Earl of Eglinton's possession, and Father

2 Pont describes the chartulary as in the Innes' MS. notes quote it — penes com. E(/Iint(in.

THE PREFACE. xxxv

it was necessary to ascertain the proportion of the common burdeii to be borne by each. From an early period also, Rome claimed some small tax from bene- ficed churchmen, and the Roman legates, when suffered to enter Scotland, ex- torted considerable sums as ' procurations.'^ On the other hand, the clergy as a body had often occasion to support a common cause at the Roman court, and it was not only for the expenses of their commissioners that money was required : the party pleading empty-handed at Rome was not found to be successful. In process of time, and as society advanced, and national taxes began to be levied, the clergy were not exempt.^ They were represented in the national council, and contributed their full share to the national expenses.

On all accounts, therefore, a valuation of church li-\-ings was required, and a taxatio eccJesiastica existed at least as early as any extent or valuation of lay lands.^ It was known as the antiqua taxatio, and the clergy strenuously, though not always successfully, resisted all attempts to vary it according to the progressive value of livings. One instance of this is noted by our historians. The successive Popes, Innocent III., Honorius III., and Gregory IX., were zealous in preaching the sixth Ci'usade, and levied forces and money over all Europe. Scotland richer in soldiers than in gold, sent at first her share of cru- saders to the Holy Land. A subsequent demand in 1221, made by the Legate Cardinal Giles de Torres, produced a considerable sum of money from the clergy and laity ; and the Legate Otho was again successful in obtaining a large sum of money in 1239. Tlie Crusade failed, and the best blood of France and of all Europe was shed in Asia in vain.

1 The legate Ottobon, afterwards Pope Ad- English captivity. The Cistercians bore their

rian T., in 1266, claimed six marks from each share, but obtained the King's guarantee that it

cathedral in Scotland, and the enormous sum should not prejudice their general right of ex-

of four marks from each parish church for the emption from all taxation. (Xii. de. Me.lros,

expense of his visitation. Those visitation dues p. 16. Diplom. Scotiw, Tp. 20.)

of bishops and others were technically named ^ That it existed in the reign of "William

' procurations.' the Lion is evident from the phrase apparently

- The Cistercians pleaded an exemption, but applied to the tax for the King's ransom —

in fact, paid under protest. Perhaps the ear- Geldum reg'mm quod communiter cajrietur de

liest general tax sufficiently evidenced is that icrris et de eleemosynis per regnum Scotie.

for the ransom of William the Lion from his {Regist. S. Andr., p. 212.)

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To promote the last Crusade greater exertions were made, and some of a nature ^Yhicll we should think not only objectionable, but little likely to be productive. In 1254 Innocent IV. granted to Henry III. of England, provided he should join the Crusade, a twentieth of the ecclesiastical revenues of Scotland during three j^ears, and the grant was subsequently extended. In 1268 Clement IV. renewed that grant and increased it to a tenth, but when Henry attempted to levy it, the Scotch clergy resisted and appealed to Rome. It is not pro- bable that Henry was successful in raising much of the tenth in Scotland, though the expedition of his gallant son to the Holy Land both supported his claim and rendered the supply more necessary.

In 127.5 Benemund or Baianiund de Vicci, better known among us as Bagi- mond,^ came from Rome to collect the tenth of ecclesiastical benefices in Scot- land for the relief of the Holy Land. The English King's grant had by this time ceased, and Baiamund was evidently collecting for the Pope. The clergy of Scotland did not so much object to the imposition as to the mode of its col- lection, which here, however, affected the amount. They insisted for their

1 Fordun calls him Magister Bajamondus. There is no greater reproach to our old Scotch writers of law and history than the blunders they have made about this man and his tax. Skene says ' the Pope in the time of James III. sent in this realm an cardinal and legate called Bagimont quha did niak ane taxation of all the rentalles of the benefices.' {De verb, s'lg- nif. voce Bagimont.) Bishop Lesly places him still lower, in the reign of James IV. Ilailes points out these gross blunders, and adds, — ' This may serve as a sad specimen of the inat- tention and endless errors of our historians.' {Histor. Memorials, anno 1275.) But this is a fatal subject. The careful historian himself in the next sentence commits a strange error. Quoting a notice of one of the lost Scotch re- cords— a notice drawn up by an English clerk — he reads the words. Bulla Innocentii quinti tie concessione deciino! Papalis in regno Scotia-

domino Kegi si toltierit tcrram sanctam adire — ' an offer to grant the papal tithe to Alex- ander III. King op Scots, providing he re- paired to the Holy Land.' {Ibid.) ButtiieKing to whom the offer was made was Edward I. — THE King of the scribe.

Another writer, to be mentioned with all respect and honour, Mr. Raine, has fallen into some errors on this same subject. He mistakes the renewal by Pope Nicholas III. for the ori- ginal Bull of concession, though the latter is expressly referred to in it. He speaks of Scot- land as ' under the yoke of England' in 1279, &c. Moreover, the tax-roll which he gives, and which is so important for Scotch history, is not printed with the usual accuracy of the historian of Durham. {Priory of Coldingham. a Surtees volume, 1841. Pref., p. xi, and Ap- pend., p. cviii.)

THE PREFACE. xxxvii

ancient valuation as the approved rule of proportioning all Church levies, and they even sent the collector back to Rome to endeavour to obtain this change — ' to entreat the Pope,' says Fordun, ' on behalf of the clergy of Scotland, that he would accept the ancient taxations of all their goods, counting seven years for six.'i Their appeal was unsuccessful. The Pope insisted on the tenth accord- ing to the true value — ve?'us valor — of the benefice ; but he probably found the collection troublesome or unproductive, for a year afterwards, he again made a grant of the Scotch tenth to Edward I. of England. That bull is not known to be extant ; but in a bull of confirmation granted in the second year of his papacy (1279), Nicholas narrates his previous grant to Edward of ' the tenth of church rents and incomes in the kingdoms of England and Scotland, and in Ireland and Wales, for the relief of the Holy Land,' and declares that the same shall be paid according to the true value — verus valor? Not only was that tax granted, but it was actually collected, at least in part ; for Mr. Raine has found in the Treasury at Durham, along with a most valuable ' taxa' of the Archdea- conry of Lothian, written in the beginning of the reign of Edward L, a receipt by the Prior of Coldingham, the deputy-collector of the tax, for the sum due by the Prior of Durham in respect of his income within that archdeaconry, dated in 1292,3

The churchmen were careful of their old valuation. It is found recorded in the chartularies both of seculars and regulars, eacli preserving the diocese which interested its own body ; and, the parts thus saved, give us, beyond doubt, the state of church livings as in the beginning of the 13th century, and but little altered probably since the period which followed immediately on the great ecclesiastical revolution under David I.

The ancient taxation of the churches of the bishopric of Saint Andrews, divided into its eight deaneries of Linlithgow, Lothian, Merse, Fothrif, Fife, Gowry, Angus, and Mearns, occurs in the registers of the priory of Saint

1 Repedavit ad curiam Romaaam, domi- - The Bull is printed from the original in the

nuni Papam pro clero Scotia; precatnrus ut Chapter House, Westminster, by Mr. Raine in

antiquas taxationes omnium bonorum suorum the Surtees volume of Coldingham quoted

acciperet, septem annis utique pro sex compu- above, Pref , p. xii.

talis. {Scotichron., x. 35.) ^ In the volume quoted above. Pre!'., p. xii.

xxxviii THE PREFACE.

Andrews, of Arbroath, and of Dunfermline, in each in handwriting of the 13th century.

The ancient taxation of the small diocese of Brechin is found in the Register of the monastery of Arbi-oath, which had large possessions and several churches in that bishopric.

Tliat of Aberdeen, divided into its three ancient deaneries of Mar, Buchan, and Gariauch, in the Register of xirbroath, in a hand of the 13th century ; and in the Register of the bishopric of Aberdeen, in writing of the 1 5th century, divided into the five deaneries of Mar, Buchan, Boyn, Gariauch, and Aberdeen.

The taxation of the churches of the bishopric of Moray, under its four deaneries of Elgin, Inverness, Strathspey, and Strathbolgy, occurs only in the Register of the diocese, in a hand of the latter half of the 13th century. After the summation of the value of the churches of each deanery, there follows a calculation of the tenth payable out of it.^

It will be seen that this record gives us a foundation of parochial statistics for all the eastern side of Scotland, from the Border to the Moray Firth. The western, central, and northern districts unfortunately want that guide."^

We may regard the valuation of the Archdeaconry of Lothian, as preserved among the Prior of Coldingham's accounts at Durham, as the oldest fragment of the taxation, according to the verus valor, inflicted on the Scotch clergy by Baiamund in 1275. The sum of the valuation of that Archdeaconry, according to the Antiqua Taxatio, was £2,864, a tenth of which is £286. The tenth, according to the Durham Roll, or verus valor, is £420.

The new census, professing to estimate the real value, was necessarily fluctuating. Unfortunately, we have no early copies of it, except the tax-roll of Lothian preserved at Durham. Long known and hated among us as ' Bagi- mont's Roll,' only one copy, a late and bad one, has been noticed by our old lawyers, and it has suflered greatly in subsequent transcription.^ In the shape

1 Thus, at the foot of the column of the the dioceses of Glasgow, Galloway, Dunblane,

Deanery of Elgin — Summa, J.338, 16s. Duiikeld, Argyll, Isles, Eoss, Caithness,

Decima inde, £dS, IGs. {Eiyisf. 3Iorav., p. Orkney. SC}2.) ^ Ilabakkuk Bisset, who has preserved it,

- There is no Antiqua Taxatio yet found of assures us that the extract ' was fund be the

THE PREFACE. xxxix

which it uow bears, Baiamuud's Roll can be evidence for nothing earlier than the reign of James V. It taxes collegiate churches, all late foundations, among parish churches,^ though they had no parochial district ; and it omits all livings below 40 marks. The rectories in the hands of religious houses are not taxed specifically, but vicarages held separately, and exceeding that value are given. This Roll, as we now have it, may be considered as giving imperfectly the state of the church livings of Scotland in the reign of James V.

As a subsidiary source of information, other valuations have been used in the present work. One of these is from a volume of Taxations of Scotch bene- fices above the value of forty pounds a year, calculated in proportion to the sum to be raised by the clergy. These are all plainly of the IGth century, and the latest in the volume is for an assessment of £2500, leviable for the expenses of the deputies to the Council of Trent, 1546.- This Taxation seems to run upon a value taken generally but not invariably about one-sixth lower than Baiamund's Roll.

The next document of this class which has been used is entitled ' Libellus Taxationum sen contributionum spiritualitatis concessarum s. d. u. Regi per pre- lates et clericos Regni Scotie.' We have this valuation only in a late copy,^ and it is not easy to fix the date of the original, which, however, is very little ante- rior to the era of the Reformation. It includes the dioceses of Saint Andrews, Glasgow, Dunkeld, Dunblane, Galloway, Aberdeen, Moray, Ross, Brechin,

proviuciall of the qubyte or carmelat frieris of - The volume, written in a hand of the

AberJene, called dene Johnne Christisone, the period, is in the General Register House, titled

principall provynciall of the said freiris and of on the back Taxatio Seculi XVI. The title of

Scotland for the tyme, and wes dowbled or CO- each taxation usually runs — Taxatio super

pied be ane chaiplane of Auld Aberdene, called Integra Scoticana ecclesia tara super prelaturis

Doctoure Roust.' {See Regiat. Glamj., Pref., p. quam aliis iiiinoribus beneficiis ad valorem an-

Ixii.) Bisset was servitor or clerk to Sir John nuum sumrae quadraginta librarum vel supra,

Skene, the first editor of our ancient laws. It ad rationem millium librarum usualis

is now impossible to say whether Bisset or Doc- monete Scotie. Of these there are five, cal-

tor Roust, or even some previous transcriber, culated for raising £8000 — £13,000 — £5000

should bear the blame of the inaccuracies with — £.3000, and the sum mentioned in the text.

which this only copy abounds. 3 ]yjg_ Advocates' Library, (.Jac. V. 5,

1 Among the collegiate churches entered in T,) 31, 2. .). The hand is of the 17th cen-

Baiamund is Craill, a foundation of 1517- tury.

xl THE PREFACE.

Caithness, Argyll, the Isles, and Orkney. Notwithstanding its title, this record gives the value of the livings, not the sums assessed. The copy is very faulty.^

When all these means of ascertaining the early value of a church living have failed, it has been necessary to have recourse to the records made up at and after the Reformation. The Act 1561, which appropriated one-third of the revenues of ecclesiastical benefices to the maintenance of the reformed clergy and the purposes of government, required that the rental of all benefices should be produced by the holders. Some of the rentals so produced are still preserved, but far the greater number have been lost, after however serving their purpose in furnishing materials for the record known as ' the Book of Assumption of thirds of benefices.' ^

These, with occasional reference to the ' Register of Ministers and their stipends sen the yeir of God 1567,'^ and the fine record of the ' Book of As- signations' of stipends preserved in the General Register House, are all the re- cords that have been generally used in this work. Charters in private hands are alwa3's indicated with reference to their place of custody.

It is not necessary to deprecate criticism in a work like the present. A fair and honest criticism, a noting of omissions and correction of errors, will much bene- fit the future portions of the collection. But when any reader feels disposed to judge it severely, and to argue from its imperfections that the whole work is care- less and inaccurate, he will do well to consider the nature of this undertaking. It is the first efibrt in a new field of labour, the first attempt to bring clear and methodical information out of a vast mass of records, hitherto unused, shut up partly in manuscript, and all in an obsolete and to the common reader un- intelligible language. That which has in other countries been considered the foundation of local statistics has been hitherto neglected in Scotland. If this collection in any measure supplies that defect, it will not be severely judged by the student who has experienced its want. One other consideration

I It wriets E.inkilbon for Rankilburn — Fur- The .small remain.s of the original rentals from

rester for Fore.sta — Hume for Hunum — Her- which it was framed, are in the Advocates'

furd for Hecfurd, &c. Library. {Jac. V. 6. 20.)

- This record is preserved partly in the Re- ^ In the General Register House — and

gister House, partly in the Panniure Library. printed, Edinburgh 1830, 4to.

THE PREFACE. xli

may be offered. Nothing is asserted without adducing the proof or authority. If the deduction is wrong, at least the reference must be useful to correct it. The list of authorities on the margin of each parish will show at once the sources of information used and enable the consulter of the book, who has a more minute local knowledge, to supplj^ any that have been overlooked. No industry or labour has been spared intentionally. And yet, to the compiler, having set up a standard of strict evidence and absolute accuracy, the imperfec- tions appear but too glaring. It must be his consolation that he who has tried the labour, he who is most able to judge it, will be the least likely to be severe in criticising an attempt like the present.

A {)leasanter duty remains in acknowledging the services of the gentlemen who have successively assisted the compiler, and borne the burden of the work.

The Rev. Mr. W. Anderson, formerly minister of Banchory Tcrnan, prepared the outline of the whole contents of the present volume. He had worked out also a considerable portion of the details when his health obliged him to leave Scotland. Mr. Anderson's taste for statistics and his appreciation of the proper objects of interest in a work like the present, rendered his services peculiarly valuable, and encreased the regret for his severe illness.

Mr. Joseph Robertson executed a portion of the work, about the middle of the present volume. His learning and previous charter study qualified him perhaps beyond any other person in Scotland for such an undertaking, but others had discovered his accomplishments, and he was not suffered long to bestow them upon a work of more labour than honour or reward.

Since Mr. Robertson was withdrawn, his duty devolved on Mr. James E. Brichau, who has done the laborious pai-t of the latter half of the volume, with the assistance latterly of Mr. J. M'Nab. To both these gentlemen, to Mr. Brichau especially, it may be permitted the Editor to express his thanks for the courage with wliich they faced a huge array of very formidable looking books and re- cords, their ready adaptation of old learning to new studies, and the conscien- tious zeal with which they have discharged duties in a great part of which they were left much to their own guidance.

The engraver has brouglit his skill to bear upon the map with an attention and careful accuracy which could only be produced by the interest he feels in

/

xlii THE PREFACE.

the work, but which uot the less entitle him to the best thauks of the Editor. The part of the map to accompany each volume will be thrown oif in lithography, but the whole is engraved ou copper, and a complete impression from the copper itself will be added to the work when finished.

The next volume is intended to embrace tlie Northern Dioceses of Scotland.

C. INNES.

Edinbukgh, December ti, 1S50.

ORIGIJ^ES

PAROCHIALES SCOTIA

ORIGINES PAROCHIALES SCOTIJ:.

THE CITY AND BARONY PARISHES OF GLASGOW.

Glasgu' — Glasgow. (Map I. No. 1.)

This uaine appears in the earliest authentic record which we now have regarding tlie place, the Inquisition of David I. while prince of Cumbria; but traditions of an older appellation may be traced. Jocelin of Furnes mentions " Cathures " as now called "Glasghu," and also says, that St. Kentigern's cathedral see was in the vill.age " Deschu," which meant " cara familia," and was the same as Glasgow.^

The ancient parish of Glasgow comprehended all the city churches and districts, with the Barony parish, but it did not include the Gorbals.

Of the foundation of a Christian settlement and a church at Glasgow by Saint Kentigern, or Mungo, in the middle of the sixth century, there is no reason to doubt. But of the subsequent government and even of the continued existence of St. Kentigern's establishment, we have no cer- tain evidence, till the period of the Inquest directed by David prince of Cumberland in 1116. That deed establishes equally the current tradition of the ancient history of the bishoprick and the exist- ence of the church at that time, and would seem to presume its possession of the adjacent territory, (known in later times by the name of St. Mango's Freedom,^) since it does not enumerate it among the other possessions belonging to the see.*

The 7th day of July 1 136, is the date of the consecration of the Cathedral church of Glasgow, The Church. built by John the first bishop after the restoration of the bishoprick by King David I.^ It was

' So named in lllf). Regist. Glasg., p. 5. * Regist. Glasg. pref. See also Introductory Notice of

- Vita Kentigerni, Vita; SS. Scotia, pp. 219-223. tlie Diocese.

■' Regist. Glasg., p. 370. ^ Cbron. de Mailros ; Chron. S. Crucis.

VOL. r. A

ORIGINES

b

Rectory and Vicar 4GE.

rebuilt by his successor Herbert, and re-consecrated in 1197 by Jocelin, with two assisting bishops.' Bishop Bondington, who died in 1258, is said to have completed the cathedral as planned by Herbert and Jocelin. Bishop Robert Wishart had obtained timber from King Edward I. for making a steeple, but used it for constructing engines against that king's castles. The steeple was built of stone, as it now stands, by Bishop Lauder, who died in 1425. He added the battlements to the tower, built previously, and made the crypt under the chapter-house. Bishop Cameron, who died in 1447, built the chapter-house. The crypt of an intended southern transept, the beautiful rood-loft and deco- rated stairs were the work of Bishop Blacader, who died in 1 508. The cathedral was never completed.

The " Parish of Glasgow, with its whole rights, liberties, and tithes," was appointed by Bishop John to form one of the prebends of the cathedral, in augmentation of which. Bishop Herbert be- stowed a plough of land near Renfrew.^ The rector of Glasgow was the bishop's vicar in the choir. The vicarage of the parish of Glasgow was also erected into a prebend before 1401, under the name of " Glasgow secundo."^ The patronage of both rectory and vicarage belonged to the bishop.

The rectory is valued at £226, 13s. 4d. expressed by the tithe, £26, 13s. 4d. in Baiaraond's roll, and at the same sum in the " Libellus taxationum spiritualitatis concessarum Regi." At the Re- formation it was valued at £60, 4s. 8d. ; 32 ch. 8 b. meal ; 9 oh. 3 b. bear ; 3 barrels herring, and 10 merks money.'' The vicarage is valued at £66, 6s. 8d. in Baiamond ; at 80 merks in the Libellus Taxationum, and the same in a MS. of the Assumptions, 1561, where it is noted that " the special rental of the vicarage consists in corps presents, umest claiths, teind lint and hemp, teinds of the yairds of Glasgow, a third pairt of the boats that arrives to the brig, Paschmes teinds of the browsters, and the oblations at Pasche." It was leased for 103 merks.^

In 1459 the sacrist had special charge of keeping in repair the furniture and ornaments of only the High Altar, and those of the Holy Cross, St. Catharine, St. Martin, and St. Mary the Virgin in the lower church ;8 but there were numerous altars in the church, most of which had permanent endowments for chaplains or for the maintenance of lights. Some of them follow :

The High Altar had a chaplainry endowed by William the Lion with 100s. from the revenues of the sheriffdom of Lanark.^ On the 2d August 1301, Edward I. offered at this altar an obla- tion of seven shillings. He repeated his offering next day, and offered also seven shillings on that day, and on the third September, at the shrine of St. Kentigern.**

St. Kentigern's Altar near his tomb in the lower church, received in 1400 an annual rent to maintain the lights before it,^ and in 1507 Archbishop Robert founded a chaplainry at it, which he endowed with part of the rents of Craigrossy.i" Before the year 1233, William Cumyn, earl of Buchan, gave a stone of wax yearly for the lights at a mass to be said daily at the altar of the tomb of St. Kentigern.il In 1475 James III. confirmed an ancient grant of three stones of wax from the lordshij) of Bothwell, half of which he directed to be used for the lights above the tomb

Regist. Glasg., p. 611. Regist. Glasg., p. 26. Regist. Glasg., p. 299. Books of Assumption. Books of Assumption. Regist. Glasg., p. 411.

^ Regist. Glasg., p. 211. ^ Regist. Glasg., p. 621, 9 Regist. Glasg., p. 412.

'» Regist. Glasg., p. 519.

" Regist. Glasg., p. 101.

GLASGOW.] PAROCHIALES. 3

of St. Kentlgern.i The " Tumba Sancti Kentigerni " was endowed also with certain roods of land on the confines of the city.^

Another Altar to St. Kentigern was founded on the south side of the nave of the church, by Walter Steward, knight, and endowed for a chaplain, in 1506, by his son, Andrew, Archdeacon of Galloway.-'

An Altar dedicated to the Virgin stood in the crypt, or lower church, and another at the en- trance of the choir ; besides an image of " St. Mary of Consolation," at or near the Altar of St. John the Baptist, in the nave.

Robert, a burgess of Glasgow, and Elizabeth, his wife, gave, before 1290, a tenement for the augmentation of the light of St. Mary the Virgin's Altar in " le crudes," or crypt.-* In 1460, an annual of 12d. was given from a tenement " in vice fullonum," or walcargate, (now the Saltmarket,) by David Hynde, burgess, for the sustentation of the lights of St. Blary and St. Kentigern in the lower church.5 In 1507, Archbishop Robert founded three perpetual chaplainries from the rents of the lands of Craigrossy, one of which was for the service of the glorious Virgin JIary of Conso- lation. He also gave one merk annually for the reparation of the ornaments of the Altar of St. Mary of Pity, at the south entrance of the choir, at which he had before founded a perpetual chaplainry.^

St. Servan's Altar was rebuilt in 1440 by David de Cadyhow, who gave an annual of £10 to the vicars of the choir and their successors, for the celebration of a daily mass there.'

vSt. Mauchan's or St. Machan's Altar was placed on the north side of the nave, at the third pillar from the rood-loft, (ad tertiam columnam a solio crucifixi) and had been constructed of hewn and poli-shed stone (sectis et politis lapidibus) by Patrick Leche, who, in 1458, endowed it for a perpetual chaplain with rents from tenements in Glasgow, and gave the patronage to the community and burgesses.*

St. John the Baptist, St. Blasins the Martyr, and St. Cuthbert the Confessor, bad each an altar in the nave of the church, which had been founded and endowed for perpetual chaplains before 1467, by the dean, subdean, treasurer, and others. Their emoluments arose from certain lands, tenements, and annual-rents within the city and territory of Glasgow, then confirmed by Andrew the Bishop.9

In 1494, Archibald Quhitelaw, subdean of Glasgow and archdeacon of St. Andrews, founded a chaplainry at the altar of St. John the Baptist from several tenements, lands, and rents lying in the city.i"

The Altar to St. John the Baptist and St. Nicolas, situated in the south aisle of the church, at the first pillar from the rood-loft, was endowed for a perpetual chaplain in 1524, with lands, tene- ments, and annual-rents, by Roland Blacadyr, the subdean. ^^

' Regiat. Glasg., p. 417. " Regist. Glasg., p. 364.

- Lib. CoUeg. N.D. Glasg., pp. 47, 87, 112. » Regist. Glasg., p. 392.

^ Kegist. Glasg., p. 517. ' Regist. Glasg., p. 414.

■■ Regist. Glasg., p. 298. '" Regist. Glasg., p. 487.

' Regist. Glasg., p. 412. " Regist. Glasg., p. 537.

^ Regist. Glasg., pp. 505-519.

4 ORIGINES [GLASGOW.

James Douglas of Achinchassil founded a chaplainry at St. Cuthbert's Altar, on the south side of the nave, with annual-rents from tenements in the burghs of Glasgow and Linlithgow. It was confirmed by Bishop Andrew in 1472.1

The Altar of All Saints was on the north side of the nave, at the fifth pillar from the rood- loft. It was endowed in 1495 for support of a chaplain by David Cuninghame, Archdeacon of Argyle and Provost of the collegiate church of Hamilton, with tenements in the burgh of Dumbarton.-

Tlie Aisle (or Chapel) of St. Blichael the Archangel was behind the great south door of the church towards the west. In 1478, Gilbert Rerik, Archdeacon of Glasgow, founded a chaplainry at its altar from tenements in the burgh, and provided that on St. Michael's day the chaplain, after divine service, should distribute, in presence of the people, " among 30 poor and miserable persons, of his own selection, 20s. in food anddrink."^

The Altar of St. Stephen and St. Lawrence, the Jlartyxs, was situated behind the great altar, and was endowed in 1486 for the sustentation of a chaplain, by James Lindsay, dean of Glasgow, with half of the lands of Scroggs, in the barony of Stobo, an annual of ten merks from St. Gelis- grange, Edinburgh, and with other rents.''

The Altar of Corpus Christi in the nave, or ambulatorium, at the fourth pillar from the rood- loft, was constructed with hewn and polished stones, by Robert, canon and prebendary of Glas- gow. It was endowed by him iu 1487 for a chaplain, whose revenues arose from annual-rents and tenements in the city.^

The Altar of St. JCicholas in the lower church of Glasgow, was endowed in 1488, by Michael Fleming, a canon, with a revenue of 5 merks, 4s. 8d., as half a chaplainry. He gave also 20s. for an obit to be performed by the vicars.^

The Altar of St. James the Apostle was situated in the choir, between the altar of St. Stephen and St. Lawrence on the south, and the altar of St. Martin on the north. It was endowed with rents from tenements by Martin Wan, chancellor of the diocese, in 1496.^

The Altar of the Holy Cross received an endowment for a chaplain in 1 497, from Malcolm Durans, prebendary of Govan.*

The Altar of St. Peter and St. Paul was situated in the lower church, between the altar of St. Nicolas on the north, and the altar of St. Andrew on the south. It was endowed for a perpetual chaplain by Thomas Forsith, prebendary of Logy in the cathedral of Ross, in 1498.^

The Altar of the Name of Jesus was on the north side of the entrance of the church. It was founded and endowed for a perpetual chaplain by Archbishop Robert, from a part of the rental of Craigrossy, in 1503.1"

The Altar of St. Thomas of Canterbury, archbishop and martyr, was founded by Adam Col-

,st. Glasg.,p. 419. <^ Regist. Glasg., p. 463.

ist. Glasg., p. i9l. ' Regist. Glasg., p. 493.

St. Glasg., p. 437. ^ Regist. Glasg., p. 49.5.

!St. Glasg., p. 450. ^ Regist. Glasg., p. 500.

St. Glasg., p. 452. '" Regist. Glasg., pp. 504-519.

GLASGOW.] PAROCHIALES. 5

quhoun, canon of Glasgow and rector of Stobo, who died in the beginning of the year 1542. It stood in the nave of the church, and was endowed from hinds in the neighbourhood of the city.i

There was also an Altar dedicated to St. Andrew ; an Altar (in the nave) dedicated to St. Christopher ; an Altar of " the Holy Blude ;" and a Chapel called the Darnley Chapel.^

Besides those required for the service of these altars and chapels, other chaplains were endowed in the cathedral for general or special purposes, whose ministrations do not seem to have been confined to particular altars. At least ten such chaplainries occur in the records of this church, one of which was founded by Robert II., while Steward of Scotland, as the price of the papal dis- pensation for his marriage with Elizabeth More.^ Numerous anniversaries or obits were celebrated, chiefly by the choral vicars, for benefactors and persons who founded and endowed them.

The maintenance of the lights for the general services of the cathedral, was provided for by gifts

from Walter Fitz-Alan before 1165, William the Lion, 11G5-89, Robert de Lundoniis, 1175-99,

and several others. In 1481, John the bishop gave six stones of wax yearly, to be used in

candles, in brazen sconces between the pillars, all round from the high altar to the entrance of the

choir.*

It would seem that in 1170 there were churches or chapels in the villages of Shedinston, now Otheu

. Ecclesiastical

Sbettilston, and Conclud (afterwards called Kyucleith) ; but there are no traces of them m the Foundations.

subsequent records of the diocese. A place marked on old maps as Chapelhill, to the eastward of

the city, m.ay perhaps indicate the site of a chapel connected with the prebend of Barlanark. But

the greater number of dependent churches, chapels, and religious houses of this parish were within

the city.

The chapel of St. Slary the Virgin, or Our Lady chapel, was situated on the north .side of St. Thenaw's gate, not far from the market cross. It is ascertained to have been built before 1293,* and was in ruins in the beginning of the sixteenth century.^

St. Thomas' chapel in St. Thenaw's gate, not far from St. Thenaw's chapel, was dedicated to St. Thomas of Canterbury, archbishop and martyr. In 1320, Sir Walter Fitz-Gilbert, the progenitor of the Hamiltons, bequeathed a suit of vestments to the cathedral church of Glasgow, under the condition that they might be borrowed, if need were, four times every year, for the service of St. Mary's chapel at Machan (Dalserf,) and twice yearly for the use of the chapel of St. Thomas the martyr at Glasgow.^ This chapel was in existence in 1505.*

The chapel of St. Thenaw, matron, the mother of St. Kentigern, was situated near the church now called corruptly St. Enoch's, at the western extremity of St. Thenaw's gate. It is mentioned as early as 1426. King James III., in confirming an ancient grant of wax to the cathedral of Glasgow, directed that one half stone of it should be given for the lights at the tomb of St. Thenaw, " in the chapel where her bones lie," near the city of Glasgow.'' There was a cemetery beside the chapel, and a spring which is still called St. Thenaw's well.

' Lib.ColI.N.D.GIasg.,pp.25,26,110,lll,113,xx\iii. '• Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., pp. 87, 117, 244.

- Books of Assumption ; Lib. Coll. N.D. Glasg. ' Regist. Glasg., pp. 227, 228.

^ Regist. Glasg., p. 273. " ' Lib. Colleg. N.U. Glasg., p. 258.

■• Regist. Gla.sg., p. 444. '■> Regist. Glasg., pp. 426, 497.

* Regist. Glasg., p. 210.

6 ORIGINES [GLASGOW.

The chapel of St. Mungo without the walls, called also little St. Mungo's kirk, was built and endowed, in the year 1500, by David Cuninghame, archdeacon of Argyle and provost of the collegiate church of Hamilton.^ It stood on tte Dow-hill on the north side of the Gallowgate, on the eastern bank of the Molendinar, immediately without the Port. Certain trees which grew there, were called St. Mungo's trees ; a well beside it had the name of St. Mungo's well ; and a way which led to it still retains the name of St. Mungo's road. It was surrounded by a church-yard .

The chapel of St. Roche the confessor, was situated on the common moor on the north side of the city, near the place now corruptly called St. Rollox. It was founded about 150S by Thomas Mureheid, canon of Glasgow and prebendary of Stobo. The patronage of the priest or chaplain was vested in the bailies and council of the city, with whose consent the benefice was, about 1530, incorporated with the college church of St. Mary and St. Anne; the chaplain being constituted a canon of that church, but under provision that he should twice every week say mass and other offices in St. Roche's chapel, for the soul of its founder.^ There was a cemetery attached to it.

A Convent of Dominicans, or Friars Preachers, pojiularly known as the Black Friars, was founded by the bishop and chapter on the east side of the High Street, on or near the site of the present College Kirk. Their church, which was dedicated to the blessed Virgin and St. John the Evangelist, was begun to be built before 1246, when Pope Innocent IV. issued a bull of forty days' indulgence to all the faithful who should contribute to its completion. It was surrounded by a cemetery. The adjoining " place," or convent of the friars, ^'as large and richly endowed. When King Edward I. of England remained at Glasgow for a fortnight in the autumn of 1301, he was lodged at the Friars Preachers. The chief benefactors of the house were Bishop William of Bondington, who died in 1258, King Alexander III. in 1252, Bishop Robert Wischard in 1304, Guyllascop Maclaehlan in 1314, King Robert I. in 1315, John of Govan, burgess of Glasgow, about 1325, Sir Alan of Cathcart of that Ilk in 1336, Sir John Stewart of Darnley in 1419, Sir Duncan Campbell of Lochaw in 1429-1451, Sir William Forfare, prior of Blantyre, in 1430, Alan Stewart of Darnley in 1433, Alexander of Conyngham, lord of Kilmawrys, in 1450, Isabell, duchess of Albany and countess of Lennox, in 1451, David Caidyoch, cantor of Glasgow, in 1454, John Steuart, the first provost of the city of Glasgow, in 1454, Mathew Stewart, laird of Castle- milk, in 1473, Colin Campbell of Ormadale in 1474, Colin, earl of Argyle, in 1481, William Stewart, canon of Glasgow, prebendary of Killern and rector of Glasfurde, in 1487, Sir James Hamilton of Finnart about 1530, and King James V. in the year 1540.^

The Church and " Place" of the Franciscan, Minor, or Grey Friars, were situated in an alley on the west side of the High Street, a little above the College. They are said to have been founded in 1476 by Bishop John Laing and Thomas Forsyth, rector of Glasgow.^ No records are pre- served of the foundation ; nor of its property, which, as the brethren followed the strict or reformed

' Regist. Glasg., pp. 501, 502. ^ Munim. Frat. Predic. tie Glasg., ap. Lib. Coll. N.D.

- Lib. C'oUeg. N.U. Glasg.,p. 32; Chart, in Archiv. Civit. Glasg. Glasg. * Spotiswood.

GLASGOW.] PAEOCHIALES. 7

rule of the order, was probably very small. Jeremy Russel, a friar of this house, was burned for heresy in 1559.

St. Nicholas' Hospital or Alms-house, near the bishop's castle and palace, is commonly said to have been founded by Bishop Andrew Mureheid, l-i5o-1473. It was endowed with lands, houses, and annuities within the city and its territory. In 14.76 it is called "Hospitals pauperum ;" in 1487 " Hospitale Glasguense;" and in 1507 it is styled " Hospitale Sancti Nieholai."' In the years 1528 and 1550, it is spoken of as consisting of two houses or chambers, " Paupercs Hospitalis Sancti Nicholai de utraque domo ;" and " Pauperes Hospitalis Sancti Nicholai de domibus anteriori et posteriori."^ This may perhaps have happened by its union in some way with the following.

About 1503, Eoland Blacadyr, the subdean, founded an hospital for the poor and indigent casually coming to the city of Glasgow, " prope Stahyllfjreyn" the master of which was appointed by him to be also chaplain of the altar to St. John and St. Nicholas, which he had founded and endowed in the cathedral.^ Ho directed that six beds should be furnished and kept in readiness for receiving the poor, and made several minute and curious regulations for the management of the house.^

The same ecclesiastic bequeathed a hundred pounds for the erection of an hospital beside the col- legiate church of St. Mary and St. Anne ; but it does not appear that the bequest was carried into effect.*

The Collegiate Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Anne (sometimes called Our Lady College and the New College,) was situated on the south side of St. Thenaw's-gate, now known by the name of the Tron-gate. It was founded about the year 1530 by James Houston, subdean of Glasgow, for a provost, archpriest, sacristan, master of a song school, five other prebendaries, and three choristers. Subsequently, other three prebends were added, — one by Nicholas Wither- spoune, vicar of Strathaven, the remaining two by Sir Martyn Reid, chaplain of the altar of St. Christopher in the cathedral church of Glasgow. The patronage of the provostry was vested in tiie abbot and convent of Kilwinning ; that of the archpriest and sacrist, in the prioress and convent of North Berwick ; of the other canons, in the bailies and council of the city of Glasgow. The endowments of the College were from the fruits of the parish churches of Dairy, in the deanery of Kyle and Cunningham, and of JIayljoill, in the deanery of Carrick, and from lands, tenements, and annuities in the city of Glasgow and its neighbourhood. There was a cemetery beside the church ; and a song school stood on its west side.^

A Dominican Nunnery, dedicated to St. Catherine of Sienna, was proposed to be erected near tiie chapel of St. Thenaw about 1510. Three hundred pounds were bequeathed for the purpose by Roland Blacadyr, subdean of Glasgow, but no steps were ever taken to carry his bequest into execution.

There seem to have been grammar schools, or pedagogia, in Glasgow in early times.' In Sep- tember 1 -494, the chancellor of the diocese brought a complaint before the bishop against David

' Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., pp. 200, 254, 250. ^ Lib. CoUeg. N.D. Glasg., p. Ixxii.

2 Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., pp. 51, lx.\iu. « Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg.

' Regist. Glasg., pp. 537, 338. ' Regist. Glasg., p. 457. * Regist. Glasg., p. 539.

8 ORIGINES [GLASGOW.

Dun, a priest of the diocese, for openly and publicly teaching scholars in grammar, and children in the rudiments of learning, without the allowance of the chancellor, alleging that, by statute and immemorial usage, he and his predecessors had the right of appointing and deposing the master of the grammar school, of taking the charge and government thereof, and of licensing or prohibiting all teachers of youth, whether in public or in private, within the citv.^

Nearly half a century earlier, Pope Nicolas V. had issued a bull, (7th of January 1450-41,) for the erection of a " studium generale " or university, in Glasgow, " as well in theology and in the canon and civil law as in arts and all other lawful foculties." He was prompted, as in similar cases, chiefly by the bishop of the diocese, William TurnbuU ; but the Pope professes to proceed on the desire of King James (II.), and the great fitness of the city for producing the seeds and growth of learning, not only for the advantage of the kingdom of Scotland but of the neighbouring nations, " on account of the healthiness of its climate, the plenty of victuals, and of every thing necessary for the use of man ; — 'that there the catholic faith may abound, the simple be instructed, justice taught, reason flourish, and the minds and understandings of men be enlightened and enlarged." He ordained that the doctors, masters, lecturers and students, should enjoy all privileges, liberties, honours, ex- emptions and freedoms granted by the apostolic see, or otherwise, to the university of the city of Bologna : — that William, bishop of Glasgow, and his successors, should be the chancellors, and should have the same power and authority over the doctors, masters, scholars and others, as the rectors of the schools in the University of Bologna ; and that those who deserve to obtain a diploma and liberty of teaching in that faculty in which they have studied ; and those who apply for the degree of master or doctor, should have the same adjudged to them by the doctors and masters of the faculty in which they shall have been examined, and the degree conferred by the Bishop of Glasgow, after convocation of the doctors and masters there lecturing ; they being first carefully examined by himself and others, according to the use and wont in other universities ; and that those who have been so examined and approved of, and have obtained in such manner the licence of teaching and the aforesaid honour, should have thenceforth a full and free power of directing and instructing, as well in that city as in every other university." ^

On the 20th of April 1453, James III. by his royal letters, " took under his firm peace, pro- tection and safeguard, all and every the rector, deans of faculty, procurators of nations, regents, masters and scholars in the aforesaid university, and exempted them, together with the beadles, writers, stationers, parchment-makers and students, from all tributes, services, exactions, taxations, collections, watchings, wardings, and all dues whatsoever, imposed within the kingdom, or to be imposed."-'

On the 1st of December of the same year. Bishop TurnbuU granted and confirmed to the Uni- versity the following privileges : — (1,) That they should have the liberty of buying and also of selling whatever property of their own they may have brought with them, not for the purpose of merchandise, within the city of Glasgow and the bounds of the regality, and of exercising this liberty, especially in all kinds of victuals and clothing, free of all customs and control; (2,) That

' Regist. Gla^K., p. 490. = Regist. Glasg., p. 397.

- Regist. Olasg., pp. 385, 337.

GLASGOW.] PAROCHIALES. 9

the rector might bring before the provost or bailies any one complained of for transgressing the assize of bread, ale, and the prices of eatables, according to the laws and customs of the burghs, and might require him, on his conviction before witnesses, to be sufficiently corrected and punished; which if the said provost or bailies should omit for eight lawful days thereafter, then the power of punish- ment should devolve upon the rector ; and that if any dispute should arise between them, its deci- sion should be referred to the bishop ; (3,) That the rector of the University should have the juris- diction and correction of all civil and pecuniary causes, and of minor offences, brawls and contro- versies which might arise among the members of the University themselves, or between them and the citizens or the other inhabitants, and of hearing and deciding on them summarily, unless it shall appear to him expedient to act otherwise ; but higher injuries and more important causes were to be reserved for the hearing of the bishop; (4,) That the regents, students and officers of the University should have the power of prosecuting the foresaid actions before the lord rector, or before the bishop, or his official, as they should think fit, and that any considering himself injured by the lord rector should have the power of appeal to the bishop ; (5,) That " hospitia," or inns, and a house in the city should be assigned to them, at a rent to be fixed by them and an equal number of citizens, chosen and sworn for the purpose, from which they should not be removed so long as they made payment and behaved themselves well therein ; (6,) That beneficed persons within the diocese, acting as regents or students, or who incline to study, so long as they are docile and have a license from the bishop, shall not be obliged to residence within their benefices, pro- vided they cause divine services to be properly performed during their absence ; and that, in the meantime, they should enjoy the fruits of their benefices; (7,) That the beadles, mace-bearers, with other servants and dependents of the University, should also possess the whole of the above- mentioned privileges; (8,) That the provost and bailies of the city should, each year on their election, swear to observe, and to the utmost of their power cause to be observed, these statutes, liberties, and privileges ; and, (9,) That the members of the University should be exempted from all tributes, exactions, vexations, capitations, watchings, wardings, collections, and other personal services whatever, performed now or in time coming within the city.i

On the 6th of June 1459, James Lord Hamilton granted to Mr. Duncan Bunch, principal regent of the faculty of arts in the studium of Glasgow, and to the future regents of the same, a tene- ment lying in the " street leading down from the cathedral to the market-cross, near the place of the Dominican friars," together with four acres of land on the Dove hill, contiguous to the Molendinar l)urn, for the use of the said Mr. Duncan and all present and future students in the faculty of arts ; under provision that they should each day, according to a form prescribed, pray for his own soul and that of Euphemia his wife. Countess of Douglas and Lady of Bothwell ; and that if a chapel or oratory should be built in the college, the regents and students should also there convene, and on their bended knees sing an Ave to the Virgin, with a collect and memoria for himself and his wife.

It does not appear that the University possessed any property or endowments before this time,

' Regist. Glasg., p. 397-99.

10 OEIGINES [GLASGOW.

though it would seem they had a house called a " pcdagogiuni" which they may have relinquished for the tenement now given them. Mention is made in the year 1524, of " a tenement and place, in the Ratoun Raw, called ' The Aulde Pedagoge ;"'i a name which it seems to have received so early as the year 1478.^

In 1461, Bishop Andrew, in renewing and defining some of their former privileges, granted to the rector the first place after himself in sessions, processions, and other solemn acts, before all the prelates of the diocese.^

In 1462, (2d March,) David de Cadiou, canon of Glasgow and rector of the University, assigned annually, 12 merks from certain lands and tenements in the burgh, to endow a clerk in the faculty of the sacred canons, who should read in the public schools within the city in the morning, as is customary in other universities, and who should celebrate daily mass at the altar of the Virgin in the lower church of the cathedral, for the donor, his parents, friends, and benefactors. He also appointed the rector for the time and his four deputies to be the patrons of his gift.-i

On the 10th of December 1472, James III. confirmed the charter of his predecessor, and granted a precept under the great seal for the preservation of the privileges of the University.^

On the 7th of June 1509, James IV. granted an exemption from all taxes and impositions to " all continuale regents and students and dayly officiaris " in his university of Glasgow.^

On the 24th of May 1522, "the congregation general of the university" having met in the chapter-house of the cathedral, James Stewart, provost of the College church of Dunbar being rector, had a letter read in their hearing, from James V. during his minority, containing a like exemption ; but on the 8th of February 1558, Queen Mary, although she had fully confirmed their privileges in 1547, exonerated from a tax of £10,000, then laid on the kingdom, only Mr. John Colquhone parson of Stobo, the rector, Mr. John Layng parson of Luss, the dean of faculty, and Mr. John Houstone vicar of Glasgow, the regent in the pedagoge, by name : and thence- forward, the students and daily officers seem to have lost the privilege of exemption from taxes. Similar letters were granted on the 15th June 1556 and 14th March 1567.''

On the 24th of January 1557, Archbishop James gave in augmentation to the " pedagogue or University of Glasgow, and to the masters and regents in it for the time," the perpetual vicarage of Colmonel, with all its fruits and ecclesiastical emoluments.

13th July 1563, Queen Mary made an endowment for five poor children bursars within the college of Glasgow : " Off the quhilk college ane parte of the scoles and chalmeris being biggit, the rest thairof, alsweill dwellingis as provisioun for the poore bursours and maisteris to teache, ceassit, swa that the samyne appearis rather to be the decay of ane universitie, nor ony wayis to be reknit ane establischit fundatioun." She gave them " the manss and kirk rowme " of the Dominican Friars within the city ; 1 3 acres of land lying in the neighbourhood ; 1 0 merks annually,

' Lib. CoUeg. N.D. Clasg., p. 261. ^ Documents, Univer. Com. Glasg. Append., p. 233.

- Regist. Glasg., pp. 437-8. " Documents, Univer. Com. Glasg. Append., p. 233.

^ Documents, Univer. Com. Glasg. Append., p. 231. ' Documents, Univer. Com. Glasg. Append., pp. 235-37. * Documents, Univer. Com. Glasg. Append., p. 232.

GLASGOW.] PAROCHIALES. 11

which the said Friars were wont to receive from certain tenements within the town ; 20 marks of annual rent from the nether town of Hamilton; 10 bolls of meal from certain lands within the bounds of Lennox ; and 1 0 merks yearly from the lands and lordship of Avendaill.i

In 1569, (17th October,) Mr. Andrew Hay, parson of Renfrew and rector of the University, gave to Mr. John Davidson in name and behalf of the said university, " for the sustentatiuune of bursaris within the samen, the chaiplanry of St. Michaell, sumtyme situate within the metropo- litaue kirk of Glasgu, be vraquhill Maister Johne Restoune funditor thairof, now vacand be deceiss of Maister Dauid Gibsoun last chaiplaue."^

The 8th of January 1572, another foundation of the college was made by the town, which was

confirmed by Act of Parliament upon the 26th of the same month. But on the 13th July 1577,

James A''!, issued a new erection or foundation, which, while it more amply endowed the University,

changed in several respects its original constitution and character.''

It is probable that the original limits of the parish were confined to the village and manor of Pahochiai.

. Territorv.

Glasgow proper, and that the several adjacent properties were afterwards included in the parish,

according as they were added to the possessions of the see. Several of these belonged to it at the time of Prince David's Inquisition, (1116.) Conclut may be identified with the place afterwards called Kincleith. Pathelenerhc is evidently Barlannarc or Buthlornoc, after- wards associated, if not identical, with Provan. Villa filie Sadin, Schedinestun, (Inienchedin, Mineschadin,) now Shettleston, said to have been so called from a daughter of St. Patrick's brother, but more probably from some Saxon colonist, is enumerated among the bishop's possessions in 1170. Other portions of the district, such as "Newton, Crag, Dalmurnech," &c., are mentioned in 1174-1186; but whether they were not in some instances subdivisions of original possessions, or in others, new names for properties otherwise formerly designated, is difficult to determine with certainty. When James II., in 1449, erected the whole into a regality, he designated it as " the city and barony of Glasgow and the lands called Bishop-forest." These lay in the north of the parish.*

Barlannarc or Provan was given before 1172 by Bishop Herbert, in augmentation of the pre- bend of Cadiho or Hamilton. The lands were then designated " Barlannerc cum Budiornac," and were confirmed to the see by Pope Urban III. in 1186.^ Before 1322, Barlanark, (probably including also Budiornac,) had been erected into a prebendary by itself; and on the 12th May of that year, Robert I., in favour of Johu Wischard the canon who held this prebend, conferred on Barlanark the privileges of free warren.^ The holder of this prebend seems soon after to have been styled Lord of Provan. About 1480, the Bishop of Glasgow sought to render it mensal to himself, but in 1487 renounced the bulls which he had obtained for that purpose at Rome.' When James IV. became a canon of the cathedral, he is said to have been prebendary of Barlannerc and Lord of Provan. It is taxed, with the other prebends, for the ornaments of the church and for the

' Documents, Univer. Com. Glasg., Append., p. 237. ' Regist. Glasg., pp. 26, 55.

- Regist. Glasg., p. 584. ' Regist. Glasg., p. 234.

^ App. Doc. Univ. Com. Glasg., pp. 237-39. ' Regist. Glasg., p. 456. * Regist. Glasg., pp. 7, 23, 30, 43, 55.

12 ORIGINES [GLASGOW.

salaries of the ticars ministering in the choir. It also appears in Baiamond's tax-roll ; in the tax of the sixteenth century ; and in the " Libellus taxationum," where its rectoria or parsonage tithes are alluded to, and made to contribute, as was customary, along with those of parishes ; but no mention is ever made of its church. There may indeed have been a chapel within its territory, but it must have been altogether of a dependent nature. On the dissolution of the bishopric, the lands came into the possession of James Hamilton of Silverston hill, who sold them before 1669 to the city of Glasgow. They are particularly enumerated in the Act of Parliament which then ratified and confirmed the charters and privileges of the city, and seem to have lain mostly on the west of the town.i

The ancient surface of the parish, unless near the river, was, with a very few exceptions, a forest of wood and bush land.- Many of the ancient names indicate this ; and, perhaps, the legend which represents St. Kentigern as " miraculously compelling the wolf of the woods to join with the deer of the hills in labouring in the yoke of his plough," may preserve a memorial of the fact that these animals abounded there.^ City and Glasgow had been a village of some note since St. Kentigern's age ; and in the earliest records, (1175-.99,) which we have of the tenure of property, it seems to have been managed like other Saxon villages. The bishop's men were either "natives" and serfs, or they were burgesses, free tenants, and vassals. In 1174-89, William the Lion gave to Jocelin the bishop and his successors, Gilleraachoy de Conglud, with his children and all his descendants, — ("cum liberis suis et tota ejus secta que de ratione eum sequi debuerit.")'* In 1175-99, Raan Corbeht, Master of the Temple in Scotland, gave to his man, William Gley of Glasgow, for a reddendo of 1 2 pence, a plenary toft which Jocelin the bishop had given to himself in the burgh of Glasgow, and which was the same as Gillel. had held before it had been his, together with a net's fishing in the Clyde, given him also by the bishop, and with all the common easements of the territory. Alexander II. granted in 1235 to the bishop's men, natives and serfs, (nativi et servi,) freedom from toll, as well in burghs as without, for their own chattels and what they bought for their proper use.^

The burgh of Glasgow rose by gradual and well-marked steps out of the Episcopal village and city which, from the earliest period, surrounded the cathedral. About 1175, King William the Lion granted to God and St. Kentigern, and to Bishop Jocelin and his successors, that they should have a burgh at Glasgow with a Thursday market, and with all liberties and customs of one of the king's burghs ;" and the same king granted to the bishop a right of fair there annually for eight days following the octaves of St. Peter and St. Paul, (6 July,) and gave his " firm peace" to all attending it.' Bishop Jocelin, who had formerly been Abbot of Melros, granted to his old abbey a toft in the burgh of Glasgow, " namely, that toft which Ranulph de Hadintun built in the first building of the burgh,"** expressions which seem to mark tliat the town was at least extended by

' Acta Pari., Vol. 7, p. 647. ' Regist. Glasg., p. 143.

= Regist. Glasg., pp. 234, &c. ^ Regist. Glasg., p. 36.

i de Scot. Fortitud., pp. 81, 82. ' Regist. Glasg., pp. 38, 112.

* Regist. Glasg., pp. 32, 33. ' Lib. Melr., pp. 36-38.

GLASGOW.] PAEOCHIALES. 13

new buildings about the time of receiving the royal privileges. AVe next find the bishop's burgh resisting the claims of the more ancient and royal burgh of Rutherglen, which King Alexander II. declared should not levy toll or custom " within the town of Glasgow," but only at the cross of Schedenestun (now Shettleston,) as they used formerly to be levied.^ The same king, after erect- ing Dumbarton into a royal burgh, by a charter in 1242 preserved to the bishop's burgesses and men of Glasgow the rights of trade and merchandise through Argyll and Lennox, which they had anciently enjoyed.- At a later period, some encroachments of Renfrew and Rutherglen produced an order from King -lames II. (1449,) " That nane of yhour said burrows na nane vtheris cum wythin the barony of Glasgw na within ony laudis pertenand to Sant Blnngois Fredome to tak to! or custum be waiter or land."^ In 1450, the bishop's city and territory were erected into a regality ;* and the burgh, hitherto a burgh of barony, thus rose one step in dignity and privilege. The bishop was permitted to appoint a sergeant, for making arrestments and executing the edicts of his court, who was to bear a silver staff, having the royal arms blazoned on tiie upper end and the arms of the bishop on the other.s The increased consequence of the magistrates is immediately apparent. An indenture between them and the Friars Preachers, dated in 1 454, runs in the name of " an honorabyll mane, -Johne Steuart, the first pro vest that was in the cite of Glasgw."'' Whether as a burgh of barony or a burgh of regality, the appointment of magistrates was in the bishop ; and one instance is recorded, in the year 1 55.3, when on the Tuesday next after the feast of St. Michael the Archangel, when the new bailies are wont to be elected, an honourable man Andrew Hamyltoun of Cochnocht, provost, and the whole council, in the inner flower-garden beside the palace, where the archbishop was engaged in conversation with several of the canons of the chapter, presented to his lordship a schedule of paper with the names of certain of the most worthy and substantial men of the city, from whom the archbishop selected the bailies for the fol- lowing year.' In 1561, the council, first protesting that search had been made in vain for the archbishop, (who had withdrawn on the breaking out of the Reformation,) proceeded to elect their magistrates themselves. Glasgow sent representatives to Parliament in 1546 ; but it was only in 1636 that a charter of Charles I., ratified in Parliament, declared the burgh duties payable directly to the Crown. The protestant archbishops, from time to time, and also the family of Lennox, as heritable bailies of the regality, long claimed the right of nominating the magistrates, and even in 1655, Esme Duke of Lennox was served heir to his father in " the title of nomination and election of the proveist, baillies, and uther magistrates and ofiicers of the burgh and city of Glasgow."*' In 1690, Parliament ratified a charter of AVilliam and Mary, giving the city of Glasgow and town- council, power and privilege to choose their own magistrates, as freely as Edinburgh or any other royal burgh.

The more ancient city of Glasgow consisted of the cluster of residences collected round the cathe- dral and bishop's castle, extending westward for some way along the Rotten Row, eastward along

' Regist. Glasg., p. 114. = Regist. Glasg., p. 432.

- Regist. Glasg., p. 148. « Lib. CoUeg. N.D. Glasg., pp. 17fi-78.

3 Regist. Glasg., pp. 369, 370. ' Regist. Glasg., p. 580.

' Regist. Glasg., pp. 375-77. ° Inquis. Rctor. Lanark, No. 259.

14

ORIGINES

[GLASGOW.

the Drygate,' and down tlie steep part of the High Street.^ When the bishop acquired for his city the privileges of burghal trade, the Cross was placed on the more convenient plain ground, mid- way between the city and the river port. The way connecting the upper city with the Market- cross was gradually built upon, and preserved the name of the Great or High Street.^ From the Cross, three other streets branched out: — (1.) A continuation of the High Street, leading to the South Port or Nether Barras Yett, bore the name of the Walcargate* (superseded about the middle of tlie seventeenth century by that of the Saltmarket;) while a farther prolongation of the same road leading from the Port to the river,^ came, after the erection of the bridge over the Clyde, about the middle of the fourteenth century, to be called The Briggate. Another street in the same neighbourhood, if, indeed, it is not to be identified with The Briggate, was designated The Fischer- gate,^ probably from the occupation of the persons who dwelt in it ; and a third, apparently of more modern date, had the appellation of the StokweU.^ (2.) Westward from the Market-cross stretched a road called St. Thenaw's Gate,* spanned not quite half-way between the Cross and St. Thenaw's Chapel, by a gate called the West Port.^ The portion of this street lying within the Port, took, about the middle of the sixteenth century, the name of the Trongatej^" the outer portion, about two centuries afterwards, received the appellation of Argyll Street. (.3.) From the Market-cross eastwards extended the Gallowgate,'! intersected by the Molendinar burn, and crossed near its eastern extremity by the East Port. A road which led from the Gallowgate to the Chapel of St. Mungo without the walls was thence called St. Mango's gate.'^

Besides the Ports which have been enumerated (namely, the South Port, or Nether Barras Yett ; the West or St. Thenaw's, afterwards called the Stokwell Port ; and the East or Gallowgate Port,) mention is made of the Subdean's Port, between the Gyrthburne and the Drygate, in the year 1410 ;!' and notices of other ports, some of which may however, perhaps, be identified with the above, occur at later periods. The walls of the city are often spoken of in descriptions of property

' " Inter le Gyrthburne et vicum qui dicitur !e Dreg- gate." A.D. UIO. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Gksg., p. 238.

^ '' Le Ratonraw," " vicus qui dicitur Ratonraw." A.D. 1283. Regist. de Pasaelet, pp. 382-84. " Vicus qui dicitur Ratonraw." A.D. 1410. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 237.

^ Magna via ; circa a.d. 1325. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 156. Magnus vicus tendens ab ecclesia cathe- dral! ad erucem fori. a.d. 1419. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 240. The gat at strekis fra the Merkat Cors tyll the He kyrk of Glasgu. a.d. 1433-34. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 166.

< Vicus Fullonum. a.d. 1422. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 242. The Kyngis strayt the qwhylk is callit the Wal- cargat. A.D. 1454. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 177. Via Fullonum tendens a Cruee Forali ad Portam Australem. A.D. 1528. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 43.

* Via que ducit a Porta Australi ad Pontem. A.D. 1528. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 25. Publicus vicus tendens a Cruee Fori vsque ad Australem finem ville. a.d. 1460. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 253. Via extra Portam Aus- tralem que ducit ad Pontem trans Cludam. a.d. 1528. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 31.

* Vicus Piscatonim circa a.d. 1325. Lib. Colleg. N.D.

Glasg., p. 156. Le Fyschargate. a.d. 1497. Regist. Glasg., p. 495.

7 Vicus vocatusle Stokwell. a.d. 1505. Regist. de Passe- let. Vicus Piscatorum juxta le Stok Wei. a.d. 1487. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 256.

^ Magnus vicus extendens a Cruee Fori versus Capellas Sancti Thome martiris et Sancte Tanew. a.d. 1426. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 244. Vieus Sancte Tanew. a.d. 1433. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 248. The gait passing fra the West Port to Sanet Tenewis Chapell. a.d. 1548. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 138.

9 Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 73. '" Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. xxxii. '• Vicus qui dicitur le Galowgate. Circa a.d. 1325. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 156. Via Furcarum. a.d. 1433- Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 247. Vicus Furcarum juxta torrentem de Malyndinor. A.D. 1487. Regist. Glasg., p. 453. Via Furcarum extra torrentem Malyndonar. a.d. 1528. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 34. Via Furcarum ten- dens a Cruee Forali ad Orientalem Portam. a.d. 1523. Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 80.

'2 Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., pp. 27, 41, 88.

'3 Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 238.

GLASGOW.] PAROCHIALES. 15

(" iufra muros civitatis Glasguensis;"i "extra muros civitatis Glasguensis ;"2) but it may, with some reason, be doubted if any regular or continuous rampart encircled the whole town, at least so late as the fifteenth century. John Major, (who taught for some years in the University of Glas- gow,) writing in the year 1521, speaks of Perth as being the only properly walled town in Scot- land.' The municipal ordinances of the city, prove sufficiently that Glasgow was not in later times what is now called a walled town. On the last day of October 1588, " It is statut that euerie persone repair and hauld cloiss thair yaird endis and bak sydis, swa that nane may repair thairthrow to the toun bot be the commoun portes."''

Mention is found of the Bishop's lands of Ramnishorene in the year 124'1;5 of the Broomielaw (" campus de Bromilaw") about the year 1325;^ of the Meadow well in the Denside in the year 1.304;'' of St. Ninian's well, on the south side of St. Thenaw's Gate, in the year 1433;'* of the Stabillgrene in the year 1430;^ of the Market-cross in the year 1418 ;!" of the Gyrthburne, not far from the Drygate, in the year 1410 ;'i of the Castle or Bishop's palace about the year 1290 ;'- of the Bishop's garden about the year 1268;i3 of the Tolbooth of the burgh (" Pretorium Glas- gense,") beside the cross, at the corner of St. Thenaw's Gate and the High Street, in the year 1454 ji* of the Black Friar's Wynd, or Vennel, about the year 1300 ;i* of the West Cunye in 1498, near the Cross in the Walcargate ;i^ of the Conyhee, near the Cross, in the year 1435 ;'^ of " the gate fra the Wynd hede to the Gray Freris" in the year 1534 ;'* of the Troyne Gait in the year 1545 ;i^ of Rounaldis Wynd, on the north side of St. Thenaw' Gate, in the year 1488 i^" of Maynis Wynd, in the year 1548 ;2' of the Commownjet, (near the Gallowgate,) in the year 1433;"^^ of the "Quadrevium," or carfoix in the High Street, in 1494, and of the Densyde, near the monastery of the Minorites, 1494;23 of the Gallowmure and Borrowfield in the year 1529;-'' of the Dowhill, or Gersum land ;^-5 the Provansyde j^^ of the Common Green in the yeai- 1487.-''^

The manses and orchards of the thirty-two canons of the cathedral, as arranged under Bishoji Cameron about 1435, as well as the residences of the choral vicars, and, doubtless, of all the other officers of the cathedral continued, even after the extension of the burgh, for the most part in the principal streets of the old city, the High Street, the Drygate, and the Rotten Row. In a suppli- cation to Parliament (1587) by certain of the inhabitants, it is stated, that before the reformation

' A.D. 1540. Lib. CoUeg. N.D. Glasg., p. 13. " Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 17G.

- Circa a.d. 1530. Chart, in Archiv. Univ. Glajsg. '= Regist. Glasg., p. 216.

2 De Gest. Scot., lib. i., fol. i.\. '" Regist. Glasg., p. 500.

* Memorab. of Glasg., p. 23. '" Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 250.

* Kegist. Glasg., p. 147. They are described in 1494 as '» Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 261. lying on the north side of the road to Partwick. Lib. " Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. xxxii. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 258. -'» Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 257.

« Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 156. -' Lib. CoUeg. N.D. Glasg., p. 1 IS.

' Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 151. ^2 Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 247.

« Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 248. -" Regist. Glasg., p. 500.

" Ub. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 246. ^4 Li^. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 131.

'" Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 239. " a.d. 1500. Regist Glasg., p. 501 ; Com. Rep. Glasg..

" Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 238. App., p. 231.

'^ Regist. Glasg., p. 199 : Vicus qui se extendi! a muro -^ a.d. 1474. Regist. Glasg., p. 487.

Fratrum Predictorum sursum versus Castruni. "' Lib. Colleg. N.D. Glasg., p. 200. '^ Regist. Glasg., p. 177.

16 ORIGINES [GLASGOW.

of religion, their city was " intertynit and uphaldin" by the resort of the parsons, vicars, and other clergy, but is now become ruinous and for the most part altogether " decayit ; " and that " that part of the said cietie abone the gray frier wynd is the onlie ornament and decoratioun therof, be ressone of ye grite and sumptuous buildingis of grite antiquitie, varie proper and meit for ye ressait of his hienes and nobilitie at sic tymes as they sail repair therto."

Legends and Glasgow is the scene of several legends recorded of St. Kentijreru. It was here he is said to History. ° o o

have buried St. Serf, his master.^ No remain of this saint, however, is mentioned in the in- ventory of relics belonging to the church in ] 432. An altar was dedicated to him in the Cathedral before 1446. It was on revisiting Glasgow that St. Kentigern is said to have preached to King Redrath and to a great number of the chiefs and people of the place, elevating himself on a little mount, whence he could be seen by all, and where a celebrated chapel was after- wards dedicated to his honour ; indicating plainly Little St. Mungo's Kirk beyond the walls.^ It was here too he met St. Columba of lona, and conferred with him at the Jlolendinar. And it is affirmed, with much probability, that the bodies both of his mother St. Thenaw, and of himself, were here preserved, and long held as objects of great veneration and of devout pilgrimage by the people. Glasgow took a distinguished part in the wars of the succession, under its patriotic bishop, Robert Wishart, who was elected to the see in 1271.^ From the favourable disposition of the inhabitants, the district became the resort or place of refuge of several of the Scotch patriots. It was at Glasgow, ("in dome cujusdam Rowe Ra,"^) that Wallace was captured. Edward I., who remained in the city during a part of August and September 1301,* for the purpose of over- awing a hostile district, some years later, accused the bishop to the pope of not only failing to ex- communicate Bruce for the slaughter of Cumin, but of giving him absolution for the deed five days after it was committed, and of providing him, from his own wardrobe, with the garments and robes _in which he was crowned at Scone. He was also charged with going about the country preaching to the people that it was more meritorious to fight for the new made king than against the Saracens. The bishop having been taken prisoner at Cupar in Fife, was kept in prison for eight years in England, and only liberated after Bannockburn, when he had become blind." He died on the 2fith November 1316, and was buried in the cathedral, it is said, between the altars of St. Peter and St. Andrew."

The bishops' chief residence was their castle or palace adjoining the Cathedral church, the ruins of which remained till last century ; but from the beginning of the 1 4th century, the bishops of Glasgow are found frequently residing at their manor-house or castle of the Lake, called also Lochwood, six miles north-east of the city, in the vicinity of their ancient forest, and near a small lake called Bishop's Loch. Though now a little way beyond the boundary, it was then within the parish.^ Several of their charters are dated from this place. It contained a chapel.^

' Breviary of Aberdeen, Officium St. Kentig., Lectio VI. ^ Rymer's second letter to Bishop Nicolson, Barbour's

- Lectio VIII ; Lib. CoUeg. N.D. Glasg., pp. xxvii, Bruce, Booli II., p. )70.

xxviii. ' Spotswood's History.

3 Ford. X., 29, 30. « Assumption Book. 156L Cader and Monkland.

•• Illust. Scot. Hist., p. 54 ; The Wallace Papers, p. xxiii. » Regist. Glasg., pp. 'J5'2, 261, 293, 294. Regist. de Pass.

= Regist. Glasg., p., 621. pp. 338, 339.

GovAN.] PAROCHIALES. 17

On 30th April 1325, Bishop John Lindsay, while living at his manor of the lake (manerium de lacu,) took a protest before John de Quiney, respecting his seal used for attesting charters, which had been lost by Robert del Barkour, near the chapel of St. Mary of Dumbarton, and found and presented to him by James of Irwyn, monk of Passelet. The seal is minutely de- scribed as exhibiting his patron St. Kentigern, and his emblems or cognizances of the fish, bird, and ring, which plainly refer to the then popular legends of the life of St. Kentigern, and which Bishop Robert Wischart first introduced on his seal. His successors followed hi^ example, and the modern arms of the city are only a modification of those old symbols of St. Mungo and his miracles.^ Bishop Cameron died at the castle of Loch wood on the Christmas Eve of 1447, with a popular rumour of some supernatural horrors, which Buchanan has thought it necessary to record.^ At the Reformation the Duke of Chatelherault took possession of the manor-place of Lochwood, as well as the episcopal palace and castle of Glasgow -^

On the 12th of September 1241, King Alexander IL granted to the bishops of Glasgow, (the bishop at the time was AVilliam de Bondington, Chancellor of Scotland,) to bold their lands around Glasgu, namely, Conclud, Sehedinistun, Ballayn, Badermonoc, Possele and Kenmor, Garvach, Neutun, Leys, Ramnishoren, the land of the burgh, and the other lands pertaining to the manor of Glasgu, in free forest, fenced with the usual penalty of ten pounds for ofiences committed against the vert or venison.*

The mill of the bishop's manor, on the little stream which flows past the cathedral, gave its name to the Molendinar burn.

GOVAN AND GORBALS.

Guuen — Guuan.^ Deanery of Rutherglen. (Map I. No. 2.)

The ancient parish of Govan was separated from the parish of Glasgow by the Kelvin on the west. It lay on both sides of the Clyde, and comprehended the present parish of that name and what is now Gorbals, which was erected into a separate parish by the Court of Teinds in 1771.

Some time before the year 1147, King David I., with consent of his son Henry, granted Guuen to the see of St. Kentigern of Glasgow, in pure alms ; and soon afterwards Herbert, the bishop, erected into a prebend, in the cathedral, the church of Guvan, with all its ecclesiastical rights and pertinents, and with " the islands between Guvan and Perthec, together with that part of Pertheo which David the king gave to the church of Glasgow at its dedication, and that other part of Perthec which the same king afterwards gave in pure alms to Bishop John and his successors."^

This prebend was bestowed at the time of its erection on Help', the bishop's clerk, and the patronage continued in the bishop till the Reformation.

The church was dedicated to St. Constantino. Fordun says, " he was a king of Cornwall who

' Lib. CoUeg. N.D. Glasg., pp. xxvi., xxvii. * Regist. Glasg., p. 147.

s Lib. XI. = Before 1152. Regist. Glasg., p. 10,

^ Keith's Hist. ** Regist. Glasg., p. 11.

18 ORIGINES [govan.

accompanied St. Columba into Scotland, and preached the Christian faith to the Scots and Piets." He adds, " that he founded a monastery in Govan near the Clyde, over which he presided, and converted the whole of Cantyre, where he suflered martyrdom, and was buried in his monastery at Govan."!

It had an Altar dedicated to the Virgin, with an endowed cbaplainry, but when or by whom founded does not appear. At the Reformation, the revenues of this Altar, as given up by the chaplain, were ] 2 bolls of oats, 3 bolls of meal, and 268. in money ."^

The rectory was valued in Baiamond's roll and in the Libellus Taxationum at £106, 13s. 4d. It is only £97, 7s. 6d. in Taxatio XVI. Sec. In the books of the Collector General of the thirds of benefices, for the year 1561, the third of the parsonage and vicarage of the church of Govane is stated at £66, 13s. 4d., or £200 in whole. It was soon after bestowed on the University of Glasgow. In the books of assignation of stipends, 1579-80, ei seq. Govan is entered as " servit be the college of Glasgow."

At Polmadie, (the name of a rivulet on the left bank of the Clyde, said to denote the wolf's burn,) there was an Hospital for men and women. It was founded before 1249, and was dedicated to St. John.3

Robert I. confirmed to the master, brethren, and sisters of the hospital of Polmadie " juxta Ru- glen," all the privileges which they were wont to have in the time of Alexander bis predecessor.^ In 1319, Bishop Robert constituted Patrick, called Floker, master and guardian of this house, with the power of restraining the excesses and correcting the faults of the brethren and sisters pensioners therein, or of removing any of them for their delinquency. He gave him also a dispensation for non- residence at his church of Kilbryde, provided he took care that it was not left destitute of the due celebration of divine offices.^ In 131 9 Edward II. nomiually bestowed the keepership of St. John's Hospital of Polmadie, on William Hauk.*" In 1320 Bishop John gave to the hospital that half of Little Govan lying between the hospital and the western half of the same land.^ In 1333 Malcolm Earl of Lennox granted to the masters, brethren and sisters freedom from all kinds of service, bur- dens and exactions, as regarded their own house and their church of Strathblane. The church and land of Strathblane would appear to have belonged to the Hospital before 1316.* In 1334 Adam, son of Alan, burgess of Dumbarton, had lent them a sum of money in their necessity .^ On the 18th of May 1347 JMargaret (Logy,) Queen of David II., by grant of her lord the king made in her behalf from the bishoprick of Glasgow, (" ex concessione domini nostri Regis de episcopatu Glasguensi in parte nobis facta ") constituted William de Kirkintullach master of this hospital.-"* On the 10th of May 1391 Bishop Matthew issued a presentation from his " Manor of the Lake" in favour of Gilian de Vaux, and directed the master and brethren of Polmadie to receive her and give her all the rights due to a sister and portioner of their house during her lifetime.!^ William

' Martyrol. apud Regist. Aberdon. Fordun, L. iii., C. 23. ' Regist. Glasg., p. 229.

2 Book of Assumption, 1561. ^ Regist. Glasg., pp. 225, 248.

2 Regist. Glasg., p. 327. " Regist. Glasg., p. 249.

* Regist. Glasg., p. 225. '" Regist. Glasg., p. 278.

6 Regist. Glasg., p. 223. " Regist. Glasg., p. 293.

" Rjm. iii., p. 786.

GovAN.] PAROCHIALES. 19

de Cunninghame, vicar of Dundonald, was cited in January 1403, by Matthew the bishop, and threatened with excommunication, for having, on a presentation of the Earl of Lennox, intruded himself into the administration of the " Poor's House of Polmadie."^ In 1427 this hospital, with its united church of Strathblane, was erected into a prebend, of which the bishops retained the patronage. The prebendary was to be a clerk " cantu bene et notabiliter instructus," and was ordained to pay a vicar in the parish church of Strathblane, and to maintain and educate in singing four boy choristers, giving them sixteen merks annually for their sustenance, their admission and removal to be with the bishop.^ On February 16th 1440, Duncan Earl of Lennox, at an inter- view held with the Bishop of Glasgow in the west chapel of the castle of Edinburgh, resigned all right which he or his progenitors had assumed over the hospital of Polmadie and its annexed perti- nents, the church and church-lands of Strathblane.^ In 1450 the church of Strathblane was dis- severed from Polmadie ; and it was annexed to the collegiate church of Dumbarton, by Isabella, duchess of Albany and countess of Lennox.

The Hospital of St. Ninian stood at a little distance from the south end of the old bridge of Glasgow. It was called " Hospitale leprosorum degentium prope pontem" in 1494; " Leproso- rum S. Niniani trans pontem" in 1505 ; " the puir lipper folkis house beyond the brig" in 1587. It is said to have been founded by a lady of the family of Lochow about 1350, which is also the era of some other similar erections. It had a burying-ground and a chapel near it. The lat- ter, it is said, still stands in the main street of the village of Gorbals.* And between this and the bridge, at a place where an old building called the Lepers' Hospital formerly stood, a quantity of human bones lately discovered seems to point out the site of the cemetery. The ground on which the whole was placed is still called St. Ninian's Croft.^ The following ordinance of the town council of Glasgow, of 6th October 1610, shows the condition of the poor leper even at that comparatively recent period : " Item, it is statut and ordanit that the lipper of the hospital sail gang onlie upon the calsie syde near the gutter, and sal haif clapperis, and ane claith upon thair mouth and face, and sail stand afar of, quhill they resaif almous or answer, under the payne of banischeing tliame the toun and hospital."^

In 1494 William Stewart, canon of Glasgow and rector of Kilerne, refounded a chaplainry in the chapel of St. Ninian, at the leper's hospital near the bridge, which had formerly been con- structed and of new rebuilt by him. He gave for the susteutation of the chaplain and the repa- ration of the chapel several tenements and annual-rents in the neighbourhood, and he ordained that on the anniversary of his death the chaplain should annually assemble in the said chapel twenty-four poor scholars skilled in singing mass, who should sing for him, and for the souls of all the faithful deceased, the seven penitential psalms, with the " de profundis;" and after the mass distribute 2s. of Scotch money, Id. to each, and to the lepers, not members of the hospital, 12d. He also ordained that the lepers should at a fitting time every night for ever ring the bell of the chapel and convene at the " salve," and devoutly pray for their benefactors, and especially for him

' Regist. Glasg., pp. 29.5, 301. ■• N. Statist. Ace.

- Regist. Glasg., p. 327. ^ N. Statist. Ace.

^ Regist. Glasg., p. 359. * Memorabilia of the City of Glasgow.

20 ORIGIN ES [kilpateick.

the founder ; finally, he ordained that the chaplain, being master of the grammar school, should, after his decease, commend him every night to all his scholars before their separation, and make them devoutly pray for his soul and for all the faithful dead.i

It seems probable that before 1152 Govan and Perthec, which were distinct manors, were also distinct parochial territories; the latter lying on the north and the former on the south side of the Clyde. The islands in the river then existing between them have now disappeared, or have become a part of the mainland. The Bishops of Glasgow had a residence at Perthec before 1277. In 1 362, the compromise of a dispute between the lord l)ishop and his chapter took place at the manor-house of Perthec.^ It is supposed to have stood on the bank which overlooks the junction of the Kelvin and the Clyde. There were several free tenants or vassals on both manors.''

OLD AND NEW, OTHERWISE WEST AND EAST, KILPATRICK.

Kylpatric." Deanery of Lennox. (Map I. No. 3.)

' Of the places in various parts of Scotland, including six parishes in the diocese of Glasgow, which derived their appellation from the apostle of Ireland, the most ancient and distinguished was certainly Kylpatrick in Lennox. The parish, lying on the right bank of the Clyde, is bounded on the north by the Kilpatrick hills, which approach very near the river at the place where stood the old church and village of Kilpatrick. Here it is said St. Patrick was born. His own words in the Book of Confessions ascribed to him, and corroborated by other accounts, are, " My father was Calphurnius a deacon, who was the son of Potitus a presbyter, of the village of Bonaven of Tabernia." Jocelin of Fumes, who wrote his life about the end of the twelfth century, from several very ancient accounts, says that " the territory was called Taburnia, from its being a Roman station, and that it was by the town of Nempthor on the shores of the Irish sea." The best authorities agree in applying this description to Kylpatrick, where the Roman wall ter- minated. St. Patrick was born about 372, and went to Gaul and Italy about the end of the fourth century ; he continued there about thirty-five years, during which he studied for eighteen years under St. Germanus, and afterwards visited St. Jlartin of Tours, the brother, or, more probably, the uncle of his mother Conquessa. He returned when past sixty to preach the gospel in Ireland, to which country he had been carried captive in his youth.^

A saint so famous, and who is said to have " founded 365 churches, and ordained as many bishops, and 3000 priests," could not be long without a memorial in the place of his birth ; but the early history of this district is obscure, and we have no transaction recorded in connexion with the church here until about the end of the twelfth century ; sometime previous to which Alwin Earl of Lennox had confirmed to the church of Kilpatrick all the lands of Cochinach, Edinbernan,

' N. Statist. Ace. ' Regist. de Passelet, p. 157.

- Regist. Glasg., pp. 192, 265. ' Usher Britanic. Eccles. Antitjuitat., pp. 427-463.

" Regist. de Passelet, pp. 1-12, 3C9, 383. O'CoDner.

KiLPATRicK.] PAKOCHIALES. 21

Baccan, Finbealach, Drumcreue, Graguentalach, Monaclikenneran, Drumtecliglunan, Cuiltebut, Dalevenacb, granted by his predecessors, and had himself added the land of Cateconnen.'

Before 1 227, Maldoven, Earl of Lennox, granted the church of Kilpatrick, which had been so richly endowed by his family, to the monastery of Paisley, where he chose his own place of sepulture.- The benefice continued the property of the abbey till the Reformation.^

Dufgal, the Earl's brother, was rector of Kilpatrick, and for some time resisted the right of Paisley to those lands which they claimed both as ancient pertinents of their church of Kilpatrick, and as confirmed by charters of the Earls. The case was tried by Papal delegates in 1 233. The recorded proceedings, including the proof of the tenure of the lands, afford one of the most remarkable and interesting of our early law proceedings in church matters. Dufgal at length yielded, and renounced all claim to the property of the lands, and threw himself on the abbot's mercy, who granted to him, during his lifetime, the church with half a carucate of land of Cochinach.*

In 1227, the church was decreed to belong to Paisley in proprios usus, and the vicarage was taxed at twelve merks, of the altarage, or of the tithe of corn if the altarage was not sufficient.* The procurations due to the bishop were taxed at one reception (hospitium) yearly.^

The site of the ancient church seems to have been the same as that of Old Kilpatrick in 17 -OS, which was described in that year as " a very ancient building." In the river Clyde opposite to it " there is a large stone or rock, visible at low water, called St. Patrick's stone," connected with a legend " that St. Patrick's vessel struck upon it in full sail on setting out to Ireland, and sus- tained no injury."

At Drumry, near Garscadden, are the ruins of a chapel, which seems to have been in existence before 1476. Lawrence Crauford of Kilbirnie founded a chaplainry there, and endowed it with the five pound lands of Jordan-hill. It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and is said to have had also other possessions.'

At Lurg, on the estate of Plains, there was another small church with a cemetery. On an emi- nence, having a pleasant prospect, near the termination of the Roman wall, is a place called Chapel- hill and Chapeltown,* where there was probably a chapel or oratory. A sculptured cross, said to have been taken from " near the Roman wall," was long used here as a footbridge over a burn. The parish is rich in Roman antiijuities.

In the Libellus Taxationum the church of Kilpatrick is valued at £(i6, 13s. 4d.; and in a Book of Assumption, c. 15G1, its yearly value is stated among the revenues of the abbey of Paisley at 28 ch. 1 5 bolls and 2 firl. meal, and 7 ch. 3 bolls, 3 firl. 2 p. bear.

The vicarage appears in Baiamond's tax roll at the value of .£53, Gs. 8d., and it bears the same value in the books of the Collector General of thirds of benefices, a.d. 15G1.

The lands mentioned above as anciently belonging to the church, were, at the end of the twelfth century, held by a person named Beda Ferdan (who lived at Monaclikenneran, on the

' Regist. de Passelet, p. 157. » Regist. tie Passelet, p. ii21.

- Regist. de Passelet, pp. 158, 159. « Regist. Glasg., p. 124.

■■ Book of Assumption, c. 1561. ^ Regist. Privy Seal.

■■ Regist. do Passelet, p. 165. " See Bleau and Thomson's Atlas.

22 OEIGINES [kilpatrick.

Clyde, in a large house of wattle,) and three other persons, who were bound, for all service, to receive and entertain pilgrims or strangers coming to the church of St. Patrick. From some defect of title which cannot now be detected, these lands were the subject of continual disputes between the monks of Paisley and those claiming right through the family of Lennox. Almost immediately after the donation of the church to Paisley, an attempt was made by the Earls of Lennox or their vassals to regain possession of them. Beda, who held Monachkenneran, Cultebuthe and Drumtech- glunan, was slain in defence of the rights of the church. Dufgal the rector, allowed several of the other lands to be alienated from the living (" per defectum et negligenciam,") because he was unwilling to offend his father, brother, and relatives. Gilbert the son of Samuel of Renfrew, was unjustly ])ossessed of Monachkenneran, and Blalcolm Beg had sold Kathconnen " prae timore." Duugal the son of Cristinus, a former judge of Lennox, vindicated his right to the possession of Cultbuthe on the Clyde, and to a small piece of land which lay between the church and that river on the east.i The rector resigned his claim, as mentioned above, and the Earl obtained the resigna- tion of Gilbert the son of Samuel, by paying to him sixty merks of silver.^ In 12.39 Malcolm, son of Slaldoven the Earl, received from the Abbot sixty merks " pro bono pacis," and resigned to the monks the lands of Cochinach, Fimbelach, and of Edinbernan, of which he had vindicated the possession against them.^ And not long after Uuugal, who held the lands of Cnoc under the Abbot, resigned also his possession of Culbuthe.

About the year 1270, new claimants to these lands appeared in the persons of John de War- droba, Bernard de Erth, and Norrinus de Monnorgund, claiming in right of their wives, grand- nieces and heiresses of Dufgal the rector; and the Abbot was obliged to pay to those claimants 140 merks "pro bono pacis," when he received a separate charter of agreement and resigna- tion from each. After this, in 1273, Malcolm Earl of Lennox, "before he received knighthood," confirmed to the abbot and monastery of Paisley all the lands which they held in Lennox, includ- ing not only those which belonged to the church of Kilpatric, but also Drumfower (Drumtoeher,) Eeynfode, and Drumdynanis, which were given before by his predecessors to the monastery itself.'' Yet we find again, in 1294, that Robert Bishop of Glasgow had to inhibit the Earl's steward, "Walter Sprewel, his bailies, and at length the Earl himself, from taking a new claim to these lands under their jurisdiction in the secular court.^

Those possessions had been originally freed from all burdens, so that when Earl David, the brother of William the Lion, possessed the earldom of Lennox, he found he could raise no aid from them as from his other lands. In 1330, however, they had been in use to pay five chalders of meal to the keepers of Dumbarton castle." The monks of Paisley had a right of courts of life and limb from the Earls of Lennox, in all their lands within their earldom. They were erected into a barony and regality by Robert II. or III., and James II. conceded to the regality court of the abbot the tV.iir points of the crown which bad been formerly reserved.''

' Regist. de Passelet, pp. 162-175. ^ Regist. de Passelet, pp. 201, 204.

- Regist. de Passelet, p. 170. " Regist. de Passelet, pp. 167, 208.

" Regist. de Passelet, p. 1 6 1 . ' Regist. de Passelet, pp. 255, 256. •• See pp. 158, 159, 204.

DUMBARTON.] PAROCHIALES. 32

The rental which the monks derived from their lordship of Kilpatricli was, in 1525, 53 bolls of grain, £67, 13s. 4d. money.i

The parochial district, both on the east and the west, seems to have included several other properties belonging to the vassals of Lennox. About the year 1250, Umfridus de Kilpatrik, the ancestor of the family of Colquhoun, had a grant of the lands of Colquhoune, from JIaldoven Earl of Lennox.- The later retours of the family of Luss describe their property in this parish as " the lands of Colquhoun, with the manor -place of Dunglas, and the yairs of the Clyde." There are the remains of a very ancient castle at Dunglass.

In 1250 Maldoven the Earl gave to the monastery of Paisley a pasture of the lauds of Lennox on the north jiart of their land of Backan, as Ralph the king's chaplain held it in his lifetime, by the following boundaries, " as a burn flows from Lochbeth and falls towards the north into the water which is called Cornenade, and by that water westward to the rivulet which runs on the north part of Salvari, where the men of Dufgal, his late brother, had their shealings ; and so to the right boundaries of their land of Fimbalach."^

In the middle of the thirteenth century, Earl JIaldoven granted to Maurice son of Gillaspic Gal- braith, and Arthur his son, that quarter of land in Auchincloich lying next to Strochelraakessoc, ( Arochelmakessoc ?) in exchange for two lands, Thombothy and Letyrmolyn, which he failed to warrant to them ; for a 32d part of the service of a man-at-arms.* On the land of Gartenconnel, an old possession of the Galbraiths, are still visible the foundations and fosse of an ancient castle.

In the latter half of that century. Earl Malcolm granted to Water Sprewl the land of Dalmuir, resigned by Roger de Dundener, the grantee performing the foreign service of the king, as much as pertained to a quarter of a plough in Lennox.^

In 1452 Robert de'Lyle (in consideration of a sum of 112 merks received by him, and to be applied in prosecuting his right of inheritance in the Garviach) granted in feu to the monks of Paisley, the third of the fishing of the Crukytshot in Clyde, a pertinent of his lands of Achyntuerly and Duunerbowk, in the parish of Kilpatrick, together with a particle of land for building a house for preservation of the fish, and for a habitation for the monks' servants, and a space for drying and mending their nets, and with licence to take wood for hanging their nets upou, from the wood of Achyntuerly and Dunnerbowk. The reddendo five merks.^

DUMBARTON.

Alcluith ; Petra Cluitlv — Caer Alclut" — Dunbretane." Deanery of Lennox. (Map I. No. 4.)

Dumbarton must have been one of the earliest Christian settlements in Scotland ; but all that is known of the constitution of its churcli during the existence of the kingdom of Strathcluyd, of

' MS. Rental. <> Regist. de Passelet, p. 250.

^ Regist. de Levenax, p. 25. ' ^ In the 7th century, Beda; Hist. I. 12.

' Regist. de Passelet, p. 171. " a.d. 870. Chron. of the Pr. of Wales.

■* Chartul. de Levenax, p. 27. " 13th century. Regist. Glasg.

^ Chartul. de Levenax, p. 42.

24 ORIGINES [Dumbarton.

which it was the capital, is an intimation of a bishopric and bishop taking their style from it in the sixth century. The annals of Ulster record the death of Cathal Macfergus, bishop of Alcluyd, in 554.

The parish of Dumbarton is distinguished by its remarkable castle-rock, rising abruptly from the level bank of the Clyde, where it is joined by the Leven, at its southern extremity. For two miles inland, the parish is flat, and then rises into high moorland at its northern boundary.

In ]29G it was a free rectory; Alan de Dunfres the parson of Dumbarton swore fealty to Edward I.' In the following century the church, with all its pertinents, was given to the monks of Kilwinning,- who continued to possess it till the Eeformation.s The cure would seem to have been served by the monks or their chaplains.

Several altars and chaplainries were endowed in the church and castle. Kobert the Second confirmed to the Earls of Lennox the lands of Auchindonane and Inverdowne in alms and regality, under the condition of paying six merks sterling to the chaplain celebrating at the altar of the Holy Cross, within the parish church of Dumbarton.* The rental of this altar in 1561 was £22.5 ^ chaplainry was endowed at the altar of the Virgin Mary, with the £5 land of Muldoven in Cardross ; the patronage in the family of Ferme, by whom it was founded.^ There was a chaplainry of St. Peter, but whether within the parish church, or in a chapel in the town, does not appear.' An aisle or chapel within the church was dedicated to St. James.* In 1561 the third of money of the chaplainry of Dunbartane was taken up at £7, 6s. Sd.^

The chapel of Dumbarton castle is mentioned in 1271.1" It was dedicated to St. Patrick ; and in ] 390 had ten merks yearly out of the mails of the burgh.'i It is said to have been originally in the gift of the crown, but the patron latterly was the Bishop of Glasgow.i^ In 156'1 the third of the money of this chaplainry was 44s. S^d.'^ A chapel, dedicated to the Virgin, stood near the burgh, (juxta burgum,) the chaplain of which received 20s. out of the king's forms of the burgh.i* It may, perhaps, have been at Chapelton, a place marked on Bleau's map, a little to the eastward of the town. The same map sets down Kirkmichael a little way to the north. In the reign of Robert Bruce, William Fleming of Dumbarton had a crown charter of " an annual of ten merks furth of Kirkmichael, whilk is within the liberty of Dumbarton. "i*

The parish church appears to have been dedicated to St. Patrick, and always to have stood, as now, at the south end of the principal street of the burgh.i^

The rental of the church of Dumbarton, forming part of the revenues of the abbey of Kilwinning for some time preceding the period of the Reformation, was £66, 13s. 4d.i''

A collegiate church, dedicated to St. Patrick, was founded at Dumbarton about 1450, by Isabella,

' Rotul. Scot. I. 25. "> Regist. de Passelet, p. 192.

- Chart, of Levenax, as cited by Chalmers. " Robertson's Index, 12C, 11.

' Books of Assumption. '- A Bool; of Assumption.

* Chart, of Levenax, pp. 4, 5. '^ A Book of Assumption. ^ Book of Assumption. '"' Chamb. Rolls, iii. 1G4.

* Privy Seal Reg. Chalmers. '■' Robertson's Index, 8, 82.

" Regist. de Paaselet, p. 394. '* Magnus vicus tendens ad crucem' cart. pen. Napier de

« Hamilton of Wishaw, p. 104. Kilmahew.

' Conipt Collector Gen. of thirds of benefices. " Libell. Taxat. Book of Assumpt.

DUMBARTON

] PAROCHIALES. 25

Duchess of Albany and Countess of Lennox. She endowed it for a provost and six prebendaries, with the churches of Bonhill, Fintray, and Strathbhane, and it had also part of the lands of Strath- blane ; Stuckroger and Ferkinch in the parish of Luss ; Balernic-beg in Cardros ; Knockdourie- barber in Roseneth ; and Ladytown in Bonhill.i The Earls of Lennox were patrons. In Baiaraond it is valued at £.320, and in the Libellus Taxationum at £80. In 1561 the third of money of the provostry of Dumbarton was taken at £77, 15s. Bfd.^ A single arch, supposed to be the remains of this church, is still seen, close to the town.

There was here an hospital for bedesmen, with a chapel, and an endowed chaplainry. The Earls of Lennox the patrons.-*

The whole territory of the parish was part of the ancient lordship of the Earls of Lennox. About 1238, Alexander II. in confirming to Earl Maldoven the possession of the earldom of his ancestors, excepted the castle of Dumbarton, the land of Murrach, the harbour, and the fishery on both sides of the river Leven, as far as the said land of Murrach extended.* The monks of Newbotle had a grant from the same king, of a toft within the burgh, and a net's fishing on Leven ; and from Malcom Fleming, Earl of AVigton, a gift of an acre of land within the burgh.^ A high way (magna via, via Eegia) led, at a very early period, from Dumbarton up the valley of Leven, probably to the earl's castle of Balloch.^

The town of Dumbarton, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Strathcluyd, is one of the oldest towns of which we have authentic historical record, whose site can now be identified. In 657 died Guivet, "king of Alcluoith." In 69.3, Donald M'Alpin, king of Alucloith, died. In 721, Bile M'Elpin, king of Alocluith.' In 731, the venerable Bede describes Alcluith as the capital of the Britons of that district, (civitas Britonum munitissima.) In 756, Eadberht and Unst, kings of the Picts, " led an army against the city of Alcluth, and there imposed terms of sub- mission on the Britons."* In 779 is recorded the burning of Alucloith ; and in 869, and the following year, it was besieged and demolished by the northern pagans.^ In 974, Dunwallon, the king of Strathcluyd, went to Rome.^" We hear no more of these sovereigns or their kingdom. The ancient town assuredly grew up around the castle; but the neighbouring and dependent port has drawn the buildings of the modern burgh in that direction.

Even before the castle was reserved to the Crown by Alexander II., he had conferred the privileges of a royal burgh upon Dumbarton, which brought it into collision with the bishops' burgh of Glasgow.ii Alexander III. and David II. renewed those privileges, and they were con- firmed and extended by James VI. in J 609, and ratified by Parliament in 1612.1^

The castle of Dumbarton was the chief strength of the ancient Earls of Lennox. About 1 238, it was resigned by Earl Jlaldoven, and reserved by king Alexander II. Since that time it has re- mained with the Crown as a national defence, and one of the keys of the kingdom. It was

' A Book of Assumption. ' Annal. Ulton.

' Compt Comptrol. Gen. ' Simeon Dunelm.

3 Priv. Seal Reg. ^ Ann. Ult. Cliron. of pr. of Wales.

■* Chart. Levenax, p. 1. ■» Chron. of pr. of Wales,

'i Regist. de Neubotil. " C. 1122, Regist. Glasg.

" Regist. de Passelet. '- Chart, in archiv. burg.. Act. Pari.

VOL. I. D

26 ORIGINES [cabdross.

delivered over to Edward I., along with the other chief strengths of Scotland, during the discus- sion of the claims of the competitors to the crown of Scotland. Bruce obtained possession of it, early in the war of independence. David II., and his young queen, took shipping from thence when seeking shelter in France in 1333.1 Previous to 1363 it had been in use to receive five chalders of meal for the maintenance of the garrison, from the lands of old granted by the Earls of Lennox to the church of Kilpatrick.- Froissart calls it a strong castle standing in the marches, " agenst the wyld Scottis." Dumbarton Castle was annexed to the Crown, by Act of Parliament, in 1455, together with the lands of Cardross, Rosneth, an annual out of Cadiow, and the duty payable from the lands of the monks of Paisley in Kilpatrick.3 It became, in the reign of Queen Mary, the scene and subject of frequent contests between her followers and the party of the Re- formation and the Regent.

CAEDROSS.

Cardinros — Cadinros^ — Cardrose.^ Deanery of Lennox. (Map I. No. 5.)

On the opposite side of the Leven to Dumbarton, the parish of Cardross rises from the shores of Clyde and Leven by a gradual ascent northwards for upwards of two miles, to the ridge of the hills which bound the valley of Lochlomond. Anciently, it appears not to have extended much farther along the bank of the Clyde than the site of the present church : but some lands in Glen- fruin and on the Gareloch, and even as far as Loch Long, belonged to it ; which were separated from it in 1643, when the parish received an addition on its western boundary.

Between 1208 and 1233, Maldoven Earl of Lennox granted to Walter Bishop of Glasgow, as mensal to the bishoprick, the church of Cardross, with its lands and fishings, reserving the right of his brother Duugal, (who was in orders, and probably held this benefice as well as Kilpatrick.)" Before 1432, this parish had been erected into a prebend, for a canon of the cathedral.^

The church originally stood in the eastern extremity of the parish, opposite to Dumbarton, separated from it by the Leven.

At Kilmahew was a chapel dedicated to St. Mahew, confessor, probably Macceus, a companion of St. Patrick, which gave its name to the lands. The chapel, as well as the lands of Kilmahew belonged to the Cochrans in the reign of David 11.^ In the fifteenth century, they had reverted to the Napiers. In 1467, the chapel appears to have been rebuilt, and on the 10th of May, George Bishop of Argyle, (with license of the Bishop of Glasgow, the diocesan,) in mitre and pontificals, consecrated the chapel and cemetery, dedicated to St. Mahew, confessor, the old patron of the place ; and he granted, in name and by consent of Duncan Napare of Kilmahew and James Napare, his heir, to God and St. Mahew, and a chaplain to celebrate in the newly consecrated cha- pel, forty shillings and tenpence yearly, out of tenements in the burgh of Dumbarton, with a croft

' Hailes's Annals. = A.D. 1401. Regist. «lasg.,pp. 299, 347.

2 Regist. de Passelet. " Regist. Glasg., p. 93.

3 Act Pari. ii. 42. ' Regist. Glasg., p. 344.

* A.D. 1208-33. Regist. Glasg., p. 93. " Robertson's Index, 50, 7.

ROSNEATH AND BOW.] PAROCHI ALES. 27

adjoining the chaj)el.i At Kilbride, in Glenfruin, there was a chapel of old, the remains of which are still known as " Chapel Diarmid."

The rectory of Cardross is taxed in Baiamond at £61, 13s. 4d. In the Libellus Taxationum at £66, 13s. 4d., and it is given up as set for the latter sum in the Books of Assumption. The vicar pensionar gave up his living at the Reformation as of £lO yearly value.^ In the compt of the Comptroller-general of the thirds of benefices, the third of the money of the parsonage and vicarage of Cardross was taken at £22, 4s. 5id.

This parish was part of the lordship of the old Earls of Lennox, but portions of it were held by their vassals before the wars of the succession. In the middle of the thirteenth century. Earl Mal- doven of Lennox granted to Donald Macynel a land in Glenfreone called Kealbride, which is held a fourth part of a " harathor," — bounded by the Lavaran and the burn called Crosc, as they run from the hill, and fall into Freone ; the reddendo, the twentieth part of the service of a man-at- arms. The grant is witnessed by the Earl's brother, Amelec, of whose large appanage, Glenfruin was a part.^ Before 1294, John Naper held Kilmahew of the Earl, giving three suits at his head court, and paying what is exigible for a quarter of land in Lennox, (reddendo quantum pertinet ad unum quarterium terre in Levenax.)''

Malcolm Earl of Lennox resigned in the hands of the king, Robert I., a plough of land of Cardross, getting in compensation the half of the lands of Lekkie in Stirlingshire.^ The king, about 1322, gave the lands of Moyden, within the barony of Cardross, to Adam son of Alan. But he had another object in acquiring the land of Cardross. On a bank overhanging the Leven and Clyde, still called the,Castle-hill, Robert Bruce built himself a castle, and laid out a park around it, called the King's Park of Cardross. Here the hero spent some of his latter years In rural occupations, and in constructing and managing a mimic fleet of little vessels, with which he cruised in the Clyde and the lake; and in this castle he died, on the 7th June 1329.'' David II. gave to John Reid the lands of Pelainflatt, in the park of Cardross.' Robert III. granted a charter to Findlay Bunting, of the lands of Mylnetelame, and six merks of the barony of Cardross.*

EOSNEATH and ROW.

Neueth^ — Neyt'"— Rosneth" — Rusnitli'- — Eenytt." Deanery of Lennox. (Map I. No. 6.)

The ancient parish of Rosneth contained the present parishes of Rosneath and Row, with a small part of Cardross and Luss on the east, but exclusive of Glenfruin, and a part of the coast of

' Kilmahew charters, apud M'Farlan MSS. ^ Roberts. Ind., 141, 50.

- Book of Assumption. » Reg. de Passelet, p. 114.

^ Regist. de Levenax, pp. 91, 92. '» Reg. de Passelet, p. 308.

■* Charters of Kilmahew. » Reg. de Passelet, p. i!09.

^ Reg. Mag. Sig., Roberts. Ind. '^ R^g ^^ Passelet, p. 346.

° Compot. Camerar. Fordun. Barbour. '^ Reg. de Levenax, p. 14. ■ Roberts. Ind., 42, 15.

28 ORIGINES [rosneath and row.

the Gareloch, which of old belonged to Cardross. The modern parish of Rosneath consists of Rosneath proper, the peninsula formed by the Firth of Clyde, Loch Long, and the Gareloch. The country people still call it " the island." The modern parish of Row, on the eastern side of the Gareloch, rises from the shore in two ridges, one of which skirts the waters of the Gareloch and Loch Long, reaching elevations of more than 2000 feet ; the eastern ridge tends northward for several miles till it joins the other. The valley between them is Glenfruin. The eastern ridge and Glenfruin were not within the boundary of the ancient parish of Rosneath.

The ancient church of Neueth, which is said to have been dedicated to St. Nicholas, was situated on the Ros or promontory in the district of Neueth. At a short distance from the castle of Rosneath, it stood close by the shore, upon the site of the present church ;i and, deriving its name from its situation, was, from the earliest notices of it, indifferently called the church of Neueth, or the church of Rosneth. At a much later period the parish was known as " the parochine without and within the isle." About 1620, Parliament was petitioned to transport the kirk of Rosneath to the lands of Ardinconnel on the mainland;^ and between 1643 and 1648, the boundaries between it and Cardross were settled, and the new parish of Row was erected out of them.

At what time the church of Neueth was founded is uncertain. The earliest notice of it occurs in the grant which Alwyn Earl of Lennox made to the church of Kilpatrik before 1199, and which was witnessed by Blichael Gilmodyn parson of Neueth.3 Amelec, (also called Auleth,) a younger son of Alwyn, and who seems to have had this district as his inheritance, granted the church of Rosneth, with all its just pertinents, in pure and perpetual alms, to the monks of Paisley, to be held by them as freely as their other churches, actjuired by gift of the patrons.^ This grant was confirmed by Amelec's brother. Earl Maldoven,^ and subsequently by king Alexander at Trefquer, on the 12th of March 1225.^ About the same time Amelec granted a salt pan in his land of Rosneth to the monks of Paisley, and to this gift Nevinus, parson of Neueth, and Gilmothan, son of the sacristan of Neueth, are witnesses.' In the settlement of a dispute which arose between Walter bishop of Glasgow, and AVilliam abbot of Paisley, regarding the vicarial churches held by the monks in the diocese of Glasgow, and which the bishop, acting under a recent statute of General Council, was grievously oppressing, it was appointed by amicable com- positors in the church of Peblis on Tuesday before the Feast of St. Martin 1227, that the church of Neueth should be ceded to the monks in proprios usus, and exempted from the payment of procurations, on condition that they should present to the church a fit secular chaplain, who should answer to the bishop de EjnscopaUbus.^

At the head of the Gareloch, in that part of the parish which was called the mainland, stood a chapel, whose ruined walls and burying- ground may still be seen, not far from the castle of Faslan.9 Near the coast there is a burn and a farm, which Bleau has marked Kirkmichael,

' Wallace, B. 9, 1470. " Reg. de Passelet, p. 210.

^ Act. Pari. iii. 607. ' Reg. de Passelet. p. 211.

' Reg. de Passelet, p. 157. ° Reg. de Passelet, pp. 321-324.

* Reg. de Passelet, p. 209. *• Thomson's Atlas.

5 Ibid.

ROSNEATH AND BOW.] PAROCHIALES. 29

where, also, there was a place or worship ; and several other places, in Rosneath proper, have names, and are connected with traditions, which indicate religious sites. Examples of these are Kilcragin and Portkill, in a field adjacent to which several stone coffins have been found. It has been supposed — but apparently without sufficient evidence — that the Earls of Lennox founded here a religious house of canons regular, and dedicated it to the Virgin Mary.i

In the Libellus Taxationum, the rectory and the vicarage are estimated at £40. They were let in 1561 for £146, 13s. 4d.2

Most of this part of the lordship of Lennox belonged to Amelec, who, on the last of Hay 1225, received from king Alexander at Cadihou, a confirmation of the grant which his brother Jlaldoven Earl of Levenax made to him of the lands of Neved, Glanfrone, Moigliag, Letblaan, Ardereran, Kilmeagdh.a, and Dolenchen, to be held of the said Jlaldoven.s In 1351, Donald Earl of Lennox confirmed to Walter de Fosselane, the donation which Malcolm Earl of Lennox granted to Avileth lord of Fosselane, of the lands of Keppach, Culgrayne, Caniccskanys, Kyrkmychell, Airdendgappil, Arddenaconvell, Letdovald, Bullernok, Fosselane, Glenfrone, and Muleig, together with all the lands and offices acquired by Walter within the said earldom, especially the office of forester of the woods of Levenax, and the office of Tossachiorschip of Levenax, both purchased from Patrik Lyndissay.*

This lordship was soon divided into various possessions. The lands of Faslan, and the lands of Ardincapel, on the east side of the Gareloch, had each become the property and residence of a baronial family in the 13th century. Several of the clan Macfarlane settled in the northern extremity of the territory of Amelec ; while the shores of Loch Long and the Gareloch side were peopled by a colony of Colquhouns. The barons of Ardincapel, who afterwards took the name of Macaulay, were the proprietors of that district during the wars of the succession. The great quarter of Porthnelane between Knokgour and Rossvue, together with Ardach and Tulchane, were in the possession of a family of Oliphant, at the end of the fourteenth century.5 In the reign of Robert II., the lands of Rosneth were granted by Mary, the widowed Countess of Monteith, to John de Drommond, and by him given to Alexander de Menteth.^ They were legally annexed to the Crown along with the castle of Dumbarton in 1455 ; but Colin, first Earl of Argyll, Chancellor of Scotland, had a charter of the lands of Rosneth, under the Great Seal, 9th Jan. 1489.'

There was an ancient fort, whose ruins may still be seen upon the shores of Loch Long ; and there is reason to believe that the castle of Rosneath existed as a royal castle, before the end of the 12th century. It is said to have been destroyed by Wallace ; and his name is still given to a rock in the neighbourhood. Parts of the present castle of Ardincapel are said to be as old as the 12th century. A green mound alone marks the spot where the castle of Faslane stood; and near the modern house of Shaudon are traces of another castle, called Old Dun.

^ Spotiswood. 5 Regist. de Levenax, p. 55.

- Book of Assumption. « Reg. Mag. Sig., 134, 3.

' Reg. de Levenax, p. 92. ' Reg. Mag. Sig. * Reg. de Levenax, p. 93.

30 ORIGINES [luss and arhochae.

LUSS and ARROCHAK.

Luss. Deanery of Lennox. (Map I. No. 7.)

The ancient parish of Luss compreheuded the present parishes of Luss and Arrochar, with parts of Buchanan and Bouhill.

By an Act of Privy Council in 1621, the detached lands of Buchanan were disjoined from the parish of Luss, and annexed to Inchcailloch ; and the lands of Auchindenan, Cameron, Stockrogert, and Tullichewin, wore disjoined from it about 1650, and united to Bonhill. In 1658 Arrochar was erected into a separate parish. The lands of Caldanach, Prestelloch, and Couglens, forming at one time a part of the parish of Inchcailloch, are now annexed to the parish of Luss, which also includes ecclesiastically the lands of Bannachrae, that properly belong to Row.

Although there can be no doubt that the church of Luss is of much greater antiquity, there is no notice found of it till about the middle of the 1 3th century, when its patronage was confirmed by Maldoven Earl of Lennox, to Maldoven dean of Lennox, and his son Gillemore.^ The parish was a rectory ; and the rectors of Luss occur as witnesses in several ancient charters.^ Between 1426 and 1432, John Cameron, bishop of Glasgow, erected this church, with consent of its patron, John de Collequhone, lord of Luss, into a prebend of his cathedral. It was agreed that the patron and his successors should have the right of presenting to the prebend ; and that the cure of the parish should be served by a vicar pensionar bound to make continual residence, whose provision and collation should belong to the bishop, and who should receive a yearly pension of twenty merks.3 In bishop John's statutes of 1432, the prebendary of Luss is taxed nine merks for support of the choral vicars of the cathedral.*

The church of Luss was dedicated to St. Kessog or Makkessog, bishop and confessor in the province of Boina, who is said to have been a native of Lennox.^ He died in 560, and was buried in the ancient church of Luss,'' which seems to have stood on the site of the present church, about a mile to the south of which there existed, as late as 1796, the remains of a large cairn, called " Carn Machiasog," or the cairn of St. Kessog. On the 6th of March 1316, Robert the Bruce confirmed to John de Luss, knight, a charter by Malcolm Earl of Lennox, in which he granted, for the honour of his patron, the most holy St. Kessog, to his beloved and faithful bachelor, (baculario,) Sir John of Luss, freedom from exactions for the Royal household during the King's progresses (prisas captiones seu carragia) within the lands of Luss, and exemption from appear- ing as witnesses (ratione testimonii perhibendi) before the king's justiciar.'

A dependent chapel stood at the mouth of the Enrick, near the residence of the lairds of Buchanan.^ There was another chapel at Rossdhu, which had an endowed chaplainry ; and at Auchnaheglish, now Belritiro, in Bonhill, there was a burying-ground, used within the last century, in which tradition says there were the foundations of an ancient church or chapel.

^ Reg. de Levenax, p. 96. ^ Acta Sanctorum x Marcii.

- Reg. de Levenax, pp. 24, 45, 71. ° Acta Sanctoram x Marcii.

^ Reg. de Glasg., p. 340. ^ Reg. de Levenax, p. 21.

" Reg. de Glasg., p. 347. ' Bleau.

LUSS AND ARROCHAR.] PAROOHIALES. 31

The rectory is estimated at £ 160 in Baiamond's tax roll, and at £136 in the taxation of the 16th century. Before the Reformation, the vicar's pension was raised from twenty to twenty-four merks a-year.i In 1561, the parsonage and vicarage were let together for £173, 6s. 8d.- The revenues of the endowed ehaplainry of Luss, which was founded probably in the parish church, extended yearly to the sum of twenty merks. It had the lands of Craiginly and le Muir, with the multure of the two miUs of Luss and Finlawis, which were let in feu ferm to Adam Colquhoun in 1556. The rental of our Lady's Chapel of Rosdew, which had a cemetery attached to it, and possessed certain rents in the town of Dumbarton, amounted in 1561 to ten merks.3

The lands of Luss were granted by Earl Alwin to Maldoven dean of Lennox, before 1225. From the recognition of Earl Maldoven, it appears that he had taken, and had for some time kept possession unjustly, of the three lower quarters of the lands of Luss, called Achadhtulech, Dunlin, and Inuerlaueran, and of the other quarter which lies on the west of Luss. Becoming penitent, he recognised the right of dean Blaldoven and his son Gillemore, and gave them a confirmation on all the lands of Luss, except the land contained between Cledhebh and Banbrath, with its islands. The grant is described by the following boundaries ; from Aid Suidheadhi, and from Laueran to lower Duueglas, as the said Duueglas falls from the mountain into Lochlomne, on the one side, and from the head of the said Laueran, across by the summit of the mountains to the lower just boundary between the land of Luss and the land of Nemhedh, (Rosneath,) as it descends into Loch Long, on the other side, thence to Aid Bealach Nascamche, as the same Aid Bealach Nas- camche descends into Loch Long ; and from the head of the said Aid Bealach Nascamche, right across to the said Duueglas, as it falls into Lochlomne. He also granted and confirmed to them Frechelan, Elan Rosduue, and Ines Domhnoch. For the whole of this territory, the dean and his heirs paid to the earl, when with the king's host, two cheeses out of every house where cheese was made, and they were burdened with as much of the common service to be done to tlie king, as pertained to two arochor', or a carucate and a half of land, in the earldom of Lennox.^ This grant was subsequently confirmed by the same earl to Gillemore, the son of dean Maldoven, and to Maldoven the son of Gillemore.

In 1277, Maurice lord of Luss granted to the church of Glasgow, whatever timber might be required for the tower and treasury (Campanile et thesauraria) of the cathedral, and protection to all those who should be employed in cutting, preparing, and carrying it ; and pasturage for their horses and oxen while employed in the work.^ In the end of the thirteenth century, Blalcolm, Earl of Lennox, transferred to Sir -John of Luss, the homage and service of Maldofen Macgille- mychelmore and his heirs, and of Gillchrist Maccrystine and his heirs, due for the whole land of Banwrith, with the islands of Innesconogaig and Elanclew ; for a reddendo of two cheeses from every house where cheese is made, when the King's host is levied.^

Notwithstanding the apparent distinctness of the boundaries of Maldoven's grant, its real extent is uncertain. It is doubtful whether it embraced on the north the whole of modern Arrochar, or

' Book of Assumption. ■* Reg. de Levenax, pp. 19, 97, 08.

- Book of Assumption. ' Reg. de Glasg., p. 191.

^ Book of Assumption. ^ Reg. de Levenax, p'. 20.

32 ORIGINES [buchanan.

whether it contained the quarter and half-quarter land known as Macgilchrist's land, and as the upper plough of the lands of Luss, which lay between the rivulets called Dywach and Aldanchwlyn on the one side, and those called Hernane, Henys, and Trostane, on the other ; and which, with the islands of Elanvow, Elanvauow, Elandouglas, and Elaig, long formed a separate possession, granted before 1 425, by Duncan Earl of Lennox, to Duncan the son of Malcolm Makfarlane, lord of Arrochar, for his homage and service.^ It certainly did not embrace on the south the lands of Tulewyn and Stukeroger, on the water of Leven, which were given by Earl Donald to Walter de Fosselane, and his son Duncan -^ nor the forty pound land of Buchanan, which lay detached on the other side of the lake. The same earl granted to Maurice de Buchquhanane, the plough land of Buchquhanane, extending from Kelyn to Aldinarr, as the latter falls in below the water of Hannerch, together with Sallachy, extending from Sallachy to Kelg, as it falls into Lochlomond.s The village of Luss, and the house or castle of Rosdhu, with its chapel and cemetery, are of con- siderable antiquity ; and at Buchanan, where there was once a chapel, there must have been also a baronial residence of ancient date.

BUCHANAN Parish.

Inchecaloch.'' Deanery of Lennox. (Map I. No. 8.)

Inchcailyoch, a remarkable island of Lochlomond, gave name to an ancient parish, including the whole of the present parish of Buchanan, except the forty pound lands of Buchanan at the south-east end. The island is mentioned by Fordun, as in his time the site of a parish church. The ancient church of Inchcailyoch stood near the shore of the island, and was in use subsequent to 1621. It was dedicated to Kentigerna, a holy widow, sister of St. Congan, and mother of St. Fillan, who retired to this island for devotion in her old age, and died there in the odour of sanctity. Her festival was observed on the 7th of January. The island was sometimes called Inchcalyerth S. Kentigerne f and it was also known by the traditionary name of Kildarie.'^

A current tradition, which assigns this island as the site of an ancient nunnery, seems to rest on no better foundation than the name, which is said to mean ' the isle of old women.' There is no record nor any other trace of such a foundation.

Inchcailyoch was a free rectory, and is taxed in Baiamond's roll at 6tJ26, 13s. 4d. It is massed in the taxation of the 16 th century, with the vicarage of Kilpatrik and the prebends of Corstor- phine and Abernethy. In the compt of the Collector of thirds, 1561, the third of the parsonage of Inchecalyeoch is stated at £13, 6s. 8d.

The ancient parish comprised, besides the isle of Inchcailyoch, most of the neighbouring islands, and a high mountainous tract on the eastern shore of the lake, including the ridge of Benlomond. In 1621, it was increased by the annexation of the forty pound lands of Buchanan, which were, by an act of Privy Council, disjoined from Luss.

' Reg. de Levenax, p. fi2. * Fordun, ii. 10.

- Reg. de Levenax, p. 92. . = Martyrol. Aljt-rdon.

^ Keg. de Levenax, p. 57. ° Macfarlane MSS.

KiLMARONOK.] PAROCHIALES. 33

The notices of the transmission of the property included in this parish are few. Malcolm Fleming, Earl of AVigton, gave the island of Inchcailyoch in the lake of Lochloume, and the advocation of its church, to John Danielstoun, who had a royal confirmation of them in the reign of David II.i Cragtrostane, extending to a ten pound land, and the park of Rossemurrys, were granted by Donald Earl of Lennox to Walter de Fosselane and his heirs, and were confirmed to them by the king, on the 2d of May 1360.2

The wonderful beauty of Lochlomoud had rendered it the subject of romantic exaggeration and fable, before men had thought of- the real grounds of their admiration, or acknowledged the power of scenery. Geoffrey of Monmouth, and the interpolator of Nennius, describe the " stagnum Lumonoi" as one of the chief wonders of Britain. According to this report, it had 310 islands, peopled by men, and 340 surrounding rocks, inhabited by eagles, and 340 rivers poured their waters into it, while out of it there flowed but the Leven. They also notice a small lake called Gueverlie, not far from Lochlomond, famous for four kinds of fishes, each of which reserved to itself one of the four banks of the lake.-'*-

An old tradition asserts, that Lochlomond did not originally extend below Rowardenan, and that all from thence to the Leven was inhabited country, until it was overflowed by a sudden irruption. To confirm the truth of this tradition, it is averred that several judicious men, who have traded on the lake, have observed in different places, when the water was low, during the drought of summer, the ruins of houses, on which their laden boats have often struck. M'Farlane the antiquary of the last century, tells us, that upon a point of land which runs into the north part of the loch, and is called Easkell, there is the ruin of an old building of a circular shape, and in circumference about sixty paces, which is constructed of very large whinstones without cement. The superstition of the Highlanders has discovered in Lochlomond, in common with many other of our northern lakes, a suitable abode for the Hippopotamus or water-horse, who visits the shores of the lake chiefly round the mouth of the Endriek.-*

Cragtrostane is remarkable for several caves. One of these is commonly called king Robert's cave, where, after his defeat at Dalrie, in Strathfillan, Bruce is said to have taken refuge for some time, until he was enabled to cross the lake. Other occupants found shelter there at a later time ; and they became the favourite haunts of marauding freebooters, and especially of the land- less and proscribed clan of M'Gregor, whose " hand was against every man."

KILMARONOK.

Kilmerannok'^ — Kilmoronok.^ Deanery of Lennox. (Map I. No. 9.)

The old parish of Kilmaronok consisted of the coast of Lochlomond between the Leven and Endrick, comparatively level and fertile along the shore, but rising inland in two' small ridges on

' Robertson's Index, 30, 10. < Macfarlane MSS.

- Reg. de Levenax, p. 3. s Reg. de Levenax, p. .53.

3 Nennius, ch. 74. o Reg. de Cambuskenneth, f. 101.

34 ORIGINES [kilmaronok.

the west and south, and having in the centre of the parish the singular conical hill of Duncryne. It contained the lands of Balloch, Milton, Blairquhois, (now Westerton,) and Lesdrestbeg, which were annexed to Bonhill about 1650.

The church of Kilmaronok was probably originally a free parsonage, in the gift of the Earls of Lennox, whose ancient residence was within the parish. There is, however, no record of it before 1324., when, on the IGth of January, Robert I., who was then at Scone with his nobles, and shortly afterwards held a Parliament there, granted the church to the abbay of Cambuskynneth in proprios usus. On the 22d of November 1325, John Bishop of Glasgow, at the king's special request, confirmed that grant to the monks, together with the lands, tithes, and other pertinents, belonging to the church, on condition that the cure should be served by a perpetual vicar, who should be inducted by the bishop, and should pay all ordinary burdens and his share of the extraordinary, according to his portion of the benefice. Both these grants were ratified by the chapter of Glasgow in 1327, on Friday after the feast of the translation of St. Thomas the Martyr; and by Pope John XXII. at Avignon, on the 22d of -June, in the 18th year of his pontificate. It was not till 1328, that the monks of Cambuskynneth enjoyed the full benefit of these transactions. John de Lyndsay, the last rector of Kilmaronok, having then resigned his charge, bishop John addressed a letter, on Tuesday before the feast of St. Barnabas, to the dean of Christianity of Lennox, for giving possession to the monks of the vacant benefice. Maurice, the perpetual vicar of Kilmaronok, who was also dean of Christianity of Lennox,! appeared as defendant in an action brought against him before the official's court of Glasgow, by the convent of Cambuskynneth, for the payment of procurations. An amicable composition was concluded between the parties on the last of January 1351 ; the vicar agreeing to pay henceforth all procurations due, when a canonical visitation should be made, and the abbot bearing the expense incurred by their litigation. In 1507, John Napar was appointed to the vicarage of Kilmaronok on the resignation of Andrew Quhiteheid, who was translated to the rectory of Auldkrathy. On his death, the abbot presented Richard Striueling, a priest, who received possession on the 15th May 1522, from Alexander Lilburn, curate of Kilmaronok, by delivery to him of the door-key, a chalice and paten, and the missal used at the high altar. Having been resigned by Walter Malvile, on his appointment to the office of parish-clerk of St. Patrick's of Strogeith, it was afterwards bestowed upon Robert Grahame, a priest of Dunblane. He was translated to the vicarage of Drymen, and was succeeded by Maurice Clerk, who, on the 15th of July 1527, was put in possession, by delivery to him of the door-key, the font lock, {seramfontis,) the vestments of the high altar, and a chalice and missal.^

The ancient church was situated in the north of the parish, at a short distance from the old castle of Kilmaronok. It was dedicated to St. Maronoch or Marnock, who was also the guardian saint of a neighbouring well. Another church or chapel must have been planted at Ballagan, where the remains of an old building, called Shan Eccles, or Old Kirk, may still be seen. Near this place were found, in the last century, three stone chests, after the form of malt steep troughs ; in one of which there was an uruj containing a liquid matter like oil, in another, a

^ Reg. de Levenax, pp. 53, 6'2. - Reg. de Cambuskyn., f. 100-112.

KiLMARONOK,] PAROCHIALES. -35

similar urn with ashes, and in the third, several human bones, of a very large size.' A chapel, still known as St. Mirren's chapel — marking, by the name of its patron saint, some old connexion with the Abbey of Paisley — stands now in ruins, upon Inchmuryn, the largest island of Lochlo- mond, and is probably of much older date than the castle erected there by the old Earls of Lennox.^

The value of the vicarage is estimated in the Libellus Taxationum at £6, 1 3s. 4d. ; and of the rectory at £26, 13s. 4d. In 1561, the rectory was let for a hundred merks.''

The parish seems to have been early subdivided among the vassals of Lennox. Balloch, which contained the chief residence of the earls, extended alone to but a five pound land. A separate property was formed out of the lands which lay round the castle and mains of Kilmaronok.

In the year 1320, Sir Malcolm Fleming, steward of the King's household, and Sheriff of Dum- barton, while rendering his account of" the tenth penny'' and " the contribution for the peace," out of his county, did not state the rents of the land of Kymeromok, " because they were in his hands for his life, for the keeping of the Castle of Dunbarton."^

About the time when the castle of Dumbarton was resigned into the hands of Alexander II., the Earls of Lennox seem to have had a residence at Gathers, where they established the principal seat of their jurisdiction. Earl Malcolm granted the lands of Blarvotych and Drumfynvoich, with court of bloodwits, " which is called in Scotch fuUrat/t," to Kessan Young, for the yearly pay- ment, at Hallowmas, at Gather, of twenty stones of cheese, according to the weight of the stone of Lothian.5 His successor Donald, gave the lands of Buchquhanane and Sallachy to Maurice de Buchquhanane, and allowed him the privilege of holding courts of life and limb within the said lands, on condition that all convicted of capital crimes should be executed at the carl's gallows of Gather — ad /ureas nostras de Catlier^ The moot hill of Gather, a large artificial mound, is still entire.

Balloch about the same period became the chief castle of the Earls of Lennox. Maldoven, who surrendered Dumbarton to the Grown, dates a charter from it, in favour of the monks of Paisley, as early as the 3d of May 1238.'' Its " situation was central and convenient, possessing facilities alike of defence and access, from Lochlomond and the Leven. The moat and fosse may still be distinctly traced in the lawn of Balloch castle, but no remains of the building are recollected." The castle of Balloch was abandoned before the close of the fourteenth century, for that which had been newly erected on Inchmuryn. Many of the charters of Duncan the last of the old Earls of Lennox, are dated from this retreat.^ It was held by James Stewart, the Regent Murdach's youngest son, after the execution of his grandfather Duncan; but on the 8th of June 1425, was surrendered to John Montgomery, who had been ordered by the king to reduce it.^ It was, however, subsequently inhabited by Isabella Duchess of Albany, Duncan's eldest daughter, and Countess of Lennox in her own right, who here, on the 18th of May 1451, with the consent of her

' Macfarlane MSS. " Reg. de Levenax, p. SG.

- Reg. de Levenax, pp. 45, 59. ~* Regist. de Paaselet, p. 161.

^ Book of Assumption. ^ Reg. de Levenax, pp. 45, 59, b"0.

■* Compot. Camerar. ^ Fordun, xvi. 11.

•'■ Reg. de Levenax, p. 45.

36 ORIGINES [bonhill.

sister Margaret lady of Rusky, granted the lands of Balagane, in the parish of Kilmaronok, to the Friars Preachers of Glasgow, for the weal of the souls of herself, her husband jMurdac Duke of Albany, her father Duncan Earl of Lennox, and her sons, Walter, James, and Alexander.i After her death it was rarely occupied.

Within the parish of Kilmaronok was situated also the ancient castle of Batturret or Baturrich, whose ruins are seen on the side of the lake.

BONHILL.

Buthelulle=— BuUuP— BohtluP— BuchluL' Deanery of Lennox. (MapI.No. 10.)

About the year 1650, Auchendennan, Cameron, Stockrogert, and Tullichewen, were disjoined from Luss, and added to the ancient territory of the parish of Bonhill on the west ; and, at the same time, it received from Kilmaronok the lands of Balloch, Milton, Blairquhois, Ballagan, and Ledrestheg, on the east.

This parish is first mentioned in a grant by Forveleth, daughter of Kerald, in her widowhood, confirmed by Maldoven, Earl of Lennox, c. 1270, of the land of Hachenkerach, in the parish of Buthelulle, for the support of the fabric of the church of Glasgow.^ Donald, sixth Earl of Len- nox, in the middle of the fourteenth century, granted to Robert de Dunbretane, clerk, for his faithful aid and counsel, all the lands of upper Bullul, which lay adjacent to'the church of Bul- lul, and were to be held by the said Robert and his heirs, until the earl should pay to them at Dunbretane, between sunrise and sunset of one day, the sum of £40 sterling.'' The church was probably a free parsonage under the patronage of the Earls of Lennox. It was given to the colle- giate church of Dumbarton in 1450, by Isabella the unfortunate Duchess of Albany.*

The living was very small, and we know nothing, with certainty, of its early administration. In later times the cure was served by a perpetual vicar pensionar. In the rental of the provostry of Dumbarton for 1561, the parsonage of Bullul is valued at five chalders meal. The vicarage was given up at ten merks, with a chamber, an acre of land, and the ofierings which were then " decayit."^ The compt of the collector-general of thirds in 1561, states the third of the vicarage at £2, 4s. 5jd.

The boundaries of the ancient parish were very circumscribed, and its population was small. Before its enlargement in 1650, it had only 120 communicants. At that time it consisted chiefly of the lands of Buchnul on the Leven, which marched with the lands of Tulechewyne, and were granted, in the early part of the fourteenth century, by Earl Malcolm to his relative Patrick, son of Hugh de Lindsay, upon whom he also bestowed the oflices of Toshecujor, or hereditary bailie, and forester of Lennox.^'* Earl Donald confirmed his father's grant to the son of Patrick

' Lib. Col. N.D. Glasg., p. 171. " Regist. Glas., p. 145.

-' Regist. Glasg. ' R«g- de Levenax, p. 68.

3 Reg. de Levenax, p. 68. " See Dumbarton.

* Reg. de Passelet, p. 216. " Book of Assumption.

5 Reg. de Passelet, p. '212. '" Keg. de Levenax, pp. 49, 50.

DRYMEN.] PAROOHIALES. 37

Lindsay, describing tiie land by the following boundaries : the whole land of Buchnwl on Lewyne, lying between the rivulet which is called Pocheburne, and the Blindsyke, on the north side of Carmane, and so descending to the Ilalyburne ; and from the Halyburne to the old causey which lies beyond the moss, and descending thence to the water of Lewyne.i The parish, however, comprised other properties. Upper Bullul, which lay nearest to the church, has already been noticed. The " quarter" of BuUulis, bordering upon the laud of Bellach, was granted by Walter Fitz- Alan, then lord of Lennox, to Duncan Naper, lord of Kylmahew, for homage and service done by John Naper, his father, to Malcolm Earl of Lennox. Duncan also obtained the right of grinding free of multure, at the mill of Balloch, on condition of allowing a water run through his lands.^ These various possessions seem to have been afterwards known as the eight pound lands of Bonyle Lyndsay, the fifty shiUing lands of Bonyle Noble, or Noblestoun, and the ten merk lands of Bonyle Naiper.'*

The Leven, which flows through the parish, was early celebrated for its salmon fishings ; its banks were fertile in grain, while its upper grounds abounded in wood and pasture. Before 1225, Robert Hertford, precentor of Glasgow, in the near prospect of death, bequeathed his body to the house of Paisley, where he chose for himself a place of sepulture; and with the assent of GeoflTry, his nephew and heir, he granted to the monks the land and fishing of Lynbren in Lennox. Earl Maldoven confirmed to the monks of Paisley, the grant of Robert Hertford, of the half fishing of Lynbren or Leveyn-brenyn, together with the land of Dallenlenrath, lying between the said fishing and the great road to Dunbertan, as it had been granted to them by the earl in excambion for the acre of land Which he gave Robert Hertford, with the half of the fishing of Lynbren. They also obtained from the same earl, the other half of the yare, with pasture for eight oxen and two horses in his land of Buchlul, together with the liberty of taking stones, materials for build- ing, and fuel, from any part of his property they pleased. And he gave them a right of fishing over the whole of his lake of Leven, without any impediment ; with the privilege of drying their nets, and of erecting houses and shielings for their fishermen, on the islands of the lake, or on any part of the surrounding territory.'*

DRYMEN.

Drumyn^ — Drummane.*' Deanery of Lennox. (Map I. No. 11.) Drymes is di-v-ided into two parts, by a tract of moorland and mountainous country, which stretches from the eastern extremity to the north-west of the parish. Its northern division forms a portion of the basin or vale of the Forth ; its southern is situated within the valley of the Clyde ; and between the two lies the bog of Ballat, one of the lowest summit levels between the east and west coasts of Scotland. The low flat called Flanders Moss, begins in the north-east of the parish, and extends along the Forth to Stirling.

' Reg. de Levenax, p. 51. ' Reg- de Passelet, pp. 211, 212.

- Reg. de Levenax, pp. 69-71. ' Reg. de Levenax, p. 91.

^ Reg. de Levenax, p. 101. '' Reg. de Levena.x, p. 31.

38 ORIGINES [drymen.

This parish was a free rectory in the early part of the thirteenth century. On the 2d of March 1 238, Gilbert parson of Drumyn, witnessed a charter at Fyntrie, by which Maldoven Earl of Lennox granted three carucates of the land of Kyncaith and Buthernockis to William Galbraith,! and another charter of the same earl. In later times, it became a mensal church of the bishops. In the rental of the arclibishoprick of Glasgow, given up under the act for assuming the thirds of bene- fices, 1561, one article is " the kirk of Drymyne sett to Johne Schaw in theyeir for the sowme of eight score pundis."

Drumakill, beside Spittal, is by some supposed to have been the site of the old church, which, however, would rather seem to have been situated at Knocknaheglaish, on the lands of Finnich Drummond. In this neighbourhood there is a remarkable well, called St. Vildrin's well, perhaps a corruption of St. Vininus, to whom Kilwinning was dedicated. The well is still ornamented with an image, said to be of its patron saint ; and in consequence of the healing virtues which the opinions of a less enlightened age ascribed to it, is often visited in modern times, " throu the pervers inclinatioun of niannis ingyne to superstitioun," by pilgrims who profess little vene- ration for the ancient faith.

The names of other places in the parish indicate the former existence of religious foundations. On the barony of Drummond, in the north of the parish, there is a place called Chapel-Iarach, (chapel site,) where there was an ancient chapel, whose ruins were standing in 1724.2 It is said to have been dedicated to the Virgin, and to have been dependent on Inchmahome.^ In its vicinity lies Dalmary, or Mary's field. Four places are named Spittal. One is situated in the north of the parish, not far from Chapel-laroch ; another, in the north-east, near Auchentroig and Auldwalls ; the third lies on the borders of Balfron on the east, and is called Spittal Ballat ; and the fourth is in the south, on the Craigivanan burn. In the enumeration of the different properties belonging to John Cunnynghame of Drumquhassill, who was served heir to his father in 1601, mention is made of the forty penny lands of the Spittal of Arngibbon, and of the lands of the Spittal of Druman, called Cragynschedraiche, with the common pasture of the same.* The Spittal lands of Druman, called Craiginch-lodrach, occur along with the Spittal lands of Finnesk-tennent, and those of Finnesk-blair, in a retour of James Marquis of Montrose, which is dated 1 3th Feb- ruary 1685.

It is supposed that the name of the parish of Drymen, was originally identical with that of the barony of Drummond, which lies within it, and from which the family of Drummond is said to have derived its surname. Persons deriving their designation from the lands of Drummond, are frequent witnesses in the early charters of the Earls of Lennox ; and the family appear to have held various lands in the earldom, as well as offices in the household of the great Earls of Lennox, at an early period, and until they migrated to the earldom of Stratherne.'

In the thirteenth century, Malcolm Earl of Lennox granted to Arthur Galbraith and his heirs, that quarter of the lands of Buchmonyn, (Balfunning,) which is nearest to the land of Blarne- fode, and that half-quarter of the land of Gilgirinane, which is nearest to Cartonewene and

• Reg. de Levenax, p. 30. ■* Inqiiisit. Special,, p. 32.

- Macfarlane MSS. * Regist. de Levenax.

3 Macgregor, App.

BALFRON.] PAROCHIALES. 39

Tyrwaldouny, for as much service in the king's foreign service as ought to be rendered for a quarter of land in Lennox in the Scotch service.^ The quarter of land called Cronverne, and the quarter called Buchmonyn, bordering upon the land of Ballatt, were granted along with Blarefode, which is adjacent to the lands of Cromverne, by Earl Malcolm to Gilbert de Carrie, son and heir of the late Sir Gilbert de Carrie, knight, for his service.- Michael Mackessane and his heirs received from the same earl the lands of Garruchel and Buohlat, for which they were to make but one suit, and that by the person of a single suitor.3 Jlackessane held also the three quarter lands of Blarindess, Auchintroig, and Garthclachach in Garchellis, which were afterwards con- firmed by Earl Duncan to Arthur the son of Andrew the son of Nigel, and to Celestine Mac- lachlane, for their homage and service, and the yearly reddendo of a pound of pepper, payable at Christmas.*

On the 22d February 1494, Archibald Napier received a charter " of the lands and mill of Gart- ness, the lands of Dolnare, Blareour, Gartharne, the two Ballatis, Douchlass, &c., with the woods and forests thereof, and the fishings in the waters of Anerieh and Altquhore."^

Dochray is mentioned in the Chamberlain Rolls in 1434, as a distinct lordship from that of Drummond.

In the western extremity of the parish, in the barony bf Drummond, the remains of a fort, called the Peel of Ganfaoran, may be traced. There are also the remains of an old castle, at a place called Drumquhassill — the castle ridge — which appears to have been the residence of an old amily of Lany.^ The ancient place of residence of the Drummonds is unknown.

BALFRON.

Bafrone" — Balfrone.* Deanery of Lennox. (Map I. No. 12.)

The parish of Balfron lies on the north bank of the valley of the Endrick. The church and clachan stand near the confluence of two small streams which immediately afterwards fall into the Endrick on its right bank.

Its early history is remarkably obscure : it is said to have been given to the abbey of Inch- affray, by a younger brother of the house of Drummond, before 1305. In 1607 it is spoken of as " ane of the proper kirkis of the said abbacie ;" and, as no mention is made of its vicarage in any rental, it was probably served from the time when it was acquired by the monks of Inchafi'ray, either by themselves or by a chaplain, whom they appointed and paid.''

The rectory of Balfrone is valued in the Libellus Taxationum at £16, 13s. 4d. In 1607, James Drummond commendator of Inchaffray, let the parsonage and vicarage teinds, for twenty-one

■ Reg. de Levenax, p. 29. « Reg. de Levenax, p. 4».

- Reg. de Levenax, p. 43. ^ Libellus Taxat.

^ Reg. de Levenax, p. 43. s R^g. de Inchaffray, p. 128.

* Reg. de Levenax, pp. 75, 76. » Reg. de Inchaffray, p. 128.

* New Statist.

40 ORIGINES [killearn.

years, to Sir James Ciininghame of Glengarnock, knicht, whose " predecessores Lairdis of Glengarnock, has bene kyndlie tenentis and takismen in tyme bygane past memorie of man, oflf all the parsonage and vicarage teyndis of the Kirk of BaLfrone." For these teinds the laird of Glengarnock paid the annual rent of " fourtye markis gude and usuall money of Northt Britane, togidder witht fourtene stane of cheis."*

About a mile distant from the village there is a place called Spittal, which, with another known by the name of Ibert, (in Gaelic, sacrifice,) indicates the former existence in the parish of religious establishments, whose character and history are now alike unknown. It may be remarked, that the parishes of Drymen, Balfron, and Killearn, have each an Ibert, apparently connected in some manner with the church and the Spittal.

This part of the earldom of Lennox is said to have been given to Malcolm Beg, a younger brother of Earl JIaldoven, but no authentic record of the grant has been discovered. A half quarter of land, called Camkell, in which Rachorkane is situated, and which borders on the land of Balinodalach, was granted by Earl Malcolm to Patrick Galbraith in the beginning of the four- teenth century.^ The lands of Kilfassane and Ballindallach, held for some time by Duncan de Luss, were conferred, after his death, by Malcolm Flerayng, Earl of Wygtone, upon Andrew de Cunnino-hame and his heirs.^ Edinbelly, which lies in the parish of Balfron, was held by the Napiers before the end of the fifteenth century.

KILLEARN.

Kynerine"— Kyllern/ Deanery of Lennox. (Map I. No. 13.) About tlie middle of the thirteenth century, Maldoven Earl of Lennox gave the advocation of the church of Kynerine, together with the half plough of land on which it stood erected, and which in Scotch was called Lecheracherach, to Stephen de Blantyre."

This benefice was erected into a prebend of the cathedral of Glasgow by bishop John Cameron, c. 1430, with consent of its patron, Patrick Lord Graham and lord of Killern, to whom, and his heirs, the right of presenting to the newly erected prebend was reserved. From that time the cure was served by a perpetual vicar pensioner, who was appointed by the bishop, and received an income of fifteen merks annually, together with a manse beside the church, where he was bound to make residence, and a small lot of land-«aliqua terrula'-out of its possessions. The pre- bendary was taxed three pounds for the support of the cathedral worship; and had also to provide a choral vicar, who received ten merks.''

A yearly pension of twenty merks was settled upon each of the vicars of the five other churches, which were made prebends of Glasgow at the same time with Killearn.^ The council of Oxford, under Archbishop Langton, had enacted in 1222 " that perpetual vicars have at least fice marks

. Reg. de Inchaffray, p. 128. ' R^S-'- G'aBg., P- 340

^' Reg. de Levenax, p. 31. , R^S; de Levenax, p 3(,

3 Reg. de Levenax, p. 67. ' R-'S'^'- «: ''^S" ^\lf' ^^■

^ Reg. de Levenax. p. 36. R^gist. Glasg., p. 340.

K.LLEARN.] PAROCHIALES. 41

assigned them as a stipend ; except in tliose parts of AVales in which, on account of the poverty of the churches, vicars are contented with less ;"' and it was ordained in the constitutions of William de Bleys in 1229, " that every annual chaplain shall have a competent maintenance, to the value of three marks at the least.'"-^ It is not a little remarkable, that the provincial council of Scotland, about the same period, ordered " that the sum of ten marks at the least be assigned to every vicar, free of all charges, if the revenues of the church can afford it ; and that in richer churches, the income of the vicars should be proportioned to their wealth.^ Even this sum was soon after increased by one-half; for as early as 1326, a law of the Scotican council is mentioned which requires that the vicar have an income of ten pounds, or fifteen marks sterling.''

The parsonage and vicarage of Killearn were set together in 1561 for 160 marks, or £106, 13s. 4d., the sum at which they are valued both in Baiaraond's roll and the Libellus Taxationum Regni Scotiae.

The modern parish of Killearn comprises the greater portion of the southern valley of the Endrick, forming a counterpart to the parish of Balfron, which lies on the north. Fertile and flat along the banks of this water, it rises by slow degrees into a high bleak moor.

The land of Kynerine, as given with the patronage of the church to Stephen de Blantyre, Earl Malcolm subsequently bestowed on Patrick de Grarae and his heirs, to be held in chief of the Earl, as it had been by Stephen. * It is probable that the church was then also given with those lands to the Grames, who were certainly its patrons at a later time.^ About the middle of the fourteenth century, Donald the sixth earl of Lennox confirmed the whole lands of Eschend, with its mill, and the fishing of the Pott, to Andrew de Cunninghame. The grant is described as a half-quarter of the land called Renrich, another half-quarter of the land called Garcher, and the land called Duncarme, together with the land of Drumtheane.' Murechauch, the son of Kork, or Murdach Maokork, as he was sometimes called, who is said to have been a grandson of Alwin, Earl of Lennox, had a grant from Thomas de Cremennane, which was subsequently con- firmed by Earl Malcolm, about the end of the thirteenth century, of the entire quarter land of Groyne, lying between Fynwyk and Kynherin. This grant embraced the usual pertinents, with the exception of pleas of life and limb, and theft ; but the escheats arising from these were in- cluded in it. He also gave to Mackork the right of erecting a mill on any part of the lands of Groyne, of grinding all the grain of Groyne at his mill of Aschend, without any other payment than a single firlot out of each chalder, for the service of the miller.'* After his death, a recogni- tion was made in the kirk of Kynherin on Friday before the feast of the nativity of John the Baptist 1320, in presence of Earl Malcolm, and with his consent, and the consent of Matilda, Forveleth and Elizabeth, heirs portioners of the half of the lands belonging to the late Thomas de Gremennane, regarding the privileges pertaining to his lands and court, and the dues payable to the Earl. The assize, which consisted of thirteen, after examining the charters and muniments of the said Thomas, declared that he held a court of life and limb, for himself and his heirs, and

' Wilkins. ^ R^g^ jg Levenax, p. 38.

' Wilkins. « Regist. Glasg., p. 340. ^ Stat. Gen. Eccles. Scot., c. 10. 7 Heg. de Levenax, p. 66.

^ Reg. de Dryburgh, pp. 296-7. " Regist. de Levenax, pp. 79, 81.

VOL. I. F

42 ORIGINES [fintray.

had a prison for the whole of his lands within the earldom of Lennox, together with all the escheats and profits arising from his court; that all the criminals, however, who were condemned at his court should be executed at the Earl's gallows ; and that his heirs were bound to pay to the Earl for the said half of his lands, two pounds and a half of wax. This payment the Earl remitted in exchange for the islands of Creininch, Elanacha, and Elanardnoy.i Besides these, there were several other ancient possessions to the east on the upper part of the valley of the Endrick, which it is not easy now to identify.

Remains of ancient buildings are found at the place of Killearn, where the family of Montrose had a mansion. Balglass, in the neighbourhood of Ballikinrain, is said to have been anciently a well fortified castle, where the patriot "Wallace found a safe retreat. It is also remarkable for the semicircular excavations in the western extremity of the Campsie hills, known as the Corries of Balglass. Killearn boasts of being the birth-place of Buchanan, who was born at the farm of Moss on the banks of the Blane.

FINTRAY.

Fjnitrif — Fyntre.- Deanery of Lennox. (Map I. No. 14.)

TuE parish of Fiutray consists of a portion of the valleys of the Endrick and Carron, and the ranges of hills that bound and separate them. The ancient note of the marches of Campsy gives it on one side, as a boundary, the rivulet of Fennauch, (a part of the Carron,) which in that place divided the parish of Campsy from that of Fintray ; and from thence the marches of the lands of Balneglerauch and Glaskell — the former in Fintray, the latter in Campsy.^

The ancient church was probably placed where the church stood in 1790, beside a burn on the left bank of the Endrick. Some part of that building is said to have been very old.

Donald, rector of Fintray, witnessed a charter of Earl Malcolm 1333-G4, and a compromise of the bishop and chapter of Glasgow in 1362.* The church formed part of the endowment of the collegiate church of Dumbarton, confirmed by the Countess of Lennox, and so remained till the Reformation. In 1.561, it was let for eighty merks.'

About the middle of the thirteenth century, Earl Maldoven granted to Luke, the son of Michael of Fyntrif, for a reddendo of two pounds of wax, that half Arrochar of Nentbolg, which was bounded " on the east as the rivulet called Gyndhame descends from the mountain and runs into the Annerech, and on the west as another rivulet, called Bolgy, descends from the mountain and falls into the Anneric, and as the Anneric was wont to flow between Bolgy and Gyndhame."^ A century later. Earl Donald granted Gilaspic, the son of